4 I92 4 MERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION 130 East 15th Street, New York, N. Y. 1921 Convention A Selected and Annotated Bibliography on Gas Purification. By A. R. POWELL and K. C. WALKER Sub-Committee I of the Purification Committee * Published by permission of the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines. | OUTLINE OF CLASSIFICATION I. Sulphur Compounds in Gas; Their Reactions, Identifi- cation and Analysis. 1. Sulphur Compounds Present in Gas. 2. General Properties, Reaction and Analysis. a. Hydrogen sulphide. b. Carbon bisulphide. c. Other possible sulphur compounds. II. Gas Purification (Removal of Sulphur from Gas). 1. Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide. a. General reviews. b. Iron oxide purification. i Composition and properties of iron oxide, ii Methods of manufacture and description of oxide for purification, iii Reactions and products, iv Revivification, v Spent oxide. a. Extraction of sulphur. b. Utilization other than sulphur ex- traction. vi Construction of purifiers, vii Operation of purifiers. c. Lime and other solid purification. d. Liquid purification. i Feld process, ii Burkheiser process, iii Miscellaneous processes. e. Gaseous purification. 2. Removal of Carbon Bisulphide. a. Hot purification. b. Alkali cellulose. c. Miscellaneous processes. 3. Removal of Other Organic Sulphur Compounds. Pitt A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON GAS PURIFICATION x BY A. R. Powsu, 2 and K. C. This bibliography was prepared as a portion of the work of the Purification Committee for the year 1921. As the title indicates, it is not intended to be a complete, com- pendium of the literature on gas purification, but is designed to cover the more important published work which has been done on the theory and practice of gas purification. In order to reduce errors and omissions of important work as much as possible in the limited time available, this bibliography was sent to each member of the purification committee for criticisms and suggestions : it is requested that other readers send their criticisms to the author for inclusion in the final corrected copy of the proceedings in which this report will be published. Some older references have not been given since they have been covered fairly well in the historical review of gas purification by Wolffram (Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 54, 1911, pp. 299-305, 323-329). Much additional information on gas puri- fication may also be found in the various reports of the British Alkali Inspector. Very few of the numerous patents on gas purification have been included in this bibliography and then only because they bring out some special process or idea not described in the literature. 1 Published by permission of the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines. 2 Chairman, Subcommittee I. Purification Committee, American Gas Association. Physical Organic Chemist, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. * Research Reference Librarian, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. 551163 * Acknowledgment for valuable assistance and sugges- tions in the compilation of this bibliography is gratefully given to Mr. A. C. Fieldner, Chairman of the Purification Committee, Mr. C. H. Stone, Rochester Gas & Electric Cor- poration, Dr. J. F. Wing, Boston Consolidated Gas Com- pany, Mr. F. W. Sperr, Jr., Koppers Company, Mr. W. A. Dunkley, Bureau of Mines, and to all the other members of the Purification Committee. I. Sulphur compounds in gas; their reactions, identifica- tions and analysis. 1. Sulphur compounds present in gas. 1. McBride, R. S., & Weaver, E. R. Determination of sulphur in illuminating gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 122, 1913, pp. 598-600. Gasch's experiments. Seven or eight grains per 100 cu. ft. are present. 2. Schwefelkohlenstofrgehalt im Leuchtgas bei Ver- tikalofenbetrieb. (Amount of carbon bisulphide in illuminating gas from vertical retorts.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 51, 1908, pp. 83-84. Carbon bisul- phide in vertical retorts lower than in horizontal due to less overheating in vertical retorts. Experi- ments carried on in laboratories of the Imperial Continental Gas Association and German Conti- nental Gas Association. 2. General properties, reactions and analysis. a. Hydrogen sulphide. 3. Bean, H. J. Determination of hydrogen sulphide in gas. Amer. Gas Assoc. Mon., vol. 2, 1920, pp. 265-268. Indirect iodometric method. 4. Bosshard, E., & Horst, C. Untersuchung iiber die Schwefelbestimmung im Leuchtgas nach Methode von Dickerts. (Investigation of Dickert's method for sulphur in gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 55,. 1913, pp. 1093-1094. Claims that method mentioned in 6 gives very low results. 5. Dewey, M. J. Testing sulphur in gas. Gas Age, vol. 35, 1915, p. 336. lodometric method. 6. Dickerts, M. Determining sulphur in coal gas. Gas World, vol. 57, 1913, p. 755. Claims that all sulphur in the gas is oxidized to sulphate by pass- ing through alkaline perhydrol. (Concentrated hydrogen peroxide.) 7. Perhydrol zur Bestimmung des Gesamt- schwefels im Leuchtgas. (Perhydrol for determi- nation of total sulphur in illuminating gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 54, 1911, pp. 182-3. 8. Fischer, F. (Apparatus for estimating sulphur in coal.) Zeit. angew. Chem., Bd. 10, 1897, p. 302. Gas burned and oxidized with hydrogen peroxide. Precipitated as BaSO 4 . 9. Greville, H. Determination of sulphuretted hydro- gen in coal gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 76, 1900, p. 1264. Abstract Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 20, 1901, p. 73. Uses standard solution of ammoniacal copper sulphate. 10. Harding, E. P. Description of improved apparatus and of a modification of Drehschmidt's method for the determination of total sulphur in coal gas. Amer. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 28, 1906, pp. 537-541. Burned in space containing bromine vapors and aspirated through potassium carbonate solution. ii. & Johnson, E. Determination of hydrogen sulphide in illuminating gas. Eighth International Cong, of Applied Chem., vol. 25, 1913, pp. 673-675. 12. Hailstone, H. J. Estimation of sulphur in coal gas and benzol. Gas World, vol. 58, 1913, p. 37. Prod- ucts of combustion led through solution of hydro- gen peroxide and ammonia. 13. Hirsch, M. (Determination of total sulphur in coal gas by means of N/io iodine solution.) Chem. Zeit., Bd. 43, 1919, p. 482, Abstract, Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 38, 1919, p. 707a. lodometric method used with Drehschmidt apparatus. 14. Jenkins, C. D. Determination of total sulphur in illuminating gas. Amer. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 28, 1906, pp. 542-544. Burned in NH ;! , condensed and oxidized with Br. water. Portable apparatus de- scribed. 15. McBride, R. S., & Edwards, J. D. Bureau of Standards Test for H 2 S. Gas Age, vol. 34, 1914, pp. 519-523. Uses lead acetate. 16. & Weaver, E. R. Determination of sulphur in illuminating gas. Gas Age, vol. 31, 1913, pp. 445- 449. Comparison of methods. 17. Meybloom, W. F. Direct estimation of hydrogen sulphide in illuminating gas. Gas World, vol. 56, 1912, p. 401. 18. Miiller, A. (Determination of hydrogen sulphide in coal gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 43, 1901, pp. 792- 793. Abstract, Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 20, 1901, p. 73. Cadmium acetate to absorb the hydrogen sulphide. 19. Mylius, F., & Hiittner, C. Schnellmethode zur Be- stimmung des Schwefels im Leuchtgas. (Rapid method for determination of sulphur in illuminat- ing gas.) Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, Jahrg. 49, 1916, pp. 1428-1443. Oxidation by porous platinum catalyst. 20. Roscoe, H. E., & Schorlemmer, C. Treatise on Chemistry, vol. i, London, 1911, pp. 387-393. Good description of properties and reaction of hydrogen sulphide. 21. Somerville, C. W. Determination of sulphur in gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 116, 1912, p. 676. 22. Rapid estimation of sulphur and hydrogen sulphide in illuminating gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 112, 1911, p. 28. 23. Tutwiler, C. C. Estimation of hydrogen sulphide in illuminating gas. American Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 23, 1901, p. 173. Describes Tutwiler apparatus for iodometric titration of hydrogen sulphide. b. Carbon bisulphide (Methods for total sulphur in gas given in "a") 24. Harding, E. P., & Doran, J. Technical determina- tion of carbon bisulphide in illuminating gas. Amer. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 29, 1907, pp. 1480- 1488. CS 2 absorbed in alcoholic KOH, acidified and precipitated with standard copper acetate. KI added and iodine titrated. 25. Roscoe, H. E., & Schorlemmer, C. Treatise on Chemistry, vol. i, London, 1911, pp. 825-832. De- scription of properties and reactions of carbon bi- sulphide. c. Other possible sulphur compounds. (Method for total sulphur in gas given in "a") Properties and reactions of mercaptans, thioethers, thiophene, carbon oxysulphide, etc., given in most text-books on organic chemistry. II. Gas Purification (Removal of Sulphur from Gas). i. Removal of hydrogen sulphide. a. General reviews. 26. Bell, J. F. British practice in purification of coal gas. International Gas Cong. Trans., vol. , 1915, Abstract Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 131, 1915, pp. 699- 700. 27. Bertelsmann, W. (Simultaneous recovery of am- monia and sulphur from the carbonization of coal.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 62, 1919, pp. 3-4, 21-22. Re- view of the following special processes : Fabry, Bergfeld, Cobb, Burkheiser, Fritzches, and Feld. - 28. Dunkley, W. A. Some conditions affecting the use- fulness of iron oxide for city gas purification. Ur- bana, 1921. (Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 1 19.) This report was prepared under a co-operative agreement between the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, The Illinois State Geological Survey, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 29. Farmer, C. F. Preparation of purifying material and the purification of gas. Prog. Age, vol. 27, p. 501. 30. Liese, K. (Oxide purification in Germany). Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 62, 1919, p. 113. 31. Little, A. B. Purification of gas. Amer. Gas Light. Jour., vol. 95, 1911, pp. 5-7, 17-19. 32. Odell, W. W., & Dunkley, W. A. Removal of sul- phur from illuminating gas. Amer. Inst. Min. & Met. Engrs. Bull., 1919, p. 2301. 33. Schumann, P. (Oxide purification in Germany.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 62, 1919, p. 77. 8 34- Stone, H. E. Coal gas purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 116, 1911, pp. 761-765. Same, Gas World, vol. 55, 1911, pp. 748-750. 35. Wolff ram, H. (Evolution of gas purification.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 54, 1911, pp. 299-305, 323-329. Historical review. b. Iron oxide purification, i. Composition and properties of iron oxide. 36. Bancroft, W. D. Hydrous ferric oxide. Jour. Phys. Chem., vol. 19, 1915, pp. 232-240. Preparation of different forms of ferric oxide. 37. Fulweiler, W. H., & Kunberger, A. F. Some of the physical characteristics of ferric oxide. Amer. Gas Light. Jour., vol. 99, 1913, pp. 369-373. Absorption for H 2 S is better the smaller the particles. 38. Posnjak, E., & Merwin, H. E. Hydrated ferric oxides. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, 1919, pp. 311-348. Proof that only one chemical hydrate of iron oxide exists, namely, Fe 2 O 3 .H 2 O. 39. Sosman, R. B., & Merwin, H. W. Preliminary report on the system lime-ferric oxide. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 6, 1916, pp. 532-537. Two double compounds are formed by heating lime and oxide of iron together. 40. Weiser, H. B. Hydrous oxides, I. Hydrous ferric oxide. Jour. Phys. Chem., vol. 24, 1920, pp. 277- 328. Discusses hydration and sizes of particles. 41. Weyman, G. Relation between molecular structure and activity toward hydrogen sulphide of oxide of iron. Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., vol. 37, 1918, pp. 333T-336T. Results of heating and cooling oxides on their activity toward H 2 S. Reviews previous work on constitution of ferric hydrates. ii. Methods of manufacture and description of oxides for purification. 42. Ab-der-halden, M. C. Efficiency of purifying oxide. Gas World, vol. 58, 1913, p. 251. Allows H 2 S to act on oxide and absorbs water in CaCl 2 . Calcu- lates H 2 S, absorption from water. 43. Anderson, G. Purification of coal gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 123, 1913, p. 361. Fine division in- creases efficiency but hydration has no effect. 44. Farmer, C. F. Preparation of purifying material and purification of gas. Amer. Gas Light. Jour., vol. 91, 1909, pp. 383-384. Oxide made from iron borings. 45. American Gas Association Gas Purification Com- mittee Report. Amer. Gas Ass'n. Proc., 1920. De- scribes a practical box method for testing oxides. 46. Humphreys, N. H. Unnoticed action of bog-iron ore. Jour. Gas Light., vol. 136, 1916, p. 435. 47. Jones, E. S. Oxide of iron purification in Califor- nia. Jour. Gas Light., vol. 136, 1916, pp. 398-399. Method of making oxide. 48. Kunberger, A. F. A short method to determine the efficiency of oxide for gas purification. Gas World, vol. 59, 1913, pp. 104-105. Same, Jour. Indus. Eng. Chem., vol. 5, 1913, pp. 580-581. The Kunberger method for oxide efficiency. 49. Meyers, V. O. Spent oxide. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 131, 1915, pp. 189-190. Effect of hydration of oxide. 50. Scott, A. H. Gas purifying- oxides. Gas Jour., vol. 138, 1917, p. 101. Description of various oxides. 51. Standard method for sampling and testing spent oxide. Gas Jour., vol. 150, 1920, p. 141. 10 52. Terneden, L, J. Natural and artificial purifying materials. Amer. Gas Light. Jour., vol. 88, 1908, pp. 759-760. Description of "Lux" purifying ma- terial. See also Jour. Gas Light, vol. 105, 1909, p. 105. 53. Tracy; L. D. Mine water neutralization plant at Calumet mine. Min. & Met., No. 161, 1920, pp. 29- 30. Manufacture of oxide from mine water. Patents. 54. Heckmann, J. C. Process and substance for puri- fying gas. U. S. Patent i,i54,5 8 5, 1,154,859. Sept. 28, 1915, Slag and iron oxide. 55. Granjon, P. J. Composition for purifying gases. U. S. Patent 1,074,501, Sept. 30, 1913. Same, Ca- nadian Patent 157,666, Sept. i, 1914. Oxides and chlorides of iron, mercuric chloride, porous carrier and small amounts of MhO 2 , and CuSO 4 . 56. Marris, H. C., & Walker, W. Purifying material. British Patent 154,961, August i, 1919. Material made from spent vegetable matter from tanneries soluble compound of iron, and spent lime from tanneries. 57. Ramsay, J. H., & Lowe, F. R. Purifying material. British Patent 10,935, July 3, 1915. Material made after removing aluminum oxide from bauxite. iii. Reaction and products. 58. Allen, E. T., Crenshaw, J. L., Johnston, John, & Larsen, E. S. The mineral sulphides of iron. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 33, 1912, pp. 169-236. Experiments on the formation of the iron sulphides. 59. Anderson, G. Beitrage zur Reinigung des Leucht- gases von Schwefel. (The removal of sulphur from ii illuminating gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 57, 1914. PP- 547-55 2 . 569-575- Same > J our - Gas Li g ht -> vol. 123, 1913, p. 361. Discusses the sulphiding reac- tions. 60. Bunte, H. Notes on gas purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 83, 1903, p. 676. Thermal changes during purification and revivification. 61. Curphey, W. S. Souring of oxide. Gas World, vol. 57, 1912, pp. 110-116. Discusses formation of FeSO 4 and H 2 SO 4 . 62. Gedel, L. (Iron sulphides and the purification of coal gas from hydrogen sulphide). Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 48, 1905, pp. 400407. A complete discussion of the reactions occuring in gas purification. 63. Linder, S. E. The action of hydrogen sulphide on hydrated iron oxide. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 127, 1914, pp. 509-513. Study of the influence of various factors on the sulphiding reactions. 64. Mechlenburg, W., & Rodt, V. (Iron trisulphide.) Zeit. anorg. allgem. Chem., Bd. 102, 1918, pp. 130- 148. Abstract Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 114, pt. ii, 1918, p. 167. Experiments on iron trisulphide. 65. Rodt, V. (Iron sesquisulphide.) Zeit. angew. Chem., Bd. 29, 1916, pp. 422-423. Abstract, Chem. Abs., vol. n, 1917, p. 764. Experiments on forma- tion of Fe 2 S 3 . 66. Stokes, H. N. On ferrous and ferric sulphides, Amer. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 29, 1907, pp. 304-307. Formation and properties of iron sulphides. 67. Stone, C. H. Alkalinity tests in purification. Gas Age, vol. 46, 1920, pp. 299-301. Effect of alkalinity on the reactions. 12 68. Tindale, H. Notes on oxide purification. Gas Jour., vol. 142, 1918, pp. 554-555- Effect of am- monia on sulphiding. 69. Weyman, G. Determination of sulphides of iron in purifying materials. Gas Jour., vol. 149, 1920, P-. 301. 70. Molecular structure and activity toward hy- drogen sulphide of iron oxide. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 37, 1918, pp. 333T-336T. Discusses sul- phiding, reactions and effect of hydration. 71. - - Practice and control of oxide purification. Gas Jour., vol. 150, 1920, pp. 489-490. Discussion of sulphiding reactions. 72. Oxide purification. Gas Jour., vol. 150, 1920, pp. 256-257. Theory of purification. 73. Secondary reactions of iron oxide purifica- tion. Gas Jour., vol. 145, 1919, pp. 322-323. Effect of high temperatures. iv. Revivification. 74. Evans, O. B. Revivification of oxide in situ. Gas Jour., vol. 148, 1919, p. 726. Patents 75. Doherty, H. L. Revivifying purifying materials. U. S. Patent 843,524, Feb. 25, 1907. Regulated amount of air sent in with the gas. 76. Glover, S., & Glover, T. Revivifying iron oxide. British Patent 26,039, Nov. 17, 1906. Iron oxide passed through drum and exposed to air and steam. v. Spent oxide. a. Extraction of sulphur. 77. Keilpflug, J. (Use of o-dichlorobenzene for extract- ing sulphur from oxide.) Chem. Zeit., Bd. 33, 1909, p. 301. Not suitable because boiling point is too high for effective steam distillation. 78. Murphy, E. J. Removal of sulphur from spent oxide. Jour. Gas Light., vol. 136, 1916, pp. 396-397. Sulphur dfssolved by water gas tar distillates. Not commercial, laboratory scale only. 79. Potsdamer, L. S. Notes on sodium prussiate. Jour. Indus. Eng. Chem., vol. n, 1919, pp. 769-770. Spent oxide extracted with carbon bisulphide. 80. Recovery of sulphur from spent oxide. Gas World, vol. 57, 1912, p. 497. Use of o-dichlorobenzene as sulphur solvent. 81. Technisches Ortho-Dichlorbenzol, ein Extraktions- mittel zur Entschwefelung der Leuchtgasreinig- ungsmasse. (O-Dichlorobenzene for removal of sulphur from purifying material.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 52, 1910, pp. 137-139. Data on solvent power of this material. 82. Extraction of sulphur from spent oxide by light tar oils. Gas World, vol. 59, 1913, p. 333. Patents. 83. Anderson, W. British Patent 127,128, June 15, 1918. Sulphur from spent oxide by carbon bisul- phide with or without benzene. 84. Becigneul, J. J. M. Sulphur from gas purifying ma- terial. U. S. Patent 833,573, O ct - l6 > 1906. Ex- tracted with toluene followed by purification of sulphur. 85. Same, British Patent 9,800, April 26, 1906. Sulphur extracted by carbon tetrachloride. 86. Bonneau, L. C, & Hasenfratz, V. E. British Patent 10,780, May i, 1914. Sulphur extracted with C 2 HC1 3 . 87. Williams, P. E. Sulphur from spent oxide. British Patent 596, Jan. 9, 1909. Strong ammoniacal liquor to dissolve sulphur. b. Utilization other than sulphur extraction. 88. Feilitzen, H. von. (Gas purification residues as weed insecticide and fertilizer.) Fiihlings. Landw. Zeit, Bd. 61, 1912, pp. 285-294. General conclusion is that it is unsatisfactory for the above purposes. 89. Gregoire, A., & Hendrick, J. L'Engrais, vol. 23, 1908, p. 19. Fertilizing value of spent oxide is one- third that of sodium nitrate. 90. Lindet, L. (Substitution of gas purifying residues for pyride in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.) Bull. Soc. Encour. Ind. Nat'L, vol. 141, 1919, p. 137. Same, Ann. Sci. Agron., vol. 36, 1919, p. 225. Roasting spent oxide. 91. (Use of spent oxide as fertilizer.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 61, 1918, p. 152. Abstract Jour. , Soc. Chem. Indus., vol. 37, 1918, p. 479a. Sulphur and cyanide compounds act as plant poisons, but find consider- able use in France. 92. Grube, G., & Dulk, B. (Extraction of potassium ferrocyanide from spent gas purifying material.) Zeit. angew. Chem., Bd. 33-!, 1920, p. 141. Extrac- tion with lime. 93. Rey, J. (Residue from gas purification as a substi- tute for pyrite in the preparation of sulphite pulp.) Papier Ztg., vol. 37, 1911, p. 1751. If free from ammonia and cyanides makes a suitable substitute. Patents. 94. Cislet, E., & Deguide, C. German Patent 288,767, Aug. 9, 1913. Oxide dissolved with acid, leaving sulphur free. Iron then reprecipitated. 95- Dibdin, W. J. Revivifying spent oxide. British Patent 141,172, March 15, 1919. Heated in super- heated steam and then in air. 96. Kinz, E. B., & Wescott, E. C. U. S. Patent 1,211,- 713, Jan. 9, 1917. Spent oxide mixed with lime and hot water to make lime sulphur spray. 97. McDonald. U. S. Patent 1,061,859, May 13, 1913. Sulphur burned out of oxide. 98. Williams, P. E. British Patent 2,813, Feb. 5, 1909. Sulphur burned out so oxide can be used over again. 99. Wyld, W. British Patent 22,514, Oct. 4, 1909. Sul- phur burned out and oxide immediately carried to cooler atmosphere to prevent decomposition of hydrate. vi. Construction of Purifiers. 100. Broadberry, A. E. The application of reinforced concrete to purifier construction. Gas Jour., vol. 146, 1919, pp. 601-605. Same, Gas World, vol. 70, 1919, pp. 459-463. Details of construction. 101. Child, W. D. Construction of concrete purifiers at Romford in 1913. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 133, 1916, pp. 639-642. Details of construction. 102. Haddock, I. T. Corrosion of metals in gas purify- ing house. Prog. Age, vol. 30, p. 294. Treatment with bakelite to prevent corrosion. 103. Paige, C. E. Purifier installations. Amer. Gas Inst. Proc., vol. 9, 1914, pp. 721-762. Construction, oper- ation and costs. 104. Parsons, F. R. Some mechanical aspects of purifier installations. Gas World, vol. 72, 1920, pp. 25-26. Details of construction. 16 105. Schmeidt, E. Column purifier for dry gas purifica- tion. Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 53, 1910, pp. 31-37. Ad- vantages in cost of installation, economy of space, efficiency and ease of cleaning claimed for this type. 106. Steere, F. W. Principles of gas purification and purifier design. Gas Age, vol. 43, 1919, pp. 227-231, 285-290, 361-363. Review of formulas and state- ment of Steere formula. vii. Operation of Purifiers. 107. Allner, W. Neues von der trockenen Schwefel- reinigung. (New ideas in the dry purification of gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 53, 1910, pp. 733-737- Describes box rotation. 108. Anderson, G. W. Oxide purification. Gas Jour., vol. 149, 1920, pp. 688-690. Details of operation. 109. Bennett, W. Notes on purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 133, 1916, pp. 419-422. Same, Amer. Gas Light Jour., vol. 104, 1916, pp. 202-205. Details of purifier operation. no. Bossner, F. Beitrage zur trockenen Gasreinigung. (Dry purification of gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 51, 1908, pp. 777-779. Discussion of capacity, speed of gas, etc. in. Cleator, J. G. New method of working purifiers to avoid back pressure. Gas World, vol. 65, 1916, p. 458. Details of operation. 112. Curphey, W. S. The "Backward" system of purifi- cation. Gas Jour., vol. 147, 1919, pp. 339-342. Same, Gas World, vol. 71, 1919, pp. 80-84. Advantages of backward system of rotation. 113. Dunkley, W. A., & Barnes, C. E. Gas purification in the medium-size gas plants of Illinois. 111. State Geol. Survey, Co-operative Series, 1920, Bull. 25. Operation of purifiers, particularly in Illinois. Also Gas Record, vol. 17, 1920, pp. 33-36, 43-46. 114. Jones, E. S. Area theory for calculating amount of oxide to purify given quantity of gas practically disproved by California tower purifiers of recent years. Amer. Gas Light Jour., vol. 105, 1916, pp. 245-247. 115. Jones, W. C. Notes on purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 136, 1916, pp. 237-240. Details of operation. 116. Krause. (New purifying plant at the Gasbrook Gas Works, Hamburg.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 63, 1920, p. 611. 117. Lord, J. Experiences with oxide purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 105, 1909, p. 313. Details of operation to prevent channelling, wet oxide and hardening of oxide. 118. Madsen, C. J. H. Uber die Bedeutung der chemi- schen Kontrolle im Reinigerhausbetriebe. (Chem- ical control in operating purifiers.) Jour Gasbel., Jahrg. 58, 1915, pp. 234-237. 1 19. Scears, E. The reverse action system of oxide purification. Gas World, vol. 54, 1911, pp. 568-571. Claims that boxes do not need to be opened for 16 months with this system. c. Lime and other solid purification. 120. Divers, & Shimidzu. Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 45, 1884, p. 270. Theory of lime purification. 121. Forstall, T. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 26, 1889, p. 364. Operation of lime purifiers. 122. Groves, C. E., & Thorp, William. Chemical Tech- nology, vol. III. Gas Lighting, Phila., 1904, pp. I2I-I28. General discussion of the principles and practice of lime purification. 123. Veley. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 4, 1885, p. 633. Theory of lime purification. d. Liquid purification, i. Feld process. 124. Espenhahn, E. V. Some notes on ammonium thio- sulphate-polythionate solutions; a contribution to liquid purification of coal gas. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 36, 1917, pp. 483-489. 125. Feld, W. Difficulties in gas purification processes. Gas World, vol. 57, 1912, p. 760. Description of Feld process. 126. Feld process. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 107, 1909, p. 8 1 6. 127. Feld process for recovery of sulphur. Gas Age, vol. 42, 1918, pp. 198-199. Genie Civil, vol. 143, 1918, p. 159. 128. Feld's process for sulphur from hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 109, 1910, pp. 729-730. Use of zinc oxide as the oxida- tion medium. 129. Hurdelbrink, Herr, Dr. Feld process. Jour. Gas- bel., Jahrg. 53, pp. 956-962. Study with pure ma- terials on laboratory scale. 130. Raschig, F. (The Walther Feld process.) Zeit. angew. Chem., Bd. 33, I, 1920, p. 260. 131. Sander, A. (Feld's process.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 62, 1919, p. 65. 132. Stavorinus, D. (Hydrogen sulphide removal by the Feld process.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 53, pp. 705- 706. Description of the process making use of zinc thiosulphate. ii. Burkheiser process. 133. Bertelsmann, W. (New method of purifying illu- minating gas.) Chem. Zeit, Jahrg. 34, p. 986. Dis- cussion of the principles involved in Burkheiser process. 134. Burkheiser, K. The Burkheiser process. 8th Inter- national Cong. Appld. Chem., vol. 10, p. 63. Com- plete description of the Burkheiser process. 135. Dobbelstein, O. The Burkheiser purification pro- . cess at work in Berlin. Gas World, vol. 54, 1911, pp. 343-344. Practical operation of the process. 136. Glasgow Gas Committee. Burkheiser process. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 116, 1911, p. 750. Discus- sion of the Burkheiser process and the need for liquid purification. iii. Miscellaneous process. 137. Beigh, K. Purification by ferriginous zinc resi- dues. Gas World, vol. 60, 1914, p. 620. Liquid residue from copper extractions as absorbent for hydrogen sulphide. 138. Brenner, E. C. Purification of water gas. Gas Age, vol. 47, 1921, pp. 315-18. Sodium hypochloride solu- tion is used in purification. 139. Davidson, W. B. Purification of coal gas from acid impurities by its own ammonia. Gas World, vol. 58, 1913, p. 7. See also patent by Davidson. 140. Doherty, H. L. Gas purification process. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 120, 1912, p. 491. Uses ammonia liquor. Hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide boiled out at 100 deg. C. 141. Evans, O. B. Liquid purification of gas. Gas Rec- ord, vol. 15, 1919, pp. 215-216. Same, Gas Age, vol. 20 43, 1919, PP- 475-476. Description of iron oxide suspension process used at Atlantic Refining Co. 142. Goldsmith, L. M. Liquid purification of gas. Gas Age, vol. 45, 1920, p. 161. Operating details of above process described. 143. O'Neill, J. G. Liquid purification of coal gas. Amer. Gas Inst. Proc., vol. 8, I, 1913, pp. 463-475. Seventy per cent, of purification cost saved by washing gas with weak ammonia liquor. 144. Continuous purification of coal gas with weak ammonia liquor. 8th International Cong. Appld. Chem., vol. 10, pp. 207. Same, Jour. Indus. Eng. Chem., vol. 4, 1912, pp. 876-878. Description of the O'Neill process. 145. Parrish, P. Some observations concerning (a) liquid purification of, and (b) the simultaneous re- covery of sulphur and ammonia from coal gas. Gas Jour., vol. 144, 1918, pp. 413-420. Same, Gas World, vol. 69, 1918, pp. 300-304. Ammonia liquor to purify gas with subsequent distillation and re- covery of sulphur and ammonia. 146. Petit, T. Carbonate of potash for purifying gas. Jour. Gas Light., vol. 131, 1915, pp. 645-646. Ab- stract. Gas World, vol. 63, 1915, p. 374. Hydrogen sulphide removed by potassium carbonate. Revivi- fied by air blast. 147. Reese, C. E. Liquid purification of gases. Gas Age, vol. 45, 1920, pp. 344-346. Uses ammonia liquor. 148. Schnerr, C. A. Liquid purification of illuminating gas. Chem. Eng., vol. 16, 1912, pp. 49-54. Solution of sulphur dioxide to remove the hydrogen sul- phide. Proposal only. 21 Patents. 149. Burschell. French Patent 366,047, May 9, 1906. Hydrogen sulphide removed by potassium tartrate solution of iron oxide. 150. Cobb, J. W. Extracting ammonia and sulphur compounds from gas. U. S. Patent 1,108,705, Aug. 25, 1914. Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia re- moved by solution of zinc sulphate. 151. Cislet, & Deguide. British Patent 9,780, July 5, 1915. Gas treated with ammonia in solution and lime suspension. 152. Davidson, W. B. British Patent 23,696, April 2*5, 1912. Ammonia mixed with gas to be purified. Steam separates ammonia and acid gases, and am- monia returned to process. 153. Fritzsche, P. German Patent 250,243, October 18, 1910. Purification of gas by wet process. Solution of aluminum sulphide used. 154. Gewerkschaft, Messel. German Patent 181,063, April 29, 1906. Water soluble salts of organic hydroxy carboxylic acids and iron oxide used. 155. Rambush, N. E. Purifying gas. Pritish Patent 153,665, August n, 1919. Use of iron oxide in suspension. 156. Fabry, R. British Patent 29, Jan. i, 1914. Hydro- gen sulphide absorbed by alkaline solution and later driven off. e. Gaseous purification. Patents. 157. Leamon, W. G. British Patent 120,554. September 25, 1918. 22 158. Treating gases containing hydrogen sul- phide. U. S. Patent 1,317,583, September 30, 1919. Restricted amount of air supplied to gas to oxidize hydrogen sulphide to sulphur and water. May have catalysts as Pt. Ni. 2. Removal of carbon bisulphide. a. Hot purification. 159. Ab-der-Halden, C. Removing carbon bisulphide from gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 125, 1914, p. 571. Description of different processes. 160. Carpenter, C. C. Decomposition of carbon bisul- phide in coal gas by hot purification. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 123, 1913, pp. 30-33. Nickel catalyst method. 161. Decomposition of carbon bisulphide in gas by heat. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 122, 1913, p. 1010. Gas heated and passed over balls of reduced nickel at 430 deg. C. Hydrogen combines with carbon bisulphide to form hydrogen sulphide and free carbon. 162. Decomposition of carbon bisulphide in light- ing gas by hot purification. Gas World, vol. 60, 1914, pp. 39-40. 163. Gas purification by heat. Jour. Gas Light- ing, vol. 126, 1914, pp. 928-938. Same, Gas World, vol. 60, 1914, pp. 863-872. Abstract Amer. Gas Light Jour., vol. 101, 1914, pp. 44-45. General re- view of the problem. 164. Carpenter, M. Purification of gases containing carbon bisulphide by heat. Genie Civil, vol. 63, 1913, p. 293. Nickel catalyst method. 165. Clowes, F. Sulphur impurities of coal gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 134, 1916, pp. 279-282. Nickel catalyst method. 166. Cooper, G. S. The elimination of organic sulphur. Gas World, vol. 54, 1911, pp. 38-39. Gas mixed with steam and passed through hot tubes contain- ing scrap copper. 167. Cooper, G. S. The elimination of organic sulphur. Gas World, vol. 54, 1911, p. 866. Laboratory ex- periments show that hot lime causes decomposi- tion of carbon bisulphide to hydrogen sulphide. 168. Evans, E. V. Removal of carbon bisulphide from coal gas. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 34, 1915. pp. 9-14. Abstract: Engineering, vol. 99, 1915, p. 228. General review of various processes for removal of carbon bisulphide, especially the nickel catalyst process. 169. Fulweiler, W. H. Hot purification. Amer. Gas Assoc. Monthly, vol. i, 1919, p. 184. Coke oven gas purified by heating to 450 deg. F. and then passed over very active oxide. 170. Guillet, O. Elimination of carbon bisulphide from gas. Genie Civil, vol. 61, p. 184. Moisture in gas decomposes carbon bisulphide to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. 171. Removal of carbon bisulphide. Gas World, vol. 56, 1912, p. 904. Carbon bisulphide with iron of the holder forms hydrogen sulphide. Zinc sul- phate in water of holder prevents this. See also above entry. 172. Latta, N. Organic sulphur and its elimination. Prog. Age, vol. 27, 1909, p. 390. Description of system used at Portland, whereby the moisture de- composes carbon bisulphide at 620 C. 173. Matwin, J. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Schwefel- kohlenstoffwasche. (Removing carbon bisulphide from gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 52, 1911, pp. 602- 24 6o4- By passing gas over finely divided nickel at 300 C, the carbon bisulphide decomposes to form hydrogen sulphide. 174. Papst, H. M. Removal of organic sulphur from gas. Gas World, vol. 58, 1913, p. 210.. Hot checker system removes from 62 to 70 per cent, in the form of hydrogen sulphide. 175. Removal of organic sulphur from gas. Amer. Gas Light Jour., vol. 94, 1911, pp. 407-410. Process in use at Portland. Gas heated to 1200 F., thereby removing 70 per cent, of organic sul- phur. Same, Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 113, 1911, p. 906. 176. Problems of complete purification. Gas Jour., vol. 152, 1920, p. 143. Review of the Carpenter-Evans and Rideal-Taylor processes. 177. Purifying gas by heat. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 123, 1913, pp. 491-493. Brief review of the nickel catalyst method for removal of carbon bisulphide. Patents. 178. Berk & Co. Purifying coal gas. British Patent 143,- 641, Feb. 28, 1919. Organic sulphur removed by passing over hot aluminum oxide, beauxite, or ignited magnesia. 179. Rideal, E. K., & Taylor, H. S. British Patent 130,- 654, March 2, 1918. Organic sulphur converted to hydrogen sulphide by passing over iron oxide mixed with certain metallic oxides as catalysts. Purifying mass heated to 300-650 C. b. Alkali cellulose. 1 80. Extraction of sulphide of carbon from coal gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 119, 1912, p. 562. Alkali cellulose process. 181. Knoevengel. Entfernung von Schwefelkohlenstoff aus Gasen. (Removal of carbon bisulphide from gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 56, 1913, pp. 757-760. After the carbon dioxide has been removed from the gas, the carbon bisulphide is absorbed in al- kaline cellulose. This forms cellulose xantho- genate which may be used to prepare artificial silk. 182. Kuckuk, T. Extraction of carbon bisulphide from gas by the "Athion" process. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 123, 1913, p. 34. Description of the alkali cel- lulose or "Athion" process. Ten tons of "Athion'' will absorb 1.25 tons of carbon bisulphide. c. Miscellaneous processes. 183. Hamilton, E. R. Sulphur troubles at Halifax (N. S.). Gas Record, vol. 18, 1920, p. n. Same, Amer. Gas Eng. Jour., vol. 113, 1920, pp. 202-204. Com- parison of various methods for removal of carbon bisulphide. 184. Teune, H. Removal of carbon bisulphide from gas. Jour. Gas Lighting, vol. 130, 1915, pp. 334-335- Very little carbon bisulphide dissolved in free sul- phur of spent oxide. 185. Wanner, H. (Carbon bisulphide from illuminating gas.) Jour. Gasbel., Jahrg. 58, 1915, pp. 456-457- Absorptive effect of coke, charcoal, pitch, etc., for carbon bisulphide. Patents. 186. Adams, W. G. British Patent 127,431, June 21, 1918. Charcoal used to remove sulphur com- pounds. 187. Bury, E., Ollander, O., & Bury, A. F. British Patent 133,159, October 4, 1918. Peat coke made 26 at 700-900 C, used for absorption of sulphur com- pounds in gas. 188. Hall, E. L. Purification of gases. U. S. Patent 1,120,475, Dec. 8, 1914. Organic sulphur converted to hydrogen sulphide by silent electric discharges. 189. Meyer, M., & Fehlmann, A. U. S. Patent 926,273, June 29, 1909. Carbon bisulphide removed by treat- ment with mixture of aniline and ferrous oxide. 3. Removal of other Organic Sulphur Compounds. Since nothing definite is known about other sul- phur compounds in gas than hydrogen sulphide and carbon bisulphide, no specific method has been devised for their removal. Several of the processes for the removal of carbon bisulphide, however, claim the removal of organic sulphur in general. 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