HISTORY OF THE tEfimtig~0etmtb: pmteh jgftafces 1866-1922 V / c^^ r PREFACE HEADQUARTERS, 22ND INFANTRY, Governors Island, New York, MAY 31, 1922. An historical sketch of the 22nd Infantry was first prepared by Major O. M. Smith, U. S. A. Retired, when a First Lieu- tenant of the 22nd Infantry. The history from the beginning of the Spanish- American War to 1904 was written by Captain W. H. Wassell, 22nd Infantry. Captain Daniel S. Appleton, 22nd Infantry, brought the history up to date from records supplied by the Adjutant. The regiment is indebted to Colonel John McA. Palmer, 22nd Infantry, and Major William R. Smith, 22nd Infantry, for edit- ing and preparing this work for publication. G. C. GRAHAM, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. Official. TO THOSE MEMBERS OF THE REGIMENT WHO, IN LINE OF DUTY, HAVE CREATED "BLANK FILES" IN ITS RANKS, THIS BOOK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. BIBLIOGRAPHY "The Army of the United States, 1789-1896." Theo. F. Rodenbough and W. L. Haskin. General Order No. 64. Headquarters 15th Army Corps, Camp Sherman, Miss., Aug. 5, 1863. History of the Thirteenth Regiment, United States Infantry. McAlexander, 1905. Act of Con- gress, July 28, 1886. Diagram illustrating the formation of regiments. War Plans Div. General Staff. Executive Order of May 4, 1861. Act of Con- gress, March 3, 1869. Monthly Returns, 22nd Infantry, Sept. and Oct., 1871. Monthly Returns, 22nd Infantry, July-October, 1872. Monthly General Order General Order, Return No. 25 Pacific No. 9, 22nd Infantry, Division, 1906. Maneuver May, 1873. Division, General Order June 30, 1911. Monthly Return 22nd Infantry, June, 1873. No. 113, War Depart- ment, 1906. General Order No. 3, Head- quarters 6th Brigade, Annual Report of the General General Order No. 14, Head- March 26, 1915. of the Army, 1876. quarters 22nd Infantry, 1906. Special Order No. 73, Head- quarters 6th G. O. 76, Brigade, April Headquarters Annual Official 18, 1916. of the Army, History of the July, 1890. 22nd U. S. Special Order Report of Infantry 1907. No. 25, Head- quarters Camp Inspector Jones, General Douglas, Ariz., Breckinridge. Annual Official June 26, 191 6. General Order History of the 22nd U. S. Special Order No. 21, Head- Infantry, No. 73, Head- quarters, 5th 1907. quarters, A. C. Arizona Dis- trict, Sept. See letter 1st Official 20, 1916. Brig. 2nd Div., 7/12/98. Regimental History of General Orders Gen. Ludlow the 22nd U. S. No. 11, with ind. Infantry, Arizona Dis- 1910. trict, Sept. 30, General Order Published at 1916. No. 26, Head- quarters, U. S. Troops in Cuba. Regimental Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, Tex., Feb. 15, Telegraphic Inst., Head- quarters Southern General Orders 1911. Department, March 22, Headquarters, 1917. 2nd Div. 5th Army Corps, Aug. 1471898. Regimental History of the 22nd Infantry, Special Order No. 156, Head- *See tele- gram to Gen. Headquarters 22nd Infantry, Fort Sam quarters, E. D., June 20, 1917. Lawton. Houston, Tex., Jan. 1, Special Order Annual 1912. No. 139, Head- official History General Order quarters, 22nd of the 22nd No. 35,War Infantry, U. S. Infantry, 1906. Department 1911. August 3, 1917. HISTORY OF THE TWENTY-SECOND UNITED STATES INFANTRY CHAPTER I Organization In the preparation of the history of the Twenty-second In- fantry as an organization, the period covered has been limited strictly to those consecutive years during which the regiment has borne that numerical designation. In other words, the history of this regiment does not properly include that of any unit, or part of a unit, from which it may have been organized. However, in view of the fact that the Twenty-second In- fantry was organized by the conversion of one complete unit of the Army into another, it will not be amiss to sketch briefly, at least, the history of the Second Battalion, Thirteenth U. S. Infantry, which was, in 1866, converted in its entirety, into the Twenty-second Regiment of Infantry. The Thirteenth Infantry was organized by direction of the President, May 4, 1861, at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. Com- pany A was the first unit of the regiment to come into actual existence, its organization having taken place on October 8 of that year. On November 13 of the same year Companies B, C, and G were formed, followed on April 1, 1862, by Companies D, E, and F. These companies constituted the First Battalion, and during the succeeding years of the Civil War seem to have borne the brunt of all the fighting in which the regiment was engaged. The principal actions in which the Thirteenth took part were Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi, December 29, 1862; Arkansas Post, January 11, 1863; Walnut Hills, Mississippi, May 19, 1863 ; Siege of Vicksburg, concluded July 4, 1863 ; Collier sville, Tennessee, October 11, 1863; Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, No- vember 24-25, 1863. History of the By a Board of Officers convened on August 5, 1963, the Thirteenth Infantry was awarded the honor of having inscribed on its colors the words "First at Vicksburg", the regiment "hav- ing in a body planted and maintained its colors on the parapet with a loss of 43.3 per cent., including its gallant commander Washington who died on the parapet * * *" The organization of the Second Battalion, Thirteenth In- fantry, did not commence until 1863 ; Companies A and B being organized at Camp Dennison, Ohio, in May of that year, while Companies C, D, E, F, G and H did not appear as units until July, 1865. A month later the entire battalion left Camp Denni- son for Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, where it arrived on Sep- tember 5. Iij November of the same year the battalion went to Fort Larned by way of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In May, 1866, the Second Battalion was concentrated at Fort Leaven- worth, and proceeded thence to the District of the Upper Mis- souri. In this District stations were taken by units of the bat- talion as follows: Headquarters and Companies A and B, Fort Randall ; Companies C, E and H, Fort Sully; Company G, Fort Thompson ; Company F. Fort James ; Company D, Fort Dakota. Organization of the Twenty-second Infantry September 21, 1866, in pursuance of the Act of Congress of July 28, 1866, the designation of the Second Battalion, Thir- teenth Infantry, was changed to the Twenty-second Regiment of Infantry, which title the regiment has borne to the present day. The first Colonel of the Twenty-second was David S. Stan- ley, who commanded the regiment for eighteen years, until he was appointed a Brigadier-General in 1884. Colonel Stanley died March 13, 1902. Other field officers of the original com- mand were Elwell S. Otis and Hiram Dryer; the former eventually became the first American Governor-General of the Twenty-second United States Infantry Philippine Islands, and Major Dryer died while holding that rank in the regiment in 1867. The regiment at this time consisted of eight letter companies, this having been the prescribed organization of infantry regi- ments prior to 1866. On October 2, 1866, Companies I and K were organized at Bedloes Island, New York, and left the same day to take station at Fort Randall. Consolidation of the Twenty-second and Thirty-first Regiments May 15, 1869, the Thirty-first Infantry was consolidated with the Twenty-second, the former regiment having been originally the Third Battalion of the Thirteenth. On this occasion one-half the officers of the Thirty-first and all the enlisted personnel were transferred to the Twenty-second Infantry. The consolidation of the two regiments was effected by first combining the companies of the Twenty-second; Com- panies A and I becoming Company A; B and K Company B; C and F Company C; D and E Company D; H retaining its letter designation. In the same manner Companies B and E of the Thirty-first became Company E of the Twenty-second; F and H Company F ; C and G Company G ; D and I Company I ; A and K Company K. Forty-two years following this consolidation the Twenty- second Infantry was continuously engaged in the construction of buildings for small posts in the Indian country of the West. In 1870, Regimental Headquarters and Companies A, E, F, and H occupied Fort Sully; while Campanies B, C, D, and G took station at Fort Randall under the Lieutenant Colonel. At the same time Company I was sent to the Crow Creek Indian Agency, and K to Lower Brule Agency, these two posts being on opposite sides of the Missouri River, about eight miles apart, and midway between Forts Sully and Randall. Company I remained at Crow Creek only nine months, after which it was transferred to Sully and the Crow Creek buildings were turned over to the Indians to be used as school houses. History of the CHAPTER II EARLY FRONTIER SERVICE The First Yellowstone Expedition In the Autumn of 1871 the first expedition to the Yellow- stone River was organized at Fort Rice as an escort to General T. J. Rosser's surveying party along the projected Northern Pacific Railway. The expedition consisted of Companies A, C, H and I, Twenty-second Infantry; D and H of the Seven- teenth ; B of the Twentieth ; two Catling guns, 26 Indian Scouts and 104 wagons. The column left Fort Rice September 9, 1871 ; reached the Yellowstone River at the mouth of Glendive Creek October 2, and returned to Fort Rice on October 16, after marching over six hundred miles. Upon arrival at Fort Rice the units of the expedition were returned to their various posts by steamer. Second Yellowstone Expedition In July, 1872, a second expedition was organized at Fort Rice under the command of Colonel Stanley of the Twenty- second. This expedition was composed of Regimental Head- quarters and Campanies D, F and G, 22nd Infantry; Com- panies A, B, C, F, H and K, 8th Infantry; Companies A and F, 17th Infantry, and a small detachment of Indian Scouts. This force left Fort Rice July 26, 1872, and reached the mouth of Powder River August 18. On that day Colonel Stanley and a party of his officers were fired upon by Indians said to have been led by a chief named Gaul. Fortunately there were no casualties, and the Indians were quickly driven off by troops of the expedition. On the way back to Cabin Creek skirmishes were fought with the Indians at O'Fallon's Creek, August 21-22. The command, less one company of Infantry and a detachment of Engineers, returned to Fort Rice October Twenty-second United States Infantry 15, 1872. On October 5, 1872, 1st Lieutenant Lewis D. Adair, 22nd Infantry, died of wounds received in action with the Indians, the first recorded battle casualty among officers of the regiment. Third Yellowstone Expedition In May, 1873, the third Yellowstone expedition was organized at Fort Rice under Colonel Stanley. The force was composed of ten troops of the 7th Cavalry; Company C, 6th Infantry; Companies B, C, F and H, 8th Infantry; Companies A, D, E, F, H and I, 9th Infantry; Companies A, B and H, 17th Infantry; and Regimental Headquarters and Companies B, E, H, I and K, 22nd Infantry. As on the previous expedition, a detachment of Indian Scouts was attached. June 20, 1873, the column left Fort Rice, and on July 31 reached the Yellowstone River about fifteen miles from the present town of Glendive, proceeding to Pompey's Pillar on the left bank of the river. On August 4, the advance guard, fur- nished by the 7th Cavalry, was attacked by Indians and three casualties were inflicted, including the Regimental Veterinarian, who was killed. August 11 the 7th Cavalry again engaged the Indians opposite the mouth of the Big Horn River, where Lieutenant Charles Braden, 7th Cavalry, was severely wounded, and Lieutenant H. H. Ketchum, Adjutant of the 22nd Infantry, had his horse shot under him. During the night of August 11, the battalion of the 22nd kept up a desultory fire on the Indians, who persisted in harassing the outposts. The Indians were finally driven to cover by the artillery detachment under Lieu- tenant Webster, 22nd Infantry, composed of men of that regiment. From Pompey's Pillar the expedition marched to the Mussel Shell River, thence to the Great Porcupine, following the latter until the Yellowstone was again reached. Much hardship was encountered in this unexplored country, water was scarce, and even when found was usually filled with impurities. Finally, on September 22, the column reached Fort Lincoln and the History of the companies proceeded to their respective stations. During this expedition a total of over twelve hundred miles was covered by marching, yet the command as a whole returned in the best possible physical condition. Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER III THE WHITE LEAGUE Expeditions Against the Sioux In July, 1874, the 22nd Infantry changed stations with the First Infantry. Regimental Headquarters and Companies D, F and H took station at Fort Wayne, Michigan; Company A, at Madison Barracks, New York; Companies B and K, at Fort Porter, New York; C and G, Fort Brady; E, Fort Mackinac; I, Fort Gratiot, Michigan. The advantages of garrison life and duties were not to last long, however, for on September 16, Companies A, B, D, F, H, I and K were directed by telegraphic orders to proceed to New Orleans, where an organization known as the White League had caused some fear and concern as to the safety of that locality. The command left their stations on the 17th, and reached New Orleans on the 20th. These companies of the regiment remained on duty in the vicinity of New Orleans until May, 1875. There were, however, few activities of other than a routine nature during this period. In July, 1876, the now famed Custer Massacre was the cause of again sending the 22nd Infantry into the field, and on July 11, less Company A, the same command left Fort Wayne to join General Terry at the mouth of the Rosebud River in Montana, Companies E, F, G, H, I and K, under Lieut. -Colonel E. S. Otis, represented the regiment and were conveyed by the steam- boat Carroll to General Terry's mobilization point. Hostile Indians were encountered on several occasions, notably at the mouth of the Powder River, where a formidable force was encountered and only driven off after a stubborn fight. The command reached General Terry's camp on August I r and on the 8th started to march up the valley of the Rosebud. On the 10th William F. Cody, familiarly known as "Buffala Bill", was encountered with his detachment of Indian Scouts, History of the Cody informed General Terry that he might expect to meet a force under Crook within a few hours, and, in fact, a junction of the two columns was effected that night. The campaign which followed provided little in the way of combat. Constant marching, scouting and bivouacking under disheartening conditions failed to reveal a fighting force of the Indians, and on August 31 the entire command was concentrated at the mouth of Glendive Creek and the campaign was dis- continued. Accompanied by two units of the 17th Infantry, the 22nd remained in Montana most of the winter, their duties being limited to providing escorts for wagon trains to the camp near Fort Keogh. At Spring Creek, on the morning of October 6, 1876, one of these escorts, composed of Companies G, H and K, 22nd Infantry, and Company C of the 17th, was attacked by Indians in force. The attack was repulsed, but the Indians succeeded in stampeding many of the expedition's animals, mostly mules, and thereby so crippled the transportation that the command was compelled to return to Glendive. On October 14, Colonel Otis again set out with the same units, reinforced by Company G, 17th Infantry. The Indians again attacked in force on the morning of the 15th, but the train was well protected and the attacking force accomplished nothing. An amusing communication was received by Colonel Otis the following day, written by a half-breed said to have been well known to the troops. The letter is quoted in full: "YELLOWSTONE. "I want to know what you are doing travelling on this road. You scare all the buffalo away. I want to hunt on the place. I want you to turn back from here. If you don't I'll fight you again. I want you to leave what you have got here, and turn back from here. I am your friend, SITTING BULL. "I mean all the rations you have got and some powder. Wish you would write as soon as you can." Twenty-second United States Infantry Colonel Otis replied that he would be pleased to accommo- date Sitting Bull's force with a fight, but that he had to take his train on to Tongue River. On further consideration the Indians decided not to press matters, and no further action took place. Colonel Otis, in his official report of the fight of October 15, highly commends the officers and men of his command for their untiring and efficient performance of duty. In December, 1876, Companies E and F, 22nd Infantry, formed part of General Miles' expedition against the Indians under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in the Big Horn Mountains. This expedition campaigned under the greatest hardships, due to the excessively cold weather and heavy snowfalls. The two companies returned to Tongue River on January 18, 1877. Two months later Companies E and F were joined by Companies G and H at that station. During the campaigns of 1876 some few casualties occurred in the regiment, notably the death from wounds of Private Bern- ard McCann, Company F; Corporal (later Sergeant) Julius Schon, Company I, 22nd Infantry, was awarded a Medal of Honor for distinguished conduct during the campaign of 1876 against the Sioux Indians, in carrying a dispatch to Fort Buford, Dakota, and safely delivering, it to the Post Commander. On April 30, 1877, an expedition was organized under General Miles to attack a renegade band of Indians, chiefly Minneconjous, led by Lame Deer. General Miles' com- mand was composed of Companies E, F, G, and H, 22nd Infantry, two companies of the 5th Infantry, and four troops of the 2nd Cavalry. The train was left on the Tongue River, about 60 miles from the starting point, under guard of Company G, 22nd Infantry, and Companies E and H of the 5th. Com- panies E, F, and H, 22nd Infantry, with the 2nd Cavalry de- tachment, moved up the Rosebud, and on May 7 attacked the Indians near the mouth of Muddy Creek. The herd of 450 Indian ponies was taken in a surprise attack by a detachment of scouts under Lieutenant Casey. A dash by the cavalry con- vinced Lame Deer and Iron Star that they must surrender in order to save themselves, but they met with great difficulty in History of the convincing their followers of this necessity. The resultant delay caused the death of both these chiefs and fourteen of their men. The 450 ponies provided mounts for the entire battalion of the 22nd, and the following morning, after completing the de- struction of the Indian camp, the command started back to the Tongue River. The Indians made one effort to recapture their ponies, but were quickly driven off by the troops. Following this action Company E returned to camp, Com- panies F, G and H delaying their return until May .31 in order to scout in the direction of the Little Big Horn. May 26 Com- panies I and K left Glendive to complete the consolidation of the battalion under Colonel Hough. Almost immediately, how- ever, Colonel Hough was detached and ordered to Fort Mackinac, and the battalion of the 22nd Infantry came under the command of Colonel Lazelle of the First Infantry. Under this officer a long scout was made into the Black Hills. The trail of Lame Deer's Indians was picked up and followed for several days, but no action of any importance took place. Arriving near the Indian camp at Sentinel Butts, the 22nd Infantry was relieved, and under command of Brevet Major C. J. Dickey, it proceeded by marching to Fort Abraham Lincoln. When the command reached this post news was received that the companies would proceed to their home stations from Duluth by boat, but the railroad riots in Chicago drew the command to that city, where Colonel Hough again took command. A few days later Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and K were ordered to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in connection with mining riots. In October, 1877, the companies all returned to their proper stations. It is of interest to note that in the preceding year the greater part of the command had marched a little over three thousand miles. 10 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER IV CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE UTE, APACHE, AND NAVAJO INDIANS Sioux Uprising of 1890-1891 In April, 1879, while the 22nd Infantry was in the act of complying with orders to proceed to the Department of Texas, Companies D, E, F, and K were detached and sent to Fort Gibson, Indian Territory; this move being made on account of slight difficulty with the Indians in that locality. In the Depart- ment of Texas Companies B, C, H, and I took station at Fort McKavett; Company A at Fort Griffin. A few weeks later Company E settled down at Fort Vinita, Indian Territory, while Company K went to Coffeeville, Kansas ; these two com- panies being charged with the duty of keeping undesirable land grafters and others out of Oklahoma. In the latter part of 1879 signs of war with the Ute Indians in Colorado began to appear. As a result of this danger the companies of the 22nd Infantry at Fort Gibson were sent under Colonel Hough to Alamosa, Colorado, by train; thence by marching to Animos, where they joined detachments of the 15th Infantry and the 9th Cavalry and became part of the command of Colonel G. P. Buell. The mission of this force was to prevent a junction of the Northern and Southern Ute Indians. In January, 1880, the detachment of the 22nd Infantry returned to Gibson by way of Santa Fe, New Mexico. From Gibson Company E proceeded to San Antonio, Texas, for sta- tion; Companies D and K marched over a hundred miles to Fort Clark, where they joined Regimental Headquarters and Company H. The regiment remained in Texas until it was ordered to the Department of the Missouri in November, 1882. Headquarters of the regiment then took station with Company E at Santa Fe, 11 History of the New Mexico ; Company A went to Fort Garland ; B, G, H, and K to Fort Lewis ; C, D, F, and I to Fort Lyon, the latter posts all in Colorado. In September, 1885, trouble with marauding Apache In- dians caused Company E to be sent from Santa Fe to Datil Creek, where it was engaged in maintaining the supply channels for troops operating against the Apaches in the Mogallones. Company E returned to Santa Fe on April 26, 1886. From this time until November of the same year the entire regiment was camped at the mouth of the Rio De La Plata, on the lookout for disturbances among the Ute and Navajo Indians. Company E, during this period, was detailed as guard over the White Spring Apache Indians on their way to St. Augustine, Florida, where they were being sent for a period of restraint on the Military Reservation. The Company returned to Santa Fe Sep- tember 30, 1886. Several months' quiet was now enjoyed by the entire regi- ment, but in July, 1887, further trouble from the Indians being expected, two camps of one company each were established; one near North Montezuma, 110 miles from Fort Lewis; the other near Mcelmo, both in Utah. The former camp was con- tinued until September 5th, and the latter until October 14th, on which dates the camps were discontinued and the companies returned to Fort Lewis. During the months of November and December, 1887, and January, 1888, a military reconnaissance was made from Fort Lewis to the Grand Canon of the Colorado River by 1st Lieu- tenant Edward W. Casey, with a detachment consisting of 1st Lieutenant Theodore Mosher, 2nd Lieutenant Frank B. Jones, and 8 enlisted men, all of the 22nd Infantry. The officers were mounted on their private horses, the enlisted men on government mules. 1st Lieutenant N. S. Jarvis, assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., and two civilian packers accompanied the expedition. The party left Fort Lewis on the 2nd of November, forded the San Juan River at the mouth of the De La Plata River, into the Navajo Indian Reservation, crossed the La-ka-chu-kai Mountains and 12 Twenty-second United States Infantry proceeded by the valley of the Chililee to Canon de Chelly, up this canon for fifteen miles, thence via Bonita Canon, reaching Fort Defiance, Arizona, November 16. From Fort Defiance the route was by Ganado, Keam's Canon and the Moqui villages of Tewa, Sichomivi, and Walpi; thence by the Blue Canon to the small Mormon settlement of Tuba City. The Little Colorado River was crossed about 30 miles above its mouth; thence along the base of the Coconino Mountains, the entrance to the Grand Canon of the Colorado was reached De- cember 7. The descent to the river bed, over a faint trail, was effected the same day. Five days were spent on the river bank, during which period the canon was examined to the eastward for ten miles, as far as the mouth of the Little Colorado. December 13, the return march was begun. To Tuba City, the former trail of the expedition was followed; thence via Red Lake, skirting the Mesa La Vaca, through Marsh's pass, along the base of the Hay Stack Mountains, across the Chililee Valley, by Ojo La Casa through a pass in the Carriso Moun- tains to the San Juan River, which was crossed on the ice, at Hyde's Store, December 31. From Hyde's the wagon road via Ute Mountain, Montezuma Valley, and the Mancis River was followed, through much snow, to Fort Lewis, Colorado, where the reconnaissance came to an end January 5, 1888. The expedition travelled seven hundred and forty-seven miles (456 en route to the Canon and 291 on the return trip), passing through portions of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah, and crossing the Navajo Indian reservation. The return to Fort Lewis was accompanied by much hard- ship from cold and snow. Two animals fell from the trail into the Grand Canon and were lost, while several others succumbed to short rations and the severity of the weather. Thermometric and barometric observations were regularly made throughout the period covered by the reconnaissance, and the distances travelled were measured daily by means of an 13 History of the odometer, for which a single wheel, drawn by a mule, was devised. A mountain transit was also used by Lieut. Jones. The information gathered by the reconnaissance, which in- cluded lines for heliographic communication, was duly set forth in the report on, and on the map of, the country traversed, prepared and submitted by its accomplished commander, Lieut. Casey. In May, 1888, the regiment changed station to the Depart- ment of Dakota; headquarters, band, Companies A, B, C, D, F, H and K going to Fort Keogh, Montana ; Companies E and G to Fort Totten, Dakota; and Company I to Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dakota. Early in June the different companies had reached their respective stations and began a period of service in the northwest which lasted for seven years. In July, 1890, Company E changed station from Fort Totten to Fort Buford, North Dakota. July 21, 1890, Companies I and K were skeletonized and ceased to exist, except as paper organizations. The officers and enlisted men of these two companies were transferred to other companies of the regiment, and all records were filed at head- quarters of the regiment. In the latter part of 1890 there was an uprising of the Indians at Pine Ridge and Rosebud agencies, in South Dakota. A de- tachment consisting of Companies A, B, D, G and H was immediately ordered to take the field. The campaign which followed was of a trying and tedious nature, accompanied by all the discomforts of field operations in extreme cold weather, but with little action. Company D, however, commanded by Lieutenant J. G. Ballance, made a very remarkable march to the relief of a troop of the 8th Cavalry, under Captain Fountain, reported to have been surrounded by Indians at Cane Hills, South Dakota. The company left Beisigl's ranch on the evening of December 23, 1890, in a terrific snow storm. At 1 A. M., December 25, the command reached New England City, having covered a distance of sixty-three miles. Here the company rested for only a few hours, when the march was resumed. 14 Twenty-second United States Infantry After proceeding about twenty miles a detachment of Captain Fountain's men were found on outpost. These men reported that the remainder of the troop were in no danger. Company D immediately returned to New England City. July, 1891, found all organizations of the 22nd Infantry which had taken part in the Indian campaigns of that year, once again in their permanent stations. But in December, 1890, owing to the restlessness of the Cheyenne Indians on the Tongue River agency, Company F, 22nd Infantry, was sent to relieve a troop of the 1st Cavalry in that territory. Company C relieved F in April, and the former company was withdrawn in May, 1891. In April, 1891, Company L, I, 22nd Infantry, was trans- formed into an Indian company, and organized at a strength of fifty-five native Sioux. In the summer of the same year, Com- panies A, G and E were transferred from their old stations to Fort Keogh, bringing the entire regiment together at that post, with the single exception of the Indian company which remained at Fort Yates. This was the first occasion in the history of the 22nd Infantry that the entire regiment had been brought to- gether as a unit. In December, 1891, there were disturbances among the North- ern Cheyennes on the Tongue River agency. Company A was sent to the scene. The old temporary camp, known as Camp Crook, south of the agency, was abandoned and a site selected in the vicinity for the new Camp Merritt, named after the depart- ment commander. In spite of severe hardships from intense cold, the company erected log quarters for officers and enlisted men. While thus engaged, Lieut. W. E. Bruce contracted pneu- monia, due to exposure, and died on February 27, 1892. He was a young officer of great promise and his death was keenly felt by the regiment. A garrison of one company, replaced every three months from Keogh, was maintained at Camp Merritt throughout the balance of the time the regiment was stationed at Keogh. A telegram from Department Headquarters was received on July 13, 1892, directing that all of the regiment available be sent immediately to the scene of the mining riots in the Coeur 15 History of the D'Alene region, in Idaho. The telegram was received at 4 P. M. At 9:30 P. M., Companies B, D, F, G and H were at the rail- road station equipped and prepared for thirty days' field service. Upon arrival in the Coeur D'Alene, July 15, the command was divided between Wallace and Mullan, and was active for the following two weeks in guarding mines, arresting riot leaders and otherwise in preserving order. The command was relieved on July 27, when order was considered to have been restored, and returned to Fort Keogh. April 25, 1894, Companies A, B, C, D, F and H left Fort Keogh under orders to intercept and arrest the Hogan division of Coxey's "army". This contingent of the unemployed had been organized in Helena and Butte, Montana. Their object was reported to be to reach Washington and there join the main corps of Coxey's forces. Although unarmed, the "army" had given considerable trouble and inconvenience to civil author- ities, and the situation became critical when the Hoganites seized a train of cars on the Northern Pacific and thereby completely blocked all traffic on the lines. Mails were delayed for several weeks. The entire northwest was literally crippled by a few hundred men. At the time the regiment received its orders there were alarm- ing rumors afloat "the army was composed of desperadoes, fully armed, whose whole intent was to murder and rob peaceful citizens." On the evening of April 25th, the regiment was held at the railroad station at Keogh, ready to embark at a moment's notice. Shortly came the word that the "army" was at Forsyth, forty-two miles west of Keogh, requisitioning an engine from the roundhouse to continue their eastward journey. This resulted in an order to intercept the "army" before it could leave Forsyth. In compliance with this order, six com- panies were dispatched in box cars at great speed over a road so rough and full of curves as to make the ride memorable. The train carrying this detachment managed to reach Forsyth just as the Hogan engine was about to leave. The troops pre- vented the departure of the "army". 16 Twenty-second United States Infantry Four hundred and eighty members of Coxey's band were rounded up without resort to force ; in fact the "army" was glad to give itself up to the United States forces. The men were taken back to Helena, where Companies A, C and H guarded them until July 26th. On December 30, 1894, a fire at Fort Keogh destroyed two complete sets of barracks, resulting in the transfer of Companies B and D to Fort Assiniboine, Montana, for station. The com- panies reached the new station on January 19, 1895. In August, 1895, Company E of the regiment was transferred from Fort Pembina, North Dakota, to Fort Assiniboine, Mon- tana, this company having taken station at the former post late in 1892. In September, 1895, Company A was transferred from Fort Keogh, and Company D from Fort Assiniboine to Fort Yates, and Companies B and E from Fort Assiniboine to Fort Harrison ; the latter companies constituted the original gar- rison of Fort Harrison, at that time recently completed. The following year the 22nd Infantry lost two of its officers by death. First Lieut. John A. Wills died at Ashville, Tenn., on February 16th, and Second Lieut. H. G. Hambright was thrown from his horse and killed at Fort Yates on April 15th. In June, 1896, there came a break in the long period of fron- tier service, when the entire regiment was ordered to Fort Crook, Nebraska, for station, the command arriving at that post on June 29th. There followed the longest period of undisturbed garrison service which had fallen to the lot of the regiment since its organization. The regiment was engaged in no active service at any time from the date of its arrival at Fort Crook until the outbreak of the Spanish- American War. The only break in the otherwise routine duties was the participation of the entire regiment in the exercises attendant upon the unveiling of the Logan monument in Chicago in July, 1897. The occasion of the regiment's assuming a garrison status at Fort Crook, Nebraska, in June, 1896, marked also a culmina- tion of a long, active and arduous period of service on the vastly extended Western frontier. During this time the bat- talions, companies and detachments of the regiment had marched 17 History of the and fought over many thousands of miles of hitherto unex- plored country. The success of the widely varying missions of the command speaks for itself, and, in accordance with the basic principles of warfare, can only be attributed to the high state of esprit, training and morale of officers and men. In the course of these years the casualties in the regiment had fortunately been small, but to those few who gave their lives in the operations involving the pacification of the powerful and sometimes unruly tribes of the Indians, and the upholding of law and order in the remote fastnesses of the early West, the great body of Ameri- can citizens must award both honor and gratitude for their serv- ices in behalf of the progress of American civilization. 18 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER V THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR El Caney and Santiago The approach of the war with Spain in 1898 found the 22nd Infantry in ideal condition for taking the field against an enemy. Like all other regular regiments of this period, the 22nd had been brought to a high state of efficiency both in respect to organization and equipment. Its effective strength at the beginning of the war was thirty-five officers and five hundred and nine enlisted men. Most of the non-commissioned officers and many of the privates were men of long service the regular troops, organized into the 5th army corps and constituting almost entirely the force sent against the Spanish forces at Santiago, Cuba, formed the finest and the most effective army of its size ever organized into one command. With the news, on February 23, 1898, of the destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor, came the settled belief that war with Spain was inevitable. Preparations were quietly begun and on Saturday evening, April 15, definite instructions were received relative to the movement of the regiment closer to the field of active operations. April 18, in compliance with orders from Headquarters, Department of the Missouri, dated April 15, the regiment entrained at Fort Crook for Mobile, Alabama. Twenty-nine officers and four hundred and eighty enlisted men constituted the command. That the people were solidly behind the approaching war was continuously evidenced during the journey to Mobile. At every stop enthusiastic citizens greeted the regiment with brass bands and cheers. The entry into the Southern States was like a triumphal procession. The train was loaded with flowers and the engine was almost hidden under banks of blossoms. 19 History of the The regiment went into camp near Mobile April 20. Drills, reviews and inspections occupied the troops until April 28, when camp was broken under instructions from Headquarters U. S. Troops, Mobile, Alabama, and the regiment began its journey to Tampa, Florida. The order to move was received with great enthusiasm. The entire camp took the order as an indication that there would soon be field service for everybody, and as the regiment marched away from camp the troops remaining gave cheer after cheer speeding the men on their way to the front. The regiment arrived at Tampa, May 2, and went into camp at Tampa heights, where it remained until its departure for Cuba, spending the intervening time in company, battalion and regimental drill. Assignment to the 2nd Brigade, Infantry Division, came on May 2. On May 6, the regiment was transferred to the 1st Brigade, Infantry Division and on May 25, it was finally assigned to the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps. June 7, the regiment broke camp and proceeded by rail to Port Tampa, Florida, arriving there at 1 p. M. The same night it went board the transport Orizaba, No. 24. The Orizaba dropped anchor in the bay and remained there until 8 A. M., June 14, when the 5th Army Corps started on its expedition against Santiago de Cuba. At this period the enlisted strength of the regiment had been reduced to four hundred and sixty- nine, by reason of discharges and details of various nature. Santiago had been made the objective of the expedition because of the fact that the Spanish fleet had been blockaded in the harbor there, and its capture or destruction necessitated the assistance of an army. June 20, Colonel Wikoff was placed in command of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 5th Army Corps, and Lieutenant-Colonel Patterson took command of the regiment. The expedition arrived off Morro Castle, at the harbor entrance to Santiago, about noon June 20. The 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps, was ordered to disembark first, accompanied by the Catling gun detachment. 20 Twenty-second United States Infantry The steep and rocky coast of Cuba in the vicinity of Santiago bay offers no good landing place. An iron pier used for unload- ing ore at Daquiri, the point selected for disembarkation, offered but slight aid in the way of a landing place. This pier the Spaniards had unsuccessfully attempted to destroy by fire. Early in the morning of the 22nd, the regiment was trans- ferred to small boats and towed toward the smoldering dock. Then men showed characteristic American dash and desire for action. As the men were unloaded from the Orizaba, cheers burst from the decks of the nearby transports awaiting orders to debark. Regimental bands played and shells screeched over- head, bursting far up on the heights as the fleet out at sea bombarded the wooded mountains that rise from the beach. Tugging launches puffed and whistled their way toward shore. Near the ore pier a wall of surf roared an angry welcome and broke into swamping torrents. Boat bumped boat as they crowded toward the dock and were swept against the piles, bobbing here and there until caught by a line from the land- Out scrambled the regiment, tossing blanket rolls ahead of them, but carefully handing rifles to helping comrades a surf- drenched, panting regiment, that caught its breath again and cheered as their colors unfurled the first on Cuban shore. After a brief rest the regiment marched inland about four miles on the road to Siboney and camped on Daquiri creek. June 23, the regiment was placed in advance and by noon had taken possession of Siboney, the Spanish force of six hun- dred retiring and offering no resistance. Here the first Spanish colors taken in the campaign were captured by men from Com- pany B (Crittenden's) after the town had been entered. The regiment was ordered in from outpost on June 24, and sent to reinforce Young's brigade engaged at Las Guasimas, four miles distant, but did not arrive until after the action. It camped that night near Sevilla in advance of the morning's battlefield. The regiment moved to Sevilla on the 25th and remained in camp there until the morning of the 27th, when it moved forward 21 History of the four miles on the road to Santiago. It remained in this position until June 30, parts of the companies on outpost at all times. The march toward Santiago was resumed at 4 P. M., June 30, and that night the regiment bivouacked along the Caney road, east of the town and in sight of the Spanish outposts. The general plan of the Santiago campaign was to send one division (Lawton's) against Caney; after taking the town the division to swing to the southwest and take position on the right of the line (two divisions) in front of Santiago. As part of the 1st Brigade of Lawton's division the 22nd Infantry was to occupy the roads leading from Caney to San- tiago, and cut off the Caney garrison should it attempt to escape. At 4:30 A. M., July 1, the twenty-four officers and four hundred and thirty-six enlisted men comprising the 22nd Infan- try marched down a trail overgrown with brush and vines until it reached the main Santiago-Caney road near the Ducoureaux house covering this road was a part of the regiment's assigned position. The 2nd Battalion was then deployed and skirmished northward through the jungle to see if there were any other roads over which the Spaniards could retreat to Santiago. Meanwhile, the 1st Battalion moved rapidly northward along the main road, until at about 1,200 yards the advance guard, Company A, received a sharp Mauser fire from the town. The battalion then deployed east and west of the road. Lieutenant- Colonel Patterson, who accompanied the 1st Battalion was severely wounded here and Major Van Home took command of the regiment. For half an hour the advance was through dense under- growth and tangled vegetation that prevented the battalion from seeing more than ten feet to the front. To keep the line the men were obliged to continually call to the skirmishers on either side of them. The Spanish fire, coming from a chain of intrenched block- houses and almost invisible rifle pits, swept the ground. At 800 yards a clearing was reached, beyond which the battalion caught 22 Twenty-second United States Infantry its first glimpse of the enemy's position. The men were ordered to lie down and take such cover as the ground afforded. Volleys by company and platoon were fired during the brief moments when the enemy exposed themselves. To husband ammunition, sharpshooters determined the range by actual firing before volleys were fired. General Ludlow, Brigade Commander, took position with Company A at this period of the fighting and from this point issued his orders during the remainder of the day. The battalion was advanced to 700 yards with severe losses. For three hours it had been under heavy fire from an intrenched and skillful enemy that had made elaborate plans to beat back an attack from this very direction. Meanwhile, the second battalion, the extreme left of the line, slowly forced its way through the underbrush for half a mile, swung to the east, and under heavy fire from the then concealed positions, laboriously hacked its way through the chaparral until it found the Cuabietas road leading westward from the fated village. Part of the regiment's assigned position was the covering of this road. So difficult was the advance that it was impossible to keep the line together. Company F (Getty's) became separated from the rest of the battalion. This company reconnoitered the ground west of the battalion's position and after receiving the enemy's fire from the San Miguel blockhouse without replying to it, rejoined the battalion at the edge of a fire-swept clearing 500 yards from the enemy's main position. As a result of this reconnoitering, Captain Getty succeeded in cutting the Caney telephone line along the Cuabietas road. From noon until one o'clock there was a lull in the firing. Taking advantage of it, General Ludlow moved the second bat- talion still farther to the west and north, advanced the first battalion to within 500 yards of the enemy, and placed the 8th Infantry between the first and second battalions of the 22nd Infantry. After one o'clock the enemy renewed its fire with increased vigor and the men of the command were compelled to hug the 23 History of the ground at the edge of the clearing and watch for the scarce moments when the enemy would expose themselves. The heat was almost insufferable, water was almost impos- sible to obtain. Any movement along the line was sure to bring a well-directed volley from soldiers who were veterans in bush warfare. Men lay sweltering on the ground waiting for some- thing to shoot at ; bullets ploughed the ground in front and threw dirt over their sweaty faces. The regiment prayed for some- thing more than momentary shots at the enemy. Finally the regiment located the intrenched blockhouses and rifle pits south of the village. These defenses had been con- structed and placed by a master hand; they afforded the de- fenders almost perfect protection and the enemy was able to sweep with their fire all parts of the regiment's position. Loopholes in the blockhouses and parapets of the trenches were so sloped that unaimed fire covered the field. From these loopholes, at short intervals came puffs of smoke and then a hail of bullets. Occasionally the defenders stood upright in the trenches to fire volleys and for a brief interval the parapet appeared dotted with straw hats. A moment later the enemy was once more invisible. At times a Spaniard would dart from trench to blockhouse. Late in the afternoon when the town was captured, the enemy trenches were found filled with dead and wounded. Despite difficulties of target, the regiment shot accurately. From due south of the town came enemy fire that remained unanswered. Tall trees in this direction concealed the main buildings of the town and field glasses could discover no enemy. To return this fire by infantry would have been a waste of ammunition. The artillery seemed to have no effect on this position so far as stopping the enemy's fire from this direction. Capron's battery changed position about 2:30 o'clock and fired a few shots at the defenses south of the town but produced not the slightest diminution in the fire coming from the works there. Heat, thirst, inability to see the enemy, absolute ignorance in regard to the damage inflicted on the Spaniards and visible 24 Twenty-second United States Infantry evidence of our own losses produced some discouragement and an intense desire to meet the enemy at close quarters. Orders to charge the town would have met with enthusiastic response, but the plan of battle required the regiment to hold its exposed position covering the two roads to Santiago. Suddenly from the stone fort east of the village came the sound of American cheers. The stone fort, its intrenchments cut in solid rock, had fallen. Gallant troops, gallantly led, had cut through wire entanglements, charged up the hill and stormed the fort. The flag of the United States now appeared where all morning had waved the Spanish colors. It was then three o'clock in the afternoon. The larger garrison stubbornly remained in the village for an hour and a half longer and held some of the other defensive works, but finally, under the destructive fire of Ludlow's brigade, was forced to evacuate its position. The Spaniards attempted a retreat to Santiago, choosing the Cuabietas road. But this road was barred by the 2nd battalion of the 22nd a battalion that with patience and per- sistence had lain all day under heavy fire waiting for this moment. The retreating Spaniards were met with company volleys. Quickly the retreat was changed to a rout and the rout to a surrender. Sixty-five prisoners and a quantity of arms and ammunition were taken by Companies D and F. Few, if any, of the retreating force escaped. Along the line of their march were 186 dead and wounded, among the former the gallant defender of Caney, General Vera del Rey. The battle was won but the victors had suffered severe losses. Of the twenty- four officers of the regiment who par- ticipated in the battle, six had been wounded; of four hundred and thirty-six enlisted men, forty-four had been killed and wounded. The total loss was nearly eleven per cent. San Juan, too, was marked with the regiment's blood : Colonel Wikoff was killed early in the day, while gallantly superintending the deployment of his brigade. 25 History of the Care of the dead and wounded our own and those of the enemy next demanded attention. Our dead were buried on the field. The wounded were carried back to a partially shel- tered spot beneath the trees where the brigade hospital had been located. In the enemy's positions were ample proofs of the stubbornness of their defense and the accuracy of our fire. In one small trench were counted thirty-seven dead Spaniards. At six o'clock in the evening, orders were received to march back to the Ducoureaux house and thence to Santiago. The regiment slept along the road, many without blanket rolls, all without rations. The march toward Santiago was resumed at 3 :30 A. M., July 2. At noon the regiment was placed in position and entrenched on the extreme right of the line. The morning's march was under desultory fire, but fortunately only one man was wounded. Most of this fire came from bullets aimed so high as to clear our entrenchments and strike far beyond, or from sharpshooters effectively concealed in the trees. The activity of the regiment in the battle of July 1 earned for it congratulatory orders from high sources. The following order was the first received : GENERAL ORDERS HEADQUARTERS IST BRIG., 2ND DIVISION, STH ARMY CORPS. In front of Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898. The Brigadier General Commanding desires to con- gratulate the officers and men of this command on the gal- lantry and fortitude displayed by them in the investment and capture of Caney on Friday, July first, inst. Infantry attacks on fortified positions well defended are recognized as the most difficult of military undertakings and are rarely successful. The defense was conducted with admirable skill behind an elaborate system of blockhouses, entrenchments and loop holes. Nevertheless after a stub- born and bloody combat of nearly eight hours, the place 26 Twenty-second United States Infantry was taken and its garrison practically annihilated. The ex- ploit is the more notable that the affair was entered upon and carried through by men most of whom had never been under fire. The high percentage of casualties shows the severity of the work; 14% of loss among officers and 8% of the enlisted forces. This action, though relatively of minor importance, will take its place as one of the con- spicuous events in military history, by reason of its success under conditions of great difficulty, and all who contributed toward the achievement have reason for present and future congratulations. BY COMMAND OF BRIGADIER GENERAL LUDLOW: (Signed) W. H. KEU,, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Act. Asst. Adjt. General. A second order of congratulation was issued on July 4, 1898, from General Shafter's 5th Army Corps Headquarters. At 10:30, the night of the second of July, the Spaniards made a determined attack on our lines with heavy fire from both artillery and infantry. The entire regiment was put in the trenches and after half an hour of spirited fighting the attack was repulsed. Casualties in the regiment: two men killed and two wounded. The regiment remained in camp July 3. At about 9 o'clock heavy firing to the south of Santiago was heard, continuing sev- eral hours. That a naval engagement was on was confirmed by repeated rumors. The lines waited anxiously for news of the result. At noon the enemy sent out a flag of truce and all firing was suspended by order of General Shafter. Disheartening rumors about the result of the naval engage- ment began to spread along the line Cervera's fleet had broken out of Santiago harbor and destroyed the American fleet. Rumor next destroyed Cervera's fleet. Then false reports came thick and fast first in favor of the Americans and next in favor of the enemy. 27 History of the Finally the regiment heard the same kind of good, American cheers that had gladdened its heart late on the afternoon of July 1, very faint at first, then taken up by regiment after regiment, growing constantly louder until at last it reached the 22nd on the extreme right a mighty cheer announcing the truth that the American fleet had won. Man danced on the trenches ; regimen- tal bands blared forth triumphant airs, Santiago became alive with music and cheers and waving flags. The regiment, throughout the investment of Santiago, had position on the extreme right of the line, and as the line was ex- tended from time to time the 22nd was moved out and compelled to construct new trenches. July 4 it broke camp at 7 A. M., marched three miles and took position to the right closer to Santiago. July 5 to July 9, the regiment remained in camp, with out- posts in the trenches. On the 10th, the line was again extended to the right and intrenched. At 4:30 p. M. this day the truce was concluded, the Spaniards opening fire and continuing until 7 P. M. The regiment remained in the trenches during the night. July 11 and 12, the regiment was moved to its final position. This position was attained only after overcoming many dif- ficulties. The 22nd Infantry was now intrenched with full battalion front between two roads leading to the city. The second battalion was behind the first with the Eighth Infantry as reserve. In forwarding General Ludlow's report of the position to the Adjutant General of the Fifth Corps, Major General Lawton lauded the extension of the right of the line as follows : "General Ludlow has practically executed the orders communicated to him to move forward, extending his right to the northeast point of Santiago bay, thus completely cut- ting off the Spaniards from communication in that direction. This movement has been executed during the night under the most trying conditions of weather. Neither of the other brigades succeeded in changing their lines to the front right because of the terrific storm which was experienced last 28 Twenty-second United States Infantry night. General Ludlow has displayed great energy and perseverance for which I heartily commend him and request that it be given consideration". In the final position the regiment's trenches were one hundred and sixty yards from the trenches of the enemy. During this period of investment the men worked at times day and night in the trenches, often in heavy rains, often under and returning fire always on scant rations. The Cuban force to the right, supposedly completing the in- vestment, withdrew from its position, leaving a gap between the regiment and the bay, and rendering increased vigilance necessary. July 13 the regiment remained in camp. July 14, from 11 :30 A. M. to 3 P. M., the regiment occupied the trenches pending the informal surrender of Santiago. July 15 and 16 the regiment again remained in camp. At 8:45 A. M., July 17, the regiment was formed in the trenches, and, midway between the representatives of the two armies the city, surrounding provinces and 24,000 troops were formally surrendered. At noon the American flag was raised over the governor's palace, the regiment during this ceremony parading in front of the trenches. Immediately afterward the following message from the President of the United States was published in each regiment : WASHINGTON, July 16, 1898. GENERAL SHAFTER: The President of the United States sends you and your brave army the profound thanks of the American people for the gallant achievement at Santiago, resulting in the surrender of the city and all of the Spanish troops and territory under General Toral. Your splendid command has endured, not only hardships and sacrifices incident to campaign and battle, but in stress of heat and weather has triumphed over obstacles which would have overcome men less brave and determined. One and all have displayed 29 History of the the most conspicuous gallantry and earned the gratitude of the nation. The heart of the people turns with tender sympathy to the sick and wounded. May the Father of Mercy protect and comfort them. (Signed) WIUJAM McKiN^EY. The following day, July 18, the regiment was moved back to the hills. It had suffered greatly from unavoidable exposure. Great discomfort, sickness and suffering prevailed. During the almost daily rains, the men had been able to get only the slight protection afforded by shelter halves; frequently it had been necessary to bivouac without even these. For days and nights they had worn the same wet clothing and had slept on wet ground. Malaria and dysentery had spread until only a few officers and men were available for duty, and even these kept their feet only because they were less sick than the others. The only bright spot in this period of depression came from the activities of Captain J. T. Clarke, assistant Surgeon., U. S. A., and E. H. Fitzgerald, Regimental Chaplain. Though sick and suffering themselves, these two men were unceasing in their cheering efforts to lighten the burden of officers and men. On July 19, General Shafter issued an order commending the American troops for their success in Cuba and particularly in the investment and capture of Santiago. This order set forth in detail the difficulties of the operations, citing the obstacles encountered in the tropical undergrowth and terrain of the island. August 11, orders came to return to the United States. The command was inspected for yellow fever cases or suspects, and infected clothing was burned. All that was left of the regiment embarked on the Mobile August 12, and sailed for home at 1 :30 P. M., August 13. The departure of Ludlow's brigade involved the dissolution of the 2nd Division of the 5th Army Corps. Its gallant com- mander, Major-General Lawton, paid it a parting tribute in an order describing in detail the operations of the corps on 30 Twenty-second United States Infantry Cuban soil and expressing his appreciation of the gallant and soldierly manner in which the duties and labors required had been performed. The regiment's already long list of hardships was added to on the return journey to the United States. No provision had been made for the sick; men suffering from fever, chills and various intestinal disorders were compelled to eat the ordinary ration. On the voyage the brigade lost eleven men. August 20, the Mobile reached Montauk. August 21, the regiment went into camp at Camp Wikoff, so named in honor of the regiment's colonel who had been killed in front of Santiago. Here suffering was turned into surfeit. Nothing was left undone by the government and private citizens that could add to the comfort of the returned soldiers. September 16, the regiment left Camp Wikoff for its former station, Fort Crook, Nebraska. September 18, Lieut. W. L. Taylor died in New York city of malarial fever contracted during the campaign. Lieut. Taylor was one of the most active officers on the battle front in Cuba and had been commended during the fighting for his bravery and coolness under fire as follows: NORTH OF SANTIAGO, CUBA, July 19, 1898. THE ASSISTANT ADJUTANT GENERAL, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th A. C., (Through intermediate commanders.) SIR: Having succeeded Captain Lockwood in command of the 2nd battalion, 22nd Infantry, and not knowing whether or not, on account of his sickness, he was able to make a report of the fight at El Caney, I take this opportunity to recommend to your consideration 1st Lieut. W. L. Taylor, who was as cool and collected as if on target practice, kept his company under perfect fire discipline and super- 31 History of the vised personally the direction of fire and the adjustment of sights. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ROBERT N. GETTY, Captain 22nd Infantry, Commanding 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry. The regiment arrived at Fort Crook September 19. Of the twenty-nine officers and four hundred and eighty- four enlisted men that had left the post five months before, only five officers and one hundred and sixty men returned. Of the remainder, many were dead and many were still too sick for duty. Of those that returned almost all were still suffering from hard- ships suffered on Cuban soil. October 12, the regiment acted as escort to President Mc- Kinley at the Trans-Mississippi exposition at Omaha, Nebraska. As authorized by Congress April 26, 1898, Companies I, K, L, and M, were organized, the two former having been out of existence since July 21, 1890, the latter as new organizations. 32 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER VI THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION Character of the Enemy and Events Leading up to the Insurrection The 22nd Infantry spent a comparatively short time in inaction after the close of the Spanish-American war. January 27, the command left Fort Crook and proceeded by rail to San Francisco, California, bound for the Philippines and more adventure. The regiment did not waste much time in California. Ar- riving there January 31, on the following day twenty-six officers and one thousand and seventy enlisted men boarded the chartered transports Senator and Ohio and sailed for our new possessions in the Far East. The first night at sea an enlisted man was washed overboard and drowned. The transports stopped at Honolulu to coal, February 9 to 13. The Senator arrived in Manila bay March 4; the Ohio March 5. During the voyage the Filipinos had rebelled against the authority of the United States and when the 22nd arrived, Manila, in possession of the Americans, was invested on the land side by insurgent armies. The regiment disembarked March 5 and 6, occupied Malate barracks and equipped for tropical service. March 10, Companies B, C, H and L were assigned to a position on the line of outposts to the southwest of San Pedro Macati. Since shortly after the beginning of hostilities, Feb- ruary 4, 1899, the American line south of the Pasig river had extended from San Pedro Macati southwesterly to Manila bay. This line was intrenched and was opposed by insurgent forces along its entire front. Shots were exchanged daily. Night attacks by the insurgents were frequent; the regiment suffered casualties almost as soon as they took position on the line. 33 History of the Beyond the fact that Pasig City was an insurgent strong- hold and that the smaller towns were occupied and levied upon by the Filipino soldiery, little was known of the strength and position of the enemy. Aguinaldo, with whose insurrection the 22nd Infantry was now intimately concerned, was a wily and unscrupulous enemy. After the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila bay the native leader, under advice of the Hong Kong junta, proceeded from that city to Manila with the intention of securing as much aid as possible from the United States, and then, when suffi- ciently strong, of driving out the Americans. His course throughout was consistent with this well-settled intention. His declaration of independence of June, 1898; his capture during the succeeding seven months of the weakly gar- risoned posts throughout the islands, by which he obtained large quantities of arms and ammunition; the elimination from his so-called government of his able advisers, who advocated United States supremacy; his declared dictatorship; the concentration of his troops and the building of intrenchments and fortifications around Manila; the public demonstrations and rejoicing at his capital of Malolos on the anticipated victory shortly before hos- tilities were begun all occurring in well-timed succession prove conclusively a predetermined plan of action to place the islands under Tagalog rule. Prior to February 4, 1899, the date of the outbreak, all of Aguinaldo's communications to General Otis and these were numerous professed friendship toward the United States and manifested great desire to restrain his people from hostile acts. January 9, he appointed a commission to confer with one to be appointed by General Otis, "for the sake of peace", as he expressed it. On the very same day, with marvelous duplicity, he issued a proclamation containing instructions to "the brave soldiers of Sandatahan of Manila". This proclamation contained instructions in minute detail for the waging of treachery and death upon the Americans, discussed methods of attack and massacre and urged all manner of deceit in methods of gaining 34 Twenty-second United States Infantry access to close quarters with American soldiers for the purpose of surprise onslaughts. Natives were ordered to dress as women in order to kill sen- tinels. Stones, timbers, red-hot iron, heavy furniture, boiling oil, water and molasses and rags soaked in oil and lighted were to be thrown on the Americans from the house-tops. Native women were to be pressed into service to prepare boiling water, molasses and other liquids to be used against the troops of the United States. On the 4th of February, following the proclamation of the insurrecto chief, the first shot of the war was fired by a Nebraska outpost at a Filipino soldier who was advancing on our lines and who refused to halt. This shot was immediately followed by general firing all along the line, the Filipinos receiving severe punishment. Aguinaldo at once issued his declaration of war in a "general order to the Philippine Army" as follows: Nine o'clock, p. M., this date, I received from Caloocan station a message communicated to me that the American forces, without prior notification or any just motive, attacked our camp at San Juan del Monte and our forces garrisoning the blockhouse around the outskirts of Manila, causing losses among our soldiers, who in view of this unexpected aggression and of the decided attack of the aggressors, were obliged to defend themselves until the firing became general all along the line. No one can deplore more than I this rupture of hos- tilities. I have a clear conscience that I have endeavored to avoid it at all costs, using all my efforts to preserve friendship with the army of occupation at the cost of not a few humiliations and many sacrificed rights. But it is my unavoidable duty to' maintain the integrity of the national honor and that of the army so unjustly attacked by those who, posing as our friends and liberators, attempt to dominate us in place of Spaniards, as is shown by the grievances enumerated in my manifest of January 8, 35 History of the last; such as the continued outrages and violent exactions committed against the people of Manila, the useless confer- ences, and all my frustrated efforts in favor of peace and concord. Summoned by this unexpected provocation, urged by the duties imposed upon me by honor and patriotism and for the defense of the nation entrusted to me, calling on God as a witness of my good faith and uprightness of my intention I order and command : 1. Peace and friendly relations between the Philippine forces and the American forces of occupation are broken, and the latter will be treated as enemies, with the limits prescribed by the laws of war. 2. American soldiers who may be captured by the Philippine forces will be treated as prisoners of war. 3. This proclamation shall be communicated to the accredited consuls of Manila, and to congress, in order that it may accord the suspension of the constitutional guarantees and the resulting declaration of war. Given at Malolos, February 4, 1899. (Sgd) EMIUO AGUINALDO, General-in-Chief. The following day Aguinaldo issued another manifesto addressed to the Philippine people in which he disclaimed all responsibility for the rupture, placing all the blame on the Americans and assuring the natives that they could resist the occupation as long as they wanted to. The following day Aguinaldo issued instructions marked with the most savage ferocity. For the sake of independence, all Americans men, women and children were to be massacred. For policy's sake, English, French and Germans, their lives and their property, were to be spared. But for oriental greed's sake, all Chinamen were to be put to the sword; to appease the wily chieftain's half barbarous army, the property of Chinamen was 36 Twenty-second United States Infantry to be subject to loot. If these acts had been carried into execu- tion, justification undoubtedly would have been made in extrava- gantly worded phrases prating of liberty. Fortunately, American arms prevented the wholesale slaughter. Such was the character of the enemy the regiment was to oppose. Added to this duplicity were arms and munitions of war in great abundance. The terrain of the country, superbly suited to check the American advance, afforded additional advan- tage. That our forces never suffered reverses in the islands in no way proves that the Filipinos were poor fighters. The Pasig Expedition Brigadier-General Loyd Wheaton, commanding. Troops Engaged: Provisional Brigade consisting of : 20th Infantry; 22nd Infantry; two battalions 1st Wash- ington Volunteer Infantry; seven companies 2nd Ore- gon Volunteer Infantry ; one platoon 6th Artillery, and three troops 4th Cavalry. The Pasig expedition was the first organized campaign against the insurgents, General Wheaton's instructions being to drive the enemy beyond the Pasig, "striking him wherever found". The night of March 12 the brigade was formed and bivouacked in line in rear of intrenchments extending from San Pedro Macati toward the bay. The 22nd Infantry formed the right of the infantry line; on the extreme right was a squadron of the 4th Cavalry. At six o'clock on the morning of March 13 the brigade moved forward by echelon from the right, the 22nd Infantry and the 4th Cavalry moving first. In front of the regiment's position, the country was rough and broken ; trees and stumps of bamboo prevented extended vision; a series of low ridges afforded the insurgents many superior positions. From these hidden posi- tions the enemy at once opened with long range fire, to which 37 History of the it was impossible to reply; for a time the regiment advanced under fire and in absolute ignorance of the whereabouts of the insurgent strongholds. Shortly after the beginning of the engagement the squadron of the 4th Cavalry was detached from the line and ordered to make a wide detour toward the Pasig River, to intercept the insurgents' possible retreat in that direc- tion; afterward Companies I and A of the regiment were sent to assist the cavalry. Meanwhile the brigade had forced the enemy from a strongly-intrenched and fortified position on Guadalupe ridge. As the advance continued, the insurgents fell back, fighting stubbornly until they reached the river, which they crossed in disorder, receiving severe losses. Meeting no further opposition at this point, the brigade occupied the Pasig road, moved eastward and encountered heavy fire from the Pasig intrenchments. The regiment moved farther to the east and occupied high ground opposite the town. From this position a destructive fire was opened on the insurgent trenches. When the fire from these trenches had been partly silenced, the brigade charged the town, routing the enemy and inflicting great losses upon them. During this part of the engagement, Companies A and I, a mile east of the main body, became seriously engaged with a large body of retreating insurgents. Companies D, E, G and M advanced to assist the two companies and drove the enemy beyond Pateros, and until long after dark kept up an annoying fire on the six companies, whose position upon the river bank was entirely exposed. On the morning of the 14th the remainder of the regiment was placed in position opposite Pateros. Here it remained on outpost until March 18. During this period, the hardships of Philippine campaigning were first felt. Heavy rains fell nightly during the week; shelter halves gave little protection; toward morning officers and men, drenched and shivering, were com- pelled to rise from their muddy beds on the ground and sit around camp fires until the sun finally appeared and dried the clothes on their backs. 38 Twenty-second United States Infantry March 18 a force of the enemy appeared near Taguig and Companies D, E, G and K were sent out to locate them. At about 3 o'clock in the afternoon the four companies found the insurgents, 800 strong, occupying ridges west of Taguig, and at once engaged them in one of the most spirited combats of the war. The insurgents, from superior positions and greatly outnumbering the battalion of the 22nd, fought until darkness ended the engagement. The battalion lost nineteen men killed and wounded; among the wounded Captain Frank B. Jones, the battalion commander. At daylight on the following day the brigade was deployed facing toward the south, the regiment occupying the right of the line. Wheeling on the left as a pivot, the brigade struck the insurgents south of Taguig, routed them, and drove them down the lake. The regiment marched twelve miles in extended order during the swinging movement. The heat was intense; on the return march the command suffered severely; men dropped from exhaustion and were brought in by comrades whose condition was but little better. Near Taguig was seen ghastly evidence of the previous day's engagements many corpses in insurgent uniforms. Considering the extreme care exercised by the Filipinos in removing their dead, the number thus left upon the field showed the great losses Captain Jones' battalion had inflicted. March 20, orders were received from Manila disbanding the provisional brigade and ordering the troops to return to Manila. The object of the expedition had been thoroughly accomplished. In the week's campaign, every position occupied by the enemy in the territory assigned to the brigade had been attacked and captured; the insurgent forces had been dispersed and demoral- ized. General Wheaton reported Aguinaldo's loss in killed, wounded and captured as 2,500. 39 History of the The Malolos Expedition Major-General Arthur Mac Arthur, commanding. Troops engaged : 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps, consisting of : 1st Brigade, Brigadier General H. G. Otis two battalions 3rd Artillery; 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry; 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry. 2nd Brigade, Brigadier General Irving Hale First Col- orado Volunteer Infantry; 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry; 1st South Dakota Volunteer Infantry; 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. 3rd Brigade, Brigadier General R. H. Hall Fourth In- fantry; one battalion 17th Infantry; 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry; 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry. Cavalry one squadron 4th Cavalry. Artillery one battalion Utah Light Artillery. Attached to 2nd Division: 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 8th Army Corps, Brigadier General Lloyd Wheaton 22nd Infantry; one battalion 3rd Infantry; eleven companies 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry. The capture of Malolos, the insurgent capital, was the object of the Malolos expedition. Shortly after the beginning of hostilities, the 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps, operating north of Manila, occupied a line of trenches from Caloocan to the pumping station near Santolan. On the night of March 24, the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, was attached to the 2nd Division and under cover of darkness relieved the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, which at once moved and occupied trenches to the right of its original position. Insurgent forces were massed along the eight miles of front of the American line. The greater part of them had never been under American fire their morale was excellent; by extrava- gantly-worded proclamations of their leaders, enthusiasm had 40 Twenty-second United States Infantry been worked up to the highest point; the equipment of their infantry was good ; the supply of ammunition unlimited. The plan of the campaign as published in orders was as follows: Wheaton's brigade, the left of the line, to maintain a watching attitude toward the insurgent line in its immediate front and toward Malabon, moving forward if the enemy began a retrograde movement; Hall's brigade, the right of the line, to remain in reserve, the attached troops to make demonstrations in the direction of the Mariquina road ; the two central brigades to move forward and to execute a change of front to the left near Polo; further progress to be determined by the result and character of the antecedent contest. The 22nd Infantry, in brigade, moved to its assigned position and relieved the Montana volunteers on the night of March 24. The insurgents, occupying lines about 1,000 yards distant, were in high spirit. During the night they sang, danced and cheered and fired volleys at the American line, which by order did not return the fire. Emboldened by this the insurgents dis- played a bravery and effrontery never afterward equalled. Bon- fires blazed along their lines. Around these they freely exposed themselves; in chorus they yelled taunts and insults to the Americans; their bugles played our calls, their voices imitated our commands. The advance of General MacArthur's command began at daylight, March 25, as planned. Shortly after the left centre brigade moved out, General Wheaton ordered the 3rd battalion of the 22nd forward in echelon to protect the left flank of the brigade; at 8:30 A. M., the remaining battalions of the regiment advanced. The insurgents were found in great force in their trenches and at once opened with heavy fire to which the Amer- ican line replied. Soon the firing was continuous along the many miles of front of the opposing armies. For a time, the insur- gents' fire from their protecting trenches was accurate and incessant; as the American lines advanced this fire decreased in volume and deadly effect; rifles were dropped in the trenches or fired unaimed, high over the heads of the advancing Americans. Before half of the space separating the opposing lines of trenches 41 History of the had been traversed by our line, the insurgents abandoned their trenches and began a retreat. In marked contrast to the fire of the Filipinos was the fire of the Americans as they moved toward the enemy trenches, ever stronger as the line advanced, despite casualties, ever more accurate as the enemy offered better targets. The terrain was such that the natives were able to make many 'stands under protection or in concealment and from these posi- tions they fired, at first rapidly and with effect, afterward with less vigor and less accuracy. Despite advantage of intrenched position, they could not withstand the uninterrupted advance of our lines. American methods of advancing did not permit hours of fighting from intrenched positions and without loss to either combatant. Beyond the insurgent trenches, dense jungles of bamboo and many Filipino strongholds along the extended front caused the advance to become a series of detached combats. In front of the 22nd, the enemy were driven back from line after line of their works ; they retreated stubbornly, taking advantage of all natural obstacles of the terrain, and abandoning positions only after severe losses. By 11 :30 A. M., the insurgents in front of Wheaton's brigade were forced back to trenches beyond the Tuliahan river. Their position at this point was very strong, successive lines of trenches on rising ground. By command, the brigade bivouacked in its position south of the river, in order to allow the right of the division time for its swinging movement. During the remainder of the day, the insurgents kept up a continuous, long-range fire on the regiment. Owing to the impossibility of maneuvering the long line of the division over the immense jungles, it was apparent during the first day's fighting that the strategical plans formulated could not be carried out. Although the enemy's centre had been broken, it was impossible to advance sufficiently rapidly to envelope to the west the main fraction of his army thus cut off. Reconnaissances made early on the 26th showed the only road available for artillery and wagon trains passed through Malinta, which was in the immediate front of the 22nd. To meet these 42 Twenty-second United States Infantry changed conditions the two central brigades of the division were ordered to change front on Malinta, instead of on Polo as originally planned. Early in the morning of the 26th the enemy in front of Wheaton's brigade were in retreat. Malabon, on the left front, was in flames ; a stream of insurgent soldiers and natives of the country was pouring north. The 22nd marched a short distance to the right of where it had bivouacked, received the fire of the insurgents' rear guard, forded the Tuliahan river, and formed line perpendicular to the river in order to flank the enemy's trenches. Advancing to the railroad, these trenches were found deserted. The regiment changed front to the north; the first battalion moved forward to scout toward Malinta. On com- manding ground, 800 yards south of Malinta, the insurgents were strongly intrenched; these works were charged and cap- tured. Five hundred yards beyond was a stone church ; a breast- high stone wall surrounding the church bristled with Mauser rifles ; here the rear guard of the retreating insurgent army hoped to check the American advance. The ground in front of this stronghold was a natural glacis, broken with only a few rice paddies; each seventy meters of the approach was marked with nipa streamers flying from tall bamboos. A galling fire, accu- rately delivered by a superior force, met the battalion and forced it to seek the shelter of the captured trenches and rice paddies. Return volleys directed at the crest of the stone wall seemed only to increase the intensity of the insurgent fire. Meanwhile the remainder of the regiment was racing from the rear to assist the troops so sorely pressed. Arriving on the line, they threw themselves on the ground, and at once poured over the stone walls a fire so accurate that the well-directed firing of the insurgents promptly ceased. There was no diminution of their fire merely less accuracy in their aim. During this stage of the engagement, Colonel Egbert, the gallant commander of the regiment, was mortally wounded. For twenty minutes the fusil- lade from both lines continued. At the end of that time, the insurgent fire slackened; ten minutes later it ceased. Entering Malinta, great quantities of loaded and empty rifle shells were 43 History of the found behind the stone walls of the church ; only artillery could have forced a valiant enemy from this position. A part of Otis' brigade completed its change of front and entered Malinta simultaneously with the 22nd. It had taken, however, no part in the capture of the stronghold. On the night of March 26, the regiment bivouacked at Malinta. March 27, Wheaton's brigade was detached from the 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps, and detailed to guard the railroad and preserve communication with Manila. The network of unfordable streams between Manila and Malolos necessitated the seizure of the railroad bridges before the insurgents could destroy them. A rapid advance unimpeded with wagon trains became of primary importance. On this day the regiment marched to Meycauayan; March 28, to the San Marco river; March 29, to near Bigaa, Companies D, E, G and M being left on the San Marco river to guard the division wagon train; March 30, near Guiguinto. At Malolos, a desperate resistance was expected. Friendly natives reported that the insurgents were prepared to defend their capital as a political necessity; reconnaissance disclosed formidable field works, well filled with men. On the American side, preparations were made for a battle of considerable pro- portions. Five battalions of regular troops, including the 1st and 3rd battalions of the 22nd Infantry, were brought from their positions along the line of communications to be placed in support of the main fighting line. At 7:00 A. M., March 31, the attack was begun with artillery. Fifteen minutes later, the Nebraskas, on the extreme right of the line, advanced. At 7:20, the South Dakotas, second from the right, moved out ; at 7 :25, the next regiment from the right, the Pennsylvanias, moved forward. These movements were fol- lowed by the direct advance of the remainder of the battle line, giving the line a crescent shape, concave toward the enemy, with a view to force his left toward Malolos. The two battalions of the 22nd were placed in suppport of the left brigade (Otis') of the battle line, the 1st battalion overlapping the extreme left, 44 Twenty-second United States Infantry the 3rd battalion some distance to the right. In front of this part of the line, the ground sloped upward toward the insurgent positions. The attacking force moved out in successive lines of skir- mishers, presenting an appearance of great strength. From their superior positions, the insurgents at once opened a spirited fire. The approach was marked with a series of natural obstacles swamps, lagoons, marshes, bamboo thickets, and dense banana groves. Through these the American lines advanced unwaver- ingly and in magnificent order; the general plan of battle and its execution were typical examples of strategy and military skill. The expected insurgent resistance melted away. The bat- talions of the 22nd, in close support when all parts of the firing line were united, came under sharp fire for five minutes; after that all general resistance ended. The insurgents retreated in disorder; the American troops entered the capital at 10:30 A. M. By his own acts, the enemy's line of retreat from Caloocan to Malolos had been made a pathway of fire and needless destruc- tion. Non-combatants had been forced from their homes, their property entirely destroyed, by the army whose leaders prated of liberty and the fatherland. At Malolos, this army was forced to retreat before it could accomplish its customary vandalism. Before the American troops entered the town, columns of smoke were arising from the principal building, the governor's palace; after the troops were in possession, two powder explosions, planned and timed by the Filipinos, shook the city. With the exception of these damages and the customary looting from their own countrymen, the city and its non-combatants were not injured. The successful ending of this campaign found the American forces flushed with success. Their enthusiasm on entering the insurgent capital was at its highest. Hardships of the campaign were forgotten in the general rejoicing and belief that, with the fall of the capital, fell the insurrection. On the evening of April 1, the regiment returned by rail to Manila. April 9, it marched to Pasay and occupied a line of trenches extending from Pasay, on Manila bay, toward San 45 History of the Pedro Macati the southern line held by the American army at this time. The insurgents held positions to the front at distances varying from five hundred to one thousand yards. Very few of their forces had been under American fire; as a result, almost hourly attacks were made upon some part of the regiment's line. At night their trenches blazed with rifle fire; under orders, the regiment gave back no answering shot. It was the sort of war- fare that robs men of sleep, strains their nerves, and makes them fret because of the forced inactivity. It was warfare that required all watchfulness and promised no reward of victory. April 19, the regiment returned to Manila and equipped for the expedition then being organized against the new insurgent capital at San Isidro. The First Northern Expedition Major General H. W. Lawton, commanding. Troops engaged: 1st Division, 8th Army Corps, consisting of: 22nd Infantry; 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry; one squadron 4th Cavalry (dismounted) ; two field guns of 6th Artillery, and two mountain guns Hawthorne's Separate Battery. Detached from 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps : 2 battalions 3rd Infantry ; 2 battalions 2nd Oregon Volun- teer Infantry ; 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry ; one troop 4th Cavalry (mounted), and one gun Utah Vol- unteer Light Artillery. The object of this expedition was to drive the insurgent forces from the country between the Rio Grande de Pampanga and the Bulacan mountains, with San Miguel, and afterwards San Isidro, the new capital, as the objective. The troops of the 1st Division, in addition to two battalions of the 3rd Infantry, were assembled at La Loma church on the evening of April 21. The plan of campaign was as follows: 46 Twenty-second United States Infantry the main column to march from La Loma to Novaliches, to San Jose, and thence to Norzagaray ; a flanking column composed of the remaining troops detached from the 2nd Division to march from Bocaue and to join the main column at Norzagaray; the united command to proceed to San Miguel. Simultaneously with the junction of the two forces at Norza- garay General MacArthur, commanding 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps, was to attack Calumpit, to capture it, to proceed north- easterly, and to form a junction with the 1st Division at San Miguel. The regiment marched to La Loma church on the afternoon of April 21. Each man carried one hundred rounds of ammuni- tion; rations for ten days, and an additional hundred rounds of ammunition were carried on bull carts, three bull carts to two companies. In anticipation of bad roads, nothing was allowed on the bull carts but rations, ammunition, and the least possible equipment for officers. At five o'clock in the morning, April 22, the main column marched northward toward Novaliches. South of the town, the insurgents were encountered in force, occupying positions on both sides of the road leading into the town. In the resulting action, the insurgents were driven from their positions, through the town and across the Rio de Tuliahan. The division occupied the town at ten o'clock in the morning, finding it deserted, and everything of value, including rice, removed. The regiment formed the outpost line to the northeast. During the afternoon, a force of insurgents, intrenched on a hillside near the San Mateo road, opened fire on the pickets ; this fire was temporarily silenced by shell and shrapnel; but from different positions the enemy kept up a desultory fire during the night. At five o'clock in the morning, April 23, the column moved toward San Jose. Beyond Novaliches, the road became a mere footpath, leading over hills and through valleys. In the intense heat, many bulls were exhausted, thus impeding the progress of the train. A native guide intentionally led the column several miles in the wrong direction. Late in the afternoon the regiment, in the advance, reached the ford crossing the Pasumkambor river, 47 History of the two miles south of San Jose, and bivouacked. A tropical rain- storm, lasting from 9 to 11 P. M., added to the discomfort of the exhausted command and necessitated sleeping in pools of water and mud. At 8 o'clock in the morning, April 24, the 1st battalion, 22nd Infantry, in advance, entered San Jose, without opposition. Transportation was the difficult problem of this campaign. Rough trails and great heat made it necessary to unhitch the carabaos at frequent intervals, to lead them to water holes, and to allow them to soak and wallow in order to recover from exhaustion. The presence of an entire battalion was required with the regimental train, and even with this assistance the train did not arrive in San Jose until after dark. The bulls were com- pletely exhausted and the carts were pulled in by soldiers. April 25, the march was resumed, the regiment acting as rear guard. The difficulties of transportation hourly became greater. A number of bulls died from sheer exhaustion. Men burdened with rifle, belt and blanket roll, yoked themselves to carts and pulled cart after cart up the long slopes. Additional hardships were met with ever-increasing zeal. On the night of this day, the command bivouacked at Norzagaray, this town having been captured on the previous day by the Bocaue column. On the 26th rain again added to the difficulties and at ten o'clock that night the regiment bivouacked in water-soaked rice fields at Angat. Pending the outcome of a native peace commission in Manila and awaiting rations, the command remained at Angat until April 30. From the 27th to the 30th, Companies B and D of the regiment were detached and on outpost duty at Norzagaray. May 1, the command marched on San Raphael, the regiment moving on the south bank of the Bagbag. After considerable opposition, principally on the northern side, the town was occupied. May 2, the regiment captured and occupied Bustos. The town was strongly defended; but after a combined front and flank attack on the stone barricades, the insurgent forces were compelled to retreat. Young's scouts, with this part of the 48 Twenty-second United States Infantry column, crossed the river and entered Baliuag at noon. These important towns had been occupied by an insurgent division under General Gregorio del Pilar, and their comparatively easy capture was a sign of the demoralization existing in the Filipino armies. May 3, the regiment crossed the river and took quarters in the native houses of Baliuag. A great quantity of rice that had been stored by the insurgents was captured in this town; 15,000 bushels were issued to starving non-combatants, who, in frenzy of hunger, grovelled in the storehouses, cramming their mouths with raw grain. May 4 to May 14, Company M occupied Quingua, charged with keeping open the line of communication between Baliuag and Malolos. While the division remained in Baliuag, a com- pany of the regiment was sent daily on outpost to Bustos. On May 7, the natives of Baliuag selected a mayor, the first native holding office in the Philippines under the jurisdiction of the United States. This liberal policy of self-government allowed the Filipinos by the United States was eagerly welcomed by the natives; oaths of allegiance were freely taken. Later, it was discovered that even greater freedom was taken in violating these sacred promises. The first mayor of Baliuag came in daily contact with officers of the United States forces ; all information gained by him was promptly reported to the insurgent chiefs. When at last this treachery was discovered, he was tried and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. Another system showing the liberality of the United States to the Filipino insurgents was begun while the division remained at Baliuag. On May 13, proclamations were issued in Spanish and Tagalog offering payment of thirty dollars (Mexican) for each insurgent rifle surrendered to American officials. May 13, the division scouts supported by two companies of infantry, captured and occupied San Miguel. On the previous day, an insurgent officer had entered the lines at his own request, and had been sent to Manila to arrange for a safe-conduct for a commission authorized to make terms of peace. This was 49 History of the believed to be only a scheme to delay the American advance until the beginning of the rainy season. May 14, the main body of the division moved from Baliuag, leaving the 2nd battalion of the regiment behind to garrison this strategic point. May 17, the 1st and 3rd battalions, after making a forced march on the afternoon of the 16th, took part in the capture of San Isidro. They formed the left of the battle line, and, by a rapid advance, drove the insurgents from the city, the left of the line entering at 9:30 A. M. The insurgents made only a feeble resistance. Natives remaining in San Isidro reported that Aguinaldo had made his headquarters there from the time that Malolos had fallen until shortly before the American forces occupied San Isidro. It was also learned that thirteen American pris- oners, among them Lieut. Gilmore of the navy, had been con- fined here while the Filipinos held the town. The capture of San Isidro brought from the United States a message from William McKinley, then President, congratu- lating the American forces on their victory in the following words : HOT SPRINGS, Va., May 19, 1899. OTIS, Manila: Convey to General Lawton and the gallant men of his command my congratulations upon their successful opera- tions during the month, resulting in the capture this morning of San Isidro. (Sgd) 'WILLIAM McKiNLEY. May 18, a peace commission headed by General Gregorio del Pilar, entered San Isidro. They were escorted to Manila by way of Baliuag. Arayat was designated as the next objective. Troops from the 2nd Division, originally ordered to connect with the 1st Division at San Miguel, were ordered to make a junction at Arayat. On the afternoon of May 18, the 1st and 3rd battalions of the regiment in brigade, proceeded down the Rio Grande de 50 Twenty-second United States Infantry Pampanga. At the barrio of San Fernando an intrenched insur- gent force was encountered. The two battalions deployed under fire and forced the enemy across the river, but owing to the depth of the water it was impossible to follow. The insurgents took a second position in the trenches on the opposite river bank. An attempt was made to dislodge them with shrapnel, but due to the extremely short range less than two hundred yards this fire proved ineffective. During the night the insurgents kept up an annoying fire, but by daylight all but a few had abandoned the position. The brigade moved at 5:15 A. M., May 19. After a slight skirmish Cabiao was captured and occupied until the arrival of the main command from San Isidro the following day. May 21, the entire command, the first and third battalions of the regiment in advance, moved down the river and entered Arayat without opposition. The column of the 2nd Division, from Calumpit, joined here. May 22, the entire command moved down the river to Can- daba. During the afternoon of the following day, heavy firing was heard in the direction of San Miguel. The 1st battalion of the regiment was sent in this direction, but the swamp sur- rounding Candaba prevented their going far enough to discover anything. Later it was learned that ten companies of the 3rd Infantry marching from San Miguel to Baliuag had been attacked by the enemy in considerable force at four different points but had gallantly driven them off with severe losses. The 2nd bat- talion of the 22nd Infantry, stationed as a garrison at Baliuag, started to the assistance of the 3rd Infantry and after a rapid march, arrived just as the insurgents were withdrawing from their last attack. May 23, the troops belonging to the command were assigned to station. After a few slight changes the regiment occupied the following places: Headquarters and Companies A, E, F, G, I and K, Candaba ; Companies D and M, San Luis; Companies B, C, H and L, San Fernando. 51 History of the Operations of the Summer and Fall, 1899 After the 22nd Infantry had been assigned to station at the termination of the First Northern expedition our forces were greatly annoyed by their inability to locate small bands of harassing insurgents. Outposts and scouting parties, investi- gating shots fired at them, found only peaceful natives working in the fields bearing agricultural implements instead of firearms. Large forces of Americans passing through given sections of the country would be greeted by the sight of busy native men and women laboring to get in their crops. But if small detach- ments of men marched through the same sections they were constantly attacked. Eventually it became apparent that insurgent chieftains had authorized warfare not in accord with the rules of civilized nations. Occasionally a native was caught wearing a uniform under his ordinary "amigo" clothes. An order captured with other insurgent papers showed that this practice was authorized and even ordered by the insurgent powers. Part of such an order read as follows : "In order that the enemy may not be able to distinguish from a distance our soldiers, when, for instance, a plan is being made to surprise or ambush him, make them (the insurgent soldiers) dress as country people, not permitting all, including the officers, to wear uniforms. "In all movements you make with command, you will always observe much prudence, employing every kind of artifice to defeat the plans of the enemy. "Headquarters at Porac, the 12th of May 1899. "The General in Chief of Operations. "[SEAL] (Sgd.) THOMAS MASCARDO." The practice of discarding the uniform enabled the insurgents to appear and disappear at their convenience. At times they appeared in the ranks of their own army as soldiers. Imme- diately after, they were within the American lines in the guise 52 Twenty-second United States Infantry of peaceful natives. This peculiarity of the war placed in the hands of the insurgent leaders a perfect system of espionage that defeated our best laid plans time and time again. At the same time all American forces were under strict orders to protect peaceful natives. Despite these conditions officers and men fought and worked with unwearied constancy. Devotion to duty increased with hardship. During the summer and fall of 1899, the companies at Candaba were constantly engaged in scouting. Continual rains changed the surrounding swamps to lakes. Scouting parties moved through waist-high water and at times all scouting was done in native bancas. At the end of May the 3rd battalion was assigned by General MacArthur to provost duty in San Fernando. This town was covered on the north side by a long line of insurgent trenches, from which the Filipinos delivered nightly fire. On the morn- ings of June 16 and July 4, the insurgents made determined attacks on all sides of the town. The 3rd battalion was posted in reserve along the railroad track. Both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses to the insurgents. In addition to the provost duties, Company H acted as escort to an armored car, pushing it by hand a mile to the front on several occasions. The insur- gents were particularly active during this period in tearing up the railroad track, carrying away or hiding the rails. To the provost guard fell the task of repairing these damages. July 23, Companies D and M had a slight skirmish near San Luis. August 9, the 3rd battalion participated in the general advance made by the 2nd Division from San Fernando. The line of battle was formed before daylight, fronting the insurgent works on the north side of the town. As part of General Wheaton's brigade, the battalion occupied the center of the line east of the railroad. The engagement was begun with artillery fire directed upon strong points of the enemy's line. Although taken by surprise, the insurgents promptly returned a spirited fire by rifle. This was answered by company volleys for about thirty minutes, when the fire of the enemy slackened. 53 History of the The advance that followed was unequalled in hardships. Incessant tropical rains had made the ground a swamp of tangled, waist-high grass and mud. As the line floundered through, the fire from the insurgent trenches became more and more ragged and finally ceased. The trenches were found aban- doned but containing dead and wounded in sufficient numbers to show the punishment inflicted. Beyond, the battalion found its way through the swamp of mud and water and through a labyrinth of sugar cane head-high. Physical resources were taxed to the utmost. Intense heat and lack of air in the con- tinuous canefields prostrated many men. Six hours of marching were required to cover six miles of this terrible front. Forty men of the battalion succumbed to exhaustion during the advance and one man who was carried from the field died without regaining consciousness. On the night of August 9, the 3rd battalion bivouacked along the road at Calulut. August 11, the battalion, in brigade, moved on Santa Rita, which was occupied without resistance. August 12, Companies D and M repelled a night attack on San Luis. August 15, the 3rd battalion returned to San Fernando. September 4, it relieved a volunteer regiment at Sindalon. September 18 and 23, Companies D and M dispersed two bands of ladrones near San Luis. On the 23rd, the 3rd bat- talion changed station to Angeles, where it formed the right of the outpost line. September 28, the battalion was ordered to make a demonstration against the insurgents intrenched north of Angeles, while the brigade moved on Porac. After a terrific bombardment of the trenches by artillery and the armored car, the battalion advanced, forded the Rio Anayo under fire and completely silenced the enemy's fire in an engagement lasting three-quarters of an hour. Afterward the battalion was with- drawn and returned to Angeles. October 1, Companies I and G crossed the Rio Grande de Pampanga at Arayat and, while scouting, were fired upon by insurgents intrenched on the left bank of the river, one mile 54 Twenty-second United States Infantry below Arayat. The companies drove the enemy from their position and inflicted heavy loss upon them. October 4, Companies E, F and K attacked a large force of the Manila battalion of insurgents on both sides of the river below Arayat. These picked troops, sent specially to hold this point against the American advance, offered a determined opposi- tion, but their fire was completely silenced. The three com- panies were annoyed by fire from insurgent outposts at Arayat, but having orders not to enter this town contented themselves with driving in the outposts and returned to Candaba. October 12, the 1st battalion Ballance's was detached and ordered for duty with the 1st Division, 8th Army Corps. October 13, this battalion and the 3rd battalion Baldwin's marched to Arayat, where the forces for the last great campaign in northern Luzon were mobilizing. Second Northern Expedition Ballance's Battalion It was the plan of the enemy in the north to retire to the mountains to the north and east if worsted in the lowlands and on the plains, where, augmented by reinforcements from the southeastern provinces, it was planned to prolong- the war indefi- nitely. Secret information numbered the enemy rifles in the north at 25,000. The main part of this army was operating along the line of the railway from Angeles to Dagupan, through- out the provinces of Tarlac and Pangasinan and in parts of Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. The strategy determined upon by the Americans was to hold these forces in their position until the American army closed the northern and eastern roads of egress to the mountains, then to capture or scatter the insurgents, to take possession of the railroad and to pursue the retreating columns or detachments. Three forces were used to execute the plan. At Angeles, General Mac Arthur's command had for its objective the insurgents along the line of the railway; another force, under General Wheaton, proceeded by sea to San Fabian with orders to move east and south, closing the roads to the mountains and 55 History of the eventually making contact with the third force General Lawton's which moved from San Fernando, through Arayat and San Isidro, thence north through Cabanatuan, Talavera, Humingan and Tayug to San Nicolas. To General Young was assigned the immediate command of the third column. Fighting daily, making forced marches through seas of mud on half rations, shoeless and lacking clothes, the troops of this command performed the task assigned them. They skirted the base of the mountain ranges and effectually closed every avenue of escape from the lowlands. One battalion of the regiment Ballance's played the leading part in the last campaign of the war ; a second battalion Baldwin's made a march unequalled in Philippine warfare. The troops assigned to General Young were: Two battalions 22nd Infantry; 24th Infantry; two bat- talions 37th Infantry; one squadron 4th Cavalry; two squadrons 3rd Cavalry; two companies Macabebe scouts; 34th Infantry; and two companies American scouts. During this campaign the remaining battalions of the regi- ment garrisoned the towns of San Luis and Candaba, keeping the river open and forwarding supplies to the army in front. General Young's advance from Arayat was begun on the evening of October 17. Ballance's battalion crossed the river at dark and proceeded up the stream to Balasin, with orders to clear the way for the main column which was to move on the following day. The insurgents were reported strongly intrenched at Maglib- utad. Lowe's scouts were ordered to move up the right bank of the river. The Macabebe scouts were ordered to move up the left bank and, by a night march, to get in rear of the enemy. Shortly after dawn, October 18, the scouts of Ballance's battalion located the enemy intrenched near Maglibutad. The Macabebes had failed to gain their assigned position. The first battalion made a direct assault on the works and, after fierce resistance, carried them, inflicting on the enemy a loss 56 Twenty-second United States Infantry of 104 killed, wounded and captured. The main body of the insurgents retreated toward Cabiao, the battalion's objective. Considerable opposition was expected at Cabiao, but, de- moralized by their defeat at Maglibutad, the insurgents made but a slight attempt to hold the town. The battalion occupied the place at 10 A. M. During the afternoon a strong force of battalion scouts made a reconnaissance toward San Isidro. One mile north of Cabiao they were fired upon by the enemy. After slight resistance the enemy fell back to San Fernando, where they opened a sharp fire from both sides of the river. The insurgents on the right bank of the river became confused and began to fire on their own men on the opposite shore. Demoralization due to this unexpected turn of events heightened by the efficiency of the fire from our scouts, caused the enemy to retreat although intrenched and in greatly superior numbers. October 19, the main command moved from Cabiao, the first battalion acting as advance guard. A small body of scouts preceded the advance guard as an infantry screen. Beyond the barrio of San Fernando the scouts were fired upon by a body of insurgents who had been busy destroying a bridge across an unfordable stream. The scouts rushed the partially destroyed bridge, crossed on stringers that were still hanging and despite a loss of 25 per cent of their number, held the bridge against a superior force until the advance guard arrived. The remainder of the battalion came up on the run, deployed in mud and water on both sides of the road and drove the enemy back toward Calaba. In this barrio the insurgents had strengthened the natural barricade formed by a bamboo thicket. In front of the thicket was an open space averaging forty yards in width. The insur- gent skirmishers, keeping well concealed, had fallen back until they massed behind the barricade. Reaching the open space the battalion, in skirmish line, suddenly received a heavy fire at close range. Without hesitation the battalion charged the barricade and drove the enemy out. Had the distance been 57 History of the greater or the marksmanship of the Filipinos better, this position could not have been taken without great loss. The ambuscade was well planned, but the prompt charge completely demoral- ized the enemy and forced them to make a hurried retreat toward San Isidro. Continuing the advance, one company was sent along the river road and the remainder went forward along the direct road to San Isidro. At this place considerable opposition was ex- pected and the battalion was reinforced by three troops of dismounted cavalry and six guns. The insurgents were found some distance from the town. Ballance formed lines on each side of the road, advanced across the submerged rice fields, drove the enemy through San Isidro and pursued them as far as the barrio of San Nicolas. General Young's command remained at San Isidro until Oc- tober 27, when, at five o'clock in the morning, the advance was resumed by the first battalion of the regiment reinforced by Lowe's scouts, six guns and one dismounted troop of cavalry. At the Tombo river the insurgents had destroyed the bridge and built intrenchments commanding the crossing. Leaving the artillery to come up with the main column, the infantry crossed on bamboo floats, drove the insurgents from the trenches and pushed rapidly forward. A mile beyond the river a company of the famous Filipino Manila battalion was seen hurrying toward the Rio Grande to attack a gunboat. Company F promptly en- gaged them, scattering them to such an extent that they were never again seen in their gaudy red trousers, straw hats and fancy blouses, as an organization. Several miles beyond, the advance guard encountered one of the enemy's outposts near the Tabotin river. Reconnaissance showed that the bridge at this point had been completely de- stroyed, that the river was unfordable near the crossing on account of recent rains, that the banks were very steep and that the insurgents occupied a line of trenches 800 yards long on the opposite bank. Lowe's scouts and Company A were sent to make a long detour to the right and to cross the river two miles above the trenches in order to get in the insurgents' rear. The 58 Twenty-second United States Infantry battalion scouts and Company K crawled through the high grasses until they were separated from the trenches by only the width of the river. Meanwhile the artillery, brought forward again, was posted with pieces loaded and aimed at the trenches. These preparations were made so secretly that the insurgents were in complete ignorance concerning them. Filipino sentinels on the opposite bank watched the river and main road wholly unconscious of the impending attack. At a signal, fire was opened by the artillery and infantry. It did good execution and kept down the fire of the enemy, but failed to drive them from the trenches. Unforeseen difficulties had prevented the scouts and Com- pany A from gaining their flanking position and two other companies were sent up the river with orders to cross about half a mile above the trenches and take them in the flank. Wading, swimming and floating on bamboo, the companies suc- ceeded in crossing the river. The insurgents discovered the movement and after firing a few volleys at the troops in the water abandoned their trenches and retreated through tall grasses beyond Santa Rosa. The remainder of the advance guard built a raft and crossed the river, and in the evening the command entered and occupied Santa Rosa. October 30, the battalion advanced and captured Cabanatuan, containing an insurgent arsenal. October 31, General Young's headquarters moved into Cabanatuan. November 7, the battalion was ordered to Talavera. The river at Cabanatuan was a raging torrent. While the engineers were building a permanent ferry the battalion constructed a tem- porary ferry that eventually was used to cross the entire division. The construction of the ferry was attended with great danger. During the work one man was drowned and four men rescued from the torrent by comrades. The ability of men and officers of the battalion to march and fight, to do the work of other corps and to risk life for one another won for the organization the admiration of all troops of Young's army. From Arayat to Cabanatuan, Ballance's battalion had been constantly in advance. Beyond Cabanatuan it became necessary 59 History of the to cover the roads with slough grass and brush in order to drag carts over them. For two miles the bulls could pull only the empty carts and soldiers carried supplies until a better road was reached. Finally one company was left with the train, the other companies pushing forward to Talavera, which they oc- cupied November 9. At Talavera an order was received for part of the battalion to act as escort to the division train. Subsequently this order was changed, and on November 10 the battalion occupied Munoz ; on the llth, San Jose; 12th, Lupao, and on the 13th, Humingan. By this time the shoes and clothing of the men were in deplor- able condition. The number of men marching barefooted became greater daily. At San Jose orders had been received to leave all impediments behind and the battalion had left this town carry- ing nothing but rifles, 100 rounds of ammunition per man, one day's field ration and three emergency rations. Two miles out from San Jose, the battalion had passed a troop of cavalry hopelessly stuck in the mud. These troops had left San Jose twenty- four hours before the battalion. November 14, after leaving one company to hold Humingan, the remaining three companies cut loose from the main com- mand in compliance with orders to proceed to Resales and thence to attack the insurgent army at Urdaneta, reported to be 2,000 strong. So great was General Young's confidence in the ability of this battalion that he ordered three companies, accompanied by only two pieces of artillery, to get in rear of the main in- surgent army, variously reported to be from 5,000 to 24,000 strong. Moving with great caution, unimpeded by wagon train, the battalion outflanked a strong intrenchment of the insurgents at Bulango, the enemy retreating without firing a shot. At the Matablan river, swollen by rains, the insurgents had destroyed the bridge, taking up the flooring, cutting the stringers and dropping them into the river. On the opposite bank they oc- cupied strong intrenchments from which they opened fire. Friendly natives stated that the river in its present condition could not be crossed. A detachment sent above the bridge to 60 Twenty-second United States Infantry fire on the insurgents if they retreated swam the river, contrary to native belief and opened fire on the enemy's right. A company sent to get in rear by way of the Agno fords, opened fire on his left. These flanking fires combined with fire from the remain- ing troops in the direct front forced the insurgents to abandon their trenches. In two hours, with only one axe and one hatchet, the bridge was repaired sufficiently to cross the two pieces of artillery. The bridge over the river in front of Resales had been completely destroyed, but by making a wide detour through the swamp the command entered Resales at dark. The in- surgents retreated as the battalion entered the town, but as the command had eaten nothing since daylight, further pursuit was not made. A great quantity of insurgent stores and records was captured. On the following morning, in a furious rainstorm, the com- mand proceeded to Carmen, where a raft was built to ferry men and artillery across the Agno, which was too high to ford and too swift to swim. By eleven o'clock at night all except Company F had crossed. By this time the river had become a torrent of such swiftness and so full 'of floating debris that it was impossible for the remaining troops to cross. The part of the command that was safely over proceeded to Villasis, ar- riving there at midnight and sleeping in the mud, supperless. During the night an order was received directing the command to march to Binalonan, the insurgents having abandoned Urdaneta. At Urdaneta the command was welcomed by a brass band and escorted to the plaza by the chief of the town. The departure of the insurgents and the subsequent arrival of the Americans were marked with great rejoicing by the non-com- batant natives. Fruit, tobacco, and meat were freely distributed among the soldiers and a din of ringing bells announced the capture of the place to all the countryside. After the novel reception at Urdaneta the command pro- ceeded to Binalonan. Three miles of the way was through two and one-half feet of running water, causing great suffering 61 History of the to the scantily-clad men already tortured by colds, fever and bleeding feet. The insurgents evacuated Binalonan before the arrival of the American troops and the command was directed to occupy the town until ordered elsewhere. November 20, the battalion was sent back to Villasis to scout all roads leading from there in order to learn the whereabouts of General MacArthur's advance. Through a messenger it was ascertained that 'General MacArthur had arrived at Bautista, November 19, five days after the battalion had occupied Resales. November 23, 24, 25, the battalion marched to San Fabian. Here rations, clothing and shoes were expected. Rations alone were received. The battalion was willing and anxious to push on in pursuit of the remnants of Aguinaldo's army, but orders directed it to remain at San Fabian. >. Then came the reaction. Through sheer effort of will and pure American grit, the men had kept to their work. They were sick with fever and dysentery; they suffered with "dobie itch" and bruised and bleeding feet. They had lived on half rations and on no rations; they had walked through mud and water, swimming, wading, rafting, bridging; they had crossed fifty streams and rivers. Invariably wet, they had been exposed to the cold nights without blankets or covering of any kind ; they had covered General Young's advance from Arayat to San Jose, fighting almost daily and at times making several fights a day. Beyond Talavera they had pushed alone into the in- surgent strongholds with orders to get in rear of an insurgent army that three separate American armies had been sent to conquer, and they had never failed to accomplish a task assigned them. Gallantly led by an officer of indomitable will, these men won the admiration of commanding generals throughout the campaign and endured privations heretofore unsurpassed in American history. They were typical of the grit and heroism of their race. Upon receipt of the order for the battalion to remain at San Fabian, the necessity for further tension ceased. Tired nature, held so long in check, assumed control. In one day three 62 Twenty-second United States Infantry hundred men collapsed with fever and dysentery contracted during the arduous campaign. December 3 to 7, the battalion returned to its former station, Candaba. General S. B. M. Young made the following statement in his official report of this campaign : "Without reflecting in the least on the many other ex- cellent battalions in the army, I consider this battalion as the finest and most efficient one I have ever seen in the American army." Second Northern Expedition Baldwin's Battalion In the meantime, General MacArthur's command moved from Angeles, November 11, and entered Dagupan, November 20. General Wheaton's command arrived at San Fabian November 7, and by November 19 had occupied the line from San Fabian, through San Jacinto and Manaoag toward Binalonan. The plan of campaign had been fully executed. The insurgent armies had been beaten wherever encountered. The remnants were scattered through four provinces, unable to reorganize. But their leader had escaped. In disguise he had penetrated the lines. November 17, General Young sent the following message to Manila: "Aguinaldo is now a fugitive and an outlaw, seeking se- curity in escape to the mountains or by sea." November 19, General Lawton wired as follows: "It is my opinion that Aguinaldo should be followed every moment from this time. He should not be permitted to establish himself at any point or again organize a gov- ernment or an army. Wherever he can go, an American soldier can follow; and there are many who are anxious to undertake the service." The honor of proving General Lawton's high estimate of the American soldier was given to a battalion of the 22nd In- 63 History of the fantry. Mountain trails stained with blood from lacerated feet, and eight soldier dead buried along the trails, attest the hardships. October 18, the 3rd battalion (Baldwin's) was left at Arayat, charged with guarding the town, scouting and forwarding sup- plies to General Young's army. Cascoes carrying supplies re- quired guards; wagon trains moving to the front demanded protection. By General Young's order, the north bank of the Rio Grande de Pampanga was scouted daily ; the important ferry at Arayat was manned and guarded. The great quantity of stores passing through the town necessitated strong outposts; to insure the forwarding of these stores across the ferry was in itself work for a battalion. Due to intermittent heavy rains, the river rose and fell rapidly, the corduroyed approaches to the ferry at high water were dug from the mud and slush as the water fell, only to be replaced after the next rain. At one time a passing casco cut the ferry's main rope. The river at the time was a raging torrent and it took hours to carry a light line across. To cross the spliced rope required the employment of every native banco that could be found for miles up and down the river. Officers and men worked constantly in the water for thirty- six hours in order to repair the break, so that there might be no delay in forwarding supplies to the army in front. The work of the battalion during its occupation of Arayat, October 18, to November 9, taxed the physical resources of the men to the utmost. November 10, the battalion was relieved and ordered to the front. The roads were a mass of mud. In two days, marching from daylight until after dark, the battalion moved only twelve miles, and over much of this distance the carts were pulled by soldiers. Passing through Libutad, Cabiao, San Isidro and Santa Rosa, the battalion arrived at Cabanatuan No- vember 15. Under orders of the brigade commander, the bat- talion remained here until November 22, repairing nearby bridges. Late in the afternoon of the 22nd, the brigade com- mander gave the battalion the following note : 64 Twenty-second United States Infantry "General Lawton says he sorely needs you and your battalion. Rush on Tayug. The only orders I get are hurry." Responding to this order, the battalion left all transportation under guard and pushed to the front. The roads beyond Cabanatuan beggar description. Rains had made them a sea of mud, and where the sun had made slight improvement was a jelly-like mass mixed with dead grass and vegetation. Abandoned carts and dead carabaos were everywhere. The division ambulance with its red cross of mercy lay along the road an abandoned wreck. Miles of mud-stuck wagon-trains dotted the sea of mud; living carabaos floundered; mud-be- grimed soldiers, with tireless energy, worked and swore. Never was a scene more illustrative of the self-reliance of American soldiery. Bach mud-streaked, swearing soldier showed that nothing human could prevent the supplies on his cart from reaching their destination the army in front. Unimpeded by wagons, the battalion slowly forged its way past the supply trains. Good-natured salutations were exchanged between the command and the wagon guard. Almost insur- mountable obstacles were met and overcome; physical strength was taxed most heavily; indomitable wills laughed and joked at hardships. Making two forced marches a day on half-ra- tions, the battalion arrived at Tayug and reported to General Lawton, November 25, marching on this day twenty-six miles. November 26, the battalion marched to San Nicolas and received instructions to proceed the following day to Bayombong, province of Nueva Viscaya. At this time the insurgent forces had been scattered. It was believed that Aguinaldo had crossed the mountains, and the work of the battalion was to prevent the scattered in- surgent forces in the Cagayan valley from reorganizing and to intercept small bodies of the enemy if they should attempt to move southward into southern Luzon. The trail to Bayombong was called the "infernal trail". 65 History of the This trail led over a succession of mountain ranges so steep that ascent and descent was made by zig-zag levels. At times in climbing over the hills one could hear the voices of comrades in the distance; some apparently directly under his feet, others directly overhead. Looking backward and upward after a steep descent one could see at times soldiers on twenty different levels winding down the declivity. The work was so fatiguing that frequently halts were made every ten minutes. The lower parts of the mountains were covered with tropical growths; the heights were pine-clad. In many places a false step would have meant instant death by a downward plunge of five hundred feet. The trail led over numerous mountain streams and during one day's march the same stream was forded twenty times. The nights passed on the trail were icy cold. Men were clad only in light garments and carried no blankets. Consequently there was much suffering from cold, as shoes and stockings were constantly wet. The men threw themselves down exhausted at night and slept until the cold aroused them. From San Nicolas to Bayombong is a six-day trip for natives. At San Nicolas the battalion was given three days' reduced rations and hurried on. Two native guides accompanied the force. The first night out, they deserted. From now on the command was to live off the country. At the first camping place in the mountains a detachment of the 24th Infantry was found. The men had been lost for two days and were practically out of rations. After the guides deserted, the command took a wrong trail, but finally captured an Igorrote and impressed him as guide. This Igorrote was the only native seen during the passage of the mountains. When captured, he was greatly frightened, but reassured by kindness, he led the command back to the Bayom- bong trail without loss of much distance. About midway across the trail, at Cayapa, a quantity of old, rain-moulded rice was found in the ruins of a Spanish cuartel. It was dried in the sun and issued as food, saving the battalion from untold sufferings. 66 Twenty-second United States Infantry Beyond Cayapa the effects of the march began to tell. Many of the men were barefooted and their feet were lacerated by the sharp stones. Chills and fever had fastened their grip on many of the soldiers and dysentery was common to all. Medicine was limited. Men watched for opportunities to crawl off into the tall grass and die, begging to be allowed to remain when routed out by the rear guard. Violence was often neces- sary to get all the men into camp at night. Several became so sick they had to be carried, an almost impossible job along the "infernal trail". One man became demented from suffering and his wild cries echoed through the mountains at night. But the backbone of American grit was not broken. There were still plenty of soldiers, no less sick and no less depressed, who laughed at their own sufferings. These men saved the battalion. They retained their health by sheer force of will and had strength to spare to bolster up the belief of the others that nothing was impossible. At ten o'clock on the morning of December 2, the battalion entered the pueblo of Bayombong. Insurgent propaganda against the Americans had not reached as far as this remote pueblo. Consequently the Americans were received royally by the people of the town. The governor of the province had provided an excellent dinner for the entire command and from his house hung an American flag made especially for the occasion by the women of the place. Everywhere the people showed genuine pleasure and satisfaction with the arrival of the Americans. It was a strange experience. Towns in provinces on the other side of the mountains had received them with musketry or in sullen silence. It was the first time since its arrival in the islands that men of the 22nd had been greeted with Filipino cheers and never before had they found a dinner waiting for them. Here was an expedition of ragged, hatless, footsore soldiers suffering with fever and dysentery and hunger-gnawed for six days entering a supposedly hostile city of a treacherous and dan- gerous foe expecting to be greeted with a shower of lead at 67 History of the best. And lo! at the journey's end a dinner awaited them a dinner at which each man for whom it was physically advisable was allowed to eat his fill. The people of Nueva Viscaya had been insurgents only in name. Agents of Aguinaldo had been among them, left them a few rifles and had issued commissions to a few officers. In a pueblo was a partially constructed building that the insurgent chieftain had intended to occupy when driven to flight by Gen- eral Young's army. The natives did not dream that Americans could cross the mountain trails. When the organized forces of the insurgents had been com- pletely shattered it was believed that Aguinaldo with a few hundred followers had escaped to the mountains of northwestern Luzon. Subsequent events proved this a fact. A battalion of the 24th Infantry had entered Bayombong, three days before the battalion of the 22nd. This first battalion had left their sick at Bayombong and continued their march down the Cayagan river. The two battalions prevented the insurgents from reor- ganizing their shattered forces and compelled Aguinaldo to remain a fugitive in the mountains. To accomplish these ends, the battalion of the 24th made a march famous in Filipino war- fare, and the battalion of the 22nd marched, suffered and buried its dead simply obeying orders. December 8, the battalion was ordered to return to San Nicolas. One officer and twenty men, too sick to travel, were left at Bayombong. The condition of the command made it impossible to return by the "infernal trail" and the Carranglan pass to the south was accordingly selected. It proved but little better than the trail coming in. Caballo Sur, its highest mountain, taxed the strength of the men to the utmost. Rains had washed all earth away from the trail and the slippery rocks and boulders caused great suffering to the shoeless command. Near the summit of the mountain the command bivouacked at an old cuartel. The night was intensely cold and the rain fell in torrents. There was only shelter for a few of the sickest men. It was impossible to keep the fires burning. Vermin of 68 Twenty-second United States Infantry many kinds infested the place. In the American spirit of cheerful mockery at hardships the men christened the place "Camp Misery". December 11, the command arrived at Puncan. The marches had been daily struggles for existence. The country had few inhabitants. Rice was obtainable only in handfuls. Men cooked all sorts of tropical plants but found them deficient in nour- ishment and lacking in flavor. Puncan was within a day's march of the commissary and hospital, but at Puncan, under orders, the battalion turned its back upon the things that meant health, even life, and retraced its steps to the mountains. Five days' rations, without bacon, and a small quantity of medicine were sent with the command. December 13, in grim and soldierly silence, the battalion turned to the rugged heights of Caballo Sur, where again men could be tracked along the rocks by the blood from their feet. Under instructions, Companies B and C were left at Car- ranglan. The other two companies arrived at Bayombong, December 16. Two days later, Company H was sent to Quian- gan, thirty-five miles distant, to investigate reported insurgent stores. The trail entering this Igorrote town was said to be the only entrance to a high valley beyond. For miles the men were obliged to march in a crouching attitude, crawling over falling logs and climbing over slippery rocks. Couriers could not be induced to travel over this trail unless in parties of at least ten men. The trail was a hazardous one from many standpoints beside that of difficulty of travel and hardships of climate. Savage Igorrotes watched the trail from the dense undergrowth. The first-sergeant of one of the companies was grazed by a thrown spear. A private who had wandered from the trail was killed and his head and arms were cut from his body. A considerable force of insurgents was located at Bocaue, beyond Quinagan, but under positive orders the company was compelled to return to Bayombong without attacking them. 69 History of the December 25, thirty-six men of Company L, all that were able to march, were sent to Aritao to investigate the reported presence of insurgents. A force had been there but had gone farther into the mountains. Several days later a superannuated Tagalog, the tool of a reformed insurgent, began working strange influences among the people of Solano. In a whining sepulchral voice he de- clared himself to be the "Holy Ghost". Immediately it became more difficult to obtain rice and burden-bearers became impos- sible to obtain. Even after this fraud had been exposed his influence remained. December 29, the battalion quartermaster brought the bat- talion sorely needed shoes and clothes. January 7, 1900, the battalion again crossed the mountains. Again Camp Misery was sighted; again the cross-crowned Caballo Sur was climbed; again men suffered. January 16, the battalion reported at regimental headquarters at Arayat. This battalion had accomplished its purpose. It had scattered the insurgent armies and driven them terror- stricken from their capital to the mountain fastness. Through- out this last campaign the battalion gained no honor by engage- ment. Its record was solely one of duty and endurance. It marched nearly five hundred miles on eight days' reduced rations, and it lost eight men, one killed by the enemy, seven dying of disease. 70 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER VII Operations of 1900 and 1901 During December, 1899, and January, 1900, General Mac- Arthur commanding northern Luzon, reorganized and redis- tributed the troops assigned to his extended field of operations. His forces were very actively engaged in pursuing the remnants of Aguinaldo's northern army and the self-constituted guerilla bands ; also in giving protection to the inhabitants of towns and cities against the incursion of ladrones, who plundered them without mercy and added torture and murder when their exfor- tionate demands were not promptly complied with. The wealthy inhabitants, especially those possessing estates, were sought out by the insurgents as objects of all manner of plunder. The scattered insurgent forces that still retained some form of organization called upon them for contributions to the insurgent cause, promising them protection in return. The in- surgents also demanded from the native civil authorities, ap- pointed or elected under the direction of our officers, the im- position or collection of taxes and the sale of insurgent cedulas for insurgent uses on penalty of confiscation or destruction of private property. Presidentes of cities and towns were found contributing to insurgent officers still engaged in active hostilities. Preservation of life and property compelled them in these acts although they were very anxious for the success of American arms and the peace of the country. Other citizens, and numerous, were in the same anomalous position of being friendly to the Americans while secretly contributing to the insurgents. It therefore remained for the Americans to pursue effectually and destroy all remaining insurgent organizations and bands of ladrones as the only practicable means of insuring the pacifica- tion of the country. 71 History of the In pursuance of this policy every town and barrio of im- portance was garrisoned. Every rumor of insurgent forces, ladrones or hidden weapons was investigated. Within the pro- tected zones small detachments of American soldiers scoured the country day and night. Larger forces operated in the mountains and away from the towns. This work, attended by many weary marches and constantly maintained vigilance, was prosecuted with vigor during the entire year. Many rumors proved ill-founded ; carefully laid plans discovered no insurgents, no ladrones and no weapons. Gradually, however, the plan proved successful. Insurgents became demoralized and deserted their leaders ; bands of ladrones were broken up, their arms cap- tured and the offenders sent to military prison. A recital of the work done by the regiment during 1900 would resolve itself into three hundred and sixty-five brief re- ports stating that on one date one insurgent was killed, that on another date two ladrones and two rifles were captured ; that on a third date the country near such a place was scoured thoroughly without discovering any sign of the enemy. Therefore, only a brief resume of the operations is given. It shows the character of the work that the regiment was called upon to do. In addi- tion to the field service, mention is made of the establishment of civil government ; this work also fell upon our army. January 1, 1900, eight companies of the regiment occupied the towns of Arayat, Candaba and San Luis. The remaining four companies were divided between Carranglan and Bay- ombong. During the month, Santa Ana, Mexico, San Fernando, Cabiao and San Antonio were also garrisoned by the regiment. Frequent parties were sent out from all these posts. In the later part of the month, in accordance with orders from brigade headquarters particular activity was displayed by the troops at Arayat and Santa Ana, as bands of insurgents were reported operating in the vicinity of Mount Arayat. Company E, under command of Lieut. Dalton, 22nd In- fantry, scouted around the northern and eastern slopes of the mountains. No insurgents were seen though traces of relatively 72 Twenty-second United States Infantry recent camps were found. This expedition lasted three days January 17 to January 19. January 7. The first meeting- of the officers of the civil government in Arayat was held. January 29. Lieut. Admire, 22nd Infantry, with twenty men of Company A, from Santa Ana, encountered an estimated force of one hundred insurgents near Laomit, a small village about one mile from Arayat, on the road leading to San Pedro Magalang. The insurgents retired before reinforcements from Arayat arrived. It was reported that six insurgents were killed. January 29. The election of the representatives of the bar- rios of Candaba took place, thus completing the organization of the civil government of that town. The work of issuing cedulas was begun during the month at Arayat, Candaba, Santa Ana, San Luis and San Fernando. February 5. Lieut. Admire captured a party of ladrones to- gether with eight Remington rifles and 200 rounds of ammuni- tion. Five of these men were tried and sentenced by the provost court of this section. February 20. Company K, under Lieut. Hannay, left at one o'clock A. M., and marched to the barrio of Mandil, where a force of insurgents was reported to be. The barrio was reached at 4 A. M., and surrounded. Two Filipinos were wounded in at- tempting to escape. About a hundred men, two American horses, nine Remington rifles and considerable correspondence were cap- tured. Forty-eight men were released while the rest were taken to Candaba. This band were members of a force formerly under command of Col. Simon Kabigting, who was reported as having been killed by his own men. February 23. One hundred men, under Major Reynolds, were sent to Palanglang, a barrio about four miles from Arayat, to capture General Alejandrino. The force started at one o'clock at night and surrounded the barrio very quietly before daylight. They searched the village thoroughly as soon as there was light enough, but no trace of the general they sought was found. A detachment from Santa Ana cooperated. 73 History of the February 26. Lieut. Admire found a Mauser carbine and one Colt's revolver near Palanglang, while searching for arms said to be concealed there. February 28. Company E, under Lieut. Dalton left early in the morning to go to Candating to investigate certain charges against Pietro Medrina Paranlao and Jose Medrina Dizon, and to scout toward San Miguel. No sign of insurgents was dis- covered. A party from Cabiao, under Lieut. Hannay was sent out at the same time but did not see or learn anything of an organization of insurgents around the Pinac. Lieut. Ripley found a party of twenty-three men in a house where there were re-loading tools and brought the party to Cabiao. Two of the men were wearing insurgent uniforms. Lieut. Dalton returned March 1. March 1. Lieut. Admire, with eighteen men of Company A and fifteen men from Arayat, scouted for three days through Mount Arayat, particularly in the vicinity of Palanglang, the home of Alejandrino. The party was fired upon when near Palanlang. The shots could not be traced. One Krag-Jorgen- son rifle and some insurgent uniforms were captured in the rear of Alejandrino's house. March 6, 8, 11. Detachments from San Antonio under Lieut. Leonard, went in search of Garciano Garcia. The expedi- tion of the 8th brought in fifty-nine natives, two Remington rifles, one Remington carbine, six bolos, and some ammunition. All were found in barracks in the barrio of Dalagut. March 15. Sergeant Ray, Company I, was attacked by bolomen on his way from Cabiao to San Antonio, and nearly murdered. Lieut. Draper was sent immediately with a party to the barrio of Buliran where the sergeant had been attacked. Seven suspects were brought in. March 16. At night a party under Lieut. Ripley was sent out to locate and capture the men who had attacked and nearly killed Sergeant Ray, Company I, near Cabiao the day before. Some men were captured and Sergeant Ray identified one of them as his assailant. Two Remington rifles captured also. 74 Twenty-second United States Infantry March 18. On information that a body of insurgents was located at Canayan Buntung, in the northern part of Pinac de Candaba, a combination movement was ordered by the regi- mental commander by sending strong parties from Candaba, Arayat and San Isidro, and a smaller one from Cabiao. The movement was made early in the morning, and, although no enemy was found, resulted in covering the section of the country as effectually as the charcteristics of the land would permit. The growth of marsh cane or reed was dense and more often than not impenetrable. The trail over which it was necessary to move frequently ceased after a mile or so and necessitated an attempt at another trail. The heat was great. March 23. On information that a band of ladrones was robbing bancas near the mouth of the Rio Chico, a general movement was ordered by the regimental commander to this section of the country. A party from Cabiao held the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the mouth of the Rio Chico ; a party from Arayat held the fords of the Chico, from near its mouth to two miles up the stream, while parties from San Antonio and San Isidro covered the country lying in the angle formed by the two rivers. The last party moved at 3 A. M., the others were in position by daylight. This movement was under personal direction of the regimental commander who went to San Antonio. The enemy was encountered, but took advantage of the dense undergrowth which was sufficient to afford ample protection for any band of ladrones lurking in its shelter and familiar with its trails. March 25. Lieut. Leonard with a detachment was sent into the section of the country between the Rio Grande and Rio Chico and captured eight members of the band that had been robbing bancas on the Rio Grande. April 18. Lieut. Admire, in command of the fourth district headquarters scouts, struck a body of insurgents commanded by Aquino, in the mountains of Bulacan, scattered them, cap- tured eight together with one rifle, one revolver and eight ponies. April 28. Capt. Hodges with a detachment in barrio San Vicente, Batasan and Santa Cruz, near Arayat, killed one and 75 History of the captured ten insurgents, twenty-five rifles, four revolvers, three bolos, 591 rounds of ammunition. No casualties. May 9. Lieut. Draper with a detachment of twenty men, Company I, encountered a band of insurgents near barrio Santa Barbara; killed three, wounded four; captured twenty-nine rifles, 886 rounds of ammunition and one horse. No casualties. May 25. The barrio of San Luis, garrisoned by the 22nd Infantry, was attacked at midnight by about fifty insurgents who were routed and escaped in the thick underbrush. May 31. 'General Funston, in command of a column con- sisting of Troop G., 4th Cavalry, and a detachment of the 22nd Infantry, struck a large body of insurgents intrenched in the mountains northeast of San Miguel, scattered them and captured four ponies with saddles and 500 rounds of ammunition. At 2 :30 A. M., the Americans encountered 100 insurgents occupying the top of a steep ridge. Funston's men took one position, but were forced to retire on account of lack of ammunition. June 3. General Funston in command of a column consisting of Troop G, 4th Cavalry and a detachment of the 22nd Infantry and district headquarters scouts attacked a body of insurgents intrenched in Bulacan mountains, twenty-five miles east of San Miguel, drove them from their position and scattered them. Captain George J. Godfrey of the 22nd Infantry was killed in this encounter. Announcement of his death was published in orders as follows: GENERAL ORDERS No. 10. JUNE 4TH, 1900. HEADQUARTERS 22ND U. S. INFANTRY, ARAYAT, LUZON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Captain George J. Godfrey, 22nd U. S. Infantry. Killed in action. Shot through the heart. His military record is closed. A brilliant career ended. Deeds, silent symbols more potent than words pro- claimed his soldier worth. The histories of the 5th and 8th Army Corps are his. 76 Twenty-second United States Infantry Official recommendation but emphasized what all men knew. Cuban soil saw his valor. Under a tropical sun, on the morn of June 3rd, 1900, among the lonely fastnesses of the Bulacan mountains, as victory crowned the combat, he gave "for the flag", the life he had dedicated to his country. His mind was trained for the profession of arms. . His heart and impulses were generous. Conscientious and zealous discharge of duty were his guiding tenets. He sought no preferment through avenues foreign to the service. His first thought was his country's cause personal ambition his last. Thus he stood, a peer among the best type of American soldiers. In the civil administration of a pueblo, to the misguided native people he extended the hand of fellowship and led them along the true path of civilization. His work is enduring. Into the unspeakable grief which moves the hearts of those who dwell in our far distant land, we dare not enter. In silence and with memory filled with sorrow, the regi- ment stands and mourns with them for our brother. By order of Major Baldwin: ($gd) H. C. HODGES, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. June 11. A column commanded by General Grant, General Funston accompanying, and consisting of Troops H and G, 4th Cavalry; detachment Battery E, 1st Artillery, two guns; nine companies of the 22nd Infantry ; detachment 34th Infantry ; six companies 35th Infantry; Company M, 41st Infantry; scouts of the 4th and 5th districts and of the 41st Infantry and one company Macabebe scouts, attacked an insurgent stronghold in Bulacan mountains, five miles from Sibul. Carried the position and scattered the enemy. One Macabebe scout wounded and one American prisoner recovered. 77 History of the June 28. Second Lieutenant Paul A. Draper, while building a ferry near San Antonio, was drowned. His death called forth the following general order from headquarters: GENERAL ORDERS No. 11 HEADQUARTERS 22ND U. S. INFANTRY, ARAYAT, LUZON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. July 1st, 1900. Again in a brief space of time the mournful duty de- volves upon the Regimental Commander to announce the death of an officer. 2nd Lieut. Paul A. Draper, 22nd Infantry. This valiant young officer gave promise of an exalted career in his chosen profession. Enlisting July 27th, 1897, in response to his country's call, he won by his soldierly qualities the coveted prize of a praiseworthy ambition a commission. He was quiet and unostentatious of demeanor, courteous and honorable in his intercourse with his associates. The meed of praise is sustained by a recital of an act of heroism. On the night of May 8th, 1900, he conducted with skill and secrecy a difficult march to Santa Barbara, a barrio of San Antonio, Nueva Ecija, and at dawn sur- prised a band of insurgents outnumbering his detachment over three times. Before the enemy had time to recover from their surprise, Lieut. Draper made a fierce and furious onslaught. In this almost hand-to-hand encounter he, with only eight men, practically destroyed the band, killing and wounding a number and capturing thirty of the enemy's rifles and a quantity of ammunition. 'Twas not his fate to fall in battle. His soldier's death, in the discharge of a duty, was none the less honorable. On June 28th, 1900, near San Antonio, Province of Nueva Ecija, he lost his life where the rushing waters of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga flow. 78 Twenty-second United States Infantry On receipt hereof, this order will be read at retreat to every company of the Regiment. By order of Major Baldwin : (Sgd.) H. C. HODGES, Captain 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. July 16. General Funston, commanding a column consist- ing of two Companies 34th Infantry; two Companies 22nd In- fantry and Troop G, 4th Cavalry; detachment of district head- quarters scouts and squadron Philippine cavalry, attacked an insurgent stronghold near Mount Corona. The enemy fled into the jungle. The enemy barracks and all of his property in sight was destroyed. Two Macabebe scouts were wounded. July 22. Major Wheeler, of the 34th Infantry, command- ing a column consisting of Companies A, C and I, 34th Infantry, and Company F, 22nd Infantry, engaged about fifty insurgents near Mount Corona and drove them from their positions. July 23. Lieuts. Dalton and Leonard captured, near Cabiao, six ladrones, two rifles, one revolver and a quantity of ammuni- tion. No casualties. July 25. Lieuts. Dalton and Leonard, while scouting west of Jaen, captured one insurgent officer, three rifles, seven stolen carabaos, and some ammunition. No casualties. August 30. The regiment participated in an expedition com- manded by General Funston moving from Candaba, Arayat, Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan, Pefiaranda, and San Miguel to points in the mountains where roads leading from San Isidro join with roads from Gapan to San Isidro. September 21. The insurgents made an attack on Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija, at 10 P. M., but were promptly driven back. No casualties. October 2. Lieut. Wheeler, with forty men of Company A, encountered an insurgent outpost near San Pablo. Killed one insurgent and captured two rifles. No casualties. 79 History of the Lieut. Wheeler, with a detachment of Company A, struck a band of insurgents in the barrio of Santo Tomas, near Jaen, and killed one. Captured two men and two rifles. No casualties. October 11. Lieut. Wheeler, with a detachment of Company A, captured in the woods, near the barrio of Jaen, Coman- dante Delfin Esquivel and three soldiers, six rifles and 500 rounds of ammunition. October 14. Lieut. Hannay, commanding detachment of Company K, had a skirmish with insurgents near Pinag Singalon. Captured two rifles, eight prisoners, and recaptured one private, 24th Infantry, held as a prisoner. October 16. Mounted detachment of six men of the regi- ment returning from San Isidro were fired upon by a body of insurgents concealed alongside the road about two miles from Cabiao. One man was thrown from his horse and captured. Forty men of Company H pursued the insurgents, but the enemy escaped in the darkness. October 25. The launch Stonie, private property, was at- tacked by 125 insurgents under Natividad and deserter Fagan, between Cabiao and Arayat, and boarded. Two white men in charge of the launch were captured. Lieut. Whitfield with fifty men of the regiment assisted by Lieut. Quinlan with fifty Maca- bebes, cavalrymen, went in pursuit, recapturing the two white men. The Stonie was recovered and taken in tow by the gov- ernment launch Sterling. November 16. Lieut. Wheeler, with a detachment of the 22nd Infantry, captured, near Tombo, six insurgents, five rifles and one revolver. November 20. San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, fired into by small band of insurgents. The garrison promptly pursued, but found nothing. No casualties. November 26. Lieut. Leonard, commanding forty-three men Company I, struck a band of insurgents under the renegade, Fagan, near San Francisco. Captured one horse and equipment. Lieut. Ripley, commanding a detachment of Ilocano scouts, captured three insurgents, three rifles and 22 rounds of ammuni- tion, near Cabanatuan. 80 Twenty-second United States Infantry December 1. Lieut. Sheldon, with a detachment of the regi- ment acting under orders from General Funston, struck an out- post of insurgents near Santa Cruz. Killed three and wounded one. December 2. Lieut. Ripley, commanding detachment Ilocano scouts, met a band of insurgents while scouting southeast of Cabanatuan. Killed three, captured one rifle and two revolvers. December 19. Lieut. Leonard, commanding mounted de- tachment from Company I, struck a party of insurgents under Natividad on the Rio Chico. Killed two, wounded nine, cap- tured six rifles and 138 rounds of ammunition. Also recovered a woman who had been taken from Labaquini and ten stolen carabao. Eight houses, used as barracks, were destroyed. December 21. Lieut. Wheeler, acting on information from spies, captured the insurgent captain Esteban Quinteros, and the prisoner led his captors to a camp of his men near Jaen. Lieut. Wheeler attacked the camp in the darkness. Killed two, wounded one. Captured eight rifles and 300 rounds of am- munition. December 28. General Funston with Lieut. Sheldon and a detachment from the regiment surprised a detachment of in- surgents near Cabiao. Killed six. Wounded one and captured one rifle and six insurgents. Lieut. Hannay, with a detachment from Company K, struck a band of insurgents near San Julia. Killed one; captured one rifle. December 29. General Funston, commanding a detachment of the Regiment and scouts from Gapan, Cabiao, Jaen and San Isidro, attempted to capture Natividad. Information was faulty and he escaped, but Lieut. Hannay captured his orderly, with rifle, and Natividad's personal effects. Also some correspond- ence from Alejandrino and Lacuna. Lieut. Sheldon killed five insurgents. Captured six and one rifle. Operations of 1901 The activity of our troops caused a change of sentiment on the part of the inhabitants. As soon as they found that we 81 History of the would igive them protection they gave us information and assistance in finding, arresting or scattering ladrones or the small insurgent bands that still remained actively hostile. A few who had given us information were tortured and murdered by insurgents, but, with the establishment of town government and the appointment of native police under military supervision, the confidence of the people returned, so far as fears for their own personal safety was concerned, and the aid they rendered the troops in efforts to uncover the places where arms and other war material were hidden, was correspondingly greater. The establishment of the numerous small garrisons neces- sitated the distribution of military stores over an extensive country and the forwarding of supplies to many points difficult of access during even the most favorable seasons of the year. Transportation was a prime factor of the occupation. Roads, trails, bridges and ferries were built and repaired under super- vision of the army. As peace encroached, the duties of the army became more complicated. Natives came of their own accord to take the oath of allegiance to American sovereignty. The provost court and the military commission were gradually superseded by native courts, native judges and native attorneys. American schools were established. Over everything the army exercised a supervision that gave place, as conditions improved, to merely parental watchfulness. But always there were rumors of insurgents still in arms. Always there was word of arms, not in use but hidden for future opportunities. Always there were tales of ladrones. The army worked and the army campaigned, administered justice, struggled with strange laws, protected Filipino adherent from Filipino patriot, built roads, hauled supplies, administered oaths of allegiance and supervised schools. From San Isidro to Arayat the 22nd Infantry performed its multitudinous labors until in June, 1900, this territorial department the first pacified in northern Luzon was declared free from armed resistance. January 12. General Funston, with a detachment of twelve men under Capt. Kreps, met a band of thirty insurgents in a 82 Twenty-second United States Infantry trail five miles southeast of Santa Cruz, barrio of Gapan, and chased them until exhausted. One killed and several wounded. January 20. Lieut. Wheeler, with a detachment from Com- pany A, met a band of insurgents near Jaen and routed them, capturing six rifles, three shotguns, one revolver and 300 rounds of ammunition. January 25. General Funston and Lieut. Sheldon, with a detachment of twenty-five men of the regiment, struck a body of insurgents near Candaba swamp. Killed five, wounded eight and pursued them to the Malimba river. Here the bands came in contact again and two more were killed, one the notorious bandit, Tagunton. One wounded, one rifle, one revolver, two ponies, some correspondence and ammunition captured. February 12. Lieut. Sheldon, with mounted detachment of fifteen men, in a skirmish with thirty insurgents on the Bule river, routed them and killed fifteen. April 17. Lieut. Ripley, commanding a detachment of Ilocano scouts, encountered the enemy eight miles south of Irurulengin mountains. One killed, three wounded and nine cuartels burned. April 24. Lieut. Sheldon, commanding a detachment of the regiment, while scouting between Bengaben and Cabanatuan, struck a small band of insurgents. Killed two, scattered the rest and captured one rifle. April 28. The celebrated Filipino general, Alejandrino, accompanied by an orderly, both armed, entered the quarters of the regimental commander, Major R. T. Yeatman, at night, and coolly stated that he had come to discuss the terms of sur- render. Major Yeatman succeeded in getting a message to the guard house and upon arrival of the guard the terms of sur- render were quickly arranged. Previous to this Alejandrino had eluded repeated attempts to capture him. May 19. The insurgent general, Lacuna, and his entire command surrendered to General Funston at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. This ended armed resistance in the department. 83 History of the CHAPTER VIII Service in the United States 1902-3 June 30, 1901, the regiment was stationed as follows: Headquarters and Companies B, C and D, at San Isidro. Company A at Jaen. Companies E and F, at Arayat. Company G, at Apalit. Company H, at Baler, Principe. Company I, at San Antonio. Company K, at Gapan. Company L, at Cabiao. Company M, at Mexico and Santa Ana. July 25, Company E, changed station to Balanga; Company M, to Orani. In August, Companies I, K and L were moved to Manila. In September, Headquarters and Companies A, D, F and G wre sent to Manila, and Company E went to Mariveles. September 29, eleven insurgents, formerly attached to Agui- naldo's forces, surrendered to Company H at Baler. November 6, a small party of insurgents attacked a detachment of Company H at Casiguran and were repulsed with losses. Late in December came the welcome orders for the regiment's return to the States. The third battalion embarked on the Rose- crans and sailed January 24, 1902. Headquarters and the first and second battalions sailed on the Hancock February 1. The voyage home was rough, the Hancock traveling through storm after storm from Nagasaki to San Francisco. During one of the storms two men of the casual detachment were washed overboard. The Rosecrans entered "Frisco" harbor the evening of Feb- ruary 25. A few hours later the Hancock dropped anchor within hailing distance. The regiment at once moved into camp at the Presidio, re- maining there until March 4, 5, and 6, when the various com- 84 Twenty-second United States Infantry panics moved by rail to their assigned posts. Company C took station at Fort Logan H. Roots, Arkansas, March 9. Com- panies A and D went to Fort Robinson, Nebraska, March 8. Company B went to Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, March 9, and Headquarters, the second and third battalions went to Fort Crook, Nebraska, March 11. May 7-9, Companies A and D changed station to Fort Reno, I. T., and August 18-21 Company B changed station from Fort Niobrara to Fort Logan H. Roots. No additional changes of station were made until the regiment was ordered to its second tour of duty in the Philippines. Garrison duty during the regiment's brief stay in the United States was almost as exacting as field service. Drill and parades, target practice, military athletics, summer exercises, fall maneu- vers, schools for officers and men and the necessary studies, combined to make strenuous service. Each year the companies at Fort Crook, by battalion, marched one hundred and eighty miles to and from their target range on the Omaha Indian re- servation. In addition, in 1902, these companies marched four hundred miles to and from Fort Riley, Kansas. August 1, the third battalion, Major Crittenden commanding, attended the reunion of the National Society, Army of the Philip- pines, at Council Bluffs, Iowa. For the season of 1902, the regiment won first place in the department rifle competition at Fort Leavenworth, and second place in the army competition at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. The regiment was concentrated at Fort Riley in September for the fall maneuvers. As this was the first assembly of troops for experimental field purposes, great interest was taken in the event. Invitations were extended by the war department to the states and many of the states accepted, sending representatives from the officers of their national guards. The Riley reservation became a huge camp, from which each morning marched a khaki army to oppose an army in blue. These forces were employed in action according to pre-arranged plans and the results of combat were judged by disinterested umpires. In order to obtain 85 History of the all possible benefit, critiques were held nightly and at these the senior umpire read reports and decisions of the day's maneuvers. In these maneuvers the 22nd Infantry again won distinction. The regimental commander, Colonel James Miller, commanding a brigade of the 18th and 22nd Infantries, two batteries and River's squadron of the 4th Cavalry, won what was judged the only decisive victory of the maneuvers. Companies A and D returned to Fort Reno, October 8, Com- panies B and C to Fort Logan H. Roots, October 10, the second and third battalions to Fort Crook, October 22. April 28, 1903, the second and third battalions were sent to St. Louis, Missouri, to take part in the parade incidental to the dedication of the Louisiana Purchase exposition. The battalions returned to Fort Crook, May 4, 1903. The regiment again won first place in the annual department rifle competition at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and eighth place in the army competition at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. October 20 and 21, 1903, the regiment left its peaceful sta- tions for San Francisco, en route to the Philippines. October 31 it embarked and sailed for the islands on the U. S. A. T. Sheridan. The Sheridan stopped at Honolulu November 8-10, and at Guam November 22-23, and arrived at Manila Novem- ber 28. Here, definite orders were received assigning the regi- ment to service in Mindanao. The Sheridan sailed from Manila bay December 1, and arrived at Camp Overton December 3. Here the regiment disembarked December 6. The second bat- talion took station at Pantar headquarters, the first and third bat- talions at Camp Marahui. 86 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER IX The Moros of Lake Lanao The Moros, with whom the 22nd Infantry was to contend from now on for a long and active period, were the most treach- erous and unfriendly of all the Filipino people. The Moros are descendants of the Mussulman Dyaks of Borneo. For centuries they have been the scourge of sea and land-pirates wherever they could force a boat, ravaging hordes of warriors where dry land barred their vintas. In their hearts beat the implacable hatred of the Moslem for the Christian. Mohammedan feudalism and fanaticism balked all Spanish attempts at conquest in the lands of the Moros. The pride of Spain landed at many ports of Mindanao in the sixteenth century freebooters whose thirst for fame and gold has given the world its most gallant combats but these intrepid warriors, of a time but little later than that of Cortez and Pizarro, were not able to withstand the frenzied attacks of the Moro. Spanish geog- raphers have handed down to us maps of a wilderness dotted here with a Fuerta de Isabella, there with a Campo de Ferdinand. For a brief space of time the glory of Spain was displayed at many points of Moroland shortly afterward, bleached bones and medieval names on the map were all that remained of the glory. Late in the sixteenth century Spain made a supreme effort to subjugate the Moros of the Lanao district. But powder and firearms were no match for the kris and kampilan and the wooden shield. Bravery fell before fanaticism; science was routed by overwhelming numbers. Among the Moros of the present day one may occasionally find an old helmet or an old piece of mail or an old blade relics of Spain's disastrous attempts among the Moros. For two hundred and fifty years afterward Moro supremacy was absolute. Spain was obliged to remit taxes, not only from Mindanao, but from nearby islands. The Moros took everything. 87 History of the And early in the nineteenth century, thirsting for a wider field of conquest, Moro craft appeared in the bay of Manila. The adventurers sacked the entire western coast of Luzon and took into slavery many Spaniards as well as Filipinos. Governors general and wealthy Filipinos lured by prospects of captured gold fitted out many expeditions to put an end to Moro piracy, but all efforts were vain. Millions of money and rivers of blood only served to increase the activities of the in- domitable marauders. It was not until 1860 that the pirates were kept within the confines of their own islands by the use of a fleet of steam launches. In 1895, General Blanco personally led an expedition against the Lanao Moros the first that Spain had attempted in three hundred years. Gunboats, in sections, small arms and great stores of war materials were carried from Iligan, on the coast, to Lake Lanao. For three months a land force attacked cottas at various points while gunboats shelled every stronghold that could be reached from the lake. The campaign was successful to a limited extent, the Spaniards holding Marahui at the end of the lake and controlling by the use of strong escorts, the road from Iligan to the lake. Moros claim that the Spaniards were never able to force an entrance to Taraca, the great Moro stronghold on the eastern shore of the lake. Moro government is complicated feudalism. The Sultan of Jolo is the acknowledged head. Under him are a multitude of sultans, each strong according to his power, his riches and the number of his wives. Under the sultans are dattos, likewise strong as they possess wealth and women. Under the dattos are free Moros. Under all, sacopes or slaves. Religious rank includes had j is and panditas. Civil rank is also established but the officials of religion and of the civil functions seem to be mere tools in the hands of the sultans. Each sultan of importance has his own priests, his own lawyer and scribe. The greater part of the Moro territory around Lake Lanao is swampy. In these swamps the Moros have built their cottas rectangular earthworks, ten to twelve feet high, surrounded by ditches and surmounted by close growths of bamboo. Only 88 Twenty-second United States Infantry mountain batteries can be carried over the marshy trails. Each cotta is plentifully supplied with lantacas small brass cannon firing slugs. The Moro rifles range from flintlocks to stolen Mausers and Krags. Native powder gives only short range to their bullets, but the nature of the country and the character of the defenses preclude long-range fighting. In addition to his other weapons each Moro carries a kampilan or kris and one or more daggers. Those in authority carry spears. All of these are deadly weapons in a hand-to-hand combat. Cottas fall only when taken by assault, and in this sort of fighting the old armament of the Moros is vastly more destructive than the modern arm of the American soldier. In December, 1903, when the regiment was assigned to station at Marahui, many of the surrounding sultans and dattos professed friendship, but in the majority of cases the friend- ship was of doubtful character. The road between the seacoast and Marahui was declared sacred. Along this line no American forces, however few in number, were to be harmed. In return Americans were to respect and protect the Moros of the vicinity. But, south of Marahui, all around the lake, there was not a place where Americans in small bodies were free from attack. Taraca and this included almost the entire eastern shore of the lake was openly hostile. To Maciu, the head man of Taraca, also the name of the tribe of Moros inhabiting this district, had flocked all the bad characters of the lake region, all renegades from other districts and all men who had suc- ceeded in stealing rifles. These characters were bound together by oaths upon their Koran. They were imbued with the fanatical and piratical enthusiasm of the boldest of their ancestors. The issue was between Moslem and Christian. Spain's attempt at conquest in the Lanao district had merely served to strengthen the Moro's belief in his own supremacy. A circuit of the lake by Americans, in which the rear guard had been constantly fired on, had not decreased this belief. The pride of sovereignty, centuries old, was not to be humbled by promises of better conditions. It could not be abased by a mere showing of arms. Spaniards had come and had been 89 History of the driven away. After hundreds of years, when their advent had become a folk tale, Spaniards had come again and once more had been driven away. They had been followed by Americans. Why should not these, too, be driven away in a little while? This was the condition of affairs that confronted the 22nd Infantry upon its arrival at Marahui. 90 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER X The Ramaien Expedition December 17, 1903, while duck hunting, a small party of officers and soldiers from Marahui were fired upon by hostile Moros near Ramaien. Repeated demands were made upon the sultan of this district for the surrender of the hostile Moros, but, although the assailants were well known, no attention was paid to the demands. An expedition was accordingly arranged to arrest the sultan. The territory of Ramaien was known to be disaffected. At three o'clock on the morning of January 22, 1904, the first battalion of the regiment, Major J. S. Parke, commanding, embarked in rowboats and native vintas at Marahui and pro- ceeded toward Ramaien, about seven miles across the northern end of the lake. Five men from each company of the third battalion accompanied the expedition. Companies B and D were landed at Baringbingan, north of Ramaien, in order to get in the rear of the disaffected territory. Companies A and C and two boats, containing respectively a Catling gun and a Vickers-Maxim gun, proceeded to Ramaien. At the mouth of the river the party was met by several minor chiefs and after a parley, the companies, preceded by the gunboats, were rowed up the stream. The actions of the natives who had been taken with the companies plainly indicated that an attack was medi- tated. Raising their red umbrellas, they remained standing until they were ordered to sit. They shouted continuously to Moros along the bank of the river, finally admitting that, although they themselves were friendly, there were many bad Moros in the territory. Ramaien consisted of several miles of cottas along the north bank of the river. Ditseen was similarly built upon the south bank. The river at this point was not more than seventy-five feet wide, and was well commanded by the walls of the cottas. 91 History of the The boats were running a narrow gauntlet. At any moment a murderous short-range fire might be opened upon them. Before reaching the main cottas, detachments were landed. On each side of the river, between the cotta walls and the stream, was a narrow trail, along which the detachments, in single file, kept pace with the leading boat. While the boats were moving up the river, many armed Moros were seen running from cotta to cotta. They carried rifles, kampilans and krises and were evidently hastening to a large cotta at the upper end of the town. As this cotta was a menace to the boats, the land detachment approached to investigate it. Its narrow entrance was closed by a high gate of bamboo, and within were a number of Moros aiming their rifles at the command. Led by two officers, a dash was made into the cotta. Hardly had the Americans entered when the two officers were shot down. Headquarters recorded the death of one of them, 2nd Lieut. Campbell W. Flake, in general orders as follows: GENERAL ORDERS No. 1 HEADQUARTERS 22ND U. S. INFANTRY. Camp Marahui, Mindanao, P. I. January 23rd, 1904. It has become the sad duty of the Regimental Com- mander to announce the death of an officer : 2nd Lieutenant Campbell W. Flake, 22nd Infantry. Killed in action at Ramaien river, Lake Lanao, Min- danao, January 22, 1904, against savage and treacherous Moros. He died a soldier's death. Shot dead on the field of battle. His record is closed. He has given his life to his country. Brave, courteous, prompt, willing and efficient were the qualities which endeared him to all. The regiment has lost a fine young officer, cut down in the prime of his splendid physical strength. His loss is deeply mourned. 92 Twenty-second United States Infantry To the widow and orphan sincerest sympathy is ex- tended. Lieut. Flake was born October 31, 1875. Enlisted June 17, 1898, in the 3rd U. S. Volunteer Infantry, and served as first sergeant until May 2, 1899, when he was mustered out. During this time he served in Cuba from August 1898 until April 1899. Commissioned 2nd Lieutenant of Infantry on July 15, 1901, and assigned to 27th Infantry. Transferred to 22nd Infantry, December 2, 1901, and assigned to Com- pany A, in which organization he served until killed. As a mark of respect officers of the regiment will wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. By order of Colonel Wygant: (Sgd.) R. L. HAMILTON, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. Thus were the first shots in the campaign against the lake Moros fired. The battalion had seen many armed Moros but in the pursuance of a peaceful policy had refrained from shoot- ing; Orders required the arrest of the sultan, if possible, with- out the shedding of blood. The few men who had gained entrance to the cotta gallantly covered the Moros until the wounded officers were without. They then retired about twenty yards until under cover of the cotta walls, where they were reinforced, immediately charging and capturing the cotta. Escaping Moros were driven from cotta to cotta before they had time to form and make a stand. This method of attack was continued until there was danger of firing into the other command, which was slowly forcing its way through the swamps to the rear of the town. All firing then ceased and trumpets kept the commands informed of each other's whereabouts until a junction was effected. The battalion, assisted by the gunboats then drove the enemy several miles up the river, landed, moved down the river and destroyed the defenses of the town as far as possible. 93 History of the In this, as in all other engagements, the troops were greatly hampered by the proximity of friendly Moros. Ditseen, oppo- site Ramaien, flew many American flags. It also delivered many hostile shots but the troops were compelled to assume that these shots were fired by Ramaien natives fleeing across the river. Ditseen, displaying its many American flags, was spared although in its territory were seen many natives bearing rifles. As the battalion embarked, the rear guard was fired upon from lantacas and rifles in a cotta that had been spared in the advance. In this manner was American leniency appreciated by the Moro. The battalion returned to Marahui at 4:30 P. M. The Moro loss in the engagement was about twenty-five killed, and, although the direct object of the expedition, the arrest of the sultan, was not accomplished, this worthy afterward pre- sented himself at Marahui and made overtures for peace. On a subsequent expedition of the regiment through this territory, this same sultan gave ample proof of his desire for friendship. Shortly before midnight, February 27, 1904, Moros made an attack upon the companies at Pantar. Shots were fired into camp and one sentinel was cut with a kampilan. Several nights later a similar attempt, probably to steal rifles, was made at Marahui. March, 1904, the regiment carried off the honors in the de- partment athletic competition at Zamboanga. In addition, Private George W. Smith, Company K, won first place as the best all- around athlete. The regimental ball team was so successful in this meet that it was sent to Manila in June, where it defeated the winning nine of the Luzon competition. 94 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER XI The Taraca Expedition Major General Leonard Wood, commanding. Troops engaged: 2nd and 3rd battalions 22nd Infantry; four troops 14th Cavalry; four companies 17th Infantry; six companies 23rd Infantry; one platoon 17th Field Artillery. The object of this campaign was to subdue the Maciu Moros. Two columns participated in the movement. The plan was for the larger column, under General Wood, to march from Camp Vicars around the southeast corner of the lake and unite with the smaller column from Marahui at a point one mile south of the Taraca river, the larger column to force a landing that could be used as a supply point for the entire command. The third battalion of the regiment embarked at Marahui at two o'clock on the morning of April 2, and proceeded toward Taraca in double column of boats manned by soldiers. A heavy fog hung over the lake and the command was kept together only by constant calls from boat to boat. At half past six in the morning, after rowing four hours and a half, the boats stood off about five hundred yards from the mouth of the Taraca river. The fog had lifted and many excited natives were seen running toward the cottas. When within the cottas they at once opened fire on the passing boats accompanying the fire with jeers and insolent shouts. This continued for about half an hour, when the boats were out of range. The native guides in the boats seemed to have little knowl- edge of the shore line on the eastern coast. The lake apparently merged into a huge marsh, with tall swamp grass everywhere. Field glasses could discover no suitable point on solid ground for a landing and supply base. As the boats skirted the shore in 95 History of the search of the ordered haven, armed natives were seen stealthily following the boats' course. A mile south of the Taraca river the column rounded a point. A break of a hundred yards in the marsh grass disclosed a diminutive bay and behind it solid ground. Shutting off the bay from the lake was a line of bamboo poles surmounted by horizontal bamboo. Commanding the bay, fifty feet from the shore line, was a pretentious cotta. The column pulled its way toward the landing. Fifty yards from the water's edge Colonel Maus stopped the leading boats and explained, through his interpreter, to the Moros congregated at the entrance to the cotta that he wished to land and to camp there, promising the natives that they would not be molested if they remained friendly. To this the head man replied angrily and insolently, ordering the command away and saying that he would not permit the troops to land. In accordance with orders, Colonel Maus expostulated with the head Moro, but to no avail. The datto, for such he proved to be, said that he had many women there. He was answered that if he were friendly and allowed the command to land, neither his women nor any of his belongings should be molested. As the parley continued, the Moros became more insolent. It was evident that their reinforcements were coming in fast. Several times the interpreters gave warning that the Moros were getting ready to fire. Meanwhile the boats had been ranged on the arc of a circle broadside toward the cotta. Suddenly swamp and cotta blazed with fire. Bullets and slugs whistled through the air, struck boats and splashed into the water. Lantacas, service rifles, Mausers, Remingtons and flintlocks delivered an almost perfect volley. Company and boat commanders at once returned the shots; a Catling and a Vickers-Maxim, mounted in boats, an- swered without a second's delay. A strong converging fire was poured into the cotta and into beach grasses north and south where gun-flashes were seen. Two men were wounded in the early stage of the fight. After- ward American volleys prevented carefulness of aim on the part 96 Twenty-second United States Infantry of the Moros and, although boats were struck and many slugs from lantacas splashed into the water, there were no further cas- ualties. Realizing that they would be driven from their strong- hold the Moros made the cotta a pandemonium of frenzied yells. High above the sounds of musketry rose the shrill "cries of baffled Moslem rage. At the end of half an hour, the order was given to land and charge the cotta. Shots were still coming from the Moros but eager arms raced the boats into the little bay. As the keels grounded, men sprang into the water and silently, in good order, charged the cotta. But the disheartened Moros had fled. The battalion was in possession of its first captured cotta. At once it was seen that the fort from which had been de- livered the main defense, the one visible from the lake, was only one of twenty-four distinct cottas, all well built and admirably suited for defenses. The remainder, however, were not as well defended and the Moros were quickly driven from them out into the open, where severe losses were inflicted on them. The command buried sixty-five of the enemy's dead in the imme- diate vicinity of Pitud. Strict orders forbade an advance and, although native strongholds could be seen in all directions, the battalion was compelled to camp and await General Wood's column. As the command was not strong enough to guard the entire group of cottas, the first one captured was selected as commanding the landing and four companies occupied it. On the morning of April 3, the command was increased by the second battalion of the regiment and by two troops of the 14th Cavalry. Many alleged friendly natives presented them- selves. Some carried white flags. Other bore American flags of Chinese make, curious thirteen-starred affairs which the natives claimed had been given them by former commanders at Marahui. These Moros came from parts of the lake that previously and afterward were openly hostile, but in the face of a victorious force they were loud in their protestations of friendship. 97 History of the One battalion of the 22nd Infantry had planted the American flag on hitherto unconquered Taraca's soil and had sounded the death knell of Maciu's power. April 4, the larger column under General Wood completed its march around the southeastern part of the lake and went into camp on Taraca river. April 5, the two battalions of the regiment captured and destroyed without resistance, Lalabuan, an important group of twenty-two cottas. Moros were encountered in these cottas but the troops refrained from firing under orders in spite of what they had already experienced of Moro treachery. April 8, the battalions marched northward and encamped at Dalama. During the day two Filipinos who had been in Moro slavery came in under a flag of truce. The following day camp was made near the mouth of the Ramaien. These two marches were through swamps and unbridged streams. Camps were not reached until late in the afternoon. Many halts were necessary in order to investigate nearby cottas. On the morning of the 9th, a detachment was sent back to Patoan, a cotta reported by the liberated slaves as containing arms and hostile to the United States. The small detachment was fired upon when approach- ing the cotta although it had been unoccupied the previous day. The cotta was taken by assault at once, the occupants killed and a number of rifles and lantacas captured. At Delama, the sultan of Ramaien endeavored to propitiate the second advance of the Americans toward his territory by sending in a Moro purporting to be one of the men who had attacked the Pantar sentinel on the night of February 27, 1904. This peace offering was a crippled slave, of no value as Moro property. Before bringing him in his alleged captors had cut open one of his cheeks with a kris. Except at Patoan the marches of April 8 and 9, although through hostile territory, were entirely without opposition. The lesson at Pitud had been well taught. Deputations of flag- bearing Moros continually met the command, making loud protestations of their firm allegiance to the United States. One 98 Twenty-second United States Infantry procession was headed with a transport flag, obtained, un- doubtedly, by ways and means not to be inquired into. Colonel Maus, as commanding officer, was offered many presents of fruit, eggs and chickens. Mud was knee-deep, but the marches were triumphal processions, resplendent with flags and fanci- fully attired "friendlies". On April 10, the battalions returned to Camp Marahui. To the regiment had fallen the honor of being the first troops, American or Spanish, to penetrate Taraca's stronghold. Companies F and G had been ordered to Sapungan, near the mouth of the Taraca river, on April 5. On the 9th, while making a reconnaissance to the west of Pitud, these companies were fired upon from a cotta belonging to Datto Gadaquan. In the face of heavy fire, the companies charged the cotta and took it by assault. Corporal Samuel Treadway, Company G, one of those wounded in the assault, closed with the Moro who wounded him and killed the native with the latter's own weapon. April 12, the same companies while reconnoitering up the Taraca river, encountered a cotta containing a number of armed Moros. Before attacking, Captain Wheeler, commanding, ordered the women and children to a place of safety. The men of the cotta denied having guns, but professed their willingness to come out and to surrender. While giving up their kampilans and daggers, a number of them, without warn- ing, made a rush upon the troops and succeeded in stabbing Captain David P. Wheeler and Corporal Percy Heyvelt, Com- pany F. The troops at once opened fire upon the treacherous Moros, killing thirty of them. Headquarters announced the death of Captain Wheeler in the following general order: GENERAL ORDERS No. 5. HEADQUARTERS 22ND U. S. INFANTRY. Camp Marahui, Mindanao, P. I. April 14th, 1904. It is the painful duty of the Regimental Commander to announce the death of an officer, Captain David Porter 99 History of the Wheeler, 22nd Infantry, who succumbed this date to wounds inflicted by hostile Moros at Taraca River, on Lake Lanao, April 11, 1904. Captain Wheeler was born in Zanesville, Ohio, July 18, 1876. Appointed to the military academy, June 15, 1894. Graduated and commissioned a second lieutenant in the 23rd Infantry on April 23, 1898. Promoted first lieutenant and assigned to the 22nd Infantry, March 2, 1899. Pro- moted captain and assigned to the 26th Infantry, January 27, 1903. Transferred to the 22nd Infantry April 7, 1903. The regiment sustains a heavy loss by the death of this gallant officer, whose services have ever been characterized by loyalty, gallantry and efficiency of the highest order. He was much beloved by his comrades and his name will always be remembered with those heroic men of the regi- ment who have given their lives for their country. The flag will be placed at half mast until after the funeral and mourning will be worn for thirty days. By order of Lieutenant Colonel Maus: (Sgd.) J. L. DONOVAN, Captain 22nd Infantry, Acting Adjutant. From April 7, 1904, a detail of two companies of the regi- ment was kept constantly at the mouth of the Taraca river and the sub-post was named Camp Wheeler, in honor of Cap- tain Wheeler. Service at this post was most arduous. At first, nightly attempts were made by Moros to rush the camp and a barbed-wire fence lighted by a chain of lanterns and lamps, encircling the camp, were an absolute necessity. Small-calibre bullets failed to check the Moros when they rushed and at close quarters the razor-edged kampilans of the fanatics did deadly execution even after the wielders of the weapons were riddled with bullets. In several instances rushes could not be stopped until the Moros had reached trie barbed-wire fence. ICO Twenty-second United States Infantry The night attacks upon Camp Wheeler were largely due to the influence of one Omar, a priest, who claimed divine powers. Provided with charms made by Omar, a Moro was protected from American bullets. Three blades of grass specially pre- pared by Omar and laid on the path of an American sentinel would cause the instantaneous death of the sentinel. When the charms failed to work, Omar laid the blame on the Moro who had used them. His explanation was that the Moro who had used the charms must have been an American sympathizer. The whereabouts of the false prophet were shrouded in mystery, but as his influence extended to an alarming extent, it became necessary either to destroy him or to prove the falsity of his claims. Rumor finally located him in the foothills east of Delama, and accordingly, on June 15, 1904, forces from Camp Wheeler and from Camp Marahui, Companies E, F, G, 22nd Infantry, and the 44th company Philippine scouts, landed at Delama at daybreak and marched toward the supposed rendez- vous of the prophet's followers. Omar had previously boasted that if an expedition were sent against them, he would flash his spear and cause all Americans to fall dead. When the crest of the first foothill was reached the advance guard was fired upon. A moment later from a commanding ridge, five hundred yards distant, arose Mohammedan curses and shrieks of rage. A tall figure leapt from the grass and shook a spear threateningly at the little party. As the men brought up their rifles, the tall figure vanished. The command at once began a vigorous pursuit over the roughest of mountain trails. About two miles from the lake, Omar's rendezvous was dis- covered and destroyed. A few of his followers were killed. On the return to the boats either the prophet himself or an especially deluded follower pursued the command at a respectful distance, and from the concealment of the forest kept up a continuous fire on the troups. Frequent- volleys into the trees failed to stop the fire. The prophet's influence among the Moros had been destroyed. The expedition and the unceasing vigilance at Camp Wheeler caused the savages to quit their nightly rushes. 101 History of the However, there were still a great many hostile Moros in the Taraca region. To pacify them became the duty of the troops at Camp Wheeler. Friendly overtures were made. Natives were encouraged to return to their homes and to resume their agriculture. A few of them finally returned but minor sultans and dattos who had not felt American power, exerted bad influences. To allay hostility and to show the Moros that they would not be molested as long as they remained peaceful, the troops made practice marches all over the region. At many places the soldiers were invariably fired upon. Natives hid near the camp and reported any unusual preparations being made and when the troops went on the trail they found cunningly devised snares laid along the paths. Attempts were made to lure officers to their deaths. Rains made the eastern lake country one great swamp but still the command marched and worked for the establishment of peace and order. Frequently companies were sent from Marahui to cooperate with the Taraca companies. And slowly but surely American influences extended. Moro firearms were captured or surrendered. Moros returned to their homes once more and again worked in the rice fields. Meanwhile, at Marahui, the general condition was improving. The necessity of guarding the large post and the quantities of supplies prevented frequent expeditions, but once a week troops made practice marches in the neighborhood of the disaffected regions. On the night of July 10, 1904, a sentinel was cut down and his rifle stolen. The assailants were traced to Marantao. The sultan of that place refused to surrender either the stolen rifle or the Moro who had made the attack. Before daylight on the morning of August 1, 1904, the Marantao district, extending three miles along the western shore of the lake, was surrounded. At daybreak the troops were fired upon. They immediately attacked the numerous cottas, destroying the houses and inflicting severe losses on the enemy. Of the many expeditions sent out from Camp Wheeler, that against Malug is typical of the service required in operating 102 Twenty-second United States Infantry against the Moro. After the general campaign against Taraca, April 2 to 10, 1904, the greater part of the Maciu tribe dis- appeared. No great casualties had been inflicted upon them, yet thousands of them were afterward missing. It was not believed that so many Moros could live permanently in the mountains and search and inquiry failed to reveal them along the shore of the lake. While exploring a trail through a canon on August 12, 1904, detachments from Companies I and K encountered a strong cotta that completely controlled the trail. It was of formidable proportions with walls twenty feet high and a surrounding ditch, twenty feet in depth, filled with running water. The trail leading to the entrance was an incline four feet wide. At the head of this was, apparently, a great bamboo gate. At one side of the gate was an entrance that admitted only one man at a time. When the troops came in sight of the cotta, angry Moros on the walls ordered them away. As the troops did not obey, the Moros opened fire with rifles and lantacas. As only an overwhelmingly superior force could hope to take this cotta by direct assault, the small detachment endeavored to keep down the fire from the walls while several men, ascending the incline, tried to burn the large gate. Approach toward the gate showed, however, that behind the gate was a great heap of boulders. The gate was controlled by a bamboo lever that, when sprung, would drop the gate outward and hurl several tons of rocks down the incline. Through slits in the woven bamboo, Moros were seen trying to spring the lever. These Moros were shot down at once. Several men then started to climb over the gate while their comrades protected them by a covering fire from outside. Just as the men reached the inside of the cotta one of them was shot and speared by concealed Moros. Realizing that the cotta could not be taken by a small force without great loss, the detachment withdrew. The following morning, reinforced by Companies L, M and F, from Marahui, the troops again attacked the stronghold and captured it without loss. The large gate was sprung and 103 History of the the cotta was examined. It was found to be admirably con- structed. Well-arranged bomb-proofs had been constructed to protect the defenders from any possible artillery fire. Beyond question it was the strongest cotta that had been captured in the Lanao district. The position and size of this fortification was evidence of something beyond which the Moros were anxious to conceal from American eyes. Detachments were promptly sent up the trail. At the crest of the first foothills the mystery was explained. The whereabouts of the Macius had been revealed. Cottas, cultivated fields and thousands of Moros burst upon the sight of the troops. From this unknown rendezvous, war was to be continued indefinitely. The day following the dis- covery of the missing Moros, however, representative Moros appeared at Camp Wheeler and made a proposal to surrender all firearms. August 29, the regiment lost another officer, Lieutenant Fitzgerald S. Turton, whose death was announced in general orders as follows: GENERAL ORDERS No. 15. HEADQUARTERS 22ND U. S. INFANTRY Camp Marahui, Mind., P. L, August 31st, 1904. It becomes again, after a very brief interval, the painful duty of the Regimental Commander to announce the death of an officer of the regiment: 2nd Lieut. Fitzgerald S. Turton, who died at this post on the 29th instant. Lieut. Turton had been with the regiment only a few months but during that time he had firmly established himself in the confidence, respect and esteem of all who knew him. His conduct while a member of this regiment was characterized by strict attention to duty and courage, gallantry and coolness in action. Lieut. Turton was born in New Zealand, on July 15, 1874. He entered the U. S. Army on April 18, 1900, and 104 Twenty-second United States Infantry served as private, sergeant, first sergeant and battalion sergeant major, 16th Infantry, until October 9, 1903, when he was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 22nd Infantry. The officers of the regiment will wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. By Order of Lieut. Col. Robinson: (Sgd) R. L. HAMILTON, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. The middle of August a detachment of ninety men, Captain O. R. Wolfe, commanding, was sent to the Cottabato district to operate against Datto Ali. Nine men were selected from each of the ten companies at Marahui. Only the strongest and most active men were selected and the work they were called upon to do taxed their endurance to the utmost. They worked unceasingly in mud and water, at times on short rations. The Sultan of Oato was numbered among the Moros pro- fessing allegiance to the United States. Accompanied by a retinue of followers and slaves he made frequent visits of ceremony to Marahui. Consequently in the latter part of Sep- tember when this Sultan greeted the gunboat Flake with rifle and cannon fire the military authorities were greatly surprised. An expedition was immediately sent against this false friend, and American troops started for the sultan's territory containing three stone cottas, two of them on commanding hills. The sur- rounding country was rough and in many places impassable. On the morning of October 24, 1904, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry, embarked at Marahui and proceeded toward Oato. Troop F, 14th Cavalry, left Marahui at the same time, moving by trail, to cover Oato's territory on the north and west. A battalion of the 23rd Infantry and the 17th Field Battery had left Vicars a day earlier to cover the southern and western borders of the disaffected country. The battalion of the 22nd arrived at Oato at daylight. The Moros promptly opened fire with lantacas and rifles. Under 105 History of the cover of a return fire from the Flake, two companies were landed in row boats and after a hard climb drove the Moros from minor cottas on the first hills. At this stage of the operations, according to the general plan, the field battery was to have joined the action by shelling the main cottas, about 900 and 1,500 yards distant, but recon- naissance showed that the nature of the country would delay the arrival of the battery for some hours. The nearest fort flew many war flags. From its walls Moros brandished spears and krises and from its loopholes came desultory fire of small arms. The battalion's advance was neces- sarily slow. Underbrush, boulders and a maze of stone walls obstructed the approach to the cotta. Small parties of the enemy were driven from cover to cover until, at about noon, the first cotta was charged and captured. A number of lantacas and iron cannon were found, the largest cannon firing a six-inch solid shot. After a short rest, the advance was continued toward the second cotta. This also flew war flags and inside tom-toms were beating. Moros shouted taunts at the advancing Americans. It was impossible to approach this cotta except in column of files. Meanwhile the battery had reached the cotta previously captured and the battalion was recalled to permit the shelling of the stronghold. After the battery had fired for thirty minutes the advance was continued and the cotta was captured without resistance. Shrapnel and fragments of shell were found all over the cotta. Blood in many places showed that the missiles had found their mark. Lantacas and cannon in position loaded and aimed and many articles of personal property gave evidence of the haste with which the cotta had been abandoned. In this engage- ment the battalion suffered two casualties one officer and one enlisted man wounded. The Moro loss was about fifteen killed, and the number of wounded were unknown. The object of the expedition was attained. Through friendly Moros, it was learned that the Sultan of Oato declared he would not again oppose American sovereignty. 106 Twenty-second United States Infantry On November 24, 1904, Camp Wheeler, on the Taraca River, was abandoned. Prior to the departure, however, there came to the camp many of the Lanao chiefs to declare their friendship; the Sultan of Bayabas himself brought three other Sultans to surrender with all their firearms and personal possessions. The occupation ended, the result was clearly apparent. An extensive, rich, and fertile river valley had been opened to the tide of progress and civilization, while among the natives them- selves the teachings of sound American principles of justice and freedom for all had taken a firm root. On December 27, 1904, request was made by Daniel B. Devore, Civil Governor of the district, for an expedition to put an end to an impending fight between the Sultans of Maciu and Oato, the former having stolen three of the latter's wives. As a result of this request a force of twenty men of the Twenty- second Infantry, under Captain J. L. Donovan, was despatched to the scene of trouble on the gunboat Flake. Nothing ever came of the expedition, however, there was no action, and the two Sultans apparently settled their difficulties without any extensive resort to arms. On January 16, 1905, the name of the regiment's station was changed from Camp Marahui to Camp Keithley. The following month of February passed quietly for the regiment; nothing of note or interest occurred until March 7, when Private James Morrison, of Company H, a sentinel on post, was stabbed to death by Moros. As a result of this, Gov- ernor Devore, with Lieutenant Harry Graham and a detachment of forty men, proceeded to Romein, and thence on the following day to Oato with 2nd Lieutenant Venable and twenty men. An expedition to apprehend the murderers of Morrison was organ- ized under Major Abner Pickering, 22nd Infantry, the force consisting of Companies E, H, I, and L, 22nd Infantry, and one section of the 26th Battery of Field Artillery. On March 15 this expedition embarked on the gunboats Flake and Almonte, proceeding to a point near the mouth of the Taraca River, where a landing was effected. Thence the troops marched to the 107 History of the Ragayan territory, where, in the course of a brief skirmish, Pri- vate Patrick Burke, Company L, was killed. Four days later, March 19, a second expedition to the Rag- ayan country, consisting of Companies A, B, C, D, F, G, K, and M, was placed under the command of Major J. J. Crittenden. The results of the two expeditions were insignificant, no trace of the murderers was found, and the people of Ragayan were simply driven back into the hills. The first part of April again found the regiment quiet, its only activity being the Department Athletic Meet at Jolo, which the Twenty-second won handily. 108 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER XII The Third Sulu Expedition April 21, 1905, pursuant to telegraphic instructions from De- partment Headquarters, a provisional battalion was organized for service on Jolo. The battalion was formed of Companies A, D, and E, totalling 160 men, 1st Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Orville G. Brown, one sergeant and five privates of the Hospital Corps. At the same time a provisional company was sent to Jolo from Cudurangan. The Provisional Battalion, 22nd Infantry, under Major Abner Pickering, left Camp Keithley at 5:40 P. M. April 21, concentrated at Camp Overtoil April 22, and left the latter station the same day on the steamer Romulus, accompanied by two troops of the 14th Cavalry under Major F. H. Hardie. This was officially known as the Third Sulu Ex- pedition. Two days later the command disembarked at Jolo, and, marching to Asturias Barracks, went into camp. On the 26th the Provisional Company from Cudurangan arrived on the steamer Sabah and joined the expedition. The operations which followed were of considerable importance, and for that reason the names of the officers accompanying the expedition are here listed in full: Major Abner Pickering, Commanding. 1st Lieut, and Battalion Adjutant Henry L. Harris, Jr. Adjutant. 2nd Lieutenant and Battalion Q. M. and Commissary E. L. Ball, Q. M. 1st Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Orville G. Brown, Surgeon. Company A ; 2nd Lieutenant R. V. Venable and 56 men. Company D ; Captain Orrin R. Wolfe, 2nd Lieutenant Charles B. Moore, and 61 men. 109 History of the Company E; Captain George N. Bomford, 2nd Lieutenant Morton Russell, and 55 men. Provisional Company; Captain Daniel G. Berry, 1st Lieu- tenant Sydney Smith, 2nd Lieutenant J. J. Burleigh, 2nd Lieutenant M. H. Thomlinson, and 97 men. The total strength of this force was 13 officers and 279 men. The Commanding General of the Philippine Department took personal command of the expedition, and divided it into four columns, the Provisional Battalion of the 22nd Infantry con- stituted the entire third column. Early on the morning of May 1, the command marched out toward Ipil, the first objective. At 8:30 A. M., in the Tambang Market, the troops were fired upon by hostile Moros, and Pri- vate Samuel Weaver, of the Provisional Company, was mortally wounded. This resistance was quickly overcome and the march resumed to Suliman, where camp was made for the night. The march was again taken up the next morning with the Provisional Battalion acting as rearguard. At 1 :00 P. M., firing being heard from the right and rear of the column, Major Pick- ering was sent back with Companies A and D, 22nd Infantry. Pickering found Scott's Cavalry engaged in a skirmish with the Moros, ordered the cavalry withdrawn, and sent Lieutenant Harris with Company D, to cover the withdrawal. The latter mis- sion was made particularly difficult by the naure of the terrain, which made intelligent reconnaissance practically impossible. In the meantime General Leonard Wood reached the scene with the Provisional Company of the 22nd Infantry and a field gun. Companies A and D of the 22nd, and Troop I, 14th Cavalry, were moved off to the right of the position in order to cut off a possible line of retreat for the enemy. The single field piece was brought into action without delay, but the thick- ness of the woods completely prevented any observation of the effect of its fire. At dusk, Companies A and D were recalled, and orders is- sued for Major Pickering to take the enemy's position by assault. The troops designated for the attack were Companies A and D, 110 Twenty-second United States Infantry 22nd Infantry, supported by Troop I, 14th Cavalry, with the Provisional Company, 22nd Infantry, in reserve. Lieutenants Venable and Thomlinson led Company A; Captain Wolfe and Lieutenant Moore, Company D; Captain Berry and Lieutenants Smith and Burleigh, the Provisional Company. A slow, but steady, advance through the thick underbrush was carried on until resistance was met in the form of a bamboo fence, which had been erected by the Moros as part of their defences. Com- pany A took up a position parallel to this fence and opened a heavy fire on the enemy's line, while Company D was placed in the firing line at right angles to Company A, this in order to outflank the enemy's left. About thirty minutes after the action commenced, the enemy's fire weakened perceptibly, and it be- came apparent that the time had arrived for an assault in force. Accordingly the provisional company was brought up and placed in line. As soon as the troops began moving forward the Moro defense broke, and the fight was brought to a decisive conclusion. The body of Utig, with those of fifty-three of his followers, was found in the underbrush near his foremost de- fensive position. The American loss in the action totaled two killed and thirteen wounded. On June 4, 1905, orders were issued heartily commending the services of the provisional battalion of the 22nd Infantry during the expedition. Lieutenant Harry L. Harris, Jr., the battalion adjutant, was mentioned for conspicuous gallantry in action, and Sergeant (First Class) James C. Gunn, Hospital Corps, received a recommendation for the Certificate of Merit. Following are the casualties suffered by the 22nd Infantry in the course of the expedition: Killed in Action: Private Eary E. Lanconcy, Company A. Corporal Daniel Newport, Company F. Died of Wounds: Private Elick Howell, Company B. Private Howard Glasgow, Company C. Private Samuel Weaver, Company G. Ill History of the Wounded : First Class Sergeant James C. Gunn, Hospital Corps. Private Nelson R. Hughes, Company A. Private William Ayer, Company A. Private Elmer E. Gore, Company A. Private George C. Buck, Company B. Private Joseph A. Adams, Company B. Private James W. Wild, Company C. Private James J. Stamates, Company D. Musician Jacob Orken, Company I. Corporal Luther Jessup, Company L. Corporal Frederick K. Paul, Company M. June 4, 1905, after burying the dead with appropriate honors, the command marched to Ipil, and the following day proceeded to Pala's territory. His cotta was captured and Companies A and B and the provisional company established in camp as a guard over the equipment and supplies. Company E was dis- patched as a guard over an intrenched crater. A great deal of hardship was encountered by the troops at this time on account of the difficulty in obtaining suitable drinking water. One hundred and fifty filled canteens were sent by the men left at Ipil to those in the forward positions. Of these, only seventy were recovered, and a terrible shortage of water for the former troops resulted, many of the men be- coming completely exhausted from the enforced lack of water. June 6, the march was resumed to Tubig Bilaam, and on the 9th to Kansukan, where Orangcay Hatai surrendered forty-two rifles and one hundred and eighty men. The rifles were taken over by Captain Berry with detachments of the pro- visional company, 22nd Infantry, and the provisional company, 17th Infantry. The return march to Jolo was made via Liet lake, where camp was made on the night of the 12th of June. The following night was spent at Suliman, and on June 14th, the command went into quarters at Asturias barracks. 112 Twenty-second United States Infantry Companies A and E embarked on the 20th, and sailed the next day for Malabang. Thence they marched to Vicars, and from there proceeded on the gunboats Flake and Almonte to Camp Keithley, arriving June 24. The provisional company, in the meantime, remained at Jolo. The day following the arrival of the column at Camp Keith- ley, Quartermaster Sergeant John C. De Ginther was killed in a personal quarrel with two Moros, both the Moros being wounded. This was the only item of interest occurring during the remainder of the month of June and in July. The pro- visional company was relieved from duty at Jolo July 5, pro- ceeded immediately to Camp Keithley and was disbanded on the 8th. September 1, 1905, forty native convicts, employed at hard labor on the Pouton-Marahui road, overpowered their guards and made their escape. Troops were ordered in pursuit of these men and two detachments of the 22nd Infantry were organized for this purpose. The first of these consisted of Captain Lawrence A. Curtis, Second Lieutenant Venable and twenty men from each of Companies A and F. The second was made up of Second Lieutenants Max B. Garber and B. B. McCroskey, and twenty men from each of Companies L and G. The search for the escaped convicts was carried on for three days, at the end of which time, no trace of them hav- ing been found, the troops were returned to their station. During the month of September, 1905, a great amount of triangulation and surveying was completed by a detachment of twelve men of the 22nd Infantry under First Lieutenant Solo- mon B. West. This had to be done under an almost incessant fire from parties of hostile Moros, and great credit is due Lieutenant West and his men for their successful efforts in this direction. On June 22, 1905, orders were received directing the relief of the 22nd Infantry by the 15th Infantry. Events of the near future, however, prevented the order from taking effect. 113 History of the The Datu All Expedition Just as the regiment had completed preparations for the return to the United States, and the officers and men were beginning to anticipate the joy of being once more in their native land, affairs took a sudden turn in the other direction, and the following order, quoted in full on account of its intense interest, again placed the regiment in line for further active service in the Philippines. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO, Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. L, October 5, 1905. Strictly Confidential. The Department commander is preparing an expedition to surprise and capture Datu Ali. In view of the excellent service and experience of the 22nd Infantry, he has selected it to furnish the major portion of the expedition, which will be commanded by Captain F. R. McCoy, A. D. C., he being the only officer in the department who has been over the route decided on. He directs that for this hard and important work, one first lieutenant, two second lieutenants and one hundred picked men be selected as were those forming the original provisional company, armed and equipped as at the end of their tour in the Rio Grande valley, and be prepared to board the Sabah on the morning of the 13th inst., at Camp Overton. The necessary medical attendance and supplies will be furnished, the supplies to be put in packages not exceeding forty pounds. One hundred rounds of extra rifle ammunition (1,903) per man, and forty rounds of pistol ammunition will be taken. Field and travel rations will be prepared for you at Camp Over- ton or Zamboanga. Squad boxes with extra clothing, etc., may be taken aboard ship to leave at base. Bring, if possible, one hundred picked cargadores ; if not, wire deficiency and it will be made up here. Tomas Torres, 114 Twenty-second United States Infantry civil interpreter, will accompany. The destination of these troops, further than Camp Overton, will not be made known to even the officers with them. Acknowledge receipt by wire. Very respectfully, DANIEL H. BRUSH, Lieut. Colonel, Inspector General, Acting Military Secretary. In accordance with this confidential memorandum, a pro- visional company of the 22nd Infantry was again organized on October 9, 1905. Following are the names of the officers as- signed to this company: First Lieutenant Solomon B. West, Commanding. Second Lieutenant Philip Remington. Second Lieutenant B. B. McCroskey. The provisional company left Camp Keithley at 4:30 P. M., October 11, 1905. At this time nothing definite was known of Datu All's whereabouts, though he was generally thought to be on his ranchiera on the Malola river. In order to avoid any possibility of encountering Ali's spies, the expedition proceeded to Digas, on the gulf of Davao, landing at Digos on October 16. At this point a detachment of ten Filipino scouts, under Lieutenant Henry Rogers, P. S., joined the Americans; and before proceeding further, all footsore and sick men were weeded out and left behind. On the morning of October 22 the advance guard of the column, under Lieutenant Remington, reached Datu Ali's ran- chiera. The main body, under Lieutenant McCoy, followed along closely, while flank patrols were sent out under West and Johnson. Perceiving Datu Ali on the porch of his house, with some ten or twelve of his followers, Lieutenant Remington with the advance guard of two squads, rushed forward, hoping to capture the unarmed party by a complete surprise. However, the move- ments of Remington's men were quickly discovered, and the 115 History of the enemy disappeared inside the house, Datu AH, himself, firing point blank at Lieutenant Remington as the latter reached the entrance. The shot missed Remington, but killed Private L. W. Bobbs, Company G, 22nd Infantry. At almost the same instant Lieutenant Remington returned the fire from his pistol, shooting the Datu through the body and bringing him to his knees. Struggling to his feet the Datu made a desperate effort to escape, but was shot dead by the men of the advance guard, two of whom were wounded in the course of the fight. Private Morton L. Bates, Company K, subsequently died of his wounds, and Private John J. Rorke, of Company G, was less seriously wounded. This second provisional company of the regiment acquitted itself as splendidly as had the first, accomplishing its mission in the quickest time and with the minimum loss of life, and unquestionably added another lustrous page to the regiment's history. Following the action recommendations were submitted for the award of a certificate of merit to Sergeant, First Class, J. C. Gunn, Hospital Corps ; Sergeant Louis A. Carr, Company K, Corporal Barry Smith, Company G, and Private William B. Hutchinson, Company K, all of the 22nd Infantry. November 3, 1905, the provisional company returned to Camp Keithley and was disbanded. At this point the active service of the 22nd Infantry in the Philippines came to an end ; the regiment engaged in no further field service, and spent the following month in making extensive repairs to some Spanish gunboats which had sunk, and in con- sequence had first to be raised. This in itself constituted an engineering project of considerable proportions. The 22nd Infantry left Manila for the United States via Nagasaki on December 15, 1905, and arrived at San Francisco, January 14, after an uneventful voyage on the transport Sherman. Upon arrival in the United States the regiment proceeded to stations as follows : Headquarters, band and the first battalion Fort McDowell, California. 116 Twenty-second United States Infantry Headquarters 2nd battalion; Companies E, F, G, H, I and L, Presidio of San Francisco. Headquarters 3rd battalion; Companies K and M, Depot of Recruits and Casuals, Angel Island, California. January 19, the 2nd battalion moved to Alcatraz Island for duty as guard at the military prison at that station. 117 History of the CHAPTER XIII The San Francisco Earthquake and Fire At 8:10 A. M., April 18, 1906, the first news of the terrible disaster at San Francisco was received by the regiment from the army transport Slocum, which brought orders to Colonel Reynolds in General Funston's handwriting, directing the former to report his command at the Ferry building in San Francisco at once. No information was given as to the equipment re- quired or the length of service to be expected. Exactly twenty minutes after the receipt of Funston's orders, regimental headquarters and the first battalion embarked on the Slocum, reaching the ferry at nine o'clock. Fire, debris and wreckage of various sorts prevented a landing being made at this point, however, and the troops finally got ashore at Powell street at 9:40 A. M. From this point Company D was sent to the Custom House, the remainder of the battalion to the Phelan building. Desperate, but unsuccessful efforts were made by the regiment to save the San Francisco Call, Examiner, Phelan and James Flood buildings. In the meantime a base of operations was established by the regiment at Portsmouth Square and Kearney street. Twenty corpses were discovered and held all night for the deputy coroner. April 19, this base was moved to Washington square, in the Ttalian settlement. This movement caused some concern, owing to the shortage of water, but the command managed to keep at work in spite of this hardship. On the same day headquarters of the third battalion and Companies K and M, from the discharge camp, and Companies E and G, from Alcatraz, reached the terror-stricken city. April 20, the greater part of the regiment was employed in a tremendous effort to save the San Francisco wharves from destruction ; most of them were saved as a result of the regiment's work. The fire, however, eventually forced the troops to abandon these wharves and to board the steamer Monarch, moored along- 118 Twenty-second United States Infantry side. The men were landed from the Monarch at Fort Mason, from which point the fire along the wharves was attacked from the rear. By the night of April 20, this section was practically under control and the fire almost completely extinguished. At the same time Companies K and D succeeded, aided by the city fire department, in saving the Custom House. Prac- tically the entire command had been on continuous duty of the most arduous nature for sixty hours, without sleep and with little food ; the conduct of the troops was in all cases above praise. The following account of the efficiency and heroism of some of the individual members of the regiment is but an example of the many instances of like nature that helped so much to relieve the stricken city in its hour of greatest need: Privates Harvey Johnson, Frank R. McGurtz and William Ziegler, all of Company E, 22nd Infantry, became separated from their organization by the flames in Powell street. These soldiers were missing for several days, and much concern was felt for their safety. However, they made their way back up the steep hill near that street and found themselves in the midst of hun- dreds of frantic Italians, helping themselves to everything in sight in the form of food or liquor. Johnson, McGurtz and Ziegler took charge of this mob, established complete control, organized a camp and placed all the liquor under guard. Fur- ther than this, they established a relief station and issued rations to the people. In all, these three men furnished food and shelter to three thousand persons. This act is referred to in the annual report of the Secretary of War for 1906. April 23, Company E successfully attacked another fire on the piers and saved the greater part of that section of the docks. In the meanwhile the second district was organized as follows : Companies D and K were posted on Van Ness avenue, be- tween Union and Filbert streets; Companies E and M at the corner of Van Ness avenue and Bay street; headquarters and staff of this battalion were returned to the discharge camp. April 23, Company G was shifted from Golden Gate park to the 119 History of the corner of Van Ness avenue and Bay street. April 27th, Com- pany E was shifted to the Spear street depot. From the 19th to the 28th, Companies I and L were detailed as guard at Sau- salite. April 30th, Company F and H relieved E and G. On May 1, the 22 Infantry band arrived in San Francisco, and thereafter gave daily concerts at the various relief stations which had been established by the regiment throughout the city. A few days later the second district was reorganized as the third district. May 20, this district was discontinued and regi- mental headquarters and the band returned to Fort McDowell. Companies I and L were transferred to the Presidio of San Francisco on June 4, and on June 15 Company C was relieved and returned to its proper station. Some detachments of the 22nd Infantry remained on duty in San Francisco until the middle of July, 1906. Summing up the services of the regiment during the trying period, it will be noted that parts of it were on duty in the fire- swept regions from April 18 to the middle of July, 1906. Dur- ing this period the 22nd Infantry had been instrumental in sav- ing government and private property aggregating millions of dollars in value, untold numbers of lives, and in upholding law and order and furnishing protection to the helpless citizens against the thieves and lawbreakers who inevitably run amuck on the heels of such a catastrophe. It is indeed a creditable chapter of the regiment's history. 120 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER XIV Service at Home; 1906-1908 The regiment's annual target practice for 1906 commenced May 19. This season marked the first with the new Springfield rifles, the U. S. magazine rifle, model 1903. Maneuvers at American Lake July 11, 1906, regimental headquarters, band, headquarters first battalion and Companies A, C and D, 22nd Infantry, left for McDowell, Cal., en route to the coming maneuvers at American Lake, Washington. This detachment stopped at Al- catraz, where they were joined by Company H of the regiment, while headquarters of the third battalion and Companies I and L proceeded to Oakland, California, from the Presidio of Cali- fornia. Companies K and M, coming from the depot of recruits and casuals, also proceeded to Oakland to entrain for American Lake. The two sections of the Southern Pacific train carrying the regiment arrived at Murray, Washington, the detraining point, on July 13, and the regiment immediately went into the com- fortable and well-located camp at American Lake. Following are the organizations which took part in the maneuvers: Third Infantry, Seventh Infantry, Fourteenth Infantry, Twentieth Infantry, Twenty-second Infantry, Regi- mental headquarters and one squadron Second Cavalry, regi- mental headquarters and six troops Fourteenth Cavalry; First, Ninth, Twenty- fourth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth batteries of Field Artillery; Companies C and D, first battalion of Engi- neers ; Company H, Signal Corps ; Company B, Hospital Corps, and several machine-gun units. The troops conducted a very successful and instructive series of maneuvers lasting until the middle of September, 1906. 121 History of the On the 15th of September the 22nd Infantry broke camp and the several organizations returned to their proper stations. The First Machine Gun Platoon In July, 1906, the War Department issued orders to organize the regimental machine-gun platoon. In the 22nd Infantry this unit was organized and commanded by First Lieutenant Henry A. Ripley, and consisted of one sergeant and two gun detach- ments, each gun detachment being composed of one corporal and nine privates. Company A provided one sergeant and six privates; Companies B and C each furnished one corporal and six privates. Establishment of the School of Musketry In March, 1907, the School of Musketry of the Pacific Division was organized and established at the Presidio of Monterey, California. Company C, 22nd Infantry, officered by Captain P. W. Davison, 1st Lieutenant K. W. Tevry and Second Lieutenant Dean Hal ford, and the regimental machine gun platoon under First Lieutenant H. A. Ripley, was detailed as a part of the school personnel. These troops left Fort McDowell on March 22, 1907. Captain F. C. Stritzinger, Jr., 22nd Infantry, was appointed an assistant instructor at the school. Second Lieutenants E. E. McCammon and C. B. Moore, and one enlisted man from each company of the 22nd Infantry were detailed to take the first course in the school of musketry. Following the departure of Company C from Fort McDowell, Company K was transferred to their barracks. At the same time Companies I and L were moved from the Presidio of San Francisco to the depot of recruits and casuals. Annual target practice for 1907 was conducted by the organizations of the regiment during May, June and July. June 12, Field and Staff, 2nd battalion, and Companies F and H moved from Alcatraz Island to the Presidio of Monterey ; June 24, Companies E and G, having completed their target 122 Twenty-second United States Infantry practice, moved from the rifle range to the Presidio of Mon- terey. Strike Duty at Goldfield, Nevada December 4, 1907 the regimental commander was directed to place two companies in readiness to move to Goldfield, Nevada, for strike duty. This was due to an impending strike among the members of the local union of the Western Federation of Miners. Companies B and K were selected by the colonel for this duty, but on the following day the entire regiment, less the band and Company C, received orders to proceed immediately to Goldfield. The regiment left Fort McDowell at 8 A. M., December 6, 1907, on the army transport Slocum for Oakland, California, the point at which the command was directed to entrain. The following officers accompanied the first section of the regiment on this service: Colonel Alfred Reynolds, commanding; Majors Daniel A. Frederick and Jacob F. Kreps; Captain L. T. Richardson, adjutant; Captain Orrin R. Wolfe, quartermaster; First Lieu- tenant H. A. Ripley, adjutant, 1st battalion. Company B: Captain George E. Stewart, Second Lieutenant Edward A. Pearce. Company D : First Lieutenant Robert Whitfield. Com- pany I : Captain William H. Wassell. Company K : First Lieutenant John H. Baker, Second Lieutenant R. V. Venable (attached). Company M: First Lieutenant David A. Henkes. Company A remained at Fort McDowell to garrison the post and carry on the routine of guard duty, etc., while Company L remained at the depot of recruits and casuals. Upon arrival of the first section at Goldfield the town and its inhabitants were found in a quiet and peaceful condition. Camp was immediately established near the freight depot of the Tonopah and Goldfield railroad. These were the first United States troops ever seen in Goldfield, Nevada. The second section, arriving shortly after the first, went into camp on the opposite side of town. The following officers of the regiment accompanied this section: 123 History of the Company E: Second Lieutenant Edward E. McCammon (attached). Company F: Captain Lawrence A. Curtis. Company G: First Lieutenant Harry Graham, Second Lieu- tenant M. H. Thomlinson. Company H: First Lieutenant James R. Goodale, Second Lieutenant John T. Burleigh. Captain Curtis was in command of this detachment and First Lieutenant Solomon B. West was adjutant. General Funston, commanding the Department of California, complimented the regiment on the movement to Goldfield in the following letter to Colonel Reynolds: HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF CALIFORNIA, San Francisco, California, DECEMBER 26rH, 1907. COLONEL ALFRED REYNOLDS, 22nd Infantry, Fort McDowell, California. SIR: The department commander desires to express his ap- preciation of the promptness with which you, on the 6th instant, after receipt of telegraphic orders, prepared your command and embarked on vessel en route to train for Goldfield, Nevada. Very respectfully, J. W. DUNCAN, Colonel, General Staff, Chief of Staff. The quiet and passive attitude of the Goldfield miners in- dicated that there was no necessity for troops to remain on duty in the town. Accordingly, orders were issued directing the units of the regiment to return to their respective stations on Decem- ber 30. Two days prior to that set for departure, however, this order was revoked. The remainder of the service at Goldfield 124 Twenty-second United States Infantry was uneventful, the troops suffering somewhat from the intense cold that prevailed during December and January. January 3, 1908, Companies H and I were filled to maximum strength by transfers from the other organizations of the regi- ment and left on duty in Goldfield. The remainder of the regi- ment then returned to its proper stations. January 14, Com- pany L moved from the discharge camp to the Presidio of Mon- terey, and on February 12, this Company was attached to the school of -musketry for duty. At the same time Captain Frank Halstead relieved Captain Joel R. Lee in command of Company L, the latter officer having been transferred to the 23rd Infantry. March 7, 1908, Companies H and I were relieved from duty at Goldfield and returned to their permanent stations, the former to the Presidio of Monterey, the latter to the discharge camp. On April 3, 1908, Captain William H. Wassell, 22nd Infantry, died at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, from exposure in the course of his service in the Goldfield mining region. The death of this gallant and noble officer was a terrible shock to the remainder of the regiment to which he had so endeared himself ; and it is fortunate that the 22nd Infantry will always possess a tangible memory of his services, for Captain Wassell prepared the his- tory of the regiment from 1898 to 1904, and the text of his work, with some minor changes, has again been used in the preparation of this book. 125 History of the CHAPTER XV Service in Alaska, 1908-1910 In the spring of 1908 orders were issued directing the relief of the 10th Infantry in Alaska by the Twenty-second Infantry. This relief was to take place on July 1. Accordingly, on May 3, Company A of the 22nd proceeded from Fort McDowell, Cal., to Fort William H. Seward, Alaska, to make preliminary ar- rangements for the relief. Before leaving for its new station the regiment went, on May 7, to take part in San Francisco in the parade in honor of the visit of the Atlantic fleet, which was then on its famous cruise around the world. Two days later a detachment, consisting of Companies B, I, K and M, under Major Daniel A. Frederick, proceeded to Oakland, California, for another parade in honor of the same event. Early in June, Lieutenants Ripley, Remington, McCammon, Moore and Adams were sent on to the stations in Alaska to com- plete preparations for the relief of the 10th Infantry and to take over the property at the various posts. The sailing date of the regiment was set for June 20, 1908. So on that day the 22nd Infantry left the United States on the army transport Crook, for a tour of service in the north. The Crook reached Skagway, Alaska, on June 26. Com- panies G and M immediately disembarked and prepared for their move to Fort Egbert, but there being no adequate trans- portation available, ttiey returned to Fort Seward the follow- ing day. June 28 and 29, regimental headquarters, the band, and Companies F, G and M, took station at Fort William H. Seward. The remaining units of the regiment proceeded to stations as follows : July 2, Companies K and L at Fort Liscum. July 10, Companies B and E at Fort St. Michael. July 12, Companies H and I at Fort Davis. 126 Twenty-second United States Infantry July 20, Companies C and D proceeded from Fort St. Michael to Fort Gibbon by traveling up the Yukon on the river boat. Companies G and M, in the meantime reached Fort Egbert on July 5, having left Seward four days previously and travelled by railroad to White Pass, thence by steamer down the Yukon to their destination. The companies were quickly settled in rheir new posts, and for the remainder of the year engaged in routine garrison life. January 1, 1909, the 22nd Infantry, still under the command of Colonel Alfred Reynolds, was stationed as follows: Regimental headquarters, band, machine gun platoon, Com- panies A and F, Fort Seward, Colonel Alfred Reynolds, com- manding. Companies G and H, Fort Egbert, Captain Henry A. Harrigan, commanding. Companies C and D, Fort Gibbon, Lieutenant-Colonel George F. Cooke, commanding. Headquar- ters second battalion, Companies B and E, Fort St. Michael, Captain Ferdinand W. Kobbe, commanding. Headquarters First Battalion, Companies H and I, Fort Davis, Major J. F. Kreps, commanding. Headquarters Third Battalion, Companies K and L, Fort Liscum, Captain Frank Halstead, commanding. No change of station took place during the year 1909. January 18, Captain F. G. Stritzinger, Jr., who had been on duty as an assistant instructor at the school of musketry, Presidio of Monterey, was relieved from that assignment and ordered to Fort Liscum, where he relieved Captain Halstead in command of the post and of the Third Battalion, 22nd Infantry. The year 1909 passed in much the same routine way as had the previous year, only one event of interest taking place to break the monotonous but pleasant service. A request was made by the United States Marshal at Juneau for a detachment of troops to assist him in the apprehension of an Indian accused of mur- der. The request having received the approval of the Secre- tary of War, a detachment of ten men, five from each of Com- panies A and F, under Captain P. W. Davison, regimental adjutant, left Fort Seward at 7 A. M V May 31, on the govern- ment harbor boat Peterson. This detachment joined the mar- 127 History of the shal at Juneau and accompanied him to Lake Inlet, Sumdrum, Windham Bay, Hobart Bay, Cleveland Passage, Port Hough- ton, Kake Village and back to Juneau. The suspected murderer was not apprehended and the troops returned to Fort Seward on June 5. In the course of this expedition the little detach- ment traveled 424 miles by water. During the year many men from the regiment were detailed to work with the Signal Corps on the maintenance and repair of the Alaskan telegraph lines. In this connection the following telegram, commending a soldier of the 22nd Infantry for his services, speaks for itself: FAIRBANKS, ALASKA, December 9th, 1909. Signal, Seattle. "Civilian Meyers reached Minto seventh frozen condi- tion critical. Given emergency treatment station men. Brought by Bert Anderson, Infantry, credit due Anderson intelligent compliance emergency treatment and hard travel- ling temperature forty five below. LEWIS." Only very limited training was possible, and during the open season most of the troops were kept occupied bringing up sup- plies to the Yukon posts and Fort Davis. The condition of the tundra during this season added to the difficulty of con- ducting any extensive military instruction. In spite of this con- dition, however, at the conclusion of the target season, the 22nd Infantry had attained first place in the department in individual merit firing, and second place in the general figure of merit. On February 26, of this year, Chaplain (Major) Edward H. Fitzgerald, retired from active service and left the regiment. Chaplain Fitzgerald had served continuously with the regiment since 1897, and had accompanied it through the Cuban cam- paign and all of its service in the Philippines. The beginning of the year 1910 found the regiment still under the command of Colonel Reynolds, and at the same sta- tions as the preceding year. Orders had been received in No- vember, 1909, that the regiment would return to the United 128 Twenty-second United States Infantry States in the summer of 1910. No date was set at that time. It was further announced that on being relieved the regiment would proceed to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, for station. The customary routine duties of the Alaskan posts occupied the troops until July, when the transfer took place. Owing to inclement weather during much of the summer, the annual target practice was only partially completed and was later con- tinued and completed in Texas. Prior to the departure of the regiment from Alaska, a comprehensive memorandum was pre- pared by the outgoing officers covering in detail all matters relating to the life of the Alaskan garrison. This was prepared primarily for the use of the officers of the incoming regiment and their families, and touched on the methods of obtaining supplies of food and clothing; shopping facilities, accommoda- tions, amusements, towns in the vicinity of the various posts, climate, sports, servants and transportation facilities. July 3, 1910, the army transport Buford arrived at Fort Wil- liam H. Seward with the Sixteenth Infantry, which was the relieving regiment. On the same day regimental headquarters, the band, machine gun platoon and Companies F, G, H and K of the 16th disembarked and relieved regimental headquarters, band, machine gun platoon and Companies A and F of the 22nd Infantry. The latter troops embarked immediately on the Buford. The transport .left Fort Seward at 6:30 P. M V July 5 and proceeded to Fort Liscum, where it arrived at 5 p. M., July 7. The following day Companies C and I, 16th Infantry, disembarked and carried out the relief of Companies K and L, 22nd Infantry, which embarked the same day. The Buford left Fort Liscum at 6 P. M., July 8, and arrived at Fort Davis, Nome, Alaska, at 9 A. M., July 15. The following day Com- panies B and E, 16th Infantry, disembarked and relieved Com- panies H and I, 22nd Infantry, the latter companies embarking on the Buford the same day. While at Nome the 22nd Infantry band gave two concerts in the town, affording a great deal of pleasure to the inhabitants. At 1 :30 P. M., July 17, the Buford left Nome for Fort St. Michael, arriving at that place at 3 A. M., 129 History of the July 18. Companies D and M, 16th Infantry, disembarked on the 18th, Companies A and L on the 19th, and Companies B, C, D, G, E and M of the 22nd embarked on the nights of the 18th and 19th. At 5 P. M V July 21, 1910, the Buford, carrying the entire 22nd Infantry, sailed for San Francisco. This home port was reached at 2 p. M., July 31, after a pleasant and uneventful voyage. The regiment disembarked at 1 P. M., August 1, and immediately entrained at Point Richmond, California, for the new station at Fort Sam Houston. The journey to San An- tonio, Texas, was made by the Santa Fe route, and was with- out event, aside from the natural effect on the personnel of the sudden change of temperature and climate. The entire regiment arrived at Fort Sam Houston on August 7, and was directed to prepare immediately for the maneuvers to be held at Leon Springs. The regiment marched to Leon Springs on August 9 and 10. This, the first long march under- taken by the troops since leaving Alaska, at a time of the year when the Texas heat was most intense, caused a considerable amount of suffering among the men. The maneuvers at Leon Springs lasted until August 30, and on the following day camp was broken and the regiment marched back to Fort Sam Hous- ton, arriving September 1. Companies H and I, under com- mand of Lieut-Colonel William C. Butler, remained at Leon Springs to complete target practice and returned to the post September 19. 130 Twenty-second United States Infantry CHAPTER XVI SERVICE ON THE MEXICAN BORDER The Maneuver Division March 13, 1911, orders were received directing the forma- tion of a complete Infantry Division and a Cavalry Brigade at San Antonio, Texas. These were designated, respectively, the Maneuver Division and the Independent Cavalry Brigade. Major General William H. Carter, U. S. A., was placed in com- mand of these units. The 22nd Infantry was assigned to the Second Brigade of the Maneuver Division. The formation of the division was completed between March 10 and 16, 1911, but the 22nd Infantry remained in garrison until April 11, absorbing a large contingent of recruits during February and March. On April 11, Regimental Headquarters less the band, and the First and Second Battalions, left their quarters at Fort Sam Houston and proceeded to camp at the division mobilization point. Here they were joined on April 14 by the Machine Gun Platoon of the regiment. April 25, the Second Brigade left camp for Leon Springs, arriving at noon the following day. The brigade remained at Leon Springs until the 29th, when it returned to the division camp at Fort Sam Houston. In the meantime the regiments were receiving recruits in such large numbers that the author- ized strength was exceeded, and the War Department finally issued instructions allowing an enlisted strength of one thou- sand men for each of the Infantry regiments of the Maneuver Division. At first this resulted in a shortage of the necessary equipment for the men, but sufficient supplies of all kinds were on hand in the division in the course of a few days. A review of the Maneuver Division was held in camp on April 1, and on the 16th the entire division paraded in the city of San Antonio. May 13 the division again marched to Leon Springs for maneu- vers, remaining there until May 21, when the troops returned to 131 History of the camp. June 2, the division again marched to Leon Springs to conduct further division maneuvers. The return march to Fort Sam Houston was made during the night of June 8-9, the divi- sion covering 26 miles during this time. The following day the 22nd Infantry went back to their permanent quarters at Fort Sam Houston. The regiment was relieved from duty with the Maneuver Division on July 22, and immediately ordered to Austin, Texas, to arrive at that place on August 6, to take part in the field training of the Texas National Guard. Other troops ordered to the same duty included one troop of the 3rd Cavalry and one battery of the 3rd Field Artillery. The regiment left San Antonio at 5:30 P. M. July 31, 1911, and was joined by the cavalry and field artillery troops the following day. The average daily march of the command from San Antonio to Austin was 16 miles, and the latter place was reached on August 6 according to schedule. The regular troops went into camp at Camp Mabry, where they remained until August 17. On that day the return march was commenced, and the column reached San Antonio on the 21st. During the year many men were lost to the regiment by discharge; between January 1 and March 31 fifty per cent, of the enlisted men were discharged, and of these, thirty per cent, re-enlisted in the regiment. November 10, 1911, Colonel Alfred Reynolds relinquished command of the regiment, and took advantage of a well-earned leave of absence lasting until March 1, 1912, when he was placed on the retired list of the Army. Colonel Reynolds joined the 22nd Infantry on April 10, 1906, at Fort McDowell, California, and remained in active command of the regiment until the date of his departure. Colonel D. A. Frederick was attached to the regiment on October 15, 1911, and assumed command on the departure of Colonel Reynolds. The former had previously served with the 22nd as a Major from January 26, 1906, to October 28, 1908. The year 1911 brought about many other changes among both the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the regiment. 132 Twenty-second United States Infantry The following year was taken up for the most part with more or less routine duty along the Rio Grande, and in recording the history of the various units of the regiment during this period only the changes of station and the basic duties are set down here. These facts are taken almost verbatim from the monthly returns of the 22nd Infantry for 1912. The month of January was spent in garrison at Fort Sam Houston. February 24, the entire regiment was ordered to El Paso, Texas, for guard duty along the Mexican border. The regi- mental transportation and animals left Fort Sam Houston on the morning of February 25 ; the first section of troops at 12 :05 P. M. the same day, the second section following three hours later. The regiment, as a unit, went into camp at Fort Bliss February 27; distance traveled from San Antonio, 630 miles. March 1, the First Battalion, 22nd Infantry, relieved the 18th Infantry along the Rio Grande; units of the regiment taking station as follows: Battalion Headquarters and Company B, Santa Fe Bridge; Company A, Stanton Street Bridge; Company D, near Washington Park; Company C, Smelter. Small detachments were sent also to Pecos River High Bridge ; Columbus, New Mexico ; Canutillo, New Mexico ; Pelea, New Mexico; Clint, Texas, and Fabens, Texas. The Second Battalion was assigned to duty at various points along the Rio Grande, with instructions to enforce the neutrality laws along the border. This battalion was relieved by the Third on April 2, and the Third Battalion, in turn, by the First on May 2. June 3, the Second Battalion, 22nd Infantry, less Company G, relieved the First Battalion, 18th Infantry, less Company A. Company G, 22nd Infantry, was sent to Yselta, Texas, to replace a troop of the 14th Cavalry. At the same time the Third Bat- talion, less Company K, relieved the First Battalion, less Com- 133 History of the pany D, the relief of the latter company -by the former taking place on June 16. June 28, Company K was replaced by a troop of the 3rd Cavalry, and another troop of the same regiment took the place of the 22nd Infantry detachment at Columbus, New Mexico, June 27. This detachment proceeded from Columbus, New Mexico, June 27. This detachment proceeded from Columbus to Huachita and Hernandez, New Mexico. In the meantime the First Battalion had been in camp at Fort Bliss, Texas, since June 3, where the troops engaged in the usual camp duties. July 2, the second battalion, 22nd Infantry, turned its sta- tions and duties over to three companies of the 18th Infantry and Company D, of the 22nd. On the same day the Third Bat- talion, less Company K, was replaced by the First Battalion. These two battalions again changed places on August 2, when, also, the Second Battalion, relieved a like unit of the 18th Infan- try. August 9, Company B was transferred by rail to Fort Hancock, Texas, in compliance with orders issued from the head- quarters of the patrol district of El Paso. September 2, the Second and Third Battalions were relieved from duty along the river and returned to camp at Fort Bliss, Companies A, C and D proceeding from Fort Bliss to posts on the Rio Grande. September 20-21, Company B, which had been on duty at Fort Hancock since August 9, marched back to Fort Bliss. Distance marched, 33 miles. No changes of station occurred during the following month of October, and all organizations of the regiment continued their guard and patrol duties along the border. Annual target practice was completed by the Second Battalion October 23, and the Third Battalion proceeded to the range two days later. November 2, the Second Battalion relieved a battalion of the 18th Infantry along the border ; battalion headquarters, with Companies E and F, took station at Washington Park; Com- pany C at Ysleta; Company H at the El Paso foundry. On the 16th, the Third Battalion, less Company K, replaced the First Battalion, less Companies A and B. Battalion head- 134 Twenty-second United States Infantry quarters and Company M were posted at the Santa Fe bridge; Company I at the cement works; Company L, at Harts Mills. The following day, Company G was relieved from its post at Ysleta by a troop of cavalry, and then in turn replaced Com- pany A at the Stanton Street bridge, the latter organization returning to Fort Bliss. The Third Battalion completed target practice November 14, and was immediately followed on the range by the First Battalion. No further changes of station or duties took place during 1912 or in the first month of 1913. On the evening of February 24, orders were received direct- ing the movement of the 22nd Infantry to Texas City. The regiment broke camp on the 25th and spent that day loading the heavy baggage on the train, this work being accomplished during a violent wind and rainstorm. The regiment reached Texas City on the 28th and went into temporary camp along the rail- road track. The distance traveled by rail in making this journey amounted to 870 miles. The months of March and April were taken up with field training and exercise at the Texas City maneuver camp. As a part of this duty the 22nd Infantry marched to Galveston, Texas, on May 12, pitched shelter tents and remained until the 19th, when they returned to Texas City by marching; the distance marched was 35 miles. Field training continued during the rest of the month. June 24, the regiment marched to Dickinson, Texas, pitched shelter tents, remained in camp two days, and returned to Texas City on the 26th, working out a maneuver problem on the march. The distance marched was 24 miles. August 11, the 22nd marched to Galveston, Texas, and went into camp a short distance north of the Crockett reservation. During the remaining four months of 1913 the regiment remained at Texas City, where it was occupied with the routine duties of the camp. Field exercises and maneuvers continued during the early part of 1914; in January the entire regiment took part in a 135 History of the thorough course of field firing. In March two divisional maneu- vers took place, the 22nd Infantry participating in both. April 16, 1914, the regiment, as a unit of the Second Division, started on a march to Houston, Texas, for the purpose of taking part in a parade in that city on San Jacinto day, April 21. They reached Houston on the 19th, but at 3 :25 A. M., April 20, the regiment was ordered to march at once to Texas City. The 22nd Infantry, as part of the Sixth Brigade, left Houston at eight o'clock on the morning of the 20th, and reached Texas City on the 22nd. At Texas City the regiment again went into camp, and took up its former duties. April 18, Company C, under Captain John B. Sanford, pro- ceeded on the harbor boat Poe, to Galveston, to engage in a military exhibition at that place. The long period of division, brigade and regimental maneu- vers was broken in October, 1914, when the entire regiment was granted a month of comparative rest. Many leaves of absence were granted to the officers and most of the enlisted men took advantage of passes. A number of hunting and fishing parties were organized, and other forms of recreation and diversion furnished the officers and men of the regiment with a well-earned holiday. At 8 P. M., December 15, 1914, orders were received over the telephone from Division headquarters, directing the regi- ment to prepare immediately for service at Naco, Arizona. In the vicinity of this town two opposing factions of Mexicans had intrenched themselves, and in the course of their operations some stray shots had fallen in American territory, killing and wounding a number of persons. The United States government issued a protest and demanded that the fighting in the vicinity of the international boundary cease at once. The demand was to be backed up by the force of troops already at Naco, aug- mented by the Sixth Brigade. The 22nd Infantry was scheduled to start for Naco on December 16, but lack of railroad transportation delayed the start until 7 A. M. the next day. The last section of the train carrying the regiment reached Naco at 10 A. M., December 20. 136 Twenty-second United States Infantry Shelter tents were pitched north of the town without delay, but these formed inadequate protection against the continuous wind and rain storms which beset the camp for the following week. Large pyramidal tents were received and erected by the men on the 24th, bringing much joy and relief to the command. The Third Battalion, under Major W. T. Wilder, was at once designated for outpost duty. The territory in which the battalion undertook this duty was known as the Naco sector of the line of outposts. On January 17, 1915, the Mexicans with- drew from their positions near the border, and the outpost was relieved on the 20th. In January, the 22nd Infantry received orders to change its station to Douglas, Arizona, the move to commence on the 25th, and one battalion to move at a time. For this purpose the regiment was divided into provisional battalions, the first con- sisting of Companies C, D, G and K ; the second of Companies B, E, F and H; the Third of headquarters, band, and Com- panies A, I, L, M, and the machine gun company. Each bat- talion was to use the same transportation, and two days was the time allotted for each battalion to make the march one day for the transportation to return from Douglas to Naco. The first two battalions completed the change as scheduled, but the last battalion was delayed by a heavy rain and snow storm. In making this march, a distance of 28 miles, each of the bat- talions left Naco at 8:30 A. M., camped at Forrest, Arizona, the first night, and reached Douglas about noon on the second day. Practically the entire month of February was consumed by the regiment preparing the camp site and putting the ground in such condition as would make it as comfortable as possible. During March, the regiment engaged almost continuously in company, battalion and regimental exercises, and in one brigade maneuver. Additional roads and walks were built in camp, and many other improvements made. During this month Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Noble was relieved from command of the regiment by Colonel Charles M. Truitt. 137 History of the Routine training was continued in April, the time being especially devoted to company practice marches, which included instruction in individual cooking. In accordance with instructions from headquarters, Sixth Brigade, the regiment made a practice march to Slaughter's ranch on May 5, pitched shelter tent camp and returned to Douglas the following day. The distance marched was 34 miles. At the end of May, each company of the regiment was tested to determine its proficiency in field training. In June, tests were likewise held of each battalion. The usual schedule of training and instruction occupied the regiment during July, including gallery practice, in which all the companies engaged. Following this practice the regiment engaged in its annual known-distance firing during August, this month having been previously designated by brigade head- quarters. In September, in addition to company and regimental exer- cises, which took place two days each per week, one day each week was devoted to a brigade maneuver. On the 28th, field and combat firing on the Class B range commenced, and lasted well into the following month. At 5:30 A. M., November 1, under Major John Howard, the entire regiment occupied trenches along the Mexican border in a sector about a mile and a half east of the camp at Douglas. At 3:35 P. M., the same day, the brigade commander ordered the regiment withdrawn and placed in reserve. The withdrawal took place at 4 :00 P. M. On the 4th, one battalion was placed in a line extending from Avenue F, inclusive, to Gibb's ranch, exclusive, both in the town of Douglas. Between these two points a line of cossack posts was established along the inter- national boundary. The other two battalions, constituting the reserve, remained in camp. The purpose of this move was to enforce neutrality along the border during Villa's attack on Agua Prieta, Mexico, November 1-3, 1915. 138 Twenty-second United States Infantry The last month of 1915 again found the regiment at Douglas, Arizona, under the command of Major Palmer E. Pierce, per- forming the usual camp duties. January 28, 1916, the 22nd Infantry was inspected by the assistant to the Department Inspector. Major Frank D. Web- ster relieved Major Pierce in command of the regiment during the month; otherwise no important changes occurred. April 19, 1916, Companies E and F proceeded by marching to Warren, Arizona, for temporary station. The total distance marched was 25 miles. These two companies rejoined the regi- ment at Douglas on June 3. On the 26th, however, at 9:30 p. M V the entire regiment left Camp Harry J. Jones, marched one mile to the town of Douglas and there entrained, at 11 :25 p. M V for Bisbee, Arizona. From Bisbee, the regiment marched 26 miles to Warren, Arizona, arriving there at 3 p. M., June 27, 1916. Outpost and guard duties continued at Warren until Sep- tember 24, 1916, when the regiment left that station and pro- ceeded by motor transportation back to Camp Harry J. Jones, at Douglas, arriving at 10:15 A. M. that day. In the mean- time, Colonel John C. F. Tillson assumed command of the regi- ment on September 2, 1916. At the end of September, orders were issued directing the formation of a provisional regiment at war strength; the regi- ment to proceed by marching to Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The 22nd Infantry furnished 10 officers and 497 enlisted men for the regiment. The latter command left Douglas October 19, 1916, and returned ten days later, after marching a total of 129 miles. During the latter part of October, Company E, 22nd Infantry, Captain J. H. Van Horn, proceeded to Warren, Arizona, under instructions from headquarters, Arizona dis- trict, and there demolished the camp which had been used by the District of Columbia National Guard, and also by the 22nd Infantry from August 14 to September 23, 1916. The remain- der of the year 1916 was spent at Camp Harry J. Jones, and was without incident. 139 History of the The annual inspection of the regiment for 1917 took place between February 20 and 24 of that year; the inspection was made by Lieutenant-Colonel E. A. Helswick, Inspector Gen- eral's department. Transfer of the Regiment from Douglas, Arizona, to New York March 22, 1917, the personnel of the 22nd Infantry re- ceived the very welcome news that they were to leave their sta- tion at Douglas, Arizona, and proceed to New York City for station. The 22nd was selected for this move on account of its long and arduous tours of field and foreign service ; particu- larly on account of the long tours in the Philippine Islands, where the regiment had undertaken such grilling campaigns against the Moros. The regiment left Douglas at 5 :10 P. M., March 25, 1917, on their journey of 2,750 miles to New York. Headquarters and the First Battalion arrived at Fort Jay, N. Y., on April 1 ; the Second Battalion at Fort Totten, New York, the same day, and the Third Battalion proceeded to Fort Hamilton, N. Y., also on the first. The two latter stations are permanent posts of the Coast Artillery, with comfortable barracks and quarters ; and the troops lost no time in making themselves comfortable in sur- roundings which seemed luxurious after their long service under canvas at Camp Harry J. Jones. Fort Jay, on Governors Island, N. Y., ordinarily an infantry post, had been garrisoned only by a handful of men since the troops first went to the border in large numbers, coincidentally with the temporary evacuation of most of the other posts of like nature throughout the country. The Fort is ideally located within seven minutes of the city of New York, and is in every sense a very desirable station. 140 Twenty-second United States Infantry , CHAPTER XVII THE WORLD WAR The First Overt Act The United States declared war with Germany on April 6, 1917. The details of the declaration, the causes thereof and the national and political significance of the severance of friendly relations between the two nations are beyond the scope of this book, and consequently are not dealt with. Only those phases and events of the war which concern the 22nd Infantry as a whole, or any unit thereof, are set down, for it is with the history of the 22nd Infantry only that we are concerned. Immediately following the declaration of war, on April 6, the First Battalion, 22nd Infantry, proceeded from Fort Jay to Hoboken, New Jersey, where they transferred the crews of the German ships lying alongside the great North German Lloyd and Hamburg-American line piers, from their ships to Ellis Island, New York harbor, where they were interned. This action was, beyond all doubt, the first act of war committed by the armed forces of the United States against Germany. The transfer of the German sailors was effected in a quiet and orderly manner, and without resort to force of any sort. On the com- pletion of this duty the First Battalion returned to Fort Jay. The Third Battalion of the regiment acted as guard at Ellis Island from April 12 to April 20. It was not long before the Government realized that not only was the property and shipping of the great German lines in Hoboken of such enormous value that it must be protected and guarded, but also that the piers and deep-water slips afforded facilities for the handling of overseas shipments of either men or supplies, which were unequalled at any other port in the country. As a result of this viewpoint, the Second Battalion, 22nd Infantry, was ordered from its station at Fort Totten, New 141 History of the York, to the piers in Hoboken, on April 18, 1917, the order being received while the battalion was on a practice march about one mile from the post at 10:30 A. M. The command was marched back to Fort Totten at double time, packed up its full field equipment, and left for Hoboken by boat at 3:30 on the afternoon of the same day. The battalion reached Hoboken at about 8 P. M., April 18, and immediately went into quarters on the piers, Companies E and F taking over the Hamburg-Amer- ican line section, while Companies G and H were quartered on the North German Lloyd side. The officers of the Second Bat- talion at this time were as follows: Captain George N. Bomford, commanding the battalion and Company H. 1st Lieutenant J. B. Bennett, Jr., commanding Company G, and acting battalion adjutant. Captain J. H. Van Horn and Second Lieutenant D. S. Apple- ton, Company E. Second Lieutenant J. V. Ware, Company F. Second Lieutenant F. M. Van Natter, Company G. Second Lieutenant J. A. Anderson, Company H. Within the course of two or three days a thorough system was devised for the proper guarding of the piers and ships, and the battalion entered upon a tour of guard duty that lasted for many months. June 22, 1917, Companies A, B, F, G, K and L left their respective stations at Fort Jay and Fort Hamilton and pro- ceeded by rail to the New Jersey State Rifle Range at Sea Girt, New Jersey, where annual target practice was held. Throughout this practice the troops lived under canvas at Camp Edge, named for the governor of the state. The above organizations returned to their proper stations July 14, and on the following day Companies C, D, E, H, I, M, machine gun company and supply company left for Camp Edge to fire the prescribed annual course. The latter units left Sea Girt and returned to their proper stations on July 25. August 3, 1917, the 22nd Infantry was called upon to furnish three officers and 400 enlisted men for immediate duty overseas. 142 Twenty-second United States Infantry At a conference of the field officers and company commanders held at regimental headquarters on that day, the enlisted per- sonnel for this detail were selected, each on account of some specific qualification, such as motorcyclists, automobile and truck drivers, horsemen, horseshoers, wagoners, mechanics and telegra- phers. This detachment was transferred to headquarters troop, headquarters train and military police of what was then termed the First Expeditionary division and later became famous as the First Division, American Expeditionary Forces. The officers selected were as follows : Captain George F. Rozelle, Jr., to command the headquarters troop; First Lieutenant P. K. Kelly, to command the first com- pany; Second Lieutenant Charles W. Yuill, to command the second company. It is unfortunate that it is not within the province of this book to follow the subsequent careers of these men in France, but theirs is the history of the First Division rather than the 22nd Infantry. Suffice it to , say, that the officers and men ultimately became distributed among nearly all the organizations of the First Division, and throughout their service conducted themselves in a manner of which their old regiment may well be proud. Captain Rozelle was awarded the Distinguished Serv- ice Cross, and Captain Yuill was cited in orders for gallantry on five separate occasions. Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or Patrick Regan, who had been transferred from duty as first sergeant of Company H, 22nd Infantry, was the recipient of the Con- gressional Medal of Honor. Many of these men never again returned to the United States, but of those who did, a large percentage re-enlisted in the 22nd Infantry and are still serving therein. In September, 1917, the regimental supply company was at- tached to the 42nd National Guard division, then being mobil- ized at Camp Mills, Garden City, Long Island; and a detach- ment of three officers and sixty-one enlisted men was detailed to perform guard duty at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, from September 1 to September 21. During the same month, Colonel Tillson was placed on temporary detached service as in com- 143 History of the mand of the Port of Embarkation, in Hoboken, and Major Rus- sell V. Venable assumed command of the regiment. Colonel Tillson and Captain Rush B. Lincoln, regimental adjutant, re- turned to duty with the regiment the following month. October 23, 1917, after six months of continuous guard duty on the Hoboken piers, Companies E, F and H were re- lieved from that duty and transferred to Fort Hamilton, New York, for station. Company G remained temporarily at Hobo- ken in order to turn over in detail the information essential to continual guarding of the piers by the incoming troops of the 13th Infantry. On the same day, Company I proceeded to Fort Niagara, New York, leaving detachments performing guard duty at Clayton and Black Rock, New York. Detach- ments of Company K were sent also to Ellis Island and the Morse Dry Dock Company, in Brooklyn, for duty, while Com- pany L was transferred from Fort Hamilton to Frankford arsenal, Pennsylvania, furnishing detachments for guard at Cramp's Shipbuilding Company, Philadelphia and Gloucester, New Jersey. Company M changed station from Fort Hamilton to Fort Niagara, New York, and on November 27, Company H also left Fort Hamilton for station at Plattsburg Barracks, New York. During the month of December, 1917, the following changes of stations and duties of the units of the regiment occurred : One officer and 38 enlisted men of Company F, from Fort Hamilton to Lehigh Valley Railroad piers, Jersey City, N. J M on December 13 ; Two officers and 28 enlisted men of Company F, from Fort Hamilton to the National Dock Company's piers on Black Tom Island, New Jersey; Company G, from the Hamburg- American line piers, Hobo- ken, New Jersey, to the New York Dock Company's piers, Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. Company K furnished a detachment of two officers and 59 men for guard duty at Ellis Island, N. Y., and another detach- ment of two officers and 51 enlisted men for the same duty at the Morse Dry Dock and Repair Company, at Brooklyn, N. Y. 144 Twenty-second United States Infantry Eighteen enlisted men of the machine gun company were placed on detached service from Fort Hamilton and assigned to duty at the New York Dock Company in Brooklyn on Decem- ber 30. January 29, 1918, Company D, consisting of three officers and 79 enlisted men, proceeded to Kearney Meadows, New Jersey, where they were detailed to guard the Foundation Ship- building Company. The only other change of station during the month was that of Company E, which was transferred from Fort Hamilton to Madison Barracks, N. Y., January 8-9. Com- pany D returned to Fort Jay from Kearney Meadows on Feb- ruary 3. t March 13, one officer and 53 enlisted men of Company K, comprising the detachment on duty at Ellis Island, were re- turned to Fort Hamilton, where they rejoined the company; three officers and 54 enlisted men left Fort Hamilton March 14, for duty as a guard over the docks and warehouses utilized by the French High Commission. This property was located at Franklin and Dupont Streets, Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The following month of April the organizations continued to make many changes of station ; these were as follows : April 1, 25 enlisted men of Company G were attached to Company F, a detachment of two officers and 59 men of this com- pany was detached as a guard at the Erie Railroad piers in Jersey City, N. J., from April 2-27. On April 28, the entire company, including the 25 men of Company G, moved to Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Company G left Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, on April 4 and proceeded to Howard Place, Bayonne, New Jersey. April 16, Company K, three officers and 63 men, was trans- ferred by rail from the French High Commission Docks to Gloucester, New Jersey, there to act as a guard at the Pusey and Jones Shipbuilding Company. May 13, 1918, the supply company, 22nd Infantry, having completed its duties in connection with the 42nd Division at Camp Mills, Long Island, moved by wagon train from that place to Fort Hamilton ; total distance covered, 35 miles. 145 History of the Companies A and D moved from Fort Jay, N. Y., to Camp Edge, Sea Girt, New Jersey, for target practice, August 9, 1918. The two companies returned to Fort Jay August 20. August 21, Companies B and C left Fort Jay for East Poto- mac Park, Washington, D. C. They arrived in Washington, D. C., at 6:00 A. M. the following day. Companies A and D followed as soon as possible, and reached Washington at 6:00 A. M. August 24. Company E was transferred from Madison Barracks, New York, to Fort Jay, arriving at the latter post at 9:00 A. M. August 21. On the same day, Company F was transferred from Sandy Hook to Fort Jay, and Company I moved from Fort Niagara to Fort Jay, arriving on August 24. Company L was also transferred to Fort Jay, leaving Frankford Arsenal, Pa., on the morning of August 27 and arriving at Fort Jay at 3 :30 P. M. the same day. August 8-9, 1918, Company G moved from the Elco Boat plant, Bayonne, New Jersey, to the Syracuse Recruit camp, Syracuse, New York. August 26, headquarters company pro- ceeded from Fort Jay to Camp Edge, Sea Girt, New Jersey, and returned from that station September 7. From September 3-6, inclusive, a so-called "slacker drive", or round-up of evaders of the selective draft, was held in New York City. Company F, 22nd Infantry, five officers and 188 enlisted men, was placed on duty in the city in connection with this movement. The company had little to do in aiding the draft authorities to pick up the delinquents, and having been relieved from this duty on September 6, proceeded, three days later, with Company L, to Sea Girt, N. J., for target practice. Both companies returned to Fort Jay on September 22. October 10, Company E left Fort Jay at 3:30 p. M., for Morgan, New Jersey, arriving at 6:00 P. M. the same day. A terrific explosion had just occurred in the powder magazines at the government plant, and this company was immediately dis- patched as a guard. Company G was transferred from the Syracuse Recruit camp to Anatol, New Jersey, October 19. 146 Twenty-second United States Infantry On November 11, 1918, the armistice was signed, and all military operations against the enemy were suspended at 11 A. M. that day. To say that the foregoing record of almost continuous change of station of all the organizations of the 22nd Infantry constitute a narrative of the part it played in the World War would be a statement far from the truth. It is, however, quite impossible to tell in detail of the long and arduous tours of guard duty performed by the regiment during the nineteen months of the war. That the regiment played a highly important part in the government's plans to defeat the enemy is beyond question, and the fact that of all the millions of dollars* worth of property entrusted to the regiment's care between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, not one atom was ever lost to the nation or to an individual owner, speaks for the manner in which the 22nd Infantry accomplished its task in words far more potent than can be set down in the pages of a book. 147 History of the CHAPTER XVIII Service in Garrison, Subsequent to the World War After shifting from place to place, from station to station, always to continue in one form or another the monotonous routine of furnishing protection to property, the signing of the armistice found the organizations of the regiment distributed as follows : Regimental headquarters, Colonel John C. F. Tillson, com- manding, and Companies F, I and L, Fort Jay, N. Y. Supply company, machine gun company and Companies K and M, camp at Syracuse, N. Y. Companies A, B, C and D, East Potomac Park, Washing- ton, D. C. Company H, Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. Company E, Morgan, New Jersey. Company G, Anatol, New Jersey. Companies K and M were transferred from the Syracuse Recruit camp to Fort Jay, N. Y., November 18-19, 1918; the supply and machine gun companies came from Syracuse to Fort Hamilton, N. Y., the following day, and Company F was trans- ferred from Fort Jay to Fort Hamilton on the 19th. There were no changes of station during December, the various companies carrying out the regular duties pertaining to them. But there yet remained a number of shifts to be made before the 22nd Infantry would be settled in its permanent stations, which had been designated for the regiment long before it left Douglas, Arizona, for New York. The four companies stationed at East Potomac Park, in Washington, which had come to be known, unofficially, at least, as the Capitol Guard, was relieved in January; Companies A and D were transferred to the Quartermaster Terminal, Green- wich Point, Philadelphia, arriving there at 11:00 P. M., Jan- uary 15. Company B left East Potomac Park and proceeded 148 Twenty-second United States Infantry to Raritan Arsenal, Metuchen, N. J., on January 10. Company C moved to Morgan, New Jersey, January 16. All these move- ments were made by rail over the Pennsylvania Railroad. Company B was joined by G at Raritan Arsenal on the 10th, the latter organization coming from Anatol, New Jersey. January 16, Company H moved to the yards of the Sub- marine Boat Corporation at Port Newark terminal, New Jersey. This unit had been attached to the First Battalion on duty in Washington. In February, the garrison at Raritan Arsenal was further augmented by Company F, which moved to that station from Fort Hamilton on February 28. The two following months saw no changes of station or duties in the regiment. Routine garrison and guard duty was continued, according to the location of the organization. So many changes of station taking place within the regiment make it difficult for the reader to follow the disposition of the command from time to time, so the stations of all the organiza- tions of the 22nd Infantry on April 30, 1919, are given as follows : Regimental headquarters, headquarters company, Companies I, K, L and M, Fort Jay, N. Y. Supply and machine gun companies, Fort Hamilton, N. Y. Companies B, F and G, Raritan Arsenal, Metuchen, N. J. Companies C and E, Morgan, New Jersey. Companies A and D, Greenwich Point Terminal, Philadel- phia, Pa. Company H, Submarine Boat Corporation, Port Newark Terminal, N. J. May 7, 1919, the machine gun company from Fort Ham- ilton, and Companies I and K, from Fort Jay, proceeded to the United States Naval Rifle Range, at Caldwell, New Jersey, where the annual target practice was held. These organizations completed the prescribed course and returned to their proper stations on May 27. 149 History of the On May 12, Company H left the Submarine Boat Corpora- tion at Newark and took station at the Raritan Arsenal, Metuchen, N. J., the transfer being made by motor truck. A detachment of one officer and 20 enlisted men of this company remained at Newark. May 27, this detachment was relieved by men from Companies I and K at Fort Jay, and proceeded to join Company H at Raritan Arsenal. May 20, Company D was transferred from the Greenwich Point Quartermaster Terminal in Philadelphia, to station at Fort Hamilton, N. Y. May 31, Company C also moved to Fort Hamilton from Morgan, N. J., and on the same day Company E left Morgan for station at Fort Niagara, N. Y. Second Lieutenant William J. Hershenow and the 22nd Infantry band left Fort Jay and took temporary station at the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N. J., on May 31. The band remained in Hoboken a month, and returned to Fort Jay on the last day of June, 1919. June 3, Company A moved from the Greenwich Point Quar- termaster Terminal to a point at the junction of 18th and Race streets, Philadelphia, where it performed guard duty for the remainder of the month, returning to Fort Jay on the first of July. Company F left Raritan Arsenal on June 7, and proceeded via the New York Central and West Shore railroad to Fort Niagara, N. Y., arriving the following day. Company G also moved to Fort Niagara from Raritan Arsenal, June 7-8, 1919. During this month all the organizations of the regiment devoted a great amount of time to the discharge of men enlisted or drafted for the emergency, there being a consequent reduc- tion in the enlisted strength of the companies. July 21, 1919, the machine gun company and Companies B, C and D, moved via the Pennsylvania railroad to the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, arriving at 12 :30 on the morning of the following day ; distance traveled 160 miles. The First and Third Battalions of the regiment, with the supply and machine gun companies, participated in the parade held in New York City, July 15, 1919, in honor of the return 150 Twenty-second United States Infantry of President Woodrow Wilson from Paris, where he had been attending the Versailles Peace Conference. The route of the parade was east from 23rd street and Seventh avenue to 23rd street and Fifth avenue; thence north on Fifth avenue to 57th street and terminating at Carnegie Hall, a total distance of about one and one-half miles. August 31, 1919, the regimental band again went to the Port of Embarkation in Hoboken, where it remained on duty until October 3. There were no changes of station in September and only two in October. The supply company changed station from Fort Hamilton to Fort Niagara on October 27, and Company D was moved from the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, to Fort Porter on October 30. During the following month, however, the changes were numerous and of more than usual interest, because, with one or two exceptions, they marked the transfers that finally located the battalions of the 22nd Infantry in their permanently assigned stations at Forts Jay, Porter and Niagara. These changes are recorded here in the order in which they took place : Company A, from Sea Girt, New Jersey, to Fort Niagara, N. Y., November 5-9, 1919. Company L, from Sea Girt, New Jersey, to Fort Jay, N. Y., November 5, 1919. Machine gun company, Aberdeen Proving Grounds to Fort Niagara, N. Y., November 28-29, 1919. Company B, Aberdeen Proving Grounds to Fort Niagara, N. Y., November 28-29, 1919. Company C, Aberdeen Proving Grounds to Fort Porter, N. Y., November 28-29, 1919. Companies E, F and H left Fort Niagara, N. Y., at 5:30 A. M V November 2, 1919, by train, en route to Brownsville, Pennsylvania, arriving at Brownsville at 9:30 A. M. the follow- ing day. These three organizations remained on duty in Brownsville until November 24, when they returned to Fort Niagara, arriving November 25. 151 History of the This left the 22nd Infantry distributed between Forts Jay, Porter and Niagara, with no companies or detachments per- forming any duties away from their posts. There were no further changes of station or duties during 1919, and on the last day of the year the stations were as follows : Headquarters company and Companies I, K, L and M, Fort Jay, N. Y. Machine gun company, supply company and Companies A, B, E, F, G and H, Fort Niagara, New York. Companies C and D, Fort Porter, New York. Only one permanent change of station occurred during 1920 ; on January 15 of that year, Companies A and B were moved from Fort Niagara to Fort Porter. This move resulted in the consolidation, at one post, of each of the three battalions ; regi- mental headquarters and the Third Battalion at Fort Jay; the First Battalion at Fort Porter; the Second Battalion with the supply and machine gun companies at Fort Niagara. No further changes took place, and the above is the distribu- tion of the regiment at the date of the completion of this his- tory. Annual target practice was held by the First and Second Battalions at Fort Niagara, N. Y., between June 1 and July 23, the companies of the First Battalion proceeding to Fort Niagara for that purpose. The Third Battalion held its target season at Camp Upton during June and July, two companies moving to camp at a time, while the other two carried on the routine guard and fatigue at Fort Jay. May 25, 1920, Colonel John C. F. Tillson, having attained the age limit, was placed on the retired list at Fort Jay. Colonel Tillson had been in command of the 22nd Infantry since 1916, and had actively commanded the regiment and the post of Fort Jay during the entire period of the war, when the units were engaged in the difficult and responsible duty of protecting the city of New York. The loss of Colonel Tillson was keenly felt by the officers and men of the regiment, and in token of their esteem the former tendered him a beautiful farewell reception 152 Twenty-second United States Infantry and dance, and the latter a magnificent silver loving cup, on the occasion of his retirement. Colonel John McA. Palmer was assigned to the command of the regiment on June 11, 1920, and joined June 19. Colonel Palmer had previously been on duty with the general staff of the War Department, in which capacity he had done a great deal of work with the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, appearing before that body on several occasions to present the views of the general staff on army reorganization, particularly those phases bearing on the creation of a Chief of Infantry and the adoption of a single promotion list for all officers. September 16, 1920, at one minute after noon, there occurred in New York City one of the most terrible catastrophes of the age. A bomb was exploded at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, in front of the offices of J. P. Morgan and Company, in the very heart of the financial district of New York. The explosion, which was believed to have been the work of some ultra-radical faction, caused the death of thirty persons and the injury of over two hundred. On account of the proximity of the explosion to the United States Sub-Treasury, request was made to Major General R. L. Bullard, commanding the Second Corps Area, for a detachment of troops to guard that building. Company M, 22nA Infantry, First Lieutenant Benjamin F. Pelton, was immediately dispatched in motor trucks to the scene of trouble, where they rendered great assistance to the police in holding back the crowd. At 1 :10 p. M., Company K, Captain Daniel S. Appleton, which had been held in reserve at Fort Jay, was ordered to join Company M in New York. Proceeding by motor truck, this organization reached the scene of the explosion just twenty minutes after the order was received. The two companies established a dead line around the United States Sub-Treasury and kept all persons without credentials away from the vicinity of the explosion. No trouble of any kind occurred after the arrival of the troops, and both companies returned to Fort Jay about 4 P. M. the same day. While on duty in the city this detachment was under the 153 History of the command of Major Clifford Bluemel, commanding officer of the third battalion, while the situation as it involved Federal troops, was under Lieutenant-Colonel Rinaldo R. Wood, 22nd Infantry. The remainder of the year 1920 passed quietly and without incident. On account of the exceptionally bright prospects for training and education in the army at this time, the influx of recruits, added to the high percentage of re-enlistments, brought the strength of the companies far above what it had ever before been in time of peace. The latter part of the year found the regiment gradually getting back to what may be termed a peace status. Much provision was made at all posts to provide for the comfort and recreation of the command, and to give the posts the aspect of permanent homes. On May 5, 1921, Colonel Palmer left the regiment to become Aide de Camp to the General of the Armies, General Pershing. The new regimental commander, Colonel Samson Lane Faison, was assigned July 19, 1921. Colonel Faison served as Brigadier General during the war, and during this time commanded the 30th Division. On October 1, 1921, a strange coincidence gave the 22nd Infantry a battalion of the regiment from which it was created. The 1st Battalion, 13th Infantry, less Companies A and B, had been on duty at Hoboken, New Jersey, as guards and escorts to the military dead just then being returned from France. Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, Companies C and D, 13th Infantry, were transferred to the 22nd Infantry and on Novem- ber 15, 1921, joined the regiment. Three officers, Major D. G. C. Garrison, Captain E. E. Hagler, Jr., and 'Captain Charles M. Kemp and about one hundred and fifty men were involved in the transfer. Another transfer at this time increased the strength of the regiment. The 36th Infantry, stationed at Camp Devens, Massa- chusetts, was ordered on the inactive list and its remaining per- sonnel, on October 13, 1921, was transferred to the 22nd Infan- try at Governors Island. These included Major R. W. Drury, 154 Twenty-second United States Infantry Captain I. E. Doane and Captain J. E. Tiedmen, and Captain C. F. Sullivan and about one hundred and eighty men. During the month of May, 1922, notice was received from the War Department that the 22nd Infantry would be trans- ferred to Fort McPherson, Georgia, taking with it only a nucleus of its organization. Upon arrival it was to be reorganized by transfer and recruiting. At the end of May, 1922, the* following was a roster of the officers of the regiment: Colonel Samson L. Faison, Commanding Lieut. Colonel William G. Doane Major David B. Falk Captain Grover C. Graham, Adjutant Headquarters Company. Captain Elmer E. Hagler, Jr., Com'nding 1st Lieutenant Lemiel L. Reece Service Company Captain Charles F. F. 'Cooper, Com'nding 1st Lieutenant William A. Flanigan Howitzer Company Captain J. E. Tiedeman, Commanding 1st Lieutenant Thomas W. Rikeman Headquarters 1st Bn Major John C. Ashburn, Commanding 1st Lieutenant H. B. Laux Company A Captain Stuart Cutler, Commanding 1st Lieutenant S. R. Webb Company B Company C Captain H. D. Bagnall, Commanding 1st Lieutenant C. A. Reif Company D Captain W. L. Smith, Commanding 1st Lieutenant H. B. Ellison Headquarters 2nd Bn... Major C. F. Rozelle, Jr., Commanding Major Ralph W. Drury 1st Lieutenant J. C. Green Company E Captain T. W. Doyle, Commanding Company F Captain A. H. Cummings, Commanding Company G Captain I. E. Doane, Commanding Company H Captain N. W. Richmond, Commanding 1st Lieutenant F. A. Savage 155 History of the Headquarters 3rd Bn.. .Major David G. C. Garrison, Com'nding 1st Lieutenant John R. Guiteras Company I Captain A. R. Boiling, Commanding 1st Lieutenant Merritt B. Booth 1st Lieutenant E. C. Applegate Company K Captain George L. Prindle, Com'nding 1st Lieutenant J. E. Raymond 1st Lieutenant Vincent J. Tanzola. Company L Captain Paul R. Knight, Commanding 1st Lieutenant Louis Simelson Company M Captain Walker G. White, Commanding 1st Lieutenant John V. Domminey 1st Lieutenant Allen S. Rush Unassigned 22nd Inf.. .Captain W. F. Gent Captain Charles Mck. Kemp Captain N. M. Nelsen Captain N. B. Chandler Captain A. B. Pope Captain A. G. Franch Attached to 22nd Inf ... Colonel P. A. Connolly Captain Charles F. Sullivan 1st Lieutenant A. C. Dineen, Chaplain This change of station marks a definite period in the history of the regiment, inasmuch as the small number of officers and men were transferred to form the nucleus of the new organiza- tion, and to continue the traditions of the regiment their names are given in the following list : Lieutenant Colonel William G. Doane Major George F. Rozelle, Jr. Major David G. C. Garrison Captain Irvin E. Doane Captain Grover C. Graham Captain Elmer E. Hagler, Jr. Captain Stuart Cutler Captain Alexander R. Boiling Captain Charles F. Sullivan 156 Twenty-second United States Infantry Captain Neal W. Richmond Captain Charles F. F. Cooper Captain Alexander H. Cummings Captain Norman B. Chandler Captain Asa B. Pope Captain Alfred G. French 1st Lieutenant Charles A. Reif 1st Lieutenant Herbert B. Laux 1st Lieutenant Lemiel L. Reece 1st Lieutenant John C. Green REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS COMPANY Staff Section Warrant Officer Harry F. Chinner R-648010 Master Sergeant Albert E. Simmons R-952993 Pvt. 1/cl Vincent V. Makasiar R-6043068 Private Arthur E. Flechtner 6054664 Company Section First Sergeant Andrew J. Hatfield R-6054879 Technical Sergeant Fielden Huff R-2522586 Mess Sergeant James M. Sparmo R-2382737 Corporal Leo Rosenstein R-125744 Corporal Charles McLean R-1607998 Pvt. 1/cl Jay E. Fullington R-6457469 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl John M. McPhail R-2339954 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 6/cl Nicolas Sofilos R-351661 SERVICE COMPANY Staff Section Master Sergeant Frank A. Hefner R-6445902 Staff Sergeant Albert A. Pregger R-6509745 Staff Sergeant August Malenowski R-648009 Corporal David Turpin R-2380823 Pvt. 1/cl Earl N. Watts R-144864 Private Ralph W. Korey R-6483976 157 History of the Company Section Master Sergeant George Grabow R-649858 First Sergeant William N. Rhude R-954043 Mess Sergeant Louis Wallbott R-648660 Sergeant George Kreig R-954016 Sergeant Robert O. Bryan. . R-649870 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl Joseph A. Flynn R-6025566 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl John J. Carroll 6107744 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl Marian Krajewski R-5367614 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl Charles Shilkas R-952737 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 5/cl Elford W. Drake R-3150175 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 5/cl Joseph Asslien R-61 10160 Band Section Staff Sergeant George H. Strobel R-648007 Sergeant Albert W. Dallas R-648011 Sergeant Felix Gozdzieski R-1013959 Corporal Arthur N. Bachand 6107893 Corporal Edwin L. Brown R-598886 Corporal Edward Burna R-648018 Corporal Milus Reese R-740842 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 2/cl Joseph Depuglio R-374435 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 2/cl William H. Mclnturff R-722295 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 2/cl Frank L. Vasco R-1376958 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl Tom Bogie R-345192 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl Bruce H. Maire 6048182 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl Umberto Miranda 6034339 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 3/cl Joseph H. Reichert R-627827 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl Frank E. Kenney R-261666 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 5/cl Agostinho A. DaSilva R-6054211 Pvt. Spc. 2/cl Cornelius Hargrave R-352514 Pvt. Spc. 3/cl Ralph R. Gordon -.R-648027 Pvt. Spc. 4/cl Alphonse E. Litz 6034359 Pvt. Spc. 4/cl Stelios Pavlakis R-3285599 Pvt. Spc. 5/cl Howard Harrington 6054658 Pvt. Spc. 5/cl Harry A. LeClair R-72417 158 Twenty-second United States Infantry Pvt. Spc. 5/cl John Miller 6006068 Pvt. Spc. 5/cl Dewitt Riddick R-1327934 Pvt. Spc. 5/cl Frank L. Stuart R-1209547 Company "A" Sergeant Gustav W. Swensen R-333935 Sergeant Louis Alex > R-39503 Sergeant Charles Langlois R-690301 Sergeant Samuel Vint 6025613 Sergeant Harry W. Stacey R-2546221 Corporal Lee R. Coles R-649744 Corporal Charles H. Francisco R-6054891 Pvt. 1/cl Martin J. Tyrrell R-741370 Company "B" Sergeant John Emerson R-6031286 Sergeant Charles J. Green R-1735326 Sergeant Richard Hatfield R-648352 Sergeant Adrian H. Cissna R-1735327 Pvt. 1/cl William McNaughton 6083304 Pvt. 1/cl Albert T. Sullivan R-149998 Sergeant Jacob Isenhardt 6023805 Corporal Lawrence Connolly R-651348 Company "C" Sergeant John T. Urban R-649387 Sergeant Alex Vodoski R-5418773 Sergeant Elliot Watson 6023823 Sergeant Guy G. McGregor R-2137341 Corporal Henry H. Williams 6051821 Corporal John Labrizzi R-1028262 Pvt. 1/cl Michael J. Monahan R-2369599 Pvt. 1/cl Charles L. Eggleston ;R-561573 Company "D" Sergeant Alexander Powalisz R-2448358 Sergeant Robert P. McKeever R-317921 Sergeant James Lawrence R-324234 159 History of the Sergeant Glenn S. Huey R-748322 Sergeant Andrew Laine R-649930 Sergeant Charles F. Henry R-953976 Pvt. 1/cl Lawrence H. Flesch 6426930 Pvt. 1/cl Leslie J. McGraw R-1226293 Company "E" First Sergeant Walter C. Chaffin R-649381 Sergeant Jack A. Holmes R-2448740 Sergeant Henry Stellman R-649382 Sergeant James Berry R-649345 Sergeant Edward J. Casey R-114617 Sergeant John H. Herzog R-351692 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl Julius Dott R-649401 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 5/cl Joseph J. Konde 6034430 Company "F" First Sergeant John Gladis R-2266480 Sergeant Norman F. Miltz R-2390101 Sergeant William Deviney R-648563 Sergeant Orton A. Scoville R-2300474 Corporal Thomas L. Wells R-379888 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 5/cl Boleslaus Gatza 6031467 Corporal William H. Lyons 6031287 Pvt. 1/cl Wesley Sprague R-393845 Company "G" Sergeant Joseph Vero R-2546146 Sergeant Garnett G. Center R-41856 Sergeant Albert A. Dumars : 6055321 Sergeant Banzel L. Rose R-2546151 Corporal Benjamin Bryce R-1733757 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 6/cl Archie M. Cudaback R-6031505 Pvt. 1/cl Joseph Suvic R-2546206 Pvt. 1/cl Joseph Sheehan 6031283 160 Twenty-second United States Infantry Company "H" Sergeant Ohlia Wilson R-2521698 Sergeant Peter Rijik R-114631 Sergeant James Flemming R-352543 Corporal James Tedesco R-6025584 Corporal George J. Shadwell R-106115 Corporal James H. Mulgannon 6054624 Corporal Andrew M. Less ; R-17050 Corporal John A. Mayack 6031463 Company "I" Sergeant John C. Hickey R-202032 Sergeant John Tobin R-844638 Sergeant William A. Staplin R-1159921 Corporal Richard L. Goldsmith R-1346128 Pvt. 1/cl Walter E. Finn 6054882 Pvt. 1/cl Emil Pear R-651717 Pvt. 1/cl Edward Zanta R-651709 Pvt. Luis Miller R-6045006 Company "K" First Sergeant Harry Kottick R-1986270 Sergeant George Sams R-2123812 Sergeant Thomas J. Kane R-772796 Sergeant Robert Mymatt R-53530 Sergeant John H. Beaulieu R-74777 Corporal James A. Roach R-1426822 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl John J. Sennott R-387885 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 6/cl William W. Stretch R-56272 Company "L" Sergeant Fred Perkins R-43344 Sergeant Frank F. Miller R-953364 Sergeant Tony Portiglia R-2522632 Sergeant Michael S. Whalen R-323947 Sergeant Joseph B. Riska R-1551208 Corporal Edgar R. Steele R-6417669 161 History of the -Twenty-second United States Infantry Corporal William M. Dyson R-1365157 Pvt. 1/cl Spc. 4/cl James Nagle R-2522606 Company "M" First Sergeant Herbert A. Greene R-6198731 Sergeant John E. Peterson R-651698 Sergeant William H. Carroll R-2253841 Sergeant Ferdinand Ruchser R-l 101239 Sergeant Stanley H. Burnett R-2522587 Sergeant George Schoelkopf R-323722 Corporal Scott W. Curry R-71076 Pvt. 1/cl Leonard Richard R-6004688 This account closes the history of the 22nd Infantry up to and including the 31st of May, 1922. K3884 162 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 22 LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6}476 M162421 1//4 A3 / *-?._2- 2. 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