LIBRARY OF THE University of California. .L^^^ ^^^^ ch ck i) (f Compound Consonants. BS sz Rch ep 8t til tz ff § fct) fp ji t^ § dJ,^. '^/y^ O^^^/^-'t^c^'^ ALPHABET. 1. (2) The letters of the German Alphabet are as follows: German Eoman German German Roman German letters. equiv'ts. name. letters. equiv'ts name. % a a a (ah) % tt n en S3, b b ba {bay) o, o o ^r c c tsa % p P pa 2), b d da £lr q q ku (koo) a, c e a 9t, r r er ^, f f ef , § h ha n, u U u (oo) 5, i i e (ee) iB, t) V fou (found) ^r j i yot S, to w va ^, t k ka X, ? X ix ?, I 1 el d> ^ 7 ipsilon 3«, m m em 2, a z tset German is also often printed in the same letters as English. 2 PRONUNCIATION. [2 2. (5) The German uses capital initial letters, like the English, at the beginning of sentences, of lines of poetry, and of direct quotations ; but also, for all nouns, and words used as nouns ; and for pronouns of the third person, when used in ad- dress with the value of those of the second person ; but not for adjectives of nationality : thus, englif^, 'English'; franjoftfd^, 'French'; bie beutfc^e , fd^Iiipfen. h. 5)1) has the sound of /.-thus, $^afe, ^^o^p^or. 40. (48) ©d^ is the equivalent of our sh : thus, 41. (49) f is pronounced as a double ^, and is v written instead of ^^ at the end of a word, or after a long vowel or diphthong, or before a consonant : thus, Sa§, pglid^* (In the English character, f is generally written ss,) 42. (51) ^ is the written equivalent of a double I, but is pronounced like a single j: thus, 5^(0^, ACCENT. 43. (55) a. The accent, in words not compound, is usually on the radical syllable : thus, bau'fcn, banf'bar, Danf'barfett. But the accent is taken by the suffix et, and by i or ic in verbs having the infin. in iren or icren. 6. In compound words, the accent is usually that of the first member : thus, au^'gel^ett, Slu^'gaug, ^au^'bewo^ner. Exceptions are : compounds with inseparable prefixes (163\ as Beban'fen ; many with aE= and un=, as anmad)'tig, uncnb'Ud) ; compounds of direction, as fuboft'; and most compound par- ticles, as \i(x%\Xi% guijor', c. Foreign words do not follow these rules, and are often ac- cented oa the final : thus, 3^ation'. DECLENSION. [U r^ DECLENSION. 44. (58-9) There are two numbers, singulae and PLURAL, and four cases : tlie nominative, an- swering to the English nominative ; the genitive, answering nearly to the English possessive, or ob- jective with of; the dative, corresponding to the English objective with to or for ; and the accusa- tive, nearly the same as our objective without a preposition. 45. (60) There ane three genders, masculine^ FEMININE, and neuter. The names of most objects having conspicuons sex are mas^ culine or feminine, according as those objects are male or female ; but in great part the genders of German nouns follow arbitrary rules, and must be learned by experience. But the following rules will be found of practical value : 46. (61) a. Masculine are : names of seasons, months, and days of the week, of the points of the compass, and of stones ; also many derivatives formed from roots by change of vowel, all those ending in ing and ling, and many which end in e(, en, n. Thus: bcr ©^rud), *the speech,* ber 9'^agel, *the nail,* ber ginger, * the finger,* ber 8ie&Ung, * the darling.' b. Feminine are most names of rivers, of plants, fruita, and flowers ; many derivatives ending in e and t ; and all those formed by the secondary suffixes ei, ^eit, feit, fdBaft, ung, and in. Thus: h\e(Bpxa^e, * speech,' btc 2)?a$t, * might,' bie SSei^beit, 'wisdom,' bte Orbnung, ' order.* c. Neuter are most names of countries and places, of metals, the names of the letters, and other parts of speech used as nouns, all diminutives formed with d)en and lein, most nouns formed by the suffixes fcl, fal, nig, and tf)Um, most collectives and abstracts formed by the prefix ge, and all infinitives used as nouns. 49j AKTICLES. Thus: ba^ ^aWn, 'the girl,' ba| ^at^f el, * the riddle,' ba^ @ef^xa(^, 'talk,' ba^ 'Btdjm, *the act of standing.' d. Compound nouns usually take the gender of their final member. e. Nouns of foreign origin, though with many exceptions, are masculine, feminine, cr neuter as in the tongues from which they come. 47. (62) Adjectives and most pronouns are in- flected in the singular in all three genders, in order to agree with the noun which they qualify. They make no distinction of gender in the plural. ARTICLES. 48. (63) The articles are declined as follows : DEFINITE ARTICLE. Singular, Plural masc. fern. neut. m. f. n. Nom, ber bic bag bie 'the' Gen. beg ber beg ber •of the' Dat. bent ber bent ben * to or for the ' Ace. ben bie ha^ INDEFINITE Singular. bie ARTICLE. •the' Nom. etn etne ein •a' Gen. cineg etner eineg •of a' Dat. cinem einer cinem •to or for a' Ace. einen eine ein •a.' 49. (65) The ace. neuter ba§ and the dat. masc. and neuter bent are often contracted with a preced- ing preposition into one word: thus, an^, aitf^, in^, fiir^, ^um, beim, etc. In such contracted forms, 10 NOUNS. [49 a preposition ending in n loses its n before m : thus, am, im, ^om. The dat. fem. ber is in like manner contracted with p to jm\ Other similar contractions sometimes occur. 50. (66) Special Uses of the Definite Article. — a. The definite article is used with abstract nonns and those taken in a uni- versal sense : thus, ba^ SeBen ift furj, *life is short'; ba§ @olb i[t gelb, 'gold is yellow.' 6. It is often used where we use a possessive adjective : thus, ber Skater fd)utteUe ben ^o^f, *the father shook his head.' c. In many other cases the article is used or omitted where the contrary is the usage in English : thus, especially, it is prefixed to the names of seasons, months, and days of the week, to names of streets and mountains, to the feminine names of countries, and often to other proper names : thus, im 2B inter, *in winter'; ber 3)2at, *May'; in ber SdnxJei^, *in Switzerland'; ber franfe ®eorg, 'sick George,' NOUNS. 51. (68) In order to decline a noun, we need to know how it forms its genitiye singular and its nominative plural; and upon these two cases de- pends the classification of the declensions. 52. (71-2) In all noun declension, feminines are invariable, in the singular, and the nom., gen., and ace. plural are alike ; and in all declension whatever, the ace. singular of the fem. and neut. is like the nom., and the dat. plural (except of personal pronouns) ends in n« FIRST DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 53. (69) 1. The great majority of masculine nouns, and all neuters, form their genitive sin- gular by adding ^ or e^ to the nominative. These constitute the first declension; which is then 60] NOUNS. 11 divided into classes according to the mode of formation of tlie nominative pluraL 54. (75) The fibst class adds no ending to form the plural; its nominatives are alike in both numbers, except that in a few words (about 20 masc, and the 2 fem.) the vowel is modified for the plural. 55. (76) To this class belong all masculines and neuters ending in el, cr, cn ; a few neuters having the prefix ge and ending in e; all the neuter diminutives in d^en and letn; and two feminines, Tlntttr, ' mother,' and Xod^ter, ' daughter.' 56. (77) Nouns of this class add only ^ in the gen. sing., and take no e in the dative. 57. (81) The SECOND class forms the plural by adding t, and usually modifies the vowel of the principal syllable, though ^ith many exceptions. 58. (82) To this class belong the greater number of masculines, many neuters, some monosyllabic feminines, and also the feminines ending in nip and fal 59. (83) Masculines and neuters take ^ or e^ in the gen. sing.; the dat. is like the nom., or adds e. a. The ending e^ is generally taken by monosyllables, g by polysyllables ; but most words may take either, e^ belonging to a more serious style, and g being more colloquial. Words ending in a sibilant always take e^. 6. The use of e in the dat. is nearly parallel to that of e§ in the genitivCo 60. (84) The great majority of masculines take the modified vowel in the plural, also all fem- inines, except those in ni§ and faL 12 NOUNS. [61 61. (87-9) The thied class adds er to form the nom. plural, and modifies the vowel of the stem. This class is composed chiefly of neuters, with a few masculines. The gen. and dat. sing, are formed as in the second class. EXAMPLES : 1. FIEST CLASS. ©^aten^ ©eBirgC; 50?utter, 'spade,' m. 'mountain range,' n. Singular. 'mother,' f. N. bcr ©^)otett bag ©ebtrgc bie 5ffJntter G. beg ®^Qteng beg ©eMrgeg ber 9Kntter D. bem ©i^ateu bem @ebirge ber abutter A. ben ©paten bag ©ebirgc Plural. hk 2Kutter N. bte ©paten bie ©ebivgc bie 2Kutter G. ber ©paten ber ©ebirge ber 9KUtter D. ben ©paten ben ®ebirc|en ben aWiittern A. bie ©paten bie ©ebirge 2. SECOND CLASS. bie abutter ©oH 3a5r, .ganb, *Boii,' m. 'year,' n. Singular, «liand,'f. N. ber ©o^n ha^ ^afjX bie ^anb G. beg ©ol^neg he§ -Sa^reg ber §anb D. bem ©o^ne bem -3a^re bcr §anb A. ben ©o^n bag 3^a^r Plural bie $anb N. bie ©o^ne bie 3a^re bie §anbc G. ber ©o^ne ber 3af)re ber §dnbe D. ben ©o^nen ben 3ai)rcn ben §dnben A. bie ©o^ne bie Sa^re bie ^(inbe 61] NOUNS. 13 3, THIBD CLASS. §a\x^, 2BeiB, 9}?ann, Srrt^um, * house,' n. * woman,' n. *man,' m. Singular. * error,' m. N. ha^ §au§ aSeib ber aKantt QtXti)VLm G. be^ §aufe§ aBeibe^ be^ 3Kanne^ Srrt^um^ D. bem §aufe aseiae bem 2}?anne ■3iTt()um A. ba^ §au5 2Beib ben Wann Plural -3rrt^um N. bic ^aufer SBeiber bie 9Jtdnner 3i-rt^umer G. ber ^dufer aSeiber ber SRdnnet •Srrtfjumer D. bett §cittfertt 2Beibcrn belt Wl'dnmxn 3crtJ)umern A. bie |)dufer aSeiber hie Wtanntx 3rrt^umei: VOCABULARY. fea^ 33tDb, ^c$f =obe» bread, ber 33ruber, -xB, =ubcr« brother. bag 33 ud), 'd)eg, =M)er4 book. bie 33utter* butter, er, pers. pron. he. ber ©arten, =ng, -drten, garden. \)a§ ©eBirge ^ge^, =ge. moun- tain-range. giBt, 3d swy. gives. ^aBen, 3dpZ. have, bie §anb, =dnbe^ hand. f)at, 3d sing. has. bag §aug, ^cg, 4ufer» house, in, prep. in. ift, 3d singf. is. ber ^afe, =f^^r =^* cheese. bag ^inb/ ^beg, -ber. child, bag ^leib, =beg, =ber* dress, garment." bag 9J2dbd)en, =ng, =n» girl. ber 9)?ann, =neg, -dnner. man. bie Gutter, =utter» mother, ber Onfel, 4g, 4* uncle, finb, 3d pi. are. ber @o^n, =neg, =6r)ne* son. bie ^Dd)ter, =6(^ter. daughter, unb, co?i/. and. ber SSater, =rg, ^dter* father, bag 2Bei5, ^t^, 4er* woman, wife. EXERCISE 1. NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 1. 3)er £)nM ift (^is') ein Scuber beg aSaterg. 2. ®ag aSeib ift bie abutter ber ^inber. 3. ^k mmUx i)at C tas ') 14: NOUNS. [61 Srob, 23utter unb ^dfe. 4, S)er ajJann gibt ('gives') bent aSeibe ba3 ®(eib. 5» (Sr Che') gibt di\ Surf) ben ^inberm 6. ®er ®o^n beg 9J?anne§ ift in bent ®arten» 7, J)ie 3D^anner ^aben ('have') Surf)cr in ben ^cinben. 8. !5)ag §aug ift im ®ebirge» 9, 3)ie aj^dbd^en finb C are ') Soc^ter eineg SSaterg unb etner 2Kutter. VOCABUriARY. and, unb* in, in. are, finb. is, ift. book, 58 uc^. man, 2}2ann. bread, 33rob. month, ber 9}?onat, -t^, =tc» brother, 33rubcr. mother, SO^utter* butter, S3uttcr. mountain-range, ©eBirflC. chair, ber 8tul)I, 4eg, ^u^Ie. part, ber Zf)nl, A^, 4e. child, tinb. picture, ba§ 33Ub, =bg, =bet. day, ber ^aQ, ^flS, =fle. room, baS dimmer, =r^, -r. father, SSater. son, cld)c, *give me some.' c. 203 a^ is used for nm n?a^, or iijarum, * why.' RELATIVES. 101. (177) The demonstrative bcr, and the in- terrogatives tt)er, tt)a^, n)a^ fiir, and weld^er are used also as relatives. 102. (178) 3Der and W3eld)er are the ordinary rel- atives following an antecedent. In the nom. and accus. they are used interchangeably. In the dative (except after prepositions) the cases of ber are preferred; and in the genitive only beffen and beren are ever met with. 103. (179) a. 2Ber and iva^, iva^ fur, and hjclc^er used adject- ively, are properly compound relatives, or antecedent and re- lative combined. Thus, mx hd S^ac^t ijorBeifu^r, fa^ bte glammen, * he who (who- ever) went by at night saw the flames.' 6. The demonstrative is often repeated for distinctness after the compound relative. Thus, \va md)t i)orn)di't§ ge^t, ber Ummt guxucf, ' whoever does not advance, he falls back.' c. After a neuter pronoun or adjective (especially a super- lative) taken in a general sense, iua§ is used instead of H§ or iveldje^: thus, Me^, iwa^ 'con bit mir tarn, 'all that came to me from thee ' ; ba§ ©tfte, Wa^ fie l)6rtcn, 'the first thing which they heard.' 34 INDEFINITE PKONOUNS. [104 104. (180) For tlie dai or accus. case of a rela- tive governed by a preposition is usually substi- tuted, when things and not persons are referred to, the compound of the preposition with an adverb. The compounds of ta (ration, barau^, etc.) are some- times so used, but those of WO (ttJO^on, tDorau^, etc.) are preferred. 105. (181) A word agreeing with a relative is put in the third person, even when the antecedent is of the first or second per- son, unless the personal pronoun be repeated after the relative: Thus, Mil bu c§, bet fo gittert, *is it thou who art trembling thus ? ' ; but, W bu e^, ber bu fo gitterft ? 106. (183) The relative is never omitted in German: thus, tie greunbe, We ic^ Hebe, 'the friends I love.' INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 1C7. (185) ^an ('one') is used as indefinite subject to a verb (like the French on, or our one, they): thus, man fagt, Hhey say,' 'it is said.' If any case but a nominative is required, etuer is used instead. 108. (186-7) Semanb, 'some one,' 9l{emanb, 'no one,' are usually declined (in the singular only) as nouns of the first declension ; but sometimes they take the endings em or en in the dative and en in the accusative. Sebermann, 'every one,' has only the genitive Sebermann^* 109. (188) etttJae, 'something,' andniAt^, 'noth- ing,' are indeclinable substantives. A following "4.!l-^> Ill] INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 35 adjective or (with ctwa^) noun is in apposition: thus, etma^ ®cId, 'some money.' 110. (191) DJJand^, 'many a, many,' fol(^, 'such,' and all, 'all,' before other limiting words are often undeclined: thus, fold^ etu SJJantt, 'such a man,' i)on ad bem ®lan^e, 'by all the splendor.' HI. (192) 25 id, 'much,' and tt)enii5, 'little,' are also undeclined, except after another limiting word ; also in ein njenig, ' a little.' SJZe^r, ' more,' and IDCnijer, 'less,' are nearly always unvaried. VOCABULARY. Bin, 1st sing. am. freunbli(f), adj. friendly. chm^f pron. something, some- man, pron. one, people, they. "what. Sf^iemanb, pron. no one. ber greunb, =be§, =be. friend. n)a^ fur, what sort of. EXERCISE 11. DEMONSTRATIVE, INTERROGATFTE, AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 1. 3)iefe ^xan ift meine 9Jtutter. 2, SBer ifl ber 3Sater ie=? ner ^inbef? 3. 3^ bin e^. 4 gjjer fmb biefe ^naben? 5. 3)a^ finb meine 33ruber. 6. 3d) bin ber greunb beffen, ber mir freunbltrf) ift. 7. 3^teieni.qen, bie reid) finb, ftnb nirfjt immer glMUc^. 8, SBeld)e^ ^ni) fjat fie? 9. (Sie ijat ha^^. ienige, ba^ hn t^r gtbft. 10, Ba^ fiir etn SUb ^aben ®ie? 11. 3d) ^abe ba^ S3t(b g^riebrid)^ be^ ©rogen. 12. 2Ba^ gibt man bir? 13. 9Jiemanb gibt mir etn)a^ ©c^one^. VOCABULARY. anything, etiua^. some, einige, p?. no one, S^iemanb. what sort of, n)a^ fiir. nothing, nid)t§. ugly, ^aJUc^. 36 NUMEBALS. [112 EXERCISE 12. 1. Who is my friend ? 2. It is I. 3. Which book have you ? 4. 1 have this [one], and you have that [one]. 5. What sort of flowers has she in her hand? 6. Those are beautiful flowers ; but I have some which^ are^ uglyl 7. These are the books which my father^ gives' mel 8. No one is the friend of him who^ is'^ no one's^ friend^ 9. Have you anything good? 10. I have nothing bad. Note that after a relative tlie verb has to be put at the end of the clause, instead of after its subject. This order is indicated by the figures appended to some of the words in the exercise. \ ISlTJMERAIiS. 112. (197) The caedinal numerals are as fol- lows : 1. etn 11. elf (etlf) 21, ein unb gUjati^tg 2. ^tod 12, gtDoIf 22. 3tt)et unb giDanjig 3. bret 13. breije^n 30. bretgtg 4. t)ler 14. tjierge^n 40. bier^tg 5. fiinf 15. funfge^n (funf^e^n) 50. fiinf^tg (funfjtg) 6. fe^g 16. ferfiae^n {\^d)^^{)n) 60. fedj^tg (ferfi^^ig) 7. fieben 17. fieb^e^n (fieben^e^n) 70. fiebgig (fiebcftjtg) 8. ai)t 18. acfjtae^n 80. a^t^ig 9. neun 19. neunjefitt 90. neim^ig 10. gefju 20, 3tt)an3ig 100, ^unbert 1000. taufenb 1,000,000. mtimi 113. a. The odd numbers, between twenty and a hundred, are formed always by prefixing the name of the unit to that of the ten, with unb, 'and,' interposed: thus, brei unb 3tt)an3ifl, •three and twenty ' (not ^njan^ig^bret, 'twenty-three '). h. The higher numbers, Ijunbert, taufenb, million, are multi- plied by prefixed numbers, as in English : thus, fe(f)§ l)unbert, 115] NUMERALS. 37 600 ; bret unb adjtgtg taufenb, 83,000. The German says einc 9}?iGion/ * a million,' as we do ; but simply i^unbert, 'a hundred,* taufenb, * a thousand' ; ein I}unbert, ein taufenb, mean 'owe hun- dred,' 'one thousand.' 114. (198-9) a. ein, 'one/ is fully inflected. When used adjectively, it is declined like the in- definite article (48) ; when standing for a noun, like an adjective of the first declension: thus, eiucr ^Ott CUC^, 'one of you' (but einc^ in nom. and accus. neut. is usually contracted to eine) ; when preceded by a limiting word (usually bet), it is declined like an adjective in that position: thus, bet eine fptad^, *the one spoke.' It is uninflected in the compound numbers, ein nnb jwanjig, etc. 6. ^\m\ and trei have gen. and dat. plur. forms — gtoeicr, gitseien; bxcter, breien — sometimes used for distinctness. c. The other numerals are, with rare exceptions, uninflected. d. 33eibc is often used for 'two' : thus, meine Beiben 23xubcr, * my two brothers.' 115. (211) a. After a numeral, a noun expressing measure- ment (unless it be a feminine noun in e) usually has the sin- gular form: thus, ad)t gu§ lang, 'eight feet long,' ^etmga^, 'ten casks,' 5el)n taufcnb 2}?ann \iccd, '10,000 men strong'; gU^anstg Wl^xli ' twenty marks '; but funf 2)?cilen ivctt, * five milf^s distant.* 5. (216) And the following noun, expressing the Cxx^"" measured, is usually left unvaried (as if in apposition with the other), unless preceded by an article or other limiting word : thus, gc^tt ga§ Sbm, 'ten casks of beer,' jiuei 5pfunb St^ee, 'two pounds of tea,' brei (SKen ^ud), ' three yards of cloth ' ; but, ein @ta^ biefeg SBein^; 'a glass of this wine,' pi^\ ^funb guten Stf)ee^, 'two pounds of good tea.' c. The same rules are followed after indefinite numerals : thus, einiQe gu§, 'some feet,' \x>\t v>iel ^funb ? 'how many pounds ? ' d. The time of day is expressed by UJr, 'hour,' which is not varied : thus, ein llf)r, ' one o'clock,' gel)n U(^r, *ten o'clock.' For 38 NUMERAI^. [115 the half-hour, I)aIB, * half,' is prefixed to the next higher number: thus, ^alB fedj^, 'half past five.' The quarters are generally- counted with auf, * toward,' and the following hour : thus, ein 9]icrtel auf bret, 'quarter past two,' brci 93icrte( auf fieBen, 'quarter before seven.' 116. (203) a. The obdinal numerals are ad- jectives, formed from the cardinals by the suffixes t and ft: from the numbers 2-19, by adding t; from the higher numbers, by adding ft ; they are declined like other adjectives. Thus: t>er jweitc, *the second,' bie neunte, 'the ninth,' ba^ fed^je^nte, 'the sixteenth,' ber jmaniicifte, ' the twentieth,' bte l^unbertfte, 'the hundredth,' ba^ taufenbfte, 'the thousandth.' 6. But the ordinal of ein is erjl, 'first'; brei forms irregularly britt; and ad^t, a^ gefommen fein fomme (!omm) lommen gefommcu fein fommenb gefommen 140. Arrangement, a. In the regnlar order cf the sentence, only the general connectives meaning * and ' * but ' * for ' ' or ' (178) are allowed to stand along with the subject before the verb. 6. But a member of the predicate of any kind may be put, foi emphasis or euphony, at the head of the sentence, with the further effect to invert the order of the sentence, putting the subject next after instead of next before the personal verb ; thus, instead of icf) l^aBe i^n oft in SBerlin flefe^en, * I have seen him often in Berlin,* one may say, i^n ^aBe i(^ oft in 35erUn (je: fe^cn, oft ^aBe icb iBn in 93erlin 9efet)en, in Berlin ^aBe id) i^n oft Qe= fel)en, and even 0efet)en ^aBe ic^ i^n oft in S3erlin. VOCABULARY. anbet/ adj. other, else. m\t, prep. with. BleiBen, v. 0. remain. nie, adv. never. buftig, adj. fragrant. rufen, v. 0. call. fatten, v. 0. fall. fc^Iagen, v. 0. strike, finben, v. 0. find. fcfereiBen, v. . 0. write. flicQen, V. 0, fly. fe^cn, v. 0. look. ficBen, V. 0. give. ftngen, v. 0. sing. ba§ ©efc^cnf, =fe^, -h. gift. fuc^en, v. N. seek. Ijeute, adv, to-day. iiBer, prep, over, above, higher ^od), adj. high. than. fommen, v. 0. come. bet SSogel, -IB, =6p,eL bird. laufen, v. 0. run. njcurum, odu. or cow/, why, where- i)a^ Cieb, =bc^, -bet. song. fore. ba^ 2iebd)en, -n^, =n. little song, bal dimmer, ^r^, -x* room. 140] OLD CONJUGATION. 55 EXERCISE 19. VERBS OF THE OLD CONJUGATION. 1. 5Dtehte ©d^mefter tft gefommen, unb ^at mir ein fcf)one3 ®efd)en! gegeben. 2. ®er fd)(ed)te Snabc frf)(uc| feinen fleinen Sruber tnit etnem nrogett ®tocf. 3. 2)ie SSoqet fUegen ^orf) itbcr ber Srbc itnb fallen md)t. 4. S)ie SKenfd^cn miirbeit fatten, luenn fie pgen. 5. aBarnnt (cinft biefer aWann? 6. gr fn^t etma^, aber ev tuirb e^ nt^t finben. 7. §ente ^abe ic^ 3()re ©c^tDeftern ni^t gefe^en ; tx)o finb fie? 8. ®ie flnb in i^rem ^itttmer geblieben ; bie eine frf)reibt eincn Srief, unb bie anbere fiugt cin Sieb. 9. ©ingen ©ie ntir ein fd^one^ Siebd)en. 10. Qdj toxmm, lueil bu mic^ gerufen ^aft. 11. ®icf) f)aU id} nid)t gerufen. 12. S)em artigen 9Jfabc^en gab er bnftige aSIumen. 13. Unartigen Sinbern werben toxv nie etma^ geben. 14. SBdreft hn artiger, fo gdbe ii) bir etn)a^ ®^one^. VOCABULARY. apple, ber 5f^fel, -W, 5(e^feL present, ®cfd)enf. another, ein anber. see, v, fel^en. bite, V. Beigen, 0. sing, v. fingen. break, v. hxcdjerif 0. song, 8teb* cliurch, bie £ird)e, -en. speak, v. f^recr)cn, 0. come, V. fommen. strike, v, fc^lagen. dog, ber §unb, =be§, -be. take, v. nel)men, 0. fall, V. fallen. then, adu. tann. give, v. (jcBen. to-day, adv. ()eute. hear, v. :^oren, K write, v. fd)retben* louder, adv. ^o^er. yesterday, odu. geftern. never, ado. nie* EXERCISE 20. 1. I give ; givest thou ? he has given ; we would give, 2. He falls ; they fell ; that he may fall ; you 56 MIXED CONJUGATION. [141 "had faUen. 3. Break ; hast thou broken ? we shall break ; they broke ; that they might break. 4 Speak louder, and we shall hear better. 5. See ! what is he doing there ? 6. The dog bit the boy, because the boy had struck him. 7. If the boy strikes the dog, then (fo) he will bite him. 8. The man had come and had given me the letter which my friend wrote to me. 9. Let us sing this little song. 10. Now we shall sing another song, which you have never seen. 11. To thee I give this apple ; come and take it. 12. If fche child were better, (then, fo) I should give it a more beauti- ful present. 13. Yesterday we saw him in the church, but to-day he was not there. 14. There I have often seen him. V y:-— ^...IVCIXED CONJUGATIOlSr. 141. (272) Some verbs make a part of their forms according to the New and a part according to the Old conjugation, or have alternative forms of either. For these, see the list of Irregular Verbs (p. 133). 142. (251) Modal Auxiliaries, These are biirfen, 'be allowed,' fonnen, *can, be able,' mogen, 'like, choose' (rarely 'may'), mitffen, 'must, be obliged, have to,' foHen, 'shall, be to,' nJoUcu, 'will, be willing, wish.' They have a mixed inflection, their present being like a preterit of the Old conjugation, but the rest being of the New. They are conjugated in full, only lacking (except ttJoUen) an imperative. a. These verbs are used along with the infinitives of other verbs, impressing upon them modifications of meaning analo- gous with those expressed by the forms of conjugation of some languages. K Their simple foivms are as follows : 143] MODAL AUXILIARIES. 57 Indicative Present mag mug foH hjill ntagft ntu^t foHft tt)iU\t mag mug foil tt)iU mogen muffen foKcn tooUm mogt miigt foUt troUt mogen muffen foEen iDoUen module mugte foUtc ttJoHtc etc. etc. etc. etc. mogc miiffe foUe iDoHe etc. etc. etc. etc. module miigtc foKte tooUte etc. etc. etc. etc. iDoDe woUt s. I barf faun 2 barfft fanuft 3 barf faun p. I bixrfen fouuen 2 bitrft fount 3 biivfeu fouuen Indicative Preterit, s. I burfte fouute etc. etc. Subjunctive Present. s. I biirfe fouue etc. etc. Subjunctive Preterit. s. I biivfte fouute etc. etc. Tmperalive. S. 2 p. 2 Participles. bitrfeub fouueub mogeub miiffenb folleub twottcub geburft gefonut gemod^t gemugt gefottt geiooUt Iri/inUive. biirfen fouuen mogen muffen foUen tooHen 143. a. The compound tenses are made like tliose of otlier verbs, with the important exception that in the perfect and pluperfect tenses, when used along with the infinitive of another verb (as is usually the case), the infinitive is put in place of the participle : thus, er l^at e^ ni^t gefonut, but er f)at e^ ni^t t^un fonnen, *he has not been able to do it'; i^r ^atttt mi^ fpred^en woUen, 'you had wanted to speak to me ' ; mv ^atttn xoaxttn mutJeU; 'we should have been obliged to wait.' 68 MODAL AUXILIARIES. [143 6. (24:0.1c.) Some other verbs, especially laffcn, *let, canse* (also ^ei§en, ^elfen, l^orcn, fc^en, and sometimes k^xzn and lernen), when governing another infinitive directly, make the same sub- stitution : thus, er ^at un^ n)arten laffen, * he has made us wait.' 144. The absence of a full conjugation to these auxiliaries in English makes the English and German equivalent expres- sions often very unlike one another. Thus, * he could not have done it ' is not er fonnte c^ md)t get^an ^ahen, but er i)atk ee nid)!: ti)\xn fonnen. Usually, to turn the auxiliary into a 'phrase, like ' be able, be willing, be obliged,' etc., will give the key to the German expression : thus, he would not have (er ^aik nidjt) been able (fonnen) to do it (e^ t^un)* 145. (253-8) Thepret. subj. burfte sometimes signifies a prob- able contingency : thus, ba^ burfte toa^r fein, * that is likely to be true.' SKoflen expresses concession and choice ; its pret. subj. mod)te is very common in the sense * should (would) like to ' : thus, ic^ mod)te ge^en, *I should like to go,' 902uf)cn signi- fies necessity of any kind ; often it is to be rendered by ' can- not but' or the like: thus, man mu§te Iacf)en, *one could not help laughing.' ©otlen implies the exercise of authority upon the actor; very often it is to be rendered by *is to,' *is intended to,' and the like: thus, tt)a^ foil gefd)el)cn, 'what is to happen?' Sometimes it reports something resting on the authority of others : thus, er foil f(^on f)m fein, * he is said to be already here.' SSotten, besides the ordinary meanings given above, sometimes signifies a claim or assertion : thus, er n)i(l @ic fiefel)en ^aben, * he claims to have seen you ' ; and rarely some- thing impending : thus, er iuoUtc JlerBen, * he was on the point of dying.' 146. (259) The modal auxiliaries not seldom occur without any infinitive dependent upon them ; such an infinitive being supplied in sense from the connection : as, xd) t^ue, nja§ id) tantif * I do what I can [do]' ; or implied in an adverb of motion : as, iuo^in foUen bie, * whither are they to [go] ? '; or otherwise under- stood : as, ttja^ foil biefe 9iebe, * what is this talk intended to [signify] ? ' Sometimes its place is taken by e5, ba^, or the like, as by sOfdo so, etc., in English. SSottcn is sometimes a real tran- sitive, in the sense of * desire ' ; mogen in that of * like ' ; and fonnen in that of *know,' with the name of a language. 148] MIXED CONJUGATION. 59 147. (260) SSiffen, *know, know how,' has a conjugation likei that of the modal auxiliaries: thus, pres. indie. tx)ei§, t»ci§t, irei§, ttjiffen, im^tf iDiffen; pres. subj. itjiffe, etc.; pret. indie, and subj. iijuJ3tc, etc., \m^k, etc.; past pple. (;ei:?u§t. 148. (439. 2) Arrangement. The transposed personal verb (after a relative or a subordinating conjunction: see 1336.) may not be put at the end of a clause after two (or more) infinitives of which the last has the value of a participle, but must stand instead next before them : thus, n^eil id) nid)t ^aU gc^cn fonnctt, 'because I have not been able to go,' ber micb nculi(^ ^at ermorben laffen ivoUen, * who has recently wanted to have me murdered.' VOCABUIiABY. aHein, adv. alone. nod) ni(^t, not yet. fort, adv. forth, onward, away, fagen, v. N. say. fiel)en, v. 0. walk. bie ©i^ute, =Ien. school. !^ln, adv. hence, that way. fc^on, adv. already. lange, adv. for a long time. foftlei(^, adv, immediately, d>> laffen, v. 0. cause, make. rectly. le^ren, v. N. teach. tf)nn, v. 0. do, perform. Icrnen, v. N. learn. U)artcn, v, N. wait. m^t§, pron, nothing. toiffen, v. K know. EXERCISE 21. MODAL AUXILIARIES. 1. SBtUft bu tttd^t in bie ©d)ute ge^en? 2. -3c^ moc^te ^tn, tiber id^ barf ntd^t. 3. SBir fonnteit nicfit fommen, ttjeit mx nacf) Serlin fiaben gei^en miiffen. 4. @ie burften i^m ntd^t^ fagen. 5. SSarum fAlugft bu ben $unb? ba^ ^dtteft hn md)i t^un foHen. 6. Qd) n^oUte ba§ 9}Jcibc^en fingen Ic^ren, aber fie mag nic^t^ lernen. 7. (Sie ^aben un^ lange tuarten laffen. 8, 3)ie fleinen Sinber biirfen nidjt fommen, aber bie grogeren ntiiffen ea. 9. -3^ mag nid^t allein reifen, jel^t aber merbe ic^ e§ t^un mixffen. 10. 9rf) iDugte nidji, n)a^ id) i^m fagett foUte. 11. gr foil fd^on ^ier fein ; man tt)i(I i^n ge^* fe^en ^aben ; aber er mug fogteid^ fort. 60 PASSIVE VOICE. [149 VOCABULARY. ask, V. fragen, K, learn, v. Uxnen* do, V. tl)un» make,!;, laffen. find, V. ftnben, 0. many, adj. mU German, adj. beutfd^. stay, v. bleiBcn, 0. go, V. 0ef)en» teacher, bcr Center, -r^, ^r* help, V. t)e(fen, 0. tell, v. fagen. here, adv. I)ier* to-morrow, adv. morgett. industrious, adj. f(ei§tg. with, prep. mit. know, V. iDiffen. yet, no(^» language, bie ©))ra(^e, =(^en. not yet, noc^ nid&t* EXERCISE 22. 1. Can you go with us? 2. I can go to-day, but to- morrow I shall not be allowed [to do] so. 3. I wished to write a letter, but I could not, for I had to work. 4. May I ask what language you now desire to learn ? 5. I should like to learn German, for I do not yet know it. 6. We do not always like to do what we ought. 7. Do you know what she has wanted to say to him ? 8. I know it, but I may not tell it to you. 9. Children ! you must be very industrious. 10. The teacher has made (laffen) us sing many songs. 11. He could not have found his book, if his sister had. not helped him (dot.), 12. He is to stay here, if he comes. PASSIVE VOICE. 149. (275-6) The passive conjugation is made with the auxiliary njerbCH, 'become.' To make any given mode, tense, and person of the passive of a verb, add its past participle to the corresponding form of mxitn. ISl] PASSIYE VOICE. 61 a. The participle of hjerbctt as passive auxiliary is VDorbcn, in- stead of (^etvorben. Tbe participle of the main verb is put after the personal verb-forms of the auxiliary, bat before its infinitive and participle. 150. (277) The synopsis of the passive of IteBen, *love,' is as follows : The simple forms of the auxiliary were given above (122 d). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present f *I am loved,' etc. id) tt)crbe geliebt t^erbe c^eliebt Preterit, * I was loved, ' etc. ic^ tt)arb or njurbe geliebt tuiirbe geliebt INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVB. Perfect, *I have been loved,' etc. x6) bin geliebt iuorben fei geliebt ttjorbett Pluperfect^ *I had been loved,' etc. id) itjar geliebt raovbeu njdre geliebt tuorbett Fidure, *I shall be loved,* etc. ii) tt)erbe geliebt tt)erben ttjerbe getiebt loerben Future Perfect^ *I shall have been loved,' etc. \6) Ujerbe geliebt movben fein iuerbe geliebt tDorben fein Conditional, *I should be loved,* etc. Conditional Perfect. id) ix)iirbe geliebt iuerben iniirbe geliebt njorben fein IMPERATIVE, 'beloved.* merbe (bu) geliebt INFINITIVE, < to be loved,' etc. Present, Perfect. geliebt (^u) inerben geliebt morbert (ju) fein PARTICIPLES, * being loved,' etc. Present, Past. geliebt njerbenb geliebt it)orbett 151. (278) From the pres. pple. active, with gu before it, is made a future pass, pple., implying possibility or necessity ; it 62 REFLEXIVE VERBS. [152 is used only attributively : thus, ein 3U UeBenbc^ ^inb, * a cMld to be loved.' 152. (279) Passives are made sometimes from intransitive verbs ; especially an impersonal passive : thus, e^ t^nxhe gelac^t, * there was laughing ' (literally, * it was laughed *). 153. (281) The passive is much less common in German than in English ; for it is often substituted a reflexive, or an active with the indefinite subject man : thus, e^ fraflt ft(^, 'it is questioned' (literally, *it questions itself '); man fagt, 'one says ' (for * it is said '). 154. (282) The verb fein is also often used with the past participle of a verb, but indicates the result of the action, not its endurance. Thus, passive, er itJirb gefd)lagcn, *he is under- going a beating, he is being beaten, some one is beating him ' ; but er Ift gefc^lagen, 'he is a beaten man, some one has beaten him.' 155. (283) Beflpxive Conjugation, A verb is made reflexive simply by adding the proper re- flexive pronoun (84). A reflexive verb is often used for an English intransitive, sometimes for a passive : thus, t^ fiir^te mi^, ' I am afraid,' ic^ freue ttlid^, *I rejoice.' 156. (285) a. An example of a tense inflected re- flexively is : 1. x6) freue mx6) irir freuett un§ 2. bu freuft \Ad) x\)x freut eucfj 3. er freut ft^ fie freueu fid) b. The compound tenses are t(^ ^aBe mid) flefreut, ic^ irerbc mic5 frenen, id) iijerbe mid) gefreut t)aBen, and so on ; the imperativa, freue bic^, freut cu(^. c. A very few verbs take their reflexive object in the dative : for example, id) f(^mei$le mir, * I flatter myself.' 157. (291-2) a. Impersonal Verbs, A verb is used impersonally in the 3d person singular, with the 158] IMPERSONAL VERBS. 63 indefinite subject e^, *it' : thus, e^ regnet, *it rains,' e^ flopft, 'it knocks' (i.e. 'there is a knocking'), e^ l^ungert mid), 'I am hungry' (literally, 'it hungers me'), C^ S^'ingt mix, 'I succeed^ (literally, 'it proves successful for me '). b. Impersonal phrases are made with fein and iuerben, to ex- press states of feeling, with a dative of the person affected : thus, e^ ift mir ttJoM, * I feel well ' (literally, *it is well to me'), e^ njarb i^m Bange, 'he began to feel anxious' (literally, *it be- came anxious to him '). c. (B^ QteBt, etc., with following accusative, is equivalent to English * there is, there are ' : thus, e^ Qxcht toiele ba, * there are many there * ; e^ gaB felnen SSein/ * there was no wine.' 158. (293) But the impersonal subject e^ is very often omitted, especially when the object of the verb, or an adjunct qualifying it, comes to stand before it : thus, mid) ^ixntt, 'me thinks,' i^n ^ungerte, 'he was hungry,' voit tt>o))l ift mir, 'how well I feel.' VOCABULARY. aUgemcin, adj. general. ^ungcrn v, K impers. hunger, ^Imerifa, America. be hungry, bie S^olera, cholera, [fore it. na(i)ft, adj. next, nearest, batoor, adv. because of, pr be- rauc^en, v. N. smoke, benn, conj. or adv. for, then. regnen, v. N. impers. rain. eBen, adv. even, just, exactly. ber ©d)uler, -r^, =r. scholar. el)ren, v. N* hoiur. fc^iden, v. N. send, faul, adj. lazy. fe^nen, v. N. reflex, long for. frelgeBig, adj. IxhcxaL [of. ftarf, adj. strong. furd)ten, v. N. reflex, be afraid tabetn, v. N. blame. QcBdxen, v. 0. bear, bring forth, bon, prep, of, from, by. glauBen, v. K believe. \i)ol)l, adv. well. EXERCISE 23. PASSIVE, IMPERSONAL, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS. 1. !Die fleigtgen ©d^iiler it)erben ^elobt ; bie faulen tabett man immer* 2. 3)er 33rief, bert t^ i^m f^irfen tt)erbe, ift 64 IMPERSONAL YERBS. [158 no^ ntd^t gefdf)rieben ; er ioirb ebeu je^t t)on Tneinem SSruber gefd^riebem 3, ©c^iUer n?urbe im 3al}re 1759 geboreu. 4. gr wixh aKgemein geel}rt, bcnn er ift reid^ unb freigebig. 6. ^dj fiirc^tetc mid), al^ i^ ben grogen §unb fa(}. 6. aBir fe^nen un^ na^ unfcrn alten Q^reunben* 7. g^ l^ungert midj ; gieb mir 33rob. 8, §ler gab e^ !etn 93rob unb !em 2Baffer» 9. aBtr fonnten ntc^t fort, iueit e^ fo ftar! regnete. 10. Wlan glaubt, bte S^olera mtrb im ncicfiften 3a^re mi) ^merifa gebrad)t n)erben. 11. 6^ gtebt t)ie(e arme ?eute, bic fidf) fe^r batjor furd)ten. 12, §ier barf nxdjt geraud^t tt)erbeiu 13. 3l)m ttjar m6)t red&t njo^L VOCABULARY. be afraid, v. [x^ furdbten. long for, v. ficT) fe^nen. all, adj. atte. make, v. madden, X. American, ber ^merifancr, much, adv. ijieL =r^/ -r. naughty, adj. unarttg. be ashamed, v, fid^ f(^amen, JV. read, v, lefen, 0. away, adv. fort. rejoice, v. fid& freuen, K. blame, v. tabeln. remain, v. BteiBen, 0. cholera, S^olera. soon, adv. Balb. country, ba^ SSaterlanb, ::be§, snow, u. fc^neten, N. impers. =cinber. there are, e^ giBt. dance, v. tan^en, K to-night, adv. t)e\ite 3(benb« exile, ber 3ScrBannte. well, adv. i^jo^I. fire, bag gcuer, -x^, -r. when, adv. aU, toann. hate, V. t)af]cn, iV. EXERCISE 24. 1. The letter is written, and now it will be read. 2. The fire is being made, and the room will soon be warm. 3. My cousin has been praised by (uon) his teacher. 4. The naughty boy was blamed, and was much ashamed (refl.). 5. There are bad men, who are 160] COMPOUND YERBS. 65 hated by all. 6. I sliall rejoice when I see my mother. 7. The exile longs for (nad^) his country. 8. It is snow- ing, and I must [go] away. 9. I do not feel well. 10. There are many Americans in Paris, but they will not remain there, for they are afraid irefl.) of (tior) the ^cholera. 11. There will be dancing to-night. \ ' \ COMPOUND VERBS. w 159. (297) a. Verbs are compounded with pre- fixes of two classes, separable and inseparable. 6. The SEPARABLE PREFIXES are used also as in- dependent words, namely adverbs and preposi- tions, and are but loosely combined with the verb, being separated from it in many of its forms (as usually in English): thus, tc^ ge^e ayx^, 'I go out,' er bra^ ab, *he broke off.' With these the verb is said to be separably compounded. c. The inseparable prefixes are never found in separate use, and always stand before the verb and are written as one word with it : thus, id) be^ benfe, 'I bethink,' er ^ergiebt, 'he forgives.' With these the verb is said to be inseparably com- pounded. 160. (298) The separable prefixes are : ab, ' off, down ' l^iu, ' from one ' an, ' on, at ' l^inter, ' behind ' auf , ' up, upon ' tnit^ ' with ' avi^, ' out, from ' nad^, ' after ' bei, ' by, beside, with ' nieber, * down ' ^^''''1' there at' ob, 'over, on' bar, ) ' ixhcv, ' over ' burd^, ' through ' um, ' around ' '^^ OF THE UMIVPRSJTY 66 COMPOUND YERBS, [160 cin, * in, into ' xmter, ' under ' cmpor, ' up, aloft ' t)or, ' before ' cnt^mei, ' in two, apart ' tt^iber or | ' against ' or fort, ' forth, away ' tt)ieber, ) * again ' gegen, ' against ' meg, ' away ' in, *in' gu, 'to' l^eim, 'home' gurM, 'back' l^er, 'toward one' gufammen, * together' There are also combinations of some of the above with one another, especially with :^in, ^er, ba or bar : as, ^inafc, ^erauf, barein, tocran* 161. (299) a. In the conjugation of a separably compounded verb, the prefix stands before the verb in the infinitive and both participles, but after it in all the other simple forms. It always has the accent. b. In the former case, the prefix is written with the verb as a single word ; in the latter case, it is separated from it ; and, if the verb be followed by other adjuncts, the prefix stands at the end of the whole clause : thus, from anfangen, ' begin,' id^ fange an, 'I begin'; ic^ ftng ttefen SWorgen frit^ ju ftut)iren a n, 'I began early this morning to study.' But if, by the rules for the arrangement of the sen- tence, the verb is removed to the end, it comes, even in the simple forms, to stand after its prefix, and is then written as one word with it : thus, a\^ ic^ Hefen SWorgen friif) ju jlubiren anfing, 'as I began to study early this morning.' - c. The sign of the past participle, ge, stands 162] COMPOUND VERBS. 67 between tlie prefix and the root ; also the sign of the infinitive, JU, when used : thus, angefangen, 'begun'; aujufangctt, *to begin' (written as one word). 162. (300) Examples: anfangen, 'begin'; |eratt^ naf)en, 'draw nigh.' Principal Parts : anfangen, fing an, angefangen. ^eranna^en^ nafjte l]txan, i^erangena^t. INDICATIVE. Present, *I begin,' etc. *I draw nigh,' etc. s. I fange an na^e l)erau Preterit, 'I began,' etc. * I drew nigh,' etc. s. I fing an na^te t)eran Perfect, *I have begun,' etc. *I have drawn nigh,' etc. s. I l^abe angefangen bin l^erangena^t Pluperfect, * I had begun,' etc. * I had drawn nigh,' etc. s. I l)atte angefangen iDar I)erangenal)t Future, * I shall begin,' etc. *I shaU draw nigh,' etc. s. I iDerbe anfangen iDerbe ^erannaften Fut, Perf.y *I shall have be- *I shall have drawn nigh,* gun,' etc. etc. s. I njerbe angefangen ^aben Xotxht ^erangena^t fein. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present, *I may begin,' etc. * I may draw nigh,' etc. s. I fange an na^e l^eran etc., etc. etc., etCa CONDITIONAL. Conditional, *! should begin,' etc. ♦ I should draw nigh, etc, s. I njiirbe anfangen iDiirbe ^eranna^en 68 COMPOUND VERBS. [^63 IMPEKATIVE. * begin,' etc. ♦ draw nigh,' etc. s. 2 fauge an, fange bu an na^e ^evan, na^e bu ^eratt INFINITIVES. Present, * to begin * * to draw nigh * anfangen, attgufangen l^eranna^en, l^eran^itnaljen Perfect, * to have begun ' • to have drawn nigh * angefangen ^dbett r)erangena^t fern PARTICIPLES. Present y * beginning ' * drawing nigh ' anfangenb l^eranna^enb P(tst, * begun ' ' drawn nigh ' angefangen l^erangenal)t y 163. (302) The inseparable prefixes are be, ent (or emp), er, ge, i)er, and jer. 164. (303) They remain in close combination with the verb through its whole conjugation, form- ing with it an inseparable combination, of which the radical syllable receives the accent. The sign of the infinitive, JU, is put before the combination, as if it were a simple verb. The sign of the par- ticiple, ge, is omitted altogether. . 165. (304) Examples : beginnen, 'begin,' ^crreifen, * journey away.' Principal Parts : Beginnen, begann, begonnen. tjerrelfen, tjerreifle, t^erreifl. indicative. beginne t)erreife begann t)erretfte l^abe begonnen bin tjerreift Iiatte begonnen iuar tierretft 167] CX)MPOUND VEKBS. 69 ttjerbc begmnett n^erbe t)erveifen itjerbe begonnen Ijaben toerbe tjerreift jem SUBJUNCTIVE. beginne Derreife begdnne or begonnc Derretfete etc., etc. etc., etc. CONDITIONAL. ttjiirbe beginnen itJiirbe t)erreifen etc., etc. etc., etc. IMPERATIVE. beginne t)erretfe INFINITIVES. beginnen, ^n beginnen Derretfen, jn tjerreifen begonnen fjahn Derreift fein PARTICIPLES. beginnenb Derreifenb begonnen t)erreift 166. (305-6) A few verbs inseparably compounded take in addition a separable prefix : e. g., anerfeitnen (an^uerfennen), er= fannte an, anerfannt. But no verb separably compounded has further an insex)arable prefix ; nor does any verb take two in- separable prefixes. 167. (307, 405.iii.) The prefix Be makes transitive verbs — either from intransitives or other transitives with changed con- struction, as Beflagen, 'bemoan,' Befingen, 'sing about, besing'; or from nouns and adjectives, as Bcfeelen, * endow with a soul,' Befreien, 'make free.' @nt (em^, before f, in three verbs) makes especially verbs signifying removal or deprivation : thus, ent= fie^en, entbmmen, * get away, escape,' entMften, * deprive of power,' ent^eiUgen, * desecrate.' @r prefixed to verbs forms usually compounds signifying a gaining by means of the action expressed by the simple verb : thus, eriagen, ' get by hunting,' crtangen, 'bring on by dancing' ; to adjectives, oftenest verbs signifying passing into a condition : thus, crBlaffen, * grow pale.' ®e (with other verbs only) has quite various and indefinite meanings. $Cer with verbs means most usually removal or de* 70 COMPOUND VERBS. [167 triment : thus, i)crfu[)ren, *lead astray' ; -with Douns and ad- jectives it makes simple denominative verbs, usually transitive : thus, toeranbern, 'alter,' toerglafen, * glaze,' tocralten, *grow old.' ^er signifies * asunder, in pieces ' : thus, 3erBre(^en, * break in pieces,' getQliebern, 'dismember.' 168. (308) Prefixes separable or inseparable, a, A few properly separable prefixes sometimes form inseparable compounds: they are burd^, * through/ l;inter, 'behind,' iiber, *over/ urn, 'about,' unter, * under,' tt)ietcr (or mtcr) 'again' (or 'against'). h. The separable compounds have the meanings of both parts nearly unchanged ; the inseparable usually take an altered or figurative meaning : thus, burc^'brinc^en, 'crowd through,' burd)^ bring'en, 'penetrate' ; um'ge^en, 'go about,' umge^'en, 'evade.' c. The compounds, of either class, are accented and conjugated according to the rules already given. VOCABULARY. aBfd)reiBen, v. 0. copy. bringett, v. 0. press, throng. al)reifen, v. N. journey away. buret), prep, through, anfangen, v. 0. begin. burc^tring'en, v. 0. penetrate, anfleiben; v. N. put clothes up- pervade. on, clothe, dress. etn^olen, v. U. overtake, angie^cn, v. 0. draw on, put on. ©ngtanb, England, auferfte^en, v. 0, rise from the entflie^en/i;. 0. fly, escape. dead. fruiter, adv. earlier, betore. aufge^en, v. 0. go up, rise. gan^, adj, whole, entire. aufftel)en, v. 0. get up, rise. bie ©affe, sfen. lane, street. au§^re(^cn, v. 0. pronounce. gelinften, v. 0. impers. prove au§3ic^en, v. 0. take off. successful. Balb, adv. soon. fietlern, adv. yesterday. Be^anbeln, v. N. handle, treat. QeU)i§, adv. sure, certain. . bie S3itte, =tten. request. ]&erannal)cn, v. N. draw near, BUnb, adj. blind. approach, beutfd), adj. German. ^inau^fic()cn, v. 0. go out. 168] COMPOUND VERBS. tl :^infler)en, v. 0, go forth. ijcrgeffen, v. 0. forget. bie 9)2enge, =Qen» mass, multi- toerreijen, v. 2^. go on a journey, tude. travel away. mttnel)men, v. 0. take along. ijexf^recBen, u. 0. promise. nad)eilen, v. N, hurry after. »orfm(^en, v* 0. sing before or nun, adv. now, at present. for. bie (Sonne, -nen* sun. njegtrac^en, v. 0. carry away, ftreng, adj, strict, severe. iuieber^olen, u. iV. repeat, ber Stob, =beg, =be, death. toteber^olen, v. iV". fetch back, bex Ueterfc^ut), 4eg, 4)e» over- bie 2But^, fury, rage. shoe. Sexreigen, v. 0. tear in pieces, iibexfefe'en, v, U. translate. 5UXU(fbmmen, v. 0. come back. EXERCISE 25. COMPOUND VERBS, SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE. 1. ®ie (2d)u(c fing geftcrn an, unb id^ bin ^eute l^ittge* gangen. 2. -Sei^t ttierbe ti^ t^m bie Jieber borfingen, bie id^ abgefd^riebeu ^be. 3. ISDer Jag nat)t l)eran ; bie (Sonne n^irb batb anfge^en ; ftel)en \mx auf, nnb lleiben mx nn^ an. 4. ©ie gog t()re Ueberfd)n()e an, al^ fie ^inan^ging. 5. aSenn fie guritdfomntt, iDerbe id) fd^on abgereift fein. 6. Sd\ iuerbe bie ^inber mitne^men. 7. 6i(en ©ie i^ncn nad^ ; (2ie l^olen fie geiijig ein. 8. ffia§ l^at man -3()nen Dcrfpiod^en ? 9. QcS) fpred^e ba^ S)entfc^ nidjt gnt an5, aber i^ !ann e^ gang gnt iiberfe^en. 10. 3)a^ ®leib toaxh gerriffen, nnb fie mn^te e^ an^gie^en. 11. S3(inbe SBnt^ bnrdjbringt bie SJ^enge, bie nnn bnrd) bie ©affen bringt. 12. Q^ t)erfprrd^e 3^nen, ha^ id^ ©ie ni^t tergeffen li^erbe, njenn ©ie berreift finb. 13. gr tunrbe tion feinem 3?ater fo ftreng befianbeU, \>a^ er nad^ gng* lanb entflie^en n^oUte ; aber e^ gelang i^nt nidjt. 14. 9^ad^ bem Sobe iuerben trir aEe auferfte^cn. 15. gr inieber^olte feine 23itte. 16. §ote hen SBein inieber, hen hn friiljer tneg* getragcn l)aft. 72 COMPOUND VERBS. [168 VOCABULARY. America, Imerlfa. answer, v. antmoxkn, -^. approach, v. ^eranwa^ett* begin, v, anfangen* behead, v, ent^au))ten^ K break in pieces, v. 3erBre(i)en, 0. close, V. 3uma(^en, iV. come back, v. guructfommen. dethrone, v. entt^ronen, iV. discover, v. cntbeden, ^. door, bie %\)vix, =Ten» Englishman, ber ©nglanber, -r^, =r. evade, v. au^ttjeid^en, 0. evening, bcrSCBenb, =b§, -be. fetch back, v. iDieb'er^olctt. forget, V. ijergcffen, 0. go out, V. au^ge^eu/ 0. hasten after, u. nai^etlen, iV. how, a(iu. iuie. journey off, aBreifen, -^. lesson, bie ^ufgaBe, =Ben. little, adi\ U)entg* open, r. aufmac^en, N. overshoes, UeBerf(J)u5* plainly, adv, beutlid). plate, ber 5^eIIer, -x§, ^r. promise, v. i?er)>red)en. pronounce, v. auef^redjen. put on, V. angie^en. receive, v, em^fangen« recognize, v. anerfenrten, K repeat, v. ii)iebert)o'len, N. insep. rest, V. ficT) au^ru^en, K school, bie ©d)ute, 4en. sell, t;. berfaufen, iV. set, V. itnterge^en, 0. slowly, adv. lattgfam. story, ba§ Wlaxd^en, =n^, =n» successor, ber S^tac^folQer, =r^, =r* sun, bie ©ontie* throw down, v. um'it)erfett. translate, v. uBerfefe'ett* understand, v. toerfte^en, 0. window, bttig S^nfter, -x^, -x* word, ba^ 2Bort, =te^, -te or sorter. EXERCISE 26. 1. The school begins at (um) nine o'clock. 2. The children put on their overshoes, and went out. 3. The sun is setting, and evening is approaching ; come back and rest here. 4. I have not received the letter ; how can I answer it ? 6. He did not understand you ; for you did not pronounce the words plainly. 6. "We shall journey off, but we shall not take thee along. 7. You have forgotten that you promised it to me. 8. She evaded me (dot.), when I hastened after her (daL). 17lJ ADVERBS. 73 9. The plate was thrown down and broken in pieces. 10. Open the window, and close the door. 11. Columbus discovered America in the year 1492. 12. She trans- lated the story very well. 13. Fetch me back the book, and repeat the lesson slowly. 14. The EngHsh de- throned and beheaded their king. 15. Cromwell was recognized as his successor. 16. We have sold little and bought much. ADVERBS. 169. (363-5) a. Most adjectives are used in their uninflected form as adverbs — ^but only rarely in the superlative (see above, 79, 82): thus, blinb, 'blindly,' bliuber, 'more blindly' (but am bliutcften, 'most blindly'). 6. Other adverbs are such originally : thus, oft, 'often,' fd^on, 'already,' gem, 'willingly'; or they are formed by adverbial endings, as \\^, en^ : thus, fretltd^, 'certainly,' erften^, 'firstly'; or they are cases used adverbially : thus, t^eil^; ' in part,' linf^, 'to the left'; or they are compounds, as cinmal, ' once,' juerft; ' first,' furtt)a]{)r, ' verily.' c. The principal simple adverbs of place and direction, being also separable prefixes of verbs, have been given above (160\ 170. (368) Adverbs, as such, are not generally compared; exceptions are oft and e^e. SWe^r, 'more,' and or, ' forth from under the table,' 3um genfter §inau^, * out of the window,' an eincm tootuBer, ' past ojie.* VOCABUIiARY. onfc^cn, V, 0. look at. ber 33obGn, -n^. floor, ground. bann, adv, then, at that time. enbUc^/ adv. at last. crbUcteH/ v, JV. catch sight of, descry, fasten, v. 0. go, move, drive. ba^ genfter, ^x^, -r. window. pd)ten, V. K reflex, run away, take flight. 5al6, adj. half. J^einric^, Henry, l^inviu^fel^en, v. 0. look out, look forth. ber Wlaxtt, =tc§, =arfte^ market. fcfeen, V. K. reflex, seat one's self, ft^en, V. 0. sit. ber Solbat, =ten, =tcn. soldier, btc ©trage, ^gen. street, ber (Stu^l, 4e^, =u5lc. chair, bic Z^xix, =ren. door, ber Zxi^f 4<^e^f 'M^* table. iiberaU, adv. everywhere, torukrflc^en, v. 0. go past, pass ^Dieber, adv. again. berSBunjc^, 4*;^^^ ^unfc^e. wish- 176] PREPOSITIONS. 77 EXERCISE 27. ADYERBS AND PREPOSITIONS. 1. SCdljrenb einer gan^en ©tunbe fud^te fie t^n iiberaff, tm $aufe, auf ber Strage, unb auger^atb ber ©tabt ; bann gtng fie mieber in^ §au^, unb faub tl)n ertblic^ in feinem ^i^tmer auf bent 33oben. 2. Qi) njodte unt feinetmtHen nad) ber ®tabt ge^en ; aber al^ x6) gum g^enfter lf)tnau^fal^, erbtirfte xd) t^n nttr gegeniiber. 3. ®te gtng an mir Doriiber unb fa^ mid^ ntd^t an ; bann trat fie an bie S^iir. 4. §etnrtd^ ffitd^tetc fic^ l^tnter \ia^ §au^, n^ett ev fid) t)or bent ©otbaten fitrrf)tete. 5. (£r fa^ t)or nttr auf etnent ®tu^(e am Xi\ij. 6» ©ie fe^ten fid^ an ben Sttfc^, unb fingen an gu fd^reiben. 7, ©ie arme gran ge^t burd) bie ©tabt, t)on einem §au§ gum anbern, unb fud}t Srob fur i()re ^inber. 8. SSinnen einer ^Iben ©tunbe bin id^ bet bir. 9» S^rent SBunfd^e gemd^ bin i^ feit bem Sage tti^t auf bem ©ebirge gen:)efen. 10. (Sr ift itber ben Wlaxtt gefa^ren. VOCABUIiARY. also, adv. aud^. mountain, ber S3erg, 'Qe^,^ gc* distant, entferut river, ber glug, -\\c§, =uffc. floor, S3oben, seat one's self, v. \i^ fefecn. Germany, ^cutfc^Ianb; =^. sink, v. l)inunterflc§en, 0, go along, V. mitge^ew, 0. sit, v. fi^en. home, at home, ^u §aufe» stand, v. jle^en, 0. lay, V. legen, i\r. swim, -u. fd)tt)immen, 0. lie, V. UegeU; 0, talk, u. fprec^en, 0. look upon, V. betrad^ten, N". week, bie SBoc^e, =(^en* morning, ber 2)2orgen, -n^, -n. EXEHCISE 28. 1. I laid the book on the table. 2. Now it lies on the floor, behind the chair. 3. When did you go into the city ? 4. During the morning I shall also be in the 78 CONJUNCTIONS. [I77 city. 5. I went along the river outside the city, and talked with my friend. 6. The boy swam over the river, and his dog swam beside him. 7. 1 sat on a chair under the trees, and looked upon the sun, which was sinking behind the distant mountains. 8. Seat thyself beside me, and let us talk of our friends. 9. He stayed at home instead of going {inf.) to school. 10. Within a week I shall be outside of Germany. 11. In spite of their warm clothes, the children are very cold. 12. He stands between the house and the tree. CONJUNCTIONS. 177. (383) Conjunctions may be divided into three classes, with reference to their effect on the arrangement of the clauses they introduce. 178. (384) General connectives, which do not change the order. These are: unb, 'and,' aber^ alletn, fonbern, 'but,' benn, 'for,' enttt^eber, 'either,' ober, ' or.' These stand at the head of the clause (except Oi^itx, which has great freedom of position). 179. (385) Adverbial conjunctions, which are strictly adverbs, qualifying the verb of the clause, and which, like any other adverb at the head of the clause, give it the inverted order — that is, cause the subject to follow its verb. Such are : (^w^, 'also,'boc^, 'though, yet,' au^erbem, 'besides,' bagegen, 'on the contrary,' be^wegen, 'therefore,' folglic^, 'consequently,' barauf, 'thereupon,' etc., etc.: thus, barauf ging er fort, ' thereupon he went off,' bod^ ift er H, 'yet he is there.' 180] CONJUNCTIONS. 79 180, (386) Subordinating conjunctions, which give the clause they introduce a dependent rela- tion to some other clause. Such a dependent clause assumes the transposed order — that is, the personal yerb is removed to the end. The most important of these are : at^, ' when, as ' feitbem, ' since ' beDor, * before ' tndl^reub, 'while' Bi^, 'until' irann, ' when ' ha. ' as, since ' tdtii, ' because ' bmttit, * in order that ' ttjenn, 'if, when' ba§, Hhat' iDtC^ •how, as' el}e, 'before' luo, ' where ' tubem, 'while' iDO^in, ' whither ' nad)bettt, 'after' n)ofitr, ' in case ' oh, 'whether, if' etc. Thus, ob cr njieberfommt, 'whether he comes back'; bag er red^t balb fommeti mirb, 'that he will come quite soon'; bamit x6) ii)n tt^ieberfel^e, 'that I may see him again ' ; mil i^ i^n wi^t gcfc^en l^abe, 'because I have not seen him' ; He Slrt, mte man ben ^rieg fuf)rt, 'the way in which they conduct the war'; ber Ort, \vo\)xn jte t^n gefii^rt Ijabcn, 'the place to which they have conducted him.' VOCABULRAY. au§erbem, adv. besides. Beibe, adj. both, einlaben, v. 0. invite. cntVDcber. . .ober, either. . .or gefatten, v. 0. please, suit. 0lei(^, adj. like, similar, ttac^fotgen, v. N. follow after. nirgenb^, adv. nowhere, in no place, fonbern, conj. but. \m'hcxh^xm, v. K come back, return. iuirJlid), adj. actual, real. 80 CONJUNCTIONS. [180 EXERCISE 29. CONJUNCTIONS. fThe use of the classes of conjunctions has been explained and illustrat- ed in the exercises already given. A few additional sentences are given here.] 1. Sntitjeber n)lr merben njarten, bi6 ©ic fonttiien, ober ®te folqert mt^ gteid^ nadj, 2. gr n^trb tticl}t aHein, fonbern nth feiner (Sc^njefter fommen, benn itiir ^aben fie beibe ein* gelaben, 3. ^u^erbem ^abeit mx nod) t^icle etngelabeiu 4» 9[Bd()renb tc^ tnit t^m fprad), gtngen bie ^inber,- n)o^in fie iDoHten ; unb ba er je^t fort ift, !ann 16) fie mrgenbs finbcn. 5. ^U fie abretfte, ^at fie mtr ijerfprod^en red)t balb itjieber* 3u!ef)ren ; Jeljt aber iueig id) nid)t, ob fie iuivfUd^ !ommt 6, 3d) t[)ue e§, iueit e§ mir gefdUt, VOCABULARY. although, conj. oSgleic^* play together, v. antfammenf^ie:: eat, V. effcn, 0. . Icn, iV. either. . .or, eut^eber. . .ober. so, adv. fo, from, ijon, tired, adj. ermubet. hungry, adj. l^ungrig. wait, v. eritjarten, iV. industriously, adv. fteigi^^. weak, ad;. f(^mad). journey away, v. abreifen, iV. EXERCISE 30. 1. Wait until she comes back. 2. If you are not hungry, you must not eat. 3. He works industriously, although he is so old and weak. 4. After he had been long in Berlin, he went to Paris. 5. Either the child is tired, or it is sick. 6. The evening is so beautiful that I cannot stay at home. 7. The mother wrote a letter while the children played together. 8. Before you journey away from here, tell me whither you are going. 184] SrECIAL USES OF DECLENSION. 81 SPECIAL USES OF THE FOEMS OF DECLENSION. 181. In addition to their uses which correspond so nearly with those of the same cases (or phrases with of and to) in English that they do not need to be explained here : — 182. (!219.5j a. The genitive is sometimes used with a verb in the manner of a direct object : thus, ter n^armen ©onne ac^ten, ' to heed the warm sun,' ic^ mrte feiner, *I wait for him,' i^r fpcttet mein, *ye mock at me.' K Much more often, the genitive is second ob- ject of a verb, especially of a reflexive : thus, ix^ barme bi^ meincr, 'have pity on me!' 183. (220) a, A genitive is often used adverb- ially, especially to denote time : thus, eine^ 2^age^, ' one day,' SJ^orgen^, *in the morning,' alle^ Srnftc6, *in all seriousness.' And such a genitive has occasionally the value of a predicate adjective: thus, x^ bin SBillen^, 'I am inclined' ('of a mind'). 6. A genitive with an interjection indicates the cause of the exclamation : thus, (x6:f be§ Uitgluct^^ * alas for the mishap ! ' c. For the genitive with prepositions, see 172. 184. (222-3) a. Besides the verbs that take a da- tive as second or remoter object, a great many are followed by a dative used like a direct object : thus, l)elft njtir, 'help me,' jte folgte i^m/she followed him,' feib \\)X i^nen nic^t begegnet, *did you not meet them?' einem au^n)et(i^en, 'to avoid one.* 5. SSetben is used with a dative to signify coming into posses- sion : thus, fca^ njixb vm, * that becomes mine.' 82 SPECIAL USES OF DECLENSION. [184 c. For the dative with fetn and itjerben used impersonally, see 157 6. ; other impersonals sometimes take a dative object : thus, mtr fcl)iDtnbeIt, *I am giddy.' d. For a dative pronoun in the possessive sense, see "90 ; less often, a noun is used in the same way : thus, feinem SBater um ben §al^ faflenb, 'falling upon his father's neck.' c. For the dative with prepositions, see 173, 175. 185. (227) A few verbs govern two accusatives : thusjid^ le^re i^n tie Wlu\if, -Iteacli him music'; but often, where we use a second accusative, the Ger- man uses a preposition with the noun : thus, fie tra^Iten i^n jum ^Bnig, * they chose him king,' i^ ^alte t^n fiir mcinen ^reunb, * I deem him my friend.' 186. (229) An accusative sometimes depends on a phrase composed of a predicate adjective with fein or werben: thus, id) fann i^n nid^t lo^ n^erben, *I cannot get rid of him/ id) bin e^ fatt, ' I am tired of it.' 187. (230) a. The accusative is used to express measure, of time, space, etc. : thus, einen 3lugenblicf l)Orc^cn, ' to listen a moment,' a^t Wldkn tief, 'eight miles deep,' ta^ f oftet jwei Scaler, ' that costs two dollars.' J.^\ h. Time when is expressed by the accusative: thus, ba^ gefc^a^ jebe^ '^Oi^x, 'that happened every year,' fomm biefen 2lbenb, ' come this evening.' c. An accusative is used absolutely, with an ad- jective (especially a participle) or a prepositional adjunct, to express an accompanying circumstance, where in English we should generally use with or Imving : thus, bie SWutter erfd^eint, ba^ ^inb tm Slrme, ' the mother appears, with {or having) her child on 187] SPECIAL USES OF DECLENSION. 83 her arm,' ttJtttft un^, bte gadfel umgemanbt/ beckons to us with inverted torch.' d. For the accusative with prepositions, see 174, 175, ' VOCABUIiARY. be a Slbent), =b^, =be. evening. l^er^Iic^, adj. hearty, cordial, ac^ten, u* iV. prize, notice. ber 3anuar, =r^. January. anfan^§, adv, in the beginning, ber ^aifer, -x^, -r. emperor. — au^tt)ei(f)en, v. 0. avoid. ba^ SeBen, =n§, =n. life, bte 93anf, =dn!e. bench. lo^, «(?/. loose, rid of, free. Begegnen, v. iV. meet. bag ^reujen, =ng. Prussia. Bitten, v. 0. beg, implore. retten, v. N. save, baburd), adv. therethrough, by ber 9iMen, =eng, =en. back. that means ftufeen, v. N. prop up, support, banfen, v. N. thank. unglucflic^, adj. unhappy, un- SDeutfi^lanb, Germany. fortunate, erinnern, v. N, reflex, remember. biettetc[)t, adv. perhaps, ernennen, v. N, appoint, name, ber SSalb, rbe^, =alber» wood, bag ®elb, =beg, ^ber. money. forest, gegen, prep, against, toward. SBil^elm, William. f)elfen, v. 0. help. EXERCISE 31. * SPECIAL USES OP THE FORMS OF DECLENSION. 1. Si) erinnerc mid) etne^ armen^ ung(iic!(td^en 9Jtannc^, ^ \J- bem id^ _eine^2:age^ im SBalbe bec;egnet bin. 2. 3lnfangg /ad)tete id) feiner nid^t; abev er folate -mir, unb bat tnic^ i^m ^u l)elfen. 3. 3^ njottte i^m au^meic^en, aber e^ ge(au,q tnir nii^t ; unb x6) \mvh x^n nid^t lo^, bi^ id) i^m etraa^ @e(b gegeben ^tte. 4. gu banfte mir fjer^Iid^, unb id) g(aube, ic^ l^aht xijm baburc^ ba^ 2th^n tiielleic^t gerettet 5. Sthtn ^benb fetje id^ mid) auf biefe San!, ben 3fuden gegen ben Saum geftii^t. 6. 5lm 18. -Sanuar 1871 tuurbc ber Sonig aSitfjetm t)on ^reu^en 3um ^aifev t)on ®eutfd^* lanb ernannt. 84 SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. [188 VOCABTJIiARY. avoid, V. au§njei(i)en. moment, bie Wmuk, =ten» comrade, ber^'amerab, =b^, =ben» no, adv. nein* [men, J^. field, ba^ gelb, =be^, ^ber. pity, take pity, v. ficB erBar= give back, v. gurutfgeBen, 0. rid, be rid of, v. lo§ iwerbcn, 0. gun, bie gUnte, :=en* ring, ber ^ing, =g^, =0e. life, SeBen. save, u. retten* meet, v. Bv'geQiten, -^. till, conj. Bi^, go to meet, v. cntfiegenge^cn/ 0. whole, adj. gans- EXERC;iSE 32. 1. Have you met my brother this morning ? 2. No, but I am waiting for him here, 3. If he wants to avoid me, I shall follow him ; and he will not be rid of me till he has given me back the ring. 4. Did the man help the boy ? 5. Yes, he took pity on him, and saved his life. 6. He always works the whole day in (auf) the field, but in the evening he goes to school. 7. He cannot wait a moment. 8. His gun in his hand, he went to meet his comrades. 9. The count has made this young man the teacher of his son. / SPECIAL USES OF THE FOBMS OF CONJUGATION. 188. (321-2) a. For the use of a verb in the third person after a relative pronoun, see 105. For the use of a plural verb after the indefinite subjects c§, ba§, and the like, see 87, 946. h. With the name, or title, or pronoun representing a great personage, a plural verb is often used : thus, feine 3)?aieftdt finb l^ier, * his Majesty is here.' 189. (324) a. The present tense is used for the past in lively narration, and not seldom for the future : thus, i^ ftc^e [till unb fe^' mi^ um^ ' I stood 191] SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. 85 still and looked about ' ; toit fang' x6)'^ an, 'how shall 1 set about it ? ' 6. To signify what lias been and still is, or wliat bad been and still was, the present and preterit are used respectively (not the perfect and pluper- fect, as in English) : thus, [tub ®ie f^Ott laitge l)m, 'have you been here already long ? ' er n)ar fd^on lange t>a, ' he had been there already a long time.' 190. (328.2) The future is sometimes used to express a con- jecture : thus, bag hjirb iuo^l 3§r SBtiiber fein, 'that is your brother, is it not ? ' 191. (329-32) a. The subjunctive corresponds in part to the English subjunctive, in part to our compound tenses formed with may, might, would, and should. K It is often used to express a wish or direc- tion: thus, er fet gefegnet, 'may he be blest,' lang lebe ber ^bmg, 'long live the king!' ware er nur l^ier, 'were he only here! ' Hence it is used to supply the lacking persons of the imper- ative : see 124. c. In a conditional sentence, expressing that if a certain condition were true (but it is not) some- thing else would be the case (but it is not), the past tenses of the subjunctive (pret. and plup.) are used in both clauses: thus, iii^ mxt gliidfltd^er, mnn id) 5U ^aufe gebliebeu mxt, ' I should be happier, if I had stayed at home.' In the clause expressing the conclusion, the conditional also may be used : thus, i^ wiirbe glitcfli^er fein, wenn, etc. d. Either of the clauses may stand first ; and the sense of 'if in the condition may be expressed 86 SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. [191 either by tt)enn, or by the inverted arrangement (204), by putting the verb first and the subject after it ; and if the condition precedes, the con- clusion is generally introduced by fo, 'then, in that case' : thus, mxt i6) ju ^aufe geblieben, fo mxt ic^ glitcfli^er (or fo murt)e ic^ gliicf liefer fein), 'if I had stayed at home, (then) I should be happier' : l^atte er gerufen, fo \)aUm fte i^n gefunten (or fte fatten il)n ge^ fimten, mnn er gerufen Y^ttt), *if he had cried out, they would have found him ; ' wcnn er fame, fo ginge i^ fort (or fo tDiirte ic^ fortge^en), * if he came, I should go away.' 192. (333) a. The subjunctive is also much used as the form of indirect discourse — that is, as ex- pressing something reported or contemplated by another, and not stated on the authority of the speaker or writer : thus, er fagt, er ad^te mid^ unb IDUnfd^e meine greunbfd^aft, 'he says [that] he re- spects me and desires my friendship ' ; tt)ir tt)iffen faum, toa^ JU t^un fet, ' we hardly know what is to be done'; benft man, er ge^e toeg, 'if one thinks he is going away.' 6. Such a subjunctive, even after a verb in a past tense, is regularly and usually the present, if the present would have been used in stating the same thing directly: thus, fte glaubten, bag e^ m^r fet, ^they believed that it was true' (because they would have said „e^ ift tt)a^r/' 'His true'); man fragte, mx mitge^e, 'they asked who was going along' {„mx ge^t mit/' 'who is going along?'). But not seldom the subjunctive is made past (as in 192] SPECIAL USES OP CONJUGATION. 87 Englisli), especially in more colloquial style : thus, fte fragten, ob fte xt^tm^tt.mx xl)v ^anu mare, *tliey asked if she really knew who her husband was.' c. Sometimes the verb on wliich the subjunctive should de- pend is not expressed, or is replaced by a noun of kindred meaning : thus, er tourbe f^cfdjla^en, iiJcU er unartic\ getuefen fci, * he was beaten because [it was claimed that] he had been naughty ' ; au§ 33eforgm§, baj erUnvur)cn erregen njcrbe, * out of apprehension that he would stir up disorders ' ; bu l)dtteft e^ Qcfagt, * [do you assert that] you have said so ? ' VOCABULARY. M) I al) ! alas ! bcr Stxk(^, ^fl§, =(^e. war. angenc^m, adj. pleasant. bie Sanbreifc, =fc^» journey in anfommen, v. 0. arrive. the country, antocrtrauen, v. N. confide. moQlid), adj. possible. auf^eBen, v. 0. lift up, put an bie 9^a(f)^c^)t, ?ten. news. end to. oBne, prep, without, but for. Befd)dftlgt, adj. busy. fi^rectUc^, adj. terrible, fright- ba§, that, so that. ful. ba^ @nbe, =be§, =bett. end. felbfl, pron. self, cnt^atten, v. 0. contain. bie ©i^unc^, ^qen. sessions. fxh^f adj. early. \\iat, adj. late, bet %\i^xcXf 'X§>f =r. guide. tuicbtt^^, adj. weighty, p §aufe, at home. bie 2Sod)e, =d)en. week, ^eutig, adj, today's. bie ^^Itun^^, -geu. newspaper, faum, adv, hardly, scarcely. gu, ado. too. EXERCISE 33. SPECIAL USES OF THE FORMS OF CONJUGATION. 1. aSdre i^ frii^er eingelaben tt^orben, fo \mxt i^ DieHeid^t l^iugegangen ; aber \t\^i ift c^ 3U fpcit. 2, §abeu ®ie bie Ijeutige 3^iti^^9 f^efe^en? mart fagt, fie ent()a(te tui^tigc Stad^ric^ten. 3. g^ ift !aum ntogltd], \^(x'^ W ©i^ung fc^on aufge()o6en fei. 4. %6) ! ha% biefer fc^recflid)e ^rieg fd}on ^u (Snbe tDcive. 5, 33(eibt er tuo^t lange bei S^ueu? 6. gv ift 88 SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. [192 fd^Ott fett SBo^en ^ter. 7. gr fagte, er n)urbe mdjt gelommen fein, ttjenn er nid^t geglaubt ^dtte, ba§ t^ gu §aufe fei. 8, (gg tDcire t)ieUeicf]t angenei)mev geiuefen, lt)emt mir bie Sanb- reife ol^ne g^u^rer gentad)t fatten. 9, aj^etn Sruber ^at mir gefd^rieben, er fei gliicflic^ angefommen, unb merbe mir iaih etn 33ud^ fd^idfen, ha^ i^m mein Onfel fiir tnidf) ant)ertraut l^abe ; er !omte nid^t fetbft gu mir !ommen, njeil er gu be^ f^ciftigt fei* VOCABUIiARY. already, adv. fcljott* maintain, v. M^awpkrif U, believe, v. glauben, U. news, 9^ad)ricf)t* cool, adj. fii^L -Oh! ^^Ic^ ! die, V. ^kxben, 0. -return, v. gurudfommett, 0. end, @nbe* ^ sorry I am, e§ t^ut mir leib. go away, v. fortgc^cn, 0. spend, v. ^uBringen, U. grieved I am, e§ t^ut mirletb* truth, bie SBabr^eit, -kn. hardly, adv. faum* weather, bag 2Setter, =rg» headache, bag ^opfm^, 4^* whether, cow/, ob. lose, V. toerUeren, 0. visit, v. Befuc^en, U. EXERCISE 34. 1. 1 should have come, had I not been so ill. 2. If the weather were cooler, we should be able to work better. 3. The boy said he had lost the money, but we hardly believe he has told us the truth. 4. They maintain that the war is already at an end, and that the emperor will soon return to Berlin. 5. Oh, that it were true ! 6. I asked him whether he was tired ; he answered that he had a headache, and could work no longer. 7. I was grieved, for he had said that he was going away. 8. She wrote me she should spend the winter in Paris ; she was sorry that she could not visit me. 9. I believe he would have died, if the news had not been good. V 195} SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. 89 193. (340) Any infinitive may be used directly as a noun, with or without the article ; it is always neuter, and of the first declension, first class (55) : thus, ba^ ®tel;eu mx^ mir faucr, * standing is grow- ing hard for me.' 194. (341-3) a. The infinitive generally (as in English) takes for its sign the preposition JU, *to.' b. But it is used without JU after the auxiliary tDerten and the modal auxiliaries ; also after laffeil, 'let, cause, make,' fei)en, 'see,' t;oren, 'hear,' fii^len, 'feel,' l)ei&en, 'bid,' le^ren, 'teach,' lernen, 'learn,' l)elfen, 'help,' and a few others of less common occurrence. c. Of all these verbs (as in the case of the modal auxiliaries : see 143) the infinitive also is generally used instead of the participle in compound tenses when used with another infinitive : thus, er ^dt uno marten laffen, 'he has made us wait' ; i^ ^attc i^rt laufen fe^en, 'I had seen him run.' ^ 195. (343) The active infinitive is sometimes used where we put a passive. This is especially common with laffcu: thus, er Hep brei Slinge ma6)tn, 'he caused three rings to be made' (lit'ly, 'he caused to make three rings ') ; er lt)olIte ftc^ nic^t ab^ hcilUn laffen, 'he would not let himself be re- strained' (lit'ly, 'let [any one] restrain him'); but also, ic^ ^ore tvai) preifen, 'I hear you praised' (lit'ly, 'I hear [people] praise you'); tt>a^ ift ju ii)nn, 'what is to be done?' 196. (343) An infinitive is used in the sense of a present 90 SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. [196 participle with BleiSen (and sometimes with finben): thus, fie BUeBcn ftctfen, * they remained sticking.' ©^jagicren, 'go pleasur- ing,' is used with a verb of motion in such phrases as er fa^xt f^a3teren, *he takes a drive,' id) reite fpagteren, *I ride out (for pleasure).' Similar is Bettein ge^en, * go a-begging.' 197. (346) a. The infinitive with JU is governed by three prepositions, um, 4n order to/ o|)ne, ' without,' ftatt or anftatt/ instead of.' If the infin. has an object or other adjuncts, they stand between it and the preposition: thus, anftatt ju fpred^en, * instead of speaking,' ol^ne mix tin SSort ju fagen, * without saying a word to me,' um in Slllem i^rcm diatl) 5U folgen, 4n order to follow their advice in everything.' b. With other prepositions, when a similar ex- pression is required, a ba is used in composition with the preposition, and the infinitive follows after: thus, fte warett nal)e baran, auf i^n ju treten, *they were near to treading on him' (lit'ly, 'near to this — [namely,] to tread on him'). Sometimes, and necessarily when the action of the infinitive has a difierent actor (expressed in English by a possessive) from the subject of the preceding verb, a substantive clause, with bap, takes the place of the infinitive : thus, jte brangen barauf, ba§ er ftc^ rec^t^ wenben foCite, * they insisted on his turning to the right.' 198. (348) Whatever depends on an infinitivq regularly and usually comes before it, the infini- tive standing at the end of its clause. And if one infinitive depends on another, the dependent one 200] SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. 91 comes before tlie other. Thus, nad^ ^aufe Qt^tn, 'to go home,' na^ ^aufe gel^en laffen, 'to cause to go home.' 199. (349-56) a. The participles, or verbal ad- jectives, have in general the inflection and con- structions of adjectives. Some words which are participles in form have assumed wholly the char- acter of ordinary adjectives: e.g. rcijenb, * charm- ing,' bebeutenb, * important'; gele^rt, 'learned,' be^ forgt, 'anxious.' 6. But, except in the case of words like those last mentioned, the present participle is not used as predicate, and neither the present nor the past participle is compared, or (save in rare instances) used as adverb. 200. (357) Participial clauses (with present or perfect participle) are much less used in German than in English ; ordinarily they are to be re- presented by full adverbial clauses, introduced by ta, tnbem, aU, tDCnn, etc. Thus, " not finding him, I went away" is ta idb i^n nic^t fanb, gittg t^ fort; "having undressed, I went to bed" is al^ i^ tttid^ au^gqogen I)atie, ging ic^ ju S3ett; "walking up- rightly, we walk surely;" is mxin mv aufrid^tig tt>an^ beln, ttjanbeln n)ir jtd^er* 201. (359) a. After a verb of motion (gef)cn, fommen), a past participle is used instead of a present, to express the mode of motion : thus, er tarn attgef^rutigen, *he came jumping along.' h. A past participle is occasionally used in an imperative sense : thus, ben happen ^Q^amnt, ' [have] the steed bridled ' ; nur n\d)t (ang Qefragt, ' only don't be long asking.' 92 SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. [200 VOCABULARY. bte 5(ufQaBc, =Ben» task. nad)Iaufen, v, 0. run after. Befe^len, v. 0, command, order, neulid), adv, newly, lately. Begleiten, v. K accompany. xuIm, adj. quiet, restful. Begrugen, v. K greet. fc6aumen, v. K. foam, befte^en, v, 0. persist, consist. fc^roer, adj. heavy, difficult. Bettjunbern, u. iV. admire. fraateren fa^rett/U.iV. take a drive, barauf, adv. thereupon, upon it. jiiUen, v. U. still, assuage, ber ®om, ::meg, =me. cathedral, ba^ SC^eater, -r^, ::r* theatre, ber^urft, ^teg. thirst. toerjlorBcn, deceased. [plish. ba^ ©etrdnf, 4eg, -Je* drink, it>oflenben,u.iV^. complete, accom- beverage. toorbtige^en, v. 0. go by, pass by. Rhlxi, Cologne (city). ijorfa^ren, v, 0. drive before, ber ^utfd&et/ =er^, =r« coachman. drive up. ber Se^rer, -x^, =r. teacher. ber SBagen, =n^, =n. wagon, car- lefen, v. 0. read. riage. malen, u. N, paint. gurucfaiel^en, v. 0. draw back. EXERCISE 35. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 1. !J)a§ Sefen l^at fte fd^on gelcrnt, aber "na^ ®^rei6en ift i^r nod^ fd^mer. 2. -3(^ ^etfe i^r tmtner t^re Hufgaben madden. 3. 2)er ?el^rer Ue^ mic^ 3u i(}m fommen, unb befall mir ba^ .?ieb ab3ufd[)reiben. 4. ^ar(, la^ ben ^utf^er rufen unb ben SBagen tiorfa^ren ; id) mod^te fpa3ieren fasten. 5. !j)a^ n)irb tuo^t frfjnjet gu finben fern! 6. 3c^ btieb fte^en unb fa^ fie betDunbernb an ; aber fie ging t)orbei, o^ne tni^ gu begriiJ3en. 7. 5lnftatt in^ Sweater ^u ge^en, ()at er fid^ guriidfgegogen, urn in feinent ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^% arbeiten gu fonnen. 8. (Sr beftanb barauf, un§ nad^ §aufe gu begletten. 9. S)a^ fd[)aumenbe ©etrau! l^at un^ ben 3)urft geftidt. 10. !J)er tm Sa^ve 1248 angefangene 3)om gu ^o(n ift neulid) toUenbet. 11. 3n invent 3^^^^^ P^^)t wan nodf) ba^ fd^on gematte S3ilb be^ 5Serf^orbenen. 12. Er !am niir uad)=' gelaufen. 200] SPECIAL USES OF CONJUGATION. 93 VOCABULARY. absent, adj. aBiuefcnb* invite, v. eintaben, 0, admire, v. Bevvunbern* leave, v. toerlaffett, 0. beloved, gelieBt* -"^ madman, ber 2Ba^n[innigc* born, getoren* next, adj, nd(^ft. bystanders, bie Umfle^^enbcn* present, adj. anU)cfcnb. cause, V. laffen* raise, v. auf^ebeit, 0. Charles, ^arl. spring along, v. ^eranf^ringen, 0. charming, adj. retgenb* study, v. ftubieren, iV". coachman, ^utfd)er* take a walk, v. fpa^icren Qe§en, 0. copy, V. a"6f(i)tei&en, 0. teach, v. le^ren, iV. departed, ijerftoxBen. threaten, v. broken, N'. drive, u. fasten* up and down, auf unb (iB* forest, ber 2Balb, ?t)e§, =dlber. why, ac?i;. iuarum, girl, bag 9)?ab(^en, ^n^, =n. without, prep. o^nc. hateful, od/. fle:^a|t. wood, bet 2Balb, ?beg, ^atber. EXERCISE 36. 1. He wanted to teach me to write, but I could not learn. 2. I caused the coachman to drive up and down, while I took a walk in the wood. 3. Studying is hateful to me. 4. It is hardly to be believed that she is already gone. 5. Charles helped me copy these letters. 6. She remained sitting while I spoke with her. yi. I invited her to go along, but she would (it) not. 8. Why did you leave me without saying any- j thing ? -S^ I had to go into the next room, in order to speak with my friend. 10. She is a charming girl, and admired by all present. 11. The madman came springing along^threatening the bystanders with his raised knife. 12. Goethe, born in Frankfort in the year 1749, died at Weimar in 1832. 13. The departed was my beloved friend. 14. Following after him, I too went through the forest. 15. He being absent, I would not go into the house. // 94 OBDEE OF THE SENTENCE. [202 OEDER OF THE SENTENCE. [Many of the rules of arrangement have been given above, in connection with the Exercises ; but the whole subject is pre- sented here, for reference, in a more systematic way. It is an important part of thorough instruction in German to analyze the sentence correctly, pointing out the character and relation of the clauses. ] 202. (441) There are three modes of arranging the German sentence: 1. the normal, or regular; 2. the inverted ; 3. the transposed. In the first, the personal verb immediately follows the subject ; in the second, it immediately precedes the sub- ject ; in the third, it is removed to the very end of the clause. The first and second belong to inde- pendent clauses, the third to dependent clauses, whether these be substantive, adjective, or ad- verbial. 203. (430, 442) a. The normal order is : 1. the subject (the simple subject and its modifiers); . . the simple predicate or personal verb ; 3. the various modifiers of the predicate; and (among these), last, 4. the non-personal part or parts of the verb (if there be such) — namely, separable prefix, participle, infinitive. 6. If more non-personal parts of the verb than one are pres- ent, they follow one another in their order as here mentioned : namely, prefix before participle or infinitive, and participle before infinitive. c. Among the various modifiers of the predicate (3, above), a personal pronoun usually comes first, an accusative object pre- cedes a genitive, but follows a dative ; an adverb of time comes before one of place or manner ; a predicate noun or adjective comes last. 201] OEDER OF THE SENTENCE. 95 Examples are: cr fd^idft, 'he sends'; er fc^icft mix cin S3uci^ iuriicf, *he sends me back a book'; mdn greunb ^at mix einSuc^ gcfd^trft, 'my friend has sent me a book'; er mxt) mir dn Sdn6) [Aicfen, 'he will send me a book'; mein lieber alter greuub SBil^elm n)irb mir mein i))m gelie^ene^ 33ud^ rec^t balb nad^ |)aufe juriicfgefdbicft 1;)aitn, 'my dear old friend William will very soon have sent back home to me my book, lent to him.' c. Nothing is allowed to come between the personal verb and its subject except sometimes aBer, 'but' or 'however,' and, quite rarely, a parenthetically used word or phrase. 204. (431-3, 443) a. The inverted order is the same with the normal, except that the subject comes next after the personal verb, instead of next before. b. The inverted order is used in the following cases (arranged in nearly the order of their fre^ quency) : 1. when any part of the predicate is put, instead of the subject, at the head of the sentence ; 2. in an interrogative sentence, or when a question is asked ; 3. in a conditional sentence, or to give the meaning of ' if ' ; 4. in an ©ptative or imperative sentence, or when a command or desire is ex- pressed; 5. for impressiveness, with the personal verb first, and usually with boc^ or j[a, 'surely,' somewhere after it. Examples are : 1. mir ^at er eitt 33uc^ gef^icft, ein Sdvi6) ^at er mir gefc^irft, gefd)icft ^at er mir ein S3ud^, *he has sent me a book' (with varying emphasis, the word placed first having a stress laid upon it) ; 96 OEDER OF THE SENTENCE. [204 2. ^at er mix ba^ Sdu6) gefd^icft, 'has lie sent me the book?' mxt) er c^ mix juriidff^trfen, 'will lie send it back to me?' 3. f^icft er mir ta^ 53uc^, fo t^ut er n)0][)l, 4f he sends me the book, he does well'; 4 f^idfe er mix ba^ 93ud^, 'let him send me the book!' 5. ^at er mix bod^ ba$ S3u^ fl^f^icft, 'surely he has sent me the book.' c. Only the general connectives, meaning *and' *biit* *for* *or ' (178), are allowed to stand at the beginning of the sentence without giving it the inverted order. d. In an inverted sentence, a personal pronoun as object often comes between the personal verb and the subject, when the latter is a noun : thus, ^at mir mein greunb ba§ 33ud) gefi^idt, * has my friend sent me the book ? ' e. An adverbial dependent clause, if preceding the main clause, causes the inversion of the latter, just as a simple adverb would do : thus, al^ id) ba^ S3u(^ ijexlangtc, fc^icJte er c^ mir ^uxudf •when I desired the book, he sent it back to me.' /. If an interrogative word is itself the subject, or belongs to the subject, it of course stands be- fore the verb : thus, mx ^ai mix ba^ Siud^ 3^fcl)icft, 'who has sent me the book?' n^effen S3ud^ ift mir ge^ fd^icft ttJOrben, 'whose book has been sent to me?' ^/205. (434-9, 444) a. The transposed order is the same with the normal, except that the personal verb is removed to the end of the whole clause. K This order is usual in dependent clauses — that it is to say, in such as, being introduced by a subordinating word (relative pronoun or con- junction), are made to enter into the structure of the sentence in which they occur with the value of a part of speech: namely, of a noun, an ad- jective, or an adverb. 205] ORDER OF THE SENTENCE. 97 c. A substantive clause, or one having the value of a noun, is introduced by bap, 'that,' ob, 'whether,' or a compound relative pronoun or particle ; it is oftenest the subject or object of a verb : thus, ob er mix ba^ 93uc^ \i}idt ober nid^t, ift mix einerlet, 'whether he sends me the book or not is indifferent to me ' ; id^ n?eif, bag er e^ mix gefc^idt ^at, 'I know that he has sent it to me.' d. An adjective clause is introduced by a rela- tive pronoun or particle ; it belongs to and qualifies a noun: thus, ba^ 33u^, ml^t^ er mir gef(^icft })at, ift l^ier, 'the book that he has sent me is here'; ber Drt, m^n er e^ f^idfte, 'the place whither he sent it.' e. An adverbial clause is introduced by a sub- ordinating conjunction (180), of place, time, man- ner, cause, purpose, condition, etc.; it qualifies usually a verb, sometimes an adjective or an ad- verb: thus, aU er mix ba^ 33ud^ fd^tcfte, 'when he sent me the book'; mil er e^ mir gefd^idft ))Cit, 'be- cause he has sent it to me ' ; mnn er e^ mir juriicfi* fd^idfen n^ill, 'if he will send it back to me.' /. In a transposed sentence (as in an inverted one : 204 c?.) a personal pronoun as object is sometimes put before the subject if the latter is a noun : thus, oB mir mein greunb bag 33 ud) gefc^icft j)atf * whether my friend has sent me the book? * g. When the clause ends with more than one infinitive, the transposed verb is usually (and always, if the second infinitive is one used in place of a participle: 148) put next before in- stead of after them : thus, n)ci( er c^ mir nid)t ^at fc^icten \t)oUcn, * because he has not wanted to send it to me.' h. In a dependent clause, the transposed auxiliary of a perfect or pluperfect tense is often omitted, and sometimes the trans- 98 DEEIVATION. [205 posed copula or form of the verb fein, ' be ' : thus, oB cr mir ba^ 23ud) gcfd)i(ft, 'whether he has sent me the book ' ; iuenn ba^ 25u(^ 3U l)aljen, * if the book is to be had.' i, A clause does not take the transposed order unless it is formally dependent — that is, intro- duced by a word (relative or conjunction) that shows its dependent character. A clause logically dependent is not seldom met with in the other forms of arrangement: thus, especially, a clause in indirect discourse (192), and one in which the inverted arrangement is used to give the sense of 'if: thus, er fagt, er ])abt mix toa^ 33ud^ fc^on gef^icft, *he says he has sent me the book already' (but ba§ er mir ia^ 33ud^ fd^on gefd^tdft l^abe); er t^ut, aU Yattt er e^ mir fd^on gef^idft, 'he acts as if he had sent it to me already' (but alS ob er e^ mir fi^Ott ge^ f*icft i)atk). 208. (445) The rules of arrangement are not always strictly observed, even in prose, and their violation is especially frequent in antiquated and in low style ; while in poetry they are still more often neglected. DEEIVATION. 207. (398-9) a. In German, as elsewhere, words are derived from other words especially by the help of suffixes, also by prefixes, and by, or along with, changes in the form of the primitive word. (400) b. Changes in the primitive oftenest affect the vowel, and are mainly of two kinds : 1. modifi- cation (Umlaut : 10-13), or the change of a, 0, U, 209] DERIVATION. 99 - an, to a, o, it, an respectively ; 2. variation (Slblaut), or a change like those seen in the principal parts of verbs of the Old conjugation (135). 208. (404-6) a. Verbs are derived from other verbs especially by means of the inseparable pre- fixes (see 167) ; but also sometimes by internal changes: as fiidcn, 'fell,' legen, 'lay/ fe^en, 'set/ from fallen, 'fall/ licgcn, 'lie/ ft^en, 'sit/ respect- ively; and in a few cases by suffixes, as lac^eln, 'smile,' from lad^en, 'laugh,' folgcrn, 'infer,' from folgeu, 'follow.' K Verbs from other languages (chiefly French) are apt to take the ending iren or iercn: thus, marfd^iren, 'march,' regieren,'rule'; and this ending is even found on a few words of native origin, as fd^attiren, 'shade.' c. Verbs are very commonly derived from nouns and adjectives (rarely from other parts of speech), either with the help of inseparable prefixes (see 167), or without any additions : thus, l^aufen, 'dweir (^au^, 'house'), altern, 'age' (3lltcr, 'age'), anbern, 'change' (anber, 'other'), ftarfen, 'strengthen' (ftarf, 'strong'), emporeU; 'arouse' (empor, ' aloft '). 209. (408) a. Nouns are derived from verb- roots, often with variation of the radical vowel, often with brief obscure endings, as e, te, t : thus, 93ant), 'volume/ S3unb, 'bond' (binten, 'bind'); ®abe, 'gift' (geben, 'give'), gaf)rt, 'passage' (falfjren, \ ' go ') ; often with more distinct endings, of defin- \ able meaning. 100 DERIVATION. [209 (409-10) K Nouns are also derived from other nouns and from adjectives, chiefly by added suf- fixes, with or without modification of the vowel of the primitive. c. The principal suffixes by which nouns are formed are as follows : Cr makes nouns denoting an agent, chiefly from verbs : thus, . If two compounds having the same final member are used coordinately, the final of the first is often omitted : thus, alle (Sonn= unb gcfttage, ' all the Sundays and holidays,' bie ^aVLm- unb queEenteere ©inobc, 'the treeless and waterless desert.' 213. (420) Verbs compounded with separable and inseparable prefixes have already been treated (159-68). A noun or adjective or adverb is also sometimes joined to a verb, and treated usually like a separable prefix (rarely, like an inseparable) : thus, ^ant)l)aben, * handle,' tt^a^rfagcn, * prophesy,' n)obIt^un, * benefit' (tt?o^l5Utt)un, \\)^i n)0^[, tt)o^lgetl;an, etc.). 214. (421-2) a. Compound nouns are generally composed of a noun and a preceding qualifying 215] COMPOUND WORDS. 103 word — oftenest another noun, but sometimes an adjective or verbal root or particle : thus, ©d^ul^ bud^, 'schoolbook,' 93aumtt)olIe, 'cotton' ('tree- wool'), ©i^baum, 'oak-tree'; SSolImont), 'full moon,' ©tng^ogel, 'singing bird,' SWitmenfc^^ 'fellow-creat- ure.' h, A noun as former member of a compound not infrequently takes a plural or a genitive form, or even sometimes assumes a genitive ^ that does not belong to it: thus, S3ilberbud^, 'picture-book,' SanbSmann, 'countryman,' ©eburt^tag, 'birthday.' c. The gender and declension are (with a few exceptions) those of the final member. The former member has the accent. d. More irregular and unusual are such as add the implication of having or possessing, as fa^lfo^f, 'bald-head* ('one having a bald head'), 3Siere(J; 'square' ('four-cornered'); or a verb-root with limiting word, as ^laugenii^t^, * good-for-nothing,' ^e^rau^, ' closing dance ' ('turn out '). 215. (423-4) a. Compound adjectives are always made up of an adjective with a preceding quali- fying word. They are inflected like simple adjec- tives. The accent is on the former member of the compound. Thus, lf)eUblau, 'bright blue,' ei^^ fait, 'ice-cold,' riefengrop, 'gigantic,' finberlo^; ' childless.' K Many adjectives are made by adding the end- ing ig to a noun-compound not used alone as such : thus, ^ierfiiptg, 'four-footed,' firop^erjtg, 'great- hearted.' 104 ENGLISH AND GERMAN. [216 ENGLISH AND GEEMAN. 216. (447-52) a. Tlie English and German are related languages — that is, they have descended from the same original language, by processes of gradual change and divarication such as are seen going on in all languages even at the present time. 6. Both are members (dialects) of the Germanic or Teutonic branch of the great Indo-European or Aryan family (embracing also Slavonic, Celtic, Latin, Greek, Persian, Sanskrit) ; the English be- longs to the Low-German, the German to the High-German, division of the branch. 217. (453-60) Hence the very numerous and striking correspondences that are seen between German and English words. The differences in form between these corresponding words are in part too various and irregular to be briefly set forth ; but in part they depend upon a certain law of change widely known as "Grimm's Law," by which, to English th, d, t, /, 6, p, h, g, h correspond in German b, i, \,\, h, f,b, f,p, I;, g, h Examples are: ta^ that, ©ruber brother, Xag day, tief deep, ju to, au^ out, 2Beib wife, fteben seven, auf up, ^ elf en help — and so on. THE GEEMAN LANGUAGE. 218. (462-9) The German, in nearly its present form, goes back to about the time of Martin Luther (after 1500 A. D.), by whose writings, and espe- 218] THE GEKMAN LANGUAGE. 105 cially by whose Bible-version, the main impulse was given toward making it the general literary language of the German poeple. It is called the New High-German (neu^o^teutfc^) language, to distinguish it from the earlier dialects by which it was preceded — the Middle High-German (12th to 15th centuries), and the Old High-German (8th to 11th centuries). SELECTED SENTENCES, FOR PBACTICE IN APPIiYING THE RUIiES OF THE GRAMMAE. 1. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. . 1. S)a6 Stugc tfl be§ ?eibe§ Bcf)t % 3)te gilic ift bie 3terbe be^ ©arten^. 3. ®o(b unb felbe* t)ermd^(te fid^ mit 3o^anna, ber Sod)ter gerbinanb^ be^ ^at^oUfc^en t)on ^ragonien. 18. !j)er {iingere ©o^n g^erbi* nonb^ njarb® mit ^nna, ber 2^oc^ter be§ ^'onig^ 2B(abt^(am t)on Ungarn nnb 8o()men, t)ernifi()(t. 19. ^lbrerf)t be^ IV. ©o^n, 3l(bred)t V., marb Saifer ©igmnnb^ ©d)miegerfo()n nnb grbe. 20. 3)te frommen Sieber $PanI @er()arbt^ nnb -So^ann §eermann^ er!(angen nod), nnb trofteten ba^ 25oH in feiner Seiben^jeit. » 175. 2 @eiten, 136a. 3 with. -» siBfanen, 161 . ^ 95, e gs^rb i)crmdl)tt, 149. * DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 1^ ©riin ift be§ ?eben§ golbener 33ann{. 2. (Sin gnte^ SBort pnbet eine gnte ^it^tf 3. §nnbe finb trene grennbe i^rer §erren. 4. gin gnte^ 23nd) ift ein tt)af)rer ©d)a(5.''^ 6. ®a^ gan3e ganS ift ein tna^rer Oarten. 6. -3n Doder SELECTED SENTENCES. 107 m\il)t ftel)t ber ^pjetbaum, nur njeig imb rot^. 7. SIu^ lauter Heinen ^Dul^en befte^t ba^ ^ebetuS. ®e§ 2Konbe^ ©tra^l malt ben ^ert; mit mattem ®latf^ ^. S)a§ neuc *3a^r ftef)t i)or ber' 3:i)ur. 10, gin erfter SSerInd] ift felten ein aKeifterftiidf. 11, 2Bo retd)en Lenten' bag ^er^ fi^t, ^aben annTSeutc feinen ©tein. 12, 5Wan ftrent meigen, fcinen ©ono auf' htn g^upoben Dor einem gejlttage. 13. S)cr 2Rann ift Mojt, bod) l)at er falfdjen (SinE- 14. ®ieb bem armen ^uxmxdln^\ grtebe biefem miiben ^er^. 15. SBelc^ . einen gngel t)attet % qebilbet! 16. SEenige biirre grud)tev*^ \gebte^en. 17. S)u im ^immet ! l^Kf ^ mir * armen, fditoar^en' wcinn. ^ V 1175. 2l84d. 3 §clfcn, 136a. U84. 3. ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS AND ADVERBS AND COMPAEED. 1.. 3)er bnnte SRegcnBogen ift ha^ fd]onftc ^inb ber ©onne. 2. 3)ie 5)?a(^tigaII fingt am fd)onften ton aOien SSogeIn, unb fie fingt urn 3JJitterna^t fd^oner ate gn alien anberen ^eiten. 3. ^er Idngfte Jag ift ^ier etn^a nm 8 ©tnnben (anger ate berlnr^efte. 4. ©rug' Htr, fdjonfte^, liebfte^ ?anb ! 6. 3?om' ^immel forbert man bie fd)onften (Stunben unb t)on ber grbc jebe ^od^fte guft. 6. S)ie (Sonne itjenbet aJX" jebeg !(einftc 23(umd^en i^re ganje ^raft. 7. S)er frud^tbarfte ^o^3f fd)reibt fid) leer. 8. ®ie fc^onften Silber finb njeiter nid)t§ ate ein geifttgeg Stc^t in^ bie ©eele. 9. 2)er 9ieid^e fauft bergeben^ feine greuben ; ber ^o'^e fie^t fo l^o()t trie oft ber 3lrme. ®er ®ute ^t aUein ben ?eben§quen in fid^. 10. 2Ran freut fid) iiber' ha§ ®efd)el)ene, an bem ®egentt)Srtigen, auf ha^ ^iinftige. 11. S)te ?erd)e, ate SKorgenbotc, fd^iDingt fid^ in ha^ Slauc ber ?uft. 12. gr bleibt ^u §aufe, SBiditige^ gu tl^un.* 13. SBeife erbenfen bie neuen ©ebanifen unb D^arren t)erbreiten fie* 14. -3a^ bann fommt nod^ tttoa^ Seffere^, nod^ n)eit ©d^onereS! J Greetings, hail. 249. n75. ^Idia. 108 SELECTED SENTENCES. 4. PKONOUNS. 1. Si) ^aU t^m Meg eqal)!!, tt)a3 totr entbedft f^ahm. % Ser i^n fa^^ ber fdicitjte t^n itad) fetnem uja^ren 9[Bert()e» zt-(^^^^^^ 3, grgie^unf] giebt bem 9Kenfd^en tiidjtg, n)ag er ntd^t aug fid) felber ^aben fonnte.^ 4. grgti^le ntir benn 9IGc§ imb i^ njerbe \ax^ ^elfen, fo Ujeit tc^ e^^ mtt meinen fc^n^a^en ^rdften t)ermag. 5» @eben Sie mir -Slire §anb. 6. SBer bei| , SiUen t^ut mcine^ 33ater§ im* .g)immel, berfelbe tft mein"^ Sruben 7. S^ njar einmal etr.c grau, bte cin etn^tge^ Jiiditer^ett ^atte. 8. „2Ber ift ba?'' frogte er. „3d) bin c^/' anttnortete ble ^oiiigtn. 9. (Sein Sti^terftu^I tft ttic^t ber meine. 10. 2)er g^roft bringt mir burd^ ade ^no^en* 11. ®er ift eg ; \i^^ ift er ; ber rettete bie ^onigin. 12, J)ag hjar cine crfd}rcdUc^c ^a^rt. 13. SSelc^er ift eg, ben \iyx om nteiften liebft? 14. ^u mem ttjollen^ ®ie? 15. aSag ^abe idft ^ier ? 16. 9Bag fiir 93erge, fiir SBiiften, itiag fitr ©tronie trennen ung? 17. (Sie fa^ fid) nun mit bem aSanne Der^^ bunben, beffen Siebe nnb Sreuc fte fannte, bem fte torn v^er^en guget^an tt)ar. 18. S^ofier n)ir fommen nnb n)ol)in WAX gel^en, iuiffen xm nid)t. 19. SBer 51 fagt, mu^ and) 93 fagen. 20. gg ift nnr ging, 'xq^^ nng retten fann. 21. ^ti::^^ tragen bie Sa^re, Ujorauf ber (garg fte^t. 22. SBenn man anf bem g^nfterbrette fa^, fa]& man nnr ein ©tiidc^en blanen^ §immelg. 23. 9Kan ift nie, tno man fein foU. 24. 2J?an(^ bnnte Slnmen finb an bem ©tranb. 25. 3d) !onnte ibm rcd)t uiel «ofeg bafiir t^nn. 26. (Sg foftete mi^ gar nid^tg. » might. 2184. 3146. <^^. m56. 5. NUMEEALS. 1. gjnr ber erjlc ©d)ritt ift eg, ber ba' foftet. 2. gin ?eib, ein §erg nnb eine ©eele! 3. !Dag "Qwi] \)^i eine gtneite, bann eine britte, — je^t fogar fd)on eine gtnolfte 9lnf(age crlebt. 4. S)iefe ®ame I}at einen Ol^rring tjon nngcfdt}r 3,400 Scaler SSert^ t)erloren. 5. !J)er dltere ber beibcn Scanner ()atte 67 2:^aler in ber %o!\^tf ber jiingere njar nur J Omit ba in translating. \ SELECTED SENTENCES. 109 mit 10 t)erfe^en. 6, 3lm 20tett ^ebruar 1870, gegeit 11 U^r be^ MtnH, ftarb ber groge §elb» 7. 2)ie (egte 3lu^gat:e ber 2Ber!e t)on ©driller ift in ^\vol\ Sdnben erfd^ienen nnb jeber Sanb ^at ungefd^r 400 m 500 Setten. 8. ^eitet fieben Sag unb fieben 9^arf)t- 9, -3(^ gebe iebem breigig 3l(fer Janbe^, 10, J)ie eine itjiU fi^ J)on ber anberen trennett. 11. 21m 6ten 3fuU 1630 lanbete ©uftat) Slbolp^ mit 13,000 Wlam. 6. VEEBS OF OLD AND NEW CONJUGATION. 1. Sr ge^t, !ommt, entfernt [id), uttb Commt njteber. 2. ©aul ging au^, felne^ SSater^ (SfeUitncn 311 fud^en/ unb fanb ein ^onigreic^. 3. ©ud)e immer ben l^o^ern ©tanb^ ))un!t, unter iwelcfiem alle !(eine ?etben unb greuben t)n^ fdj^inben. 4. 2HIe 2lengftUc^!eit fommt t)om Seufet, ber 9Kut§ unb bte greubigfeit fommt Don ®ott. 5. S6) ^be genoffen ^a^ trbifdje ©(iicf; idi ^be gelebt unb geliebet. 6. JJSa^ bu gelernt,'' begleitet hid) geitleben^, n)oI)in bu ge^ft, unb gibt bir neue ©inne flir hit 2!Bc(t. 7. %Ue^ ift fo gefommen, mie i^ t)orau^ gefagt tjobt. 8, 9Wan preift ben bramatifdE)en S)irf)ter, ber e^ tjerfte^t, S^rdnen gu ent:= loden. ©ie^ Salent fjat auc^ bie fummerlid^fte ^^i^bel; mit biefer t^eilt er feinen 9tu^m. 9. 2lu^ lauter fleinen Singen befte^t ha^ ?eben. 3)arum njarte nid^t mit beiner . aiBei^^eit bi^ groge 2)inge mit "^ofaunen fommen ; an jebe^ ndia, 2 205ft. 7. MODAL AUXILIARIES. 1. 2Ba^ man twttt, ha^ tann man. Sei bem 9Kenfd^en ifl lein ^ing unmoglirf). 2. SBa^ foil au^ mir n)erben, tuenn bu ni^t me^r ba bift? 3. ©ie foH eine it^unberlic^e *iPerfon fein ; ba^ fiel^t^ man il^r gleid^ an.^ 4. ®ut, ha^ id) @ie treffe. Sd) tooUk eben gu 3^nen, um ®ie um eine !(eine ©efdtKigfeit ju bitten.^ 5. ®ie 9)ienf^en lieben temen/ ba^ 110 SELECTED SENTENCES. ift ha^ ein^tgc ma^re ©liirf. 6» 9Kein Ungliid foKf eud^ I)eiU9 fein, n^enn e^^ tnetn !onic|Iid)e^ §aupt ntc^t x\t 1. SBer recf)t xot\%, \m^ t)or uufercr ^^it gefdje^en ift, tt)trb aud) fiir unferc 2>^iX ben beften 9tat^ gebeu lounen. 8. 3^d) !anu unb Ujlil e§ Icinger nid)t bulben, 9. ©an^ geiut^ it)irb fie ben 5Waior ntd)t l^aben begaljlen fonnen. 10. ^etg' mi^ nid)t rcben, ^^tf^' mt^ fditneigen. 11. ^erad)tung \jCiV \6) me ertragen fonnen. 12. 3^ mod)te gern arm fein. 13. ^Da^ ntoc^te ber Saunt gar nld}t l^oren. 14 -3c^ barf faum l^offen, ba^ ©ie mir^ tergeben fonnen. 1875. 2 184. 8. PASSIVE, IMPERSONAL, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS. 1. aSBi^t t^r m6)\.f iDO^^tn fte gefu^rt njurben ? ©eib il)r f^nen^ ni^t begegnet? 2. gr iDurbe auf \iCi^. fd)dnbnd)fte tnipanbelt. 3. ®urd) ^oxw nnb !Oeibenfc^aft mirb nod) gar nic^tg get^an ; nnr burd) feften, ^eUen gntfd)(ug. 4. 5)ann iDar feine @nabe ; fie mngten nieberfnieen nnb hoi^ ^aupt njarb i^nen^ abgefc^Iagen. 5. aRot)amnteb ttjnrbe nm§ 3a()r 570 3n 9}Je!!a geboren. 6. 2)e^l}alb mnnberten nnb frenten fie fid) fe^r iiber bie fd)onen ^epfel. 7. ®er fed)fte Sag ber (Sc^opfnng neigte fi^ gn feinem gnbe. 8. 2)a offnet fi^ be^enb ein gnjeite^ Slior. 9. g^ (}age(te fd)mer. 10. g§ gtbt !etn fo ^art^er^ige^ ®efd}opf, n)ie ein Cramer. 11. 6^ n^ar nttr, a(§ lebten njir aHe no(^. 12. grge^f ^ end) n)0]^(, fo benft an mid). 13. SSie me^ n)irb mir; irie brennt meine alte SSnnbe ! 14. g^ ging adeS gang t)ortrefffid^. 15. Sief banert mid) ener. 16. ®egen ^benb marb nad) t^m gefragt. 17. @g lo^nt fid) nid)t gn dnbern, mo man nid)t beffern !ann. 18. 9tOe 9Kenfd)en merben in il)ren §offnnngen getdnfd^t, in i^ren grn)artnngen betrogen. 1184. 2 826. 3 90, SELECTED SENTENCES. Ill 9. COMPOUND \rEEBS, SEPARABLE AND INSEPAEABLE. 1, Sin g^rember !e()rte trt ha§ 2Birt^§f)au^ eitt, um ha ^u ubernad]ten.^ 2. !Die (2d)ulb ift Don bem 3Serbred]er ehi^ geftanben unb befannt n)orben» 3. gr ftimmte btefer Senier* fung frdftig beu 4, SSon btejen 9?ofeu loin tc^ bir hk aUcx^ fdjonften^ au^fuc^en* 5, S)ie *ipoft ift t)or etner ©tunbe angebmmen unh ber 23rteftrdger ^t bie 33riefe fd]on au5^ getragen, 6, Wan !ann ein ©ebid^t au§ einer ®)3rad^e hi^ cine anbere iiberfci^en, aber e^ ift unmoglic^ ben ®eift be^ ©ebic^te^ gci«3ti<^ ^w iibertragen. 7. aSBenn einer mitten im ®d)reiben* auf{)ort, fo ift e^ il^m fd)mer^ ben %ahen be^ ©ebanfen^ tnieber anf^ngreifen» 8. -Stage nid)t nm ba^ \va^ bir @ott ent^ie^t* 9. !Der 9Konb ging anf unb \>a^ ^eer ber ©terne trat ^ert)or in t)eiterem ©(an^e. I 1197a. 2 82d 3 175^ 4193^ 10. SPECL^L USES OF THE FORMS OF DECLENSION. 1. gernanbo ernjartete bc§ frol^en Slugenblide^. 2. ®ott crbarme^ fic^ be^ Sanbc^ I 3. gr ad^tete nic^t ber lx)armen ©onne unb ber frtfc^en Suft. 4. 3d^ fc^dnte nti^ ber Uner=^ fat)ren]^ett unb meiner -Sugenb nid^t. 5. Dttilie erinnertc fid) iebe^ 3Sorte^, \va^ gefprodjen ioarb. 6. gr fe^te trau== rig en ^ergen^ feinen SBeg fort unb fud^te tveiter feineg SD^enfdjen ©efeUfc^aft. 7, (Sine^ Jage^ tm Jen^e fag ©alomo ber -Sungling unter ben '^almen im ©arten feinc^ SSater^. 8. ©em 9?ad)ften mug man ^elfen. 9, 2)ein ^ater bient bem Sonige. 10. ©ie ©ebitbe ber 9?ad^t n)eid)en bem tagenben'^ ?id)t. 11. SReifter So^nn, le^re t^m au6) bie bei^ ben anberen fd)onen Siinfte. 12. 9J?ad)e nid^t fc^neH jemanb beinen greunb. 13. !5)er 3^^^9 ^^^ S^itm mad)te mid) ^u il)rem ©egner. 14. 33in id^ bie ritterli^en ?fttd)k nid)t n)ert^? 15. (Sr rebete ben gangen %benb unb ben anberen 11915. 2 199. 112 SELECTED SENTENCES. ixJcotgen fein aSSort mit t^m. 16, ®er ^ouig unb ble jungc Sonigin tebten in Suft unb g^reube ein gan^e^ -Sa^r lang, 17. & regnete ben gangen Sag. 18. S)iefe^ gefagt, ent== bto^te ber rebltd^e SSater bie ©d^eiteL [, SPECIAL USES OF THE FOEMSJ^F QON- JUGATION^ ^^ 4^'^" '^^^^ 1. Unb tDte er fi^t unb njie er taufc^t, t^eitffid^ bte g^tut^ ^^^ ^^^;4*|iB^^or. 2. -3e^t (a§ mtc^ (o^, tc^ !omme balb gurutf. 3. (Sie fatten !eine gurc^t t>or §eino, bcnn fie fannten i^n fcfjon longe. 4 ,,S^ njirb n)ol)( ®e(b im goffer fein/' badjten ■ -. bie Seute. 6. SKit fonigltc^en ©ittern fe^e bid) bie ©ottin!"'^-* ^ 6. ^citte ic^ bid) fru()ei: fo gered)t erfannt, e^ njcire 2$iele^ *'^''' ' ungefd^e^en geblieben. 7. SBa^ n^dre au^ ntir gen)orben, battel i^r mic^ ntd^t aufgenommen? 8. ®(ud(id)er ujdre and) id), njenn ic^ nad) 2lfien gegogen iDdre. 9. g§ ^ieg, er t)erlange ni^t gu tniffen, ob er e^ biirfe, fonbern ob er e^ miiffe. 10. „%i)/' feuf^te grin, „ba^ bu eine ©terbnd)e iDdreft, ober bag tc^ njcire trie bu !'' 11. 311^ er merfte, ba^ er ein SKo^r njttr, fagte er, er fei ein t)orne^mer §err unb UJoUe i^n in feinen ©ienft ne^men. Sr foUe nid)t^ me iter gu t^un befontmen^ al^ l^inten auf feinem SBagen gu fteljen, ttjenn er mit feiner g^rau fpa,^ieren fii^re, bamit man gleid) fdt}e, ha^ t>ornel)mc ?eute !dmen. 12. £), ha^ fie etrig griinen^ bliebe, bie fd^one ^txt ber iungcn Siebe ! 1196. 12. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 1. O n)ad)fen, n)adj[en, grog unb aii n^erben, ba6 tft bodft ba§ ein^ige ©d)one in biefer S5e(t, ba^te ber Saum. 2. S)a merfte bie g^rau tooljl, bag ba« 93etle(n fd)mer fei. 3. 3c^ mag unb mitt nic^t glauben, \>a^ mid) ber Wta^ t)er!affen !ann. 4. SBa^ gelten fott, mug merfen unb mug bienen. 5. ®d)nett mirft bu bie ?tot^menbig!eit t)erfd^minben, unb ated^t unb Unred^t fic^ t)ertt)anbetn fel^en. 6. -Sd^ mitt nid^t SELECTED SENTENCES. 113 cinen 9);enfci)eu, an beffen @d)utb id) md)t glaube, Mtett 33lute6 tobten (affen, 7. S6) mu^ betteln ^e^en ; ber liebc @ott mU e^ fo tjabcn. 8. 55or feincm Sobe ift D^iemanb gludlid) gu preifen. 9» g5 ift bem 9}?eufd^en ieid)ter unb gelciufiger ^u fd)meirf)eln al^ p (oben. 10. ^er ^ettel pel, o^ne t)on i^m bemertt ^u itjerben, auf ben Soben. 11. £), Wave id) bod) au(^ grog genug, urn iiber ba^ aj^eer ^infa^ren gn fonnen! 12. 50?it grower iJreube empfing ber fiegenbe ^aifer feinen ftcgenben ©ol^n. 13. @r glaubte in feinem ?eben nid)t§ rei^enbere^ gefe^en gn l^aben a(^ i^r l^tb t)er:= iuunberte^, f)alb Idd^elnbe^, t)on bem 2}torgenrot^ rofig (Tttendjtete^, feine^ ©eftd^t^em 14. 3)er alte 9Kantt fa^ fopffc^nttetnb t)or fid^ nieber, 15. ^n einen i^nieig ^angten fit !(eine %elje, au^gef^nitten an§ farbigem "SPa^ier. 16. Slu^ feiner |)of)' fommt ba^ leid^te 9te^ in§ tiefc ®ra^ ge^ fprnngen. VOCABULARY. GERMAN-ENGLISH. ABBREVIATIONS. accus. accusative. adj. adjective. adv. adverb. art. article. conj. conjunction. dat dative. dem. demonstrative. ex, exercise. /. feminine noun. impers. impersonal. indech indeclinable. interrog. interrogative. ii'^reg, irregular. m. masculine noun. n, neuter noun. N. New conjugation. num. numeral. 0. Old conjugation. pers. personal. pi. plural. poss. possessive. ppl. past participle. prep, preposition. pron. pronoun. reflex, reflexive. rel. relative. V, verb. EXPLANA TIONS, Verbs of the Old conjugation, and of the New if irregu- lar, are so noted (by an added 0. , or iV. irreg. , respectively). Their forms are to be sought in the List of Irregular Verbs. Verbs taking feiit as auxiliary have an f added after them. Nouns have the sign of their gender appended, and the end- ings of their genitive singular (except of f eminines) and nomi- native plural. Adverbs in -ly derived from adjectives and having the same form as the adjectives (79) are not separately entered. Figures in parentheses refer to the Grammar. %16 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. ^bmb, m. ;b8, sbc. evening. nbcr, conj. but. ah f aflat, v. O. I fall off, fall down. abveiicn, v. iV. f. journey away. abid^laQcn, v. O. refuse. abidyveibcn, v. 0. copy. abi^Ubcn, v. 0. draw off, take off. ad) ! ah ! alas ! adyten, v. iVi prize, notice. Slrfer, m. sx%, 2tccfer. cultivated field, tilled land, acre. mibrcd)t, Albert. an, pron. and adj. all, entire, or every, each; attcS, everything, all. allem, adv. alone. aXlQtmtin, adj. general. ali, conj. as, than. ait, adj. old. am = on bcm. filter if a, America. an, prep, at, on, in. attber, adj. other, else. anbertt, v. N. change, alter. anfangctt, v. 0. begin. anfangd, adv. in the beginning. awQaxtbrn, adj. pleasant. ^ettgftltc^fett,/ anxiety, timidity. anfletbett, v. N. put clothes upon, clothe, dress. anf ommett, v. 0. f. to arrive. anfelien, v. O. look at ; {loith accus. and dat. ) see to belong to, per- ceive in. a\\HaU,prep. instead. anttvorten, v. N. answer. anoertraucn, v. N. confide. att)tef)cn, v. 0. draw on, put on. 5lpfel, m. A%, 3tepfel. apple. ^npfelbdum, m. ^meg, sdume. apple- tree. ^ragoniett, Aragon. arbettett, v. N. work. arm, adj. poor. arttg, adj. good, obedient. ^ften, Asia. aud), conj. or adv. also, too. aui, prep, upon, on. aufcrflebcn, v. 0. f. rise up, rise from the dead. ^ufgabe,/. sbcn. task. aufqebcn, v. O. f. go up, rise. auiaviifm, v. 0. pick up^ seize. aufl^ebett, t\ 0. lift up, put an end to. atifborcn, v. iV! stop. fHu^age,/. sgen. edition: anfnef)tnen, v. O. take up. auiiicbcn, v. 0. f. get up, rise. Sluge, n. =geg, ^gen. eye. Slugenblict, m. =fg, =fe. instant. aud, prep, or adv. out of, from, away from. audgct^ett, v. 0. j. go out. attdfd)neit>en, v. O. cut out. audfe^ett, v, O, look, appear. * ait^erbem, adv. moreover. aii^erbalb,j9rej9. outside of. • avifitvit, adj. uttermost, extreme. audfpred)eti, v. O. pronounce. audfuci^en, v. N. pick out, choose, audtragen, v. O. carry out. audtoeic^ett, v. 0. f. avoid. 33a^rc,/. cren. bier. balb, a^v. soon. ^ant, ]. n. ?bc8, sbc. bond, tie; 2. n. =be8, sanber. ribbon ; 3. m, sbeS, sanbc. volume. SBanf,/. sanfe. bench. ^aum, m. smc§, sdume. tree. befe^Ien, «;. O. command, order, begegnen, w. AT. f. meet. begletten, «. AT. accompany. bcgrti^en, v. A^ greet. bel)anbeln, v. N. handle, treat. btbtvib, adj. adroit, nimble. btifprep. by, with, bcibc, adj. both, betfltmmett, v. N. agree. befennen, v. -N. irreg. confess. bcfommen, v. O. get, obtain. bclcud)tcn, i^. N. light. bemcrfcn, v. A^. remark, observe. aSemcrf ung, /. =gen. remark. 35crg, m. sge§, =ge. mountain. bt^dyaiti^t, adj. busy. bcffer, sec gut. beffcrti, v. N. to better, improve; be#, see gut. befiteben, i;. 0. persist, consist. betrtigeit, v. 0. deceive, betray. 35ett, n. -Am, =tten. bed. betteln, v. A^ beg. bemunbem, v. N. admire. bt^abUn, v. N. pay. GEHMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 117* fSicr, n. steS. beer. S3ilb, n. =be§, =ber. picture. btI^en, V. N. form, make. bill, from fein, am. hixxmn^prep. within. hii, prep, or cojij. tilTj until. 93ittc, / sten, request. hittm, V. 0. beg, implore. ^iatt, 71. stteS, sdtter. leaf. blati, ac/;. blue. hUihtw, V. O. f. remain. hXint, adj. blind. hin^^tn, V. N. bloom. astume,/. stnen. flower. fbiixmUin, n. =n8, =n. little flower. ©hit, 71. steS. blood. aSliitljc,/. st^en. blossom. ©obett, m. ;n6. floor, ground. ©oilmen, Bohemia. brentten, v. iV. ir>v^. bum. ©ricf, m. s|*§, ;fe. letter, epistle. Sricftragcr, m. =r8, sr. letter-car- rier. brtngen, v. iV! irreg. bring, car- ry. SBrob, n. =bc8, sBbe. bread. SJriibcr, m. st8, suber. brother. SBud), 71. 5c^e3, sucker, book. bunt, adj. gay, bright. S3uttciv/. butter. <5I)olcra,/. cholera. bfl, «dy. or coTij. there, then; when, since. baburc^, adv. therethrough, by that means. ®amc,/. =men, lady. bamit, adv. or co7ij. therewith, with it or that, in order that. banfen, v. N. thank. ^ann, adv. then, at that time. barait, adv. thereon, at or on it or them. fcarawf, adv. thereupon, upon or on it or them. bariibcr, adv. thereover, above or about it or them. barum, adv. thereabout, there- fore. baft, coTij. that, so that ; ba^ . . . nld)t, lest. bauern, v. N. last, endure. ba»or, adv. before or in front of or because of it or them. ttin, poss. adj. thy, thine. bertfcit, V. JV. irreg. think. * bcntt, coTij. or adv. then, for. ber, tic, ba^, 1. demoTist. pron. and adj. this, this one, that, that one ; as emphatic pe7's. pron. he, she, it ; 3. def. art. the ; 3. rel. pron. who, which, that. tcvicnxQtf adj. and pron. that or that one, those. berfelbe, adj. and pron. the self- same or same, he, she, it. beMyaib, adv. or conj. on that ac- count, therefore. bcutfd), adj. German; (Deutfc^, n. German language ; ©eutfc^er, adj. as 7ioun. a German. i5)eutfd)lanb, 7i. ;b8.. Germany. 'i^idyitv, m. =r3, ;r. poet. bicnen, v. N. serve. ^ienft, m.. steg, stc. service. tk^ (biefer, bic^e, biefeS), dem. adj. orpi'on. this or that, this one or that one. !^tn9, n. sgeS, =gc. thing. bod), adv. or conj. though, yet, nevertheless ; surely. !$)om, 7n. sttieS, smc. cathedral. bort, adv. there, yonder. bramattfd), adj. dramatic. brci, num. three. bringcn, v. O. f. or^. press, throng. bii, pe7's. pron. thou. bufti^, adj. fragrant. btiibeit, V. iY. bear, endure. buvd), p7'ep. through. burc^brtngcii, v. O. (sep.) press through, pierce, penetrate ; {in- Sep.) penetrate, permeate, per- vade. biirfcn, v. N". i7'reg. be allowed, feel authorized ; sometimes rew dered by may or might. 15)urfi, m. steS. thirst. ebett, adv. even, just, exactly. cf)Vtn, V. N. honor. citi, n7tm>. one ; indef art. a, an- etn^eftelictt, v. O. confess, own. t\n\)oUn, V. N. overtake. 118 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. tiniQ, adj. one, united ; pi. einigc, some, a few. tinUi)rcn, v. JV. f. turn in, enter. einlaben, v. O. invite. etitmal, adv. once, one time. tmi^, adj. only. cmpfattQcn, v. 0. receive, take, ac- cept. tmpfel)Un, v. O. recommend. empor, adv. upward. (Snbe, n. sbeS, sfcen. end. enMid), ad?j. at last. ^ftgcl, m. sig, ;I» angel. tntblo^at, V. N. bare, lay bare. entbecfen, v. JV. discover, disclose. cntfevncn,v. N. remove, put far off. entf[tel)cii, v. 0, f. fly, escape. enti)altett, v. O. contain. eiitlocfcii, V. JV. entice away, draw away. @ntfd)Iu^, m. sffeS, siiffe. resolu- tion, determination. entwcbcr, conj. either. entjikl)cn, v. O. take away. tv, pers.pron. he. erbarmett, v. iV. reflex, pity, have mercy on. @rbc, m. sBc§, sSen. heir. erbltcfen, v. JV. catch sight of, de- scry. @rbe,/. sben. earth, ground. rep. behindi hod), adj. high. l^offctt, V. N. hope. <^of?nun9, /. c^zti. hope, ^6f)e, f. =cn. height. ^loljl, adj. hollow, empty. ^oUn, V. JV. bring, fetch. l^orcn, V. JV. hear. lyuhid), adj. pretty. «^unb, m. sbeg, 3 be. dog. ^iingern, v. iV. impers. hunger, be hungry. ^utf m. ste6, ?utc. hat. id^, pers. pron. I. iljr, poss. adj. her, its, their; 3tjr, your. i!)rtg, poss. adj. her, its, their. tm = in bem. ittimcr, adv. always. in, prep, in^ into, at (175). iiid - in bag. trbifd), adj. earthly. irgenb, adv. ever, soever, what- ever ; ircjenb etUjaS, anything whatever. ifl, from fein, is. ia, yes. Sa^r, w. 5re§, src. year. 3anuar, m. ^rS. January. icb (ieber, jebe, jebeS), j!3?'o«. each, every. icbermann, m. =n8. every man, every one. Scmanb, pron. some or any one, anybody. icit (jencr, jenc, iencS), pron. j'on, yonder, that. ic$t, acZz;. now. Sugcnb, /. youth. ^uii, m. M. July, (ling, adj. young. SiingUtig, in. =ga, ?gc. young man, youth. ^aifer, m. sr3, st. emperor. fait, rtfZ;. cold. ^avt, Charles. fttifc, wi. =feg, =fe. cheese. fati)c>(ifd), «4?- catholic. faufcn, V. JV. buy. ^auflcittc, pi. merchants, trades- men. ^aufmantt, m. snnS, manner, mer- chant. fattm, adv. hardly, scarcely. fcin, pron. no, none, not one. fcttiicn, V. N. irreg. know, be ac- quainted with. ^i\\t>, n. =be8, sbcr. child. tXa^tn, V. jV. mourn, bewail. I^Uib, 71. =be§, sber. dress, garment. f Uiii, adj. little. ^nahc, m. sben, =6en. boy. ^noc^ett, m. =n8, sn. boae. Coffer, m. =r8, sr. coffer, trunk. ^oltt, Cologne (city). fommett, v. O. ]. come. ^DUtg, m. 598, =ge. king. ^ontgiti, /. =innen. queen. toniQlid), adj. kingly, royaL GEEMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULAEY. 121 Itonigrcid), w. J(^e6, =c^c. kingdom, realm. fonncn, v. iV. irreg. be able, can. ^Qpf, m. spfeg, =6pfe. head. fopiid)iittdn^, adj. shaking the head. fo^cn, V. JV. cost ; e3 toftet, it costs. ^raft, /. ?ten. power, strength. f raftig, adj. strong, powerful. ^rcimer, m. ;r§, -t. shopkeeper. franf, adj. sick, ill. ^vieQ, m. sgS, ^ge. war. fuminerltd), aCM, n. =n§, sn. little song. £i(ic, /. =en. lily. (obctt, v. iV". praise. IoI)tteti, v. iV[ reward. Xodf adj. loose, rid of, free, fiowe, m. sen, sen. lion. fiuft, /. sufte. air, breeze. fiufi, /. sujle. pleasure, delight, longing. ittad)ett, V. N. make. 9Rdbd)ctt, n. sng, sn. girl. 9Rai, m. =aie§. May. SOlaior, m. nS. Major. nta(en, w. N. paint. man, indef. pron, one, people, thejs. matt^, indef. pron. sing, many a, many a one ; pi. many. ^Dtann, m. snneS, manner, man. 3Jlarf, /. sten. mark (a weight or a coin). ^SStavtt, m. =te8; sarfte. market, market-place. matt, adj. faint, dull 2Jlecr, n. ;re§, src. sea, ocean. mcf)t% acZv. more. mcitt, poss. adj. my, mine. metnig, joos*. adj. my, mine. mcif^, a4;. most ; adv. mostly. SDlcificr, m. ;r6, sr. master, teacher. ^ciiictfiiid, n. s!e8. masterpiece. SD^enge, /. =gcn. mass, multitude. SDleiifd), m. sfc^en, sf^en. man, per- son, human being. mcvUn, V. N'. notice. mtf|I)anbc(n, v. N. maltreat. mtt, prep. with. mitttcl)men, v. O. take along. mtttett, adv. midway, in the midst. 9)ltttcrnad)t, /. sac^te, midnight, mogcn, v. N. irreg. may, might, like, choose. mogltd), adj. possible. ^o\)v, m. ixii, sven. Moor. 122 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Wtonat, m. st§, stc. month. 9>ion^, m. sbeS, sbc. moon. SDlorgcn, m. sn§, sn. morn, morn- ing, morrow. morgen, adv. to-morrow. SJlorgenbotc, m. sten, 4en. herald of morning. SWorgcnrotI), n. st^§. red^of morn- ing, aurora. tnu^e, adj. weary, tired. inufFcn, v. K. irreg. must, be un- der necessity of, be forced to. SDlutl), m. st^eS. courage. S3*tutter, /. sutter. mother. nad), prep, after, to. nad^ciictt, v. N. f. hurry after. nac^folgen, v. N. f. follow after. nad)iaufcn, v. 0. f. run after. 9?ad)ricl)t, / sten. news. nad)fl, a<7;. {superlative of na^) next, nearest ; «s 7ioun, neigh- bor. ?flad}t, f. sten. night. Slad)ti9an, /. sticn. nightingale. f!ftami, m. senS, sen. name. fftavv, m. sren, srcn. fooL S^atur, /. sren. nature. nel)men, v. 0. take. netgen, v. N. bend, incline. 5?efl, n. steS, ster. nest. S^ctj, n. =^e§, ;fee. net. ncii, adj. new. itcitUd), at^v. newly, lately. neutt, num. nine. nid)t, adv. not. ttid)td, mde/. pron, indecl, noth- ing. itic, ac?v. never. nicttv, adv. down, downward. niitevhmen, v. N. kneel down. 9ltcmanb, indef. pron. no one, not any one. ntrgenbd, adv. nowhere, in no place. ttod), adv. still, yet. 9lot^, /. need, want. SJot^wcnbigfcit,/. ^tcn. necessity. nun, adv. now, at present. nur, acZw. only, solely, merely. vh, conj. whether. p^cr, cow;, or. 6f?neit, V. iV! open. oft, adv. often. oljne, J97-CJO. without, but for. Oljrring, m. sgg, ;ge. earring. Onfcl, m. 5t§, si. uncle. ^alme, /. smen. palm. ^apicv, n. sr§, sre. paper. ^erfon, /. sitett- person, person- age. ^ofaunc, f. sen. trumpet, ^oft, /. sten. post, mail. prcifeti, v. O. praise, value, ^rcu^c, m. s^en, s^en. Prussian. ^rm§, m. sjen, sjen. prince. ^ai\), m. st^g, sat^c. counsel, ad- vice. rauc^en, v. N. smoke. rcd)t, adj. right, just; adv. re- ally, actually ; very. 'Sitdyt, n. i^it^, ste. right, privilege. rcbeii, V. N. talk. reMtd), ac^J. honest. ^tegenbogeit, m. senS, sen. rainbow, regtien, t;. iVi impers. rain. 9tcl)» wi. 5:^e§, s^e. roe, deer. veid), adj. rich. rcifctt, V. N'. f« travel, journey. vcitcn, V. O. J}, or f. ride. ret'i^cttb, adj. charming. rcttcn, V. JV". save. 9{id)tcrf^ut)I^ m. sleS. judgment- seat. vittcvUd), adj knightly. 9?ofc, /. sfen. rose. rofig, adj. rosy. votl), adj. red. dtiikcn, m. senS, sen. back. rufett, V. 0. call. ytul)e, f. rest, repose, quiet. SWubefiattc, /. sen. resting-place. rut) 19, adj. quiet, restful. ^\x\)m, m. sme§. fame, renown. fagcti, V. N. say. (Sanb, m. sbe§. sand, ^arg, m. sgeS, sorge. coflfin. fd)ameti, z;. iV! reflex, be ashamed. fd>anMid), ad)uicr, m. sr§, =r. scholar. idymad), adj. weak, feeble. ^d)waibi, f. s6en. swallow (bird). fd)tt)arj, adj. black. fd)n>et9cn, v. 0. be silent. fd)n)cr, «^j. heavy, difficult. @d)n>cftcr, / =rn. sister. (Sd)n)ie9crfoI)n, m. sneS, so^nc. son- in-law. idywin^tn, v. 0. swing; reflex. swing one's self, leap. HdM, num. six. ^ttUf f. slen. soul, spirit. ieQtien, v. N". bless. ic^en, V. 0. see, look. fel)ttctt, V. N. reflex, long for. U\)X, adv. very. Utin, poss. adj. his, its. fctn, V. O. f. be, exist. Uit, prep, since. ®citc, /. =ten. side, page. idbev, adj. indecl. self. fctbft, ac^J. i7idecl. self. feltett, a^?. rare, unusual, seldom. fci^en, V. N. set, cause to sit, place. fcufjcn, i;. iV. sigh. fid), reflex, pron. himself, herself, itself, themselves. ftc, pers. pron. she, her, it ; they, them ; ©ic, you. ftegen, v. N. gain. the victory, tri- umph. tval)l, m. iUB, slen. beam, ray. <2>ttan^, in. =be8. strand, shore. ®tra^e, /. sfen. street. flrettg, acZ;. strict, severe. fireucn, v. N. strew, scatter. ©trom, m. sme§, some, stream, river. ^iixddytn, n. =ng, -n. little piece. (Stubeitt, m. =ten, =tcn. student. ftubiren, w. iY study. iStitl)!, m. =Ie§, =u^Ie. chair. ixn^tv, m. stS, sr. sinner. fii^, adj. sweet. tabelti, V. N. blame. 3:ag, m. sgeS, sge. day. tagen, v, N. dawn, become day. %oXvxi, n. 'M, 4e. talent. 3;afd)c, /. =j(^en. pocket. tciufd^en, v. N. deceive, delude, cheat. %t\x^t\, m. sis, si. devil. ^t)aUv, m. srS, sr. dollar. %t}catcv, n. stS, St. theatre. tl^tiUttf V. N. divide, separate, share. %\)\tv, n. iXeB, =rc. animal. ij^pr, m. srcg, ste. door, gate, por- tal. Xf)tanc, f. sncn. tear. t\)\xn, V. 0. do, perform. %\)ixv, f. sten. door. ticf, ac/^;. deep. XiiAy, m. sfci^cS, s^c^e. table. 2:od)tcr, /. softer, daughter. ^6d)terd)cti, «. snS, sn. little daughter. %f)^f m. sbeS, sbc. death. tobtcn, V. N. kill. tragen, v. O. carry. traurig, ac2^'. sad. trenncn, v. N. separate, part. tvcttn, V. O. f. tread, proceed, come, enter. ixtiXf adj. true, faithful. %xcvitf f. truth, fidelity. troften, v. N. console, comfort. Sugenb, /. sben. virtue. fiber, prep, over, above, higher than. iibcran, adv. everywhere. iibemad)ten, v. N. spend the night. iiberfel^en, v. N. set over or .. across ; translate. iibcrfd)ubf m. s^eS, =^e. overshoe. tibcrtragcn, v. 0. carry over, trans- ,. port. ixhvm^f f. sgcn. practice. UI)r, /. =rcn. hour, clock ; invari- able after fiumerah^ o'clock. urn, prep, around, about, respect- ing, concerning; before infiiii- tive with ju, in order, so as. urn . . ♦ mlUn,prep. on account of. uttartig, adj. naughty. iintf conj. and. Uncrfal)rcnl)elt, /. inexperience. Ungarn, Hungary. ungcfcibf, «^^. about, nearly, not far from. ungel^euer, adj. uncanny, mon- strous, huge. un0cfd)el)en, adj. unhappened, undone. ttngliicf, n. sdS, sdc. ill-luck, mis- fortune. ung liicfltc^, a^'. unhappy, imfort- unate. unmodltd), «er(eil)ett, v. 0. lend, confer, be- stow. oerlicrcn, v. 0. lose. ocrmdblcn, ^;. N. give in marriage ; reflex, marry, espouse. oermogcn, 2;. N. irreg. have power, be able to, can. 93ernunft, /. reason. oerrcifcn, v. N. f. go on a journey, travel away. ocrfdjroinbcn, v. O. f. disappear. ocrfcbcn, w. O. provide, furnish. oerfp redden, v. O. promise. GEEMAK-ENQLISH VOCABULARY. 125 Dcrflc^ctt, V. 0. understand. oerflcrbcn, v. 0. f. die, expire ; bcv? ^orben, deceased. JBcrfud), m. sd^eS, sd^c. attempt, trial. ocrnjattbcrit, «;. N. change, trans- form. ocrwunbcrtt, v. iVi strike with wonder, astonish, amaze. t>icl, adj. much, many. t>kticid)t, adv. perhaps. fQuvtcl, m. =I§, =1. quarter. 9So()eI, m. t\%, sogel. bird. 95otf, n. sfeS, solfer. people, na- tion. t)on, at?;, full. t^odcnben, v. N. complete, accom- plish. t)on, prep, of, from, by. »or, prep, before, for, on account of, because of. ooraud, adv. in advance. vorbctge^cti, e;. 0. \. go by, pass by. t)orfaI)reti, v. O. f. go or drive be- fore, drive up. t>orttcI)nt, adj. of superior rank, distinguished, aristocratic. t»orfingcn, v. O. sing before or for," sing for others to hear. Dortrcfflid), adj. admirable, excel- lent. Dortibcrgc^cn, v. 0. f. go past, pass by. SSBagett, m. sn§, sn. wagon, coach, carriage. tt»al)r, arf;. true. toaOrcnb^ J9rep. during; conj. while. aBabvtjaftigPctt, /. truthfulness. SQSalb, m. sbc§, =dlber. wood, forest. 95Sanb, /. =dnbe. wall. to arm, adj. warm. loartett, v. N. wait, await. warum, adv. or conj. why, where- fore. wad, pron. interrog. or rel. what, that which, whatever; n)a3 fur, what kind of. n)afd)en, v. 0. wash. !S$afTcr, n. sr§. water. !S$C9, m. sge^, sgo. way, road. | w^bf adj. sad, painful. SBcbf w. 5^e§, s^c or fl^en. woe, pain, distress. aCBetb, 71. sieS, sBcr. woman, wife. tt)cicl)cn, v. 0. f. give way, retire, yield. xotiXf conj. because, since. 3Betn, m. sne§, sne. wine. weifc, ac^'. wise. aBcidI)cit, /. wisdom. wcift, «d;. white. tt)ctt, adj. wide, broad, far off. tocid), interrog. or rel. adj. or pron. which, what, that; in- def. pron. some, any. aScrt, /. =ten. world. wciibcn, V. N. turn, direct, apply. n)cnt9, adj. little, not much ; few, not many. toenti, conj. when, if. vocVf pron. interrog. or rel. who, he who, whoever. tocrbcu, V. 0. S. become. 2Bcrf, n. sfe§, ?fe. work. wcrFcit, V. N. work, be busy. xotvt\}, adj. worth, worthy, deserv- ing. aScrtfj, m. st^eS, st^e. worth, value. md)tiQf adj. weighty. voic, adv. how ? in what way ? conj. how, as, lifie as. voiittVf adv. again. tt)iebcrI)oIcn, t;. N. repeat. wicbcrtetjrctt, 2;. iV! f. come back, return. SBicgc, /. sen. cradle. SEBtUc, m. sn8, ^n. will, intent, purpose. SSilJlcIm, William. aCBintcr, m. sr§, sr. winter. wir, joers. pron. we. totrflid), a(i;. actual, real, genuine. 9Sirt^dt)aud, n. =jeS, =dujet. public house, inn. tvtffcn, V. JV. irreg. know. wo, adv. or conj. where. 3Bod)e, /. 'dm. week. tool)cVf adv. or co?ij. whence. wobttt, adv. or conj. whither. WQl)l, adv. well. wobnctt, V. N'. dwell. woUen, V. iV! i7*re^. will, be will- ing, intend, desire, wish. 126 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. toorauf, adv. whereupon, upon which. SKort, n. ste§, ste or sorter, word. SEBunbc, /. =ben. wound. tounbcHic^^ adj. strange, odd, pe- culiar. wunbcrn, v, JV. reflex, wonder, be astonished. SBunfd), m. sfci^eS, sunfc^e. wish, desire. aSiifle, /. stcn. desert. fi&uti), f. fury, rage. ^cirtltd), adj. tender, soft. Scit, f. sten. time. jeitlebend^ adv. all one's lifetime, for life. StititrtQ, f. sgen. newspaper. gerretflctt, v. O. tear in pieces. Settcl, m. sis, si. bit of paper, note, card. jte()cti, v. O. draw, pull, bring; proceed, go, march. 2icvbc, f. sfcen. ornament. 3tmincr, n. sr§, sr. room. 3orti, m. ;ne§. anger, wrath. jii, j^rep. to, at, for, in ; adj. &e- foi'e adj. too. ;ilIfrie^cn, a^j. contented. jugct^ait, J9J9L devoted, attached- gum = ju bent. guritcf^ adv. back. gurticCfommcn, v. 0. f. come back. guruif gtcl^cn, w. 0. draw back. 3n)att9^ m. sgcS, songe. compul- sion, constraint, force. gnjci, num. two. Stveig, m. sgc§, sge. twig, branch. gtvett, n?^m. arf;. second. Stvicbel, /. 4n. onion. EKGLI8H-GEEMAN VOCABULAET. 127 ENGLISH-GERMAN. a or an, indef. art. eln, cine. able, be able, v. tonnen, N. ir- reg. absent, adj. atwefcnb. admire, v. feewunbern, N. afraid, be afraid, v. fi(^ furc^; ten, K after, conj. nacf)bcm. all, adj. att. allow", be allowed, v. burfen, N. irrcg. along, prep, entlang. already, adv. fc^on. also, adv. am^. altbongli, co7tj. oBgteic^. always, adv. immer. am, I am, ic^ bin {from fein). America, 5lmerifa. American, 3lmerifaner, m. srS, sr. and, C071J. un?, another, adj. ein anber. ansTi^er, v. antiDorten, N. any tiling, ^9?^o/i. etiwaS/ irgenb ctiua3. apple, 9tpfel, m. -M, Olpfel. approacli, v. ^eranna^en, N. f. are, we or they are, [inb {from fein). as, conj. or adv. alS. asbamed, be ashamed, v. \\6) fc^dmen, N. ask, V. fragen, N. at, prep, (at such o'clock) um. Augusta, 2tugufte, /. autumn, §erbft, m. =tc8, stc. avoid, V, auSrceic^en, O. f, away, adv. fort. bad, adj. fc^te(^t. ball, 93aa, m. =ire3, -^aVit, be, V, fein, O. beautiful, adj. fc^on. because, co/i;. loeil. become, v. werben, O. f. before, prep. Bor ; co7}j. e^e. begin, i'. anfangen, 0. bebcad, v. entt^auptcn, N. bebind, prep. Winter. believe, v. gtauben, N. beloved, geliebt, ppl. o/Uefccn. beside, prep, neben. better, adj. or adv. beffer, artiger. between, prep, jnjifi^ett. bite, V. bei^en, 0. black, adj. fti^roarj. blame, v. tabein, iV] blue, adj. blau. bond, 93anb, 7i. sbeS, =be. book, 33 ud^, w-. =c^e§, =itc^er. born,/>j9L geboren (from gebdren). bottle, glaf(^e, /. =f4en. boy, ^nabe, m. sben, =ben. box, ^aften, m. sn^, sn. bread, Srob, w. =be3, =bc. break, v. bret^en, O. ; break ia pieces, jerbrcci^en. broad, adj. breit. brotber, 58ruber, m. =r§, siiber. but, conj. abet j after negative., fonbern. butter, ^Butter, /. buy, V. fanfen, N. by, prep. oon. bystanders, bic Umjlc^enbcn, can, V. fonnen, N. irreg. cause, w. laffen, with an infini- tive^ 0. cbair, ©tu'^f, m. sleS, sii^tc. cbarming, adj. reijenb. cbild, Jlinb, n. ;be§, sber. cbolera, S^olera, /. cburcb, Jlirc^e, /. scn, city, ©tabt, /. idbte. close, V. jumac^en, N. clotb, %Vi^, n. ;(^e§, ;it(^er. clotbes, ^leibev {pi. of tieife, dress). coacbman, ^utfd^eV/ tn. ^x^, ',x, cold, adj. fait. come, V. foinmen, 0. \. ; come back, juriicEJommen. 128 ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY. comrade, i^amcrab, m. sb§, sben. cool, adj. fu^I. copy, V. obfc^reifeen, 0. count, ®raf, m. sfen, sfen. country, 2anb, /i. =be§, sanber ; native c, SSaterlanb, n. cousin, SSetter, m. ^rS, ;r ; (Soufine, /. =nen. dance, v. tanjcn, iV! daughter, 3:Dc^ter, /. soti^tcr. day, S^ag, m. ^geS, sge. departed, dead, »erftor6en, ppl. of toerfterben, 0. f. desire, v. mogen, N. hn'eg. dethrone, v. entt^ronen, xV". die, V. fter&en, 0. f. discover, v. entbeden, Nl distant, cntfernt, 2^P^- of cntfcts nen, JV. do, V. t^un, 0. dog, §unb, m. sbeS, ?bc. door, %^nv, f. sre. dress, ^Icib, n. sbS, ^ber. drive, v. fo^ren, O. f. during, prep, lod^rcnb. eartli, Grbe, /. ?bcn. eat, z;. effen, 0. either . . . or, cntnjcber . . . ober. £mperor, ^aifer, in. -,1%, sV. impress, Eaiferin,/. ?rinnen. end, at an end, ju Gnbe. Englishman, (ingldnber,wi.sr8, sr. enough, adv. genug. evade, v. augtucic^en, 0. f. evening, 5l6enb, m. sbS, sbc. exile, ber SSerOanntc, adj. as n. fall, V. fatten, 0. f. father, SSater, m. =r8, =ater. fetch back, v. tt)teberI)olen, N. sep. field, gctb, 71. sbe§, sber. find, V. finben, 0. fire, (^euer, n. ?r§, st. floor, S3Dben, m. snS, =Dben. flovi'er, S3Iume, /. ;mcn. follow, V. folgen, A^. f. foot, %\x% m. =^eg, =u{3C. for, pr. untcrge^en, 0. f. slie,prow. fie. sliort, adj. furj. sick, «4;. !ranf. sing, V. fmgcn, O. sink, V. ^inuntcrge^cn, O. f. sister, ©c^irefter, /. srn. sit, V. fi^en, O. slovFly, rt^v. tangfam. small, adj. !Iein. snoTv, V. fd^ncien, iVi impers. so, acZ?;. or con;, fo. society, ©cfeUfd^aft, /. =ten. some, indef. pron. etwoS. some, a<^'. einige, pi. son, ©o^^n, m. sne§, so^nc. song, Cicb, n. 5be3, sbcr j little song, fiiebd^en, n. sn8, sn. soon, ac/y. balb. sorry, I am sorry, e§ t^ut mir Ictb. speak, V. fprec^en, O. spend (time), v. jubtingeit, iV! spite, in spite of, prep, trofe. spring along, v. ^eranfprtngen/ stand, V. fte^en, O. stay, V. fcleiben, 0. f. story, SSKdrc^en, /?-. =ng, ;n. strike, v. fc!^lagcn, 0. student, (Stubent, m. ;ten, sten. study, ?^. ftubieren, N. successor, 9?a(^folgcr, m. sr6, sr. sugar, 3uctcr, m. ;r*. sun, (Sonne, / =nen. sweet, adj. fu^. swim, V. fc^ttjimmcn, 0. table, SClfc^, m. sfc^eS, =fe^c. take, v. ne^men, 0.; take along, mitne^men ; take a walk, fpajieren ge^en. talk, V. fpre(!^ett, 0. tall, adj. gro^, l^od^. teaclier, Se:^rcr, in. srS, »r. tell, v. fagen, N. tban, conj. al§. that, dem. pron. jener ; rel. pron. njeli^er, bet ; conj. ba^. tbe, art. ber, bie, bag. tlielr, poss. pron. i^r. tben, adv. bann. tbere, adv. ba, bort ; there is or are, c§ giBt, e8 finb. tliine,poss. bein betnig, (89 6). tbis, dem. pron. biefer. threaten, v. bro^^en, N. three, num. bret. through, prep. bur^. thro^iv down, v. umwerfcn, O. till, conj. Bi8. to, prep, ju, tta(i^. to-day, acZt;. -^eutc. to-morrow, adv. morgcn. to-night, adv. l^eute 5lbenb. too, adv. a\x6^. translate, v. uBerfefecn, N. insep. travel, v. reijen, N. \. tree, iSaunt, m. sineS, sdumc. true, adj. wa^r. truth, 2Ba^r^cit, /. sten. Tuesday, ©ienjlag, m. sg§, =ge. ugly, a^^*. ^d^It(i^. uncle, Dn!el, m. 4B, A. under, prep, unter. understand, v. toerftel;en, 0. until, conj. 6i§. up and down, auf unb a6. ^rery^ adv. fe^r. virtue, SCugenb, /. sbcn. visit, v. befu(i^cn, N. wait, v. warten, N. (182). wander, v. tcanbern, N. f. ENGLISH-GEEMAN VOOABULAET. 131 want, 2;. wotten, -iV. irreg. ^ rouxie y^en, N'. •war, ^rieg, m. =g§, ;ge. warm, adj. warm. we, pron. mir. -weak, aeiI)Ctt — — s^lel^ s^lelie — obsolete except in gebei^en, 'thrive.' 133 past part, participle. geBorfien gei^unben QcWien aehlUifcn gcSHc^en QchtaUn gcbrannt getrac^t 134 LIST OF IBEEGULAK VERBS. imper. past part. gcba<^t sfclrb sborben Infinitive. pres't indie, sing. pret. ind. pret. subj. ^^ (Dcnfcn, * think ' bac^tc ih6)te s^etffm sfctrBft, MxU sbor6 ^birfee only in tevberScn, 'perish; ' which, as transitive, 'destroy,' is of New conj. * linden, * engage ' — - bung bungc gcbungen \ (bang) ^tefd^eit, 'thresh' brifd^cfl, brifd^t hxa\^ brif(I)e brif(^ 0ct>i?of(f)en bro^c^ brcf(^c sbtiefeett (--brcu^t) sbtoft sbirdffe (=brcu^) 5t>ronen only in tocrbrieOcn, * vex.' Stingen, 'press' — — ^tam ^tftnge — oet^Yungen 'D^rfcn, 'be per- mitted ' rf, barffl, barf burftc biivftc ^ffen, 'eat' ifTeiX ifet aft ftfee #al^i?en, 'go' faijufi, fftOtt fttl^i; fuJ)te fatten, 'faU' fattft,faat fleJ ficle f^dttden, 'catch* fftnflft, fatidt flttg flngc fiend fteitge f^ecf)tcn, 'fight' fic^tefl, fi^t fodit fddjte sfoljle only in Befel^Icn, 'command,' cmpfc^tcn, * commend.' Sflnben, 'find' — — fan^ f&tttje flftedftten, ' twine ' flit^p, fitc^t flo^i fCotftte S'lel^ en, 'apply' f(l^ ftiffe antiquated except in [ic^ beflei^cn, ' exert one's self.' ^Ueflen, 'fly' (ficugfl, ficugt) fCofi ftdge g^llel^en, 'flee' (fleuc^jt, ficudjt) ffo]^ f(dr)e ^Ue^en, 'flow' (fleu^cft, flcu^t) ftofe fldffe iJragcn, ' ask ' fr&gfl, frJgt frug frfigc properly a verb of the New conjugation only. ^ejTen, ' devour ' fviffeft, ftlfet ftafe ft&fee f^tleren, 'freeze' — — 'fxot ftote @&l)ten, 'ferment' gol^r go^rc also spelt garen etc., without f), ^©el&en, 'give' giebft, diel>i aalb oftiie fliaft, fliH ©el^en, 'go* — — Oing ©elten, be worth » filHft, e«t fialt wanting geburft i% (jegeffcn (jefaljten — oefatten — fiefangen W ftefdditen cflelil ^foQlen - 0efunt»en fl^t ecfi0d)tcn fieflifTen (Peug) (ieU0Qen (fleud^) oef(of)cn (fleu^) (jefloffen gefragt only in cergcffen, ' forget.' ©iefeen'pour' (gcu^ejl, gcu^t) gofe sfiinnen — — fQann fiittfle gaite gdlte 05fTe ^O^nne ;0dnne ftlft fiielb gilt (geu^) fieftfeffen Oefroten gcgoi&vcn degei^en fieflanoen sfleffen fieaofTcn sgonnen only in bcginncn, 'begin.' ^leidien, 'resemble' atlc^ glie^c gegtic^cn usually of New conj. when transitive, ' make similar.' ©lelten, 'glide' glitt glittc gcgtUt^n ^^limnten, ' gleam ' glomm glommc gegtonnneu LIST OF IBBEGULAR VEEBS. 135 Infinitive. pres't indie, sing. pret. ind. pret. subj. imper. past part. ®taffen,'dig' at&W, Qt&M Qtub ^tube — qe^taften ©tcifctt, 'gripe' (jtiff fitiffe Qe^tlf^eti §al)en, 'have' ^a^, ^at f^atu ^ite cje^abt •^altcn, 'hold' l^<ft, JjftU J^lclt fiUlU oei^alfcn ^attficn, 'hang' l)an(iH, h&mi him hinac Qchanacn (^angft, I)angt) ^ietifl l)iengc eometimes confounded in its forms with ^angcn, ' hang '(trans.). New conj. ^auen, ' hew ' ^el^ett, 'raise' ^Ifeen, 'call' ^clUn, 'help' Dilfft, DUft Dalf ^Clfctt, ' chide ' tiff £enncn, * know * fannte ^icfcii, * choose ' log ^ . antiquated, and most often met in erficfctt: fiiveu is the same word. ^lemtnen, 'press' flomm floramc geflominen forms of Old conj. very rare except from teflemmen. t}ie6c huhe l)lefee f)(tlfe ))ulfe tiffc !cnnte fofe i^irt Qchauen Qcffchen del^olfen gefiffen gctannt gcfofctt ^licliett/ * cleave' ^i^ammen. 'climb ^Unoen, ' sound ' flob ftomm flang flommc flange Kitngc rarely of New conj., especially when transitive. ^nclfcn, 'pinch' ^ttCl^en, 'pinch' ^ommcit, ' come ' ^cnncn, 'can' ^tUOiCn, ' creep ' ^Uteit, 'choose ' i^a^cn, • load ' Saffen, 'let' Saufcn, 'run' iiJcit>en, 'suffer' S^eihen, ' lend ' SeTCtt, ' read ' l^iecen, ' lie ' 'lUxtti, only in MtxWtxtti, sUttden !niff fntpp (fcmmfit, fommt) faxix f ann, f annjl, fann f onnte (freud;jl, frcudjt) Xto^) lor labft, labt laS\c% lafjt laufft, lauft UcTcIt, llcft lub Utt slot; !niffc !nlppc tame fonnte tx0cn SJlcWcn, ' miili ' (milfft, ttiUft) tnolf niolte (milt) getnoUen 136 LIST OP lEKEGULAB YEKBS. pret. 8ubj. m5d)te ncnute Infinitive. pres't indlc. sing, pret. Ind. W^t^cn, ' measure ' tnifieft, tttlfet tttafe 9K5gcn, * may ' mag, mac\^, mag med;tc ajiujfen, 'must' mu^, mupt, mutj niu^tc 9lef)men, ' take ' nimmfi^ nimmt naf^ni iKenncn, ' name' nannte snefen — ^na^ only in gcncfen, ' recover, get well.' sttipfeen (=neu^cfl, =ncuf{t) sttoft obsolete, except in geniepen, 'enjoy.' Jl^feifcn, 'whistle' p^^ jPfKegen, 'cherish' »f(og »>f^ag ^treif en, ' praise ' Vtlcd forms of the New conj. are occasionally met with. jOtteEctt, ' gush ' quitffl, qniUt quoH quelle of New conj. when transitive, ' swell, soak.' fH&^en, 'avenge' (roi^) (roc^c) forms of Old conj. very rare, except the participle, imper. past part. wife gctnefjett wanting gemoc^t wanting gcmu^t na\)mc nlmm Qenommcn genanut sncfen sttoffc (?neu^) snoffeit pflogc (Hatl^ett, 'advise' Slclhcn, 'rub* Oleifeen, 'tear' fHciien, 'ride' 3Jcnncn, 'run' 8lie(l)en, 'smell' fHitlQcn, 'wring' {Rinnen, ' run ' xht^% rat^ (rcuc^jl, rcuc^t) tle^ tig Xiii ranntc (renutc) tatto tung tattn tief aiufen, 'call' rarely of New conj. in preterit. ®auf en, ' drink ' f aufft, f auf t f off @an(jen, 'suck' fog forms of New conj. occasionally met ; jiugen 'suckle,' ©d^affen. 'create' — — fc^iif - fie^flffett gepflcgcn - fici^tlefen quitt gcquoHen geroi^en - 0evat]^en QCtiebcn fietiffen aniiteu gerannt (gerennt) (rcud)) oetocf)en Qcxmt^cn aexonncn oetufcn flcfoffen gcfogen sometimes confounded with ticbe tiffe tiiie rennte tdd)e tancie tUtlQC t.inn^ toxme tlefe fpffe fogc _ WU \ft*-}^im, v^xcai/D l"/»*l I"/"!*- »'- generally of New conj. when meaning 'be busy,' or 'procure. gcfi^affen &^aUm, ' sound ' sf(Qef)en, footle sfdjaFje only in ge^c^ci^cn, 'happen;' used in third person alone. ®())ei^en/ 'part' ^^cinen, ' appear ' ^d^elten, 'scold' ^iS)tXtXX, 'shear' ®(f)teben, 'shove' 3(fiiefeen, ' shoot ' ^^xtC^^ti, 'flay* ft^ie^ fdjlebe f(J)ien f(f)iene f^iUft, Wxli \^t (fc^eu^ejl, Wvi'^i) fd)ofe fcftiJffe — — fc^un^ fd^un^e fd^ter ge^i^ollcn 5f(f>ef>en OefcTneben def(^ienen defc^oUen oefaioten 0ef{f)o()en (jc^eu^) (jcfd)offett — (jef^ttn^en LIST OF IKEEGtJLAK VERBS. 137 InfinUive. pres't indie, sinjr. pret. ind. pret. subj. imper. past part. ©dilrtfett, 'Sleep' id)lftfft,fcljlctt, 'cut' — . f(f)niti fc^nltte def(()nittcn 'Sditau^cn, ' screw ' fc^rob \i}vbi>^ gefd^ro&en Sd)teorcn amme— fic fd)wdtumc (fdj^Dmmcn ®(f)tDinben, 'vanish' fdnnant) fdihianbc — fief d)ta»un^en fd|ttmnt> fd)tt)unt>e ^(ftttfinfien, 'swing ditoattfi fd)tottttfi fd)U>ttttfie dten, ' swear ' fd)tt>at fd)lt)U¥ fcfttpute fiefd)U)^ten ^eftett, 'see' fleljfi, fleftt. feten, 'spit' rarely, of the New conj. fple fplcc gcfpiccn eviitnett, • spin ' f^ann f^ftntte f^dnne fief^ottnen 138 LIST OF IKEEGtJIAR TEEBS. Infinitive. pres't indie, sing. pret. indie, pret. subj. imper. past part, ^pUificn, 'split* f^Uft t^Uffe fief^affen @^ ted) ett, 'speak' f^ticTtfi, f^tici)t f^tra(Q f^tadie f^Hd) eef^t«»d)en <^i€lfUn, * steal ' fiiel)lf<, ftlelpt ftaftl ftftljle fton( ftPDle eteioen, 'ascend' — - ftleo ftiefie — o^T^^ffi^w @oe ^cix^^tn SBad) fen, 'grow' njMjfefl, wac^ft >pttcf)§ >t)ttd)Te ^c\o(i6)\en ^a^ttx, 'weigh' n)0(j tooge deiP00en compare =it>cgen and wtegcn, which are th^ same word. S3(iTd)en, 'wash' waf^eft, xo^^t )»\x\iS) tPiifcfte octoafdien SESelben, ' weave * woB wobe gciroben ?h>eoen, =»og =n?6gc --wcgen only in Betoegcn, 'induce;' beiregen in other senses is of New conj. SSeicfien, 'yield' xo\^ iric^c gcwlc^en of New conj. when meaning ' soften ' (as trans, or intrans.) SS^eifen, 'show' ti>U^ toiefe — oektiiefen SEcnben, 'turn' n?anbtc tccnbetc ^ gewantt irenbetc geweubet SSSetben, 'sue' SEdet^en, 'become* i»\xM, tDttb Itiatb SSetf en, ' throw ' iDitf ft, U>itft tpatf tt)Stbe tt>itl& ^m^xhtn toux\>t touvt>e — eetDotben tofitfe Iputfe ti>\xi fiewotfen LIST OF IRKEGULAR VERBS. 139 fS&ie^m, ' weigh ' — — the same word with siuftgcn and SSln^cit, *wind' pres't indie, sing. pret. iudic. pret. subj. imper. past part. wog ttjogc :tt)cgcn: wicgen, 'rock,' is of getcogcn f New conj. stvattn only used in gcnjtnncn, 'win.' 933tffcn, • know ' wct^, trei^t, tccl^ wu^tt tru^tc gcwu^t SSoCcn, *wiU' njttt, ttJiKft, tDttt iroUtc tooHtc gcwoat Seificn, 'accuse' jicl) jielP|e ficsicl^en 3leli en, 'draw' (jcud^fl, jeu(f^t) j(»(j $dfle (jcuc^) dcjooen 3lt»lno^tt, 'force' — — it»am $tt>S«flc — oe$tt»tt«fien INDEX. ^^^^ The Refeeences aiie to Pabagbaphs. absolute accusative, 187c. accent, 43. accusative with prepositions, 1 74-1 75 ; two obj ect accusa- tives, 185 ; otlier accusative constructions, 186-187. address, pronouns used in, 85. adjectives, 70-82 ; declension, 70-77 ; used as nouns, 78 as adverbs, 79, 82, 169a comparison of, 80-82 ; deri vation of, 211; compound adjectives, 215. adjective clause, 205d adverbs, 169-170 ; adjectives used as, 79, 82, 169a; comparison of, 170. adverbial clause, 205e. adverbial genitive, 183a. alphabet, 1-2. arrangement of the sentence, 125, 133, 140, 148, 202 —6. articles, inflection, 48 ; uses, 49-50. auxiliary verbs, of tense, 122 ; of mode 142-146. Brin^^en, 132. capital letters, 2. cardinal numerals, 112-114. cases, 44 ; special uses of, 181-187. classes of the first noun-de- clension, 54-61. comparison of adjectives, 80- 82 ; of adverbs, 170. compound forms of the verb, 126-128. compound verbs, 159-168 ; separable, 161-162 ; insep- arable, 163-167 ; separable or inseparable, 168, compound words, 212-215 ; verbs, 213 ; nouns, 214 ; adjectives, 215. conditional sentences, 191 c,d conjugation, 118-168; sim- ple forms, 118; principal parts, 119; auxiliaries, 122 — 124 ; compound forms, 126-128; New conjugation, 1206, 129-132; Old conju- gation, 120a, 134-139 ; mixed conjugation, 141- 147; passive, 149-154; reflexive, 1^5-156 ; imper- sonal, 157-158; compound, 159-168. conjunctions, 177-180. consonants, pronunciation of, 19-42. dative with prepositions, 173, 175 ; other dative construc- tions, 184. declension, 44-117 ; of ar- ticles, 48; of nouns, 51-69 ; of adjectives ; 70-77 ; of pronouns, 83-111 ; of nu- merals, 114. demonstrative pronouns, 91- 9d. benfen, 132. dependent clauses and their order, 205. derivation, 207-211 ; of verbs, 208 ; of nouns, 209-210 ; of adjectives, 211. diphthongs, pronunciation of, 14-18. burfen, 142-146. ein, as article, 48 ; as numeral, 114a. English and German, relations of, 216-217. 142 INDEX. e§, nses of, 87 ; its omissiou as impersonal subject, 158. ^hva§, 78b, 109. foreign nouns, declension of, 65 ; gender, 46e. feminine nouns, 466. gender, 45-47. genitive with prepositions, 172 ; other genitive con- structions, 182-183. German language, relations of, to English, 216-217 ; to other languages, 216 ; its age and periods, 218. Grimm's Law of correspond- ences among Germanic words, 217. l^aBett, 122a. imperative mode, 118, 124, 1916. impersonal verbs, 157, 158. indefinite article, 48 ; pro- nouns, 107-111. indirect discourse, subjunctive of, 192. infinitive, 118, 119, 121 ; constructions of, 193-198. inseparable compound verbs, 163-168. interrogative pronouns, 96- 100. inverted order of the sentence, 202, 204. }emanb, 108. Umm, 142-146. (a[fcn, 1436. man, 107. mand), 110. masculine nouns, 4:6a. measurement, expression of, 115. mixed conjugation, 141-147. mixed declension of nouns, 64; of adjectives, 76. modal auxiliaries, 142-146. modified vowels, 10-13. mof^en, 142-146. muffen; 142-146. neuter nouns, 46c. New conjugation of verbs, 1206, 129-132. nid)t^, 786, 109. niemanb; 108. normal order of sentence, 202 —203. nouns, 51-69 ; first declension, 53-61 ; second declension, 62-63 ; irregular declen- sion, 64 ; foreign nouns, 65 ; proper names, 66-69 ; adjectives as nouns, 78 ; de- rivation of nouns, 209-210; compound nouns, 214. numerals, 112-117; rules of use of, 115. Old conjugation of verbs, 120a, 134-139. order of the sentence, 202- 206. ordinal numerals, 116. participles, 118; their con- struction, 199-201. passive verbs, 14i9-154. personal pronouns^ 83-87. possessives, 88-90. prefixes, verbal, 159 ; separ- able, 160, 168 ; insepar- able, 163, 168. prefixes making nouns and adjectives, 210, 211c. prepositions, 171-176 ; gov- erning genitive, 172; dative, 173 ; accusative, 174 ; dat- ive or accusative, 175 ; in- ' finitive, 197. present tense, senses of, 1226, 189. preterit tense, senses of, 1226, 1896. principal parts of a verb, 119. pronouns, 83-111 ; personal, 83-87 ; possessives, 88-90; demonstratives, 91-95; in- terrogatives, 96-100 ; rela- tives, 101-106 ; indefinite, 107-111. INDEX. 143 pronunciation, 3-42; of vow- els, 3-18 ; of consonants, 19-42. proper ncuns, inflection of, 66-69. quantity of vowels, 3. reflexive pronouns, 84 ; verbs, 155-156. relative pronouns, 101- 106. feitt, 122c. separable compound verbs, 161-162, 168. fold), 110. follen, 142-146. f^agieren, 196. strong conjugation, see Old conjugation, subjunctive mode, uses of, 191-192. subordinating conjunctions, 180. substantive clause, 205c. suffixes forming nouns, 209c ; adjectives, 2115. superlative phrases, 826-e. time, accusative of, 187 ; gen- itive, 183. time of day, expression of, 115d. transposed order of sentence, 202, 205. umlauts, 10-13. verbs, conjugation of, see con- jugation ; compound verbs, 159-168, 213; derivative verbs, 208. vowels, pronunciation of, 3-18 h)a§, 78*6, 100&, 103c. n)a§ fur, 99. weak conjugation, see New conjugation. n)erben, 122d, 149-150. n)tffeii, 147. iDoIIen, 142-146. 3U with infinitive, 110. 194o Henry Holt & Co.'s EDUCATIONAL A¥ORKS. ENGLISH. 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