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 BUSINESS = 
 SHORTHAN 
 
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*• 0- BAKER 
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 Da;. 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
*• 0. BAKER 
 
 BUSINESS 
 
 SHORTHAND 
 
 PRESENTING A METHOD QF SWIFT WRITING 
 
 FOR THE USE OP 
 
 AMANUENSES AND REPORTERS 
 
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 
 LINDSLEY'S TAKIGRAFY 
 Arranged and Published by D KIMBALL 
 
 Author and Publisher op 
 
 First Lessons in Takigrafy Popular Shorthand in a Nctsheli, 
 
 The Amanuensis and Key Swift Fonetic Script and Key 
 
 Business Shorthand and Key Graded Business Letters and Key 
 
 A Manual of Educational and Business Typewritinu 
 
 Ready Reference Helps, etc. 
 
 Publisher of 
 
 The Shorthand Wkiter anu The Takigrafer, 1874 to 1878 and 
 
 Editor and Publisher op 
 
 The Shorthand Writer, 1885 to 1889 and 
 Thk Shorthand Advocate, etc. 
 
 DOWNER'S GROVE, ILL. 
 
 fifth edition. 
 
 1908 
 
 : : ftSWEtt'S SH0RTHAHDMHOOl^ 
 
 425 New Ridg^ Buljdlnf^ .,, 
 
 :\ ' IKANSAS £>IY, iJ'O :*.: \ v 
 • • • • • . •«• *, .* • • • • • 
 
Copyrighted in 1898 by D. Kimball, 
 
 Under License from 
 
 The Heirs of D. P. Lindsley, Author of Takigrafy. 
 
 TO MY FELLOW TEACHERS AND LEARNERS: 
 
 I'here is so rmich work which must be done, that all of it should be 
 done in the most economical manner. It is to save to the utmost degree 
 possible, the time and work of Teachers, Learners and Writers, that 
 this system of writing and teaching has been faithfidly worked mtt 
 May their use be so effective as to lead to still further economies and 
 a more general diffusion of necessary and usefid knoicledge. 
 
 Faithfully yours, 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
>- 
 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The improved method of teaching Shorthand by furnishing 
 progressively graded object-lessons of convenient length, com- 
 posed of correctly engraved words, *frases and sentences, in 
 Shorthand, classified and arranged in groups illustrating the 
 principles of writing and abbreviation, by which there is pre- 
 sented to the learner's eye what he is to do and how he is to 
 do it, and from which he may acquire the art in the natural 
 way of learning, by imitation, and fix the principles in mind 
 by persistent, practice drill from dictation, first used by the 
 author in lesson form in 1883-4 and published in book form in 
 The Amanuensis in 1885, has met with such general and con- 
 tinued favor from both teachers and students, and produced 
 such wonderful and satisfactory time- and labor-saving results, 
 never before attained, that we have been influenced to ar- 
 range and publish this new book on the same general plan, but 
 K dift'ering somewhat, and it is believed for the better, in mate- 
 cc rial and arrangement. It is believed that in this newer form 
 3 the advantages of the art will be brought within the reach of 
 a still larger number of persons, facilitating, as it does, to a 
 greater extent its acquisition thru mail instruction and pri- 
 vate study. 
 
 We all learn mechanical operations more readily and exactly 
 by "seeing how it is done'' than in any other way. In the mas- 
 tery of Shorthand the mental process of fixing the correct 
 forms for the words and frases in the mind must be supj^le- 
 mented by the mechanical process of forming them with pen 
 or pencil. To get the best results the study and practice must 
 be carried along simultaneously; the learner must think, speak 
 or hear the word, see its form and write it at the same time. 
 This is the method followed out in this book. The principles 
 of writing and abbreviation are illustrated and taught by some 
 over five thousand of the most frequently occurring words, 
 frases and sentences involving such principles. These well 
 
 *Some of the most outrageous and indefensible, all are indefensible, violations of or- 
 thografy are changed for the better thruout this book, in the interests of economy and 
 good sense. 
 
 448414 
 
4 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 mastered by thoro practice will give the writer a working vo- 
 cabulary sufficiently large for ordinary purposes and enable 
 him to readily form from analogy such infrequent words, not 
 given in the lessons, as may occur in his writing. 
 
 The learner is not required to master two or more forms for 
 the same word, a long form to be afterward superseded by a 
 shorter one. A given word occurs but once in the Lessons, and 
 then in the form the writer is to permanently use it. 
 
 The word-signs are given, a few with each Lesson, in the con- 
 nection where they naturally belong, so they will be the more 
 readily understood and their gradual mastery not feel burden- 
 some to the learner. 
 
 Accompanying each Lesson is a specially arranged Writing 
 and Reading Exercise, the sentences of which are composed 
 solely of words already given in the Lessons, or which may be 
 written by the principles there illustrated, and, for the most 
 part, are expressions of frequent occurrence in business let- 
 ters, papers, etc. They are extensive exercises in English as 
 it is used in business, which differs considerably from the lan- 
 guage as taught in schools and spoken at home by the learner, 
 but which the writer must be familiar with in order to do work 
 intelligently and well. 
 
 A few specially shortened f rases are given with each Lesson. 
 The ordinary frases, made by joining together the associated 
 words without further abbreviation of form, will be found scat- 
 tered thruout the Exercises, so the learner will become famil- 
 iar with their use without special drill, thus economizing time, 
 work and space. 
 
 With this presentation of the subject the learner is encour- 
 aged by the fact that he begins to write and read his Short- 
 hand in the form of words, frases and sentences, in and from 
 the first day and lesson of his study as he will write and read 
 it at the end of his course. This is an important feature, not 
 possible with other systems and methods of instruction, owing 
 to their complexities, and rendered feasible here only by the 
 simplicity of the system presented and the direct, straight- 
 forward, common-sense method of furnishing the material for 
 instruction and practice. 
 
 Concise Explanations of Principles, in common type, will be 
 found at the beginning of each Lesson. A key, in common 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 5 
 
 type, to the shorthand part of each Lesson, helpful to most 
 students, is given on the page opposite the Lesson. 
 
 The words and f rases of the Writing" and Reading Exercises 
 having been already illustrated and explained, a key is not 
 necessary to enable the attentive student to readily and cor- 
 rectly read the sentences of which they are composed. To 
 read them without a key will be found to be a healthy, stimu- 
 lating and interesting exercise, and furnish a test of the stu- 
 dent's thoroness in the mastery and retention of the principles. 
 
 To the teacher the Lessons as given offer these advantages: 
 
 The certainty of furnishing not only the most satisfactory 
 system of swift writing to the comparatively few who want 
 to make a professional use of the art for their support, but, 
 in addition, the ability to offer an unequaled educational and 
 writing facility to every other intelligent person in the com- 
 munity who needs such an aid in his daily work. Your field is 
 vastly enlarged; you have something of value to offer and 
 teach every person; 
 
 A method of teaching that is time- and labor-saving to the 
 highest degree, as well as encouraging and satisfactory to all 
 concerned, because substantial progress can be seen each day; 
 
 Entire relief from the wasteful and vexatious drudgery of 
 correcting mistakes in a learners written exercises. With 
 these Lessons the learner need not make any mistakes, or 
 have any to correct — teaching with them is made a pleasure; 
 
 Relieved of this useless burden of correction of exercises, 
 there is practically no limit to the size of a class which may 
 be expeditiouslj' and successfull}- conducted by a teacher— a 
 hundred may be taught as effectively as five. 
 
 To the learner these Lessons insure: 
 
 A method of writing correct, rapid and legible, and uniform 
 with that of other v/riters, thus enabling users of the system 
 to read the writing of others — a vitally important quality in 
 a system of writing; 
 
 The entire saving of the time and labor of preparing exer- 
 cises for correction, delay involved in making corrections and 
 the subsequent substitution of correct forms from the cor- 
 rected exercise — all a mass of vexatious and needless work. 
 With these Lessons all study and drill are put upon the mas- 
 tery of words, f rases and sentences in their correct form, and 
 
6 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 as they will be permanently used. The learner is shown just 
 what to do and how to do it, hence time and labor are econo- 
 mized and utilized to the fullest extent; 
 
 The certainty of being^ able to fit oneself to do the highest 
 grade of shorthand work with the expenditure of but a frac- 
 tion of the time and labor necessary to reach a moderate de- 
 gree of efficiency in other systems or with other methods of 
 instruction; 
 
 The certainty that time, labor and money will not be thrown 
 away upon the study for lack of ability to learn and use it; for 
 if a professional use is not made of it, it may be used advan- 
 tageously in the private and social business of the writer. 
 There is no chance for failure or loss with this system. 
 
 Upon the suggestion of Mr. J. C. Powell, an experienced 
 teacher of Kansas City, a series of Supplementary Exercises 
 have been added, commencing on pag'e 5i5 and continuing to 
 page 153. The words in these Exercises are arranged under 
 the various principles of writing and abbreviation and add 
 some 5,000 words to the student's vocabulary. The Exercises 
 should be prepared as directed on page 55, paragraf 1. The 
 best time to take up these Exercises is on the lirst general re- 
 view of the Lessons, and with some students it may be better 
 to divide the Exercises, writing up half of each Exercise on 
 the first and half on the second review of the Lessons. 
 
 The preparation of these Exercises gives the student a chance 
 to exercise his skill in the construction of word-forms and cul- 
 tivate his self-reliance; it also furnishes a test of the thoro- 
 ness with which the principles have been mastered and affords 
 the teacher a chance to explain and illustrate more fully such 
 principles as seem to be imperfectly understood. 
 
 This arrangement also permits of dividing the instruction 
 into a short course covering the thirty Shorthand Lessons and 
 accompanying Writing and Reading Exercises, about 5,000 
 words and frases, sufficient for ordinary amanuensis work, and 
 which may be preferred by some because of the comparatively 
 short time necessary for its acquisition, and a long course cov- 
 ering all the instruction and practice in the short course with 
 the Supplementary Exercises, about 5,000 words, added. This 
 furnishes a basis sufficiently broad, with the few special words 
 and frases required, for any kind of amanuensis or reportorial 
 work. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Pages. 
 
 Preface 3 to 6 
 
 General Directions for Study and Practice with 
 
 Alfabet and instructions for learning it .... 9 to 26 
 Lesson 1, words of one consonant followed by a 
 
 vowel, also giving the character for wh {htc) 27 to 30 
 Lesson 2, words commencing with a vowel followed 
 
 by a consonant, also the circle for s and z ... 31 to 34 
 Lesson 3, e as in key and i as in jyin between conso- 
 nants, also rules for writing disjoined vowels 35 to 38 
 Lesson 4, a in game and e in pen between consonants 39 to 42 
 Lesson 5, a in jycirk and a in cap between consonants 43 to 46 
 Lesson 6, o in home and u in cup ^between consonants 47 to 50 
 Lesson 7, oo in boom, oo in coot, a in tall and o in hot 
 
 between consonants 51 to 54 
 
 Lesson 8, i in like, ew in few, oi in toil and o^c in town 
 
 between consonants, also Supplement'y Ex. 1 55 
 Lesson 9. r-hodk series, " 
 
 Lesson 10, " " continued. 
 Lesson 11, l-hook series. 
 Lesson 12, '• " continued, 
 
 Lesson "13, s series consonant difth's 
 Lesson 14, circle for s and z bet'n consonants, 
 Lesson 15, " 
 Lesson 16, the consonant trif thongs ffpr, scr and 
 
 str, loop for kst and circle in hooks, '' 9 87 to 90 
 
 Lesson 17, circle in vowels, double circle and 
 
 1 55 
 
 to 58 
 
 2 59 
 
 to 62 
 
 3 63 
 
 to 66 
 
 4 67 
 
 to 70 
 
 5 71 
 
 to 74 
 
 6 75 
 
 to 78 
 
 7 79 
 
 to 82 
 
 883 
 
 to 86 
 
 final circle for ?jce, ness, 
 
 " 10 91 to 94 
 
 Lesson 18, halved consonants implying 
 
 t, " 11 95 to 98 
 
 Lesson 19. 
 
 cont'd " 12 99 to 102 
 
 Lesson 20, 
 
 a, " 13 103 to 106 
 
 Lesson 21, " hooked consfs '• 
 
 nd, nt, " 14 107 to 110 
 
 Lesson 22, double length " " 
 
 tr, dr, " 15 111 to 114 
 
 
 (7) 
 
8 
 
 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 Lesson 23, n, une, one hooks, shaded wiorwrd, Ex. 16 115 to Hi 
 Lesson 24, brief methods of writing dw, ttc, vj, 
 
 qu(kw)qur, qui, prf and prv, " 17 119 to 121 
 
 Lesson 25, the prefixes cam, con, magni, magna, " 18 123 to 126 
 Lesson 26, " " im, in, ad and trans, " 19 127 to 130 
 Lesson 27 shows how to write the affix atioti, " 20 131 to 134 
 Lesson 28 shows how to write other words end- 
 ing with shn, kshn, hility and ship, " 21 135 to 138 
 Lesson 29, names of Towns and Cities, " 22 139 to 142 
 Lesson 30, names of days and months, of States 
 
 and Countries and of Ex. and R. R. Co's, " 23 143 to 146 
 
 Supplementary Exercise 24 147 
 
 " " 25 149 
 
 " " 26 151 
 
 " " 27 153 
 
 Writing and Reading Exercise 31 148 
 
 " " " 32 150 
 
 " " " 33 152 
 
 " " " 34 154 
 
 Banking Letters 155 
 
 Wholesale Hardware Letters 156 
 
 '* Grocery " 157 
 
 General Freight Office Letters 158 
 
 " Passenger" " 169 
 
 AMERICAN 'rS.\Vn\\\' SHORTHAND. 
 
 {LiKOsurs Tiiiemrr.) 
 
 CL'CD .0'«- /*-»•> «it/ Or Z^" 
 
 a»rf»IH< UM. h D. <teML 
 
OENEBAI. DIBECTIONS FOB STUDY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 1. Materials required. No special materials are required by 
 the learner or writer of Business Shorthand. The best in- 
 strument with which to write Shorthand is a good, elastic, fine- 
 pointed pen, either steel or g"old, as best suits the hand of the 
 writer. If a suitable fountain pen can be obtained it will ob- 
 viate the trouble and waste of time in dipping for ink. Free- 
 flowing, non-corrosive ink should be used. A worn-out, type- 
 writer ribbon put in water will make good ink for this purpose. 
 Paper for pen writing should be of fair quality, well calen- 
 dered, cut to convenient size and put up in blocks. If a pen- 
 cil is used in practice and writing, it should be of medium 
 hardness and of good quality. The pencil need not be sharp- 
 ened to a fine point. The whole of the lead may be used if, 
 when it becomes worn too broad, the pencil is slightly turned 
 so as to bring to the paper the sharp edge between the flat, 
 worn surface and the natural curved one. A soft pencil re- 
 quires hard paper, a hard pencil a soft, uncalendered paper. 
 Good work depends much upon good materials and the proper 
 adaptation of pencil and paper. The paper may be ruled or 
 unruled, according to the preference of the writer. The leg- 
 ibility of the writing does not depend upon position with ref- 
 erence to a line. Upon commencing work the ordinary, re- 
 porters note-books will be found most convenient. 
 
 2. Position for writing. An easy, unconstrained position, 
 erect and with the right side turned toward the desk or table, 
 so that the right arm may rest easily upon it, is best. Do not 
 lean any of the weight of the body upon the writing arm or 
 against the table. 
 
 3. How to use the hand. The hand should assume its easiest 
 position on the table, the position it would take naturally if 
 dropped upon the table in a moment of rest, without thot or 
 restraint, the knuckle of the fore-finger uppermost, the third 
 and fourth fingers curved under the palm to form an elastic 
 support to the hand and steady its movement across the paper. 
 The wrist should be slightly raised, so that the hand may move 
 
10 
 
 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 freely. The pen or pencil should be lightly grasped between 
 the first and second fingers and thumb, as shown in the cut. 
 
 PROPER POSITION OP HAND AND PEN. 
 
 The pen-holder should point well to the right and the pen 
 be so held that its points will press evenly upon the paper. 
 That position is correct which will admit of making the letters 
 I ^^ ,^^_ without turning the pen between the fingers. 
 There should be little or no movement of the fingers or wrist 
 in writing; and the hand must be trained to run very lightly, 
 the pen just touching the paper to form the light lines and 
 only a slight pressure given to form the shaded letters. 
 
 4. The use of the arm. The entire w^eight of the arm should 
 rest on the table upon the full, muscular part near the elbow,- 
 in such a way as to allow of an easy, rolling motion, and serve 
 as a pivot from which the hand may easily sweep the full 
 length of a line across the page without raising the arm or 
 sliding or hitching it along on the table. Avoid writing with 
 the hand and arm near the body, the elbow at an acute angle. 
 Such a position is too constrained for an easy, rapid move- 
 ment of the hand. Let the arm be away from the body, the 
 elbow well open and at an obtuse angle, so that the movement 
 may be free and unobstructed. The propelling force used in 
 writing should come entirely from the large, strong muscles 
 above the elbow, which can stand the strain of long writing 
 without fatigue. A free, confident, dashing movement must 
 be cultivated; at the same time the arm and hand must be 
 
BUSINESS SHOBTHAND 11 
 
 kept closely and rig^idly under control of the will and made to 
 do their work i)roperly. 
 
 5. Consonants. The twenty-four consonant letters given in 
 the Alfabet, represent the elementary sounds of the languag'e 
 which require some movement or contact of the vocal organs 
 to utter them. For the most part they are sounds which can 
 not be heard at a distance, have not much volume or strength 
 in their utterance, and still are to words what the bones are 
 to the body — they form the frame-work, the skeletons of the 
 words. 
 
 6. Three important distinctions must be observed in making 
 the consonant letters: 
 
 SHAPE— making the letters straight, curved or hooked; 
 SHADING—making the letters light or heavy, and 
 DIRECTION — making the letters perpendicular, inclined or 
 horizontal. 
 
 7. The di£ference in shading^ of the consonant letters and 
 their arrangement in pairs and groups in the Alfabet, illus- 
 trate important fonetic features of the language. By pro- 
 nouncing any two of the words illustrating the paired conso- 
 nant sounds (except n-ng) it will be noticed that the move- 
 ment of the vocal organs is precisely the same with both, the 
 only difference between them being the degree of emfasis or 
 stress with which the sounds are spoken. They are really not 
 two sounds but varieties of the same sound. Obviously it is 
 natural and proper that the letters which represent these 
 paired sounds should differ to the eye as the sounds they rep- 
 resent differ to the ear; so the whispered sound is represented 
 by a light-line letter, the spoken sound by a letter of the same 
 shape and direction, but shaded to express to the eye the em- 
 fasis used in speaking the sound it represents. 
 
 8. The first six straight letters represent sounds which are 
 abrupt, that can not be prolonged in speaking; the curved let- 
 ters represent sounds which are more flexible and capable of 
 some prolongation, while the hooked letters (except./ and ch) 
 represent unpaired, semi-vocal, consonant sounds. 
 
 9. The movement which makes the perpendicular letters is 
 the most wasteful and difficult. In this Alfabet the least fre- 
 quently occurring sounds are assigned to letters in this direc- 
 tion. The movements which make the inclined and horizon- 
 
IS BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 tal letters axe the easier ones and the least wasteful, they be- 
 ing in the direction the hand must move in writing a line from 
 left to right across the page, and in this direction will be found 
 all the letters representing the most frequently occurring, 
 consonant sounds. The result is an easily executed, running 
 script which follows the line as closely as the common long- 
 hand, and has the least possible waste movement in its execu- 
 tion. This means for the user of the system the least labor 
 and utmost economy in learning and writing, and, as a neces- 
 sary consequence, the highest speed. In this Alfabet all the 
 simple, elementary sounds of the language are represented by 
 the simplest straight lines and curves, so that a single impulse 
 of the voice is recorded by a single movement of the hand. 
 
 10. Vowels. These letters represent the sounds produced by 
 the unobstructed voice, without movement or contact of the 
 vocal organs. The long vowel sounds are the principal ones 
 used in singing, speaking to a person at a distance and in pro- 
 longing or modifying the voice. The short vowels are little, 
 forcible explosions of sound; they can not be lengthened or 
 otherwise modified, any attempt to do this merges them into 
 other sounds. The dif thongs are composed of a long, elemen- 
 tary vowel sound, followed by a short one, spoken quickly and 
 uninterruptedly together. Because of their frequency, let- 
 ters, separate and distinctive in form, are used to represent 
 the double sounds instead of using the two simple letters. In 
 rapid conversation the long vowels merge toward if not act- 
 ually into the shorter sounds, while in very slow speech the 
 short vowels merge toward or change into the long sounds. 
 Vowels are the elastic property of speech; they are to words 
 what the flesh is to the body, they clothe, round out and give 
 form and volume to them, and furnish means of distinction to 
 the consonant skeletons, thus forming the perfect word. 
 
 11. In this system the vowels are all distinguished by form 
 and may be joined to the consonants and to each other, so 
 that the letters of a word are written connectedly and contin- 
 uously in their natural order, as the sounds are spoken; thus 
 avoiding the double analysis of words, once for consonants and 
 once for vowels, and the slow accompanying process of writ- 
 ing them in several pieces, necessary in writing disjoined- 
 vowel, 'position'' systems, if the words are fully written, as 
 each must be to be absolutely legible by itself. 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 13 
 
 12. How to learn the Alfabet. The sound of the shorthand 
 letter is shown by the heavy-faced letter or letters in the "key 
 word" opposite such shorthand letter in the Alfabet. Care- 
 fully analyze these key words by pronouncing' them so slowly 
 that you are able to separate and distinguish the sounds. Se- 
 lect the sound represented by the letter under consideration 
 and pronounce it over and over until it is clearly understood 
 and readily distinguished from other sounds. When you have 
 mastered the sounds in this way, take up the letters represent- 
 ing^ them, one by one, in pairs and in groups of four and six, 
 and write them over and over hundreds of times, if necessary, 
 to thoroly commit them to memory. Think or speak the sound 
 as you make the letter, so as to fix and ally together in your 
 mind the sound, the letter representing the sound and the 
 movement that makes the letter. Be careful to observe the 
 SHAPE, SHADING and DIRECTION of the letters. Control your 
 hand by your will and train it to exactness in these matters. 
 Do not draw the letters slowly or permit pen or pencil to come 
 to a full stop on the paper at the end of a letter. If this is 
 done the practice degenerates into a succession of starts and 
 stops, a very fatiguing and discouraging operation. Keep the 
 pen moving, is the true doctrine. This is best done by the so- 
 called "'muscular movement" of the arm, the same as is used 
 by the best longhand writers, as easy, confident and swinging 
 a use of the hand in writing as in any other manual work, but 
 the hand must be kept well under control lest this free move- 
 ment results in making the letters too large. The use of this 
 free movement not only gives greater ease and speed in writ- 
 ing but prevents "steel-pen paralysis." At the end of the 
 straight letters, h and p, the pen should leave the paper with 
 a slight thrust against the muscle of the arm, the recoil of 
 which starts the next letter, a little added impulse finishes the 
 letter and supplies the needed impetus for the second thrust 
 and recoil, and so on. The inclined and horizontal straight 
 letters are made with a swinging, easy motion to the right 
 with only a slight break, no stop, of movement between them. 
 The curved letters are small sections of an ellipse, the line 
 being curved just enuf to distinguish it from a straight line. 
 In making the curved letters the movement should be the same 
 that is used by the writer of longhand when striking an oval 
 
U BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 and making the pen follow the same oval in succeeding move- 
 ments, as in making- "birds-nests." If the letters are made 
 separately, let the pen be moving when it touches the paper 
 at the beginning of the letter, moving when it leaves the pa- 
 per at the finish of the letter, continuing around the oval off 
 the paper to the commencement of the next letter, and so on. 
 A slight pressure as the pen goes toward the middle of the 
 curve and a lightening of the pressure as the pen goes toward 
 the finish, will form all the shading needed for the shaded 
 curves. Care should be taken in forming these curved letters 
 that the pen should touch and leave the paper at the proper 
 time, so the direction will be such that a straight line drawn 
 from point to point of the curve shall show the proper per- 
 pendicular, inclined or horizontal direction of the curve. 
 The curve-movement in the direction the hands of a. clock 
 move, forms ve, ef, ze, es, THE, ith, ma and el, while the reverse 
 movement forms zhe, ish, THA, tha, en, ing, la, em and ya. 
 These two movements form all the curved letters. When 
 practicing upon the perpendicular curves, ve, ef, zhe and ish, 
 two or three may be joined together if desired; three are as 
 many as can be conveniently joined together in a perpendic- 
 ular direction. The inclined and horizontal curves, having 
 the forward direction, should be joined together in an unbro- 
 ken line across the page. The movement which does this is 
 easier and more natural, the hand becomes accustomed to 
 joining letters, as it must in writing words and f rases, is more 
 easily controlled and there is no waste movement. 
 
 13. The learner will probably find the most difficulty in mak- 
 ing the hooked letters, for the reason that his hand being ad- 
 justed to longhand, which is coarse in comparison, there will 
 be an instinctive feeling while the shorthand letter is being 
 made that there is not enuf work being done to make a letter, 
 and this feeling will take the form of making the letters too 
 large. The mind and hand must be re-adjusted to the small 
 amount of movement necessary to write letters and words in 
 this way. What is saved from size and complexity of letters 
 should be utilized, with accuracy and celerity of movement, 
 in work that is useful. The hook of the letter should be made 
 very small, a movement just perceptible to the most delicate 
 touch is sufficient to form it, and the stem of the letters should 
 be made down as near the horizontal as possible and not be 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAXD. 15 
 
 mistaken for horizontal characters. A very small hook fol- 
 lowed by a slijrht curve forms the ya. A reciprocating move- 
 ment forms the tea. It is best acquired by joining several of 
 the letters together, coming back on the stem of the first to 
 form the hook of the second. The offset to form the hook is 
 very slight, and the hand should be held under strict control to 
 make the stem straight. In forming the ha, let the first part 
 of the hook be made with a backward (to the left) movement, 
 parallel to the line of writing* or a little inclined upward; the 
 stem of the letter should be made straight and down near the 
 horizontal. The best practice in learning to make the letter 
 is to join several together, forming the hook of the second by 
 retracing on, followed by a slightly curved offset from, the 
 stem of the first. The movements which form the j« and cha 
 need no explanation; a careful inspection of the forms of the 
 letters will at once suggest the movements which most read- 
 ily form them. 
 
 14. How letters are joined. Be, pe, ga, ka, de and te are doub- 
 led by making the characters twice the length of the single 
 letters. When so doubled the first half of be, pe, ga and ka are 
 written above the line, the second half a continuation of the 
 character below the line The letters ra-ra, wa-ra and ha-ra, 
 joined, commence on the line and are written wholly above it. 
 When a shaded, straight consonant is to be joined to a light, 
 straight consonant in the same direction, as be-pe, ga-ka, de-te, 
 begin the character with sufficient pressure to make the re- 
 quired shade, gradually lessen the pressure as the movement 
 progresses, and let the elasticity of the pen form the tapering 
 line needed. Do not allow the pen to stop on the paper at the 
 finish of the light stroke, but quickly raise and carry it for- 
 ward to the next letter. When a light, straight letter is to 
 be followed by a shaded, straight letter in the same direction, 
 as pe-be, ka-ga. te-df, cha-de, let the pen be moving swiftly when 
 it touches the paper, gradually increase the pressure to form 
 the tapering line and finish up the shaded stroke with the pen 
 on the paper. Where two letters, either two straight lines, 
 a straight line and a curve, or two curves, join without an an- 
 gle, no pause should be made between them; both letters 
 should be made as one stroke and as swiftly as possible. Be- 
 tween straight lines that join at an angle, acute angles are 
 easiest made, then right and lastly obtuse. Joinings between 
 straight letters should be made at acute angles when possible. 
 
mrSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 ALFABET OF TAKIGBAFY. 
 
 Lkttkr. Name. Kkv Word. 
 
 I be b as in bib 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Letter. Name. 
 
 pe p 
 
 pip 
 
 Key Word. 
 the th as in this 
 thin 
 
 ga g " gig 
 ka k '■ kick 
 
 — de d 
 
 _ — te t 
 
 / ve V 
 
 ) ef f 
 
 V zhe s 
 
 V, ish Bh 
 
 '— *«^ ze z 
 
 '"-^ es s 
 
 did 
 
 tat 
 
 vivid 
 
 fife 
 
 vision 
 
 show 
 
 aigiag 
 
 souse 
 
 ith th 
 
 em m. 
 
 en n 
 
 ing ng 
 
 el 1 
 
 ra r 
 
 ya y 
 
 wa w 
 
 ha h 
 
 maim 
 
 ' noon 
 
 ' sing 
 
 ' luU 
 
 ' roar 
 
 ' you 
 
 ' way 
 
 ' hay 
 
 ja yg " judife 
 cha ch •• church 
 
 LONG. Na.me. Key Word. 
 
 •^ c e as in me 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 SHORT. Name. 
 
 C a a 
 
 O ah a 
 
 — oo o 
 
 so o 
 
 / au a 
 
 ajre 
 fai- 
 do 
 no 
 
 fall 
 
 Key Word. 
 
 i-y as in pity 
 
 e 
 
 DIFTHONGS. 
 
 VI X as in ice 
 A ew ew " dew 
 
 " beg 
 
 a, ai " at, air 
 
 — u u full 
 
 '^ u u cut 
 
 ^ o o " on, or 
 
 /-' oi oi as in oil 
 
 -^ ow ow 
 
 owl 
 
 Copyrighted in 1898 by D. Kimball. 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 17 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 The letters THE, ith, es, ze, o and u \^__ \ o o t \ 
 
 have alternate forms, as shown in cut: 2'HA tha es ze o u 
 This choice in letters enables the writer to make better join- 
 ings and more easily written word-forms. 
 
 The following letters are always made downward: 
 
 I I -^-. ) ) ( ( -.-A^^ c c . s 
 The following letters are always made from left to right: 
 
 wo— -VA/'-/ 
 
 These letters are always made upward, 
 the hook made first* 
 
 These letters are made 
 either upward or down- . . 
 
 ward, the direction being ''^'^ / ^ J '^^ / It// 
 used which will secure the better angle or joining with a pre- 
 ceding or following letter. Properly and skilfully used these 
 variable and alternate letters serve to keep the writing near 
 the line, and aid in furnishing facile joinings between letters 
 and easily flowing outlines to words. When these letters are 
 written downward the angle of inclination is steeper than 
 when written upward. The hand takes this steeper direction 
 naturally; no special drill is required to master it. 
 
 Names of letters. When speaking of a consonant letter a 
 vowel is usually associated with it to form an easily spoken 
 syllable-name, as shown in the Alfabet under "name. " These 
 names should not be taken for the sounds of the letters; while 
 they contain the sound of the letter the associated vowel is, 
 of course, no part of that sound. The sound of the vowel is 
 used as its name also, as it is easily spoken without the assist- 
 ance of any other sound. 
 
 When written with the curve downward, the alternate char- 
 acters for the. and Hh are named THA and iha, as shown above, 
 as a means of distinguishing them from the characters when 
 written with the curve upward, which are known by the names 
 given in the Alfabet. For the same purpose em, el and ar are 
 given these names when written downward, and are named 
 mtt, la and ra when written upward. 
 
18 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 For illustrations of joining's of letters, in the order mentioned 
 in paragraf 14, page 15, see lines one to seven of page 19. In 
 writing, the free use of the joined vowels between consonants 
 will relieve obtuse angles in nearly every instance, making 
 the writing easier of execution and adding to its legibility. 
 
 There should be an angle between two curves which face 
 the same way, the chords of which would, if joined, form an 
 obtuse angle, as shown in line eight, opposite; but where the 
 joining of the chords of two facing curves would form a right 
 angle or less than a right angle, there should be no angle be- 
 tween the curves, they are both made with one stroke. See 
 line four, opposite page. 
 
 Between curves the joinings are easiest made where both 
 curves face the same way, that is, are both made with the 
 hand moving- in the same direction, as do those illustrated in 
 lines four, and eight to twelve of opposite page. The least 
 facile, and the least frequent, arc the opposing curves, those 
 requiring a change in the direction of the hand between them, 
 like those illustrated in line thirteen of opposite page The 
 opposing curves shown in lines fourteen and fifteen, having 
 no angle between them, are as easily made as are the facing 
 curves. By a proper use of the variable letters the skillful 
 writer will secure facile forms in nearly every word. 
 
 15. How to spell, write and read Business Sliorth.and. The 
 spelling of words in Shorthand is very easy: simply pronounce 
 them so slowly as to separate their elementary sounds. If 
 you can pronounce a word correctly you can spell it correctly. 
 For exercises in spelling take up the simple, fully written words 
 in the shorthand part of the Lessons and spell (pronounce) 
 them as directed above, seeing and associating together the 
 sounds and the letters which represent them. The process is 
 so simple that a very little practice will enable you to spell 
 correctly any word you can pronounce correctly. Pay no at- 
 tention to the letters used in spelling the words in the ordin- 
 ary dictionary spellings; in them the letters are used in so ca- 
 pricious and disorderly a way that no dependence can be placed 
 upon them as a guide to pronunciation. Having in this sim- 
 ple, easy and natural way arrived at the sounds in a word, you 
 will find in the Alf abet an appropriate letter to represent each 
 of these plainly spoken, easily recognized, elementary sounds. 
 Join in their proper order, as spelled, the letters representing 
 
7r 
 
 ^ 
 
 Kj, 
 
 ^yb -it, if 
 
 il- 
 
 m 
 
 -^ — ^— ^ u 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 c cy o ::^ 3) ^ o 
 
 O 
 
 si^ y -7 ^ /-. ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 o 
 
so BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 these sounds, already learned from the Alfabet, and the writ- 
 ing is done according- to the principles of the simple, fully writ- 
 ten style of the system. This is the style of the art from which 
 children and others can most readily learn the fonetic analy- 
 sis and synthesis of the language, and acquire a correct pro- 
 nunciation of words, a most important educational accom- 
 plishment. The reading consists simply in speaking more 
 quickly than in spelling, the sounds as you see them pictured 
 by the letters in the written word. If the word is fully and 
 properly written, the letters are a sure guide to a correct 
 pronunciation. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the two great difficulties in the way 
 of an easy and rapid acquisition of the English language — the 
 correct spelling and pronunciation of words— are entirely over 
 come, the time and labor necessary to devote to both are re- 
 duced to a minimum, and the whole process put in so simple a 
 form that a child can easily comprehend and master it, and 
 that, too, in a fraction of the time now necessarily devoted 
 to gaining an imperfect knowledge of the language in its ob- 
 scure and complicated garb, as now presented, resulting in a 
 more intimate acquaintance with the spirit of the language, 
 a correctness in the pronunciation of words, a lightening of 
 the burden on the memory and a great saving of time that 
 can be devoted to other useful studies and pursuits, now be- 
 yond the student's reach in the limited time that can be given 
 to school studies. It is the easiest, quickest and best way 
 that a foreigner can correctly and thoroly master the language 
 
 16. How to master the Lessons. The words, frases and sen- 
 tences in the Lessons are formed with much care and accu- 
 racy. First read over all the words in the Lesson; in case oi' 
 doubt as to what the word is prompt yourself by reference to 
 the key on opposite page, so as to be sure of the word and not 
 waste time in unprofitable guessing, but first make an earnest 
 effort to read the word without recourse to the key. Study 
 the forms of the words, frases and sentences minutely and 
 carefully until every part of them is fully understood and an 
 accurate picture of them is impressed on your mind. Be sure 
 you know just what kind of movements make each word — 
 there is a reason why they are made as they are; think out 
 and understand this reason why. 
 
 With pen or pencil trace the forms of the words, f rcises and 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 21 
 
 sentences thru a few times slowly until the movement of the 
 
 hand in makinjf them is well understood, then accelerate the 
 movement gradually, crowding the speed to the highest point 
 consistent with accuracy of outline, until the forms are well 
 mastered. You will know when this point is reached, for your 
 hand will then swiftly glide thru the forms without hesitation 
 or conscious mental or fysical effort. 
 
 Do not allow yourself to form the bad habit of drawing the 
 words or writing them slowly, except at first, as directed above, 
 but accustom yourself from the first to writing the words, 
 frases and sentences with the utmost swiftness of which you 
 are capable. Get upon the upper plain of swift movement as 
 soon as possible and keep there. Keep constantly in view the 
 fact that you must write swiftly, like a flash, to make the 
 highest success with Shorthand for business purposes. This 
 j'ou are aided to the fullest extent in doing by being provided 
 in the Lessons and Exercises with the most facile forms for 
 the writing you are to do, and seeing constantly before you 
 just how they are to be written, so there need be no experi- 
 menting, hesitating or writing words, frases and sentences in 
 different or erroneous ways. 
 
 While you are drilling upon the words in the Lessons, which 
 show you what to do and how to do it, the theory upon which 
 the art is based and its application to the words under con- 
 sideration should be carefully studied and understood, so that 
 other words, involving similar principles in their construc- 
 tion, not given in the Lessons, may be written from analogy. 
 This theory is simplicity itself— the representation of the ele- 
 mentary sounds of the language by the simplest appropriate 
 lines, joined together in the order the sounds are spoken, to 
 form the words. There is nothing obscure or difficult in the 
 study, but considerable drill is necessary to train the fingers 
 to form and join the characters easily and swiftly and give 
 the writer that complete confidence in himself which will en- 
 able him to do his best. This absolute confidence in self and 
 control of the hand can only be acquired by persistent drill 
 under intelligent and forceful exercise of the will until the 
 mind is educated and convinced of its power to execute. 
 
 Practice upon the words in a Lesson until you can write 
 them easily as fast as fifty in a minute, then, with the Lesson 
 before you, so you can see the forms of the words as they aie 
 
gt BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 spoken, have them dictated to you for additional practice. 
 The dictator should pronounce each word or f rase three or 
 more times to accommodate those who write at different rates 
 of speed, if dictating to a class, and to more thoroly fix the 
 word and frase forms in the mind of the learner. The dicta- 
 tion should be done a little faster than the writer can easily 
 write, so there shall be a constant incentive to faster writing. 
 During this dictation, as well as at other times, the student's 
 mind should be actively and energetically concentrated upon 
 mastering and committing the principles of writing and abbre- 
 viation, as w^ell as the forms of the words illustrating them, 
 so that as soon as possible the words, frases and sentences 
 may be correctly written without the aid of the book. 
 
 In this way all the processes employed in the mastery of 
 Shorthand — the training of the ear to catch the words, the 
 association of the sounds with the letters which represent 
 them, the fixing of correct forms in the mind, the elimination 
 of hesitancy by having the forms before the learner, accuracy 
 and uniformity in the training of the hand, and speed of move- 
 ment — are carried along simultaneously; the ear, eye and 
 hand are trained to work harmoniously and in unison — the 
 v/ord-path thru the ears to and off the fingers is cleared of ob- 
 structions in the most thoro and expeditious manner. 
 
 The Lessons should be reviewed and practiced upon until 
 they can be written thru easily at the rate of a hundred words 
 to the minute, and the Writing and Reading Exercises until 
 they can be written at one hundred and twenty, and upward. 
 There is practically no limit to the speed that may be acquired 
 by practice except that of adaptation of the writer to accu- 
 rate and swift movement. Of course speed will vary with dif- 
 ferent persons, and with the same person at different times, 
 but all can reach workable efficiency if industrious and perse- 
 vering. 
 
 In most cases onl}' root words could be given in the Lessons. 
 After the Lesson has been mastered, the practice may be va- 
 ried by dictating derivatives, allied and compound words. 
 This excellent practice will give the learner skill in applying 
 the principles of writing, enlarge his working vocabulary and 
 cultivate promptness and self-reliance. 
 
 17. No lines are used either in the Lessons or the Writing 
 and Reading Exercises, as the writing is just as legible with- 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. SS 
 
 out them. However, it is better for the sake of regularity in 
 writing, as in longhand, that it should be done with reference 
 to a line, either real or imaginary. Let the first perpendic- 
 ular or inclined consonant in a word rest on the line, the other 
 letters before or after it falling into their proper positions 
 with reference to this controlling letter. An examination of 
 the matter on the shorthand pages will show the practice in 
 this regard. 
 
 18. Frases. The object of language is to convey ideas from 
 one to another. If the instruction in this book stopped with 
 showing how words are written it would fall short of the full 
 purpose intended, as the dictionary' falls short of being liter- 
 ature. The Writing and Reading Exercises show how the 
 words introduced are used in frases and sentences to convey 
 intelligence to another 
 
 ft is only while the pen or pencil is moving on the paper 
 that it is doing anything which can be read. Liftings of the 
 pen or pencil, waste movements which consume time and effort 
 and produce nothing which can be read, should be reduced to 
 the least possible number, in the interests of speed and to save 
 work. 
 
 As we associate and join together sounds to form syllables, 
 and syllables to form words, so we can properly extend this as- 
 sociation in writing as we do in speaking, by joining together 
 words that are intimately associated in sense, into what we 
 call frases. These frases should be composed only of words 
 that are spoken together as the syllables of a word are spoken, 
 with no pause of any kind between them, and the forms of 
 which join readily and easily with each other. 
 
 When words are written separately there is a waste stroke 
 to each word, between it and the word following. If words 
 average two strokes apiece and the pen is raised from the pa- 
 per after each to go to the next word, then one third of the 
 writing time and effort is wasted; if written in frases there is 
 no waste stroke between words, the labor of writing is lessened 
 and more fully utilized. 
 
 The writing should indicate as closely as possible the man- 
 ner of speaking. If words are written separately, with a waste 
 stroke between them, it has the same effect upon the eye of 
 the reader as there is upon the ear of the listener if the same 
 frase or sentence is spoken with a pause between the words. 
 
24 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 This is not the natural manner of speaking: allied words are 
 spoken tog'ether continuously as the syllables of a word are 
 spoken. One does not speak the frase, "Why do you?" sepa- 
 rating the words, any more than he would separate the sylla- 
 bles of the word "con tin ue;" but speaks both uninterrutedly. 
 In Shorthand the writing should indicate this manner of speak- 
 ing by joining together continuously into a frase the forms of 
 the allied words, where practicable. Care should be taken, 
 however, not to go to the extreme and try to join into fraseg 
 words not associated in sense, or which have pauses betweer 
 them, or the forms of which do not join easily and readily to- 
 gether. Except under especially favorable conditions, two or 
 three words are enuf to join into a frase, particularly by a be- 
 ginner. 
 
 There is no more danger of difficulty in reading matter that 
 is properly frased, as soon as one becomes accustomed to it, 
 than there is in being able to understand a person when he 
 speaks in this natural and ordinary way; indeed it is easier, 
 for it brings the writing and manner of speaking into har- 
 mony, each showing the peculiarities of the other. The ease 
 and rapidity of the writing, as well as the reading, are both 
 greatly enhanced by proper frasing. 
 
 A few specially shortened f rases are given at the beginning 
 of each Writing and Reading Exercise. They are to be prac- 
 ticed upon and mastered the same as are the word-signs. The 
 common f rases made by simply joining associated words to- 
 gether without shortening of form, will be found scattered 
 thruout the Writing and Reading Exercises, where they will 
 be readily understood and mastered without special drill. The 
 ability to recognize and form new combinations and f rases as 
 one writes is a valuable accomplishment and should be culti- 
 vated. 
 
 19. Brevity of words. The forms given for words and f rases 
 are brief enuf for about any work a writer will be called upon 
 to do, and at the same time sufficiently definite to be promptly 
 and certainly read, not only by the writer but by others famil- 
 iar with the system. To reach the best results for yourself, 
 for others and for the art that serves you, it is essential that 
 correctness and uniformity of writing should be strictly ad- 
 hered to. The writing that the writer only can read is of the 
 least usefulness: the greatest usefulness is reached when the 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 25 
 
 writing is done so that all can read it. The one is merely a 
 collection of crude and arbitrary marks for a narrow, selfish 
 and temporary purpose, which from its very nature can serve 
 but poorly a small number; the other is a broad, comprehen- 
 sive, educational and useful system to supply perfectly all the 
 writing requirements of all the people It should be your 
 pride and pleasure, as well as your recognized duty, to aid in 
 bringing about the highest development and widest usefulness 
 of the system of writing that serves you so well. To this end 
 be exact and write your words and f rases as given in the Les- 
 sons and Exercises, and extend the usefulness of the system 
 by commending it to others. 
 
 Special cases will arise wherein a frequently occurring word 
 or frase in a particular kind or piece of work may be further 
 shortened. Because of its frequency the fuller form would be 
 too burdensome, and because of its frequency the more abbre- 
 viated form would be readily read; but these cases should be 
 treated as exceptional and the writing generally be done as it 
 is shown in the Lessons. 
 
 20. Test your knowledge of the principles by writing out in 
 Shorthand the Lessons from the key on opposite page, with- 
 out referring to the engraved forms of the words; then com- 
 pare your forms with those in the shorthand part of the Les- 
 son and where you find you have written a word or frase incor- 
 rectly, practice upon the correct form until mastered. Fre- 
 quent test reviews of this kind, conscientiously done, will soon 
 eliminate all incorrect word and frase forms from the writing 
 of painstaking students. 
 
 21. The grouping of the words and frases, illustrating the 
 principles of writing and abbreviation, make these Lessons 
 of peculiar value as dictation drills for fixing these principles 
 in mind, much superior to miscellaneous matter, tho it may 
 not be as interesting, because of the repetition of such prin- 
 ciples in the words and frases. Their practice should, there- 
 fore, constitute the greater part of the daily drill of the stu- 
 dent until these principles are well fixed in the mind. We 
 wish to emfasize the point that these Lessons and Exercises 
 can not be practiced upon too much by those who would excel. 
 Intelligent, energetic, accurate, persistent practice, pnictice, 
 PRACTICE, is the secret of success in Shorthand, as in every- 
 thing else; you need not look with any confidence for any sat 
 
S6 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 isfactory degree of eflBciency without this thoro drill. 
 
 22. The Writing' and Beading Exercises supplement the Les- 
 sons and complete the instruction by showing' how the words 
 shown in the Lessons, and others similarly written, are used 
 in frases and sentences to convey intelligence to another, the 
 object of written language. They are also intended as a test 
 of the student's thoroness in the mastery of the preceding 
 Lesson or Lessons. They contain no words or frases not al- 
 ready introduced, or which may not be written by the princi- 
 ples of writing or abbreviation previously given. If the stu- 
 dent can not read these Exercises readily, it means that the 
 previous Lessons have not been well mastered and they should 
 be reviewed until this difficulty is overcome. 
 
 23. When instruction is given orally, these Writing and 
 Reading Exercises should be transcribed with a pen or on a 
 writing machine by the student, and be criticized and cor- 
 rected by the teacher before dictation. 
 
 24. When instruction is given by nia.il, after the Lesson has 
 been well mastered, the Writing and Reading Exercise should 
 be written out, the Shorthand, and longhand or machine-made 
 transcript, on alternate lines, with one or two blank lines fol- 
 lowing each pair of Shorthand and longhand lines, and be sent 
 to the teacher for criticisms and corrections. 
 
 25. How to find words. The words and frases in the Lessons 
 and Exercises are arranged in groups illustrating the different 
 principles of writing and abbreviation which apply in them. 
 These principles may be located by reference to the table of 
 Contents. If two or more principles apply in a given word! 
 the word will be found in the group illustrating the last prin- 
 ciple applying in the word or frase: but the thoro student will 
 so completely master the Lessons that the form and location 
 of every word and frase will be known. 
 
 26. Por convenience of reference the words in the Lessons 
 are arranged in numbered lines and lettered columns; thus, 
 4-a, will be understood to refer to the first word of line four, 
 while 5-a to 6-u, will be understood as referring to all the 
 words given between the individual words so designated. The 
 lines of the Writing and Reading Exercises are also numbered 
 for convenience of reference. 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON 1. 
 
 EXPLANATION Or PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. This Lesson shows you how to write words of a single con- 
 sonant followed by a single vowel sound. Note that altho in 
 the common spellings of these words there may be several let- 
 ters in each, there are but two sounds, and, as in this method 
 of writing the sounds only are represented, but two letters 
 are used to write each word. 
 
 2. The letter e may be turned in the direction the hands of 
 a clock move far enuf to make an easy joining with the pre- 
 ceding consonant, as you will see by a careful study of the 
 words 1-a to r. Write I downward before e, 1-r. 
 
 3. 1-s, 3-a, 10-a, 11-m^The shading of these vowels implies 
 a preceding h. 
 
 4. 1-u to 3-e — A does not vary, but has its opening invaria- 
 bly toward the right, as shown. It makes the joining of a 
 with la, ra, wa, ya and icha easier if they are made with but a 
 slight inclination; if made steep it throws the a around into ah. 
 
 5. The words ichey, 3-c, and lohoa, 5-n, begin with the conso- 
 nant difthong spelled xch but pronounced hw. The h is ex- 
 pressed by slightly shading the hook of the w, in analogy with 
 the shading of vowels to imply a preceding h. A slight press- 
 ure at the beginning of the hook is sufficient to make the shade. 
 
 6. 3-i— Note that all forms a hook on the end of p, thus en- 
 abling the writer to fully express the word with one stroke. 
 
 7. 4-r to 5-n — Note that the vowel o is struck in its inclined 
 direction, and 5-o to 6-« the same vowel is struck in its per- 
 pendicular direction. This slight change in the direction of 
 the vowel is made to facilitate joinings. 
 
 8. Note that to obtain sharp angles au may be struck either 
 upward, 6-e, or downward, 6-i to 7-in. 
 
 9. The distinguishing characteristics of the diamond-point- 
 ed letters, i, etc, oi and oio, are the points and the directions 
 of the points; these must be made definite and preserved. 
 The strokes of which the letters are formed may be made 
 either straight or curved, to facilitate joining with the con- 
 sonant to which it is attached. Compare the words carefully 
 and note the modification mentioned, 7-n to ll-m. 
 
28 BUSINESS SHORTHANV. 
 
 10. ll-ntol2-u -These words are of such frequent occur- 
 rence, scarcely a sentence being' written without the use of 
 one or more of them, that it would be burdensome to write the 
 whole word, and because they are so frequent they are read- 
 ily recognized and read if shortened. The words ll-n to 12-in. 
 are represented by the consonant letter alone, the vowel be- 
 ing omitted. 12-n — iVand the last stroke of ow, slightly shad- 
 ed are used for now; and is represented by n made half-leng-th 
 and shaded, 12-o; the is represented by a light, short tick, ei- 
 ther horizontal or perpendicular to facilitate joining to the 
 word after or before it; it should be so joined wherever prac- 
 ticable, 12-r; the i with the first stroke shaded is used for the 
 word high, under the principle of shading a vowel to imply a 
 preceding- h, and also as a special word-sign for why, 12-s, and 
 e, unshaded, is used for ye and also for you by some writers, 12-u. 
 
 11. Long familiarity with the appearance of words on the 
 printed page where all are separated, may have so obscured 
 the learner's perception of the close association which exists 
 between certain words in a sentence, that when presented to 
 the eye on the printed page, in their natural groupings into 
 frases, it is, at first, difficult for him to recognize the combi- 
 nations and become accustomed to the new and natural way 
 of writing and reading. To remove this difficulty and aid the 
 learner to recog^nize these combinations, there are given be- 
 low the first two lines of Writing- and Reading Exercise 1, 
 indicating by the corresponding common letters the short- 
 hand characters employed in writing the words, and the asso- 
 ciation of the words into frases by connecting such words with 
 a hyf en between them. 
 
 1. Hwy-d-y sa-so? Hwy-d-y d-so? Hwy-d-y-g now? Hwy-d-y 
 
 les the-nu hous? 
 
 2. B-the-wa d-y-no how t ho the-ro I-sho-y? Pa-da. G nd se 
 
 the-nu las boz. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 1. 
 
 Words in parenthesis are written and pronounced the same as the one immediately 
 preceding. 
 
 1. Pea key (quay) tea fee see (sea) me knee lea (lee) he bay. 
 
 2. Pay gay day Shay say nay (neigh) lay ray way (weigh) yea. 
 
 3. Hay whey jay pa ma ha boo pooh coo Sioux (sou). 
 
 4. New (knew) lieu (loo) woo moo rue shoe (shoo) who bow 
 
 (beau) foe so (sow sew). 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 29 
 
 5. No (know) low row (roe) woe owe (O! oh hoe) whoa Coe (Co.) 
 
 doe (dough) toe (tow) show (shew). 
 
 6. Mow (Moe) Joe paw caw daw Shaw saw thaw maw gnaw. 
 
 7. Law raw yaw haw (haugh) jaw die (dye) tie my nigh (Nye) 
 
 lie (lye ley). 
 
 8. Rye (wry) by (buy bye) pie guy vie fie shy sigh thy thigh. 
 
 9. Pew cue dew (due) view few sue thew mew Jew chew. 
 
 10. Hew (hue) coy toy Roy joy boy bow (bough) cow vow sow. 
 
 11. Thou mow Dow row how be she we they may. 
 
 12. Do to (too two) you go though now and the high (why) ye. 
 
 .^^/ 
 
 ace 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
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 L 
 
 ^(^ 
 
 '^-t. 
 
 L 
 
 <- 
 
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 ^^^^ 
 
 C 
 
 L (- 
 
 
 L 
 
 I 
 
 <l 
 
 s>-^-^ -^ 
 
 c^^ 
 
 ^. <-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
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 <• 
 
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 -.^^-. i 
 
 Ci': 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 --> 
 
 r^^ ^ 
 
 cr^ 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 -^ 
 
 t-^ \ \ 
 
 ^V 
 
 X I 
 
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 y 
 
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 ~v 
 
 fV^ —A 
 
 ) 
 
 \ A 
 
 ^lA 
 
 ^-» 
 
 <=-JV 
 
 <- A 
 
 
 ^^> 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 <rr 
 
 ii^^^^ i 
 
 -^ 
 
 )© 1 
 
 ( 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 m -^ 
 
 ^V' 
 
 ~N -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 — er\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
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 FIT 
 
 2-.. 
 
 ?y and bj) L ^ ?Ac 6jj L-^c J^ f /l^ rrtttj L^-Oajf hj^ day 
 
 a. u. 
 
 ^ — V ^ V^/i^/^^o-^- 
 
 c->' <n t. 
 
 7 
 
 ^ ^j, A, 
 
 \/^^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 --1 
 
 /^. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. SI 
 
 LESSON 2. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. This Lesson shows how to write words commencing" with 
 a vowel followed by a consonant, and how plurals of nouns, 
 present tenses of verbs and endings of some other words, are 
 formed by the addition of a circle for s and 2 to a preceding 
 letter. 
 
 2. Attention is called to this law of the language: Two 
 spoken sounds, like dz in adds or hd in ebbed, and two whispered 
 sounds, like Ics in oaks or pt in wpt, are spoken easily together; 
 but the difficulty in pronouncing a whispered sound after a 
 spoken consonant or a spoken sound after a whispered conso- 
 nant is so great that they are not so used. 
 
 3. Advantage is taken of this law to use the circle for both 
 z and .s; the circle reading z on the end of shaded consonants, 
 representing spoken sounds, and of m, which, tho represented 
 by a light letter, is a spoken sound, and s on the end of light 
 consonants which represent whispered sounds. 
 
 4. N, I and r are sounds which may be /followed by both whis- 
 pered and spoken consonant sounds; so the circle may read 
 either z or s on the ends of these letters. Which it is, is usually 
 plainly indicated by the nature of the composition, as is the 
 case in the common use of s for z in the ordinary spellings. 
 If greater exactness is required the circle may be shaded for 
 &, leaving it light for .s, or the full-stroke, alfabetic letter may 
 be used. Usually no distinction is made and no trouble arises 
 in reading. 
 
 5. With the exception of the n, I and r, mentioned above, 
 when a spoken consonant is followed by a whispered one, or a 
 whispered by a spoken consonant, a vowel must be spoken be- 
 tween them, the pronunciation of which makes the necessary 
 change and adjustment of the vocal organs for the produc- 
 tion of the next consonant sound, as in the word ashes, 4-u. 
 
 6. There must be an angle between a vowel and a following 
 consonant. If the vowel will not so form an easily made join- 
 ing at an angle it must, if written, be disjoined. 
 
 7. Note that may be written upward before n in own, 6-r. 
 
32 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 
 
 8. 8-r to 13-u show how to write a class of words in which 
 two or three vowels occur with one consonant, the vowels join- 
 ing' with each other as readily as with consonants, when re- 
 quired. In 9-8 and a number of words after, a final i-y (i-short) 
 is expressed by means of a small hook on the under side of a 
 preceding consonant. In 11-c-e-i the circle is used for z and s 
 between vowels. Care should be taken to make these char- 
 acters small, exact and neatly, and at the same time preserve 
 che distinctions of shape and size. 
 
 9. From 14-a to the end of the Lesson are given frequent 
 words that are shortened; their peculiarities should be noted 
 and observed in practice, especially the half-length 6, ?i and th, 
 15-r-B-u, which are used for but, not and that. These words 
 are introduced here for convenience in making sentences in 
 the Writing and Reading Exercises. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 2. 
 
 1. Eat eats ease ear ears eke eve eaves (Eve's) eel eels. 
 
 2. Ill ills itch Abe Abe's ache aches age ages aim. 
 
 3. Aims (Ames) ail (ale) ails (ales) aid aids ate (eight) ace (a's) 
 
 ebb ebbs egg. 
 
 4. Eggs ell ells (else) edge etch ax add adds (adz) ash ashes. 
 
 5. An (Ann) air (heir) airs (heirs) ooze (whose) us err errs O's 
 
 (oh's owes) oath oaths. 
 
 6. Ore (oar o'er) ores (oars) oak ode (owed) odes oat oats own 
 
 owns awed. 
 
 7. Ought (aught) off awes awls (all's) ox odd odds isle (aisle I'll) 
 
 isles (aisles) ice (eyes ayes). 
 
 8. Ire oil oils ounce owl our (hour) ours (hours) boa bowie buoy. 
 
 9. Bayou obey abbey (abbe Abbie) payee ago ague echo dewy 
 
 (Dewey) Addie Ida. 
 
 10. Ada ado adieu eighty Ettie via avow ivy showy ashy. 
 
 11. Asia easy essay icy Amy Emma anew annoy owing Leo. 
 
 12. Olio illy alley (Allie) oily aloe allay ally alloy allow Ella. 
 
 13. Area array awry arrow airy era Erie aura away iota. 
 
 14. Up it its is am on or (are) issue if in. 
 
 15. At of all as out each any but not that. 
 

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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 35 
 
 LESSON 3. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. In this and following Lessons the specially shortened 
 words are given first; they should be drilled upon until thor- 
 oly mastered. Note that the hooks are made large on the 
 end of h, 1-e, and y, l-n. 
 
 2. The words 3-a to S-n show how e long, as in feel, is writ- 
 ten in its full, alf abetic form between consonants. It is made 
 large and may be turned in the direction the hands of a clock 
 move far enuf to make the easiest joinings with the consonant 
 letters. From some of the commonest words the vowel may 
 be omitted. The words are usually legible without the vowel, 
 when in a sentence, and it need not be written unless the stu- 
 dent distrusts his ability to read readily, in such cases it should 
 be written, even if disjoined, as writing is worthless unless it 
 can be certainly read. 
 
 3. In 5-i, 7-u, 8-a and 12-s-u the shaded vowel implies a 
 preceding h. 
 
 4. In the words 8-o to 10-u the direction of the preceding 
 consonant is such that the vowel is written in the form of a 
 large hook on the under side of it, thus enabling the writer to 
 fully express both consonant and vowel with one stroke. 
 
 5. The words 11-a to 13-c show how i short, as in big, is writ- 
 ten in its full, alf abetic form between consonants. This vowel 
 should be made small and light; the difference between it and 
 the e, above, is in size, the same rules govern the writing of 
 both. 
 
 6. In the words 13-e and following, to the end of the Lesson, 
 this vowel is written in the form of a small hook on the under 
 side of a preceding consonant. It will be noticed that in fish, 
 and film, 13-r-s, and in ambitious, 14-n, the vowel hook turns 
 so that the opening is upward: but it is the direction in which 
 the vowel is written which determines its character and this 
 is shown by the direction of the preceding consonant, which 
 is fixed. 
 
 7. When vowels are written they should be joined to the con- 
 sonants if practicable. There are some cases wherein they 
 will not join easily, and still it is desirable that they should be 
 
JO BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 written, even if disjoined. In such cases the disjoined vowel 
 should be placed beside and near the end of the consonant in 
 the syllable to which it belon{fs; for instance, in the word l}nne 
 the disjoined o is written above and near the end of the n, 
 while in bo-nus the o is written to the right of and beside the b. 
 This aids the reader by enabling him to see the syllabic division 
 of such words. Disjoined vowels are written to the left of per- 
 pendicular and inclined and above horizontal consonants when 
 they are to be read before such consonants, and to the right 
 of perpendicular and inclined and below horizontal consonants 
 when to be read after them. This explanation with the ex- 
 amples in this and following Lessons will make the matter plain 
 8. It will be noticed that sometimes the same shorthand 
 character is used for more than one word. The words of this 
 class are short, very frequent, require a brief sign to repre- 
 sent them, and' usually being different parts of speech, are 
 used so differently in a sentence that no trouble arises from 
 this source. 
 
 EET TO I.ESSON 3. 
 
 1. Evening either believe (belief before) this (these) been 
 
 give ignorant dignity different difference. 
 
 2. Figure finish deficient wish his thing (think) will with 
 
 which silver. 
 
 3. Beef beeves beam beans beneath being below beer (bier) 
 
 beech (beach) peep. 
 
 4. Piece (peace peas) appease piano peel (peal) appeal peer 
 
 (pier) appear peach (pitch) gear team (teem). 
 
 5. Tiers (tears tierce) teach deem adhere deny veal fever 
 
 feel fears (fierce) sheep. 
 
 6. Sheath sheer (shear) zero seed (cede) seer (sear sere cere) 
 
 theme mere leap league leak (leek). 
 
 7. Leave (lieve) leaf (lief) lean (lien) need (knead) neat ream 
 
 repeal reach region here (hear). 
 
 8. Heat cheer cheese even arrears weary keep keen (Keene) 
 
 keel teeth. 
 
 9. Deep depot decay deed deaf defeat deal seeing seal (ceil) 
 
 thief. 
 
 10. Meal reap review wreath week (weak) weave cheap cheek 
 
 chief cheat. 
 
 11. Big busy pity kitchen did ditto diminish tissue vim evince. 
 
 12. Village fix ship thick lip live limb (limn) rich hill him. 
 
 13. Witch within kick king kill dig tin fish film sick. 
 
 14. Civic sin sing silk thin ambitious mix miss mill milk. 
 
 15. Mince rib rip rig ring (wring) win wing chill whip whiflf. 
 

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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 39 
 
 LESSON 4. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. The words 3-e to 10-m show how a, as in game, is written 
 between consonants. It is made large and light; where shaded 
 a preceding h is implied. It does not turn or vary indirection, 
 its opening being invariably to the right. Before d and t the 
 lower part of the curve may be slightly raised to make the 
 necessary joining angle. 
 
 2. The words 10-n and following, to the end of the Lesson, 
 show how e short, as in pen, is written between consonants. 
 This vowel should be made small and light; the difference be- 
 tween it and o, above, is in size, the same rules govern the use 
 of both. Where shaded a preceding h is implied. This vowel 
 being short, quickly spoken and comparatively unimportant 
 in reading, is not usually written except when it begins the 
 word, or is the main or accented vowel in short or infrequent 
 words. The spoken names of/, s, m, n and I, being the same 
 as the first syllables of words commencing with ef, es, em, en and 
 el, this vowel is not usually written before those letters at the 
 beginning of a word. 
 
 3. In your practice drills you need not write the vowels that 
 are shown disjoined in the Lessons. In some cases they are 
 disjoined where they could be easily joined: this is because the 
 word is so frequent that the experienced writer and reader 
 can safely use the words in this way. Where the vowels are 
 joined in the word-outline the words are not so frequent or the 
 insertion of the vowel makes a more easily written word-form 
 by furnishing a better joining, and it is better to write the 
 vowel as shown in the Lessons. Beginners will also find it to 
 their advantage to use vowels quite freely; it takes but the 
 infinitesimal part of a second to write one and if written it 
 may save several minutes of study over an unvocalized out- 
 line, or the misreading of a word when you come to read. 
 
 You must strive to become a ready and accurate reader, and 
 to become this use vowels freely at first and as long as you see 
 that you need them to aid you in reading. Keep your writing 
 legible by all means. 
 
 4. Because now the common letters are more significant to 
 
j^ BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 you than your siiorthand characters, when trying to decifer 
 a shorthand word which seems obscure, it will often aid you 
 in reading if you will substitute the common letters for the 
 corresponding shorthand characters by writing them on a slip 
 of paper. With the word before you spelled out in both kinds 
 of letters it will probably occur to you at once. As you be- 
 come more familiar with the shorthand characters, their com- 
 binations and their greater significance, they will become to 
 you much more expressive and suggestive than are the com- 
 mon letters. This substitution is illustrated on page 28. 
 
 EET TO LESSON 4. 
 
 1. Gave case came (became) days take make always favor 
 
 America electricity. 
 
 2. Defendant efficient very never nevertheless neglect length 
 
 represent regular reverend (Rev.) 
 
 3. Them head baby bake bacon bathe bail (bale) behave pave 
 
 pain (pane). 
 
 4. Pail (pale) page game gain gale gauge (gage) engage cave 
 
 cane (Cain) daily (Daley). 
 
 5. Dairy tape dictate tame attain tail (tale) vain (vane vein) 
 
 avail vary avaricious. 
 
 6. Fade fate (fete) face faith fame fail shape shake shave 
 
 shame. 
 
 7. Sake saying sale (sail) sage main (Maine mane) mail (male) 
 
 mayor image navy name. 
 
 8. Nail label lady lake lathe lame lane (lain) laying lazy rake. 
 
 9. Rave rain (rein reign) arraign rage outrage wake wave 
 
 (waive) wary wages hate. 
 
 10. Hail (hale) James jail chase chain beg bench belt berry 
 
 (bury) petty. 
 
 11. Pen perish repel guess keg ahead depth deck death dem- 
 
 agogue. 
 
 12. Dense venue heavy fence ofifense fellow (felloe) felon shell V 
 
 then meadow. 
 
 13. Empty method memory melt emphatic neck envy enemy 
 
 leg levy (levee). 
 
 14. Lever less allege lessee elm ready reck (wreck) revenue 
 
 erroneous error. 
 T5. Retch (wretch) weapon wedge hence yes gem check (cheque) 
 cherry essential essence. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON 5. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. The words 3-c to 4-in show how the long vowel a, as in 
 farm, the large semicircle with the opening upward, is writ- 
 ten, in its full, alfabetic form, between consonants, and in the 
 words 4-n to 6-a the same vowel is shown written in the form 
 of a large hook on the end of a preceding consonant. In both 
 cases the vowel should be turned in the direction contrary to 
 the movement of the hands of a clock far enuf to secure a 
 good angle between it and the consonants with which it joins. 
 
 2. The words 6-c to 13-s show how the short vowel a, as in 
 cap, the small semicircle with the opening upward, is written 
 in its full, alfabetic form, between consonants, and the words 
 13-11 to 15-u show how the same vowel is written in the form 
 of a small hook on the end of a preceding consonant. The 
 same rules govern the writing of this vowel that apply to the 
 ah, above, the difference between them is in size. It will be 
 noticed that in lamp, 15-u, the vowel appears inverted, but 
 the direction of the I, being fixed, shows the direction in which 
 the vowel is struck, and the direction in which it is written 
 determines its character. 
 
 3. To be able to write fast you must study and practice the 
 utmost economy of movement. You must make your charac- 
 ters small, accurately and neatly. Write the words close to- 
 gether, and where words are frequently associated together 
 in sense and the word-forms join easily, connect them in f rases; 
 then practice upon these words, frases and sentences until 
 your hand will form them easily and without a particle of hes- 
 itation. You can easily double your work by making your 
 characters too large, by bad joinings, long spaces between 
 words and neglect to form frases. Learn to be a critic of 
 your own work and exercise the office with a severe and unre- 
 lenting vigor. Let every piece of practice or work you do be 
 the best you can execute — mark your highest attainment in 
 the art. 
 
 4. Cultivate a complete confidence in yourself and your abil- 
 ity to do whatever you undertake, and work to succeed. Do 
 
ith BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 not be discouraged at trifling" difficulties, or any difficulty. 
 Discouragement never succeds; "I can't'' always fails; "I can" 
 always succeeds and does everything there is done. There is 
 a reason for every lack of success: study out this reason, re- 
 move the difficulty, persevere and you can not fail to win the 
 object sought. Keep constantly before you the fact that if 
 you stop short of success you lose all you have done; if you 
 persevere and win, nothing is lost, you and your work will re- 
 ceive vindication and reward. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 5. 
 
 1. department remark charge bank balance guarantee guar- 
 
 anty agriculture vagabond can (country). 
 
 2. Average (avenue) affidavit advantage thank there (their) 
 
 anguish magazine memorandum language have. 
 
 3. Mechanic arc (ark) arch hark arm harm data dark far 
 
 farm. 
 
 4. Mark laugh lath half harsh behalf bath bar barb bargain. 
 
 5. Bark barn barge path palm park parch garbage calf calm. 
 
 6. Sharp badge patch apples gas cab cabinet cap cash catch. 
 
 7. Gash dance damp damage dare atom attach tab tack at- 
 
 tack. 
 
 8. Tally tare (tear) tarry vanish vanity fat family fancy fair 
 
 (fare) shall. 
 
 9. Shallow sap sack (sac) sash map mass marriage match an- 
 
 imal nap (Knapp). 
 
 10. Knack financial anxious alas lap elapse lack (lac) lash rap 
 
 (wrap) rags. 
 
 11. Rack (wrack) rash wrath ran rally rare wagon wax ware 
 
 (wear) aware. 
 
 12. Where whereas anywhere nowhere everywhere happy 
 
 happen had hat havoc. 
 
 13. Has hang hams hair (hare) harrow jack agitate chaff chair 
 
 baggage. 
 
 14. Back bare (bear) barren pack pass pan panic palace pare 
 
 (pear pair) parish. 
 
 15. Repair gag gang candid carriage canvas (canvass) shaggy 
 
 shanty shank lamp. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 47 
 
 LESSON 6. 
 
 EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. The words 2-u to 7-i illustrate the manner in which the 
 shaded dash vowel, o long", as in Jwtne, is written in its inclined 
 direction between consonants, and 7-m to 8-u show how the 
 same vowel is written in its perpendicular direction between 
 consonants. This slig'ht chang-e in the direction of the vowel 
 is made to facilitate joining, the same as are the variations of 
 the semicircular vowels already illustrated and explained. 
 
 2. The words 9-a to 15-c show the light dash vowel, u short 
 as in cup, written in its inclined direction between conso- 
 nants, and 15-e to u show the same vowel written in its per- 
 pendicular direction between consonants. The same rules 
 govern the use of this letter that apply to the o, above, the 
 distinction between them being in the shading. Most of the 
 words given are of so frequent occurrence that the vowels are 
 usually omitted by experienced writers. 
 
 3. From the words S-n, 6-n, 12-o and 14-i-in, h is omitted, 
 the word commencing with the vowel immediately after the h. 
 
 4. Make frequent and thoro reviews, always aiming and 
 working industriously and energetically for greater perfec- 
 tion of form and higher speed. Your main if not sole reliance 
 for increased speed must be upon a more rapid manipulation, 
 rather than upon a further shortening of word and frase forms. 
 This celerity of movement can be gained only thru such per- 
 fect familiarity with the word and frase forms that they can 
 be struck with the utmost confidence and quickness, all of 
 which is the result of much diligent and persistent practice 
 from dictation, especially of classes of words and f rases which 
 fix principles in the mind. Write your words and frases with 
 a reasonable degree of brevity, so as not to endanger legibil- 
 ity, use facile, easily made forms and stick to them. Don't 
 change. Frequent changes in word and frase forms are fatal 
 to a high rate of speed. No one can write rapidly while con- 
 stantly experimenting with and changing the word and frase 
 forms used. A long and even awkward form, well mastered 
 and constantly used will be much more readily and quickly 
 written than a shorter form imperfectly mastered, as word 
 and frase forms necessarily are so long as the writer keeps in 
 the experimental stage. 
 
48 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 5. The briefer the forms you use the more illegible will be 
 your writiny; for the less of a word you write the more of it 
 you must remember, if you would lead it. When yorr mem- 
 ory becomes dim or overburdened by the number of arbitra- 
 rily abbreviated word-forms you try to use, you will have dif- 
 ficulty in recalling them; your ability to read will depend up- 
 on your fleeting and uncertain memory of the multitude of lit- 
 tle fragmentary characters you have made, and your skill in 
 constructing the proper sentences from them. The more of 
 a word you write the surer you are to read it certainly and 
 promptly at any time. There is no escape from the truth of 
 these statements. "Briefest, best and most legible" contain* 
 a contradiction in terms. Do not be deceived by the asser- 
 tion, so common and seductive, yet so utterly false and mis- 
 chievous. 
 
 '»• \ ^^^ ^® LESSON 6.1 
 
 '^. Above pork fourth (forth) perfect purpose public (publish) 
 govern begun (gun) come (become) deponent. 
 
 2. Eternity attorney enough such much number (No.) refer 
 
 purchase church both. ~^, 
 
 3. Bone bonus bold (bowled) bolt bore (boar) hope (ope) open 
 
 ocean oppose repose. 
 
 4. Pole (poll) pour (pore) porous porch going agony devote 
 
 revoke folks folio. 
 
 5. Four (fore) force (fours) forge shown (shone) soap sows 
 
 (sews) sowing (sewing) soul (sole) sold (souled) solely. 
 
 6. Those theory moan (mown) mold (mould) more (mower) 
 
 home notice known loam loan (lone). 
 
 7. Robe roam (Rome) roar wore coke comb core (corps) coach 
 
 tone toll. 
 
 8. Tore soak sowed (sewed) rogue woke wove yoke joke choke 
 
 chose. 
 
 9. Buggy bunch carbon bulb bulk bulge birth (berth) bum 
 
 (Bern) budget putty. 
 
 10. Punish punch repulse purse (purrs) cup cunning coerce 
 
 divulge does done (dun). 
 
 11. Adult tub ton (tun) tongue turkey term touch reverse de- 
 
 fer fuss. 
 
 12. Funny firm furnace thus thorough thoroughly hum ani- 
 
 mus among unto. 
 
 13. None (nun) nothing annul luck love rub rough (ruff) rush 
 
 rum run. 
 
 14. Earth earn (urn) urge her hurry were worse work worth 
 
 worm. 
 
 15. Jug judge gum curb curry duck dumb tug tough terse. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. ' 51 
 
 LESSON 7. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. The words 4-a to 6-r show how the shaded, horizontal, 
 
 dash vowel, oo long, as in boom, is written between consonants. 
 This vowel does not vary in direction, when it will not join 
 readily to both consonants it should be disjoined, in which case 
 it is seldom written by the experienced writer. It is compar- 
 atively infrequent, occurring in but few words. 
 
 2. The words 6-s to 7-r show how the light, horizontal, dash 
 vowel, 00 short, as in cook, is written between consonants. It 
 is distinguished from the long vowel, above, by difference in 
 shading, the same rules govern the writing of both. 
 
 3. The words 7-s to 9-o show how the shaded, inclined, dash 
 vowel, a as in tall, is written downward between consonants, 
 and the words 9-r to 10-e show how the same vowel is written 
 upward between consonants, the direction being used which 
 will give the sharpest angle between it and the consonant to 
 which it is joined. 
 
 4. The words 10-i to 14-in show how the light, inclined, dash 
 vowel, short, as in dog, is written downward between conso- 
 nants, and the words 14-ii to 15-o show how the same vowel is 
 written upward between consonants, the same rules govern 
 the writing of this vowel that apply to the broad a, above, the 
 distinction being in the shading. 
 
 5. The three last words of the Lesson are derivatives based 
 upon the word-sign form. More than 130 derivatives employ- 
 ing this word-sign in their construction are given in the Key 
 TO THE Amanuensis and Student's Drill Book. 
 
 6. Owing to the more appropriate and skillful assignment 
 of letters to represent the sounds, and the less waste move- 
 ment incident upon the joining of letters and words, writers 
 of this system are not compelled to resort to the extremes of 
 brevity and complexity, with consequent loss of legibility, 
 which characterize other systems; but writing in it may be 
 done with the words more fully expressed, as rapidly, and, con^ 
 sequently, more legibly. It may also be written as briefly and 
 illegibly, and at the same time more rapidly than other sys- 
 
5S BUSINESS SHORTHAND, 
 
 terns, if the writer prefers; but if he writes in this illegible 
 way he should not blame the system for the difficulty he will 
 have in reading. The system must be mastered thoroly and 
 written correctly to get good results. Slip-shod methods in 
 Shorthand will produce no better results than in any other 
 pursuit, they are sure to bring disappointment and failure; 
 only intelligent, faithful, conscientious work brings the high- 
 est reward. See that you do this. 
 
 TOBY TO LESSON 7. 
 
 1. Object bushel benevolent popular according coupon corn 
 
 cause (because) already tomorrow, 
 
 2. Volume faculty for form perform furnish autho- there 
 
 fore (therefor) morning' mortgage. 
 
 3. Long young repugnant warrantee warranty uniform uni- 
 
 verse unanimous officious copy, 
 
 4. Boom poor cool doom tooth tool tour food fool shoot. 
 
 5. Soup soon saloon move remove moon noon renew undo 
 
 (nude) loop, 
 
 6. Routine roof room ruin use youth unity choose book bush, 
 
 7. Bull push pull took shook cook hoop (whoop) look gall 
 
 gorge, 
 
 8. Caucus (calks) cough cautious autumn talk tall sauce (saws) 
 
 naughty origin hall. 
 
 9. Horse horror walk war warm warn chalk lawyer bawl (ball) 
 
 gone. 
 
 10. False (falls) fork lawn borrow born authority authorize 
 
 along belong upon. 
 
 11. Posse cock coffee colony dog dock dodge top foreign office. 
 
 12. Often of tener official shop shock shoddy solace solid soli- 
 
 tary knock. 
 
 13. Obnoxious mob motto demolish lobby lock rob rock rocky 
 
 wrong. 
 
 14. Hogs was wash watch job box bosh botch obvious oblivious. 
 
 15. Polish fog follow admonish loss lodge .John reform former 
 
 formal. 
 
Q'A 
 
 h 2^ 
 X 
 
 ■^\ 
 
 \ii 
 
 V v-"\^1 — ^ty -V.^/— ,=-..— ---V^ ^w/ V-X. 
 
 y 
 
 
 id ^ 
 if 
 
 A^^, 
 
 J 
 
 «-«-/ 
 
 v/./0- 
 
 L 
 
 i'-^ -<^ ^ 
 
 
 ^i 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 55 
 
 LESSON 8. 
 
 1. The Exercises commencing with this Lesson and contin- 
 uing- thru the course, are intended to supplement the regular 
 shorthand Lessons by extending the student's vocabulary, and 
 furnish a test examination of the thoroness with which the 
 principles have been mastered. A copy should be made in 
 longhand or on a typewriter, "double-space," and the short- 
 hand forms written with pen and ink in the blank space under 
 the words, taking care to write neatly and observe the prin- 
 ciples which apply in the words. When the student is sure 
 there are no mistakes in the Exercise it should be handed to 
 the teacher for criticism and correction, if needed. Where 
 practicable the corrections should be made before the student 
 and the reasons why given. In teaching large classes the Ex- 
 ercises may be put upon the board by the teacher and each 
 student make his own corrections. These Exercises may be 
 taken up in regular course as reviews of the principles just 
 gone over and in addition to the advance Lesson, or they may 
 be taken up in connection with the Lesson they supplement 
 in the first general review of the course. 
 
 2. Write the following words, as directed above, in accord- 
 ance with the principles explained in Lesson 2: 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 1. 
 
 Ekes e'en itches apes edges etches Ann's opes oaks awls 
 eyed (I'd) owlish powwow ego Aggie doughy duo eddy (Eddie) 
 Etta Eva Effie Asa eon aerie aha ogee outdo outgo outlaw 
 outweigh. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 3. See paragraf 9, page 27, for general directions in regard 
 to form and joining the diamond-pointed difthongs. 
 
 4. The words 2-i to 6-e show how i, as in like, is written be- 
 tween consonants with both strokes straight; 6-i to 8-s show 
 how to write the same letter with the first stroke curved and 
 the second straight, and S-u shows how it is written with the 
 first stroke straight and the second curved. There are a few 
 words of comparatively infrequent occurrence in which the 
 easiest joining of this letter requires that both strokes should 
 
56 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 be curved, or it may be disjoined, if preferred. 
 
 5. The words 9-c to 12-n show how ew, as in few, is written 
 between consonants. Most of the words g'iven occur so fre- 
 quently that the vowel may be omitted without endangering 
 the legibility of an ordinary sentence. 
 
 6. The words 12-o to 14-e show how oi, as in toil, is written 
 between consonants. 
 
 7. The words 14-i to 15-u show how ow, as in totcn is written 
 between consonants. Note the variations in the strokes of 
 the letters, made to secure the easiest joinings, and follow 
 them closely in practice. 
 
 EBY TO LESSON 8. 
 
 1. Opportunity occupy pecuniary pure power organize county 
 
 idea mighty almighty. 
 
 2. Iron child employ dive dine dying (dyeing) ideal hide (hied 
 
 Hyde) height (white) item. 
 
 3. Time (thyme) type appetite tine tile tire mile mileage 
 
 mine admire. 
 
 4. Benign knife knives libel (liable) like alike live life line 
 
 alliance. 
 
 5. Ripe riot rife derive rise (rice) righteous wipe wife wives 
 
 wine. 
 
 6. Wise wire China bias by-law alibi pipe pine repine pile. 
 
 7. Vise (vice) device divide vine divine revive violence defy 
 
 fine define. 
 
 8. Defiance refine file shine side (sighed) sight (site cite) si- 
 
 lence sign (sine) science lime. 
 
 9. Fire bureau rebuke abuse purity purify repudiate argue 
 
 accuse accumulate. 
 
 10. Cure curious duty duly deduce reduce unduly endure tube 
 
 tumult. 
 
 11. Tune fuse refuse refute fuel fury furious sewer mule pol- 
 
 lute. 
 
 12. Annuity huge juice junior judicious attitude decoy coin 
 
 coil toil. 
 
 13. Noise annoyance loyalty royalty join rejoice choice boys 
 
 boil voyage. 
 
 14. Avoid voice soil bounty empower couch doubt down town 
 
 avows. 
 
 15. Devout devour foul (fowl) shower mouth allowance an 
 
 nounce arouse endow tower. 
 
b 2- 
 
^r 
 
 b 2^ 
 
 4 — 
 
 iiJPo'rtrefClttjf iJourcrJit/ecLgs \_^^.y7^^ott^iirniy^CiiiAai;iim«. 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 <^' 
 
 i2, 
 /J.- 
 
 ')'^— LO 
 
 \.-^ 
 
 t--/-L,^^^1"^-^/<J-"--^"^ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 59 
 
 LESSON 9. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the princi- 
 ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 3 and previous Lessons. 
 
 1. Beacon bedew belie apiece appears geese Eden deems 
 eaten (Eaton Eton) tease veer fees sheaf sheathe siege beseech 
 merely needy neatly niece (knees) anneal veneer oblique lean- 
 to legion leach (leech) leeway rear arena outreach heap heave 
 heel (heal) hero cohere jeer jeering cheery yearly yearling. 
 
 2. Keenly deepen deacon decays decoy deity deviate deafens 
 deafness deify dean teal zenith zeal seek seethe scenery sien- 
 na senior thieves meek oatmeal mealy repay reek (wreak) be- 
 reave wreathe revere weep weaken weedy wean (ween) cheeky 
 achieve wheeze believer believing unbelief unbeliever. 
 
 3. Bins abyss bilge billowy pithy pickax picnic pink pillage 
 giddy dizzy dimly fib figs affix filch shin shilling ethics tnicken 
 amiss lives living liver livery linen lineality linear lingo links 
 (lynx) lily limbo lynch rims jimmy chimney whims avaricious 
 
 4. Gig gingham gill kip kin kiln digging Dixie oddity ditto 
 divinity differ din tiptoe tipsy attic tinny fishy easily sip sick- 
 ish sicken sieve sinew sinking amity myth minnow mink mimic 
 milky remiss ribbon rigging arid avarice rink wig wins (wince) 
 winnow jig jiffy gin agility chicken chin whiz bewitch pigeon 
 visage avidity outlive without withal witty willingly unwilling- 
 ness hereby herein hereof herewith thinking things solidity. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 5. Most of the simple consonant sounds unite closely with a 
 following r, forming double consonant sounds, called the r-series 
 of compounds. These are very frequent, illustrate an impor- 
 tant fonetic feature of the language and should be carefully 
 studied and understood by those who wish to become familiar 
 with its elements and their relations and uses. 
 
 6. To represent these double sounds the student is not re* 
 quired to learn new letters, but those already learned are mod- 
 ified by means of a small hook at the beginning, on the left or 
 under side of straight consonants, and in the inside of curves, 
 called the r-hook, and used to represent them. These hooked 
 letters are used in the beginning, middle and end of words, 
 wherever these double sounds occur, tho in the ends of words 
 the sounds represented by the hooked letter are usually spoken 
 separately but without a vowel between them. This will be 
 understood by contrasting the pronunciation of br in break, 
 pr in price, etc with ber in lumber, per in temper, etc., but the 
 representation of both by the hooked letter is sufficiently ac- 
 curate for all practical purposes. The rule is to use these 
 hooked letters only when the two consonants form a true dif- 
 thong, but occasional violations of this rule occur in practice 
 
60 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 when a more easily written outline for a frequently occurring 
 word can thereby be secured, as shown in 7-a, 12-a-e, etc., in 
 which the making of the vowel thru the hooked letter indicates 
 that it is to be read between the two consonants represented 
 by the hooked letter. It is not the usual practice to write the 
 vowel in such cases, and this use of the hooked letters should 
 be restricted to very frequently occurring" words and those 
 containing enuf other letters to make the word definite. The 
 hooked letter should not be used in such words as bear, pour, 
 fire, vaiy, etc. The r-hook is enlarged to express a following I, 
 as shown in the words 5-e-i-m, 8-n, 11-n, 13-o-r, IS-r-s-u. 
 
 7. The use of this small hook on b for br is shown, in the be- 
 ginning, middle and end of words, from 2-n to 5-c; on p for pr, 
 in like manner, is shown S-n to 8-m; on g for yr, 8-0 to 10-i; 
 on k for kr [cr), lO-m to 12-n; on d for dr, 12-o to 13-n, and on 
 t for tr, 13-s to 15-o. 
 
 ^ KEY TO LESSON 9. 
 
 1. Brother (remember) barrel lahpr principle (principal per) 
 
 pp)per ptcoblem (probable) practice prelimfnary gar- 
 nishee car (care). v 
 
 2. Carry correct curve tariff dear (deerH brief break (brake) 
 
 brave brain broke (brook). r 
 
 3. Brick bridge bring breath brag brass branch brush bribe 
 
 brown. 
 
 4. Fiber embrace member membrane neighbor lumber tim- 
 
 ber chamber rubber robber. 
 
 5. Arbor jobber (jabber) umbrella liberal illiberality pray 
 
 (prey) prepay prepaid premium preach (approach). 
 
 6. Propose prepare probate produce prettj' press precious 
 
 prejudice perhaps prior (prayer). 
 
 7. Perpetuity promise price prime praise (prays preys) ap- 
 
 prove propriety upper oppress paper (pauper). 
 
 8. Book-keeper dipper (dapper) shipper (shopper) temper 
 
 (tamper) reproach parallel agree gray grave gracious. 
 
 9. Grace (graze grays) grain grieve green grow grass (gross) 
 
 eager degree bigger (beggar) progress. 
 
 10. Vigor vinegar sugar meager cream creep chromo crib 
 
 crack crop. 
 
 11. Cross (cares cars) courage cry crime crone (crane) crawl 
 
 acre across (acres) crew (accrue) occur. 
 
 12. Procure (pricker) decree encourage encroach liquor (lucre 
 
 lacquer) hickory dream draw drop (drip droop) dread. 
 
 13. Dress (address) dry drive during drunk (drink drank) dredge 
 
 (drudge) drill droll tray (trey) trace (trays). 
 
 14. Train tree treaty track tramp (trump) trap (troop) truck 
 
 (trick) true truth trunk. 
 
 15. Try tribe trip utter atrocious debtor (daughter) entry 
 
 trial trail neutral. ^ 
 
r 
 
 ■■'I ~c>e 
 
 V^ K 
 
 h 2^ 
 
 lA 
 
 -yn -H <r r- s 
 
 ^^ V^ U ^ J ^ L 1 M 
 ,1^ -1 (j _n-i_ ^y ^ '^ -tj ">^ 
 
 w 
 
 ,> 
 
 1 ^ ^ 
 
 in 
 
 K 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 *n -r 
 
 - — . <^ 
 
 n. c 
 
^. b ^. 
 
 'K 
 
 
 
 
 ^-ziTo refer (-o?Zanje%ctd<it^a\. I 
 
 Qhoi/e^a.T'. 
 
 -XZi^, 
 
 €at'e. 
 
 ->--^ 
 
 
 
 .U-V-L/J^^/^iVV 
 
 V^ 
 
 '/V 
 
 2.1 ^\0/'\^^/'^ ^ 
 
 -yx-T--. 
 
 V^ 
 
 V 
 
 M-'^^-b-^^--^/^^^ 
 
 —A 
 
 
 ^■X}^^-T--- 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ./^ 
 
 ^^'1--— -//-^ 
 
 — ■^~^'l^x.ly-- 
 
 ^ — ^ 
 
 i.-^y-- ^\^-<^'^/-^ 
 
 ^v.-^/~ 
 
 --^^ 
 
 -V 
 
 7-^1 .^^/^-i /-LV"^ ^ 
 
 ^-wy'-l ^-/— 
 
 U-^/^ 
 
 --^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^.— ^ u-^--"!,..-^,-^/*^ 
 
 ^v^.-- 
 
 i~^ 
 
 ^/ 
 
 ^^. "^ ^/^^l^"/-^ — 
 
 ^v--!.- 
 
 -r- 
 
 '.1/ 
 
 H^ --^^-<y^ — -/<-^ 
 
 u.^ -- 
 
 — /.-i^^ 
 
 /Xo^(,-^— --^oiC^ .:^ 
 
 ^] /^^ ;z^1- 
 
 V 
 
 /i.— l^^L^ V-^ V^IT ^/^ 
 
 -^^ 
 
 ^/ 
 
BUSINJ^SS SHORTHAND. • 65 
 
 LESSON 10. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 3. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the princi- 
 ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 4 and previous Lessons. 
 
 1, Babes base (bass bays baize) urbane pagan pathos pace 
 (pays) painless campaign payer gaze gayly cape cake caveat 
 chaos canoe cage dale Dane (deign) dainty detain vague ren- 
 ovate vase veil (vail vale) phase deface famous defame feign 
 (fane fain) shaky shady sago sane maze (maize May's) mania 
 mainly Mary nape "nave (knave) namely lave lacing rapacious 
 radius ratio ravine raving raise (rays race) rainbow rainy waif 
 wavy awaken ways (weighs) wane (wain) jade Jane chasten 
 chafe chary betake making American favoring favored fa- 
 vorite favors voracious veracious fallacious nefarious alias. 
 
 2. Beck beckon bedlam bevy beverage bell (belle) bellow eb- 
 ony peg peck apex poet poem penny penance pelt pellet pelf 
 epidemic den delve derrick edit edifice ten tenacious tenure 
 tenth tenon terror terrier terrific terrace vex venom ferries 
 fetch shelf thence mesh omen amen annex nephew knell web 
 legacy leaven leverage lemon wretched unerring hen hedge 
 jet Jesse (Jessie) Jennie (jenny) jelly jealous chess caress envoy 
 entity elbow elegy elk elf Elsie Ellen efficiency represented 
 representing representative regularly regularity irregular. 
 
 ^EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 3. 2-111 to 3-u show how vr is written in the middle and end 
 of words, it does not begin words. 
 
 4. 4-a to 5-n. show how/r is written in the beginning, mid- 
 dle and end of words. 
 
 5. 5-0 to 6-s show how shr is written in the beginning, mid- 
 dle and end of words. To make this character the hook is 
 placed on the r-element of the compound, written downward, 
 to avoid the awkward character which would result from an 
 attempt to make the hook on the left or convex side of sh. In 
 the words 6-u to 8-i this same character has the power of chr. 
 The sounds are so similar to shr that no confusion or illegibil- 
 ity arises from this extended use of the hooked character. 
 The large hook on the downward r, shown in the words 8-m- 
 n-o. implies a preceding n — nchr. 
 
64 
 
 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 6. 8-r to 0-i show how zhr is written in the middle and end 
 of words, it does not begin words. It is like the .s7tr, explained 
 above, exce])t in the matter of emfasis and shade and is gov- 
 erned by the same rules. In 9-m to 10-n this character has 
 the power of jr, same as explained above of chr, and in 10-o-r 
 the enlarged hook implies a preceding n — njr. 
 
 7. 10-s to 12-u show how nr is written in the middle and end 
 of words, it does not begin words. 
 
 8. 13-»-c show the use of thr (spoken) in the middle and end 
 of words, it does not begin them, and 13-e to o show the use of 
 thr (whispered) in words. 
 
 9. 13-r to 14-11 show the use of the shaded I for Ir, and 14-o 
 to 15-u show the use of mr in the "beginning, middle and end 
 iof words. It is not a difthong, there is a vowel between the 
 
 id r in most of the words. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 10.) 
 
 •^ 
 
 Together altogether whatever vice president overwhelm 
 overcharge forever from shrinkage Mr. ; J// 
 
 Nature large (learn) year (your) general ever (overjj^every 
 everything cover recover endeavor. 
 
 3. Driver (drover) bravery giver river waver variety 
 
 verify variance varnish. 
 
 4. Free freight fresh phrase (fries) frame frog frank afraid 
 
 offer defraud. 
 6. Defray suffer (safer cipher) decipher rougher referee re- 
 frain shrink shrewd (shroud) sure (assure share ) usher. 
 
 6. Surety surely sheriff pressure cashier luxury beneficiary 
 
 judiciary washer cherish. 
 
 7. Charm butcher rupture (rapture) preacher departure tem- 
 
 perature creature picture lecture teacher. 
 
 8. Treachery voucher feature future venture furniture cen- 
 
 tury treasure luxurious seizure. 
 
 9. Measure erasure leisure usury jury germ germane journey 
 
 sojourn adjourn. ^.-^ 
 
 10. Perjure forger major majority ledger soldier danger man- 
 
 ager (manger) owner honor. ^' 
 
 11. Near (nor) narrow nerve north energy enrage enrich un- 
 
 righteous enormous banner. 
 
 12. Gamer (gunner) ignore corner (coroner) dinner (donor) tin- 
 
 ner (tenor) finer sinner (signer) manner (miner minor 
 meaner) winner generous. 
 
 13. Other gather three through throw (throe) thrive through- 
 
 out allure lard (lord) alarm. 
 
 14. Taylor (tailor) teller collar (choler caller) familiar jailer 
 
 jeweler merit marsh mourn marry (merry). 
 
 15. Merge margin march demurrer demurrage enamor nu- 
 
 merous rumor farmer (firmer) hammer (hemmer). 
 
7 J 
 
 n 
 
 -? 
 
 Z, 
 
 9 
 
 11— 
 
 1_ 
 
 > 
 
 ~> 
 
 - \ I 
 
 / 
 
 ^ ^ -0 
 
 ^ U V- 
 
 < } -7 
 
 ^ > 7 
 
 ) } > 
 
 / & ^ 
 
 > ^ ^ 
 
 ft ff r s It 
 
 } \ ' ^ ^ 
 __ ^ <-- V j^ 
 
7 Z« t),e /Joturr 4th*COS«Z Tire or ihiee. "^ T4f*e or four. 
 
 "■^A-ru artd t^r'^o ^ Oi,ef and ober ) Of er and above 
 Pra m cfa^ io daif I //w/w hnt e ft> time — '^'^^'^fime ^ ihetfeor. 
 
 a 
 
 b ^ 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 . — ^ — 
 
 i 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 67 
 
 LESSON U. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 4. 
 
 Write the following" words in accordance with the princi- 
 ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 5 and previous Lessons, 
 
 1. Alms army arg^ue tardy afar farce balm palmy calves 
 carp cargo carve carcass tar tarnish char jar charged charg- 
 ing charges remarking. 
 
 2. Apathy apple acme addle adder adage attache ambush 
 Arab patch gap cabbage cabin captious capacious dash tap 
 tan tallow van fag fathom famish famine fan fang fallacious 
 fairy affair unfair sang sank sally sallow satchel their there- 
 by thereupon thereon thereof therewith thereto therein Mc 
 (Mac Mack) mash mammoth magic lag lackey lacks (lax) lass 
 lasso lance lank languish latch ravish ravenous rang rank rar- 
 ity rarefy rarely ratchet wag beware unawares whereupon 
 wherein whereof whereon wherewithal Yankee hack hash 
 Harry (hairy) Japan jag chap chaplain chart; averaged averag- 
 ing averages avalanche advantages advantageous thanking 
 thanks thankless anatomy having. 
 
 3. Bag bass ban banish banana bang bearing (baring) barely 
 pansy pang parry gangway gallop cavity catholic cam cameo 
 camel camera candy cannon (canon) caravan sham chamois 
 lamb ramify ham. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 4. Referring to explanations made in Lesson 9 in regard to 
 the r-hook series of compounds, the same explanations, substi- 
 tuting I for r and locating the hook on the right and upper 
 side of straight consonants and inside of curves, with some 
 slight modifications, as explained in individual cases, will in- 
 form you in regard to another important series of double con- 
 sonants called the l-series of compounds. 
 
 5. 2-m to 6-r show the use of bl in the beginning, middle and 
 end of words. It is used almost uniformly for the termina- 
 tions able and ible. The hook is enlarged to express a follow- 
 ing r, as shown in 1-e, S-n. 
 
 6. 6-s to 8-Ti show the use of pi in the beginning, middle and 
 end of words; the large hook in 8-i-n reads plr. 
 
 7. 9-a to u ^how ths use of gl in the beginning, middle and 
 
68 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 ead of words; the enlarged hook in 10-a reads glr. 
 
 8. 10-c to 12-n show the use of kl [d] in the beginning, mid- 
 dle and end of words; the enlarged hooks in 12-o to u read l-lr. 
 
 9. 13-a to 14-c show the use of ill in the middle and end of 
 words. It does not begin words, where so written there is a 
 vowel between the d and I, and the hooked character is used 
 to secure greater brevity or better joinings in frequent words. 
 The hook of dl must be made large to distinguish it from J. 
 
 10. 14-e to 15-u show the use of tl in the middle and end of 
 words. It does not b^gin words, and the hook must be made 
 large to distinguish it from ch. 
 
 ^ KEY TO LESSON U. 
 
 1. Bill (able) vegetable boiler honorable poverty applicable 
 
 plaintiff glory (gallon) telegraph (telegram) call (coal). 
 
 2. Collect capital (capitol) reply pleasure able-bodied blaze 
 
 blame bleach (blotch) blue (blew) blow. 
 
 3. Billing (blowing) bills (bliss bless) black blank bluff block 
 
 blush (abolish) oblige bible (babble bubble) payable. 
 •4, Capable agreeable cable (cobble) amicable double (dabble 
 
 edible due-bill) table trouble verbal favorable movable. 
 i,-6r'Terishable negotiable humble amiable gamble (gambol) 
 
 gambler grumble admirable marble enable (unable). 
 o. Noble salable mailable durable terrible way-bill (wabble) 
 
 legible (eligible) illegible plea please (pleas police). 
 
 7. Play plays (place) plain (plane) plan plank policy plow 
 
 plucky pledge ply (apply). " ^_. 
 
 8. Applaud people (pupil papal) couple coupler cripple( ex-j 
 
 plore deeply supply ample replenish. v_. - 
 
 9. Gleam gloomy glow glimpse glass (gloss) glue eagle ugly 
 
 angle legal. 
 
 10. Burglar claim proclaim clean cloak close clothes clause 
 
 (claws) clip calico. 
 
 11. Class (calls) clever (cleaver clover) club cloth climb (clime) 
 
 culture collateral o'clock local luckily. 
 
 12. Enclose foreclose enclosure technical mechanical miracle 
 
 color (clear) clerk declare peculiar. 
 
 13. Dull delay delight deliver delicious dollar (dealer duller) 
 
 delirious (dolorous) idle (idol) bridle (bridal) peddle (pedal 
 puddle poodle). 
 
 14. Bundle medal (meddle muddle middle) tell (till) tolerate 
 
 battle (bottle) brittle (brutal) cattle (cuttle) detail title 
 (total tattle) vital. 
 
 15. Fatal (futile) efficiently metal (mettle mottle) mutilate 
 
 mortal (myrtle marital) promptly until (nettle natal) 
 rattle (retail) retaliate utility. 
 
Tjl 
 
 
 C T3elon ho. r U 73iil if L Oiling. P Frcm ^lacelcJfLee 
 
 ^—Tt mil ^-1 To law. 1^^^ leave: 
 
 ^~~i To iilfe. ~~^ IT/Z/elbi^^Prchcrltj 'V^7/^<f7-<r*r</ii<?/ir<'«j 
 
 ^-^iXesotiahle Jja^Hr^^ /lnUjfdt4.f leased ^^In rejtlj^ic 
 
 ^^ ? -y j - -- 1 1-^^ L./*- --i- ^y^i-/ 
 
 ^ .^-^^^ .-^-\/^^ "UV.^i^'-S =-7 V^)c <^^ 
 
 ti 
 
 VA/-~1^^-^ -/ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 71 
 
 LESSON 12. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 5. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the princi- 
 ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 6 and previous Lessons. 
 
 1. Bows (beaux) bogus boldness borne borer boatswain pope 
 poke potentate potential potency pony poach depose copious 
 cone atone vogue focus foes foam forego forthcoming forth- 
 with forage divorce zone ozone soapy sofa solo solidity solidify 
 sore (soar sower) mope moldy molten loaf alone cologne lowly 
 loathe loath (loth) rope rotate rose (rows) arose romance up- 
 roar roach woes yore hoary hose (hoes) obese opaque ocean 
 Job jolt Aurora. 
 
 2. Goal gory cocoa coax (cokes) cove dose domain door adore 
 toady toes (tows) torn tory shows shoal shorn mows knoll rogu- 
 ish rove hoax chore. 
 
 3. Buck button buffet rebuff buss bunk burrow (borough) bur- 
 nish birch budge puppy puppet pugnacious puff pulp pulse perch 
 gully cub covet coming undone dunce (duns) tonnage turf de- 
 ter aver virgin affirm furrow shun shirk sully sulky sullen muff 
 monkey mummy muddy mutton lug lucky lovely lunch lungs 
 divulge defer ruffian emerge wrung (rung) hug honey hung 
 unearthly worry worthless worthy worthiness adjudge junk 
 chubby chunk herb earthen earnings urchin. 
 
 4. Gulf gulch girth cuff cull cur (Kerr) dug dove dirk dearth 
 dirge tuck muck myrrh murky chum churn oven onus odious. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 5. 2-c to 4-in, show how vl is written in the middle and end 
 of words, it does not begin words. The enlarged hook shown 
 in 3-i reads vJr. 
 
 6. 4-n to 8-c show how J? is written in the beginning, middle 
 and end of words. It is used uniformly for the termination Ati. 
 To form this character the hook is placed on the downward I, 
 to avoid the awkward character that would result from an 
 attempt to place the hook on the convex side of /. The en- 
 larged hook, shown in 8-e-i, reads ^^>". 
 
 7. S-m-n show the usual way of writing zhl in the middle and 
 end of words. The two letters being easily made at one stroke, 
 there is no gain in using a hooked character to represent them. 
 The combination is of comparatively infrequent occurrence. 
 
7$ BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 8. 8-o-r show shl written as a hooked character. As in the 
 case of zhU above, there is little gain in using the hooked char- 
 acter in these words, the two fully written letters are equally 
 correct and as easily written. 
 
 9. 8-8 to 10-n show the use of the large-hooked n for nl in 
 the middle and end of words. 
 
 10. lO-o, a large-hooked w, written upward, is used for m-l 
 with a short, intermediate vowel, in a few words, and also for 
 the prefix multi. 
 
 11. lO-r to 11-i show the w-hook enlarged to express a follow- 
 ing Z,with an intervening vowel usually written on the end of 
 the large-hooked w\ ll-m-n-o, ll-r to 12 -e and 12-m to r show 
 the hooks of hw (xch), y and h enlarged in the same way for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 12. IS-B to 15-u show r shaded to express a following I. 
 
 ^. KEY TO LESSON 12. 
 
 1. Beneficial partial acknowledge value vulgar usual while 
 
 failure original world. 
 
 2. English valley (volley) valid valve vilify villain evil oval 
 
 approval gravel (grovel). 
 
 3. Develop devolve travel (trivial) traveler revival frivolous 
 
 shovel civil removal novel. 
 
 4. Level lively arrival rival (ravel reveal) revolver flavor 
 
 ftame fluid (filled) flow (floe) flaw. 
 
 5. Flash (flesh flush) flag (flog) flax (flux) flock (flake) flight 
 
 (flat) fly fill (fall full) fulfill fallen (flown) awful. 
 
 6. Baffle careful dreadful needful doubtful delightful trifle 
 
 frightful (fruitful) shuffle (wishful) thankful. 
 
 7. Faithful shameful painful sinful lawful willful rifle (raffle 
 
 ruffle) powerful fearful reproachful. 
 
 8. Watchful chiefly floor flour (flower) casualty unusual social 
 
 marshal (martial) only unless. 
 
 9. Analyze analogy knowledge penalty diagonal canal (ken 
 
 nel) colonel (kernel carnal) denial tunnel eternal. 
 
 10. Venal funnel final nominal renewal channel multiply wail 
 
 (wale) well welcome. 
 
 11. Wealth wool wolf woolen whale wheel whelp yell yield an- 
 
 nual. 
 
 12. Manual genial (emulate hole (whole) holy (wholly) hell help 
 health rail reel (real). 
 
 13. Rule roll (role) rely relieve relief release relic relish realm 
 
 ruler. 
 
 14. Railway religion reliable (rulable) early barley (burly) bu- 
 
 rial pearl (purl) puerile girl really 
 
 15. Reality relate relative pay-roll moral demoralize enroll 
 
 unreliable funeral (funereal) whirl. 
 
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 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 75 
 
 \. 
 
 LESSON 13. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 6. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 7 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Booty booth booming boon (Boone) baboon boor boorish 
 pool poorly goose coop uncouth coon coolly (cooly) courier toot 
 twos tomb shoes sooty soothe moody minutiae moose Moore 
 (moor) news (noose) newly newel (Newell) lose (loose) loom il- 
 lume lunacy ruby rouge uniformly uniformity unanimity. 
 
 2. Bouquet book-keeping bushy bully bullet bulletin pudding 
 pulley pussy cuckoo cookey nook outlook. 
 
 3. Gaudy gauzy calk born daub debauch dawn adorn torch 
 shawl salt malt laws nauseous warp warmth warmly warrior 
 wharf horn jaws chalky. 
 
 4. Auburn balky pawn Paul (pall pawl) appall fawn fauna 
 yawn accordingly forgive forgiven forgiving formality form- 
 erly deformitj^ reformer. 
 
 5. Cog cogitate topic autopsy toddy tossing Tom dogma dofif 
 doll folly column solve solemn offshoot omniscience homage 
 noxious novice anomaly anonymous jog jockey chop. 
 
 6. Bob bog pop poppy epoch gong cob collapse don tonic 
 tongs fop foggy fox sob sock song thong mop mock lop log 
 lock logic objected objective objecting popularity unpopular. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 7. S unites with a following pktf in nl doad. w, forming 
 double consonant sounds, called the s-series of compounds. 
 The s in such cases is uniformlj^ represented bj' a small circle 
 made on the right or upper side of the straight letters, struck 
 in the direction contrary to the movement of the hands of a 
 clock, and in the inside of curved letters, formed with the 
 same movement which makes the curve. It should be made 
 small, exact and neatl}-. The loop shown in 1-c-i-r and 2 -a, 
 expresses an st and is used here as a means of distinction. Z 
 at the beginning of a word is always written with the full, al- 
 fabetic letter, never with the circle. 
 
 8. 2-c to 3-a, 3-c to 4-c and 4-e to 7-e show how s^p, sk [sc' 
 and St are written in the beginning of words. 
 
76 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 9. 7-i, 7-m to 8-e, 8-i to n, 8-0 to 9~e and 9--i to 10~c shovs 
 how sf (uph), sm, sn, si and sw are written in the bejrinuing^ of 
 words. It should be noticed that si may be written either up- 
 ward or downward, as may be most convenient, and that the 
 hook of the ?c is closed into a circle for the s-u.\ 
 
 10. 10— e to 15— u show how to write a class of frequently oc- 
 curring words in which there is a vowel spoken between the 
 circles and the consonant to which it is attached. The words 
 are of such frequent occurrence that only the vowels neces- 
 sary for purposes of distinction are written. 
 
 11. SI is used for the prefix self in 13-u and 14--a. 
 
 f 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 13. 
 
 1. Subject establish speak (special) stipulate superintendent 
 
 expenditure signify suggest save (several) sufficient. 
 
 2. Yesterday space spacious (specious species) speech speck 
 
 (spoke) span spare spike spice spurious. 
 
 3. Spell (spool spoil) scale school skill skillful scheme scarce 
 
 (scars) skin scan scoundrel. 
 
 4. Scare (score scour) sketch (Scotch) stab step steep stoop 
 
 (stop) stay steeple (stopple) stake (steak) stick. 
 
 5. Stack stuck stock stout stood (stud stead) study (steady) 
 
 stave stove stiflf steam. 
 
 6. Stamp (stump) stone (stun stain) stale steel (steal) stole 
 
 stall steer starve store stairs (stares). 
 
 7. Stir sturdy storm sphere smuggle smoke smash smooth 
 
 smith small. 
 
 8. Smaller smell smile snow snap snug (snag) sleep slip slim 
 
 slope. 
 
 9. Slack slave sly sway swell sweep swap (swoop) swim swing 
 
 swore. 
 
 10. Swear switch sublime suburban suppose subpoena superior 
 
 signal signature escape. 
 
 11. Said (sad) sudden (sadden) sat (set sit) city severe (savior) 
 
 savage safe suffice (suffuse) soften suffrage. 
 
 12. Season says (size) south some (sum seem same) sym.pathy 
 
 simple (sample) something similar summer summary. 
 
 13. Summon (salmon) sun (son sin) sense censure single singu- 
 
 lar sink (sunk) sell (cell) salvage (selvage) selfish. 
 
 14. Self-denial seller (cellar) salary (celery) sir sorrow sorry 
 
 source (sirs) sirup (syrup) surprise circle. 
 
 15. Circular serve survey survive service serene serious series 
 
 (Ceres) search surmise. 
 

 
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 77 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON 14. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 7. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the princi- 
 ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 8 and previous Lessons. 
 
 1. Dike diet dies (dyes dice) dial tidy untidily ties entice 
 tine mica mice demise nice nine Nile liken liking- alive lies 
 (lice) lion Lisle lilac outline ripen arise writhe unwise wily 
 gibe whine itemize ivory. 
 
 2. Dime dire tire tyro attire mire wiry chime Irish iris. 
 
 3. Buys pike pica piety pious pilot beguile archives devise 
 vile vial (viol) violin five fife defile fiat Zion. 
 
 4. Buyer environs fire-arms fire-works undivided untie. 
 
 5. Dews (dues deuce) adduce educe dual duel views diffuse 
 fugitive ensue dilute mutiny music June juvenile juicy jewel 
 chews puny oppugn cubic dupe attune solitude. 
 
 6. Coining coyly coyness turmoil adjoin rejoin toys noisy 
 boyish foil poise devoid. 
 
 7. Bows (boughs) bowery bowels douse (dowse) cows (coun- 
 ties county's) cower carouse vows avowal sour mouse (mows) 
 dower towel rowdy rouse (rows) bounteous pouch vouch gouge 
 denounce allowable. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 8. 2-a to 8-u show how the circle for z is written between 
 consonants. 2-a-c-e between straight lines in the same di- 
 rection the circle is made on the right-hand side of perpen- 
 dicular and inclined consonants and on the upper side of hor- 
 izontals; 2-i to 3-0, between straight lines that join at an an- 
 gle the circle should always be made on the outside of the an- 
 gle; 3-r to 7-e, between a straight line and a curve the circle 
 is always made in the inside of the curve, and, 7-i to 8-ti, be- 
 tween two curves facing in the same direction the circle is 
 made in the inside of both. In 7-u, and other like words, the 
 hooked compound, nr, is used for unre. 
 
 9. 9-a to 15-u the circle represents s, and the classification 
 is the same as above: 9-a to 10-u, between straight lines in 
 the same direction the circle is made on the right or upper 
 
80 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 side, and 11-a to IS-u , the circle between two straijjiit con- 
 sonants that join at an angle, is always made on the outside 
 of the angle. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 14. 
 
 1. Post-office proximo prospect expect respect executive 
 
 against exorbitant designate distinguish. 
 
 2. Disdain reserve reservoir positive positively opposite de- 
 
 posit preside (praised prized) raised (roused reside) i:£S::^ 
 idue 
 
 3. Wisdom desire deserve discern preserve observe surprised 
 
 bosom (besom) presume (prism) presumptuous. 
 
 4. Sarcasm resume closing misery miserable poison prison 
 
 presence (prisons) newspaper cousin (cozen). 
 
 5. Dozen (design disown) dishonest dishonorable citizen trea- 
 
 son anxiety reason (risen resign) reasonable raising (ris- 
 ing rousing) embezzle. 
 
 6. Puzzle proposal auxiliary dazzle dissolve resolve p^rugal 
 
 wisely civilized visible. 
 
 7. Feasible vast (voiced vest) usage refusa.1 muslin damsel 
 
 nozzle (nasal) losing unison unreasoning. 
 
 8. Sophism socialism atheism organism mechanism museum 
 
 mesmerize amusing (amazing) crimson Joseph. 
 9 Bespeak postpone prospective prospectus excuse micro- 
 scope decide (dazed) dust (dosed deceit) audacity desti- 
 tute. 
 
 10. Distasteful destiny test (taste tacit) attest trust (truest 
 
 traced) just (jest gist) digest adjust resource (razors) re- 
 search. 
 
 11. Brisk (brusk) besides subside subsidy post (pieced paced 
 
 past) pressed (priced priest) obstacle obstinacy abstain 
 substitute. 
 
 12. Substantial publicity absorb proceed (precede) procedure 
 
 postage placed paucity (pasty) capacity duplicity. 
 
 13. Simplicity gasp (gossip) gospel guest (guessed ghost gust) 
 
 gusto disgust graced (grist) sagacity grocer (grosser) 
 cross-bill (crucible). 
 
 14. Taxable expeditious expose exposure expel expire cross- 
 
 purpose exceedingly accede (accused) cost (coast cast). 
 
 15. Accost accustom crusty disobey disbelief (disbelieve) dis- 
 
 able disperse dispose dispel (disciple) despair (disappear). 
 
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LJ^assenyer car. J T'^rscnal Jyrifberty. n^J?i resh^c^ to 
 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. S3 
 
 LESSON 15. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 8. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 9 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Breeze breathe bravado brace (brays braze) breathless 
 brassy broom broach broth brawl breach (breech) brim brink 
 brandy bronze brewery brother-in-law. 
 
 2. Abbreviate outbreak abridge bribery debris fabric fibrous 
 limber laborer laborious robbery barber barbarous harbor. 
 
 3. Prairie prune probe propitious prick prince prong pry 
 prejudice prize (pries apprise) primary prudential pretentious 
 premise prejudicial perfidy pernicious partake permeate. 
 
 4. Opprobrious apron apropos appropriate capricious cop- 
 per cooper depress deeper vapor superb hamper whimper re- 
 produce hopper principles (principals) principally unprinci- 
 pled property properly probably paralysis paralyze prolific 
 prolong prolix temporal prelude prelate corporal corporeal. 
 
 5. Greek greedy greasy grievance grief gruff grape group 
 growth grown (groan) growing grove grip gritty grimy grin 
 grab gravity granite grudge gorgeous. 
 
 6. Egress egregious agreeing aggravate begrudge program 
 diagram tiger cigar engross engrave negro rigor growl. 
 
 7. Creek (creak) crease crave crow crank crook crash crush 
 crazy chronic crown crevice crier crutch courageous. 
 
 8. Ochre baker backer broker breaker packer poker pucker 
 kicker cracker crockery dicker decrease decorum ludicrous 
 talker Tucker ticker sicker sucker thicker maker meeker 
 mocker democracy recourse recur wrecker worker weaker 
 Walker cruelly cruelty pickerel mackerel mercurial. 
 
 9. Dreary drapery drainage drove drawer drag drugs dregs 
 drum dram (drachm) drawback drawn drown drayage odor re- 
 dress dearly dearer endear endeared endearing reindeer. 
 
 10. Trap treat treatise tricky trim trashy trying trickery 
 trapper trooper torpedo truck trier truly triumph tragedy 
 trench betray obtrude perpetrate untrue penetrate retreat 
 portray portrait putrid entreat}' trill trellis patrol petroleum 
 guttural electoral nostril neutrality neutralize portrayal. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 11. This Lesson illustrates still further how the circle for k 
 
84 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 is written between consonants: 2-a to 4-u show the circle 
 written on the outside of the angle between two straig^ht con- 
 sonants; 5-a to 10-u show the circle written between a curve 
 and a straight line, inside the curve; 11-a to 15-e show the 
 circle written between two curves made with the same move- 
 ment of the hand, inside both curves, and 15-i to u show the 
 circle written between curves which require a reversal of the 
 movement of the hand between them. In such cases the circle 
 is usually made inside the first curve and outside the second: 
 this combination is, however, of infrequent occurrence. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 15. __ _ 
 
 1. Testify first and-so-forth (etc. &c.) falsehood domestic un- 
 
 reasonable elsewhere legislature resemble useful 
 
 2. Dispatch disguise desk (disk dusk) discover discuss (disks 
 
 desks) disorganize task (tusk) trespass tracer aforesaid. 
 
 3. Respectable respectful risk rescue rascal recede rest (rust 
 
 receipt raced wrist) restore arrest tourist. 
 
 4. Pursue pursuit (poorest pierced) cursed (coursed) curiosity 
 
 scarcity forced (fairest foresight) worst west (waste 
 waist) whisky whilst. 
 
 5. Abusive obscene basis passive oppressive specify possess 
 
 process (precise) person passing (piecing pacing). 
 
 6. Classify excess access (nvis) success maximum excellence 
 
 deceive disfavor disfigure disadvantage. 
 
 7. Tussle (tassel itself) receive parcel (parasol) releasing jus- 
 
 tify divest vast (vest voiced) velocity veracity (voracity) 
 festival. 
 
 8. Fast (feast faced fist fussed) offset frost easiest suicide 
 
 (secede) thanksgiving most (must mussed mist missed 
 mast massed moist) mistake molest promissory. 
 
 9. Misrepresent misrule sensible honest sensitive nonsuit un- 
 
 skillful generosit}' amongst answer. 
 
 10. Sincerely sincerity financier lucid last (lost lest laced) list 
 
 (least leased) enlist elicit solicit (solaced) celestial. 
 
 11. Vessel (vassal) vacil late diversifj' emi)hasize emphasis fos- 
 
 sil (facile) facility atmosphere loathsome decisive. 
 
 12. Submissive muscle (mussel missile missal) himself morsel 
 
 dismissal famously mason miscellaneous mucilage enor- 
 mously. 
 
 13. Unassuming lonesome ransom unseen nuisance nonsense 
 
 senseless pencil (pensile) cancel tensile. 
 
 14. Stencil yourself useless judiciously disadvantageously les- 
 
 sen (lesson loosen listen) license (looseness lessens les- 
 sons listens) larceny wholesale wholesome. 
 
 15. Philosophy falsify philosopher (falsifier) vicinity fasten 
 
 mercenary unsafe repulsive offensive defensive. 
 
/J 
 
 
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 'X. 
 
 I x^ y^ I ^ I ^ u \^ k^ 
 
 / 
 
 «f i i :l, ^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ 
 
Lv' 13>U of sole Y'—Tirsi ntorjy'e y/n ^hefjisihhf'-^ Lcni nee^t 
 ''^^nchithtrcfi^^t first ^" " ^O^t -. ^-^— Cll )ast 
 
 "^To leceive. Xj^or ^hgseke<^.^- -lost >. -^ - Uasi 
 X^*rs/ c/ass yJ-Toni ciitj icCj ^-j^n rcceihtj^^ i/ours httl^ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. t-7 
 
 LESSON 16. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 9. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 10 and preceding Lessons' 
 
 1. Overawe overbalance overbearing overpower overcome 
 overdo overtake overtime overshoe overshadow oversee over- 
 sight overload overlay overlook overreach overwork moreover 
 evermore everliving verity wherever whichever avoirdupois 
 verbose verbiage verdancy vortex beaver engraver uncover 
 diver Dover tavern trover shaver shiver savor sever sovereign 
 mover knavery lover rover reverie reverential perverse. 
 
 2. Freak frees (freeze frieze) freely freer froze frill frock 
 fry frown fractious fracas frothy France French frenzy frail 
 frolic frigid afresh affray effervesce pharmacy fervency fer- 
 vor buffer briefer coffer deafer sufferer camphor loafer refresh. 
 
 3. Shriek shrunk shrine shrubbery glacier crusher fiduciary 
 fresher shore sea-shore enshrine censure harsher cheerfully 
 pitcher capture architecture tincture juncture ditcher richer 
 torture forfeiture naturally naturalize unnatural ill-nature. 
 
 4. Azure ozier treasury treasurer perjury perjurer ganger 
 drudgery verdure forgery wager jerk granger lounger ginger. 
 
 5. Narrative nervous nourish nurse anarchy enervating un- 
 ripe unremitting pioneer ignoramus trainer thinner demean- 
 or domineer runner burner foreigner forerunner joiner remu- 
 nerate degenerate unregenerate singer hanger. Bother (bath- 
 er) otherwise thrash throb throng throne (thrown) overthrow. 
 
 6. Layer lower (lore) liar (lyre) lure lurk lurid solar healer 
 miller jewelry bachelor taller shriller learned learning larger 
 largely enlarge familiarize familiarly familiarity unfamiliar. 
 
 7. Mercury mercy mirth murmur marine mariner mourner 
 mirror demur demure drummer dreamer temerity remorse 
 armor (Armour) armory humor humorous hemorrhage tumor. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 9. The circle is made on the left-hand side of p and the un- 
 der side of k and t, at the beginning of those letters, to ex- 
 press the trifthongal consonant sounds spr, skr (scr) and str, 
 both initial and medial in words. 
 
 10. 1-8 to 3-m show how spr is written in words— 2-o to 3-c 
 showing its use for the prefix super — in S-ni the r-hook must be 
 
88 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 shown, and in 3-n-o the circle is placed on the left-hand side 
 of b for the sake of brevity and distinction in these frequent 
 words. 
 
 11. 3-r to 5-i show how skr is written in words, 
 
 12. 5-m to 8-ni show how str is written in words— in the last 
 two words of this reference the direction of the consonants is 
 such that it is necessary to show the r-hook, and in 8-n-o the 
 circle is written on the under side of d for .srZr. 
 
 13. 8-r to 13-i show the circle written inside the various 
 hooks. The circle should be made small and care taken not 
 to distort the hooks, as distinctions between words often de- 
 pend upon their relative sizes. 
 
 14. 13-m to 15-r show the use of a loop for kst and ext and in 
 the last two words this loop is used for gst. 
 
 "KEY TO LESSON 16. 
 
 1. Secure secretary administer disturb remonstrate illus- 
 
 trate request strength spree spray. 
 
 2. Spring (sprung) spry supper suppress supreme supremacy 
 
 supersede superstitious supervise supervisor. 
 
 3. Superfine superfluous prosper prosperity whisper sober gp- 
 
 bjiety scrape scrip scripture. 
 
 4. Scrap scruple scream scramble skirmish scratch (screech) 
 
 screw obscure secrecy scrub (scribe). 
 
 5. Subscribe prescribe describe excrescence stray straighten 
 
 (straiten) stratum strain stream straw. 
 
 6. Strip struggle (straggle) stroke (struck) stricture strike 
 
 stride straddle strive strife strong. 
 
 7. String stringer stress strictly stretch stranger prostrate 
 
 destroy distress demonstrate 
 
 8. Administrator register magistrate mistrust restrain sad- 
 
 der desideratum posture (pasture) express expressive. 
 
 9. Expressly disapprove disapproval reciprocity disagree dis- 
 
 agreeable disgrace discourage deceiver receiver. 
 
 10. Prisoner passage discharge message mischief misuse cross- 
 
 wise displeasure passenger messenger. 
 
 11. Possible (passable) plausible pistol postal exclaim exclu- 
 
 sively display discipline disclaim disclose. 
 
 12. Disclosure extol (Castile) costly explicit distill still (settle 
 
 style) stylish peaceful blissful graceful. 
 
 13. Merciful unmerciful personally amusingly (amazingly) cus- 
 
 tody custodian custom (costume) customary custom- 
 house extensive. 
 
 14. Extensively extinguish extra extreme external exterior 
 • boxed (biggest) book-store dexterity taxed (text). 
 
 15. Texture fixed fixtures mixed mixture next forecast weak- 
 
 est druggist drug-store. 
 
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 n 
 
 "^ ^ 
 
 -7 
 
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 id 
 
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 t^/ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 91 
 
 UBSSON 17. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 10. 
 
 Write the following' words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 11 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Bleak blameless bloom blemish blown blur bleach ably 
 able-bodied gable gobble navigable irrevocable doubly audi- 
 ble eatable veritable feeble fable affable sociable appreciable 
 blamable preamble ramble rumble jumble abominable nimble 
 rabble rebel rubble endurable venerable jubilee irreproacha- 
 ble waybills tumbler grumbler tabular tubular globular warbler 
 
 2. Plague player pliable plug plumber plainer (planer) pul- 
 verize applause pilgrim pilfer propel propeller perplex grap- 
 ple deeply deploy diploma deplore topple overplus crumple 
 dimple temple trample rumple replace replevin pleasurable 
 sharply replies replied replying employe unemployed reemploy 
 
 3. Glean glib glum globe glove glaze glare (glair) glazier 
 bugle giggle frugal legalize illegally wiggle juggle joggle glo- 
 rious glorify gloried telegraphic telegrapher telegraphy. 
 
 4. Clique clay clothier clinch cling clap clash clog culpable 
 clew cloudy clumsy calamity clamor cleanse cleaner cholera 
 clung clutch college buckle diabolical pickle tropical procliv- 
 ity methodical tickle tackle vocal shackles physically sickle 
 sickly cyclone fiscal thickly chemical numerical nickel knuckle 
 nucleus chronicle t5'rannical frankly reckless reclaim recall 
 foreclosure logical ocular secular vascular muscular jocular 
 alkali weekly collected collecting collective collector recollect 
 
 5. Dilapidated delayed deluded deleterious dilatory deluge 
 boodle rapidly cradle credulity fidelity saddle remodel needle 
 candle kindle ladle riddle curdle waddle widely. 
 
 6. Brutality subtile reptile entitle vitality victuals fatally 
 fatality subtle subtlety settle unsettled versatility metallic 
 ventilate mantle (mantel) volatile foretell fertile fertility 
 portly wattle whittle whittlings chattel. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 7. This Lesson illustrates further uses of the circle. 3-r to 
 7-r show the use of the circle with vowels. A careful study 
 of the word-forms will give a better understanding of them 
 
98 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 than would the study of any description. Care should be 
 taken to make the circle small and not distort the vowels. 
 With practice these can be made with quickness and accu- 
 racy, and their use makes the words definite. 
 
 8. 7-8 to 11 -c show the use of the double-sized circle for s-s, 
 s=^ with a short vowel between them. 
 
 9. 11-e to 15-u show the use of the circle, usually at the end 
 of the word, and on the left or under side of straight letters 
 only, at their ends, to express a following mice, ence or «ess; 
 made double size it reads ances or ences. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 17. 
 
 1. Astonish almost absence responsible temperance expense 
 
 experience experienced ignorance significance. 
 
 2. Recognize (recognizance) extravagance accordance cur- 
 
 rency defense admittance deliverance attendance ref- 
 erence solvency. 
 
 3. Business suspect society satisfy themselves ourselves your- 
 
 selves gainsay hearsay assayer. 
 
 4. Mason erase aspire ask acid (aside) assets assume assem- 
 
 ble assimilate assign. 
 
 5. Assignee assignor assail asylum assuage east austere fore- 
 
 see bull's-eye ice-cream. 
 
 6. Glassy glossy proxj' flimsy fallacy rosy mercy diplomacy 
 
 auspicious whoso. 
 
 7. Lawsuit hospital hostile howso outside outset ensue mu- 
 
 sic bosses (busses) blesses. 
 
 8. Suspicious auspices exist glasses (glosses) progresses crosses 
 
 classes boxes accessible successor. 
 
 9. Dresses (addresses) sustain sustenance assess assist assess- 
 
 or assessing system necessity necessary, 
 
 10. Necessarily resist exercise offices offenses dissatisfied en- 
 
 thusiastic enthusiasm misses (masses messes) promises. 
 
 11. Losses (loses) sources abeyance disturbance remembrance 
 
 resemblance dispense appearance disappearance ap- 
 pliance. 
 
 12. Correspondence response expenses expensive glance for- 
 
 giveness negligence elegance repugnance arrogance. 
 
 13. Occurrence occurrences weakness correctness audience 
 
 prudence precedence evidence residence non-residence. 
 
 14. Substance pretense assistance existence distance resist- 
 
 ance remonstrance perseverance reliance assurance. 
 
 15. Assurances once (ones) chance chances diligence alle- 
 
 giance occupancy agency emergency urgency. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND j)5 
 
 LESSON 18. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 11. 
 
 Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 12 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Valuable voluble voluptuous volcano validity valise vil- 
 lainous vulnerable evolve bevel gavel devil frivolity civility 
 civilize uncivil marvelous novelty naval anvil carnival jovial 
 shrivel shrievalty revolve vulgarity cavalry chivalry rivalry. 
 
 2. Fleece (flees fleas) flue (flew) flows (floes) flowing fling flash 
 flush flounce flabby flap fleshy flame phlegm flank flung offal 
 afflatus affluence affiliated fallible fallacy befall buffalo 
 playful wakeful pitiful bountiful overflow youthful mouthful 
 triumphal mournful wrongful unlawfully woful joyful flourish 
 flooring floral trifler muffler. 
 
 3. Nullify analogous analytic annals penal panel colonial 
 venality vanilla finallj' thinly marginal ammonial granulated. 
 
 4. Mellow melody mulberry malleable mulatto maltreat 
 mail-train malevolence militia malicious melancholy millen- 
 nium milliner millennial multitude multifarious. 
 
 5. Wall well-being welfare bewail farewell unwell unwieldy 
 Wheeler whaling wheelbarrow awhile worldly worldliness. 
 
 6. Yellow yelp yawl yolk bibulous populous populace eulogy 
 unyielding nebula nebulous amulet tremulous depopulate. 
 
 7. Relapse relax rollicking relevance irrelevance ruling un- 
 ruled railery religious oral apparel nonpareil plural purlieu 
 purloin girlish gorilla Carl carol curly coral corollary darling 
 virile overrule unfurl ferule fairly primarily memorial laurel 
 aerial realty garrulous editorial territorial dictatorial may- 
 oralty morality moralize ephemeral admiral neuralgia reroU. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 8. Referring to page 31, paragraf 2, wherein is mentioned a 
 law in regard to the association of sounds in speaking, light 
 (whispered) consonant letters are made half length to imply 
 a t immediately following and without an intervening vowel; 
 see apt, packed, gift, pitshed, etc. The same principle of abbre- 
 viation IS extended to include consonant letters, both whis- 
 pered and spoken, where there is a vowel between such con- 
 sonant and the following t. In such cases, wherever practic- 
 able, the vowel should be written. This makes the written 
 word, tho greatly abbreviated, as legible as tho written in f ulL 
 
96 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 9. In 2-xi is illustrated a termination device used by some 
 writers — that of representing^ ality by its initial vowel, short a. 
 It may be used in such words as brutality, locality, reality, etc. 
 
 10. There is also illustrated in the Lesson *he additional pre- 
 caution, adopted by some writers, of tapering- to ^ point a 
 shaded consonant when made half length to imply a follow- 
 ing t. If up to this point you have been careless as to the 
 length of the letters in your practice writing-, you must now 
 train your hand to exactness in this direction and make the 
 necessary distinctions in length. While these letters may 
 not be made precisely half length they must be made enuf 
 shorter than full-length letters so the distinction shall be well 
 marked, and enuf longer than the dash vowels so that no un- 
 certainty shall arise from this source. To make a dash vowel 
 it is only necessary to feel the pen or pencil start in its proper 
 direction, moving just far enuf to fix the direction and char- 
 acter of the stroke. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 18. 
 
 1. Beauty built distribute part party appurtenances appa- 
 
 ratus politics political accept. 
 
 2. Liberty captain bankrupt guilt (gilt) guilty legality great- 
 
 ness market court distinct. 
 
 3. Difficult duplicate triplicate recapitulate abut abate about 
 
 habit bought beautiful. 
 
 4. Bottom better blight exhibit corroborate debate debit de- 
 
 liberate tribute liberate. 
 
 5. Celebrate rebate arbitrary apt pit put pet acceptance 
 
 apart operate. 
 
 6. Particle particular partner platform participate purport 
 
 deceptive dispute adopt (adapt) depart. 
 
 7. Desperate kept except corrupt co-operate corporate ex- 
 
 pert (export) script stopped (stepped stooped) stripped. 
 
 8. Shipped (shopped) spot spirit sport (support) separate 
 
 sprout repeat repute report gate (gait). 
 
 9. Aggregate delegate regulate grateful get forget regret 
 
 figurative negative act. 
 
 10. Active actively acute actual crate create cotton catalog 
 
 cottage pact (packed). 
 
 11. Pocket aspect prosecute persecute speculate exact exe- 
 
 cute calculate deduct ticket. 
 
 12. Strict district vacate victim fact affect effect effectual 
 
 defect secret, 
 
 13. Secrete security democrat looked (locked) locate delicate 
 
 elect select reflect erect. 
 
 14. Direct rectify circuit circulate educate reject date vote 
 
 cultivate culvert. 
 
 15. Elevate fit foot fight fruit flight shaft soft fatigue gift. 
 

 
 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 09 
 
 B 0. BAKER 
 
 LESSON 19. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 12. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 13 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Speedy spear spark spoon spool Spanish spine spun spur 
 spurn spire speechless spiral. 
 
 2. Skein scoop scope skip skiff skim scoff scanty scalp scorn 
 scorch scourge sky scowl scour skull (scull) skeleton scurrilous. 
 
 3. Steerage stainless staying stage star starch stows story 
 storage stalk sticky stiffen sting stigma stagger staff stew 
 studio studious stubborn stubble stumble stupefy stoppage 
 steeper steeple steadily steadiness stuff stays stem stamina 
 stony stated stench stung stealth stultify stern stitch stimu- 
 late stimulus sterile sterling. 
 
 4. Spherical smoky smutty smack smirch smudge smutch 
 smuggler sneeze sneer snake snail snowing snore snappish 
 snipe snub snob sneak snuff snare snatch snarl. 
 
 5. Sleepy sleeper sleeve (sleave) sliver slay (sleigh) slavery 
 slain slaying (sleighing) sloop sluice slow (sloe) slab slap slag 
 slash slam slumber slums slang slice slime slop slug slovenly 
 slough slung sledge slouchy. 
 
 6. Sways swathe swain swaying suavity swath soiree swarm 
 Swiss swine swoon swung swallow, 
 
 7. Subdue subdivide submerge suburbs sabbath sagacious 
 escutcheon sex suck succumb psychic secular sedate seditious 
 seduce suddenly settee set-to set-off satin satan satanic sati- 
 ety satellite seven savant souvenir severely safety simplify 
 seems sums summing sameness somehow summarize sumptu- 
 ary sympathize simultaneous sausage sunrise sensual synony- 
 mous sanity sanitary sung sanguine sanguinary sanctity sanct- 
 uary salutary. 
 
 8. Surreptitious surpass surplus circus surveyor servitude 
 survivor surviving servile surf (serf) surfeit surface surname 
 surloin seraph surcharge serenity seriously seriousness surly 
 surgeon surgical surgery sorrowful sordid sordidness. 
 
100 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 9. This Lesson still further illustrates the application to 
 consonants of the half-length principle to imply a following «. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 19. 
 
 1. Locality virtue somewhat approximate certificate certify 
 
 notwithstanding remittance witness automatic. 
 
 2. Hereto distinguished substantiate benefit default draft 
 
 (draught) drift lift laughed left. 
 
 3. Swift sheet shut shout appreciate negotiate associate 
 
 suitable desist thoughtful. 
 
 4. Meet (meat mete) mate estimate might (mite) omit sub- 
 
 mit permit admit remit motive. 
 
 5. Promote remote prompt presumptive exempt sometime 
 
 (symptom) sometimes (symptoms) attempt mutual note. 
 
 6. Notify night (knight) unite net absent present pleasant 
 * paint patent significant. 
 
 7. Exonerate decent (descent) faint (feint fount) front scent 
 • (sent cent) sentence assent (ascent) senate assassinate 
 
 native. 
 
 8. Scientific anticipate antic (antique) antipathy antagonist 
 
 recent (resent) relent warrant late latent. 
 
 9. Desolate violate light slight (sleight) obsolete absolute 
 
 resolute let lot slot. 
 
 10. Felt fault little ult. ultimate ultimatum result rate arbi- 
 
 trate prorate. 
 
 11. Pro rata ameliorate deteriorate retain pertain ascertain 
 
 pertinent wrote (rote) root (route) rot. 
 
 12. Wrought-iron write (rite wright right) writ written rot- 
 
 ten art article artist start heart (hart). 
 
 13. Ratify exert desert (dessert) dirt assert sort assort dis- 
 f' tort resort escort (skirt). 
 
 14. Retort extort courtesy effort severity virtually virtuous 
 
 short shortest charity. 
 
 15. Exaggerate yet situate-d (saturate-d) statute await wit 
 
 sweat wheat whet what. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 103 
 
 LESSON 20. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 13. 
 
 Write the following' words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 14 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Razor hesitate housed exude hogshead closet desirable 
 disarm presidency presidential appraiser non-observance bar- 
 barism spasm pauperism presumable dismal methodism dis- 
 honor treasonable reprisal chisel unwisely uncivilized usurp 
 muzzle denizen venison cognizance miasma mesmerism. 
 
 2. Perspicuity precipitate prospectively cask excusable de- 
 cidedly undecided dusty tastily methodist detest deceitfully 
 distemper distillery foretaste trusty trustee atrocity majesty 
 majestic justice joist chest chastity chastise racer sorcerer. 
 
 3. Bask (basque) beside subsidize subsidiary embassador best 
 boast bust beast baste (based) beset breast abreast obesity ab- 
 stinence robust subserve placid outpost post-mark pastime 
 upset upstairs prestige depressed oppressed oppressor repast 
 rapacity keepsake multiplicity aghast aggressor glycerine 
 flexible tax-payer expedite pestiferous exceed crisp crusade 
 caustic costly key-stone excite excitable excited exit sixty 
 sixteen sexton outcast Christ (crest crust) cursory disbar des- 
 picable despise predisposed disparage disgorge dusky produ- 
 cer disrespect disrelish purchaser telescope trespasser notice- 
 able forcible rasp recipe respective irrespective respectively 
 respectfully forceps risky burlesque rusty rustic restless aris- 
 tocracy erased burst versed forest ferocity thirst theorist 
 somerset farcical forestall wasp wisp wasteful worsted whist. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 4. Consonant letters, representing spoken sounds, are made 
 half length to imply a following d, without an intervening 
 vowel, as in robed, ck>aged, received, named, send, old board, etc. 
 This halving principle is also extended to include consonant 
 letters representing whispered sounds, in which cases there 
 is a vowel between such letter and the following d, which 
 vowel should be written on the end of the halved, light letter 
 where practicable. Practically no difficulty is experienced 
 in reading from using the half length letters to imply both d 
 and t; for, in most cases, but one of the implied letters could 
 be used and make a word. 
 
 5. M, n. I and r are shaded when made half length to imply 
 a following d. Leaving these letters light when halved to 
 imply a following t, and shading them when halved to imply a 
 following d. enable us to make distinctions between such 
 
lOi BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 words as made and mctte, need and mat, laid and late, ride and 
 write, etc. The letter iny is never made half length, but this 
 shaded, halved character is always nd 
 
 6. 13-r to 15-u gives a short list of words of one syllable in 
 which the halved letter is followed by both d and t. There is 
 little danger of confusion in reading as the vowel is written 
 and the choice is narrowed down to one of two words. If, 
 however, the student is doubtful of his ability to read the 
 words in which both letters are so implied, he should write 
 the more frequently used word in the abbreviated form and 
 the less frequent word in full until practice develops sufficient 
 confidence and skill to enable him to use the words as given, 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 20. 
 
 1. Body build (billed) building buildings pulled gold called 
 (cold killed) credit carload liquid. 
 
 2. Told toward merchandise remedy beyond referred ordin- 
 
 ary ordinance extraordinary blood. 
 
 3. Breed everybody somebody anybody nobody robbed (robed 
 
 rubbed) pride (pried) proud coupled speed. 
 
 4. Spread rapid guide good goodness gradual degrade regard 
 
 glad gladness (gladdens). 
 
 5. Could cried crude crowd record sacred cloud preclude ex- 
 
 clude schedule. 
 
 6. Wicked wickedness trade dried saved perceived deceived 
 
 received dissolved resolved. 
 
 7. Preserved deserved freedom classified should shade shed 
 
 shadow shared (assured) made (maid). 
 
 8. Mode (mowed) modest (midst) modify madam (medium) 
 
 formed assumed named behind defend (defined) descend. 
 
 9. End hand loaned (land lend) island send (sand) unsound 
 
 round (rained reigned) around surround reasoned. 
 
 10. Window field gild (guild) hailed old (hold holed) laid (lade) 
 
 led load (lode) loud slide. 
 
 11. Lead keeled skilled seldom rode (road rowed) ride rod bird 
 
 (board bored) burdensome period (peered). 
 
 12. Appeared expired guard card desired atford radical (radi- 
 
 cle ridicule) read (reed) hard cord (chord). 
 
 13. Accord discord third railroad measured wood (would) width 
 
 Bowed (bode boat) bad (bade bat) bed (bet). 
 
 14. Bid (bit) broad (brought) bride (bright) bleed (bleat) paid 
 
 (pate) plaid (plat Platte) played (plate plait) God (got) 
 grade (great grate) code (coat). 
 
 15. Dead (debt) treed (treat) stayed (staid state) strayed (strait 
 
 straight) feed (feet feat) fraud (fraught) fried (fright) 
 thawed (thought) wide (wight) wade (weighed weight 
 wait). 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 107 
 
 LESSON 21. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 14. 
 
 Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 15 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Blasphemy blossom basin obeisance blessing bustle obso- 
 lete absolve perceive pacify pacific specific capsize dispossess 
 placing pusillanimous priceless gossamer guessing glisten 
 grossly aggressive progressive vigorously vexatious unsuc- 
 cessful crisis axiom Christmas buxom maxim f ac-simile irk- 
 some casing castle excel closely book-seller delusive decease 
 dismay dismiss dismantle decimal meddlesome decency dress- 
 ing docile disloyal dislodge tossing derisive recess tiresome 
 arsenal arsenic pursuance receivable variously prodigiously 
 justifiable rejoicing unrighteousness vouchsafe. 
 
 2. Frisky fresco flask serviceable devastate vested diversity 
 traversed travesty perversity vivacity anniversary festivity 
 fastidious steadfast breakfast deficit felicitate falsity social- 
 ist busiest noisiest laziest basest saucer admissible misgiving 
 promiscuous namesake misdeed misdemeanor uppermost ut- 
 most misty musty chemist mustache molest animosity unmis- 
 takable municipality ransack fancied rancid linseed honestly 
 sunset tenacity amnesty nicety against nonsuit unsuitable 
 unsteady unsightly sincerity unanswerable lisp elucidate enr 
 list lustily unbalanced solicitude solicitous largest yeast, 
 
 3. Diffusive facilitate fee-simple phosphorous missive mass- 
 ive advantageously humorsome domicil maliciously misnomer 
 remorseless unseemly nonsensical nestle unsalable counsel 
 council chancellor enslave colossal toilsome loosely fastening 
 usefully usefulness. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 4. Straight, consonant letters are made half length and 
 ended with a small hook on the right or upper side to imply a 
 following a??/, ent, and, end. The hook is made on the left or 
 under side of half-length, straight consonants, at the end, to 
 imply nt, ml, preceded by the other vowels and dif thongs. 
 The small hook is made in the inside of half-length, curved 
 
108 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 consonants, at the end, to imply a following- nt, nd, preceded 
 by any of the vowels or vowel-dif thongs, as shown in the Les- 
 son. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 21. 
 
 1. Applicant occupant opponent apprentice penitentiary 
 
 plenty could not can not mercantile subsequent. 
 
 2. Frequent delinquent extravagant accident appointment 
 
 government document acknowledgment bond (bound 
 bind) bonds (bounds binds). 
 
 3. Abound abundant blind brand husband abandon opened 
 
 happened pending depend. 
 
 4. Suspend correspond respond grind (ground) kindness kindly 
 
 second seconds dividend attend. 
 
 5. Attendant pretend turned stand find (found fond fund) re- 
 
 fined (refund) signed (sound) remind examined diamond. 
 
 6. Demand remand returned adjourned appoint disappoint 
 
 aspirant print repent recipient. 
 
 7. Plant (planned) elegant litigant account discount discounts 
 
 client clients vacant don't. 
 
 8. Prudent president (precedent) disobedient evident resi- 
 
 dent attentive assistant event servant affiant, 
 
 9. Patient ancient violent affluent excellent rent apparent 
 
 current agent gentle. 
 
 10. Merchant want (won't) went bend (band bent) penned (pan- 
 
 ned pent pant) pound (point) grand (grant) kind (count) 
 kinds (counts) tend (tent). 
 
 11. Extend (extent)distend (distant) friend (front) mind (mount) 
 
 mend (manned meant) amend (amount) mental abutment 
 basement establishment. 
 
 12. Apartment disappointment reappointment payment ex- 
 
 periment shipment development supplement appraise- 
 ment fragment. 
 
 13. Argument agreement disagreement claimant endowment 
 
 statement treatment settlement astonishment excite- 
 ment. 
 
 14. Movement punishment moment amendment amazement 
 
 assessment sentiment assignment announcement post- 
 ponement. 
 
 15. Ornament embankment employment measurement assort- 
 
 ment garment element adjustment judgment attach- 
 ment. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. Ill 
 
 LESSON 22. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 15. 
 
 Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 16 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Sprain sprawl spruce sprays sprightly sparkle supremely 
 supersedeas supercilious supervene superficies superficial su- 
 pernumerary superannuated supernal prosperous 
 
 2. Escrow scribble ascribe superscribe obscurity scraper 
 scrupulous screen secretly execrable. 
 
 3. Strawberry strap stripe outstrip streak stratify strategy 
 strategical stratagem strove streamer strenuous strung 
 strongly stretched astray astronomy awestruck bestride ab- 
 struse obstreperous duster distressed distrust destroyer admin- 
 istrative administratrix^ frustrate rostrum adjuster registry 
 Chester taciturn startle ostrich outstretched homestretch. 
 
 4. Possibly supposable irrepressible briskly classical exclu- 
 sive splash crystal reciprocal disgraceful discourse discursive 
 decisively disuse offspring massacre exigency disobliging dis- 
 please forswear persuasive praiseworthy misjudge side-saddle 
 wheresoever whichsoever moisture gesture expostulate 
 
 5. Castigate ecstatic ecstasy extempore extemporize ex- 
 temporaneous extensive extinct extrajudicial extirpate ex- 
 tricate extremely extremity exterminator extraneous exter- 
 nal extrinsic blackest coaxed dextrous textile pretext trick- 
 ster text-book stickiest strictest vexed sickest thickest down- 
 cast rankest longest luckiest slickest huckster quickest. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 6. Consonant letters are made twice their usual length to 
 imply a tr or dr after them. The vowel which comes between 
 such letter and the following tr or dr should be written wher- 
 ever practicable. • 
 
 7. 2-a to 5-e show straight consonants lengthened to imply 
 tr: 2-11 to u show a double-length k ending with a small hook 
 on the upper side for counter, 5-i-in. show straight letters doub- 
 led to imply dr, the r in the former being shaded to distin- 
 guish rdr from rtr, and 5-n-o-r show three straight letters 
 lengthened and shaded at the end to imply a following ther. 
 
 8. 5-u to 11-u show curved consonants made twice their 
 usual length to imply a following tr, and 12-a to IB-a show 
 
112 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 curved letters made double length to imply a following dr. 
 M, n and I are shaded when made double length to imply dr, 
 to distinguish them from the same letters when lengthened 
 to imply tr 
 
 5). In a few words, 15-c to u, curved consonants are made 
 three times their usual length to imply a following thr, either 
 spoken or whispered. There, their may be expressed, when fol- 
 lowing words ending with a curved letter, by making such 
 curved letter three times its usual length. See examples in 
 Writing and Reading Exercise: also the other in f rases, by the. 
 other, in the other, etc., lines 6 and 7 same Exercise. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 22. 
 
 1. Builder prohibitory tributary proprietor splendor prepon- 
 
 derance spectator meritorious hundred intermediate. 
 
 2. Operator reporter chapter poultry greater (grater grader) 
 
 counterbalance counteract counterfeit countersign en- 
 counter. 
 
 3. Actor collector speculator prosecutor executor doctor 
 
 doctrine introductory victory factory. 
 
 4. Satisfactory unsatisfactory elector character director au- 
 
 ditor auditorium writer arbitrator territory. 
 
 5. Charter refrigerator water order powder rather weather 
 
 (wether wither) whether (whither) moderator after. 
 
 6. Afternoon afterward softer laughter rafter voter veteran 
 
 elevator shatter Easter. 
 
 7. Oyster history catastrophe faster (foster) sister disaster 
 
 solicitor depositor repository theater. 
 
 8. Meter matter mature armature maturity material mor- 
 
 tar diameter later latter. 
 
 9. Letter lighter alternate alter (altar halter) illiterate lit- 
 
 erature adulterate defaulter smelter enter. 
 
 10. Entertain center senator niter (entire) notary interrupt 
 
 interpret interrogatory interrogative intercourse. 
 
 11. Intersect introduce intercede interest (intrust) interesting 
 
 interview int^fere internal interchange interstate, 
 
 12. Under undergo undertake understand understanding un- 
 
 derstood undersigned undersell underneath underlay. 
 
 13. Underwriter undervalue binder blunder (blinder) plunder 
 
 tender cylinder render wonder (wander) endorse. 
 
 14. Endorsement endorser slender surrender hindrance federal 
 
 leader older (holder) moderate moderately. 
 
 15. Murder father (farther further) neither (nether) another 
 
 mother smother leather anthracite philanthropy phil- 
 anthropist. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 116 
 
 LESSOir 23. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 16. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 17 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Aspen asperse asperity acidity assiduous ascetic astute 
 assuming assemblj' asleep assay acerbity oasis iceberg Isaac 
 isothermal isinglass Israel asparagus bonanza erase Austin 
 allspice Osborn ostensible ostentatious galaxy gazette piazza 
 prosaic morass ossify puissant pursuer raciness rosette whip- 
 saw tea-spoon. 
 
 2. Sess-pool assisted assassin possessor abscess business- 
 like subsist presses synopsis guesses crossest accessory vexes 
 fixes mixes predecessor dissimilar dissimilarity trusses vicis- 
 situdes fences fancies synthesis enthusiast paroxysm senses 
 essences glimpses molasses analysis diagnosis amanuensis 
 Genesis necessitate ancestor ancestry ancestral unseasona- 
 ble unnecessary forces horses persist resuscitate resistless 
 irresistible uses yes sir. 
 
 3. Bounce semblance exuberance forbearance turbulence 
 pounce dispenses suspense corpulence expanse responses re- 
 sponsive irresponsible appearances non-appearance re-appear- 
 ance glances fragrance flagrance repugnance askance trucu- 
 lence recurrence opulence guidance credence evidences 
 diffidence durance endurance residences tense trance trances 
 utterance substances subsistence pittance pre-cxistence non- 
 existence penitence entrance remonstrances non-resistance 
 reverence deference adherence tolerance weakness luxuri- 
 ance divergence effulgence perchance petulance virulence 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 4. The use of a small hook for n in some short and frequent 
 words and in some longer words of less frequency, as shown, 
 where its use does not lessen the legibility, adds considerably 
 to the ease and speed of writing. In 3-o to n the hook is used 
 to advantage for l-n. The distinction between man and men, 
 lines four and five, will be found useful, not only in the single 
 words but in the derivatives and compounds. 12-o-r-s illus- 
 trate a way of expressing ndr, used by some writers. 
 
 5. 13-a to 14-n show the use of a small hook on the right or 
 upper side of straight consonants and inside of curves, at the 
 
116 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 
 
 end of the word-form, to express the termination yun {ion, une)\ 
 it occurs in but few words, which are readily mastered. 
 
 6. 15-a to u show w shaded to imply a foUowing^ nl. 
 
 7. In line 4 and following, page 118, is a brief hook-method of 
 expressing the word one following a few short, frequently oc- 
 curring' words. Thus are formed some very common, quickly 
 spoken f rases, which must have very easily and quickly made 
 forms to represent them. This method of representing' om 
 should be confined to a small list of frequent f rases, as given, 
 and no attempt made to represent the word as it occurs gen- 
 erally, in this way. 
 
 •KEY TO LESSON 23. 
 
 1. Obtain opinion explain begin begins began again organ 
 
 sugg"estion question. 
 
 2. Questions decline scrutiny turn return seen (scene) since 
 
 monopoly manufacture testimony. 
 
 3. Cross-examine certain one (won) western children when 
 
 broken spoken taken reckon. 
 
 4. Man business-man bondsman policeman express-man sales- 
 
 man fireman woman workman gentleman. 
 
 5. Men (mean mien) business-men bondsmen policemen ex- 
 press-men salesmen firemen women workmen gentlemen. 
 
 8. Money (many) manipulate mankind mendicant mandate 
 mendacious mandamus maintains (mountains) mainte- 
 nance minute. 
 
 7. Monetary maintain (mountain) mountainous monotony 
 
 meantime manifest manufactory manful menace mon- 
 ster (minister). 
 
 8. Month minimum eminent eminence mineral manila exam- 
 
 ine specimen determine culminate. 
 
 9. Criminate discriminate predominate terminate extermi- 
 
 nate nominate acrimonious parsimonious terminus har- 
 monious. 
 
 10. Harmonize menial criminal testimonial ceremonial nomi- 
 
 nal manliness prominent permanent pre-eminent. 
 
 11. Prominence permanence pre-eminence remain human 
 
 chairman mistaken certainty certainly uncertain. 
 
 12. Questionable questioned cross-question southern northern 
 
 modern reminder remainder calender (calendar) than. 
 
 13. Tribune exhaustion Christian digestion Italian onion un- 
 
 ion disunion dominion genuine. 
 
 14. Pinion canon (canyon) alien alienate bullion rebellion cii' 
 
 vilian million fortune unfortunate. 
 
 15. Word (ward wired) award warden backward awkward up- 
 
 ward onward downward reward wayward. 
 
11T 
 
 b 2^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^"^^^ <^ o 
 
 C_p 
 
 t-' c-s* «— — \P s ^ ^ \o 
 
 ./n. 
 
 7 
 
 -/' 
 
 )c; -^A 
 
 •^ 
 
 s. 
 
 ^. 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 119 
 
 LESSON 24. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 17. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 18 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Beautify bottomless verbatim steamboat thereabouts 
 whereabouts roundabout debatable exorbitance British elab- 
 orate vibrate brighten brightens brightness tablet tabulate. 
 
 2. Bankrupt precept skipped skeptical carpet decrepit 
 pulpit optimist capitulate prescriptive descriptive post-script 
 dipped tipped tapped tripped trapped stooped shaped accept- 
 able despotism receptive receptacle respite susceptible exas- 
 perate recuperate protuberance forepart mapped snapped 
 leaped slipped sloped slept exculpate reaped rapt (wrapped 
 wrapt rapped) disreputable abrupt perpetual swept swapped 
 operative co-operative culprit partisan copartner sea-port 
 portable purport perceptible perceptive split replete exploit. 
 
 3. Forgetful forgotten emigrate regretfully promulgate 
 navigate irrigate corrugate abrogate mitigate propagate ob- 
 ligate subjugate gratify gratis gratitude gratuitous gritty. 
 
 4. Ached activity backed booked biscuit basket abdicate lu- 
 bricate musket musquito overcoat re-enact actually bucketful 
 bracket poked picket packet reciprocate casket coquet tick- 
 et-office exactness kicked cooked predict docked docket via- 
 duct edict addicted talked tact (tacked) stocked tracked (tract) 
 spectacle verdict effective effectually defective criticism fic- 
 titious suffocate afflict fluctuate flocked socket sect dissect 
 skate Scotland scout skittish discreet (discrete) knocked vin- 
 dictive vindicate syndicate precinct succinct defunct sanctum 
 sanctify punctual leaked licked blanket dislocate medicate 
 mulct raked erect racket react architect rocket circuitous 
 recruit eradicate derelict walked decorate critic desecrate 
 accurate practical practicable peculate gesticulate chocolate. 
 
 EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 
 
 5. 2-c to u, zr, sr are represented by the circle and 7*, not by 
 the hooked z and s as in the case of compounds of the r-sei-ies. 
 This leaves the hooked z and s unused unless taken to repre- 
 sent some other combinations. They are used to represent 
 the rather infrequent consonant dif thongs dw and tuf, as shown. 
 
 6. 3-a to 7-ti, in English the sound zh seldom occurs except 
 in connection with n, I and r, in which cases compound char- 
 acters are used to represent the two sounds. Because of this 
 the character, in its alfabetic form, is used to represent the 
 
120 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 two sounds ni, shortening some very frequent words and not 
 endangering the legibility. 
 
 7. 8-a to 13-u, neither k nor ^D could be further modified to 
 represent the consonant difthoug qu ikto), so another charac- 
 ter, th with the curve downward, was taken, it being in the 
 same direction as k and not used in any modification of the th. 
 This hooked character is halved to imply d and t, lengthened 
 to imply dr and tr, shaded (12-8 to 13-e) to imply a following 
 r, and the hook enlarged to imply a following ], tho in the lat- 
 ter case the large-hooked character is usually made with the 
 curve upward, as shown, the joinings being better and no mod- 
 ification of the tfi requiring this form. This large-hooked 
 character is shaded for qrl, 13-n. 14-a to u show a large-hook- 
 ed f for prf. and 15-a to u show a large-hooked v for prv. 
 
 F'vases in lines 1 and 2 of Writing and Keading Exercise, sllowl/la»^ added 
 to comparative adjectives, only, by a small Iiook on the rigiit or upperside. 
 
 KEY TO IiESSON 24. 
 
 1. Example temporary important importance longer ade- 
 
 quate exquisite equivocal equivalent equity. 
 
 2. Relinquish dwell between twig twit twice twist twine 
 
 (twain) twins twitch. 
 
 3. Angel enjoy enjoyment enjoin (engine) engineer unjust in- 
 
 justice ingenuity ingenious injudicious. 
 
 4. Pungent plunge sponge expunge cringe coinage dingy 
 
 dungeon derange tinge. 
 
 5. Tangible tangent stingy strange (estrange) estranged 
 
 stringent (astringent) vengeance avenge revenge fringe. 
 
 6. Flange manage manageable management mismanage un- 
 
 manageable lunge longitude range arrange. 
 
 7. Arrangement disarrange orange syringe hinge unhinge 
 
 change changed unchangeable exchange. 
 
 8. Quibble quake quack quick quicksilver quicker (quaker) 
 
 quicklj quietly quoth quiver (quaver). 
 
 9. Quaff quash quizzing quest qualm queen quench quinine 
 
 quondam quantity. 
 
 10. Quilt queer query (quarry) quart q[uote quota quit quite 
 
 quiet quietus. 
 
 11. Quitclaim quaint (acquaint) acquainted acquaintance 
 
 equip equipage acquisitive acquittal acquiesce be- 
 queathe. 
 
 12. Bequest obsequies squeamish squander eloquent soliloquy 
 
 requisite perquisite quire (choir acquire) acquirement. 
 
 13. Require square (esquire) quarter equal quality (equality) 
 
 qualify unequal unqualified squalid quarrel. 
 
 14. Proof profit profitable proficient preface prof ess profound 
 
 profile prefer reproof. 
 
 15. Prove provoke providence provide private previous pre- 
 
 vent prevail privilege deprive. 
 
b 2^. 
 
 mi 
 
 *>^ 71 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 0. ^ oy ^--0 
 
YM 
 
 
 
 aft. 
 
 \-^^,/Ayy-'\^-^n^/^-'y^^/ 
 
 to. <^/^^^ 
 
 ->^^u^/^^y^^ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. ISS 
 
 LESSON 25. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 18. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 19 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Dot dote adroit taut (taught) tight veto pivot velvet re- 
 vert revolt captivate preservative divert oft aft thrift aloft 
 outfit fitful afoot foot-path footstep graft forfeit shift theft 
 pamphlet uplift raft frighten frightful fleet flat. 
 
 2. Bushed abashed upshot pushed propitiate expatiate ex- 
 cruciating depreciate cashed crushed dashed vitiate finished 
 nourished nauseate substantiate enunciate satiate balance- 
 sheet rushed washed sate soot epithet pathetic sympathetic 
 officiate shorten shortly shorter thoughtless forethought. 
 
 3. Climate tomato mismate animate permeate metaphysics 
 mat smite mute mutable affirmative legitimate illegitimate 
 amalgamate problematical sumptuous systematically system 
 atize mitigate dogmatic diplomatic manumit pneumatic. 
 
 4. Bank-note naught nut tonight finite fortnight donate 
 procrabtinate fascinate exuberant accent identical talent 
 student fanatic fantastic frontage flint fluent defiant definite 
 salient silent stagnant covenant lunatic lenient vaccinate 
 slant rant resonant retentive recently pursuant unwarranta- 
 ble walnut giant adjacent fraudulent abstinent obstinate ar- 
 rant unrelenting personate unostentatious saint sententious. 
 
 5. Elate palliate affiliate belittle ballet allot assault outlet 
 ballot-box gas-light absolutely dissolute pollute exult exalt 
 polite enlighten salute dilute litigate toilet afloat. 
 
 6. Perforate first-rate exhilarate irritable parrot puritanic 
 opportune pertinacious pertinacity overrate retinue reticent 
 reticence ratify writing upright outright artificial artisan 
 artful vertical avert subvert pervert outskirt curtain forti- 
 tude theoretical smart ascertain courteous uncharitable un- 
 wittingly witticism eye-witness weighty outwit fluctuate. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 7. The prefix com is a light dash made in the direction of k 
 or r. 2-a to 5-n show com written in the direction of k: 5-o-r 
 show com written in the direction of r, downward; 5-s to 6-n, 
 in the direction of r, upward, and 6-o to 7-o show how the 
 compound prefixes accmn, discom, encum, noncom and recmn are 
 written. 
 
 8. Con, meaning the same as com and not being used before 
 the same letters, is expressed by the same light dash without 
 danger of confusion, y-r to 10-s show con written in the di- 
 rection of A" 10-u to 13-a show con written in the direction of 
 r, downward; 13-c to u show con written upward, and 14-a to s 
 show how the compound prefixes discon, uncon, miscon, recon 
 
m BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 and econ are written, the prefix taking either of the three di- 
 rections that will make the best joining-. 
 
 9. 14-u to 15-c show how the prefix contn is written and 
 15-e to n show how crmtra is written. These prefixes are com- 
 posed of con and the vowel which occurs in the prefix written 
 on its end in the form of a hook. 
 
 10, 15-o-r-s show how the prefix magni is written and 15-u 
 shows the form of the prefix magna, these prefixes being com- 
 posed of the letter »i ending with the vowel which occurs in 
 the prefix written in the form of a small hook. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 25. 
 
 1. Company accomplish circumstance continue convenient 
 
 convenience conspicuous consecutive consequence econ- 
 omy. 
 
 2. Combat combatant combustion combine comt.'ned cum' 
 
 bersome compete compute compact competitive. 
 
 3. Competitor competent compose composed compound com 
 
 panion compensate composure comprise compare. 
 
 4. Comparatively compel comply complete completely com- 
 
 plicate compliment (complement) complain complained 
 (complaint) commit. 
 
 5. Committee comfort command commander commercial 
 
 commerce commodious commodity common common- 
 sense. 
 
 6. Comment commend communicate community commence 
 
 commencement accompany accompaniment accommo- 
 date discommode. 
 
 7. Discomfiture discomfort encumbrance uncomfortable non- 
 
 combatant noncommittal recommend Congress conquer 
 (concur) concrete. 
 
 8. Conclude conclusive controversy contrast control converse 
 
 convert confer conference confirm. 
 
 9. Confront conflict conscious conscience conceal conspire 
 
 consequently consider construct concise. 
 
 10. Consist consistent consume consummate conciliate (consu- 
 
 late) consult conservative concern concerned concave. 
 
 11. Connect conduct conductor condemn continuance content 
 
 (contend) contest contain contempt contemplate. 
 
 12. Convey convict convince (conveyance) confide confidence 
 
 confident confuse conform confine confess. 
 
 13. Confound concede constant constitute consign consignee 
 
 consignment consignor consigned consent. 
 
 14. Discontinue discontinuance discontent unconscious mis- 
 
 construe reconcile economical economize political-econ- 
 omy contribute. 
 
 15. Contributor contrive contraband contract contractor con- 
 
 trary magnitude magnify magnificent magnet. 
 

 /^S 
 
 
 5 3 l^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 >- 'U. ^ T~ ^ \ V 
 
 
 
1M 
 
 i>2^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i/en/encc. 
 
 . — iCommonloM Jl(lUi^ouf ea/iitii to>tC^ Stock Comhantf 
 hlfitUcotiveniejtt \C«/itnhutoi^ nejli- Unnis opinion. 
 
 ^ ^/^-^ ^^^ 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAXD. 127 
 
 LESSON 26. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 19. 
 
 Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 20 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Abode abide obeyed obedience badly bedside bed-time 
 bedroom broad-gauge broadside forbid mobbed embody mor- 
 bid abroad bread (bred) breadth sea-board labored bled cabled 
 doubled enabled labeled rebuild rebuilding troubled bridewell 
 stupidity rapidity repaid spade jeopardize peopled post-paid 
 explode dry-goods begged dogged lugged rigged jagged bri- 
 gade renegade safeguard disregard gradually gladly languid 
 kidnap decadence naked screwed accrued sacred crudity 
 credible credulous tickled tackled blockade corrode viewed 
 powed void paved pervade waved (waived) loved lived unavoid- 
 able vivid unreserved food fed. 
 
 2. Maiden midnight medical medicine mad mediate media- 
 tor meditate remedial medicinal formidable reformed gum- 
 med boomed palmed calmed doomed deemed teemed (teamed) 
 timed timid seemed (seamed) alarmed roamed resumed ru- 
 mored roomed warmed hemmed dismayed mood amidst tamed 
 ashamed owned bandage disband bondage brand coined ex- 
 pand feigned ascend ascendency sandwich thousand landlord 
 round ruined earned ironed renowned wind (wined) wound. 
 
 3. Ailed oiled gild (guild) coiled toiled field sealed (ceiled) 
 sailed mailed mild nailed reeled mislead laudable overload ap- 
 palled failed fold eldest unrivaled unruffled. 
 
 4. Hardy rude (rood) aired dared deride attired towered 
 forehead orchard redeem raid red (read) erred arrayed ardu- 
 ous ardent radiant ridiculous readil}"^ riddance radiance rid- 
 ing redundance redound ordain absurd absurdity blizzard par- 
 don poured (pored) periodical parade geared garden gardener 
 coward cordage feared fired cheered charred billiards vine- 
 yard yard-stick weed wedding widow wooden headache head- 
 ing headway childhood persuade dissuade. 
 
 5. Bead (beat beet} abed (abet) bide (bite) brood (brute bruit) 
 pad (pat) pod (pot) plead (pleat) plod (plot) plied (plight) spied 
 (spite) goad (goat) greed (greet) cawed (caught) kid (kit) cud 
 (cut) cod (cot) clod (clot) tide (tied tight) trod (trot) Fred (fret) 
 shod (shot) seed (cede seat) sawed (sought) sod (sot) sued (suit) 
 thread (threat) Swede (sweet suite). 
 
m BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES, 
 
 6. The letter m is used for the prefix im, 3-c to 6-r, except 
 when im is followed by m, in which case we write the vowel i 
 ^short) and one vi, 6-s to 7-e. 
 
 7. The prefix in is represented by the vowel i (short), the 
 same as the word-sign in, 7-i to 14-c. 
 
 8. 14-e to 15-a, d is omitted from the prefix ad, before v. 
 
 9. 15-i to u, tr with the circle on the upper or under side, as 
 more convenient in joining, is used for the prefix trans. 
 
 KET TO LESSON 26. 
 
 1. Iniquity inclusive indig"nant indulgence indispensable in- 
 
 debted independent individual integrity intoxicate. 
 
 2. Intelligence investigate influence inspect inward influen- 
 
 tial insolvency immediate immediately impertinence. 
 
 3. Immortal imbibe impecunious impudent impudence impe- 
 
 tus impotent impotence imperfect impartial. 
 
 4. Impatient impose imposing impostor impossible imposture 
 
 impute impenitent impulse imperil (imperial). 
 6. Impeach improbable improper impracticable imprudent 
 impart imperative impress impressive imprison. 
 
 6. Improve improvement imply implicate implicit implore 
 
 imitate image immigrate immodest. 
 
 7. Immaterial immense immoral inhabit income increase in- 
 
 corporate incredulous incline inclined. 
 
 8. Include inclose inclosure inadequate indifferent indiffer- 
 
 ence indefinite inducement indistinct Indian. 
 
 9. Indeed indictment indulgent (indigent) indenture industry 
 
 independence indicate intimate intend (intent) intellect. 
 
 10. Intolerant interior intelligent superintend invest invest- 
 
 ment invoice invent inform infant (infinite). 
 
 11. Inferior inference infringe inflict inflame inspector inex- 
 
 perienced insignificance inside incident. 
 
 12. Institute instant instruct instrument insert insist innocent 
 
 inasmuch insult inmate. 
 
 13. Injure insure insured insurance inquest inquire inherit 
 
 incumbrance incompetent incomplete. 
 
 14. Inconsistent reinforce advocate advise advisable advice 
 
 advance adverse adversity adversary. 
 
 15. Adventure advertise advertisement transpire transport 
 
 transact transfer transgress transmit translate. 
 
1^ ^ ^^ 1^ > ^V^>^ 
 
 k£ 
 
 \ .^ .^^ — ^- -^ 
 
 "^--^ 
 
/ 
 
 1J0_ 
 
 \o C^. 
 
 J Ojiinivn. ^^iifti. — 
 
 ^OT incline ta the yT^^am inclined io ^/^isufance Co. 
 
 ~A 
 
 feVt 
 
 !.•) 
 
 
 ^-o ^ 
 
 1.. 
 
 7 
 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. ISl 
 
 LESSON 27. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 20. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 21 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 J. Blend abandoned pendant pendulum append appendix ap- 
 pendage dependent depends despondent stipend stupendous 
 expend resplendent tendency attending extending secondly 
 secondary offend friendliness tremendous discerned boundary 
 boundless kindred mindful unbounded superabundance pro- 
 pound groundless grounded aground background foreground 
 astounding sounding soundness soundly respondent abscond 
 reprimand outstanding standard withstand restrained. 
 
 2. Absorbent turbulent jubilant sapient suppliant repent- 
 ant unrepentant repents serpent printing ill-spent well-spent 
 plentiful plaintive spontaneous participant identify identity 
 dental expedient miscreant supplicant obedient accidental 
 evidently verdant provident diffident non-resident anteced- 
 ents potent retentive protestant distant persistent omniscient 
 fervent relevant patiently transient assailant gallant authen- 
 tic rental parent uncurrent diligent urgently sergeant enchant 
 countenance accounting accountable discountenance reluc- 
 tantly subsequently frequently surmount tantamount ada- 
 mant dormant rudiment re-appoint belligerent romantic. 
 
 3. Abasement debasement escapement reshipment elope- 
 ment temperament deportment augment segment misgovern- 
 ment predicament enactment sediment testament enlistment 
 misstatement detriment maltreatment pavement achieve- 
 ment defacement foment fulfillment fundamental punishment 
 nourishment refreshment easement cement memento momen- 
 tum momentous momentary merriment firmament armament 
 abandonment aggrandizement adornment tenement atone- 
 ment attainment refinement renouncement annulment align- 
 ment enlightenment discernment environment ointment sen- 
 timent presentment resentment embezzlement ailment allot- 
 ment lament enlargement raiment preferment retirement 
 disbursement re-imbursement embarrassment re-enforcement 
 embellishment torment enrollment abridgement disparage- 
 ment engagement encouragement discouragement lodgment 
 regiment detachment enrichment. 
 
ISg BUSINESS SHOHTHAND. 
 
 KXPL.ANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 
 
 4. In this system it is the practice to express the termina- 
 tion s/ui by writin<r the vowel which immediately precedes 
 the sfin, and omittinjj the shn. Thruout this Lesson all the 
 words end with a implying that shn follows— «/twi. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 27. 
 
 li Population application occupation specifications examin- 
 ation org-anization classification conversation intoxica- 
 tion justification. 
 
 2. Taxation demonstration liquidation importation simplifi- 
 
 cation approximation explanation alienation certifica- 
 tion generation. 
 
 3. Publication probation (approbation) corroboration delib- 
 
 eration vibration liberation celebration patience dissi- 
 pation representation. 
 
 4. Operation co-operation corporation separation inspira- 
 
 tion appropriation participation anticipation accepta- 
 tion expectation (expiation). 
 
 5. Desperation expiration exportation exploration multipli- 
 
 cation stipulation congregation corrugation significa- 
 tion instigation 
 
 6. Immigration mitigation navigation inauguration nega- 
 
 tion interrogation obligation delegation allegation liti- 
 gation. 
 
 7. Regulation irrigation subjugation complication specula- 
 
 tion implication occasion dedication vacation (voca- 
 tion) avocation. 
 
 8. Identification confiscation modification qualification re- 
 
 laxation annexation vindication communication loca- 
 tion allocation. 
 
 9. Falsification education creation decoration calculation 
 
 declaration circulation indication accommodation du- 
 ration. 
 
 10. Foundation consideration continuation notation reputa- 
 
 tion invitation station hesitation illustration solicita- 
 tion. 
 
 11. Administration registration excavation cultivation ele- 
 
 vation privation observation preservation appreciation 
 association. 
 
 12. Denunciation civilization equalization capitalization com- 
 
 pensation sensation proclamation formation informa- 
 tion estimation. 
 
 13. Moderation nation combination resignation destination 
 
 nomination determination discrimination imagination 
 presentation. 
 
 14. Recommendation alteration violation consolation (concil- 
 
 iation) desolation accumulation ration arbitration as- 
 piration preparation. 
 
 15. Deterioration toleration variation transportation rela- 
 
 tion realization demoralization legislation generaliza- 
 tion quotation. 
 
b 2w 
 
m 
 
 
 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 135 
 
 LESSON 28. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 21. 
 
 Write the following' words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 22 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Bitter battery rebutter debater blotter betterment re- 
 peater preternatural patronize patronage separator petrify 
 putrid patriot patriotism pattern spatter. 
 
 2. Navigator derogatory glitter regulator bigotry counter- 
 part countersink countermand crater decorator creator ca- 
 ter educator cauterize contradictory victorious factor male- 
 factor benefactor manufactory scatter protector reflector 
 rectory instructor cutter criterion clatter clutter calculator. 
 
 3. Mediator daughter editor creditor detrimental laudatory 
 traitor straighter testator testatrix agitator tighter tutor 
 orator laboratory rotary retrospect retrieve retrench reiter- 
 ate retroact barter porter deserter importer waiter water- 
 power water-course water-works water-main water-proof em- 
 broider recorder ardor disorder rudder rider border harder. 
 
 4. Thereafter swifter fetter fraternal cultivator shutter 
 depositor visitor eastern suitor blister pastor plaster prepos- 
 terous catastrophe caster (castor) cluster master muster pay- 
 master minister monster ministry monastery. 
 
 5. Motor ammeter premature prematurely barometer ma- 
 terialist materialize materialism matrimonial maternal me- 
 tropolis metropolitan prompter promoter gas-meter diameter 
 tempter smatter symmetry tormenter mortar amateur ele- 
 mentary quarter quarter-master. 
 
 6. Entertainment enterprise nutriment nutritious notoriety 
 entirely printer planter splinter grantor eccentric frontier 
 volunteer lantern winter hunter interpreter interrogate in- 
 terested literal literary flatter slaughter shelter paltry. 
 
 7. Fodder shudder cedar cider murderous moderator under- 
 bid underpinning underground undertaken undertone under- 
 score misunderstand undermine suspender provender founder 
 foundry engender sunder asunder thunder surrender. 
 
 8. Motherly mother-in-law motherless smoother lather nor- 
 thern southern southerly furthermore misanthropy. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 9. This Lesson further illustrates the method of expressing 
 shn., 2-c to 5-c show the way hhn, izhn are written— the vowel 
 i (short), usually in the form of a hook, on the end of the pre- 
 ceding consonant. 5-a-c, acquisition, requisition, are written 
 irregularly to secure more facile outlines. 5-e to r show how 
 
136 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 ooshn, oozhn are written, and 5-s to 6-e show how ewshn is writ- 
 ten, the singrle-stroke vowel f)0 being preferred where it will 
 join. 6 -i shows how autian is written, 6-in. to u show how oshn, 
 ozhn are written, 7-a to m show how ashn is written, and 7-11 
 to s show how eeshn, eezhn are written. 
 
 10. When there is no vowel immediately before the shn, or 
 the vowel will not join readily, to imply the shn, then .s/ui is 
 expressed by means of a large hook on the right or upper side 
 of straight consonants and inside of curves, 7-u to 12-i. 
 
 11. A large hook on the upper side of d, t and./, at the end, 
 expresses a following kskn, 12-m to 13-u. 
 
 12. The letters hi are used for the termination hility, 14-a-Ti. 
 
 13. The termination ship is represented by s/i, 15-a to u. 
 
 KEY TO LESSON 28. 
 
 1. Proportion inspection description inscription situation 
 
 perfection satisfaction machine recognition valuation. 
 
 2. Inflation ambition exhibition suspicion commission collis- 
 
 ion addition condition expedition petition. 
 
 3. Competition partition politician superstition electrician 
 
 division provision position opposition composition. 
 
 4. Deposition imposition proposition disposition precision 
 
 decision omission submission permission admission. 
 
 5. Acquisition requisition contribution confusion profusion 
 
 pollution resolution revolution prosecution persecution. 
 
 6. Execution destitution constitution caution explosion com- 
 
 motion devotion motion promotion notion. 
 
 7. Passion compassion dispassionate fashion fashionable com- 
 
 pletion accretion secretion adhesion objection. 
 
 8. Subjection option corruption adoption deception excep- 
 
 tion reception interruption impression suppression. 
 
 9. Expression progression transgression action transaction 
 
 connection discussion section correction collection. 
 
 10. Affection friction (fraction) reflection discretion excur- 
 
 sion election selection possession exemption redemption. 
 
 11. Suspension attention intention convention mention sanc- 
 
 tion distinction junction injunction portion. 
 
 12. Exertion assertion extortion distortion seduction produc- 
 
 tion reduction introduction jurisdiction contradiction. 
 
 13. Direction attraction protection retraction obstruction ex- 
 
 traction destruction construction instruction projection. 
 
 14. Ability possibility plausibility responsibility respectabil- 
 
 ity susceptibility capability credibility accountability 
 liability. 
 
 15. Membership secretaryship clerkship courtship fellowship 
 
 receivership friendship township citizenship relation- 
 ship. 
 
/37 
 
 4 
 
 c c i '^^ *^ <!~ 
 
 t, <M 'V^ o^ 
 
 i 3 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 /7 
 
 ^ U L. U Z_^ ") 
 
 ,^ ^ I 1 ^ ^^ 
 
 t ^ "\ ^"^ "^ ^ -^ 
 
 X \) ^ ""^ X) <> -^ 
 
 ,>^ .r c -^ ^ ]^ L^ 
 
 
 U U U 
 ^ 1^ t^ 
 ^^ — ^ t 
 
 ^^ — pC:? U^ 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 139 
 
 LESSON 29. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 22. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 Illustrated and explained in Lesson 23 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Albumen acumen vermin regimen calumny alimony cer- 
 emony omnibus amenable omnipotent monopolize monopolist 
 monogamy monogram demoniac monomaniac almanac mne- 
 monics monied mandatory mundane mendacity promenade 
 lemonade emanate minutely recriminate dominate dissemi- 
 nate effeminate eliminate illuminate fulminate germinate 
 ruminate laminated solemnity sermon meaning means menu. 
 
 2. Manifesto manifestly manifold munificence maneuver 
 meanwhile solemnize sermonize menace ominous bituminous 
 ignominious sanctimonious luminous aluminous voluminous 
 reminiscence reminiscent necromancy clemency monthly som- 
 nambulist monument aluminum remnant terminal criminality 
 nominally womanly womanliness seminary monarch miniature 
 brakeman penman postman countryman milkman freeman 
 brakemen penmen postmen countrymen milkmen freemen 
 freshman tradesman seedsman statesman kinsman townsman 
 freshmen tradesmen seedsmen statesmen kinsmen townsmen 
 seaman madman foreman clergyman journeyman juryman, 
 seamen madmen foremen clergymen journeymen jurymen. 
 
 3. Lengthen lengthened uncertainty whenever whensoever 
 whence north-western south-western unquestionable unques- 
 tioned unquestioning cross-questioned questioner obtainable 
 opinionated beginning turns returnable returns manufactur- 
 ing manufactured recline reclined declined 
 
 4. Medallion battalion millionaire pavilion vermilion valiant 
 reunion fortunate unfortunately misfortune. Wording re- 
 warding by-word pass-word catch-word eastward westward 
 northward southward leeward windward watchword forward 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 5. No new principles of writing or abbreviation are intro- 
 duced in this Lesson, but some of those already presented are 
 applied in the formation of names of towns, cities, railroad 
 points, etc. Names of persons and places should be so fully 
 
UO BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 written that there shall be no uncertainty or guess-work in 
 reading. Writers of this system do not need to use longhand 
 at all in any kind of writing unless it is as an aid in memoriz- 
 ing peculiarly or uncommonly spelled names. Frequently oc- 
 curring names may be abbreviated as freely as other words, 
 in ordinary work, but in correspondence, records, etc., for an- 
 other to read, all words should be so, fully written as to be un- 
 equivocal. ' .- . 
 
 KHY TO LESSON 29. 
 
 1. Albany Albion Alexandria Alton Ashland Arlington 
 
 Atchison Auburn Augusta Austin. 
 
 2. Baltimore Bangor Batavia Bellaire Beloit Belvidere 
 
 Bennington Berlin Bethlehem Bismarck. 
 
 3. Bloomington Boston Bristol Brooklyn Burlington Cam- 
 
 bridge Cairo Charleston Chicago Cincinnati. 
 
 4. Cleveland Columbus Council Bluffs Clinton Davenport 
 
 Denver Des Moines Detroit Duluth El Paso. 
 
 5. Elgin Fall River Fargo Florence Fond du Lac Fort Scott 
 
 Fort Wayne Fort Worth Franklin Free port. 
 
 6. Fulton Galveston Geneva Gettysburg Glasgow Galesburg 
 
 Grand Rapids Green Bay Halifax Hanover. 
 
 7. Harrisburg Havana Hartford Helena Hebron Houston 
 
 Hudson Hyde Park Indianapolis Iowa City. 
 
 8. Jackson .Jamestown Jefferson Jersey City Joliet Kansas 
 
 City Keokuk Key West Kingston Knoxville. 
 
 9. La Crosse Lafayette Lawrence Leadville Leavenworth 
 
 Lebanon Louisville Lexington Lisbon Lincoln. 
 
 10. Little Rock Lockport Los Angeles Madison Manchester 
 
 Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis Nashville New Orleans 
 
 11. Newport Niagara Falls Oakland Ogden Oswego Ottawa 
 
 Omaha Palestine Paris Paterson. 
 
 12. Peoria Peru Philadelphia Pittsburg Plymouth Portland 
 
 Portsmouth Princeton Quincy Raleigh, 
 
 13. Richmond Rockford Sacramento St. Joseph St. Louis 
 
 St. Paul Salem Salt Lake San Diego San Francisco. 
 
 14. Santa Fe Saratoga Springfield Stillwater Syracuse Toledo 
 
 Topeka Toronto Trenton Tucson. 
 
 15. Utica Vicksburg Warsaw Wilmington West Point Wheel- 
 
 ing Windsor Winchester Winona Worcester. 
 
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 L. t^ 
 
 
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 <i9 Uuihd states 1^ /'nst flahortalBank 
 
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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 14s 
 
 LESSON 30. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 23. 
 
 Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
 •Jlustrated and explained in Lesson 24 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Dwig-ht dwindle dwarf boudoir tweed twaddle tweezers 
 twinkle twill twilight twirl twitter. 
 
 2. Angelic enjoyable steam-engine fire-eng-ine engineering 
 ungenerous injudiciously pungency sponged grange tinged 
 strangely estrangement revengeful singe managed misman- 
 agement lozenge longevity ranged arranged disarrangement 
 changeable exchanged exchangeable. 
 
 3. Quip quicksand quackery quietude quashed quizzical 
 quartet equable equipment equidistant aqueduct equinox 
 equanimity aquatic obloquy ubiquity obsequious earthquake 
 colloquy squaw squat squabble squad squeak squash squeeze 
 sequence squint propinquity vanquish eloquence loquacious 
 requital prerequisite. 
 
 4. Acquires acquired quarantine quorum querulous squirm 
 required requirement aquarium Quail quell equally equilib- 
 rium qualified qualifiedly equalize unequally tranquillity tran- 
 quilize squeal squally squalor colloquial disqualified. Quar- 
 rels quarrelsome quarreling squirrel. 
 
 5. Prefix profitably unprofitable prophetic prophecy proph- 
 esy proficiency profane profanity profoundly profligate pre- 
 ferment preferable preference preferential fire-proof. Dis- 
 prove reprove provokingly provident providential depraved 
 deprived depravity privateer proviso privacy previously prov- 
 ince provincial prevalence proverbial prevaricate. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 6. No new principles of writing or abbreviation are intro- 
 duced in this Lesson, but those already presented are used in 
 writing names of days and months, of states and countries and 
 of express and railroad companies. In most of the names of 
 railroad and express companies only initials are given, as being 
 sufficiently definite, because of frequent occurrence, in ordin- 
 ary work. When initials are used in the notes and the fully 
 spelled out name must appear in the transcript, this may be 
 indicated by underscoring the initials. Care should also be 
 
Uk BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 
 
 taken to correctl}' express the corporate name, whether a 
 railroad or a railway company. 
 
 KEY TO I.i:SSON 30. 
 
 1. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 
 
 Saturday January February March. 
 
 2. April May June July August September October Novem- 
 
 ber December New-year's-day. 
 
 3. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Califor- 
 
 nia Colorado Delaware Florida Georgia. 
 
 4. Illinois Indiana Indian Territory Idaho Iowa Kansas Ken- 
 
 . tucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts. 
 
 5. Michigan Missouri Mississippi Montana Minnesota Mary- 
 
 land New Hampshire New York New Jersey New Mexico. 
 
 6. Nebraska Nevada North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Or- 
 
 egon Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island So. Dakota. 
 
 7. South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont 
 
 Wyoming Washington West Virginia Wisconsin. 
 
 8. North America South America Central America Canada 
 
 Newfoundland Nova Scotia New Brunswick Ontario 
 Quebec New England. 
 
 9. Mexico Manitoba Cuba Hayti Porto Rico Philippines Ha- 
 
 waii Japan China Australia. 
 
 10. Adams Express, Adams Express Company; American Ex- 
 
 press, Am. Ex. Co.; National. Express, Nat'l Ex. Co.; 
 Northern Pacific Express, N. P. Ex. Co.; Pacific Express, 
 Pac. Ex. Co. 
 
 11. United States Express, U. S. Ex. Co.; Wells Fargo & Go's 
 
 Express, Dom. Ex. Co., Southern Express, S'n Ex. Co.; 
 Great Northern Express, G'tN. Ex. Co.; Western Union 
 Telegraph Company, Postal Telegraph Company. 
 
 12. A. T. & S. F. Ry., B. & O. R. R., B. & A. R. R., B. & M. 
 
 R. R., Can. Pac. Ry,, Ches. & O. Ry., C. & A. R. R., 
 
 C. & G. T. Ry., C. & N-W. Ry., C. B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 13. C. M. & St. P. Ry., C. R. I. & P. Ry., D. L. & W. R. R, 
 
 D. & H. R. R., D. & R. G. R. R., Erie R. R., G. N. Ry., 
 I. C. R. R., L. S. & M. S. Ry., Lehigh Valley R. R. 
 
 14. L. & N. R. R., M. C. R. R., N. Y. & N. E. R. R., N. Y. C. 
 
 & H. R. R. R., N. Y. N. H. & H. R. R., N. P. Ry., O. R. 
 & N. Co., P. M. S. S. Co., Penna. Co., Penna. R. R. 
 
 15. P. & Fi. Ry., P. W. & B. R. R. Plant System, P. P. C. Co., 
 
 . S. P Co., T. & P. Ry., U. P. Ry., W. P. C Co., Wabash 
 R. R , Wis. Cen. R. R. 
 

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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 147 
 
 SUrPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 24. 
 
 Write the following^ words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 25 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Combative combustible compactly compactness compe- 
 tence compositor composer component competing compatible 
 comparison compress compressing compromise comparative 
 compartment compelled complex complexity complicate com- 
 plicity completeness complains compliance compliment (com- 
 plement) complimentary complacent (complaisant) compla- 
 cency compulsory committed committal commute comforta- 
 ble comforting comforter commiserate commissary commem- 
 orate comrade commandant commandment. Comedy com- 
 monly commonwealth commenced commencing commensur- 
 ately communicated communist communism commentaries 
 commentator commending commendable commendatory. 
 
 2. Accomplished accomplishment accomplice decomposed 
 discomposure encumber encumbered unencumbered encom- 
 passed uncomfortable uncompromising unaccomplished non- 
 compliance recommittal recompense accommodating unac- 
 commodating uncommon recommending recommended recom- 
 menced circumvent circumscribed circumference circumstan- 
 tial circumspectly circumnavigate. 
 
 3. Connubial congregate congratulate concourse concurred 
 (conquered) concurrence concurrent concordant conical con- 
 clusively concluded concluding condole controller (comptrol- 
 ler) conversing conversant convulse convulsive convalescent 
 confirmative confirmatory consciously consciousness conscien- 
 tious conscientiousness connoisseur concealment console con- 
 solatory conspiracy conspirator conscript consecrate consid- 
 erable considerate construe constrain constrained (constraint) 
 conceivable conciseh' consistently consistency consumed con- 
 sumptive consul consolidate conciliatory conserve concert 
 consort congenial congeal conjugal congested conjecture con- 
 jure conquest. 
 
 4. Condemned condense condescend condone (condign) con- 
 duce conducive contaminate contemptible contemporaneous 
 contiguous contagion continent continuity continually contin- 
 gent contingency contour contumely contumacy contentment 
 contented (contended) convene conveniently confidential con- 
 federate confiscate confinement conference conceited constit- 
 uent constituency constituents constabulary constantly. 
 
BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 149 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 25. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 26 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Disconcerted disconsolate disconnected unconcerned un- 
 conquerable unconscionable unconsciously unconsciousness la- 
 conically irreconcilable reconnoiter reconsider reconnaissance 
 economized economist. Contributory contrived contrivance 
 contravene contraries. Magnificence magniloquently mag- 
 nanimity magnanimous magnetism magnetic magnesium. 
 
 2. Imbue imbecile impudently impotent impoverish impinge 
 superimpose imposed impost impassive impassively impene- 
 trable imponderable impanel impale impulsive impure impair 
 impurity imperishable imperious impertinent impeachment 
 impede impediment impetuous impending impound impropri- 
 ety impregnable imprudence importune importunity impervi- 
 ous impartiality impressively impressible imperceptible im- 
 prisonment impersonate impersonal imperatively importunate 
 imagine imaginary improvise reimbursement. 
 
 3. Immigrant immovable immemorial immorality immerse 
 immolate immensely imminent immanent immunity imma- 
 ture immaturity immoderately immeasurable. 
 
 4. Inborn inebriate inbred inappropriate inappreciable in- 
 operative ingot inexact inexhaustible inexorable ingratiate 
 ingress ingredient ingrate ingratitude inaugural incandes- 
 cent incase inexcusable inextricable inaccessible inaccuracy 
 inaccurate iniquitous inactive incorporated incorrigible incur 
 incurable incredible incalculable including inclemency inau- 
 dible indefatigable indefensible induce indisposed indiscreet 
 indiscriminate indecent indemnified indemnity indomitable 
 indent indolent indigenous indulgently indebtedness inde- 
 pendently individuality individually intuitive intestate intem- 
 perate intimacy intimately intimidate intense intensity intel- 
 lectual intolerable intelligible interment intrepid interrogate 
 introduce intrench intrenchment intrust intrinsic invariably 
 invaluable invoke invade (inveighed) invalidate invite involve 
 invisible inventor inventory inefficient infuse infest infect 
 disinfect informal misinformed infamy infamous inoffensive 
 Infer infernal inferiority infirm inflexible injured inestimable 
 insomuch inasmuch insubordinate incipient inspire inexperi- 
 ence insignificant coincide instead instantly instalment. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 151 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 26. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 27 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Instance instinct insufficient incessant instanter insensi- 
 ble incentive incendiary insolent ineligible inquiry incumbent 
 inconsiderate inconsiderable inconstant inconstancy. 
 
 2. Advocacy advisement advisory advancement adventure 
 advent adversely. Transpose transparent transcribe tran- 
 script transit transitory transfoi'm transformed transom. 
 
 3. Impatience emancipation misrepresentation adaptation 
 reparation exasperation abrogation conflagration occasion- 
 ally occasions abdication supplication revocation suffocation 
 verification gratification unification mortification nullifica- 
 tion ratification altercation consecration desecration recrea- 
 tion miscalculation. 
 
 4. Repudiation dilapidation depredation degradation inval- 
 idation radiation reconsideration computation deputation im- 
 putation commutation interpretation refutation citation sta- 
 tionary (stationery) attestation detestation visitation devas- 
 tation manifestation molestation resuscitation prostration 
 imitation meditation consultation exultation irritr.tion agi- 
 tation adulteration perpetration penetration mutilation ven- 
 tilation retaliation discontinuation. 
 
 5. Evasion abVjreviation starvation reservation federation 
 depreciation renunciation Christianization authorization re- 
 organization disorganization colonization polarization solem- 
 nization cessation elicitation felicitation restoration an- 
 nexation relaxation immoderation ar :lamation exclamation 
 consummation intimation transformation confirmation ani- 
 mation ornamentation temptation limitation admiration. 
 
 6. Designation inclination donation delineation consterna- 
 tion fascination assassination concentration abomination con- 
 tamination condemnation denomination illumination termi- 
 nation ruination exoneration remuneration. 
 
 7. Cancellation isolation insulation translation irrational 
 exaggeration perpetuation evacuation fluctuation infatua- 
 tion attenuation insinuation tribulation capitulation manip- 
 ulation stimulation simulation adulation persuasion dissua- 
 sion dissimulation modulation. 
 
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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 153 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 27. 
 
 Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
 illustrated and explained in Lesson 28 and preceding Lessons: 
 
 1. Abolition abolitionist commissions commissioned com- 
 missioning commissioner practitioner additions unconditional 
 sedition perdition tradition rendition tuition intuition repeti- 
 tion statistician nutrition. 
 
 2. Vision visionary supervision subdivision revision supposi- 
 tion exposition decomposition indisposition predisposition 
 transposition physician musician incision indecision mission 
 emission dismission transmission remission missionary manu- 
 mission intermission coalition volition apparition derision. 
 
 3. Distribution retribution cushion collusion conclusion se- 
 clusion evolution involution revolutionary infusion diffusion 
 suffusion transfusion allusion delusion dilution dissolution so- 
 lution diminution substitution corrosion emotion locomotion 
 notional lotion erosion passionately compassionate impas- 
 sioned old-fashioned unfashionable depletion repletion arte- 
 sian lesion cohesion. 
 
 4. Objectionable unobjectionable prescription transcription 
 conception inception interception perception eruption disrup- 
 tion absorption oppression compression depression dispropor- 
 tionate aggression congressional digression actionable inac- 
 tion reaction auctioneer complexion recollection dissection 
 eviction fiction faction infection disinfection putrefaction 
 confectionery infraction affliction infliction deflection exac- 
 tion intersection electioneer erection insurrection resurrec- 
 tion version perversion diversion conversion inversion profes- 
 sion confession session concession dispossession self-possession 
 procession accession succession secession. 
 
 5. Presumption resumption assumption consumption pen- 
 sion expansion contention pretension detention distention re- 
 tention invention intervention contravention prevention dis- 
 sension condescension dimension ammunition admonition pre- 
 monition compulsion expulsion convulsion revulsion aspersion 
 dispersion desertion. Abduction deduction dictionary bene- 
 diction detection distraction misconstruction rejection. 
 
 6. Inability impossibility improbability culpability practic- 
 ability stability sociability durability. Suretyship guardian- 
 ship ownership partnership worship generalship hardship. 
 
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