t 
 
 s^ 
 
 ^% 
 
 
 .< ?*' 
 
 ^, 
 
LIBR^RV 
 
 OF THE 
 
 University of California. 
 
 Class ^ 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 
 
 FOUNI1KD BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER. 
 
 THE PHONOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 p:lis saga 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTIES OF THE 
 
 (GRADUATE SCHOOLS OF ARTS, LITERATURE, AND 
 
 SCIENCE, IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGRI-.IC OF 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 iDKl'AKTMKNT (JF llERMAMC [.ANGUAGPIS AND LITKRAllkESi 
 
 HV 
 
 :SSIE LOUISE lONES 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
Printed by V.. f)tto, Dnrmstndt. 
 
£G O" 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 IN'IRUDUCriUN. 
 
 I'HONOr.OClY 
 
 I'ART I. VOWELS. 
 
 (■H.^PTKR I. VOWELS IN SYLLABLES WITH CHIRK ACCENT OR STRONG 
 
 SECONDARY ACCENT 
 Germanic ti 
 
 ?j 
 
 3. 
 
 ?^ 
 
 4. 
 
 v^ 
 
 .T- 
 
 ?i 
 
 6. 
 
 § 
 
 7- 
 
 ?^ 
 
 H. 
 
 ?j 
 
 9. 
 
 ?} 
 
 1<>. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 1. 
 
 ?j 
 
 12. 
 
 ^ 
 
 VA. 
 
 s 
 
 M- 
 
 CHAI'THK II. VOWELS IN SVLLAHLE 
 A. Variation of eji. 
 
 P.Tge 
 I 
 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 AK ACCKN r OR UNACCEN 
 
 i^ >.=s- 
 
 Page 
 12 
 
 
 H. Variation of o/u. 
 
 
 >? 16. 
 
 ol" 
 
 C. Other vowel cliange.<;. 
 
 . 14 
 
 ^ 17. 
 
 Siitfi.x -ari -eri 
 
 \h 
 
 S 18. 
 
 -andil-endi ..... 
 
 In 
 
 ?5 IM. 
 
 (Jer. fi in unaccented syllable> 
 
 . 15 
 
 ?> 2(). 
 
 Umlaut ot V • 
 
 . 15 
 
 5; 21. 
 
 Miscellaneous ...... 
 
 1.5 
 
 ( HAI' 
 
 KK III. ACCENI. 
 
 
 ^ ■.•- 
 
 \cr<-i,t .... . . 
 
 . l.'> 
 
 ! 
 
Contents. 
 
 I'AKT II. CONSONANTS, 
 
 CHAl'TER IV. OKRMANIC CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 23. Germanic / . . 
 
 § 24- 
 
 § 25. 
 
 § 26. 
 
 § 27. 
 
 § 28. 
 § 29. 
 § 30. 
 § 31. 
 § 32. 
 § 33. 
 § 34- 
 § 35- 
 «j 36. 
 «^ 37. 
 S 38. 
 § 39- 
 §40. 
 § 41. 
 ?j 42. 
 § 43- 
 § 44- 
 § 45- 
 §46. 
 § 47. 
 §48. 
 § 49. 
 ?^ JiO- 
 $^ 51. 
 CHAPTER V. INSERTION OF CONSONAN 
 
 §52. 
 § 53. 
 § 54. 
 
 § 55. 
 
 Insertion of / 
 
 Proper Names 
 
 Pnge 
 
INTKODL'CTION. 
 
 The Elis saga is the Old Norwegian vt-rsion of the French 
 chanson de geste, Klie de Saint Gille. The translation was 
 niatle by the abbot Robert, at the direction of the king Hakon 
 Hakonson, i)r(>bal)ly in the second (luarter of tlie thirtet;nth 
 century. 
 
 The principal manuscript is the one known as A, in the 
 library of the University of Upsala. The only edition of the 
 saga is that of Eugen Kolbing, Heilbronn, 1881, u[)on which 
 the present work on the phonology is based. In the intro- 
 duction to this edition is found a full discussion of the manu- 
 script question. 
 
 The principal French manuscript is fr. 25516 in the 
 Bibliolheque Nationale ed. by Gaston Raynaud, Paris, 187^. 
 This is also a copy or version, made in the thirteenth century, 
 of an oUler work. The original, upon which both French ami 
 Norwegian versions are based, dates, probably, from the twelfth 
 ceiUurv. 
 
ABBRl' VIATIONS. 
 
 Ark. = Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi. 
 
 H. = Beitrage zur Geschichte rler deutschen Sprache iind fJlerntiir, 
 
 lierausgegehen von H. Paul und VV. Braune. 
 Rarl. = Barlaains ok Josaphats saga, Keyser and Unger. Christiania, 
 
 1851. 
 El. = Elis saga ok Kosainvnidii, Kiigen Kulliini;. Heillironn, 1881. 
 
 Fritzner = Fritzner, Ordbog over det Gamle Norske Sprog. Kristiania, 
 
 1883. 
 Grd. — Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie. 
 
 Horn. LI. = Homiliebokens Ljudlara. Elis Wadstein, Upsala, l8ij(). 
 
 Kalile = Altisliindisclies Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, l8<;6. 
 
 Kluge — Kluge's Etymologisches Worterbuch. 
 
 Lit. '/A. = Litteratur-Zeitung. 
 
 Norecn Gr. ;= Altisliindische und Altiiorv^'cgischeGrannnatik. .Adolf Norccn, 
 
 Halle 1892. 
 Skr. Mum. Vet. = .Skrifter utgifna af lluinanistiska Vetenskapssainfundet i 
 
 Upsala. 
 Sv. Lin. = Bidrag till kannedoni oni de .Svenska Landsmalen ock 
 
 Svenskt Folklif. 
 Tub. Br. = 'I'ubinger Bruchstucke der iilteren Frostuthingslog, E. Sievers. 
 
 Letters italicized in the text of Kolbing, to indicate the abbreviations 
 of tiic nis., .are enclosed in parenthesis, 
 t. r^ times, m. t. = many times. 
 
PIIONOLOdV. 
 
 PARI- I. 
 
 VOWKLS. 
 
 \0\VKI.S IN SYIJ.AHI.KS Willi rillKF ACCKN'i AND SlKONd 
 SI-:CONI)ARY AtTKNT. 
 
 ^ I. Germanic a 
 
 i) = a, e.g. bams 2^"^, bar 35»-', gras }^2^. 
 2) ) a (usually written without accent): 
 
 a) When final, c. g. a (prep.) 5^^, bra ^2^. 
 
 b) By compensatory lengtheninj,^; e.g. ass i 2*, ///<// 2y. 
 
 c) Before consonant combinations: before tt{i^lit), e.g. 
 niattngr 72"; before cacuminal / -\- consonant, e. g. 
 hexlsi 42'. According to Noreen, Gr., J5 1 11 , 3., 
 a. 3., this lengthening is rare in Norwegian dialects. 
 
 Since the quantity of the vowels is for the most 
 
 part not indicated in El. this question canned be 
 
 determined with certainty. However the accent, 
 
 when it is used, usually marks a long vowel 
 
 (cf. Chapter III), so it is probable that this is 
 
 a case of such lengthening. The example given 
 
 is the only case where the accent is written. 
 
 Other examples without sign of lengtliening are: 
 
 forms of halfr, e. g. 78', forms of hialpa, e. g. 
 
 lo^^ , forms of Iiiaitur, c. g. lor^. Wadstein, 
 
 Horn. LI., p. 121, gives several instances of such 
 
 lengthening in Horn. 
 
 Note. In n foot-nott- on the page refeired to. Wadstein siiggest.s, that. 
 
 .ns the only MoHrrn Norwegi.Tn <li;ilecls where this lengthening is known ;iie 
 
 Snetei-id.ileii and TehnMiken. the |iie.sente ol a few such casts in Horn, miijlit 
 
- Plutnolojjy. 
 
 iiKlitate lh;il ihi- ins.. orij;iii;iti-(l in one ol tluist* pl.iccs. Willi f<iiial ie;ison 
 we niifilit refer the ms til' Kl. to one of these places. 
 
 2) ) c by /-umlaut. 
 
 The regular representation of this unihiul in Kl. is <•; i\ g. 
 hirnskr 15'*', forms ai/nriiini, r. g. 80*, i/fgi 8 I. (.,;'-. 12I, gcngit 
 So'-', hcncir 10 t. e.g. ^4-. It is also represented by ac 13 times, 
 as follows: forms of acllztr 38*^, 78''', forms of acrfd 8'^ 4^ 
 (■^- crfda i'"), acrjingi 3', aouiilotigu 31' (•^- iuciilongu 112-', 
 cnda 30"), acftcr 2613, 41I4 {//), (^ cftir 151. c. g. 8o<0), //rt'^/rr 
 (( hafa) ZT,"' {'^ forms of /tava with c. m. I. c. g. 70'), m/// 3'', 
 atngiar 34^, -(W/ 36'^ (•^' cngiui/i 78^, 23 1-^). 
 
 This t' ) oc- by ei'-unilaut: <■. ,(f. ocxi 37^', 73*^. 
 4) ) ^ (<7//) by //-umlaut : 
 
 a) When the utnlaut-j)roclucin^'^ 71 has been lost. 
 I 10 cases occur in Kl. where a was followed by 
 an // whicli has disappeared. In all of these 
 cases umlaut occurs: hand (n. pi.) 5 t. c. g. 30'*, 
 38^, fogi- (n. s. f.) T,T,^\ 74*, hand 10 t. e.g. 30'*. 
 
 b) When tlie umlaut-producing ;/ remains. Of 247 
 cases occurring with ;/ retained after a, 236 have 
 umlaut and 11 do not. I'Lxamples with umlaut 
 are : ol/it 1 2 t. i\ g. 6*, 7^' [ajt/ht 3 t. i'. g. 24I2), 
 o/IiiiJi 17 t. c. g. no'-, 113', {aiil/iiii/ 6 t. e. g. 
 93^), fogrnm 34'', 95" [faugroDi 72^), ganngovi 
 20^, hongu 77*^, hvossnm 43^, snuiiin 8''. ."-(///ww is 
 coiiccleil to .fff;/« by Ceder-schiold, Lit. '/t. HI 14. col. 502. 
 
 Tlie 1 1 cases without umlaut are as follows : 
 
 havom 20^, 62'' ('-^ hoviim 20^, 38^^), aka7'oiii 5^, 
 
 ainbiin 25^, anihitna 6'' (■ — au{^iii)b7in 109^^), (?/- 
 
 mosor 2^, 3'', kastalnin 68 1'"", spit a! inn 2^, skinaiidom 
 
 87^, biorhlandodn 61'. 
 
 The question as to the «-umlaut of <fin the Norse languages 
 
 has received much attention of late, two theories having come 
 
 into especial prominence, namely, those of Axel Kcjck and Klis 
 
 Wadstein. The literature bearing on the two theories just 
 
 named is as follows: Kock, Ark., IV, X, XII, and B., XIV, 
 
 Svenska Landsmal, XII; Wadstein, B, XVII, Sv. Lm., XIII, 
 
 .^kr. Hum. Vet., III., Ih.m. LI., pp. 42 ff., 142. 
 
Phonology ,S 
 
 Kick's theory is, in hrirf, that then- were two periods of 
 //-umlaut, an earlier one. in which umlaut was produced only by 
 syncopated //, and a later one, in which umlaut was produced 
 by u preserved, the second period having affected only the Ice- 
 landic and certain Norwegian dialects. 
 
 Wadstein's theory assumes that there was a general extension 
 of the umlaut, produced both by syncopated and retained //, its 
 non-appearance in Danislj , O. Swedisli and some Norwtij^ian 
 dialects being due to the interference of certain consonants. 
 
 Neitlier theory is in all respects satisfactor}', but of the 
 two, Kock's is simpler and covers more cases. A considerable 
 number of words with umlaut in O. Sw. and in those Norw. dialects 
 which do not, in general, have umlaut are explained by Kock 
 as being influenced by a second factor besides the //, that is, a 
 labial consonant or a nasal the so-called combined umlaut. 
 
 The umlaut in Kl. is satisfactorily explained in accordance 
 with the theory of two mnlaut periods. The cases of umlaut 
 mentioned above show that the later umlaut, as well as tin- 
 earlier, has prevailed in this dialect. The eleven exceptions 
 may be explained as follows: havom, twice, ('^ /lOTW/i twice), 
 must have occurred very frequently without accent in the sentence, 
 in which case the vowel would not be umlauted. akat'OtH is 
 due to analogy from the cases where a is regular, aitthim, 
 fHllhlltlfl ('^- auinbuu once). — This word occurs with suffix 
 -ati as well as -////. The umlauted vowel regular with the 
 latter suffix could easily appear in the other form. a}inOsei\ 
 twice. — This word occurs with and without umlaut in Icelantiic — 
 it may be due to variation in accent; with fortis on the penult the 
 // would produce no umlaut, kdstalunif spital fini. — These 
 are loan-words. Perhaps the accent was on the first syllable. 
 skinandonif — due either to analogy or to weak accent 
 of syllable -an. biorbfandodu, - This is due to the analogy of 
 forms where a is regular. The wavering of no in unaccented 
 syllables as a representative of o is characteristic of Norwegian 
 dialects (cf. Noreen, Gr., i< 1 17, a. 3), and is especially frequent 
 in this ms. (s. p. 15). This very word occurs with a, sainhlnn- 
 daitnni 2'. This wouki cause a variation in llie preceding 
 vowel. 
 
4 I'h.MH.If.KV. 
 
 Till' sij^ns usnl Id n^pnstiil tliis uiiilaul are o, an, I'f (once). 
 Tlicy are tlistributed as follows: earlier umlaut Sgio '^' 23 n//, later 
 umlaut I4.> '' "^ 112 <i/i. nit uiuioubteclly represents a more 
 open sound, and since it occurs so much more frequently in 
 tlje case of the later umlaut it is probable that this umlaut 
 was of a different nature. In the case of the ec-umlaut also, 
 which was produced whether <t' tlroj)ped out or remained, is 
 used 46 times when et' is lost, and nn only 16 times; while, 
 when re is retained, we have 7 t. (/// '— i 3 t. o ^ sl larger pro- 
 portion. This is perhaps a slight confirmation of the theory 
 of two periods. 
 
 The single instance of or for this umlaut, roccido 25^ 
 (^- rodciiilo 9 t. e.g. 29'), is due to dittograi)hy : "pa ocpti lia{uii) 
 hani rocddo" . 
 
 funt iitadr 02'"' is, according tt) Fritziier, a mistake for font-. 
 
 5) ) (an) by a'-unilaut. 
 
 As mentioned in 4), umlaut is here produced, whether zc< 
 fell out or was retained; i.g. datignrd 6o^"^ forms oi gorr ( gcra) 
 17 t. c. g. 8"\ forms oi nockorr 17 t. c. g. 89 '', 106^, forms of doha 
 10 t. i\ g. 72^ /m>/u/ 34'^ --— boclvi 33^^. In the latter form we 
 have perhaps the /-uml. of (cf. Noreen, Gr., ^ 72, a. 8.). In 
 bohii is restored after the analogy of tlic numerous forms 
 of this word with 0. J'alslongiir 78* may be either ec-umlaut or 
 younger //-umlaut, natt-songi i z^ (n. sg.) has umlaut from the anal- 
 ogy of songr. (This worfl is given neither by Fritzner nor 
 Vigf, as a weak noun.) 
 
 6) is written ac in facugs 20^. This is due to dittog- 
 raphy, "gacfa facngs". 
 
 ^ 2. Germanic c 
 
 i) = e: In forms of bcra m. t. c. g. 81^3, icsa 7-, i/icd 
 (prep.) 37 '2. c is the regular representative of Ger- 
 manic c; yet ac occurs in ofmaetnadr 88' {^ forms of 
 mctnadr 8 t. c. g. 272), vacrit (^y^\. oi vera) 64^^ «^. 
 vcrit 64", 74I6 — also for Latin c in the loan-word 
 bracvi 78^. 
 2) ) r: fe (simple and in cpds.) 18 t. e.g. 20*. 69'^, 
 Jlefingii{m) 95II {cf. JlaeftiugnQ//) 874), kiie 64^, 653, 
 se (( sjd) (/-. 
 
I'llO 
 
 3) ca ) ia hy <?-l)reaking; t. .^^ hiarjrar (g. s.) >2^, 
 forms o{ hiarga (vb.) 37'", 38 '3, forms u{ (i/iar/r 14 t. 
 e. g. 19^, Jianrii (adv.) 1 i I. c. .;'-. zH^^, if/<in/(>/)n 
 (adv.) 6 t. f. g. 31 '•'. 
 
 4) eo ) io by //-bri'akiiiL,^: 
 
 a) When « is lost: fio/thli 36>2, 40^ 116', giof 
 34«, 88'1, -^^/v/ 872, /liolp (n. a. s.) 6 t. <. .(f. 
 3i3 (r^ /lialp (a. s.) 89'** with rt- by analogy from 
 othtrr cases), iord 98', inioc 26 t. i\ g. 3^, ;///V;^/- 
 75», skioll(fr 9IO, 44l^ .v/(v(>/A/ (a. s.) 14 t. .-. i'. 
 332, -fiollci 788. 
 
 b) With // retained: giogiiiini 7 t. c. g. 16''- — 
 gtgfiJt/u 13'', 25'^, g'ugrimn 60". Of these 
 forms giogttnm is the form which arose when the 
 word had the chief accent, gegnnm was the pro- 
 clitic form, cf. Korean, Gr., ^ 71, a. 2., gitgnnni, 
 has / inserted after the analogy of giogmitn. 
 hioltnni 3 t. c. g. 98^, jorlit (d. pi.) 36I'', 42", 
 iorihi (d. s.) 3 t. t'. ^. 13 ', iiiiorkiti 68^ (.^ 
 mocrkiii 70^), skiolldu urn 7 I. <'. j^. 6-', sio/fitin 
 75'"^ '^^ sinlruui'om 6 t. (^ by analogy). 
 
 The above examples confirm the later view of 
 Noreen, explained by Wad.stein, Horn 1. 1., p. f)3, 
 that c is broken to io not i^ when u follows, for 
 the sign au, which is so frequently used for llie 
 umlaut of a (i. e. 0), does not occur here in a 
 single instance. 
 5) Forms ofgira: — SinceGerm. < and innlaul-( are repre- 
 sented by tht; same letter, it is impossible to tell, 
 fr«»m this ms., whether the stem vowel is Germ, t , as 
 Wadstein suggests in Horn. LI., p. 54. The forms of 
 tlie ppl. are all written with 0, 16 t. i. g. 31'-', which 
 points to a stem vowel (7, at least in the ppl. The 
 following derivatives have 0: forms o( ogorligr t^ X.. 
 , . g. 96^2, gor/.i 74 '^ giorsamliga bz*, stdlgorvan loi *. 
 If the stem vowel is c, then giorsaniiiga is the broken 
 vowel, l)ut if tlie stem is n, there is an insertion 
 of.' before a lum-palatal vowel (cf. other »x. p. -'3). 
 
I'linnolony. 
 
 b) ' oi- by ii'-uiulaut: r. .(,'". inot rkiii 70^, (cf. iniorkni 
 682, forms of inyikva 3 t. <•. ,if. 7 2 '2). 
 
 Tlicsc forms represent tliree different developments 
 of Germ, r: (i) f ) oc by ec-umlaut, (2) c ) io by 
 //- or i-i'-breaking, (3) f ) / in urgerm., ) _r by ec-um- 
 laiit. By leveling all these farms occur in the noun. 
 7) ; /■; m Jiar j^, 64*^, forms of s/cr, t\ j^r no^K 
 H) Jicll 35''' (pret. iti falld) is certainly after the analogy 
 of kicndi etc., (see p. i'^. 
 
 3. Germanic / 
 
 1) ^ /; 
 
 bifida, e.g. 39^, forms o{ hidia, e.g. 6 '2, innaii (adv.) 
 4 t. c. g. 118. 
 
 2) ) c when a nasal has been lost: 
 
 Forms oi birkka 3 t. e. g. 27'-, drccka Ti:^^'^, 75'^, gcck 
 14 t. c. g. 104^ (cf. gek 97^), zxtr 32. 
 
 3) ) r by ec- umlaut: 
 
 Forms of (Ji)0'g,^'' (^dj.), c. g. 74', srngia 72, 72'*, 
 tiyguan \i=,'^^, ykr (pron.) 3 t. ('. ^. 42^. 
 
 4) ) J' by combined //-umlaut, /'. c, after /;/, cf. Noreen, 
 Gr., 5^ 74. Forms of ;// //&/// with // in the ending havej' 5 t. 
 c. g. Myckl/i go'* •^. / 20 t. c. g. inicklu 8 1 12. The / is 
 due to leveling. In forms without ti in the ending 
 
 J' has crowded in, in my kill 4', mjckla 104^2, 
 
 5) ni ) y by //-umlaut: 
 
 Forms of kyrr 6 t. f. g. 3-*, systnr 5 t. f. ^. 24 1'. 
 This umlaut does not appear in sjiihim loi^ and 
 suikull 99 ''^. 
 
 6) ^y in gyiiisfiuiiiit(^ii/) 1152.^. [giw- 8b^^). This 
 is a change which occurs sporadically in Old Nor- 
 wegian. Cf. Noreen, Gr., § 74. 
 
 7) = t' in sec 76', 84" ( — sik 7 t. e. g. 39^), ^ek 4 t. 
 e.g. 88^ {'^- ^ik 22 t. e.g. 10913). The e in these 
 forms may be due to the t- vowel in ncmiinative 
 and dative. Cf. Hom. LL, p. 53. 
 
 4. Germanic 
 
 i) T^ 0: Forms of ko;U(7, e. g. 18'^, sJ>o/fi 12 12. 
 2) ) d: 
 
 a) When final: e.g. in lo (( {Ji)laeict) 11'^. 
 
Plionolopv. 7 
 
 I)) Before cacimiinal / ■ consoiianU?), /"//"/ _'2'S loriiis 
 of golf 5*, \OT,^. Tliis is uncertain, since this 
 vowel is not marked by an accent. 
 3) Of by /-innlaui: 
 
 In forms oi koina \2 t. c. g. koanr jis (.^. forms with 
 ,• 2 t. kciiir 41'-, kiiiiz 368), ocfrc i4«, oniia HS -// 
 
 l'\.r the variation of c./r cf. Noreen, (ir., 5; 86.' 
 
 This umlaut is written r; occasionally ; <-.,(r- in \<y ''9^"- 
 In th(> preterite subjunctive of ///«;/« forms with of 
 occur twice 5', 37'*, forms with o once, /;/f^;/^^? 8i'0, 
 forms with .;■ 12 t. .■. g. tf , forms with « twice 
 qB^. I 10'^. These forms are confused on account 
 of tlie variation of on in the stem, mafyndi 74' 
 has af inserted by dittography "ef hann safi hana, 
 [la mafyndi hann." 
 
 In the forms oiliarfrskUuik, a is written for of:linr{fr)- 
 sclaciks I^ havfrklafik 86 S havfiska 22*. Cf. Fritzner. 
 4) r^ Of in noerrofuti lib^. This is undoubtedly due 
 to anticipation by the copyist of the of in the second 
 syllable. 
 51 Latin o is represented in some words by /r. In lorms 
 of iiiunkr, f.g. 4", mustfn 17'^. 
 5^ 5. Germanic // 
 
 1) ~r. It: Examples are : -('//////(T 98I2, forms of. v//;//- 5 1. f.^'". 
 4i3(,^. forms with 22 t.). Doui)le ff)rms with olu 
 arose from the variation of no in PreL,-erraanic. 
 
 Forms oinrnggr occur 4 t. witli u, f.g. s'"'*'^- forms 
 with nn 2 t. q6'\ ii4'2. If the etymology given by 
 Vigfusson is correct {nr-nggr [danger]), this prelix cor- 
 responds to Gothic nz. We should expect n ) 0' tt by 
 A'-uralaut. The « may, however, be due to the 
 proclitic position of the word as prefix. 
 
 2) i( when final: nn (adv.) ra. t. f.g. 14^- 
 
 3) ') 0: 
 
 a) Before a r.asal which has disapi)t'ared, f. g. <', the 
 neg. prefix, in which // and ,' vaiy according to 
 the accent, o occurs 42 t. -^ // g t. f.g- ogiujn 
 ») <i- is o ill tlic ms. Cf. El. tinlt-iUing \>. X.WM. 
 
79*^- Further examples are: oss ([)ers. pron.) iii. t. 
 e.g. i8\ forms of okkarr (pars, pron.) 3 t. e.g. g^. 
 b) Before tt ( ht): Forms of dottir 14 t. e.g. 89'", 
 drottin i i t. c. g. 8^2. 
 
 4) ) y by /-umlaut: Forms of hrviiia 22 t. c. g. 2^-\ 
 hjrgdar 84^^, dryckit 75''' -^^ drnckit 76" (sup.). 
 
 The umlaut in dryckit is irregular. Perhaps it is 
 from analogy to the noun dryckr, which follows in the 
 same sentence. We should expect instead of n 
 in drnckit, before the nasal, but Ji has been restored 
 by leveling. 
 
 5) In the forms of innnu, a stands for Germ, n'o in sg. 
 /naji 67^, 81^ (^' iiion 19 t. e.g. 22^). 
 
 6) Irregular representations of Germ. «. /nglaeysi 2"]^"^, 
 due to confusion with consonantal //, cf hyglaeysi 
 81' (uml. by analogy), flogskiota 81'^ has due to 
 careless writing after in the second syllable, fnllnomi 
 i^ is probably due to careless writing, (fnlluomsi 
 occurs once in Barl., cf. Fritz, and Vigf.) 
 
 § 6. Germanic *</ (*any_) 
 
 i) r= d: fa 10 t. e. g. 7812. 
 
 2) ) ae by /-umlaut: faer 5 t. e.g. ^^^ (possibly J\-um- 
 laut), forms of gae/a, e.g. 15'', forms oi raeiia, e.g. 
 60^2 (()_ j-^_ Q._ bi-rahaneii). The ppl. of raena, 
 renntir 1 1^* has e for ae. 
 
 3) ) ae by 7?-umlaut, e. g. paer 39", 61"^ The a in 
 this wcrd has arisen through secondary lengthening 
 of unaccented *J>aR cf. Noreen, Grd., p. 501. Once 
 e is written for ae , in /tv 86 '^ It is not strange 
 that e is used for ae, since both signs are used to 
 represent Germanic e and umlaut-t'. 
 
 § 7. Germanic e 
 
 i) = rf: e.g. blasa 13^, forms o{ iiiancutr, e.g. 38'', sua 
 
 (adv.) .-. g. 1 4. 
 2) rtt' by /-umlaut, e. g. draepi 95*^, saeti 5^. This ^^ 
 and the one arising from § 6, 2) may be further pala- 
 talized to e before R, see Kock, Ark., XIII, p. 167. 
 
 The orthography of this ms. confirms Kock's theory. 
 The adv. nder 69'^ occurs also as tier 98^, 35^. 
 
IMion(.l<.i:y ^ 
 
 Tlie siipcrlalivc, which has its vowt-l Iroiii aiiali>j;y 
 1(1 the comparative, is written iiacstir I03>*, mstir 
 T,b^^. Furthermore thi: adverb mst occurs ig t. with 
 (•, but always in the combination //// mst, where 
 it may be explained as having a secondary accent 
 and, consequently, reduction of vowel. Other forms 
 occurring in the ras. showing this somewhat rare 
 combination, which might support the theory, are 
 faer (see ^ 6. 2) and ttacr (3 s. { tid) 112'; but these 
 are here written with ac. 
 
 3) '^ ar l)y A'-umlaut; e.g. gacrktuUd 73* r-^ giarkiulld 
 99'-. The form giar is probably analogy from fX 
 Swetl. The regular form in O. Swed. is gar without 
 umlaut. / is an insertion before a non-palatal vowel, 
 cf. Norecn, Gr. 1, § 226 a. 4. macr ra. t. e. g. 70*. 
 
 4) The at in >$ 7, 1) may be «-umlauted to uf, cf. 
 Noreen, Gr,, J^ 71, a. 2. Probably the oc in forms of 
 oerendi 3 t. c. g. 78^, is of this sort, the //-umlaut 
 having arisen from a contamination of the suffixes 
 -tind, -hid. Cf. Norecn, Gr., 5^ 149, 3, j^ 150, 2. 
 
 5) ) by //-umlaut: c. g. kiiodn 43''', von 4 t. c. g. 9**. 
 
 In the great majority of cases a appears for this 
 umlaut: hadom (d. pi.) 4 t. e.g. 66^ drapti 3 t. e.g. 
 i8«, sarom 3 t. f. g. 74 '3, vafn 86 , pradtim 8b»". 
 
 Since the use of </ for this umlaut is so general, the 
 supposition arises: (i) either that </' was not umlauted at all in 
 this dialect, or (2) that o has fallen together with d and is repn- 
 sented by the latter sign, as was the case in Icelandic after I2 5(J 
 (cf. Noreen, (ir. 5^ 80). The former supposition is very improbable 
 since the two periods of umlaut of a have prevailed. The 
 objection to the second supposition is, that in cerUin cases, 
 where the regular development in East as well as West Norse 
 is from o i'>, we find here also a. The cases in which d 
 before an // following is further labialized to o are as follows: 
 (l) when preceded by r-; (2) when nasalizcil, cf. Noreen, Gr., 
 S 73, 2, Hom. M., pp. 66 tr. 
 
 I. Preceded by r. All the cases in Kl. where these con- 
 ditions appear are as follows: /iioir (n. s. f.) 65^ ituido 32'* 
 
lO l^honolopy. 
 
 (cf. kitodu 43'-'), sainktioinii Sy'-', loH'', I'afit 86^, rnlkiiiii 12', 
 vapit 5 t. i\ g. 33, vapnomlum 10 t. <•. ^^. 4I', z'^';- (poss. n. pi.) 
 20^, Vitro 7^, bi^-"^, ranun 8 t. <•. .^^ 109^ vornm 27^, forms of fvvv?: 
 raroin 18', evr/v 11 t. <•. .i,'-. 43^, 7'i>ni/o 24 t. f. ^. 103", r'c/^?/' 
 94', Of the above 71 forms, 29 have and 42 a. 
 
 2. Nasalized: in ast 76'', 91 1^, (^/n-w (d. pi.) 2^ ;;/«//« (;_ mega) 
 36^2^ ^jb^ (333^ forms of inattngr g t. f. g. 60^, 83^, «rtr»w 42-*, nott 
 6 t. f. ^. 71I'', ^;« (prep.) 4 t. c. g. 62'^, asiandom 35**^, ev/« 
 4 t. t-. .^. 21'-^ (perhaps moiiti 37^, 68-^). Of the above 31 forms 
 14 have 0, the rest a. ') 
 
 'j Included in tlie above exnn)])lf.s are all iVs, whatcvei' their origin. 
 
 There are a few other words which must be mentioned 
 in this connection, namely: 
 
 forsio 3 t. c. g. i^, hon 57 t. 6'.^. 6o\ /lonnin'oin 135 t. 
 e. g. 44*, sniorr 73'^, 95 ''^. In some of these it is not absolutely 
 certain that the original vowel was a. Cf. Horn. LI., p. 64, and 
 Kahle, ^ 73, 2. They are therefore disregar(Jed in discussing 
 the umlaut of a. 
 
 From the evidence of El. it appears that the development 
 was not to 0, but simply to o in these cases. On this sup- 
 position the wavering between a and is explained, for it was 
 approximately at the date of this ms. that the change took 
 place. It will be noticed, also, that in every case where it is 
 preceded by v, the v is retained, which would not be the case 
 if we had 6. Although the ms. offers no examples of v dropped 
 before 6, yet we may be sure it would drop in this case, since 
 it is regularly dropped before and //. 
 
 This dialect certainly occupies a peculiar position in this 
 respect, since the evidence for 6 in most dialects seems very 
 strong. Cf. Wadstein and Noreen, as above. 
 
 .§ 8. Germanic c 
 
 ^- e\ e.g. lezk 82^ (cf. lactk 816), her (adv.) i^ etc. 
 In laetk (see above), in vaer 47 t. e. g. 8*^ (with accent 18'), 
 (cf. ver 8^), ae is used to represent this (■. This is remarkable. 
 e ) ae when preceded by v and followed by ;- or / in many 
 Norwegian dialects, cf. Noreen, Gr., §81, and Hom. LI., p. 36 
 but no instance is recorded of a similar change of e. These 
 are the only cases in this ms. 
 
I'liun..l..-v I I 
 
 5$ (.;. Germanic / 
 
 i) = /: <•. _(f. bit a 30'"'', foriiis of rikr i. jf. 7*^. 
 
 2) ,' before // : i: tr. Ic 22^-\ tittjallda 13" ( twik) 
 Noreen, Gr., ii; 251, a. 
 
 3) /: c. }r. till 82'', /lia ( Jitm'a) 11 t. e.g. 76'*. 
 
 § 10. Germanic o 
 
 1) rm (7; — e.g. hloit 1 06-, gotltiiH 102^, for III'''. 
 
 2) ) (;f ((^) by /-umlaut: e.g. bocnir t,'\ I2\ brodr '^ t. 
 f. ^. yi^yfoeti 6 t. t. ,(f. 7' (cf./fV/ 972), forms o{ roeda 
 3 t. with t;f, f. i'. 82'" -^ 14 t. with <', f. .^. rodcr t^z^^, 
 softi gi'**. t^i: is used altogether 97 times, o 48 
 times. 
 
 § II. Germanic u 
 
 i) =^^ «: hita 6 t. 6'.^. 114'-, fnis log'^. 
 
 2) ) J' by /-umlaut: i. g. byr 77', /;■//■ 1 1 5^ jwjt lo8^ 
 
 3) ': (/ before //. This 6 oc by /-umlaut: e.g. ocskii 
 i", 3^, 91'^, f^^tvj; 106'*'. 
 
 § 12. Germanic ai 
 
 i) rr= mv; <. .;'-. rttv;^-./ 7>^ 99*, .^'/vr*// 5 t. t.g. 7'*. 
 
 The usual representation of this diphthong is aei, 
 but ci occurs in the following cases: tigi bg"* (•^- 
 aeigi 95 t. c. g. 658), cinnigi 88- (-^ forms with 
 aei 8 t. f. g. 80 '2). 
 2) / f by shortening before geminata: forms ni lielgr 15 t. 
 e. g. I7'<' ('^ haelgar 3"', iartegnir 45 • (cf. Hom. LI., 
 p. 60 for etymology), forms of iiiistr 7 t. t. i'. 74"*. 
 
 3) 
 
 a) Before // ; e.g. a f> *^'g'^^ 4'''» ''"" /"• 
 
 b) Before r ; aria (adv.) 3 t. t. ^. 27^ forms oi sar, 
 e.g. 8 1 '2. 
 
 c) Before w; e.g. forms of ^rt/ 98'', 22', aei (Goth. 
 aiw) remains, cf. Noreen, Gr., fj 57, 3. a. 2. It 
 occurs 7 t. e. g. 16* ('^ </< 83''). 
 
 d) In syllables with strong secondary accent, originally, 
 and thence in syllables with chief accent: — 
 forms of badir e. g. 26^, forms of klaedi (/-uml.) 
 e. g. 86'". 
 
' - Plioiiology. 
 
 »^ 13. Girmaiiic an 
 
 1) — ,/// : forms of daudr, c. jr. 66", sA-a/U {, skjofa) 
 7 t. f. g. zy, {av 6613), p^ji g t. t: g. 43?. 
 
 2) ) aty by /-umlaut: c. g. dacyia 106IO, kacvfti 24'. 
 This diphthong is written aey except in hlacidaz 90^ 
 (cf. hlaiyddiz 81^ and hlacydc\i §38, 89^. 
 
 3) ) acy by A'-uuilaut: r. ,i,^-. acyro b^^. 
 
 4) ) rt-': Forms a{ hdr c. g. 4411, cf. Ark., I, 266; forms 
 oi far 4210, 81^. 
 
 5) ) 6 ) 0, originally in syllables with secondary accent: 
 brott (adv.) 27 t. c. g. 438, 98 '3 (cf. forms with an 
 6 t. c. g. 2 1 6, 60I). 
 
 § 14. Germanic ch 
 
 i) ) io (before a. 0), ) id: e.g. briota -j^^, kiosa 41''^ 
 
 forms of piofr, e. g. 62'*. 
 2) , hi (before /. 7^.), ) /Vi ; t". ^. siiikr 81*', 82I. This //i ) 
 y by /-umlaut: 6'. g. bydr 85'^ ( bjoda), kyss 93^ 
 (( kiosa). 
 
 CHAPTKK II. 
 VOWELS IN SYLLABLES WITH SECONDARY ACCENT OR 
 UNACCENTED. 
 
 A. Variation of c!i. 
 
 ^15. In Noreen, Gr., § 124, 2, Hom. LI., p. 88; Sievers, 
 Tii!). Br., p. 1 1 , rules are given, according to which the use 
 of these vowels is regulated in Norwegian dialects. All these 
 rules agree essentially, as the same principle prevails, that is, 
 that t' is used after the less palatal vowels a, e, and / after 
 the /- and ;/-vowels. 
 
 These vowels in El. are not used in accordance with 
 this principle, although there are traces of the existence in a 
 former period of such a law. 
 
 After the vowels where we might expect f, in accordance 
 with the principle just stated, namely a, c, 0, ac, oe, we find 
 th<^ vowels distributed as follows: after a 360 t. / • — . 273 C, 
 after e, 470 / ^. 39 c; after o, 175 / '^^ 10 e; after ue '75 
 i ^^ 27 c; after oe 43 / — 4 c. 
 
 The vowels after which we expect / are /, 7t, y, an 
 (diph.). We find after i, 352 / -^ 94 c\ after m ii8f 9 c\ 
 after ?/ 74 / '^^ 25 c; after au f 5 / '^- one c. 
 
I'h()iu)l<.(.'v. i.i 
 
 Clearly the so-i ailed vowel-lianuoiiy does not exist liere, 
 yet, siiici- the jnoporlioii ol < s is i;rcat<^r in the cases where it 
 mi.uhl he exi)eclcii, it is evident that such a law did at «nie time 
 exist, hut that the dialect is at this time in a transition period 
 tcndiuf,^ towartl a uniform use of /, as in the later Icelandic rass. 
 
 The tcHal number of /"s is 2350, of <"s 575, Of these 
 575 cases where f is retained, 51 belong to the forms of one 
 word, siddiri, but this is tlie only case where a single word or 
 single category seems to have been instrumental in preserving 
 the I'. In certain dialects it seems that some entirely different 
 principle regulated the use of cji, that certain words or cate- 
 gories had one vowel or the other independently of the preceding 
 vowel. An examination of the ms., with a view to establishing 
 such a principle, results as follows : In the forms of the suffixed 
 article / occurs 205 times, c 8 times. Suffix -le(f -fif/f i 78 t. '^ 
 c 48 t., ac 2 t. Usually, in this suffix the vowel varies in the 
 same word, c. i(. 7'in/nligr 4 t. •^' -/t\(( 3 t., dyrligr 13 t. '-^• 
 -leg 8 t. Suffix -huj -eriff. -ing 138 t. - eng twice. Pres. 
 ppl. -ancle -audi: amh 30 t. -^ -amii 4 t. i\ g. farandc 35^, 
 43'*, koiitandc gg"' '^. -audi go'^. iii*^. Pret. ppl. -innl-it: i 
 prevails here, f being used but once or twice, i\ g. falHun 
 I I** etc., dragit 24^. 
 
 In the above word-formative suffixes there certainly is a 
 preference for one vowel, but it is the vowel / which is, as 
 we have seen, the prevailing vowel throughout. 
 
 In the inflectional suffixes the vowels are more equally dis- 
 tributed, c. g. in the 3'^'' sg. pret. a very large category — they 
 are nearly equal; andvarpadc 3 t. <•. g. is** -^^ -di 2 t. c. g. 85', 
 hafdi' 2\ t. e. g. 42''* '^ -di 22 t. i.g. 2b^. In the dat sg. m. n.: 
 c 70 t. '^ / 41 t. I. g. landi II t. e.g. g3"*, sHcrde 8 t. e.g. 
 \\^ ^. -di 15 t. e. g. no*; n. pi. m.: < 17 t. •^' / 22 t. e. g. 
 badir 8 t. e. g. 77^ <-^. bader 2g'^, ///;//;■ lit. --^^ -er once. A 
 few adverbs keep one or the other vowel quite consistently: 
 alldri 5 t. <. g. 7i>2 r^ alldre 26 t. e. g. \2^, aiidrij^i 107'* 
 -^^ alldregi 25 t. e.g. 64^, alldrege 3g'* '^ nlldreHgi 25 t. e.g. i*. 
 
 The above examples do not furnish sufficient evidence 
 tor a law regulating the vowels acconling to suffixes, aiu! it is 
 Ixtter ti) conchule, ;is was Stated above, that the usual N<t- 
 
14 Phonology. 
 
 wci^iaii vowel-hariuoiiy once pr(»vailo(l, but that the dialect is 
 now in a transition period, tending toward the use of/ uniformly, 
 as in Icelandic. 
 
 B. Variation of njo. 
 
 ^ 1 6. There is no greater ret,nilarity in the use of these 
 vowels than in the use of / c. 
 
 The statistics are as follows: After the following vowels 
 where o is regular, according to the rule for Norwegian (cf. refe- 
 rences given above for / <■), we tind: after e, io8 7i '^^ 76 0, 
 after o, 102 // ■^. 46 0, after oe, 12 ?/ '^^ 42 o after o, 207 
 // -^^ 201 [Iio)iojii 128), after iie 44 n '^^ 7 0, after ci, 36 
 It, '^-' 44 0. After the vowels where it is regular we tind: 
 after a 11 n ^^' 3 0, after i 474 11 — 19 0, after i«. 64 n 
 •^^ 2 0, after '// 47 ?t '^^ 17 0, after ne/ 30 ;^ '^' 3 0. The 
 total number of ;^'s is 874 -^^ 457 (128 Iionoin). Here too 
 it is evident that // preponderates , as / does, though the 
 proportion is not so large. It is also evident that 7t pre- 
 ponderates in the very cases where would be regular, which 
 points, as in the case of i!e, to the former existence of a law 
 of vowel-harmony. 
 
 It is quite as impossible to arrange these forms in cate- 
 gories with special endings as in the case of ije. If we might 
 expect uniformity in any form it would be in the ending -7ti/i 
 (cf. Horn., LI. p. 94), yet we find here -itin 433 t. '--. -oin 
 247 t. (128 of these belong to honom and may be due to some 
 special reason). The only large categories where n\o occurs 
 with any sort of regularity are the above mentioned hofiutn 
 which has -mii 7 t. '-^ -oiii 128 t. c. g. -nni 98^, 98^ '-^ -o?ii 
 i^^^y 2)i^'i forms of varr (poss.): z'aro 7^, 61^3^ varolii 8 t. 
 e.g. 82*, forms of vera', varo 11 t. c. g. 36^2 '^- zwro 22 t. 
 e.g. 104^. Aside from these words, complete irregularity prevails; 
 e.g. drapu 4o'2 ,^. drapo 18^, 70"^, raduiii 1 1", 4^ '^ radoiii. 
 738, aeimtm 22^*^ -^^ acinoiu 88^, hiyuiit 14 t. c. g. 6'3 ^^ 
 /j/jnh) 5 t. L\ g. 5 '2. 
 
 In the oldest part of Hom. e and are regular without 
 regard to the preceding vowel, in the younger parts there is 
 a well regulated vowel- harmony. Cf. Hom., LI. pp. 93, 94. 
 The ms. of El. is later still, having passed through the stage of 
 vowel-harmony and adopted the later Icelandic rule of / and ?t. 
 
Whonolocy 15 
 
 C. Ollirr vowel cliaiiK*"'^- 
 
 55 17. SulTix -ari -iii. Korins with ami willii>iit uiulaut 
 occur, the variation bcin^ tli>«-" originally to a tliflcrt-ncr in 
 accent; <•. g. fahcri 85'-, 105* ^^ snipatr 45^, ndiitri 15 t. 
 c. g. 96' '^^ -arilc 5 t. c. g. 44''*. The variation <»f vowel 
 appears also, througli levelinj^'^, in forms where no / followed; 
 c. g. riddirar y t. <•. g. 2 2^, ridiicrnm 43'- '^- riihiaro^m) kj'^. 
 riddirascap i^ <^. riddarascap b^. 
 
 ^ 18. Suflix -audiliudi. Unilauted forms of tliis suffix 
 appear in rangcudo{jii) I'l, forms of tidctidi 5 t. c. g. 73'-'. 
 
 i^ 19. Germanic o in unaccented syllables. 
 
 According to Noreen, Gr., !^ 117, a. 2, Germanic o appears 
 fnially as a, in Norwegian (juite regularly, having crowded out 
 the regular (bef. 11 0) througliout the paradigm. This is not 
 regularly the case in El. but the following instances oct:ur: 
 hvgnastit 78^^, rikastu 30^ -^ riknstu 22^, skiotaztu 92', sam- 
 hlaudaduiii 2" '^- hiorhlaiidodn 61', skun(n')dadnm IB'*, stior- 
 nadn i ^. 
 
 5$ 20. y is umlauted to / before / of the following 
 syllable, cf. Noreen, Gr., J^ 126. The following examples occur: 
 irir 5^ ~ yjir 9 t. c. g. 86", rfcr 3 t. c. g. 7l^ Jinrjir 82 t. 
 c. g. I04'' '^^ fyrir 68'', ()2^^, iiniifli 46'"^ '^- iitiirfli 38^. 64-, 
 ////;;■// S8l\ Inbvliim 8''^ 14". 
 
 § 21. Miscellaneous. 
 
 i) C'ontraction does not a])pear, where we should i-x- 
 pect it, in ddr 2', sect \b^ (ppl. of sid). 
 
 2) a is elided in gcf cc 63*''. 
 
 3) The form of the y^ pi. is used for tlie 3'^ sg. in 
 soekia 82^. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 .XCCKNT. 
 
 % 22. Where tlie acute accent is used, it marks a l(»ng 
 
 vowel, usually, and corresponds to the Icelandic accent. In 
 
 the majority of cases however the cjuantity of the vowels is left 
 
 unmarked. The accent is used as follows : 
 
 I ) over a 67 times; e. g. a (prep, ami adv.) 2:-^ t. -^^ a 
 in. t., a (fem. subst.) 41', ddr 2' (here the accent on 
 till- second vowel indicates that the two are to be 
 
1 6 Phonology. 
 
 kept apart), ti (^ ci^i^a) 5 t. •^' rr 6 t., nf (' cfn 60^, 
 61^), /",/ 60" ^- fa 9 t. c. .(f. 7 81-, Iid/si 42" '^ 
 forms of //a/s i i t. c. _i(. 30*, Iiigf (adv.) i i^ ^^^ lai(t 
 93", sdto 2 I '•' -^^ satii 86*', forms of rvr/v (poss.) 
 with accent 5'^. 20*^. 28^ '-^^ forms witliout accent 
 27 t. 
 
 2) over e 12 times: A'/ ({ lata) 5 t. c. g. ij^^ '^- Ut 
 7 t. c. g. 13-*, ;;//;- 14^ .^^ tmr 102 t. 
 
 3) over ^) 26 times: boklaerdr 17'' '^^ //i^)/' 3 t. e. g. 1 16'', 
 donia lO^ <^. domn{i}i) 17-, forms iii godr 2 t. 102^ 
 (his) ^. forms oi godr 14 t., </;/ (prep.) 62'^, 74'^ 
 '^- on 62-^. 7g2. 
 
 4) over io 3 times: r. ,^. Hop 66"*, 102^ f^. //(7/> 17 t., 
 //J;/ 77^". 
 
 5) over 71 \2 times: c. g. hi'ts log'*, I'lt 5 t. c. g. gg'^ ^-^ 
 /// m. t., nmbot 3^, (may be dittography here). 
 
 6) over ;- 2 times: — fyst b\^, oiiyt loi-' '-^ forms of 
 oiiytir nyttr 6'", 6^. 
 
 7) over an 13 times: — 8 t. over second vowel, 5 
 times over first — c. g. brant 2\^ ^'i^, 21^0 ---• 
 brantt 87", brant 156, brant 6o\ Idnf 45^ '^. lanf 
 in compounds and derivatives 7 t., lanfgn/Ita, scant 
 10 1 ^ '^- skant 7 t. There seems to be no reason 
 for placing the accent over one vowel rather than 
 the other, since the same word occurs with the 
 accent in both positions, cf. above — brant — ld7if. 
 
 8) over ac 60 times: e. g. gaefa 26 'i <^. gacfa 3 t. 
 c. g. 7g6, hactta 1146 ,^. hactta 3 t. c. g. 13'*, tnacr 
 6 t. .^^ viair 18 t. 
 
 g) over aei once — pdcir 43'^ .-^. pacir m. t. 
 10) over g once — fort 60^*. 
 
 General remarks on Vocalism. 
 
 The manuscript betrays marked Icelandic characteristics in 
 several important points, namely, the younger ?^ -umlaut of a 
 and d ; the falling together in sound of o and d ; the prevailing 
 use of / in unaccented syllables. This fact, together witli the 
 absence of any decided East Norse characteristics, marks the 
 dialect as being West Norwegian. 
 
PhoiioUigy ' 7 
 
 I'Akr II. 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 CHAI'TKR IV. 
 GKKM.NNIC CoNSON.XN'rs. 
 i; 2,^. GiTinanic: /> 
 
 i) = /». — a) When medial; t.g. apa/ldrs bty', forms of 
 dn-pa, i: g. i g^. 
 
 b) When final; gnu//) 5 t. f. g. 98^, forms of 
 sAi/>, c. g. 2o\ 
 
 c) In combination with j- — e.g. sprungii 106-, 
 spotti 12*2^ forms of spiot, e.g. 5^3. 
 
 2) ) / in the combination />/. This is a peculiarity of 
 Norwegian dialects and is somewhat rare. Cf. Noreen, 
 Gr., ^ igi. The following instances occur in El.: 
 lacvfti 6 t. i. g. 2 5 13 -^ lacypti'n 6 t. c. g. I3«, 
 siacrffiz T,T,^ '^ Stacy ptiz bf, -it 40". The com- 
 bination pt occurs in .'^murptr lOO*, otptic 11 \2 t. 
 <•. g. 100 1*, Xv/// 64'. 
 ^^ y^yi — originally when final, thence by Iran.sfer 
 to medial position, < . g. tipp 32 t. i\ g. io6''*, tippi 
 8g'. 114'. 
 
 All words with initial p are Idan-words. K.xamples 
 of these are pnrndisi 76-, ptisii({iii) 4", pi/h 73'3. 
 § 24. Germanic // 
 
 i) = pp, c. g. slvppr 661. 
 
 2) ) / before another consonant; 
 
 e.g. kiptib\^ {{kippa), kapsamliga 44''^ ( iitp cf. /// p. :!8). 
 55 25. Germanic /> 
 
 i) z= /) — occurs only alter nasals: — Imiiis ol tii.iiut', 
 e.g. 5o':\ 
 
 Words with initial b (if not from f>) are loan- 
 words, t. g. bellti 87^ hraevi 78". 
 
 2) Assimilations: — mb luni in syllables with weak 
 accent, and is further simplified to ///, e. g. urn 
 (prep.) m. t. e. g. 3». 
 
 3) /; iv lost in ihainsaiiia ^7^ •^' forms of dramb m. t. 
 
 2 
 
r8 Phonology. 
 
 v^ 26. Germanic /' 
 
 1 ) r=r <^ initially, t'. .if. hana 106*, forms of harji 9 t. 
 
 2) ) y (a voiced dento-labial spirant); c. j{_ arf 4'^, 
 forms of dracifa, e. g. 1 12^, klifa 40-''', A^ 30'^', -Incifa 
 6 1 2, ^yi?;/ g t. <-. .§■. 60"^. 
 
 This sound is represented by v in the following 
 words: 53 t. gevi 74'^ '^^ gtifi 10 t. and many other 
 forms and derivatives, all written withy"; the following 
 forms of hava : ham 22 t. e. g. 42^^ [hana 91** 
 '-^ hafa g t. c. g. 18^^), /n'T'i 9 t. -^ /ic/i 6 t., 
 /if7'ir 3'', 64^1 '^ //r/ir 50 t. e. g. 3''', havoni, hovom 
 4 t. (all otlxer forms of hava havey); hovod t^^ "-^ 
 forms with / 27 t. and haiifdiiigi 15 t,; liva 3 t. e. g. 
 8^ -^ Ufa 9 '3, livaudcja 3 t. <;■.,;'■. 36' (-^ lifande 
 4 t. f. .§-. 81 1), livi 16, 73 0^ Uji 12*^, 30'', (^//zv-s- 
 7 4 13 ,^^ olijis 112^ (other forms with_/'); sialvnni oni 
 3 t. £.'..§■. 25IO "^^ sialfiuu, siolfnin 4 t. <•. .§•. 7 5 '3 (in 
 all other forms, /); ivir 5-^ — j'Jir 12 t. r. g. 113*; 
 athaevi 42 ^ 
 
 3) /;/ ) ;«;z (This is the / of § 27. 2.). This is a 
 Norwegian development and occurs under different 
 conditions in different dialects. Cf. Noreen, Gr., 
 ^ 182. 2 and Hom. LL, p. 108. 
 
 The cases where this occurs, or might be expected, 
 in El. are as follows: iavmaii (adv.) i^^, 763 ''•^ 
 iafnan 5 t., iaiiiniugi 45'" '^' iafn{ii)ingar 9^, iaiii- 
 in cpds. 12 t. (followed by /, g, vi, e'), iafnligast 
 27^*^, athofn 40^0, henma 39^^ '^' hcfna 17^, 102^ 
 {fn in other forms of this word, 3 t. before a 
 vowel, 2 t. before d and /), stiefn 96^, snefnioft 
 73^*^) 75*- This is rather scanty material on which 
 to set up a rule, but the tendency seems to be, 
 fn ) uni in a syllable with weak accent, c. g. lain- 
 15 t. (cf. Hom. LI., p. 109, foot-note) .^^ iafn once, 
 and this change may occur before a vowel; e.g. inn 
 in the above list 4 t. — > /« 13 t. (cf. p. 28). 
 
 One instance occurs ofy"; /// before a nasal vowel, 
 hclmingr 84^. 
 
IMionoloRV. li) 
 
 4) ) / (unvoiced) before A and s; c. ji(. alfki>uur 65", 
 869, (ef. Kluge, s. Alp.), pyfskn 652. 
 
 !;5 27. Germanic / (unvoiced) 
 
 1) = /, wluMi initial; forms of yr/r*?, t . i^. H-', (_^i-*, /,//;-, 
 e.g. 95"'. 
 
 2) ) / (voiceless dento-labial spirant), after a vowel or 
 /, r, except when /', s, or / follows: forms of ajl, 
 c. g. 60*, hofa 92", ot'fra 14^, forms of akafr 6 t. 
 c. g. \2^ --. akai'om 5^. 'J'his latter is the only 
 instance where v is written for this souiul. 
 
 3) ) / before s, t. There is no apparent rule for this 
 change, cf. Noreen, Gr., i; 185, 2, Horn. Li., p. 109. 
 
 The cases are acpt{cr) 41^ {'^- ft 16 t.), gip/uiH^^^ 
 {'^ S^fti^ 8i2 and other forms with // 9 t.), lopt 90^ 
 (~// 4 t.), forms of hpt 44J<, 13^, 972 (~// 22^^, 
 97®), optasamliga 21'* (-^^ (0* 64''-, 7 i»), op/arr ^2*, 
 39'5 (~ oftarr\r 422, 65', 8'8), spiotscapt 2\^, 26« 
 ('^- ff 35^''» 35'"). vidrsciptile 29", 104*. Other 
 words where only ft appears are : forms of kraftr 
 3 t. e.g. 3 1 2, forms o{ kroftngr 12'^, 75'". rifsingnm 
 94'', forms of .^kifta 3 t. e.g. 2710, aftr 10 t < . ^^. 
 102'^. 
 
 The above examples show thai this tendency 
 is not well established in El. for there are only 
 13 ex. of// and in every case, except ridrscipti, 
 the same word has a greater number of forms withy/. 
 
 4) /" is htst in y//// 2 i '2, t2^^\ Jiuitu 4410. \n Jim fit f 
 is dropped because it is in a group of three consonants. 
 
 Jim follows the analogy of the ordinal. 
 
 il; 28. Germanic / 
 
 i) = /; forms oi taka, e.g. 14''', 67**, tima 25IO, forms 
 
 oi fotr, e. g. 95 1". 
 2) ) //when final, unaccented, and preceded by a vowel, 
 7 times; hrotid (ppl.) 26'' (^' hrotit 63''), getid (ppl.) 
 95', latid (ppl.) 66", loo<, 106'*. In these parti- 
 cipial forms the d (= /) is from // ( «/. 
 
 d is used also in the forms of the suffixed artic Ic 
 twice; /trios fid 75 '"-^ lopt id 90" r>^- / many times. 
 
I'ltonology. 
 
 In all of the above cases the syllable begins with /. 
 This seems to indicate a tendency to such a dissim- 
 ilation as exists in certain Icelandic mss., cf. Noreen, 
 Gr., § 192. The dissimilation is not compU^tcly 
 carried out, however, for / occurs in briostit t^;^-^, 
 spiotit 3 si-*. 
 
 3) ) // after a long vowel with chief stress : 
 
 When originally final; c. g. hrott (adv.) 27 t. 
 c. g. 7^, 1 2** -^ hrot 5 t. c. g. 42^, djrtt (adj.) 
 44I, 62" '--^ iiyrt 5 t. e.g. 1 1 1^, ertt (( vera) 83^ 
 r-^ ert 30 t. e.g. 115"^ (The single occurrence of 
 this word, which is usually unaccented, with tt is 
 probably due to careless writing), boettr 35^, satt 
 (2 sg. pt, ( sia) 34'''^, 2T,^'- (witli acct.), fatt 81''. 
 
 In gaetti ^^z'^'^ the reason for doubling is not 
 clear, {ci. giaeta 107'-'). Cf. Ark., V, 121 f. In boettr 
 we have an example of sporadic lengthening of t 
 before r, cf. Noreen, Gr,, ^220 a. 2. 
 
 4) // stands for Latin / in forms of natfuruligr 3 t. 
 e. g. 24I" '^-^ / i^. 
 
 5) tk is assimilated to ^/^; e. g. forms of nockor with 
 ek 15 t. —^ ec 2>?>'^^. 
 
 6) a) / + 5 is written z with the value of ts in bliaz 
 
 73 '2, skatz 78»*. 
 b) / is dropped in the following cases : fcii {J>er 
 follows) 63!*; hinga 70^ (■^. hingat 11 t. e.g. 
 242. The dropping oi t in hingat is undoubtedly 
 due to careless writing. D has hingat and D is 
 based on the same original, but as it is much 
 later and greatly changed, it proves nothing as to 
 the form of the word in the original. 
 
 ^29. Germanic // 
 
 ^ //, e. g. hetti 43^, forms of skattr 4 t. e. g. 792. 
 
 t^ 30. Germanic el 
 
 i) = d (occurs only after nasals); forms o{ binda, e. g. 
 6^ 10I2, forms of hond, e.g. 30^'*, nndirer 13 t. 
 ('^- nndir 69'^). 
 
2))/; a) wlicn liiial after // , t. x- ^^'^^^ 9^'"'. loi^ 
 
 b) when tiual after /, f. ,i^. ffia/Z/bz'', ^^allt in", 
 hcllt (> haltiia) y t. f. y;. 36\ 
 
 c) before jt (written z) in tan{n)z 20^. 
 
 3) (iid)t > //; e.g. foctt 38, 65«. 
 
 4) rt' is lost in a group of tliree consonants ; aninjsiior 
 45I", vanligast 64'*, hniguu 113'^. 
 
 31. Germanic <^/ 
 
 I ))</; — a) when initial ; forms oii/ottir, e.g. 78^'*, (fi.^ca b i ". 
 b) after /, iii, 11, regularly, but the following wortls 
 have some forms with d\ Jioldi 4 t. c. g. 116' 
 ici.Jioldt' 40"^), skildeli 6 t. c. g. 45'", skilldtimz 
 18^ (~ J/t//rt'<- 24I2, 36", (//) 38'\ vcsoldtim 
 38- ('^' vcsallda ^■j'', -dcr 3 t. f. ^. 16', samdc 
 47 (cf. ^rt/Wf 863), j^,.;,^^ 311^ .dar 8" (cf. 
 socmd 6 t. -^/<rr ^ 4 t.), -scmd 10*, -<?/• 12" (cf. 
 -scmd 4 t. f. ^^. 10^, -ar ig'*). 
 
 The change of d to </ in this position took 
 place in Norwegian, at about the time that this 
 ms. originated, occurring latest of all after a 
 short vowel. These words are remnants of 
 the older state. The last tive words, it will be 
 noticed, have a short vowel. Cf. Horn. LI., 
 p. 106. 
 c) after Ig, ng. Cf, Noreen, Gr., .^ 183, 1. b. 
 
 Two instances of this change occur; fjlgdar 
 
 8*, 5' (-^ -dar f, 107^, 73" and other forms 
 
 with Igd 1 1 t.), he{n)gdc 26^ ->-• heugdr 65-. 
 
 2) = d; e.g. b acid 0^2^, 66', (/r/vAi' 6 i ", forms oi /lardr, 
 
 t\ g. 14*, forms oi fadir e.g. 71'^. It is written </ tliree 
 
 times, namely, daiidan 25' (cf. dandatt 31"^ and other 
 
 forms with d 20 t.J, gode 62 • (cf. godej 4 t. e. g. 43'^' 
 
 and other forms with d 10 t.}, modirO)^ (cf. tnodirt^\ 
 
 3))/. — a) after s, e.g. kysd yb^*, 102', zaeiztn 69'"; 
 
 b) after / and « which are, or were once, preceded 
 by a voiceless consonant; ntaellti m. t. e.g. 
 2t)'\ raenti 94 '^ 
 
 c) after /> and / . e. g. kipti 64', kaey/ti 24', laeypti 
 6 I. e. g. \\^ {ft 6 t. e.g. 25«3). 
 
Phonology. 
 
 cl) before s; e.g. borz -j-j^'^; bui daiu/s 1 08^ -, guifs 
 8 I. i\ g. 31-. In these forms rf is retained 
 through association. Further examples are the 
 2. pi. reflex, duis 85I8, higiz 889, ,.^,v//s 88^. 
 e) When final after a vowel with weak accent. 
 hnndrat g t. e.g. bz^, vict (prep.j 12 t. e.g. 
 7»^ 8' (cf. med 97 1. e. g. 67^), vit (prep.) 
 177, 691% ii5i« (cf. vid m. t., nid 88'), hau- 
 fut 453 (cf. -lid m. t., -?// 95^, nd iio'-'). 
 This last form may be explained as a trans- 
 fer from the genitive, where d ^ t before .v. 
 Cf. Noreen, Gr., ,§ 183. a. 10. 
 In a few cases / occurs in the 2 pi. of the verl); 
 nemit 12I*, latet 7* (cf. latid S^, 428), takit 628, 
 set (( si(i) 4 t. 6'. g. 2 13 (cf. .yt-^ 58;. 
 
 This change occurs only dialectically and late 
 in Icelandic Icf. Noreen, Gr. ^ 183. 2. f.). The 
 verb forms, 2 pi., are explained as reduced from a 
 double consonant arising from an enclitic, dt ) it ) /. 
 cf. Noreen, Gr., § 135, a. i. The two words given 
 above with d, namely, vid and hatifud have d pro- 
 bably because the stroke in d was omitted. In 
 haufup 95^ we have the only instance of / final. 
 It is probably dittography as / in fegar stands 
 almost directly above it in the ms. 
 
 4) </ -7- ^ > dd, e.g. baeiddiz 44^, 84', blaeyddiz 81'^, 
 foedde 70*. 
 
 5) Assimilations. 
 a) Regressive. 
 
 a. di ) //, e. g. klaeiti log'^, roett 8^«, gott 5 t. 
 
 1^. dd ) dd, e. g. aeydd 10 1^. 
 
 y. dl ) //, e. g. imllom 4 t. e. g. 46', ;;///// 56-'^, 87^*. 
 b. Progressive. 
 
 a. td ) //, e. g. gaettu 97'^, pt. oi nioeta 5 t. e. g. 
 nioetti 113^, setti 98^, -n 21^ (; sefia), vard- 
 vaeitti 26^. 
 /i?. Rd ) <:/^; forms of rodd, e.g. 29I. 
 
f'honolof^y. -V) 
 
 h) (/ is lost ill a j^roiip of lliriu; consoiiarilh; umrnunn 
 l[b^, roriiis of siiiij^iiii 4 t. e.g. 107''. 
 5^ ^2. Germanic / 
 
 i) = / when initial; t. .^. /''^^'^'•r 2", 22'", lorius of 
 /ora, e.g. porir 2,^^, f'ackndc 43", 91"^. 
 
 2) ) // 
 
 a) after vowels; e.g. kuad -jO^. This d t hrforc 
 ,v and Is is written c, c. g. ahracizl 75'. 
 
 lij after r; forms of Ttrda, i. g. g'. 
 
 c) when initial in a syllable with weak accent, < . .;'•. 
 /{■c/V/^;- i,i^\ forms of >tAr.v//, f. .^. 86l^ 86' >. 
 
 3) /' in the combination //, which bej,'ins a syllable; 
 forms oiflyia, c. g. 42^, forms of intiyjli 3 t. c. g. a*. 
 
 4) Assimilations. 
 
 a) // ) //, e. g. forms of alir m. t. '— / once in alt 
 9511, (j/i. (pref.) 2 t. f.g. 80'*, 104*2, ,7/- 5 I. i\ g. 
 36'', forms of gull 24 t, c. g. 87- ^cf. .;'■///- 5'^). 
 
 h] it/< nil, i\ g. forms oi aiiiiarr with //// m. t. (cf. 
 anarri i 1 1 1'\ -a 8 1 8), forms of skiini 6 t. e.g. 
 38", forms oi itiDia 4 t. <•. .if. 76^, forms ofjinua, 
 t\ g. 102". 
 
 5) is lost before /; forms of ///<// 5 t. i. g. 2^^''. 
 
 ^ 33- 
 
 //a) //, f.g. spotti 12'", /t/Ar 28 t. e.g. i ib^. Cf. 
 Ark., IV., 97. 
 
 b) P } fi after a vowel with weak accent; eda 31 t. 
 f. g. \^y mcdait 8 t. c. g. 36-. 
 
 ^ 34. Germanic k 
 
 \) — k: folk 5 t. e.g. 38*, forms of kidkr, e.g. 92^, 
 lokit 12". 
 
 For the writing k.e see below. It is written once 
 ijii in y//^?</ (^2'^ (cf. X'«^rf' 143 t.j. In kiendi I09^ 
 III- the palatal consonant is indicatetl by ^/ which is 
 rare before a palatal vowel. Other forms of this 
 word have k\ kend- 7 t. and kenna 30'-. In the 
 followinjj cases, where a palatal k has come, tlirouKh 
 syncope of a palatal vowel, to stand befori- a non- 
 palatal vowel, /" is inserted to show the palatal qual- 
 
24 PhonoloRv. 
 
 ily: fatoikiiiiii 2', -an 8'*, niiinidrcckiu 75'', Hcitcskinr 
 22^, -a 75^, -oiii 87'', rikium 8''' (cf. /-/-^////if 5 t. 
 c. g. 9'*), /vXvrt 2-* (-^' ricau 8g^* etc.). In k/rki/t 
 3^ the preceding palatal vowel produces palatali- 
 zation of /'. cf, Noreen, Gr., 5^ 204. 
 
 2) k 4- / ) kk, f. g. rcckui 6 t. c. g. 75". 
 y^ -(-/<! ) kk, c. g. 7iocknidr bz"^^. 
 
 3) ^ M before /, c. g. macklig 85^, in forms of mikill, 
 ck lb i. c. g. 711-^ (kk in mik-kla 1 13^"). In styrck 63' 
 the reason for the gemination is not apparent. 
 
 ^ 35, Germanic kk 
 
 ^ kk , c. g. lokkari 102", loccat 37*, lockum i'\ 
 forms oi flockr 6 t. r. ^. 41 '^ {ci. JJoks ^}i^^'). 
 
 kic — Both k and r are used to represent the voiceless 
 guttural stop, but neither letter is used to represent exclusively 
 either the palatal or the guttural, as is the case in many 
 Norwegian mss. (In the following, all Norse k's of whatever 
 origin are included). 
 
 The single palatal voiceless explosive occurs about 430 
 times; of these only 11 are r's: coanit t^^, micit 20*, scip 22', 
 sciolldu iqI", scialld- 10'', scjli g^'^, vidrscipte 104'*, scylld 4 t. 
 Of these eleven, nine occur in the combination sc. This com- 
 bination occurs as sk 162 times. Palatal geminata occurs 36 
 times, always ck. It appears from the above that k is the regular 
 representative of palatal /'. 
 
 The guttural voiceless explosive occurs about 1335 times. 
 Of these, 594 are t's (including (Y" 225 t.). c (gutturalj occurs 
 initially, medially and tinally, especially in combination with jr.- 
 sk 66 times ^^^ sc 168 times; taka 4 t. e. g. 67^ f^. taca 7 t. 
 '^- §■ 73^> '"'^'^ 3 t. t\ g. 97 \ f^ uiioc 23 t. 6-.^. 87^2, kaiillodti 
 20''^, -^^ calladi 10^. k occurs as initial more frequently than c. 
 Guttural geminata occurs 80 times; ck 73 t. -^ /^/^ 5 t. ^- cc 
 2 t. e. g. drccka 33I2, 75I4, Yowx out of the live kk's occur 
 where the word is divided at the end of the line, c. g. lok- 
 -kari 102^'. The two instances of cc are loccat 37 , noccorrom 
 2i^'^'^. The combination cl occurs chiefly in two words clacdi 
 and mikill. In forms of clacdi, kl occurs 19 t. '^^ r/ 25 t. In 
 forms of fiiikill, /{-/ 3 t. -^ cl 31 t. When final before /, the 
 
I'lionoluny. 25 
 
 Stop wliii li coinus Iroiii </ ()i:i:ur.s ts I- always as i, i. ;'. f^acffilict 
 3"'. Ill six cases liiial /■ (whir.li has i)fc'n included anions the 
 gutturals), is followed l)y tlu- i)alatal vowel of the suflixed article. 
 In these cases it is always written k. 
 
 The above figures show that k is used in the majority 
 of cases for both palatal and guttural. The geminata is nearly 
 always ck, whether palatal or guttural. 
 
 ^ 36. Germanic g 
 
 •) =- g- 
 
 forms oi goi/r, c. g. godaii 89', forms oi giui, r. g. 
 37, forms oi gi/a, e.g. 5II, hngr (adv.) 5. t. e.g. 
 
 Before a non-palatal vowel gi is written, to indicate 
 a palatal g, in the following words: liacdiugiix 32", 
 -/err gi^, aerjingia ^^, fraegia 76*, no^, gi'orsf 103'^, 
 giorsamliga 62*, giarktielld gg^^, hoegiasto 93'^, forms 
 of cng (pi.) 4 t. c. g. 34^ 
 
 Once, in gicgnnni 60", gi represents palatal g. 
 2))/^. -a) after s, e.g. cnskiz 81'. 
 
 b) after /, c. g. huartki 5 t. f. g. 7". 
 
 c) l)efore /, suf. -cct -icf, c. g. kiinnict 7 t. c. g. 
 69"", paigilcct 3». 
 
 d) before //; forms of katr {^yxluihtaR) 3 t. t. g. 
 
 If- 
 
 3) ng final ) nk ) kk, e.g. feek 36^ 106^ {^- fek 26', 
 982, 7010(f), yir/ 22,^^^^ g,,,/, 4 t. e.g. 38I (— gak 
 38'", 103'), geek 14 t. e.g. 114I3 ('^. gek 97'), 
 keck 3 t. (. g. 87^. The forms with single consonant 
 are due to tlie fact that these verbs were often 
 unaccented in sentence combination, in which case 
 the simplification wonld be regular. 
 
 ^) g + ' :■ gg ■ forms uf /egg/a, e. g. bg*, tueggia i 15'", 
 forms of skegg, e. g. i'', forms of or uggr .\ t. (/^^ g 
 20'", 114'^, simplifieil in a final consonant group). 
 
 5) g ^ i' / gg- — Forms of kogg \\d\L- gg 24 t. ('^ /laiigs 
 3 t. e. g. 45"), forms of {/t)>yggia, rjggr -gg 7 t. 
 ('^ t'Jgl'^'^'k 7 ' '^> ^^' ngglaeik 2 1 '■*). The forms 
 with single consonant are due tt) the regular dropping 
 
2b 
 
 IMu.ir 
 
 of.;' wlicrc a group of three consonants arises. Where 
 llu' (l(>ul)lf consonant appears, as in rygglacik, it 
 is restored, or rather preserved, by association, — 
 trjgguan 115'"*, forms of sknggi 3 t. e.g. bo^'. 
 
 Of similar origin is probably the gg in enggarrar 
 gi2 (^ 0ng{v)ai-rar). 
 6) is lost 
 
 in lacjndiz 68 Goth, {ga-laugujaii). Cf. also the 
 loss of g noted above, 
 i^i 37. Germanic // 
 
 I ) = // when initial before ij, i (voiceless spirant), c. g. 
 Jmossimi 43^, forms of hvitr, c. g. Juiitn 6''-^. 
 
 2) =^ h (breathing) when initial before a vowel; forms 
 o{ hafa, e.g. 2\^^, forms oi Juindr, e.g. 22^"^. 
 
 3) / voiceless /, 7Z, ;-, before /, ;/, r, and is then lost; 
 forms of (//) laeia, e. g. 74', forms of {Ii)bitr, 31', 
 forms of (//) ransir, e. g.^^i^''^. 
 
 There are only three instances in El. of the 
 retention of //, namely, hrid 76II, linefnin bl'-'', ////(,'/ 
 31 (cf Hop m. t.). These are due to the influence 
 of the Icelandic. 
 
 4) hzv before ' //, e. g. horfa 7^, hot 92 ^ 
 
 5) ) k after a short vowel before ^ ; 
 
 forms of vaxa, e. g. 26'^, fax 95 1*^, sextigir 3'^, 
 oexi 37^', 733, oxl. 6 t. e. g. 29^. 
 
 6) Assimilation. /// ) tt : 
 
 atti {{eigd) 3 t. e. g. 4 1 '^^, forms of doftir m. t. 
 e. g. 6g'^, forms of droftin m. t. e. g. ib^ (cf. drof- 
 ffi{n)g lor<i), J1aettingn[)n) 87* '^ / 95'', forms of 
 haetta 4 t. e.g. 114^, haetti {^hdttr) 3 t. e.g. 82^, 
 forms of mega, jiiatt etc. m. t. e. g. 31^, forms of 
 nott, e.g. 71I' {ci. naetr b/\.^'^, ttatso7tge 12^), ottiimz 
 92 '3, retir 81 '3, forms of slettr, e.g. 92^, ^otli 5 t. 
 e. g. II, forms of ae// 6 t. e. g. 6^. 
 7j // is lost: 
 
 e. g. d 41', ddr 2', bra [( bregda) 4 t. e. g. 98I'', 
 forms of fa, e. g. 56, forms of lieainr 7 t. e. g. i 2*, 
 hirtiz 72 S 879 (Ger. *ba/r///.\-), pnsnndrat 78^ (-^ // 
 94i»), i7ts 1 7 If* (= /zmj). 
 
I'lioiiolupy. 27 
 
 3H. (iuriuuiiic / 
 
 1) — /, f. g, foinis 1)1" aj/t//// If)'", iv', '''/<?</ hb*, -//^ 
 m. t. 
 
 2) voiceless / wIhii initial, cf. examples iiiuler j!^ 37, 3. 
 
 3) = // 
 
 a) before ^, <■. ,^'-. <7//<//v i'', npalldrs 66^. 
 
 The ms. has regularly // in this position. Only 
 the following examples of /occur: luldo 1 1 2" C-^' 
 hclldo 95^, -n 70^', 70"), scattfrildi 8o' ('^ -gilldr 
 78i«), j/^/A/f 24 '2, 359, (j>^/A/.' 5 t. f. ^. 102 •\ 
 j>t///^/ 38»<), landtialdc 93^^ (~ landtialldi 98 '\ 
 112^), vesoldum 38^ ( — . rcsaUdcr 3 t. -^ 37'), 
 dticldnmz 14'", Jioldf 40" (/^ 4 t. f. ,^. 36'-). 
 
 The above cases of single / are due to the 
 analogy of hi which does not regularly , Ud 
 except in hallda 107^ -^ lid 6 t. 
 
 b) before /, c. g. bdlti 87*, fgllt if. 
 
 The only exceptions are gult 95'", mnclti 3 t. 
 t- g- 13^ {"^ 11 62 t.), scalt 6 t. (--• .>7vr/// 30 t.), 
 skill 5 t. e.g. 192, rt-// 95 '» f-^- allt m. t. //), 
 Single consonants are due , as above , to the 
 analogy of Id. 
 
 c) The above cases of consonant lengthening are 
 regular. Cf. Noreen, !^ 220, 3, 4. El, sliows also 
 the following cases of lengthening : 
 
 a) after r\ arlla 28^^ (cf. aria zf, II2'2), fcrllig 
 ^2^^, jarll (a. s.) 114^ (^^ iarls 65^, -a 2 1^), 
 jarlli 76 •% jorllu>tit{in) 42!' ('^. / 36'6), karlli 
 88'^ z'rt/7A? 29», 77', cf. Horn. LI., p. 135. 
 § 67, a. 2. 
 
 /!^) between vowels: /////// 70", mikillar 7**, -/ 7 t. 
 -a 2},^^. All of these except the adverbs may 
 be from the analogy of the nominative. 
 
 d) / is lost in irkiugr 22"^, 44\ 83' '-^- ttkliugr 83". 
 
 39. Germanic // 
 
 = //: forms oi fiiilr, e.g. 448, /i/A? 27'-, 36'*. 
 
 40. Germanic ;// 
 
 i) — - w in forms oi nianadr, e.g. 38'. forms of //</rwr, 
 e.g. 26''-^. 
 
28 Phonology. 
 
 2) ///// ' />/, i\ ,(r. lufndr, 96^, forms o{ stcfiin 4 t. c. g. 
 78'7, cf. ^ 26, 3. 
 
 3) Assimilations. 
 
 a) /«/ ) //, in forms of kapp, k) t. c. g. 82'', 91'^, 
 (cf. kapsamliga 44'''), forms i.A stappa 108", 75'^, 
 1099. 
 
 b) ;«/; ) ^/^, f. ^. khibhn 66^ 66^, 67 1^ cf. Noreen, 
 Gr., i^ 207, a, 4. 
 
 4) Loss of ;//. 
 
 a) This occurs frequently before a pronoun com- 
 mencing with V. 
 
 The following cases occur in El: cro (i^' pi.), 
 followed by vacr, 20'', 20^, foUow-ed by zv'/, 342; 
 hongu, followed by vit, 77**. 
 
 vit (n. pi. du.) 115!'^ is corrected by Ceder- 
 schiold (cf. ref. in note, p. 2) to luit. If that 
 is the correct reading, we have here an illu- 
 stration of a peculiar assimilation, occurring only 
 in Norwegian dialects, of initial v of the pronoun 
 to final ;;/ of the preceding verb. The double 
 ;//, thus arising, is reduced to single in, so that 
 the verb is left without its tinal consonant, as in 
 this case, skoln. 
 
 b) Other cases of the loss of w are: ^ fifl 103'^, 
 before original voiceless f\ b) when originally 
 final, c. g. fra (prep.) m. t. c. g. i lo^ 
 
 ^ 41. Germanic tnm 
 
 = ///;//, e.g. (jri)H(tH)r il^. 
 § 42. Germanic 11 
 
 1) = n, c. g. netiia 7^ ganga 5*. 
 
 2) ) nn: 
 
 a) before d^ only in the following cases: 27 t. 
 annsjior e. g. 45^^^, bin(n)da 6\ lo^^ (^, ^^^ m, t,^^ 
 ken{n)de 76I (cf. nd 8 t.), lan{n)d 74!', lan(n)z 
 20^ (-^^ landz 3 t.), r/n(ji)da 3 t. e. g. 2j* (^ ud 
 m. t.), sen(n)dofn 20^ , scn(n)di 78^ (■^- nd ra. t.), 
 forms of skunda with n{n)d 26^, iS'', 71- {^' nd 
 m. t.j, n{nj7tdan ^,2'^^ (•^^ ud 16 t.), van(n)dc 2^'^, 
 
Phoiiolopy. 29 
 
 62"^, -/ 8,s'2 (^. „^/ „i. t.), forirs of ho)u1 with 
 //O/)^/ 5 t. ('^' ml ni. t.), torins of Itnttdr with 
 ;/(;/;^/ 4 t. {^ nd ni. t.). 
 
 Since these examples of und arc comparatively 
 few, while Ud is the rule, we may conclude that 
 in this dialect the doubling of «, which is just 
 beginning here, took place later than that of /. 
 In Horn, which, as we have seen, shows an oltler 
 stage in other respects, neither / nor // is doubled 
 regularly, cf. Horn. LI., j). 134. 
 
 b) before /. 
 
 The instances of doubling are still fewer in this 
 case — rcnntir 1 1", vcn{it)tir zg* {-^^ ?•<•«/(</-) 
 86', vacntir 94'*) are the only examples. 
 
 c) between vowels: sin{n)a (g. pi.) 5 t. c. f^;. \\\^ 
 '^ sina i^ baein{n)a 2^, which however is cor- 
 rected to baeina by Cederschiold, (ref. above). 
 
 d) after /-: u) before a vowel; bani{)i)a 82"', 
 giarn{n)a (adv.) 8 t. c. .;^ 841''^, g/rn{n)u/fiz 34', 
 -is 8 1*, stiorn[n)ar l lO^- (•^' u I05''*), stiorn(ii)adu 
 l^, furn[n)i -j-]^^ ['^> titnii ■]2^^, 104"), /tir>t{/i)tir 
 6g", -0 -ji^. (i) final; bor{n)n 3', 38^ bant{ii) 
 62«, /iiurn{ii) 86, i5>5, 6i'*, ,i(iani{n) 3 t. f. g. 
 Il9, nockont{n) 89', 1 10', stiorn{ti) i^, 82'*, 
 turn{ti) II5'3 (cf. tiini 3 t. c. .if. ■ji'^^), rdarn{ii) 
 8^, 632, (?•) 1 5 15. ,.) before ::; ,irint{ii)zk i)()K 
 
 e) when final after a vowel as follows: 
 
 In the suffixed article, n. s. f., iii{ti) 59 '6, a. s. 
 m. n., 66'', 102^, i 10''; pers. pron. min(u), 96'* 
 (•^ mill 7 t.); >ucstaii{ii) a. s. m. 41I*; snii/,ui{u\ 
 4 t. e.g. 7', ('^^ saiiian 3 t. 16-). 
 f) in other positions: 
 
 iafii{n)ingar 9**, inaiiiiz 81''^^ maiiz 6 1 '^. 
 3) A single n occurs for double ;/ in the following 
 forms of the suffixed article : 
 
 n. s. m. 'in 96'^ loS'*', 115', d. s. f. -/// 1 13^, a. s. m. 
 -in 66'', I02"'*, lio*', — also in ///// n. s. ni. 24". 
 Some of these may be due to the omission of tin- 
 abbreviation for ;/. 
 
30 Phonology. 
 
 4) Assimilations. 
 
 a) n)m:—a) before />; <•. i(. koiiipiiiit 412, {^t,i) 22^^. 
 
 ji) after m in sviiniii t^^ , cf. Noreeii, Or., 
 § 252. 2. 
 
 b) n ) / before ii\t\ 
 
 c. g. batt 98 '^ loi-*, ncitt 5 t. c. g. S'^, w/V/ 15 t. 
 <■• ^- 93*^ •5"«^'' 241-*, 62'*, 105^ ,v/// 10 t. c. g. 135, 
 forms of vetr 6 t. r. g. 148 (/*/ / in cons, group), 
 //// 4 t. e.g. 8oS ('^. / 832, io69), forms of 
 ;//<;//»// 3 t. c. g. 86J3 (of. motli 7318). 
 
 5) «;/;- > d\ 
 
 In forms of annari; c. g. adrir 65'*. 
 In forms of madr, c. g. niadr 4^ 
 6) n is lost: 
 
 a) Before s\ e. g. forms of ass 12^ forms of asf, 
 ^- S- 59"> mnsteri 1 7 '3^ forms of //.yrt 39^2. 
 
 b) When originally final; e.g. a (prep.) m. t. 
 § 43. Germanic nn 
 
 = nn\ e.g. rami 40'-, forms of brciina , e.g. 80*. 
 § 44. Germanic r 
 
 1) = r; e.g. brand 6i3, giarn{n)a 31 '5^ //rr 3'2, 
 forms of r/'^r, e. g. 7^, c?;-^ 32'". 
 
 2) Initial voiceless r is written hr in //r/V 76I', other- 
 wise r, ^. ^. rajisfan i^, 
 
 3) = rr in the following words : 
 
 dvrrlega 28'', (/) 35^ 372, 77H (,^ ;- m. t. e. g. 1311); 
 The rr is from analogy to the forms of the simple 
 adj. where rr is regular, e. g. n. s. dyrr. 
 
 optarr 396, 42^ ( f) 422, 65^ (~ of tar 8'=^); /r^- 
 Dtarr 90^. 
 
 In these adverbs rr is transferred analogically from 
 adverbs like naerr where rr is regular, cf. Noreen, 
 Gr,, i:^ 221. 2. a. 2. 
 
 In /idrr 44II, 5///(;rr 7314^ ;■;- stands after the 
 analogy of many words which have rr regularly in 
 the nominative. 
 
 ferr %0* (i^t sg.) is after the analogy of the 
 3^** sg. (cf. /W- i^' sg. 288, 7ii^'). In Iemiu-)ra 2^, 
 
IMioiiology. ,S I 
 
 where one /■ is an ubl)rL-viati()n, it may l)c due to 
 careless writing. 
 
 4) ) / by dissimilation in luaiinara 2^. 
 
 5) is lost in the followinf< cases: 
 
 \u. fosthrodr 16' (cons, group), fyst 62^. 978^ fystunni 
 1 1 '3 (( ss ( rs), cf. Noreen, Gr., § 212. 3., idnle^ar 
 2^, fer 98 '3 (3. s.) transfer from l" sg. --^ fiir 
 {3. s.) 7 t. 
 
 In fvr lata 71'" the syllal)le ir is lost (= fyrir 
 lata). 
 
 v$ 45. Germanic rr 
 
 = rr in kyrr 5-'', Jiarri 28'\ 
 
 !^ 46. Germanic z (urnord. A') 
 
 i) = r; V. g. viacr 89*, forms of liaivra ^2^'^"^., dalr 
 
 1 1 5^, sucri 4 1 2. 
 2) Assimilations. 
 
 a) Urgerm. c/ Hr in forms of /7/r, i. g. 14'-^, cf. 
 Noreen, Gr., § 208. a. 2. 
 
 b) Rd ) rtW; fon{n) 87^, forms of /Wrt', <■. ^^. 29', 
 
 c) rR ^ ;-/-; e.g. annarr 20', /^tr/- 2'^, fyrr 21'". 
 
 d) ///A' ; mm ) ;// (with weak accent): 
 
 fram(m) 8 t. <•. ,^. 16^ '^^ fram 4 t. e.g. 10 1''', 
 fra(m)mi 342. 
 
 e) IR ) //; <-. g. fitill ii5\ Jioll 922, forms of z;?/// 
 9 t. i\ g. 15^, (-^^ iarl 92'^), //V/// 648. 
 
 f) >iR ) iiii; in w<v/;/ m. t. i. g. i\d^, fallinii 97-. 
 g) sR ') -v.v; <•. _£f. ass 12^, 13^, ///.v.v 778, -laiiss 7 t, 
 '• .§■• 39^ (^f- -/'^"-*>' 5')- 
 v^ 47. Germanic s 
 
 1) = s, e.g. satigii I ', /ov7 72, <'//,\77r 61", ^/'rt'j- 32''. 
 
 2) ) .y-v: 
 
 limrss I7i*, /z//<'.s\v 31-*, Iiutssn 3 t. l 10'* (cf. /-j.y 
 5 t. c. g. 1 2 '•'). Possibly some of these are due to 
 dittography, (Horn. LI., p. 135). 
 
 3) is lost : 
 
 bernkn 82 »» (cf. sk 98"), /ia7'irk ladk 86-» (cf. sc i^, 
 sk 22*), laetk 8ifi (cf. lezk 82>). 
 
3-J Plionology. 
 
 ,^ 48. Germanic ss 
 
 =r ss: gass/ 2;^*, hnossiim 43"*. 
 § 49. Germanic / 
 
 1) =^ i (occurs only when medial after a short syllable), 
 e. g. bidia 6 '''^. 
 
 2) Initial / occurs in the adv. ia and forms of jungfni, 
 but these are loan-words. 
 
 This is written j twice in forms oi jjmgfru 102*, 
 85^ (<^ap.) elsewhere /. The initial consonant which 
 has developed in ia ( e is written j in Jarll 41 ^ 
 These are the only instances of the occurrence of 
 j in the ms. 
 
 3) is lost when initial. Examples are forms of nng, 
 e. g. 1 1 '3. 
 
 j5 50. Germanic // 
 
 i) = v\ a) when initial, c. g. vita 24^. 
 
 b) when medial, c. g. rdvarn{n) 15'^. 
 Both 71 and e' are used to represent Germanic //. 
 They are distributed as follows, when initial; 
 
 «) before a in forms of napnhcst Qi^', 93 '''^j 92^ ^^^ 
 forms of rapu m. t. ; 
 
 ^) before e in ucstan 86*^ (^^ vcstan 74^), jicria (inf.) 
 103^3 (cf, vcria 8 t.), skipncria 94*; 
 
 y) before i in nid (prep.) 18 t. 7iid 88' (-^ evV/ m. t.], 
 7iidi 45''^ (cf. vidr 8 t.), uidrskipti 29^' ('^^ vidscipte 
 104-^), nida 69^ (cf. evV/cz 5^-^, -um 73^-), ;///A// 1091*', 
 II27, 110I2, nil 4 t. 6-.^. loi', niUt 84I3, 88i«, -/ 
 99^, uilia 91^ (cf. forms oi vilia m. t.), nilldra loi^ 
 (cf. forms of ^-///^r 4 t.), nili 86-, 90' (cf. vilia 75^), 
 forms of acinnigi 3 t. ('^ z' 6 t.), uinr 95 1- (cf. 
 forms of vinr m. t.), nirduhgs i'-, nirdii/iga 19^ 
 (cf. forms of virdiiligr m. t.), uirding7im 90^ (cf. 
 forms of z)irding m. t.), iiirkdmn 86**, 7^/j-^ 77^ -?^ 
 77'^, 92'* (cf. forms of ?7'5.y 5 t.), 7iif (pron.) qi^, 
 115I" (w. ?) (cf. vit 9 t.), ?/zy/ 3'^ (cf. forms of z'// 
 71^, 77"^, 15^^ (vb.), forms of hebiiti 19^, 25'', /^'.y^z 
 1031-^, 108* (cf. vissi 11013 and forms of vita m. t.). 
 
Plionolcigy. .^3 
 
 (>) before ae in iKur i^o'^ (•^. .-(i-/ / m. t.). 
 
 When not initial, // is ri-.milar, hut 7' occurs iti 
 forms oi ho/r'n i i t. <..;'•. hohoadc 2\^^ (cf. hoini ,^4.'"). 
 -svacin{ii) 16" (-^^ fonns of siiaiiiiH t; t.), SWi 
 41- (cf. i7/<? in. L), lu^t'd /■//{>/) 15'''. 
 j) is lost: 
 
 a) before // aiul <>; 
 
 L. .if. forms of iiiulia 4'', forms of ord, i . ,;'. ifx;'*, 
 ^/-// 238, opt(n) 8612, (/) 8512^ (_^.f. -, restored in 
 -vofnu 5»3, -u(in) 73'2 his), //,;/ gji. 
 
 b) before /; e.g. and/if i6'2, ,(^l_ 
 
 c) when final, in knc 642, 658. 
 
 cl) analogically in ktjia 832 (cf. Norcen, Cir,, i; 244. 
 a. 2). 
 
 e) in other cases as follows: tmi 3' (cf. tua 6^, 13'*, 
 III", forms of vard{v)aeita 4 t. <•. g. i 5' -^^ z- 8 t., 
 forms of jvArr/- 89, 632 (~ v i5'5). 
 
 v$ 51. iju gg in binggnz 6 1 2. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 l\>^KI<ri()N OF CONSONANTS. 
 >5 52. Insertion of / occurs as follows: 
 
 1 ) between // and s ; allz 5 t. c. g. 84^, gullz 4 t. 
 e.g. 62 11, mikillz 8 1 13 (cf. mikils 4 t. f. ^. t,^^"^^, 
 pellz 73 >3, spen{n)zl 86l^ -//Vr/Zc 99^ <vr//c ;», 8i^ 
 forms of acllztr 38^, 78»5. 
 
 2) between ;/;/,'// and .v; maniuiz 81 1 (cf. -W(?//c6i*"), 
 niinzta 38**. 
 
 3) in the gen. sg., where .>• alone is regular, as follows: 
 
 euskiz 8 1 • (perhaps dittography. It is followed by 
 mannz), lamfz 3 t. e.g. 17'^, Itittintz 20^, />>■<> fast z 
 2i^^, vatz 616, lutz 3 t. (cf. ts 104^). 
 
 4) in the interior of a word; in forms of /'.?(/:/ with 
 zl 3 t. 62 >S io8»2, iii'< (cf. si 5 t e.g. S2^). 
 
 5) before j, in raeitzhi 2'^ (cf. Tuieiziii 6**, 99'"), ^/crt 
 40*, 73" (cf. forms with zt m. t.). 
 
 3 
 
34 Plionology. 
 
 6) 111 superlatives, where /s appears instead of ,vA 
 
 huitazta y.^'"*, kacraztti 8*, sanrgazti 105^, skiotazt 
 13 t. e.g. lOo'"' {r>^ sf 4 t. e.g. 243), soiinih-gazf 
 84^ ^ vapnfimazti 108^. 
 
 The reason for z in the sujjcrlative is not clear. 
 Cf. Horn. LI., p. 118, Noreen, Gr., ,§ 247, a. 4. 
 
 7) z in the mcdio-passive. 
 
 The refi;ular ending for the reflexive at this period 
 is z for all forms. The endings which occur in 
 El. are as follows: 
 
 Infinitive, .:: 34 t. -^- tz 3 t. in hcriatz 36^, komatz 37^, 
 73^; -sk once, in koiiiask 96-; -zk twice iwjirrazk 22^, hicazk bz^. 
 
 i^' sg. pres., fJiz 1 1 t. c. g. nandgtmiz 88^. 
 
 2"'^ sg. pres., c 2 t. c. g. sigraz 82^ '■^ zt once, in haetazt 
 log", zk once, in sczk 61^. 
 
 3'''^ sg. pres., z 16 t. c. g. nalgaz 35^ '^ sk once, in 
 bcrsc 92'^. 
 
 i^' pi. pr., iiiz 3 t. e. g. skiliuj/iz 2^^. 
 
 2^^ pi. pr., 231. 6'. g. bniz 85 13. 
 
 3'''i pi. pr., silt. c. g. kallaz g'' '^^ zt once in haettazt 722. 
 
 Imp. pr., s 7 t. c. g. raez 37!^ ^-"^ ^/^ once in bersk loo^^^ 
 
 zk once, in raczk 85'*. 
 
 i^* Sg. pt., mz 5 t. e.g. diieldnmz \i\''^. 
 
 3'"'^ sg. pt, .s 61 t. e. g. knaz 78^ <^^ zk twice in letzk 
 82' (cf. laetk 8i« J lost I, skaiizk 68 ^. 
 
 3''^ pi. pt, .2 17 t. e. g. bingguz bi- --^^ zt twice, sloguzt 
 433, j;////;/-/ 68 >. 
 
 ppl., 271. tekiz 43'* '^ c/C' 3 t. gini{ii)zk 99*, ///^/7/c/(' I3^ 
 vardzk 44 1^. 
 
 From the above list of forms it will be seen that tz occurs 
 twice; zk 9 times; sk 3 times; — the two latter are unusual in 
 Norwegian mss. — :;/ 4 times and is followed in every case 
 by /; haeitazt pn 109^1, haettazt paeir 72^, sloguzt pegar 433, 
 villtiizt paeir 68'. 
 
 § 53. Insertion of / — from cases where / originally 
 preceded. /// (pers. pron.) 42^, 73^, per (pi.) m. t. e. g. 68^\ 
 Cf. Noreen, Gr., § 394, a, 5. 
 
!• I'r.N .^^-^ 
 
 5$ 54. Insertion of r. /1,17'irska 22^ cl". //<?.-(<7).>r laciks 
 I**, havcrk lacik Kb*. 
 
 /• is added in licstr 35»' (a. s.), or it might rather be 
 regarded as the nom. case used for the ace. 
 J< 55. Insertion of i. These cases have been treated 
 under palatal ii and k. 
 
 Proper Names. 
 Since the Norwegian and French versions vary considerably 
 in respect to the proper names, it is, in most cases, impossible 
 to decide what name stood in the original. This is especially 
 true in the case of the numerous names inserted in the Nor- 
 wegian version, which the French text does not show at all. 
 Of the names occurring several times, some of the more impor- 
 tant variations in writing are as follows: 
 
 Aemers 158 = Aimar 773, Agamorc 77'- = Agamcrs 15 '3, 
 -mrs 158, Aentalld i8'0 = Arnalld 24^^ 3912, Bertram 2i>^ 
 (/«) 206, 24I* ^ Birtramn i8'->, ^2^, -fn 39^, another instance 
 of the confusion of mn\fn in this dialect, cf. p. 18. Kaifas 
 8 t. e. g. 80" = Kaifass 8o'3, Karlta magttits 48 shows // 
 .after r (cf. p. 27). Cursant 21 > = Knrsot 25^ (C) 26>. Dionisij, 
 [Denis), 2-\ 173, Egidij {Gille), 5 t. e.g. \2^'\ livlanj :^^'' are 
 the only examples of -ij for the Latin genitive. 
 
 In Elena iOi« initial H is dropped, also in Eriiiu 68'- 
 = Hertori 65 '3, -tur 6612. The name Loejs [Luthvig) found 
 in the Fr. ms. occurs in two cases : Laeyuisi 4", Loevisi 1 7 '2. 
 ye{s2i)s Chr{istu)s 3ii« bis, (of. Je{sti)s Kristr 7i>) is one of 
 the three instances of Ch in the ms. The others are : Malelia- 
 briez 20I2, and Chiatres 58. Josi \2 t. e.g. 20 > ^ 'Jose 41^ 
 i02>- and Jasi 42^, Josiar 3 1 '«*. Jiiliin occurs ra. t. f. ^. 78' 
 where the Fr. has Jubien. The name written Mahomet in the 
 Fr. shows great variation in the guttural : Malntn 25'0, Magnn 
 7 t. (acct. nn 8912), Maghun 26 t. (-«« 59»'). ^lahgnn 27^ also 
 Maumet 20*, 99 1«. .V<zA///v 4 t. e. g. lo^ = Maialries 27^ 
 -rfr 30^^ -ren a. s. 298, 31I". These names are confused in 
 the Fr. also. Malkabres varies in the ending: -bres I9», 69 >2, 
 -brez 7 t. e.g. 20', (cf. Malehabnez 20>'-), -bre 8 t. e.g. 43»» 
 (cf. /f iO2»0), Malscabre 114=',". ''^'s/^/f 3 ^ f^^''^'' »" the Fr. 
 /'rtr/.v 1018 ,,ci:urs with accent Peiris \0\^ , Koiieant 21^ — 
 
 3* 
 
^6 Plionology. 
 
 /ui(/i(7// 2 2^, 2j^, Rtnftidii 2^^, 2()K RosaiiiHitdtx has i;»mi. in 
 -ar c. ii(. 102'*, ace. in -am c. (^. 72^. Tiatirs 4 t. t. .jf. 26'^ = 
 7'riatirs 28*". Tlie forms of I'iiiaiiir arc rej<ular c. _^. 21'''. 
 Tlic initial is written U 38^, 31^2^ Alexandria 5 t. c. i(. 42'' = 
 -</;r 41^, cf. Arabia hcstr 67'^, 109^', -ic 171"*. Aragnnt 3 t. 
 <-. .^. 34"^ = Aragnn 3 t. f. ^. ()l\ The following variations 
 in the name France: Fraclande yi', {k) 96^; Franz 30^ ;/(«)s 
 5 t. (■. .i,'-. 38-'', Fracka k[onnn)gs \^ cf. Franka 76'^, Frankis 
 in composition with forms o^ i/iadr ^ t. f.,t;-. 27'2, Oracngi borg 
 20^ := Orengi borg 8 t. f. ^. 39'. /^/-(^/a 10 1^ cf. Trc;^ lOi^. 
 
RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 TO— #^ 202 Main Library 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 HOME USE 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 ( 
 
 S 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. 
 
 Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 
 
 
 INTERLIBRA 
 
 RY UOAN 
 
 
 OCT 15 
 
 1987 
 
 
 UNIV OF CA 
 
 -IF.» BERK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 AUTO. DiSa 
 
 
 
 OOT27 U-, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 FORM NO. DD6, BERKELEY, CA 94720