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CERTAIN 
 
 ABORIGINAL MOUNDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FLORIDA CENTRAL WEST-COAST 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
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 REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
 SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME XII. 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 P. C. STOCKHAUSEN, 
 
 1903. 
 
i)\ 
 
 (t 
 
OUTLINE MAP OP FLORIDA 
 
 Showing author s explorations 
 
 Scale in miles 
 
 1903 
 
Crystal River 
 
 S 
 
 & 
 
 <J> 
 
 MW OF PART OF THE WEST COAST OF FLORIDA 
 
 Comjjilsdfrom U.S. Government Charts Nos. ijj, if, ija, 
 Scale in TTilles 
 
 1903 
 
 X indicates mouna 
 
 H I L L 5 B R 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE CENTRAL FLORIDA 
 
 WEST-COAST. 
 
 BY CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 During the seasons 1901 and 1902 we investigated the aboriginal remains of 
 the northwest Florida coast, beginning at Perdido bay, the coast-boundary between 
 Alabama and Florida, and ending at the town of Cedar Keys 1 (see outline map). 
 
 This season (1903), our work was directly continued down the west coast of 
 Florida, beginning at the Suwannee river, just above Cedar Keys, and continuing 
 through Waccasassa bay, Withlacoochee bay, Crystal bay, Homosassa bay, Chas- 
 sahowitzka bay, St. Joseph s sound and along the Gulf coast and islands to Tampa 
 bay, including short journeys up the various rivers along the route. 
 
 Much of the territory covered by us is sparsely settled, so that information as 
 to the locality of mounds is difficult to obtain and, therefore, although search had 
 been made in advance for us by two agents, and over part of the distance by four, 
 yet we doubt not that some mounds have escaped us, as, no doubt, have numerous 
 cemeteries. By cemeteries, we mean where burials have been under level ground, 
 unmarked by mounds. We do not believe these burials were enclosed in urns. 
 
 As we had anticipated, the yield of earthenware from the mounds of the cen 
 tral west-coast of Florida did not equal that from the mounds of the northwest 
 Florida coast, though a few vessels found intact and many sherds, showed that the 
 aborigines of the central west-coast had been possessed of some excellent ware 
 bearing decorations showing no mean ability. Life-forms in earthenware were 
 conspicuous by their absence. 
 
 In reference to the earthenware described in this report we quote from our 
 report of last season. 
 
 " All measurements of earthenware reported in this volume are approximate. 
 
 " It must be borne in mind in respect to process work that reductions in size 
 are made with regard to diameter and not area. If a diagram four inches by two 
 inches is to be reduced one-half, each diameter is divided by two and the reproduc 
 tion, which is called half size, is two inches by one inch. The area of the original 
 diagram, however, is eight square inches, while that of the so-called half-size repro 
 duction is two square inches, or one-quarter the area. To find the actual size of a 
 design shown in diagram, multiply the length and the breadth by two, if the diagram 
 is given half size; by three, if one-third, and so on. 
 
 1 "Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast," Parts I and II. Journ. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. of Phila. Vols. XI, XII. 
 
 * 46 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
364 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 " In a few cases partial restoration of vessels has been attempted, but always 
 in a material differing in color from the original, so that the restoration may be 
 readily recognized, and it has been done only when the remainder of the vessel 
 clearly indicated the size and shape of the missing part." 
 
 All objects found by us, with the exception of certain duplicates sent to the 
 Museum of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., may be seen at the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. M. G. Miller, who has aided us in all our previous mound work, deter 
 mined as to human remains this season as before, and assisted us in a general way 
 in the field work and in putting this report through the press. 
 
 Our warm thanks are tendered owners of the mounds investigated by us, who, 
 to a man, when requested, accorded fullest permission to dig. 
 
 Mounds Investigated. 
 
 Mounds near Fowler s Landing, Suwannee river (2). 
 
 Mound near Cedar Keys, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound near Gigger Point, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mounds near Dry creek, Waccasassa bay (2). 
 
 Mound near Bear Landing, Withlacoochee river. 
 
 Mound near Rock Landing, Crystal river. 
 
 Mound near the Shell-heap, Crystal river. 
 
 Mound near Crystal river settlement, Crystal river. 
 
 Mound near Chassahowitzka river. 
 
 Mound near Indian Bend, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound near Bayport, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound near Indian creek, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound near Wekiwachee river, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound near Pithlochascootie river. 
 
 Mound on Hog island, St. Joseph s sound. 
 
 Mound near Clearwater, Clearwater Harbor. 
 
 Mound near John s Pass, Gulf coast. 
 
 Mound on Long Key, Gulf coast. 
 
 MOUND NEAR FOWLER S LANDING, LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 Fowler s Landing is about sixteen miles above the mouth of the Suwannee 
 river, on the right-hand side, going up, though but a short distance, by land, from 
 the waters of the Gulf, so the mound may be fairly classed as belonging to the 
 coast. It was in thick scrub, on property of the East Coast Lumber Co., about 
 one-quarter mile in NE. direction from the landing. Adjacent, were excavations 
 whence material for the mound had been taken. This mound, of sand, as were all 
 investigated by us along the coast, unless otherwise described, was circular in out 
 line ; was 7 feet high and 50 feet across the base. It had suffered considerably 
 
 j 
 
 r 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 305 
 
 from previous digging. In addition to a number of smaller holes, a trench about 
 4 feet deep and 11 feet wide had been dug from the western margin about 20 feet 
 in toward the center. Over the surface of the mound were fragments of human 
 bone and bits of earthenware. This mound, which was completely dug down by 
 us, had a clearly defined base-line, marking the original surface upon which the 
 mound had been piled. No grave-pits were present, and of the forty-seven burials 
 found by us, none lay upon the base and none was over 3.5 feet from the surface. 
 
 Burials were encountered near the margin and were not confined to any part 
 or parts of the mound. They increased in number as the digging progressed, the 
 majority of the burials being in the body of the mound. In form, the burials were 
 of the bunched variety and consisted of certain bones without the cranium ; bones 
 with one, two or three skulls ; and, in one case, a bunch with four skulls. The 
 bones were all badly decayed. No crania were in a condition to keep, though a few 
 calvaria, which held together temporarily, showed no cranial flattening. 
 
 Objects deposited with the dead were singularly few. Near a burial, lay frag 
 ments of a marine shell {Fulgur}} With another burial was part of an earthenware 
 vessel having a bird-head handle but, as sherds were scattered throughout the 
 mound, the proximity of this one may have been accidental. Hammer stones, 
 pebbles and the like were conspicuously absent. Two " celts," not associated with 
 burials, fell with caving sand. 2 
 
 In the extreme edge of the mound, on the west, was an undccorated pot of 
 very inferior ware, badly broken. With it was a vessel with globular body and 
 upright neck around which was a complicated stamp decoration. Both these 
 vessels had the usual mortuary mutilation made by knocking out a part of the 
 bottom, as had all vessels met with by us in this mound. 
 
 It is interesting to note the occurrence here of the complicated stamp, the 
 specialty of Georgia. It is frequently met with to the northward in Florida, as the 
 readers of our two reports on the northwest coast may recall, and its occurrence 
 much farther south along the coast will be described in this report. On the St. 
 John s river, however, it was found by us no farther south than about ten miles 
 above Palatka, about on a line with this Fowler s Landing mound. 
 
 Also in a marginal part of the mound, to the southeast, were many large frag 
 ments of vessels, undecorated, all of inferior ware, water-soaked and crushed. In 
 addition, four vessels were recovered, nearly whole, with the exception of the basal 
 perforation. Of these, Vessel No. 4, undecorated save for several encircling incised 
 lines, somewhat resembles a dumb-bell in shapo, though the base has been per 
 fectly flat. A vessel much like this one is shown in Fig. 151 in the second part of 
 our report on the northwest Florida coast. 
 
 1 All determinations of shells have been made by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. E. G. Vanatta, of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 
 2 Thanks are due for determination of rock material, from which objects mentioned in this re 
 port are made, to Dr. E. Goldsmith and Mr. S. H. Hamilton, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
 Philadelphia. As it has not been deemed advisable to mutilate specimens, identifications are approxi 
 mate only. It has not been thought necessary to give the rocks from which the "celts" found by us 
 were manufactured. None seemed to present new features, and many were given to owners of mounds. 
 
366 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 1. Vessel No. 5. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 2. Vessel Xo. 5. Decoration. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 367 
 
 Vessel No. 5, shown in Fig. 1, has an interesting incised decoration shown dia 
 grammatical ly in Fig. 2, where restored portions are given in broken lines. There 
 are two holes for suspension. 
 
 With these vessels was one entirely undecorated and another with a complicated 
 stamp decoration around the neck. 
 
 Vessel No. 6, found alone in the western margin of the mound, is of most excel 
 lent yellow ware and of interesting shape and decoration. The vessel, shown in 
 Fig. 3, is intact, save for a small basal perforation. The decoration is given in dia 
 gram in Fig. 4. 
 
 Fio. 3. Vessel No. 6. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (Full size.) 
 
368 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 4. Vessel No. 6. Decoration. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 5. Vessel No. 7. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 In the margin of the eastern part of the mound were several undecorated 
 sherds and Vessel No. 7 (Fig. 5), having two holes for suspension, on the same side 
 and so near the base that it is plain the vessel was either ceremonial or, at all events, 
 not intended for liquids. A part of the rim has been restored. 
 
 From near the base came an undecorated vessel in the form of a much-truncated 
 cone. 
 
 FIG. 6. Sherd. Mound near Fowler s Landing. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 7. Sherd. MouDd near Fowler s Landing. (Half size.) 
 47 JOURN. A. N. S. PH1LA., VOL. XII. 
 
370 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 s 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 
 
SMALLER MOUND NEAR FOWLER S LANDING, 
 LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 About 75 yards in a SW. direction from the 
 other, was a low mound of irregular shape, literally 
 dug to pieces, presumably by the ubiquitous treas 
 ure seeker, as one great central excavation ex 
 tended considerably below the base. So great 
 was the wreck that no conclusion as to the 
 original height, diameter or shape could be 
 arrived at. Though the surface was cov 
 ered with sand from the former excava 
 tions, no fragment of bone or of earthen 
 ware was apparent and considerable 
 digging, here and there, by us yielded 
 but a single fragment of earthen 
 ware. Presumably, this mound 
 was of the domiciliary class. 
 
 Near the 
 surface were 
 scattered parts of 
 a human effigy- ves 
 sel. Most diligent 
 search failed to recover 
 the facial parts which, 
 possibly, had not been 
 placed in the mound. 
 
 Throughout the mound 
 were various sherds, as a rule 
 of inferior ware, though occa 
 sionally of excellent quality, in 
 no case showing sand-, grit-, or 
 shell-tempering. No small check - 
 stamp was present, and but few sherds 
 showed the complicated stamp. 
 
 In Figs. 6, 7, are shown, diagram- 
 matically, two sherds from this mound, 
 while in Fig. 8 a selection of sherds from 
 the mound is given. It is evident that the 
 makers of this mound favored the incised and 
 punctate decoration. 
 
 In the mound were no masses of sand artifici 
 ally colored and surrounding deposits of earthenware, 
 such as we found in the mounds of the coast, to the 
 northward. 
 
 FIG. 9. Fish-spear of native eopper. from near 
 Fannin, Suvvannee river. (Full size.) 
 
 The record of the discov 
 ery of a fish-spear of native 
 copper will be given here, 
 incidentally, as the place 
 where the spear was 
 found is too far up 
 the Suwannee river 
 rightly to be in 
 cluded in a de 
 scription of the 
 coast-terri 
 tory. 
 
372 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 During our visit to Cedar Keys we met Decatur Pittman, Esq., of that place, 
 Justice of the Peace, and a collector of aboriginal relics. By him we were shown a 
 copper fish-spear 11.5 inches in length (Fig. 9), of which Mr. Pittman gives the fol 
 lowing history : 
 
 About seven years ago as Mr. John Clark, his father and his brother were 
 digging in the garden of their place which is two miles below Fannin (see outline 
 map), on the Suwannee river, they found the spear about eighteen inches below the 
 surface. 
 
 Somewhat over two years ago Mr. Pittman heard of the finding of the spear 
 and. at a later period, acquired it. 
 
 The value of this implement of native copper, coming from Florida, was 
 fully appreciated by Mr. Pittman, who relinquished the spear to the Academy 
 of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, only because he realized, with true scientific 
 spirit, that such a specimen was more fittingly placed in a museum in perpetuity 
 than in a private collection. 
 
 This spear, a unique discovery as coming from Florida, would not be of unusual 
 rarity in Wisconsin, according to Mr. H. P. Hamilton, of Two Rivers, Wisconsin, 
 the well-known expert and collector of " coppers." 
 
 There is one point about the spear which deserves close attention. By exam 
 ining the cross-sections the reader will see that a small semi-enclosed space has been 
 left on one side of the spear, which might appear as though intended for a shaft, and 
 yet that this space is too restricted to hold a wooden shaft of a size necessary for 
 the work required of the spear. Neither Mr. Hamilton nor Mr. David Boyle, of the 
 Provincial Museum, Toronto, who is very familiar with " coppers," believes that this 
 space was intended for the insertion of a shaft. Mr. Boyle writes : 
 
 " As to the drawing you send of the fish-spear found in the Suwannee River 
 and the question you propound respecting the small space apparently left for the 
 insertion of a handle, I beg to give it as my opinion that it was never the intention 
 of the maker so to use the narrow channel. The spear or harpoon has been made 
 from a thin piece of copper and the maker had sufficient gumption, no doubt as the 
 result of experience, to know that a piece of native copper of the size your diagram 
 shows this to be, would bend when an attempt was made to employ it in giving an 
 effective stroke. He has, therefore, hammered down both edges for the purpose 
 not only of strengthening his tool, but of giving it a tolerably uniform breadth, and 
 this shank was no doubt inserted in a handle rather than having been prepared for 
 the insertion of a handle. Perhaps it was with only the latter object in view (i e. 
 giving it a uniform breadth) that the hammering was done at all because he could 
 reduce his material to a regular form by beating down the edges much more rapidly 
 than by cutting away the superfluous material. I think, however, there can be 
 little doubt that the ancient coppersmith had arrived at the knowledge that ham 
 mering the metal gave it stiffness apart from any other reason why, as in this case, 
 such work was performed. If this tool had been inserted in a handle I sup- 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 373 
 
 pose the handle was split, the tool being placed in the cleft, and then securely 
 Ixmnd with either animal or vegetable fibre." 
 
 -6 V 
 
 Although other mounds on the Suwannee river may not be considered coast mound?, yet, as no 
 mound should be investigated without a public record of the fact, it has been thought best to give here, 
 incidentally, certain work done by us on the river. 
 
 A mound near Jenning s Landing, Lafayette Co., about thirty miles by water from the mouth 
 of the river, just bordering the swamp, about a quarter of a mile in a westerly direction from the landing, 
 was 4.5 feet high and 62 feet across the base. Careful trenching yielded : four small hunched burials 
 and a few scattered bones, near the surface; a few uninteresting sherds; a mass of chert ; a rude arrow 
 head or knife, of the same material. 
 
 Fannin is at the NW. corner of Levy County (see outline map). About one-third of a mile in 
 a northerly direction from the landing is a mound on property of Messrs. R. L. Tison & Co., of Fannin. 
 The mound, 2 feet 8 inches high, from 46 feet to 56 feet across the base, variously measured, was care 
 fully dug and trenched by us. One or two sherds only, were met with. 
 
 About one-half mile in an EXE. direction from Fannin is a mound showing much previous 
 digging. Its height is 4.5 feet; its basal diameters are 46 to 64 feet. Thorough trenching yielded 
 absolutely nothing. 
 
 At Fayetteville, Lafayette Co., about 12 miles above Fannin, is a mound on property of Mr. 
 John K. Moriarty. The mound showed traces of previous digging in almost every part. Its height is 
 4 feet 8 inches; its basal diameter, 64 feet. Practically, every untouched portion of the mound was 
 demolished by us. Remains of a disturbed skeleton were found at the beginning of the body of the 
 mound and, farther in, were four small bunched burials, three with a single skull each, and one with 
 two crania. Another burial consisted of a single skull with another skull immediately below it. These 
 burials ranged from 3 feet to 4 feet 3 inches in depth. With one was a "celt" of hard rock, about 5 
 inches in length, and a single chip of chert. Near the base, in two places, were deposits of mussel-shells 
 (Unio infueatus), unassociated with bones. There were in the mound also several flakes of chert, and 
 two sherds, one with incised, dentate marking in a punctate field, another with rude line and punctate 
 decoration. 
 
 Within sight of Rocky Landing, Lafayette Co., is a mound of sand, as are all we investigated on 
 the Suwannee river, which had seen much previous digging. Its height is 4 feet; its basal diameter, 40 
 feet. All untouched portions, practically, were dug through by us. Near the center of the mound, 3.5 
 feet down, was a skull in fragments and about 1 foot distant, small fragments of bones with sand tinged 
 with hematite, and a neatly made lance head of chert, 4 inches long. Near bits of skull and decayed 
 fragments of other bones, with charcoal nearby, was a "celt." Another "celt" was found in sand 
 thrown out by one of our diggers. In the SW. part of the mound, about 6 feet from the extreme 
 margin, 3 feet 4 inches down, was a coarse bowl of somewhat over 1 pint capacity, of ordinary form and 
 with the usual basal mutilation. The decoration consists of incised encircling lines below the rim with 
 two additional encircling lines beneath, made up of punctate markings. \Vith this vessel was a mass of 
 fragments mostly of undecorated ware, among which was all or nearly all of a large bowl. There were 
 also parts of a vessel with a decoration of rudely made incised encircling parallel lines. 
 
 The investigation was continued to Branford with negative results. 
 
 The Suwannee river, famous in song, has flat swampy banks, save in places, as far up as Branford. 
 Beyond this point, we are informed, the river is narrow with less marshy surroundings. We have crosssed 
 the river at Ellaville, much farther up, where the stream is picturesque and the banks rise considerably 
 above the level of the water. This portion of the stream no doubt invited aboriginal occupation. 
 
 MOUND NEAR CEDAR KEYS, LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, in hammock 1 land, at the edge of the salt marsh bordering the 
 Gulf, is about 3 miles in a NNE. direction from Cedar Keys, on property of Hon. 
 E. J. Lutterloh, mayor of that place. Great excavations near by, whence sand for 
 the mound was taken, give to it an appearance of considerable altitude but, measured 
 from the general level, the height is 8 feet. In shape the mound is irregular, with 
 basal diameters of 85 feet and 133 feet. 
 
 1 As to the meaning of the word " hammock " see pg. 140 of our second part of " Certain 
 Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast." 
 
374 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 This mound, which had every appearance of belonging to the domiciliary class, 
 was carefully trenched by us without the discovery of even a remnant of bone or a 
 fragment of pottery. 
 
 MOUND NEAR GlGGER POINT, LEVY CoUNTY. 
 
 Gigger Point, which extends into the Gulf, is about three* miles in a NE. direc 
 tion from Cedar Keys. At the rear of this point is the property of Mr. A. M. 
 Dorsett, resident on the place. The mound, circular in outline, was in a cultivated 
 field, and itself had been ploughed over for a considerable period. There had been 
 much previous digging in various parts of the mound, but in a superficial way only. 
 The diameter of base was 46 feet. The height, at the time of the total demolition 
 of the mound by us, was 5 feet, but the original height had been lessened at least 2 
 feet by recent digging, as was shown by partly uncovered roots of a palmetto on the 
 upper part of the mound. Fragments of human bones and bits of undecorated 
 earthenware were scattered over the surface in every direction. 
 
 Burials were met with in every part of the mound, from the margin to the 
 center, the great majority being skeletons which had been buried denuded of 
 flesh, but held together by ligaments. This was shown in various cases where 
 bones were inverted or otherwise out of their proper position. Two burials 
 lay in shallow graves beneath the base. Three were associated with oyster-shells, 
 not heavy masses of shell, but thin deposits above and on the sides. Sand, crimson 
 from hematite, was with one burial. 
 
 Forty-six of the skeletons were flexed on the right ; 34 on the left. There were 
 also 3 skeletons full length on the back; 3 squatting; one partly flexed on the 
 left side ; and the bones of an infant. In addition, there were in the mound : manv 
 bones scattered by previous diggers ; several aboriginal disturbances made by cutting 
 through skeletons to make way for others ; several skulls, each with a few small 
 bones in association ; one single skull near the base, which may have been an abo 
 riginal disturbance. There were also several masses of bones which fell in caving 
 sand, and three or four burials which resembled the bunched variety, but may have 
 been aboriginal disturbances. 
 
 The bones in this mound were in excellent condition, comparatively, which may 
 be accounted for by a deposit of shell extending through about one-half the rnound, 
 as though a smaller mound had been covered with shell and then enlarged as to 
 height and area. It has ever been our experience that presence of shell in a mound 
 acts as a preservative to bones, doubtless through infiltration of lime-salts. 
 
 Ten skulls were saved in good condition (Acad. Nat. Sci. Catalogue Nos. 2196 
 to 2205, inclusive). Neither these skulls nor any in the mound, noted by us, gave 
 evidence of cranial compression. 
 
 Considering the number of burials present in the mound, artifacts met with were 
 few and unimportant. Unassociated, but perhaps separated from burials by previous 
 digging, were : one lance-head of chert ; mica, in two places ; a clam-shell with a 
 neatly made circular hole near the center, probably for the insertion of a handle ; a 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 370 
 
 chert hammer-stone carefully worked ; a shell gouge ; part of a lance-head of chert, 
 5.6 inches long, 2.5 inches in maximum breadth, the point of which, broken by the 
 blow of a spade, was not recovered ; two masses of lime-rock, each with a circular 
 hole, probably used as sinkers ; a cigar-shaped object neatly made from the columella 
 of a large marine univalve (Fig. 10) ; a columella wrought to a cutting edge at 
 one end. 
 
 With burials were : a chert arrowhead and a shell drinking cup with perforate 
 base; an arrowhead, of chalcedony ; a conch-shell and several sherds ; a shell drink 
 ing cup without the basal perforation; two ornaments of shell (Figs. 11, 12). 
 
 FIG. 12. Ornament of shell. FIG. 13. Object of fossil 
 Mound near Gigger Point. material. Mound near 
 (Full size.) Gigger Point. (Full 
 
 size.) 
 
 With a skeleton in a shallow grave 
 were several mussel-shells, some on one 
 side of the skull, some on the other ; a 
 turtle-shell with no pebbles within ; parts 
 of a conch-shell or shells ; five sandstone 
 hones ; a fragment of chert ; a mass of 
 chert, about 2 inches in diameter, chipped 
 into a circular shape ; one smoothing 
 
 stone ; the end of an implement of bone ; a small mass of serpentinous rock ; two 
 
 nodules of hematite ; two silicious clay pseudomorphs ; a bit of sandstone. 
 
 With another burial were : a bit of earthenware ; mica given the outline of an 
 
 arrowhead ; an ellipsoidal pendant of igneous rock, with one end grooved and partly 
 
 covered with bitumen, the other end broken. 
 
 An unidentified object of fossil material (Fig. 13) we are confident came from 
 
 this mound, though we do not find it described in our field-notes. 
 
 Fio. 10. Cigar-shaped object 
 of shell. Mound near Gig 
 ger Point. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 11. Pendant of shell. 
 Mound near Gigger Point. 
 (Full size.) 
 
376 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 At the extreme margin of the northeast part of the mound, with a burial, were 
 two vessels of earthenware, both of which have the mortuary perforation, with this 
 difference that, instead of the usual knocking out of part of the base, or of all of it, 
 a carefully rounded hole is present as though, after a piece had been broken out, the 
 edges had been worked to give a symmetrical outline. 
 
 One of these vessels had four roughly circular compartments around a larger 
 circular one on a higher plane, almost exactly as shown in Fig. 268 of our second 
 part of the report on the mounds of the northwest Florida coast. The vessel from 
 the Gigger Point mound is covered with crimson pigment on the inside and on the 
 upper half inch of the outer portion. The central compartment alone has the basal 
 perforation. 
 
 The other vessel (Fig. 14), an oblate spheroid of about one gallon capacity, has 
 a rather striking decoration consisting of seven encircling rows of wedge-shaped 
 impressions between the rim and a circular band in relief. 
 
 There were in the mound, also, here and there, a moderate number of sherds, 
 including one example of the small check-stamp, three or four of the complicated 
 
 !; > 
 ^& I 
 
 .... 
 
 ^ 
 
 FIG. 14. Vessel of earthenware. Mound near Gigger Point. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 O I I 
 
 stamp, one with ornamentation apparently made by impression of a finger-nail^ and 
 
 a small portion of a graceful vessel of excellent ware covered with crimson pigment, 
 inside and out, and ornamented in places with fine, punctate markings. 
 
 One fragment of earthenware in this mound had a mingling of white material, 
 here and there, giving it the appearance of shell-tempered ware. Expert examina 
 tion, however, showed it to be pounded lime-stone, probably, since it was largely 
 carbonate of lime, and showed no lamination under the glass. Shell-tempered ware 
 is very unusual in Florida at any distance from Alabama where that ware was 
 used. The material of which we speak, however, also, is exceptional in pottery of 
 the peninsula. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR DRY CREEK, LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 Dry Creek enters Waccasassa bay about three miles to the westward of Wacca- 
 sassa river. By following the course of the creek about 1.5 miles through the salt 
 marsh, the Gulf Hammock is reached. The territory thus known is a strip of ham 
 mock land of varying breadth lying back of the salt marsh which borders the Gulf, 
 between the Suwannee and Withlacoochee rivers. 
 
 Following a road entering the hammock, about .75 of a mile, we came upon a 
 mound by the road-side, on property of Mr. Arthur T. Williams, of Jacksonville, 
 Florida, about 2 feet high and 25 feet across the circular base. On the mound was 
 a giant live-oak. We were unable to find either bone or artifact in this mound, in 
 which there had been much previous digging. 
 
 About 300 yards farther along the road is an " old field," fallow for years. In 
 this field, bordering a pond, is a mound 34 feet across the base and about 2.5 feet in 
 height, also on property of Mr. Williams. 
 
 The mound, which was dug through by us about as extensively as a great oak 
 growing upon it permitted, was composed of black loam from the nearby swamp. 
 In this were masses of lime-rock similar to many in the surrounding field. 
 
 Many human bones, probably scattered by the plough, as the mound had been 
 under cultivation, were met with by us, also three flexed skeletons and a number of 
 bones of lower animals. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BURNS LANDING, LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 Burns Landing is about seven miles up the Waccasassa river. Following a 
 road leading into the Gulf Hammock from the landing, about 1.5 miles, we came to 
 a small mound in sight of*the road. This mound, about 25 feet in diameter and 18 
 inches in height, at the time of our visit, had been so thoroughly dug through that 
 no work by us was attempted. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BEAR LANDING, LEVY COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, about 200 yards in a northerly direction from the landing, which 
 is about six miles up the Withlacoochee river, following the course of the stream, 
 was in hammock land near the edge of the pine woods, on property of Mr. W. R. 
 
 48 JOURN. A. N. S. PH1LA., VOL. XII. 
 
378 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 Hodges, of Cedar Keys. The mound was literally honeycombed with pits and 
 trenches, some of which, as we discovered, had been dug a second time, material 
 from one trench filling a former one, which had again been dug by later disturbers. 
 In fact, a strip on one side of the mound and a small portion near the base, at the 
 center, were the only undisturbed parts. Trees growing near the top, by exposed 
 roots, showed the mound to have been, at one time, about 2.5 feet higher than at 
 the time of our visit when its height was about 3 feet. Its basal diameters were 58 
 feet by 45 feet. 
 
 The mound, new material and old, was dug through by us to the lime bed-rock 
 found in these parts, with the exception of small portions around three trees. 
 
 Thirty-two undisturbed burials were met with by us. Twenty-eight were ol 
 the bunched variety. One skull lay with part of an ulna. One skeleton was closely 
 Hexed on the right side and two were closely Hexed on the left side. One of these 
 lay in a shallow pit, the only one met with in the mound, and had above it dark 
 sand with scattered oyster-shells. All bones were badly decayed and no skulls 
 were preserved. Large fragments, however, showed no cranial flattening. 
 
 FIG. 15. Part of vessel of earthenware. Mound near Bear Landing. (Half size.) 
 
 With burials were some bits of pot, in one instance, and a " waster" of chert, 
 in another. There were also in the mound two flakes of chert, evidently used as 
 knives ; one clam-shell ; several small masses of lirne-rock ; a pebble with one end 
 smoothed, as by use as a polisher; one pebble-hammer; two chert arrowheads found 
 separately ; two clam-shells with depressions at opposite sides, as for a handle. 
 
 In the SW. margin of the mound, placed in the lower part of an undecorated 
 vessel of inferior ware, was a bowl which fell into fragments upon removal, a part 
 having been crushed by roots. On one side of this bowl, rudely done, was part of 
 an incised design, as though the decoration of the bowl had been started and 
 abandoned (Fig. 15). Near this bowl were various scattered fragments of inferior 
 ware. Two feet away was a burial. 
 
 There was also in the mound various undecorated sherds, and fragments con 
 stituting the upper part of a bowl with thickened rim, which had been decorated 
 with red pigment. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 379 
 
 MOUND NEAR ROCK LANDING, CITHUS COUNTY. 
 
 Crystal river is the output of a great spring about seven miles, by water, from 
 the Gulf. 
 
 Rock Landing is about 3.5 miles from the mouth of the river. 
 
 In scrub, about 1.5 miles in a NE. direction from the landing, on property 
 under control of Mr. R. J. Knight, of Crystal River, was a mound 3 feet 3 inches 
 in height, with basal diameters ef 40 and 50 feet. 
 
 Thorough investigation showed this to have been a domiciliary mound. 
 
 MOUND NEAR THE SHELL-HEAP, CRYSTAL RIVER, CITRUS COUNTY. 
 
 In full view from the river, about 4.5 miles from the mouth, on the left-hand 
 side going up, is a great, symmetrical shell-heap, on property under control of Mr. 
 R. J. Knight, of Crystal River. 
 
 This shell-heap, marked A on the plan (Fig. 16) is 28 feet 8 inches in height, 
 is oblong in horizontal section and has basal diameters of 182 feet NW. and SE. 
 and 100 feet NE. and SW. The summit plateau is 107 feet and 50 feet in the 
 same directions, respectively. A graded way 80 feet long and from 14 feet to 21 
 feet across, ascends from the level ground to the summit plateau on the NE. side of 
 the mound. 
 
 Beginning at the NW. corner of this mound is a low, irregular shell deposit, 
 marked B on the plan, extending to the northward then curving to the eastward 
 and extending for a distance along the river bank. 
 
 About 115 yards in a northerly direction from the great shell-heap is a circular 
 embankment of sand, marked C on the plan, of irregular height and width, the 
 maximum, respectively, being 6 feet and 75 feet. Within this circle is certain ter 
 ritory on the general level, marked D on the plan, and an artificial elevation of 
 sand, irregularly sloping (E). This elevation culminates in a mound of sand, 
 marked F on the plan. While difficult to determine where the artificial elevation 
 ended and the mound proper began, to call the diameter -of the base of the mound 
 70 feet, would be a fairly correct estimate. The height of the mound proper from 
 the east, where it bordered the level ground, was 10 feet 8 inches. Cross sections 
 of the elevated ground and the mound proper are shown in Fig. 17. 
 
 In a northerly direction from the circular embankment are two ridges of shell, 
 one (G) low and irregular, the other (H), 12 feet in maximum height, with a 
 graded way. 
 
 Certain excavations made in the level ground outside and inside the circular 
 embankment, yielded negative results. 
 
 Excavations in the embankment showed burials in the southerly portion where 
 the embankment was highest and one burial in the western part. Our work, how 
 ever, on the level ground and in the embankment was not exhaustive. 
 
 Eighteen men, with four men to supervise, dug seven days, demolishing the 
 entire mound and going through much of the elevated ground surrounding it. The 
 

 
 ^ ? 
 
 >* <^ D 
 
 . 
 
 FIG. 16. Plan. Mounds, shell-heaps and causeway. Crystal river. 
 
. 1 1 1 1 n 1 lllllJi J" / /, " vy/, A 
 
 yijjlU^ 1 " r %V/(, ||W^ 
 
 Scalein (eet 
 
 -Excavation 
 
 Fid. 17. Plan and elevations. Place of burial. Crystal river. 
 
382 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 work done by us is shown in broken lines on plan (Fig. 17), where, however, many 
 small excavations made in the level ground and in the embankment are not <riven. 
 
 Though the shell-heap on Crystal river is a famous one. the sand mound was 
 unknown to the inhabitants of the town of Crystal River, even the owner being 
 unaware of the existence of this mound. Absolutely no digging had been done 
 previous to our visit, which is a most important feature, and especially so when we 
 note the interesting objects found by us and the fact that no object indicating Euro 
 pean provenance was met with throughout the entire investigation. 
 
 In the artificial elevation, burials were very numerous, and to so great an 
 extent had the ground been used that many graves, passing through earlier ones, 
 had caused great disturbance. In addition, numbers of disconnected bones lay, 
 here and there, in the sand as though they had been gathered from the dead-house 
 and scattered while the making of the elevation was in progress. Hence, exact 
 classification as to form of burial was impossible, nor could any estimate be arrived 
 at as to the number of individuals originally interred, as all bones met with were so 
 decayed that the skulls were often in small fragments. Our enumeration of burials, 
 that is of where bones were encountered, certainly falls far short of the number of 
 individuals interred. 
 
 The mound proper, of gray sand in the upper part and of white sand in the 
 lower, had, running through it, along the base, from the eastern margin to the cen 
 ter, approximately, a ledge of shell about 2 feet high and 20 feet broad. This ledge 
 seemed to have no particular connection with the burials. 
 
 Running for a distance of many feet into the mound were several streaks of 
 sand dyed with hematite. One, in the southern part of the mound, from 2 to 8 
 inches in diameter, especially persistent, extended from the outer slope to the cen 
 ter. The intensity of the coloring varied considerably. 
 
 There were also pockets of scarlet sand, but these were local and in connection 
 with burials. Once a pocket of scarlet sand was associated with sand dyed yellow 
 by powdered limonite. 
 
 What has been said as to the difficulty of count and of classification of the 
 burials in the elevated ground applies equally to the mound though from a different 
 cause, in part. While burials in the mound were not unusually numerous, the 
 height of the mound and the extreme dryness of the sand of which it was built, 
 caused much caving and consequent disarrangement of burials. 
 
 In the elevation and in the mound, were about 225 burials, including : 
 Bunched burials, .... 42 
 
 Full length on back, . . .Go 1 
 
 Closely flexed on the right side, . . 31 
 
 Closely flexed on the left side, 26 
 
 Partly flexed on the right side. . . . . 2 
 
 Partly flexed on the left side, . . 7 
 
 Lone skulls, ..... 11 
 
 Skeletons of infants, badly decayed. ... 7 
 
 Four of these lay side by side in a single grave; seven had lower extremities cut off by later 
 interments. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 383 
 
 Special burials not included in the above were as follows : 
 
 Two skulls, a femur and a radius. 
 
 Four skulls with two long-bones. 
 
 Three skulls and scattered bones. 
 
 A skeleton without pelvis or lower extremities. Beneath the place where the 
 pelvis should have been was another skull, probably an aboriginal disturbance. 
 
 Two skulls with scattered bones. 
 
 Four skulls with scattered bones and, nearby, the lower extremities of a skele 
 ton. In place of the pelvis was a skull and beneath it another skull. 
 
 A skeleton lying on the back with the legs flexed upward. 
 
 Three skulls and one humerus. 
 
 In a grave was the skeleton of a child at full length on the back and another 
 child s skeleton lying flexed to the left. Above these were many oyster-shells and 
 numerous masses of lime-rock, from 3 to 8 inches in diameter. 
 
 A bunched burial with four skulls. 
 
 Various unclassified burials. 
 
 In the elevated ground surrounding the mound, masses of oyster-shells almost 
 invariably lay above the burials and sometimes extended well to the sides. To 
 this rule there were but three exceptions. 
 
 In the mound proper, on the other hand, forty burials unassociated with oyster- 
 shells were noted, though there, also, many burials were covered by them. 
 
 While no crania were in a condition to save, parts of many showed no cranial 
 flattening. 
 
 Many of the bones bore marks of pathological lesions. 
 
 Artifacts were very numerous in the elevation and in the mound, though those 
 from the mound proper were of much higher grade, as a rule, than were the artifacts 
 from the sloping ground around it. There was no general deposit of earthenware or 
 of other objects. While certain artifacts were found unassociated, there was every 
 indication that most of them had lain with burials which had suffered aboriginal 
 disturbance. 
 
 In this place of aboriginal abode it was evident we were no longer among the 
 mounds of the northwest Florida coast, with their great deposits of earthenware 
 placed for the dead in common, in the eastern part of the mound. Here the vessels 
 were widely scattered and were found singly. Outside the mound but few vessels 
 were met with, though little piles of sherds, bits of inferior ware from various ves 
 sels, were numerous. 
 
 There were present in the elevated ground, as well as in the mound, a limited 
 number of sherds bearing the complicated stamp, the design being chiefly one of 
 concentric circles, a popular pattern along the central west-coast of Florida, and 
 which we found in the great shell-heap at Cedar Keys. 
 
 From the mound proper came a number of vessels, some of inferior ware, others 
 of excellent material. 
 
 The most striking object in earthenware met with during the investigation is 
 
384 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 part of a cylindrical vessel (Fig. 18) of excellent ware, bearing an incised design show 
 ing part of the human hand, remarkable for its boldness of execution. On the back 
 of the hand is a curious figure which man}- authorities agree is not a known totemic 
 symbol or design of any sort, hitherto met with. Some have suggested its origin 
 from heraldry and hence early European sources, while a still greater number see 
 nothing in the design that suggests other than an aboriginal origin. To us the figure 
 has an aboriginal look, and as nothing of European provenance w r as met with during 
 our investigation of the mound and this counts for so much in determinations 
 
 we believe the symbol to be 
 aboriginal in origin. Other 
 designs, perhaps equally in 
 teresting, have been on the re 
 mainder of the vessel, which 
 a diligent search failed to 
 discover. 
 
 
 FIG. 18. Sherd. Mound near Crytal river. (Full size.) 
 
 found during the investigation is given in Fig. 20. 
 
 FIG. 19. Part of earthenware vessel. 
 Mound near Crystal river. (Full 
 size.) 
 
 Throughout the mound 
 were vessels with feet, and 
 parts of vessels indicating the 
 presence of feet when the 
 vessels were whole. There 
 was also found a part of a 
 vessel, showing a human face 
 (Fig. 19). 
 
 A selection of sherds 
 The third from the left hand 
 
 upper corner shows punctate decoration between bands of crimson pigment, 
 sherd in the lower right-hand corner has part of another open hand. 
 We shall describe the vessels in detail. 
 
 The 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 385 
 
 49 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA.. VOL. XII. 
 
386 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. An oblate spheroid, of good ware (Fig. 21) lay with a burial in 
 the northwestern border of the artificial elevation. It is entirely covered with 
 incised and punctate decoration shown diagrammatically in Fig. 22 where the cross 
 on the base of the vessel is spread in order to show the design in diagram. This 
 cross is given with the remainder of the basal decoration in Fig. 23. There are two 
 holes for suspension in the vessel, and the usual mortuary perforation. 
 
 
 
 FIG. 21. Vessel No. 1. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 22. Vessel No. 1. Decoration. Mound near Crystal river. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 387 
 
 Vessel No. 2. An undecorated bowl, of most inferior ware. There is a small 
 basal perforation, which is the case with all vessels in this mound unless otherwise 
 described. 
 
 Vessel No. 3. A broken bowl of inferior ware, undecorated. 
 
 Vessel No. 4. Similar to Vessel No. 3. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. This vessel, of dark ware, which lay about one foot from the 
 skeleton of an infant, had with it a small, imperforate, shell drinking cup. The 
 basal perforation had carried away two of the feet which have since been restored 
 and a certain amount of restoration has been done to the rim. The interior of the 
 dentate design has been colored with red pigment (Fig. 24). 
 
 FIG. 23. Vessel No. 1. Decoration of base. Mouud u ear Crystal river. 
 (Not exactly on scale.) 
 
 FIG. 24. Vessel No. 5. Mound near 
 Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. G. An undecorated, cylindrical jar of about one quart capacity, 
 slightly contracted toward the base, which is flat and imperforate. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A toy pot of poor ware, undecorated save for notches around 
 the margin. Two holes for suspension, on opposite sides, have been enlarged by 
 the pulling through of the cord or sinew used. There is a carefully broken circular 
 hole in the base. This little vessel has six feet, one somewhat within the line oi 
 the other five. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A bowl of excellent ware, with protruding rim (Fig. 25). 
 
 Vessel No. 9. This vessel, undecorated, of excellent ware, lay with bones in 
 the mound proper whence came all vesels yet to be described. In shape it is a 
 much flattened sphere. There is. a carefully rounded hole in the base and small 
 holes for suspension on opposite sides of the opening. 
 
388 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 25. Vessel No. 8. Mound near Crystal river. (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A small, imperforate, undecorated bowl. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. A pot of inferior ware, badly broken by roots, having traces of 
 red pigment, and rough incised decoration similar on two opposite sides. 
 
 Vessel No. 12. In fallen sand was an undecorated, imperforate vessel with 
 ovoid body, flat base, and flaring neck, broken but since cemented together (Fig. 26). 
 
 Vessel No. 13. A bowl of about one 
 quart capacity, of beautiful, smooth, red 
 ware, with thickened rim projecting slightlv, 
 horizontally (Fig. 27). The decoration, in 
 black pigment, was not continued around 
 the vessel, or has disappeared through wear. 
 
 FIG. 26. Vessel No. 12. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 27. Vessel No. 13. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Two-thirds size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 389 
 
 Vessel No. 14. The upper part of a vessel of beautiful red ware, with certain 
 lower portions decorated with bands of black pigment (Fig. 28), which would give 
 quite a classical appearance were it not for the scalloped rim. 
 
 Vessel No. 15. Unassociated in the mound, was part of a curious vessel origi 
 nally annular in shape. On the fragment is one upright neck and parts of two 
 others. The vessel, when whole, probably resembled that shown in Fig. 164 in Part 
 II of our " Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast," though in this 
 case the body of the vessel is not flattened. 
 
 Flo. 28. Vessel No. 14. Mound near Crystal river. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 16. A vessel, badly broken, originally with four feet, two of which 
 were lost at the time of the basal mutilation (Fig. 29). These feet, with certain 
 parts of the body, have been restored. 
 
 Vessel No. 17. A vessel of excellent ware, undecorated save for the scalloped 
 rim. At the ba,se, which is rounded, has been a flat, circular space in relief. 1.25 
 inches in diameter, which enabled the vessel to stand upright. A circular perfora 
 tion has been made through this flattened part (Fig. 30). 
 
 Vessel No. 18. A rough, undecorated vessel. 
 
 Vessel No. 19. A wide-mouthed water-bottle, undecorated, with a portion 
 
 missing. 
 
390 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 . 
 
 
 t * . 
 
 FIG. 29. Vessel No. 16. Mound near Crystal river. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
 FIG. 30. Vessel Xo. 17. Mound near Crvstal river. (Full size. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 391 
 
 Fi(4. 31. Vessel No. 20. Mound near Crystal river. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 20. This interesting vessel, a bowl, of superior ware, of about two 
 quarts capacity (Fig. 31), has had for decoration a design in black pigment which, 
 apparently, having grown faint in course of time, has had painted above it designs 
 
 
 r 
 
 FIG. 32. Vessel Xo. 21. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
392 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 Fl(i. 33. Vessel No. 22 Mound near Crystal river. (About five-sixths size.) 
 
 Fio. 34.- Vessel No. 23. Mound near Crystal river. (About three-fourths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 393 
 
 in two shades of red. Our artist has well shown in stipple the design in black, and 
 in lighter and darker " wash," the two shades of red. The lightest shade of all on 
 the vessel, of course represents the natural shade of the ware. About one-third of 
 this vessel was missing when found. There has been restoration of the missing 
 part, but no attempt to replace the complicated design. 
 
 Vessel No. 21. Undecorated, save for four repousse lobes each ending at the 
 base in a foot for the vessel s support (Fig. 32). 
 
 Vessel No. 22. An imperforate bowl of excellent ware, undecorated. A thick 
 rim projects laterally (Fig. 33). 
 
 Vessel No. 23. A vessel of about three pints capacity, with a neck, first con 
 stricted, then expanded. The decoration consists of a small check-stamp. One of 
 four feet, missing through basal perforation, has been restored (Fig. 34). 
 
 Vessel No. 24. A vase with rude, 
 incised and punctate decoration, shown 
 in Fig. 35. 
 
 Vessel No. 25. Of inferior ware, 
 undecorated, with semi-globular body, 
 and long neck first constricted, then 
 fiarins. 
 
 FIG. 33. Vessel No. 24. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 36. Vessel No. 20. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 26. A toy vessel, undecorated, imperforate, with four feet, shown 
 in Fig. 36. 
 
 A sherd from this mound is shown in Fig. 37. 
 
 Seven smoking pipes, all or nearly all from the mound proper, were met with 
 during the investigation. Three are of soapstone, all of the familiar type with rec 
 tangular cross-section of the part having the bowl and of the part holding the stem. 
 One of these pipes, showing faint incised decoration, is shown in Fig. 38. At the 
 base of the bowl is a small circular orifice. In the second part of our " Certain 
 Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast," page 256, we speak of a pipe 
 with a basal perforation. 
 
 50 JOURN. A. N. S. PH1LA., VOL. XII. 
 
394 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 A rude . pipe of earthenware, also of common type, has the bowl slightly 
 flaring. 
 
 Part of a pipe of earthenware, similar in shape to those of soapstone, came 
 from the mound. There was found also a small " Monitor" pipe of earthenware, 
 somewhat broken. This is the first example of this type of pipe met with in penin- 
 
 FK;. 37. Sherd. Mound near Crystal river. (LTalf size.) 
 
 sular Florida. There was also in the mound a great pipe of soft lime-rock, found in 
 pieces, but since restored. In shape it is the same as those of soapstone. Each arm 
 is 5.5 inches in length. The measurement across each end is 2.25 inches ; the 
 openings are about 1.25 inches each, in diameter. 
 
 A flat tube of earthenware, perhaps used for a ceremony with smoke, came 
 from the mound proper (Fig. 39). 
 
 Throughout the investigation were met with, in the elevated ground and in the 
 mound proper, a large number of shell cups wrought from Fulgur perversum, some 
 imperforate, but the great majority with the mortuary perforation. There were 
 also eight or ten drinking cups made from what is known as the "horse-conch" 
 (Fasciolaria] along the Florida coast. One of these cups is shown in Fig. 40. We 
 do not recall before having met with a drinking cup made from this shell, although 
 the shell was largely used in the manufacture of implements in aboriginal times. 
 
 One drinking cup wrought from Melongena corona, the first we have seen, was 
 found during the investigation. 
 
 During our work, there were met with sixty colurnelhe of large marine uni 
 valves, sometimes a considerable number with a single burial. These columelloe 
 had been at times ground squarely across one end to serve as chisels, and sometimes 
 given a circular edge for use as gouges. Occasionally, a wing, or flange, was left to 
 increase the gauge of the edge. 
 
 There were found also ten gouges made from triangular sections of the body- 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 395 
 
 FIG. 38. Smoking-pipe of soapstone. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 Fio. 39. Tube of earthenware. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 40. Shell drinking cup. Mound near Crystal river. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
396 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 whorl of Fulgur perversum and one rectangular chisel likewise wrought from Ful 
 gur, also seventeen "celts " made, as a rule, from the lip of Strombus gigas, 2.5 to 
 7 inches in length. All implements of shell from this mound were badly weathered. 
 
 Three large shells (Cardtuni] were met with, each with a hole in the centre to 
 allow the insertion of a handle, and a number of large clam-shells, some showing 
 wear. There were, also, triangular sections of clam-shells, doubtless tools, when 
 hafted. Among the clam-shells was a large marine shell of the clam family (Cal- 
 lista giganted}. 
 
 There were found also three conchs (Fulgiw perversum} variously treated for 
 the reception of handles, and worn down at the beak by use as hammers, hoes, etc. 1 
 
 Eleven gorgets wrought from the body-whorl of Fulgur perversum came from 
 the mound, almost invariably associated with other objects near burials or near 
 where burials had been disturbed. Only one shows decoration and none is engraved. 
 
 :^vWlPfPPl 
 
 m^m^jsm 
 
 *.- . : :-.; ;/../- R$$S^ 
 
 ^vi^^ffl^^al 
 
 - C_ . I *^.->7^."^5 ">< " - ; 4X^" -- -^.3 $&& 
 
 " * *^. -^/<- ****?Cv2 *"s"..\ *.. -f^*-* ; ^j "4"^*^ 
 
 FIG. 41. Gorget of shell. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 Four are roughly circular, ranging in diameter from 2.25 to 3.5 inches. The 
 smallest has a circular perforation in the center, about .12 of an inch in diameter. 
 The next in size has, in the middle, three small holes in line. Two have single 
 holes centrally, one, in addition, having two perforations side by side, at the mar 
 gin. Four others are sections of the body-whorl of Fulgur, scoop-shaped, each with 
 a central perforation, three about 1 inch in diameter, the fourth much smaller. One, 
 in addition, has two small holes side by side on the broadest portion. One of these 
 gorgets lay with the concave side upon a skull. 
 
 Two gorgets, one a curved band of shell, about 1.5 inches wide, having a hole 
 
 1 For description and figures of many implements of this sort, see our "Certain Antiquities of 
 the Florida West-Coast," page 380 et seq. Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. XI. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 397 
 
 FIG. 42. Ornament of shell. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 for suspension and showing where another has been (Fig.41), the other, fragmentary, 
 probably like the one just described, were found in the mound. 
 
 There was also a handsome little gorget with six rounded points, and a 
 central perforation, shown in Fig. 42. 
 
 A small number of shell beads were 
 present with one burial, and with another 
 were a discoidal bead of shell, about half 
 an inch in diameter, and an imperforate 
 shell disc of the same si/e. This scarcity 
 of shell beads in a burial place teeming 
 with objects of shell, is remarkable, and 
 equally noticeable was the absence of 
 shell hair-pins, which class of objects 
 was represented by certain fragments of 
 what may or may not have belonged to a hair-pin of shell. 
 
 Near the skull of a child, lay two shells pierced for suspension (Oliva reticu- 
 /art s, and Cerithium, a fossil, a large undescribed variety from oligocene beds). 
 
 Those who lay in the burial place near the great shell-heap had, in life, been 
 given to the wearing of pendent ornaments of shell, of stone, of copper. 
 
 Those of shell met with by us, 105 in number, were, as a rule, much affected 
 by disintegration, and hence it is hard to say how finished their original appearance 
 may have been. Doubtless they varied. On many is bitumen. One deposit, with 
 a burial, consisted of ten pendants of shell, each about 5.5 inches in length. Another 
 deposit of pendants consisted of one of lime-rock and five of shell, one being 9.25 
 friches in length. A selection of pendent ornaments of shell, found during the 
 investigation, is shown in Fig. 43. 
 
 During the digging there were found : hammer-stones of chert, and several of 
 quartz, fairly well rounded ; pebble-hammers, including several of sandstone and 
 pudding-stone ; hones of sandstone and of ferruginous sandstone ; flakes, and small, 
 partly chipped, masses of chert; a "waster," of chert, 5.5 inches long; and various 
 other fragments, and material of the class usually found in mounds. There were 
 also fourteen entire "celts," of various rocks and a large number of "celts" badly 
 broken. Some of these parts were afterward fitted together, which led us to believe 
 that perhaps, also, these "celts" had been ceremonially broken before placing them 
 in the mound. In length the " celts" varied from 2.5 to 12.5 inches. Incidentally, 
 13 inches is the greatest length of any "celt" met with by us in the south. 
 
 Thirty-one lance-points, arrowheads and knives, all of chert, were found during 
 the digging, often associated with other objects. Many of these were rude, though 
 a few were of excellent workmanship. In addition to these, from the same part ot 
 the mound whence came a number of "celts in fragments, was a deposit of three 
 lance-heads of brown chert, each broken in two parts ; the lower half of a similar 
 lance-head ; two upper halves of lance-points of dark brown chert ; three rude chert 
 arrowheads , four chips of chert ; the canine tooth of a large carnivore. Pre 
 sumably the lance-heads in this deposit had been broken ceremonially. 
 
398 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 43. Selection of ornaments of shell. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 399 
 
 A neatly made blunt-pointed implement of fossil material, from the mound, 
 with incised decoration on one side, is shown in Fig. 44. Two cigar-shaped imple 
 ments, also of fossil material, are given in Fig. 45. 
 
 A can-fully smoothed ellipsoidal 
 
 hammer-stone of lime-rock, about 4 
 
 inches long, shows marks of consider 
 able use. Two bar-amulets, one of 
 
 lime-rock, one of thin, banded slate, 
 
 came from the mound and many sheets 
 
 of mica were found during the entire 
 
 investigation. None of these had any 
 
 particular shape and none was per 
 forate. 
 
 One hundred and eleven pendent 
 
 ornaments of various rocks were met 
 
 with during the investigation. As 
 
 mutilation of the specimens was not 
 
 deemed advisable, there has not been 
 
 an exact determination as to material. 
 
 Many are of the lime-rock, and some, 
 
 of the ferruginous lime-rock, of the dis 
 trict ; others are of igneous rocks ; 
 
 two long ones are of slate. One is of 
 
 calcite and doubtless there are other 
 
 rocks not included in this enumeration. FK; - ^.-objects of fossil material. 
 
 Mounu near Crystal river. 
 
 Several are of quartz, including two ( Ful1 size -> 
 
 beautifully made of rock-crystal, one 
 
 o f yyhJch nagi presumably, a conventionalized bird-form (Fig. 46). 
 Ten well-made pendants, shown in Fig. 47, lay with a 
 
 burial with which was sand dyed with hematite. 
 A selection from the various stone pendants found by us is given in Figs. 48, 
 49, 50, 51, among which are shown a long slate pendant similar to those found by us 
 the preceding year along the northwest coast, one pendant with a central perfora 
 tion, and several doubtless intended to represent conventionalized birds. 
 
 On the base of the mound, in the southern slope, was the skeleton of an adult, 
 lying full length on back. Extending across the pelvis, sagging down somewhat, 
 was a row of pendants of stone, among which were three of copper, 4.7 inches, 5.75 
 inches, 6 inches long, respectively, of the same type as the long ones of slate from 
 this mound, one of which has already been figured. Seemingly, all these pendants 
 had hung from the waist in the manner shown by Le Moyne on aborigines of the 
 St. Johns river, Florida. Along the lower part of the left arm, which lay extended 
 down the left side of the body, were other pendants, or charm-stones, which may 
 have fallen over from a belt at the waist. Exclusive of the copper, 39 pendants, 
 
 FIG. 44. Object of fossil 
 material. Mound near 
 Crystal river. (Full 
 size.) 
 
400 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 mostly of lime-stone and of ferruginous lime-stone, and a long one of slate, were in 
 this interesting deposit. With them were two parts of the lower jaw of a puma, 
 each with three molars, and each part having a hole artificially made near the fora 
 men to aid in suspension or attachment. With these were two canines of a black 
 bear, having the bases much ground away, and two molars, also of the bear, ground 
 down, not on the base alone, but on certain of the sides also. 1 
 
 About 5 feet down, in the 
 southern side of the mound, 
 near a skull belonging to a 
 bunched burial, were three 
 quartz crystals and one twin 
 crystal of quartz, from 2.5 to 4 
 inches in length. The three 
 crystals have grooves for sus 
 pension as pendants. On the 
 twin crystal no groove is appar 
 ent, though there are traces of 
 bitumen, at one end, where a 
 cord has been attached. 
 
 With the crystals were six 
 teen ornaments of various rocks, 
 including a small pendant of 
 amethystine quartz, 2 a perfect 
 gem, a triumph of aboriginal 
 endeavor, shown fourth from 
 the left-hand side of the upper 
 row in Fig. 52 where all this 
 deposit is given. 
 
 The rocks of which these ornaments are made, which include beads, imitations 
 of canine teeth of carnivores, and other forms, are impossible to name with any cer 
 tainty, without mutilating the specimens to obtain slides for the microscope. One 
 is surely of banded, ferruginous slate ; others are of catlinite ; several resemble 
 hematite in appearance, but are not this material since they make a mark too 
 light in color upon porcelain and do not respond to the magnet. Others are of fine 
 grained, igneous rock. 
 
 l Vide, "Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast," Part II, Journ. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci., of Phila., Vol. XII, pg. 2-10 et seq. 
 
 2 We are indebted to Mr. Warren K. Moorehead for the following details of the discovery of a 
 pendant of amethyst found in 1808, in a grave at the mouth of the Wabash river, west side, southern 
 Indiana, by Mr. Clifford. Anderson, acting under instructions from Mr. Moorehead. About 150 burials 
 were found in graves at this place, having with them pottery, pipes, copper objects, etc. The graves, 2 
 to 4 feet below the present surface, were not stone lined. According to Mr. Moorehead, they mark the 
 northernmost extension of the southern (Missouri-Arkansas) type of pottery. Mr. Moorehead kindly 
 sent the pendant for our inspection. It is of a deep violet, pear-shaped, and has a perforation for sus 
 pension. It is about the same size as ours, but it is much more rudely made, showing a scratched surface 
 without polish. The catalogue number of this specimen is 15,400, Museum, Phillips Academy, An- 
 dover, Mass. 
 
 FIG. 46. Pendants of rock-crystal. Mound near Crystal river. 
 (Full size.) 
 
CKIITAIN AP.ORKil.XAL .MOTNDS. CKNTKAI, KLOIMDA W.-COAST. 401 
 
 FIG. 47. Pendants of stone, found with a single burial. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 51 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
402 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 > R ..nr-i . 
 WMMQMEw 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 FIG. 48. Selection of pendants of stone. Hound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 403 
 
 FIG. 49. Selection of pendants of stone. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
404 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 50. Selection of pendants of stone. Mouud near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 405 
 
 FIG. 51. Selection of pendants of stone. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
406 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 FIG. 52. Onianients found with a single burial. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 407 
 
 JP^^^^c 
 
 FIG. 53. Pendent ornaments of copper. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
408 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 The perforations in these ornaments are countersunk and from large openings 
 at the surface meet at the center in a much smaller aperture. On some are 
 scratches which probably would ba called file-marks by those disbelieving in any 
 proficiency obtained by the natives through ages of aboriginal culture, which marks 
 are exactly similar to those noted on certain ornaments of red jasper found by us in 
 Florida, on which material the file leaves no mark and which was no doubt worked 
 with the aid of hard, cutting sand. 
 
 In the southern part of the mound, whence, with the exception of two copper 
 pendants and the deposit of ten pendants of rock, came practically all articles of 
 especial interest met with during the investigation, were found ten copper pendants, 
 including the three already referred to, making twelve in all from this mound, 
 shown in Fig. 53. Three pendants were twice found together, and three times, two 
 pendants were in association, always, of course, with burials. All came from con 
 siderable depths in the mound, from 4 to 8 feet, and nearly all were wrapped in 
 fabrics and in bark, as is customary with "finds" of copper. 
 
 An especially noteworthy feature connected with these pendants, which are of 
 native copper, is that all are of the same type as other pendants of stone and of 
 shell found in this mound, even the conventioncil bird-form being represented. 
 
 The method of wearing these pendants was interestingly shown. Apparently, 
 certain material, seemingly hide, was cut into a small circle. A cord was run 
 through the center of this and knotted on the lower side. The hide was then 
 adjusted on the end of the pendant, like a cap, and the lower portion of the hide 
 was bound around with a cord and fastened with bitumen. The cord which ran 
 through the hide, when fastened to a belt, would allow the pendant to hang true, 
 which it could not do had the hide not been used and a cord been tied around the 
 end of the pendant and knotted at one side. 
 
 But once in the elevated ground surrounding the mound proper, was copper 
 met with, and this was so greatly corroded that it was hardly more than a paste- 
 like substance. 
 
 Upon several occasions in the mound, copper was found in a like condition. 
 
 About 8 feet from the surface of the mound, near one of the streaks of sand 
 dyed with hematite, to which reference has been made, was a fiat mass of bitumen, 
 about 6 inches by 8 inches and 1.25 to 2 inches in thickness. Imbedded in this was 
 an oblong bit of sheet-copper, about 1 inch in length by .5 of an inch in breadth. 
 
 During the excavation of the mound proper there were found, always with 
 burials, three pairs of ear-plugs of sheet-copper. 
 
 One pair has the upper and the lower discs of a similar pattern, consisting of 
 open spaces made with considerable regularity (Fig. 54). There is a circular con 
 cavity at the center of each disc. Careful measurements show that while the four 
 discs closely resemble each other, the openings do not exactly coincide in size or in 
 shape, thus precluding all chance of their having been made with a die or stamp. 
 These discs. each about 3.5 inches in diameter, were wrapped in bark. With one 
 set of discs was a vertebra of a fish, which probably had been used to hold the pair 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 409 
 
 together. The second vertebra was not found, but may have been lost in the 
 excavation. 
 
 The interesting design of these discs was shown to Mr. Charles C. Willoughby, 
 of the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, Mass., who writes : " Regarding the enclosed 
 
 FIG. 54. One of four copper discs, forming a pair of ear-plugs. Mound 
 near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 Fl(i. 55. Part of copper disc showing animal bead, with lirar-symbol 
 beneath. (Full size.) 
 
 Flo. 57. Silver-coated ear-plug of copper. Side view. Mound near 
 Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 56. Copper disc with animal symbols removed, leaving the 
 cosmic sign. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 58. The same. Top view. (Full size.) 
 
 52 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
410 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 photograph of the copper disc from Crystal river. This seems to belong to the 
 same type of symbolic forms as many of the sheet-copper objects from the Hopewell 
 and Turner mounds, 1 although the mechanical execution of your ornament is 
 inferior to similar objects from these groups. 
 
 This may well be symbolic of an animal god, probably the bear, combined 
 with the cosmic sign. The animal s head is drawn double, and the design appears 
 the same when reversed. One pair of ears, two eyes and one head answer for both 
 animals, but there are separate mouths, nostrils and necks. The five nearly paral 
 lel perforations upon the neck, also duplicated upon the opposite side, doubtless 
 represent the claws of the bear. This symbol occurs several times in modified 
 form in objects of bone and copper from the Hopewell group, and is still used as a 
 bear sign by modern Indians. It seems to me that this mark may be the distin 
 guishing mark of the animal represented. 
 
 " The outer circle and four perforated arms doubtless form a cosmic symbol 
 representing the horizon and four directions. The central perforation may also 
 represent the central circle usually present, especially as it seems to have no con 
 nection with the head of the animal. The arms representing the four quarters 
 are pushed out of their normal position to make room for the central head." 
 
 In Figs. 55, 56 are given, from Mr. Willoughby s designs, part of the copper 
 disc, showing the animal head with the bear symbol beneath, and the copper disc 
 with the animal symbols removed, leaving the cosmic sign. 
 
 Another pair of ear-plugs, side and top views of which are shown in Figs. 57, 
 58, where two missing parts are represented in broken lines, had for decoration on 
 
 FIG. 59. Silver-coated ear-plug of copper, tipper and lower parts. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 top, a thin coating of sheet-silver, 2 hammered on. There is a concave circle in the 
 center and four crescent-shaped open spaces. 
 
 The third pair of ear-plugs, wrapped in bark or vegetable fiber and in a woven 
 
 1 For farther information on this interesting subject we would call the reader s attention to 
 "Symbolism in Ancient American Art," by F. W. Putnam and C. C. Willoughby, " Proceedings of 
 the American Association for the Advancement of Science." Vol. XLIV, 1896. 
 
 2 Sheet-gold, sheet-silver, sheet iron (meteoric) have been found in various mounds in Ohio, in 
 which no objects distinctly of European provenance have been met with. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 411 
 
 fabric, has circular, concave spaces in the center of the upper and lower portions. 
 The whole outer surface of the upper halves is coated with thin sheet-silver, which, 
 loose in places, has turned up and over. The upper and lower discs were separated 
 by a mass of vegetable fiber through which ran a cord. This cord, passing through 
 a perforation in the middle of the central concavity, on the outside of each upper 
 part is knotted around a pearl which is pierced. The upper and the lower part of 
 one of these ear-plugs is shown in Fig. 59. 
 
 FIG. 60. Ornament of sheet-copper. Mound near Crystal river. (Three-quarters size.) 
 
 FIG. 61. Ornament of sheet-copper. Mound near Crystal river. (Full size.) 
 
 Badly broken when found, was an oblong ornament of sheet-copper (Fig. GO), 
 rather rudely decorated with punctate markings and showing a cruder form of 
 aboriginal effort in repouss? decoration, though in direct line with more ambitious 
 work. 
 
412 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 An ornament of fluted sheet-copper, badly broken, came from this mound (Fig. 
 61). This pattern was a popular one among the aborigines. We have met with it 
 at least twice before, once at Apalachicola and once in the fine mound on Murphy 
 Island, Fla. 
 
 Two tubular beads of over-lapping sheet-copper were found in caved sand. 
 A portion of a second ornament of fluted sheet-copper from this mound was 
 submitted to Prof. Harry F. Keller, Ph.D., who reported on it as follows : 
 
 " As to the sheet-copper from the Crystal river mound, it is certainly made 
 from the native metal ; a very searching qualitative analysis of the cleaned speci 
 men gave only silver and iron as metallic impurities, and demonstrated the entire 
 absence of lead, arsenic, antimony and zinc." 
 
 Here we have native copper such as was used by the aborigines, previous to 
 the coming of the Europeans, which copper was not obtainable in Europe in quan 
 tities sufficient for commercial purposes and which is most distinctly different from 
 the copper brought to this country by Europeans, the European copper being the 
 product of arsenical, sulphide ores, and teeming with impurities. 
 
 Three pointed implements made from cannon-bones of 
 deer, and three shark s teeth of the present geological period, 
 lay with three arrowheads or knives. Such teeth were found 
 by Mr. Gushing at Marco, in the Ten Thousand Islands, Fla., 
 and were shown by him to have been used for the carving of 
 wood. 
 
 In one deposit were a number of pointed implements of 
 bone, fragments of other bone implements of various kinds, 
 and a fish-hook of bone, from which the pointed end, broken 
 by the blow of a spade, was lost. With these was an object 
 of bone, perhaps used in basketry (Fig. 62). 
 
 Half of a tooth of a fossil shark was met with in the 
 mound. 
 
 As to note the exact association of all objects from this 
 mound would unduly occupy our space, a few groups of arti 
 facts, only, will be given as they were found. 
 
 With a burial were : one canine tooth of a large carni 
 vore ; two "celts" of polished rock; two sheets of mica; 
 three lance-heads of chert ; two sandstone pebble-hammers ; 
 four shell gouges; four shell "celts;" parts of other "celts" of 
 \ / shell ; two sandstone hones ; several bits of clayey material. 
 
 V Together were : two pendants of shell ; two pendants 
 
 FIG. 62.-impiementofbone. of igneous rock ; a knuckle-bone of a deer. 
 ?FuZlT CryStalriVer Three knuckle-bones of the deer lay with two shell 
 
 pendants. 
 
 With the skeleton of a child were : two pendants of rock ; one pendant of 
 shell ; a knuckle-bone of a deer. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 413 
 
 In one deposit were : half of a bar-amulet of slate ; two smooth, flat fragments, 
 one of banded slate, one seemingly of fine-grained sandstone ; one pendant of sedi 
 mentary rock ; one of igneous rock ; one of quartz ; a beautifully made one of 
 quartz, somewhat worn. 
 
 Again we would call the attention of the reader, before ending the account of 
 this interesting investigation, to the fact that nothing showing white provenance 
 was met with during the work and that the entire area gone over by us was abso 
 lutely virgin. 
 
 MOUND NEAR CRYSTAL RIVER SETTLEMENT, CITRUS COUNTY. 
 
 The settlement is at the head of Crystal river. 
 
 About 1.5 miles in a NNW. direction from the town, on property of Mr. Her 
 man Miller, of. Crystal River, in pine woods bordering a hammock, was a sand 
 mound 4 feet 9 inches high and 70 feet across the circular base. 
 
 Thorough trenching showed this mound to belong to the domiciliary class. 
 
 MOUND NEAR THE ClIASSAIIOWITZKA RlVER, ClTKUS COUNTY. 
 
 The river has its source at a large spring, or boil, about eight miles from the 
 Gulf. 
 
 The mound, in pine woods, about one-half mile in a E. by S. direction from the 
 landing at the river s head, was in full view from the road. Though but compara 
 tively little dug into before our visit, seemingly, it had been much trampled by 
 cattle, and bits of human bone and fragments of earthenware w r ere scattered here 
 and there over the entire surface. It was evident that the diameter of the mound. 
 75 feet at the time of our visit, had been extended at the expense of the height, 
 which was 4 feet. 
 
 Fifteen trenches were started inward from the margin and continued until 
 human remains were encountered, when all trenches were joined and the remaining 
 part of the mound, which had a diameter of from 50 to 54 feet, probably about the 
 original diameter, was demolished. 
 
 Eighteen burials, all very badly decayed, including the lone skull, were met 
 with. The bunched burial, also, was represented, sometimes without a skull, some 
 times with one, and once with two. 
 
 With one burial were bits of pottery and fragments of chert. With another 
 was an imperforate pot of inferior ware, bearing a small check-stamp. Certain 
 decaying fragments of bone had with them bits of different vessels. The following 
 vessels were in the mound, not as a general deposit but here and there, singly, per 
 haps interred with burials since decayed ; a small, undecorated, imperforate vessel 
 modelled after a gourd ; an undecorated bowl with a basal perforation, having a 
 small depression below the rim at opposite sides ; a small vessel without decoration, 
 a flattened sphere in shape, having the usual mortuary mutilation ; an undecorated 
 vessel badly broken. 
 
 A handle of a vessel, representing the head of a predatory bird (Fig. 63). was 
 
414 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 found unassociated with other ware. In the beak is a circular hole which would 
 allow the use of the head as a pendent ornament. We got, on the Island of Marco, 
 one of the northern-most of the Ten Thousand Islands (see outline map) a bird-head 
 handle of a vessel, with a groove around the neck, showing the use of the head as a 
 pendant. 
 
 Sherds in the mound were numerous but did not lie in deposits. The great 
 majority are of ordinary ware and undecorated. Some, however, are of excellent 
 material. Red pigment had been used in several instances and punctate markings 
 and the check-stamp are represented. The complicated stamp was not met with. 
 
 There were also in the mound, unassociated : a small hatchet, seemin<rlv of 
 
 o */ 
 
 igneous rock ; a triangular weapon or tool, of chert ; a bit of fossil wood ; a number 
 of flakes and chippings. of chert; a pendant of volcanic rock (Fig. 64). 
 
 MOUND XKAK INDIAN BEND, HEUNANDO COUNTY. 
 
 This name is given to a bight in the swamp bordering the Gulf, around which 
 grow pine trees, and oaks in places. The mound at Indian Bend is about two 
 miles in a straight line almost due south from the landing at the head of Chassa- 
 howit/ka river. It had been dug into in a limited way before our visit and seemed, 
 in addition, to have been greatly trampled by cattle. Its height was 4 feet. It was 
 48 feet across its circular base. Fifteen trenches were dug in toward the center 
 until, at the union of these trenches, a portion from 32 feet to 34 feet in diameter 
 remained. This part was entirely demolished. 
 
 Burials, eight in num 
 ber, in the last stage of de 
 cay, were: two lone skulls; 
 four small bunches, each 
 with a skull ; one bunch 
 without a skull ; and, cen 
 trally, a skeleton flexed on 
 
 FIG. 63. Handle of vessel. Mound near FIG. 64. Pendant of stone. FIG. 65. Sherd. Mound near 
 
 the Chassahowitzka river. (Full size.) Mound near the Chassabow- Indian Bend. (Half size.) 
 
 itzka river. (Full size.) 
 
 the right side with a few shell beads at the wrist. 
 
 Exceptionally few sherds were met with in this mound. Most were undecora 
 ted ; some had the check-stamp; one had encircling, parallel lines incised (Fig. G5) 
 which gave the ware the appearance of the coil method of manufacture. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 415 
 
 No whole vessels were found, but a portion of one, undecorated, had a basal 
 perforation carefully rounded after the fracture. 
 
 Here and there in the mound, unassociated, were several flakes and fragments, 
 of chert, an arrowhead or knife, and a lance-head, of the same material. 
 
 Running through the mound for a number of feet, was a deposit of sand dyed 
 red with hematite. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BAYPORT, HERNANUO COUNTY. 
 
 Bayport is at the mouth of the Wekiwoochee river. 
 
 The mound, owner unknown, lay in scrub and pine, about one mile in a north 
 erly direction from the town. One small hole was the only previous digging 
 noticed by us, but, at the center, there seemed to be a certain flattening as though 
 a building had been there, and that such had been the case was the belief in Bay- 
 port. As the mound was on a natural elevation and no base-line was at any time 
 apparent, we found it impossible to decide as to height. Judging from appearances, 
 the altitude was 3 feet 7 inches, but as nothing showing human origin is believed to 
 have been found during the digging, at a depth greater than 2 feet, the mound may 
 have been lower than it appeared. The diameters of base, as taken by us, were 84 
 feet N. and S., and 76 feet E. and W., but here again, our judgment may have been 
 at fault. At all events, one burial and sherds at various points, were found soon 
 after digging began. The area as given above was completely dug through. 
 
 Burials were found marginally in various parts of the mound and continued to 
 be met with, occasionally, until the more central parts of the mound were reached, 
 when they were fairly numerous. All were so badly decayed that no bones were 
 saved. Such crania as were sufficiently preserved to allow determination showed 
 no sign of flattening. In all but three cases, the form of burial was of the ordinary 
 bunched variety. Of these bunches, thirty-four had one skull ; four bunches had 
 two skulls ; four bunches had three skulls ; one had four skulls ; one had six 
 skulls ; one bunch had seven skulls. Three bunches had no crania with them. 
 
 Three other bunches had with them small deposits of fragments of calcined 
 human bones. Twice the deposits were mingled with some unburnt bones belong 
 ing to the bunched burials. In these cases the calcined fragments were so few in 
 number that a fractional part of the skeleton only was represented. The third 
 deposit, near a burial, but not in contact, was somewhat larger, perhaps amounting 
 to several quarts. 
 
 With various burials were : three conch-shells and bits of pottery ; certain 
 fragments of earthenware ; two earthenware vessels in fragments ; a bit of chert ; 
 six conch-shells ; two implements made from marine univalves (Fulgitr perversum 
 and Fasciolaria] by removing part of the body-whorl ; sand dyed with hematite ; 
 sand less deeply tinged with the red oxide; two small shells much decayed; one 
 "celt." 
 
 Over one burial was a large fragment of what must have been a bowl of 
 great size, of inferior ware, roughly decorated. On the fragment was one large 
 loop-shaped handle. 
 
410 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 417 
 
 There were also in the mound : marine shells, more or less broken (Fulgur, 
 Fasciolaria] with the lower outer portions removed, and sharpened at the lower end 
 of the columella so that, when the upper part of the shell was held in the hand, 
 they could be used to bore or to pierce with ; chips, flakes and fragments, of chert; 
 several arrowheads or knives, also of chert, some of which were broken, some only 
 rudely blocked out ; four " celts," one showing marks of service in a handle ; two 
 very diminutive "celts ;" a few fragments of what had been an ornament of sheet- 
 copper. 
 
 At the very margin of the mound, in various directions, were small deposits of 
 sherds made up of parts of different vessels, while single sherds and smaller deposits 
 were met with throughout the mound. The ware, as shown by these fragments, is, 
 in most cases, inferior, though some is of excellent quality. Much is undecorated. 
 One sherd, seemingly, is cord-marked, though this decoration is hard to determine. 
 A few bear traces of crimson pigment ; many have the check-stamp of various sizes ; 
 several have the complicated stamp, including the design of concentric circles, so 
 much in vogue in this district. One has a complicated pattern shown by us in 
 Fig. 66, Part II, of our " Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida 
 Coast." Some sherds from this investigation bear incised decoration alone; some, 
 punctate decoration, in addition, but the specialty of the builders of the mound 
 was the punctate impression in various combinations. A selection of sherds from 
 the mound is shown in Fig. 66 and others are given in Figs. 67, 68, 69, 70. 
 
 Flu. (7. Sherd. Mound near Buyport. (Three-fourths size.) 
 53 JOURN. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
418 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 68. Sherd. Mound near Bayport. (Half size.) 
 
 " ~ :> 
 
 " fc ? -** 
 tt -:- 
 . " - 
 
 FIG. 09. Sherd. Mound near Bayport. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 70. Sherd. Mound near Bayport. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 71. Part of vessel of earthenware. Mound near Bayport. (About four-fifths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 419 
 
 Peart of a vessel, found in several bits, shows an interesting decoration and indi 
 cates a graceful form though, unfortunately, the entire base and most of the neck, 
 are wanting (Fig. 71). The sand for some distance around these fragments was 
 carefully sifted without discovery of farther trace of the vessel and it became evi 
 dent that the pieces had been interred as fragments only. 
 
 In view of the evidence furnished by some of the sherds that the makers of the 
 mound posessed ware superior as to quality, form and decoration, the entire vessels 
 met with by us were doubly disappointing. 
 
 Soon after the digging began, in the eastern margin of the mound, at a distance 
 from human remains, evidently placed in the mound for the use of the dead in com 
 mon, as were all deposits of vessels in this mound, with one exception, was Vessel 
 No. 1 (Fig. 72), of most inferior ware, with six projecting knobs, undoubtedly 
 
 
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 m 
 
 // 
 
 FIG. 72. Vessel Xo. 1. Mound near Bayport. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
420 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 73. Vessel No. 1. Decoration. Mound near Bayport. (One-third size.) 
 
 
 Flo. 74. Vessel No. 2. Mound near Bayport. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 421 
 
 highly conventionalized head, tail and legs of a life-form. The decoration, traced 
 on the clay before firing, is rude (diagram, Fig. 73). In the base is a carefully 
 rounded perforation made after baking, as was the case with all vessels in this 
 mound, except such as are described to the contrary. 
 
 With this vessel, in fragments which have since been put together, was Vessel 
 No. 2, of excellent ware (Fig. 74), with incised and punctate decoration shown 
 diagrammatically in Fig. 75. There are duck-head handles. 
 
 FIG. 75. Vessel No. 2. Decoration. Mound near Bayport. (Half size. 
 
 Somewhat farther in, still in the eastern part of the mound, unfortunately 
 shattered by the blow of a spade, was a vessel, an inverted, truncated cone in shape, 
 with a check-stamp decoration. This vessel was too badly broken to determine as 
 to basal perforation. 
 
 A little later, in the same direction, an undecorated, globular vessel was met 
 with. 
 
422 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 FIG. 76. Vessel Xo. 5. Mound near B:iyport. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
 FIG. 77. Vessel No. 6. Mound iiear Ba.yport. (About three-fifths size.) 
 
 From the southern part of the mound came Vessel No. 5 (Fig. 76) which for 
 merly had had double, circular compartments. The greater part of one compart 
 ment has been restored. 
 
 Still in the marginal part of the mound, the northwestern portion, but farther 
 in than the vessels already described, together, were nine vessels, Nos. 6 to 14, 
 inclusive, all of most inferior ware, some upright, some lying on the side, some 
 inverted. 
 
 Vessel No. 6. A jar of about 3 quarts capacity (Fig. 77), undecorated, has a 
 curious projecting base in which is a perforation made before baking. Three other 
 vessels of this type came from this mound. Almost, there would seem to be cause 
 to doubt whether these curious, open, projecting bases entitle the vessels to which 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA YV.-< OAST. 423 
 
 they belong to be classed among the ready-made mortuary variety. Possibly the 
 vessels may have been used as sieves or strainers with a fabric inserted on the 
 bottom. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A globular vessel of about (5 quarts capacity, undecorated. with 
 a small vertical rim, a part of which was missing when the vessel was found. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A quadrilateral vessel with rounded base, shown in Fig. 78. 
 
 Vessel No. 9. This vessel, similar to Vessel No. G, was sent to the Peabody 
 Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A large bowl in many fragments, having the upper part faintly 
 decorated with a complicated stamp composed of concentric circles. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. A pot of about 3 gallons capacity, having on the upper part 
 of the body a faint check-stamp. 
 
 FIG. 78. Vessel No. 8. Mound near Bayport. (About four-fifths size.) 
 
424 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 
 FIG. 79. Vessel No. 12. Mound near Bayport. (About three-fifths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 12. A jar of the same type as Vessels Nos. 6 and 9, with pro 
 truding base and ready-made perforation, shown in Fig. 79, but differing slightly in 
 outline. The reader will bear in mind that properly to show the base, the aperture 
 of the vessel has been turned away. 
 
 Vessel No. 13. Badly broken, similar to Vessels Nos. 6 and 9. 
 
 Vessel No. 14. A badly broken vessel having a check-stamp decoration. 
 
 Vessel No 15. Alone in the sand was a small vessel, oblate spheroidal, 
 undecorated, with narrow, upright rim. The carefully-made, circular hole in the 
 base, looking as though, after a small piece had been broken out, the margin of the 
 break had been rounded by a cutting implement, was not present in this case, the 
 entire bottom having been knocked out. 
 
 In the body of the mound, NE. part, with a burial, were two large, undeco 
 rated vessels in fragments (Numbers 16 and 17). 
 
 MOUND NEAR INDIAN CREEK, HERNANDO COUNTY. 
 
 Indian creek enters the Gulf about five miles south of Bayport. 
 
 Surrounded by marsh, about 400 yards ENE. from the mouth of the creek, on 
 property of Mr. Richard A. Ellis, of Aripeka, is a small patch of solid ground on 
 which grow a few palmettoes and pines. In the center, was an artificial elevation 
 about 2.5 feet high and 42 feet across the base. Previous digging 1 had been confined 
 
 t-> OO C 
 
 to a small, central hole. 
 
 The mound was entirely demolished by us except portions around several 
 trees. The material was tough, clayey sand. 
 
 Near the center were two bunched burials, each with a skull, and a skeleton 
 closely flexed on the right side. 
 
 No artifacts of any sort were met with. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 425 
 
 MOUND NKAK THE WEKIWACHEE RIVER, PASCO COUNTY. 1 
 
 The mound, in pine woods, in full view from the Tampa road, was about two 
 miles in a SSE. direction from the mouth of the Wekiwachee river, also called 
 Hammock creek. 
 
 At one side of the mound was a depression whence the sand had been taken, 
 and about 100 yards distant was a fresh-water pond where the aborigines found a 
 supply of water. 
 
 The mound had been dug into, centrally, to a certain extent before we came 
 and bits of bone and fragments of pottery were scattered on the surface. The area 
 of the base, which seemed to have been extended somewhat by the trampling of 
 cattle, was 80 feet by 64 feet. The height of the mound was a trifle over 4 feet. 
 What seemed to be the mound proper, was entirely dug down by us, except small 
 parts around certain trees. Sand, apparently washed and trampled from above, 
 presumably not belonging to the mound, though in appearance a part of it, was 
 excluded from the investigation. 
 
 Burials were met with from the very start and continued in until a deposit of 
 bones, spread in a layer, was encountered, which occupied all the central part of the 
 mound, at a depth of about two feet from the surface. In this layer, with other 
 bones, were seventy-six skulls, and, doubtless, the digging preceding our own 
 removed certain others. 
 
 The sole, and rather incommensurate, votive offering with this great deposit of 
 bones was a vessel of earthenware, of about one quart capacity, a flattened sphere in 
 shape, having traces of red paint on the exterior and a small mortuary perforation 
 in the base. 
 
 There were also in the mound : 
 
 Bunched burials each having one skull, 40 
 
 Bunched burials with two skulls each, . . 11 
 
 Bunched burials with three skulls each, - 
 
 Bunched burials with four skulls each, . 2 
 
 Skeletons closely flexed on the right side, . . 5 
 Skeletons closely flexed on the left side, 
 
 Bunched burial with no skull, .... 1 
 
 Four additional burials, each with a single skull, fell with caved sand. 
 
 There was also a small pocket of calcined fragments of human bone, perhaps 
 about one quart in all, present in the mound. 
 
 The condition of the bones was such that no skull was saved. No cranial 
 flattening was noticed on any of the fragments. 
 
 The aborigines who built this mound were not liberal in offerings to the 
 departed, as was indicated by the comparative lack of artifacts with the great 
 deposit, The skeleton of a child had three shell drinking-cups and two unwrought 
 
 1 This river must not be confounded with the Wekiwooehee river, some eight miles away. 
 54 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
426 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 conchs (Fulgur perversum), while two shell-cups lay each with another burial. 
 With one burial was sand dyed with hematite. 
 
 With a bunched burial was a gracefully made "celt;" with another, two 
 equally as well-made. 
 
 Not immediately associated with burials were : one hammer-stone ; two lance- 
 heads, of chert, each about 3.5 inches in length; a well-made spear-head of chert, 
 about 5 inches long and about 2 inches in maximum diameter. A grooved pendant, 
 rather roughly made from a pebble, lay alone in the sand. 
 
 In the southern margin of the mound was a small deposit of sherds and, here 
 and there in the mound, fragments were met with singly, bearing red pigment, the 
 
 * fe*- : 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 FIG. 80. Selection of sherds. Mound near the Wekiwachee river. (Half size.) 
 
 check-stamp, punctate markings. There were several fragments with a complicated 
 stamp in which the concentric circle figured. A selection of sherds from this 
 mound is shown in Fig. 80. 
 
 Part of a vessel was met with showing a basal perforation made before the 
 firing of the clay. 
 
 MOUND NEAR THE PlTHLOCHASCOOTIE RlVER, PASCO COUNTY. 
 
 This river, variously spelled on maps and charts, is commonly spoken of as the 
 " Kootie." 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile from the mouth of the river, on the S. side, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 427 
 
 visible from the water, on property of Mr. K. B. Liles, of Eliren, Fla., is an oblong 
 mound running almost north and south, 142 feet along the base and 70 feet across 
 it. The summit plateau is 91 feet long and 19 feet in width. The height is 9 feet. 
 The mound, composed of alternate layers of sand and of shell, as is shown by former 
 excavations, is probably domiciliary. 
 
 Mr. S. T. Walker, in the Smithsonian Report for 1879, page 392, el seq., has 
 described, and given plans of, this domiciliary mound and of the burial mound 
 nearby, a description of which we are about to give. 
 
 About 100 yards in an easterly direction from the domiciliary mound is a 
 mound of sand, of irregular outline (see Plan, Fig. 81), also on property of Mr. 
 Liles. The mound, narrowest at its western end, slopes gently upward for 58 feet, 
 
 ------- = excavation 
 
 : 
 
 ^-^..ii" 
 
 FIG. 81. Plan. Mound near Pithlocliascootie river. 
 
 when the maximum height, "4 feet, is reached. There is then a decline of 65 feet to 
 the level ground at the eastern extremity of the mound. Mr. Walker is in error 
 in ascribing to the sand mound a height greater than that of the domiciliary mound, 
 and in his plan of the burial mound has reversed the position of its ends, putting 
 the broader end at the western extremity. 
 
 There had been comparatively little previous digging, considering the size of 
 the mound. Mr. Walker s digging, amounting to but little, was plainly traceable. 
 
428 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 The western, or narrower part of the mound, which, however, included the highest 
 part, was entirely dug through by us to include 76 feet of the length of the base. 
 The remaining, or eastern portion of the mound, 47 feet in length along the base, 
 was dug through by us with the exception of the outer parts, in which neither 
 burials nor artifacts were found by trenching. The total area of our investigation 
 is shown in broken lines on the plan. The arm, or causeway (see plan) having been 
 dug by Mr. Walker, was not investigated by us. 
 
 The mound, of sand, rested upon a foundation of clay on which, here and there, 
 were masses of lime-rock. Whether these masses were put in place by aborigines 
 at the making of the mound, we are unable to say, though it is our opinion they 
 were not, as an excavation made by us at some distance from the mound yielded 
 similar masses of rock. 
 
 There were in the mound, locally, along the base, deposits of oyster-shells. 
 These deposits had no direct connection with the burials. 
 
 Mr. Walker says, in speaking of this mound : " Excavations systematically 
 conducted revealed human remains in vast quantities in every part of the mound." 
 
 Burials were numerous in places but were not present in others. Some of our 
 men dug through undisturbed sand during many hours without coming upon a sin 
 gle bone. Mr. Walker says also, " The mode of burial was interment at full length, 
 with the heads directed toward a common center, the body reclining on its right 
 side ; I discovered three of these circles of bodies, each containing from seven to 
 fourteen adult skeletons." 
 
 We met with nothing in the mound to indicate this method of burial, and we 
 may say, incidentally, we have not found it in several hundred mounds opened by 
 us in the southern United States. 
 
 Human remains were found in the mound at sixty-two places. 
 
 The skeletons in the mound lay as follows : 
 
 Partly flexed on the right side, ..... 5 
 
 Partly flexed on the left side, ..... 6 
 
 Closely flexed on the right side, . . . . . 13 
 
 Closely flexed on the left side, ..... 7 
 
 Full length on back, ....... 2 
 
 The heads of the skeletons pointed as follows : E., 4 ; E. by S., 1 ; ESE., 3 . 
 SE., 3 ; SSE., 3; S, 1 ; WSW, 3 ; W., 1 ; W. by N, 1 ; WNW., 1 ; NW., 1 ; NE., 2 ; 
 ENE., 5; E. by N., 4. 
 
 The upper half of a skeleton, perhaps an aboriginal disturbance, had the cra 
 nium directed toward the south. 
 
 It was noted as an invariable rule in this mound that the skeletons lay on the 
 base, while the lone skulls, of which there were seven, and the bunched burials, 
 of which eighteen were met with, were considerably higher in the mound. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 429 
 
 The bunched burials were as follows : 
 
 With no skull present, ... .1 
 With one skull, 
 
 With two skulls, 2 
 
 With three skulls, . 4 
 
 With five skulls, . 1 
 
 With eight skulls, . . 2 
 
 A number of scattered bones found by us at one point in the mound, was 
 perhaps an aboriginal disturbance. 
 
 There were included in our enumeration also one recent disturbance, and one 
 burial details as to which we do not find in our note book. 
 
 About two-thirds the length of the mound from the western extremity, well in 
 toward the median line and continuing inward and eastward, not always in close 
 contact but spread, was a deposit of bones with which were fifty-seven skulls. With 
 this great mass, were three small deposits of calcined human bones. All this was 
 scored as one burial and completes the sixty-two burials counted by us. 
 
 No skulls were saved from this mound. Judging from large fragments found, 
 cranial compression had not been practised. 
 
 With burial No. 1, a recent disturbance, were Vessels Nos. 1, 2 and 3, all of 
 most inferior ware, and in fragments. 
 
 A conch-shell lay with a lone skull, and similar shells were 
 with burials or unassociated. 
 
 Burial No. 22, a skeleton closely flexed on the left side, had on 
 the pelvic portion a beautiful pendant of slate (Fig. 82). 
 
 With a bunched burial was a graceful arrow- or lance-head of 
 chalcedony, while a flake of chert, evidently used as a knife, lay with 
 another bunched burial. 
 
 A skeleton closely flexed on the right, Burial No. 32, had with 
 it : one hammer-stone ; four small masses of cherty material ; part 
 of a lance-head or of a dagger, of chert ; five fragmentary objects of 
 shell, chisels, etc. ; one tibia and one humerus, belonging to the 
 deer; three deer tibia* and one humerus, in fragments; one astrag 
 alus of a deer ; bits of bone mainly belonging to the deer ; part of a 
 jaw of a small mammal; fragments of pointed implements of bone ; 
 five entire implements wrought from leg-bones of deer, and two, 
 each broken into two parts; three tubes of bone, each about 1.5 
 FIG. 82.-Pen.iant inches in length. 
 
 of slate. Mound near *- 
 
 the pithiochascootie Near Burial No. 33, a skeleton closely flexed on the naht side, 
 
 river. (Full size.) 
 
 were three piercing implements wrought from cannon-bones of deer, 
 and a number of fragments of bone, probably parts of implements. 
 
 In the southern part of the mound, with Burial No. 30, a skeleton flexed on 
 the right side, was an inverted bowl, Vessel No. 4, oval in horizontal section. 13.8 
 
430 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 inches by 15 inches in maximum diameter, 8. 5 inches high, 6.5 inches by 7.5 inches 
 in diameters of aperture, with in-turned rim cind rude, incised decoration shown in 
 Fig. S -j. So stout was the ware that it resisted a number of blows of a spade, aimed 
 at neighboring palmetto roots. There is a rounded perforation in the base, made 
 after the completion of the vessel, and another in the side. 
 
 FIG. 83. Vessel No. 4. Mounii near Pithloeliascootier iver. (About half size.) 
 
 On the base of the mound, as was the other, and about 6 feet east of it, inver 
 ted, with Burial No. 42, a skeleton closely flexed on the right side, was Vessel No. 
 5, a bowl of excellent yellow ware, 18 inches in diameter, 7.75 inches high and 13.8 
 inches across the opening. This vessel (Fig. 84) has red pigment interiorly and red 
 coloring matter within two of each of the four triangles which make up the oblong 
 spaces between the groups of parallel vertical lines of the decoration. With Burial 
 No. 42 was also a small pendant of sedimentary rock, having a conventional bird- 
 form, shown in two positions in Fig. 85, while a well-made pendant of metamorphic 
 rock (Fig. 80) lay with another burial. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 431 
 
 A bunched burial had near it an ungrooved quartz crystal, and a rather rude 
 lance-head of chert was with another bunched burial. 
 
 With the large deposit were two "celts," a conch-shell, a long pendant made 
 from a columella of a marine univalve, and three pendants of lime-rock, much the 
 
 worse for age. 
 
 FIG. 34. Vessel Xo. 5. Mound near the Pithloehascootie river. (About two-fifths size.! 
 
 FIG. 85. Pendant of sedimentary rock. 
 Two positions. Mound near the Pithlochas- 
 cootie river. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 86. Pendant of meta- 
 morphic rock. Mound near the 
 Pithloehascootie river. (Full size.) 
 
 At places throughout the mound, usually singly, was a considerable number of 
 fragments of chert, also flakes of chert, evidently used as knives, and many cutting 
 
432 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 tools of chert, half wrought or very rudely worked, if complete. There were also 
 several implements made from columella; of marine univalves. Apparently unas- 
 sociated, were : one " celt " showing much wear where the handle had been ; two 
 roughly chipped cutting implements of cherty material, each about 7 inches long 
 and each somewhat broken at the smaller end ; one graceful pendant of shell ; two 
 stone pendants found separately ; seven arrow- and lance-heads, of chert, some 
 barbed and beautifully pointed; one drill of chert; and several small cutting tools 
 of the same material; two arrowheads which, partly broken, had been rounded for 
 use as scrapers ; the lower part of a fine lance-head of chert ; an implement 5 inches 
 long, of smoothed quartz material. 
 
 In this mound were no deposits of sherds other than, possibly, two or three 
 fragments lying together though, here and there, sherds were met with unassociated. 
 Some were undecorated and of inferior ware ; others gave evidence that vessels of 
 excellent ware and superior decoration had been possessed by the makers of the 
 
 
 
 FIG. 87. Selection of sherds. Mouud near the Pitlilochascootie river. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 433 
 
 mound. Many sherds bore the ever-present check-stamp ; the complicated stamp 
 was on one sherd only. Some had a decoration of crimson pigment; others, incised 
 and punctate designs. A selection is shown in Fig. 87. The reader will note in 
 the right hand upper corner a sherd, iKindsomely decorated, where a portion of the 
 design is carried above the rim. One interesting sherd, of excellent ware, shows 
 the head of a bird with peculiarly shaped bill beneath which is a perforation which 
 may be one of two made for the suspension of the vessel, or a single hole to allow 
 the fragment to be worn as a pendant. 
 
 MOUND NEAR TARPON SPRINGS, HII.LSBORO COUNTY. 
 
 This mound is referred to, incidentally, as it belonged to those of the district 
 of which we are writing. 
 
 The mound is described by Mr. S. T. Walker (pp. cit., page 394 et seq.} under 
 the heading of the Ormond mound on the Anclote river. Such digging as was done 
 by Mr. Walker, after members of Mr. Ormond s family had tried their hands at it, 
 yielded nothing of importance. 
 
 In 1895, what remained of the mound was totally demolished by the late Mr. 
 Frank Hamilton Gushing, who reported 1 the discovery of many burials and also of 
 a pendant of crystal, a pendant of copper and many fragments of earthenware. 
 These fragments will be figured and described in Prof. W. H. Holmes " The Pot 
 tery of the Eastern United States," which will be published as the Twentieth 
 Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 
 
 MOUND ON HOG ISLAND, HIU.SBORO COUNTY. 
 
 Hog Island lies between part of St. Joseph sound and the Gulf. 
 
 The mound, on property of Mr. Henry Scherrer, living nearby, is about one 
 mile in a northerly direction from the southern extremity of the island. It lies on 
 low ground which is entirely surrounded by water at high tide, and seems a curious 
 selection for a place of burial. 
 
 The mound, composed of a mixture of sand and of small marine bivalves 
 (Venus cancellata], the same genus as our round clam, had been wofully dug into, 
 centrally, and from the sides, previous to our visit, when it was completely demol 
 ished by us, with the exception of parts surrounding two trees. 
 
 Burials in this mound lay, as a rule, near the base and in graves below the 
 base. Many skeletons, we were told, had been removed by former diggers and many 
 others, remaining, showed great disturbance. 
 
 Thirty-three skeletons were met with by us, buried as follows : 
 
 Closely flexed on the right side, . . . . . -il 
 
 Closely flexed on the left side, ..... 7 
 
 Partly flexed on the right, ...... 1 
 
 Closely flexed, face down, ...... 2 
 
 Closely flexed on the back, ...... 1 
 
 Disturbance by our diggers, ...... 1 
 
 1 "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society," Vol. XXXV, Xo. 153, Pliila., 1897. 
 55 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
434 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 Two of these burials had above them a skull, and a skull with a femur, respec 
 tively, aboriginal disturbances. 
 
 There was also in the mound a burial, presumably intrusive, as it was but 2 
 feet below the surface and was in a better condition than the other burials, although 
 they, owing to the infiltration of lime-salts, were in a state of preservation much 
 superior to that usually met with. 
 
 Nineteen skulls were saved from this mound, none showing cranial flattening. 
 Three of these, showing marked pathological changes, were sent to the United States 
 Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. ; four are now in our Academy of Natu 
 ral Sciences (Catalogue numbers 2206 to 2209, inclusive) ; nine probably will be 
 added to the collection, later. Three of the nineteen skulls subsequently fell into 
 fragments. 
 
 In the count of burials found by us, bones scattered by former diggers are not 
 noted. In addition, we may have passed over certain burials in graves, if any lay 
 beneath trenches put in by former diggers. 
 
 This mound, in a negative way, is about the most remarkable one in our expe 
 rience for, in the parts dug down by us, not a single fragment of pottery was met 
 with, nor was any artifact of any sort discovered, with the exception of part of a 
 small implement, probably of coralline lime-stone. Neither was there in the 
 mound, according to the reports of our diggers, over whom was close supervision, in 
 addition, any unworked pebble, conch-shell, or fragment of chert. In a word, prac 
 tically nothing imperishable had been placed with the dead, if we except powdered 
 hematite, in several instances. 
 
 Mouxo NEAR CLEARWATER, HILLSBORO COUNTY. 
 
 The mound, in sight from St. Joseph sound, and but a few feet from the N. end 
 of the bridge across Steven s creek, about 2 miles in a N. direction from Clearwater, 
 is 75 feet across the base and 5 feet in height. Fifteen excavations in various parts 
 of the mound strongly suggested a domiciliary character for the mound. 
 
 MOUND NEAH JOHN S PASS, HILLSBOKO COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, described by Mr. S. T. Walker (op. tit., page 401 et seq.) lay near 
 the SE. end of a nameless key which, extending east and west, lies just inside of 
 John s Pass. The mound, on a low ridge, a portion of which had been dug into to 
 make it, had sustained considerable investigation before our visit, when it was com 
 pletely demolished. The diameter of the circular base was about 35 feet; the 
 height, 2 feet 4 inches. The mound was composed of sand and of broken shells, 
 not shell-heap material, but fragments of shells, washed up by the sea. 
 
 Although, as we have said, there had been much previous digging, a large per 
 centage of the area of the mound was intact and afforded a good idea of what the 
 mound and its contents had been. Burials extended more than one foot below the 
 base, into broken shell material of the kind we have described, mixed with a little 
 sand. In addition to disturbances by comparatively recent diggers, we noted six 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 435 
 
 skeletons, three Hexed on the right side, three on the left side. Also, there was 
 on the S. side of the mound, a great number of bones, including a large number of 
 crania, spread along the lower part of the mound. So thickly were these bones 
 placed, at times, that eight or ten skulls were in sight within a comparatively small 
 space. Unfortunately, though the admixture of shell in the mound tended to pre 
 serve the bones, close packing of long-bones against crania had crushed the facial 
 bones of most of the skulls. Twelve crania, none showing flattening, were saved 
 from this mound, six of which are now in the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 (Catalogue Nos. 2210 to 2215, inclusive), and six, we trust, will be added later. 
 
 With certain burials, was sand dyed with hematite but no artifacts lay with 
 the dead, though throughout the mound, were ten or a dozen shell drinking-cups 
 (Fulgur perversum), some neatly made. Curiously enough, none had the usual 
 basal perforation. 
 
 FIG. 83. Selection of sherds. Mound near John s Pass. (Half size.) 
 
436 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 Mr. Walker says of this mound, " The surface about the base was thickly 
 strewn with fragments of pottery ; in fact it seemed that the whole foundation of 
 the mound was covered with broken pottery previously to the interment of any of 
 the bodies." 
 
 There were a number of sherds in the mound, here and there, at various 
 depths, but we saw nothing to bear out Mr. Walker s statement on the subject. 
 These sherds, the only artifacts in the mound, except the drin king-cups, were of 
 inferior ware and rudely decorated, when at all. The check-stamp was present in 
 several instances, but the prevailing form of decoration was incised and punctate. 
 A few loop-handles were found. A selection of sherds from this mound is shown 
 in Fig. 88. 
 
 In this mound were several large fragments of shell-tempered ware, belonging 
 to one vessel, the first we recall having met with in peninsular Florida, if we except 
 two handsomely made bird-head handles from the Island of Marco, which had been 
 worn as pendants, and were, doubtless, importations. Even on the Florida main 
 land shell-tempered ware is rarely met with until the district bordering Alabama is 
 reached. 
 
 Scale in 4eet <fc= 
 " \ ;"" \ ? Jt" -" 
 = exravation ^^J f " "/ i ; .nrW* 1 " 1 
 
 ?s^/ i ;& >"-- ...^v* 1 
 
 Xtl,X,a,...,..;;,K,!;w^^^ 
 
 " wt/rl i. ^ * . ^Z , 
 
 ****. -m?&. 
 
 l "**..HIj r,l|, ( ,. WW (, 
 
 FIG. 89. Plan. Mound on Long Ke.v. 
 
 MOUND ON LONG KEY, HILLSBORO COUNTY. 
 
 Long Key lies between the Gulf and Boca Ceiga bay, having Blind Pass on 
 the north and Passe a Grille on the south. 
 
 About midway from the extremities of the island, a strip of land makes into 
 the bay in a SE. direction. About one-half mile from the end of this strip, in thick 
 growth, is the mound, to which only good luck or a guide can lead one. 
 
 The mound is described by Mr. S. T. Walker (op. tit., pg. 403, et. seg.) who 
 also gives a plan of it, and ascribes to it the form of a turtle. In Fig. 89 we give 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 437 
 
 the plan of the mound as it seemed to us. The material is white sand ; the height 
 somewhat under 4 feet. The length is 100 feet; the maximum breadth, about 70 
 feet. 
 
 Three holes, each 12 feet square, and three others, each 6 feet square, were dug 
 by us. In several places was sand tinged with hematite and one skeleton closely 
 Hexed on the left side, about two feet from the surface, was met with. This burial 
 had a recent appearance and impressed us as being intrusive. 
 
 No artifact of any sort was found. 
 
 For accounts of additional, but unimportant mounds in this district just north 
 of Tampa bay, see our " Antiquities of the Florida West-Coast," Journal of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. XI. 
 
 In the district of which this paper treats was no new form of burial. 
 
 Calcined human bones were found upon several occasions, but these were prob 
 ably connected with other burials as is usually the case when calcined remains are 
 found in peninsular Florida. 
 
 No urn-burials were met with, nor had our previous experience in the peninsula 
 led us to anticipate their discovery. Incidentally, the southeasternmost urn-burial 
 we have found in Florida was on Marsh Island, Ocklockonee bay, which belongs to 
 the mainland portion of Florida (see outline map). 
 
 Cranial flattening, which Bernard Romans says was practised by the Choctaws, 
 was not seen by us on any skull in the mounds of the central Florida west-coast, 
 though the reader of our reports on the northwest coast will recall that the custom 
 was extensively practised there. 
 
 The custom to inter general deposits of earthenware in blackened sand did not 
 obtain along the central west-coast, and the life-form in earthenware was not met 
 with, 1 save in the case of one human effigy-vessel and a very highly conventionalized 
 life-form consisting of six protuberances representing head, tail and four legs. Bird- 
 head handles, however, were found. Loop-shaped handles were met with occa 
 sionally and seemingly show the influence of regions farther north. 
 
 Ceremonial vessels having, in the body, a number of large holes made before 
 the firing of the clay, were not found along the central west-coast, though, as the 
 reader may recall, they are present in numbers in the mounds of the northwest 
 coast of Florida. 
 
 The small check-stamp was everywhere met with, and the complicated stamp 
 was found once as far south as the Pithlochascootie river, which is considerably 
 farther south than it was found by us on the St. Johns river. The complicated 
 stamp, however, varies but slightly in pattern along the central west-coast where 
 but little is met with that does not consist of combinations of concentric circles. 
 
 While, as we have stated, the ware, as a rule, was inferior, yet excellent ware 
 with artistic decoration, punctate and incised, was in the possession of the aborigines 
 
 1 Life forms in earthenware are not met with, practically, south of the Warrior river (see outline 
 map). 
 
438 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, CENTRAL FLORIDA W.-COAST. 
 
 of the west-coast. Gritty ware and shell-tempered ware, as might have been ex 
 pected, practically were absent. 
 
 The finding of solid copper, a fish-spear along the Suwannee river, and pen 
 dants of solid copper in the Crystal river mound, came in the nature of a surprise. 
 Though we had found several large and heavy beads of solid copper along the 
 Ocklawaha river and near the Lakes from which the river runs, and a lance-head 
 of thin copper near the mouth of the St. Johns, yet sheet-copper preponderated to 
 such an extent among our discoveries of copper in Florida, that we had come to 
 regard the territory as being so far distant from the source of aboriginal supply that 
 the material would be used there hardly otherwise than as a veneer. It seems, 
 however, that some solid copper was in use there, and doubtless more will be 
 found as mound-work is continued in the State. 
 
CERTAIN 
 
 ABORIGINAL MOUNDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 APALACHICOLA RIVER 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
 
 SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME XII. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1903. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 P. C. STOCKHAUSEN, 
 
 1903. 
 

 w 
 
 MAP OF THE APALACHICOLA RIVER 
 
 Scale in miles 
 
 1903 
 X indicates mound 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 BY CLARENCE B. MOOKK. 
 
 The Apalachicola river, formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and the 
 Flint, at the boundary between Georgia and Florida, keeps a southward course 
 through the Florida mainland and empties into Apalachicola bay, a part of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. The length of the river is about 70 miles in a straight line, and about 
 105 miles, following the course of the stream. 
 
 What we have said as to the reproduction of vessels and as to the preparation 
 of the report, at the beginning of the paper on the mounds of the Florida west-coast, 
 applies equally to this report. 
 
 Mounds Investigated. 
 
 Mound on Brickyard creek, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound near Burgess creek, Chipola river. 
 
 Mound near Isabel Landing, Chipola river. 
 
 Mound near Chipola Cut-off, Chipola river. 
 
 Mound near Estiffanulga, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound near Blountstown, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound in Davis Field, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Yon mound, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound below Bristol, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound at Bristol, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mound near Atkins Landing, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mounds near Aspalaga, Apalachicola river (o). 
 
 Mound near Sampson s Landing, Apalachicola river. 
 
 Mounds at Chattahoochee Landing, Apalachicola river (7). 
 
 In addition to these mounds, we investigated, the previous season, at and near 
 the town of Apalachicola. eleven mounds, full accounts of which are given in our 
 " Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast," Part II. 
 
 MOUND ON BRICKYARD CREEK, FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, immediately on the eastern bank of Brickyard creek, about one 
 mile from its junction with the Apalachicola river (see map), on property of Mr. 
 Frank Massina, of Apalachicola, had been dug through and through, previous to 
 our visit. 
 
 56 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
442 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 The mound, probably, had been about 4 feet in height and 35 feet across the 
 circular base, approximately. What was left of the mound was completely de 
 molished by us. 
 
 One human femur, badly decayed, one molar and some fragments of bone too 
 small for identification were the only signs of burial met with by us in the mound, 
 though fragmentary human bones lay upon the surface. 
 
 There were present, here and there in the mound : two arrow-heads or knives, 
 of chert ; two piercing implements of bone ; three columelhv of marine univalves, 
 pointed as for use, found together ; two pebble-hammers ; Hakes of chert ; a trian 
 gular bit of chert, chipped to a cutting edge on one side ; a fragment of ferruginous 
 sandstone; mica; an oblong piece of silicified wood, which had seen use as a hone. 
 
 Owing to the great amount of previous 
 digging, data as to position of objects in the 
 mound were hard to obtain. However, sherds 
 and piles of fragments of different vessels, 
 placed together, were noted in undisturbed 
 
 FIG. 91. Sherd. Mound on Brickyard creek 
 (Half sine.) 
 
 FIG. 92. Earthenware handle of vessel. Mound on Brickyard 
 creek. (Full size.) 
 
 sand in the eastern part of the mound, as we had so often found to be the case in 
 mounds of the northwest Florida coast. 
 
 There were also in the eastern part of the mound nine vessels of inferior ware, 
 some badly broken, all showing the basal perforation where their condition allowed 
 determination. 
 
 Vessel No. 2. In a sort of pit, in the SE. margin, was an unassociated bowl 
 of about one quart capacity, having an incised scroll-decoration, with punctate 
 markings, in addition. 
 
 Vessel No. 4. A quadrilateral vessel undecorated save for an incised line 
 around the rim. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 443 
 
 Vessel No. 5. A vessel probably representing a section of a gourd cut lon 
 gitudinally. 
 
 Vessel No. 6. A bowl in fragments, with notches around the rim and four 
 very rude animal heads. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A vessel badly crushed, having a broad band of complicated 
 stamp-decoration around the neck. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A bowl of heavy ware, badly broken, covered with crimson 
 pigment, inside and out. 
 
 Vessel No. 9. A quadrilateral vessel with rounded corners and convex base, 
 having for decoration beneatli the rim a broken line with an incised line below it. 
 
 Among the sherds, the check-stamp was represented as was the complicated 
 stamp, one pattern of which is shown in Fig 91. 
 
 Much ware bore incised and punctate decoration of familiar patterns. There 
 were found also a handle representing the head of a duck (Fig. 92) and a small 
 handle, a bird head in profile, having a perforation in place of eyes. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BURGESS LANDING, BURGESS CREEK, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 Chipola river is a tributary of the Apalachicola. 
 
 Burgess creek enters the Chipola river on the west side, about eight miles up. 
 Burgess landing, on the west side of the creek, is about one mile above the junc 
 tion of the creek with the river. The mound, on property of Mr. S. S. Alderman, 
 of Wewahitchka, Florida, was about 100 yards from the landing, in full view from 
 the road. 
 
 The mound, much spread by previous digging here and there, had also a narrow 
 trench entirely through it in an eastwardly and westwardly direction. The height 
 of the mound at the time of our investigation, was 4 feet 9 inches ; its diameter, 
 48 feet. Trenches were run in from all sides, a distance of about 3 feet when it 
 became evident that the mound proper, with a diameter of 42 feet, had been reached. 
 The mound, of clayey sand, very tenacious in places, was entirely demolished by 
 us, with the exception of small portions around several trees. 
 
 Human remains were not met with until the digging had advanced well into 
 the body of the mound, when, at different points, and especially, near the center, 
 fragments of single skulls and bits of long-bones were found. Once, fragments of 
 a skull lay with the remains of one radius and of one femur. In all, human re 
 mains lay in twelve places, but so near together, at times, that some of these may 
 have belonged to the same burial. 
 
 No artifacts lay with the bones, but scattered through the mound were : two 
 small " celts " of polished rock, at one place and one at another; four hones of fer 
 ruginous sandstone ; mica, in two places ; a rude arrowhead of chert. 
 
 All in the eastern side of the mound, beginning a certain distance in from the 
 
 J o O 
 
 margin, were deposits of sherds, often parts of a number of vessels together, and 
 entire vessels, broken and whole. Altogether about two dozen vessels were met 
 with, all of inferior ware, none showing any novelty as to form or decoration. The 
 
444 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 majority were undecorated, several had a faint check-stamp. The complicated 
 stamp, faintly impressed, was on one sherd and on one vessel. Rude, punctate 
 decoration was shown on two or three vessels, and a somewhat better executed line 
 and punctate design was on part of a vessel found in three pieces. 
 
 FIG. 93. Vessel No. 5. Mound near Burgess Landing. (Three-quarters size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 445 
 
 Thirteen or fourteen vessels, mostly pots, some badly crushed, lay in contact 
 one with another. 
 
 In cases where the condition of the vessel allowed determination, the hole 
 knocked in the base to " kill " the pot was found to be present. 
 
 But two vessels merit particular description. 
 
 Vessel No. 2. A vessel of about three pints capacity, of elliptical section, 
 with a projection on two opposite sides, perhaps a conventional head and tail, un- 
 decorated, save for crimson pigment on the exterior. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. This vessel, found in fragments and since cemented together, 
 with restoration of certain missing parts, including where the tail should be, has 
 for handle the head of a wood-duck (Fig. 93). Upon the vessel is a certain amount 
 of crimson pigment. The base has the usual mortuary mutilation made after the 
 baking of the clay. 
 
 MOUND NEAR ISABEL LANDING, CHIPOLA RIVER, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, about 100 yards west of the landing, on property of Mr. L. M. 
 Ware, of St. Andrews, Florida, had been literally honey-combed by holes and 
 trenches. At the time it was dug down by us, with the exception of parts around 
 certain trees, it had a height of 4 feet 7 inches ; a basal diameter of 48 feet. 
 
 Though much of the mound still remained intact, especially the lower portion, 
 human remains were found by us but twice : a single skull badly decayed, 3 feet 
 down in the SE. part of the mound ; a few bones, probably disturbed by a former 
 trench. 
 
 In the eastern part of the mound, near the margin, were a few undecorated 
 sherds and several with the small check-stamp. Farther, in the same direction, 
 here and there, stopping short of the center, were five or six vessels of ordinary- 
 type and inferior ware, undecorated, several with parts missing. Among these was 
 a pot with a complicated stamp decoration consisting of squares made up of parallel 
 lines, a pattern found by us on the northwest coast. This vessel had two perfora 
 tions, one on either side of an early fracture, to permit a cord or sinew to bind the 
 parts together. 
 
 All vessels in this mound, of which sufficient remained to allow a determina 
 tion, had the mortuary perforation knocked through after baking. 
 
 There were also in the mound : a sherd with the complicated stamp ; one with 
 rude punctate decoration ; mica ; a flake of chert ; a quartz pebble. 
 
 MOUND NEAR CmroLA CUT-OFF, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 The Apalachicola and Chipola rivers, some miles above their junction, are 
 united by a sort of canal which is called the Chipola Cut-otf . 
 
 In a swamp, about 40 yards from the bank, on the northern side, near the 
 eastern end of the cut-off, was a mound on property under control of Mr. F. B. 
 Bell, of Wewahitchka, Florida. Between the mound and the water is a consider 
 able excavation whence the material for the mound was taken. 
 
446 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 The mound, which had been dug into in almost every direction, had, at the 
 time of our visit, a height of 5 feet 3 inches. The base, circular in outline, was 45 
 feet in diameter. 
 
 The mound, which was totally dug down by us, was composed of brown sand 
 with a certain admixture of clay. The sand in the eastern and southern parts of 
 the mound, where most of the pottery was found, was of a deeper brown than else 
 where. Below the mound was sand seemingly undisturbed, yellow, rather coarse, 
 without admixture of clay. 
 
 Burials w r ere noted at forty-two points, and were met with marginally, and 
 throughout the mound to the center, the greater number being in the southeastern, 
 southern and southwestern parts, where the principal deposit of pottery was found, 
 though the pottery was seldom directly associated with burials. 
 
 The forms of burial were similar to the majority of those found along the north 
 west Florida coast, consisting of the flexed skeleton, the bunched burial and the 
 lone skull. The condition of the bones was fragmentary through decay, crania 
 being represented by one calvarium. Upon this no artificial flattening was ap 
 parent. 
 
 With the burials were a number of artifacts, including several vessels of 
 earthenware, one immediately over a skull; chisels wrought from lips of marine 
 univalves ; shell beads, large and small ; fifty small shells {Marginella) perforated 
 for use as beads; many small, round masses of hematite, perhaps used in a rattle; 
 a number of celts " of various rocks ; two hones of ferruginous sandstone ; a 
 
 number of small, sharp flakes of chert, together ; one glass 
 bead from the body of the mound ; several columella3 of 
 marine univalves, with pointed ends. 
 
 With Burial No. 15, a bunch, were : two large colu- 
 melljje, each pointed at one end and each having a portion 
 of the shell remaining on the upper part, doubtless to serve 
 as a handle ; two shell hair-pins; mussel-shells; one stone 
 "celt;" shells used as beads (Marginella) ; two shell 
 chisels made from lips of marine univalves ; two fine shell 
 gouges wrought from the body whorl of Fulgur ; two bones 
 of a lower animal, probably ulna> of deer, badly decayed, 
 with the proximal articular parts present, and the distal 
 ends, which, seemingly, had been worked to a point, miss 
 ing ; two tibia; of the deer, with both ends cut off, doubtless 
 handles; a number of fragmentary implements of bone. 
 With these was a fish-hook of bone (Fig. 94), 3.2 inches in 
 length, having two features not before met with by us in 
 our mound work. The lower end has a part of the articular 
 
 FIG. 94. Fish-hook of bone. 
 Mound near Chipola Cut 
 off. (Full size.) 
 
 surface of the bone remaining, and the hook has a well- 
 
 defined barb. 
 
 Barbed fish-hooks of aboriginal make are 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 447 
 
 met with infrequently enough anywhere, but in the southern United States this 
 barbed hook must be almost unique. 
 
 Another fish-hook, probably similar to this one, came from elsewhere in the 
 mound. Unfortunately, the point of the hook was broken in removal, and the most 
 careful search failed to recover it. 
 
 In Fig. 95 is shown an implement of bone, proba 
 bly a fish-hook of .another variety, found with the fish 
 hook first described. 
 
 Fi<i. 95. -object of bone, probably fisii- This swamp-mound, under water in times of freshet, 
 
 Wfls somewhat above water-level at the period of our 
 visit. Burial No. 19, consisting of a few fragments 
 of badly decayed bone, lay in a distinctly marked pit, below the base, where the 
 dark-brown, clayey sand of that part of the mound extended into the coarse, 
 yellow sand considerably below the water level. With the bones, and extracted 
 with great difficulty, owing to the rapid filling of the pit with water, were : two 
 vessels of earthenware, one badly broken; a disc of sheet-brass, about 4.5 inches 
 in diameter, without decoration, having two holes for suspension, about .75 of an 
 inch apart, near the margin ; a disc of sheet-brass, nearly 8 inches in diameter, also 
 undecorated, having a small hole in the center for attachment. 
 
 This disc, which was somewhat broken in removal, still showed traces of fiber 
 in which it had been wrapped, as did the other disc. Also with these objects were 
 three glass beads ; doubtless many others were left at the bottom of the pit, since 
 the removal of objects so small, when one is working at arm s-length under water, 
 is a difficult matter. 
 
 Burial No. 25, a few bones, lay also in a pit, under water, below the base of 
 the mound. With them were shell beads and a stone " celt. 
 
 Burial No. 30, two skulls, had with it a Fulgur perversum, 15.2 inches in 
 length, the largest shell of this variety of which we have been able to learn. 
 
 With Burial No. 32, bones which fell with caved sand, was a circular ornament 
 of sheet-brass, 4.5 inches in diameter, slightly concavo-convex, without decoration, 
 with a central perforation, somewhat broken, bearing traces of fiber, like the others. 
 
 Burial No. 41, a bunch, lay in a pit with Vessels Nos. 48 and 49. 
 
 Burial No. 42, the skull of a child, had with it fragments of an undecorated 
 disc of sheet-brass. 
 
 Unassociated were : three pebbles ; one sandstone hone ; several flakes of chert, 
 with cutting edge on one side. There were also many objects of shell, such as we 
 have described as present with burials. These objects, in all probability, though 
 not found with bones, had been with them before disturbance by recent diggers. 
 
 Twenty-four "celts" of various rocks, from 2.6 inches to 9.8 inches in length, 
 many with ends gracefully tapering opposite the cutting edge, were present in the 
 mound, some with burials as we have stated, many alone. Certain of these lay in 
 the very margin of the mound and evidently had been placed there ceremonially, 
 since burials were not met with until farther in. 
 
448 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 While sounding with an iron rod in and around the burial pits of which we 
 have spoken, a member of the party, with no particular reason, drove the rod 
 through the bright yellow sand which, as we have said, was seemingly undisturbed 
 and underlay the base of the mound. Greatly to our surprise, about 2.5 feet below 
 the level uncovered by our men, which was supposed to be the base of the mound, 
 a solid object was encountered. After much labor, including repeated use of a port 
 able pump, this object was found to be a beautiful chisel or hatchet, of trap rock, 9 
 inches long and about 3.5 inches in maximum breadth with a maximum thickness 
 of .8 of an inch. This implement, flat on one side, slightly convex on the other, 
 had a well-made cutting edge at the broad end. With this implement were two 
 ordinary "celts." We are at a loss to explain the presence of these objects where 
 they were found. We are loth to believe in the presence of burials beneath the 
 base, unnoticed by us, as a careful lookout was kept by the diggers who had been 
 with us mostly for long periods, and by those having the work in charge. The 
 regular burial-pits found by us, as we have said, were filled with a material differ 
 ing from the sand into which thej 7 extended. Possibly this deposit was a ceremo 
 nial one, or a cache made before the building of the mound. 
 
 At the very start, all around the margin, but mainly in the S. and SE. parts 
 of the mound, sherds were met with, followed by considerable deposits of various 
 parts of broken vessels, in masses, in no case, however, having a full complement 
 of any one vessel. Near these, occasionally, were single vessels, and later, num 
 bers of vessels together, extending in to the center of the mound in fact, the same 
 ceremonial deposit of earthenware with which those who have looked over our re 
 ports of the mounds of the northwest Florida coast, must be familiar. In this case, 
 however, vessels, to a certain extent, were found with burials, and the ceremonial 
 deposit, in a certain degree, was met with in parts of the mound other than those 
 we have named. 
 
 The ware from this mound is, as a rule, inferior, though some is of excellent 
 quality, including certain bowls of black, polished ware, the specialty of Mississippi, 
 which ware we had found before no farther eastward than Choctawhatchee bay 
 (see outline map) where it was, as in the Chipola mound, represented by a few ex 
 amples, perhaps importations. 
 
 Curiously enough, also, other ware from the mound, besides that we have men 
 tioned, recalls ware belonging to more western districts in composition and in finish, 
 while the decoration, largely made up of the scroll, resembles that described in the 
 first part of our report on the mounds of the northwest Florida coast, rather than 
 that of the second part, in which the Apalachicola coast-region is included. 
 
 There fell to our portion as gleaners, after the wide-spread, previous digging in 
 this mound, fifty-one vessels, including whole vessels, vessels with but small parts 
 missing, and others, in fragments, where the full complement or almost the comple 
 ment of the vessel is present. 
 
 We shall describe in detail the most notable of these vessels. All. unless 
 otherwise described, have the usual basal mutilation made before the baking of 
 the clay. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 449 
 
 Vessel No. 0. A small bowl notched around the margin, with incised and 
 punctate decoration, as shown in Fig. 96. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A 
 bowl of about one quart 
 capacity, with incised 
 and punctate decoration 
 on the sides and base, 
 shown diagrammatically 
 
 FIG. 96. Vessel No. 6. Decoration. Mound near Cliipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 in Fig. 97. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A 
 
 small bowl of inferior ware, oval in section, with a rudely executed bird-head on 
 one side and a rudimentary, conventional tail on the other (Fig. 98). The decora 
 tion, incised and punctate, representing wings in part, is shown diagrammatically 
 in Fig. 99, where it has been found impossible to follow an exact scale, owing to 
 the curvature of the base. 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A five-pointed dish of yellow ware, with incised and punctate 
 decoration (Fig. 100). 
 
 FIG. 97. Vessel No. 7. Decoration. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 57 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
450 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 1 1 ) /^-is3J^H 
 
 FIG. 98. Vessel No. 8. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 . FIG. 99. Vessel No. 8. Decoration. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Not exactly on scale.) 
 
 Vessel No. 12. A bowl of about four quarts capacity, with notches around 
 the margin, having an incised and punctate design six times repeated (Fig. 101). 
 
 Vessel No. 13. Has for decoration upright, parallel lines between two encirc 
 ling, parallel lines. 
 
 Vessel No. 14. A bowl of about five pints capacity, of inferior ware, having a 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 451 
 
 FIG. 100. Vessel No. 10. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
 Trr^ ~i__ 
 
 ^rf 
 
 FIG. 101. Vessel No. 12. Moand near Chipola Cut-off. (About three-quarters size.) 
 
452 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 scalloped margin. On the seven apices of the scallops have been an equal number 
 of small, rude animal-heads, all but one of which are missing. 
 
 Vessel No. 15. A vase of yellow ware (Fig. 102), with incised and punctate 
 decoration shown in diagram (Fig. 103). 
 
 Vessel No. 16. A dipper representing a section of a gourd. There is rude, 
 incised decoration in which the scroll fismres 
 
 o 
 
 Vessel No. 20. This interesting, mortuary vessel, 13.25 inches in height, 8.75 
 inches in maximum diameter (Fig. 104), with upright bird-head handle, was not 
 represented in the mound by its full complement of parts. Such portions as were 
 missing have been restored, but in no case has any opening been introduced, unless 
 
 I I 
 
 
 
 FIG. 102. Vessel No. 15. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About five-sixths size.) 
 
 i lQ. 103. Vessel No. 15. Decoration. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 453 
 
 its former presence was clearly indicated by marginal parts. Nearly the entire 
 base has been broken out. 
 
 Vessel No. 21. A water bottle of coarse ware, with uniform incised and punc 
 tate decoration, in which the partly interlocked scroll is prominent (Fig. 100). 
 
 Vessel No. 22. A handsome dipper, modelled after a section of a gourd, of 
 
 FIG. 104. Vessel No. 20. Mound uear t hipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
454 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 105. Vessel No. 21. Mound near Chipola Cut-on". (About four-fifths size. 
 
 FIG. 106. Vessel No. 22. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Five-sixths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 455 
 
 o 
 
 Flu. 107. Vessel No. 22. Decoration. Mound near Cliipola Cut-off. (Not exactly on scale.) 
 
 Fl(i. 108. Vessel No. 24. Mound near Cliipola Cut-off. (About two-fifths size.) 
 
456 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 c 
 
 black, polished ware, recalling that of Mississippi (Fig. 106), with the entirfe body 
 and base covered with incised decoration in which the scroll is prominent, shown 
 diagrammatically in Fig. 107. At the end of the handle is a small hole for sus 
 pension. The basal perforation is absent. 
 
 Vessel No. 24. A bowl 7.5 inches high and 12.8 inches in maximum diameter, 
 with a uniform decoration (Fig. 108). 
 
 FIG. 109. Vessel No. 26. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Four-sevenths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 26. This vessel, of heavy but coarse ware (Fig. 109), notched 
 around the rim, has for decoration incised crosses on two opposite sides and incised, 
 partly interlocked scrolls on the other two. Other decoration, seemingly punctate, 
 proves, on examination, to have been done with a stamp. One-half the decoration, 
 almost a repetition of the other half, is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 110. 
 
 Vessel No. 28. A compartment vessel originally consisting of a square com- 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 407 
 
 Fio. 110. Vessel No. 26. Decoration. Mound near Chipolu Cut-off. (Ilalf size.) 
 
 FIG. 111. Vessel No. 28. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About three-fourths size.) 
 
 partment with round ones on three sides. One 
 of these, missing when the vessel was found, 
 has been restored (Fig. 111). 
 
 Vessel No. 29. This diminutive, imperfor- 
 ate vessel, with semi-globular body and upright 
 neck slightly expanding, having small holes on 
 opposite sides for suspension, is but 2.2 inches 
 in height (Fig. 112). The incised decoration, 
 shown diagrammatically in Fig. 113, evidently 
 represents two eyes and a nose on one side and 
 probably hair on the other. The decoration 
 around the neck of the vessel is not so readily 
 determined. 
 
 Vessel No. 32. An imperforate vessel of 
 " e!U Chil a about two quarts capacity, notched around the 
 
 58 JOURN. A. N. S. PH1LA., VOL. XII. 
 
 ~ V 
 
458 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 113. Vessel No. 29. Decoration. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG 114. Vessel No. 32. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About three-fourths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 459 
 
 rim, which has, in addition, four upright protuberances, probably rudimentary 
 animal heads (Fig. 114). 
 
 Vessel Noi 33. This vessel has notches around the rim and an incised decora 
 tion of animal paws and partly interlocked scrolls below (Fig. 115). 
 
 Vessel No. 34. A bowl with incised decoration shown in Fig. 116. 
 
 Vessel No. 35. This vessel, with rather rudely incised decoration, is shown in 
 Fig. 117. 
 
 Vessel No. 30. An imperforate bowl of polished, black ware, with a small 
 bird-head at one side and the conventional tail at the other (Fig. 118). The incised 
 decoration is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 119. 
 
 Vessel No. 37. A broad-mouthed, imperforate water-bottle of dark ware seem- 
 
 FIG. 115. Vessel No. 33. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About five-sixths size.) 
 
460 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 
 
 
 Fi. 116. Vessel No. 34. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
 - 
 
 FIG. 117. Vessel No. 35. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 401 
 
 FIG. 118. Vessel No. 36. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 119. Vessel No. 30. Decoration. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Not exactly on scale.) 
 
462 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 ingly tempered with pounded shell, in every way resembling a type found much 
 farther to the westward. 
 
 Vessel No. 38. A vessel of heavy ware, lenticular in section, undecorated save 
 for one encircling, incised line below the rim. 
 
 Vessel No. 41. A pot with complicated stamp-decoration (Fig. 120). 
 
 Vessel No. 42. A small bowl with a complicated stamp faintly impressed. 
 
 Vessel No. 47. Ajar with a complicated stamp-decoration around the neck. 
 
 Vessel No. 49. A vessel with incised decoration of a pattern frequently 
 encountered in this mound (Fig. 121). 
 
 FIG. 120. Vessel No. 41. Mound near Cbipola Cut-off. (Five-sixths size.) 
 
 Among the masses of fragments in the margin of the mound were many large 
 portions of bowls, four of which are shown in Figs. 122, 123, 124, 125. 
 
 In Fig. 126 is shown part of a bowl with the head of a fish in profile. 
 
 In Fig. 127 is shown a part of a vessel with the neck divided into two parts 
 before joining the body, a type not met with by us before in Florida, but well-known 
 elsewhere, including Missouri, Tennessee and Peru. 
 
 Many loop-shaped handles were present in the mound and a considerable num 
 ber of handles representing heads of quadrupeds and of birds. A selection of these 
 is shown in Fig. 128. 
 
 Three stopper-shaped objects of earthenware came from this mound, one with a 
 central depression in the top, and an encircling line of impressions made by a tri 
 angular point, around the margin (Fig. 129). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACIIICOLA RIVER. 463 
 
 FIG. 121. Vessel No. 49. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Five-sixths size.) 
 
 FIG. 122. Sherd. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
464 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 123. Sherd. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 125. Sherd. Mound uear Chipola Cut-off. (Half size.) 
 
 Fin. 124. Sherd. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. 
 (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 126. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 127. Sherd. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACIIICOLA RIVER 465 
 
 FIG. 123. Handles of earthenware vessels. Mound near Chipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 59 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
466 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 129. Stopper-shaped object of earthenware. 
 near Cliipola Cut-off. (Full size.) 
 
 Mound 
 
 This mound was distinctly a post-Columbian one. Glass came from below the 
 base, and brass was met with in it in three different places. Presumably, previous 
 diggers had removed other objects of European provenance. The reader is urged 
 
 to contrast this mound with that near 
 the great shell-heap on Crystal river, 
 described in the paper preceding this, 
 where, among hundreds of objects, noth 
 ing indicating a European origin was 
 found. In that mound the copper found 
 was native copper, which, by analysis, 
 can readily be distinguished from the 
 impure results of the smelting processes 
 formerly in vogue in Europe, by which 
 copper was recovered from arsenical, sul 
 phide ores. Much of the so-called sheet- 
 copper traded with aborigines by Euro 
 peans is in reality brass. If any re 
 pousse or open-work designs, such as are 
 found on native copper in many of the 
 larger mounds which contain no objects 
 admittedly of European provenance, have 
 been found on either sheet-brass or on sheet-copper of the impure kind furnished 
 by Europeans, it has eluded our most careful inquiries. 
 
 MOUND NEAR ESTIFFANULGA, APALACHICOLA RlVEK, LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, in pine woods, about one mile in a NE. direction from EstifFa- 
 nulga, on property of Hon. Thomas Johnson, resident near that place, had been 
 dug into in but a very superficial way prior to our visit. Its height was 3 feet; its 
 basal diameter, 38 feet. The mound, composed of yellow, clayey sand, was totally 
 demolished by us, with the exception of small portions around certain trees. 
 
 Human remains were met with but once, 4 feet down, in the center of the 
 mound, in white sand with intermingling of bits of charcoal. The burial consisted 
 of decaying remnants of a lower jaw, two femurs, one tibia. 
 
 In the southwestern slope was a rather graceful, spheroidal vessel of fairly 
 good ware, undecorated, with a thickening of rim which projects slightly outward. 
 The usual basal perforation is present. 
 
 In the eastern margin was a bowl with perforate base, bearing a small check- 
 stamp. 
 
 There were several fragments of undecorated vessels and undecorated vessels 
 in fragments, about the mound, also one sherd with a complicated stamp- decoration. 
 
 Separately, here and there in the mound, were three graceful " celts " of various 
 rocks, and another "celt" which, seemingly, had been used to smooth or to polish 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 467 
 
 with, as a surface about .75 of an inch in breadth was present where the cutting 
 edge had teen. 
 
 There were also in the mound three arrowheads or knives, of chert, one some 
 what broken, and one large, round pebble. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BLOUNTSTOWN, APALACHICOLA RIVKH, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 About one mile in a NE. direction from Blountstown Landing, a short distance 
 in from the river, is a mound whose southeastern side, facing the water, is on the 
 edge of a terrace along which the river runs in time of flood (see plan, Fig. 130). 
 Much of this side of the mound has been eaten away by freshets, leaving it almost 
 perpendicular. 
 
 The mound, on property of Mr. George W. I. Landau, of Patterson, N. J., 
 does not owe its irregularity of shape entirely to the action of the river. The sum 
 mit plateau slopes gently down from the side bordering the water, and has a maxi 
 mum height of 19.5 feet, or 2 feet more than the opposite side. On the plateau are 
 the remains of a live-oak, part of which has fallen through decay. The upright 
 portion, 5 feet from the ground, is 16 feet in circumference. 
 
 On the side farthest from the water is a small, graded way reaching from the 
 level ground to the summit plateau. 
 
 FIG. 130. Plan of mound uear Blountstown. 
 
468 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER, 
 
 When our representative located this mound, previous to our visit, through 
 some error the name of the rightful owner was not obtained, and, at tte time of 
 our visit, on account of the owner, in his absence, having a watchful representative 
 on the spot, we were unable to investigate. Full permission to dig reached us after 
 our departure. However, the mound was doubtless domiciliary, as indicated by its 
 shape and by the section laid bare by the river, which showed neither bone nor 
 artifact. 
 
 MOUND IN DAVIS FIELD, APALACHICOLA RIVKR, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 About one mile in a northeasterly direction from Blountstown is Davis Field, 
 long under cultivation in time gone by, but now covered with a sprinkling of pine 
 and other trees, on property of Hon. F. M. Yon, of Blountstown. 
 
 The mound, which had been much ploughed over and considerably spread, bore 
 trace of but little previous digging. Its height was 4.5 feet; its basal diameter, 
 considerable of which, however, was due to former cultivation, was 70 feet. 
 
 Fourteen trenches were dug inward by us from the margin of the mound, as 
 found by us, until the original margin, presumably, was reached, when what re 
 mained of the mound, with a diameter of about 50 feet, was completely dug down, 
 with the exception of small parts around several large pine trees. 
 
 The mound, circular in outline, was made of clay having a small admixture of 
 sand, with here and there, small layers and pockets where clayey sand predomi 
 nated. Throughout, at various points, were more or less charcoal and several fire 
 places of considerable size. In the northern part of the mound, extending inward 
 ten feet along the base, with a maximum width of G feet and a maximum height of 
 3 feet, was a mass of fire-hardened clay, red from the effect of heat. Curiously 
 enough, while, here and there, a bit of charcoal lay near this mass, the amount 
 present seemed disproportionately small considering the extent and duration of fire 
 necessary to produce such an effect. 
 
 The burials in this mound, which were hardly of more consistency than would 
 be damp sawdust compressed, were met with in twenty-six places. Many of these 
 were found on or near a central space showing marks of fire, and probably be 
 longed to a general interment made at the same time. We shall refer to this mat 
 ter, later. 
 
 The first burial, a few small bits of bone, was met with in the eastern part of 
 the mound at what probably was the original margin. This burial lay near a de 
 posit of earthenware but may have had no connection with it. 
 
 The next burial, fragments of a femur, lay in the NW. part of the mound, 
 much farther in than the first burial. After this, burials consisting of the bunch, 
 single skulls, fragments of long-bones, etc., continued to be met with until well in 
 toward the center of the mound, after which flexed skeletons alone were found, be 
 ginning with Burial No. 15. Several lay in shallow pits below the base of the 
 mound. 
 
 With no burial was an artifact immediately associated, with the exception of a 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 469 
 
 shell drinking-cup found with the skeleton of a child. Certain sheets of mica, one 
 with a small circular hole in the center, were found near earthenware vessels, and 
 were probably put into the mound ceremonially, as were the vessels. 
 
 Toward the center of the mound, somewhat above the base, was an area per 
 haps about twelve feet square, consisting of masses of charcoal, over and under 
 burials, and in one place bark seemingly with no mark of fire, two thicknesses in 
 one place, three, in another. This layer of bark, 40 inches long and about 2 feet 
 wide, had at one end, at right angles to it, the remains of a log about C inches in 
 diameter and about 3 feet in length. Both bark and log were little more than dust. 
 This bark layer lay above a skeleton. The burials under charcoal and under bark 
 were not contiguous, but being on the same plane and near each other, it is prob 
 able this area, with its Hexed burials, was created at one time and served as a 
 nucleus for the mound. 
 
 - Xv 
 
 
 FIG. 131. Vessel No. 1. Mound in Davis Field. (About three-quarters size.) 
 
470 CERTAIN 
 
 ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, 
 
 APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. Almost due east, probably where the original margin of the 
 mound was, lay a vessel in fragments, with traces of red pigment, inside and out, 
 and a space where a bird-head handle had been (Fig. 131). In the base is a circu 
 lar hole made before the baking of the clay and, in the body of the vessel, are open- 
 
 FIG. 132. Vessel No. 1. Decoration. Mound in Davis Field. (Half size.) 
 
 ings made at the same time. In Fig. 132 is shown diagram rnatically the incised 
 and punctate decoration on the wings and on the tail, that on each wing to the left, 
 on the tail to the right. Here we have a ceremonial vessel such as was frequently 
 
 met with by us along the northwest coast of 
 Florida between St. Andrew s bay and the 
 Warrior river (see outline map) . 
 
 Vessel No. 2. Near Vessel No. 1 lay a 
 mass of fragments, a mixture of sherds and 
 parts of vessels, also several undecorated vessels 
 badly crushed. Several feet on either side of 
 this deposit were parts of vessels or possibly 
 whole ones which had been broken and scat 
 tered. Certain fragments from this material, 
 cemented together, with slight restoration at 
 places, are shown in Fig. 133. With these frag 
 ments was a small, earthenware head of an owl 
 which, like the vessel, which is colored with red 
 pigment inside and out, bore traces of crimson 
 paint. We have tried in vain to find a connec 
 tion between the head and the vessel. This 
 vessel belongs strictly to the ceremonial class, 
 having body perforations and a basal hole, 
 
 FIG. 133. Vessel No. 2. Mound in Davis Field. ma de before the clay Was "fired." 
 
 (One-third size.) * 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 471 
 
 Vessel No. 3. This vessel, of graceful form, hut of inferior ware, as are practi 
 cally all vessels in Florida, especially made for interment with the dead, is a bird- 
 effigy of the ceremonial class, with a perforation in the base and others in the body, 
 all made before the baking of the clay (Fig. 134). In the body of the bird, but not 
 shown in the figure, is a triangular hole above the tail and a small circular one below 
 
 FIG. 134. Vessel Xo. 3. Mound in Davis Field. (About lialf size.) 
 
472 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 tine 
 
 Scale infect 
 2 i 
 
 FIG. 135. Section of ceremonial mound. Mound in Davis Field. 
 
 FIG. 138. Vessel No. 15. Mound in D.ivis Field 
 (About half size.) 
 
 it. This vessel, found in fragments, 
 has been cemented together. The 
 bill, unfortunately, is missing. An 
 incised decoration on the body of the 
 bird has become faint through the infe 
 riority of the ware. 
 
 Seven feet farther in, in the same 
 direction, was a most interesting cere 
 monial deposit. A pit 6 inches in 
 depth and 3 feet 6 inches in diameter 
 had been dug below the base of the 
 mound. On the bottom of this pit lay 
 charcoal where, evidently, a fire had 
 been. Rising above this pit 1.5 feet 
 from its base was a mound composed 
 of clay blackened with fragments of 
 charcoal. This mound was much 
 spread at its base, where it was 7 feet 
 in diameter (see section, Fig. 135). 
 The main body of the mound rose 
 from the center of the basal portion. 
 From the top of this mound of black 
 ened clay to the surface of the mound 
 proper was 3 feet 6 inches. On the 
 apex of this small, ceremonial mound 
 were three vessels, two being visible 
 when the mound was come upon from 
 the eastward, as is shown in the sec 
 tion. These vessels, which fell into 
 fragments when removed, Avere bowls 
 with thickened rims, covered with 
 crimson pigment, inside and out. One 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 473 
 
 had, for a handle, a rude representation of a head of a quadruped ; another, a place 
 where a head of some sort had been. One had had a hole knocked through the 
 base; the others were too fragmentary to allow determination. 
 
 One of these vessels, in addition to the crimson pigment of which we have 
 spoken, bore a complicated stamp-decoration, the first example of this combination 
 in all our mound work, we believe. 
 
 On the sides of the small, ceremonial mound were large fragments of earthen 
 ware and two shell drinking-cups, badly broken. 
 
 Considerably nearer the center, but in the same line with the rest of the earth 
 enware, were twelve jars, pots and bowls, all of ordinary type and all showing the 
 basal perforation, when not too badly broken. Some were undecorated ; some had 
 bands of complicated stamp-decoration ; one or two were covered with it. All but 
 two were badly broken, some being crushed into minute fragments. 
 
 One vessel (No. 15), of eccentric form (Fig. 136), originally covered with red 
 pigment, inside and out, had about one-third, which included almost the entire 
 upper portion, missing. Certain fragments from this portion served as a sure indi 
 cation for restoration. The usual hole knocked through the base is present. 
 
 With the exception of the mortuary deposit running in from the eastern part 
 of the mound, not a sherd was met with, to our knowledge, in the entire mound. 
 
 YON MOUND, APALACHICOLA RIVKK. LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 This fine mound, about two miles below Bristol, in full view from the river, on 
 property belonging to Hon. F. M. Yon. of Blountstown, Florida, is square in out 
 line, with rounded corners at the present time. The basal diameter of the mound is 
 157 feet. The height depends much upon the side from which the mound is exam 
 ined, as the surrounding country is irregular, probably 29 feet ma}- be considered 
 the most accurate measurement. There is no graded way and the slope of the sides 
 is steep, as the mound, of hard clay, seems to have washed but little since its mak 
 ing. Two determinations, not especially selected, gave angles of ascent of 38 
 degrees and 43 degrees, respectively. The diameter of the summit plateau is 
 68 feet. 
 
 This mound gave every evidence of being domiciliary but. as we have some 
 times found burials in the summit plateaux of domiciliary mounds, 1 many trenches 
 were dug in the plateau of the Yon mound, resulting in the discovery of one small 
 bunch of human remains, some fragments showing marks of fire. 
 
 MOUND BELOW BRISTOL. APALACHICOLA RIVER, LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, in an old field, about one mile in a WSW. direction from Bristol, 
 on property belonging to Mr. Robert Shuler, of that place, was of sand, circular in 
 outline, with a basal diameter of 50 feet. Its height was 3 feet 5 inches. No pre 
 vious digging was noticeable in this mound. 
 
 1 For example: the Shields mound, near the mouth of the St. John s river, Florida; the mound 
 at Matthews Landing, Alabama river; the nrjuiul on Perdido bay and the one on Santa Rosa sound, 
 Florida. 
 
 60 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
474 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 Fifteen trenches dug in from beyond the apparent margin indicated the advisa 
 bility of joining these trenches to include an area of 50 feet in diameter E. and W. 
 and 46 feet N. and S. This portion of the mound was completely demolished by 
 us. with the exception of certain parts around three trees of considerable size. 
 
 Almost at the western margin of the mound, in a pit below the base, were a 
 fragment of a cannon bone of a deer and an earthenware smoking-pipe of ordinary 
 shape. With these were three gouges wrought from the body whorl of Fulgur. 
 No human remains lay with these relics, though, no doubt, a burial had been there. 
 In the entire mound human remains were found but once and were represented by 
 a fragment of cranium, which lay with a bit of deer bone in what seemed to be the 
 run-way of a small rodent. 
 
 Unassociated in the mound were : a rude arrowhead or knife, of chert ; one 
 pebble ; a pitted stone about 6 inches square. 
 
 Almost at the outset, several sherds having the small check-stamp were met 
 with in the SE. part of the mound. Soon after, three vessels were found, and about 
 3 feet farther south, on line w r ith the others, twenty-one vessels were grouped 
 together. Near these, a little farther in, were four additional vessels. After these, 
 still continuing toward the center, the area of deposit, widening by a few feet, 
 yielded eighteen vessels, singly and in pairs, until the central part of the mound 
 was reached, making forty-six in all. With these was one shell drinking-cup. 
 There were no masses of sherds such as are usually found in ceremonial deposits of 
 this sort. 
 
 Never has it been our fortune to open a mound where a number of vessels pre 
 sented so low an average of excellence. The ware was of the poorest quality. In 
 form, the vessels, mostly pots, offered not a single departure from ordinary varie 
 ties. Incised decoration was unrepresented, the sole ornamentation being notches 
 and scallops, and faint and carelessly-applied complicated stamps on three or four 
 vessels and on one sherd. Not a vessel was recovered whole, though the sand was 
 comparatively dry and almost free from roots, where the vessels were. Some were 
 crushed through inferiority of ware, others had been put into the mound with por 
 tions missing. All, where determination was possible, showed the basal perforation 
 made after baking. 
 
 MOUND AT BRISTOL, APALACHICOLA RIVER, LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, in woods, about 300 yards in a NW. direction from the town of 
 Bristol, on property of Mr. J. E. Roberts, of that place, was on the slope of a ridge 
 of sand. The mound rose about 2.5 feet above the level of the ridge and extend 
 ing down the slope, gained several additional feet in depth. The mound, which was 
 of sand and circular in outline, had a basal diameter of 56 feet. A trench, 10 feet 
 across, dug prior to our visit, extended from the NE. margin 30 feet into the mound. 
 Trenches beginning in the level ground were dug into the mound from all sides a 
 distance of 3 feet, when, it having become apparent that the original mound had 
 been reached, the trenches were joined and the remainder of the mound, with a 
 diameter of 50 feet, was entirely dug down. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 475 
 
 Fourteen burials were met with by us, the majority deep in the mound, one 
 bL ing 5 feet 4 inches from the surface. These burials lay throughout the mound, 
 and were characterized by the paucity of bones constituting a burial, the upper half 
 of a skeleton being the largest interment met with. Ten burials consisted of single 
 skulls or skulls associated with a few minor bones. Other burials were : the upper 
 half of a skeleton ; part of a thigh bone; two skulls with a tibia and a femur; a 
 femur and a tibia. 
 
 Burials Nos. 1 and 2, a skull with cervical vertebra; and clavicle, and the upper 
 half of a body, respectively, each had neatly rounded shell beads of moderate size, 
 at the neck. These were the only artifacts present with burials. Unassociated, 4 
 feet down, was a small, waterworn boulder about 8 inches long by 9 inches wide, 
 shaped somewhat like a " celt," which, possibly, had seen service as a maul. A 
 sheet of mica, rudely given the shape of a spearpoint, fell in caved sand. 
 
 Almost due east, beginning 
 about 3 feet from the margin of 
 the mound, a point probably 
 marking the original margin, 
 was the usual deposit of earth 
 enware, which continued in to 
 the center, extending but little 
 to either side. The deposit be 
 gan with a considerable number 
 of sherds and fragments of large 
 vessels, also complete vessels in 
 fragments, nearly all bearing 
 the small check-stamp. Farther 
 in, this decoration was entirely 
 supplanted by other varieties. 
 Here and there, throughout the 
 earthenware deposit, were shell 
 drinking-cups in fragments. 
 
 Seventeen vessels were no 
 ted by us as complete or nearly 
 so, with the exception of the 
 basal perforation. Many of the 
 vessels, broken and scattered 
 throughout the mound, a cus 
 tom which was widely practised 
 along the northwest Florida 
 coast, have not been included 
 in our list. These vessels, how 
 ever, presented no feature of 
 
 FIG. 137. Vessel No. 1. Mouud at Bristol. (About three-fifths size.) particular interest. 
 
476 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 138. Vessel No. 2. Mound at Bristol. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 139. Vessel Xo. 3. Mound at Bristol. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 477 
 
 We shall now describe in detail the most interesting vessels from this mound. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. Has a semiglobular body with a long, upright neck, first con 
 tracting, then flaring. The decoration is the small check-stamp. A hole has been 
 knocked through the base (Fig. 137). 
 
 Vessel No. 2. A bowl of excellent ware, 11.25 inches in diameter, 7 inches 
 
 
 FIG. 140. Vessel Xo. 8. Mound at Bristol. (About four-fifths size.) 
 
478 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER, 
 
 Fio. 141. Vessel No. 10. Mound at Bristol. (About three-fifths size.) 
 
 high, in fragments when found, has been cemented together, with a certain amount 
 of restoration (Fig. 138). Below the rim is a series of designs, probably represent 
 ing the eye. 
 
 Vessel No. 3. An urn of 
 graceful outline, bearing a small 
 check-stamp, found in bits and 
 since put together, with slight 
 restoration (Fig. 139). Two holes 
 below the rim show where a former 
 fracture has been held together 
 by the aid of a cord or sinew. 
 There is the usual hole broken 
 
 through the base. FIG. US. Vessel No. IS. Mound at Bristol. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 479 
 
 Vessel No. G. This vessel, found in fragments, hud ;i rude decoration below 
 the neck made up of diagonal lines. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. An interesting ceremonial vessel having red pigment inside and 
 out, and for handle a head representing that of a turkey-bii/zard (Fig. 140). Per 
 forations surround the body of the vessel, all of which, including one through the 
 base, were made before the clay was baked. Height of body, G.5 inches ; maximum 
 diameter, 6.25 inches. There has been a certain amount of restoration on the body, 
 but none unless adjacent parts clearly authorized it. 
 
 FIG. 143. Vessel No. 14. Mound at Bristol. (About four-fifths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 9. A graceful, undecorated, globular bowl with a small perpendi 
 cular rim. 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A ceremonial vessel partly covered with red pigment, 11 inches 
 maximum diameter of body; height, 8.75 inches (Fig. 141). There are two bird- 
 head handles, on one of which a central portion of the bill has been restored, and 
 an entire bill, added to the other. There are two encircling rows of circular holes, 
 
480 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 made before the clay was fired." Curiously enough, this ready-made mortuary 
 vessel has no basal perforation. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. A globular bowl of thick ware, decorated on the inside with 
 crimson pigment. The only part of the outer surface showing decoration is an up 
 right rim about 1 inch in height. 
 
 Vessel No. 13. A bowl of yellow ware, shown in Fig. 142. A perforation 
 has been broken through the base. 
 
 Vessel No. 14. Has a complicated stamp decoration around the neck (Fig. 
 143). The usual hole has been knocked through the bottom. 
 
 Vessel No. 16. An ordinary shape having for decoration two incised, encir- 
 
 FIG. 144. Handle of earthenware vessel. Two positions. Mound at Bristol. (Full size.) 
 
 cling lines just below the rim. This vessel, which has the ordinary basal perfora 
 tion, was broken when placed in the mound, as one-half was found within the other 
 half, in a reversed position. 
 
 Unassociated, was a bird-head handle decorated with crimson paint, having a 
 feature not before met with by us, consisting of an opening at the back of the head. 
 This head is shown, side view and back view, in Fig. 144. 
 
 MOUND NEAR ATKINS LANDING, APALACHICOLA RIVER, CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, on the edge of the swamp, about one mile in a SE. direction from 
 the landing, on property of Mr. W. R. Shields, living nearby, had been riddled with 
 holes and seamed with trenches previous to our visit. Its height is 3 feet, its basal 
 diameter, 40 feet. 
 
 Such parts of the mound as had been left intact yielded nothing to our inves 
 tigation. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 481 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR Asi ALAGA, Al ALACHICOLA RlVER, GADSDEN COUNTY (3). 
 
 About one mile in a NE. direction from Aspalaga Landing, on high ground, is 
 a large field, long under cultivation, property of the late Mr. John L. Smith and 
 now under management of Mr. William Smith, living nearby. Over this field, and 
 especially over spaces, dwelling sites, having a sprinkling of broken mussel-shells 
 and of Georgiana vivipara and Campeloma lima, were bits of pottery, undecorated. 
 with small check-stamp, with complicated stamp, with rude punctate decoration, 
 and, in one or two instances, of good ware with superior, incised decoration. There 
 were also, scattered here and there over these sites, pebbles, hammer-stones, hones, 
 fragments and Hakes, of chert, partially-made arrowheads, a few complete ones. 
 
 In this field were three mounds, all of sand, two of which, low and much 
 spread, were shown by thorough digging to have been domiciliary in character. 
 
 The third and largest had a somewhat irregular outline caused, or, at all events, 
 increased, by the use of the plough. As the mound stood on a gentle slope, the 
 height of the artificial portion was hard to determine. Measurements from the 
 west side gave an altitude of G feet 8 inches. On the east side, where the foot of 
 the slope was, the mound was 9 feet 5 inches high. According to members of the 
 family, the height of the mound had been reduced at least 5 feet by continued cul 
 tivation. East and west the basal diameter of the mound was 98 feet, and 90 feet, 
 north and south. 
 
 While there had been a certain amount of previous digging, it was small con 
 sidering the area of the mound. The mound, including certain additional territory 
 surrounding it, was completely dug through by us. 
 
 Human remains were found at fifty-four points, mainly in the eastern and 
 western sides, though burials extended around somewhat as the body of the mound 
 was reached, certain ones being in the central portion. The forms of burial were : 
 the lone skull, the bunch, the flexed burial, and bones scattered here and there. In 
 addition to these there was, on the base of the southwestern portion of the mound, 
 a small pocket of calcined fragments of human bones. Such deposits are met with 
 occasionally in mounds along the northwest Florida coast. 
 
 The condition of human remains was fragmentary in the extreme, and such 
 parts as remained were in the last stage of decay. Burial No. 29 consisted of a 
 dark stain in the sand, and several teeth crumbling into dust, Burial No. 34 was 
 made up of a few minute fragments of bone. Presumably, certain burials in this 
 mound had entirely disappeared. 
 
 But one calvarium was recovered. It showed no artificial flattening. 
 
 Considering the extent of the mound, remarkably few objects had been placed 
 with the dead. 
 
 Burial No. 2, near the surface, a skeleton from which the ribs and one arm 
 were missing, had seven shell beads of fair size, at the neck, and a polished " celt " 
 under the arm. 
 
 Burial No. 18 was represented by one bit of bone. With this burial was 
 charcoal and what remained of a shell drinking-cup. 
 
 61 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XII. 
 
482 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 Burial No. 26, remnants of a skull, had in direct association, about one-third 
 of a large pot. 
 
 Burial No. 28, indications of a flexed burial, had a few shell beads. 
 
 Burial No. 39, the remains of a skull, had nearby: a polished "celt;" a dis- 
 coidal stone of quartxite, o inches in diameter on top, with sides slightly converging 
 toward the base, and a shallow pit in the center of the upper part, rough in appear 
 ance, possibly used for the cracking of nuts; a lance-head of chert, 4.5 inches in 
 length ; two arrow-points or knives, of the same material ; part of a lance-head, a 
 flake, two irregular bits, all of chert ; one smoothing pebble ; one pebble-hammer ; 
 one triangular gouge of shell, with unground edge ; two cutting implements wrought 
 from columella) ; certain shells (Murex flavescens, Rangia cuneata, Dosinia discus). 
 
 With several burials was more or less charcoal. In one place, where bones 
 probably had disappeared through decay, was sand tinged with hematite. Just 
 above the base, at the center of the mound, was a local layer of red clay, on part 
 of which lay a few scattered bones. 
 
 Unassociated objects, except earthenware, were : several pebbles ; one arrow 
 head or knife, of chert ; a thick sheet of mica, roughly rounded ; another with the 
 
 FIG. 145. Pebble-hammer. Mound near Aspalaga. (Full size.) 
 
 outline of a gpear-point; several shell drinking-cups found with the pottery de 
 posit ; a pebble-hammer of sedimentary rock, about 4 inches long, showing an encir 
 cling band at the middle, consisting of the original surface, the remainder being 
 worked down and rounded as to the ends, one of which is somewhat chipped by 
 use (Fig. 145). 
 
 In the eastern part of the mound, under the slope, with a sherd deposit, were 
 a number of masses of lime-rock, each from 1 foot to 18 inches in diameter. Rock 
 of this sort is found along the northernmost parts of the Apalachicola river, near 
 which this mound was. 
 
 At the extreme eastern margin of the mound, the advance guard of the pot 
 tery deposit, was a number of sherds scattered here and there, some undecorated, 
 some bearing a complicated stamp, also several bases of vessels with four feet. 
 These sherds were followed by portions of vessels in fragments, and by vessels 
 from which considerable parts were missing. All these were of inferior ware and 
 decoration. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 483 
 
 The first whole vessel, a small bowl with in-turned rim, undecorated, was met 
 with 8 feet from the margin, somewhat north of east in the mound. This vessel 
 was followed by single ones, mostly pots, here and there, some a little more to the 
 eastward. Some of these were undecorated or had a faint complicated stamp ; 
 several had feet ; and some, notches around the rim. Among these vessels were 
 fragments of others, also of inferior ware, showing the ready made basal perforation. 
 
 Still farther in were a few vessels, or large parts of vessels, all badly crushed, 
 some of which, cemented together and restored in part, are included among vessels 
 particularly described. 
 
 All these vessels and sherds lay in sand much darker than that of the re 
 mainder of the mound, a feature so frequently noted among the mounds of the north 
 west Florida coast. 
 
 The more noteworthy vessels will now be described in detail. But one is with 
 out the usual mortuary perforation. 
 
 Vessel No. 2. Part of a vase of yellow ware, with the upper portion missing 
 (Fig. 146). 
 
 FIG. 146. Vessel No. 2. Mound near Aspalaga. (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 4. A diminutive pot, undecorated save for notches around the rim. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. Certain parts of a large, globular vessel of porous, inferior ware, 
 decorated on the outside with red pigment. The body has numerous perforations 
 made before the "firing" of the clay. The base is missing. A large, red, bird- 
 head handle was found with this vessel, but the parts uniting it to the vessel were 
 not met with. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A vase 10.5 inches high and 8.25 inches in maximum diameter 
 of body which is heart-shaped in longitudinal section. The neck is upright and 
 flaring, and has incised and punctate decoration with crimson pigment in places. 
 
484 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 The base is somewhat flattened to allow the vessel to maintain an upright position 
 (Fig. 147). 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A vessel of about 4 quarts capacity, of inferior, yellow ware, 
 found in fragments, and restored in places (Fig. 148). The interesting, incised and 
 punctate decoration, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 149, is repeated on the oppo 
 site side of the vessel. 
 
 FIG. 147. Vessel No. 7. Mound near Aspalaga. (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 9. Certain parts of a large human effigy-vessel were met with at 
 different levels in the mound and often many feet distant one from another. Part 
 of the base, some of the body, and the face, with the exception of a fragment of 
 the lower left-hand part, were recovered and have been cemented together, with con 
 siderable restoration which, however, was clearly indicated by portions present. An 
 interesting and novel feature is perforations in the eyes and ears (Fig. 150). A 
 number of other vessels, broken and scattered in the way this figure was, were 
 present in the mound. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 485 
 
 Fio. 148. Vessel No. 8. Mound near Aspalaga. (Three-fifths size.) 
 
 FIG. 14. Vessel No. 8. Decoration. Mount! near Asrmlaga. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
486 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 150. Vessel Xo. 9. Mound near Aspalaga. (About half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 10. Ovoid, with circular depressions covering the entire body, 
 much like a vessel found by us in the smaller mound near Hare Hammock, north 
 west Florida coast, 1 though that vessel is more carefully made, and has, also, a nar 
 rower opening. The impressions on that vessel have a comparatively smooth sur- 
 
 1 Op. tit., Part II, Fig. 13*. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 487 
 
 face, while those on the vessel from this mound seem to owe their origin to a cir 
 cular object with a slight, rough projection at the center. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. Twenty-one feet in from the eastern margin of the mound the 
 black sand ended and no earthenware of any sort was met with in the mound after 
 ward, with the exception of an unassociated vessel in the southern portion, having 
 an ovoid body with upright rim Haring, then constricted. There is a rather rough, 
 complicated stamp-decoration. This vessel has no basal perforation (Fig. 151). 
 
 Several bird-head handles lay unassociated in the sand. One has a perforation 
 apparently cut after the baking of the clay (Fig. 152). Another (Fig. 153), large 
 and hollow, has red pigment around the eyes. 
 
 In Fig. 154 is given a selection of sherds from this mound. As might be ex 
 pected, since the territory in which the mound was is near Georgia, the complicated 
 stamp is largely represented. One, on the left of the second row, did not come 
 from the mound, but from the surface nearby. 
 
 FIG. 151. Vessel No. 11. Mound near Aspalaga. (About four-fifths size.) 
 
FlG. 152. Earthenware handle of 
 vessel. Mound near Aspalaga. 
 (Full size.) FIG. 153. Earthenware handle of vessel. Mound near Aspalaga. (About full size.) 
 
 FIG. 154. Selection of sherds. Mound near Aspalaga. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICDLA RIVER. 489 
 
 MOUND NEAR SAMPSON S LANDING, APALACHICOLA RIVER, JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, within sight of the road, about one-half mile in a W. direction 
 from the landing, on property belonging to Mr. D. L. McKinnon, Marianna, Florida, 
 
 FIG. 153. Vessel of earthenware. Mounil near Sampson s Landing. (About four-fifths size.) 
 62 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA.. VOL. XII. 
 
490 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 had been dug into superficially in the center, in addition to which a hole about 2.5 
 feet square had been sunk to the base. The mound, sand with a certain admixture 
 of clay and gravel, had a height of 4. 5 feet; a basal diameter of 45 feet. It was 
 totally dug down by us, with the exception of parts left around two trees. 
 
 Human remains were encountered forty-seven times, the bones being badly 
 decayed, enough only remaining to indicate the form of burial. Several calvaria, 
 recovered uncrushed, gave no evidence of artificial flattening. 
 
 The burials, found in all parts of the mound, from the margin in, were as fol 
 lows as to form : scattered bones, 1 ; lone skulls, 13 ; bunched burials, 11 ; flexed 
 skeletons, 22. Of the flexed skeletons, none of which was met with until the dig 
 ging approached the body of the mound, all were flexed on one side or on the 
 other, except one which lay on the back with the knees raised. Three flexed 
 burials lay under masses of lime-rock. One lone skull was in dark sand, with 
 charcoal nearby. 
 
 FIG. 156. Vessel of earthenware. Mound near Sampson s Landing. (Five-sixths size.) 
 
 There were in the mound, in addition to several pebbles, two " celts " which 
 lay separately, unassociated, and seemed to have been put in in a general way. 
 Near certain earthenware were mica and part of a shell drinking-cup. 
 
 Soon after the digging began a few scattered sherds were found, plain, with 
 the small check-stamp,- and with a complicated stamp. Later, part of a pot with a 
 complicated stamp, and with a hole knocked through the base, came from the south 
 western part of the mound, and a large fragment with rude, incised decoration and 
 basal perforation lay near the southern margin. 
 
 When the digging had progressed a number of feet into the eastern side of the 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS, APALACHICOLA RIVER. 491 
 
 mound, a number of parts of vessels, of inferior ware, as were all the vessels in this 
 mound, bearing the small check-stamp, were encountered. Just behind these were 
 six vessels together, one, undecorated, of rather graceful, elliptical section, with a 
 hole knocked through the base, in common with all vessels from this mound. Four 
 vessels of this deposit are undecorated ; the sixth has a series of roughly incised, 
 diagonal, parallel lines, around the neck which, long and flaring, rises from a 
 globular body. 
 
 Just to one side of these was a mass of sherds from various vessels, and a little 
 farther in, were two pots with portions missing, one having a faint complicated 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Flo. 157. Decoration on vessel shown in Fig. 150. Mound near Sampson s Landing. (Half size.) 
 
 stamp, the other undecorated. With these was a graceful jar of about three quarts 
 capacity, shown in Fig. 155, having a flat, square base. Around the neck is a com 
 plicated stamp-decoration. Near this jar was a vessel in fragments, having a com 
 plicated stamp, and a rude pot also with a stamped decoration around the neck. 
 
 Somewhat farther in the same direction, well toward the center of the mound, 
 were four pots and bowls, three broken and undecorated. The fourth vessel (Fig. 
 156) has a curious, incised design, evidently symbolical, shown diagrammatically in 
 Fig. 157. Part of the rim has been restored. A few feet to one side of this vessel 
 was a pot with parallel lines roughly incised beneath the rim. 
 
 This was the last occurrence of earthenware met with by us on the Apala- 
 chicola river, and it is interesting to note the persistence of the ceremonial deposit 
 of earthenware in the eastern part of the mounds and the occurrence of the mor 
 tuary mutilation of the base. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR CHATTAIIOOCHEE LANDING, APALACHICOLA RIVER, 
 GADSDEN COUNTY (7). 
 
 On the river s bank, at the landing, half cut away by the wash of freshets, is 
 part of a domiciliary mound of clay, formerly circular in outline. Height, 7 feet ; 
 diameter of base, 78 feet; diameter of summit plateau, 38 feet. 
 
 A short distance farther up, along the bank, is the wreck of a large mound 
 half washed away by the river. This mound, of clay, has several frame buildings 
 upon it. Its height is 11 feet. 
 
492 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. APALACHICOLA RIVER. 
 
 In the swamp, in sight from the river, and but a short distance from the mounds 
 just described, are four others. The southernmost, of circular outline, composed of 
 sand with a certain admixture of clay, is 4 feet in height, 70 feet across the base, 
 and 40 feet across the summit plateau. 
 
 About 50 yards farther, in a NW. by N. direction, is a circular mound of clay, 
 covered with a considerable thickness of sand. Basal diameter, 66 feet ; diameter 
 of summit plateau, 30 feet ; height, 3 feet. 
 
 Fifty yards in a NW. direction from the last mound, is a mound of circular 
 outline, 3.5 feet high, 58 feet across the base and 26 feet across the summit plateau. 
 
 Continuing 40 yards WSW., we came upon a mound near the road, much 
 spread, 46 feet in diameter of base, and 1.5 feet high. 
 
 The two mounds partly cut away by the river were not dug into by us, the 
 cross-section made by the river showing them to have been domiciliary. 
 
 The swamp-mounds were thoroughly investigated and found to be domiciliary 
 in character. 
 
 The mounds of the Apalachicola river yielded nothing especially novel. 
 
 The forms of burial were the same as those prevailing along the northwest 
 coast of Florida, namely, the bunch, the flexed skeleton, the lone skull, scattered 
 bones, and, very rarely, the pocket of calcined remains. The burial of skulls under 
 great bowls, a custom met with in places along the Florida coast as far east as St. 
 Andrew s bay, was not met with on the Apalachicola river ; nor was the urn-burial 
 proper, where bones are placed in vessels covered by others, inverted, met with by 
 us on the river, though, last season, we found one example of this form of burial in 
 a mound on Ocklockonee bay, to the eastward of Apalachicola. 
 
 The earthenware of the river was found to be inferior in quality. The gritty 
 ware of Georgia was not met with nor was the shell-tempered ware of Alabama, 
 with the exception of certain pieces in a single mound. In this mound, curiously 
 enough, were several vessels of polished, black ware, the specialty of Mississippi, 
 which we had not found east of Choctawhatchee bay, on the coast, and many 
 earthenware vessels which, in material, shape and decoration, recalled the yield of 
 mounds considerably farther to the westward. 
 
 Ceremonial vessels, " killed " by a basal perforation and by holes throughout 
 the body, made before the firing of the clay, were found in considerable numbers 
 along the Apalachicola river and, as is the case with similar vessels met with by us 
 along the Florida coast between St. Andrew s bay and the Warrior river, the ware 
 is most inferior in quality, as might be expected of vessels purposely made for in 
 terment with the dead. 
 
 The custom prevalent along the northwest Florida coast, to place deposits of 
 vessels for the dead in common in the eastern part of mounds, obtained also on the 
 Apalachicola river. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Amethyst, pendant of, from In 
 diana, 400. 
 
 Amethystine quartz, pendant of, 
 400. 
 
 Analysis of sheet copper, 412. 
 
 Animal heads, rudimentary, ves 
 sel with, 459. 
 
 Annular shape, vessel of, 389. 
 
 Aspalaga, mounds near, 4X1. 
 
 Association of objects in Crystal 
 river mound, 412. 
 
 Astragalus of deer, 412, 429. 
 
 Atkins Landing, mound near, 
 480. 
 
 Bar-amulets, 399. 
 
 Barbed fish-hook of bone, 446. 
 
 Bayport, mound near, 415. 
 
 Beads of shell, but few in Crys 
 tal river mound, 397. 
 
 Bear Landing, mound near, 377. 
 
 Bear-teeth, 400. 
 
 Bird-head handle with opening 
 in back, 481. 
 
 Bird-head handles used as pend 
 ants, 414. 
 
 Bitumen enclosing copper, 408. 
 
 Bitumen on pendants, 397, 400, 
 408. 
 
 Black pigment, design in, 391. 
 
 Blountstown, mound near, 467. 
 
 Bone fish-hook, 412, 446, 447. 
 
 Bone, implements of, 412, 429, 
 442, 446. 
 
 Bone tubes, 429. 
 
 Brass gorgets, 447, 460. 
 
 Brickyard creek, mound on, 441. 
 
 Bristol, mound below, 473. 
 
 Bristol, mound near, 474. 
 
 Burgess Landing, mound near, 
 443. 
 
 Calcined remains, 415, 425,429, 
 437. 
 
 Canine teeth of carnivora, imi 
 tated in rock, 400. 
 
 Catlinite, ornaments of, 400. 
 
 Cedar Keys, mound near, 373. 
 "Celts" ceremonially broken, 
 
 397. 
 Ceremonial mound w i t h i n a 
 
 mound, 472. 
 Certain Aboriginal Mounds of 
 
 the Apalachicola River, 439. 
 Certain Aboriginal Mounds of 
 
 the Florida West-coast, 363. 
 Chassahowitzka river, m o u n d 
 
 near, 413. 
 Chattahoochee Landing, mounds 
 
 near, 491. 
 
 Chipola Cut off, mound near, 445. 
 Clearwater, mound near, 434. 
 Compartment-vessel, 370, 422, 
 
 456, 457. 
 Complicated stamp and pigment 
 
 in combination, 473. 
 Complicated stamp, southern lim 
 it of, in Florida, 437. 
 Copper ear-plugs silver-coated, 
 
 410, 411. 
 Copper embedded in bitumen, 
 
 408. 
 
 Copper fish-spear, 371. 
 Copper, objects of solid, unusual 
 
 in Florida, 438. 
 Copper pendants, 399. 
 Copper, sheet-, analysis of, 412. 
 Copper, sheet-, ear-plugs with 
 
 excised designs, 408, 409. 
 Copper, sheet-, ear-plugs with 
 
 pearls, 411. 
 
 Copper, sheet , fragments of, 417. 
 Copper, sheet-, rudely decorated, 
 
 411. 
 Copper, sheet-, tubular beads of, 
 
 412. 
 
 Copper, sheet-, with fluted deco 
 ration, 412. 
 Cosmic sign on copper ear-plug, 
 
 410. 
 Cranial flattening not met with 
 
 along central Florida west- 
 coast, 437. 
 
 Crystal River settlement, mound 
 near, 413. 
 
 Crystal river shell-heap, mound 
 near, 379. 
 
 Cup made from Fasciolarin, 394. 
 
 Cup made from Melongcna co 
 rona, 394. 
 
 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 433. 
 
 Davis Field, mound in, 468. 
 Decoration on vessel, red and 
 
 black pigment, 393. 
 Deposit of ornaments of various 
 
 rocks, 400. 
 Discoidal stone, 482. 
 Dry creek, mounds near, 377. 
 
 Earthenware, 365, 366, 367, 368, 
 369, 370, 371, 376, 378, 383, 
 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 
 390, 391, 393, 413, 414, 415, 
 417, 419, 421, 422, 423, 424, 
 425, 426, 429, 432, 433, 436, 
 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 
 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 
 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 
 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 
 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 
 476, 477, 478, 479, 483, 484, 
 485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491. 
 
 Effigy-vessel, 371, 470, 471, 4S4. 
 
 Effigy-vessel of human form, 371 , 
 484. 
 
 Estiffanulga, mound near, 466. 
 
 Face, human, on vessel, 384. 
 Fasciolaria made iutoadrinking- 
 
 cup, 394. 
 Fish-head, bowl decorated with, 
 
 462. 
 
 Fish hook of bone, 412, 446, 447. 
 Fish-hook of bone, barbed, 446. 
 Fish-spear of copper, 371. 
 : Five-pointed dish, 449. 
 ; Fowler s Landing, mound near, 
 
 364. 
 Fowler s Landing.smaller mound 
 
 near, 371. 
 
494 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gigger Point, mound near, 374. 
 Glass beads, 447. 
 Gorgets of shell, 396, 397. 
 
 Hand, human, incised on earth 
 enware, 384. 
 
 Hematite, sand colored with, 
 374, 382, 399, 415, 426, 434, 
 435, 437, 482. 
 
 Hog Island, mound on, 433. 
 
 Human form, effigy-vessel of, 
 371, 484. 
 
 Implements of bone, 412, 429, 
 
 442, 446. 
 Implements of fossil material, 
 
 399. 
 Implements of shell, 395, 396, 
 
 412, 415, 417, 429, 432, 442, 
 
 446, 474, 482. 
 
 Indian Bend, mound near, 414. 
 Indian creek, mound near, 424. 
 Isabel Landing, mound near, 445. 
 
 Jaw of puma, pierced, 400. 
 John s Pass, mound near, 434. 
 
 Lance heads ceremonially bro 
 ken, 397. 
 
 Life-form in earthenware, highly 
 conventionalized, 421. 
 
 Life-forms in earthenware, not 
 found on central Florida west- 
 coast, 363, 437. 
 
 Lime rock in mounds, 383, 482. 
 
 Lirnonite, sand colored with, 382. 
 
 Long Key, mound on, 436. 
 
 Maps, 361, 362, 440. 
 Melonyena corona, cup made 
 
 from, 394. 
 Mica given the outline of an 
 
 arrow- or lance- head, 375, 475, 
 
 482. 
 Mica with central perforation, 
 
 469. 
 " Monitor "-pipe from peninsular 
 
 Florida, 394. 
 Mound, ceremonial, within a 
 
 mound, 472. 
 Mounds investigated, 364, 441. 
 
 Oyster-shells with burials, 374, 
 378, 383. 
 
 Pearls on sheet-copper ear-plugs, 
 
 411. 
 
 Pendant, long, of slate, 399, 400. 
 Pendant of amethystine quartz, 
 
 400. 
 Pendant of slate, beautifully 
 
 made, 429. 
 
 Pendants, bird-form, 399, 430. 
 Pendants, great deposit of, 399. 
 Pendants, method of wearing 
 
 them, 408. 
 
 Pendants of copper, 399, 408. 
 Pendants of quartz crystal, 400. 
 Pendants of rock, ,399, 412, 413, 
 
 414, 426, 430, 431, 432. 
 Pendants of rock-crystal, 399. 
 Pendants of shell, 397, 412, 431, 
 
 432. 
 Perforation of base of vessels after 
 
 baking, 365, 376, 386, 387, 
 
 389, 393, 394, 413, 415, 421, 
 
 425, 430, 473, 474, 475, 477, 
 
 478, 480, 490, 491. 
 Perforation of base of vessels, 
 
 made before baking, 426, 470, 
 471, 479, 483. 
 
 Perforations, ready-made, i n 
 body of vessel, 453, 470, 471, 
 
 479, 483. 
 
 Pipes used in smoking, 393, 394, 
 
 474. 
 
 Pipe with basal perforation, 393. 
 Pithlochascootie river, mound 
 
 near, 426. 
 Post Columbian mound, 466. 
 
 Quartz, amethystine, pendant of, 
 
 400. 
 Quartz crystal, pendants of, 400. 
 
 Remarks on mounds of central 
 Florida west-coast, 437, 438. 
 
 Remarks on mounds of the Apa- 
 lachicola river, 492. 
 
 Restoration of earth e n w a r e , 
 method of, 364. 
 
 Rock-crystal pendants, 399. 
 
 Rock Landing, mound near, 379. 
 
 Sampson s Landing, mound near, 
 489. 
 
 Sharks teeth used in wood-carv 
 ing, 412. 
 
 Sheet-brass, 447. 
 
 Sheet-copper, analysis of, 412. 
 
 Sheet-silver on copper ear-plugs, 
 410, 411. 
 
 Shell-heap, Crystal river, mound 
 near, 379. 
 
 Shell implements, 395, 396, 412, 
 415, 417, 429, 432, 442, 446, 
 474, 482. 
 
 Shell pendants, 397, 412, 431, 
 432. 
 
 Shell-tempered ware, 436, 462. 
 
 Shell tempered ware rarely found 
 in peninsular Florida, 377, 436. 
 
 Silver, sheet , on copper ear 
 plugs, 410, 411. 
 
 Six feet, vessel with, 387. 
 
 Skulls from mounds, 374, 434, 
 435. 
 
 Skulls showing marks of disease, 
 434. 
 
 Smoking pipes, 393, 394, 474. 
 
 Smoking pipe with basal per 
 foration, 393. 
 
 Stopper-shaped objects of earth 
 enware, 462. 
 
 Suwannee river, mounds on, 373. 
 
 Symbols, animal, on copper ear- 
 plug, 410. 
 
 Tarpon Springs, mound near, 433. 
 Teeth of bear, 400. 
 Territory investigated, 363. 
 Tube of earthenware, 394. 
 Tubes of bone, 429. 
 
 Urn burials not found in penin 
 sular Florida, 437. 
 
 Vessel, part of, of unusual form 
 for Florida, 462. 
 
 Vessels, ceremonial, not found 
 along central Florida west- 
 coast, 437. 
 
 Walker, S. T., 427, 433, 434, 
 
 436. 
 Wekiwachee river, mound near, 
 
 425. 
 Willoughby, C. C., 409. 
 
 Yon mound, 473. 
 
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