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EXPLANATORY. 
 
 -t ^ » » »- 
 
 The American people have, during the past year, heard much about frauds, 
 adulteration, &c., in connection with the importation and refining of sugar. 
 Charges have been made over and over again, maliciously, by designing and 
 interested parties. These charges have, in every single instance, been made 
 anonymmisly in the press. The makers of these charges have never had the 
 manliness to make them specific — to mention the names of those so accused 
 by them — and thus place themselves -within the reach of law. They were and 
 are afraid to do this. The object they had in view was to make the public be- 
 lieve that certain importers and refiners of sugar were cheats and adul- 
 terators — public enemies — create a public opinion hostile to them, and by the 
 pressure of that opinion force the hand of Congress and the Senate to frame 
 the tariff for which they have been all along plotting. The following pages 
 are the answer to these charges. In them will be seen who the accusers are; 
 what are their arguments, what their aims, and what would be the results of 
 their success to one of the greatest industries on this coatinent. The facts 
 stated in these pages can be relied upon as true. Now tMt the public has the 
 facts, let the public judge! \/ Robert Howe, 
 
 Sugar man. 
 
 IV116794 
 
 <r> 
 
MAGNITUDE OF THE QUESTION. 
 
 "That is a Sugar Refineiy," said old Ludwig Kraft to a sallow colored gen- 
 tleman, who had asked him what was a great building on the other side of the 
 way. Kraft is a white-haired old fellow who has worked in a refinery for the 
 last forty years. It has been my custom, every now and then, to sit and chat 
 with the old gentleman for an hour or so of an evening. Now, Kraft is a 
 rather rough-spoken man; but he has been a steady, careful reader. He 
 knows as much about the real working of a Sugar Refinery as any man in the 
 United States. 
 
 "A Sugar Refinery," replied the Cuban, for such the gentleman was who 
 had asked the question. It is a large concern, I suppose it employs a good 
 many hands ? 
 
 Kraft — That isn't by a good deal the largest house in the refining business, 
 and yet there are a thousand men at work over there and in the next one be- 
 longing to it. 
 
 Cuban — Do you work at the sugar refining ? 
 
 Kraft — Well, I guess I do. I've worked at it now over forty years. But 
 that number of men over there is nothing to what are engaged in the work 
 altogether, that is to say, the sugar men themselves and the men that work at 
 the different trades that are kept going by it. It is a regular army of 
 men. 
 
 Cuban — About how many do you think work at the refining and the other 
 trades that depend on it? 
 
 Kraft — Well, I'm pretty sure there are not less than thirty-five or thirty 
 six thousand. 
 
 Cuban — How do you make that out? 
 
 Kraft — Well, the tally would run about so: 
 
 Workmen, skilled and unskilled, engaged in refining. . 10,000 
 
 Coopers- 4,500 
 
 Stave trimmers, lumber cutters, hoop-makers in Mich- 
 igan, Ohio, and Indiana 20,000 
 
 Machine makers, engineers, etc 2,000 
 
 But this does not include all the wagon-builders, carters, blacksmiths, ma- 
 sons, bricklayers, and all the other trades whose members make their living 
 by the refineries. Counting these, I should think the number would pretty 
 nearly reach foj-ty tJbOusand men. 
 
 Cuban — Dear me! I had no idea that there were so many men engaged in 
 the refining and trades belonging to it. 
 
 Kraft — No, indeed ? Surely you are not like the ordinary people, I hope, 
 that think sugar comes to the country like tea or coffee quite ready to use. 
 
6 
 
 These have hardly an idea of the immense extent of the busines?. Perhaps 
 you yourself have no real idea of it. Do you think you could tell me how 
 much sugar is refined every year in this country? 
 
 Cuban — Well, I really could not. How much is it? 
 
 Kraft — About sixteen Jiundred millions of pounds. You Cubans send us a 
 good deal of it. You would be surprised, too, at some of the other figures in 
 this business. 
 
 Cuban — I should like to have a few. 
 
 Kraft — Well, here are a few. The refining business takes every year of : 
 
 Bone Black 30,000.000 lbs. 
 
 Nails ■- 18,000 kegs. 
 
 Staples 60 tons. 
 
 Slaves and hoops for barrels 30,000 car loads. 
 
 Coal 300,000 tons. 
 
 So you see there are an immense number of bone-black makers in the West, 
 miners in Pennsylvania, nail and staple makers, all depending on the refining 
 business. I tell you. Sir, the people who buy our refined sugar and think that 
 making it is as simple as plucking an apple off a tree make a tremendous mis- 
 take. By the way, sir, I beg j'our pardon, aint you a Cuban? 
 
 Cuban — Yes, I am. 
 
 Kraft — Then you must have seen in the papers what j'our countr3mien are 
 doing to take the bread out of the mouths of the forty thousand, men who de- 
 pend on the refining, not counting their wives and children, who would cer- 
 tainly amount to at least a hundred thousand more. 
 
 Cuban — How can you make out that we are trying to take the bread out of 
 your mouths? We don't interfere witli you nt all. 
 
 Kraft — You don't, don't j'ou ? AVc 1, I guess you do. Aint you Cubans 
 trying to ruin the refiners by getting lies put into the papers about them, and 
 so setting the people and Congress against them, so as to get j'our sugars in 
 here at an advantage over us, and thus shut up our works? And if you cripple 
 the refining, don't you turn us into the street, and take the bread out of our 
 mouths? To be sure you do! 
 
 CuB.usr — But, in the name of goodness what lies have we been telling about 
 you? 
 
 Kraft — I am glad you are so innocent, sir; but surely you must have henrd 
 all the talk there has been for th« last year about adulteration and frauds on 
 the revenue by the importers and refiners? 
 
 Cuban — Ah, you mean that, do yu? Whj'-, certainly I have. It seems 
 ■pretty clear there has been something of the sort. You must know that it is 
 only a few days ago since the papers published a list of refiners wh'> had been 
 driven out of the business by the competition of i\vi men who adulterate and 
 commit rr.iuds, simply because they would not share in their practices, and 
 were so undersold. 
 
 Kraft— Oil. that talk. Why, to be sure Pve heard it. And if you will 
 allow me, I'd like to say a word or two to you about it. But before I say 
 anything about that, I want to teJ you there is one thing theie people say that 
 really makes me laugh. 
 
 Cuban — What is that? 
 
Kraft— Why, because we don't want you to take the bread out of our 
 mouths, you cry out in the newspapers: {he refiners are protertionists, they could 
 not exist without p?-oto«w«; do away witli tliat, and we will give you sugar 
 belter and cheaper than you get it from them. 
 
 Cuban— Well, is not that the truth? Are not the refiners all in favor of a 
 protective tariff? 
 
 LuDWiG— Stuff and nonsense! If the government could do without the 
 $35,000,000 it gets from sugar, and abolished the duty on sugar to-morrow, the 
 refiners would be the first to clap their hands with joy. The?/ icant no protec- 
 tion at all. But if there must be a duty, they don't want j-ou Cubans to have 
 an advantage of from 50 to 100 per cent, over the American refiners. They 
 bokUhat the American has a right to ask the government to protect theworking- 
 man, by helping to employ every hand and arm that can be employed in the 
 country. They ask the government to regulate the tariff so that they may 
 bring the raw sugars here and give conKtant employment to that labor. They 
 ask the government not to give you such an advantage as would make it im- 
 possible for them to import the low grade raw sugars, and thus destroy the 
 labor of 40,000 men, with perhaps 100,000 women and cliildren dependent 
 upon them. If we Americans asked Spain to do for us what you want Amer- 
 ica to do for you, Spain and you would laugh in our faces, and you would be 
 quite right. 
 
 Cuban — Well, I don't know so mnch about that, but how about the refiners 
 who have been driven out of the business ? 
 
 LuDwiG — I showed you what a great arm\' of working people depended on the 
 refining for a living. AVe soon got wind of what was up and what you were 
 doing. So finding out what your game was, we got pretty savage, I can tell you. 
 Even if all your side said had been true, it would be bad enough for a hundred 
 and forty thousand people to lose their bread. But it makes the matter a thou- 
 sand times wor.-e when you Cubans, and some soreheaded importers are trying 
 to ruia our business by wholesale Ij'ing. 
 
 CuT?AN — I should like to see you prove the lying part of it. 
 
 LuDWiG— Well, then, I'll begin with the men who say they have been driven 
 out of the business by the refiners we men work for. "I liave been in this 
 business forty j^ears," said the aged Kraft, with a proud look, "so I must 
 have been working at it a year or two before you got your first lump of 
 sugar to suck, and a good many before j'ou were breeched, and I am going to 
 tell you something perhaps you don't know. The men who you say have been 
 driven out of the business, drove tliemselves out of it." 
 
 Old Kraft laid particular stress on this last sentence. 
 
 " Why, good gracious, how can you say that?" said the stranger. 
 
 " I can say it, because I know it's true. Every one of ihese men, if he told 
 the truth, woidd say I was right. And I'll show you why I'm right, if you'll wait 
 a minute. Suppose I was a refiner instead of being a workman ; I make, say. 
 ten per cent, on my outlay the first five j'cars. If I've put a million into my 
 business, my profits at the end of five years are $500,000. If I'm prudent, I 
 look out for bad times, and I make that what they call a reserve for my sugar 
 business, but not for. any other bu^incss. Tiien. if a pinch comes, I can fall 
 back on that half million, and it will feel good and soft to fall back on. 
 
8 
 
 " But " — said the stranger. 
 
 " Hold on, my friend," said the bright old man, warming up, " I'll let you 
 do all the talking you like in a minute or two, and you never [saw a church 
 full o' people sit as quiet during an hour-and-a-half sermon as I'll sit listening 
 to you. Well, I was saying if I keep my half million of profits for my sugar 
 business, it will be a good stand-by if I get into a corner. But if, instead of 
 putting it where I can reach it any time for my sugar business, I venture it in 
 a silver mine in Utah, or in a beautiful bonanza spec, or in a railway that 
 don't yet exist, or in real estate— if I go on making profits in my sugar 
 business, all right ; but if I make losses, all wrong. Then I want my 
 half million, don't I? Well, if the silver mine don't pay, or is a 
 fraud, I can sing 'Wlioa, Emma,' but| I can't get that money to save 
 my sugar business. Just the same, if the lovely bonanza, or the railway, or 
 the real estate, don't turn out right so as to let me get my money back without 
 a loss. And if I get advice of some good-natured broker (who'll help me in 
 the matter for a trifle), and try a big stroke in Wall street with my half mil- 
 lion, some strict church-going Wall street sharks may be around, they get on 
 the scent, they give me and my stock a tumble, and the next Sunday they look 
 extra pious with my half million in their pocket, and I'm less resigned to the 
 will of the Lord without it. But it's gone forever from my sugar business. 
 Then if my business needs that half million, and there's a hole that that 
 half million ought to fill up, and I haven't got it, and I can't bon-ow it, 
 my first capital has got to go into that hole, and I go into it too. Have 
 I got any right then to cry out that I've been driven out of the business ? 
 Yes ; I've got a right to say I've been kicked out or dumped out, if I like, but 
 then I must say I kicked OY dumped myself out. I've no right to say that the 
 men who kept their business profits to meet the strain of falling markets or 
 any other hard strain drove me out. If I say they did, I lie, and I know I lie, 
 and that's all about that. " 
 
 " That's all very good, my worthy old friend," said the stranger," but I 
 have never seen it stated anywhere that the refiners who have left the business 
 these last years were forced out of it by the failure of any outside ventures 
 such as you talk of." 
 
 The old sugar man laughed. 
 
 "I beg your pardon, sir, for laughing," he said (stretching out his hand for 
 a well colored clay pipe which lay on the table, leisurely filling it with Dur- 
 ham, and lighting it); "but that sounded to me real innocent. Of course if a 
 man's got a chance of making people think he's a martyr, he's not going to 
 prove to everybody that he's an ass. Xot likely! It is more consoling to a 
 man who has thrown his chances away to hear people call him the victim of a 
 monopoly than to see them point at him as a fool. " 
 
 "But, do you think,"' said the sallow looking man, "that you could 
 actually point out any such men among the refiners who have gone out of 
 business within the last seven years?" 
 
 "Yes, I certainly could," replied old Kraft, "and they could not deny the 
 truth of what I said. But there would be a better way of proving it than 
 through me. When a man bursts up, he chooses an assignee. This gentle- 
 man can tell how the money has gone. Inquire in New York who have been 
 
9 
 
 the assignees for the 'poai' victims' who say they have been driven out of the 
 refining business, and asli them what drove these victims out; they will tell 
 you that not one single refiner or refining company, who kept pace icith modern 
 improved methods of refining, and supplied the public with what the public rcanted, 
 was ever driven out of the business by any competition whatever. They will 
 tell you it came from other causes. " 
 
 " But how could honest refiners compete with dishonest ones, who adulter- 
 ated their sugars and were thus able to undersell the honest refiners and drive 
 them out of business ? " asked the olive-tinted man. 
 
 " Have you any more time to spare ? " said old Ludwig. ' 
 
 "I'll make time, for you talk clear and straight," said the Cuban, lighting 
 another cigar, "and although I may think you are in the wrong, still I believe 
 you are honest and want to hear all you have to say." 
 
 "Well then," quoth Ludwig, " I can't ride two horses at the same time 
 with one saddle. I'm riding ' Driven-out-of-the-Business ' at present. He's 
 fearful rickety, and your party have made him a very strong horse. I'll show 
 you what a darned old roarer he is— I'll ride him 'till he'll want to walk, 
 walk him to a standstill, and then you'll see him lie down. Then try and get 
 him on his legs again if you can. Then I'll trot out his stable companion 
 ' Adulteration ' (next best favorite to "Fraud " with the Cuban party) and I'll 
 show you the worst splintered, spavined old knacker you ever clapped 
 eyes on." 
 
 The serious, sallow-faced man could not restrain a laugh at the old man's 
 odd way of saying things. "Go on," said the Cuban, "keep your seat on 
 'Driven-out-of-the-Business,' but you must let me use the whip, and then take 
 cafe he doesn't throw you over his head! " 
 
 "He never had a kick in him," replied old Ludwig ; "but you let me go on, 
 and if you want to know anything I don't touch, you just say so, that's all." 
 
 " Well," said the olive man, "do you know any that have left the busi- 
 ness for other causes V" 
 
 "Yes ; I know at least one big firm that's gone out because they put nearly 
 all the money they had in bricks and mortar and machinery. Then they had 
 to get sugar to refine. As long as the importers would let them have raw 
 sugar to refine and give them four months' credit, they had time to sell their 
 refined sugar, get their money for it, and pay the importers for the raw 
 stuff. So long things went all right. But as soon as the importers and the 
 banks refused to give them credit, they couldn't get their raw sugars, and they 
 were like a tailor without cloth : he might have needles, thread, shears, etc., 
 but without cloth he couldn't make any clothes. So they couldn' refine sugar 
 without the sugar to refine, and out they went." 
 
 " But if they were paying straight along why wouldn't the importers and 
 banks give them credit ?" asked the Cuban, whose curiosity was now thor- 
 oughly aroused. 
 
 "Ah ! now we're getting to the milk in the cocoanut," said old Kraft, his 
 bright gray eye fixed full on that of the Cuban, " did ever you hear of the 
 monkey that set a trap for the cat '?". 
 
 "No," replied the olive man. 
 
 ' It's a short story," said Ludwig. " The cat had been in the house many 
 
 « 
 
10 
 
 a year, and the monkey was a new comer. He got jealous because Puss was 
 a favorite. So he thought that if lie killed the old gray parrot the cat would 
 be blamed for it and drowned. One night, therefore, he sneaked up to Polly's 
 cage and gently put in his paw. No sooner had it touched Polly than she 
 seized it in one of her powerful claws, set up a squawk that brought the 
 whole house in, and Mr Monkey was knocked on the bead. He had to go 
 out of business at once. In fact, he drone himself out." 
 
 "Now let us liear you apply your fwble," said the Cuban. 
 
 " Nothing simpler in the world. One fine morning some of tlie largest of 
 tbe refiners found out that others, jealous of them, and wishing to force them 
 to the wall, had been around spreading the report that they were on the point 
 ,of bankruptc}-. This immediatelj' affected their credit to such an extent that 
 the importers and the bankers would no longer take their notes. As the refin- 
 ers who were attacked in this mean, unmanly fashion were men of ])lenty of 
 reserve capital, they simply had to fall back upon that and suffered very little 
 inconvenience. 'But the importers and bankers said to themselves, 'Well, if 
 the notes of the strongest firms in the business are not safe, certainly the notes 
 of the weakest firms must be a good deal less safe. So they refused right out 
 to take their paper at all. and as these men had no sufficient reserve to fall 
 back upon, they went to the wall instead of the men the}' wanted to ruin. I 
 was the old story of the biter bit, or the cat and the monkey. Who drove 
 these men out of the business, I should like to know ?" 
 
 " Why, if that is the case, they certainly drove themselves out. But you don't 
 mean to te 1 me that there are men in New York wlio tried any such assassin- 
 like work on men simply engaged in lionorable competition with them ?" • 
 
 " I do mean to say so. and these ver}' men are quite as well aware of it as I am 
 to day," said Ludwig, knocking the ashes out of his pipe, "and the importers and 
 bankers to whom the reports were made are well aware of it, and are glad to- 
 day to have the business of the intended victims, and the men whom they wanted 
 to ruin are of cour.se well aware of it. Do scoundrels like these think that 
 when they have missed their mark, that an}'' one is going to walk about hugging 
 their miserable secret for them? Not a bit of it. All that kind of thing is well 
 known to every importer, banker and refiner in New York. I could mention 
 the names to ynu, and the men I would and will name dare not deny the truth 
 of what I say; too many can prove it." 
 
 Here Ludwig excused himself to me for whispering in company, leaned for- 
 ward, and said a few words to the Cuban, whose eyes at once looked as if they 
 would start out of tlii-ir sockets. 
 
 " ]\Iy God !" said he in the greatest amazement, "can those really be the men 
 you were speaking of ?" 
 
 " Those are the very men," said Papa Ludwig, dryly. "I told you your horse 
 ' Driven-out-of-the Bu^^iness' was only a poor devil of a thing after all. If 
 ever these men want to mount him again tell them to stretch a good stout band 
 under him, and get on him in his stall for their own fun (for after all thej-^must, 
 amonrj themmvcs. think these charges a good joke — really good liars enjoy one 
 another), but don't let them bring him out in public and put a man on him that 
 knows what a horse is; if they do ho will break down deader than the devil, 
 and everybody will laugh at them" 
 
11 
 
 Cuban — Does that end all you have to say on this point ? 
 
 LuDWiG — No; I have kept a good morsel for the last, so that these soreheaded 
 refiners and their Cuban backers may keep the taste of it in their mouth. I 
 suppose you will allow that I have a right to buy what I like as long as I can 
 and will pay for it ? 
 
 Cuban — Why, certainly, that is as clear as dayliuht. 
 
 LuDWiG — AVell, si-ppose I am a bootmaker, and j^ou want a pair of strong 
 calf-skin boots, and I tell you I will make you nothing but a pair of tine 
 French kid? "What would you do? 
 
 Cuban — I would call you a fool, and go somewhere else to buy my boots. 
 
 LuDwiG — And if I were a butcher, and you wanted beef and I insisted on 
 your taking lamb, what would you do then? 
 
 Cuban — Why, I'd let you go hang yourself, and go where I could get what 
 I wanted for my mone}^ 
 
 LuDWiG — Now, suppose I were a refiner, anrl you wanted soft sugars at 
 about six or seven cent-* a pound, and I told you that I only m;idc Jtard white 
 sugars at eight and a half or nine cents a pound, and that I wouldn't make any 
 otlier what woull you saj' to me? 
 
 Cuban — I would tell you to go to the devil, and would go where I could 
 get the yellow sugars I wanted. 
 
 LuDWiG — Well, that is just the cas-» with some of these soreheaded refiners. 
 Ten years ago, sixty per cent, of all the sugar consumed in the conn ry 
 was hard wldte sugar. Since then the jmhlic has felt the hard times, 
 and wants cheaper sugars, and now not more than about one-twellth of 
 all the sugar consumed is hard irliile ; the rest runs into the vaiious 
 grades of cheaper soft sugars. The people wanted these sugars and 
 would liavG them. Sensible refiners at once got ready to meet thu altered 
 circumstances and demand of the public. They altered their refineries, 
 sometimes at a cost greater than that of the original building, and they pro- 
 duced just what the people wanted. Some of the present soreheads paid no 
 attention to what the people wanted ; thej' went on producing nothing but 
 hard white sugars. As the consumption of these fell off fifty per cent., these 
 stubborn gentlemen were m ithout a market for a large share of the sugar they 
 were producing, and they had to sell it at a loss. It was simply a matter of 
 time how long they could stand it. At last they had to go out of business, 
 just like the bootmaker or the butcher would, of whom I spoke a minnte ago. 
 And now ])ecause their own fault has landed Ihem where they are, the}^ raise 
 a cry nnd say they have been driven out of the business. So they have, but 
 they have been driven out hi/ themselve.'^. 
 
 Now if you like we'll trot out the nag 'Adulteration.' 
 
 " I should like to go on," said the Cuban, " but ni}' time is up now, and I 
 must go and see my friend the edilo- of the 'Drone.' I'll hear what he has to 
 say in answer to wh;it you have said here to-night." 
 
 "You need not give yourself any trouble with him," said Papa Ludwig; "he 
 knows as much aboit the sugar question as a cow does about ironing shirt 
 bosoms. That poor devil only prints what he is paid for. However, ask him 
 if you lik", and when you're passing by, if you feel like talking sugar, we'll go 
 at it again." 
 
ADULTERATION. 
 
 We saw nothing of our Cuban friend for several days, and were about giv- 
 ing him up, when one Thursday evening, about the same time, he stopped at 
 the door. 
 
 "Hallo !" said Papa Ludwig, in his blunt way, "here we are again." 
 
 "Yes," said the Cuban ; "and since we last saw each other I have been 
 talking to a well-informed friend who tells me that many refiners have gone 
 out of the business because they would not adulterate their sugars, and they 
 could not sell as low as those who did, and, therefore, could not compete with 
 them. Besides this, he is informed that there are great frauds committed in 
 the weighing and sampling of sugars, and thus the dishonest refiners are able 
 to undersell the honest ones." 
 
 " And this is one of the reasons, is it," said Ludwig slyly, "why you Cubans 
 and the discontented importers want to protect the government ?" 
 
 " Certainly ; the revenue will be more easily and surely collected by what we 
 propose, and the people will get unadulterated sugars cheaper than they can 
 now." 
 
 "Why, really," said the old man, "it is almost too kind of the Cuban 
 planters and their friends to protect the American government and people 
 like this. Only, I never heard the government or the jDeople say they wanted 
 to be protected. I suppose it is the stupid notion they've got that they are 
 smart enough to take care of their own business, that has prevented them 
 from asking the Cubans to come here, and collect the sugar duty. Well, it is 
 real kind of the Cubans all the same. And I suppose the Cubans and their 
 friends don't expect to make any money by the job, do they ?" 
 
 The Cuban passed this cutting little speech by unnoticed, but lighted a 
 cigarette, and said, " Well, my friend, you tell me you have been in the re- 
 fining work forty years, now I should like to hear what you have to saj^ about 
 the adulteration of sugars." 
 
 " Certainly, certainly," said Ludwig, lighting his pipe ; " if you people are 
 going to protect Americans against adulteration, I've no doubt the Americans 
 would like to know what this adulteration is, and I say the whole story is a 
 damned lie from beginning to end." 
 
 [Unfortunately the old man let slip this awkward word, but some little allow- 
 ance must be made for his feelings, which are easily roused on this point.] 
 
 " Have these men told you any of the ways in which they say sugar is adul- 
 terated ? " 
 
 CuB.^VN — Yes ; they say it is adulterated with gluco-e and tin. They main- 
 tain that glucose, taken in any considerable quantities, is bad for the kidneys, 
 and of course tin must be destructive to the stomach. 
 
 Ludwig — Well, the ground is laid out clear in what you say, so for a minute 
 
13 
 
 or two we can put the glucose and tin on the shelf, and I'll take them down 
 and handle them for you when the time comes. Just now I want to say a 
 word about the refiners who say they would not adulterate, and have gone out 
 and left the field to the men who do adulterate. 
 
 CrrBAN — Well, what have you got to say about them? 
 
 LuDWiG — Let me ask you; do you think that men with large sums of money 
 in the sugar refining would have gone out of the business, and lost their money 
 without trying to save themselves by exposing the adulterators ? Do they 
 want the public to believe that all the refiners at present in business are rotnies 
 and that they have quietly let the rogues ruin them, and had no way of pre- 
 venting it ? 
 
 Cuban — How could they have prevented it ? 
 
 LuDwiG — By exposing the adulteration, to be sure. Do you think I would 
 let any man run me out of business by selling an adulterated article cheaper 
 than I sold my unadulterated one ? Not much ! Would you ? If you did 
 you must allow me to say you would be a fool, that is all. And you can bet 
 on it, these refiners were not so foolish as all that ! If you want to know how 
 they could find out whether the sugars were adulterated or not, I say that 
 there's the Board of Health expressly there for such purposes. Didn't they catch 
 the swill-milk men? And couldn't they catch the sugar refiners quite as easily? 
 Why do men talk such nonsense ? What does the government do with the 
 export sugar for which the refiners get the drawback {i. e. the import duty paid 
 on the raw article) ? Why it simply takes sample of all the sugar exported, 
 and if it thought the refiners were selling anything but sugar made (as the law 
 says, and as they are obliged to swear) " icholly from imported raw sugars 
 which have paid duty," it would just get them analyzed, and woe betide the 
 refiner who was caught taking the drawback for adulterated sugar ! 
 
 Cuban— Well, that's good as far as the exported sugar goes, but how about 
 the sugar consumed in the country ? 
 
 LuDWiG — All I've got to say is this : There is no use higgle-haggling about 
 the matter. Let these fellows either prove the adulteration or shut up. They 
 can do that at once if it exists. Let them send samples to the Board of Health ; 
 they will be analyzed. If there is any adulteration the Board of Health will 
 be down on the refiners just as they were on the swill-milk men. The Board 
 of Health is there to protect the public health. That's the way to talk. Be- 
 sides, the refiners have sworn and are ready to swear any day that they do not 
 adulterate their sugars. They put a warranty in each barrel they send out. 
 We men know they tell the truth, because we make the sugar, but, Heavens ! 
 how much more proof do you people want? 
 
 Cuban — Have you any other proof of what you say ? 
 
 LuDwiG— Certainly ; why here's what Professor Chandler, the Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Health, says— of course you know that he 
 is one of the greatest chemists in the country^: "The adulteration of 
 refined sugar and syrup has often been alleged. The idea is veiy preva- 
 lent that marble-dust is added to powdered sugar, and that poisonous 
 metals are used in the refineries and left in the sugars. Ihere is na foundation 
 whatever for this belief. The writer has examined a great number and variety 
 of sugars sold at retail in New York, and Jias never found an adulterated or 
 
14 
 
 umchole^ome specimen. A similar idea is entertained with regard to syrup. The 
 only foundation for this is the fact that (1) one or two liouses prepare a syrup 
 by combining sugar-house molasses with glucose syrup prepared from Indian 
 corn, which is entirehj harmless; and (2) some refiners have used minnts 
 quantities of a tin salt and free acid to improve the color of syrup, but the 
 quantities employed were too small to gite any cause for alarm. (3) The fact 
 that the coffee sugars and yellow sugars and the syrup often produce an inky 
 color with tea has been supposed by many to indicate adulieration. But this 
 is due to the prcieuce of a very small quantity of iron, which is dissolved by 
 the sugar solutions from the tanks, blow-ups and tubes of the factory or 
 refinery, and is entirely tinoljectionaUe, perhups usejnl." 
 
 Well now, one would think that ougiit to be enough to shut the mouths of 
 these slanderers. Why the sugars are so g'toci, and their color is so clear and 
 fine, that even the grocers don't seem to be able to get anything to adulterate 
 them with before they retail tlicm. 
 
 Cuban — That evidence is very strong, indeed it is quite striking. I must 
 say I thought there was more ground for these charges. 
 LuDWiG— Well, I should think it w.is striking. 
 
 Cuban— So far so good ; but how about the adulteration of sugars with 
 glucose ? 
 
 LuDwiG — Just so. That's the word these men have been trying to frighten 
 the people with. I could terrify them if I said that sugar was ad ul crated with 
 hokey-iiokey-winkey-wum. You can frighten them with anything. The pub- 
 lic in such matters is nothing but a great big baby. This terrib e glucose is 
 simply a sweet extract made from corn or potatoes or anything that contains it, 
 just as corn starch is, or sago, or maccaroni or vermicelli. It is just as harm- 
 less as flour or potatoes, or one of my old woman's curtain lectures about lager 
 and klimmel. The only question dbout gluco.se, as far as sugar goes, is one of • 
 fact. Do the refiners use it in making their sugars or do they not ? They say 
 they do not. They are ready to swear they do not. They are, as I said, sending 
 out with every barrel of their sugars a warranty that no adulterating substance 
 whatever is used in refining them. And I should think this is enough against 
 the unsupported sayso of men whose known and avowed object is to rum the 
 refiners and throw all us men out of work. 
 
 Cuban — That is a fair, square argument ; but, now then, how about the 
 adulteration of refined sugars with tin ? 
 
 LuDwiG — Ha ! ha ! ha ! So you've got a tin-lined stomach, have you ? How 
 does it feel ? A wee bit cold, doesn't it, when it's freezing ? It must work a. 
 little stiff too, when you stoop to tie your shoes? Ha, ha ! But then it must be 
 good another way. You won't Lave any more gripes. I suppose you believers 
 in this tin business don't ask one another any longer, how's your health ? but, 
 'Well, old boy. how's your kettle, or, how's your frying-pan ?" 
 
 Cuban — The joke is good enough, but I've read the evidence given before 
 the Sub-Committee of Ways and Means by a gentleman who said mott dis- 
 tinctly that tin is used to adulterate sugar. 
 
 LcDwiG — Well, perhaps he owns the tin process, and he certainly ought to 
 know whether his firm used tin or not. But then the question is, how they 
 and other refiners used it, and in what quantities and for what purpose. I 
 
15 
 
 must say I was really astonished at his evidence. It reads just as if tin was 
 put into suL:ar to make it weigh more. And I have no doubt a good many 
 innocent people really think that is so. But just listen to me for a minute and . 
 you'll see liow nicely we will take the tin coating off his stomach, and the tin 
 oil" his brain, too, for his evidence shows lie's got tin on the brain. Just for 
 a joke I asked Dr. Pe^tel, round the corner, how he'd call the disease if a man's 
 brain Avas inflamed with tin. He said it would be called this [Ludwig hands 
 the Cuban a slip of papei]. 
 
 Cuban — (reading) Cerebral Cansiteritls — That is a prettj^ good name for the 
 disease too. Well, I suppose if he has a tin stomach and tin on the brain, one 
 must at least allow that he is always on his metal. 
 
 LuDwiG— (who does not sec the joke) Well, there is only just this little 
 difficulty about adulterating sugar with tin, that tin costs about three times as 
 i.nich per pound as ordinary refined sugar, and more than twice as mucli as the 
 best hard white refined sugar. Do you know what would be the case if su^ar 
 was adulterated with tin ? 
 
 CuB.^N— What ? 
 
 Ludwig— Wiiy the metal brokers would at once buy up every pound of re- 
 fined sugar in the market, and get the tin out of it. They would get three 
 time.^ as much per pound as they were paying for it. They would hu"- the 
 life out of the refiners from sheer gratitude, and when the refiners had bought 
 tin at 34 cents a pound, and sold it long enough at seven or eight cents in their 
 sugar, they'd cry Whoa ! Emma! make a bow to the public, and go into the 
 metal business themselves to get back their money. Oh ! yes, this tin busi- 
 ness would be mighty profitable ! 
 
 (Here the Cuban had to laugh in .spite of himself. The argument was simply 
 unanswerable, and the way it was put irresistible.) 
 
 Cuban — But seriously, don't the refiners use tin in some way in their 
 sugars ? 
 
 Ludwig— Certamly not ; nor ever did in their sugars. Some years ago, as 
 you read in Chandler's statement, they used a very rainnte and harmless quan- 
 tity of a salt of tin to clear syrup and give it that very light color the people 
 liked so much, but it was never used at all in the refining of sugars. And I 
 know of my own knowledge, that for the last ten or eleven years it hasn't 
 been used even for clearing syrup in the biggest refineries in this country. 
 Tanners use a certain quantity of vitriol in tanning their leather. That doesn't 
 make me afraid that the tanned leather will burn my feet off. People actually 
 take chemical forms of iron to improve the blood. That does not make them 
 afraid that some fine morning they'll wake up and find themselves turned into 
 gas mains. This charge, besides being false, as far as sugar is concerned, is 
 altogether too ridiculous. People are not all idiots, and he seemed to forget 
 this. 
 
 Cuban— I suppose that's all you have to say about the adulteration ques- 
 tion, isn't it? 
 
 Ludwig— Your Cuban people who pull the wires, and make these men in 
 New York talk, got them to tell the people of the United States that thej 
 were being cheated wnd poisoned by the adulteration of sugars. Consequently 
 the Cubans kindly offered pure, unadulterated sugaTS— if the government would 
 
16 
 
 make the duty on all sugars up to No. Id, two and a Imlf cents a pound. By tMs you 
 Cubans and your party here said you were going to save the stomachs of the 
 people. We will see later what is hidden under this great kindness that no- 
 body wants. But you must let me say this. Your reason for making the offer 
 was that the refiners' sugars are adulterated. Let me talk plain. I have 
 proved this charge of adulteration to be a point blank lie. I say now the men 
 who made that charge against the great refiners, witJiout their names (in what- 
 ever way they got it into the press), knew that charge was a lie when they 
 made it: I say they framed that lie so as to influence the American people 
 and through them the United States' Congress. I have proved that charge to 
 be a lie. When you dig the foundation from under a building, the building 
 comes down. Your adulteration foundation is gone, and the building on it, 
 the tin stomach affair, and the glucose nonsense, is smashed to pieces. So as 
 the people were neither being cheated nor poisoned, and your Cuban party 
 knew this, when the lie was set going, this could not have been the reason of 
 your most unselfish, generous offer. I think before we finish we shall find out 
 what that reason is. When the people of the United States come to know the 
 real reason, I don't think you'll find them in quite so good a temper with your 
 Cuban party as they would like; however time will tell. 
 
 The'Cuban muttered a few words in Spanish, lighted a cigarette, bade Lud- 
 wig a curt good night, and was soon out of sight. 
 
THE GREAT FRAUD QUESTI0>4. 
 
 Kraft was afraid that his Cuban friend would not come any more. And, in- 
 deed, more than a week elapsed from the time of their last conversation before 
 he again put in an appearance. At last he came one evening earlier than usual, 
 and, after a pleasant greeting, said to Kraft. 
 
 Cuban — I must say I was a good deal annoyed when I went, in New York, 
 to the men who had talked so much about adulteration tome, to find that they 
 could not prove what they said. I mentioned the names of all the great sugar 
 refining firms, one after the other, and asked them whether they dared accuse 
 either of those firms nngly and !q)ecifically with adulterating their sugars. This 
 they would not do, but still said that they were sure adulteration must be car- 
 ried on. Of cour e charges like that amount to nothing. 
 
 LuDwiG — Then don't you think the men who are constantly making them in 
 the newspapers, under such names as "Sugar," "Treacle," "Molasses" and 
 what not, are a pack of arrant cowards and tricky knaves ? 
 
 CuB.xN — Yes, I do ! but really the question of adulteration doesn't concern 
 us ; it is a family fight. 
 
 LuDWiG— That's pretty good ! It doesn't concern you. Oh, yes, it docs. 
 Your jiarty are l)acking up the ciy as hard as they can for their own ends, 
 which we talked over the last time you were here. Any cry, true or lalse, is 
 good enough for them if it only serves their purpose. However, I think I 
 settled the charge itself with you last time, and I need not say anything more 
 about it. But only just let them come into the daylight like men, and make 
 their charges in tlieirown name, against any one— any number of refiners hy 
 name — and they'll soon find out to their cost whether or not their refined sugars 
 are adulterated. 
 
 Cur..\N — Well, enough about that. Now comes perhaps the biggest question 
 of Ihe lot, namely that of Fraud. You know that it was stated in evidence 
 that great frauds were committed upon the Treasury in the imi)ortanMn of 
 raw suirars. This was stated by Cuban planters and their agenl.<, who said 
 that as l)ng as the present system of levying duty according to the color of 
 sugars existed, it would be impossible for the government to pmperly collect 
 the duty upon them. They say that it would end the <lilficulty if the govern- 
 ment would tax all sugars (up to grade No. Ifi) at the uniform rate of ticoanda 
 7ialfcenis per pound. Then the customs officers would simply have to weigh 
 the sugar, and there would be an end of die dillicu ty. 
 
 LcDWiG— If, as you say, this is the biggest que-tion of the lot (althoiigh I 
 don't think so mysc-lf), we will set about it so as not to leave one bit cf it un- 
 touched. When \ou see the hands of a watch move, and y u want to know 
 what moves them. }ou take the watch to pieces, bit by bit ; you .«ee how one 
 wheel acts on another, how the chain and the main-spring act on the wheels. 
 
18 
 
 and at last you come to a part of the works, and you can say " this is what 
 moves those hands." That is how we will set about this fraud question. This 
 gentleman here says he is going to have our talk printed. Well, when it is I 
 want to hear as soon as possible from the croakers who have been crying fraud, 
 fraud ! 
 
 Cuban — Your idea is a good one. Where would you begin. 
 
 LuDWiG — I would first clear the ground, so as to know exactly what the 
 fight was going to turn upon. If these people that cry fraud mean frauds that 
 may have taken place years ago, I say there is no use talking about them now. 
 If necessary, I am able to take that up too. If these men are aware of ^as^ 
 frauds, there is nothing more simple than to give their evidence to the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury ; if that evidence is true, Mr. Sherman will make the de- 
 frauders dance to their music. It is not too late for that kind of sport. But 
 if they want to change the present tariff, because of frauds which they say it 
 is impossible or very difficult for the government to detect, they must not go 
 back five, ten or twenty years to look for frauds; they must prove them to be 
 actual, present frauds, from which the United States Treasury is now suffering, 
 and they must make out a clear case that under the '[/resent system it is next to 
 impossible or highly difficult for the government to detect or to prevent these 
 frauds. That's the real business-like way of setting to work, and I should 
 like to hear what your side have to say about it. 
 
 Cuban — They say that the present system of taxing sugars renders it easy 
 for importers and for those refiners who import ^some of their own sugars ta 
 defraud the revenue. 
 
 LuDWiG — The people who say this are the sorehead refiners (the poor, dear 
 driven-out-of-the-bnsiness men) and some importers who are agents for Cuban 
 houses. Let me ask you a fair question. Do you think that if the refiners 
 had never imported a cargo of sugar themselves directly, but had bought all tlieir 
 sugars from these middlemen or importers, you would ever have heard a word 
 about fraud from any importer in New York ? 
 
 Cuban — No, I do not think we should. 
 
 LuDWiG — You bear that question I have just asked you in your mind. I 
 shall have something to say about that by-and-by. That is one of the springs 
 of the watch, the hands of which point to the only two figures on the face — 
 refiners and fraud. Your party made the watch, and shouted out to the pub- 
 lic to come and take their sugar time from it. I'm going to pull it to pieces 
 for you, and show you the springs. Now if frauds are committed, they can't 
 commit themselves, like the drunken police justice did, they must be com- 
 mitted by some person or persons. Can your party lay their hand on any re- 
 finer or refiners and say: " On such a day this man or these men defrauded 
 the government in the duty paid on such a cargo, by such a vessel, in such 
 and such a way ? " 
 
 Cuban — No they don't pretend exactly to do that, but they do say that the 
 government can be, and is, defrauded in the sampling and weighing of sugars. 
 
 LuDwiG — Of course that can only happen in the case of sugars imported by 
 the refiners whom they attack ; there can't be any chance of .' uch frauds in 
 the case of the sugars these men import themselves. 
 
 Cuban — I suppose it can and doe 5 happen in the case of all imported sugars. 
 
19 
 
 Lttdwig — Then these men must be as guilty as the men they accuse. And 
 <lo you think I or any other man am simple enough to believe the govern- 
 ment is going to let that happen and not find it out V Let us take the samp- 
 ling first. 
 
 Cuban — Well, it is certainly difficult to tell exactly what a cargo of sugars 
 is by sampling, especially in hogsheads. Sometimes there are three different 
 colors in one hogshead, and it is almost impossible to sample it so as to get the 
 average color. 
 
 LuDVv^iG — Well, even supposing it is difficult, the government doesn't 
 leave the sampling to the refiners The government doesn't complain about 
 the difficulty. It gets ^35,000,000 a year out of sugar duties, and can well 
 afford to pay men well posted in Mie business to do the work. But I deny 
 that it is anything like as difficult as your party state. I can find plenty of 
 men in the sugar business who can tell the duty a sugar ought to pay, by look- 
 ing at an invoice very nearly as well as the government samplers with all the 
 trouble they take. So it can't be so difficult a job after all. 
 
 Cuban — But the sampler can take foots (the bottom sugar in a hogshead, 
 discolored by the infiltration of the syrup from the top and middle of the hogs- 
 Jiead) and give that as the average sample of the cargo. 
 
 LuDWiG — Certainly ; isn't it beautifully simple. And it is just as beautifully 
 simple that one-tenth of the whole cargo must remain in the charge of the 
 government just as long as the government chooses, and that it can be sam- 
 pled over and over again at any time the government thinks proper. It is 
 just as beautifully simple that the samples have to be exposed in a public room 
 in the Custom House, open to every importer and merchant in the city ; that 
 the classification of the sugar has to be placed upon it with the date of 
 importation, the name of the vessel, name of the consignee, and the name of the 
 sampler, etc. Do you think that with the sampler's classification of that sugar 
 under their eyes, and one-tenth of the cargo open to the authorities to re-sample, 
 they could not at once detect fraud in the sampler ? The idea is absurd. 
 
 Cuban — Why is it absurd ? 
 
 LuDWiG — You were reading to me the evidence given before the Sub- 
 Committee. If you have read the sworn evidence of the Appraiser of the 
 Port of New York you need not have asked your question. Why, the sampler 
 is under examiners who scrutinize his sampling ; his name is put in the public 
 room (open to everybody) on every sugar he has sampled. Competition is too 
 keen in the business for one merchant or importer to allow another to get an 
 unfair advantage of him. Any sampler who did what you suppose could not 
 hold his position a week. Besides, what would be the object of his sampling 
 wrong ? 
 
 Cuban — He might be bribed. 
 
 LuDwiG — Oh, yes, very likely. As the samplers are continually changed 
 round, the bribing importer or refiuer would have to stand in with all the sam- 
 plers. Kow these men known that competing and hostile firms, like those of 
 your party would pay ten times as much for the information of such bribery 
 as any importer or refiner would give them to undersample sugar. Do you 
 imagine that, outside the question of personal honor, any great firm, with mil- 
 lions invested in the business are going to be such geese as to put themselves 
 
20 
 
 into the power of a mere sampler ? The idea is altogether too tlain. Anyone 
 that wants to convince himself of the nonsense of these statements has 
 only to read Silas B. Butcher's sworn testimony before the Sub-Committee of 
 Ways and Means. If that v.-on't settle the question for him, nothing in the 
 world will. Have you read it ? 
 
 Cuban — Not all. 
 
 LuDwiG — Then let me recommend you to read it carefully, and you will see 
 what a tough job any importer or refiner would have who tried to defrandthe 
 revenue in the sampling. Here are specimens of the testimony. 
 
 Chairman— Have yon thought it strange that notwithstanding these public statements of 
 fraud, &c., that your attention had not been called, you being the official in charge of sugar, to 
 gpecific cases ? 
 
 Mr. DuTCHER— Yes, sir. I have thought it strange, because I thought that if there was any 
 large measure of fraud, there would be specific cases they would call to attt-ntion. 
 
 Chairman— What foundation is there for these constant and frequent accusations involving 
 the reputation of pretty much all the sugar importation interest of New York ? 
 
 Mr. DuTCUER— There is none. 
 
 Q. Do you feel that you are in a position officially to judge as to the evasions of the tariff 
 whether there is any more of it in sugars than in anything else ? 
 
 A. I don't believe there is. 
 
 Q. Do you think there is any difference between the difficulties of ascertaining foreign valua- 
 tions which you have upon gloves and upon silks and upon articles that pay an ad valorem duty; 
 do yon think that there is any more difficulty with the present mode of determining duties upon 
 sugar in getting accuracy about it, than upon these three articles that I have mentioned ? 
 
 A. No, sir; I do not. Possibly there should be one qualilication there with regard to sugars 
 of very high quality that are low in color— sugars of high grade as to quality, but made low in 
 color— in other words these sugars that are charged as being artificially colored— there might 
 come in a question which would involve a discussion of that question. That is in proportion 
 to the value of the sugar, the equities of the case, or the duty is not properly a duty according 
 to value, it is far from an ad valorem duty. Of course the duty is specific, so many cents a 
 pound, but a pound of sugar of high grade, of real intrinsic value, showing a high degree of 
 saccharine matter, will come in at the same rate of duty as the low grade of sugar showing a 
 much less degree of saccharine matter. 
 
 LuDWiG — I should think such a statement as that, taken with what I have 
 said before, would be nearly sufficient for everybody. If not, so much the 
 worse for their brains. But I repeat again, these gentlemen need not be anx- 
 ious about the government; it is quite able to look after the revenue without 
 them; it is perfectly satisfied with the way the system works. I say again 
 that if the refiners had never imported a cargo of sugar direct themselves, but 
 had taken it from the importers, there would never have been a single word 
 about frauds from the importers, and everything would have worked as 
 smooth as a glove. Now your Cuban friends ouglit to have looked at home 
 before they began to throw stones. They are about the only men who are de- 
 frauding the revenue. They are coloring down their high grade sugars with 
 caramel, and getting them in at a low rate of duty, and are the only men who 
 are doing anything of the sort. And it is precisely to you Cubans who are 
 doing this sort of thing that Mr. Dutcher refers in that last statement of his. 
 Then there is another nice little point you Cubans have kept out of sight. You 
 want all sugars up to No. 16 taxtd 2| cents per pound. Beyond No. 16 you 
 are willing to have them taxed 5 cents per pound. As the duty stands now, 
 even if I succeed in passing a No. 10 as a No. 7, or a No. 13 as a No. 10, the 
 government can only Icse 30 cents per 100 pounds. But it you Cubans have a- 
 
21 
 
 duty of $2.50 per 100 pounds up to No. 16, and make No. 17 and upwards pay 
 $5 per 100 pounds; by passing a No. 17 as a No. IG you cheat the government 
 out of $2.50, that is 30 cents eight times over, or 800 per cent, more than any 
 any one can defraud it now Now it would be impossible to get a No. 10 
 sampled and classified as a No. 7— the difference in color is too great— but it 
 would be easy to get a No 17 sampled and classified as a No. 16. So your 
 tariff would not only enable you to cheatthe government out of eight times as 
 much as any one could (to suppose the impos.sible) defraud it of now, but it 
 would enable you to do it much more easily. But then you Cubans are such 
 good boys that you would never take advantageof sucli a gaping, wide-open 
 door, to walk into the United States Treasury and help yourselves. Oh! dear 
 me, no! Not at all! 
 
 [Here I regret to say old Ludwig made an extraordinary grimace, by shutting 
 his left eye, drawing his chin round almost under his left ear, and placing the 
 tip of his forefinger against the right side of his nose in a most significant 
 manner.] 
 
 The Cuban didn't seem to like the complexion the argument was taking, 
 and at once jumped into the scales. 
 
 Cuban — And how about the weighing ? 
 
 LuowiG — There is no use talking about that. Your party know that what- 
 ever the tariff is, that sugar will have to be weighed just as it is now. They 
 can make no point upon this, so they don't attempt to. If the government 
 can't do such a simple thing as look after its weighers, it is time for it to give 
 up business. Now let me overhaul what we have been saying. The Cuban 
 party want the government to change the tariff: first, because they say there 
 are great sugar frauds. This I have proved to be false. Second, because it is 
 difficult to sample the sutrars. This objection I have proved childish. And 
 having proved so much, I now say that the Cuban party and their friends in 
 New York must have had som^ other reason for wanting the tariff changed. It 
 would be simple impudence of them to say to the government: Change your 
 laws, because you are being cheated. That would be like saying: You are a 
 big fool, you can't take care of your interests; set about the thing in our way. 
 Oh, no! the real reason has yet to come why these good Cubans are so anxious 
 for the welfare of the United States Treasury. 
 
 Cuban — Well, so much for that; what else ? 
 
 Ludwig — You Cuban gentlemen think you are exceedingly smart. You 
 get your stupid stories about glucose and tin and fraud put into the 
 newspapers, but you don't give the press the real news, which would 
 show what you are aiming at. Oh, no! that would not suit you. That 
 is kept a dead secret; at least you think it is. But we workingmen have 
 got our eyes and ears open. I have been waiting to see in your favor- 
 ite papers your latest moves. But not one word. Well, I can tell you 
 what you have been doing. You have formed a permanent organization 
 to carry your scheme through Congress. You are working underhand 
 like beavers. One of your head men said the other day that you were ready 
 to spend a quarter of a million of dollars at once to carry through your scheme, 
 and its success would be vary cheap to you at the money. Then you have made so 
 cock-sure that you are going to carry it, that you have already subscribed nearly 
 
22 
 
 a million for the building of pioneer refineries in Cuba, as the alteration of the 
 law, of which you are so sure, will give you the refining business and take it 
 away from us. You buy the press right and left wherever you can, even to the 
 miserable little "Drone" we have here. And now, sir, perhaps you would 
 allow me to ask you a question or two. Of course this extra refining done 
 in Cuba would make the Cuban planters a great deal richer ?" 
 
 Cuban — Yes ; I suppose it would increase their incomes considerably. ■ ; 
 
 LuDWiG — And a good many more men under them would find work and 
 get good wages, wouldn't they ? 
 
 Cuban — I don't think it would alter the labor market in Cuba much. 
 
 LuDwiG — What ! work representing $17,000,000 a year not improve the 
 labor market and give the men better wages ? Why not ? 
 
 Cuban — Because all the work done on our plantations is done by slaves. 
 
 " By slaves !" echoed the old man. " Ah ! " and drawing a long breath, he 
 ooked at the floor for a minute or two in silence. He then looked steadily 
 into the eyes of the olive man, and said : 
 
 " Friend, do you know why the North fought that war from 1860 'till 1864 
 against her own flesh and blood, sacrificed half a million of men, and spent 
 four thousand millions of dollars ? Do you know why nearly every third or 
 fourth family here in the North lost one, perhaps more, of its boys in that 
 war ? If you don't, I'll tell you. It was to kill slavery. And you Cubans 
 and your New York agents think Congress is going to pass a law to take 
 the bread out of the mouths of American citizens to enrich your Cuban slave- 
 holders, without even doing any good to the poor wretclies you drive on your 
 plantations. Well, now, you just wait until Congress does that. When it 
 does, you run up that million dollar refinery in Cuba, but until then just advise 
 your friends not to buy the bricks !" 
 
 Cuban — My good friend, I can't see any objection to our using slaves if we 
 can get them. 
 
 LuDwiG — No, I suppose you can't, but we can ; that's the difference ; and 
 your slave labor is not going to destroy our free labor, you can just bet your 
 life on it. There is a good deal more to be said on this matter, but I think I 
 have said enough to show you Cubans that we workingmen have got our 
 eyes on you, and that you have a good deal more to tackle in this fight than 
 a few refiners. 
 
WHY THE CUBANS AND THEIR AGENTS, SOME NEW YORK 
 IMPORTERS, WANT A UNIFORM DUTY OF 2i CENTS PER 
 POUND ON ALL SUGARS UP TO GRADE NO. 16 DUTCH 
 STANDARD 
 
 Before giving this final conversation between Ludwig Kraft and the Cuban, 
 it will be as well to give such explanations as will enable the reader fully to 
 understand the matter in question. 
 
 1. All sugars are divided into grades; each grade being numbered thus: 7, 
 8, 10, 13 and so on. 
 
 2. All grades of sugar are distinguished one from the other by the lighter 
 or darker color of the sugar. The lighter the color the higher the grade. The 
 darker the color the lower the grade. 
 
 3. The standard of color adopted in the United States is that laid down by 
 the Dutch (Holland) government, and issued by it. This standard of color is 
 revised every two years. 
 
 4. Sugars are, therefore, classified as being such and such a No., Dutch 
 Standard. 
 
 5. According to this Dutch Standard, the duties levied upon sugars are as 
 follows : the supposed cost in Cuba and the percentage of that cost represented 
 by the duty are also given. 
 
 Cost in Cuba. Duty. Percentage of 
 
 Cents per Pound. Cents per Pound. Value Represented by 
 
 Duty. 
 
 Melado 2.75 1.87 68 per cent.. 
 
 No. 7- 3.25 2.187 63 " " 
 
 No. 10 3.75 2.50 66 " " 
 
 No. 13 4.00 2.88 70 " " 
 
 The above explanations and figures are given, because during the conversa- 
 tion both Kraft and the Cuban had the books from which they are taken. 
 
 Kraft — Now, perhaps, my friend, you would state what your Cuban party 
 and these importers want. But we must not have any talk about adulteration 
 or fraud mixed up with this question. I think I have pretty well exploded 
 that. 
 
 Cuban — We want a uniform, or, if you choose, a specific duty of 2^ cents 
 per pound on all grades of sugar up to No. 16 Dutch Standard, and we say 
 that if the duty were so levied, that the people of the United States would get 
 better sugar, and get it cheaper. 
 
 Ludwig — Well, come, that is something like talk at last. I notice you don't 
 Bay anything about the immense advantages this would at once give your half- 
 
24 
 
 refined high grade sugars over the low grade raw sugars imported here. But 
 I think we huil better seltle that fir<t and then we will see how mu'h better 
 and cheaper the sugars would be {that you would give tJie people) than what they 
 
 are getting now. 
 
 Just look at the following table: 
 Supposed Cost 
 
 No. 16- 
 No. 13- 
 No. 10- 
 No. 7- 
 Melado 
 
 of Snjiiir at Place of 
 Production. 
 
 .-Per lb. 5i cents, 
 
 ti t I A it 
 
 .. " " 3f " .. 
 .. " " Sir " -. 
 -- " " 2| " .. 
 
 Duty Paid. 
 
 Percentagp of 
 Value Absorbed by 
 Duty. 
 
 -2^ cents 45^ per 
 
 .2^ " 62i " 
 
 -2i " 66 " 
 
 .2i " 77 " 
 
 _2i " _-.91 " 
 
 cent. 
 
 You see from that table, that wich a uniform duty of 2^ cents for all 
 sugar, your highest grade of sugar piys only 45 J per cent, duty, and that the 
 lowest grade imported here ■'ays 91 per cent. Even if you make the duty 
 uniform up to the 16th, the case is still the same. That is 45^ per cent, against 
 the poor man in favor of the rich, right from the start. Suppose the sugar and 
 the duty to be represented by balls; the duty you pay on your Cuban sugar 
 compared with the sugar itself would be a little ball, so: 
 
 The duty paid «-n the lowest grade sugar imported by the refiners would be 
 a ball nearly as big as the sugar itself, thus : 
 
25 
 
 LuDwiG— It certainly is very kind of you to yourselves to ask for that 
 advantage at the start. 
 Cur.AN— But then our sugars can go to the table at once and won't need 
 
 refining. 
 
 LuDwm— Dear me, how considerate you are ; Yes, I suppose some of them 
 could. Your party and their New York agents are very tender about the peo- 
 ple's stomachs. You do not want them to eat our refined sugars because you 
 say they are adulterated, which I have proved to be a falsehood. And yet 
 you want to give them raw sugars, which are all full of the sugar mite. I 
 have a drawing of this interesting insect, which you Avill give the people for 
 nothing in their coffee and tea. Here it is: they call it the " Acarus Sacchari." 
 
 AcARUS Sacchari (Sugar Mite) Magnified. 
 
 You clever men, when you were talking about adulterations, took good care 
 not to say that these animals are found in all raw sugar. Hassel says he found 
 them in almost every one of 100 samples of raw sugar, but none in refiend 
 S'/gar. He found some alive and some dead, and fragments of others, as well 
 as undeveloped eggs. In 15 grains of one sample he found over 100 living 
 Acari, or 43,000 to the paund. 
 
 And it is by selling stuff with that quantity of animals in it that you pro- 
 pose to give the people better sugar than the refiners, in whose sugar there are 
 none ! How kind you are ! 
 
 Cuban — I never heard anything of this before ! 
 
 LuDwiG — No doubt you didn't; but that dont' prevent the animals from 
 being there, as I know to my cost, and as the grocers used to know when they 
 handled raw sugars. Of course yon have heard of the grocer's itch? These 
 are the little fellows that cause it. You Cubans are just the men they like; 
 you don't interfere with them. Well, now, what sugars have you got that are 
 better than the best refined sugar here ? 
 
 Cuban— Well perhaps I was wrong in sajdng ;better sugars, but certainly 
 cheaper. 
 
 Ludwig — No ; they are not. The price at which you can give the people 
 your r.v.v sugars with the animals is too high. They want our refined 
 
26 
 
 sugars, without tlie animals, at lower prices, and they get them. Of course 
 this is hard on you Cubans. We can give the people the very best sugars 
 cheaper tlian you can, and we can give them lower grades of first-rate soft 
 yellow sugars, which suit the present hard times, and to which they have 
 taken a great liking, all the way from 6| cents to 1^^ cents. These sugars you 
 don't produce at all, and never could at the price, caai with your slave labor. 
 You people are very modest ! All you want the American refiner to do is to 
 buy your sugar at 7+ to 9 cents a pound, and spend his capital in redu- 
 cing it to refined sugar at 6J to 7 cents a pound. Very kind of you, indeed, as 
 the eel said lo the fish-hawk Avho was looking for a breakfast, and wanted him 
 to come to the top of the water. 
 
 Now then, I've proved to you : 
 
 1. That the driven-out-of-the-business cry is a sham and a pretence. 
 
 3. That the adulteration cry is a falsehood ; that the men that made it knew 
 i to be so ; that they dared not attack in the open day ; that no refiner could 
 
 ulterate without ruining himself. 
 
 3. That the fraud cry was as hollow as the adulteration cry ; that your 
 men would only be too glad to prove it, but could not ; and that they had an 
 object in making these two erics, viz., to set Congress and the people against 
 the refiners. 
 
 4. That your object in asking for a uniform 2^ cent duty is to fill your own 
 pockets, give the people sugar teemmg with animals and Cuban dirt, and 
 ruin the refiners. 
 
 5. That you can't give the people sugar either so good or so cheap as the 
 refiners, and that therefore your whole cry and pretensions are a hollow 
 money-making sham and fraud. 
 
 Turn over all this in your mind, and you can safely conclude that as soon as 
 Spain or Cuba will break up and ruin such an industry as that at home to 
 gratify us, so soon will the United Slates break up and ruin us and this im- 
 mense industry to gratify them and fill their pockets, hut not sooner. Good 
 night, my friend. 
 
 So saying, Ludwig lighted his pipe, drew his chair near the fire, gave me a 
 sly' wink and began looking over the election returns, being very anxious 
 about the workingmen's candidates. 
 
 I regret to say that since the night when Ludwig gave him the last dose we 
 have not seen our Cuban friend. 
 
[From The New York Staats Zeitung.] 
 
 A Refined Fight against the Sugar Refineries. 
 
 We publish to-day elsewhere an article upon the suirar ques- 
 tion, or to be more exact, upon the attempts which have been, 
 and are still being, made to ruin tlie American sugar industry. 
 This article is from the pen of a gentleman who seems to have 
 studied the subject thoroughly. The refining of raw sugar 
 occupies, as every one knows, an important place among the 
 industries of this country. It is claimed that ten thousand men, 
 chiefly Germans, have hitherto found work and bread in the 
 suirar reiinino; business.* 
 
 We invite all these, as well as the intelligent reader, to ponder 
 over the fact that o-reat dano-er is threatening this branch of in- 
 dustry, and that this danger can be warded off only by the 
 thorough enlightenment of public opinion upon this matter 
 before it is too late. The article above mentioned will be a very 
 material aid to this end, and to it we wish to-day to direct the 
 attention of the public. 
 
 The main strength of this industry is based upon the fact, 
 that the American sugar refiners are able to produce from low 
 grade and cheap classes of sugar an excellent article of con- 
 sumption; an article which, by reason of its very superior quality 
 and its cheapness is preferred to all other products of this kind 
 Consequently it is important to this industry, that it shall, as far 
 as possible, be able to import these classes of raw sugar unshackled 
 
 *NoTE. — But this by no means repieseuts the army of men dependent 
 upon sugar refining for a livelihood. The 20,000 liiinber cutters, stave trim- 
 mers and lioop-makers of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana, who prepare materials 
 for the sugar barrels, have to be taken into account. The 5,033 engaged in 
 coopering; the 2,500 constantly employed in making sugar refining machinery; 
 the men working at the animal charcoal (bone-bluclc) business, '60,000,000 lbs. 
 of which are used annually; the miners who work the o00,000 tons of coal 
 annually used in refineries; the railroad men required to load, unload, and 
 run the 30,000 cars of staves, &c., which come East; all these have to be 
 taken into account, and would represent from 50,000 to 00,000. These, with 
 the families dependent upon them, would, at a moderate estimate, make upa 
 total of some 150,000, all dependent on the sugar refining indudstry for their 
 daily bread. 
 
philanthropic slave-labor producers want a unifoi-m rate of duty 
 of 24- cents per pound on all these grades of sugar, by M'hich they 
 pimply aim at getting in their product at a percentage of not over 
 4:6fo of its home value, whilst all the low grade raw sugars 
 shall pay also 2^- cents per pound, or 72^^, and thus be excluded 
 from importation. This little arrangement proposed by the Cu- 
 ban slaveholders and their philanthropic American friends is, so 
 far as these people are concerned, all the more astute, as well as 
 the more intelligible, when one considers that they very probably 
 have lieavy mortgages on their plantations as well as upon their 
 movable property. 
 
 4. The refiners of the United States, who have brought their 
 industry to the highest state of perfection, need no protection and 
 ask for none. In fact, they wish to see sugar, both raw and re- 
 fined, on the free list. Bat tliey say : If the Government must 
 levy a duty upon sugar, the duty should be so fixed that the low- 
 grade sugars should pay no higher ad valorem duty than the high 
 grades. But if a specific tax of 2^ cents per pound is levied on 
 all grades of sugar up to No. 16, then this tax becomes a prohib- 
 itive one on the lower grades, which are bought abroad at '6\-^ 
 cents per pound, and refined in this country. This demand of 
 the refiners is so iust that one cannot see how Conoress can 
 deny it. 
 
 <5. Both Congress and the trade desire a specific duty upon 
 raw sugar. But this can be introduced with safety cmly if the so- 
 called Polariscope method of testing sugars be adopted, a method 
 which is now employed everywhere in Europe and the United 
 States for the testing of sugars. 
 
 We await with interest the repoit of Mr. Wells upon this sub- 
 ject. This much is quite certain, that in the present conjuncture 
 there is not the least question of a protective Tariff for the refiners. 
 Their industry, on which, as already stated, thousands of citizens 
 of German descent depend, needs no protection whatever. They 
 ha%'e a right to protest against the project of a uniform rate of 
 duty, which would ruin them and only enrich the Cuban slave- 
 holders. We intend to keep a watchful eye upon the doings of 
 the Cuban monopolists. 
 
C3tu§ bcr ,,'il e>D = 'gotfet Staat§=:3cUun g") 
 yioD. 16. 1878. 
 
 ^m raffinirter liampf gcgeu hit Eiickcr- 
 
 Haffiucricu. 
 
 2Bir ijublicircn Ijeute an anbem-@tet(eemeit''Jlttide( iiber bieguderftagc, ober gctmuer, iitet bteSSer^ 
 fud)e, meld)c gcmad)t inorben finb unb nod) gcmadjt luerben, bie amcrifQnijdjc guder^^nbuftrie ju ruini= 
 ten. ®cr %rMd I'tammt au5 bcr ^ebcr eine§ TOanncg, roeldjer beti ©cgcnitnub gcunblid) ftubirt ju 
 l)abm {(point. Untet ben 3nbuytvic3raeigcn be§ 2anbc§ nimmt bo§ Saffiniten ober 3tcinigen bc§ 
 gjoI)3uder§ bctanntermaBcn eine bebeutenbc ©telle ein. 5Kan nimmt an, bag 3cl)n taulcub banner, 
 aumcift ®cutid)c, bisber im gudergefdjiift *Krtictt iinb Srob gefunben iiabcu. 3l)nen ^lUen, foinic ben 
 berftanbigcn ycjevn iibertjaupt, gcben mir ju bcbcnten, bag biefcm ^nbuftriejiocig bebcutcnbe ©cfaljrcn 
 brot)en, bie nur baburd) abgewcnbct luerbcn tbnnen, bafe bie iiffeiitlidje Wcinung iiber bieje ^tngetcgcnljcit 
 griinblid) aiifgcttdrt loirb, befior e§ ju jpiit ift. (Jin beod)tcn§roertt|cr 23eitrag ju biefem 5Bei)ufe ift ber 
 {raglidje ?lrtidcl, auf ben wir l)cute bie ^ufmerijamteit be§ '|(ublifum§ tenfen mijdjten. 
 
 ®ie §auptforce unferer gudcrr^nbuftrie beruht auf bcm llmitanb, bag bie ameritaniidjen 3uder= 
 g^obritanten befaljigt [inb, au§ an!d)cineub genngen unb iDoljtfcilenguderlorten em tiortrefflid)e§ ^robuct 
 Ijcrjuitetlen — cin *;irobuct, bag inegeu femer au§gc3eid)netcn Qualitat unb loegen jcincr aSoblfciUjeit aflen 
 isrobucteu biejer *Krt Dorgejogen toirb. Sm Snterejje biejer 3nbu[trie liegt eg bes^alb, bie betreffenbcn 
 gotten Don 31ol)3uder mijglidjft frei Won ^pemntnifjen unb erfdiwerenben ?lbgaben ju importtren. SBaS 
 biefen Smport cvleid)tert, nsirb 3ur ^lebung bicfeS ^nbuftvicjlncigc? bcitrogen; n)0§ it)n crjd)Wert, loirb 
 bie atajfinericu unb 3uderarbeiter jd)abigcu, unb roa§ enblidj ben import ruinirt, mufe oud) bie 
 betrcftcubc Snbuitrie rumiren. 
 
 SDer^lngnit get)t uon ben cubanijd)en Suderpf'anjern unb it)ren ?lgentjn qu§ ; ber ?lngtitt§l)unEr 
 ift ber Sarif. SBie eg in unjerm 3nteret|e liegt, n)ot)tfeilf gurferforten ju importiren unb iljren 5a3ertl) 
 burd) Snbuftrie 3u etl)ol)en, fo liegt eg im Sntereije ber cubanifc^en H-^flanser, bie befferen ©orten }u 
 l)ol)en '^Jreijen absufe^en. Um biefen gined ju erreidjen, mad)m fie ben l)armlog fdjeineuben SBorfdjlag, 
 ben 2arif fo abjuanbetn, boB alle guderforten unter ^o. 16 ben ndmlidjeu 3oa Don 2^ (£ent§ per 
 !}ifunb 3U be3Ql)len l)aben. C®« ©infeuber fprid)t nur uon 2 Kentg per *4>funb ; inbefjcn tommt el Ijiet 
 nidjt fo feljr auf bie §ot)e al§ ouf bie ©(eid)maijigfeit ber 3ofl=3tate fiir oerjtbiebene Sorten an. ®ie 
 SBirtung bleibt bet bciben <ttngaben biefelbe.) 63 ift flar, bag bure^ eine foldje TOagnaljme bie p^ern 
 unb t^cuerern Sorten im SSergleid) ju ben ntebern unb biHigeu begiinftigt roiirben unb bie SBirfung redre, 
 boB loir bie l)i)l)crn, ber Saffinerie taum bebiirfenben ©ortcn importiren wiirben. TOit anbern aSorten: 
 5Cet import be§ bitligen 3tol)3uder3 wiirbe aufl^Sren unb bamit au^ bie ^nbuftrie, weldje burd) biefcu 
 3mport bebingt ift. 
 
 SDie ?lgitation fiir bie §erbeifut)rung biefeS Kefultatg ift feit emcm 3at)r im botten ®ange. Um ben 
 CongreB williger sn mod)en, ^at man bie 3uder=3mporteure be§ 58cttug§ unb bie 3uder=5obritanten 
 ber sajaarenoerfdlfdjung befd)ulbigt. 93eibe ?lnflageu nab burd) amtlidjc geugen^'JUtSfagen auf bag 
 ©lan3enbftc wiberlegt worben ; inbeffen toerben fte neucrbingg reiebet ertioben, unb roir l)often, bag fie 
 je^t enbgiiltig TOiberlegt werben. ©efj^t, bie Sefc^ulbigungen rodren begriinbet, jo fietjt man nid)t redjt 
 ein, ttiarum bie tlebeltt)ater bur^ eine monftrofe a3ert)un3ung beg larifg bcftraft wcrbeu follten. Se= 
 triigt ber Smporteur bie Utegierung, fo mag er nadj ben befteljenben ©efefeen beftroft werben, unb Ber= 
 faljd)t ber gurferfabritant feme UBaatcn, fo giebt eg 5JJittel unb 2Bege genug, il)m bo? ^anbwerf ju 
 legen. ®ie ?lgenten bet cubanifd)en ^iSftanjet tcnnen frcilid) itjre *^5appenl)cimer unb ne wifint gut flfnufl, 
 boB unfete 6ongteBd)cinnet bei einet jenjeiligen Setatt)ung beg iotifS fid) reeber butc^ ba5 Sntereffe beS 
 SJanbeg no^ iibetl)aupt burc^ toirtt)fd)aftlid)e 3;i)atfad)en leitcn lafjen. Unter biefen Umftanben moflen Pe 
 il;r 3iel [eid)t genug erreit^en, wenn m6)i bie ofteutlid)e 2Keinung re^tjeitig bie Sntereffen unfetet !>«» 
 wijdjtn Snbufttie |U waijren »erm«fl. 
 
Sffitt un5 mitget^eitt Wirb, icaren bit Ijieftfltn 3mJ«=3lQffinivet emuetftauben, bafe ber 3ntfer = l 
 Soil ganj \\tle , um ju bcwcijcit, baj; tic ^JiidjtS Cetlaugfn, tnaS emcm Sd)ut35DU glfid)jdf)c; aber fie j 
 ^rotcftireii bagfcicu, bas man bcu 3{ul)itotf, bcjjcn fie bcbiivtcn, unDcrljQltniBmaBig beitcucre unb jcinej 
 fevnerc SSerarbcitung in bicjcm i!aube unmijglid) iiiad)c. SBie bcbcutlid) Bie Grjcljung ber aBcvttjjIJUc butd) j 
 ipecijiidjegiJUe iff, imcb burd) CicjcS Seijpicl iUuftritt. (Sin gleidjmajsigcr jpccijiidjer JJott fiit^uderj 
 toarc cin Sdju^joll fiir bit au§Ianbi)(i)en i^tobuctnten, trial)rcnb bci einem SBertl^jotlj 
 obet bei ^oUjvcibcit baii '■JlusUmb mit bcin ijicr raffinittcit ^U-dtx nidjt concurrircn tijnnte. 
 
 5ffiie mil- au§ iidjcrer Ouclle crfal)rc',i, batcn bie 3uder=iRaffinirer hm befannten 9ialionQl=Ccfono= 
 mm Xav'it "M. aOcUs crjud)t, bic compiicirte [yrnge gu untcrjudjeu unb bariibcr ®erid)t 5U evftatten. 2et| 
 SBeridjt iBirb bcin Scrnebmcn iiad) bolb im ®rudc etfdicinen unb bie ^ntcicijentcn, fonjie baS H-'UbtitumI 
 ubcrl)nupt, fbmien fid) bncauf nedofjcn, bas ,§ecr iffictta eine cfacnfo flare atg praftifd)c iibjung bev 5rage| 
 •empfcl)len luitb, bie, loie unjer K-infcnber ridjtig bemctft, boS 2anb feit met)v als einem 3al)re bcun= 
 rul)igt l)at. 
 
 aBit roevben im <RQ(^ftcl;cnbcu bie Scid)iDcrbcn unftreS ginjenberS unb bai SDUefen ber SontroPerfeJ 
 ,ju ertliircu judjcn. 
 
 1) ©agmiuartig toirb ber ^ott auf 3utfcr nod) bem fog. garbe^Seft, obcr nad) ber JjoUanbifdjcuj 
 5t!riifung5mctl)0be erljobcn, unb jiuar fo, bay ber ^oU fiir bie geringften .^ucterjorten (51o. 7) 1^ (fentSl 
 ^jer ']>]aab bctidgt uiib fiir bic l)Bheicn Sorten grabueU fai^ auf 4 dent-i per *|!funb ftcigt. Sag 6riterium| 
 fiir bie Uutcvid,cibuug ber iicijdjicbcncn Sortcu bilbet bie Jarbe. 
 
 2) ®icfe ^yietl)obe bat fid) au;; bent cinfadicn ©runbe al§ mangetbaft criDiejcn, njeil cine gucferforte,! 
 iie nad) ^JJafegabe ber jjarbejur nicbngftcn (flafje, alfo etwa ju ^lo. 7 get)Brt, febr Biel 3udergcl)a(tj 
 l^abcn unb barum fiir bic ^^uderprobuftion roerjhPoaer fein tonn, alS ein Ijetter geforbtcr ^ndev, ber juj 
 9!o. 10gel)ort. ®al)er ia^ ®cfd)rci fiber 93ctriigcreien unb 3"rfer>'ttfiilldiung. ^ebermann, ber miti 
 bem 3uderl;anbcl ober mit ber 3udcr='Jtaffinerie ettoaS ju tl)uu tiat, ift mit biefcm '45tiifungg=Si)ftem| 
 itnjufriebcn unb bn5 Sd)al;amt nid)t miuber. 
 
 3) 2;ie cubanifd)cn 'i^flauier, wcld)c jtuei 1)niid unfercr 3tol)3uder=6inful)r tiefern, Herlangcn nun,| 
 iir aaeSudcrjortcn, bic ber Jarbe nad) biS ju "Jio. 16 claffificirt luerben tijnncn, ein unb bicfdbe 3oa= 
 
 ainte. 9Jo. 16 aber ift eine burd) bie Kcntrifugal^Wafdjine in Kuba 1)016 raffluirtcr ^udcr, weld)er inj 
 (£uba burd))d)uittlid) 5)4 Kentd per *4>fb. lucrtl) ift. ^^icjc pl)t)lantl)ropiid)en SElaiicn=3uder=n>robuccntenj 
 loiinfdjcn nun cine glcid)majiige 3oa--9tatc Don 2)a (Sentu per '4>fb. fiir a\ic bicje .Hudcrfortcn, luoburd) fiej 
 bcjinedcn, bafj it)r *4.*rDbuct unter einem 3oa cingcfiil)rt roiirbe, ber 46^ nid)t iiberftcigt, tt)cil)rcnb aQri 
 anbcvcn, gcringern SHobgudcr.Sorten, cincn burd)fd)nittlid)cn gotl Don 3X C£cutS pei *i>fb. obcr 72^ be=| 
 .jaljicn unb bc§t)alfa Don ber (Jinfubr ausgefdjloifen miirben. 2)icfe ficine, Don ben cubamfd)en *2lcticn=| 
 3nl)flbcrn unb il)ren pl)i)Iuntbropifd)cn omeritnr.ifd)cn a-reunben in'§ SBcrt gefetite "Arrangement erfdjcint] 
 mit fflcjug auf bicfc ficuie um fo raffinirter, aber aud) um fo bcgreiflid)er, meun man bebcntt, baf; fiej 
 fel)r iDat)rfd)eiuIi^ groBc §i)pDtljcfen auf ben "4>lanta9cn unb auf bem beiDeglid)en (Sigeutl;um in (£uba| 
 l^Qben. 
 
 4) Sic aiafflnirer in ben Ser. Staaten, wel^e il)rc 3nbuftric nad)gerabe auf ben l)od)ften ®rab berl 
 |a>oatommcnl;cif gcbrad)t l)nbcn, bebiirfen tcincr "i'rotcction unb fie Dcrlangcn audj feine. 3n ber 3;i)atJ 
 
 fie loiinjdjcn ben Sucfer auf ber Jreilifte 5u fcljcn ^-in rol)en joroot)! alS ben raffinirtcn. 9lttein fie jagcn:! 
 5Bcnn bic 3icgicrung cmc afcBcnuc Dom ^U-^ci-' I'U'-''" '"life- i" ift bic Sad)c fo ju arrangircn, bafe bicT 
 gcringern ^uicrfoitcn fcincn l)ol)ern ai'er:l)3oU ju bcjablcn l)oben, alg bie bcjfcrn. Sic ncrlangcn, inl 
 biefcm 5aU einen SBcrtbgott Don 40 bi§ JO 45roc3!it auf aUe Sucferjorten. aScnn aber cin |pecififd)cr ^oul 
 Son 2>^ gents auf afle ^uderforten bis :u "Jio. IG erl)oten rairb, bann loirb bicfer 3oU in i^cjug auf bie[ 
 gcringern Sortcn, bieju 3}4 bis 4 gents p:r "l^funb gctauft unb in biefcm ^anbe gcrcinigt merbcn, pro= 
 IjibitiD. Sicjcg aSerlangcn ber SRaffiniicr ift )o sci-ed)t, bag man nid)t einficlit, icie ber gongrcfe baficlfae| 
 abiucijen tnnn. 
 
 5) ®cr gongrcB fowol)!, mie bic fiaufmnnnfdjaft wiinfdjcn einen fpccififdien 3on auf Koljsutfer.; 
 5Diefer fann jebod) nur unter ber SScbiugung mit 5id)erl)cit eingcfiiljrt lucrbcn, iDciin ber 3udcr nad) berl 
 log. *4.*olaristope=?:)ktbobc, bie jcfet allentl)albcn in ©uropa unb in ben SBcr. ©taaten 5ur H.<rufung be§| 
 3udcrg angcroanbt iDirb. 
 
 aSiv cnuQrtcn mit grofjcr Spannung ben 93crid3t be? §errn aBctl'S iiber bicfc Jragc. So Did ftel)tl 
 eft, bag eg fid) bei biefcr *Jlngclcgenl)cit nid)t im minbcften um cincn 2d)ul;,5oU fiir bic Staffinirer banbclt.l 
 3t)re Snbuftrie, bie, mic bercitS bemertt, 2aufcu:. uon Siirger bcutfd)er "ilbfunft beid)iiftigt, bcbarf tcincrj 
 l^irotcftion. ©ie ^abcn ein Sed)t, gegen iai, ^iirojeft ber gIeid;maBigen 3oU=atatcn gu proteftircn, luetdje 
 fie ruiniren unb nur biccubauifdjen Stlfluenbaitcr bercid;crn lotirbe. SBir reerben ein n)od)lomcS "Jluaq 
 auf baa 3;i;un unb Srcibcn ber cubaniid)en 93ionopoliftcn rid)tcn. 
 
Ml6794ii 
 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
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 AN INITIAL FINE OP 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 AUG 11 1944 
 
 NOV 2 3 
 
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 JAM 1 8 ZUUO