317- The Old Corner Book Store, Inc. Boston, - Mass. BOOKS BY HARRIET L. KEELER PUBLISHED BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Our Garden Flowers. Cr. 8vo, . . net, $2.00 Our Northern Shrubs. Cr. 8vo, . . net, $2.00 Our Native Trees. Cr. 8vo, . . . net, $2.00 Each volume profusely illustrated OUR NATIVE TREES OUR NATIVE TREES AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM & popular ttttjp of (TlKtr J)afotfii anB Cfcetr flentUarittea By HARRIET L. KEELER WITH 178 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND WITH 162 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS NINTH EDITION CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK :: :: :: :: :: :: 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS TO THE MEMORY OF PHYLLIS AND NICHOLAS MY LOVING COMPANIONS THROUGH FIELD AND WOOD THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED 2051522 PREFACE THE trees described in this volume are those indigenous to the region extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the northern boun- daries of the southern states ; together with a few well- known and naturalized foreign trees such as the Horse- chestnut, Lombardy Poplar, Ailanthus and Sycamore Maple. It is hoped that this book will commend itselt : To amateur botanists who desire a more extended and ac- curate description of trees than is given by the botanical text-books in ordinary use. To such of the general public as habitually live near fields and woods ; or whose love of rural life has led them to summer homes in hill country or along the sea-shore ; or whose daily walks lead them through our city parks and open commons. To all those who feel that their enjoyment of out-door life would be distinctly increased were they able easily to deter- mine the names of trees. The author is glad to acknowledge her great indebtedness to the following books of reference ; Sargent's "The Silva of North America," Michaux's " North American Sylva," Lou- don's " Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum," Emerson's " Report on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts," Sach's " Physiology of Plants," Sach's "Text-Book of Botany," Le Maout and Decaisne's "General System of Botany," Britton and Brown's " Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada," Dawson's " Geological History of Plants," Hough's " American Woods," Gray's " Manual of Botany," sixth edi- vii PREFACE tion, Vine's " Students' Text-Book of Botany," " The Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States," and the mag- azine Garden and Forest. The extracts from the works of Lowell, Longfellow, Emerson, Whittier, Holmes, Thoreau, Burroughs, and Miss Thomas are used with the permission of and by special ar- rangement with the publishers Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., those from Wilson Flagg with the permission of the Educational Publishing Co., that from Bryant with the per- mission of the publishers, Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. The quotations from the works of Professor G. Frederick Wright, Professor George Pierce, and Professor D. T. Mac- Dougal are made by the kind consent of the authors. Es- pecial acknowledgment is due to Professor Charles S. Sar- gent not only because in the preparation of this volume the Silva of North America has been the authority which has decided every case of doubt and because of his kind per- mission to quote from his writings, but also because of his kindly interest and his invaluable assistance in obtaining specimens for illustrations from the Arnold Arboretum. To Miss Anna J. Wright, Miss Charlotte Bushnell and Mr. Charles F. Pack especial thanks are due for valuable notes and suggestions ; also to the Director of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden for specimens kindly sent upon request. The outline pictures are the work of Miss Mary Keffer of Cleveland, Ohio. The photographs for the illustrations were taken partly by Mr. Alfred Redher, of the Arnold Ar- boretum, partly by Mr. Charles H. Coit, of Glenville, Ohio, but principally by Decker, Edmonson & Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. May 20, 1900. viii CONTENTS Page Genera and Species xi Illustrations xvii Guide to the Trees xxi Descriptions of the Trees : Dicotyledones 1 Gymnospermce 437 Form and Structure of Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit 503 The Tree Stem or Trunk 514 Species and Genus 5 -'7 Glossary of Botanical Names . . . .5/9 Index of Latin Names 5 2 7 Index of Common Names $3 GENERA AND SPECIES DICOTYLEDONES MAGNOLIACE^E . . MAGNOLIA FAMILY Magnolia glauca , , Magnolia tripetala Magnolia acuminata Liriodendron tulipifera . Swamp Magnolia Umbrella-tree . Cucumber-tree . . Tulip-tree .... 3 5 9 H ANNONACE^ . CUSTARD-APPLE FAMLLY Asimina triloba . . Papaw .... 20 TlLIACE^E .... . LINDEN FAMILY Tilia americana . Tilia pubescens Tilia heterophylla . Tilia europcea . Linden .... . Downy Linden . . White Basswood . European Linden 24 30 30 30 RUTACEiE .... . RUE FAMILY Ptelea trifoliata . . Wafer Ash 32 SlMAROUBACEjE . . AILANTHUS FAMILY Ailanthus glandulosa . Ailanthus .... 36 AQUIFOLIACE^E . . HOLLY FAMILY Ilex opaca Ilex monticola . . American Holly . . . . Mountain Holly . 41 45 CELASTRACE^E . STAFF-TREE FAMILY Euonymus atropurpureus . Burning Bush 46 RHAMNACE^E . BUCKTHORN FAMILY Rhamnus caroliniana . Indian Cherry 49 GENERA AND SPECIES HlPPOCASTANACE^-E . jEsculus glabra . . sEsculus octandra . . jEsculus hippocastanum. ACERACE^; .... Acer pennsylvanicum . Acer spicatum Acer saccharum . . Acer saccharinum . Acer rubrum . . . Acer platanoides . Acer pseudo-plat anus Acer negundo. ANACARDIACE^E . Rhus hirta . . . Rhus copalltna . Rhus verntx . . LEGUMINOS^E Robinia pseudacacia . Robinia viscosa . . Cercis canadensis . . Gymnocladus dioicus . Gleditsia triacanthos Cladrastis lutea . . ROSACES .... Prunus nigra . . Prunus americana Prunus pennsylvanica . Prunus virginiana Prunus serotina Pyrus coronaria Pyrus americana . Pyrus aucuparia . Pyrus sambucifolia Cratcegus crus-galli Crattegus coccinea . Cratagus mollis . . HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY PACK . Ohio Buckeye 50 . Sweet Buckeye . . . 54 . Horse-chestnut . 54 . MAPLE FAMILY . Striped Maple 60 . Mountain Maple . 64 . Sugar Maple 66 . Silver Maple 73 . Red Maple .... 77 . Norway Maple . 82 . Sycamore Maple . 82 . Box Elder . 85 . SUMACH FAMILY . Velvet Sumach . 88 . Dwarf Sumach . . . 9 1 . Poison Sumach . . 94 . PEA FAMILY . Locust . 97 . Clammy Locust . 103 . Redbud . 104 . Kentucky Coffee-tree . 109 . Honey Locust . . . 112 . Yellow-wood 116 . ROSE FAMILY . Canada Plum 119 . Wild Plum . 120 . Wild Red Cherry 122 . Choke Cherry 125 . Black Cherry 128 . Crab Apple .... 133 . Mountain Ash 136 . European Mountain Ash 138 . Elderleaf Mountain Ash 140 . Cockspur Thorn . 140 . White Thorn H3 . Scarlet Haw 144 xii GENERA AND SPECIES ROSACES Continued. Cratagus tomentosa Cratagus punctata. Amelanchier canadensis. HAMAMELIDACE.E Hamamclis virginiana . Liquidambar styraciflua ARALIACE^E. Aralia spinosa , CORNACE^E .... Cornus florida . . Cornus alternifolia. Nyssa sylvatica . . CAPRI FOLIAGES . Viburnum lent ago . . Viburnum prunifolium . ERICACEAE .... Kalmta latifolia . Rhododendron maximum Oxydendrum arboreum . EBENACE^E .... Diospyros virginiana STYRACACE^E Mohrodendron carolinum Mohrodendron dipterum OLEACE^E .... Fraxinus americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Fraxinus lanceolata Fraxinus quadrangulata Fraxinus nigra Chionanthus -virginica . BIGNONIACE^E Catalpa Catalpa . Catalpa speciosa Black Thorn . . . .148 Dotted Haw . . .150 June-berry . . . .153 WITCH HAZEL FAMILY Witch Hazel . . .157 Sweet Gum . . .160 GINSENG FAMILY Hercules' Club . . .165 DOGWOOD FAMILY Flowering Dogwood . .169 Alternate-leaved Dogwood . 175 Tupelo . . . .177 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Sweet Viburnum . . .181 Black Haw. . . .184 HEATH FAMILY Mountain Laurel . .186 Rhododendron . . .189 Sourwood . . . .192 EBONY FAMILY Persimmon . . . .195 STORAX FAMILY Silverbell-tree . . . 200 Snowdrop-tree . . . 202 OLIVE FAMILY White Ash . . . .206 Red Ash .... 212 Green Ash . . . .214 Blue Ash .... 214 Black Ash . . . . 218 Fringe-tree. . . . 222 BIGNONIA FAMILY Catalpa . . . .225 Hardy Catalpa . . , 228 GENERA AND SPECIES LAURACE^E . Sassafras sassafras LAUREL FAMILY Sassafras . 229 ULMACEJE . Ulmus americana , Ulmus pubescens . Ulmus racemosa Ulmus alata . Ulmus campestris , Celtis occidentals . ELM FAMILY White Elm . Slippery Elm Cork Elm . Winged Elm English Elm Hackberry . 233 240 242 246 248 249 MORACE.E . Morus rubra . Morus nigra . Morus alba . Toxylon pomiferum MULBERRY FAMILY Red Mulberry . Black Mulberry . White Mulberry . Osage Orange 253 254 258 258 PLATANACE^E Platanus occidentalis PLANE-TREE FAMILY Sycamore . 263 JUGLANDACE*: . Juglans nigra Juglans cinerea Hicoria . Hicoria minima Hicoria ovata. Hicoria laciniosa Hicoria alba . Hicoria glabra WALNUT FAMILY Black Walnut . Butternut . Hickory Bitternut Shellbark Hickory Big Shellbark . Mockernut . Pignut . 269 274 276 279 282 286 286 290 BETULACE*:. Betula . Betula populifolia . Betula papyrif era . Betula nigra . Betula lutea , Betula lenta . Alnus glutinosa Ostrya virginiana . Carpinus caroliniana BIRCH FAMILY Birch . White Birch. Paper Birch. Red Birch . Yellow Birch Sweet Birch. European Alder Hop Hornbeam Hornbeam . 295 297 302 306 310 3ii 3H 316 319 GENERA AND SPECIES CUPULIFER* . . . OAK FAMILY PACI Quercus Oak .... Quercus alba .... White Oak . . 328 Quercus minor Post Oak . 332 Quercus macrocarpa . * Bur Oak 335 Quercus prinus . . . Chestnut Oak .338 Quercus acuminata. Yellow Oak 342 Quercus prinoides . Dwarf Chinquapin Oak 344 Quercus platanoides Swamp White Oak . . 346 Quercus rubra Red Oak . 349 Quercus coccinea . Scarlet Oak . 354 Quercus velutina . Black Oak . 35? Quercus digitata . Spanish Oak . 362 Quercus palustris . Pin Oak ... . 365 Quercus ilicifolia . Bear Oak . 366 Quercus marilandica. Black Jack . 370 Quercus imbricaria Shingle Oak 372 Quercus phellos Willow Oak 375 FAGACE^E BEECH FAMILY Fagus atropunicea Beech .... . 378 Castanea dentata . Chestnut . 386 Castanea pumila Chinquapin . 392 SALICACE^E WILLOW FAMILY Salix Willow 393 Salix nigra . Black Willow . 395 Salix lucida .... Shining Willow . 398 Salix amygdaloides Peach Willow . 398 Salix fluviatilis Sandbar Willow . . 400 Salix bebbiana Bebb Willow . . 401 Salix discolor. Glaucous Willow. 403 Salix alba vitellina White Willow . . 405 Salix frag His Crack Willow . . 405 Salix babylonica Weeping Willow . . 409 Populus ..... Poplar . 410 Populus tremuloides Aspen 413 Populus grandidentata . Large-toothed Aspen . . 418 Populus heterophylla Swamp Cottonwood . . 419 Populus balsamifera Balsam . 422 Populus balsamifera candicans Balm of Gilead . 424 Populus deltoides . Cottonwood. . 426 Populus alba .... White Poplar . 428 Populus nigra italic a . Lombardy Poplar . 432 XV GENERA AND SPECIES GYMNOSPERM^: PlNACEJE .... . PINE FAMILY Pinacece . Pines .... 439 Pinus .... . The Pine . . 440 Pinus palustris . Long-leaved Pine 443 Pinus strobus . White Pine. 443 Pinus resinosa . 'Red Pine . . 450 Pinus taeda . . Loblolly Pine . 452 Pinus rigida . . Pitch Pine . 454 Pinus virginiana . . Jersey Pine . 456 Pinus echinata . Yellow Pine 458 Pinus divaricata . . Gray Pine . . 460 Pinus laricio austriaca . . Austrian Pine . 462 Pinus sylvcstris . Scotch Pine . 464 Picea canadensis . . White Spruce . 464 Picea rubens . . Red Spruce . 468 Picea mariana . Black Spruce . 470 Picea excelsa . . Norway Spruce . 473 Tsuga canadensis . . Hemlock 474 Larix laricina . Tamarack . . . 476 Larix europcea . European Larch . . 480 Abies balsamea . Balsam Fir . . 480 Taxodium distichum . Bald Cypress . 484 Thuja occidentalis. . Arborvitae . . 486 Cupressus thy aides. . White Cedar . 489 Juniperus communis Common Juniper . 492 Juniperus virginiana . . Red Cedar . . 496 TAXACE^E .... . YEW FAMILY Salisburia adiantifolia . . Gingko-tree . 499 xvi ILLUSTRATIONS SWAMP MAGNOLIA, Flowering Spray of, 2 UMBRELLA-TREE, Leaf of, 7 CUCUMBER-TREE, Leaf of, n ; Trunk of, 12 ; Flowering Branch of, 13 ; Fruit of, 13 TULIP-TREE, Leaf of, 15; Flower of, 17; Unfolding Leaves of, 17; Fruit Cone of, 1 8 PAPAW, Leaf of, 21 ; Flower of, 22; Fruit of, 23 LINDEN, Leaves of, 25 ; Fruit of, 27 ; Trunk of, 28 WHITE BASSWOOD, Fruiting Spray of, 31 WAFER ASH, Fruiting Spray of, 33 AILANTHUS, Leaves of, 37 ; Samaras of, 39 ; Sumach Leaflet and, 40 HOLLY, Fruiting Spray of, 43 MOUNTAIN HOLLY, Leaf of, 45 BURNING BUSH, Fruiting Spray of, 47 OHIO BUCKEYE, Flowering Spray of, 51 ; Fruit of, 53 SWEET BUCKEYE, Leaflets of, 55 HORSE-CHESTNUT, Spray of, 57 ; Fruit of, 59 STRIPED MAPLE, Leaf of, 61; Keys of, 62 MOUNTAIN MAPLE, Fruiting Spray of, 63 ; Keys of, 65 SUGAR MAPLE, Leaves of, 67 ; Keys of, 69 ; Trunk of, 71 SILVER MAPLE, Flowers of, 74; Leaves of, 75 ; Key of, 76 RED MAPLE, Leaves of, 79; Key of, 80 NORWAY MAPLE, Fruiting Spray of, 81 SYCAMORE MAPLE, Fruiting Spray of, 83 Box ELDER, Keys of, 86 ; Fruiting Spray of, 87 STAGHORN SUMACH, Fruit and Leaf of, 89 DWARF SUMACH, Leaves of, 93 POISON SUMACH, Leaves of, 95 LOCUST, Leaves of, 99 ; Raceme of Blossoms of, 100 ; Fruit of, 101 REDBUD, Flowering Branch of, 105 ; Leaf of, 107 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE, Flowers of, no; Leaves of, in HONEY LOCUST, Leaves of, 113 YELLOW-WOOD, Leaves of, 117 CANADA PLUM, Fruiting Spray of, isi WILD RED CHERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 123 CHOKE CHERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 127 xvii ILLUSTRATIONS BLACK CHERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 129 ; Trunk of, 131 CRAB APPLE, Fruiting Spray of, 135 MOUNTAIN ASH, Fruiting Spray of, 137 ; Fruiting Spray of European, 139 COCKSPUR THORN, Leaves of, 141 WHITE THORN, Fruiting Branch of, 145 SCARLET HAW, Fruiting Branch of, 147 BLACK THORN, Sprays of, 149 DOTTED HAW, Sprays of, 151 JUNE-BERRY, Leaves of, 155 WITCH HAZEL, Leaves of, 159 ; Flowers and Fruit of, 161 SWEET GUM, Section of Twig of, 162 ; Leaves of, 163 ; Fruit of, 164 HERCULES'S CLUB, Leaves of, 167 ; Drupes of, 168 DOGWOOD, Branch of Flowering, 171 ; Flowering Spray of, 173 ; Fruit of, 174 ; Fruiting Branch of Alternate-leaved, 176 TUPELO, Fruiting Branch of, 178 ; Drupes of, 179 SWEET VIBURNUM, Sprays of, 183 BLACK HAW, Sprays of, 185 MOUNTAIN LAUREL, Fruiting Branch of, 187 ; Flower Cluster of, 188 RHODODENDRON, Flowering Spray of, 191 SOURWOOD, Leaves of, 193 ; Flowers of, 194 PERSIMMON, Leaves of, 197 ; Fruit of, 198 SILVERBELL-TREE, Fruiting Branch of, 201 ; Flowers of, 202 SNOWDROP-TREE, Flowering Branch of, 203 ; Fruit of, 204 WHITE ASH, Leaves of, 207 ; Samaras of, 208 ; Trunk of, 210 RED ASH, Flowers of, 212 ; Leaves of, 213 ; Samaras of, 214 GREEN ASH, Leaves of, 215 BLUE ASH, Flower of, 216; Samaras of, 216; Leaves of, 217 BLACK ASH, Leaves of, 219 ; Flowers of, 220; Samaras of, 220 FRINGE-TREE, Flowering Branch of, 223 ; Drupes of, 224 CATALPA, Flowering Spray of, 227 SASSAFRAS, Fruit of, 230 ; Leaves of, 231 WHITE ELM, 237 ; Flowering Spray of, 234 ; Leaves of, 235 ; Unfolding Leaves of, 238 ; Samaras of, 240 SLIPPERY ELM, Leaves of, 239 ; Samaras of, 241 CORK ELM, Leaves of, 243 ; Samaras of, 244 WINGED ELM, Leaves of, 245 ; Samaras of, 246 ENGLISH ELM, Leaves of, 247 HACKBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 251 RED MULBERRY, Fruit of, 254 ; Leaves of, 255 WHITE MULBERRY, Fruiting Branch of, 257 OSAGE ORANGE, Leaves of, 259 ; Fruit of, 261 SYCAMORE, Trunk of, 264 ; Fruit of, 266 ; Leaf of, 267 BLACK WALNUT, Leaves of, 271 ; Trunk of, 273 ; Fruit of, 275 BUTTERNUT, Fruit of, 275 ; Leaves of, 277 SHELLBARK HICKORY, Staminate Aments of, 278 ; Fruiting Spray of, 285 ; Trunk of, 287 BITTERNUT, Leaves of, 281 ; Fruit of, 282 MOCKERNUT, Fruit of, 288 ; Leaves of, 289 ILLUSTRATIONS PIGNUT, Fruiting Spray of (Carya porcina), 291 ; Fruiting Spray of (Carya mi- crocarpa}, 293 RED BIRCH, Branch of, 296 ; Leaves of, 307 ; Strobiles of, 308 SWEET BIRCH, Aments of, 296 ; Strobiles of, 312 ; Leaves of, 313 PAPER BIRCH, Strobiles of, 302 ; Fruiting Sprays of, 303 ; Trunk of, 305 YELLOW BIRCH, Scales of, 297 ; Leaves of, 309 ; Strobiles of, 310 WHITE BIRCH, Strobiles of, 298 ; Fruiting Branch of, 299 ; Trunk of, 301 ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 315 Hop HORNBEAM, Branch of, 316; Fruiting Spray of, 317; Aments of, 318 HORNBEAM, Ament of, 320 ; Fruiting Spray of, 321 SCARLET OAK, Aments of, 324 ; Flowers of, 325 WHITE OAK, Leaf of, 327 ; Trunk of, 329 ; Fruiting Spray of, 331 POST OAK, Leaves of, 333 ; Acorn of, 334 BUR OAK, Acorn of, 336 ; Leaf of, 337 CHESTNUT OAK, Leaves of, 339 ; Acorn of, 340; Trunk of, 341 YELLOW OAK, Leaves of, 343 ; Acorn of, 344 CHINQUAPIN OAK, Leaves of, 345; Acorn of, 346 SWAMP WHITE OAK, Leaves of, 347; Acorn of, 348 RED OAK, Leaves of, 350, 351 ; Trunk of, 353 ; Acorn of, 354 SCARLET OAK, Aments of, 324 ; Flowers of, 325 ; Leaves of, 355 ; Acorn of, 357 BLACK OAK, Leaves of, 359, 361 ; Acorn of, 362 SPANISH OAK, Leaves of, 363 ; Variant Leaves of, 364 ; Acorns of, 364 PIN OAK, Acorn of, 366; Leaves of. 367 BEAR OAK, Acorn of, 368 ; Leaves of, 369 BLACK JACK, Leaves of, 371 ; Acorn of, 372 SHINGLE OAK, Leaves of, 373 ; Acorn of, 374 WILLOW OAK, Acorn of, 375 ; Leaves of, 376 BEECH, Leaves of, 378 ; Fruiting Spray of, 379 ; Flowers of, 380 ; Flower Clus- ters of, 380 ; Tree, 381 ; Trunk of, 385 CHESTNUT, Leaf of, 387; Burs of, 389 ; Trunk of, 391 WILLOW, Flowers of, 394 BLACK WILLOW, Staminate Flower of, 396; Pistillate Flower of, 396; Leaves of, 397 PEACH WILLOW, Leaves of, 398 SHINING WILLOW, Leaves of, 399 LONGLEAF WILLOW, Leaf of, 400 BEBB WILLOW, Leaves of, 402 GLAUCOUS WILLOW, Leaves of, 404 WHITE WILLOW, Leaves of, 406 CRACK WILLOW, Leaves of, 407 WEEPING WILLOW, Leaves of, 411 ASPEN, Flowers of, 413 ; Leaves of, 415 LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN, Leaf of, 417; Fruiting Ament of, 417 SWAMP COTTONWOOD, Leaf of, 420; Fruiting Ament of, 420 BALSAM, Leaves of, 421, 423 ; Flowers of, 424 ; Fruiting Ament of, 424 COTTONWOOD, Leaves of, 427 ; Winter Branch of, 426 ; Trunk of, 425 ; Stam- inate Aments of, 412 ; Pistillate Aments of, 412 WHITE POPLAR, Leaves of, 429 ; Aments of, 431, 433 ILLUSTRATIONS LOMBARDY POPLAR, Leaves of, 435 WHITE PINE, Leaves of, 444, 445 ; Tmnk of, 447 1 Cone of, RED PINE, Leaves of, 45 LOBLOLLY PINE, Leaves of, 452 ; Cone of, 453 PITCH PINE, Cone of, 455 ; Leaves of, 456 JERSEY PINE, Cones of. 4571 Leaves of, 4=58 YELLOW PINE, Cones of, 459 ; Leaves of, 458 GRAY PINE, Leaves of, 460; Cones of, 461 AUSTRIAN PINE, Cone of, 463 SCOTCH PINE, Cones of, 465 WHITE SPRUCE, Sprays of, 467 RED SPRUCE, Fruiting Spray of, 468 BLACK SPRUCE, Fruiting Spray of, 471 NORWAY SPRUCE, Fruiting Spray of, 475 HEMLOCK, Fruiting Branch of, 477 TAMARACK, Fruiting Spray of, 479 LARCH, Fruiting Branch of, 481 BALSAM FIR, Leaves of, 483 BALD CYPRESS, Leaves of, 485 ARBORVIIVE, Fruiting Spray of, 487 WHITE CEDAR, Fruiting Spray of. 491 COMMON JUNIPER, Fruiting Branch of, 493 RED CEDAR, Fruiting Branch of, 495 ; Leaves of, 49^ GITOCGO, Spray of, 501 GUIDE TO THE TREES Leaves simple i Leaves compound 2 I. Leaves alternate 3 i. Leaves opposite 4 3. Margins entire 5 3. Margins slightly indented 6 3. Margins lobed 7 5. Oblong-ovate or obovate, large, thick The Magnolias 5. Oblong, sub-evergreen at the south Swamp Magnolia j Rhododendron 5.-Evergreen \MountainLaurel 5. Obovate, 6' to 10' long Papaw 5. Oblong, thick, shining, 3' to 5' long Tupelo 5. Oblong, tree occurring sparingly at the north Persimmon 5. Heart-shaped Redbud 5. Leaves of three forms oval, two-lobed, or three-lobed frequently all three on one spray -.Sassafras 5Thick, shining, willow-shaped j S *$& %* 5. Thick, shining, ovate, spines in the axils Osage Orange 5. Broadly oval or obovate, veins prominent, leaves usually in clusters at the ends of the branches. Alternate-leaved Dogwood 6. Obliquely heart-shaped The Lindens 6. Obliquely oval The Elms 6. Obliquely ovate The Hackberry 6.-Oval or ovate, doubly serrate j ^%% ams 6. Repand with spiny teeth Holly 6. Coarsely-toothed, twigs bearing thorns The Thorns $. Of quivering habit, petioles compressed The Poplars xxi GUIDE TO THE TREES 6. Long, slender, finely serrate The Willow 6. Coarsely crenately-toothed The Chestnut Oaks 6. Obovate or oval wavy-toothed Witch Hazel The Plums The Cherries Crab-Apple 6. Serrate Sour wood June-berry The Silver-bells The Beeches 7. Lobes entire 8 7. Lobes slightly indented 9 7. Lobes coarsely toothed 10 8. Apex truncate, three-lobed Tulip-tree 8. Lobes and sinuses rounded Oaks (White Oak Group) 8. Lobes rounded, lobes 2 or 3 Sassafras 8. Lobed or coarsely toothed, under surface cov- ered with white down White Poplar 9. Five-lobed, finely serrate Sweet Gum 9. Variously lobed, irregularly toothed The Mulberries 10. Irregularly toothed, lobes bristle pointed. . Oaks (Red Oak Group) 10. Leaf broad, lobes coarsely toothed Sycamore 4. Margins entire II 4Margins serrate ... . . \ S ee { Viburnum | Black Haw 4. Margins lobed The Maples ii. Ovate, veins prominent Flowering Dogwood 1 1. Heart-shaped, large The Catalpas 1 1. Oval Fringe Tree 2. Leaves pinnately compound 12 ^ 2. Leaves bi-pinnately compound 13 2,-Leaves palmately compound { 12. Alternate 14 12. Opposite 15 14. Margin of leaflets entire 16 14. Margin of leaflets with two or three teeth atbase../4*7aMj f The Sumachs H.-Margin of leaflets serrate | J* Jgjg* -* [ The Hickories 16. Leaflets oval, apex obtuse The Locusts 1 6. Leaflets oblong apex acute Poison Sumach Mil GUIDE TO THE TREES 16. Leaflets oval or ovate Cladastris 16. Leaflets ovate three in number Wafer Ash 15. Margin of leaflets entire The Ashes 1 5. Margin of leaflets serrate The Ashes 15. Margin of leaflets coarsely toothed Box Elder 13. Margins of leaflets entire Kentucky Coffee-tree 13. Irregularly bi-pinnate, margins of leaflets entire, thorns on stems above the axils of the leaves Honey Locust 13. Margins of leaflets serrate, stems spiny. Hercules Club Note. // must be remembered that the typical leaves of a species are to be found upon mature trees, not iipon young ones. The leaf- lets of a compound leaf Can be distinguished from simple leaves by the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems. No guide has been prepared for the Conifers, as it is believed the illustrations "will be sufficient. SIGNS USED IN THIS BOOK (') Acute accent over a vowel marks the short sound. (^) Grave accent over a vowel marks the long sound () The sign of degree is used for feet. ( ' ) When used with figures means inches. DICOTYLEDON ES Flowering Spray of Swamp Magnolia, Magnolia glauca. eaves 4' to (/ long, \%' to 2%' broad. Flowers a' to 3' across. MAGNOLlACE^E MAGNOLIA FAMILY SWAMP MAGNOLIA. SMALL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY Magnolia glauca. Magnolia was named by Linnaeus in honor of Pierre Magnol, an eminent botanist who lived in the seventeenth century. Glauca, glaucous, refers to the under surface of the leaf. A small tree, nearly evergreen, with slender trunk. In the Gulf States it reaches the height of seventy feet, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, but at the north it is reduced to a shrub. Roots fleshy. Prefers swamps and wet soils. Ranges from Essex County, Massachusetts, to Long Island, from New Jersey to Florida, west in the Gulf region to Texas. Bark. Light brown, scaly ; on young trees light gray, smooth. Branchlets green at first, downy, later reddish brown ; bitter, aro- matic. Wood. Light brown tinged with red, sapwood cream -white. Sparingly used in manufactures at the south. Sp.gr. 0.5035 ; weight of cu. ft., 31.38 Ibs. Winter Buds. Terete, pointed, downy, formed of successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf just above. Flower-bud enclosed in a stipular, caducous bract. Leaves. Alternate, simple, feather-veined, subpersistent, four to six inches long, one and one-half to two and one-half inches broad, oblong or oval, rounded or pointed at base, entire, obtuse at apex ; midrib conspicuous. They come out of the bud conduplicate, pale green, covered with long silvery hairs ; when full grown are a soft leathery texture, bright green, smooth and shining above, pale, glau- cous beneath, sometimes almost white. At the north they fall late in November, at the south the leaves remain with little change ol color until pushed off by the new leaves in the spring. Petiole short, slender. MAGNOLIA FAMILY June. Perfect, solitary, terminal, cream-white, fra- grant, two to three inches across ; enveloping bract thin, caducous. Calyx. Sepals three, obtuse, concave, shorter than the petals but resembling them, cream-white. Corolla. Petals nine to twelve, in rows of three, hypogynous, im- bricated in bud, cream-white. Stamens. Indefinite, imbricated in rows upon the base of the long conical receptacle ; filaments short; anthers adnate, two-celled, introrse ; connective fleshy, pointed. Pistils. Indefinite, packed together and covering the lengthened receptacle, cohering with each other and forming an oval mass. Ovaries fleshy, one-celled ; style short ; stigma long, yellow, turned back at the top ; ovules two. Fruit. Scarlet oval mass formed of the coalescent carpels, smooth, two inches long, containing many seeds.- Seeds drupaceous, red, shining, aromatic. Suspended at maturity by a long thin cord of unrolled spiral vessels. September, October. Long they sat and talked together, . . . Of the marvellous valley hidden in the depths of Gloucester woods, Full of plants that love the summer, blooms of warmer latitudes, Where the Arctic birch is braided by the tropic's flowery vines, And the white magnolia blossoms star the twilight of the pines. JOHN G. WHITTIER. A sheltered swamp near Cape Ann not far from the sea is thought to be the most northern habitation of this plant and until lately was supposed to be the only one in Massachusetts. It has recently been found at the distance of some miles in another swamp in the midst of deep woods in Essex. GEORGE B. EMERSON. Magnolia trees are among the finest productions of the North American forests. They are distinctively southern trees ; two species alone are indigenous to the northern states, and one of these may be looked upon rather as a survival, or a wanderer which has strayed across the border and forgotten to return, than as a resident to the manner born. The Swamp Magnolia, or Sweet Bay, to the surprise of botan- ists is found growing naturally in a sheltered swamp on the peninsula of Cape Ann. That it can live there in so exposed a position without protection from man, proves that it can live elsewhere, in a climate equally severe, with such protec- tion. As a matter of fact it is fairly hardy under cultivation throughout the north, but its leaves are not always evergreen SWAMP MAGNOLIA nor will it remain in continuous bloom throughout the sum- mer unless in a moist situation. It must have water in order to do its best. The flowers appear in May, solitary, at the ends of the branches, cream-white, large as a rose and fragrant as a lily. Under favorable conditions they will continue to appear through the greater part of the summer, and the combination of these creamy blossoms surrounded by the dark shining leaves is beautiful indeed. By midsummer the fruit has formed, a green oval mass, made up of many seed-vessels which have grown together. When ripe this becomes red and is about two inches long. The enclosed seeds turn a brilliant scarlet, and when released from their prison walls hang down for awhile on their slender white threads, and finally fall to the ground or are eaten by birds. In taste they are aromatic, pungent, and slightly bitter. This charming little tree has a variety of common names, referring to its size or its habitat or its individual characteris- tics. Among these names is Beaver-wood, given because the fleshy roots were eagerly eaten by the beavers, who consid- ered them such a dainty that they could be caught in traps baited with them. Michaux relates that the wood was used by the beavers in constructing their dams and houses in pref- erence to any other. The tree is easily propagated by layers which, however, root slowly ; but the preferred method is to graft it upon a root of the Cucumber-tree, M. acuminata, where it makes a stronger growth than upon its own roots. To obtain plants from the seeds they should be preserved in moist earth and sown very early in the spring in a moist situation. Magnolia iripetala, the Umbrella-tree, frequently planted on northern lawns, is a southern species ranging from Pennsyl- vania to the Gulf. It may be easily recognized by its great leaves, twelve to eighteen inches long, and four to eight inches broad. These radiate from the ends of the branches in such a way as to suggest an open umbrella, whence its common name. Often it sprawls, a straggling bush. The huge, ter- 5 MAGNOLIA FAMILY minal, cream-white blossoms appear in May. They are from eight to ten inches across and exhale a disagreeable odor. The name tripetala refers to the three petaloid sepals. The Magnolia shrubs found in northern gardens whose great white or pink flowers appear before the leaves are of Chinese or Japanese origin. The science of Paleobotany is fragmentary as yet, but enough is already known to give us a wonderful outlook into the life history of our common plants. It is evident that im- mediately preceding the glacial period the polar regions were not covered with ice, but sustained a rich growth of vegeta- tion, and plants flourished there which are now known only in warmer countries. The genus Magnolia to-day is sub-tropi- cal. Its species are found only in southeastern North America, southern Mexico, and southern Asia. But the scientists tell us that once it flourished abundantly throughout America and Europe, and its fossil remains are found in the tertiary rocks of Greenland and elsewhere within the arctic circle. Professor G. Frederick Wright, in " The Ice Age in North America," admirably presents the latest opinion in regard to the flight of the forests. He writes as follows : "The key applied by Professor Gray for the solution of this problem was suggested by the investigations of Heer and others, which had just brought out the fact that, during the Tertiary period, just before the beginning of the Ice Age, a temperate climate, corresponding to that of latitude 35 on the Atlantic coast, extended far up toward the North Pole, permitting Green- land and Spitzbergen to be covered with trees and plants similar in most respects to those found at the present time :n Virginia and North Carolina. Here, indeed, in close prox- imity to the North Pole, were then residing in harmony and contentment, the ancestors of nearly all the plants and ani- mals which are now found in the north temperate zone, and here they would have continued to stay but for the cold breath of the approaching Ice Age, which drove them from their homes, and compelled them to migrate to more hospita- ble latitudes. 6 UMBRELLA-TREE Umbrella-tree, Magnolia tripelala. Leaves 12' to ie' ioiig, 4' to ' broad. MAGNOLIA FAMILY " The picture of the flight and dispersal of these forests, and of their struggle to find and adjust themselves to other homes, is second in interest to that of no other migration. A single GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Chart Showing the Development of Vegetation during the Geological Ages. tree is helpless before such a force as an advancing glacier, since a tree alone cannot migrate. But a forest of trees can. Trees can "take to the woods" when they can do nothing CUCUMBER-TREE else, and so escape unfavorable conditions. There is a natu- ral climatic belt to which the life of a forest is adjusted. In the present instance, as the favorable conditions near the poles were disturbed by the cooling influences of the glacier approaching from the north, the individual trees on that side of the forest belt gradually perished ; but at the same time that the favorable conditions of life were contracting on the north, they were expanding on the south, so that along the southern belt the trees could gradually advance into new territory, and so the whole forest belt move southward, fol- lowing the conditions favorable to its existence. It is there- fore easy to conceive how, with the slow advance of the gla- cial conditions from the north, the vegetation of Greenland and British America was transferred far down toward the torrid zone on both the Eastern and Western continent. Being thus transferred, the forest would be compelled to re- main there until the retreat of the ice began again to modify the conditions so as to compel a corresponding retreat of plants toward their original northern habitat. Thus it is that these descendants of the pre-glacial plants of Greenland, ar- rested in their northward march, have remained the character- istic flora of the latitudes near the glacial boundary." CUCUMBER-TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA Magnolia acumincita. Acuminata refers to the pointed apex of the leaves. Of two forms ; in the forest it rises to the height of ninety feet with sturdy unbroken trunk for two-thirds its height ; when allowed sufficient space to develop, it becomes a cone with branches that sweep the ground. Prefers a moist, fertile soil, but will grow on rocky river-banks. Roots fleshy. Ranges from western New York to southern Illinois, south through central Kentucky and Tennessee to Alabama, and throughout Arkansas. 2?ar. Brown, regularly furrowed and scaly. Branchlets slender, red brown, downy, later becoming gray. MAGNOLIA FAMILY Wood. Light yellow brown, sapwojht, soft, satiny, close-grained and durable. Sp. gr., 0.4690; weight of cu. ft., 29.23 Ibs. Winter Buds. Terete, acute, downy. Terminal bud an inch long. Outer scales fall when spring growth begins, inner scales en- large and become the stipules of the unfolding leaves. Flower-bud enclosed in a stipular, caducous bract. Leaves. Alternate or scattered, simple, feather-veined, seven to fourteen inches long, four to six broad, oblong, pointed or rounded at base, entire, slightly ruffled at margin, acute ; midrib and primary veins prominent beneath. They come out of the bud conduplicate, green, covered with long silky hairs ; when full grown are bright deep green, smooth above, paler and slightly downy beneath. In autumn they turn a bright yellow. Petioles an inch to an inch and a half long. Flowers. May, June. Perfect, solitary, terminal, bell-shaped, greenish yellow, three to four inches across. Calyx. Sepals three, greenish yellow, acute, an inch to an inch and a half long, soon reflexed. Corolla. Petals six, in two rows, greenish yellow, imbricate in bud, hypogynous, obovate, concave, acute, two to three inches long; inner row narrower than outer. Stamens. Indefinite, imbricated in many rows on the base of the receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers long, adnate, introrse, two- celled ; connective pointed. Pistils. Indefinite, imbricated on the lengthened receptacles. Ovaries fleshy, one-celled ; style short, recurved ; ovules two. Fruit. A red cylindrical mass composed of coalescent carpels, smooth, two to three inches long, often curved, containing many scarlet drupaceous seeds, which when released hang down on slender white threads. September, October. The struggle for life among the trees of the forest is quite as keen, the conflict as pitiless, and death to the weakest quite as certain, as in the higher ranks of life. The survival of the fittest is the law of the wildwood as well as of the creatures who live beneath its protecting cover. There is just so much space below, and just so much light above to be appropriated, and roots that can dig deepest and hold tight- est, trunks that can rise the highest and then spread out their branches and bear their leaves into the air and sunlight have the best chance to survive. There is no time to loiter and grow fat, there is no time to indulge in the luxury of branches. Upward is the cry, and the race is given to the strong, not to 10 CUCUMBER-TREE Cucumber-tree, Magnolia acuminata. Leaves 7' to 14' long, 4' to t/ broad. MAGNOLIA FAMILY the weak. All trees that live in the forest learn chis lesson, and this is the explanation of the well-known fact that in or- der to find out what the actual typical form of a tree really is, one must see it growing alone with ample space to develop after the law of its nature. No tree shows the difference between free life and torest Jife more clearly than the Cucumber, for it takes on two dis- tinctly characteristic forms dependent upon its location. An individual which has attained its growth in the forest rises straight as a column to the height of thirty, forty, or fifty feet without a branch. When, however, a seedling starts in a clearing, or a sucker grows up from a decaying stump, the CUCUMBER-TREE entire habit is changed ; the branches start low, become pendent, and by the time the tree is thirty feet high, the ends of the lower branches sweep the ground, making the contour a beautiful cone, and beneath the branches a perfect tent. Flowering Branch of Cucumber-tree, Magnolia acuntinata. Such a tree having its branches tipped with pink fruit pre- sents in September a unique and striking appearance. ' The spray of the Cucumber, like that of all large-leaved trees, is coarse. The effect of the foliage, however, is singu- larly fine, for the leaves are of a clear bright green, arranged alternately along the branch and short petioled, so that they have little independent motion, and the branch sways as a whole when moved by the wind. The flowers are not so beautiful nor so conspicuous as those of the other magnolias, for their greenish yellow color causes them virtually to be lost among the leaves. The fruit is a cylinder-shaped bunch borne at the end of the branch, with a tendency as it matures to turn up. When green this somewhat resembles a cucumber, whence the name of the tree. In September the little cucumber turns pink, 13 Cucumber-tree Fruit Discharg- ing its Seed. MAGNOLIA FAMILY finally the red berries within break through the skin of the covering, hang for a time on long white threads, and at length become food for birds. Within the red pulp is a shining black seed. Both fruit and bark are aromatic and somewhat bitter. The Cucumber loves the mountain-side, the narrow valley, and the banks of streams, an atmosphere constantly moist, a soil deep and fertile. It is a magnificent tree for lawn plant- ing, and thrives with but little attention. The only objection that can be urged against it is its tendency to drop its leaves more or less throughout the summer. TULIP-TREE. YELLOW POPLAR Lirioddndron tuVpifera. Liriodendron, from two Greek words meaning lily and tree. Tulipifera, tulip-bearing. One of the largest and most beautiful of our natives trees, known to reach the height of one hundred and ninety feet, with a trunk ten feet in diameter ; its ordinary height, seventy to one hundred feet. Found sparingly in New England, abundant on the southern shore of Lake Erie and westward to Illinois. It extends south to Alabama and Georgia, and is rare west of the Mississippi River. Prefers deep, rich, and rather moist soil ; is common, though not abundant, nor is it solitary. Roots fleshy. Growth fairly rapid. Typical form of head conical. Bark. Brown, furrowed ; branchlets smooth, lustrous, reddish at first, later dark gray, finally brown. Aromatic and bitter. Wood. Light yellow to brown, sapwood creamy white ; light, soft, brittle, close, straight-grained. Used for interior finish of houses, for siding, for panels of carriages, for coffin boxes, pattern timber, and wooden ware. On account of the growing scarcity of the better qualities of white pine, tulip wood is taking its place to some extent, particularly when very wide boards are required. Sp. gr., 0.4230; weight of cu. ft., 26.36 Ibs. Winter Buds. Dark red, covered with a bloom, obtuse; scales becoming conspicuous stipules for the unfolding leaf, and persistent until the leaf is fully grown. Flower-bud enclosed in a two-valved, caducous bract. Leaves. Alternate, simple, feather-veined, five to six inches long, as many broad, four-lobed, heart-shaped or truncate or slightly 14 TULIP-TREE Tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Leaves 5' to & long. MAGNOLIA FAMILY wedge-shaped at base, entire, and the apex cut across at a shallow angle, making the upper part of the leaf look square ; midrib and primary veins prominent. They come out of the bud recurved by the bending down of the petiole near the middle bringing the apex of the folded leaf to the base of the bud, light green, when full grown are bright green, smooth and shining above, paler green beneath, with downy veins. In autumn they turn a clear, bright yellow. Peti- ole long, slender, angled. Flowers. May. Perfect, solitary, terminal, greenish yellow, borne on stout peduncles, an inch and a half to two inches long, cup- shaped, erect, conspicuous. The bud is enclosed in a sheath of two triangular bracts which fall as the blossom opens. Calyx. Sepals three, imbricate in bud, reflexed or spreading, somewhat veined, early deciduous. Corolla. Cup-shaped, petals six, two inches long, in two rows, imbricate, hypogynous, greenish yellow, marked toward the base with yellow. Somewhat fleshy in texture. Stamens. Indefinite, imbricate in many ranks on the base of the receptacle ; filaments thread-like, short ; anthers extrorse, long, two- celled, adnate ; cells opening longitudinally. Pistils. Indefinite, imbricate on the long slender receptacle. Ovary one-celled ; style acuminate, flattened ; stigma short, one- sided, recurved; ovules two. Fruit. Narrow light brown cone, formed by many samara-like carpels which fall, leaving the axis persistent all winter. September, Different species of trees move their leaves very differently. On the tulip- tree. the aspen and on all native poplars, the leaves are apparently Anglo-Saxon or Germanic, having an intense individualism. Each one moves to suit himself Under the same wind one is trilling up and down, another is whirling, another slowly vibrating right and left, still others are quieting themselves to sleep. Sometimes other trees have single frisky leaves, but usually the oaks, maples, and beeches have community of interest. They are all active together or all alike still. HENRY WARD BEECHER. The Tulip-tree has impressed itself upon popular attention in many ways, and consequently has many common names. In the western states it is called a poplar largely because of the fluttering habit of its leaves, in which it resembles trees of that genus ; the color of its wood gives it the name White- wood ; the Indians so habitually made their dugout canoes of its trunk that the early settlers of the west called it Canoe- \vood ; and the resemblance of its flowers to tulips named it the Tulip-tree. The Tulip-tree in the forest reaches a size that may be 16 TULIP-TREE Unfolding Leaves of Tulip-tree. properly called magnificent, for it rises to the height of one hundred and ninety feet. The Tulip-tree, however, standing alone attains its finest development. The trunk rises like a Co- rinthian column, tall and slender, the branches come out symmetrically, and the whole contour of the tree, though somewhat formal, possesses a cer- tain stately elegance. The leaves are of unusual shape and de- velop in a most pe- culiar and character- istic manner. The leaf-buds are composed of scales as is usual, and these scales grow with the growing shoot. In this respect the buds do not differ from those of many other trees, but what is peculiar is that each pair of scales devel- ops so as to form an oval en- velop which contains the young leaf and protects it against changing temperatures until it is strong enough to sustain them without injury. When it has reached thai stage the bracts separate, the tiny leaf conies out carefully folded along the line of the midrib, opens as it matures, and until it becomes full grown the bracts do duty as stipules, be- coming an inch or more in length before they fall. The leaf is unique in shape, its apex is cut off at the end in a way peculiarly its own, the petioles 17 Flower of Tulip-tree. MAGNOLIA FAMILY are long, angled, and so poised that the leaves flutter inde- pendently, and their glossy surfaces so catch and toss the light that the effect of the foliage as a whole is much brighter than it otherwise would be. The flowers are large, brilliant, and on detached trees nu- merous. Their color is greenish yellow with dashes of red and ^orange, and their resemblance to a tulip very marked. They do not droop from the spray but sit erect. The fruit is a cone two to three inches long, made of a great number of thin nar- row scales attached to a common axis. These scales are each a carpel surrounded by a thin membranous ring. Each cone contains sixty or seventy of these scales, of which only a few are productive. Lon- don says that seeds from the highest branches of old trees are most likely to germinate. These fruit cones remain on the tree in varied states of dilapidation throughout the winter. The Tulip is never abundant in the sense that oaks and beeches and ashes are abundant, because it delights only in deep, loamy, and extremely fertile soils, such as the bottom- lands of rivers and borders of swamps. Its finest develop- ment is in the valleys of the rivers flowing into the Ohio. It is recommended as a shade-tree, especially for the cities where bituminous coal is burned. The wood of the Tulip is known in the arts as the poplar and the whitewood. Mechanics who use it have divided it into the white and yellow poplar, judging from the color and texture of the wood. There seem to be no botanic distinc- tions sufficiently constant upon which to base a variety, and the difference is believed to depend upon the character of the soil. The tree grows readily from seeds, which should be sown in a fine soft mould, and in a cool and shady situation. If 18 Fruit Cone of Tulip- TULIP-TREE sown in autumn they come up the succeeding spring, but if sown in spring they often remain a year in the ground. It is readily propagated by cuttings and easily transplanted. The Liriodendron is now a genus of a single species. In the cretaceous age the genus was represented by several spe- cies, and was widely distributed over North America and Europe. Its remains are also found in the tertiary rocks. One species alone survived the glacial ice, and this is found only in eastern North America and western China the well- known Tulip-tree of the western states. ANNONACE^E CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY PAPAW Asitnina triloba. Asimina is formed from Asiminier, an early colonial name used by the French for this tree. Its meaning is in doubt. Triloba refers to the blossom. A small tree, often a shrub. Its northern limit is the western part of New York, is abundant on the southern shore of Lake Erie. Occurs in eastern and central Pennsylvania, west as far as Michi- gan and Kansas and south to Florida and Texas. Rare east of the Alleghany Mountains, but in the low lands bordering the Missis- sippi River often forming dense thickets. Trunk straight, branches slender and spreading. Roots fleshy ; loves rich bottom lands and sometimes attains the height of thirty feet. Bark. Dark brown, blotched with gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided by shallow fissures. Inner bark tough, fibrous. Branchlets light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves. Wood. Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter ; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy. Sp. gr., 0.3969; weight of cu. ft., 24.74 Ibs. Winter Buds. Small, brown, acuminate, hairy. Leaves. Alternate, simple, feather-veined, obovate-lanceolate, ten to twelve inches long, four to five broad, wedge-sliaped at base, entire, acute at apex ; midrib and primary veins prominent They come out of the bud conduplicate, green, covered with rusty tomen- tum beneath, hairy above ; when full grown are smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. In autumn they are a rusty yellow. Petioles short, stout. Stipules wanting. Flowers. April, with the leaves. Perfect, solitary, axillary, rich red purple, two inches across, borne on stout, hairy peduncles. Ill smelling. PAPAW Papaw, Asimina, triloba. Leaves ic/ to 12' long, 4' to 5' broad, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY Calyx. Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy. Corolla. Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud. Inner row acute, erect, nectariferous. Outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity. Petals at first are green, then brown, and finally be- come dull purple and conspicuously veiny. Stamens. Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle. Filaments short ; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudi- nally. Pistils. Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens. Ovary one-celled ; stigma sessile ; ovules many. Fruit. Baccate, oblong, cylindrical, fleshy, from three to five inches long. Sometimes curved or irregular because of imperfect development of seeds. Edible. Seeds flat, oblong, rounded at ends, an inch long, half an inch broad, wrinkled. September, Oc- tober. Cotyledons broad, five-lobed. One of two things a forest tree must do, it must be able to reach the top and so enjoy the air and sunlight, or it must learn to grow in the shade. The Papaw has elected to grow in the shade. In its chosen home, which is the rich bottom lands of the Mississippi valley, it often forms a dense under- growth in the forest ; sometimes it succeeds in obtaining complete possession of a tract, and there it appears as a thicket of small slender trees, whose great leaves are borne so close together at the ends of the branches, and which cover each other so symmetrically, that the effect is to give a pe- culiar imbricated appearance to the tree. The blossom is interesting rather than beautiful. It appears with the leaves, and at^first is green as the leaves, but as the days go by it increases in size, darkens in color, and by way of greenish brown and brownish green it arrives finally at a rich, dark, vinous red. Part of the petals are honey laden, erect, gathered close about nower of Papaw. the stamens and pistils, and the others are open, spreading, finally reflexed. The flower appeals to the scent, the sight, and the taste, of the vagrant fly and the wandering bee. PAPAW The fruit is an unusual one for northern forests. The early settlers called the tree Papavv because of the resem- blance of its fruit to the real papaw of the tropics ; it certainly suggests a banana. It is oblong in shape, nearly cylindrical, rounded, sometimes pointed at the ends, more or less curved and often irregular in outline ; the flesh is yellow and soft ; the seeds flat and wrinkled. Ripening in Sep- tember and October, it is frequently found in the markets of western and southern cities, and although credited in the books as edible and wholesome, one must be either very young or very hungry really to enjoy its flavor. The Asimina is the only genus of the great Custard-Apple family found outside of the tropics, and the Papaw is the most northern species of the genus. Fruit of Papaw, 3' to 5' long. TILIACE.E LINDEN FAMILY LINDEN. BASSWOOD. LIME-TREE Tilia americ&na. Tilia is the ancient classical name retained by Linnaeus. Bass- wood alludes to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. A native of rich woods in the northern states and Canada, reaches its greatest size in the valley of the lower Ohio, becoming one hun- dred and thirty feet in height, but its usual height is about seventy feet. The trunk is erect, pillar-like, the branches spreading, often pendulous, forming a broad rounded head. Roots large, deep, and spreading. Juices mucilaginous. Bark. Light brown, furrowed, surface scaly. Branchlets terete, smooth, light gray, faintly tinged with red, finally dark brown or brownish gray, marked with dark wart-like excrescences. Inner bark very tough and fibrous. Wood.?\