Qhbridge 
 
 IN THE 
 
 (5NTENNIAL
 
 CAMBRIDGE IN THE " CENTENNIAL:' 
 
 PROCEEDINGS, 
 
 July 3, 1875, 
 
 IN CELEBRATION OF THE 
 
 Centennial ^nniterjSarr 
 
 OF 
 
 Washington's taking Command 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Continental Army, 
 
 On Cambridge Common. 
 
 C A M 15 R 1 D G F. : 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OP" THE CITY COUNCIL. 
 
 M DCCC LXXV.
 
 Bv Order of the City Council 
 
 AND 
 
 Committee on Third of July Celebration, 
 
 BY' THE 
 
 Clerk of Committees. 
 
 Ciwibridfre : 
 Press of Jolin Wilson and So
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORl 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cambridge Common 5 
 
 Washington Elm 7 
 
 Introductory 9 
 
 Acts of Men of Cambridge in 1775 9 
 
 Acts of City of Cambridge in 1S75 10 
 
 Committee of Arrangements for Celebration, July 3 . . 12 
 
 Preliminary Arrangements 13 
 
 Invited Guests 14 
 
 Form of Invitation 16 
 
 The Decorations 17 
 
 The Celebration 25 
 
 Remarks of Maj'or Bradford 26 
 
 Poem of Prof. James Russell Lowell 27 
 
 Address of Andrew P. Peabody, D.D 39 
 
 The Dinner 63 
 
 Remarks of Mayor Bradford 64 
 
 Response of Hon. George S. Boutwell 65 
 
 ,, ,, Governor William Gaston 68 
 
 ,, ,, Hon. Josiah Qiiincy 69
 
 4 CONTENTS. 
 
 The DiXNEU {conii?i7fcd ). p^gj. 
 
 Response of Gen. Charles Devens,Jr 75 
 
 „ „ President Charles W. Eliot 78 
 
 „ „ M. W. Grand Master Percival L. Everett 81 
 
 „ ,, Dep't Commander George S. Merrill . . 84 
 
 „ „ Rev. Dr. A. P. Peabody ....... 87 
 
 „ „ Prof. J. Russell Lowell 87 
 
 „ „ Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes 88 
 
 ,, ,, Ex.-Gov. Emory Washburn 91 
 
 ,, ,, Hon. George Washington Wari'en ... 95 
 
 ,, ,, Gen. Edward W. Hincks 96 
 
 The Children's Entertainment 99 
 
 Members of Chorus and Soloists 100 
 
 Programme '. loi 
 
 Remarks of Rev. A. B. Muzzey loi 
 
 ,, ,, James Alexander, Esq 105 
 
 Poem of Rev. Dr. William Newell 107 
 
 • 
 
 The Evening Concert 113 
 
 Members of Chorus u^ 
 
 Programme ii^ 
 
 City Government for 1875 117 
 
 Teachers in the Public Schools 124 
 
 Chronological Catalogue 126 
 
 Statistics 127
 
 CAMBRIDGE IN THE ''CENTENNIAL. 
 
 3>&^0 
 
 " It belongs to us with strong propriety to celebrate this day. The 
 town of Cambridgre and the county of Middlesex are filled with the ves- 
 tiges of the Revolution. Whithersoever we turn our eyes, we behold 
 some accounts of its glorious scenes." — Edward Everett. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE COMMON. 
 
 Cambridge Common was granted to the town by the 
 " Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands in Cam- 
 bridge " — a private company — on the 20th of November, 
 1769, by the following vote : — 
 
 Voied^ That all the common lands belonging to the proprie- 
 tors, fronting the college (commonly called the Town Commons), 
 not heretofore granted or allotted to any particular person, be, 
 and the same is hereby, granted to the town of Cambridge, to 
 be' used as a training-field, to lie undivided, and to remain for 
 that use for ever. Provided, nevertheless, that if the said town 
 shall dispose of, grant, or appropriate the same, or any part thereof, 
 at any time hereafter, to or for any other use than that before 
 mentioned, then, and in such case, the whole of the premises 
 hereby granted to the said town shall revert to the proprietors 
 granting the same ; and the present grant shall be deemed null 
 and void, to all intents and purposes, as if the same had never 
 been made."
 
 6 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Besides being the muster-field where the American army 
 of the Revolution had its temporary abiding-place after it 
 was called into being, Cambridge Common is consecrated 
 by other memories. It was the place selected by the set- 
 tlers of 1630-31 for their intrenched camp. As early as 
 1632 a tax was levied "for the construction of a palisado 
 about the town for protection against its enemies," and that 
 fortification ran along the northern side of this Common. 
 Here the flag of thirteen stripes was first unfolded to the 
 breeze. Here also, from the greensward, ascended the 
 smoke of a bonfire, into which was contemptuously cast a 
 printed speech of King George the Third, in which that 
 misguided potentate uttered sentiments which were in oppo- 
 sition to the feelings and desires of his "rebellious" sub- 
 jects, who took that means to express their disgust at the 
 ill-advised and unjust strictures of a weak monarch and his 
 advisers. Here the patriot army, little skilled in the devices 
 of warfare, badly equipped, their ranks thinned by the re- 
 cent battle at Bunker Hill, were encamped, wanting in 
 almost every thing necessary for soldiers arrayed against 
 a powerful monarchy, except the fervor of patriotic resolve 
 to battle for the right and become victorious, — the fresh 
 remembrances of Concord and Lexington serving to spur 
 them on to fiiture noble deeds. From this camp, too, were 
 despatched guards for Lechmere Point, Prospect Hill, Win- 
 ter Hill, and various other points ; and frequent regimental 
 parades were here held under the supervision of Generals 
 Green, Sullivan, and Heath ; and occasionally the whole 
 camp was made glad by the presence of the commander- 
 in-chief, who came from his headquarters near by, on Brat- 
 tle Street, to mingle with his men, and look after their 
 comfort. The whole number of men at that time en- 
 camped in Cambridge was about eight thousand ; and their 
 devotion to the cause, and love and respect for their com- 
 mander, tended to insure them success against unequal 
 odds, and win for us the rights of freemen, which we so 
 proudly cherish.
 
 THE WASHINGTON ELM. 
 
 Near the westerly end of the Common still stands the 
 superb wide-spreading elm under whose shade Washington 
 first drew his sword as general-in-chief of the American 
 army, and known far and wide as 
 
 THE WASHINGTON ELM. 
 
 Apart from its association with a great event, there is 
 something impressive about this elm. It is a king among 
 trees ; a monarch native to the soil, whose subjects, once 
 scattered over the broad plain before it, have all vanished, 
 and left it alone in solitary state. 
 
 Tj-adition says, that, when the surrounding forest was 
 felled by the axe of the woodman, this tree had already 
 attained so great a size that it obtained a respectful immu- 
 nity from the fate of its neighbors and kin. There it stands 
 to-day, in all its majestic grandeur, one hundred feet in 
 height, its trunk six feet in diameter, and its branches 
 spreading ninety feet, the admiration of each beholder, and 
 daily visited by people from near and distant lands, who 
 look upon it as a place and a thing hallowed by the memo- 
 ries of the past. Though portions of it are somewhat de- 
 cayed, and the blasts of centuries have passed over it, it is 
 still vigorous ; and, if loving care and careful nursing can 
 avail, it will continue to live and flourish for many future 
 generations. 
 
 As a shrine of the Revolution, a temple "not made wdth 
 hands," and the only living witness of the scenes of a hun- 
 dred years ago, we trust the old elm will long survive, a 
 sacred memorial to those who shall come after us.
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 ^T^HE events subsequent to the 5th of March, 1770, when 
 -*- several citizens of the town of Boston were massacred 
 in King (now State) Street by British soldiers, had, by 
 April, 1775, caused Boston to be practically British ground, 
 and a safe abiding-place for Tory refugees ; while Cam- 
 bridge, for the same reasons, was the advanced post of the 
 uprising American Republic, and the temporary abode of 
 many patriots active in the cause. 
 
 On the night of April i8th, when British troops, having 
 landed at Lechmere Point, marched thence to Lexington, 
 they were followed by some of the inhabitants of Cam- 
 bridge, who actively assisted the men of Lexington and 
 Concord in resisting, and forcing a retreat of, their common 
 enemy ; and a monument in the ancient burial-ground, 
 opposite the historic buildings of Harvard College, bears 
 the names of — 
 
 John Hicks, 
 
 William Marcy, 
 
 Moses Richardson, 
 
 Buried here ; 
 
 Jason Russell, 
 
 Jabez Wyman, 
 
 Jason Winship, 
 
 Buried in Menotomy; 
 
 Men of Cambridge 
 
 Who fell in Defence of the Liberty of the People, 
 
 April 19, 1775. 
 
 On the evening previous to the battle of Bunker Hill, 
 a regiment of the Provincial troops, under command of
 
 lO CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Colonel Prescott, marched from Cambridge Common to its 
 post of duty, after a praj-er .by the venerable President 
 Langdon, standing upon the step of the building then occu- 
 pied as the head-quarters of General Ward, and from which 
 General Joseph Warren, after a hasty attempt at repose, 
 doubly called for by the fatiguing duties of the entire night 
 as Chairman of the Committee of Safety and President of 
 the Provincial Congress, went forth to his death. Upon 
 that fatal day, men of Cambridge were again found among 
 the foremost, doing their duty fearlessly, and laying down 
 their lives for the cause of liberty. 
 
 On the 3d day of July, George Washington of Virginia, 
 having been chosen therefor by the Continental Congress, 
 took command of the Continental army on Cambridge 
 Common. 
 
 On the 27th of May, 1776, "the representative of the 
 town was instructed, that, if the Honorable Congress should 
 for the safety of the Colonies declare them independent of 
 the kingdom of Great Britain, Sve, the said inhabitants, 
 will solemnly engage with our lives and fortunes to support 
 them in the measure.' This was the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence made, in advance of the general action, by the 
 people of Cambridge." 
 
 As the march of time brought in their turn the centennial 
 anniversaries of the events of 1775 above alluded to, the 
 city of Cambridge, w^hich, in the war of 1861-5, had given 
 ample evidence that the memory of the men of '75 was 
 cherished by their descendants and successors, again took 
 an active part. 
 
 On the 19th of April, 1875, Cambridge was represented 
 at the Lexington Centennial Celebration by Hon. James 
 D. Green of Ward One, Hon. John Sargent of Ward 
 Two, Mr. Samuel Slocomb of Ward Three, Mr. John 
 LivERMORE of Ward Four, and Mr. Solomon S. Sleeper 
 of Ward Five, as special delegates, accompanied by the 
 Mayor and City Council, and an escort comprising the
 
 INTRODUCTORY. II 
 
 Boston Light Dragcons (a large portion of the members 
 being citizens of Cambridge), the Fourth BattaHon of In- 
 fantry M. V. M. (the members of Company B, and the 
 Major commanding, being also Cambridge citizens), and 
 Posts 30, 56, and 57 of the Grand Arm}' of the Republic; 
 while several members of the City Council, Company K, 
 5th Regiment M. V. M., and many citizens, joined in the 
 celebration at Concord. 
 
 On the 17th of June, Cambridge was officially repre- 
 sented by His Honor Mayor Bradford; the military com- 
 panies of the city, and several organizations, including 
 representatives of the different manufactures and trades, 
 joining in the splendid parade in Boston, while many thou- 
 sands of the residents of Cambridge were included in the 
 immense throng of spectators. The Cambridge City 
 Guard (Co. K, 5th Regt. M. V. M.), having as guests the* 
 Norfolk Light Artillery Blues of Norfolk, Va., gave a 
 banquet in the evening at Porter's Hotel, to which the City 
 Council and many prominent citizens were invited for the 
 purpose of meeting and extending an official welcome to 
 the visiting company and its guests, — General Fitz Hugh 
 Lee, who commanded a division of Confederate cavalry 
 during the late war ; Colonel Walter H. Taylor, who 
 was Adjutant-General to General Robert E. Lee ; Colonel 
 L. D. Stark, who commanded Norfolk troops ; Major 
 William E. Foster, also of the Confederate army ; and 
 representatives of the " Norfolk Virginian " and " Norfolk 
 Landmark." Pledges of renewed fealty to the Union, and 
 hearty acceptance of such pledges, were freely exchanged ; 
 and the Washington Elm and the memorv of Washington 
 proved strong incentives to friendship between the citizens 
 of Cambridge and their visitors from Virginia, lately so 
 widely separated by reason of the attempt to destroy the 
 government which he and his compeers had founded. 
 
 Meanwhile arrangements were being actively made for a 
 proper observance of the coming centennial anniversary of
 
 12 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Washington's taking command of the Continental army on 
 Cambridge Common on the 3d of July, 1775. 
 
 An order having been passed by the City Council, a 
 Joint Special Committee was appointed as follows : — 
 
 Of the Board of Mayor and Aldermett. 
 
 His Honor Isaac Bradford, Mayor ; 
 William L. Whitney, John H. Leighton. 
 
 Of the Common Council. 
 
 George F. Piper, President; 
 Frank A. Allen, William E. Doyle, 
 
 Hibbard p. Ross, Walter S. Swan, 
 
 Jeremiah Murphy. 
 
 The following were the principal Sub-Committees : — 
 
 On Invitations and Printing. 
 Mayor Bradford, Alderman Whitney, and President Piper. 
 
 Decorations. 
 Alderman Leighton, Councilmen Swan and Murphy. 
 
 Music. 
 Councilmen Allen and Doyle. 
 
 Collation. 
 Councilmen Ross and Swan. 
 
 Salutes and Illuminations . 
 President Piper and Councilman Doyle. 
 
 Children's Entertainment. 
 Councilmen Allen and Swan. 
 
 The several sub-committees diligently performed the du- 
 ties assigned them ; and the proffered suggestions of several 
 earnest and patriotic citizens were as far as possible incor- 
 porated in the general plan. 
 
 The printers of Cambridge, ever loyal, and other organi- 
 zations, together with some of the more prominent manu- 
 facturers, began to make preparations for joining in the
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 1 3 
 
 anticipated procession : but the short time intervening be- 
 tween the magnificent display in Boston and the proposed 
 celebration had the effect of limiting the authority con- 
 ferred upon the Committee ; and it was decided to celebrate 
 in a manner more quiet, but deemed equally appropriate 
 for the place and occasion. In lieu of a procession, it was 
 further decided to have an entertainment especially for the 
 children ; trusting that the exercises would fix firmly in 
 their minds the lessons of patriotism, and a love for the 
 memory of the heroes of 1775 • To that end, the welcome 
 offer of the active services of Mr. Benjamin Woodward 
 was gladly accepted; and to his energetic efforts, ably 
 seconded by Messrs. Allen and Swan of the Committee, 
 the success of that part of the exercises of the day was 
 largely due. 
 
 At the request of the Committee, Mr. Francis L. Pratt 
 organized an effective chorus of twenty-four male voices 
 for an evening concert on the Common, in conjunction with 
 Edmands' Band. 
 
 The City Forester, Mr. George Washington White, 
 who for years had anxiously cared for the '' Washington 
 Elm," placed the Common in excellent condition for the 
 comfort of the expected multitude ; and a mammoth pa- 
 vilion, capable of seating four thousand people, was erected 
 almost under the shadow of the venerated and historic tree. 
 
 The lack of a hall in the immediate vicinity suitable for 
 the enjo3^nient of the dinner, and expected postprandial 
 exercises, caused the Committee to request of the authori- 
 ties of Harvard College as a special favor the use of the 
 splendid Memorial Hall, erected by the alumni of the col- 
 lege in commemoration of the virtues and deeds of those 
 of her sons who fell in the late civil war. The following 
 cordial response to the application was received : — 
 
 Harvard University, 15th June, 1S75. 
 
 Dear Sir, — In reply to your request, on behalf of the city of 
 Cambridge, for the use of Memorial Hall for a public dinner on 
 the 3d of July next, I have the honor to say that it will give the
 
 14 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 President and Fellows of Harvard College great pleasure to have 
 the hall used by the city on that day. They are glad that a hall 
 built to commemorate the virtues of the sons should be used to 
 celebrate the brave deeds of the fathers. 
 
 I am, with much respect, your obedient servant, 
 
 Charles W. Eliot, President. 
 
 Invitations were extended to the following Federal and 
 State officials, representatives of various organizations, and 
 distinguished citizens ; nearly all of whom were present. 
 A few sent notes expressing their appreciation of the obser- 
 vance of the day, but regretting their detention by reason 
 of illness or imperative engagement. 
 
 INVITED GUESTS. 
 
 Hon. Henry Wilson .... Vice-President of the United States. 
 „ George S. Boutwell . U. S. Senator from Massachusetts. 
 ,, Henry L. Dawes . . . 
 Maj.-Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks 
 Hon. E. RocKWOOD Hoar . . 
 „ John M. S. Williams . . 
 ,, Wm. Wirt Warren . . ,, Representative elect from Mass. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Charles H. Davis United-States N'avy. 
 
 His Excellency Wm. Gaston. . Governor of Massachusetts, and Staff. 
 Horace Gray, Esq. . Chief fustice Sup. fud. Court of Massachusetts. 
 President Charles W. Eliot, and Fellows of Harvard College. 
 Percival L. Everett, Esq. . M. W. Grand Master of Grand Lodge of 
 
 F. and A. M. of Mass., and Suite. 
 Admiral Henry Knox Thatcher . President of the Mass. Society of 
 
 the Order of the Cincifinati. 
 Hon. Marshall P. Wilder . President of A\ E. Historic-Genealogical 
 
 Society. 
 ,, George Washington Warren . . President of Bu?iker-Hill- 
 
 Monument Association. 
 Maj.-Gen. Charles Devens, Jr. . ex-Commander-in-Chief of the Grand 
 
 Army of the Republic. 
 Maj. George S. Merrill. Cofnmander of Department of Massachusetts 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Hon. Charles Francis Adams Boston. 
 
 „ Josiah Quincy „ 
 
 „ Charles Hudson Lexington, Mass. 
 
 „ Richard Frothingham . . . Boston, Charlestown District 
 
 Representative fro7n Mass.
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 1 5 
 
 Ex-Gov. Emory Washburn Cambridge. 
 
 Prof. Henry W. Longfellow „ 
 
 „ Benjamin Pierce „ 
 
 Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Boston. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Lucius R. Paige Cafiibridge. 
 
 „ William Newell „ 
 
 „ Frederic H. Hedge „ 
 
 Rev. Alexander McKenzie „ 
 
 Hon. EsTES Howe „ 
 
 „ John G. Palfrey ,, 
 
 Henry B. Rogers, Esq Boston. 
 
 James Alexander, ,, Charlotteville., Virginia. 
 
 WiNSLOw Warren, ,, Boston. 
 
 John Owen, Esq Cambridge. 
 
 Hon. William A.Simmons Collector of Port of Boston. 
 
 William L. Burt, Esq Posi?naster of Boston District. 
 
 Hon. Samuel C. Cobb Mayor of Boston. 
 
 „ William H. Furber Mayor of Somerville. 
 
 „ J. F. C. Hyde , . „ „ Newton. 
 
 Selectmen of Town of Lexington. 
 „ „ „ Concord. 
 
 „ „ „ Arlington. 
 
 Chairman of Selectmen of Watertown. 
 „ „ „ „ Belmont. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. Edward W. Hincks Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 „ Charles F. Walcott Cambridge. 
 
 „ Samuel E. Chamberlain . Boston, Charlestown District. 
 
 Capt. George A. Keeler Co. K, sth Regt. M. V. M. 
 
 „ Levi Hawkes Co. B, 4t/i Batt. M. V. M. 
 
 Commander William P. Livesey . Post 30, DepH of Mass. G. A. R. 
 „ William W. Webb . . . „ 56, „ „ „ 
 
 „ Alphonso M. Lunt . . . „ 57, „ „ „ 
 
 Hon. Ezra Parmenter . . Senator from Third Middlesex District. 
 Levi L. Gushing . . . Representative from Seventh Mid. Rep. Dist. 
 Daniel H. Thurston . . . „ „ Eighth „ „ 
 
 Edward Kendall 
 Austin C. Wellington 
 J. W. Coveney . . . 
 Charles Kimball . . 
 Hon. John S. Ladd 
 
 „ Ninth „ „ 
 
 Sheriff of Middlesex County. 
 Justice of Police Cotcrt of Cambridge. 
 
 Ex-Mayors of the City of Cambridge. 
 Ex-Presidents of the Common Council of Cambridge.
 
 [Form of Invitation.] 
 
 Cttj of Camiritige- 
 
 /le Meaiuie o/ wai co7?i/ia7in (k leauedfea on 
 
 o/ /fa6mnaic?i if aiisti7?itna coon'mana o/ me Q^Tneiican 
 &ci'm/u C7t ^Wa'?}mUaoe ^Wownion. 
 
 ISAAC BRADFORD, Mayor, 
 
 For Committee of Arratigements. 
 
 Guests -will report at Lycetcin Hall, Cainhridge, at ii o'clock, A. M., 
 presenting this invitation at the door. 
 
 ^S" Please reply at your earliest convenience.
 
 THE DECORATIONS. 
 
 Suitable inscriptions were placed by the committee at 
 the following points of historic interest in the city, for the 
 information of visitors, and to freshen the recollections of 
 citizens generally. At 
 
 THE WASHINGTON ELM, 
 
 the decorations naturally attracted great attention. A staft' 
 had been fixed in the centre of the tree, from which, high 
 above the tallest branches, floated the American flag. 
 Smaller flags were fastened upon all the larger projecting 
 limbs of the tree, and extended beyond it on all sides, 
 covering it with a perfect glory of stars and stripes. On 
 the stone at its base, which commemorates Washington's 
 assumption of command, was placed a life-size figure- 
 painting of General Washington on horseback. A little in 
 front of the elm, and so erected that the stone and painting 
 were seen through it in perspective, was a decorated arch, 
 under which the procession passed on the way from Lyceum 
 Hall to the tent. The upper portion of the arch was in- 
 scribed "Birthplace of the American Army," and on the 
 pillars were the dates "1775" and "1875." 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 Cln-ist Church was decorated with flags drooping over 
 the door and from the window in the tower. From the
 
 I 8 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 window also projected several flags, as well as from the 
 corners of the tower and church. On the centre of the 
 front was a round shield bearing this inscription : " Christ 
 Church; erected a.d. 1780. Captain Chester's Co., from 
 Wethersfield, Conn., was quartered here during the siege 
 of Boston in 1775-6. Reoccupied as a house of prayer 
 by order of General Washington, who worshipped here on 
 Sunday, Dec. 31, 1775, and, it is believed, on subsequent 
 occasions." 
 
 REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. 
 
 The monument in the Old Burial Ground erected to the 
 Cambridge men who fell at Lexington was beautifully 
 trimmed. It was surmounted by an arch, from which hung 
 a flag forming a background to the monument itself. On 
 the crown of the arch was the motto, " The Blood of the 
 Patriots is the Seed of Liberty." On the pillars of the 
 arch were the names of the soldiers, — Hicks, Marcy, 
 Richardson, Russell, Wyman, and Winship. 
 
 THE COMMON. 
 
 The Soldiers' Monument on the Common was decorated 
 with small flags. Around it, mounted, pointed in different 
 directions, were the three cannon recently given the city by 
 the State. They are very old pieces of ordnance ; one hav- 
 ing been captured from the French at the taking of Louis- 
 burg in 1756, and transferred to Crown Point, and then, 
 with the others, taken from Crown Point by General Ethan 
 Allen, "in the name of the Continental Congress," in i775? 
 and transferred for use at the siege of Boston. 
 
 KIRKLAND STREET. 
 
 At the junction of Kirkland Street with North Avenue 
 was a placard stating that to be "The road to Bunker Hill, 
 down which the troops marched under Colonel Prescott, on 
 the evening of June 16, 1775, after prayer on the Common 
 by President Langdon."
 
 THE DECORATIONS. 1 9 
 
 Washington's headquarters. 
 
 The poet Longfellow's house, on Brattle Street, was 
 marked by the inscription, " Headquarters of Washington ; 
 occupied by him from July 12, 1775, to March, 1776. 
 Built and owned at the time by John Vassal, a refugee 
 and Tory." 
 
 THE WADSWORTH HOUSE. 
 
 The Wads worth House, in the college-grounds facing 
 Harvard Street, was inscribed, " Wadsworth House: first 
 headquarters of Washington and Lee, July 2, 1775. Offi- 
 cers' quarters during the siege of Boston, 1775-6." 
 
 THE HOLMES HOUSE. 
 
 The house in Holmes Place, off North Avenue, near the 
 Common, was inscribed, "Holmes House. Headquarters 
 of General Ward. Here was held the council of war which 
 ordered the fortification of Bunker Hill." 
 
 THE OLIVER HOUSE. 
 
 The house of James Russell Lowell, on Elmwood 
 Avenue, bore the inscription, " Built by Andrew Oliver, 
 stamp-commissioner and lieutenant-governor ; a refugee. 
 Occupied as a hospital after Bunker Hill. In the field in 
 front many soldiers were buried. Afterward the residence 
 of Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, Governor of Massachusetts, and Vice-President of 
 the United States." 
 
 THE FAYERWEATHER HOUSE. 
 
 The ancient house on Brattle Street, at the corner of 
 Fayerweather, was inscribed, " Faj^erweather House ; used 
 as a hospital, 1775." 
 
 THE LEE MANSION. 
 
 The house at the corner of Brattle and Appleton Streets 
 was marked as being the oldest building in Cambridge. 
 It was the residence of Judge Joseph Lee, a royalist, in 
 1775, and is believed to have been erected before the days 
 of Ciiarles the Second.
 
 20 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 THE LECHMERE HOUSE. 
 
 The old mansion on the corner of Brattle and Sparks 
 Streets had the inscription, " Lechmere House. Baroness 
 de Riedesel, taken prisoner with her husband at Saratoga, 
 was lodged here." 
 
 THE BELCHER HOUSE. 
 
 The house on the corner of Brattle and Ash Streets, a 
 structure of great antiquity, was marked by an inscription, 
 stating that it was " Built during the reign of Queen 
 Anne ; probably by the father of Governor Belcher, who 
 sold it in 1719. It was occupied in 1775 by Benjamin 
 Church, M.D., Surgeon-General of the Provincial Army."' 
 
 THE BRATTLE HOUSE. 
 
 The house on Brattle Street, just west of the University 
 Press, bore the inscription, "Brattle House: residence of 
 Thomas Brattle, Esq. Headquarters of General Mifflin." 
 
 THE APTHORP HOUSE. 
 
 The house on Harvard Street, near Plympton Street, had 
 the inscription, "Built by East Apthorp. Called the 
 ' Bishop's Palace.' Occupied by General Burgoyne while 
 a prisoner." 
 
 BRADISh's TAVERN. 
 
 An ancient building on Brighton Street, between Har- 
 vard Square and Mount-Auburn Street, was marked " Brad- 
 ish's Tavern. Officers of Burg03ne's army were quartered 
 here." 
 
 SITE OF THE IXMAN HOUSE. 
 
 The site of the In man House, on Inman Street, near 
 Main, was inscribed, " Site of Inman House : Headquarters 
 of General Putnam, commanding centre of American 
 Army, July, 1775." 
 
 The college authorities had also appropriately called 
 attention to the Revolutionary record of —
 
 THE DECORATIONS. 21 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 Over the main entrance to the college-grounds, opposite 
 
 Church Street, was erected an arch draped with colored 
 
 bunting, and crowned by a shield bearing the motto, 
 
 "Veritas." Across the top of the arch was the verse from 
 
 Lowell : — 
 
 '• Life of whate'er makes life worth living, 
 One heavenly thing whereof earth has the giving." 
 
 On the left pillar of the arch was the inscription, "Pro- 
 mote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions 
 for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as 
 a structure of a government gives force to public opinion, 
 it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. — 
 Washington 's Farewell Address."" 
 
 On the opposite pillar was the following : " Harvard Col- 
 lege,' — 'The Nest of Sedition.' General Gage, 1775. 
 Hatched in this nest were James Otis, Joseph Warren, 
 John Hancock, Josiah Quincy, Samuel Adams, Artemas 
 Ward, Timothy Pickering, and William Eustis." 
 
 Other buildings of the college — Holden Chapel, built in 
 1744; Hollis Hall, built in 1763; Harvard Hall, built in 
 1764; and Massachusetts Hall, built in 1720 — bore in- 
 scriptions stating the date of their erection, and the fact 
 that they were occupied by Provincial troops during the 
 siege of Boston, 1775-6. 
 
 Dane Hall, the Law School, was inscribed, "Site of 
 Old Church, where the first and second Provincial Con- 
 gresses were held, presided over by John Hancock and 
 Joseph Warren. General Washington worshipped in this 
 church in 1775." 
 
 THE CITY HALL. 
 
 The City Hall was the most elaborately decorated of 
 any building in the city. A large painting, emblematical 
 of the victory of freedom in the Revolutionary War, hung 
 over the front. On either side of the painting were the 
 dates "1775" and "1875;" and at the bottom the motto,
 
 22 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 "Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Insepara- 
 ble." An eagle on the centre of the roof held in his beak 
 streamers of bunting, which draped the cornice to the cor- 
 ners. The painting was also draped, and the bunting so 
 arranged as to form an immense shield covering nearly the 
 whole front of the building, with the painting in the centre. 
 From the flagstaff on the centre of the roof a " glory " of 
 variously colored bunting depended to the cornice. 
 
 LYCEUM HALL. 
 
 Lyceum Hall, the headquarters of the Committee of 
 Arrangements, was profusely trimhied. Festoons of bunt- 
 ing depended from the apex of the roof to the corners of the 
 first story. On the front was a painting of the Goddess of 
 Liberty with drawn sword, holding the stars and stripes, 
 which was draped with flags hung from the story above. 
 On the left side of the entrance was the motto, " Liberty, — 
 generations past and generations to come hold us respon- 
 sible for this sacred trust." On the right side was the in- 
 scription, " Warren, Hancock, Adams, Prescott. We would 
 recall the forms and lineaments of the honored dead." 
 
 THE SITE OF FORT PUTNAM, 
 
 On the corner of Otis and Fourth Streets, was marked 
 by a flag hung across Otis Street from the Putnam School- 
 house, with the inscription, "Site of Fort Putnam." 
 
 FORT WASHINGTON, 
 
 Near the foot of Brookline street, was also appropriately 
 marked, and the way to it pointed out; while from its tall 
 flag-staff floated the largest flag in the city. The well-kept 
 embankment, substantial iron fence, and the three cannon 
 mounted in the embrasures as of yore, attracted much 
 attention. 
 
 UNION-RAILWAY OFFICES. 
 
 The offices of the Union Railway were elaborately 
 decorated. The roof was surmounted by a gilt eagle hold- 
 ing festoons of bunting in his beak, which drooped to either
 
 THE DECORATIONS. 23 
 
 corner of the roof. From the centre also fell festoons of 
 flags to the corners of the building on the first floor. Pen- 
 nants depended from the roof in four places, and small 
 flags projected over the street. On the front of one building 
 was a shield with the national arms and motto. Under 
 that was the inscription, " Mansion House of Zachariah 
 Boardman, 1775 ; Tavern of Major John Brown, 1781." 
 On the front of the other building was the name " Wash- 
 ington." 
 
 Flags were also freely displayed on many private resi- 
 dences in various parts of the city, and on all the public 
 buildings and staffs. 
 
 A few of the citizens also displayed inscriptions or other 
 decorations ; but the lack of a procession with an extended 
 route ^^r evented such action being general. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 The " Cambridge Chronicle " of July 3d contained a lengthy illustrated 
 article, entitled " Points of Interest," giving a detailed description of the 
 houses and places already mentioned as having been designated by 
 inscriptions on that day, and many histoi-ical facts connected therewith ; 
 and also of many others necessarily omitted here, as not being directly 
 connected with the event celebrated. But it is worthy of record, that 
 
 " The city of Cambridge to-day contains many monuments of the olden 
 time, — many residences, lacking, perhaps, the beauty of their youth, but 
 rich in historical reminiscence. . . . Several of the best known and best 
 preserved are situated on Brattle Street, partially hidden from each other 
 by the sinuosities of that ancient roadway, caused by an avoidance of 
 the marshes then existing. But these houses were, with scarcely an 
 exception, the homesteads of a band of royalists, connected by marriage, 
 or direct descent, from Governor Spencer Phips. These several man- 
 sions constituted what was then called ' Church Row,' but afterwards 
 ' Tory Row.' The owners were all men of education and fortune, and 
 prominent attendants, several of them wardens, of Christ Church. . . . 
 Between Arrow and Mount-Auburn Streets was the estate of David 
 Phips, Sheriff of Middlesex, colonel of the governor's troop, and son of 
 Governor Spencer Phips. A prominent royalist, his house, some time a
 
 24 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 hospital, was afterwards the residence of Wilham Winthrop, and is now 
 in a fair state of preservation. The estate is more interesting to the anti- 
 quary as being that of Daniel Gookin, Indian superintendent in the time 
 of Eliot, and one of the licensers of the printing-press in 1662. It was 
 under Gookin's roof, and perhaps on this very spot, that Generals Goffe 
 and Whalley were sheltered until the news of the Restoration, and Act of 
 Indemnity, caused them to seek another asylum. 
 
 '' In the vicinity of North Avenue still remain many old residences, 
 witnesses of the scenes of April 19th, June 17th, and July 3d; but Cam- 
 bridge is so full of such places of interest, that these, having more intimate 
 connection with the first-named dates, can receive but this passing notice. 
 The joyous notes of this Centennial will resound as loudly within their 
 walls as within those of their more lordly neighbors. From out their less 
 pretentious entrances came, in the days that tried men's souls, their full 
 proportion of patriots, to make good the vacancies caused by the defection 
 of the royalists of Tory Row ; but from many of both classes in the 
 latter-day struggles, when the deeds of 1775 were to be repeated, so far 
 as was necessary to maintain the life of the nation then born and baptized 
 in blood, came forth men true to the memories of their fathers and the 
 record of Cambridge of 1775."
 
 THE CELEBRATION. 
 
 The day opened bright and clear, ushered in by a sun- 
 rise salute of thirteen guns on the Common by a section of 
 Battery A, First Battalion Light Artiller}^ and the ringing 
 of bells throughout the city. 
 
 At half-past ten o'clock, ladies, and gentlemen accom- 
 panying, were admitted to the tent, and soon began to 
 test its capacity. 
 
 At half-past eleven o'clock, the City Government and 
 invited guests, having assembled at Lyceum Hall, formed 
 a procession, and marched to the tent, in the following 
 order : — 
 
 Chief of Police and Aides. 
 
 Edmands' Band. 
 
 Committee of Arrangements. 
 
 Orator, Poet, and Chaplains. 
 
 City Messenger. 
 
 Mayor and President of the Common Council. 
 
 Board of Aldermen. 
 
 Common Council. 
 
 Invited Guests, in the order previously stated. 
 
 Members of the School Committee. 
 
 Overseers of the Poor. 
 
 Board of Assessors. 
 Heads of Departments. 
 
 Water Board. 
 
 Cemetery Commissioners. 
 
 Commissioners of Sinking Fund. 
 
 Trustees of other Funds. 
 Engineers of the Fire Department. 
 
 4
 
 26 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 At twelve o'clock, the procession having reached the tent, 
 and its members being seated on the spacious platform 
 erected therefor, the Mayor called the large audience to 
 attention, and the exercises were begun with prayer by 
 Rev. David O. Mears. After music by the band, Mayor 
 Bradford spoke as follows: — 
 
 This day is the one hundredth anniversary of a day memorable 
 alike in the annals of Cambridge and of the conntry ; for it was 
 on the third day of July, 1775, that General Washington, — then 
 recently appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American Army, — 
 having arrived in Cambridge from Philadelphia, here upon this 
 hallowed ground, beneath this ancient elm-tree, unsheathed his 
 sword, and assumed command, — a command which was to con- 
 tinue till the time of final victory. 
 
 To fittingly commemoi-ate this event, so full of patriotic inspira- 
 tion, we are assembled : and, as we listen to the words of our cho- 
 sen orator and poet, we shall have renewed within us a sense of 
 our large indebtedness to that lofty heroism, that self-sacrificing 
 devotion to liberty, which accomplished an independent nation, 
 and bequeathed to us for an inheritance tliat most precious of 
 gifts, — a free republican government. 
 
 It is the name of Washington we reverence ; and proud we are, 
 among the many glorious memories of the past, of the association 
 of his name with Cambridge. 
 
 I have the honor of introducing to you the poet of the day, 
 Professor James Russell Lowell.
 
 POEM 
 
 JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 
 
 L 
 
 Words pass as wind, but where great deeds were done 
 
 A power abides transfused from sire to son : 
 
 The boy feels deeper meanings thrill his ear, 
 
 That tingling through his pulse life-long shall run. 
 
 With sure impulsion to keep honor clear. 
 
 When, pointing down, his father whispers, " Here, 
 
 Here, where we stand, stood he, the purely Great, 
 
 Whose soul no siren passion could unspherc, 
 
 Then natneless, now a power and mixed with fate." 
 
 Historic town, thou boldest sacred dust. 
 
 Once known to men as pious, learned, just. 
 
 And one memorial pile that dares to last ; 
 
 But Memory greets with reverential kiss 
 
 No spot in all thy circuit sweet as this. 
 
 Touched by that modest glory as it past. 
 
 O'er which yon elm hath piously displayed 
 
 These hundred years its monumental shade. 
 
 Of our swift passage through this scenery 
 Of life and death, more durable than we, 
 What landmai'k so congenial as a tree 
 Repeating its green legend every spring, 
 And, with a yearly ring. 
 Recording the fair seasons as they flee. 
 Type of our brief but still-renewed mortality?
 
 28 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 We f;ill as leaves : the immortal trunk remains, 
 Builded with costly juice of hearts and brains 
 Gone to the mould now, whither all that be 
 Vanish returnless, yet are procreant still 
 In human lives to come of good or ill, 
 And feed unseen the roots of Destiny. 
 
 II. 
 
 I. 
 
 Men's monuments, grown old, forget their names 
 
 They should eternize, but the place 
 
 Where shining souls have passed imbibes a grace 
 
 Beyond mere earth ; some sweetness of their fames 
 
 Leaves in the soil its unextinguished trace, 
 
 Pungent, pathetic, sad with nobler aims, 
 
 That peneti"ates our lives and heightens them or shames. 
 
 This unsubstantial world and fleet 
 
 Seems solid for a moment when we stand 
 
 On dust ennobled by heroic feet 
 
 Once mighty to sustain a tottering land, 
 
 And mighty still such burthen to upbear, 
 
 Nor doomed to tread the path of things that merely were 
 
 Our sense, refined with virtue of the spot. 
 
 Across the mists of Lethe's sleepy stream 
 
 Recalls him, the sole chief without a blot. 
 
 No moi'e a pallid image and a di"eam, 
 
 But as he dwelt with men decorously supreme. 
 
 2. 
 
 Our grosser minds need this terrestrial hint 
 
 To raise long-buried days from tombs of print : 
 
 " Here stood he," softly we repeat, 
 
 And lo, the statue shrined and still 
 
 In that gray minster-front we call the Past, 
 
 Feels in its frozen veins our pulses thrill, 
 
 Breathes living air and mocks at Death's deceit. 
 
 It warms, it stirs, comes down to us at last. 
 
 Its features human with familiar light, 
 
 A man, beyond the historian's art to kill. 
 
 Or sculptor's to efface with patient chisel-blight.
 
 POEM BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 29 
 
 3- 
 Sure the dumb earth hath memory, nor for nought 
 Was Fancy given, on whose enchanted loom* 
 Present and Past commingle, fruit and bloom 
 Of one fair bough, inseparably wrought 
 Into the seamless tapeslry of thought. 
 So charmed, with undeluded eye we see 
 In history's fragmentary tale 
 Bright clews of continuity, 
 Learn that high natures over Time prevail. 
 And feel ourselves a link in that entail 
 That binds all ages past with all that are to be. 
 
 III. 
 
 Beneath our consecrated elm 
 
 A century ago he stood, 
 
 Famed vaguely for that old fight in the wood 
 
 Whose I'ed surge sought, but could not overwhelm 
 
 The life foredoomed to wield our rough-hewn helm 
 
 From colleges, where now the gown 
 
 To arms had yielded, from the town. 
 
 Our rude self-summoned levies flocked to see 
 
 The new-come chiefs and wonder which was he. 
 
 No need to question long ; close-lipped and tall, 
 
 Long trained in murder-brooding forests lone 
 
 To bridle others' clamors and his own. 
 
 Firmly erect, he towered above them all, 
 
 The incarnate discipline that was to free 
 
 With iron curb that armed democracy. 
 
 A motley rout was that which came to stare, 
 In raiment tanned by years of sun and storm, 
 Of every shape that was not uniform. 
 Dotted with regimentals here and there ; 
 An army all of captains, used to pray 
 And stiff' in fight, but serious drill's despair, 
 Skilled to debate their orders, not obey ; 
 Deacons were there, selectmen, men of note
 
 30 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 In half-tamed hamlets ambushed round with woods, 
 Ready to settle Fi-eewill by a vote, 
 But largely liberal to its private moods ; 
 Prompt to assert by manners, voice, or pen, 
 Or ruder arms, their rights as Englishmen, 
 Nor much fastidious as to how and when : 
 Yet seasoned stuff and fittest to create 
 A thought-staid army or a lasting State : 
 . Haughty they said he was, at first, severe, 
 But owned, as all men own, the steady hand 
 Upon the bridle, patient to command. 
 Prized, as all prize, the justice pure from fear. 
 And learned to honor first, then love him, then revere: 
 Such power there is in clear-eyed self-restraint 
 And purpose clean as light from every selfish taint. 
 
 3- 
 
 Musing beneath the legendary tree, 
 
 The years between furl ofl^ I seem to see 
 
 The sun-flecks, shaken the stirred foliage through, 
 
 Dapple with gold his sober buflfand blue 
 
 And weave prophetic aureoles round the head 
 
 That shines our beacon now nor darkens with the dead. 
 
 O, man of silent mood, 
 
 A stranger among strangers then, 
 
 How art thou since renowned the Great, the Good, 
 
 Familiar as the day in all the homes of men ! 
 
 The winged years, that winnow praise and blame, 
 
 Blow many names out: they but fan to flame 
 
 The self-renewing splendors of thy fame. 
 
 IV. 
 
 How many subtlest influences unite. 
 
 With spiritual touch of joy or pain, 
 
 Invisible as air and soft as light. 
 
 To body forth that image of the brain 
 
 We call our Country, visionary shape, 
 
 Loved more than woman, fuller of fire than w^ine, 
 
 Whose charm can none define,
 
 POEM BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 3 1 
 
 Nor any, though he flee it, can escape ! 
 
 All pai"ty-colored threads the weaver Time 
 
 Sets in his web, now trivial, now sublime. 
 
 All memories, all forebodings, hopes and fears. 
 
 Mountain and river, forest, prairie, sea, 
 
 A hill, a rock, a homestead, field, or tree, 
 
 The casual gleanings of unreckoned yeai's. 
 
 Take goddess-shape at last and there is She, 
 
 Old at our birth, new as the springing hours. 
 
 Shrine of our weakness, fortress of our powers, 
 
 Consoler, kindler, peerless 'mid her peers, 
 
 A force that 'neath our conscious being stirs, 
 
 A life to give ours permanence, when we 
 
 Are born to mingle our poor earth with hers. 
 
 And all this glowing world goes with us on our biers.. 
 
 Nations are long results, by ruder ways 
 
 Gathering the might that warrants length of days ; 
 
 They may be pieced of half-reluctant shares 
 
 Welded by hammer-strokes of broad-brained kings, 
 
 Or from a doughty people grow, the heirs 
 
 Of wise traditions widening cautious rings ; 
 
 At best they are computable things, 
 
 A strength behind us making us feel bold 
 
 In right, or, as may chance, in wrong ; 
 
 Whose force by figures may be summed and told. 
 
 So many soldiers, ships, and dollars strong. 
 
 And we but drops that bear compulsory part 
 
 In the dumb throb of a mechanic heart ; 
 
 But Country is a shape of each man's mind 
 
 Sacred fvom disenchantment, unconfined 
 
 By the cramped walls where daily drudgeries grind, 
 
 An inward vision, yet an outward birth 
 
 Of sweet familiar heaven and earth, 
 
 A brooding Presence that stirs motions blind 
 
 Of wings within our Self's beleaguering shell 
 
 That wait but her completer spell 
 
 To make us caglc-natured, fit to dare 
 
 Life's nobler spaces and untarnished air.
 
 32 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 3- 
 
 You, who hold dear this self-conceived ideal, 
 Whose faith and works alone can make it real, 
 Bring all your fairest gifts to deck her shrine 
 Who lifts our lives away from Thine and Mine 
 And feeds the lamp of manhood more divine 
 With fragrant oils of quenchless constancy. 
 When all have done their utmost, surely he 
 Hath given the best who gives a character 
 Erect and constant, which nor any shock 
 Of loosened elements, nor the forceful sea 
 Of flowing or of ebbing fates, can stir 
 From its deep bases in the living rock 
 Of ancient manhood's sweet security : 
 And this he gave, serenely far from pride 
 As baseness, boon with prosperous stars allied. 
 Part of what nobler seed shall in our loins abide. 
 
 4- 
 
 No bond of men so strong as common pride 
 
 In names sublimed by deeds that have not died, 
 
 Still operant, with the primal Force allied ; 
 
 These are their arsenals, these the exhaustless mines 
 
 That give a constant heart in great designs ; 
 
 These ai'e the stuff whereof such dreams are made 
 
 As make heroic men : thus surely he 
 
 Still holds in place the massy blocks he laid 
 
 'Neath our new frame, enforcing soberly 
 
 The self-control that makes and keeps a people free. 
 
 O, for a drop of that terse Roman's ink 
 
 Who gave Agricola dateless length of days, 
 
 To celebrate him fitly, neither swerve 
 
 To phrase unkempt, nor pass discretion's brink, 
 
 With him so statue-like in sad reserve. 
 
 So diffident to claim, so forward to deserve !
 
 POEM BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 33 
 
 Nor need I shun due influence of his fame 
 Who, moxial among mortals, seemed as now 
 The equestrian shape with unimpassioned brow, 
 That paces silent on through vistas of acclaim. 
 
 What figure more immovably august 
 
 Than that grave strength so patient and so pure, 
 
 Calm in good fortune, when it wavered, sure. 
 
 That mind serene, impenetrably just, 
 
 Modelled on classic lines so simple they endure? 
 
 That soul so softly radiant and so white 
 
 The track it left seems less of fire than light. 
 
 Cold but to such as love distemperature? 
 
 And if pure light, as some deem, be the force 
 
 That drives rejoicing planets on their course. 
 
 Why for his power benign seek an impurer source? 
 
 His was the true enthusiasm that burns long, 
 
 Domestically bright, 
 
 Fed from itself and shy of human sight. 
 
 The hidden force that makes a lifetime strong. 
 
 And not the short-lived fuel of a song. 
 
 Passionless, say you .'' Wha_t is passion for 
 
 But to sublime our natures and control 
 
 To front heroic toils with late return, 
 
 Or none, or such as shames the conqueror? 
 
 That fire was fed with substance of the soul 
 
 And not with lioliday stubble, that could burn, 
 
 Unpraised of men who after bonfires run, 
 
 Through seven slow years of unadvancing war, 
 
 Equal when fields were lost or fields were won. 
 
 With breath of popular applause or blame. 
 
 Nor fanned nor damped, unqucnchably the same. 
 
 Too inward to be reached by flaws of idle fame. 
 
 t 
 3- 
 
 Soldier and statesman, rarest unison ; 
 High-poised example of great duties done 
 Simply as breathing, a world's honors worn 
 As life's indifierent gifts to all men born ; 
 Dumb for himself, unless it were to God, 
 But for his barefoot soldiers eloquent, 
 
 S
 
 34 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Tramping the snow to coral where they trod, 
 
 Held by his awe in hollow-eyed content ; 
 
 Modest, yet firm as Nature's self; unblamed 
 
 Save by the men his nobler temper shamed ; 
 
 Never seduced through show of present good 
 
 By other than unsetting lights to steer 
 
 New-trimmed in Heaven, nor than his steadfast mood 
 
 More steadfast, far from rashness as from fear ; 
 
 Rigid, but with himself first, grasping still 
 
 In swerveless poise the wave-beat helm of will ; 
 
 Not honored then or now because he wooed 
 
 The popular voice, but that he still withstood ; 
 
 Broad-minded, higher souled, there is but one 
 
 Who was all this and ours, and all men's, — Washington. 
 
 Minds strong by fits, irregularly great. 
 
 That flash and darken like revolving lights. 
 
 Catch more the vulgar eye unschooled to wait 
 
 On the long curve of patient days and nights, 
 
 Rounding a whole life to tlie circle fair 
 
 Of orbed fulfilment; and this l:)alanced soul. 
 
 So simple in its grandeur, coldly bare 
 
 Of draperies theatric, standing there 
 
 In perfect symmetry of self-control, 
 
 Seems not so great at first, but greater grows 
 
 Still as we look, and by experience learn 
 
 How grand this quiet is, how nobly stern 
 
 The discipline that wrought through lifelong throes 
 
 That energetic passion of repose. 
 
 5- 
 
 A natui'e too decorous and severe. 
 
 Too self-respectful in its griefs and joys, 
 
 For ardent girls and boys 
 
 Who find no genius in a mind so clear 
 
 That its grave depths seem obvious and near, 
 
 Nor a soul great that made so little noise. 
 
 They feel no force in that calm-cadenced phrase, 
 
 The habitual full-dress of his well-bred mind,
 
 POEM BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 35 
 
 That seems to pace the minuet's courtly maze 
 
 And tell of ampler leisures, roomier length of days. 
 
 His firm-based brain, to self so little kind 
 
 That no tumultuary blood could blind, 
 
 Formed to control men, not amaze. 
 
 Looms not like those that borrow height of haze : 
 
 It was a world of statelier movement then 
 
 Than this we fret in, he a denizen 
 
 Of that ideal Rome that made a man for men. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The longer on this earth we live 
 
 And weigh the various qualities of men. 
 
 Seeing how most are fugitive. 
 
 Or fitful gifts, at best, of now and then. 
 
 Wind-wavered corpse-lights, daughters of the fen. 
 
 The more we feel the high stern-featured beauty 
 
 Of plain devotedness to duty. 
 
 Steadfast and still, nor paid with mortal praise. 
 
 But finding amplest recompense 
 
 For life's ungarlanded expense 
 
 In work done squarely and unwasted days. 
 
 For this we-honor him, that he could know 
 
 How sweet the service and how free 
 
 Of her, God's eldest daughter here below, 
 
 And choose in meanest raiment which was she. 
 
 Placid completeness, life without a fall 
 
 From faith or highest aims, truth's breachless wall, 
 
 Surely if any fame can bear the touch. 
 
 His will say " Here !" at the last trumpet's call. 
 
 The unexpressive man whose life expressed so much.
 
 36 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 VII. 
 
 I. 
 
 Never to see a nation born 
 
 Hath been given to mortal man, 
 
 Unless to those who, on that summer morn, 
 
 Gazed silent vv^hen the great Virginian 
 
 Unsheathed the sword whose fatal flash 
 
 Shot union through the incoherent clash 
 
 Of our loose atoms, crystallizing them 
 
 Around a single will's unpliant stem, 
 
 And making purpose of emotion rash. 
 
 Out of that scabbard sprang, as from its womb, 
 
 Nebulous at first but hardening to a star, 
 
 Through mutual share of sunburst and of gloom, 
 
 The common faith that made us what we are. 
 
 That lifted blade transformed our jangling clans, 
 
 Till then provincial, to Americans, 
 
 And made a unity ofwildering plans; 
 
 Here was the doom fixed : here is marked the date 
 
 When this New World awoke to man's estate, 
 
 Burnt its last ship and ceased to look behind : 
 
 Nor thoughtless was the choice ; no love or hate 
 
 Could from its poise move that deliberate mind, 
 
 Weighing between too early and too late 
 
 Those pitftills of the man refused by Fate : 
 
 His was the impartial vision of the great 
 
 Who see not as they wish, but as they find. 
 
 He saw the dangers of defeat, nor less 
 
 The incomputable perils of success ; 
 
 The sacred past thrown b}', an empty rind ; 
 
 The future, cloud-land, snare of prophets blind ; 
 
 The waste of war, the ignominy of peace ; 
 
 On either hand a sullen rear of woes, 
 
 Whose garnered lightnings none could guess. 
 
 Piling its thunder-heads and muttering " Cease ! " 
 
 Yet drew not back his hand, but gravely chose 
 
 The seeming-desperate task w^hence our new nation rose.
 
 POEM BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 37 
 
 A noble choice and of immortal seed ! 
 
 Nor deem that acts heroic wait on chance 
 
 Or easy were as in a boy's romance ; 
 
 The man's whole life preludes the single deed 
 
 That shall decide if his inheritance 
 
 Be with the sifted few of matchless breed, 
 
 Our race's sap and sustenance, 
 
 Or with the unmotived herd that only sleep and feed. 
 
 Choice seems a thing indifferent ; thus or so. 
 
 What matters it.'* The Fates with mocking face 
 
 Look on inexoi'able, nor seem to know 
 
 Where the lot lurks that gives life's foremost place. 
 
 Yet Duty's leaden casket holds it still, 
 
 And but two ways are offered to our will, 
 
 Toil with rare triumph, ease with safe disgrace, 
 
 The problem still for us and all of human race. 
 
 He chose, as men choose, where most danger showed, 
 
 Nor ever faltered 'neath the load 
 
 Of petty cares, that gall great hearts the most. 
 
 But kept right on the strenuous uphill road, 
 
 Strong to the end, above complaint or boast : 
 
 The popular tempest on his rock-mailed coast 
 
 Wasted its wind-borne spray. 
 
 The noisy marvel of a day ; 
 
 His soul sate still in its unstormed abode. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Virginia gave us this imperial man 
 
 Cast in the massive mould 
 
 Of those high-statured ages old 
 
 Which into grander forms our mortal metal ran ; 
 
 She gave us this unblemished gentleman : 
 
 What shall we give her back but love and praise 
 
 As in the dear old unestranged days 
 
 Before the inevitable wrong began? 
 
 Mother of vStates and undiminished men, 
 
 Thou gavest us a country, giving him,
 
 38 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 And we owe alway what we owed thee then : 
 
 The boon thou wouldst have snatched from us agen 
 
 Shines as before with no abatement dim. 
 
 A great man's memory is the only thing 
 
 With influence to outlast the present whim 
 
 And bind us as when here he knit our golden ring. 
 
 All of him that was subject to the hours 
 
 Lies in thy soil and makes it part of ours : 
 
 Across more recent graves, 
 
 Where unresentful Nature waves 
 
 Her pennons o'er the shot-ploughed sod, 
 
 Proclaiming the sweet Truce of God, 
 
 We from this consecrated plain stretch out 
 
 Our hands as free from afterthought or doubt 
 
 As here the united North 
 
 Poured her embrowned manhood forth 
 
 In welcome of our savior and thy son. 
 
 Through battle we have better learned thy worth, 
 
 The long-breathed valor and undaunted will. 
 
 Which, like his own, the day's disaster done, 
 
 Could, safe in manhood, suffer and be still. 
 
 Both thine and ours the victory hardly won ; 
 
 If ever with distempered voice or pen 
 
 We have misdeemed thee, here we take it back. 
 
 And for the dead of both don common black. 
 
 Be to us evermore as thou wast then. 
 
 As we forget thou hast not always been. 
 
 Mother of States and unpolluted men, 
 
 Virginia, fitly named from England's manly queen ! 
 
 After another selection by the band, Mayor Bradford 
 introduced Rev. Andrew P. Peabody, D.D., the orator 
 of the day. 
 
 [Note. — The Poem by Prof. Lowell (as well as that by Dr. Holmes) is here printed "by 
 permission of H. O. Houghton & Co., publishers of the 'Atlantic Monthly,''' with alterations 
 and additional lines.]
 
 ADDRESS, 
 
 REV. ANDREW P. PEABODY, D.D. 
 
 'X^IT'HEN it was proposed to give a place to this 
 epoch in the series of centennials, my first 
 thought was that Lexington, Concord. Bunker Hill, 
 in so recent memory, and the already glowing work 
 of preparation for the countr^^'s hundredth birthday, 
 would so dwarf and chill our celebration here as to 
 make it merely a heartless municipal parade. But 
 the occasion has grown upon me. I see and feel that 
 it holds the foremost place in the series. It has 
 paramount claims, not on us or our State, but on our 
 whole people. We might rightfull}^ have made our 
 arrangements, not for a local, but for a national festival. 
 We commemorate the epoch but for which Lexington, 
 Concord, Bunker Hill, would have left in our history 
 hardly a trace, probably not a single name, and the 
 centennial of our independence would remain for a 
 generation not yet upon the stage to celebrate. 
 
 Cambridge was the first capital of our infant re- 
 public, the cradle of our nascent liberty, the hearth of 
 our kindling patriotism. Before the 3d of July, 1775, 
 there were tumults, conflicts, bold plans, rash enter-
 
 40 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 prises; but there was no co-ordinating and controlling 
 will, purpose, or authority. On and from that day 
 the colonies were virtually one people. Before, they 
 had nothing in common but their grievances. They 
 were as yet British provinces ; though wrenching 
 the cords that held them, still undetached, and with 
 no mode of action upon or with one another. By 
 adopting the army, and choosing its head, they per- 
 formed their first act, not of alliance, but of organic 
 unity, and became a nation unawares, while they 
 thought themselves still wronged and suppliant depen- 
 dencies of the British crown. They thus decided the 
 question between a worse than unsuccessful rebellion 
 and revolution. 
 
 That the rebellion, as such, would have been an 
 utter failure, is only too certain. The American party 
 in England had on its side eloquence indeed, and 
 wisdom, but neither numerical force in parliament, 
 nor the power to mollify ministerial obstinacy, or to 
 penetrate with a sense of right the gross stupidity on 
 the throne. Boston was held by disciplined, thoroughly 
 armed, and well-fed troops, under officers of approved 
 skill and prowess, strongly intrenched and fortified 
 at accessible points, and sustained by a formidable 
 naval force. Hardly one in fifty of the colonial army 
 had had any experience in war; and I doubt whether 
 there was a single man among them, officer or private, 
 who was a soldier by profession. They had come 
 from the farm and the forge, with such arms and 
 equipments as they could bring: they had no bureau 
 of supply, no military chest, nor organized commis- 
 sariat; and their stock of ammunition was so slender.
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODV. 41 
 
 that it was ordered by the Provincial Congress that 
 no salute should be fired on the reception of the 
 commander-in-chief. They were from four different 
 provinces, under as many generals, with sectional 
 jealousies which the common cause could hardly 
 keep at bay; and harmonious counsels could be 
 maintained or expected only and scarcely at moments 
 of imminent peril. At Bunker Hill they had shown 
 both their strength and their weakness, their unsur- 
 passed courage and their poverty of resource. Su- 
 perior in the conflict, overwhelming the enemy with 
 the shame and disaster of a signal defeat, they had 
 been compelled to yield the ground on which they 
 had won imperishable glory, and to see the heights 
 they had so bravely defended occupied by a hostile 
 batter}'. They held Boston beleaguered by the prestige 
 of that day, too feeble to press the siege, yet, as they 
 had well proved, too strong to be dislodged and 
 scattered but by the disintegrating elements in their 
 own unorganized body. These elements were already 
 at work, and the secession of even a single regiment 
 would have been the signal for speedy dissolution, 
 and submission to the royal government. 
 
 This precarious condition of affairs was beyond 
 the remedial authority of the individual provinces. 
 Massachusetts could choose a general for her own 
 troops, but could not place the forces of New Hamp- 
 shire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, under his con- 
 trol. Still less could any efBcient system of sustenance 
 or armament have been arranged by several legislatures. 
 A central authority alone could carry forward the 
 resistance so nobly begun. The Continental Con- 
 
 6
 
 42 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 gress would in vain have passed patriotic resolutions, 
 protests against tyranny, votes of sympathy ; in vain 
 would they have aroused popular indignation and 
 multiplied centres of resistance through the land. 
 The one decisive act in the struggle, the seal of what 
 had been achieved, the presage and pledge of all that 
 should ensue in the coming years, was that the con- 
 summation of which we now celebrate. 
 
 Cambridge was for obvious geographical reasons 
 the only place where the provincial troops could 
 have their head-quarters, — lying near enough to the 
 enemy to watch and check his movements, yet pro- 
 tected from sudden or insidious attack by the inter- 
 vention of the then unbridged arm of the sea which 
 separates it from Boston. There was, at the same 
 time, an intrinsic fitness that the opening scenes of 
 the great drama should be enacted here, where so 
 many of the leaders in counsel and arms had learned 
 to loathe oppression and to hold the cause of liberty 
 sacred. 
 
 From its earliest days our university had alwa3's 
 been on the side of freedom. Its first two presidents 
 were far in advance of their times in their views of 
 the right of the individual man to unrestricted liberty 
 of thought, opinion, speech, and action. Increase 
 Mather, when president, took the lead in the opposi- 
 tion to the tyrannical acts of Andros and Randolph, 
 sailed for England as the unofficial agent of the ag- 
 grieved colonists, was appointed to an official agency 
 on the news of the revolution of i6S8, bore an im- 
 portant part in the construction of the new provincial 
 charter and in securing its acceptance, and nominated
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 43 
 
 to the royal court the governor, council, and principal 
 officers under it. His successors were of a like spirit; 
 and there is on record no instance in which the collesre 
 succumbed to usurpation, stooped to sycophancy, or 
 maintained other than an erect position before the 
 emissaries of the royal government. The culture of 
 the students was in great part classical, and in the 
 last century the classics were the text-books of all 
 lovers of freedom. A sceptical criticism had not 
 then cast doubt on any of the stories of ancient hero- 
 ism; nor had a minute analysis laid bare the excesses 
 and defects of the early republics, whose statesmen 
 and warriors were deemed the peerless models of 
 patriotic virtue, and whose orators thrilled the hearts 
 of their New-England readers as they had the Athe- 
 nian demos, the senate in the capitol, or the dense 
 masses of Roman citizens in the forum. 
 
 Almost all the Massachusetts clergy, perhaps the 
 major part of those of New England, had been edu- 
 cated here. The Tories among them were very few, 
 and nearly the whole of their number were ardent 
 patriots. The pulpit then sustained in affairs of public 
 moment the part which is now borne by the daily 
 press; its utterances during the eventful years of our 
 life-struggle had no uncertain sound; and the cham- 
 pions, deeds of prowess, and war-lyrics of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures gave the frequent key-note to sermon, 
 prayer, and sacred song. 
 
 Among the pioneers and guiding spirits of the 
 Revolution who were graduates of the college, when 
 I have named the Adamses, Otises, Quincys, War- 
 rens, Pickering, Hancock, Trumbull, Ward, Gushing,
 
 44 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Bowdoin, Phillips, I have but given you specimens of 
 the type and temper of those w^ho for many years had 
 gone from Cambridge to fill the foremost places of 
 trust and influence throughout and beyond our Com- 
 monwealth. That they carried with them hence their 
 liberal views of government and of the rights of man, 
 we well know in the case of those of whose lives we 
 have the record. Thus we find John Adams, just 
 after graduating here, more than twenty years before 
 the declaration of independence, writing to a friend 
 his anticipations for America, not only of her freedom 
 from European sway, but of her becoming the chief 
 seat of empire for the world. Year after year, on the 
 commencement platform in the old parish-church, 
 had successive ranks of earnest young men rehearsed 
 to greedy ears the dream of liberty which they pledged 
 faith and life to realize. 
 
 In the successive stages of the conflict of the colo- 
 nies with the mother-country, the college uniformly 
 committed itself unequivocally on the patriotic side. 
 When the restrictions on the colonial trade called 
 forth warm expressions of resentment, the senior class 
 unanimously resolved to take their degrees in w^hat 
 must then have been exceedingly rude apparel, — 
 home-spun and home-made cloth. When tea was 
 proscribed by public sentiment, and some few stu- 
 dents persisted in bringing it into* commons, the fac- 
 ulty forbade its use, alleging that it was a source of 
 grief and uneasiness to many of the students, and 
 that banishing it was essential to harmony and 
 peace within the college-walls. After the day of 
 Lexington and Concord all four of the then existing
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODV. 45 
 
 college-buildings were given up for barracks, and the 
 president's house for officers' quarters. When the 
 commander-in-chief was expected, this house was 
 desig-nated for his use, with the reservation of a 
 single room for President Langdon's own occupancy. 
 Thousfh the few remaining students were removed 
 to Concord, the president, an ardent patriot, seems to 
 have still resided here, or at least to have spent a 
 large portion of his time near the troops; for we find 
 frequent traces of his presence among them, and on the 
 eve of the battle of Bunker Hill he officiated as their 
 chaplain. In connection with the prevailing spirit of 
 the university, it is worthy of emphatic statement that 
 the commander-in-chief was the first person who here 
 received the honorary degree of doctor of laws. 
 
 To Harvard graduates the country was indebted 
 for the choice of the illustrious chieftain. The earliest 
 mention that we can find of Washington's name in 
 this connection is in a letter of James Warren to John 
 Adams, bearing date the 7th of May. Adams seems 
 at once to have regarded him as the only man fitted 
 for this momentous service. Though the formal nom- 
 ination was made by Mr. Johnson of Maryland, Mr. 
 Adams on a previous day first designated Washington 
 as " a gentleman whose skill and experience as an 
 officer, whose independent fortune, great talents, and 
 excellent universal character, would command the 
 approbation of all America, and unite the cordial 
 exertions of all the colonies better than any other 
 person in the Union." There were, however, objec- 
 tions on sectional grounds and personal ambitions 
 that required the most delicate treatment; and it was
 
 46 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL, 
 
 mainly in consequence of Mr. Adams's strong will, 
 untiring effort, and skilful handling of opposing wishes 
 and claims, that the final ballot was unanimous. On 
 the 5th of June the election was made. It was formally 
 announced to Washington by Hancock, the President 
 of Congress, and was accepted on the spot. 
 
 The commander, impressed with the imminence of 
 the crisis, denied himself the sad privilege of a fare- 
 well in person to his own household, took leave of his 
 wife in a letter equally brave and tender, and on the 
 2ist commenced his northward journey. Twenty 
 miles from Philadelphia he met a courier with tidings 
 of the battle of Bunker Hill. Eagerly inquiring as to 
 the details of the transaction, and learning the prompt- 
 ness, skill, and courage that had made the day for ever 
 memorable, he exclaimed, ''The liberties of the coun- 
 try are safe ! " A deputation from the Provincial Con- 
 gress met him at Springfield, and volunteer cavalcades 
 gave him honorable attendance from town to town, till 
 on the 2d of July he arrived at Watertown, received 
 and returned the congratulatory address of the Con- 
 gress there assembled, and was then escorted by a 
 compan}^ of horse and a goodly body of mounted civil- 
 ians to the president's house, now known as Wads- 
 worth House. The rapid journey on horseback from 
 Philadelphia to Cambridge, and that in part over rough 
 roads, — an enterprise be3-ond the easy conception of 
 our time, — must have rendered the brief repose of that 
 midsummer night essential to the prestige of the mor- 
 row, when on the first impressions of the hour may 
 have been poised the destiny of the nation. 
 
 There were reasons why Washington not only might
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 47 
 
 have been, but would inevitably have been, ill received 
 had he not been made to win men's confidence and 
 love. Several of the officers already on the ground 
 had shown their capacity for great things, and had 
 their respective circles of admirers, who were reluc- 
 tant to see them superseded by a stranger ; and, had 
 not the officers themselves manifested a magnanimity 
 equal to their courage, the camp would have been 
 already distracted by hostile factions. Then, too, the 
 Virginian and New-England character, manners, style 
 of speech, modes of living, tastes, aptitudes, had much 
 less in common at that time of infrequent intercourse 
 than half a century later, when, as we- well know, 
 apart from political divergence, mere social differences 
 were sufficient to create no little mutual repugnancy. 
 Washington was also well known to be an Episcopa- 
 lian; and Episcopacy, from the first t)ffensive on Pu- 
 ritan soil, was never more abhorred than now, when 
 its Northern professors, with hardly an exception, were 
 openly hostile to the cause of the people; when in 
 Cambridge almost every conspicuous dwelling, from 
 Fresh Pond to the Inman House in Cambridgeport, 
 had been the residence of a refugee royalist member 
 of the English Church. 
 
 The morning of the 3d of July witnessed on the 
 Cambridge Common, and at every point of view in 
 and upon the few surrounding houses, such a multitude 
 of men, women, and children, as had never been gath- 
 ered here before, and perhaps has never since assem- 
 bled till this very day. Never was the advent or 
 presence of mortal man a more complete and transcen- 
 dent triumph. Majestic grace and sweet benignity
 
 48 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 were blended in countenance and mien. He looked 
 at once the hero, patriot, sage. With equal dignity 
 and modesty he received the thunders of acclamation, 
 in which every voice bore part. His first victory, the 
 prestige of which forsook him not for a moment during 
 the weary years that followed, was already gained 
 when under yon ancient elm he drew his sword as 
 commander-in-chief. He had conquered thousands 
 of hearts, that remained true to him to their last throb. 
 The wife of John Adams writes of his appearance at 
 that moment, " Those lines of Drj'den instantly oc- 
 curred to me : — 
 
 ' Mark his majestic fabric ! He's a temple 
 Sacred b}' birth, and built by hands div'ine ; 
 His soul's the deity that lodges there ; 
 Nor is the pile unworthy of the god.' " 
 
 Never indeed* can the temple have been more 
 worthy of the tenant. He was forty-three years of 
 age, in the prime of manly vigor and beauty, tall and 
 commanding, S3'mmetrical and graceful, unsurpassed 
 as an accomplished equestrian, with the bearing and 
 manners of a high-bred gentleman. His countenance 
 — in later years, and in many of the portraits and en- 
 gravings of him, fearfully distorted by one of the first 
 rude essays of American manufacturing dentistry — 
 still bore the perfect outlines which nature gave it, 
 and betokened the solemn grandeur of soul, loftiness, 
 gentleness, simplicity, benevolence, which dwelt with- 
 in. Peale's portrait of him, taken a year or two ear- 
 lier, and engraved for the second volume of Irving's 
 " Life of Washington," fully justifies the enthusiastic 
 admiration which welcomed his appearance here, and
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODV. 49 
 
 in subsequent years made his mere presence an irre- 
 sistible power. 
 
 With characteristic promptness he lingered not to 
 satisfy the eyes that feasted on him, but immediately 
 made his inspection of the encampments scattered in 
 a semicircle from Winter Hill to Dorchester Neck, 
 and reconnoitred the British troops from all available 
 points of observation. On the British side he saw 
 ever}^ token of military science, skilful engineering, 
 and strict discipline ; within the American lines, an 
 aggregation rather than an army, — bodies of raw, 
 untrained militia, a sad deficiency of arms, accou- 
 tements, and even necessary clothing, rudely con- 
 structed works, extensive, too, beyoi^d the capacity of 
 the troops to maintain and defend them. Only among 
 the Rhode-Island regiments, under General Greene, did 
 he discover aught of m.ilitary order, system, discipline, 
 and subordination. The greater part of the forces 
 consisted of Massachusetts men, and these were the 
 most destitute. The commander's large-hearted sym- 
 pathy did ample justice to their need and to their 
 patriotism. "This unhappy and devoted province," 
 he writes to the President of Congress, " has been so 
 long in a state of anarchy, and the yoke has been laid 
 so heavily on it, that great allowances are to be made 
 for troops raised under such circumstances. The 
 deficiency of numbers, discipline, and stores can only 
 lead to this conclusion, that their spirit has exceeded 
 their strength." 
 
 How long Washington remained in the president's 
 house cannot be ascertained, — probably but a few 
 days. The house, considerably smaller than it now 
 
 7
 
 50 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 is, was insufficient for the accommodation of his mili- 
 tary family; and arrangements were early made for 
 his removal to the Vassall House, now Mr. Long- 
 fellow's, which had been deserted by its Tory owner, 
 and occupied by the Marblehead troops. Here he 
 resided till the following April. 
 
 I have described the acclamations of joy, trust, and 
 hope that hailed our chieftain's arrival. With the 
 shouts of the multitude ascended to heaven the last 
 breath of a Cambridge patriot. Colonel Gardner — a 
 member of the Provincial Congress, a man universally 
 honored and beloved, a pillar in Church and State, 
 one of the bravest officers at Bunker Hill — received 
 his fatal wound at the head of his regiment, rallied 
 strength to urge them to valiant and vigorous resist- 
 ance, lingered death-bound till* the morning that gave 
 the troops their leader and the country its father, and 
 left the charge of a gallant officer s obsequies for the 
 commander's first official duty. We have the general 
 order, bearing date July 4, for the rendering of the 
 usual military honors at the funeral of one who — so 
 the document reads — " fought, bled, and died in the 
 cause of his country and mankind," — words then first 
 used, and which have become too trite for repetition, 
 simply because they are in themselves, be3'ond com- 
 parison, comprehensive, appropriate, majestic, worthy 
 of the great heart that sought expression in them. 
 
 Washington's life here has left few records except 
 those which belong to the history of the war and of 
 the country. He lived generously, though frugally; 
 receiving often at dinner his generals, the foremost 
 personages in civil office and influence, delegates from
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 5 1 
 
 the Continental Congress, and distinguished visitors 
 to the camp. His own habits were ahnost abstemious; 
 and when, according to the invariable custom of the 
 time, a long session at table seemed inevitable, he 
 left his guests in charge of some one of his staff more 
 disposed than himself to convivial indulgence. During 
 the latter portion of his sojourn here, his wife relieved 
 him in part from the cares of the hospitality which 
 she was admirably fitted to adorn. He generally at- 
 tended worship at the church of the First Parish. I 
 well remember the site of the square pew, under the 
 shadow of the massive pulpit, which he was said to 
 have statedly occupied; and the mention of it recalls 
 to my recollection a couplet of a hymn written by 
 Rev. Dr. Holmes, and sung in the old church on the 
 Fourth of July, fifty years ago, in which he describes 
 that house of worship as the place 
 
 " Where, in our country's darkest day, 
 Her war-clad hero came to pray." 
 
 Once, perhaps oftener, service was performed in 
 Christ Church, whose rector and most of his leading 
 parishioners had become exiles on political grounds. 
 
 It is impossible to overestimate the importance of 
 these nine months in Cambridge. Washington him- 
 self was impatient of the delay. But for the prudent 
 counsels of the generals who knew their men better 
 than he could know them thus early, he would have 
 made a direct assault on the British troops, and at- 
 tempted to force their surrender or retreat; and it was 
 here that he learned to wait, to curb his native im- 
 petuousness of temper, and to make discretion the 
 trusty satellite of valor.
 
 $2 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Meanwhile the army was constantly increasing in 
 numbers, and was largely recruited from the Middle 
 and Southern States; while in New England, as the 
 term of service for which enlistments had been made 
 expired, the soldiers either re-enlisted, or were re- 
 placed, or more than replaced, by men of equal zeal 
 and courage. There were sufficientl}'^ frequent alarms 
 and skirmishes to keep alive the practice of arms; 
 while the long line of outposts, more or less exposed 
 to sudden assault, demanded incessant vigilance, and 
 formed a training-school in strict discipline, prompt 
 obedience, and those essential habits of camp-life 
 which the citizen-soldier, how^ever brave in battle, 
 finds most uncongenial, harassing, and burdensome. 
 
 The power of a single organizing mind was never 
 more fully manifested than in the creation of a regular 
 and disciplined arm}^ from the raw recruits, the ma- 
 terials heterogeneous to the last degree, to all appear- 
 ance hopelessly incongruous, which now came under 
 the commander's shaping hand. Confusion crystal- 
 lized into order; discord resolved itself into harmony; 
 jarring counsels were reconciled; rivalries vanished, 
 as every man found his abilities recognized, his fitting 
 place and due honor accorded to him, and his services 
 utilized to their utmost capacity.. 
 
 Never in the history of military achievements was 
 there a more signal triumph than in the termination 
 of the siege of Boston. On the morning of the 5th of 
 March, when General Howe saw the four strong 
 redoubts which had risen on Dorchester Heis^hts 
 while he slept, he exclaimed, " The rebels have done 
 more work in one night than my whole army could
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 53 
 
 have done in one month." In the evening the British 
 were secure within their lines, and counted on the 
 speedy dispersion of the besieging army ; in the 
 morning they saw surrender or flight as their only 
 alternative. The siege was made complete and im- 
 pregnable. But for the ships at anchor in the harbor, 
 the entire British army would have been prisoners 
 of war. 
 
 Thus closed the first act of the great drama, — here, 
 where we stand, initiated, matured, directed, borne 
 on to its glorious and ever-memorable issue. Ours, 
 then, is more than a battle-ground, — a soil hallowed 
 by those wise, stern, self-denying counsels, without 
 which feats of arms were mere child's play, made 
 sacred by the presence of such a constellation of 
 patriots as can hardly ever, elsewhere upon earth, 
 have deliberated on the destiny of a nation in its birth- 
 throes, — Putnam, Greene, Stark, Prescott, Ward, 
 Read, and their illustrious associates, men who staked 
 their all in the contest, and deemed death for their 
 country but a nobler and more enduring life. 
 
 Enough of history. Let us now gather up as we 
 may some few traits of the character of him on whom 
 our central regard is fixed in these commemorative 
 rites. 
 
 The Washington of the popular imagination, nay, 
 of our gravest histories, is a mythical personage, such 
 as never lived or could have lived among men. The 
 figure is too much like that of the perfect goddess 
 born from the brain of Jupiter. Washington undoubt- 
 edly grew as other men grow, was not exempt from 
 human passions and infirmities, was shaped and trained
 
 54 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 by the Providence whose chosen instrument he was. 
 It was his glory that he yielded to the plastic hand, 
 obeyed the heavenl}^ vision, followed without halting 
 the guiding spirit. The evident coldness of the Vir- 
 ginia delegates in Congress with regard to his ap- 
 pointment shows that up to that time, notwithstanding 
 his early military experience, they had seen little in 
 him to distinguish him from other respectable gentle- 
 men of faultless lineage, fair estate, and unblemished 
 reputation. But, from the moment when he accepted 
 the command of the army, he gave himself entirely 
 and irrevocably to his country. Such singleness of 
 purpose as his is the essence of genius, whose self- 
 creating law is, " This one thing I do." From that 
 moment no collateral interest turned him aside; no 
 shadow of self crossed his path; no lower ambition 
 came between him and his country's cause: he had 
 no hope, no fear, but for the sacred trust devolved 
 upon him. His disinterestedness gave him his clear 
 and keen vision, his unswerving impartiality, his un- 
 compromising rectitude, his power over other minds. 
 The self-seeking man sees double; and we learn from 
 the highest authority that it is only when the eye is 
 single that " the whole body is full of light." The 
 secret of influence, also, lies here. The man who 
 can be supposed to have personal ends in view, even 
 though in his own mind they are but secondary, is 
 always liable to be judged by them, and the good that 
 is in him gains not half the confidence it deserves. 
 But self-abnegation, when clearly recognized, wins 
 not only respect, but assent and deference: its opinions 
 have the validity of absolute truth; its will, the force
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 55 
 
 of impersonal law. The professed philanthropists 
 and reformers who have swarmed in the social his- 
 tory of the last half-century furnish a manifold illus- 
 tration of this principle. The few of them who have 
 carried large numbers along with them and have 
 moved the world have not been the greatest and most 
 gifted among them, but those who have cared not, if 
 the wheel would only turn, whether it raised them to 
 fame, or crushed them to powder. So men believed 
 and trusted in Washington, not merely because he 
 was a wise and prudent man, but because they knew 
 him to be as utterly incapable of selfish aims and 
 motives as the Liberty whose cause he served. 
 
 I have spoken of a sort of mythical, superhuman 
 grandeur in which Washington has been enshrined 
 in much of our popular speech and literature. I think 
 that, on the other hand, there has been in some quarters 
 a disposition to underrate him. For this there is 
 ample reason, yet no ground. He seems the less 
 because he was so great. A perfect sphere looks 
 smaller than one of the same dimensions with a 
 diversified surface. We measure eminences by de- 
 pressions, the height of mountains by the chasms that 
 3^awn beneath them. Littlenesses of character give 
 prominence to what there is in it of greatness. The 
 one virtue looms up with a fascinating grandeur from 
 a life full of faults. The patriot who will not pay 
 his debts or govern his passions often attracts more 
 homage than if he led a sober and honest life. The 
 single traits of erratic genius not infrequently gain in 
 splendor from their relief against a background of 
 weaknesses and follies.
 
 56 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 We might enumerate in Washington various traits 
 of mind and character, either of which in equal meas- 
 ure would suffice for the fame of a man who had 
 little else that challenged approval. But what dis- 
 tinguishes Washington pre-eminentl}^ is, that it is im- 
 « possible to point out faults or deficiencies that marred 
 his work, detracted from his reputation, dishonored 
 his life. The most observed and best known man in 
 the country for the eight years of the war, and for the 
 other eight of his presidency, even jealousy and parti- 
 san rancor could find no pretence for the impeach- 
 ment of his discretion or his virtue. His biographers 
 have seemed to revel in the narrative of some two or 
 three occasions on which he was intensely angry; as if, 
 like the vulnerable heel of Achilles, they were needed 
 to show that their hero was still human. 
 
 But let it not be forgotten that this roundness of 
 moral proportions, this utter lack of picturesque diver- 
 sity, in his character, must have been the outcome 
 of strenuous self-discipline. His almost unruffled 
 calmness and serenity were the result, not of apathy, 
 but of self-conquest. It was the fierce warfare and 
 decisive victory witliin that made him the cynosure 
 of all e3'es, and won for him the homage of all hearts 
 that loved their country. We know but little of the 
 details of his private life for the first forty years or 
 more; but even the reverence of posterity has not 
 succeeded in wholly veiling from view the undoubted 
 fact that he was by nature vehement, impulsive, head- 
 strong, impatient, passionate, — a man in whose blood 
 the fiery coursers might easily have run riot, and 
 strewed their way with havoc. By far the greater
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 57 
 
 honor is due to him who so held them under bit, rein, 
 and curb, that masterly self-control under intensest 
 provocation became his foremost characteristic; that 
 disappointment, delay, defeat, even treachery, so sel- 
 dom disturbed his equanimity, spread a cloud over 
 his brow, or drew from him a resentful or bitter 
 word. 
 
 We admire also in him the even poise with which 
 he bore his high command in war and in the councils 
 of the nation. In mien, manner, speech, intercourse, 
 he was never beneath, and never above, his place. 
 Dignity without haughtiness, firmness without obsti- 
 nacy, condescension without stooping, gentleness with- 
 out suppleness, affability without undue familiarity, 
 were blended in him as in hardly any other historical 
 personage. No one who could claim his ear was re- 
 pelled; yet to no one did he let himself down. He 
 sought and received advice, gave its full weight and 
 worth to honest dissent, yet never for a moment 
 resigned the leader's staff. The more thoroughly we 
 study the history of the war, the more manifest is it 
 that on this one man more than on all beside depended 
 its successful end. Congress lacked equally power 
 and promptness; the State legislatures were dilator3% 
 and often niggardly, in provision for their troops; 
 exposure and privation brought portions of the army 
 to the very brink of revolt and secession; cabals were 
 raised in behalf of generals of more brilliant parts and 
 more boastful pretensions; success repeatedly hovered 
 over his banner, only to betray him in the issue: yet 
 in every emergency he was none the less the tower of 
 strength, or rather the guiding pillar of the nation by 
 
 8
 
 58 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 day and night, in cloud and fire. Heart and hope 
 never once forsook him, and his elastic courage sus- 
 tained failing hearts and rekindled flickering hope. 
 
 His judgment of men, his keen insight into charac- 
 ter, has also its prominent place among the sources of 
 his power. In Arnold indeed, and to some degree in 
 Gates, he was deceived; but, from the many in whom 
 he reposed confidence, it is hard to add to the list of 
 those who betra3^ed his trust. He recognized in- 
 stantly the signal merit of Greene, and employed him 
 constantly in the most arduous and responsible ser- 
 vice. Putnam, and the other brave and devoted but 
 untrained generals whom he found here on his arrival, 
 lost nothing in his regard by their rusticity of garb and 
 mien. Pickering, than whom the annals of our State 
 bear the name of no more ardent patriot or more 
 honorable man, was successively his secretary, com- 
 missary-general, and quarter-master, and held in his 
 presidency, at one time or another, the chief place in 
 almost every department of the public service. In 
 Hamilton's very boyhood he discovered the man who 
 eclipsed his own military fame by repairing the na- 
 tion's shattered credit, and establishing her financial 
 safety and efficienc}^ He understood every man's 
 capacity, and knew how to utilize it to the utmost. 
 Rarest gift of all, he knew what he could not do, 
 and what others could do better than himself; and he 
 in no respect appears greater than in committing to 
 the most secure and efficient agency the several por- 
 tions of his military and civil responsibility, in accept- 
 ing whatever service might redound to the public 
 good, and in the unstinted recognition of such ser- 
 vice.
 
 ADPRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 59 
 
 Time fails me, and so it would were my minutes 
 hours, to complete the picture. Nor is there need; 
 for lives there an American who owns not his pri- 
 macy, in war, in peace, in command, in service, in un- 
 corrupt integrity, in generous self-devotion, in loyalty 
 to freedom, his countr}^ and his God ? Among the 
 dead, the heroes and statesmen of all times and lands, 
 his mighty shade rises pre-eminent, — his name the 
 watchword of liberty, right, and law, revered wher- 
 ever freedom is sought or cherished, the tyrant's re- 
 buke, the demagogue's shame, the patriot's synonyme 
 for untarnished fame and unfading glory. 
 
 This season of commemoration has its voices, not 
 only of gratitude and gladness, but equally of admoni- 
 tion, it may be of reproach. Our nation owes its 
 existence, its constitution, its early union, stability, 
 progress, and prosperity, under the Divine Providence, 
 to the great, wise, and good men who built our ship of 
 state, and stood at its helm in the straits and among 
 the shoals and quicksands through which it sailed into 
 the open sea. Where are now our Washingtons, Ad- 
 amses, Hamiltons, Jays, Pickerings.? — the men whom 
 a sovereign's ransom could not bribe, or a people's 
 adulation beguile, or the lure of ambition dazzle and 
 pervert. Nature cannot have grown niggardly of 
 her noble births, God of his best gifts. But where are 
 they.? Unset jewels for the most part, and incapable 
 of finding a setting under our present political regime. 
 Of what avail is it that we heap honors on the illus- 
 trious fathers of our republic, if we are at no pains to 
 seek, for their succession, heirs of their talents and their 
 virtues? Yet, were Washington now living, — the
 
 6o CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. • 
 
 very man of whose praise we are never weary, — does 
 an}^ one suppose it possible for him to be chosen to 
 the chief magistracy? Would he answer the ques- 
 tions, make the compromises, give the pledges, without 
 which no national convention would nominate him? 
 Could he creep through the tortuous mole-paths 
 
 through which men now crawl into place and grovel 
 
 » 
 into power? Would he mortgage, expressl}^ or tacitly, 
 
 the vast patronage of government for the price of his 
 election? 
 
 We sometimes hear the cry, " Not men, but meas- 
 ures." But, if there be any one lesson taught us by 
 our early history, it is that men, not measures, created, 
 saved, exalted, our nation. Corrupt men vitiate, mean 
 men debase, dishonest men pervert; incompetent men 
 neutralize, the best measures, if such measures be even 
 possible, except as originated, directed, actualized, by 
 the best men. Our rowers have now brought us into 
 waters where there are no soundings. It is impossible 
 to know, in the absence of a definite standard of value, 
 whether our national wealth is increasing or declining; 
 whether we are on the ninth wave of towering pros- 
 perity, or on the verge of general bankruptcy. It is an 
 ominous fact, that an immense proportion of individual 
 wealth is public debt. Never was there so much need 
 as now of the profoundest wisdom, and an integrity be- 
 yond bribe, to crystallize our chaos, to disentangle the 
 complexities of our situation, to disinthrall our indus- 
 tries from legislation which protects by cramping and 
 crippling, to retrench the spoils of office, enormous 
 when not exceeding legal limits, unmeasured beyond 
 them, and through the entire hierarchy of place and
 
 ADDRESS BY DR. ANDREW P. PEABODY. 6 1 
 
 trust to establish honesty and competency, not parti- 
 san zeal and efficiency, as the essential qualifications. 
 
 There is a sad and disheartening element in the 
 pomp and splendor, the lofty panegyric and fervent 
 eulogy, of these centennial celebrations. It was once 
 said in keen reproach by Him who spake as never 
 man spake, " Ye build the tombs of the prophets, and 
 garnish the sepulchres of the righteous." It is, in 
 general, not the age which makes history that writes 
 it, — not the age which builds monuments that merits 
 them. It is in looking back to a past better than the 
 present that men say, " There were giants in those 
 days." Reverence and gratitude for a worthy ances- 
 try characterize, indeed, not unworthy descendants: 
 praise and adulation of ancestors beyond reason or 
 measure denote a degenerate posterity. Our fathers 
 have done little for us if their equals do not now fill 
 their places. Unless their lineage be undebased, their 
 heritage is of little value. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, let us praise our fathers by becom- 
 ing more worthy of them. Let this season of com- 
 memoration be a revival-season of public and civic 
 virtue. Let the blessed memories which we rejoice 
 to keep ever green be enwreathed afresh with high 
 resolve and earnest endeavor to transmit the liberty 
 so dearly purchased to centuries yet to come. When 
 another centennial rolls round, let there be names 
 identified with this, our country's second birth-time, 
 that shall find fit place in the chaplet of honor which 
 our children will weave. Some such names will be 
 there, — Lincoln, Andrew, the heroes of our civil con- 
 flict, the men whose prudent counsels and diplomatic
 
 62 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 skill in that crisis warded off worse perils than those 
 of armed rebellion. Let these be re-enforced by yet 
 other names that shall be written indelibly on the pil- 
 lars of om- reconstructed Union. Fellow-citizens, 
 heirs of renowned fathers, look to it that in your hands 
 their trust be fulfilled, — that the travail of their soul 
 have the only recompense they sought.
 
 THE DINNER. 
 
 At the close of Dr. Peabody's address, the City Govern- 
 ment and guests proceeded in the same order as before to 
 Memorial Hall, which was reached at a quarter before 
 three o'clock ; and, the doors of the magnificent dining-hall 
 being thrown open, the holders of tickets, including many 
 ladies, entered, and took seats at the tables. Five long 
 tables, extending the length of the hall, were laden with a 
 sumptuous dinner, provided by John P. Farmer, Jr., stew- 
 ard of the hall, and were ornamented with a profusion of 
 elegant bouquets ; and the hall itself was ornamented with 
 pot-plants, hanging-baskets, and trailing vines ; while from 
 every side the painted and sculptured portraits of scores of 
 distinguished officers or benefactors of the University looked 
 down upon the festive scene. 
 
 After the divine blessing had been asked by Rev. Asa 
 BuLLARD, an hour was spent in enjoying the good things 
 set before them ; the band, which was stationed in the west 
 gallery, meanwhile, and subsequently at frequent intervals, 
 enlivening the exercises with music. 
 
 At the close of the dinner, Mayor Bradford called the 
 company to order, and spoke briefly as follows : —
 
 64 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 OPENING ADDRESS OF HIS HONOR MAYOR 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, — By the kind courtesy of the 
 college authorities, we have met here in Memorial Hall to 
 complete the official ceremonies of the day. It is unneces- 
 sary for me to enlarge upon the memorable event which we 
 to-da}' commemorate. We have listened to the inspiring 
 words of our poet and orator ; have had recalled the cir- 
 cumstances attending the assumption of command of the 
 army by Washington, with the leading events of that 
 period, so full of interest to us, the inheritors of their 
 successes ; have added one to the glorious round of centen- 
 nials ; and, in so doing, have rekindled within ourselves 
 that spirit which actuated our patriot fathers. Having 
 those present with us this afternoon, who, by word and 
 deed, have been rendered illustrious in civil and military 
 life, and hoping that remarks may be elicited from them 
 adding further to the interest of the occasion, I now have 
 the pleasure to introduce to you, as toast-master, the Hon. 
 George P. Sanger, of this city. 
 
 Mr. Sanger said, — 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — In response to your call, I shall add 
 nothing with any particular words of my own, except to 
 read the regular toasts that have been prepared for the 
 occasion, and to call upon those who are expected to 
 respond to them. 
 
 The toast-master then announced the toasts, and 
 responses were made as given below. 
 
 I. ''''The Memory of Washingtoji^ 
 
 In response, the company rose, and remained stand- 
 ing while the band played the Prayer from " Medea."
 
 THE DINNER. 65 
 
 3. " The United States of America^ 
 RESPONSE BY HON. GEORGE S. BOUTWELL, 
 
 United-States Senator from Massachusetts. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — It is a fortunate incident, as well as a 
 great fact, in the history of this ancient town, that here 
 Washington, the most important man of the Revolution 
 and the greatest personage in American history, took com- 
 mand of the colonial forces. It was the first great fact in 
 our history which showed forth the purpose of the people 
 to vindicate, first, their rights as Englishmen ; and, having 
 so vindicated their rights, to establish a government in 
 which those rights should be recognized, confirmed, and 
 perpetuated by the supreme, vigilant, and constantly exer- 
 cised power of the people. The first of our historians has 
 said in private, and in one of the most charming chapters 
 of his history has also plainly declared, that Washington 
 is, beyond all question, the first man, intellectually and 
 morally, which this country has produced ; and of this, when 
 you have made all allowance for the charming lustre with 
 which time and history crown great characters, I think 
 there can be no doubt. But his was not a character in 
 which peculiarities shone pre-eminently : it was a character 
 so well rounded, so controlled by the highest wisdom, that 
 under all circumstances, and in every exigency of his 
 private life, and in the administration of public affairs, he 
 was able to do that, which, when revised by the sober judg- 
 ment of the people, and subjected to the severest criticism, 
 seems to have been the best thing under the circumstances. 
 It is in the nature of things that men not so highly endowed 
 in every direction are able to accomplish great results upon 
 particular occasions ; indeed, there are times when men, by 
 accident or by the force of circumstances, achieve what 
 seems to be a great result in a particular case : but when, 
 through a long period of years, and in all the various con- 
 ditions of life, under circumstances which oftentimes have
 
 66 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 apparently the force of exigency, a man is able to so conduct 
 himself as to stand the test of the judgment of the present 
 and the future, there can no longer be a question as to the 
 greatness of his faculties, or completeness of his powers. 
 And such was Washington. As we close the first century 
 of our national life, and attempt to penetrate the future, or 
 at least to consider whether there is more which encourag^es 
 hope or excites apprehension, I am glad to be able to say 
 for myself, after considerable experience in public affairs 
 and some knowledge of the people of my native State and 
 of the country, that I am neither too timid nor too despond- 
 ing to look with hope upon the future, and without serious 
 apprehensions as to the character which this country is 
 destined to have, either when tested by the individual men 
 who compose and control it, or by the capacity of the people 
 as a whole, or through their servants whom they may select 
 to give guidance and control to public affairs, and which 
 shall enable those who stand here a century hence to look 
 with as much satisfaction upon the century which we now 
 open as we now look upon the century which has just 
 closed. That there have been, and that there always will 
 be, in the management of public affairs, great errors, much 
 to criticise, and much to condemn, is a truth incident to 
 human existence. Errors are to be regretted, and their 
 efiects should be removed as far and as fast as possible : 
 but he must be a misanthrope who looks only upon errors ; 
 who sees only the dark side of the picture ; who sees 
 only the clouds, and cannot imagine or believe that they 
 have a silver lining. I say this here and now, because I 
 think it of the highest importance that the young men of the 
 country, especially those who have advantages of wealth, 
 and opportunities for education, should see and feel, as I 
 believe, that, in an attempt to discharge public duties through 
 the acceptance of public office, they can maintain their in- 
 tegrity ; that they can preserve their self-respect; and that 
 they can pass through the fires and temptations of public 
 life without the smell of the smoke of corruption upon their
 
 THE DINNER. 6/ 
 
 garments. If this be not so, then, indeed, the prospect for 
 the future is dark, and I may say it is nearly hopeless. 
 But it is not so. The recent dead testify that it is not so. 
 Lincoln and Stanton and Sumner, from their graves and by 
 their lives, bear witness that it is not so. And I wish to 
 say to the 3'oung men who are entering upon the theatre of 
 action, and have an opportunity to choose the way in which 
 they will go. Look at the lives and the records of these men, 
 imitate their example, and not be deterred by instances of a 
 different character, which we desire to blot from the page 
 of history and the memory of men : and though public 
 duties when understood, and the responsibilities which they 
 carry with them, are not attractive, there still is no way in 
 which a young man of capacity and integrity can perform 
 so signal service to his age and race as by accepting such 
 opportunities as may be presented to him for the performance 
 of those duties ; and the opportunity to make laws, to frame, 
 modif}^ or found institutions, is the greatest of human pur- 
 suits. Measured by any other merely secular standard, 
 such labors rise high above every thing which concerns the 
 fortunes of men in this world. Mr. Mayor, these remarks 
 are not directly in response to the sentiment which preceded 
 the announcement of my name ; but if I have spoken at 
 all in the interest of good government, in the interest of 
 intelligence, and integrity in the management of public 
 affairs, then I have said something in behalf of the United 
 States. The United States are more closely united now 
 than ever before. Every nation has a civilization in which 
 there is a unit ; otherwise it cannot last. Our nation, for 
 nearly three-quarters of a century, moved in two directions, 
 under the force of opposite ideas tending to different forms 
 of civilization. To-day a deeper, stronger, more-pervading, 
 better security for the future than are the opinions we enter- 
 tain, or the hopes we cherished, is found in the fact that 
 hereafter there is a unit in the civilization of this country ; 
 and a unit in the civilization of a country secures unity in 
 the government. Therefore, while the civilization shall be
 
 68 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 a unit, the government will be a unit ; and this government 
 to-day rests upon two great ideas, — public equality and 
 public education. When I reflect, as I do with gratitude 
 and pride, that from the halls of this college, and from 
 those of William and Mary's College in Virginia, went 
 forth the men who embodied in their lives the doctrines and 
 principles of the Revolution, I have faith in the schools, in 
 the institutions of learning, and in the education of the 
 people ; and, having faith in schools and institutions of 
 learning, I trust that we, and those w^ho come after us, 
 will adopt the language of our own Constitution and the 
 language of the Father of his Country, on the walls of the 
 college to-day, and that it will be the guide of our conduct 
 in private and public affairs. 
 
 Music by the Band, — "America." 
 
 3. '•''TJie Commonwealih of Massachusetts^ 
 
 RESPONSE BY HIS EXCELLENCY GOVERNOR WILLIAM 
 
 GASTON. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — The city of 
 Cambridge certainly has much to be proud of. Her great 
 institution of learning has for more than two centuries been 
 sending forth to the world men who have been distinguished 
 in science and in letters. It has furnished men who have 
 made our history from the foundations of our State and 
 Republic, — men who have carried the banners and bless- 
 ings of a Christian civilization from ocean to ocean ; and 
 from her own citizens Cambridge has furnished men who 
 have been distinguished as scholars, soldiers, and states- 
 men. Indeed, I know of no one place in the country 
 which has furnished so many men who have been leaders 
 in the cause of religion, morals, science, and patriotism. 
 To-day she celebrates the coming wathin her borders of the 
 great leader of the American army of the Revolution, — a 
 man upon whom the language of eulogy has been exhausted.
 
 THE DINNER. 69 
 
 His fame is sure, and he needs not the aid of our lips ; but 
 we, by admiring and contemplating his character, may 
 become wiser, stronger, and better. Such I understand to 
 be the meaning of this celebration : and such a purpose 
 needs no commendation ; for it carries with it its own justi- 
 fication, and even eulogy. And even at this time, when 
 there is an opportunity for making our Federal Union more 
 compact and united than ever, it is well, by celebrations 
 like these, to contemplate the actions of men of preceding 
 generations, in whose glory and fame all sections of the 
 country have a common interest and pride. Then the 
 celebration ceases to be a pageant, and is full of significance 
 and meaning. I express much for old Cambridge when I 
 hope that she will give to the future as much as she has given 
 to the past. A hundred years ago, a Virginian came to 
 Massachusetts : he came as the leader of our armies. The 
 man and the event were alike majestic. He was welcomed 
 to Massachusetts. Massachusetts and Virginia were then 
 friends. I trust that kindred feelings exist to-day. But 
 neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, neither North nor South, 
 are worthy of him and his fame, unless they determine to 
 preserve those institutions which he did so much to create. 
 
 Music, — "Sweet Home." 
 
 4. ''The Old Thirteetir 
 
 RESPONSE BY HON. JOSIAH OUINCY, OF BOSTON. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, — It is almost impossible for the citizens 
 of a republic whose domain extends from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific sea to realize the small extent and sparse popu- 
 lation of the thirteen colonies, when, a hundred yeai's ago, 
 Washington drew his sword on the plain of Cambridge. 
 Albany was almost a frontier-town, the Six Nations still 
 existing on the Mohawk. The Monongahela and the Ohio, 
 with the vast regions beyond, now the seats of noble cities 
 and a dense population, were occupied by savages of difier-
 
 ^0 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 ent tribes. It is equally difficult for us to realize the posi- 
 tion of Washington. The sparse population of the colonies 
 were untrained to arms ; they were separated by great 
 distances, and wanted what Milton calls the "two main 
 nerves of war, — iron and gold." The dark, impenetrable 
 future loomed before him. By drawing that sword, he 
 committed himself to the cause. The result miorht be 
 victory, or it might be a soldier's death in battle, or a 
 traitor's death on the scaffold. Besides a consciousness of 
 duty, he had but one support. The plains of Lexington 
 and Concord, and, but a few days before, the heights of 
 Bunker, had given assurance that there were brave men, 
 who were willing to serve with him, to fight with him, and, 
 if need were, to die with him, for the liberty of their coun- 
 try. Such was his position on that day ; but he was destined 
 to receive aid and comfort from a most unexpected source. 
 
 In the gayest court of Europe there was a young noble- 
 man of the highest rank and of ample fortune. He had 
 just been united to one of the fairest daughters of France, 
 who, in subsequent trials, proved that the strength of her 
 mind corresponded with the loveliness of her person. With 
 the chivalric spirit of his race, this young man espoused the 
 cause of the weaker party. How weak that party was he 
 well knew. In the language of Edward Everett (by which, 
 in his presence fifty years ago, an audience was electrified, 
 a few steps from where we stand), " When he applied to our 
 commissioners in Paris for a passage in the first ship they 
 should despatch to America, they were obliged to tell him, 
 so poor and abject was then our dear native land, that they 
 did not possess the means or the credit to procure a vessel 
 in all the ports of France. 'Then,' exclaimed the youth- 
 ful hero, ' I will procure my own.' And it is a literal fact, 
 that when all America w'as too poor to give him even a 
 passage to our shores, he left, in his tender youth, the 
 bosom of home, of domestic happiness, of wealth and rank, 
 to plunge into the dust and blood of our inauspicious 
 struggle."
 
 THE DINNER. • 71 
 
 To the great majority of my hearers General Lafayette 
 is only an historical character ; and perhaps I cannot occupy 
 the few moments allotted to me more agreeably or appro- 
 priately than in recalling some of the incidents connected 
 with his visit fifty years ago. As aide to Governor Lincoln, 
 I had the most favorable opportunity to witness the cere- 
 monies connected with laying the corner-stone of Bunker- 
 hill Monument, which, as you all remember, were honored 
 by Lafayette's presence. 
 
 The 17th of June, 1825, dawned with uncommon splendor. 
 The State of Massachusetts had voted a sum sufficient to 
 pay the expenses of every soldier of the Revolution who 
 reported himself on that day ; and almost every survivor of 
 that venerable band who resided in New England had 
 availed himself of her bounty. From my official relations, 
 I witnessed the meeting of these veterans. They had parted 
 nearly half a century before. Their subsequent lot in life, 
 or even their continued existence, had been to each other 
 unknown. They met and recognized one another with 
 almost the feelings of boys. The recollections of the past 
 pressed upon their memories ; and the flame of life, that had 
 become almost extinguished in their bosoms, flashed out 
 with its early brightness before it expired. It is an histori- 
 cal fact, that, when Washington decided to storm the two 
 redoubts that enfiladed the approaches to Yorktown, he de- 
 tailed two storming-parties, the one composed of Frenchmen 
 and the other of Americans, and gave the command of the 
 latter to Lafayette as a general in the American service. 
 One of the veterans, when he was introduced, asked the 
 general if he did not remember him ; and added, " I was next 
 but one to you when you mounted the ramparts at York- 
 town. Sergeant Smith, who was between us, received a 
 musket-ball in his head, and fell just as we mounted." — "I 
 remember the circumstance perfectly," responded the gen- 
 eral. "Poor Sergeant Smith! poor Sergeant Smith! But 
 then," he added, with an eye gleaming with its earlier 
 spirit, " z^cr got into the fort first: zve heat the Frenchiiicn,
 
 72 . CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 my boy; zve heat the Frenchmen!''' Such incidents were 
 like removing the ashes that covered the spark of that love 
 of liberty and military zeal that once set this continent in 
 a flame. Forty years before, the patriot souls of these vet- 
 erans scorned the advice not to disband until the nation had 
 paid them for the services they had rendered ; and they had 
 left the army poor, and, from their military habits, unfitted 
 to prosper in the civil occupations of life. Many of them 
 had dragged on a despised and miserable existence, almost 
 paupers in the land they had redeemed. The visit of 
 Lafayette, and the recognition through him, and with him, 
 of their services, was to them like the breaking-out of th^ 
 setting sun after a day of storms, revealing the beauty of 
 the land for which they had suffered, and giving them an 
 assurance of its brighter to-morrow. 
 
 The masonic and military show had then never been 
 surpassed ; but the great interest of the scene arose from the 
 presence of the survivors of the army of the Revolution. 
 Of these, two hundred officers and soldiers led the way, and 
 forty who had fought on Bunker's Hill followed in carriages. 
 Lafayette was the only staft-officer of that venerable band 
 that survived ; and seven captains, three lieutenants, and one 
 ensign, were all the other officers that remained. 
 
 After laying the corner-stone in due masonic order, Mr. 
 Webster arose. He was then in the perfection of his manly 
 beauty, fully realizing Milton's description of a superhuman 
 
 statesman : — 
 
 " With grave 
 Aspect he rose, and in his rising seemed 
 A pillar of state : deep on his front engraven 
 Deliberation sat, and public care ; 
 And princely counsel in his face yet shone, 
 Majestic. . . . Sage he stood, 
 With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear 
 The weight of mightiest monarchies : his look 
 Drew audience and attention still as night, 
 Or summer's noontide air, while thus he spoke." 
 
 No printed page, no effort of the pencil, could convey any 
 adequate idea of the effect of his eloquence, or the scene that
 
 THE DINNER. 73 
 
 witnessed it, — the uncounted multitude ; the distant city ; 
 the ocean beyond; the "oak leviathans" anchored at its 
 base ; the presence of those who fifty years before stood 
 where they then stood, with their brothers and neighbors, 
 shoulder to shoulder in strife for their country ; and, above 
 all, of him, who, connected with both hemispheres and two 
 generations, had conducted the electric spark of liberty 
 from the New World to the Old. As the orator carried us on 
 from the glories of the past and the duties of the present 
 to the destinies of the future, he enlarged our conceptions, 
 ■and extended our ideas over the whole vast field in which 
 we were called to act "to our country, our whole country, 
 and nothing but our country." 
 
 But there was one exercise that by association filled the 
 mind even more than the eloquence of Daniel Webster. 
 The occasion was, of course, to be sanctified by prayer ; and 
 the venerable Joseph Thaxter, chaplain to Prescott's own 
 regiment, rose to officiate. Fifty years before, he had stood 
 upon that spot, and, in the presence of many for whom that 
 morning sun was to know no setting, called on Him who 
 could save by many or by few for his aid in the approaching 
 struggle. His presence brought the scene vividl}^ to our 
 view. We could almost hear the thunder of the broadsides 
 that ushered in that eventful morning. We could almost 
 see Prescott and Warren and their gallant host pausing 
 from their labors to listen to an invocation to Him before 
 whom many ere nightfall were to appear. We could almost 
 realize the anxieties that must have filled the minds of pa- 
 triots before that first decisive conflict. Every thing else had 
 changed : nothing remained the same but the Being before 
 whom we bowed. He alone was the same, yesterday, to-day, 
 and for ever. 
 
 After the ceremonies on Bunker's Hill, I had the privilege 
 of attending General Lafayette thi^ough Massachusetts ; and, 
 occupying the same carriage, I had opportunities for long 
 and most interesting conversations. His memory of past 
 transactions was perfect; and he seemed to take a most
 
 74 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 benevolent pleasure in gratifying my curiosity by describing 
 scenes through which he had passed, and the distinguished 
 men and women with whom he had been associated. It 
 was impossible to realize that the quiet and elegant gentle- 
 man at my side could have been the one who in the times 
 of the French Revolution rode upon the storm, and, by 
 kissing her hand, saved the beautiful Queen of France from 
 an infuriated mob. Time forbids me to recount the amusing 
 and interesting incidents connected with that journey. 
 
 Shortly after that visit, Lafayette returned to France to 
 take a conspicuous part in the revolution that placed Louis 
 Philippe on the throne. When last in Paris, I made a pil- 
 grimage to his tomb. He lies in the cemetery of Picpus, 
 which is connected with the garden of a nunnery belonging to 
 the Sisters of the Sacred Heart. As you enter from the street 
 under the massive stone gateway, you seem to have gone 
 back for centuries. The whole appearance of the building 
 and the grounds impress you with their extreme antiquity. 
 It seems like a little eddy that revolves slowly in a narrow 
 circle, while the great stream of time rushes rapidly by. 
 We entered the chapel of the convent : on both sides of the 
 altar were kneeling nuns, who were relieved as regularly 
 as soldiers. This has continued for centuries. The storms 
 of war or the earthquake of revolution may have convulsed 
 the rest of the metropolis ; but before this altar, by day and 
 by night, without cessation, prayers have been offered for 
 the happiness of the living and for the souls of the departed. 
 I passed through the lofty walls that enclose the garden, 
 and, at the end, was ushered into the cemetery. It is the 
 resting-place of the old aristocracy of France. Every tomb 
 is covered by a marble slab, and every one bears some 
 historic name. At the extremity, one has this inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 
 "Here lies Gilbert Motier Lafayette, 
 
 Lieutenant-General and Deputy. 
 
 Born at Auvergne a.d. 1757: 
 
 Married Mad^- Noailles 1776; 
 
 Died 1834. 
 
 May he rest in Peace."
 
 THE DINNER, 75 
 
 It bears no record that he ever visited America. Twenty 
 years ago, at a meeting of Americans in the city of Rome 
 held in honor of the birthday of the father of our country, I 
 mentioned the fact that no monument had ever been erected 
 in honor of his friend and adopted son. A resolution was 
 passed, and a subscription commenced, to erect an equestrian 
 statue to the friend of America in the city of Paris. On 
 application, however, through our minister, to learn whether 
 such a monument would be permitted, we received a reply 
 in the negative. The name of Lafayette might have con- 
 jured up a spirit that would have shaken the throne of 
 Napoleon. No statue, no inscription in brass or marble, 
 records what Lafayette did for the freedom of America. But 
 there is a monument whose base extends from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific sea, whose apex rises higher and higher as it 
 marks the progress of liberty protected by law. On its 
 sides are inscribed many names that shall be immortal ; 
 but, above all, most conspicuous are those of our Nation's 
 Father and our Nation's Friend. 
 
 Music, — " Auld Lang Syne." 
 
 5. " The Army and Navy of the lT7iited States." 
 RESPONSE BY GENERAL CHARLES DEVENS, Jr., 
 
 of Worcester. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — It is quite unexpected that I find myself 
 here this afternoon ; but it is as pleasant as it is unexpected. 
 The only alloy to it is the fact that I am expected to stand 
 up here three or four minutes and talk. A few moments 
 ago I was requested to respond to a toast to the judiciary ; 
 and now it seems that the toast-master has called upon me 
 to respond to a sentiment to the army and navy. I am 
 too well acquainted with the authority which the toast- 
 master of a feast is to exercise, and I am entirely willing to 
 submit to his will, which is absolute as that of the captain 
 upon the quarter-deck. I rise to cordially respond to the
 
 ^6 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 sentiment : certainly none could be more appropriate to the 
 place where we stand ; for it was here that the army and 
 navy were created. I thank the corporation of the cit}- of 
 Cambridge that it has not allowed this great and important 
 day to pass without due recognition, and that it has called 
 us together in this place, which is so fragrant with Revolu- 
 tionary reminiscences, to commune together. We are in 
 the great historic county of Middlesex, — the historic 
 county of Massachusetts, where the three great steps to- 
 wards the independence of these States were made. At 
 Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts was alone. There, 
 alone, she lifted her lion head in the stern defence of 
 liberty. At Bunker Hill, the States of New England had 
 gathered by her side ; and there all the colonies stood 
 together in their resistance to British power. The third 
 step came when the United Colonies of North America 
 were represented here b}' the consolidation, by the act of 
 the Continental Congress, of this army of New England 
 into the Continental army, and by the occasion when Wash- 
 ington, as Commander-in-Chief, drew his sword under the 
 tree around which we walked to-day. The sword that flashed 
 in the .sunlight represented the union of the colonies of 
 North America. It is in this capacity that I love to remem- 
 ber him as representing the union of these States. From 
 the moment he arrived, the army of Massachusetts, the 
 army of New England, bravely and nobly as they had 
 done, were merged in the Continental Army. Massachu- 
 setts, the great State of the Revolution, — I speak now by 
 the record and the book, — which furnished to the Conti- 
 nental Army more than one-fourth of the men who fought 
 in it, from that time consented to be a member of the 
 Union, and that her soldiers should be led by officers who 
 were appointed by the Continental Congress. As we 
 progress with the review of the character of Washington, 
 we see him everywhere associated with the union of the 
 States. When the great war was done, when those 
 years of anxiety and despondency succeeded, before
 
 THE DINNER. 
 
 n 
 
 a regular government could be formed, when we looked 
 about in fear lest we were to become mere discordant 
 States, when that great convention came together which 
 made us a nation and a people, Washington was its presi- 
 dent. When that Constitution went into operation, after the 
 long debates that had followed, the president chosen under 
 that Constitution to administer its civil powers was Wash- 
 ington ; and the event that we celebrate to-day represents 
 the union of these States as the United States. Grand 
 and proud as we have the right to be here in Middlesex 
 and Massachusetts as represented at Concord and Lexing- 
 ton, and in New England as represented at Bunker Hill, 
 yet, when we have all come together under the great flag 
 of a united people, we still have the right to be more proud 
 that it was in our old county that this occurred. It was 
 with great regret that I reached the tent where we held our 
 exercises only at the conclusion of the address of the orator 
 of the occasion. No nobler subject could be chosen than 
 that which he selected, — " The Character of Washington." 
 Surely there is no nobler subject for contemplation than the 
 life of a truly great, trul}- brave, and honest man. When 
 we speak of him, we seem to lift ourselves up into a calmer 
 and serener atmospljere. 
 
 In that era of romance that preceded the coming of 
 the Chrisdan religion, — that world which was peopled 
 with gods and goddesses, — it was fabled that the heroes 
 were demi-gods. Raised above the race of man, and 
 yet not so far but that their example might be imitated, they 
 united man to the immortal gods themselves, " enthroned 
 upon their sacred seats," and by their example sought to 
 elevate him to a higher and nobler life. So to-dav with us 
 in the recollection of great, heroic lives ; in the contem- 
 plation of great, heroic souls. Though the dust of the 
 struggle is upon us as we stand mingling in the fierce 
 conflict of the world's arena, by their example we are 
 inspired to a higher and purer existence. When we re- 
 member at what a price this liberty was achieved, let us
 
 78 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 endeavor to render the homage which the orator of to-day 
 has desired we should render to the men by whom it was 
 achieved, by striving to imitate their patriotism and self- 
 devotion. To the corruptions that seem always destined 
 to come into the administration of great states, as the dry- 
 rot eats into the strong oak-timbers of our mighty ships, 
 let us show ourselves stern and implacable foes ; to the 
 luxury that enervates nations, let us oppose the simple 
 dignity of manly and laborious toil in our respective spheres 
 of duty ; and let us stand together always in honest love 
 and regard for all our fellow-citizens, no matter what their 
 position may be, whether high or humble, — no matter what 
 their race or color, or previous condition. 
 
 • Music, — " The Red, White, and Blue." 
 
 6. '■^Harvard Utziversity." 
 RESPONSE BY CHARLES W. ELIOT, 
 
 President of Harvard University. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Harvard Col- 
 lege bore its full share of the sacrifices which the Revolu- 
 tion demanded. Its income was reduced ; its books and 
 apparatus were scattered in private houses in Andover, 
 Concord, and Woburn, for two years; and its buildings 
 were seriously damaged by the troops who occupied them 
 during the long investment of Boston. But whatever losses 
 and hardships the college suffered during the Revolution 
 were gladly borne ; for then, as ever since, the College was 
 heart and soul on the side of liberty. Its government 
 was of the patriot party ; its president was an outspoken 
 advocate of popular rights ; and many of the foremost lead- 
 ers of the people were sons of the College. I need not 
 extol these immortal sons of Harvard ; for their names are 
 household words wherever liberty is precious. The gener- 
 ations to come will look upon James Otis, John Hancock, 
 Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Joseph Warren with all 
 the admiration with which we regard them ; for the world
 
 THE DINNER. 
 
 79 
 
 will not see purer patriots or braver men. Here they were 
 nurtured; here they drank at the life-giving springs of 
 piety, eloquence, and poetry ; here they read of chivalry 
 and freedom, and of the heroic da3^s of Greece and Rome 
 and England ; here they breathed together, in their impres- 
 sible youth, that spirit of liberty which characterized the 
 place and the times. 
 
 Institutions of learning may always be counted upon the 
 side of freedom ; because literature, philosophy, and sci- 
 ence confer distinction and power without respect of per- 
 sons, with small regard to birth, wealth, or any privileges 
 not based on mental or spiritual gifts ; and because, too, 
 they ameliorate the common lot, inspire the common mind, 
 and tend to equalize conditions of life. Universities worthy 
 of the name are always liberal in a true sense. 
 
 We commemorate the men of 1775, that we and our chil- 
 dren may better emulate them. We have needed, and our 
 children will need, their heroic virtues. The government 
 which they founded has had a prodigious development, 
 until it has become the grandest and most hopeful, but also 
 the most awful and inscrutable, experiment in government 
 ever made. Old-world people have often pictured to them- 
 selves the New World as a ver}^ paradise of freedom, peace, 
 and plenty ; but, if it has been a paradise at all, it has been 
 a paradise, like Mahomet's, under the shadow of swords. 
 Since the Jesuits first undertook to evangelize the savage 
 continent, American history has been one long story of 
 almost incessant fighting. The Spaniards fought with the 
 French ; the French with the Spaniards, the English, and 
 the colonists ; all these invaders with the Indians ; the Eng- 
 lish with their colonists ; the United States with England, 
 with Mexico, and with the Indians ; and finally the States 
 waged terrible civil war among themselves. For several 
 generations, our New-England people were martial to an 
 extraordinary degree. Let us not forget that the greatest 
 of Americans, Washington, was a professional soldier, and 
 that we celebrate this day because on this spot he took
 
 8o CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 command of a rude army, sprung from the soil on the 
 night of Lexington, composed of men who thought liberty 
 was to be fought for. Each succeeding century of Ameri- 
 can history has been bloodier than the preceding. What 
 has been will be, until public wrongs are done no more, 
 and the fierce passions of ungovernable multitudes can no 
 more be kindled. Therefore we exalt the courage, ardor, 
 and instinctive devotion which make the patriot soldier ; 
 therefore we praise his patience and fortitude amid hard- 
 ships, his calm encounter with mortal danger, his quiet 
 endurance even of neglect and ingratitude, his unquench- 
 able loyalty to his flag and his country, without foresight of 
 the issue, without knowing even whether his sacrifice will 
 avail any thing for his country. These are great virtues, 
 great and strong enough to bring good out of fearful evil. 
 
 Our forefathers had their perils and ills : our children 
 will have theirs. With halters round their necks, with no 
 organized government at their backs, a thick veil hanging 
 over their future, our ancestors took their guns, and went 
 out to kill as many Englishmen as they could. That 
 seemed to them their nearest duty, and they did it. They 
 could at least see well enough the whites of their enemies' 
 eyes. What immeasurable consequences have flowed from 
 their dauntless vindication of what they held to be their 
 rights ! 
 
 And now, a century after the bloody birth of the nation, 
 new dangers and strange internal evils threaten. We must 
 meet them as our fathers met their trials. We must find 
 such leaders as they found ; men of education, men of prop- 
 erty, and men of honor. The men who signed the Decla- 
 ration of Independence pledged to each other their lives, 
 their fortunes, and their sacred honor. Their lives, of 
 course, for they were contending with a power which had 
 much experience in executing traitors and putting rebels to 
 the sword ; their fortunes, for confiscation was a weapon of 
 both parties, and they put at risk not only their property, 
 but also their prospects and their reputations, and their
 
 THE DINNER. 8l 
 
 t 
 
 sacred honor. Those men had honor as well as fortunes 
 to pledge. 
 
 We do well, then, to commemorate the patriots of the 
 Revolution, that their example may strengthen our hearts, 
 that our children may catch their spirit, and win the sturdy 
 virtues which defy dangers and master evils. 
 
 Music, — " Fair Harvard." 
 
 7. '•'•The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts." 
 
 RESPONSE BY MOST WORSHIPFUL GRAND MASTER 
 PERCIVAL L. EVERETT, 
 
 Of Boston. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — The Society of Freemasonr}?^ feels a deep 
 interest in every thing relating to the memory of Washing- 
 ton ; for he in his lifetime was a friend and patron of our 
 Society, and one of its most honored and revered members. 
 The year after he was born, Freemasonry was established 
 at Boston by the warrant of Viscount Montague, then Grand 
 Master of England. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, then residing at Philadelphia, derived 
 his powers to establish the Society in Pennsylvania from 
 Boston, and became Grand Master of that State. In 1752, 
 at Fredericksburg, Va., George Washington, as the record 
 now in existence attests, was initiated into the Fraternity, 
 in a Lodge organized by the warrant of Thomas Oxnard 
 of Boston, Provincial Grand Master. 
 
 In those early days of the Society's existence in America 
 it had won the respect and regard of all good citizens. 
 Governor Belcher was one of its prominent and influential 
 members, and, both here and in the Province of New Jersey, 
 exhibited publicly his attachment to the Fraternity. 
 
 In later days, among the patrons and strong supporters 
 of our institution may be mentioned the names of John 
 Warren, Joseph Webb, Josiah Bartlett, Timothy Bigelow, 
 and John Dixwell, each of whom occupied the posidon of
 
 82 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts; while among 
 the Grand Chaplains there were Thaddeus Mason Harris, 
 William Bentley, John Eliot, and Ezra Ripley. It may be 
 interesting tor me to mention, as showing the unsectarianness 
 of Masonry, that our Grand Chaplains have been divided 
 denominationally as follows : Unitarian, 20 ; Episcopalian, 
 16; Trinitarian Congregationalist, 9 ; Methodist Episcopal, 
 5 ; Baptist, 4; Christian Baptist, i. 
 
 In the " History of Washington and his Masonic Com- 
 peers," Sidney Hayden says, in alluding to Peyton Ran- 
 dolph, "In 1773, committees of correspondence began to 
 be formed in the different colonies to ascertain the true 
 position and sentiments of eacli. Of that of Virginia, Mr. 
 Randolph was chairman ; and through him the Cavaliers of 
 Virginia became first united in political sentiment with the 
 Puritans of New England. We cannot attempt in this 
 personal sketch of Mr. Randolph to give a portraiture of 
 the events of those times, or of the influences that produced 
 them : suffice it to say, that there is an unwritten history 
 of the silent influences of Masonry in producing the political 
 associations of that period. The mighty Brotherhood of 
 Masonry, ever the friend of freedom, was omnipotent for 
 good." 
 
 Here in Massachusetts, many of the leading spirits of the 
 Revolution, such as Joseph Warren and Paul Revere, 
 were presiding over our Grand Lodge. The history of the 
 meetings at the Green-Dragon Tavern, and the influence 
 of this society in bringing about and shaping the Revolu- 
 tion, have yet to be written. But that this influence was 
 strong and controlling is beyond all question. How much 
 Franklin accomplished through the Fraternity of France, 
 in the lodges in which he received many an ovation, the 
 world does not know. 
 
 After Washington became a member of the Ancient and 
 Honorable Society of Freemasoni'y, he continued until his 
 death to be its firm and devoted friend. The doings of the 
 society have not been open to the public gaze ; yet it is a
 
 THE DINNER. 83 
 
 fact worth considering, that, during all the eventful life of 
 Washington, he was surrounded by members of this fra- 
 ternity. Nearly all the General Officers of the Revolution 
 were Masons. This was equally true of the members of 
 the first Congress. Nearly all of the signers of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence were active members of our Society ; 
 and the President of the first Continental Consfress was 
 Grand Master of Masons in Vir<jinia. 
 
 How much the intimacy and close union of its members, 
 and especially the confidence and reliance which this Society 
 produced among the men of the Revolution in the field and 
 in the senate, nerved their arms and increased their cour- 
 age, we cannot tell ; but we can believe, that, in the many 
 hours of gloom and despondency which overshadowed the 
 just cause before it finally prevailed, the friendships and 
 strong hopes which were engendered by this confidence and 
 reliance had much to do with the final result. 
 
 After the conflict was over, the Union was established, 
 and Washington's fame was world-wide, — " first in war, 
 first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," — 
 he did not consider it beneath his dignity to mix with tlie 
 Fraternity, and be known as one of its members. 
 
 When the corner-stone of the national Capitol was laid, in 
 the city named for the Father of his Country, Washington 
 was present as a Freemason to testify to the world, that, 
 however exalted his station, he was not ashamed to ac- 
 knowledge his connection with the Order. He had many 
 examples before him in the Old World, and many have 
 followed in his footsteps ; since the Grand Masters of Eng- 
 land, for the last century and a half, have nearly all ranked 
 high in the peerage. The heirs-apparent of England and 
 Prussia preside over their respective Grand Lodges to-day, 
 while kings and emperors liave added to their numerous 
 titles that of Grand Master of the Freemasons. 
 
 In the declining years of Washington's life, the Grand 
 Lodge of Massachusetts received from him two communi- 
 cations in answer to congratulatory letters oflicially sent to
 
 84 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 him. These letters are well known to the Fraternity, and 
 have frequently been published in their proceedings. It is 
 not our fault that they are not equally well known to the 
 public. 
 
 Suffice it to say, that, in these communications, he exhibits 
 the same lovaltv to this Order which had been conspicuous 
 throughout his entire Masonic life. 
 
 When the sad end came, and all that was mortal of this 
 illustrious man was left behind, his remains were deposited 
 in the tomb by the loving hands of his Brethren, to whom 
 he had always been faithful. 
 
 The Grand Lodoe of Massachusetts communicated its 
 grief to Mrs. Washington ; and she, well knowing the high 
 regard which Washington, living, had always entertained 
 for Freemasonry, sent to our Grand Lodge this lock of his 
 hair. [The lock of hair, in a golden urn, was here shown 
 to the company.] The patriot Revere enclosed it, with his 
 own hands, in this golden urn ; and once a year, at the 
 installation of all my predecessors, this urn, with its precious 
 treasure, has been confided to the care and custody of the 
 Grand Master of Masons in this Commonwealth. 
 
 Standing in the historic relation to Washington which the 
 Grand Lodge of Massachusetts sustains, it is a source of 
 pleasure and pious duty for us to join with you in this 
 centennial celebration. Here he first assumed the com- 
 mand of the Continental forces ; nor did he yield it until he 
 had given freedom and libert}- to his country, until he had 
 established a nation in peace. 
 
 8. '' The Patriots of the Late War." 
 RESPONSE OF MAJOR GEORGE S. MERRILL, 
 
 Of Lawrence, 
 Commander of Department of Massachusetts Grand Army of the Repubuc. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I am scarcely 
 less embarrassed in this presence, and with these associations 
 and surroundings, than by the realization of the utter in-
 
 THE DINNER. 8$ 
 
 sufficiency of any words of mine to answer for the men to 
 whom your sentiment aUudes. Indeed, sir, I am a Httle 
 puzzled to know precisely why I was called upon to fill 
 this position. It was not my good fortune to have been 
 born in Cambridge, or even in Boston ; although I hardly 
 think I should blame myself for that : but possibly I may 
 have discovered the reason in the suggestion of the Presi- 
 dent of Harvard University, that, during the stormy hours 
 of the Revolution, a portion of the library of the college 
 was preserved in Andover, from whose territory was taken 
 a portion of the city in which I reside ; and it is possible 
 that the circulation of the contents of the librar}^ may ac- 
 count for the somewhat peculiar theology of that honored 
 town. At all events, it is not impossible that a portion of the 
 library still remaining there, its loss may have had some 
 influence upon the theology of this ancient institution of 
 yours. But, sir, I am thankful that the men to whom your 
 sentiment alludes need no eulogy from human lips. From 
 the days of 1861 to those of 1865, from Baltimore to New 
 Orleans, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, from Atlanta 
 to the ocean, on more than a hundred battle-tields by land 
 and by sea, they spoke for themselves. And to-day, at the 
 close of the first decade since Peace shed its shining beams 
 through the length and breadth of our broad land, standing 
 upon the threshold of the second century, these soldiers 
 of the Republic, while relinquishing none of the principles 
 for which they suflTered, still speak, by heart and hand and 
 voice, only for peace, unity, and reconciliation. The events 
 of the Revolution and of the Rebellion are more closely 
 united than we are wont to think. The tie that binds the 
 events of 1775 to those of 1861 must not be measured by 
 the span of years. No nation of the past has preserved 
 the story of its heroes more carefully than has been handed 
 down to us, from sire to son, the treasured memories of a 
 hundred years ago. That this story has not been without 
 its beneficial results, we have but to remember that it 
 was the men of Middlesex, who, when the red torch of
 
 86 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 war was lighted in our land, first rallied beneath the old 
 flag in defence of the liberties of the Union, and that 
 the blood of Massachusetts was first drank in by the soil 
 of Maryland. And surely, during all the long years of 
 the war, there were no more chivalrous soldiers following 
 the flag, no more patriotic blood was shed in defence of 
 national unity and national integrity, no purer lives were 
 laid upon the altar of the countr^s than came from the 
 honored walls of Harvard and the classic soil of Cambridge. 
 And as we in Massachusetts join in these centennials, — 
 fortunate, as has been said, that we have within our limits 
 so many of these memorable spots, — and as we have al- 
 ready seen uncounted thousands coming, not to witness the 
 pageant of a great show, but, with pure love in their hearts 
 for the memories of their fathers, on a pilgrimage to the 
 graves of those early martyrs upon which rests the silence of 
 a century ; and later have seen nearly half a million of our 
 people join in celebrating the anniversary of that great 
 event, the battle of Bunker Hill, witnessed the waving 
 of handkerchiefs, and shouting of huzzas, to the men who 
 stood in opposition to our own soldiers in the South, in token 
 of appreciation of the better days of peace that have come 
 upon us ; and as we come now to this still greater anni- 
 versar}', of the day when the town-meeting — if we may so 
 term it — of the early Colonies became a consolidated army, 
 and, through the genius of the commander-in-chief, ac- 
 complished that most unparalleled act in history, — the 
 driving of the English army from the soil they had once 
 fully possessed, — while we now look forward across the 
 threshold of the opening centur}^ and gather up the eternal 
 glories of the 3'ears gone by, be it ours to so live and act 
 in the present, that, when our sons shall join in the next 
 grand centennial, they may repeat the names of this gener- 
 ation as kindly, and treasure our memories as tenderly, as 
 do we to-day those of the earh' patriots and soldiers upon 
 whose deeds has already fallen the misty mantle of a 
 century. 
 
 Music, — " Hail Columbia."
 
 THE DINNER. 8/ 
 
 9. " The Orator of the Day." 
 RESPONSE BY REV. A. P. PEABODY, D.D., 
 
 Of Cambridge, ilie Orator of the Day. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — It is better not to try a hazardous experi- 
 ment twice. I have, to be sure, once exercised self-denial to 
 the last degree : and certainly the self-denial was fully equal 
 to your patience ; for, if I had told you one-half of what I 
 have talked and felt in my preparation for this da}', your 
 dinner would have remained uneaten till the present 
 moment. I am not going to inflict upon 3-ou what I did not 
 say then; but let me say, that we, here in Cambridge and 
 in Harvard College, are doing all in our power to keep the 
 succession of patriotic citizens. I will say for my colleagues 
 in office, that one of our chief cares is to give our students a 
 profound sense of their responsibility to the State which 
 nurtures them, to the country w^hose citizens they are to 
 become ; and I believe that, from year to year, we are 
 sending out our full quota of men who will be worthy pil- 
 lars of the State, and, I am glad to add, worth}^ pillars of 
 the Church. 
 
 10. ''The Poet of the Day." 
 
 RESPONSE BY PROF. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, 
 
 Oi Cambridge, the Poet of the Day. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I was obliged, 
 by my official position last Wednesday at the Harvard 
 Alumni meeting, to make so many speeches in this hall, 
 that I seem to see an expression of astonishment on the 
 faces of the portraits opposite, as if to say, "What ! is he up 
 again ? " But I had my shot at you three or four hours ago ; 
 and I don't intend to make use of the privilege the toast- 
 master has given me, except in the sense that it is under- 
 stood to have been given, — that is, it is not a toast to the 
 poet of the occasion, but to the poets of Cambridge ; and 
 I officiate only for the purpose of introducing my friend 
 Dr. Holmes, who will respond to the spirit of the toast.
 
 88 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 RESPONSE BY DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 
 
 Of Boston. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, — I know you will not accuse 
 me of lightly or wantonly taking the compliment to myself, 
 when yqu have sat to-day and listened to my friend's 
 inspiring poem ; and I should hesitate to read the few 
 verses I have here, were it not that one was before and 
 the other after dinner. I have addressed the gray heads 
 and bald heads of this assembly more particularly, asking 
 if they can tell where some of the old familiar places in 
 this immediate vicinity are. 
 
 And can it be you've found a place 
 Within this consecrated space, 
 
 Which makes so fine a show. 
 For one of Rip Van Winkle's race .^ 
 
 And is it really so? 
 Who wants an old, receipted bill? 
 Who fishes in the Frog-pond still? 
 Who digs last year's potato-hill? 
 
 That's what he'd like to know ! 
 
 And were it any spot on earth 
 
 Save this dear home that gave him birth 
 
 Some scores of years ago, 
 He had not come to spoil your mirth 
 
 And chill your festive glow ; 
 But round his baby-nest he strays, 
 With tearful eye the scene surveys. 
 His heart unchanged by changing days ; 
 
 That's what he'd have you know. 
 
 Can you whose e_ves not yet are dim 
 Live o'er the buried past with him, 
 
 And see the roses blow 
 When white-haired men were Joe and Jim, 
 
 Untouched by winter's snow?
 
 THE DINNER. 89 
 
 Or roll the years back one by one, 
 As Judah's monarch backed the sun, 
 And see the century just begun? 
 
 That's what he'd like to know! 
 
 I came but as the swallow dips, 
 Just touching with her feather-tips 
 
 The shining wave below, 
 To sit with pleasure-murmuring lips. 
 
 And listen to the flow 
 Of Elmwood's sparkling Hippocrene, — 
 To tread once more my native green. 
 To sigh unheard, to smile unseen, — 
 
 That's what I'd have you know. 
 
 But since the common lot I've shared 
 (We all are sitting " unprepared " 
 
 Like culprits in a row, 
 Whose heads are down, whose necks are bared 
 
 To wait the headsman's blow), 
 I'd like to shift my task to you, 
 By asking just a thing or two 
 About the good old times I knew : 
 
 Here's what I want to know : 
 
 The yellow meet'n'-house — can you tell 
 Just where it stood before it fell 
 
 Prey of the levelling foe? — 
 Our dear old temple, loved so well, 
 
 By ruthless hands laid low. 
 Where, tell me, was the Deacon's pew? 
 Whose hair was braided in a queue? 
 (For there were pig-tails not a few) — 
 
 That's what I'd like to know. 
 
 The bell — can you recall its clang? 
 And how the seats would slam and bang? 
 
 The viol and its bow? 
 The basso's trump before he sang? 
 
 And sweet voiced Nat. Munroe? 
 Where was it' old Judge Winthrop sat? 
 Who wore the last three-cornered hat? 
 Was Israel Porter lean or fat? 
 
 That's what I'd like to know. 
 iz
 
 QO CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Tell where the market used to be 
 That stood beside the murdered tree? 
 
 Whose dog to church would go? 
 Old Marcus Reemie, who was he? 
 
 Who were the brothers Snow? 
 Does not your memory slightly fail 
 About that great September gale 
 Whereof one told a moving tale 
 
 As Cambridge boys should know ? 
 
 When Cambridge was a simple town 
 Say just where Deacon William Brown 
 
 (Look round in yonder row) 
 For honest silver counted down 
 
 His groceries would bestow ? — 
 For those were days when money meant 
 Something that jingled as you went, — 
 No hybrid like the nickel cent, 
 
 I'd have you all to know ; 
 
 But quarter, ninepence, pistareen. 
 And fourpence ha'pennies in between. 
 
 All metal fit to show, 
 Instead of rags in stagnant green, 
 
 The scum of debts we owe. 
 How sad to think such stuff' should be 
 Our Wendell's cure-all remedy ; — 
 Not Wendell H., but Wendell P.,— 
 
 The one you all must know ! 
 
 I question — but you answer not — 
 Dear me ! and have I quite forgot 
 
 How five-score years ago. 
 Just on this very blessed spot. 
 
 The summer leaves below, 
 Before his homespun ranks arrayed. 
 In green New England's elm-bough shade 
 The great Virginian drew the blade 
 
 King George full soon should know ! 
 
 O George the Third ! you found it true 
 Our George was more than double you.
 
 THE DINNER. 91 
 
 For nature made him so. 
 Not much a jewelled cap can do 
 
 If brains are scant and slow. 
 Ah, not like that his laurel crown 
 Whose presence gilded with renown 
 Our brave old x^cademic town, 
 
 As all her children know ! 
 
 To-day we meet with loud acclaim 
 To tell mankind that here he came, 
 
 With hearts that throb and glow ; 
 Ours is a portion of his fame, 
 
 Our trumpets needs must blow ! 
 On yonder hill the Lion fell, 
 But here was chipped the Eagle's shell. 
 That little hatchet did it well, 
 
 We mean the world shall know ! 
 
 II. " 1775 — Massachusetts — 1S75." 
 
 RESPONSE BY HON. EMORY WASHBURN, 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Of Cambridge, Ex-Governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — You have 
 put me in a worse situation than were any of the soldiers 
 who stood on the Common when General Washington 
 drew his sword. They were without guns and ammuni- 
 tion ; and so am I. But they were vokmteers ; and I 
 am not. I came without any gun or ammunition, and 
 without the slightest intimation that I would be expected 
 to fire off any thing here to-day ; and yet you call 
 upon me to speak for Massachusetts, and for i775 ^s com- 
 pared with 1875. ^^1"- Mayor, if you expect me to give a 
 history of what has transpired in Massachusetts since i775' 
 you ought to have begun earlier in the afternoon ; for I have 
 hardly time : besides, my friends who have gone before me 
 have taken up all the events. But, sir, if you wish to com- 
 pare the spirit of to-da}^ with the spirit of 1775, and wish 
 me, from the reminiscences that I have of local history, to 
 present before this audience some examples of what indi-
 
 92 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Gated the spirit of 1775, you will pardon me, sir, if I go 
 back in those recollections to the incidents in a single town, 
 in order to illustrate what I have to say. I speak, sir, of a 
 town some fifty miles from this place : and my object in 
 reverting to it is to show the state of feeling that then pre- 
 vailed in Massachusetts ; the universal feeling among every 
 class in the community ; the readiness with which, when 
 the war came, they met it, although they were destitute of 
 the means that would enable them to encounter the then most 
 glorious and powerful nation upon earth. I speak of an 
 incident connected with one town which I know to be true. 
 On the 19th of April, 1775, at a little past twelve o'clock 
 noon, a messenger arrived in that town, giving information 
 to the commander of a volunteer company which had been 
 organized there, but whose members were spread over a 
 territory six miles square. Riding up to a shop, the mes- 
 senger said to the man, "The war has begun! — the 
 British are marching on Concord ! " Then on he went 
 to alarm the towns in the west. This was fift}' miles from 
 Boston, and a little after twelve o'clock noon. Who sent him, 
 nobody knew ; what authority he had, nobody knows. They 
 didn't ask what his authority was. There were only a 
 hundred and fifty men on the roll of soldiers of the town ; 
 but in less than four hours, fifty of those men had been 
 gathered together from the six square miles of that town, 
 coming as they did from their ploughs in the fields and from 
 their shops, and crossing fields and woods to reach the 
 rendezvous. Before five o'clock they had been mustered 
 on the Common, their minister had offered up prayer, — 
 for they were a praying as well as a patriotic people, — and 
 they were on the march for Concord. There wasn't a house 
 but was lighted to encourage the soldiers on their way. At 
 Marlboro', they found that the British had gone back into 
 Boston. It was no idle talk ; they came ready for action ; 
 and, when Washington took command here, that company 
 was in the line. There wasn't a man of them but had some 
 war-mark upon his person or clothing; for they had been
 
 THE DINNER. 93 
 
 through the fire of the battle of Bunker Hill ; and the cap- 
 tain who stood there had four bullets through the cloak he 
 wore upon that occasion. That, sir, was a mere repre- 
 sentative of the Massachusetts men who came to stand by 
 what they had heard preached, and were willing to practise. 
 Now, sir, the question comes up, Is the spirit that ani- 
 mated those men the same spirit that animates us to-day? 
 What are the changes that have come over Massachusetts? 
 Why, sir, in material prosperity, there is no comparison 
 between the condition of the country then and what it is 
 now. Massachusetts was a beggar, comparatively, then : 
 her resources were gone. When that company marched 
 by the last house in their town, the mother of one of the 
 soldiers came out to bid her son good-bye ; and she asked 
 the captain if he had any ammunition. He said he had 
 powder, but no bullets. She said, "Wait a few moments," 
 and went into the house. Taking the weights from the old 
 family clock, she melted •them up, holding them over the 
 fire herself. That was a sample of the spirit that pervaded 
 Massachusetts then. But, sir, Massachusetts has changed 
 since then. In material prosperity there is no comparison. 
 We now have two thousand millions of dollars of valuation ; 
 but have we the same spirit that we had then? Are we 
 as rich in the spirit of manliness, justice, and confidence in 
 God, that characterized the men of New England and 
 Massachusetts who gathered here upon this plain when 
 Washington took command? Sir, before these centennial 
 anniversaries began, I had thought that our patriotism was 
 almost dying out ; and it almost seemed that another century 
 would wind up the history of Massachusetts and the United 
 States as that of the Rome of old had been wound up ; that 
 corruption in party politics and party leaders would poison 
 the very foundation of the government under which we 
 live. But when I have heard the speeches made here 
 to-day, and felt the spirit with which you have come to 
 these successive anniversaries, when I have noticed the 
 ready responses to the eloquent and patriotic appeals of our
 
 94 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 orator and poet, I have been convinced that the hearts of 
 the people are right, and that the people are as true now 
 as the}' were then. And when I see that our institutions of 
 learning have improved with the growth of our national 
 prosperity, remembering that this hall is to be the repre- 
 sentative of the advance that has been made in Harvard 
 College since the soldiers took possession of it a century 
 ago, I feel my confidence renewed, that, when another 
 century comes round, Massachusetts will be found where 
 she was in 1775, and where she is now; that the United 
 States will be found where they are now ; and that we shall 
 not have become corrupt enougli to lose our government, 
 or forfeit our freedom. Why, sir, every thing encourages 
 us. See what has been accomplished in the last century ! 
 We once talked of the dissolution of the Union, and the 
 danger of the government being broken to pieces ; but 
 haven't we got rid of the great cause of dissatisfaction and 
 disagreement between the two •sections of the country? 
 And when the centennial came round, and we went upon 
 Bunker Hill to renew our vows to the country, and to 
 the cause for which our fathers fought, bled, and died, 
 did we not there meet our brethren from the South, and 
 pledge each other that the Union should be for all time? 
 When I see this spirit, I don't care if there be corruption 
 in some of our party leaders ; I don't care if our rulers are at 
 times defective : I do not fear, for I know that we have the 
 same spirit which actuated the common people of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1775, and that in 1975 they will be ready to cele- 
 brate, as we do now, the union, freedom, and independence of 
 our country ; and that the United States then will stand, not 
 merely as a single republic among the monarchies of the 
 Old World, but the leading power among the republics of 
 free States throughout the world. 
 
 Music, — " The Star-Spangled Banner."
 
 THE DINNER. 95 
 
 12. '•'•Lexington^ Concord, a?id Bunker Hill." 
 RESPONSE BY HON. GEO. WASHINGTON WARREN, 
 
 Of Boston, on behalf of the Bunker-Hill-I\Ionument Association. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — It is quite a task for one person to speak 
 for those three names, when each has had an orator and a 
 poet, within the last few weeks to illustrate it. The eloquence 
 of Dana, Curtis, and Devens has clothed those immortal 
 names with a new lustre. And as to the great name we 
 have here assembled to commemorate, — where occurred 
 the third great act in the cause of the nation, — we all 
 know that it is not only respected here, but in every part of 
 the world. Many years ago, I happened to have an instance 
 of it come home to myself. While travelling on the conti- 
 nent of Europe, I found, that, in presenting my passport, I 
 was received with the greatest politeness and most profound 
 respect ; and the same was the case with a company of 
 ladies who were with me. We frequently spoke of the 
 politeness of the officers. It was marked in the cities of Italy, 
 where the idea prevails that one cannot take the name of 
 another unless he belongs to the family. So far as I am 
 concerned, they were right : for Washington was the Father 
 of his Country, and any citizen of the United States has the 
 right to bestow that name upon his progeny ; and I am only 
 one of a thousand bearing that name. Mr. Mayor, I think 
 this festive gathering at the close of these ceremonies is very 
 appropriately held in this building, erected as it was in 
 honor of those who preserved the country which Washing- 
 ton came here to defend ; antl it is also appropriate because 
 of the peculiar relation which the college has held to this 
 ancient town. Why, sir, the American army graduated 
 here in the first place ; and when the memorable expedition 
 was formed, and when Prescott formed his regiment into a 
 hollow square, he received a blessing from the lips of the 
 President of Harvard College. If the present President of 
 the College were a clerical man, he would certainly have
 
 96 CAM15RIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 been called upon to perform the service of chaplain on 
 Bunker Hill at the last anniversary: in 1857, when the 
 statue of General Warren was inaugurated, the then Presi- 
 dent of Harvard College acted in that capacity. I give 
 you, sir, as a sentiment, — 
 
 All honor to the city of Cambridge, which is the birth- 
 place of American scholarship, and is also the birth-place 
 of the Union army which gave us a nation for that scholar- 
 ship to lead and adorn. 
 
 13. " Oicr Centennial." 
 RESPONSE BY GEN. EDWARD W. HINCKS, U.S.A., 
 
 Of Milwaukee, Wis. (formerly resident in Cambridge). 
 
 Mr. Mayor, — When my friend General Devens re- 
 sponded for the army and navy, I supposed that I had 
 escaped further service upon this occasion ; but he suggested 
 that it perhaps had been reserved for me to speak for the 
 judiciary ! Now I find m^^self called upon to respond to 
 the toast of the day which, when given in this hall, should 
 have commanded the eloquence of a gifted son of Harvard. 
 We have to-day been reminded by learned speakers that 
 this nation was born of the sword : and the record of its 
 growth tells us that, in every epoch of its history, the tree 
 of Liberty has been nurtured by the blood of the slain. 
 Yet we cannot forget, that, in the progress of these hun- 
 dred years just passed, the greatest triumphs won by our 
 countrymen have been attained in peaceful industries, and 
 in the walks of law^ literature, and the arts. As we con- 
 template with so much satisfaction the bright record of our 
 nation in the first century of its age, and hope with so 
 much confidence for grander achievements during the cen- 
 tury upon which we are about to enter, may we not appro- 
 priately avail ourselves of the opportunity afibrded by these 
 centennial festivities to cast the mantle of charity over all 
 the acts of our fellow-citizens who have difiered with us in 
 years recently passed ? Surely they were our countrymen,
 
 THE DINNER. 
 
 97 
 
 however misguided ; theirs was the valor of America's sons 
 contending for what they believed to be the right. The 
 record of their heroic devotion, and of the virtues of their 
 great military chieftain, is the legacy of the whole Ameri- 
 can people, as much so as is the imperishable fame of him 
 whose deeds have been commemorated to-day, or the heroic 
 names inscribed upon the marble tablets within this hall. 
 The most gratifying indications of the times are the evi- 
 dences, multiplying on every hand, that the birth of the 
 new century is to be marked by an era of national fellow- 
 ship and good-will, — without which the Union would be 
 but a pillar of sand ; that the enmities and estrangements 
 engendered in all our conflicts are to be forgotten, and that 
 the whole American people are again to be resolved into 
 one harmonious brotherhood, having mutual sympathies 
 and interests, cherishing one love of country, actuated by 
 one desire to uphold the laws, and governed by one im- 
 pulse of patriotism, manliness, and honesty; — an era in 
 which our country shall return to the path of its true gran- 
 deur, and renew its marvellous career, leading in the march 
 of a purer civilization, and winning the bloodless victo- 
 ries of perpetual peace. 
 
 13
 
 THE CHILDREN'S ENTERTAINMENT. 
 
 One of the most pleasing features of the 3d of July 
 celebration was the children's entertainment in the after- 
 noon. 
 
 While the dinner was in progress at Memorial Hall, 
 about twenty-five hundred children assembled in the tent, 
 with their parents and teachers surrounding them, closely 
 packed to the extreme verge, and fringed beyond by an 
 encircling band of patient listeners. 
 
 The exercises were under the direction of the energetic 
 projector of the entertainment, Mr. Benjamin Woodward ; 
 assisted by Mr. Charles E. Boyd as musical director (he 
 having also conducted the previous rehearsals), with Mr. 
 Charles Stimpson as aid. The large number taking 
 part made the active and faithful services of Mr. J. Edwin 
 Mullen, as secretary, well worthy of notice. 
 
 The musical part of the programme was furnished by 
 thirty-seven young ladies, and an equal number of young 
 gentlemen, representing the thirty-seven States of the 
 Union, assisted by an extra chorus of eight voices; Mrs. 
 E. F. BowKER, soprano, and Mr. Joseph Claus, bari- 
 tone, soloists ; Mr. L. L. Powers, pianist ; and Edmands' 
 Orchestra. 
 
 Shortly after four o'clock, the curtain which concealed 
 the platform was withdrawn, and a beautiful tableau was 
 presented, which called forth unbounded applause : the 
 chorus being arranged in the form of an eagle with wide- 
 spread wings, and the Goddess ol Liberty as the head; the 
 latter being personated by Miss Belle Grieves. 
 
 The thirteen original States were represented as follows ; 
 the young ladies being dressed in white with designative
 
 lOO 
 
 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 sashes, and the young gentlemen wearing the Continental 
 hat and an appropriate regalia: — 
 
 Virginia 
 New York 
 Massachusetts 
 New Hampshire 
 Connecticut . 
 Maryland . . 
 Rhode Island 
 Delaware . . 
 North Carolina 
 New Jersey . 
 South Carolina 
 Pennsylvania 
 Georgia . . 
 
 Miss Kitty M. Shaw. 
 
 „ Georgianna Jones. 
 
 „ May Shepherd. 
 
 „ Annie Sproule. 
 
 „ Nellie L. Pike. 
 
 ,, Carrie Burton. 
 
 „ Maria M. Hillman. 
 
 ,, Ella F. Lenfest. 
 
 „ Flor. Richardson. 
 
 „ Lillias D. Boyd. 
 
 „ EuDORA Ward. 
 
 ,, Ella R. Grieves. 
 
 „ Lizzie Burton. 
 
 Mr. Edward Brooks. 
 
 „ Frank Howlett. 
 
 „ Frederick Howe. 
 
 „ J. Edw. Mullen. 
 
 „ J. Edw. Grieves. 
 
 „ Wm. Worcester. 
 
 „ Charles Grieves. 
 
 „ Martin P. Bearce. 
 
 „ John A. Barry. 
 
 „ Frank C. Dennis. 
 
 „ Edward F. Forbes. 
 
 „ Geo. H. Munroe. 
 
 „ Wm. M. Gordon. 
 
 The other States were represented as follows ; the young 
 ladies being dressed in white with designative sashes, 
 and the young gentlemen wearing the full Continental 
 uniform : — 
 
 Vermont . 
 Kentucky . 
 Tennessee 
 Ohio . . 
 Louisiana . 
 Indiana 
 Mississippi 
 Illinois . . 
 Alabama . 
 Maine . . 
 Missouri . 
 Arkansas . 
 Michigan . 
 Florida 
 Texas . . 
 Iowa . . 
 Wisconsin 
 California . 
 Minnesota 
 Oregon 
 Kansas 
 West Virginia 
 Nevada 
 Nebraska , 
 
 Miss Alice Lloyd. 
 
 Agnes M. Boyd. 
 Mabel Hooker. 
 Ida Mumler. 
 Maggie Williams. 
 Jessie L. Hallenbeck 
 Nellie Longley. 
 Mary Harrington. 
 Maggie Bryant. 
 Carrie A. Smith. 
 Georgianna Wood. 
 H. Victoria Boyd. 
 Lulu Thompson. 
 Georgie Marsters. 
 Maggie Stinson. 
 Georgi'na Meacham. 
 Addie Rowe. 
 Dora Coleman. 
 Mary G. Hillman. 
 Amy Ferguson. 
 Clara Fox. 
 Fanny Ward. 
 Sarah Harrington. 
 Winnie Walker. 
 
 Mr. Edward Downing. 
 John Gibson. 
 George H. Nixon. 
 Charles Alden. 
 Robert Malcolm. 
 George E. Brown. 
 Edw. H. Morrison. 
 John Harrington. 
 Frederick Allen. 
 Edgar O. Kinsman, 
 Frank Coleman. 
 John McPherson. 
 William Lister. 
 James A. Stinson. 
 Amory B. Gibes. 
 John McNamee. 
 Joseph Coolidge. 
 Edward Stone. 
 Charles Bacon. 
 Edward Coleman. 
 A. Gleason. 
 Charles Foster. 
 Edward Hurd. 
 W. Albert Boyd.
 
 THE CHILDREN S ENTERTAINMENT. lOI 
 
 The extra chorus comprised — 
 
 Miss Emeline Beckett. Miss Cora Tufts. 
 „ Mary A. Crawford. „ Ella Malcolm. 
 
 „ Eva Sheriff. „ Clara A. Smith. 
 
 „ May Thomas. „ Jennie M. Major. 
 
 Prayer, by Rev. William Warland of the Episcopal 
 Mission at East Cambridge, preceded the following pro- 
 gramme : — 
 
 1. Hymn, " Come, Thou Almighty King " ... . by the Chorus. 
 
 Remarks by Rev. A. B. Muzzey. 
 
 2. Holmes' Hymn, " Angel of Peace ; " Air, " Keller's American Hymn." 
 
 Mrs. Bowker and Chorus. 
 Remarks by Rev. H. K. Pervear. 
 
 3. Hymn, " God bless our native land " Chorus. 
 
 Remarks by Rev. C. T. Johnson. 
 
 4. Gilmore's Hymn, " God save our Union " Chorus. 
 
 Poem by John Owen, Esq. 
 
 5. Song, " Vive I'America ! " Mr. Claus. 
 
 Remarks by James Alexander, Esq., of Charlotteviile, Va. 
 
 9. Eichberg's Hymn, " To thee, O Country ! " Chorus. 
 
 7. Song, " Red, White, and Blue " Mrs. Bowker. 
 
 8. Hymn, "America " Chorus. 
 
 Remarks by His Honor Mayor Bradford. 
 Poem by Rev. William Newell, D.D. 
 
 9. Song, " Star-spangled Banner " . Mrs. Bowker and Chorus. 
 
 Benediction by Rev. Dr. Newell. 
 
 REMARKS- OF REV. A. B. MUZZEY, 
 
 Of Cambridge. 
 
 Nothing could be more appropriate, in the centennial 
 celebration of Washington's taking command of the Ameri- 
 can army, than this gathering of our children. Call this 
 what else you please, it is eminently the children's day. 
 Washington is styled in history the Father of his Country. 
 He had no children himself; and Providence, by not giv- 
 ing him any, meant evidently he should be the father of 
 his whole country. This makes him the father of every 
 child in the land.
 
 102 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 But that is not all : he is specially the father of our chil- 
 dren because he loved them ; his heart went out toward all 
 the little ones of his day. The lady he married had five of 
 her own : to these their step-father was most warmly de- 
 voted. He delighted, for their pleasure, to gather parties 
 under his hospitable roof; and, as he looked on their games 
 and frolics, he became a child himself. When one of 
 them, a beautiful daughter, lay on her death-bed, he knelt 
 at her side in earnest prayer. It was his custom to notice 
 children wherever he met them. In the year of his elec- 
 tion to the Presidency he came to New England. An aged 
 lady of my parish in Newburyport told me, that, when he 
 rode through that town, the children, of whom she was one, 
 were ranged in two lines ; and, as he passed them, he 
 bowed to each side, and gave them a smile she should never 
 forget. 
 
 This is the children's day because Washington, in his own 
 childhood and youth, was a pattern of some of the finest 
 qualities of character. Wordsworth says, " The child is 
 the father of the man." This was remarkably true of Wash- 
 ington. Every thing that the man afterwards became was 
 foreshown in the boy. As a man he was noted for order. 
 He found the troops on Cambridge Common without dis- 
 cipline, and inclined to irregularities of all sorts ; but he 
 soon brought them into order. He would allow them in 
 no personal disputes ; and, seeing once two men in a quar- 
 rel, he not only reproved them, but laid his strong arm on 
 their shoulders and separated them. When he was made 
 President, the government was new, and many things were 
 at first in confusion ; but he moulded them into shape, and 
 out of chaos he brought harmony and order. Go back to 
 the boy, and you find him systematic in all he did. At 
 thirteen he drew up fifty-seven " Rules of Behavior." You 
 see already in them the man. "Think before you speak." 
 " It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak 
 before ourselves." " Speak not injurious words, neither in 
 jest nor earnest." " Honor and obey your parents." " Let
 
 THE CHILDREN S ENTERTAINMENT. IO3 
 
 your recreations be manful, not sinful." "Whenever you 
 speak of God, let it be seriously, in reverence." "Labor to 
 keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire 
 called conscience." 
 
 As a boy, Washington made the best use of all his privi- 
 leges : these were very few. One of his father's servants 
 (named "Old Hobby") taught him his first lessons in what 
 was called a "field-school." Afterwards he went to a com- 
 mon school, and poor enough it was; but the boy was 
 noticed as "inquisitive, docile, and diligent." Reading, 
 writing, arithmetic, and, later, book-keeping and survey- 
 ing, were all he studied ; but on these he built up a good 
 education. He taught himself grammar. His early hand- 
 writing is legible, even, and handsome ; and his style in 
 composition is a model, — clear, forcible, and pure. This 
 self-culture followed him through life. 
 
 Washington was remarkable in his manhood for bodily 
 development, vigor, and beauty. He laid the foundation 
 for this in his boyhood. Not stupid and sluggish, but active 
 and alert, he was fond of sports, especially feats of bodily 
 skill. His training prepared him for the hard campaigns 
 of war. No soldier could endure more in camp or field 
 than he. On to age he continued a man marked for his 
 physical energy. Seeing two men engaged in pitching 
 stones, said he, "I think I can beat that;" and he did 
 beat it. 
 
 Washington began life by obedience. He had an excel- 
 lent mother, left a widow when he was but four years old. 
 She taught him well, both by precept and example. She 
 read good books to him : we find among these Sir Matthew 
 Hale's " Contemplations," full of wise advice. Many of 
 its rules, read to the boy, bore good fruits in the man ; made 
 him true to himself, true to his God, true to his country. 
 When fourteen years of age he had the offer of a midship- 
 man's place, and was disposed to accept it. But his mother 
 found it hard to part with him : her wishes were his law, 
 and he gave up the plan.
 
 104 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 This earl}'^ habit of obedience fitted Washington to rise 
 in after-life, and to fill well all the offices he held. Only by 
 obeying do we learn to command. The two things were 
 seen in the boy. His schoolmates used to form little com- 
 panies, and George Washington was alwa3's chosen com- 
 mander. Sometimes disputes would spring up between 
 them, and he was sure to be selected as arbiter. We see 
 in all this the germs of that wise general who could recon- 
 cile jealousies and alienations among officers on his staff" 
 and in the whole army, — germs of that grand conciliation 
 which could keep or restore the peace in a President's 
 cabinet made up of such conflicting elements as Jefferson, 
 Hamilton, and Knox. 
 
 Look at the boy, and you see candor in judging others, 
 a modest estimate of himself, economy and industry in his 
 studies and his work as a surveyor and on the farm. From 
 his mother he learned truthfulness, sincerity, and firmness 
 in the right. Out of a loyal childhood came those traits, 
 which, morally speaking, were the crown and glory of his 
 life, — conscientiousness, an integrity on which time and 
 temptation left no stain, and that self-sacrifice which made 
 him a pure patriot, a brave and victorious general, an able, 
 all-comprehending president. 
 
 I have spoken of his early schools, and of his model 
 mother as doing so much toward educating and building up 
 this peerless man. I wish to say, in closing, that the corner- 
 stone of this noble edifice was laid, under God, by his own 
 hand. Washington had a great deal to contend with in his 
 nature. A biographer truly says, "His temperament was 
 ardent, and his passions strong : it was his constant effort, 
 and his ultimate triumph, to check the one, and to subdue 
 the other." 
 
 July 3, 1775, Washington took command of the Ameri- 
 can army on this spot. For that arduous position so tri- 
 umphantly sustained, and for his whole subsequent life, he 
 prepared by ^rsi taking' command of himself.
 
 THE children's ENTERTAINMENT. IO5 
 
 REMARKS OF JAMES ALEXANDER, Esq., 
 
 Of Charlotteville, Virginia. 
 
 On beiftg introduced by Mr. Woodward as coming 
 from Virginia, the home of George Washington and Thomas 
 Jefferson, Mr. Alexander said that he felt it a great honor 
 to be present on this occasion. This morning, in march- 
 ing under the venerable elm, where, one hundred years ago, 
 George Washington, of Virginia, unsheathed his sword, 
 and took Qommand of the Revolutionary army, he had 
 reverently uncovered his head, while his heart swelled 
 with devout adoration to the Almighty for having given 
 to this country so pure a patriot and unselfish a man as 
 George Washington, whom all America delights to honor 
 as the Father of his Country. In Virginia, infant lips are 
 taught to speak the name of Washington ; and long may it 
 continue thus to be ! In Massachusetts, as in Virginia, the 
 name of Washington is the synonyme of all that is great, 
 good, virtuous,- and noble. The orator of the day, as 
 well as the eloquent poet, had rendered him and Virginia 
 full justice. 
 
 Mr. Alexander, on turning around, said that the sight 
 of the bright constellation of stars (young ladies repre- 
 senting the States in the Union) fairly bewildered him. 
 It was a grand vision, a dazzling galaxy of light and 
 beauty. He would, however, pay his obeisance to the 
 fair one in that galaxy w^ho bore across her bosom, in letters 
 of gold, "Virginia;" and bowing to the young lady, the 
 young lady arising, the audience gave three cheers for the 
 State she represented. 
 
 Mr. Alexander alluded to his Virginia home, where the 
 first thing he saw in the morning, and the last at night, 
 was Monticello, the home and the grave of Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, who penned the immortal Declaration of Independence ; 
 the wisest sage and purest patriot of any age, whose prin- 
 ciples were destined to mould and influence governments to 
 the most remote period of time. 
 
 14
 
 I06 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Mr. Alexander here alluded to a visit of the great Massa- 
 chusetts statesman, Daniel Webster, to Thomas Jefferson, 
 and the way the Sabbath was spent by these two great men 
 in discussing the beauties of the Bible ; Mr. Webster reading, 
 from a folio of the Scriptures of the year 1458, some of 
 the sublime passages in Jeremiah, and Mr. Jefferson saying 
 that the Sunday schools presented the only legitimate means, 
 under the Constitution, of avoiding the rock on which the 
 French republic was w^recked. Mr. Jefferson also said on 
 that occasion, " I have always said, and always will say, that 
 the studious perusal of the sacred volume will make better 
 citizens, better fathers, and better husbands." 
 
 To the thousands of children before me, said Mr. Alex- 
 ander, all of whom, perhaps, are Sunday-school scholars, 
 what better advice could be given than the words of the 
 sage of Monticello? Mr. Alexander said he had been a 
 scholar fifty-nine years ago in Christ Church Sunday School, 
 in the then town of Boston ; and he had never forgotten the 
 teachings of his instructors, and would cherish them to 
 the end of life. ''Remember the Sabbath-day, and keep it 
 holy," is as binding now as it was when first promulgated 
 from Mount Sinai. The desecration of the sabbath-day 
 leads to all other vices, and tempts men to wickedness, and 
 corrupts their moral nature. Daniel Webster, in his letter 
 giving an account of his visit to Thomas Jefferson, said, 
 " The sabbath school is one of the great institutions of the 
 day. It leads our youth in the path of truth and morality, 
 and makes them good men and useful citizens. As a school 
 of religious instruction, it is of inestimable value. As a 
 civil institution, it is priceless. It has done more to preserve 
 our liberties than grave statesmen and armed soldiers. 
 Let it, then, be fostered and preserved until the end of 
 time. I once defended a man charged with the awful 
 crime of murder. At the conclusion of the trial, I asked 
 him what could have induced him to stain his hands with 
 the blood of a fellow-being. Turning his blood-shot eyes 
 full upon me, he replied, 'Mr. Webster, in my youth I
 
 THE children's ENTERTAINMENT. 10/ 
 
 spent the holy Sabbath in evil amusements, instead of fre- 
 quenting the house of prayer and praise.'" 
 
 Mr. Alexander returned his thanks to the audience for 
 the attention they had given him in his desultory remarks, 
 saying he would carry with him to his Virginian home the 
 recollections of this day. May God bless our common 
 country ! 
 
 UNDER THE WASHINGTON ELM. 
 By Rev. Wm. Newell, D.D.* 
 
 What broke a hundred years ago 
 
 The stillness of the Muses' seat? 
 It was no village muster's show, 
 
 No common pageant of the street. 
 
 Seen in the sunlight of the past, 
 
 We read its true historic worth ; 
 Through the soft halo round it cast 
 
 Our eyes discern a nation's birth. 
 
 Under the Massachusetts Elm 
 
 Stood the Virginian's noble form, 
 Our brave, wise pilot at the helm 
 In war and peace, in calm and storm. 
 
 And there, on that bright, busy day. 
 
 From farm-house, work-shop, college, drawn, 
 
 Our patriot sires, in armed array. 
 
 Welcomed with joy their Washington. 
 
 Chosen by God to work his will, 
 
 His more than kingly place he found : 
 
 The work begun on Bunker Hill 
 He with a glorious issue crowned. 
 
 * Dr. Newell was pastor of the First Parish in Cambridge from 1830 
 to 1868, and preached in the ancient edifice in which Washington wor- 
 shipped at times during his stay in Cambridge, until the dedication of the 
 new church built for the parish in 1833.
 
 I08 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 And the blue heavens upon him smiled 
 The angels smiled — through tears, 
 
 Seeing the bloody heaps uppiled 
 Along the seven dark years. 
 
 Up from the sheath his sword ! 
 
 It flashed o'er land and sea : 
 With it went forth the word, 
 
 " Our country shall be free ! " 
 
 Under the summer sky, 
 
 Around the towering tree, 
 Uprose the people's cry, 
 " Our country shall be free ! " 
 
 Through the still solitudes, 
 O'er meadow, field, and knoll, 
 
 Into sweet Auburn's woods 
 
 Was borne the war-drum's roll. 
 
 Back from old Harvard's walls 
 And from the house of prayer 
 
 Rang Freedom's trumpet-calls 
 On the New-England air. 
 
 Echoed from town to town 
 The stirring summons went ; 
 
 And all hearts beat as one, 
 On one great purpose bent. 
 
 Shoulder to shoulder then 
 
 North, South, and East and West, 
 
 Stood on each battle-plain. 
 Forward together pressed ; 
 
 And marching, side by side, 
 To one dear country bound, 
 
 Together fought and died, 
 
 With common laurels crowned. 
 
 And what with blood they bought. 
 And what they won with tears, 
 
 Blessings beyond their thought 
 Fill the centennial years.
 
 THE children's ENTERTAINMENT. ^OQ 
 
 Thanks to their God and ours 
 
 For duty nobly done ! 
 Strew we your graves with flowers, 
 
 Soldiers of Washington. 
 
 His honored elm still lives 
 
 'Mid nature's wear and strife, 
 Shelter and shade still gives. 
 
 Though scarred and shorn its life ; 
 
 Welcomes with joy and pride 
 
 The well-remembered day, 
 And, in age glorified. 
 
 Awaits its doomed decay. 
 
 And methinks, at this feast of centennial cheer, 
 From its soft-rustling leaves solemn voices I hear : — 
 
 "Glory enough," it saith : 
 
 " Toll now my funeral-knell : 
 Mine the delight in death 
 
 This hour to see. Farewell ! " 
 
 With the word of farewell, from our patriarch tree 
 Other words would I speak that are whispered to me :] — 
 
 " What outstood the storm under Washington's hand. 
 
 And, grown in God's sunshine, o'ershadows the land. 
 
 Tree of Liberty, nourished with blood at the root, 
 
 Whose seeds scattered wide will bear more and more fruit 
 
 For the healing of nations and righting of wrong. 
 
 Oh ! keep it, God's gift, root and branch, sound and strong. 
 
 Its beauty the eyes of all nations will draw 
 
 If fenced in with reason and guarded by law, 
 
 In a linked band of States, fired with national pride, 
 
 As under the old flag they march side by side. 
 
 For twin growths in our soil that no changes can sever 
 
 Stand Union and Liberty now and for ever." 
 
 And under the sacred memorial tree, 
 
 With prayers for the nation that is and to be, 
 
 Here and now, young and old, oh ! let us renew 
 
 The patriot's vows to the Red, White, and Blue ; 
 
 To the flag that we hold the more dear for its scars. 
 
 With its stars shining bright, and the xvJioIc of its stars."
 
 no CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Hear, O God ! thy children's prayer, 
 
 As on this glad day we swear 
 
 To our country to be true 
 
 In what we say and what we do ; 
 
 And, when the word our country gives, 
 
 Offer our fortunes and our lives. 
 
 God, our Father, hear us now. 
 And record the solemn vow. 
 
 Hear, O God ! thy children's prayer. 
 As on this glad day we swear 
 Blood-bought Freedom to maintain 
 With the blessings in its train ; 
 Giving equal rights to all, 
 White or black, in hut or hall. 
 
 God, our Father, hear us now. 
 And record the solemn vow. 
 
 Hear, O God ! thy children's prayer, 
 
 As on this glad day we swear 
 
 Our great Union to uphold 
 
 Now, as in the days of old : 
 
 North and South, and East and West, 
 
 In each other's blessings, blest. 
 
 God, our Father, hear us now. 
 And record the solemn vow. 
 
 All that makes us strong and great. 
 Freedom's fruits in Church and State, 
 Help us in thy fear to hold. 
 And to nobler issues mould. 
 But from passion, sin, and strife. 
 If the Saviour set us free. 
 Ours is then the heavenward life, 
 Ours the sweetest liberty.
 
 THE CHILDREN S ENTERTAINMENT. Ill 
 
 After the benediction, Mr. Woodward announced that 
 a good friend of the children had provided for them five 
 hundred pounds, making two thousand packages, of candy. 
 
 The generous donor had decHned to allow his name to 
 be announced, but had yielded to a request to allow the 
 experiment of spelling it with a " magic wand." The ex- 
 periment being tried, and the necessary catch-words in- 
 geniously put by Mr. Woodward, many of the children 
 quickly discovered the name to be " Samuel B. Rindge ; " 
 after which the packages were distributed, and the enthu- 
 siastic children closed their entertainment with tumultuous 
 cheers.
 
 THE EVENING CONCERT. 
 
 At sunset, a national salute of thirty-seven guns was 
 fired by Battery A. 
 
 From six to eight o'clock, the bells on Christ Church 
 were chimed by Mr. Henry P. Munroe. 
 
 At eight o'clock, a concert was given on the Common 
 by Edmands' Military Band, Thomas O. Edmands leader; 
 and the following chorus, under direction of Augustus W. 
 Fix : — 
 
 Fh'st Tenor. 
 Daniel C. McCallar. 
 James F. Bird. 
 Ezra H. Stevens. 
 George J. Bird. 
 Jacob B. Shaw. 
 Charles Grieves. 
 William R. Bateman. 
 
 First Bass. 
 B. Otis Danforth. 
 Herbert E. Valentine. 
 Henry Stevens. 
 Albert J. Sawyer. 
 Carlos Nudd. 
 
 Second Tenor. 
 Charles H. Danforth. 
 Edward Davies. 
 Charles J. Wood. 
 John W. Wood. 
 William A. Hunnewell. 
 Roger S. Rundlett. 
 
 Second Bass. 
 John F. Ward. 
 John S. Sawyer. 
 Charles Bates. 
 Benjamin L. Ward. 
 Francis L. Pratt. 
 
 PROGRAMME. 
 
 1. National Airs . 
 
 2. American Hymn 
 
 Band. 
 
 Keller. 
 
 Chorus. 
 '5
 
 I 14 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 3. Overture Brillante, "Vallei des Roses " Rolle. 
 
 Band. 
 
 4. Praise of the Soldier Boieldieu, 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 5. Waltzes, "Tausend und eine Nachts" Strauss. 
 
 Band. 
 
 6. " How have I loved thee, Native Land ! " ...... Mohring. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 7. Quickstep, " Silver Threads among the Gold "... Downing. 
 
 Band. 
 
 8. a. " How can I leave Thee ? " O'amer. 
 
 b. Drinking Song Mohring. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 g. Polka for Cornet Selected. 
 
 Solo by Mr. D. W. Boardman. 
 
 ID. Oh ! Shout, Men of Strength Tenney. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 1 1 . Centennial Hymn Converse. 
 
 Band. 
 
 12. " To thee, O Country ! " • • • Eichberg. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 13. Selections from " La Fille de Madame Angot " . . . Lecocq. 
 
 Band. 
 
 14. Artillerists' Oath Adams. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 15. Waltzes '-Girofle Girofla" Lecocq. 
 
 Band. 
 
 16. a. " He who is Upright " Flenwiing. 
 
 b. " Bright Sword of Liberty " Weber. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 17. Serenade Boulcotird. 
 
 Band. 
 
 18. The Gay Pilgrim Mangold. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 19. Concert Medley Selected. 
 
 Band. 
 
 20. The Watch on the Rhine Wilheld. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 21. \. Galop, " Reito " Piefke. 
 
 2. Sweet Home Payne. 
 
 Band.
 
 THE EVENING CONCERT. I15 
 
 From eight thousand to ten thousand persons were esti- 
 mated to have been present on the Common during the 
 evening, besides large numbers in carriages parked in the 
 surrounding streets. 
 
 Two thousand Chinese-lanterns adorned the various 
 paths, the monument, and the ancient elm ; and the whole 
 scene was enlivened and made effective by brilliant-colored 
 fires, which were burned without intermission till eleven 
 o'clock, filling the place with a dazzling radiance. Upon 
 the top of the Union-Railway office was placed a powerful 
 calcium-light, which gave a magnificent effect to the decor- 
 ations in Harvard Square and to the college-buildings. 
 
 It is worthy of notice, that there was no accident to cast a 
 shadow upon the festivities of the day.
 
 SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, CAMBRIDGE.
 
 GOVERNMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE CITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 1S75. 
 
 MAYOR. 
 
 Hon. ISAAC BRADFORD. 
 
 ALDERMEN. 
 
 Walter -S. Blanchard, George H. Howard, 
 
 Benjamin F. Davies, John H. Leighton, 
 
 Russell S. Edwards, Samuel L. Montague, 
 
 Leander Greely, Jonas C. Wellington. 
 
 Leander M. Hannum, William L. Whitney. 
 
 Aldermen by Wards. — Ward I. Alderman Whitney. Ward II. 
 Aldermen Blanchard and Montague. Ward III. Aldermen Davies, 
 Howard, and Leighton. Ward IV. Aldermen Greely and Hannum. 
 Ward V. Aldermen Edwards and Wellington. 
 
 Clerk. — Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 COMMON COUNCIL. 
 
 George F. Piper, President. 
 
 Ward I. — Lemuel Kempton, Charles Moore, John T. G. Nichols, 
 Walter S. Swan. 
 
 Ward II. — Henry D. Forbes, Thomas A. Graham, David HefFernan, 
 James Mellen, Jr., Hibbard P. Ross. 
 
 Ward III. — John Clary, William E. Doyle, Ale.xander Eraser, Joseph 
 J. Kelly, Charles Quinn. 
 
 Ward IV, — Frank A. Allen, Edmund Reardon, Sulvilyer H. Sanborn, 
 John Stone. 
 
 Ward V. — Jeremiah Murphy, George F. Piper. 
 
 Clerk : Jos. Warren Cotton. Pai^e : Allan P. Kelly. 
 
 Ct'ly Clerk. — Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Clerk of Cojumittees. — Jos. Warren Cotton, 
 
 City Solicitor. — John W. Hammond. 
 
 City Engineer. — Jos i ah G. Chase. 
 
 .Superintendent of Streets. — George L. Cade. 
 
 Superintendent of Lamps. — John Cahill. 
 
 Commissioner on IV. Boston and Craigie^s Bridges. — Ezra Parmentcr. 
 
 City Messenger : Francis L. Pratt. Ass' t Messenger : Charles A. Gay.
 
 Il8 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL, 
 
 FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Auditor of Accounts. — Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Treasurer. — Joseph Whitney. 
 
 Assessors. — Levi L. Gushing, Jr., Artemas Z. Brown, Andrew J. 
 Green. 
 
 Assistant Assessors. — Thomas Stearns, Samuel Sanders^ Bernard J. 
 McGormic, Benjamin F. Nourse, James H. Gutter. 
 
 Commissioners on Sinking Funds of the City. — The Mayor, Gity 
 Treasurer. Alderman Whitney, and the President of the Gommon Goun- 
 cil, ex officio J Lewis Hall, Hamlin R. Harding, John M. Tyler. 
 
 Trustees of Sinking Fimd of Water Loan. — The Mayor, Gity Treas- 
 urer, and the President of the Gommon Gouncil. 
 
 COMMITTEES OF THE CITY COUNCIL. 
 
 JOINT STANDING COMMITTEES. 
 
 On Finance. — The Mayor. Aldermen: William L. Whitney, Sam- 
 uel L. Montague. Co/nmon Council : The President, Edmund Reardon, 
 James Mellen, Jr., Joseph J. Kelly, Walter S. Swan, Frank A. Allen. 
 
 On Public Instruction. — ^/(/^/'ot^;?.- Benjamin F. Davies, Leander 
 M. Hannum. Comtnon Council : The President, Joseph J. Kelly, Henry 
 D. Forbes, Walter S. Swan. 
 
 On Ordinances. — -Aldermen : Walter S. Blanchard, Leander Greely. 
 Common Co7incil : John T. G. Nichols, John Stone, Henry D. Forbes. 
 
 On Accounts. — Aldermen : Russell S. Edwards, George H. Howard. 
 Common Council : John Glary, Frank A. Allen, John T. G. Nichols. 
 
 On Public Property. — Aldermen: Leander M. Hannum,_Samuel L. 
 Montague. Common Council : John Glary, Lemuel Kempton, Jeremiah 
 Murphy. 
 
 On the Almshouse. — ^/^^r;«^«.- Samuel L. Montague, Jonas G. 
 Wellington. Common Coiincil : Alexander Fraser, William E. Doyle, 
 David Heffernan. 
 
 On Roads and Bridges.— Aldermen : William L. Whitne}', Walter 
 S. Blanchard. Common Council: Edmund Reardon, Thomas A. Gra- 
 ham, Gharles Ouinn. 
 
 On Fuel. — Aldermen: Benjamin F. Davies, Samuel L. Montague. 
 Common Council : Alexander Fraser, Gharles Moore, David Heffernan. 
 
 On Lamps. — Aldermen: Leander M. Hannum, Russell S. Edwards. 
 Common Council : Gharles Ouinn, Hibbard P. Ross, Gharles Moore. 
 
 On Watering Streets. — Aldermen: George H. Howard, Leander 
 Greely. Common Council : James Mellen, Jr., Lemuel Kempton, Jere- 
 miah Murphy. 
 
 On Printing. — Alderman : William L. Whitney. Common Coun- 
 cil: John .Stone, Sulvilyer H. Sanl^orn. 
 
 On the Fire Department. — Aldermen: George H. Howard, Lean- 
 der Greely. Common Council : Sulvilyer H. Sanborn, Thomas A. Gra- 
 ham, Lemuel Kempton.
 
 THE CITY GOVERNMENT. II9 
 
 On City Engineering. — Aldermen: Walter S. Blanchard, Russell 
 S. Edwards. Common Council : Hibbard P. Ross, Joseph J. Kelly, Wil- 
 liam E. Doyle. 
 
 On Assessors' Department. — Alder/nan : John H. Leighton. Com- 
 mon Council : Charles Moore, Hibbard P. Ross. 
 
 JOINT SPECIAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 On Soldiers and their Families. — Aldermen: Jonas C. Welling- 
 ton, John H. Leighton. Common Council : John T. G. Nichols, James 
 Mellen, Jr., William E. Doyle, John Stone, Jeremiah Murphy. 
 
 STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF MAYOR 
 AND ALDERMEN. 
 
 On Police. — The Mayor, William L. Whitney, Samuel L. Montague, 
 John H. Leighton. 
 
 On the Fire Department. — George H. Howard, Leander Greely, 
 Jonas C. WeUington. 
 
 On Roads and Bridges. — William L. Whitney, Walter S. Blan- 
 chard, Benjamin F. Davies. 
 
 On Sewers and Drains. — Leander Greely, Jonas C. Wellington, 
 John H. Leighton. 
 
 On Licenses. — Russell S. Edwards, Leander M. Hannum, George 
 H. Howard. 
 
 On Health. — John H. Leighton, William L. Whitney, Walter S. 
 Blanchard. 
 
 STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE COMMON COUNCIL. 
 
 On Elections and Returns. — Alexander Eraser, Edmund Rear- 
 don, Thomas A. Graham. 
 
 On Bills in the Second Reading. — John Clary, Frank A. Allen, 
 David Heffernan. 
 
 On Enrolled Ordinances. — Sulvilyer H. Sanborn, Henry D. 
 Forbes, Walter S. Swan. 
 
 BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 The Mayor and Aldermen. 
 
 SURVEYORS OF HIGHWAYS. 
 
 The same persons who compose the Board of Mayor and Aldermen. 
 
 SCHOOL COMMITTEE. 
 
 Isaac Bradford, Mayor, ex officio. Chairman. 
 
 Ward I. — Andrew P. Peabody, Edwin B. Hale, John L. Hildrcth. 
 
 ,, IL — William S. Karr, Edward R. Cogswell, Henry Hinckley. 
 
 „ in. — Samuel W. McDaniel, John O'Brien, Albert L. Norris. 
 
 „ IV. — George E. McNeil, James A. Dow, George R. Leavitt. 
 
 „ V. — Wm. S. Apsey, Philip R. Ammidon, Theop. G. Wadman.
 
 120 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Secretary: W. W. Wellington. Sieperinfendeut of Schools : Francis 
 Cogswell. 
 
 N.B. — -For list of teachers in the public schools, see p. 124. 
 
 OVERSEERS OF THE POOR. 
 
 The Mayor, ex officio, Chair/nan. One Year: Benjamin F. Wyeth, 
 George D. Chamberlain, Jeremiah H. Mulcahy. Two Years : Sylvanus 
 M. Parsons, Joseph Nevvmarch, Lewis B. Guyer. 
 
 Clerk. — Benjamin F. Wyeth. 
 
 Warden of the Ahnshouse. — Joseph W. Averill. ..^ 
 
 Physicia7i of the Ahiishoiise. — James R. Morse, M.D. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES IN GENERAL COURT. 
 Levi L. Gushing, Jr., Daniel H. Thurston, Edward Kendall, Austin C. 
 Wellington, Jeremiah W. Coveney. 
 
 POLICE COURT. 
 Standing yustice : John S. Ladd. Special Justices : Henry W. Muz- 
 zey. Woodward Emery. Clerk: Thomas Mclntire. 
 
 WATER DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Cambridge Water Boara. — The Mayor, and President of the Common 
 Council, ex officio. J. Warren Merrill, Chester W. Kingsley (President), 
 Henry L. Eustis, George P. Carter, Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 Clerk. — Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Superintendent of Waterwotks. — Samuel W. Dudley. 
 
 Water Registrar. — Abiel F. Fifield. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE CEMETERY. 
 
 Coinniissioners. — The Mayor, ex officio. George T. Gale, William 
 Page, George S. Saunders, Curtis Davis, George R. Brine, John M. Tyler. 
 Superintendent. — James K. Farwell. 
 
 TRUSTEES OF DANA LIBRARY. 
 The Mayor, ex officio, Chairman. Aldertnan : William L. Whitney. 
 Common Council: George F. Piper. Citizens at Large : John S. March, 
 Charles Deane, John B. Taylor. Librarian : Miss Almira L. Hayward. 
 Secretary : John S. March. 
 
 TRUSTEES OF THE DOWSE INSTITUTE. 
 
 The Mayor, and President of the Common Council, ex officio. John C. 
 Dodge, William W. Wellington, Willard A. Bullard. 
 
 TRUSTEES OF THE SANDERS TEMPERANCE FUND. 
 The Mayor, and President of the Common Council, ex officio. Alder- 
 man: Jonas C. Wellington. Common Council : John Clary, John Stone.
 
 THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 121 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Board of Engineers. — Chief /Cngineej- : Patrick H. Raymond. 
 Assistant Engineers: First Assistant, Thomas J. Casey; Second As- 
 sistant, Richard F. Tobin ; Third Assistant, Daniel O'Connell ; Fourth 
 Assistant, John P. Farmer, Jr. Clerk of the Board : John P. Far- 
 mer, Jr. 
 
 Steam Fire-Eiigine Company^ No. 0/u\ Foreman, William H. Emory ; 
 yVi?. Tiuo, William B. Cade; No. Three, William Parker; No. Four, 
 Benjamin Young ; No. Five, Francis P. Scanlan. Hook-and-Ladder 
 Company, No. One, Foreman, James P. Ewell ; No. Two, Jame« Dalton. 
 Supply Hose, No. One. Driver, Lewis C. Clark. 
 
 POLICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Chief of Police. — George H. Copeland. 
 
 Captains of Police. — District I. Timothy Ames. District II. Wil- 
 liam Twist. District III. John L. Boynton. 
 
 Captain of Night Police. — Frederick W. Hagar. 
 
 Policemen. — District I. Thomas D. Cook, James B. Morse, Micah 
 W. Cook, Andrew Sproul, Andrew G. Smith, George A. Marston, Benja- 
 min Kennard, L. J. Cloyes, William T. Gibson, James Miller, Leonard 
 Shackford, Daniel Callahan, William H. Fitzpatrick, John Le Barron, 
 Frederic B. Pullen, Albert D. Cleveland, Henry M. Tyler, Alonzo S. 
 Harriman, Thomas W. Penney, WiUiam Evans, Jr., Hugh McNamee. 
 District II. Benjamin F. Bridden, Daniel Sherman, James H. Parks, 
 George Wood, Warner W. Simonds, John Coleman, Calvin C. Smith, 
 Luther Hapgood, Simon D. Hiscock, Rufus S. Downe, George Cox, 
 Charles B. Jones, James E. Murray, John Little, Thomas S. Hall, Charles 
 W. Rugg, William Nickelson, Lawrence Ducy, Michael A. Dalton, James 
 Daily, James S. Alexander. District III. William Mullett, Dennis Cor- 
 coran, Moses W. Hooper, John F. Murray, Matthew R. Moore, Amos 
 Jones, David N. McCleary, Stephen E. Day, John Collier, Warren A. 
 Eaton, Otis Dennison, John W. Skelley, John Jackson. 
 
 Keeper of Lock-7ips. — George H. Copeland. 
 
 Truant-Officers. — Mark J. Folsom, Moses M. Child, George S. 
 Dudley, Augustus P. Griffing, Francis M. Mason. 
 
 Constables. — C&oxgQ H. Copeland, William Twist, John L. Boynton, 
 John C. Burdakin, Thomas Work, Thomas Mclntire, Charles H. Hun- 
 newell, Charles J. Adams, James F. Jefferds, John W. Skelley, Warner 
 W. Simonds, Thomas D. Cook, Charles L. Russell, Benjamin King, 
 Patrick H. Raymond, Thomas T. Ferguson, Timothy Ames, John Cahill, 
 *M. S. Busnach, William Dickson, Edward S. English, W. A. Taylor, 
 Amos Jones, George F. McKenzie, E. B. Ramsdell, Michael A. Kecnan, 
 Reuben A. Adams, George L. Mitchell, Calvin Ford. 
 
 Special Policemen. — v. H. Raymond, Thomas J. Casey, Joseph H. 
 Marvin, Samuel W. Dudley, Daniel O'Connell, John P. Farmer, Jr., 
 
 i6
 
 122 CAMBRIDGE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Thomas H. Eames, Edward F. Belcher, Roland Litchfield, Charles L. 
 Russell, William L. Locklin, G. C. W, Fuller, J. L. P. Ackers, Charles 
 H. Wiggin, B. A. Brown, Lucius A. Buck, James F. JefFerds, Joseph W. 
 Averill, Roland Litchfield, Jr., James C. Wilder, Thomas Mclntire, James 
 K. Farwell, Hiram Nevons, James M. Learned, George Henderson, 
 George Dale, Jesse H. Kittredge, George Smith, Charles P. Allen, Sam- 
 uel F. Hunt, George J. Sutton, Joseph Bebo, Alexis Brus.seau, Anthony 
 Chalifrau, Patrick ftunnigan, Moore R. Homer, Thomas Cowen. Noah 
 M. Cofran, Benjamin F. Livingston, Charles A. Gay, James W. Lover- 
 ing, George B. Lothrop, Orlando B. Richardson, Richard F. Tobin, 
 Charles H. Winslow, Joseph Collins, E. G. Hall, George T. Barrington, 
 Michael Ginty, John L. Sproul, Joseph Smith, William Kelly, E. F. 
 Young, George Putnam, Thomas Briney, George S. Pike, William H. 
 Grieves, A. A. Barker, G. E. S. Hutchins, William Martin, F. W. 
 Blumve, Joseph G. Glazier, Joseph Moran, Joshua S. Sanborn, George 
 W. Wright, George W. Metcalf, George T. R. Roberts, George Stott, 
 Charles A. True, Joseph K. Tarbox, John McGrath, Walter E. Mellish, 
 Joseph Baker, Thomas Langlan, Jacob Foster, Thomas J. Saunders, 
 John Mahady, Alexander F. Shepherd, Edward E. Farrar, William Hun- 
 newell, Daniel R. Melcher, John Hughes, Frank Goudraw, Frederick H. 
 Greenwood, Frank J. Curtis, George H. Sherman, George E. Goodwin, 
 Francis M. Mason, Mark J. Folsom, Moses M. Child, George S. Dudley, 
 Augustus P. Griffing, William Porter, Charles H. Stetson, John Axtman. 
 
 Superintendent of Burial Ground., Ward I. — Benjamin F. Wyeth. 
 
 Undertakers. — Benjamin F. Wyeth, Roland Litchfield, Samuel F. 
 Hunt, Thomas Devens, John W. Coveney, Judson Litchfield, William 
 Casey, C. Henry Lockhart, Alvah A. Hadley, Benjamin J. Hoyt, W. A. 
 Taylor, William C. Walker. 
 
 Anctioneers. — Samuel R. Knights, G. C. W. Fuller, Oliver R. Osborn, 
 Humphrey L. Snow, Samuel F. Rugg, Thomas T. Ferguson, C. F. Boyn- 
 ton, John C. Farnham, John L. Porter, Edward Burnham, George C. 
 Hosmer, George O. Knox, Henry A. Burkett, Benjamin King, Michael 
 James Moss, Orrin P. Kinne, John R. Fairbairn, Edward H. Carter, 
 George F. McKenzie, Samuel C. Knights, Jeremiah W. Coveney, James 
 C. Wilder, John Cahill, T. W. Ray, Reuben A. Adams, Edwin P. Hen- 
 derson. 
 
 Fence-Viewers. — George B. Lothrop, Abiel Goss, Abel Stevens. 
 
 Field-Drivers. — The several policemen of Districts I., II., and III. 
 
 Measurers of Wood and Bark. — John R. Taylor, Francis H. White, 
 Benjamin J. Hoyt, J. Henry Wyman, John F. Brine. 
 
 Pound-Keepers. — James Gilligan, Thomas D. Cook, George A. Mars- 
 ton. 
 
 Fish-Officers. — Thomas D. Cook, Joseph W. Averill, Andrew Sproul. 
 
 Hay-Weii^hers. — Timothy Sullivan, William C. Brooks, William H. 
 Dodge, Francis H. White, John F. Brine, Harrison G. Woodward.
 
 THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 123 
 
 Coal-lVeighe>-s.—]zn\Q5 F. Jefferds, John F. Brine, Thomas Mclntire, 
 William A. Hunnewell, J. Henry Wyman, William C. Brooks, Jones Val- 
 entine, Alfred H. Wellington, Harrison G. Woodward, Malachi Mullen. 
 
 Weigher of Boilers and Heavy Machinety. — Harrison G. Woodward. 
 
 Weighers. — ]o%^^\\ W. Averill, Patrick Dunnigan, Edmund Reardon, 
 James H. Reardon, Henry Hooker, Thomas Ralph, George W. Wright, 
 Joshua S. Sanborn. 
 
 Sealer of Weights and Measures, Inspector of Milk, Inspector of 
 Charcoal Baskets, and Measurer of Grain. — John Cahill. 
 
 Surveyors of Mechanics' Work. — William S. Barbour, William A. 
 Mason, John S. Pollard. 
 
 Measurer and Surveyor. — E. F. Young. 
 
 Inspectors of Junk-Shops. — George H. Copeland, Amos Jones, 
 Warner W. Simonds. 
 
 WARD OFFICERS. 
 
 Ward I. — Warden: Henry R. Glover. Clerk: Francis L. Pratt. 
 Inspectors : Joseph Williams, Edmund Miles, Nathaniel Munroe. 
 
 Ward \\.— Warden: Charles F. Thurston. Clerk: Harry B. Win- 
 nett. Inspectors: Walter H. Harding, Charles E. Pierce, George A. 
 Leonard. 
 
 Ward III. — Warden: Luther L. Parker. Clerk: Andrew Fogg. 
 Inspectors : Augustus W. Fix, Daniel Shaughnessy, James J. Colman. 
 
 Ward IV. — Warden : Charles L. Russell. Clerk : Benjamin F. 
 Hastings. Inspectors : James F. White, William H. Ackers, Zephaniah 
 H. Thomas, Jr. 
 
 Ward V. — Warden: Francis M. Mason. Clerk : Francis H. White. 
 Inspectors : Charles L. Fuller, Henry K. Parsons, Charles F. Fay.
 
 TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 High School. — Lyman R. Williston, William F. Bradbury, Theo- 
 dore P. Adams, John Orne, Jr., Solon F. Whitne)', Mary F. Peirce, 
 Augusta L. Brigham, Olive E. Fairbanks, Hannah Gleason, Emma A. 
 Scudder, Mary C. C. Goddard, Emma F. Munroe. 
 
 Grammar Schools. — Allston : Benjamin W. Roberts, Lizzie B. 
 Winnett, Emma F. King, Emily R. Pitkin, Sarah G. Hinkley, Hannah 
 L. Hill, Minnie L. McKay, Hattie E. Keith, Emma E. Perkins, Susan 
 H. Ricker, Ida G. Smith, Lucia E. Whiting, Etta Woods. Harvard : 
 Aaron B. Magoun, Augusta H. Dodge, Ada H. Wellington, Margaret B. 
 Wellington, Mary E. Wyeth, Susan F. Athearn, Emily F. Damon, Sarah 
 E. Dyer, Mary F. Emerson, Sarah E. Golden, Margaret R. Hodgkins, 
 Sarah E. Hearsey, Lydia S. King, Annie M. Leiand, Susan E. Merrill, 
 Ellen Merrick. Puinai/i : James S. Barrell, Sarah M. Burnham, Ella R. 
 Grieves, Eliza M. Hussey, Charlotte A. Brown, Augusta G. Mirick, 
 Sarah L. Merrill, Addie Stone, Marion H. Burnham, Carrie Close. 
 Sliepard : Daniel B. Wheeler, Mary C. Cooke, Emma M. Taylor, Estelle 
 H. Varney, John Wilson, Sara J. French, S. F. Gordon, Harriet L. Hay- 
 ward, Julia H. Osgood, Sarah A. Rand, Cora M. Wheeler. Thoriidike : 
 Ruel H. Fletcher, Ellen M. Parker, Martha A. Martin, Mary E. Nason, 
 Isabella B. Tenney, Fannie Allen, Ella W. Clark, Ruth H. Faxon, Emma 
 A. Hopkins, Abby A. K. i^oward, Mary A. Willis, Grace W. Fletcher. 
 WasJiingtoii : Daniel Ma^field, Hattie T. Nealley, Lucy A. Downing, 
 Adeline M. Ireson, Emma F. Veazie, Adeha Dunham, Ada E. Doe, 
 Abbie'J. Hodgkins, Adelaide A. Keeler, Dora Puifer, Abby M. Webb, 
 Abbie M. Holder. IVebsler : John D. Billings, Gertrude E. Hale, Char- 
 lotte M. Chase, Louise C. D. Harlow, Mary E. Towle, Gertrude A. Hyde, 
 Esther F. Hannum, Susan B. Holmes, Carrie M. Kingman, Anna S. 
 Lamson, Hattie E. Warfield, Clara E. Matchett, Emily H. Phinney, Alice 
 Gray. 
 
 Primary Schools. — Boardnian : Adah W. Baker, Augusta L. Balch, 
 Fannie A. Cooke, S. N. Chamberlain, Eliza A. Dow, Mary A. Lewis, 
 Sarah E. Stewart, Nettie Sargent. Bridge: Elizabeth E. Dallinger, 
 Emily C. Dallinger. City : Etta S. Adams, Nellie A. Hutchins. Dana : 
 Abby A. Lewis, Maria F. Williams. Dunster : M. Louise Akerman,
 
 TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 1 25 
 
 Mary E. Smallidge, Sarah B. Waitt, Susan E. Wyeth. Felton : Geor- 
 gianna L. Backus, Lizzie C. Capen, Sarah L. Cutler, Eliza J. Cutler, 
 A. M. Houghton, Ella L. Lynes. Gannett : Sarah J. A. Davis, Estelle 
 J. French, Anna M. Jones, Lottie E. Mitchell, Lucy C. Wyeth. Gore: 
 Harriet A. Butler, Addie M. Bettinson, Mary A. Bourne, Agnes M. Cox, 
 Mary E. Hartwell, Jennie A. Norris, Frances E. Pendexter, Alice J. 
 Winward. Harvard : Ellen A. Cheney, Helen M. Ward, Florence M. 
 Hayward. Holmes: Mary L. Bullard, Eunice W. Field, Louisa G. 
 Matchett, Marianne M. Webb. Mason: M. Lizzie Evans, Alma A. 
 Smith. Otis ; Martha H. Butler, Luvia Goodnow, Annie Knapp, Ellen 
 N. Pike, Carrie H. Smith, Abby S. Taylor, Lydia A. Whitcher, Kate F. 
 Wellington. Putnam : Nellie F. Ball. Qidncy : T. G. Abercrombie, 
 Charlotte E. Jewell, Nellie Johnson. Reed : Harriet N. Keyes, Lucy 
 T. Sawyer, Evelyn A. Sawyer, Elizabeth A. Tower. Sargent : Mary A. 
 Brown, M. E. Dickson, Annie M. Harrod, Frances J. Harrod. Wil- 
 lard: Evelina Brooks, Fannie E. Cooke, Susan M. Cochran, H. Flora 
 Hannum, Kate M. Lowell, Mary E. Sawyer, Mary Ann Tarbell, Amelia 
 Wright, Laura Wright, Grace R. Woodward. Wyman : Fannie E. M. 
 Dennis, Letitia M. Dennis, M. Carrie Dickman, Charlotte A. Ewell. 
 Training School: Anna C. Sullivan, M. Etta Arkerson, Emma B. Alley, 
 Jenny Prescott, Ella C. Whitney. 
 
 Teacher of Singing. — Nathan Lincoln. 
 Superintendent of Schools. — Francis Cogswell.
 
 CITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CITY GOVERNMENT, 
 In 1S46, TO 1875. 
 
 Mayor. 
 
 City Clerk. 
 
 President 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Common Council. 
 
 Clerk of the 
 Common Counol. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 1S46. 
 
 James D. Green. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 Isaac Livermore. 
 
 Charles S. Newell. 
 
 Abel W. Bruce. 
 
 i?47. 
 
 James D. Green. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Charles S. Newell. 
 
 Abel W. Bruce. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Sidney Willard. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John C. Dodge. 
 
 Charies S. Newell. 
 
 Abel W. Bruce. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Sidney Willard. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 .Samuel P. Heywood. 
 
 Eben M. Dunbar. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Sidney Willard. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 Samuel P. Heywood. 
 
 Eben M. Dunbar. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 185 1. 
 
 George Stevens. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John S. Ladd. 
 
 Eben M. Dunbar. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 1852. 
 
 George Stevens. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Eben M. Dunbar. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 1853. 
 
 James D. Green. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Eben M. Dunbar. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 1854- 
 
 Abraham Edwards. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 John C. Dodge. 
 
 Henry Thayer. 
 
 Samuel Slocomb. 
 
 1855- 
 
 Zebina L. Raymond. 
 
 Lucius R. Paige. 
 
 Alanson Bigelow. 
 
 Henry Thayer. 
 
 A. J. Webber. 
 
 1856. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Henry Thayer. 
 
 George S. Saunders. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph A. Holmes. 
 
 1857. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 George S. Saunders. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph A. Holmes. 
 
 1858. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 James C. Fisk. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1859. 
 
 John Sargent. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 James C. Fisk. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 i860. 
 
 James D. Green. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Hamlin R. Harding. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1861. 
 
 James D. Green. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Hamlin R. Harding. 
 
 James M. Chase. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1S62. 
 
 Charles Theo. Russell. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Jared Shepard. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1863. 
 
 George C. Richardson. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 George S. Saunders. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1S64. 
 
 Zebina L. Raymond. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 George S- Saunders. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1865. 
 
 J. Warren Merrill. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 John S. March. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1866. 
 
 J. Warren Merrill. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 John S. March. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph VVhitney. 
 
 1867. 
 
 Ezra Parmenter. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Marshall T. Bigelow. 
 
 Joseph G. Holt. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1868. 
 
 Charles H. Saunders. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Heniy W. Muzzey. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1S69. 
 
 Charles H. Saunders. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Henry W. Muzzey. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph W^hitney. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Hamlin R. Harding. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Joseph H. Converse. 
 
 J. VVarren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Hamlin R. Harding. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Joseph H. Converse. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Henry O. Houghton. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Alvaro Blodgett. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Isaac Bradford. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 Alvaro Blodgett. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1S74. 
 
 Isaac Bradford. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs. 
 
 George F. Piper. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Isaac Bradford. 
 
 Justin A. Jacobs.' 
 
 George F. Piper. 
 
 J. Warren Cotton. 
 
 Joseph Whitney.
 
 CITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 POLLS, VALUATION, AND TAXES. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Polls, 3224. Inhabitants, 12,500. 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate "* $6,378,836.00 
 
 Valuation of Personal Estate 2,933,645.00 
 
 Total Valuation $9,312,481.00 
 
 Rate of Taxation $5 on $1000 
 
 City Tax for 1846 $44,000 
 
 1856. 
 
 Polls, 4806. Inhabitants, 20,473. 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate $12,467,950.00 
 
 Valuation of Personal Estate 5,570,700.00 
 
 Total Valuation $18,038,650.00 
 
 Rate of Taxation $7.70 on $1000 
 
 City Tax for 1S56 $125,790.88 
 
 1866. 
 
 Polls, 7253. Dwellings, 4591. Inhabitants, 29,114. 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate $17,803,400.00 
 
 Valuation of Personal Estate 10,582,300.00 
 
 Total Valuation $28,385,700.00 
 
 Rate of Taxation $13.20 on $1000 
 
 City Tax for 1866 $293,562.40 
 
 1875. 
 
 Polls, 11,983. Dwellings, 7676. Inhabitants, 47,838. 
 
 Valuation of Real Estate $50,155,300.00 
 
 Valuation of Personal Estate 16,467,715.25 
 
 Total Valuation $66,623,015.25 
 
 Rate of Taxation $17 on $1000 
 
 Cily Tax for 1875 $1,011,000
 
 F 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 Series 9482