Hi 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE 
 
 COTTAGE GARDENERS' 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 DESCRIBING 
 
 THE PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES DESIRABLE FOR THE GARDEN, 
 
 AND EXPLAINING THE TERMS AND OPERATIONS EMPLOYED 
 
 IN THEIR CULTIVATION. 
 
 WITH 
 
 AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SYNONYMES. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 GEORGE . JOHNSON, ESQ., 
 
 KDITOH OF "THK COTTAGE GAUDKNEU," "THE GAUDKNEBS* AUIAKACK, 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 1863. 
 
 " 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 IT is not presumptuous, we think, to express our conviction that this Volume 
 will supply a want which has long existed in gardening literature. We so think 
 because all previous Dictionaries concerning plants are rendered more or less 
 deficient for horticultural purposes by being too much occupied with botanical 
 details ; by being too large and expensive for general use ; by being too old to 
 include more than a small number of the plants now cultivated ; or from being 
 the production of one writer, necessarily imperfect in one or more departments 
 in which his knowledge happened to be deficient. It is believed that THE 
 COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY is free from all these objections. Its botanical 
 details are no more than sufficient as a guide to fuller knowledge of the plants; 
 it is the cheapest ever issued from the press ; it includes all plants known as 
 desirable for culture at the date of publication ; and every detail of cultivation 
 is either from the pen, or has passed under the supervision, of those well-known 
 for appropriate skilfulness. We need only add, that we have endeavoured 
 clearly to explain all the usual gardening occupations and terms; to give 
 accurate information relative to soil and manures, and to detail minutely the 
 culture of each plant; as well as to admit none but such as are either desirable 
 to have in cultivation, or are in some way interesting. 
 
 It being always satisfactory to know who are our teachers, we think it 
 desirable and just to all parties to state that Mr. BEATON, Gardener to Sir W. 
 Middleton, Bart., has furnished all the headings descriptive of each genus, the 
 derivation of their names, with their botanical classification and nomenclature. 
 To Mr. FISH, Gardener to Colonel Sowerby, we are similarly indebted for the 
 general cultivation of each genus of flowering and ornamental plants ; to Mr. 
 ERRINGTON, Gardener to Sir P. Egerton, Bart., for the fruit culture and selection 
 of varieties ; to Mr. APPLEBY, Floricultural Manager to Messrs. Henderson, for 
 the same information relative to Florists' Flowers; ^whilst on Mr. BARNES, 
 Gardener to Lady Kolle, Mr. WEAVEK, Gardener to the Warden of Winchester 
 College, and the EDITOR, have devolved the tenants of the kitchen garden. The 
 miscellaneous essays have been furnished by various hands, too numerous and 
 too combined to be particularized ; but the Editor does not shrink from being 
 responsible for them. 
 
 M368253 
 
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 IN a space df time unusually short for a work of this kind, a very large edition 
 has been sold; and, in preparing a New Edition, the Editor's effort has been 
 to correct such faults and deficiencies as have been detected since the publica- 
 tion of the first, and to add the New Plants which subsequently hare been 
 discovered. These, with the Tery copious List of Synonymes, will render this 
 Dictionary still more useful. 
 
 It is proposed, from time to time, to publish Supplements, containing 
 all New Plants, with notes on such novelties as merit the attention of tlie 
 Amateur and Gardener. 
 
 December, 1856. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 IT seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pronun- 
 ciation of the names, the vowel in the syllable on which the emphasis is 
 to be laid is denoted by an accent placed after the vowel : Thus, in 
 ABE'LIA, the emphasis is laid upon the BE ; and in floribu'nda on the 
 bun. The other particulars scarcely need any explanation. The specific 
 name of each plant is translated into English ; and then follows the 
 height of the plant (where the figure or figures stand alone, either feet 
 or the fraction of a foot being intended); the colour of the flower; the 
 month when it begins to bloom; the native place; and the year of 
 iutroduction. 
 
THE 
 
 COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY, 
 
 ABE 
 
 ABE'LE TREE. The White Poplar 
 {Populus alba). 
 
 ABE'LIA. (After Dr. Abel, Physician 
 to the embassage of Lord Amherst to 
 China. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifo- 
 liacese]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria 1-JMo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrubs ; may be turned 
 out into the borders in summer. Cuttings in 
 summer, in light turfy loam and peat, and layers 
 in spring. 
 
 A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. Rosy-purple. 
 Requires a little peat. March. Mexico. 
 1842. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 5. Pink and white. Sep- 
 
 tember. China. 1844. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 5. Pale red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Hindostan. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China. 
 
 A'BIES. See PINUS. 
 
 ABO'KTION. Too early or imperfect 
 development. In fruit, this frequently 
 occurs from a defect in the male or 
 female organs. If from the first, it may 
 be remedied by using pollen from other 
 plants. 
 
 A'BBICOCK. An old mode of spelling 
 APKICOT. (Armeni'aca vulga'ris.) 
 
 ABRA'XAS ijrossularia'ta. Magpie Moth. 
 The caterpillar of this moth often infests 
 the leaves of the gooseberry bush, as well 
 as of the currant, sloe, and even the 
 peach, in early summer. It is comryon 
 during the evenings of July and August. 
 Usually about one and a half-inch across 
 the expanded fore-wings, which are very 
 slightly yellowish-white, variously spotted 
 with black, more or less like those in our 
 drawing, for the marks are never uniform ; 
 and there is a band of pale orange across 
 each of the fore-wings. The hind- wings 
 are of the same colours, but without any 
 
 ABR 
 
 orange colouring. The body is orange, 
 spotted with black. The female deposits 
 her eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or 
 currant tree, and from these little loop- 
 ing caterpillars come forth in September 
 (see a drawing of these and of the Chry- 
 
 salis in The Cottage Gardener, iv. 15), and 
 surviving the whiter, begin to feed again 
 upon the leaves as soon as these open in 
 the spring. They are full-grown towards 
 the end of May, and enter the chrysalis 
 state between that time and the end of 
 June. In this state they remain for 
 about three weeks, and then the perfect 
 moth comes forth. The caterpillar is 
 yellowish white, with an orange stripe, 
 more or less complete, on each side, and 
 with numerous black spots, the largest 
 on the back. The chrysalis is black, 
 with orange circles round the pointed 
 end. The caterpillar prefers the leaves 
 of the gooseberry and red currant ; but, 
 after stripping these to their very stalks, 
 it will feed upon those of the sloe, peach, 
 and almond. Hand-picking, dusting with 
 the powder of white hellebore, and burn- 
 ing the leaves early in autumn, are the 
 best remedies and prevention against this 
 marauder. 
 
ABR 
 
 ] 
 
 ACA 
 
 ABRO'MA. (From a, not, and broma, 
 food ; on account of its deleterious quali- 
 ties. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri- 
 aceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia l-Decan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Ftove evergreen shrubs. Seed in March in 
 heat; or cuttings of half-ripe wood, April, in 
 strong heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 A. augu'sta (smooth-stalked). 10. August. Pur- 
 ple. E. Ind. 17/0. 
 
 fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to Oc- 
 
 tober. Purple. N. S. Wales. 1800. 
 
 ABRO'NIA. (From abros, its involucrum 
 being delicate. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyc- 
 taginacess], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Mirabilis.) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial trailers. Slips and seeds ; 
 andy peat, with a little light loam. 
 A. melli'fera (honey-bearing). . July. Orange. 
 California. 1826. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). . July. Pink. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1848. 
 
 ro'aaa (rose-coloured). . California. 1847. 
 
 umbella'te, (umbel-flowered). . April and 
 
 May. Pink. California. 1823. 
 
 precato'rius* Wild Liquorice. 
 ^From the leaves being soft and delicate, 
 alros, and prayer, precntorius, because its 
 seeds are used for rosaries. Nat. ord., 
 Mimosads [Fabacese]. Linn., YI-Dia- 
 delphia l-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove climber. Cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass ; sand and peat. 
 
 12. Pale purple. March to May. W. Ind. 
 
 ABU'TILON. (Arabic name for a plant 
 like a mallow. Nat. ord., Mallowworts 
 [Malvaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in 
 sand, under a close frame or a glass, during sum- 
 mer. Light, rich loam and peat. Winter temp., 
 35 to 40. 
 
 A. auranti 1 acum (orange - colored). Orange. 
 Brazil. 
 
 Bedfordia'num (D. of Bedford's). 15. Yel- 
 
 low and red. November. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 grave'olens (strong-scented). 6. Orange and 
 
 red. E. Ind. 1842. Stove. 
 
 insi'gne ^andsome-flowered). White and 
 
 carmine. January. New Grenada. 
 
 intege'rrimum (whole-leaved). 14. Yellow. 
 
 May. New Grenada. Stove. 
 
 poeoniflo'rum (peony -flowered). Pink. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Brazil. 1845. 
 
 pulche'llum (pretty). 8. White. May. 
 
 N. S.Wales. 1821. 
 
 nifine'rve (red-nerved)^ Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1845. 
 
 stria'tum (striped). 10. Orange and red stripes; 
 
 continually blooming. Brazil. 1837- In 
 Hampshire and south of England, large 
 old plants flower freely turned out under 
 a south wall, being there all but hardy. 
 ~-veno'sum (veined). Orange and red stripes, 
 July. 
 
 A. vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). 6; White. July. 
 
 Chili. 1837. This is more hardy than 
 
 the other species. 
 
 ACA'CIA. (From akazo, to sharpen, on 
 account of the prickliness of the species 
 first noticed. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Fa- 
 baceffi]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 1-Moncecia.) 
 
 This genus is composed almost exclusively of 
 stove and greenhouse shrubs and trees. Sandy 
 loam and turfy peat ; cuttings of the shoots taken 
 off at a joint, and pieces of the large roots, in 
 sand and peat, under a glass, in bottom heat; 
 but most of them will ripen their seeds in a 
 favourable situation. By seeds ; this is the best 
 mode of propagating them : sow in a slight hot- 
 bed in February or March: soak the seeds in 
 warm water for several hours before sowing. Al- 
 though the Acacias are all more or less beautiful, 
 yet most of them are so seldom seen under cul- 
 tivation, that we have omitted great numbers. 
 Those marked thus * are most desirable. Winter 
 temp, for stove species, 55 to 60 ; summer, 65 
 to 80; greenhouse species, winter temp., 35 to 
 40. 
 
 STOVE SPECIES. 
 
 A. acanthoca'rpa (spine-podded). 10. Pale red. 
 New Spain. 1822. 
 
 Acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). White. Acapulco. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 This tree produces gum arabic. 
 
 Bancroftia'na (.Bancroft's). 20. Jamaica. 
 
 brachyaca'ntha (short-spincd) 4. S. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 BMrrMararafa'na(Burmann's). 6. Ceylon. 1818. 
 
 cee'sia<grey). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773. 
 
 catechu 1 (catechu). 40. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1/90. This tree produces that most power- 
 ful astringent, catechu. The bark of all 
 the other species also abounds in astrin- 
 gent principle, useful for tanning. 
 
 centrophy'lla (spur-leayed). 20. White. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1818. 
 
 cerato'nia (ceratonian). 3. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 chryso'stachys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauritius. 
 
 1824. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Coneordid'na (Concord's). 12. E. Ind. 181S. 
 
 ropalli'na (copal). 20. 1825. 
 
 * corni'gern (horn-bearing). 15. Pale yellow. 
 
 S. Amer. 1692. 
 
 coronillasfo' lia (coronilla - leaved). 10. N. 
 
 Africa. 1817- 
 
 di'ptera (two-winged). 20. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 dumo'sa (bushy). 20. E. Ind. 1318. 
 
 ebu'rnea (ivory - thorned). 5. Yellow. 
 
 E. Ind. 1792. 
 
 e'dulis (eatable-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1820, 
 
 * faTnesia'na (farnesian). 15. Yellow. July. 
 
 St. Domingo. 1656. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 filifVaa (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825. 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 frondo'sa (leafy). 30. White. E. Ind. 1816. 
 frutico'sa( shrub by). 4. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 gira'ffa (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 gra'ta (grateful). 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guiana). White. Cayenne. 1803. 
 
 Guayatfu.ile'nsis (Guayaquil). 10. Guayaquil. 
 
 1818. 
 
ACA 
 
 ACA 
 
 A. hamato'tryton (bloody- wooded). 20. Yellow, 
 white. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 keteroma'lla (one side woolly-leaved). Yel- 
 
 low. June. N. Holland. 1818. 
 
 I'ntsia (InUia). SO.Yellow, white. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 Jacara'nda (Jacaranda-like). 20. Yellow, 
 
 white. S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 fcaWfco'ra (kalkora). 45. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple. 
 
 latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 10. Pink. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1777. 
 
 laurifo'Ka (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Tann*. 177- 
 
 /e'iStfefcOoebach). 20. Pink. May. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved) . 20. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 leucophlat'a (white). 12. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Mcida (shining). 40. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 macranthoi'des (long-spined). 20. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Ma'ngium (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 micropfiy'ila (small-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1826. 
 - odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 40. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1790. 
 
 oligophy'lla (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817. 
 
 pinna' to, (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 1773. 
 
 pilo'sa (downy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow. A 
 
 climber. 
 
 Portorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 6. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 prisma'tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818. 
 
 *pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 4. White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1825. 
 
 Rohria'na (Rohr's). 30. White. 1823. 
 
 Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822. 
 
 sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. 1820. A climber. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple. India. 
 
 1780. A climber. 
 
 semicorda'ta (half-heart-shaped). 40. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 Senega'l( Senegal). 30. White. Africa. 1823. 
 
 Seri'ssa (Shireesh). 20. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 10. Purple. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1742. 
 
 Spi'm' 1 (Spine's). 15. Red, yellow. 
 
 stipula'tu (large-stipuled). 20. White. Bengal. 
 
 1800. 
 
 tamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 W. Ind. 1774. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 20. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 tricho'des (hairy). 10. Pale yellow. Peru. 1818. 
 
 va'ga (common). 40. White. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 venu'sta (charming). 6. Pink. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 ve'ra (true, Egyptian thorn). 12. White. 
 
 July. Egypt. 1596. 
 
 vire'scens (strong-growing). 20. S. Amer. 1829. 
 
 Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 10. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE SPECIES. 
 
 A. abieti'na (fir-like). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol- 
 land. 1823. 
 
 *affi'nis (kindred). 5. Yellow. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1822. This is the Green Wattle 
 Mimosa of the settlers. 
 
 ala'ta (wing-stalked). 6. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1803. 
 
 amte'na (pleasing). 5. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 angula'ta (angular). 26. Yellow. June, N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 At angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved}. 2. Yellow. 
 
 April. N. S. Wales. 1816. 
 * arma'tn (armed, simple-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 a'spera (rough). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1803. 
 
 binerva'ta (two-nerved). 8. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 brenifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 bre'vipes (short-stalked). 6. Yellow. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 
 
 - buxifo'lla (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. April. 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 calamifo'lia (reed-leaved). Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 canalicula'ta (channeled). Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 celastrifo' lia (celastrus-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 May. Swan River. 1842. 
 
 cilia 1 ta (fringe- winged). 8. Yellow. Mar. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 cinera'scens (ash-coloured). 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 cochlea' ris (spoon-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 181-8. 
 
 confe'rta (crowded). Yellow. April. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 5. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 crassica'rpa (thick-fruited). 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 cultra'ta (knife-shaped). 15. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Holland; 1820. Same as cultrifo'rmis. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Yellow. April. 
 
 Swan River. 1837. 
 
 cyanophy'll* (blue - leaved). Yellow. April. 
 
 Swan River. 1838. 
 
 Cyclo'pis (Cyelopis-like). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 cyno'rum (Swan River). 2. Yellow. Swan 
 
 River. 1852. 
 
 Daviesiafo'lia (Daviesia-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1817. 
 
 * dealba'ta (whitened). 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 * deci'piens prcemo'rsa (deceiving", bitten- 
 
 leaved). 3. Yellow. May. N. Hoi- 
 land. 1830. 
 
 * dt'cu'rrens (decurrent). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 denti'fera (tooth - bearing). Yellow. April. 
 
 Swan River. 1839- 
 
 depe'ndens (weeping). Yellow. March. Van 
 
 Dieman's Land. 1819. 
 
 de'tinens (detaining). 3. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1828. 
 
 * Di'ttwyniafo'lia (Dillwynia-leaved). 3. Yel- 
 
 low. May. N. Holland. 1828. 
 
 di'ptera (two- winged). 
 
 erio'ptera (woolly- winged). Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Swan River. 1840. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1784. 
 
 divarica'ta (straggling). 6. White. April. 
 
 N. Holland. 1827. 
 
 * dolabrifo'rmis (hatchet-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1814. 
 
 cchi'nula (prickly). 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 elonga'ta (long-branched). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 emargina'ta (single-notched-leaved). 8. Yel 
 
 'low. April. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
ACA 
 
 [4] 
 
 ACA 
 
 A, erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Pale yellow. April. 
 N. Holland. 1845. 
 
 eriocla'dus (woolly-branched). Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1849. 
 
 Esterha'zia (Prince Esterhazy's). 4. Yellow 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 *falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). 6. Yellow. May. 
 N. Holland. 1818. 
 
 *./Zort6M'7ida( many-flowered). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1825. 
 
 glau'ca (milky- white). 6. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1696. 
 
 * gra'ndis( great). Golden yellow. March. N. 
 
 Holland. 1846. 
 
 grave'olens (strong - smelling). 15. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 gummi'fera (gum - bearing). 30. Guinea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 hasfula'ta (halbert-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 hetereca'ntha (varied-prickled). 15. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1316. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable -leaved). 5. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 hispidi'ssima (hairiest). 3. Yellow. Swan River. 
 
 1800. 
 
 * holoseri'cea (all silky). Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 homoma'lla (equal-woolled). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 * Hugeflii (Baron Hugel's). Pale yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. N. Holland. 1846. 
 
 humifu'sa (trailing). N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 5. Yellow. May. Hybrid. 
 
 1822. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 8. Yellow. N. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 interte'xta (interwoven). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 * juniperi'na (juniper -leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 Lumber tia'na (Lambert's). Purple. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1818. 
 
 lani'gera (woolly). 6. Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 Lawso'ni (Lawson's). N. S. Wales. 
 
 leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 N.Holland. 1821. 
 
 leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 ligula'ta (strap-shape-leaved). Yellow. March. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1818. 
 
 linea'ris (linear). 3. Yellow. May. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1820. 
 
 * longi'ssima (longest -leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. S. Wales. 1819. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1810. 
 
 platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 10. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 serica'ta (silky). Yellow. April. N.Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Si'mssi (Sims's). Yellow. April. N. Holland. 
 
 1819- 
 
 * so'phorce (sophora- podded). 10. Yellow. 
 
 May. Van Dieman's Land. 1805. 
 
 * specta 'bills (remarkable). Yellow. April. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1837- 
 
 squama' to, (scaly). Yellow. April. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1836. 
 
 stenophy'lla (short-leaved). Yellow. March. 
 
 N.S.Wales. 1818. 
 
 A. stri'cta (double-headed). 2. Yellow. March. 
 N. S. Wales. 1700. 
 
 stro'mbulife'ra (spiral-podded). 8. Peru. 1825. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 subula'ta (awl-shaped). 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 * taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 trapezoi'des (trapezium-leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 
 April. N. Holland. 1810. 
 
 trinerva'ta (three-nerved). 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 tri'stis (dull green -coloured). 18. Yellow. 
 
 March. N. Holland. 1828. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbellate). Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Holland. 1819. 
 
 uncina'ta (hook-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1819. 
 
 unduleefo'lia (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 uropJiy'lla (tail-leaved). Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Swan River. 1836. 
 
 vernici'flua (varnish-flowing). 6. Yellow. 
 
 April. N. Holland. 1818. 
 
 * verticilla'ta (whorl -leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 April. Van Dieman's Land. 1780. 
 
 verticilla'ta angu'sta (narrow - leaved) . 10, 
 
 Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1780. 
 
 _ * latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 April. N.Holland. 1780. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 6. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 vimina'lis (twiggy). Yellow. April. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 
 virga'ta (branchy). 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 viridira'mis (green -branched). 4. Yellow. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 vomerifo'rmis (plough-share-shaped). Yellow. 
 
 April. N. Holland. 1818. 
 
 HALF-HARDY SPECIES. 
 A. julibri'ssia (silk-tree). 20. White. August. 
 Levant. 1745. 
 
 ACANTHOPHI'PPIUM. (From acanthos, a 
 thorn, and ippion, a horse; but why, is 
 not apparent. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacero]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo- 
 nandria.} 
 
 Loam and peat in a rough state; division or 
 pseudo bulbs ; 50 to 60 when at rest ; 70 to 80 
 when growing. 
 
 A. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow and red. June. 
 Ceylon. 1833. 
 
 Java'nicum (Javanese). Crimson, rose. August. 
 
 Java. 1844. 
 
 stria'tum (striped-flowered). White-striped. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 
 
 Sylhete'nse (Sylhet). White. June. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 ACANTHOSTA'CHYS. (Acanthos, a spine, 
 stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Bromeliads. 
 [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove herbaceous plant. Suckers ; equal parts 
 of Band, leaf-mould, and decayed wood. 
 A, etrobila'cea (cone-fruited). Red and yelloWi 
 June. Brazil. 1340. 
 
ACA 
 
 ACA 
 
 ACA'NTHUS. Bear's Breech. (Acan- 
 thos, a spine; some being prickly. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthads [Acauthacese]. Linn., 
 \4i-Didynamia %-Angiospermia.} 
 
 Herbaceous plants. Seeds, and root division ; 
 light rich garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY SPECIES. 
 
 A. Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 2. White. August. 
 Spain. 1700. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 3. White. August. Italy. 
 
 1548. The leaves of this are said to have 
 given rise to the Corinthian style in ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 ni'ger (black), 3. \Vhite. August. Portugal. 
 
 1759. 
 
 spinosi'ssimus (most-spiny). 3. White. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe, 16*29. 
 
 spino'sus (spiny). 3. White. August. Italy. 
 
 1629. 
 
 GEEENHOUSE SPECIES. 
 
 A, carduifo'lius (thistle-leaved). 1. Blue. Au- 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 A'CARUS. The Mite. Those most fre- 
 quent in our gardens are the following : 
 
 A. tella'rius. The Ked Spider. This 
 is one of the gardener's greatest pests, 
 
 NATURAL SIZE, AND MAGNIFIED. 
 
 though so small as to be scarcely visible 
 to the naked eye ; yet when a plant is 
 much infested by them it has the ap- 
 pearance of being scorched. Colour 
 sometimes yellowish, at others brown, 
 but oftener a dull red ; on each side of 
 its back is a blackish spot. In Novem- 
 ber it may be found under the bark of 
 the lime-tree; but at all times it is to 
 be found in greenhouses and hothouses 
 that have been kept too hot and dry. 
 In the summer-time it may be found, 
 occasionally in myriads, upon the under 
 sides of the leaves of kidney-beans and 
 limes. Even the apple, pear, and plum 
 suffer much from its ravages, as well as 
 various in-door plants. The injury they 
 
 occasion by sucking chiefly the elaborated 
 sap, and by their webs embarrassing the 
 breathing of the plant through the pores 
 of its leaves, is told by the brown colour 
 which these assume. To destroy these 
 insects in the greenhouse, or hothouse, 
 or cucumber-frame for they attack this 
 plant also there is no plan so effectual 
 as heating the hot-water pipes of the 
 houses, or having hot-water plates, filled 
 with boiling water, placed in the frames, 
 sprinkling upon them flowers of sulphur, 
 which begin to vaporize at a heat of 
 170, and then shutting up. the houses 
 or frames. The vapour of sulphur is 
 fatal to these insects where the air is 
 thoroughly impregnated with it ; and the 
 work of destroying them is completed 
 by syringing the infested plants with 
 water, continuing rather frequently the 
 operation. This last is the most practi- 
 cal remedy to plants in our borders, un- 
 less they can be covered over so that 
 the fumes of the sulphur may be con- 
 fined whilst the sulphur is volatilized 
 over a hot-water plate. Potted plants 
 may be submitted to the vapour of 
 sulphur in a similar way ; but in every 
 instance be cautious that the sulphur 
 does not burn, or you will kill your plants. 
 The vapour of spirit of turpentine is said 
 to be as effectual as sulphur. On walls, 
 the best plan is to beat up soft soap in 
 warm water, three ounces to the gallon ; 
 and to add as much finely-dissolved clay 
 as will make the whole a thick paint. 
 To this add three or four handsful of 
 sulphur, and keep the mixture well 
 stirred whilst applying it. Let it be 
 daubed on every open space of walling 
 the brush can reach ; and, if colour is an 
 object, the glaring yellow can be readily 
 subdued by adding plenty of soot, which 
 by some is considered a necessary in- 
 gredient. A similar mixture may be 
 daubed over the stems of ordinary fruit- 
 trees, choosing in this, as well as in the 
 former, the beginning of April for the 
 operation. Most good gardeners mix a 
 considerable quantity of sulphur with 
 the lime-wash which is applied to hot- 
 house walls. 
 
 A. holoseri'ceus is another species, dis- 
 tinguishable to an unscienced eye chiefly 
 by their scarlet colour. To destroy them 
 there is no plan equal to subjecting them 
 to the vapour of sulphur. 
 
 A.horte'nsis. The Garden Mite. Tho- 
 rax ochreous, abdomen white ; has been 
 
ACA 
 
 [6] 
 
 ACA 
 
 found upon the roots of the cucumber, 
 upon which it is said to prey. We be- 
 lieve it to be the same * Acanus often so 
 abundant upon the root of cabbages 
 affected with the Ambury. 
 
 A. genicula'tus is a minute, brownish- 
 red, shining mite, congregating, during 
 spring, in prodigious numbers upon the 
 bark of the plum and other fruit trees, 
 near the base of the small branches, 
 and looking like a gummy exudation. 
 They all injure the plants they infest 
 by sucking their juices ; and, where the 
 fumes of sulphur cannot be applied, as 
 to the stems of trees, and to the soil, we 
 recommend an application of spirit of 
 turpentine, or gas ammoniacal liquor. 
 
 ACCLI'MA'TIZA'TION is rendering a plant 
 capable of yielding the production desired 
 from it, in a climate differing from that 
 in which it is a native. In our climate 
 it is usually required to enable a plant 
 to endure lower temperatures than those 
 to which it has been accustomed; and 
 this, though most are intractable, is more 
 easy than inducing the natives of colder 
 regions to live in our latitudes. When 
 anew plant arrives from a tropical coun- 
 try it is desirable to use every precaution 
 to avoid its loss ; but so soon as it has 
 be en propagated from, and the danger 
 of such loss is removed, from that mo- 
 ment ought experiments to commence, 
 to ascertain whether its acclimatization 
 is attainable. This should be done, be- 
 cause the nearer such a desirable point 
 can be attained the cheaper will be its 
 cultivation, and, consequently, the greater 
 will be the number of those who will be 
 able to derive pleasure from its growth. 
 Hence it is very desirable that an ex- 
 tended series of experiments should be 
 instituted, to ascertain decisively whether 
 many of our present greenhouse and stove 
 plants would not endure exposure to our 
 winters if but slightly, or not at all pro- 
 tected. It may be laid down as a rule, 
 that all Japan plants will do so in the 
 southern-coast counties of England; but it 
 remains unascertained to what degree of 
 northern latitude in our islands this 
 general power of endurance extends. Ex- 
 periment, and experiment only, ought to 
 be relied upon ; for we know that the 
 larch was once kept in a greenhouse ; and 
 within these few years, such South Ame- 
 rican plants as Tropce'olum pentaphy'llum 
 and Gesne'ra Dougla'sii have been found 
 to survive our winters in our garden-bor- 
 
 ders; the first in Scotland and Suffolk,, 
 and the second in Herefordshire. Many 
 tropical plants, of every order and species,, 
 have been found to succeed with much 
 less heat during the day, but more espe- 
 cially during the night, than gardeners 
 of a previous century believed. Other 
 plants than those already noticed have 
 passed from the tropics to our parterres, 
 and even to those of higher northern lati- 
 tudes. The horse chesnut is a native of 
 the tropics ; but it endures uninjured the- 
 stern climate of Sweden. Au'cuba Ja- 
 po'nica and Pceo'nia Mouta'n we all re- 
 member to have passed from our stoves 
 to the greenhouse ; and now they are in 
 our open gardens. Every year renders 
 us acquainted with instances of plants 
 being acclimatized ; and, in addition to 
 those already noticed, we find that Mr- 
 Buchan, Lord Bagot's gardener, at Blith- 
 field House, in Staffordshire, has an old 
 cinnamon - tree (Cinnamo'mum Ca'ssia) 
 under his care which ripens seed. From, 
 these many plants have been raised that 
 endure our winters in a conservatory 
 without any artificial heat. Then, again r 
 there is no doubt that all the conifers, 
 of Mexico, which flourish there at an 
 elevation of more than 8,000 feet above- 
 the sea's level, will survive our winters in 
 the open air. Among these are Pi'nug 
 Llavea'na, P. Teoco'te, P. pa'tula, P. Hart- 
 we'gii, Cupre'ssus thurlfera, Juni'perus 
 fla'ccida, and some others. We have kept 
 Plum'bago Larpe'ntaBin an open border at 
 Winchester during the severe winter of 
 1849-50 ; and we now know that it is 
 quite hardy. In this instance and the 
 course should be pursued in all other 
 cases we selected a light soil, tho- 
 roughly well drained ; and we began early 
 to introduce the plant to our climate 
 by bedding it out in May. As to all 
 plants of shrubby or tree character, there 
 can be little doubt that a proper solidifica- 
 tion of the wood by gardeners termed 
 ripening is the true basis of acclimatiza- 
 tion. The way to effect this is by en- 
 couraging a somewhat early and free 
 growth, and an early and decided rest. 
 Light, shallow soils, thoroughly drained, 
 necessarily accomplish this, by promoting 
 an earlier root-action, and by exposing 
 the roots more to the influences of the 
 atmosphere, whereby the very droughts 
 of summer become beneficial, by check- 
 ing luxuriance, and bringing on the rest- 
 ing period betimes. In annual plants, it 
 
AOF, 
 
 [7] 
 
 ACH 
 
 must be confessed that scarcely so much 
 progress has been made as in thosd of a 
 woody character. It is not quite plain 
 that our kidney-beans, cucumbers, capsi- 
 cums, tomatoes, &c., are any hardier than 
 they were a century ago. Such facts, 
 however, should by no means deter those 
 who possess opportunities from trying 
 every new plant as above suggested. 
 
 A'CEB. The Maple. (Acer, hard, or 
 sharp; bep&use the wood was used for 
 lances. Nat. ord., Maples [Aceracese]. 
 Linn., 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia.) 
 
 Nearly all hardy deciduous trees and shrubs* 
 with trivial flowers. Propagated by seeds sown 
 as soon as ripe ; layers in autumn, and grafting 
 or budding on the common maple. Cuttings will 
 strike in open ground if inserted in spring or 
 autumn. Sandy loam. 
 
 A. Austri'acum (Austrian maple). 40. Green. 
 May. Austria. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). 15. Green and 
 
 yellow. April. N. Amer. 1812. Timber. 
 
 campe'stre (common). 25. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 Austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow. 
 
 June. Austria. 1812. 
 colli'num (hill-dwelling). 25. Green and 
 
 yellow. April. France. 
 hebeca'rpum (downy-fruited). 25. Green 
 
 and yellow. June. Britain. 
 laeviga'tum (smooth -leaved). 30. Green 
 
 and yellow. June. 
 na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and yellow. 
 
 June. 
 variega'tum (variegated). 25. Green and 
 
 yellow. May. Britain. Must be grafted 
 
 or budded. 
 
 circina'tum (round-leaved). 30. Green and 
 
 yellow. April. Columbia. 1827. 
 
 Cre'ticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752. 
 
 dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and yel- 
 
 low. April. N. Amer. 1725. Timber. 
 
 heterophyHlum (various-leaved). Green and 
 
 yellow. May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (.Georgian). 40. Green. Asiatic. 
 
 Georgia. Yellow. 1826. 
 
 loba'tum (lobed-leaved). 20. Green. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 macrophy'llum (long-leaved). 25. Green. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 monta'nttm (mountain). 25. Green and yellow. 
 
 N. Amer. 1750. 
 
 Monspessula'num (Montpellier). 8. Green and 
 
 yellow. May. France. 1739. 
 
 m'grum (black). 40. Green and yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. Timber. 
 
 oblo'ngum (oblong-leaved), ao. Green and 
 
 white. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 obtusa'tum (blunt-lobed-leaved). 40. Green 
 
 and yellow. May. Hungary. 1825. 
 This is the Neapolita'num of the Ita- 
 lians, and the hy'bridum of London nur- 
 series. 
 
 obtusifoilium (blunt-leaved). 4. Green and 
 
 yellow. May. Crete. 
 
 opalifo'Hum (Guelder - rose - leaved). 20. 
 
 Green and yellow. May. France. 1823. 
 
 o'palus (opalus). 50. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. Italy. 1752. 
 
 palma'tum (palmate- leaved). 10. Green. 
 
 Japan. 1830. 
 
 A. Pcvmsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian or striped 
 bark). 20. Green and yellow. May. N. 
 Amer. 1755. A variety of this, stria'tum, 
 must be increased by grafting or bud- 
 ding. 
 
 plutanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and 
 
 yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Timber. 
 
 lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30. Green and 
 
 yellow. June. Europe. 1682. Must 
 
 be grafted or budded. Timber. 
 Lotie'lli (Lobels). 50. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. Naples. 
 variega'tum (variegated). 30. Green 
 
 and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Must 
 
 be grafted or budded. 
 
 pseu' do-plu' tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green 
 
 and yellow. April. Britain. Timber. 
 purpu'reum (purple-leaved). Purple. May, 
 
 1828. 
 subobtu'sum (slightly blunt-leaved). 80. 
 
 Green and yellow. May. 
 variega'tum (variegated S.). 50. Green 
 
 and yellow. April. Britain. Must bo 
 
 grafted or budded. 
 
 ru'brum (red - flowered or swamp - maple). 
 
 There are two varieties, one with leaves 
 variegated with white, and tue other with 
 yellow. 20. Red. April. N. Amer. 1666. 
 
 sacchari'num (sugar-maple). 40. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1735. Timber. Sugar is made 
 from its sap. 
 
 Tarta'ricum (Tartarian). 20. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. Tartary. 1759. Timber. 
 
 ACETA'EIOUS PLANTS. Salading. 
 
 ACHILLE'A. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil 
 of Chiron, first used it in medicine. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas]. 
 Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except A . JEgyp' 
 ti'aca, which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 This is propagated by cuttings, and the others by 
 root division, cuttings, and seed. Common soil. 
 
 A. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Yel- 
 low. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1830. 
 
 Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Levant. 1640. 
 
 age'ratum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow. 
 
 September. South of Europe. 1570. 
 
 al'bida (whitish). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819- 
 
 Aipi'na( Alpine). 6 inches. White. September. 
 
 Siberia. 1731. 
 
 asplenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). l. Pink. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 atra'ta (black-cupped). White. August. 
 
 Austria. 1596. 
 
 au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1739. 
 
 auricula' ta (eared). 1. Yellow. July. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1827. 
 
 chameemelifo'lia (chamomile-leaved). 9 inches. 
 
 White. July. France. 1825. 
 
 coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. Yellow. August 
 
 South of Europe. 1816. 
 
 compa'cta (compact), 1. Pale yellow. July. 1809. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. White. July. Candia. 1739. 
 
 cristaVa (crested-leaved. 6 inches. White. 
 
 July. Italy. 1/84.' 
 
 decolo'ran* (staining). 1. White, yellow, July. 
 
 1798. 
 
 -- decu'mbens (decumbent). Cinches. Yellow. 
 July. Kamtschatka. 1816. 
 
\ 
 
 AGH 
 
 [8] 
 
 ACH 
 
 At Eupato'rium (fern-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caspian shore. 1803. One of the best, 
 
 continuing long in flower. 
 falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Levant. 1739- 
 
 glomera'ta (spherical). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 holoseri' ceo. (velvety). l. White. August. 
 
 Parnassus. 1817. 
 
 impa'tiens (impatient). 2. White. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1759- 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. July. 1804. 
 
 leptophy'lla (slender -leaved). Pale yellov.-. 
 
 July. Tauria. 1816. 
 
 macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 3. White. July, 
 
 Italy. 1710. 
 
 millefo'lium (milfoil). 2. White. August. 
 
 Gardens. Found sometimes with reddish 
 flowers. 
 
 Mongo'lica (Mongolian). 1$. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. Italy. 
 
 1775. 
 
 myriophy'lla (myriad -leaved). 1$. White. 
 
 August. 1798. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July. Italy. 
 
 1759. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 2. White. Germany. 1640. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 1804. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White. 
 
 July. Spain. 1729- 
 
 pectinata (comb -leaved). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. Hungary. 1801. Thought by 
 some to be the same as ochroleu'ca. 
 
 pta'rmica floreple'no (double - blossomed 
 
 sneezewort). 1. White. August. 
 
 pube'scens (hairy). 1. Light yellow. August. 
 
 Levant. 1739. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Straw. July. Naples. 
 
 1820. 
 
 recurvifo'lia (recurve-leaved). l. White. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 santoli'na (lavender-cotton). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Levant. 1/59. 
 
 santolinoi'des (lavender-cotton -like). 1. White. 
 
 July. Spain. 
 
 seta'cea (bristly). 1. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1805. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1^. White. August. 1804. 
 
 squurro'sa (rough-headed). 1. White. July. 
 
 1755. 
 
 tenuijo'lia (thin -leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1658. 
 
 Taw'rica(Taurian). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 2. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 vermicula'ris (worm-like). 1&. Yellow. 
 
 August. Russia. 1835. 
 
 ACHIME'NES. (From cheimaino, to suffer 
 from cold, and a prefixed as an augmen- 
 tive; alluding to the tenderness of the 
 genus. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesne- 
 racese]. Linn., 1.^-Dldynamia %-Angi- 
 ospermia.) 
 
 These are all beautiful, and are stove herba- 
 ceous perennials, unless otherwise distinguished 
 in the following list. When done flowering, and 
 the tops die down, allow the tubers to remain in 
 the pots, laid on their sides, where frost and wet 
 cannot reach them, until the latter part of Ja- 
 nuary ; then begin to place in a gentle heat ; 
 
 water them, and continue to introduce some 
 every month, down to the end of May, for suc- 
 cessional blooming. When the. small scaly tubers 
 have made shoots about two inches, plant six of 
 them in a 6-inch pot, in equal parts loim and 
 leaf -mould, with a little silver sand, thoroughly 
 drained. They will also grow in shallow pans, or 
 in baskets stuffed with moss, and the soil within. 
 If suspended, they look like a ball of flowers. 
 The temperature of an early vinery is well 
 adapted for these plants until the end of May, at 
 which period they should be taken to a cool pit, 
 where a steady, moist heat can be maintained. 
 Shade in hot days. Place the pots upon others, 
 inverted, and keep the bottom of the pit moist, 
 closing up early in the afternoon, and giving air, 
 in clear weather, about eight in the morning. 
 This beautiful genus is becoming overloaded with 
 varieties. 
 A. argyrosti'gma (silver-spotted). White and 
 
 rose. This is a hardy herbaceous plant. 
 
 June. Grenada. Not worth growing. 
 
 atrosangui'nea (dark crimson). l. Crim- 
 
 son. August. 
 
 ca'ndlda (white). l. July. White. Gua- 
 
 temala. 1848. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1778. A variety, A. C. major, is good. 
 
 cuprea'ta (coppery). Scarlet. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 1847. 
 
 Esche'rii (Escher's). Purple, crimson. June. 
 
 Gardens. 1849- 
 
 floribu'nda e'legans (many-flowered). Purple, 
 crimson. October, Gardens. 1848. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome). Rose. September. 
 
 gloxiniceflo'ra (gloxinia-flowered). Buff-spot- 
 
 ted. December. Mexico. 1848. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Pale crimson. 
 
 This is a greenhouse herbaceous plant. 
 October. Mexico. 1842. A variety of 
 this, Skinnerii, is a stove plant. Guate- 
 mala. Shaded scarlet. 1847. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Scarlet. Van 
 
 Houtte. July. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Rose. September. 
 
 Guatemala. 1844. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Scarlet. Au- 
 
 gust. Gardens. 1847. 
 
 Jay'ii (Jay's). Violet purple. June. Gar- 
 
 dens. 1848. 
 
 Jwre'g'Mz(Jaureguia's). 1. White. Carmine 
 
 eye, striped. October. Mexico. 1848. 
 
 Klee'i (Klee's). . August. Pink and pur- 
 
 ple. Guatemala. 1848. 
 
 Liepma'nni (Liepmann's). l. Pale crimson. 
 
 July. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). This is a green- 
 
 house herbaceous plant. Violet. Au- 
 gust. Guatemala. 1841. A stove vari- 
 ety, A- L. major, is good. 
 
 a'lba (white, long-flowered). White. Oc- 
 tober. Guatemala. 1849. Same as 
 Jaureguiee t 
 
 mi' sera (poor-flowered). 1. White and pur- 
 
 ple. July. Guatemala. 1848. 
 
 Mountfo'rdii (Mountford's). Scarlet. Au- 
 
 gust. Garden. 1847. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1, Lilac. Octo- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 ocella'ta (eye-spotted), ij. Red. July. 
 
 Panama. 1847. 
 
 pa' tens (spreading). 1. Violet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1846. A small variety of this is not 
 worth growing. 
 
 peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 2. Scarlet, yel- 
 
 low. June. Guatemala. 1840. 
 
ACI 
 
 AGO 
 
 A. pi 'eta ( spotted). 1$. Scarlet, yellow. June. 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 pyropce'a (flame-coloured). 1. Crimson. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1848. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). I. Pink. June. Guatemala. 1841. 
 
 Skinne'ri( Skinner's). 2. Rose. July. 1847. 
 
 Tyrianthi'na (Tyrian blue). l. Violet-blue. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1849. 
 
 venu'sta (charming). l. Purple. July. Hy- 
 
 brid. 1848. 
 
 ACINE'TA. (From a/cineta, immovable ; 
 the lip being jointless. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [Orchidaceaej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria \-Monogynia,} 
 
 Allied to Periste'ria. Stave orchids, culti- 
 vated in baskets lightly fillefl with sphagnum. 
 The flowers grow through the bottom of the 
 baskets. 
 
 A. Barke'ri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 
 1837. 
 
 Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 2. Chocolate and 
 
 crimson. May. Venezuela. 1841. 
 
 A Clo 'TIS. (Akis, a point, and ous, an 
 ear; from shape of petals. Nat. ord., 
 Mdastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 
 10-Decandria L-Munogyiiia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen plants, allied to Osbeckia, 
 but may be grown in a warm pit or frame until 
 the spring, and then put into a greenhouse. Cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass ; equal parts rich 
 loam and peat. 
 
 A. aqua'tica (water). Q inches. White and red. 
 June. S. Amer. 1/Q3. 
 
 di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. White and 
 
 red. June. Trinidad. 1816. 
 
 A'cis. (After Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 All hardy bulbs, related to the Snowflake. Off- 
 sets in sandy soil. 
 
 A. autumna'lis (autumn-blooming). 3 inches. 
 Pink. September. Portugal. 182Q. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large- flowered). 6 inches. 
 
 White. August. Numidia. 1820. 
 
 ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3 inches. August. 
 
 Corsica. 1820. 
 
 trichophy'llus (hair-leaved). 6 inches. White. 
 
 January. Spain, 1820. 
 
 ACISANTHE'KA. (Akis, a point; antherai 
 an anther ; having pointed anthers. Nat- 
 ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese], Linn.j 
 l.Q-Z)ecan dria 1- Monoyyn ia. ) 
 
 An evergreen stove-shrub ; allied to Cuphea ; 
 cultivated like Aciotis. 
 A.quadra'ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 ACMADE'NIA. (Acme, a point; aden, a 
 gland : the anthers having glands. Nat. 
 ord., Rueworts [Rutaceee]. Linn., o-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; allied to Diosma. 
 Cuttings of end of branches two inches long, 
 planted in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and 
 turfy peat. 
 
 A. tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. White. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1798. 
 
 ACME'NA. (Acmena, a fabulous nymph. 
 
 Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of small 
 side-shoots, in sand, in spring; loam and peat; 
 temperature from 35 to 40 in winter. 
 A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. White. July. 
 N. Holland. 1788. 
 
 ACONI'TUM. (Being plentiful near 
 Acona. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Banun- 
 oulacese]-. Linn., 13-Polyandria 3-Tri- 
 gynia.} 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants. Many are very 
 beautiful, and will do well in plantations, even if 
 a little shaded by the trees. Division of the 
 roots and seeds ; common garden-soil. 
 
 TUBEROUS EOOTED. 
 
 A. acumina'tum (acuminate). 3. Blue. July. 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 acu'tum (&cute-leaved). 4. Blue. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1821. 
 
 albi'dum (whitish). 3. White. June. Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 amae'num (pleasing). 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 ampliflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Austria. 1823. 
 
 angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Kurope. ls24. 
 
 Bernhardia'num (Bernhard's). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 biflo'rum (two-flowered). . Pale blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 Brau'nii (Braune's). 4. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1821. 
 
 callybo'tryon (fine-racemed). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 Austria. 1752. 
 
 ce'rnuum (drooping). 3. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1800. 
 flexicau'le ^zigzag-stemmed). 3. Blue. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1819- 
 pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 3. Blue. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 ramo'sum (branchy). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 commuta'tum (changed, or tall dog's-bane). 3. 
 
 Blue. June. South of Europe. 1823. 
 
 delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). l. Blue. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1804. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1822. 
 
 e'wjmens(eminent).4.Blue.June. Europe. 1800. 
 
 erioste'mon (woolly-stamened). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 eusta'chyon (well-spiked). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 exalta'tum (exalted). 6. Blue. June. Sibe- 
 
 ria. 1819. 
 
 fla'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Sibe- 
 ria. 1822. 
 
 Florkea'num (Florke's). 3. Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1822. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Blue, white. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1801. 
 
 formo'sum (handsome). 4. Blue. June. South 
 
 of Kurope. 1824. 
 
 Fu'nkii (Funke's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1825. 
 
 gale'ctonum (lizard's-bane). Blue. June. 4. 
 
 Hungary. 1822. 
 
 gibbo'num (swollen). 4. Blue. July. Cauca- . 
 
 sus. 1818. 
 
ACO 
 
 C 10 ] 
 
 ACO 
 
 A. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 4. Blue. July. Sibe- 
 ria. 1821. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 2. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1821. 
 
 Halle'ri (Bailor's). 4. Blue. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1821. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 hama'tum (hooked). 4. Pale blue. July. Italy. 
 
 1810. 
 
 hebe'gynum (blunt-styled). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 multi'fidum (many- cleft). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 181Q, 
 
 hi'ans (gaping). 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 Ho'ppii (Hoppe's). 4. Blue. June. Ca- 
 
 rinthia. 1823. 
 
 illini' turn (anointed). 4. Blue. July. 1821. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). 5. Blue. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 inu'nctum (anointed). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August. 
 
 Japan. 1790. 
 
 . caeru'leum (azwe). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Japan. 1700. 
 
 Kcelea'num (Kcelle's). 4. Blue. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1820. 
 
 pygmcB'um (pigmy). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1822. 
 
 Kohle'ri (KGhler's). 4. Blue. June Eu- 
 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 lacinio'sum (jagged). 3. Blue. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1820. 
 
 lae'tum (joyful). 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 la'xum (loose). 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 ma'ximum (largest). 6. Blue. July. 
 
 Kamtschatka. 1823. 
 
 Twe/o'com(badger's-bane). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Meye'ri (Meyer's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1825. 
 
 mo'lle (soft). 5. Blue. July. 1820. 
 
 Nape'llus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 a'lbus (white-lowered). 4. White. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 181Q. 
 rube'llus (small red-flowered). 4. Blue. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 nasu'tum (great-nosed). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 neomonta'num (new-mountain). 3. Blue. 
 
 July. Europe. 1799 
 
 Neuberge'nse (Neuberg). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1822. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). 3. Blue. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1825. 
 
 oligoca'rpum (few-podded). 4. Blue. July 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 Ottoniu'num (Otto's). 4. Blue. June 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 pnnicula 'turn (paniclecl). 3. Pale blue. 
 
 July. France. 1815. 
 
 plica'tum (plaited). 3. Blue. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1825. 
 
 produ'ctum (lo^-lipped}. 1. Blue. July, 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 -~pube'scens (pubescent). 4. Blue. June 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 *-reco'gnitum (recognised). 4. Blue. June 
 
 1824. 
 
 Blue. August. 
 Blue. June. Si- 
 Blue. June. 
 6. Purplish-blue. 
 Blue. June. 
 July. Swit- 
 
 4. 
 
 3. 
 
 A. rhyncha'nthum (bill-flowered). 4. Purplish- 
 blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish- 
 blue. July. Switzerland. J819- 
 
 ri'gidum (rigid). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1825. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Blue. 
 
 June. 1826. 
 
 rostra'tum (beaked). 3. Blue. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1810. 
 
 pilosiu'sculum (rather hairy). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Carpathian mountains. 1800. 
 
 Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 scmigalea 1 turn (half-helmeted). 1. Blue. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. July. 1823. 
 
 Sprenze'lii (Sprengel's). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 squarro'sum (squarrose). 4. 
 
 Siberia. 1822. 
 
 stri'cturn (upright). 4. 
 
 beria. 1824. 
 
 Tatt'ricum (Taurian). 
 
 Tauria. 1752. 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisting). 
 
 June. 1812. 
 
 to'xicum (poisonous). 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 umbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue. 
 
 zerland. 1825. 
 
 uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N 
 
 Amer. 1768. 
 
 Michauxia'num (Michaux's). 2. Blue. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated). 5. Purplish-white. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1597- 
 
 albifio'rum (white-flowered). 4. White. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish- 
 blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 ctxru'leum (blue). 4. Blue. July. Switccr- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Blue, June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1823. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799. 
 
 Willdeno'vii (Willclenow's). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 son'ctonum (poisonous). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 FIBROUS ROOTED. 
 A. a'lbum (white). 4. White. July. Levant. 1752. 
 
 A'nthora (Anthora). l. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 15Q6. 
 
 Anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like). l. Pale yel- 
 
 low. July. Jura. 1821. 
 
 austra'le (southern). 2$. Purple. July. 
 
 Denmark. 1821. 
 
 autumna'le (autumnal). 1*. Lilac, white. 
 
 November. N. Ch ina. 1846. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). 2. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1807. 
 
 Carpa'ticum (Carpathian). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Carpathian mountains. 1810. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September. 
 
 China. 1833. 
 
 cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). 3. Pal* 
 
 yellow. July. France. 1820. 
 _ Decando'llii (Decandolle's). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1823. 
 deco'nnn (neat)'. 4. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1894* 
 
 eu'lophum (well-crested). lj. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1331. 
 
AGO 
 
 [11] 
 
 ACR 
 
 A. grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). l. Pala 
 yellow. July. Jura. 1821. 
 
 hi'spidum (rough-haired). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). l. Pale yellow. June* 
 
 Austria. 1800. 
 
 Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Pyrenees. 1817. 
 
 laxiflo'ruln (loose-flowered). 3. Pale yel- 
 
 low. July. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 lupici'dum (wolf's-bane). 2 Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Europe. 1821. 
 
 lyco'ctonum (wolf's-bane). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Alps. Europe. 1596. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large - leaved). 2. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. 
 
 Molda'vicum (Moldavian). 5. Purplish. 
 
 August. Moldavia. 1830. 
 
 nemoro'sum (grove). 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 Nutta'llii (Nuttali's). 5. Pale blue. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 ochralnthum (pale-flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 August. Russia. 1834. 
 
 ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). 3. Light 
 
 yellow. July. Caucasus. 1794. 
 
 ova'tum (ovate-leaved). 2. Purple, green. 
 
 June. Cashmere. 1839. 
 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1739. 
 
 re'ct urn (upright). 3. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 rubicu'ndum (reddish). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1819- 
 
 septentriona'le (northern), 4. Blue. July. 
 
 North of Europe. 
 
 roods, and 19 perches, Statute measure. 
 The Scotch Acre contains 5760 square 
 yards, equal to 1 acre, 1 rood, and 2 pec- 
 ches, Statute measure. 
 
 ACEIO'PSIS. (From akros, top, and 
 opsis, eye. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida 
 cese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monogynia.') 
 
 A small genus of pretty stove orchids. 
 A. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Green and 
 pink. Borneo. 1846. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). White, green, and purple. 
 
 August. Bantam. 1842. 
 ACEOCO'MIA. (From akros, top, and 
 kome, a tuft ; referring to the way the- 
 leaves are produced. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmaceeej. Linn., 2I-Monaecia 6-Hex- 
 andria.} 
 
 A genus of South American Palms ; a race of 
 plants including some of the most majestic speci- 
 mens of the vegetable kingdom, whose product* 
 of fruit, root, stems, and leaves are applied to- 
 numerous economical purposes. Suckers; riclfc 
 sandy loam. 
 
 A. aculea'ta (prickly). 40- West. Indies. 1796. 
 fusifo'rmit ^pinole-shaped). 40. Trinidad. 
 1731. 
 
 globo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. ' S2 4' 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 182t 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 scleroca'rpa (hard - fruited). 40. W. Ind. 
 
 1731. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 30. Brazil. 1834.. 
 AcEONycHiA. (From akros, top, and 
 
 Stoerckia'num (Stoerck's). 4. Blue. August. 
 
 -therio'phonum '(o^st's-bane). 2$. Pale n ?*' * claw ? referring to the curved- 
 yellow. June. Europe. 1824. j points of the petals. Nat. ord., Citron- 
 
 trago'ctonv.vn (goafs-bane). 2. Pale yellow. ! worts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., S-Octandriz 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1822. I -i Mnnnntin'm \ 
 
 -versi'colar (various-coloured). Blue and white. *"***? 
 
 August. Siberia. 1820. About the best. A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing 
 
 vulpa'ria (fox-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July. ! sweet-scented blossoms, not unlike those of the- 
 
 Alps. Europe. 1821. orange. Cuttings of small side-shoots in July, 
 
 and 
 
 in sand, under a bell glass ; soil, sandy loam 
 peat . winter temp(j fe 40 o to 45 o/ ' 
 
 A'COEUS. (From a, privative, and kore, 
 
 the pupil of the eye; referring to its Z"cnm^Aa47(Cunn"ingham'' s ). White. July, 
 medical qualities. Nat. ord., Orontiads | 
 [Orontiacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 A small genus of herbaceous plants, having 
 word-like leaves. A. calamus is a useful medi- 
 cinal plant a native of our marshes ; but now 
 used chiefly by perfumers for the fragrance of its 
 roots. Hardy marsh perennials. 
 A. ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain. 
 
 grami'neus (grass-leaved). . February. China. 
 
 1796. 
 
 terre'stris (land). 1. June. China. 1822. 
 ACEE is the usual land-measure in 
 
 Great Britain. The Statute Acre through- 
 out the United Kingdom now contains 4 
 square roods; a rood contains 160 square 
 perches, rods, poles, or luys ; and a perch 
 contains 30|- square yards. A Statute 
 Acre, therefore, contains 4840 square 
 yards. The Irish Acre contains 7840 
 square yards, or nearly equal to 1 acre, 2 
 
 Moreton Bay. 1838. 
 
 ACEOPE'EA. (From akros, the end, 
 and per a, a pouch; referring to a pouch- 
 like appendage at the end of the label- 
 lum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese], 
 Linn., 29-Gynandria \-Wgnp^ynJ.d.\ 
 
 A pretty stove orchid. 
 A. Loddige'sii (Loddige's). j. Yellow and 
 
 spotted. August. Mexico. 1823. 
 ACEOPHY'LLUM. (From akros, top, and. 
 phyllon, a leaf; referring to the way in 
 which the leaves are produced at the 
 summit of the branches ahove the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cuno- 
 niacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria I-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and loam. 
 A, verticilla'tum (whorled). 6. Pink and white.- 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1835. 
 
ACR 
 
 [ 12] 
 
 ACY 
 
 ACRO'PTEBIS. (From akros, a point, and 
 pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns. Linn., 
 24:-Cryptoyamia I-Filices.) 
 
 Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. All 
 Ferns are now in the Nat. ord. Polypodiacete. 
 Stove Ferns, propagated by division ; soil, light 
 loam and peat. See ASPLENIUM. 
 
 A. austra'Us (southern). Brown. N. Holland. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries. 1824. 
 
 nauda'ta (tailed). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824. 
 falca'tu (sickle-like). 1. Brown. India. 1843. 
 
 laserpitifo'lia (laserpitium - leaved). Brown. 
 
 I. of Luzon. 1843. 
 
 oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown, yellow. I. 
 
 of Luzon. 1843. 
 
 pellu'mda (clear). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843. 
 
 platyphy' lla (flat-leaved). Brown, yellow. Ma- 
 
 lacca. 1843. 
 
 prcemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). J. Brown. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1/93. 
 
 rndia'ta (rayed). Brown. N. Amer. 1793. 
 
 ru'ta mura'lia (wall-rue). . Brown. Britain. 
 
 1793. 
 
 se'rra (sa.\f -leaved). Brown. North of Europe. 
 
 1844. 
 
 septentriona'le (northern). $. Brown. Britain. 
 
 1844. 
 
 ^pathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844. 
 
 va'rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844. 
 
 ACEO'STICHUM. (From akros, top, and 
 stichos, order; in reference to the lines 
 on the back of the leaves ; but the appli- 
 cation is not very obvious. Linn., 24- 
 Cry'j. togamia l-FUices. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 Polypodiacese.) 
 
 Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root divi- 
 ion ; loam and peat, equal parts. Winter temp. 
 not below 50. 
 
 A. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). 1. September. N. S. 
 Wales. 1808. 
 
 appendicula'tum (appendaged). 2. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 asplenifo' Hum (asplenium-leaved). 1. Brown, 
 
 yellow. July. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 4. August. W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). . Yellow, brown. 
 
 September. W. Ind. 
 
 crini'tum (hairy). 1. July. W. Ind. 1/Q3. 
 flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. E. Ind. 1828. 
 fimbria'tum (fringed). Brazil. 1824. 
 
 fusifo'rme (spindle-formed). 1. Brown, yellow. 
 July. Malacca. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glandulous). I.Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 gran'de (magnificent). 6. Moreton Bay. 1828. 
 
 juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 2. Yellow, 
 
 brown. August. Surinam. 1832. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow, blue. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1817. 
 
 nicotianifo'lium (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown. 
 
 October. W. Ind. 
 
 piloselloi' des (mouse-ear-leaved). 2. Brown, 
 yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 scolope'ndrium (scolopendrum-like). 2. Brown. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 
 
 si'mplex (simple-leaved). 1. Jamaica. 17)3. 
 
 S/e'marm(Stemaria). 1. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 subdia'phana (semi-transparent). Brown. In- 
 
 dia. 
 
 ACEO'TEICHE. (From akros, top, and 
 
 thrix, hair ; referring- to the hairs on the 
 sepals. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacri- 
 dacece]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 aynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in 
 sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in cold frame. 
 Temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). $. White. June. N. 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 divarica'ta (straggling). * White. May. N. 
 
 Holland. T824. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). . White. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 ACT;E'A. (From aktaia, the elm ; re- 
 ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots 
 [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials of little beauty. 
 Propagated by dividing roots. 
 A. tpica'ta (spiked or bane-berry}, 3. White. 
 May. Britain. 
 
 ACTINOCA'RPUS. (From aktin, a ray, and 
 carpos, fruit ; referring to its radiated ap- 
 pearance. Nat. ord., Alismads [Alis- 
 maceae]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria k-Tetra- 
 (jynia.) 
 
 Aquatics. A. minor grows in sandy peat im- 
 " . sandy peat; 
 
 temp., 40 to 50. 
 
 mersed in water ; seeds sown in 
 
 A, Damaso'nium (Damasonium). 4. White. July. 
 England. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). $. White. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 
 
 ACTINO'MERIS. (From aktin, a ray, and 
 mem, part ; referring to the radiated as- 
 pect of the plants. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceee]. Linn., lQ-Syngenesia3-Poly- 
 (jamia frustraiiea.) 
 
 Ornamental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis, 
 and of easy culture. Propagated by dividing 
 roots. 
 
 A. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 3. Yellow. July. S. 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow. S. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 procc'ra (tall). 8. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1766. 
 
 squarro'sa (squarroseX 3. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 16*0. 
 
 ACTINO'TUS. (From actinotos, meaning 
 radiated, on account of the form of the 
 involucrum. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Um- 
 belliferfe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Boot divi- 
 sion ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 A. helia'nthi (sunflower) 2. White. June. N. 
 Holland. 1821. 
 
 leucoce'phalus (white-headed-). Swan River. 
 
 1837. 
 
 ACU'MINATED. Having a long, slender 
 point. 
 
 A'CYNOS. (A Greek word of no obvious 
 meaning, applied to balsamic plants. 
 
ADA 
 
 13] 
 
 ADE 
 
 Nat. ord., Labiates |_ Lammeece] . Linn., 
 14 Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 These thyme-like plants are all hardy. In- 
 creased either by seeds or division of roots. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. heterophy' HUB (vwiable-leaved}. &. Purple. 
 June. Italy. 1822. 
 
 tuave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Greece. 1817. 
 
 vulga'ris (B a' sil- leaved, common). Violet. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 villo'sus (villous). . Red. July. Germany. 1817- 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 A. Alpi'nus (Alpine). . Purple. August. Austria. 
 1731. 
 
 grandMo'rus (great - flowered). . Purple. 
 
 July. 1810. 
 
 PateiN'wMs(Paduan). 3- Fiesh. July. S. 
 
 Europe. 1776. 
 
 purpvra'scens (purplish). . Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 A. grave'olens (strong-scented). 1. Purple. July. 
 Crimea. 1820. 
 
 kerba-baro'ni (herb-baroni). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Corsica. 1820. 
 
 rotundifu'lius (round-leaved). $. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 ADAM'S NEEDLE. See YUCCA. 
 
 AD-A'MIA. (In honour of John Adam, 
 M.D., of Calcutta. Nat. ord., Saxifrages 
 [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 
 l-A<ngiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; 
 cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 A.cya'nea '(blue-berried). 4. Pink. Nepaul. 1829. 
 
 tpfoa'fteB (wood), Blue. June. India. 1846. 
 
 versi'color (many-coloured). Blue. August. 
 
 China. 1844. 
 
 ADANSO'NIA. The Baobab. A single 
 African tree comprehends this genus. It 
 is the largest tree in the world. 
 
 ADDER'S- TONGUE. A Fern. Ophio- 
 glo'ssum. 
 
 ADE'LIA. (From a, not, and delos, 
 visible ; in reference to the minute parts 
 of fructification. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts 
 [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 22-Dioecia 12- 
 Mojiadelphia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam; cut- 
 tings in sandy loam, after their cut end is dry. 
 A. acido'ton (spiry). 3. Greenish-white. June. 
 Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 Berna'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6. Green. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 rfctrae'Wa (ricinus-like). 6. Greenish- white. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 ADENA'NDRA. (From aden, a gland, 
 and oner, the stamen or male organ ; re- 
 ferring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat. 
 ord., Eueworts [Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia. This genus was 
 formerly included in Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat, with 
 a little turfy loam; cuttings from the young 
 
 branches in sand, under a bell-glass, and left in a 
 cold frame. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 2. White. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 amae'nu (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1798. 
 
 coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1720. 
 
 fra' grans (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 linea'ris (linear-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 margina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1806. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/89. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered, showy). 2. 
 
 Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 specio'sa paucifio'ra (few-flowered, showy). 2. 
 
 Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/86. 
 
 ADENANTHE'RA. (From aden, a gland, 
 and anthera, an anther ; referring to the 
 gland on each anther. Linn., W-JDecan- 
 dria l-Monogynia. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabaceee], and allied to Mimosa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat; cut- 
 tings. 
 
 A.falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 1812. 
 
 panoni'na (peacock-like). 5. Yellow, white. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 ADENA'NTHOS. (From aden, a gland, 
 and anthos, a flower; referring to the 
 glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads 
 [Proteaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat 
 cuttings in spring, under a glass, in sand ; soil, 
 peat and loam. Winter temp.,, 40 to 45. 
 A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 5. Red. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 obova'ta (obovate -leaved). 5. Red. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1826. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. N.Holland. 1824. 
 
 termina'lis (terminal-flowered). Swan River. 
 
 ADE'NIUM. (From Aden, where it is 
 native. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- 
 naceffl]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia, It is 
 propagated from cuttings of the young shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat, in spring. 
 Soil, sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions. 
 A. hou'ghel (houghcl-bush, native name). 3. 
 June. Pinky-crimson. Aden. 1845. 
 
 ADENOCALY'MNA. (From aden, a gland, 
 and calymna,- a covering ; referring to 
 the conspicuous glands on the leaves and 
 floral coverings. Nat. ord., Bignoniads 
 [Bignoniacese]. Linn., \^-J)idynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia.) 
 
ADE 
 
 [14] 
 
 ADI 
 
 A genus allied to Spatho'dea. Stove evergreen 
 twiner. Loam and peat ; cuttings in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and bottom-heat. 
 A. como'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow. 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 ADENOCA'RPUS. (From aden, a gland, 
 and carpos, fruit; referring to the glands 
 on the fruit. Nat. ord., Mimosads 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6- 
 Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.) 
 
 This genus is chiefly made up of old species of 
 cytisus, brooms, and allied plants. All are 
 yellow-flowered. The first two greenhouse plants, 
 others hardy ; sandy loam, but with a little peat 
 for the first two. Seeds sown in March, and cut- 
 tings any time in spring and summer. 
 A. fuliolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Ca- 
 naries. 1629. 
 
 frankenioi'des (frankenia-like). 2. June. Ca- 
 naries. 1815. These two are evergreen, 
 and require protection from frost. 
 
 Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816. 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate). 4. June. Sicily. 
 
 parD'/o'/izsismaU-leaved). 4. June. South of 
 
 France. 1800. 
 
 Tolone'nsis (Toulon). 3. June. South of 
 
 France. 1800. 
 
 ADENO'PHORA. (From aden, a gland, 
 and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Bellworts 
 [Campanulacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria 
 I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula. 
 Common soil. Seeds. All bear blue or bluish 
 flowers. 
 
 A. commu'nis (common Siberian). 4. July. Si- 
 beria. 1810. 
 
 hy'brida (C. S. hybrid). 2. June. Si- 
 beria. 1816. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented C. S.). 2. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1816. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). 1. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 denticula'ta (finely-toothed). 1. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1817. 
 
 Fische'ri (Fischer's). 2. August. Siberia. 181Q. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 2. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 181Q. 
 
 Lamarckia'na (Lamarck's). 2. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 marsupiflo'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818. 
 
 pere'skicefo'lia (pereskia-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 />erfp/oc!/o7ta(periploca-leaved). 1. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1824. 
 
 J2afieZama'na(Rabelais's). 2. August. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 stylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 verticilla'tn (whorl-leaved.) 2. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1783. 
 
 ADENO'STOMA. (From aden, a gland, 
 and stoma, a pore. Nat ord., Sanyuisorbs 
 [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., S-Triandria 
 l-Monoyynia.) Hardy shrub, allied to 
 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla). 
 
 Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in 
 spring, under a glass, in sand. Soil, rich loam 
 and peat, in equal proportions. 
 
 A, fascicula'ta (fascicled). 3. White. California. 
 1843. 
 
 ADENOTRI'CHIA (From aden, a gland, 
 andthrix, hair; having hairs with glands. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 
 IG-Syngenesia %-Superflua. Allied to 
 Groundsel.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plant. Propagated from 
 seeds sown in the spring in a gentle hotbed. 
 Planted out in summer. Soil, light rich loam. 
 A. amplexicau'lis (stem - clasping). 2. May. 
 Yellow. Chili. 1826. 
 
 ADE'SMIA. (From a, not, or without, 
 and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the 
 stamens being free. Linn., IQ-Monadct- 
 phia Q-Dccandria. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese] . Greenhouse and half- 
 hardy plants, allied to Hedysarum, all 
 more or less of a trailing habit.) 
 
 Annuals, sown^n spring in slight hotbed. Cut- 
 tings of others inSmmmer, in sandy loam, under 
 a glass. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Yellow. June. 
 Patagonia. 1793, 
 
 pappo'sa (downy-podded). 1. Yellow, June. 
 
 Chili. 1823. 
 pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Buenos Ayres. 1825. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 A. glutino'sa (sticky). Yellow. Chili. 1831. 
 
 Loudo'nia (Loudon's). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1830. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Valpa- 
 
 raiso. 1830. 
 
 uspallate'nsis (uspallatan). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Chili. 1832. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August. 
 
 Chili. 1831. 
 
 ADIA'NTUM. Maidenhair. (From adi- 
 antos, dry, as if plunged in water, yet 
 remaining dry. Nat. ord., Ferny [Poly- 
 podiaceae]. Linn., %-Cryptogamia 1- 
 F 'dices.) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Loam and peat. 
 Root division, or seeds scattered on a moist, shady 
 surface, Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40 to 45, 
 and stove winter temp., 50 to 55. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. assi'mile (assimilated). 1. July. N.Holland. 
 1823. 
 
 capi'llus Vene'ris (Venus's hair). $. July. 
 
 Britain, Capillaire is so called from being 
 made with this plant. 
 
 cunca'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. August. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 foliolo'sum (leafy.) Brown. August. 
 formo'sum (handsome). 1. July. N. Hol- 
 land. 1820. 
 
 hispi'dulum (hairyi&h). 1. August. N.Hol- 
 land. 1822. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. April. N.Holland. 
 1830. 
 
 pulverule'ntum (dusty). 2. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 renifo'rme (kidney-leaved), f. July. Madeira. 
 
 1699. 
 
 rhomboi'deum (rhomboid). 1, July. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
ADI 
 
 JEGI 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. MtUo'picum (^Ethiopian). 2. Brown. Sep- 
 tember. 1838. 
 
 Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 2. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 conci'nnum (neat). 2. Brown. June. N. Hoi 
 
 land. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-shaped). Brown. Yellow. 
 
 Mindenao. 
 
 crista'tum (crested). 1. Brown. Jamaica. 1844 
 
 curva'tum (curved). 2. Brown. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 deltoi'deum (deltoid). 1. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 denticula'tum (small-toothed). Brown. July. 
 
 W.Jnd. 
 flabellifJlium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. Sep- 
 
 .tember. Jamaica. 
 
 flave'scens (yellow). Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 1 folio'sum (leafy). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 Fovia'num (Foy's). 1. Brown. May. W.Ind. 
 
 1840. 
 
 hirtu'tum (hairy). Brown. I. of Luzon. 
 
 lu'cidum (shiny). 1. Brown. August. S. Amer. 
 
 luna'tum (half-moon). . July. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 lunula'tum (crescent-leaved). Brown. I. of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 macrophy' Hum (long-leaved). 1 . July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 Moritzin'num (Moritz's). 1. Brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. S. Amer. 1838. 
 
 obli'quum (oblique). 1. Brown. April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1826. 
 
 pa' tens (spreading). 1. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 peda'tum (pedate). 1. July. N.Amer. 1640. 
 
 pent ada'cty Ion (five-fingered). Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 radia'tum (rayed). 5. July. W.Ind. 17/6. 
 
 serrula'tum (tooth-edged). 1. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1822. 
 
 setulo'snm (bristled). 1. Norfolk Island. 1805. 
 
 stria'tum (line-marked). Brown. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 -- te'nerum (tender). 1. July, Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 ternu'tum (three-leafleted). f . July. S. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 
 trapezifo'rme (rhomb-leaved). l. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 triangula'tum (triangle-leaved). Brown. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 va'rium (various). 1. July. S, Amer. 1820. 
 
 villo'sum (hairy-stalked). 1. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1775. 
 
 ADI'NA. See NAUCLEA, of which it is 
 a synonyme . Ten other names have been 
 given to Nauclea. 
 
 A pretty little plant, requiring a cool stove. 
 Cuttings in sandy loam, under a bell-glass. Soil, 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55. 
 A. globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). 3. White. July 
 China. 1804. 
 
 ADLU'MIA. (Named after Adlum, an 
 American author. Nat. ord., Fumeworts. 
 Allied to Corydalis [Fumariacese]. Linn., 
 YI-Diadelphia 2-Hcxandria.) 
 
 A biennial climber, requiring common soil* 
 Seeds. 
 
 A. cirrho'sa (tendriled). 15. White. August. 
 N. Amer. 1778. 
 
 ADO'NIS. (Named after Adonis of the 
 Classics. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun- 
 culacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 6- Poly - 
 yynia.) 
 
 Hardy plants ; common soil ; the annual spe- 
 cies from seeds, and the perennial from seed or 
 root division. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. a-stiva'lit (summer). 2. Scarlet. June. South 
 of Europe. 1629. 
 
 autumna'.lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye). 1. 
 
 Crimson. July. Britain. 
 
 aitri'na (citron-coloured). 1. Orange. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1819. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 ^pem'na(Appenine). 1. April. Yellow. Al- 
 
 pine. Europe. 
 
 Davu'rica (Dahurian). I.April. Yellow. Si- 
 
 berift. 1827. 
 
 disto'rta (distorted). 1. April. Yellow. Na- 
 
 pier- 1827. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). l. July. Yellow. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1817. 
 
 Sibi'riea (Siberian). 2. April. Yellow. Si- 
 
 beria. 1827. 
 
 verna'lis (spring). 1. March. Yellow. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1629. 
 
 Volge'nsis (Volga). 1. April. Yellow. Russia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ^ECHHE'A. (From aichme, a point ; in 
 reference to the rigid points on the calices 
 or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Bromel- 
 worts [Bromeliaceaj] . Linn., G-Hexan- 
 dria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Suckers; light turfy loam and leaf mould; 
 very handsome. Stove herbaceous perennials. 
 . di'scolor (vari-coloured). 2. Scarlet, purple. 
 
 June. 1844. 
 
 fu'lgens (glowing). 1. Scarlet, blue. Sep- 
 tember. Cayenne. 1842. 
 
 Merte'nsii (Merten's). 2. Green, red. March. 
 
 Demerara. 1830. 
 
 rnucroniflo'ra (spring-petaled). Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Peru. 1852. 
 
 suave' olens (sweet-scented). 2J. Pink. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 2EGi r CEKAs. (From aix, a goat, and 
 keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of its 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsinacess]. 
 Linn., b-Pentandria I-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propagated from 
 cuttings of the half-ripe shoots in summer, under 
 a glass, in sand, and gentle heat. Soil, sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 
 3S.fr a! grans (fragrant). White. N. Holland. 1824. 
 EGI'PHILA. (From aix, a goat, and 
 philos, dear ; referring to its being a fa- 
 vourite with goats. Nat. ord., Verbenas 
 [Verbenacea?]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Sandy rich loam; 
 cuttings in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat. 
 Winter temp., 60 to 60 ; summer, 65 to 80. 
 M. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White. Tri- 
 nidad. 1823. 
 
 di/u'sa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. W.Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ela'taltM). 12. Pale yellow. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1323. 
 foe'tido. (stinking). 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. Havannah. 1843. 
 
[16] 
 
 /#'{ (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824. 
 Martinice'nsis (Martinique). 6. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1780. 
 obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1804. 
 tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. White. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1826. 
 
 . Bengal Quince. (From 
 one of the Hesperides. Nat. ord., Citron- 
 worts [Aurantiaceee], Linn., I3-Polyan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The Marmelos is a delicious Indian fruit, pos- 
 sessing high medicinal qualities. Stove ever- 
 green shrub. Cuttings of ripe-wooded shoots, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom heat ; 
 rich loam. 
 
 JE. ma'rmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish red. E. 
 Ind. 1759. 
 
 -53GOCHLOA. See NAVAKRE'TIA. 
 
 ^EOLLA'KTHUS. (From aiolo, to vary, and 
 anthos, a flower ; referring to the varia- 
 bleness of the flowers. Nat. ord., Labi- 
 ates, or Lipworls [Lamiaceee]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove annual. Sandy loam ; seeds. 
 M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July. 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 .ZEo'NiUM. See SEMPERVIVTJM. 
 
 ./ERA'NTHUS. (From aer, air, and anthos, 
 a flower; referring to the way in which 
 the plant grows. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.} 
 
 Stove orchid. Division of root ; on wood, or in 
 a basket. 
 
 JE. grandifl'ora (large -flowered). 1. Yellow, 
 green. June. Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 AERA'TION. Exposing soil to the air. 
 
 AE'RIDES. (From aer, the air; in re- 
 ference to the power these have of living 
 on the air. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. These all require a summer 
 temp, of 60 to 65 ; winter, 50 to 65. Grow 
 best in baskets filled with sphagnum or white 
 bog-moss. 
 A. affi'ne (related). 1. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 Broo'kii (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white ; 
 
 fragrant. Bombay. 
 
 cri'spum (crisp). 1. White and rose. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 cyli'ndricum (cylindric). E. Ind. 
 
 macula' sum (spotted). 1$. Purple-spotted. 
 
 May. Bombay. 1840. 
 
 odonto'chilum (tooth-lipped). 2. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 odora'tum (fragrant). l. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 quinque vu'lnern (5-wounded). $. Pink. June. 
 
 Philippines. 1838. 
 
 ro'sevm (rose-coloured). Dwarf; rosy. E, Ind. 
 
 tessela'tum (chequered). White, green, and 
 
 purple. June. E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 vi'rqns (vigorous). Purple, white. April. Java. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Wightia'num (Wight's). E. Ind, 1800. 
 
 ZE'uuA. (From eruua, its Arabic- name. 
 Nat ord., Amaranths [Amarantaceee]. 
 Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants; flowering in June. 
 Propagated by dividing roots. 
 JB. Java'nica (Javanese). 2. White. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. E. Ind. 1691. 
 
 ^ESCHYNA'NTHDS. (From aischuno,to 
 be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneraceffi]. Linn., 
 I4:-Didynamia 2-4.ngiospermia.) 
 
 JE. albi'dus (whitish). 1. Java. 1849. 
 
 atrosangui'neus (dark-bloody). Dark red. July. 
 
 Aucla'ndi (Lord Auckland's). Scarlet. Borneo. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Boschia'nus (Bosch's). Scarlet. July. Java. 
 
 1843. 
 
 grandifio'rus (large -flowered). 5. Scarlet. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 Horsfi'eldii (Horsfield's). 2. Pale scarlet. 
 
 August. Java. 1844. 
 
 Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). 1. Scarlet. June. Java 
 
 1845. 
 
 longifio'rus (long-flowered). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 1845. 
 
 macula' tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. August. 
 
 India. 1839. 
 
 minia'tus (vermilion). l. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Java. 1845. 
 
 Paxto'nii (Paxton's). Scarlet. April. Khosea. 
 
 1839. 
 
 pu'lcher (fair). Scarlet. 1. July. Java. 1845. 
 
 purpuia'scens (purplish). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 March. Java. 1845. 
 
 radi'cans (stem-fibred). Red. August. Su- 
 
 matra. 1845. 
 
 ramosi'ssirmis (most-branched). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 June. Khosea. 183?. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). 2. May. Orange. Java. 1S45. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Scarlet. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1837. 
 
 zebri'nus (striped). 1. Scarlet. June. Java. 
 
 1847. 
 
 JJ]SCHYNO'MENE. (From aisohuno,io bo 
 ashamed; in reference to the supposed 
 sensitiveness in the leaves. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants. Allied to Hedysarum 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., Dtadelphia b-Tc-tmn- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove plants. The annuals by seed in a high 
 temperature, and the shrubs by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in good heat ; rich sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 60 to 75; summer, 70 
 to 80. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 M. Amcrica'na (American). 2. Yellow. July. 
 Jamaica. 1732. 
 
 a'spera (rough-stemmed) . 2. Yellow. Juno. 
 
 E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 hi'spida (rough-haired). 2. Yellow. N, Amer. 
 
 1803. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1799- 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 subvisco'sa . (subvlsciJ). 1. Yellow. Julv. E. 
 
 Ind. 1816. 
 
 visci'dula (viseidish'j. 1. Yellow, July, I'Jo 
 
 ridu. 1816. 
 
[ 1? J 
 
 AGA 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 JE.cretpitans (rattling -podded). 4. Yellow 
 July. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). 4. Yellow. July. Mau 
 
 ritius. 1820. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Yellow. July. Mau 
 
 ritius. J826. 
 
 sensiti'va (sensitive). 3. White. W. Ind. 173 
 
 Horse Chesnut. (Fron 
 escu, nourishment ; referring to the groun 
 flour from the kernels of some species 
 Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapindaceae], Linn. 
 7-Heptandria 1-Monoyynia.} 
 
 Although the Horse Chesnut and other Soap 
 worts produce wholesome or nourishing fruit 
 gome families in this order are highly poisonous 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Deep rich loam. 
 JE. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 12. Greenish-yellow 
 May. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts. 
 
 hippoca'stanum (common Horse C.). 40 
 
 White. May. Asia. 1629. Seeds. 
 flore-ple'no (double-flowered). 40. White 
 
 May. Gardens. Grafts. 
 fo'liis arge'nteis (silver - leaved). 40 
 
 White. May. Gardens. Grafts. 
 
 ' variegn'tum (common striped- leaved) , 
 
 16. White. May. Asia. 1629. Layers, 
 
 Ohiote'nsis (Ohio). 30. Seeds. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 pa'llidn (pale-flowered). 12. Greenish-yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts or buds, 
 
 rubicu'nda (red-flowered). 12. Red. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1820. Grafts or buds. 
 
 ^ETHIONE'MA. (From ailho, to scorch, 
 and nema, a filament; in reference to 
 some burnt appearance in the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Crossworts, or Crucifers [Bras- 
 sioacese]. Allied to Lipidium. Linn., 
 1] -Dodecandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 The order of Crucifers to which our Cabbages, 
 Mustard, Cress, Turnips, and Horse-radish be- 
 long has the universal character of being pos- 
 sessed with antiscorbutic and stimulating quali- 
 ties. Hardy Alpine plants, suited for rock-work. 
 Common light soil ; seeds and cuttings. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 IE. Buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's). J. Pale red. June. 
 Levant. 1823. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). $. Pale red. June. Carniola. 
 
 1823. 
 
 saxa'tile (rock). $. Flesh. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1759. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 heterocar'pum (variable-podded). $. Purple. 
 
 July. Armenia. 1837. 
 
 membrana'ceum (membranous - podded). . 
 
 Lilac. July. Persia. 1829. 
 
 monospe'rmvm (one-seeded). . Pale purple. 
 
 July, Spain. 17/8. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). J. Lilac. July. 
 
 Persia. 1830. 
 
 (From JEthion, one of 
 Phoabus' horses. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1- 
 JjEqualis.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings; com- 
 mon light soil. 
 
 M.frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1785. 
 filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). l. June. Yellow. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 
 AFRICAN ALMOND. Brabe'jum. 
 AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchona'nthus. 
 AFRICAN LILY. Agapa'nthus. 
 AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tage'tes ere'cta. 
 AFZE'LIA. (In honour of Dr. A. Afze- 
 lius. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 baceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monogy- 
 nla. Allied to Amherstia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Sandy peat and leaf- 
 mould. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 A. Africa'na (Africa). Crimson. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1821. 
 
 AGA'LMYLA. (From agalma, an orna- 
 ment, and hule, a forest. Nat. ord., Ges- 
 ncrworts [Gesneracese], Linn., 14^-Didy- 
 namia 2-4ngiospermia.) 
 
 It is a fine stove plant, with scarlet tubular 
 flowers, suitable for growing on branches of trees, 
 in baskets or in pots, in the orchid-house or 
 moist stove. Propagated from cuttings. Sandy, 
 fibrous peat suits it. 
 
 A. stami'nea (long-stamened). 2. November. 
 Scarlet. June. 1846. 
 
 AGANI'SIA.' (From aganos, desirable; 
 in reference to the beauty of these neat 
 little plants. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Grown on a block in stove ; division of root. 
 A. pulche'lla (pretty). . Cream-coloured. June. 
 Demerara. 1838. 
 
 AGANO'SMA. (From aganes, mild, and 
 isme, small. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- 
 ^ynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 The order of Dogbanes includes a host of 
 most beautiful plants as Allamanda, Echites, 
 Oleander, &c. They are venomous in many 
 cases, and always to be suspected. These stove 
 tlants are propagated by cuttings in sand, under 
 'lass, and with bottom-heat ; they prefer a mix-. 
 ;ure of loam, sand, and peat. 
 A. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). White, fragrant. 
 Sylhet. Shrubby climber. 
 
 caryophylla'ta (clove-scented) . Pale yellow. 
 
 October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner. 
 
 cymo'sa (cymose-flowered). White, fragrant. 
 
 Sylhet. Shrub. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Purple. E. Ind. Shrubby 
 
 twiner. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). White, fragrant. 
 
 Sylhet. Shrubby twiner. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White, fragrant. 
 
 October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner. 
 
 Walli'chii (Wallich's). White, fragrant. 'E. 
 
 Ind. Shrubby twiner. 
 
 AGAPA'NTHUS. Bhie African Lily. 
 (From agape, love, and anth'os, a flower, 
 Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn,, 
 Q-Hexandria 4e-Tefrayynia.) 
 
AGA 
 
 [18 ] 
 
 AGA 
 
 Half-hardy plants from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Sandy loam; suckers. Require to be 
 .kept in a cold pit during winter. 
 A.nmbelMtus (umbelled). 3. Blue. April. 1692- 
 a'lbidus (whitish-umbelled). 2. Whitish- 
 September. ,. 
 variega'tus (variegated-umbelled), 2. 
 
 Blue. April. 
 
 AGA'RICTJS. (From Agaria, the name 
 of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. ord., Mush- 
 room* [Fungi]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia 
 5-Fungi.) 
 
 This very large genus of fungous plants in- 
 eludes the Mushroom (A. campestns) and the 
 Fairy!ring Mushroom (A. pratensis), with a few 
 others, which are eatable; but, except the two 
 named, they are too dangerous for us to recom- 
 mend them. See MUSHROOM. 
 
 AGA'STACHYS. (From agastos, admira- 
 ble, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 reads [Proteaceae]. Linn., 4,-Tetrandna 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Ripe-wooded 
 cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in a cold 
 frame ; equal parts loam, sand, and peat. 
 A. odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 AGATEUE'A. (From agathos, excellent; 
 in reference to the "beauty of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to Aster 
 [Asteraceaj], Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superjlua.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants ; cultivated like the Cine- 
 raria, which they much resemble. 
 A. caVstis (heavenly). 2. Blue. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1J59- 
 
 tfmYo'/m (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 AGATKE'LPIS. (From agathos, plea- 
 sant, and thelis, a woman. Nat. ord., 
 Selagiads [SelaginaCese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in April, in sandy loam, under a 
 glass without heat. Soil, 'peat and sandy loam, 
 equal parts. Winter temp., 40 to 45 . 
 A. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 ansustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 AGATHOPHY'LLUM. Madagascar Nut- 
 meg. (From agathos, pleasant, and phyl- 
 lon a leaf; referring to the pleasant, 
 clove-like smeL of- the leaf. Nat. ord.. 
 Laurels [Lauracete]. linn., ll-JDodecan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Peat, and light rich 
 loam; cuttings. 
 
 A. aroma'ticum (aromatic). 30. White. Mada- 
 gascar. 1823. 
 
 AGATHO'SMA. (From agathos, pleasant, 
 and osma, smell. Nat. ord., JRueivorts. 
 Allied to Diosma [Kutacese], Linn., 5- 
 ^Pentcmdria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 The Rueworts are principally distinguished for 
 their bitterness and powerful smell. Greenhouse 
 evergreen shrubs, all from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and all blooming in May and June. Peat 
 and sand ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, without heat. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45. In summer a rather shady place. 
 A. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed-leaved). 5. Violet. 
 1812. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. White. 1810. 
 
 Ireotfo'Lia (short-leaved). 2. Purple. 1818. 
 
 Brum'ades (Brunia-like). 2. Purple. 1820. 
 
 cerefo'lia (chervil-leaved). 2. White. 1774. 
 
 cilia'ta (eyelash-haired). 2. White. 1774. 
 
 erf/eta (upright). 2. Blue, white. 1816. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. 1794. 
 
 ezsiccafta (dried-up, hairy). 2. Purple. 
 
 1718. 
 
 purvu'rea (purple, hairy). 2. Purple. 1791. 
 
 Ventenatia'na (Ventenat's hairy). 2. 
 
 Purple. 1794. 
 
 hi'spidu (rough-haired). 1. Violet. 1786. 
 
 imbricalta (imbricated). 3. Pink. 1774. 
 
 Imifn'lia (flax-ieaved). 2. White. 1823. 
 
 orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 2. White. 1SOO. 
 
 proli'fera (proliferous). 2. White. 1/90. 
 -~ pube'scens ( downy). 1. White. 1798. 
 
 refle'xa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820. 
 
 rugo'sa (coarsely-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White. 1824. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786. 
 AGATHY'RSTJS. (From agathos t pretty; 
 
 and thyrstis, a thyrse, or dense panicle ; 
 referring to the handsome flowers so 
 produced. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied 
 to Hawkweed [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia I-^qualis.') 
 
 All hardy herbaceous, perennials, except A' 
 alpirlus, which is an annual, and A. Floridanus. 
 which is biennial. Root division and seeds. 
 Common garden-soil. 
 A. alpi'nu* (alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland. 
 
 cya'neMs(blue). 2. Blue, July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Floridu'nus (Florida). 6. Blue. July. Iberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Lappo'nicus (Lapland). 6. Blue. July. N- 
 
 Amer. 1713. 
 
 Flumie'ri (Tlumier's). 6. Blue. August. 
 
 Lapland. 1804. 
 
 Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 1>. Blue. August. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1794. 
 
 Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1784. 
 
 AGA'TI. (The Sanscrit name for it. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fahacese] . 
 Linn., 17 -Itiadelphia ^-Tetrandria. Allied 
 to Galega.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tress. Loam and peat in 
 equal proportions ; cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, with bottom-heat. 
 
 A. cocti'nea (scarlet). 25. Red. August. E. 
 Ind. 1/68. 
 
 erandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 AGA'VE. Aloe. (From agavos, admir- 
 able ; referring to the stately form in 
 which some of them flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
AGK 
 
 c 
 
 The fibre of some srecies of aloe has been 
 manufactured into ro;>es and paper, and the 
 juice into an intoxic.i;ing liquor 'a led pulque, 
 from which, in its turn, brandy is distilled. Stove 
 and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich loamy 
 aoil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick rubbish ; 
 suckers. 
 
 STOVE. 
 A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green. 1/90. 
 
 brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 3. Green. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 fla'cdd-a (feeble). 6. Green. S. Amer. 1/90. 
 
 #ara'#o(Karatto). 5. Green. S. Amer. 1/63. 
 
 lu'rida (lurid). 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1/31. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Green. Mexico. 1817. 
 
 Miile'ri (Miller's). 6. Green. 1/63. 
 
 polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 6. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 univitta'ta (one - striped). Green. Mexico. 
 
 1830. 
 
 vivi'para (viviparous). 15. Green. Sep. 
 
 tember. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 yucccefo 'Ha (yucca-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1816. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. America'na (American aloe). 20 Yellow. 
 August. S. Amer. 1640. 
 
 ' vuriega'tn (variegated aloe). 12. Yellow. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1640. 
 
 glauce'scens (glaucous). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 polyacanthoi'des (polyacantha-like). Mexico. 
 
 1835. 
 
 pulche'rrima (most beautiful). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 snpona'ria (soap). Brown. July. Peru. 1838. 
 
 Virgi'nica( Virginian). 3. Purple. N. Amer. 
 
 1/65. 
 
 AGENO'EA. See SERI'OLA. 
 
 AGE'RATUM. (From a, not, and qeras, 
 old; in reference to the flowers being 
 always clear. Nat. orcl., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia \-2Equa- 
 //.) 
 
 All annuals, but may be kept perennials by 
 cuttings, or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seeds. 
 The first two greenhouse ; the others, except A, 
 Mexicamim, hardy. Light rich soil ; cuttings 
 and seeds. 
 
 A. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White. 
 July. Monte Video. 1827. 
 
 cceru'leum (sky-blue). 1. July. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 conyzoi'des (conyza-like). "l. Light blue. 
 
 Jujy. America. 1/14. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Peru. 1800. 
 
 Mezicainum (Mexican). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1822. Greenhouse. 
 ~~ stri'ctum (upright). 2. White. June. Ne- 
 paul. 1821. 
 
 AGLA'IA. (The name of one of the 
 three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meli- 
 acece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.') 
 
 Until very recently this interesting Chinese 
 plant was referred to the Citronworts. Stove 
 evergreen shrub. Light loam, decayed dung, 
 and peat; half-ripe cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, in a cold frame. 
 
 A, odora'ta Cswcet-scentei?). Striped. February. 
 China. 1810. 
 
 AGLAOMO'UPHA. (From aglaos, beauti- 
 
 AIE 
 
 fill, and morpha t a form. Nat. ord. % Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese], Linn., 2-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous Fern. Root division and 
 seed ; light, rich loam and peat. 
 A. Meyeria'na (Meyer's). Yellow. May. Island 
 of Luzon. 
 
 AGLAONE'MA. See A 'RUM. 
 
 AGNO'STUS. See STENOCA'RPUS. 
 
 AGONIO'PTERIS. See ACRO'STICHUM. 
 
 AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. (From ag- 
 remone, a plant used by the Greeks in 
 cataract of the eye. Nat. ord., Eoseivorts 
 [Rosaceee]. Allied to Potentilla. Linn., 
 \\-Dodecandria '2-Digynia.*) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Boot division ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June. 
 Britain. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 odora'ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July. Italy. 
 
 1640. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Virginia. 1810. 
 
 AGROMY'ZA VIO'UE. Pansy Fly. At- 
 tacks the flower by puncturing the petal, 
 and extracting the juice ; the puncture 
 causes the colouring matter, to fade. 
 Very minute ; shining black ; bristly ; 
 eyes green; head orange. Appears in 
 May. 
 
 AGROSTE'MMA. Rose Campion. (From 
 ayros, a field, and stemma, a crown ; refer- 
 ring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord.,Clove^oorls [Caryophyllaceai]. Linn., 
 \Q-Decandria k-Tetraqynia.*) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil ; 
 division or seed. 
 
 . Bungea'na (Don Bunge's). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 Russia, 1834. 
 
 decu'mbens (hanging-down). 1 . Crimson. July. 
 
 P^rewa'ica(Pyrenean). 1. Pale rose. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1819. 
 
 Sueci'ca (Swedish). Pink. August. Sweden. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ATLA'NTHUS. (From ailanto, tree of 
 heaven; referring to its lofty growth. 
 Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacesb]. 
 Linn., 23-Polyc/amia l\-Dicecia.} 
 
 Deciduous trees. Cuttings of the roots ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 A. exce'lsa (lofty). 50. Green. E.Ind. 1800. Stove. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandulous). 20. Green. China. 
 
 1751. Hardy. 
 
 Ant. Atmospheric air is uniformly 
 and universally composed of 
 
 Oxygen . 
 Nitrogen 
 
 . 79 
 
 Every 100 parts, even in the driest, 
 weather, containing, in solution, one part 
 of water; and in every 1000 pails having 
 
AIK 
 
 [20] 
 
 ALC 
 
 admixed about one part of Carbonic acid. 
 The average proportions are 
 
 Air 98-9 
 
 Watery vapour . . . I'O 
 Carbonic Acid Gas . . . O'l 
 
 All these are absolutely necessary to 
 every plant, to enable it to vegetate with 
 all the vigour of which it is capable ; and 
 on its due state depends, in a great mea- 
 sure, the health of any plant requiring 
 the protection of glass. See LEAVES, 
 ROOTS, VENTILATION. 
 
 AIK (GIVING) is a term commonly used 
 by gardeners, who mean by the term, 
 lowering the upper sashes of the house, 
 pit, or frame, to allow the escape of ex- 
 cessive heat, bad air, and vapour, and open- 
 ing, at the same time, the front sashes, 
 to admit fresh air. The openings should 
 be so regulated as to equalize the escape 
 and supply, and according to the liveli- 
 ness of the current of air desired to be 
 maintained, 
 
 AIR-PLANT. Ae'rides. 
 
 AITO'NIA. (In honour of Mr. W. 
 Alton, once head-gardener at Kew. Nat. 
 ord., Mdiads [Meliacese]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 5-Pentandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ; 
 cuttings of young wood, in sandy loam, under a 
 glass, with bottom-heat. 
 
 A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Pini. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1777- 
 
 AJAE. Used to denote the smallest 
 amount of opening to allow the entrance 
 of air, and usually applied to the front 
 sashes or lights. 
 
 A'juGA. Bugle. (From a, not, and 
 ZMijon, a yoke ; in reference to the calyx 
 being one-leaved. Nat. ord., Labiates, or 
 Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy- 
 namia "L-Gymnospermia.} 
 
 Hardy plants. Common garden-soil ; division, 
 or seeds. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. chamce'pitys (ground-pine). 1. Yellow; July. 
 England. 
 
 I'va (Iva). 1. Yellow. May. South of 
 
 Europe. 1759- 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. atistra'Ks (southern). 1. Blue. July. N. 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 folio' sa (leafy). 1. Blue. August. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1826. 
 
 Genevdnsis (Geneva). 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 Switzerland. l6s6. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Le- 
 
 vant. 1/52. 
 
 pvramida'lis (pyramidal). . Blue. May. 
 
 Britain. A beautiful plant. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Bed. May. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 
 A. ru'bra variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 1. Blue. 
 April. Britain. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1826. 
 
 AKE'BIA. (The name it bears in Japan. 
 Nat. ord., Lardiziibalads [Lardizabala- 
 ceee]. Linn., %l-Moncecia G-Hexandria.) 
 
 The fruit of Akebia quinata is used in Japan 
 as an emollient medicine. Greenhouse evergreen 
 twiner. Root division and cuttings ; sandy loam 
 and peat. 
 
 A. quina'ta (five-leafleted). Lilac-pink. March. 
 Chusan. 1845. 
 
 AKEE-TREE. BU'ghia sa'pida. 
 
 ALA'NGIUM. (The Malayan name for 
 two trees, bearing fruit not palatable to 
 Europeans. Nat. ord., Alatiyiads [Alan- 
 giacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Loam, mixed with 
 peat ; cuttings under glass, with bottom-heat. 
 A. decape'talum (ten-petaled). 10. Pale purple. 
 E. Ind. 1779- 
 
 hesape'talum (six-petaled). 15. Purple. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 ALBU'CA. From albicans, or albus, 
 white; referring to the prevalence of 
 white flowers in the genus. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs ; all from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, except the first-named. Sandy loam and 
 peat ; suckers from the old bulb, or leaves taken 
 off with a scale. Well adapted for planting out 
 in a border of light loam, in front of a green- 
 house ; to be covered from frost like Ixias. 
 A- AbyssVnica (Abyssinian). 2. White. August. 
 1818. 
 
 alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. May. 1789- 
 
 au'rea (golden). 2. Greenish-yellow. June. 
 
 1818. 
 
 cauda't a (tailed). 2. Yellow. June. 1791. 
 
 coarcta'ta (compressed). 2. White. June. 17/4. 
 
 exuvia'ta (adder's skin). 1. White. June. 1795. 
 
 fastigia'ta (peaked). 2. White. June. 1774. 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 fla'ccida (weak). 2. Yellow, green. June. 1791. 
 /ra'pransffragant). 1. Yellow, green. July. 1791. 
 
 fu'gax (fleeting). 1. Green, yellow. July. 1791. 
 
 Garde'ni fCapt. Garden's). White. October. 
 
 Natal. 1854. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 3. Green, yellow. May. 1759- 
 
 mi'no/(smaller). 1. Yellow. May. 1768. 
 
 physo'des (flatulent). 1. White. June. 1804. 
 
 seto'sa (bristly). 1. Green. June. 1795. 
 
 smra'lis (spiral-leaved). 1. White. June. 179-'. 
 
 viridifio'ra (green-flowered). 1. Green. June. 
 
 1794. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy-leaved). 1. White, green. 
 
 June. 1779. 
 
 vitta'ta (banded). 1. Yellow, green, June. 1802. 
 
 ALBU'RNUM. The layers of young 
 wood next beneath the bark, in which 
 layers the vessels are situated for con- 
 veying the sap from the roots to the 
 leaves. 
 
 ALCHEMI'LLA. Lady's Mantle. (From 
 
ALC 
 
 ] 
 
 ALL 
 
 aikemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., 
 k-Tetr an cliia 1-Muiwyynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Common dry soil; 
 seeds, or divisions. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Green. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1818. 
 sibbaldiaefo'lia (sibbaldia-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Green. June. Britain. 
 
 fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 1. Green. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1826. 
 
 pentnphy'lla (five-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1784. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Green. July. Cau- j 
 
 casus. 1813. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813. 
 
 ALCO'VE. A seat in a recess, formed of 
 stone, brick, or other dead material. 
 
 A'LDER. See A'LNUS. 
 
 ALE'TEIS. (From alet ran, meal; refer- 
 ring to the powdery appearance of the 
 whole plant. Nat. ord., Bloodworts [Hse- 
 modoracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.} 
 
 A.farino'sa is the most intense of bitters 
 known. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady 
 situation. Peat or loam and leaf-soil ; offsets. 
 A. au'rea (golden-tipped). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 farino'sa (mealy). 1. White. June. N. 
 Amer. 1768. 
 
 ALBURI'TES. (The name is the Greek 
 word for mealy ; in reference to the mealy 
 appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., 
 Spuryeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Allied to 
 Croton.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Loam. Ripe cuttings 
 root readily in sand, under a ghiss, in heat. 
 A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818. 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. October. 
 
 Society Islands. 1/93. 
 
 ALEXANDER or ALISANDER (Smy'rnium 
 "hisa'tntm) received its common name 
 from the Greek, which means " a helper 
 of man," because formerly believed to 
 possess powerful medicinal properties. 
 It was also much cultivated for its stems, 
 when blanched, to be eaten as celery, 
 which it slightly resembles in flavour. 
 Sow any time from the end of March to 
 the commencement of May, in drills 
 three feet apart. Thin the plants when 
 four inches high to a foot apart, and the 
 seedlings removed may be planted in 
 rows at similar distances. Earth them 
 M/>, to blanch like celery, when about a 
 foot high. The plants will last two years ; 
 but the stems are finer and crisper, if 
 raised from seed annually. Grow it on 
 
 a rich, light soil, and give it abundance 
 of water and liquid-manure. 
 
 ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Hu'scus race- 
 mo' sus. 
 
 ALHA'GI. (The Arabic name of the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 Allied to Hedysarum [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 ll-Diadelphla l-Tetrandria,} 
 
 The natural secretion from the leaves and 
 branches of A. Maurorum is supposed by some 
 to be the manna of Scripture. It is worthy of 
 remark, that this secretion is not now formed in 
 Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only in Persia, 
 where it is highly esteemed as food for cattle. 
 Both require the protection of a greenhouse in 
 winter. Sandy loam and peat ; young cuttings 
 and seeds, the first in sand, the latter in a hot- 
 bed. Winter temp., 40 to 45; in summer, 55 
 to 70. 
 
 A. camdo'rum (camels). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 
 1816. 
 
 Mauro'rum (Moors). 2. Red. July. Egypt. 1714. 
 
 ALIBE'RTIA. (In honour of Alibertj a 
 French chemist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat. 
 A. edu'lis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured. 
 Guiana. 1823. 
 
 ALI'SMA. Water Plantain. (From 
 the Celtic word alls, water. Nat. ord., 
 Alismads [Alismaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria 4^Polygynia.) 
 
 Hardy aquatics. Seed; sandy peat immersed 
 in water. A. plantago is recommended in hydro- 
 phobia. 
 
 A. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 2. Pure white. 
 July. Britain. 
 
 na'tans (floating). 1. White. July. Wales. 
 
 parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811). 
 
 planta'go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ranunculoi' des (ranunculus-like). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 
 trivia'lis (trivial). 2. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 ALLAMA'NDA. (In honour of Dr. Alia- 
 mand, of Leyden. Nat. ord., Dogbanes 
 [Apocynacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monoyynia.') 
 
 This order is remarkable for handsome flower- 
 ing plants, with deleterious qualities. An infu- 
 sion of the leaves of A. cathartica is a valuable 
 purgative. Stove evergreen climbers. Rich 
 loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, with bottom- 
 heat and moist air. Winter temp., 65 to 65; 
 summer, 65 to 7.1. 
 
 A. catha'rtica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July. 
 Guiana. 1785. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. 
 
 Parae'nsis (Paran). Yellow. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 Scho'ttii (Schott's). September. Yellow. 
 
 Brazil. 1847. 
 
 verticilta'tu (whorl-leaved). June. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
ALL 
 
 [ 22] 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALJAKTO'DIA. (From allantos, a sau- 
 sag.e ; in reference to the cylindrical form 
 of the indusium, or the case which en- 
 closes the seeds of Ferns. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn.,24-<7rypto- 
 gamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Greenhouse Ferns; division of the roots, or 
 sowing spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam. 
 A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. Van Dieraen's 
 Land. 1820. 
 
 axila'ris (axillary). 2. Brown. Madeira. 1//9. 
 
 strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira. 
 
 te'nera (tender). 1. Brown. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 umbro'sa (shade-loving;. 4. Brown. Madeira. 
 
 1779- 
 
 ALLEYS are of two kinds : 1. The 
 narrow walks which divide the compart- 
 ments of the kitchen-garden ; and, 2. 
 Narrow walks in the shrubheries and 
 pleasure-grounds, closely hounded and 
 overshadowed by the shrubs and trees. 
 
 ALLIGATOR PEAR. Pe'rsia grati'ssima. 
 
 ALLIO'NIA. In honour of C. Allioni, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Nyctagos. 
 Allied to the Marvel of Peru [Nyctagy- 
 . naceoe]. Linn., k-Tetrandria \-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam. 
 A, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August. 
 Cumana. 1820. 
 
 ova 1 la (egg-leaved). 1. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827 
 
 viola' ceo, (violet-coloured). 1. Violet. July. 
 
 Cumana. 1S20. 
 
 (From the Celtic all, mean- 
 ing hot, or burning; referring to the 
 well-known qualities of all the Onion- 
 worts, which are now classed in the Nat. 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej. Linn., 0- 
 Sexandria 1-Monogynia. 
 
 The onion, garlic, and leek, according to Dr. 
 Royle, are the plants translated as such in the 
 Bible (Num. ch. xi. 5). The genus includes the 
 onion, garlic, &c, Hardy bulbs. Seeds or off- 
 sets ; rich, light loam. 
 
 A, ampelopra'sum (vine-leek). 2. Purple. May. 
 England. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 angulo'sum (angulose). 1. Light purple. June. 
 
 Germany. 1/39. 
 
 ascalo'nicum (askalon, or shallot). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Palestine. 1546. 
 
 -- ma'j'us (greater askalon, or scallion). 1. 
 Purple. July. South of Europe. 
 
 a'sperurn (rough). 1. Purple. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 1800. 
 
 azu'reum (blue-coloured). 1. Blue. October. 
 
 1830. 
 
 brachyste'mon (short-stemmed). 1. White. 
 
 June. Europe. 1819. 
 
 c<ETu'leum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Russia. 
 
 1.840, 
 
 ce'pa (onion). 3. White. June. 
 
 -- a&grcgatum (aggregated onioc). 1. 
 White. June 
 
 At cefpa pauciflo'rum (few-flowered cnion) 2. 
 White. June. 
 
 cepaefo'rma (onion-form). 2. White. August. 
 
 1824. 
 
 cine'reum (grey). 1. Straw. July. Siberia. 
 
 182Q. 
 
 confe'rtum (crowded). 4. Purple. Augufct. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 conge'stum (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 controve'rsum (contrary-stemmed). 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. 1816. 
 
 desce'ndens (down-flowering). 1. July. Pur- 
 
 ple. Switzerland. 1/96. 
 
 Fi'scheri (Fischer's). 1. Lilac. July. Siberia. 
 
 1829. 
 fistulo'sum (pipe-leaved). Welsh onion. 2. 
 
 Green, yellow. April. Siberia. 1629. 
 glau'cum (milky-green). Pink. June. Siberia. 
 
 1800. 
 
 27/yncM(Illyrian). 1. Purple. July. Austria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 1827. 
 
 litto'reum (sea-side). 2. Purple. Italy. 1818. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 me'dium (middle). 1. White. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1820. 
 
 mo'ly (moly). 1. Yellow. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1604. 
 
 ophiosco'rodon (garden rocambole). 4. Pale 
 
 red. August. Greece. 
 
 oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 1818. 
 
 po'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland. 1562. 
 
 proli'ferum (proliferous). 3. White. 1820. 
 
 pu'lchrum (beautiful). Yellow. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 2. Pink. August, N. 
 
 Amer. 181S. 
 
 ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1819. 
 
 sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily. 
 
 1548. 
 
 schacno'prasum (chives). . Flesh. May. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 
 scorodo'prasum (rocambole). 3. Light purple. 
 
 July. Denmark. 1596. 
 
 scorzonercefo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Yel- 
 
 low. June. South of Europe. 1820. 
 
 spu'rium (spurious). 1. Purple. June. Si 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 Victoria'lis (Victor's). 2. Green, yellow,- May. 
 
 Austria. 1/39. 
 
 angustifo'lium (Victor's narrow-leaved). 
 
 1. Green, yellow. April. Scotland. 
 
 viola' ceum (violet). 1. Violet. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1823. 
 
 Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). 2. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1826. 
 
 ALLOPLE'CTUS. (From allos, diverse, 
 and plekcin, to plait ; in reference to the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- 
 acese]. Linn., Didynamia 2-Angiosper- 
 mia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Light, rich soil ; cuttings. 
 A. di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple, yellow. 
 Brazil. 1845. 
 
 re' pens (creeping). Yellow, brown. February. 
 
 St. Martha. 1845. This is a climbing 
 plant. 
 
 ALLOSO'RUS. (From allos, diverse, and 
 
ALL 
 
 L 23 ] 
 
 ALO 
 
 goros, a heap ; in reference to the variety 
 of the patches of fructification sori on 
 the hack of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiaeese]. Linn., 2-Cryptogamia 
 l-Filices.) 
 
 A. calomela'nts (deltoid-leaved). Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 corda'tus (heart-leaved). December. Mexico. 
 
 1842. 
 
 crispus (curled). . Brown. July. Britain. 
 flexuo'sus (zigzag). 4$. Peru. 
 
 ALLOTMENT. A sace of land divided 
 
 At cfuftno'fa emargina'ta (five-notched-leaved). 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated -leaved). 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leav-ed). April. Britain. 
 
 lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April. Britain. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April. Britain. 
 
 ,1838. 
 
 inca'na (hoary-teoed).20. June. Europe. 1780. 
 
 angula'ta (angular-teaued). 20. 
 
 pinna'ta (pinnate). 26. June. Europe. 
 
 Jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). Mexico. 
 
 macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 20. June. 
 
 macropky'lla (long-leaved.) 20. June. Na- 
 
 ples. 
 
 obcorda'ta (two-lobed). March. Russia. 
 
 oblonga'ta (oblong-/eaed). 20. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1730. 
 elli'ptica (elliptic-lobed). 20. June. 
 
 oxyacanthifo'lia (oxycanth-leaved). 20. June. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 20. June. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkled). March. N. Amer. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-teaoeeZ). 20. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1820. 
 
 sn.br otu'nda (roundish-feaued). 23. April. 
 
 undula'ta (vf&ve-leaved). 20. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1782. 
 
 ALOCA'SIA. See COLOCA'SIA. 
 A'LOE. (Frbm alloeh, its Arabic name. 
 
 Linn., 
 
 amongst so many labourers or artisans 
 
 and generally at the same price as that 
 
 which the farmer pays. It may just be 
 
 such a piece of ground as a man and 
 
 his family may successfully cultivate in 
 
 their over-hours, after attending to their 
 
 usual employment during the day. The 
 
 term allotment thus becomes synonymous 
 
 vriih garden ; and, if near to the occupier's 
 
 home, such a piece of ground is of great 
 
 importance- to him, socially and morally. 
 
 Or, secondly, an allotment may be such 
 
 & space of ground as will secure the la ^ 
 
 bourer in employment, when otherwise h; Nafc ord ~ Lilyworts [Liliacese] 
 
 might be without it. In that sense it be- ^ Hexandria LMonogynia.) 
 
 comes a mere temporary palliative lor a 
 
 social evil, and ultimately entails uponj_ Gr snhouse _evergree nts, from 
 
 its occupier all the disadvantages of_a 
 
 small farmer, without many of his 
 
 benefits. 
 
 ALLSEED. Polyca'rpon. 
 
 ALLSPICE. Calyca'nthus. 
 
 ALLSPICE-TREE. Pime'nla. 
 
 ALLUVIAL SOIL is so called from the 
 Latin word alluere, to wash down ; be- 
 cause the soil so named is that rich de- 
 posit of finely-divided earths and decom- 
 posing vegetable matters which, forming 
 the land in valleys, and on the banks of' 
 rivers, is evidently formed of the richest 
 and finest portions, washed down from, 
 higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are 
 usually very fertile, and excellent for pas- 
 
 turage. 
 ALMOND. 
 
 Amy'ydalus. 
 
 A'LNUS. The Alder-tree. (From al, near, 
 and /are, the bank of a river; in refer- 
 ence to the situation where the Alder de- 
 lights to grow. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Be- 
 tulaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia &-Tetran- 
 dria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no 
 petals. Layers, or seeds; laght loam, in moit 
 situation. 
 A. barba'ta (bearded). March. Russia. 1838. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). June. Canada. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). June. Naples. 1818. 
 
 glauca (milky-green). June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 glutino'aa (sticky). 'April. Britain, 
 
 the 
 
 of Good Hope. Sandy loam and peat, with 
 K Tittle reduced manure, and full one-third of 
 broken bricka and lime-rubbish, and good drain- 
 ege. Giro very little water in winter. Medium. 
 temp, in winter, 40; in summer, 50 to 70; 
 water with care in winter. Propagated from 
 puckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly soil. As 
 purgatives, the juice of the tree-aloes are exclu- 
 sively in use, particularly that of A. socotrina, 
 vulgaris, purpurascens, and spicata. 
 A. acumina't a (spike-leaved). Orange. April. 1795- 
 
 albispi'na (white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796. 
 
 alboci'ncta (white-banded). Orange. June. 
 
 -like). Red. June. 1731. 
 
 arista'ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810. 
 
 cec'sia (grey). 2. Orange. July. 1818. 
 ela'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Red. June. 1821. 
 
 Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 1819. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831. 
 
 dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781. 
 
 dis'tans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732. 
 depre'ssa (fat-leaved). 6. Red. July. 1820 
 
 refle'fca (reflexed). 
 
 echina'ta (hedge-hog). 
 
 4. Red. July. 
 6. 1820. 
 
 1820. 
 
 flavispi'na (yellow-spined). Red. August. 1793. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). Red. June. 1818. 
 
 gla'uca (milky-green). Red. April. 1731. 
 rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4. Red. 
 
 May. 1731. 
 
 gra'cilis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). Orange. April. 1731. 
 
 incu'rva (incurved). Orange. May. 1791- 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 179* 
 
 linea'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789. 
 glauce'scetu (milky-green-marked; . Sew 
 
 let. 1789. 
 
ALO 
 
 [24 
 
 ALP 
 
 A. mttrcefo'rmis (mitre-shaped). Red, August. 
 
 1731. 
 
 - no'k-lls (noble). Blue, August. 1800. 
 -.palle'scens (palish). Red. July. 1820. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). Scarlet. July. 1795. 
 
 pl'i'ridens (many-toothed). Red. July. 1823. 
 
 proli'fera (proliferous). Orange. April. 1819. 
 ma'jor (larger proliferous). Orange. April. 
 
 1819. 
 
 purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. August. 
 
 1/89- 
 
 sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727. 
 lu'teostria'ta (yellow-striped, soapy.) Reel. 
 
 July. 1821. 
 
 se'rra (saw). Orange. July. 1818. 
 
 serrula'ta (finely-toothed). Red. July. 1/S9. 
 
 socotri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 17^1. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). Red. 1795. 
 
 spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820. 
 
 stria'tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821. 
 
 subere'cta (slightly-leaning). Scarlet. April. 
 
 1/39. 
 
 semigutta'ta (half-spotted). Orange. May. 
 
 1819. 
 
 subtubernula'ta (slightly-knobbed). Orange. 
 
 June. 1620. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1S31. 
 
 tenu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821. 
 
 tuberrsula'ta (knobbed). Orange. April. 1706. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). Pink. June. 179i>. 
 
 xanthafta'ntha (yellow-spined). Orange. June. 
 
 181/. 
 
 ALO'MIA. (From a, not, and loma, a 
 fringe. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to 
 Eupatoria [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 yenesia I- JE quails. ~) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ; 
 temp, not below 35 in winter. 
 A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). White. July. 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 ALO'NA. (Letters of the primitive 
 name, Nolana, transposed from Nola, a 
 little bell; in reference to the form of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Nolanads [Nolan- 
 acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I -Mono - 
 gynia.) 
 
 A small order of pretty Chilian half-shrubby 
 greenhouse evergreens, with large flowers ; cut- 
 tings root freely in sandy loam ; peat and loam. 
 A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Coquimbo. 
 
 ccele'stis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843. 
 
 carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandulous). Blue. Valparaiso. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Coquimbo. 
 
 revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved). Blue. Peru. 
 
 rostra'ta (beaked). Blue. July. Coquimbo. 
 
 tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Valpa- 
 
 raiso. 
 
 ALONSO'A. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a 
 Spaniard. Nat. ord., Fiyworts. Allied 
 to Hemimeris [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 
 I4t-Didyn amia 2 -Angiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, except A. caulialata, 
 which is a half-hardy herbaceous. Rich mould ; 
 cuttings, or seeds, the first in sandy loam in 
 August or March ; the seeds in March in gentle 
 heat. 
 
 A. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved), 3. Scarlet. June. 
 Peru. 1/90. 
 
 I A. cuuliala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Chili. 1823. 
 1 incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Chili. 1/95. 
 
 1 intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 Hybrid. 
 
 linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Peru. 1790. 
 
 ALOY'SIA. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In 
 
 j honour of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain. 
 ! Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 
 1 1-i-Didynamia '3-Anyiospeivnia.) 
 j Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich mould ; 
 . cuttings in sandy soil of the old stem, or young 
 ! shoots j if the latter, shade ; August and March 
 I best times. 
 
 ! A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 3. Pale purple. 
 August. Chili. 1784. 
 
 ALPI'NES, strictly speaking, are plants 
 from alpine, that is, mountainous dis- 
 tricts, usually requiring the protection of 
 a frame in winter, because we cannot 
 secure to thfim their natural covering of 
 snow during that season. Gardeners, 
 however, include in their lists of Alpines 
 a great diversity of small plants, difficult 
 of cultivation. They are best grown in 
 pots, and require light sandy loam and 
 peat, with abundant drainage. 
 
 ALPI'NIA. (In honour of Alpini, au 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Ginyerivom 
 [Zingiberacere]. Linn., I-Monaudria 
 1-Jlfonoyynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, except A. penici.l. 
 lata, which is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy 
 soil and peat. They like much moisture and pot- 
 room in the growing season ; root division in 
 moist air. 
 A. Allu'gahs (Aiiugahs). 2. Red. February. 
 
 E. Ind. 1796. 
 1 Antilla'rum (Antilles). 4. Flesh. Maj. V,. 
 
 Ind. 1826. 
 
 | auricula' ta (eared;. 5. Reddish-yellow. E. 
 Ind. 1814. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted). 3. White. May. E.Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 caleara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). 8. White. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). 6. Pink. April. E.Ind. 
 
 1804. 
 
 como'sa (tufted-spiked). 1. White. May. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1752. 
 
 diffi'ssa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue, yellow. 
 
 April, E. Ind. 1813. 
 
 exalta'ta (lofty). 20. Red, yellow. Surinam. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White, yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. E. Ind. 
 
 lingucefo'rmis (tongue-formed). 6. Red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 magni'fica (magnificent). 10. Red. July. 
 
 Mauritius. 1830. 
 
 Malacce'nsis (Malayan). 5. White. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1799- 
 
 me'dia (mediate). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1R15. 
 
 nvu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1811. 
 
ALS 
 
 [25] 
 
 ALT 
 
 A. nutana (nodding). 13. Pink. May. E. Jnd. i frost, except A. caryophyllcea, erroneously called 
 1792. I Hgtu; and this requires'stove heat and absolute 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). 6. White. July. Ja- I rest in 
 maica. 1/93. 
 
 penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May. China. 
 
 puni'uea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 racemo'sa (branchy). 5. White. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1752. 
 
 Roicoea'na (Roscoe's). 3. Red. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822. 
 
 stria'ta (streaked). 4. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 tubula'ta (tubular). 2. lied. July. Dcme- 
 
 rara. 1820. 
 
 ALSI'NE. Chickweed. (From alsos, a 
 grove ; in reference to the situation pre- 
 ferred by these plants. Nat. ord., Clove- 
 worts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed ; common loam. 
 A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). . Siberia. 1834. 
 This is perennial ; root division. 
 
 moliugi'nea (mollugo-like). . White. July. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 mucrona'ta (spine-pointed 'leaved). 1. White. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1777* 
 
 pube'scens (downy). . White. July. 1810. 
 
 segeta'lis (sedge-like). 1. White. July. France. 
 
 1805. 
 
 ALSODEI'A. (From alsodss, leafy. Nat. 
 ord., Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn., 
 -Pentaudria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 A. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagascar. 
 1824. 
 
 paucifio'ra (few-flowered). White. Madagas- 
 
 car. 1824. 
 
 ALSO'PHILA. (From a/sos, a grove, and 
 phileo, to love ; in reference to the situa- 
 tion best suited for the plants. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [PolypodiaceaVJ. Linn., 24L-Cryp- 
 togamia \-Filices.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous Fern. Peat and loam ; 
 division. 
 
 A. Av-stra'lis (Australian). Brown. N. Holland. 
 1833. 
 
 ALSTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Alston 
 Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 The leaves of Alstonia are slightly astringent 
 and are used as tea. Stove eve^.ueen shrubs 
 allied to the Oleander. Sandy luam and peat; 
 cuttings root readily in moist bottom-heat. Win- 
 ter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 75. 
 A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White. May, 
 
 E. Ind. 1825. 
 venena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June. E 
 
 Ind. 1825. 
 
 ALSTROME'RIA. (In honour of Baroi\ 
 Alstriimer, a Swedish botanist. Nat 
 ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae], Linn. 
 Q-Hexandrla 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 All the species of this beautiful genus live ou 
 of doors with us, with a slight protection from j 
 
 winter. All the species, also, have one 
 uniform mode of upright growth, by which they 
 are easily distinguished from Bomare'as, the 
 
 species of which are all twiners. The golden 
 Alstromer from Chiloe (A. aureu,}, is perfectly 
 lardy in England, and prefers a damp situation 
 nd strong loam ; the other species are chiefly 
 rom the alpine regions of Chili, and require free 
 ir and lighter soil their long fascicled (or 
 iundled) roots are not well adapted for pot culti- 
 ation. They succeed in deep, rich, light loam, or 
 oaai, peat, and sand, and should be planted eight 
 r ten inches deep, and receive abundance of 
 rater while they are growing. Alstromers have 
 i strong natural tendency to variation, but will 
 not cross with Bornare'as, as has been asserted, 
 limits can be assigned between species and 
 varieties in this family ; a race of endless varia- 
 ions has been obtained from A. Hookeria'na by 
 he pollen of A. Hosma'ntha and its varieties. 
 These are called Van Houtte's seedlings. The 
 r ollowing are the most distinct forms of the 
 genus in our gardens ; but many more are re- 
 corded and described, which remain to be in- 
 troduced : 
 
 4. au'rea, syn. auranti'aca (golden). 2. June. 
 Orange. Chili. 1831. 
 
 Cummingia'na (Camming'*). Chili. 
 
 caryophy'll&a, syn. li'gtu (clove-like scent}. 
 
 1. February. Scarlet. Brazil. 17/6. 
 
 haema'ntha, var. Barcleyu'na (blood-coloured). 
 
 July. Crimson. Chili. 1830. 
 
 Hooke'rii, syn. ro'sea (Dr. Hooker's). 3. June. 
 
 Pink. Chili. 1834. 
 
 li'gtu. See Caryophy'llaea. The true ligtu is 
 
 not introduced. 
 
 Nei'llii (Neil's). 2. June. Pink. Chili. 1827. 
 
 pelegri'na (spot-flowered). 1. July. Striped. 
 
 Chili. 1/54. 
 
 psittaci'na (parrot-like). September. Crimson. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 pulche'lla. See Si'tnsii. 
 
 pu'lchra, syn. Flos Marti'ni; syn. tri' color 
 
 (fair), 
 yello 
 
 June. White, purple, and 
 Chili. 1822. 
 
 Si'msii, syn. pulche'lla (Sims's). 3. June. 
 Scarlet. Chili. 1822. 
 
 ALTERNANTHE'RA. (Alluding to the 
 anthers being alternately barren. Nat. 
 ord., Amaranths [Amarantacess], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings 
 root readily in common hotbed heat ; light, rich 
 loam. 
 
 A. achyra'nthn (chaff-flowered). 1. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1732. 
 cane'scens (hoary). 1. White. 
 
 White. July. 
 July. Cu- 
 1. White. July. 
 White. 
 July. 
 
 mana. 1825. 
 
 Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 
 
 Caraccas. 1819. 
 
 denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved). 
 
 July. 1822. 
 
 filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). White. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 -frute'scens (shrubby). 1. White. July. 
 Peru. 1820. This will do in a green- 
 house. 
 
 nodiflo'ru (knot-flowered). White. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1826. 
 
 1 polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 1. White. 
 July. America. 1731. 
 
ALT 
 
 [26 ] 
 
 ALJf 
 
 A. procu'mhens (procumbent), 4. White. July. 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito. 1820. 
 
 se'ssile (stalkless). &. July. Brown. E. Ind. 
 
 1778. A biennial. 
 
 spiito'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 ALTHJE'A. Mallow. (From altheo, to 
 <nire ; in reference to the medicinal quali- 
 ties. Nat.ord., Mallow worts [Malvaceae]. 
 Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 The biennials and annuals sow in spring; the 
 herbaceous dividing the roots, or seeds, which, 
 sown as soon as ripe, produce flowering plants 
 next year. A. ro'sea is the Hollyhock. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 A. acau'lis (stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo. 
 1680. 
 
 Jiirsu'ta( hairy); 2. White. July. Britain. 
 
 Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily. 
 
 1791. 
 
 Chine'nsis (China). 1. Bed. July. China. 1818. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 A. Caribas'a (Caribean). 3. Pink. Stove. April. 
 
 W. Ind. 1816. 
 fitifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Levant. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Fro/owa'na(Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 pa'llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July, 
 
 Hungary. 1805. 
 
 ro'sea (the hollyhock). Red. August. China. 
 
 1573. 
 -- tilo'ba. (two-lobed H.). 8. lied. July. 
 
 Sie'beri (Sieber^). 4. Purple. July. Sicily. 1829. 
 
 stria 1 ta (streaked). 5. White. July. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 A.cannafn'na (hemp-leaved). 6. Purple. July. 
 South of Europe. 1597. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 6. Pink. August. 
 
 South of Europe. 1/80, 
 
 nudifln'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 officina' Us (officinal. Marsh-mallow). 4. Flesh. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 Taurine'nsis (Turin). 4. Red. August. Turin. 
 
 1817. 
 
 ALTI'NGIA. (In honour ofAltiny, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinna- 
 cese]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 13-Monadelphia). 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Allied to Auraucaria. 
 Deep loamy soil. The best plants are from seeds, 
 although they may be raised from cuttings of the 
 half-ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cold 
 frame. 
 
 A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. Apetal. 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island. 
 
 1/96. 
 
 ALTITUDE, or elevation above the sea, 
 has a great influence over vegetation. 
 The greater the altitude the. greater the 
 reduction of temperature ; so much so 
 that every 600 feet of altitude are be- 
 lieved to reduce the annual temperature 
 as much as receding a degree from the 
 -equator, either to the north or to the 
 
 south. But this rule is far from uni- 
 versally applicable ; for the limit of per- 
 petual snow at the equator is at the height 
 of 15,000 feet ; whereas, in the 35th de- 
 gree of north latitude, the limit is at 
 11,000 feet, being an average of about 
 120 feet of altitude for every degree of 
 recession from the equator. In the 45th 
 degree, the limit is 8,400 feet, being an 
 average of 140 feet for every. degree; in 
 the 50th degree, 6,000 feet, or 180 feet 
 for each degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet, 
 or 200 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th, 
 from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the 
 same for each degree as to the 60th de- 
 gree of latitude. Now we know of no 
 reason why the temperature of elevations 
 below the snow-line should not follow the 
 same gradations ; and if this be so, these 
 may be taken as a rule. All plants grow- 
 ing above 7,000 feet under the equator 
 ought to grow in the open air, in the 
 latitude of London. In general, good 
 vegetation is produced at the same dis- 
 tance from the snow-line in the same 
 latitudes. 
 
 ALUMINOUS, applied to land, means 
 heav.y, owing to the presence of clay. 
 
 ALY'SSUM. Madwort. (From a, not, 
 and lyssa, rage; in reference to a fable 
 that the plant allayed anger. Nat. ord., 
 Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-2V- 
 tradynamia.) 
 
 Seeds, cuttings, and root divisions ; common 
 soil. Mostly yellow-flowered and hardy. The 
 best plants of the shrubs are from cuttings in 
 April and May, and struck in a hotbed. They 
 flower next year. The saxatile is the best yellow, 
 and for scent none surpass the white sweet 
 alyssum of the gardens, which will sow itself in 
 the ground, and may be sowed several times 
 during the summer, by the side of borders, kke 
 the Virginia stock. The evergreen shrubs, as 
 they are called, more resemble herbaceous plants, 
 they are so lowly in their growth. They are 
 best propagated by cuttings of the points of the 
 shoots, two or three inches in length, inserted in 
 sandy loam, early in the season, and in a shady 
 place. Variegatum is a little tender. Though 
 all grow freely in common soil, yet to have them 
 in perfection they should be used as rock or hil- 
 lock plants. Even when planted in the border 
 they succeed best when planted in little mounds. 
 The variegatum makes a fine edging to any bril- 
 liant-coloured bed. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 A. Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. April. Crete. 
 1817. 
 
 Gemone'nse (German). 1. April. Europe. 
 
 obtttsifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. April. Tauria. 
 
 1828. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 1. April. Crete. 
 variega'tum (variegated-leaved). April. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 saxa'tile (rock). 1. June. Candia. 1710. 
 
ALZ [ ' 
 
 A serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). I. August. 
 South of Europe. 1822. 
 
 spatula'tum (spatulate). 1. April. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 verna'le (vernal). 1. June. 1819. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 A. Mrsu'tum (hairy). 1. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbellate). 1. July. Tauria. 
 
 1821. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 A. alpe'stre (alpine). 1. June. South of Europe. 
 1825. 
 
 arge'nteum (silvery). 1. April. Switzerland. 
 
 Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). 1. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. July. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 diffu'sum (spreading). 1. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 Marschallia'num (Marschall's). 1. April. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 micra'nthum (small-flowered). 1. August. 
 
 Russia. 1836. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 1. June. Germany. 
 
 1713. 
 
 mura'le (wall). 1. July. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 oly'mpicum (Olympic). 1. June. 1700. 
 
 procu'mbens (trailing). 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisted). I.April. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 Warscha'lldii (Warschalld's). June. Yellow. 
 
 South of Europe. 1847- 
 
 Wulfenia'num (Wulfen's). 1. April. Ca- 
 
 rinthia. 1819. 
 
 ALZATE'A. (In honour of a Spanish 
 naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord., Spin- 
 dle-trees [Celastracese]*. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree, Cuttings in hot- 
 bed ; sandy peat. 
 A. vtrticilla'ta (verticillate). 20. Peru. 1824. 
 
 AMARA'NTHUS. Amaranth. (From a, 
 not, and mairaino,to wither ; in reference 
 to the durability or "everlasting" quality 
 of the flowers of some species. ' Nat. ord., 
 Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moiicccia 5-Pentandria.') 
 
 Hardy annuals. Rich loam; seeds sown in 
 open ground in March and April. 
 A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 3. Purple. 
 September. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, green. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1602. 
 
 cauda'tut (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1596. 
 
 ma'ximus (true-love-lies-bleeding). 6. 
 
 Red. August. 1820. 
 
 crue'ntus (dark-bloody). 3. Dark red. July. 
 
 China. 1728. 
 fnscia'tus (banded). 2. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 fla'vus (yellow). 4. Light yellow. August. 
 
 India. 1759. 
 
 lancecefo'lius (lance-leaved). 3. Red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1764. 
 
 sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Red. August. 
 
 Bahama. 1775. 
 
 epecin'sus (showy). 6. Red. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1819. 
 
 tri'coior (three-coloured). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 Attgust. E. Ind. 1548. 
 
 r ] AMB 
 
 AMARY'LLIS. (A classic alname,' after 
 Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaiyllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 "L-Monogynia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy deciduous bulbs. Ever since 
 the day the great Linnaeus instituted this genus, 
 "with a playful reason assigned," until the 
 whole order was arranged by the late Dean of 
 Manchester, it has been loaded in books with all 
 kinds of allied plants in an interminable confu- 
 sion. Every hybrid usually arranged in this 
 genus is a Hippeastrum ; and all which we 
 think necessary to mention will be found under 
 that genus. Plant in light, rich soil, in a shel- 
 tered place, well drained, and the bulbs placed 
 at least six inches deep. 
 
 A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna-lily). 2. Pale pink. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1712. 
 
 pa'lUda (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1712. 
 
 bla'nda (charming). 14. June. Whitish. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope.- 1754. 
 These are all that we can arrange in this genus, 
 although we think that Brunsvigia Josephine and 
 
 B. grandiflora are true Amaryllises, having 
 crossed, or produced fertile seeds, with Amaryllis 
 blanda; but, as they are very distinct in the 
 appearance of their leaves and bulbs, no author 
 but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured to unite them 
 with Amaryllis. Without aiming at a reform of 
 our botanical classification, we think it desirable 
 to keep Hippeiistrum apart from Amaryllis, on 
 account of the opposite habits of the bulbs of the 
 two genera, those of the Amaryllis growing only 
 late in the autumn, and through the winter in 
 Europe ; while those of Hippeastrum are under 
 the gardener's control, and may be managed to 
 grow at different periods. Our great aim should 
 be to get crosses between Amaryllis and Valotta. 
 Thus reduced, Amaryllis would turn evergreen, 
 or at least produce leaves and flowers simulta- 
 neously. All bulbs which flower wkhout their 
 leaves are objectionable. 
 
 AMASO'NIA. (In honour of an American 
 traveller, named Amason. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14^-Didyna- 
 mia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Sandy loam ; 
 suckers. 
 
 A. ere'cta (upright). 2. Yellow. September. 
 Maratihao. 1823. 
 
 puni'cea (scarlet). 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 AMATE'UR. As the true qualification of 
 an amateur sometimes is questioned at 
 local horticultural shows, we give our defi- 
 nition. We consider that person is an 
 amateur who has a taste for a pursuit 
 (floriculture, or horticulture, for instance,) 
 but who neither follows it as a profession, 
 nor for pecuniary advantage. 
 
 A'MBURY is a disease peculiar to the 
 Cabbageworts, and is known by the va- 
 rious names of Hanbury, Anbury, and 
 Club Root. Fingers and Toes, a name 
 applied to it in some parts, alludes to the 
 swollen state of the small roots of the 
 affected plants. 
 
AMB 
 
 C 28 ] 
 
 AME 
 
 ^ Cabbage-plants are frequently infected 
 with am bury in the seed-bed, which in- 
 fection appears in the form of a gall or 
 wart on the stem near the roots. This 
 wart contains a small white maggot, the 
 larva of a little insect called the weevil. 
 If on the gall and its tenant being re- 
 moved, the plant is again placed in the 
 earth, where it is to remain, unless it is 
 again attacked, the wound usually heals, 
 and the growth is little retarded. On the 
 other hand, if the gall is left undisturbed, 
 the maggot continues to feed upon the 
 alburnum, or young woody part of the 
 stem, until the period arrives for its pass- 
 
 turnip and cabbage usually attacks these 
 crops when grown for successive years on 
 the same soil. This is precisely what 
 might be expected; for, where the parent 
 insect always deposits her eggs, some of 
 these embryo ravages are to be expected. 
 The am bury is most frequently observed 
 in dry seasons. This is also what might 
 be anticipated ; for insects that inhabit 
 the earth just beneath its surface are al- 
 ways restricted and checked in their 
 movements by its abounding in moisture. 
 Moreover, the plants actually aifected by 
 the ambury are more able to contend 
 against the injury inflicted by the larva 
 
 of the weevil by the same copious sup- 
 ply. Charcoal-dust, spread about half-on- 
 inch deep upon the surface, and just 
 
 ing into the other insect form, previously 
 to which it gnaws its way out through the 
 
 exterior bark. Ttie disease is now almost _ r ..^ ~ , ,, 
 
 beyond the power of remedies. The gall, I mixed with it by the point of a spade, it 
 increased in size, encircles the whole ' is said, prevents the occurrence of this 
 stem ; the alburnum being so extensively disease. Soot, we have reason to believe, 
 destroyed, prevents the sap ascending ; i from a slight experience, is as effectual 
 consequently, in dry weather, sufficient J as charcoal-dust. Judging from theoreti- 
 
 l"nryictmA ic vir*f c-nT^-rvlio/-! 4V/M-vi -flio Trvrvfc- ro1 T-oocrvnc? lira mirrlif />/~\*~ir1 n rlo fV*af if- 
 
 moisture is not supplied from the roots 
 to counterbalance the transpiration of 
 the leaves, and the diseased plant is very 
 
 reasons, we might conclude that it 
 would be more specifical ; for, in addition 
 to its being, like charcoal, finely divided 
 
 discernible among its healthy compa- 1 carbon, it contains sulphur, to which in- 
 nions by its pallid hue and flagging fo- i sects also have an antipathy. A slight 
 liage. The disease now makes rapid | dressing of the surface-soil with a little 
 progress, the swelling continues to in- . of the dry hydro-sulphuret of lime from 
 crease, for the roots continue to afford i the gas-works would prevent the occur 
 their juices faster than they can be con- j rence of the disease, by driving the wee- 
 veyed away; moisture and air are ad- i vils from the soil. It would probably as 
 mitted to the interior of the excrescence, ! effectually banish the turnip fly or beetle, 
 through the perforation made by the : if sprinkled over the surface immediately 
 maggot; the wounded vessels ulcerate, ! after the seed is sown. For cabbages, 
 putrefaction supervenes, and death con- i twelve bushels per acre would not, pro- 
 eludes the stinted existence of the mise- ! bably, be too much, spread upon the sur- 
 rable plant. The tumour usually attains j face, and turned in with the spade or last 
 the size of a large hen's egg, has a rug- ' ploughing. To effect the banishment of 
 ged, ulcerated, and even mouldy surface, i the turnip-beetle, we should like a trial 
 smelling strong and offensively. The ! to be made of six or eight bushels spread 
 fibrous roots, besides being generally ! over the surface immediately after the 
 thickened, are distorted and monstrous j sowing and rolling are finished. Although 
 from swellings which appear throughout j we specify these quantities as those we 
 their length, apparently arising from an ; calculate most correct, yet in all experi- 
 effort of nature to form receptacles for i ments it is best to try various proportions, 
 the sap. These swellings do do not seem | Three or four bushels may be found suf- 
 1 i arise immediately from the attacks of j ficient; perhaps twelve, or even twenty, 
 the weevil. When it attacks the turnip, may not be too much. In cabbages, the 
 a large excrescence appears below the | ambury may usually be avoided by fre- 
 bulb, growing to the size of both hands, i quent transplanting^; for this enables the 
 
 and, as soon as the winter sets in, it is, 
 by its own nature, brought to maturity, 
 becoming putrid, and smelling very offen- 
 sively. The parent weevil is of a dusky- 
 "black colour, with the breast spotted with 
 white, and the length of the body one 
 line and two-thirds. The ambury of the 
 
 workman to remove the excrescences 
 upon their first appearance, and renders 
 the plants altogether more robusts and 
 ligneous ; the plant in its tender, sappy 
 stage of growth being most open to the 
 insect's attacks. 
 
 AHELA'SCKIER. (This is the 
 
AME 
 
 [29 ] 
 
 AME 
 
 name for the Medlar, to which this genus 
 is closely allied. Nat. ord., Appieworts 
 [Pomace<B~\. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 2-Di- 
 2)entagynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the 
 Medlar. Layers ; common rich loam. Small 
 troes cultivated for their showy white flowers, 
 which are produced early in the season. They 
 are also propagated by grafting on the hawthorn, 
 or on the quince. 
 
 A. botrya'pium (grape-pear). 12. N. Amer. 1746. 
 fio'rida (flowery). 12. N. Amer. 1826. 
 parviftt'lia (small-leaved). 3. 
 
 ova'lis (oval-leaved). 8. N. Amer. 1800. 
 semi-integrifo'lin (half-entire-leaved). N. 
 
 Amer. 
 subcorda'ta (subcordate-leaved). N. Amer. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloody). 4. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 6. South of Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 ^ AME'LLUS. (A name employed by Vir- 
 gil for a blue aster-looking plant growing 
 on the banks of the river Mella. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., 19- 
 Synyenesia 2-Supcr/lua.} 
 
 Allied to Aster. The first is a greenhouse 
 evergreen shrub, and the other two hardy herba- 
 ceous perennials. Loamy soil ; cuttings. 
 A. lychni'tis (lychnitis). 1. Violet. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1/63. 
 
 spinulo'sus (spinulose). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 villo'sus (long-haired). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 AMERICAN ALOE. Aga'vc America'na. 
 
 AMERICAN BLIGHT. The insect attack- 
 ing our apple-trees, and known by this 
 name, is the Eriosoma lanigera of some 
 entomologists, and E. mail and Aphis la- 
 nigera of others. Its generic characters 
 are, having an abdomen (belly) without 
 tubercles, antennae, or horns, short and 
 thread form, and the whole body more or 
 less cottony or tomentose. The presence 
 of these insects is shown by the white 
 cottony matter in the cracks and excre- 
 
 scences of apple-tree branches in the 
 spring. When crushed they extrude a 
 
 reddish fluid. These insects are inju- 
 rious by piercing the sap-vessels of the 
 tree, sucking the juice, and causing 
 wounds which ulcerate, and finally de- 
 stroy, the branch attacked, by corroding 
 through all the sap-vessels. The cottony 
 matter is abundant ; and, wafted to other 
 trees, conveys to them infection by bear- 
 ing with, it the eggs or embryo insects. 
 Such, however, is not the exclusive mode 
 of diffusing the disease ; for, although the 
 females are usually wingless, yet some 
 are probably produced with wings at the 
 season propitious to colonization : the 
 males are uniformly winged. In the win- 
 ter these insects retire underground, and 
 prey upon the roots of the apple-tree. A 
 tree thus ravaged at all seasons will soon 
 be killed, if prompt and vigorous reme- 
 dies are not adopted. The affected roots 
 may be bared and left exposed for a feu 
 days to the cold, and the earth, before 
 being returned, be saturated with arnmo- 
 niacal liquor from the gas-works. In 
 early March the branches should be 
 scraped and scrubbed with the same am- 
 moniacal liquid, or a strong brine of com- 
 mon salt; but, whatever liquid is em- 
 ployed, the scraping and hard bristles of 
 the brush should penetrate every crack 
 in the bark. We have found spirit of 
 turpentine, applied thoroughly to every 
 patch of the insect by means of an old 
 tooth-brush, the most effective destroyer 
 of these insects. The spirit must be ap- 
 plied carefully, because it kills every leaf 
 on which it falls. The codlin and June 
 eating-apple trees are particularly liable 
 to be infected ; but we never observed it 
 upon any one of the russet apples ; and 
 the Crofton pippin is also said to be ex- 
 empted. Our woodcut represents the in- 
 sect of its natural size as well as magni- 
 fied. The head, antennae, and proboscis, 
 by which it wounds the sap-vessels, are 
 still further magnified. 
 
 AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodeca'theon. 
 
 AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus 
 macroca'rpus. Soil light, and occasion- 
 ally manured with rotten leaves. Peat 
 has been considered indispensable by 
 some cultivators ; but we much question 
 whether this be not a mistaken impres- 
 sion, and should not be allowed to deter 
 persons from planting in any ordinary 
 dark vegetable matters, soft alluvium, or 
 humus which may happen to be within 
 reach. On making an artificial compost, 
 we would avdvise one-third peaty or other 
 
AME 
 
 [ 30 
 
 AMH 
 
 dark and unctuous material, one-third I their seed before the commencement of 
 leaf-soil, or old 'decayed weeds, and one- autumn. 
 
 third light and sandy loam or ordinary AMERICAN PLANTS. These comprise 
 soil. Situation: It requires a constant many very different species, which, re- 
 supply of water ; and, on a south bank, sembling each other in requiring a well- 
 where this supply can be obtained, it drained, peaty soil and abundance of wa- 
 inay be planted in rows four feet apart ter, are usually cultivated in a separate 
 each way, and the water made to circu- department, where the garden-establish- 
 late in a small ditch between the rows, ment is extensive ; and, wherever grown, 
 But the edge of a pond will suit it almost should have a compartment to them- 
 as well, provided that a little soil of a selves, a very acutely sloping bank, facing 
 proper character is introduced round the the north or east; and some of them as 
 margin. It is well to state, however, the Pthododendron, Andromeda, and Aza- 
 that a very considerable amount of sue- lea do not object to being overshadowed 
 cess has been attained in beds of a peaty by trees. The soil, as already stated, 
 character, without any system of irriga- should, if possible, be peaty ; and the best 
 tion. After-culture : The shrubs require annual dressings that can be applied are 
 no other attention than to be kept free such matters as decayed leaves and the 
 from weeds. A top-dressing annually, bottom of old wood-stacks, or any other 
 in November, of heath-soil or rotten mixture of decayed woody fibre ; and, in 
 leaves has been stated to prove of much fact, these tribes in general have been 
 service. The American cranberry is con- well grown in an artificially- compounded 
 sidered of easier culture than the Eng- soil, such as rotten leaves, old and spent 
 lish, or Oxyco'ccus palu'stris, the latter tan, or sawdust, and ordinary light soil, 
 requiring more moisture than the Ame- with some sancl, using twice as much of 
 rican. Produce : The fruit, used for the vegetable matter as of the others. A 
 tarts and preserving, is so abundant, that | covering of moss, also, will be beneficial, 
 a bed six yards long is sufficient for the 
 largest family. Propagation : Suckers, 
 
 AMERI'MNUM. (From a, not, and me- 
 rimna, care ; in reference to the little care 
 
 cuttings, or seeds; the'two former plant- 1 needed by tha Houseleek, to which this 
 
 name was applied by the Greeks. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea3] .Linn., 
 
 ed early in the autumn. 
 
 AMERICAN CRESS. Barbce'rea pre'cox. 
 Soil and Situation : For the winter 
 standing crops, a light, dry soil, in an 
 open but warm situation ; and, for the 
 summer, a rather moister and shady bor- 
 der in neither instance rich. Soiv every 
 six weeks from March to August, for 
 summer and autumn ; and one sowing, 
 
 \Q-Monadclphia Q-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots in sand and gentle heat ; rich loam. 
 A. Bro'wnei (Brown's ). 10. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 strigulo'sum (strigulose). 20. White. Trini- 
 dad. 1817. 
 
 AMETHY'STEA. 
 
 (From amcthystos, the 
 
 either at the end of August or beginning amethyst; in reference to the blue colour 
 of September, for a supply during winter O f the flower. Nat. OT&., Labiates, or Lip- 
 and spring. Sow in drills nine inches \ WO rts [Lamiaceaj]. Linn., W-Decandria 
 apart. Culture: Water occasionally dur- \-Monoyynia ) 
 
 ing dry weather both before and after Ha rdy annual. Seed; peat and sandy loam, 
 tne appearance of the plants. Thin to A. casru'len (blue-flowering). 2. Blue. July 
 three inches apart. In winter, shelter Siberia, 1759. 
 
 with a little litter or other light covering, AMHE'RSTIA. (In honour of the Coim- 
 supported by some twigs bent over the \tess Amherst. Nat. ord., Leguminou. 
 bed, or some bushy branches laid among Plants [Fabaceffl]. Linn., Yl-Diadelph'u 
 the plants ; keep clear of weeds. In 
 gathering, strip off the outside leaves, 
 which enables successional crops to be- 
 come rapidly fit for use. When the plants | ? re , d England, by Mrs. Lawrence, in 
 begin to run, their centres must be cut 
 away which causes them to shoot afresh. 
 To obtain Seed 7 a few of the strongest 
 plants, raised from the first spring sow- 1 loam ; 
 ing, are left ungathered from. They 
 flower in June or July, and perfect! ind. 1337. 
 
 I-Triandria.) 
 Allied to Jonesia. This splendid flowering tree, 
 the cream of the Indian Flora," was first flow- 
 
 The 
 
 hardly three days, as to render its cultivation less 
 desirable. Stove evergreen tree. Rich, strong- 
 cuttings of half- ripened wood, in sand, 
 
 40. Rich vermilion, E. 
 
AMI 
 
 AMP 
 
 AMI'CIA. (In honour of B. Amid, phy- 
 sician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese]. Linn., 17-Monadelphia3-Hexan- 
 dria. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Rough sandy loam ; 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glnss. 
 A. zigo'meris (two-jointed-podded). 8. Yellow. 
 June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 AMIA'NTHIUM. See HELO'NIAS. 
 
 Aaoio'Eimi. (From ammos, sand, and 
 bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy soil 
 in which it thrives. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 10-Syngenesia 1- 
 M 'quails.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings 
 and seed ; common soil. 
 A. ala'tum (winged). 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1S22. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 1. White. 
 August. N. Holland. 1827. 
 
 AMMO'OHAEIS. See BRUNSVI'GIA. 
 
 AMMODE'NDEON. (From ammos, sand, 
 and dendron, a tree ; in reference to the 
 situation it grows in. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Zte- 
 candria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A hardy evergreen tree. Allied to Sophora. 
 A. Sieve'rsn (Siever's). 4. Purple. June. Si- 
 beria. 1837. 
 
 AMMOGE'TON. (From ammos, sand, and 
 geton, near; the situation it likes. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia l.-JEqualis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Root division; 
 sandy loam. 
 
 A. scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yellow. 
 May. N. Amer. 1834. 
 
 AMMY'ESINE. (From ammos, sand, and 
 myrsine, myrtle. Nat. ord., Heathivorts 
 [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs, allied to Ledum, but 
 requiring slight protection in winter. Peat; 
 layers. This genus should be united to Leio- 
 phyllum. 
 A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. N.Amer. 
 
 .AMO'MUM. (From a, not, and momos, 
 impurity ; in reference to the quality of 
 counteracting poison. Nat ord., Ginger- 
 worU [Zingiberacesej. Linn., 1-Monaji- 
 dria l-Monogy)iia.) 
 
 Grains of paradise, acrid seeds used to give 
 pungent flavour to liquors, belong to different 
 species of Arnomum. Being aromatic herbs, they 
 were used in embalming; whence the word 
 mummy. Stove herbaceous perennials. Root 
 division; rich, light loam; require, when grow- 
 ing, a high, racist heat. 
 
 A. awlea'tum, (pnckly). 10. Orange, May, E, 
 Ind. I8ig, 
 
 A. Afze'lii (Afcelius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierra 
 Leone. 1795. 
 
 angustifo'lium( narrow-leaved). 8. Red. June, 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. Purplish-yellow. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 cardamo'mvm (small cardamom). 4. Pale 
 
 brown. Jane. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Danie'lli (bastard melligetta). 3$. Red. W. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April. 
 
 Bengal. 1819. 
 
 gra'na paradi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red. 
 
 March. Madasgascar. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 July. Sierra Leone. 1/95. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish-yel- 
 
 low. June. Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April. 
 
 Bengal. 1822. 
 
 sylve'stre (wood). 1. White. April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1819. 
 
 AMOO'EA. (Nat. ord., Meliads [Melia- 
 cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under 
 bell-glass, in a hotbed ; soil, light, rich loam. 
 A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow. May. N. 
 Amer. 1834. 
 
 AMO'EPHA. Bastard Indigo. (From a, 
 not, and morpha, form; in reference to 
 the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. ord.> 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers^ 
 or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn. 
 A. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Blue. July. Missouri. 
 1812. 
 
 cro'ceo-lana'ta (yellow- woolled). 5. Purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Purple. July. N. 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple. July. Ca- 
 rolina. 1724. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 9. Purple. 
 
 June. South Carolina. 1812. 
 
 ceeru'lea (blue). 9. Blue. June. South 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 emar^mM'fa.'(emarginate-leaved). 6. Pur- 
 ple. July. " Carolina. 1724. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. Carolina. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 3. Purple. Julv. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Jierba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1803. 
 
 Z,eu;i'su'(Lewis's). 3. Purple. July. N.Arner. 
 
 1818. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Missouri. 1811, 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Missouri-. 
 
 1811. These last four require a little 
 protection in winter. 
 
 AMPELO'PSIS. (From ampelos, a vine, 
 and oj;sis, resemblance; in reference to 
 its resemblance to the grape-vine. Nat. 
 ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn., b-Pen~ 
 tandria 1-Monogynia,) 
 
AMP 
 
 [32 ] 
 
 AMY 
 
 Loudon said A.hederacea is "the most vigo- 
 rous-growing climber in Europe. It thrives in 
 almost every soil and situation, from Warsaw to 
 Naples." Hardy deciduous climbers ; all their 
 flowers purple and green. Common soil ; layers 
 or cuttings. 
 
 A. bipinna'ta (double-winged). 15. August. N. 
 Amer. 1700. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1803. 
 
 hedera'cea (Virginian creeper). 60. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 60. May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 AMPELY'GONUM. (From ampelos, a vine, 
 and gonu, a joint ; referring to its stems. 
 Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese], 
 Linn., 8-Octandria 9-2'rigynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Sandy loam 
 and a Ihtle peat ; seeds. 
 
 A. Chine'nse (Chinese). Yellowish- white. July. 
 . Ind. 1837. 
 
 AMPHEKE'PHIS. (From ampherephcs, 
 well-covered ; alluding to the double in- 
 volucre. Nat. ord., Composites [Compo- 
 sitse]. Linn., IQ-Syngcnesia 1-JE quails.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with purple flowers. Sandy 
 loam ; seeds. 
 
 A. arista' ta (awned). 1. Purple. July. Ca- 
 raocas. 1824. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). ]. Purple. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 mu'tica (awnless). 1. Purple. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 AMPHICABP-E'A. (From amphi, around, 
 or on either side, and karpos, fruit; in 
 reference to the plant bearing pods on 
 the stem and on the shoots. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia 4-Decawrfrio.) 
 
 Ornamental twining, hardy annual plants ; 
 allied to Wistaria; readily increased by seeds, 
 in common soil. 
 
 A. monoi'ca (monoicus). 4. September. N. 
 Amer. 1781. 
 
 sarmento'sa (twiggy). 2. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 AMPHI'COMA. (From amphi, around, and 
 home, hair ; in reference to the winged 
 peed. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignonia- 
 cesej. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiosper- 
 mia.) 
 
 A pretty half-hardy evergreen, not unlike a 
 Pentstemon. It may be increased by seeds, or 
 by cuttings, which root readily in sandy peat, in 
 July, if placed under glass. 
 
 A. argu'ta (finely-cut). 1. Lilac. August. 
 Himalaya Mountains. 
 
 AMPHILO'BIUM. (From amphi, round, 
 and lobos, a pod ; in reference to the 
 shape of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Big- 
 noniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy- 
 namia %-Angiospermia.) 
 
 A handsome evergreen climber, requiring the 
 same treatment as Bignonia. Cuttings root 
 
 readily under glass, on bottom-heat, in the spring 
 months. Soil, loam and peat. 
 A. panicula' turn (panicled). 20. Purple. W. 
 Ind. 1738. 
 
 AMSO'NIA. (In honour of Charles Amso/i, 
 a scientific traveller in America. Nat. urd., 
 Dogbanes. [Apocynaceee PlumiereeeJ. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Allied to Plumieria. These are handsome her- 
 baceous perennials, with blue flowers, and will 
 grow in any garden- soil; rooting readily from 
 cuttings during the summer months, or they may 
 be divided at the root at any season. 
 A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. N. Ame* 
 1774. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1/59. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 AMY'GDALUS. (From amysso, to lacerate, 
 in reference to the fissured channels in 
 the stone of the fruit ; but some suppose 
 from a Hebrew word signifying vigilant, 
 as its early flowers announce the return 
 of spring. Na,t.ord.,Almondworts [Drupa- 
 cese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 These are very ornamental plants ; the tall tree 
 kinds are very pretty in the middle or back 
 ground of shrubberies ; the dwarf kinds, also, 
 as front plants to the same. The true varieties 
 are increased by budding them upon seedling 
 plum - stocks. In the south of France, Italy, 
 Spain, and different parts of the Levant, they are 
 cultivated for their fruit. Almost any soil suits 
 them. 
 
 A. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). Pink. March. 
 Cochin China. 1825. 
 
 commu'nis (common or sweet). 15. Red. 
 
 April. Barbary. 1548. 
 
 umdra (bitter). 1. Red. April. Bar- 
 bary. 1548. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet). 15. Red. March. 1548. 
 
 flore-ple'no (double-blossomed). 15. Red. 
 
 March. 1548. 
 
 -~./o'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. 
 
 Red. March. 1548. 
 
 fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April. Bar- 
 bary. 1548. 
 grandifio'ra ro'sea (great-rosy.flowered). 
 
 15. Hose. March. 1548. 
 macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 15. Red. 
 
 April. Barbary. 1548. 
 persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red. April. 
 
 Barbary. 1548. 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 15. White. March. 
 
 1548. 
 salicifo'lia. (willow-leaved). 15. White. 
 
 March. 1548. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. Red. April. Caucasus. 
 campe'stris (field). 2. Red. April. 
 
 Podolia. 1818. 
 
 Geo'rgica (Georgian). 3. Red. April. 
 
 Georgia. 1818. 
 
 orienta-'lis (eastern). 10. Red. April. Le- 
 
 vant. 1756. 
 
 peduncula'ta (flower-stalked). 10. Red. 
 
 April. Levant. 1833. 
 
 pu'mila (double-dwarf). 4. Red. April. 
 
 China. 1683. 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate-growing). 2. Red. ApriL 
 
 Crete. 1802. 
 
 Sibtrica (Siberian). 6. Red, April. Siberia. 
 
AMY 
 
 L 33 ] 
 
 ANA 
 
 (From a, intensive, and 
 myrrha, myrrh ; in reference to its power- 
 ful perfume. Nat. ord., Amyrids [Amyri- 
 dacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoyynia. ) 
 
 This genus is famed for its resinous gum. The 
 species are all ornamental, white-flowered, ever- 
 green stove trees, growing well in loam and peat, 
 and readily increased by cuttings in sand and 
 peat, on bottom-heat, under glass, in the spring 
 months. 
 A. ayumina'ta (acuminated). 20. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. August. Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 16. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 Luna'ni (Lunan's). 12. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 12. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 nn'na (dwarf). 5. E.Ind. 1822. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 sylva'tica. (wood). 16. July. Carthage. 1793. 
 
 tecoma'ca (tecomaca). 20. Mexico. 1827- 
 
 tozi'feru (poison-bearing). 10. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 ANACA'MPSEROS. (From anakampto, 
 to cause to return, and eros, love ; an 
 ancient name for a plant fabled to possess 
 the virtue of restoring the soft passion. 
 Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacece]. 
 Linn., Il-Dodccandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 These are very pretty little greenhouse plants ; 
 do well in sand and loam, mixed with a little 
 lime-rubbish, and are increased either from seeds 
 sown in spring, or from cuttings at any time ; 
 even a single leaf will make a plant. The cut- 
 tings should be laid to dry a day or two before 
 planting-. 
 
 J. angiistifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink. July- 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1320. 
 
 aracknoi'des (cobwebbed). lg. Pink. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 filamentdsa (thready). 1. Pink. September. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 inter me' dia (intermediate). Pink. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 lanneola'ta (spear-leaved). 1. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/96. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 rotnndifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1/32. 
 
 ru'bens (reddish-leaved). 1. Red. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, 1/96. 
 
 rufe'scens (rusty-coloured). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 va'rians (varying). 1. Pink. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1813. 
 
 ANACA'RDIUIT. (From ana, like, and 
 rmrdia, the heart ; in reference to the form 
 of the nut. Nat. ord., Anacards, or Tere- 
 binths [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 2'3-Poly- 
 r/amia 2-Dicecia.) 
 
 A. occidenta'le produces the Cashew-nut. These 
 are stove evergreen trees, ornamental, producing 
 panicled corymbs of sweet. smelling flowers. Soil, 
 rich loam ; ripe cuttings root readily, with their 
 1 eaves on, in a pot of sand, under a glass, in heat. 
 A. occidenta'le (western). 20. Green, red, W' 
 
 Ind. 1699. 
 1'ndicvm (Indian). 20. Green, red. E. 
 
 Ind. 1699. 
 
 3 
 
 ANACY'CLUS. (From ana, like, and 
 kyklos, a circle ; in reference to the rows 
 of ovaries in circles round the disk. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesiu 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 Common hardy annuals of no groat beauty, 
 allied to Chamomile. They should be sown in 
 the open ground in April. 
 
 A. Alexandn'nus (Alexandrian). Yellow. June. 
 Egypt. 1828. 
 
 au'reus (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Levant. 1570. 
 
 clava'tus (clubbed). 2. White. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1810. 
 
 pyre'thrum (pyrethrum - like). 2. White. 
 
 August. Barbary. 183/. 
 
 radia'tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 1596. 
 
 ANADE'NIA. (From a, not, and adcn, a 
 gland ; in reference to the absence of a 
 honey-gland. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro- 
 teacesej. Linn., k-Tetrandria I-Mono- 
 (jynia.) 
 
 Pretty greenhouse plants, allied to Grevillea. 
 Grown in peat, with a little loam ; can be propa- 
 gated by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 A. Mangle'sii (Mangle's). 3. Yellow. April. 
 South River. 1836. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 2. Yellow. N. Holland. 
 
 1 824. 
 
 ANAGA'LUS. Pimpernel. (From anu- 
 gclao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a virtue 
 to remove sadness. Nat. ord.. Primeworl* 
 [Primulaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pe:tiandria 1- 
 Jfonogynia.) 
 
 A favourite genus with gardeners. They are 
 very interesting plants, of easy culture ; many oi" 
 the perennial kinds require greenhouse protection 
 during winter, and are readily increased by cut- 
 tings, in spring, in the hotbeds. The whole of 
 them make excellent rock and border plants for 
 the summer. 
 A. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Yellow, pink. 
 
 April. Rio Janeiro. 1839. Herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 co'rnea (fleshy). 1. Flesh. August. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. Hardy annual. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Vermilion. August. 
 
 Morocco. 1803. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 1. Blue. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. Hardy annual - 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Spain. 1759. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 Unifo'lia (flax-leaved). Blue. August. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1796. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 Ittarrya'tttK (Mrs. Marryatt's). 1. Copper. 
 
 July. Hybrid. 1828. Half-hardy ever- 
 green trailer. 
 
 Mone'lti (Monelli's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 
 
 164 8. This and the next five are green- 
 house herbaceous trailers. 
 
 Brewe'ri (Brewer's). 3. Red. June. 
 
 Gardens. 1648. 
 
 lilaci'na (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac. May. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Phaeni'cea (Phoenician). Scarlet. May. 
 
 Morocco. 1803. 
 
 Philli'psii (Phillip&'s), f. Brown. June. 
 
 Gardens. 1803. 
 
 D 
 
ANA 
 
 [34] 
 
 ANC 
 
 Pur- I An annual plant, indigenous to the Egyptian 
 deserts, and called the Rose of Jericho. When 
 
 July, i full grown it contracts its ri^id branches into a 
 round ball, and is then tossed about by the wind. 
 When it alights in water, or on damp ground, the 
 branches relax and open out, as if its life was re- 
 newed ; hence its name of Resurrection Plant. 
 Among the superstitious tales told of it is, that 
 " it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, to salute the 
 
 Willmorea'na (Willmore's). $. 
 pie. August. Madeira. 1834. 
 
 Wtbbia'na (P. B. Webb's). 1. Blue. 
 
 Portugal. 1828. Half-hardy trailer. 
 
 Wellsia'na (Welis's). 1. Copper. August. 
 
 English hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy trailer. 
 
 ANA'GYBIS. (From ana, like, and gyros, 
 a spiral, or turning in a circle ; in refer 
 
 ence to its curved pods. Nat. ord., Le- birth of the Redeemer, and paid homage to hU 
 . , rx , r , ln I resurrection by remaining expanded till Easter." 
 
 guminous Plants [FabaceseJ. Linn., 10- ( Thi curious annual requires f rame . pr otectiou 
 
 Decandria, l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Small ornamental trees, allied to Podalyria ; re- 
 ouirethe protection of the greenhouse; soil, loaiu 
 2nd peat ; P young cuttings root readily ui sand and 
 peat, under glass, planted in July. 
 A.foE'tida, f foetid). 9- Yellow. April. Spain. 1750. 
 
 glau'ca (glaucous). 6. Yellow. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 1800. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. April. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 ANANA'SSA. (From nan as, the local 
 name for the pine-apple in South Ame- 
 rica. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromelia- 
 ceae]. Liun., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia.) 
 
 For culture, see PINE-APPLE. 
 A. bractni'ta (bracted). 3. Crimson. April. 
 Brazil. 1820 
 
 <fc'6i* (weak). 3. Crimson. April. Bwuil. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 3. Pink. April. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sati'va (cultivated. The pine-apple). 3. Pur- 
 
 ple. April. S. Amer. 10QO. 
 
 ANA'NTHERIX. (From a, not, and 
 antherlx, an awn; in reference to the 
 want of awns, or filiform appendages to 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiads 
 
 during the colder months ; increased by seeds ia 
 any common soil. 
 
 Linn., Q-Enneandria 
 
 the pollen masses 
 
 [Asclepiadaceae] 
 
 l.Trigynia.) 
 
 A hardy herbaceous plant, increased by root 
 division ; at airy season, any soil suits it m an 
 open situation. 
 
 A. vi'ridis (green). *. Green, yellow Sep- 
 tember. N. Amer. 1812 
 
 A. Hierochu'ntina (Rose of Jericho). 1. White. 
 July. Levant. 1597. 
 
 ANCHIE'TA. (In honour of a Brazilian 
 writer on plants of that name. Nat. ord., 
 Vloletworts [Violacese], Linn., 5-Pcra- 
 tandria \-Mouogynia.') 
 
 An ornamental evergreen stove climber. Loam, 
 and peat; increased most readily by seeds. 
 A. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. White. July. Brazil. 
 
 AN'CHOVY-PEAR. See GRI'AS. 
 
 ANCHU'SA. (From anckousa, a cosmetic 
 paint, formerly made from A. tlncto'ria, 
 for staining the skin. Nat. ord., Boraijc- 
 worts [Boragiuaceifi]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.*) 
 
 A reddish-brown substance, thought to be a pe- 
 culiar chemical principle, used by dyers, is ob- 
 tained from the roots of A. tincto'ria, or- alkanet, 
 and from other plants of this order. The whole 
 of this genus, but two, are hardy perennial, bien- 
 nial, or annual ornamental plants of the easiest 
 culture, either by seeds, or root division at any 
 season. A. Cape'iisis and pulche'lla require u little 
 frame-protection during the winter months. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 A. aggrega'ta (cluster-flowered). $. Blue. June. 
 
 Levant. 1827. 
 amce'na (pleasing). 1. 
 
 ANARRHI'NUM. (From a, not, and rA?, 
 nose. The snout-like form of the allied 
 genus Antirrhinum is wanting in this. 
 Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulariacese]. 
 Linn., l-i-Dldynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Allied to Snapdragon. These plants are hardy 
 biennials, and very pretty. Seeds may be sown 
 in the open borders in spring, or the plants may 
 be perpetuated by cuttings. See ANTIKRHI'NUM 
 MA'JUS. 
 
 A. bellidifo'lium (daisy-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 France. 1629. 
 
 frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. White. August. 
 
 South of Europe. 1826. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 12. White. August. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 ANASTA'TICA. (From anastasis, resur- 
 rection ; in reference to its hygrometrical 
 property. Nat. ord., CrussiJ'ers [Brassi- 
 cacece]. Linn., IS-Tclradynamia.') 
 
 Blue. June. South 
 of Europe. 1817. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White, blue. July. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Mille'ri (Miller's). l. Blue. May. 1824. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Levant. 1827. 
 
 sfy/o's(stylose). i. Blue, May. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). 1. Blue. May. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 verruco'sa (warty). 2. Blue. July. South, 
 
 of Europe. 1821. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 A. aspefrrima (very rough). 2. Blue. May. Egypt. 
 1817. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1830. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. Blue. August. Po- 
 
 dolia. 1817. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 1826. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. Agatrdhii (Agardh's). 1. Blue. August. Si- 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 South of Europe. 1040. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2. Blue. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 18'JO. 
 
 caspito'sa (tutted). ,$. Blue. June. Levant.l8S8 
 
AND 
 
 [35] 
 
 AND 
 
 A. cri'spa (curled). 1. Blue. June. Corsica. 1835. 
 hi'spida (bristly). 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 18" 7 
 
 Au- 
 
 Au- 
 
 incarna'ta- (fle*h-coloured). 2. Flesh. 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 1&16. 
 
 leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 gust. Europe. 1640. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Italy. 
 
 1819. 
 
 macula' tn (spotted-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 Russia. 1824. 
 
 myosotidiflu'ra (myosotis-flowered). 1'. Pink. 
 
 August. Levant. 1713. 
 
 officina'lis (officinal). 2. Blue. August. Tauria. 
 
 i82.->. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Itaflica (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Caucasus. 1810. 
 
 panicula'tii (panicled). 3. Red. May. South 
 
 of Europe. 1597. 
 
 petiola'ta (petiolated). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 prorefrn (tail). 3. Blue. May. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. July. Galicia. 1824. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1. Purple, yellow. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1802. 
 
 tinctofria (dyer's). 2. White. August. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1596. 
 
 undulu'ta (wave-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1752. 
 
 ANDERSO'NIA. (In honour of Messrs' 
 Anderson, patrons of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 landrla 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A very pretty greenhouse shrub. Sandy peat ; 
 cuttings root readily, in spring, in common hotbed. 
 A, sprengeloi'des (sprengelia-like). 2. Pink. June. 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 ANDI'RA. (Its local name in the Bra- 
 -zils. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba- 
 Linn., If-Diadclphia 4t-Decandria.\ 
 
 Alliance obscure. Large ornamental stove trees. 
 Soil, loam and peat ; cuttings root readily under 
 a -glass, in heat. 
 ..:inefrmis (unarmed). 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1773. 
 
 racetno'su (branchy). 20. Purple. Trinidad. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ANDROCY'MBIUM. (From aner, anther, 
 and kymbion, a saucer ; in reference to the 
 peculiar form of the anthers. Nat. ord., 
 Melanths [Melanthacece]. Linn., 6-Hex- 
 andria o- 
 
 Few plants are more generally poisonous than 
 this order of Melanths. Interesting bulbous- 
 rooted plants, requiring the protection of frame or 
 zrecnhouse; increased readily by offsets and seed. 
 Loam and peat, with plenty of sand. 
 A. encomoi'des (encomis-like). I. Green. April. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1794. 
 
 melanthoi'des (melaHthium-like). 1. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 voluta're (rolled-leaved). 1. White. April 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 AXDRO'MEDA. (A classical name, after 
 the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope, 
 King and Queen of .^Ethiopia. Nat. ord., 
 Hcathworts [Ericaceae]. 10-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 An extensive family of beautiful shrubs, al! 
 evergreen and all hardy, except those otherwise 
 specified ; delight in a peaty soil, although some 
 of them will do well in any soil; generally in- 
 creased by layers, put down about the month of 
 September, to remain till that time twelvemonth ; 
 also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as 
 ripe in large pans or pots, and covered thinly with 
 earth in a cold frame, but plenty of air given. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 3. White. August* 
 N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). !. White. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 17*8. 
 
 urbo'rea (sorrel-tree). 40. White. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1752. 
 
 uxilla'ris (axil-flowering). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1765. 
 
 longifo'liu (long-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 fiulyculu'ta (small-calyxed). 2. White. March. 
 
 N. Arner. 1748. 
 lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. March. 
 
 Newfoundland. 1748. 
 na'na (dwarf). 1. White. March. New- 
 
 foundland. 1748. 
 ventrico'sa (inflated). 2. White. March. 
 
 Russia. 1748. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1748. 
 
 Catesban'i (Catesby's). 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1793. 
 
 coria'cea (thick-leaved). 3. Pink. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1765. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Bed. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/65. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 3. White. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Pink. April. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 2. White. May. Hi- 
 
 malaya. 1855. 
 fioribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. White. May. 
 N. A'mer. 1812. 
 
 glaucophy'lla (glaucous-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 hypnoi'des (moss-like). 1. White, red. June. 
 
 Lapland. 1798. Half-hardy deciduous 
 creeper. 
 
 Maria'na (Maryland). 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1763. 
 
 obto'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 ova'lis (oval-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 piluliffera (pellet-bearing). 3. White. June. 
 
 West Florida. 1842. 
 
 polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 
 
 Pink. July. 
 
 West Florida. 1842. 
 -- grandiflofra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. 
 
 April. Ingria. 1790. 
 -- latifoflia (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1790. 
 -- me! did (wild rosemary). 1. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 1790. 
 -- mi'nima (smallest). 1. Pink. April. 
 
 Britain. 1790. 
 -- oleif(/lia (olive-leaved). 1. Pink. April. 
 
 Britain. 1790. 
 -- revolu't a (rolled-back-leaved). I. Pink. 
 
 April. North of .Europe. 1783. 
 -- subula'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 North of Europe.. 1783. 
 raccmo'sa (branchy). 3. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
AND 
 
 [36 ] 
 
 ANE 
 
 A. latifo'Ua (broad-leaved) ; 3. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 stric'ta (upright). 4. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Pink. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Mau- 
 ritius. 1822. 
 
 fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April. 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 rubigino'sa (ruddy). 10. White. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1736. 
 
 GKEENHOUSE. 
 
 A. Japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. June. Japan. 
 1806. 
 
 neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 3. Crimson. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1851. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 January. West Florida. 1842. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Pale green. 
 
 June. Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Blush. June. China. 
 
 1826. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 3. White. August. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1800. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Pink. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1800. 
 
 ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3. White. Au- 
 gust. Carolina. 1800. 
 
 pulverulefnta (dusty-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 August. Carolina. 1800. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. White. April. 
 
 Lapland. 1810. Half-hardy. 
 
 ANDRO'SACE. (From aner, a man, and 
 mkos, buckler ; in reference vo the resem- 
 blance of the anther to an ancient buck- 
 
 ler. Nat. ord., Primetvorts [Primulaceas]. 
 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 A favourite family of small alpine plants. All 
 do best, though hardy, grown in pots, in peat 
 and sandy loam, and carefully watered; increased 
 by seeds ; and the perennials by cuttings, or root 
 division. All are interesting plants for the rock- 
 work in summer, and in winter protected in frame. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A, elonga'ta (elongated). 1. White. April. Aus- 
 tria. 17/6. 
 
 filifo'rmis (thread-like). 1. White. May. 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-capsuled). 1. White, 
 
 July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 ma'xima (greatest). 1. White. April 
 
 tria. 1797. 
 
 na-na (dwarf). I. White. April. Denmark. 
 
 1803. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 
 
 Italy. 1817- 
 
 septentriona'lis (northern). 
 
 Russia. 1755. 
 
 A. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. White. Maj, 
 South of France. 1820. 
 
 lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 1. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July. 
 Switzerland. 1768. 
 
 carina'ta (keel-shaped). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 chamoRJa'sme (bastard jasmine). 1. Pink. 
 
 July. Austria. 1768. 
 
 la'ctea (milk-white). 1. White. July. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1752. 
 
 lanugino'sa (vrooily -leaved). . P.ose, yellorr. 
 
 August. Himalaya. 1842. 
 
 linea'ris (linear-feared). . White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 villo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1/QO. 
 
 AHDBO&B'UM. (From aner, man, and 
 haima, blood ; in reference to the juice 
 of the plant. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hy- 
 pericacese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 A hardy, herbaceous, pretty perennial, readily 
 increased by seeds or root division. Does well 
 under the drip of large trees. 
 A. qfficina'le (officinal). 2. Yellow. August. 
 Britain. 
 
 ANDRY'ALA. (Of unknown meaning. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Hie- 
 ratium.) 
 
 Both the greenhouse and hardy species are ra- 
 ther pretty, and will grow in any common soil ; 
 they are increased by seeds and root division. All 
 are hardy, except those otherwise described. 
 A. arffcfntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. August. 
 Pyrenees. 1817- Biennial. 
 
 chtiranthifrflia (stock-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Madeira. 17/7. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 April 
 
 Pink. April. 
 White. May. 
 
 1. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 A. acatSii* (*talkless). 1. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 I8S5. 
 alismoi'des (alisma-like). 1. White. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 gust. Madeira. 17/8. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 integrifo'lia, (.entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 1711. Biennial. 
 
 ni'gricans (blackish-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Barbary. 1804. Annual. 
 pinnati'fida (pinnatifid -leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 July. Madeira. 1773. Greenhouse bi- 
 ennial. 
 
 Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 1. Yellow. August. Ar- 
 
 chipelago. 1753. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 runcina'ta (runcinate). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1711. Biennial. 
 
 ANEILE'MA. (From a, not, and eilema, 
 Aus * involucrum ; in reference to the absence 
 of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Spider- 
 worts [Commelinacese]. Linn., 3-2Vian- 
 dria I-Monoyynia.) 
 
 All perennials and pretty little trailing-plants, 
 except A. longifo'lia and A. Si'niea. They are in- 
 creased by seed and root division; soil, loam, 
 peat, leaf-mould, and sand. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. affi'nis (similar). 1. Blue. August. N. Holland. 
 1820. Evergreen. 
 
ANE 
 
 [3T] 
 
 ANE 
 
 A.btflo'ra (two-flowered). I. Blue. August. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 nudiflofra, (naked-flowered). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 Si'nica (Chinese). 1. Purple-blue. May. 
 
 China. 1820. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 spirata (spiral). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1733. Evergreen. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. acum.inu.ta. ^pointed). 1. Blue. August. 
 N.. Holland. 1822. Evergreen. 
 
 <equinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 amfjigua (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. Herbaceous. 
 
 crispata (curled-leaved). Blue. N.Holland. 
 
 1822. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Mo- 
 
 zambique. 1825. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 nudicfi'ulis (nakeri-stemmed). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1818. Evergreen. 
 
 serrulu't a (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 ANE'MIA. (From aneimon, naked; in 
 reference to the naked inflorescence. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 
 Qh-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, allied to Schizoea; 
 soil, loam and peat; readily increased by seeds or 
 root division. 
 
 A* adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 3. Brown. 
 August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 cocei'ea"(scarlet'>. 1. Brown. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1830. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 1. Brown. August. Brazil. 
 
 1829. 
 fiexuu'sa (zigzag). 1. Brown. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1831. 
 fruxinifo 1 lia (ash-leaved). 1. Brown, June. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). Brazil. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 kimufta (soft-haired). 3. Brown. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1704. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 'laclnia'ta (jagged). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1794. 
 
 lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Icngifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1831. 
 
 radi'cuns (rooting). 1. Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1831. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). 1. Brown. May. Brazil. 
 
 1831. 
 
 tene'lla (slender). 1. Brown. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1843. 
 
 PA'di* (Phillitis-likc). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Trinidad. 1830. 
 
 ANE 'MONE. Wind-flower. (From anemos, 
 the wind; inhabiting exposed places. 
 Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. 13- 
 Pohjdn driu 6 -Polytjyn ia . ) 
 
 They are all hardy except A. Cape'nsis and A. 
 mtifo'lia, which require the protection of a green- 
 house in winter. These two are propagated from 
 cuttings under glass; the tuberous-rooted from 
 onsets ; and the herbaceous from divisions of the 
 roots ; and, both from seeds. They all require a 
 light, rich and well-drained loam. All are hardy, 
 exceptwhere sea ted otherwise- 
 
 TUBEROUS ROOTED. 
 
 4.,4/;<?nmna(Apennine). $. Blue. April. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Baldefnsis (Mount Baldo). . White. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1792. 
 
 cceru'lea (blue). l. Blue. May. Siberia. 182G. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. White. May. 
 
 Carolina. 1824. 
 
 corona'ria (garland or poppy A.). . Striped. 
 
 June. Lsvant. 1596. 
 
 ple'na (double-flowered), f . Striped. 
 
 April. 
 
 Fischeria'na (Fischer's)- 4- White. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 horte'ns'K (garden), f. Striped. April. Italy 
 
 1597. 
 
 miniu'ta (red-leayed-flowered). . Red. 
 
 May. Gardens. 
 
 lancifo'li'a (lance-leaved). . White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 nemoro'sa (grove). . White, red. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 ctzru'leu (blue-flowered). ?. Light blue. 
 
 May. Gardens. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. White, 
 
 red. April. Britain 
 
 palma'ta (palmated). 4. Yellow. May. Por- 
 
 tugal. 159/. 
 
 flo're-a'lbido (whitish-flowered). |. Whit- 
 ish. May. 
 
 flo're-fla'vo (yellow-flowered), f. Yellow. 
 
 May. Portugal. 1597' 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 pavoni'na (peacock-e#e). l.Red. April. Franc?. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Red. 
 
 May. Europe. 
 
 fu'lgens (shining). 1. Red. May. South 
 
 of Europe. 18)8. 
 
 quinquefo'lia (five-leaved. American wood). . 
 
 White. April. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). . Yellow. 
 
 April. England. 
 
 refle'xa (bent-back). *}. Yellow. April. Siberia, 
 
 1818. 
 
 stella 1 ta purpu'rea (purple-star-/e/;ed). . 
 
 Purple. April. Italy. 1597- 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. April. Le- 
 
 vant. 1824. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 A. a'lba (white). . White. June. Siberia; 1820. 
 
 AMa'na (Albana). 4. White. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). . White. Austria. 1658. 
 
 acutipeftala (pointed-petaled). 4. Blue. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). 4. Red, white. May. 
 
 Japan. 1806. 
 
 Dahu'rica (Dahurian). J. Flesh. May. Da- 
 
 huria. 1819. 
 
 deltoi'dea (triangular). White. May. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1827- 
 
 dicho'ioma (forked). 1. Red, white. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1768. 1 
 
 Gavaniu'nu (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844. 
 
 Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. Purple. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1816. 
 
 Hudsonia'na (Hudson's). . White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827- 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September 
 
 Japan. 1S41. 
 
ANE 
 
 [38] 
 
 ANE 
 
 A, longisca'pa (long-stalked). White. June. 
 North Ind. 183Q. Half-hardy. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). $. White, pur- 
 
 pie. April. Austria. 1800. 
 
 montu'jia. (mountain). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1830. 
 
 multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. White. June. 
 
 Magellan. 1824. 
 
 narcissiflo'ra (narcissus-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 May. Siberia. 17/3. 
 
 Nuttallia'na (NutUll'a). . White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 obsole'ta (obsolete). . Purple. May. Germany. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. June. Hi- 
 
 malaya. 1844. 
 
 r~obtusilo'l>a (blunt-lobed-fea??erf). $. White. 
 June. Himalaya. 1843. 
 
 pa'tens (spreading). 1. Light yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1752. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 1. Cream. 
 
 April. Siberia. 1/52. 
 
 Pennsylna'nica (Pennsylvanian). 1. White. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1706. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). . Dark purple. May. 
 
 Germany. 1ft I. 
 
 pulsati'llu. (common pulsatilla). $. Violet. 
 
 May. England. 
 u'lbida (whitishV?0">ered). . Whitish. 
 
 April. Germany. 1334. 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). Jleddish-purpls. 
 
 May. Germany. 1834. 
 
 Richardso'nia (Richardson's). . Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1327. 
 
 rivula'ris (river). lj. White. June. North 
 
 Ind. 1840. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). $. White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1804. 
 
 stella'ta (star-flowered). A. White. Italy. 1597. 
 
 sulphu'rea, (sulphur-coZowred). . Sulphur. 
 
 May. Europe. ,1816. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood-snowdrop). $, White. May. 
 
 Germany. 15Q6. 
 
 trifo'lia (three-leaved). . White. April. 
 
 France. 159/. 
 
 Urale'nsis (Ural). . Blue. May. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 verna'lis (spring). . White. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1752. 
 
 flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 April. South of Europe. 
 
 Virginia'na (Virginian). 4. White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1772. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. Gardens. Greenhouse. 
 
 vitifo'lid (vine-leaved). 3. White. September. 
 
 Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy. 
 
 The anemone, the florist's flower of our 
 gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro- 
 na'ria (poppy anemone), and A. hor- 
 te'nsis. Sprung from these there are an- 
 nually increased varieties. A variety lasts 
 about twelve years. 
 
 Characteristics of a good single anemone. 
 The stem strong, elastic, and erect, 
 not less than nine inches high; the 
 flower at least two inches and a half in 
 diameter, consisting of large, substantial, 
 well-rounded petals, at first horizontally 
 extended, and then turning a little up- 
 wards, so as to form abroad, shallow cup 
 the colour clear and distinct when di 
 versified in the same flower, or brillian 
 
 and striking if it consists only of one- 
 colour, as blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c. 
 
 A double anemone should have the 
 outer petals quite flat, the second series 
 a little shorter, the third shorter still, 
 and so on till the centre is quite full, 
 when the whole should form a rather flat 
 lemisphere. Every double flower should 
 be of one full colour. 
 
 Propagation. Offsets from the root,, 
 and new varieties from seed. 
 
 By offsets, all the best kinds should be 
 taken up annually at the decay of the leaf,, 
 and the root divided, at the time of taking 
 up, to allow the wound to heal, into as- 
 many pieces or knobs as are furnished 
 with an eye or bud, observing, however, 
 that if they are divided very small, they 
 flower very weak the first year. 
 
 The time for taking up the roots is 
 May and June, when the leaf and stalk 
 are withered ; for then the roots cease to 
 grow for a month or six weeks. 
 
 Take them up in dry weather, spread 
 in an any place out of the sun for about 
 a week, then clear from earth, and store 
 in bags or boxes. 
 
 The seed. Sow from the best single 
 or semi-double flowers. Double flower* 
 produce none. 
 
 Sowing. Make the beds in a sheltered 
 part of your garden, facing the south ; 
 remove the old soil from the beds to the 
 depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If 
 it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay 
 bottom, drain well, and do not dig so 
 deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy 
 or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little 
 deeper. Then put in from four to six 
 inches of unmixed cowduug, such as 
 might be gathered up where these ani- 
 mals feed. Upon this layer of dung 
 place as much good fresh loam as will 
 raise the beds to their former level, or a 
 little higher. Make the surface very 
 fine, and then sow. Anemone-seed re- 
 quires to be well rubbed with the hand,, 
 either amongst some sharp sand or 
 finely-sifted coal ashes, to separate the 
 seeds. When the seed is sown, cover it 
 immediately with some-sifted, light, sandy 
 soil, half an inch. It will soon come up,, 
 and should be frequently watered in dry- 
 weather. Beds so made will flower the 
 same year ; mark the best, and preserve 
 them for planting the next year. 
 
 Time for planting is October, or early 
 in November, and the plants will come 
 into flower in April and beginning of 
 
ANE 
 
 [ 30 ] 
 
 ANG 
 
 May; but if some are planted in the 
 middle of September, and a second parcel 
 towards the middle or latter end of Oc- 
 tober, they will afford a succession of 
 bloom from the beginning of April until 
 the middle of May ; and, if a third plant- 
 ation is made in February or beginning 
 of March, they will come into flower 
 about the middle of May, and continue 
 until the middle of June. 
 
 Soil and site. The situation should be 
 thoroughly drained, and open to the 
 south. Any common, moderately light 
 earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and 
 stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If 
 necessary to make a soil, proceed as de- 
 scribed for the seed-bed. Take maiden 
 loam from the surface of a pasture, the 
 top spit, turf and all ; to every load of 
 this add one of cowdung, and half a load 
 of sea or drift sand; blend the whole to- 
 gether, and form it into a ridge, in which 
 let it remain a year, at least, turning it 
 over once in two or three months. But, 
 in default of pasture-earth, a good com- 
 post may be formed of common, light 
 garden-soil and rotted cowdung, adding, 
 to every load of the former, half a*load of 
 the latter, and about a quarter of that of 
 drift or sea-sand ; and of either of which 
 composts the bed is to be formed. Make 
 it aboiit twelve or fifteen inches in depth, 
 and three feet and a half broad. 
 
 Planting in borders. Plant five roots 
 together, in a patch of five or six inches 
 in breadth, two or three inches deep. 
 
 Beds should be three feet and a half 
 broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide 
 between bed and bed, and fifteen or 
 eighteen inches deep; break the earth 
 small, but do not sift it ; elevate the beds 
 three inches above the general surface ; 
 but, if there is danger of moisture stand- 
 ing in winter, double or treble that is a 
 proper height, working the whole a little 
 rounded, and after planting, rake the 
 surface smooth. 
 
 Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at 
 six inches distance in each row, and two 
 inches deep. 
 
 The autumn plantation comes in leaf 
 in November; but, as the plants are hardy, 
 nothing is needful to be done till the 
 !>loom begins to appear, and then arch 
 the beds with hoops.. to support mats, to 
 protect them from frost. 
 
 Forcing. Double anemones, potted in 
 September or in October, in some com- 
 post, as above particularized, may be 
 
 placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered 
 but sparingly until the following spring, 
 when they may be put into a warmer 
 place. They will not stand much forcing. 
 A second blooming may be obtained, by 
 planting more roots, in a similar way, ia 
 December. 
 
 Mildew. This disease first appears as 
 pale spots on the under sides of the 
 leaves. These spots gradually rise into 
 tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts 
 through. This parasite is JEci'dium gua- 
 dri'jldiim. Sea-sand, or a little salt mixed 
 with the compost of the bed, is a good 
 preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur 
 is the best remedy. Anemones are liable 
 to have distorted, swollen leaves, the cure 
 for which is to render the soil more free 
 from stagnant moisture. 
 
 ANE'THUM. (From ano, upwards, and 
 t/ico, to run; in reference to its quick 
 growth. Nat. or d., Umldlifers [Apiacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.) 
 
 A genus of useful plants, succeeding well in 
 any common garden-soil ; all hardy, readily in- 
 creased by seed or root division. 
 
 ANNUAL. 
 A. So'ua (Sowa). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 A. grave'olens (strong-smelling, or dill). . Yel- 
 low. July. Spain. 15/0. 
 
 pipcra'tum (peppered). 6. Yellow. July. Italy. 
 1824. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A.fceni'culum (fennel). 6. Yellow. August. 
 England. 
 
 1 du'lce (sweet). 4. Yellow. August. Italy. 
 
 See DILL and FENNEL. 
 ANGE'LICA. (In reference to its fabled 
 angelic virtues in medicine. Nat. ord. y 
 Umlellifers [Apiacerc]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria "2-Dii/ynia.') 
 
 Common water-side perennials, of not much 
 beauty as garden-plants. The only species re- 
 quiring notice here is the common Angelica. 
 A.archangc'lica (archangel). 4. July. Green. 
 England. 
 
 The stalks of this are cut in May for 
 candying. Formerly, the stalks were 
 blanched for eating, like celery. Soil and 
 Situation: Grows best in moist situations, 
 such as the banks of ponds and ditches. 
 Soiviny : Sow soon after the seed is ripe, 
 about September, being almost useless if 
 preserved until the spring. Cultivation : 
 Sow thin, in drills a foot asunder, and 
 half an inch deep. When five or six 
 inches high, the plants must be thinned 
 to a distance of at least two feet and a 
 half from each other. In May, or early 
 
ANG 
 
 [40 ] 
 
 ANG 
 
 in June of the second year, they flower, 
 when they must be cut down, which 
 causes them to sprout again ; and, if this 
 is carefully attended to, they will con- 
 tinue for three or four years ; but, if per- 
 mitted to run to seed, they perish soon 
 after. 
 
 ANGE'LICA-TKEE. Ara'lia spiiw'sa. 
 
 ANGELO'NIA. (From any f Ion, its local 
 name in South America. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., l-Didy- 
 namla 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Hemi- 
 meris.) 
 
 Pretty stove herbaceous plants; seed in heat, 
 sown in February ; division of the roots of seve- 
 ral kinds, and cuttings of young shoots in April, 
 inserted in sand under a bell-glass; must not be 
 kept too damp ; loam :md peat. Summer temp., 
 i'rora 60 to 70 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. angustfo'lia (narrow-leaved). l. Deep 
 violet. June. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 corni'gera (horn-bearing). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Brazil. 183Q. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 Gardne'ri(Mr. Gardner's). 1. Purplish-white. 
 
 May. Pernarnbuco. 1838. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purplish- 
 
 white. May. Pernambuco. 183S. 
 
 minia'ta (crimson). 1. Purplish- white. May. 
 
 Pernambuco. 1838. 
 
 salicaricefo'lia (willow-leaved). 1. Light blue. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 ANGIA'NTHUS. (From ayyos, vessel, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [AsteraceaB]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia 5-Se- 
 yreyata.) 
 
 A pretty greenhouse herbaceous plant ; division 
 of the root ; seed, and cuttings under a bell-glass. 
 Summer temp., 50 to ?0 ; winter, 40 to 50. 
 A. a'urens (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 Holland. 1803. 
 
 ANGIO'PTERIS. (From ayyeion, a vessel* 
 and pteris, a wing. Nat. ord., Ferns [Po- 
 lypodiacese]. Linn., 2<L-Cryptoyamia ]- 
 Filices.} 
 
 A stove Fern, cultivated like Acropteris. 
 A. eveftica (evetic). June. Brown. Island of 
 Luzon. 
 
 ANGO'PHORA.. (From agyos, a vessel, 
 and phero, to bear ; in reference to the 
 shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Myrtle- 
 blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 
 This is the most natural order of plants, and 
 no blue flower has yet been found to belong to it. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings under a 
 bell-glass; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50 
 to 65 ; winter, 45. 
 A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. August. 
 
 N. Holland. 1789. 
 
 lanccola'ta (lanceolate-feanec!). 6. Yellow. 
 August. N. Holland. 1816. 
 
 ANGKJE'CUM. (From angurele, the Ma- 
 
 layan term for air-plants. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 
 l-Monandrta.) 
 
 By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and 
 broken potsherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist 
 and hot when growing in summer ; cool in win- 
 ter ; hot and dry when coming into bloom. 
 Summer temp., 70 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. apiculu'tum (small-pointed). . White. Sierra 
 Leone. 1844. 
 
 armeni'acam (apricot-coloured-./?OMweeZ) Yel- 
 
 lowish-pink. Sierra Leone. 1 838. 
 
 Ashante'si (Ashantee). $. Cinnamon. June. 
 
 Ashantee. 1843. 
 
 liilo'bum (two-lobed). . White. Septem- 
 
 ber. Cape Coast. 1841. 
 
 cnuda'tum (tail-lipped). l. White, green. 
 
 August. Sierra Leone. 1834. 
 
 caule'scens (stemmed). l. Green, white. 
 
 September. India. 1834. 
 
 clandesti'num (concealed-flowered). . Green, 
 
 white. September. Sierra Leone. 1835. 
 
 di'stichum (tvfo-rowed-lenved). . White. 
 
 September. Sierra Leone. 1834. 
 
 ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). 1$. White. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 micro! nthum (small -flowered). \, White. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1834. 
 
 odorati'ssimum (very sweet-scented). White. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1832. 
 
 ornithorhy'nchum (bird's-beak). White. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 peilu'cidum (transparent). A. White. No- 
 
 vember. Sierra Leone. 1842. 
 
 pertu'sum (broken). . White. October. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1836. 
 
 polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Peru. 1840. 
 
 subula'tum (awl-shaped). White. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1832. 
 
 tcretifo'lium (straw-leaved). White. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 
 
 ANGUILLA'BIA. (From anyuilla, an eel; 
 in reference to the twisted seeds. Nat. 
 ord., Melanths [Melanthacere]. Linn., 0- 
 Hexandria 3-Trv>ynia. Allied to Vera- 
 trum.) 
 
 Herbaceous plants, requiring a little protection 
 in winter; division of roots, and cuttings, under 
 a hand-light; peat and loam. 
 A. biglandttlo'sa (two-glanded). 1. Purple. 
 May. N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 dioi'ca (u'icecious). 1. Purple. May. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1826. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian), l. Dark purple. June. 
 
 Tranquebar. 1818. 
 
 ANGULO'A. In honour of Angulo, a Spa- 
 nish naturalist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- . 
 dacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gyuandria 1-Monogy- 
 n ia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as 
 Angrtecom. 
 
 A. Clowe'sii (Clowes'). Ij. May. Yellow and 
 white. Columbia. 1842. 
 
 flo'ribus fla'vis (Clowes' straw-coloured). 
 
 I^. May. Pale yellow. 1845. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). 14. May. Yellow and 
 
 crimson. 1345. 
 
ANG 
 
 [41 ] 
 
 ANI 
 
 A.supe'rba (supcrb) t Crimson and purple. 
 
 Mexico. 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Slay. Cream-coloured. 
 
 Peru. 1843. There is a variety of this 
 
 with pink flowers. 
 
 ANGU'RIA. (One of the Greek names 
 for the cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits 
 [Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia 2- 
 Di-nidrin.) 
 
 Tropical evergreen climbers; seed and cut- 
 tiugs; peat and loam. Summer temp., 65 to 
 70 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. Mackaya'na (Mackay's^. 1847. 
 
 peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. S. 
 
 Amer 1820. 
 
 triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July. 
 
 Carthage. 1793. 
 
 trifoliu'ta (three-leafleted). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 St. Domingo. 1/93. 
 
 umbro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 A'NIA. (After a Koman beautiful wi- 
 dow. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese]. 
 Linn., 2Q~Gynandria I-Monogynia.) 
 A, bico'rnis (two-horned). |. March. Yclloxr, 
 green. Ceylon. 1SH. Cultivated like 
 Anguloa. 
 
 ANIGOZA'NTHOS. (From anoiyo, to ex- 
 pand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference 
 to the branching expansion of the flower- 
 stalks. Nat. ord., Hloodworls [Hcemodo- 
 racese] . Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia. ) 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of the 
 roots in spring; loam, one part to three of peat. 
 Summer temp., 45 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 A. cocci'nca (scarlet). 5. Crimson. July. Swan 
 
 River. 1537. 
 
 fla'vidus (yello wish-green -./Zowered). 3. Yel- 
 low. July. N. Holland. 1808. 
 bi' color (two-coloured-Jlowered). 3. Scar- 
 let, green. May. Swan River. 1837. 
 fuligiiio'sus (sooty). 3. Yellow. June. Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 hu' mills (dwarf). Brown. Swan River. 
 
 Mungle'sii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1833. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Green, 
 
 rod. July. N. Holland. 1836= 
 
 pulche' rrimus (beautiful). 2. Yellow, white. 
 
 Swan River. 1840. 
 
 ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow, red. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 < ANIMAL MATTERS, without any excep- 
 tion, are beneficial as manures; for they all 
 yield, during putrefaction, gases and so- 
 luble substances, that are imbibed greed- 
 ily by the roots of plants. That this is 
 the case, affords no cause for wonder, be- 
 cause animal matters and vegetable mat- 
 tern are alike compounded of carbon, 
 hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a 
 small addition of saline matters. The 
 general consideration of MANURES will be 
 found under that title, and other relative 
 information under the heads DUNG and 
 VEGETABLE MATTERS ; and in this place, 
 
 we shall confine our attention to some of 
 the most available of strictly animal mat- 
 ters. See, also, the article BONES. 
 
 Slubber, or fat of the whale, contains 
 train-oil, composed of 
 
 Carbon . . , . 68.37 
 Hydrogen . . . . 16.10 
 Oxygen . 15.03 
 
 with a little animal skin and muscle. 
 40 gallons of train-oil, mixed with 120 
 bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons of 
 soil where 40 
 
 j turnips per acre, on a 
 ! bushels of bones broken small, and 80 
 j bushels of burnt earth, produced only 21 
 tons. 
 
 Fish, generally, such as sprats, herrings, 
 pilchards, five-fingers, and shell-fish, owe 
 their powerful fertilizing qualities not 
 only to the oil they contain, but also to 
 the phosphate of lime in their bones. 
 From 25 to 45 bushels per acre are the 
 extreme quantities to be applied broad- 
 cast; but if in the drills, with the crop, 
 16 bushels are ample. They are benefi- 
 cial to all the gardener's crops, but espe- 
 cially to asparagus, parsnips, carrots, 
 beets, onions, and beans. Shell-fish 
 should be smashed before being applied. 
 
 Blood is a very rich manure, and has 
 been applied with especial benefit to 
 vines and other fruit-trees. The blood 
 of the ox contains about eighty per cent, 
 of water, and twenty per cent, solid mat- 
 ter. The latter contains, in 100 parts, 
 when dried 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Azote 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Ashes 
 
 51.950 
 7.165 
 17-172 
 19.295 
 4.418 
 
 The ashes contain various salts, as chlo- 
 ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate 
 of lime, with a little oxide of iron. Sugar- 
 boker's skimmings owe their chief fer- 
 tilizing qualities to the blood used in clari- 
 fying the sugar, and which is combined 
 with vegetable albumen, and extractive. 
 
 tyoollen Rags. cut into very small pieces, 
 are a good manure, decomposing slowly, 
 and benefiting the second as much as the 
 first crop. Hops and turnips have been 
 the crops to which they have been chiefly 
 applied. Half a ton per acre is a fair 
 dressing. Wool is composed of 
 
 Carbon . . . 50.653 
 
 Hydrogen . . . 7-029 
 
 Azote . . . 17-710 
 
 0x 7=L en > , . 24.608 
 
 Sulphur J 
 
 It leaves a very slight ash, containing 
 
ANN 
 
 imnnte quantities of muriate of potash* 
 lime, and probably phosphate of lime. 
 Feathers and hair closely resemble it in 
 their components. Horns are composed 
 of 
 
 Carbon . t 51.578 
 
 Hydrogen . . . 6.712 
 
 Azote . . . 17-284 
 
 x pen "I 24i426 
 Sulphur / 
 
 besides minute proportions of sulphate, 
 muriate and phosphate of potash, phos- 
 phate of lime, and other less important 
 matters. 
 
 Shells.- Those of the following are 
 thus composed : 
 
 
 Phos- 
 phate of 
 lime. 
 
 Carbo- 
 nate of 
 lime. 
 
 Animal 
 matter. 
 
 Oyster . 
 
 Lobster . 
 Hen's Eggs t 
 
 1.2 
 
 7.0 
 5.7 
 
 98.3 
 63.0 
 89.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 30.0 
 4.7 
 
 They have all been found good, in a 
 pounded form, as manures for turnips, 
 and must be for all other plants, and on 
 all soils where calcareous matters are 
 deficient. 
 
 ANISCA'NTIIA. (From anisos, unequal, 
 and akantha, a spine. Nat. ord., Cheno- 
 poils [Chenopodiacece]. Linn., 4:-Tctran- 
 dria \-Monogynia..') 
 
 Evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings of young 
 shoots, a little hard at bottom, in April ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 45. 
 A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. N.Holland. 1824. 
 
 ANISA'NTHIJS.' (From anisos, unequal, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids, 
 [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 This is now a synonyme of Antholyza. Green- 
 house or frame-bulbs, requiring protection in 
 winter; offsets ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 50 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 A. Cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1756, 
 
 quudrangula'ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow. 
 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1700. 
 
 sple'ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1828. 
 
 ANI'SE. Tra'glum ani'sum. 
 
 Half-hardy annual, used for garnishing or 
 seasoning. Sow during April, in pots, plunged in 
 a hotbed ; remove to a warm, light border in 
 May. Thin the plants to six inches- apart. The 
 seed is ripe in August or September. It does not 
 bear transplanting. 
 
 A'NISEED-TREE. IlWcium anisa'tum. 
 
 ANISOCCHI'LUS. (From anisos, unequal, 
 and cheilos, lip. Nat. ord., Labiates or 
 Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 
 iiamia I-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Stove biennial; seeds in heat, or cutting* i 
 *a~ndy soil, under a bell-glass. Summer temp.,, 
 65 to 75; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. carno'sa (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. E. 
 Ind. 17/8. 
 
 ANISO'MELES. (From anisos, unequal, 
 and melos, a member. Nat. ord., Labiates 
 [Lamiaceoe]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1- 
 GymnospermiaS) 
 
 Chiefly evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings of 
 stove species in April, in heat, under a bell-glass. 
 Greenhouse species, under glass, without heat. 
 Sow the annual in March, in heat ; loam and 
 peat. Temperature same for stove plants, 55 to 
 75; winter, 50 to 60. Greenhouse, winter, 45. 
 A.furca't a (forked). 1. Blue. August. Nepaul. 
 1824. Greenhouse. 
 
 Blalaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 moschn'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 ova'ta (ovate-tojed-). 2. Pink. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. Stove annual. 
 
 ANISO'PIA HORTico'LAjis a beetle which 
 often attacks the rose-flowers about June. 
 Its maggots live under turf, and feed on 
 its roots. 
 
 ANNUALS are plants which live but one 
 year, and, consequently, require to be 
 raised from seed annually. By a par- 
 ticular mode of culture some of them may 
 ba made to live longer. Thus, mignonette 
 will continue to bloom for two or more 
 years if not allowed to ripen its seeds. 
 
 Hardy Annuals, or those requiring no 
 protection, are sown where they are to 
 remain in the open borders, from the end 
 of February to the beginning of May. 
 To flower late in autumn, some may be 
 sown in the middle of June. Whether 
 sown in patches or broad masses, whether 
 mixed or separate, must be left to the 
 taste of the sower, guided by his know- 
 ledge of the colours of the flowers. 
 These should be well contrasted. Every 
 patch should be properly labelled, which 
 is easily done by having some deal laths, 
 one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into 
 nine-inch lengths, and painted white.. 
 On these the name can be written with 
 a lead pencil. 
 
 Half-hardy Annuals, such as require- 
 artificial heat while seedlings, are sovm, 
 in a gentle hotbed in March and April. 
 The seedlings, when an inch or two long,, 
 to be transplanted into another gentle 
 hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain until 
 the middle of May, then to be trans- 
 planted into the borders, and attended 
 like other annuals. 
 
 Tender or Greenhouse Annuals, requir- 
 ing artificial heat and shelter during their- 
 
ANO 
 
 c 
 
 whole growth, are sown early in March, 
 on a gentle hotbed ; to be transplanted 
 into another, like the half-hardy, and 
 thence into pots, to remain in the green- 
 house. Some of them, if moved into a 
 
 J ] ANS 
 
 Very neat, Ixia-likc, dwarf, bulbous plants, 
 which flower in the open borders all summer, in 
 any light, garden-soil ; ripen seeds freely, and 
 require the protection of a frame in winter. 
 Propagated from seeds and offsets ; light, sandy 
 loam and common soil; bulbs require, in most 
 
 i places, to be kept in a frame, or in stored bags, 
 
 ' 
 
 _ . _. Ml 11 f "\ \ K iat;ca > M* u c A cut in a ij.aiu.Cj ui ui vuicu uaga y 
 
 warm, border in June, Will blOOni Ireely, during winter. A. crue'nta, especially, is well 
 
 and even ripen seed. 
 
 ANODO'NTIA. (From a, not, and odontos, 
 
 fitted for a flower-bed, or for the window-sill. 
 
 A. crue'nta (bloody). 
 
 Crimson. July. Cape 
 May. Cape of 
 
 a tooth ; in reference to the stamens. . of Good Hope. isso. 
 Nut.ord.,(7rii C t/fer [Brassicace*]. Linn, ^ unce ^ s ^ pe> 1 \ 7 * C ' 
 16-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.) , ^^ (From wenona> its loca i name 
 For general management, <?ALYSSDM. ia Banda> Nat> ord>> Anonads [Anona- 
 *'*^S& C S% i ***' *' "' <*] Umn. t l3-PolyandnaO-PoIy 9 a m ia.) 
 ede'ntulum (toothless). 1. Yellow. July. Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ; cuttings 
 
 Hungary. 1820. of ripened wood, in strong heat, under a glass, in 
 fialimifo'lia (purslane-leaved). 3- White. April; rich loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80} 
 
 June. South of Europe. 1820. winter, 55 to 6a. 
 
 macroca'rpa (long-fruited). . White. June. ^ amplexicau'lis ^tern-clasping). 12. Yellow, 
 
 France. 1823. g reen . Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 oioro'to (obovate). . Yellow. June. France. _ Asia i tica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow, green. Asia. 
 
 1830. 1816. 
 
 nipe'stre (rock). $. White. June. Naples. I cherimo'lia (Cherimoyer). 18. Brown. Au- 
 
 1825. gust. S. Amer. 1/39. 
 
 spino'sa (thorny). . White. June. South | _ cinc , rea (gny * J5 . Yellow, green. W. Ind. 
 
 of Europe. 1683. 1S 1 8 . 
 
 ANCECTOCHI'LUS. (From anoifdos, open, j gla'bra (smooth-fruited).__ 16. Brown. Au- 
 
 and cheilos, a h'p ; in reference to the 
 spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord., 
 rchids [Orchidacese] . Linn., 20- Gynan- 
 dria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Division of the roots; lumpy peat; a littla 
 loam and charcoal ; and well drained. Summer 
 temp., 65 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 65. 
 A. seta'ceus (bristly). . White, green. June- 
 Java. 1836. 
 vxr.pi'ctus (painted-bristly). 
 
 The natives of Ceylon, where it grows in the 
 hedge-rows, admire it much, and give it the regal 
 name of " The King of the Woods ; " and well it j 
 deserves the title ; but yet the leaves are the only 
 part that attract our admiration. The flowers, 
 though various, are not at all beautiful ; but the 
 leaves are the most beautiful of all the leaves in 
 the world. The ground colour is of a dark 
 velvety-green, tinged with a metallic lustre, 
 curiously inlaid, as it were, with streaks of golden 
 net-work. If examined with a moderate micro- 
 scope, when the sun is shining, this golden net- 
 work is really glorious, having the appearance of 
 the richest rubies. But no description can do 
 justice to the beauty of the leaves of this plant. 
 The variety named pictus, or painted brought 
 home, we believe, by Mr. Gibson, from the 
 Khorea Hills, India has a broad stripe of yellow 
 down the centre of each leaf, in addition to the 
 golden net- work. It is equally beautiful with 
 the original species, but, if anything, more diffi- 
 cult to cultivate. Messrs. Low and Co., of the 
 Clapton Nurseries, have imported another variety, 
 from Borneo, of a stronger growth, and on that 
 account worth cultivating, though not quite so 
 beautiful as the other two Yirieties. (Cottage 
 Gardener, iii. 224.) 
 AHOMATHE'CA. (From anomos, singular, 
 
 ust. Carolina. 1774. 
 
 laurifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown. W. 
 
 Ind. 17/3. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 12. Yellow, green. 
 E. 
 
 Guiana. 1820. 
 
 Mexicu'na (Mexican). 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 muco'sa (mucous). 12. Yellow, green. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10. 
 
 Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1656. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 15. Yellow,. 
 
 green. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 pnludu'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana. 1830. 
 
 pulu'stris (marsh. The cork- wood). 15. 
 
 Yellow. W. Ind. 1731. 
 
 puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow, green. 
 
 Trinidad. 18)8. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 20. White, green. S. 
 
 Amer. 1690. 
 
 Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow, green. 
 
 Guinea. 1824. 
 
 squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20. White, 
 
 green. S. Amer. 1731. 
 ANO'PTEEUS. (From ano, upwards, 
 and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the sem- 
 blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Escallo- 
 niads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria i-Monogynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings under 
 a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat. 
 Usually in a cold pit or greenhouse, but should 
 be tried on a wall, with slight winter protection. 
 A . glandulo'sus (gland-leaved). 3. December. 
 
 White and pink. Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 1646. 
 
 ANSE'LLIA. (In honour of Mr. Ansell, 
 the botanical collector who accompanied 
 
 *nd theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. Nat. j the ill-fated Niger Expedition. Nat. ord.,, 
 ord., Irids [Iriclacess]. Linn., 3-Trian- \ Orchids [Orchiclaceae]. Linn.,2Q-Gynan- 
 dria l-Honoyynia.) j dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Aganisia.) 
 
ANT 
 
 44] 
 
 ANT 
 
 A stove orchid. Divisions ; turfy heath-mould 
 and broken potsherds. Temp, in summer, 60 
 to 85, with plenty of moisture at root and top ; 
 winter, 55 to 60, and kept dry. 
 
 . Africa'na (African). 3. Brown, green, and 
 yellow. February. Fernando Po. 1844. 
 
 ANT. (Formi'ca.) To drive this insect 
 away, dig up its nests and haunts, and 
 mix the earth with gas-lime. To kill it, 
 pour over the nest, at night, a strong de- 
 coction of elder-leaves. To trap it, smear 
 the inside of a garden-pot with honey, 
 invert it over the nest, and when crowded 
 with them, hold it over the steam of 
 boiling water ; or turn a flower-pot, with 
 its hole stopped, over the nest. The ants 
 build up into it, and the whole colony may 
 be taken away in a shovel. They maybe 
 kept from ascending standard and es- 
 palier trees, by tying a piece of wool 
 round the stems and the supporters. 
 
 ANTENNA 'KIA. (From antenna, feelers; 
 in reference to the downy heads of the 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . 
 Linn., "LQ-Syngcnesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Root division and seeds ; common, light soil. 
 In most places the Nepaul species require the 
 protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Pink. June. Alpine. 
 Europe. 1775. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Carpathian Mountains. 1775. 
 
 conto'rta (twisted-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 dioi'ca. (dioecious). 1. Pink. June. Britain. 1821. 
 
 Jiyperbo'rea (northern). 1. Whitish. June. 
 
 Isle of Skye. 1821. 
 
 mar gar ita' cea (pearly). 2. White. July. 
 
 England. 1821. 
 
 ' plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. White. 
 July. Virginia. 1759. 
 
 tripline'rvis (three-nerved). 1. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. (From An 
 themon, a flower; in reference to the 
 -great number of flowers produced. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19- 
 Syngencsin %-Superflua.} 
 
 With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants. 
 Division of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The 
 single-flowering A. no'bilin is superior to the 
 double for medicinal properties. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. White. July. Austria. 1824. 
 
 upiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 China. 1819. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. White. August. 
 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). I. White. June. 
 
 Carpathia. 1820. 
 
 chamomi'lln (chamomile). 1. White. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1807. 
 coronopifo'lia (buck-horn-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 May. Spain. 1818. 
 fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 A. globo'sa (globose). 1. White. July. South 
 of Europe. 1570. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (great- flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1825. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. White. August. Iberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 incrassa'ta (thick -peduncled). 1. White. 
 
 July. France, 1818. 
 
 Kitaibc'llii (Kitaibel's). 1. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1823. 
 
 Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 18) 6. 
 
 melampo'dia (black- footed). 1. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Egypt. 1819. 
 
 montu'na (mountain). 1. Purple. July. Italy. 
 
 1759. 
 
 petras'a (rock). 1. White. July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 pube'scens (soft-haired). 1. White. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1803. 
 
 pyre 1 thrum (pellitory of Spain). 1. White. 
 
 May. South of Europe. 1570. 
 
 rige'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1805. 
 
 Rudolphia'na (Rudolph's). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1807- 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 tomento'sa. (downy). 1. White. July. Le- 
 
 vant. 1795. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. July. South 
 of Europe. 1731. 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. White. August. 
 
 Austria. 1759. 
 
 Chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio. 1731. 
 
 co'ta (cota). 1. White. April. Italy. 1/14. 
 -- discoi'de.a (discoid). 1. Yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1800. 
 fa'llax (uncertain). 1. White. July. 1825. 
 
 fusca'ta (brown-scaled). 1. White. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1805. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 1. White. July. Medi- 
 
 terranean. 1800. 
 
 mi'xta (mixed). 1. White. August. France. 
 
 1731. 
 
 mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). Italy. 1836. 
 
 Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. White. June. 
 
 Taurida. 1823. 
 
 Triumfe'tti (Triumfetti's). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. Switzerland. 1819. 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 A. no'bilis (noble. Common chamomile). 1. 
 White. August. Britain. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double). 1. White. Au- 
 gust. Britain. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. August, 
 
 Barbary. 18J8. Biennial. 
 
 See CHAMOMILE. 
 
 ANTHE'PHORA. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Grasses 
 [Grarninace'Ee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 2- 
 Digynia.) 
 
 Seed in March or April. Peat and loam. 
 They are pretty, and, with the exception of re- 
 quiring a greenhouse in winter, as easily managed 
 as any other grass. 
 
 A. e'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Jamaica. 
 1776. 
 
 villo'sa (soft-haired). August. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 ANTHE'RICUM. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and kcrkos, a hedge ; in reference to the 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 tall flower-Stems. Nat. ord., Lily worts I sand under a glass, set at first in a cool place, 
 [Liliacea?]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mono- \ d afterwards placed in a rnild bottom-heat. 
 
 Sandy loam and peat, well drained. Summer 
 gynia.) temp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 Few orders of plants arc less ably arranged by 
 men of science, and still less understood by the 
 pardener,. than the " beautiful " Order of Lilies. 
 With the exception of A. sero'tinurn and suL- 
 phu'reum, which are hardy, they.yare mostly low, 
 greenhouse, herbaceous plants, wir.h tuberous and 
 fleshy-bundled roots. Propagated by suckers, 
 offsets, and seeds. Sandy loam, with abundance 
 of drainage, and 1 requiring the frame or green- 
 house in winter. The genus Bulbine is now 
 added to this. 
 
 A, albucoi'des (albuca-like). I. White. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1788. 
 
 bipedunculu'tum (two-peduncled). 1. White. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 cunaliculu-'tum (channelled-leaved). 1. White 
 
 and green. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1774. 
 
 -- ru'fum (rusty). 1. Copper. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope.. 
 
 ccsru'leum (bluish). Blue. May. 
 
 cro'ceum (saffron). 1. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 fiUfo'rme (thread-form). 1. White. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/75. 
 
 flexifo'lium (zigzag-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 frttgnuu (sweet-scented). 1. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794. 
 
 hirsu'twn (hairy). 1. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 longtfo'lium (long-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 pilo'snm (long-haired). 1. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 plumo'sum (feather-petaled). 1. White. 
 
 March. Chili. 1829. 
 
 pomeridia'num (afternoon). 2. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1819. 
 
 revolu'tum (rolled-back). 2. White. October. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/31. 
 
 sero'tinum (late -flowering). 1. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 spira'le (spiral). 1. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 squa'meum (scaly). 1. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 sulphu'reurn (sulphur). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 July. Hungary. 1823. 
 
 triflo'rum (three-flowered). 1. White. Sep. 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1785?.* 
 
 undula'tum (waved). 1. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 vesperti'num (evening) . 2. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1803. 
 - villo'sum (long-haired). 1. White. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 AKTHOCE'RCTS. (Prom qmthos, a flower, 
 ;iml klrfns, a ray.' Nat. ord., Figworts 
 [ Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., "L^-Didyna- 
 * 
 
 Cuttings of ripened wood in April, placed tot 
 
 A, a'lbicans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. Yellowish-green. 
 
 June. Swan River. 1843. 
 
 litore'a (shore). 3. White. June. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1803. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1822. 
 
 ANTHOCLEI'-STA. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and cleisios, shut up. Nat. ord., Loga- 
 niads [Loganeacese.]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Cuttings in heat; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 66. 
 A. macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White. Sierra 
 Leone. 1820. 
 
 A'NTHODON. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Hippocra- 
 teuds [Hippocrateaeese]. Linn., 3-Tri- 
 andria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Tropical evergreen shrubs; cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood, under a bell-glass, m hotbed; 
 sandy loam and peat. Temperature as for pre- 
 ceding genus. 
 
 A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green. 
 Rio Janeiro. 1818. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 12. Yellow, green. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1818. 
 
 ANTHELO'HA. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and loma, a fringe. .Nat. ord., Margra- 
 vlads [Margraviacese]. Linn., 13-Poly- 
 (indria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe 
 wood, under glass, in sand and in heat ; light, 
 rich loam. Temperature as for preceding. 
 A. monta'na (mountain). N. Holland. 1810. 
 
 ANTHOLY'ZA. (From antkos, a flower, 
 and lyssa, rage; in reference to the open- 
 ing of the flower like the mouth of an 
 enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irids [Irida- 
 cese]. Linn., 8-Triandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or 
 greenhouse in winter, or to be planted deep 
 enough beyond the reach of frost in a dry, shel- 
 tered situation ; light, sandy soil ; offsets. See 
 ANISA'NTHUS. 
 
 A. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 3. Scarlet and green. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1 . Brown. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759- 
 
 prcBa'ltit (very tall). Orange. February. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 ANTHOMY'IA, a genus of fly very inju- 
 rious to the gardener. The principal 
 species are the following : 
 A. cepa'ittm (onion-fly). 
 
 In light soils, especially, the onion is 
 liable to suffer from the grub or larva of 
 this fly (Antliomy'ia cepa'rum, or Scttto'- 
 cepa'rum of some writers). The 
 
ANT 
 
 [46 ] 
 
 ANT 
 
 gardener who sees his young onions, 
 when about the thickness of a straw, 
 turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down 
 upon the ground, may at once know that 
 they are the victims of this insect. Even 
 when of larger growth the onion is still 
 .liable to suffer from its attacks, and even 
 *up to the time of the bulb's full growth. 
 If the outer coats of a young onion thus 
 destroyed are stripped off, the grub is at 
 once detected; but if the onion is older, 
 the grubs are often numerous. In both 
 cases they will be found feeding on the 
 very heart of the onion. The grub varies 
 from about a quarter to half an inch 
 long, is fleshy, shining, whitish, cylin- 
 drical, tapering from the head to the tail, 
 and divided into twelve segments. The 
 pores through which it breathes are yel- 
 low, and in the first segment. In about 
 three weeks from the time of being 
 hatched it changes into a chesnut-co- 
 loured, oval pupaiium, or case, within 
 which is the real pupa. From this, in 
 about a fortnight, the perfect fly comes 
 forth, of the size of the cross lines, and 
 appearing as magnified in our drawing. 
 
 This is the female, and is entirely of a 
 pale, ashy colour, covered with black 
 bristles. The male has a black line 
 down the middle of the abdomen. The 
 antennas and legs are black ; the wings 
 are transparent, almost colourless, but 
 irridescent pink and green. The female 
 inserts her eggs within the leaf-sheaths 
 of the onion, close to the ground, She 
 continues to lay her eggs from May to 
 September, producing several broods dur- 
 ing that peiiod. The latest brood re- 
 mains in. the pupa state through the 
 winter, so that all old-decaying store- 
 onions should be burnt up as spring ad- 
 vances. The best preventive of this grub 
 is to sprinkle gas-lime between the rows 
 of seeding-onions, its fumes being offen- 
 sive to the fly. It may be well, also, to try 
 
 spreading powdered charcoal among thorn 
 in a similar way, for the fly is said to 
 deposit her eggs in this powder as readily 
 as in the onion-plants. 
 
 A. bra'ssica, cabbage-fly, says Mr. 
 Curtis, is found through the .summer, 
 and is the parent of a maggot which has 
 been known to lay waste whole fields of 
 cabbages, by diseasing the roots on which 
 they feed, as well as at the base of the 
 stalk. Successive generations are feed- 
 ing until November ; the latter families 
 lying in the pupa state through the win- 
 ter, and most probably some of the flies 
 survive that season, secreted in holes and 
 crevices. When the cabbage-leaves as- 
 sume a lead or yellow colour, and droop 
 in mid-day from the effect of the sun, 
 such plants, being diseased, should be 
 taken up, carried away, -and burnt, and 
 brine or lime put into the holes. Gar- 
 deners, in some instances, have collected 
 large quantities of the pupae from the 
 roots by drawing away the earth. 
 
 The male of A. bra'ssicce is dark, bright 
 grey, with black bristles; there is a 
 black stripe half way down the middle 
 of the thorax, and a curved one on each, 
 side ; the body has a more decided black 
 stripe down the centre, and the segments 
 are marked by a line of the same colour: 
 legs and antennae blackish ; wings a little 
 smoky. The female is pale, ashy grey ; 
 the eyes remote, with a dark chesnut- 
 coloured stripe on the crown ; the winge 
 are similar* in tint to those of tile fore- 
 going species, but the insects are consi- 
 derably smaller. Gardener's Cltronicle. 
 
 A. lactu'cce, lettuce-fly. Mr. Curtis says 
 the larvaa make their appearance in Au- 
 gust, but are abundant in September; 
 they closely resemble those from the cab- 
 bage and turnips, being of a yellowish- 
 white colour, tapering towards the head, 
 which is pointed, and armed with two 
 short, black claws at the nose. These 
 maggots live in the involucra of different 
 varieties of lettuce, feeding upon the 
 seeds and receptacle ; and when these 
 are consumed, they wriggle themselves 
 out backward, either to enter another 
 seed-vessel or fall to the ground and 
 become pupae. 
 
 When the seed-stems are gathered and 
 dying, the larvae change to pupse, called 
 shucks, in Surrey, being bright chesnut- 
 coloured,- oval cases, which are rough, 
 when examined under a lens, with two 
 minute tubercles at the head, and two 
 
ANT 
 
 [47] 
 
 ANT 
 
 hooks, and a few other tubercles at the 
 taH. In the course of May a few of the 
 pupse hatch; they have, however, been 
 observed as early as April, and as late us 
 July. The male is intense black, clothed 
 with short hair and bristles; the eyes 
 reddish-brown, and meeting above ; face 
 inclining to chesnut-colour,with a bright 
 spot of the same on the crown ; the fore 
 part of the trunk bears four varying 
 whitish stripes ; the body is ashy-grey, 
 the segments blackish, at the base a deep 
 black; wings two, stained with black, 
 and beautifully irridescent ; the base and 
 poisers ochreous, the nervures of the 
 wings pitchy. 
 
 The female is entirely ashy-grey, and 
 less bristly ; the eyes not meeting on the 
 crown, with a bright chesnut-coloured 
 stripe between them ; body oval, the 
 apex cone-shaped; horns and legs black- 
 ish ; wings and nervures lighter than in 
 the male, which it equals in size. Hid. 
 ANTHONY'MUS POMO'RUM. Apple "Wee- 
 vil. This insect shelters itself beneath 
 the scurfy bark during the winter, await- 
 ing the return of spring to renew its 
 attacks upon the blossom-buds. " This 
 insect," says Mr. Curtis, " commits great 
 devastation in apple-orchards, by destroy- 
 ing the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of 
 the flower. As soon as the blossom- 
 buds swell, the female beetle begins 
 to deposit her eggs. In calm weather, 
 she selects a good bud, and makes a hole 
 in it with her rostrum (long beak) ; she 
 fixes herself at the hole, lays one egg, 
 and goes on till she has deposited a con- 
 siderable number of eggs in separate 
 buds. The bud continues to swell, and 
 the petals (flower-leaves) nearly expand, 
 when suddenly the growth ceases, and 
 the petals wither, and assume a shri- 
 velled appearance. If one of these flower- 
 buds be examined when nearly expanded, 
 a small, white grub, with a black head, 
 will be found in the centre, which begins 
 to assume a yellowish colour ; a few days 
 later the grub will be found either wholly 
 or partially changed to a beetle, and, 
 should there be a small hole on the side 
 of the receptacle, the beetle will have es- 
 scaped, the transformation from the egg 
 to the perfect state not having occupied 
 more than a month. When this beetle, 
 or weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds 
 during the summer on the leaves of the 
 trees, and is seldom to be seen. In the 
 autumn, the weevils leave the trees and 
 
 search for convenient hiding-places, un- 
 der stones about the trees, or under the 
 rough bark, in which they pass the winter. 
 Consequently, as they commence their 
 operations early in the spring, care should 
 be taken to remove all stones, dead 
 leaves, and other litter from under the 
 trees, as well as to scrape off the rough, 
 dead bark from them in the winter sea- 
 son. The apple-weevil is also very in- 
 jurious to pear trees. This beetle, or 
 
 weevil, is scarcely one line and a half 
 long; its wing-cases are dark brown, 
 with whitish-grey stripes; its antennas 
 (horns or feelers) spring from the middle 
 of its beak, and all these parts, as well as 
 its eyes and the under part of the body, 
 are black." 
 
 There are several nearly-allied species 
 of predatory weevils, which -will be found 
 under the name of CURCD'IIO. 
 
 ANTHOSPE'EMUM. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Cinclwniads [Cinchoniaceas, formerly Ru- 
 biacese]. Linn., 22-Diccci.a4^-Tetrandria.) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and 
 loam; summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 40 to 
 45. 
 
 A. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 2. Green and white. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692. 
 ANTHU'RIUM. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and oura, a tail ; referring to the spadix. 
 or Arum flower-spike. Nat. ord., Oron- 
 tiads [Orontiacese], Linn., k-Tetrandria 
 \-Monoyynia. Allied to Pothos.) 
 
 Stove Epiphytes. Sucker; peat and loam. 
 Temp, in summer, 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Apetal. Mexico. 
 
 182Q. 
 rubc'sncns (reddish). Brown. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 There are five other epecies, but undeserving 
 cultivation. 
 
 ANTHY'LLIS. (From anthcs^ a flower, 
 and ioulos, down ; literally, downy flower. 
 Nat. ord., Leauminous Plants [Faba- 
 
ANT 
 
 eeie]. Allied to Trefoil. Linn., 1C Mo. 
 iiadelphia Q-Deeandritk ) 
 
 Seeds, division of roots, cuttings; the hardy 
 perennial and annual species like a lighr, well- 
 drained soil; the greenhouse varieties should have 
 a little peat. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 A. cornici'na(cro\v). ]. White. July. Spain. 1759- 
 
 hamo'su (hooked). 1. Pale yellow. July. Bar- 
 
 hary. 1821. 
 
 lotni'des (lotus-like). 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1/39. 
 
 tetrapJiy' lla (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1C40. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 A. aspala'thl (aspalathus-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 ba'rba Jo'vis (Jupiter's beard). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. South of Europe. 1 640. 
 
 cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 2. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1731. 
 
 echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 erina'cea (prickly). 1. Purple. May. Spain. 
 
 1759. 
 
 Hermri'nni<s ( Hermann's). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1739. 
 
 heterophy lla (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1768. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 A. alpi'na (hairy-alpine). 1. Yellow. August. 
 Britain. 
 
 Dille'nii (Dillenius's). . Red. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1816. 
 
 Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. White. August, Pro-! 
 
 vence. 1806. 
 
 montu'nu (mountain). 1. Purple. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1759- 
 
 a'lba (white). 1. White. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1818. 
 
 onobrychoi'des (Saint Foix-like). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1817. 
 
 polycefphala (many-headed). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1829. 
 
 potyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1816. 
 
 mdnern'ria (common woundwort). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 hirsutifssima (very hairy). . Red. July. 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 rti'bra (red-flowered). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Webbidna (Webb's). 1. Pale rose. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1829. 
 
 ANTIA'RIS. (From antja, its Java name- 
 Nat, ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese] . 
 Linn., %1-Moncecia k-Tetradynamia. Al- 
 lied to Brosimum.) 
 
 This is the fabled upas-tree of Java, which fur- 
 nishes the "Antjar poison." As if to prove the 
 Baying that reality is more strange than fiction 
 at least in botany the very nearest plant in af- 
 finity to this deadly-poisonous tree is the cow-tree 
 of South America, whose. milky juice is as whole- 
 some as that of an "Alderney," and the bread- 
 fruit-tree is also closely allied to the upas. A 
 itove tree cuttings of rather firm wood, in sandy 
 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and in boUom-h^at, 
 Sandv peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 J 
 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. toxica'ria (poisonous). 40. Green. Java. 1844 
 
 ANTIGRA'MMA. (From anti, like, and' 
 gramma, writing; in reference to the ap- 
 pee.rance of the spore- cases, or seed -ves- 
 sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [PdypodiacejcJ. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptogamia 1-Filices. Allied to 
 Scolopendrium.) 
 
 A greenhouse Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. 
 Temp, in summer, 55 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 A. rhyzophy'lla (rooting-leaved). Brown. May. 
 
 ANTIRRHI'NUM. (From anil, like, paid 
 rhin, a snout, or nose ; flowers like the 
 snout of an animal. Nat. ord., Fir/worfs 
 [Scrophulariacesej. Linn., IJL-Tetrady- 
 iiamia 2-A>igiospermia.) 
 
 Grow freely from seed sown in spring ; the best 
 varieties by cuttings, inserted in sandysoil, under 
 a hand-light. Common soil, if not retentive of 
 moisture. All hardy herbaceous perennials, ex- 
 cept when otherwise specified. Excellent for 
 banks and under trees, but above either for the 
 tops of walls. The varieties are endless. 
 A. angustifrflium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. 
 August. Europe. 181 /. 
 
 asari'na (asarina) . 1. White. July. Italy. 
 
 1699. Half-hardy evergreen trailer. 
 
 calyci'num (large-calyxed). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Spain. 1810. Hardy annual. 
 
 glanduto'sum (glandular-haired.) 2. Roan, 
 
 yellow. September. California. 1834. 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 ma'jus (greater). 2. Pink. July. England. 
 bi'color (two - coloured). 2. White. 
 
 July. England. 
 cocci'neus (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scar- 
 
 let. July. England. 
 flo're-plt'no (double-flowered). 2. Flesh. 
 
 July. England. 
 variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 2. Red. 
 
 July. England. 
 
 me'dium (intermediate). 2. Pink. August. 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 meana'ntkum (smaller-flowered). 2. Pink. 
 
 August. South of Europe. 1817. 
 
 mo'lle (soft-leaved). 1. White. August. Spain. 
 
 1752. Half-hardy evergreen trailer. 
 
 Montevidtfnse (Monte Videan). 1. Red. 
 
 Montevideo. 1829. Hardy annual. 
 
 ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 4. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 oro'ntiurn (orontium). 1. Flesh. August. 
 
 Britain. Hardy annual. 
 
 setnpcrvi'rens (evergreen), 2. Pink. August. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 Si'culum (Sicilian). 1. White. July. 1804. 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisted). Purple. June. Italy. 
 
 ANTLER MOTH. See CERA'PTERYX. 
 
 ANTRO'PHYUM. (From avtron, a cavern, 
 and phio, to grow ; referring to its place 
 of growth. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo 
 diacese] . Linn., 24- Oryptogamial-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy loarn. 
 in a shady situation. 
 A. Cayenne'nse (Cayenne). Brown. Cayenne 
 
 coria'ceum (leathery). Brown. 
 
ANT 
 
 C -IS ] 
 
 APH 
 
 4, lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Brown. August. 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown. Island 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). ^Brown. Island of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 rsticula'tum (netted). Brown. 
 
 semicosta'tum (half-ribbed). Brown. Island. 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. AUh<E'aficifo'lia. 
 
 AO'TUS. (From a, not, and ous, ear ; 
 the ear-like appendages to the calyx are 
 wanting. Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae], Linn., \Q-Decandria 1-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse small evergreen shrubs. Seeds 
 sown in heat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in 
 April, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam 
 and peat, with a little charcoal. 
 A. gra'cilis (slender). April. N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 'graci'llimus (most slender). 3. Yellow, crim- 
 
 son. May. N. Holland. 1844. 
 
 inca'na (hoary)" 2. Yellow. June. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 lani'gera (woolly). Crimson, yellow. April. 
 
 Moreton Bay. 1838. 
 
 villo'sa (soft-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1790. 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1810. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 APA'RGIA. (A Greek name of a plant 
 now unknown. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracero], Linn., L9-Syitgenesia 1- 
 JEqualis.) 
 
 Allied to Succory. Common treatment in bor- 
 der. Division of roots. 
 
 A. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 1. Orange. 
 June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 The above hardy herbaceous perennial is the 
 only one worth cultivating, though there are 
 many other species. 
 
 APEI'BA. (The local name of one of 
 the species in Brazil. Nat. ord., Linden- 
 blooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn., l&Polyandria 
 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings 
 of ripe wood, under a glass, in strong heat ; peat 
 and loam. Should be curbed in the Chinese fa- 
 shion, by pruning their roots, &c. 
 A. a'spera (rough-capsuled). 30. Yellow. Cay- 
 enne. 1792. 
 
 la? vis (smooth-leaved). 10. Green. Cayenne. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Petou'mo (Petoumo). 40. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Tibou'rbou (Tibourbou). 7. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 1756. 
 
 APHELA'NDRA. (From apheles, simple, 
 and aner, a male ; the anthers being one- 
 celled. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- 
 ceffi]. Linn., l^-Didynamia '2-An<jiosper- 
 *nia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Allied to Justicia. 
 
 Cuttings of small side-shoots, taken off.in March 
 or April, inserted in very sandy peat, under a bell- 
 glass, and in a strong bottom'-heat. Rough loam, 
 and peat, well drained, and liberally supplied 
 with water during summer, until flower-buds ap- 
 pear ; kept dryer and cool during winter. Sum- 
 mer temp., 65 to 80; winter, 55 to Go ; but 
 10 less will do. A full account of the culture of 
 this genus is given in The Cottage Gardener, iv, 
 395. 
 
 A. auranti'aca (orange -coloured). 3. Orange, 
 scarlet. December. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 3. Scarlet. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 fu'lgens (glowing). ]. Orange. Autumn. 1847. 
 
 glabra'tu (smooth-leaved). l. Yellow. Au- 
 
 tumn. S. Amer. 1848. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Autumn. 1846. 
 
 APHELE'XIS. (From apheks, simple 
 and exis, habit. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Super- 
 /lna.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Allied to Heli- 
 chrysum. Cuttings in 'spring or summer ; small 
 side-shoots are best, ripened, but not hard, in~ 
 serted in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temo. 
 55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 47. 
 A. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 fascicula'ta (fascicled). 2. Purpie, yellow. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1799. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1799. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1799. 
 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 2. Varie- 
 gated. July. C. G. Hope. 1799. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1810. 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered-dwarf). 2. 
 
 Purple. N. Holland. 1840. 
 ro'sea (rose-large-flowered-dwarf ). 2. 
 
 Rose. Gardens. 1845. 
 purpu'rea (purple-large-flowered-dwarf). 
 
 2. Purple. N. Holland. 1840. 
 
 sesamoi'des (sesamun-like). 2. Purple, white* 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hop e . 1739, 
 
 APHIS. The plant-louse, or green 
 fly; calltid sometimes the puceron. 'or 
 vine-fretter. It is usual to consider that 
 every plant liable to be attacked by this 
 insect is the victim of some especial 
 species ; but we think that further exa- 
 mination will reduce the number of 
 species very considerably. Difference in 
 colour certainly does not constitute a 
 specific difference ; for the rose-louse is 
 green when the shoots of the rose are 
 green, but red when the shoots are of 
 this colour. The amount of injury they 
 cause to a plant, by robbing it of its sap 
 or blood, is proportioned to their num- 
 ber, and the time they are allowed to in- 
 fest the subject of their attack ; and the 
 amount of that injury may be appreci- 
 ated by the fact that the hop-duty is 
 often 408,000 ; but the hop-louse (Apktt 
 
API! 
 
 [501 
 
 APR 
 
 humuli) frequently so destroys the crop 
 as to reduce it to a little more than 
 1 5,000. The green fly on our roses 
 (Aphis roste) is that of which we will 
 now offer a few particulars. It is curious 
 that these always are most abundant 
 after the prevalence of easterly winds ; 
 and Mr. Jenyns observed in Cambridge- 
 shire> during October, and Mr. White, at 
 Selborne, in August, myriads of aphides, 
 in both instances, after the wind had 
 been for some time easterly. So fast do 
 they multiply, twenty generations being 
 producible in one year, and the young in 
 the autumn being born alive, and not 
 from an egg, Reaumur has shown that 
 one female may be the ancestor of nearly 
 six millions in five generations' It is 
 needless to describe minutely the rose 
 aphis. It is usually light green, with 
 green wood; and red, with red wood, 
 with brown antennae and legs, and trans- 
 parent irridescent wings. They frequently 
 change their skins; and these may be 
 seen hanging about the leaves and shoots j 
 of the rose. The males may be known 
 by a double row of black dots on each of 
 their sides. The most effectual of all 
 applications for their destruction is to- 
 bacco smoke ; and the best mode of ap- 
 plying it is to cover the bush with a sheet, 
 and fill the space enclosed with the 
 smoke, by means of Brown's fumigator. 
 
 Aphis pjyimx^ is of a grass-green 
 colour, attacking the apple and pear. To 
 prevent its appearance, the following 
 treatment is said to be very effectual. 
 The application must be made every 
 other if not every year ; but once in two 
 years may be sufficient, if thoroughly 
 well done. Take 1 Ib. sulphur vivum, 
 1 Ib. Scotch snuff, 1 Ib. quicklime, f Ib. 
 lampblack, 1 Ib. soft soap, and of water 
 sufficient to make it into the consistence 
 of paint. Unnail your trees about Fe- 
 bruary, before the bloom-buds begin to 
 swell, and with a common paint-brush 
 paint every branch from the ground up- 
 wards. 
 
 A . persica is dark green, and is pecu- 
 liar to the peach and nectarine. 
 
 A. pruni ravages the plum tribes, and 
 is a very light green. 
 
 A. falce, known popularly as the Black 
 Dolphin and Elephant, is b,lack, and at- 
 tacks the common bean. The tops of 
 beans attacked by the black dolphin 
 should be forthwith removed ; and 
 smaller plants may be syringed with 
 tobacco-water, or water in which elder- 
 leaves have been boiled; which appli- 
 cations are all fatal to the aphis ; syring- 
 ing with soap-suds, on two or three 
 following days, is also effectual. 
 
 A. pisi is green, and affects the pea. 
 A. lonicera, woodbine louse. Dingy 
 green. 
 
 A. cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Ap- 
 pears black. Infests the under sides 
 of the leaves, especially on wet soils. 
 A. coryli, nut louse. Pale green. 
 A. dahlia, dahlia louse. Amber-co- 
 loured. 
 
 A. ri&is, red-currant louse. Blackish. 
 A. liyustri, privet louse. Dark brown. 
 A. rilis-nigri, black-currant louse. 
 Transparent green. 
 
 A. lathyri, sweet-pea louse. Dark 
 purple. 
 
 A. (Cinara) raphani, radish louse. 
 Females, green ; males, lightish-red. 
 
 The aphides on the peach appear the 
 earliest, being, as are all the others, the 
 produce of eggs deposited during the 
 previous autumn. During the spring 
 and summer they are viviparous, and 
 breed with extraordinary rapidity. The 
 gardener does well, therefore, to scrub 
 the branches of his wall-trees, and to 
 boil or change the shreds every winter, 
 for he thus destroys the pest in embryo. 
 So soon as they appear in spring, over 
 each wall-tree a mat should be fastened, 
 and tobacco, in some mode, burnt be- 
 neath it. Peas, whilst the dew is upon 
 them, may be dusted with Scotch snuff. 
 Over the apple, plum, and other stand- 
 ards, the only available remedy is a re- 
 peated application of quicklime, at the 
 same early period of the day, by the- 
 means of Curtis's lime -duster. 
 
 The larva? of the Coccinella or Lady- 
 bird, especially C. pnnctata, the Syrplius,. 
 or bee-like fly, the Hemerobins pcrla, or 
 golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpil- 
 lars, and many of the Iclineumomd<e, are- 
 great destroyers of the aphis, and should 
 be encouraged rather than removed. See 
 AMERICAN BLIGHT. 
 
 The following directions are applicable 
 to the destruction of every kind of aphis. 
 When you intend to fumigate your plants,. 
 
APH 
 
 [51] 
 
 APL 
 
 in a house, pit, or frame, choose a still 
 evening, and let your plants be quite 
 dry. Place them closer together, and in 
 the clear space thus obtained put either 
 an iron pan, or, if you have not such a 
 thing, use a hard -burnt garden-pot ; put 
 in it a few red-hot cinders that do not 
 smoke ; upon those cinders put your to- 
 bacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A 
 cloud of smoke will immediate rise, 
 and will soon nil the frame. Brown's 
 fumigator is an excellent instrument for 
 applying tobacco-smoke. As soon as you 
 judge it to be well filled with smoke, 
 remove the pan, or pot, and carry it to 
 the next frame, if you have more than 
 one that requires smoking. Be extremely 
 careful that the tobacco does not break 
 out into a flame, as it is that which does 
 the mischief. If you perceive a likeli- 
 hood of blazing out, prevent it with a 
 sprinkling of water, very gently applied. 
 Cover up the frames with mats to keep 
 in the smoke as long as possible. The 
 next morning examine the aphides, or 
 green flies, and if you find any alive re- 
 peat the smoking the following evening. 
 This second application will most effect- 
 ually destroy all your enemies. You may 
 now syringe the plants pretty severely, 
 to wash away the dead bodies of the 
 slain, and the plants will again thrive 
 and flourish in perfect health and beauty. 
 The green fly on plants out of doors, 
 so situated that the smoke of tobacco 
 cannot be so perfectly confined as to de- 
 stroy them, require a different mode of 
 attack, though the same herb furnishes 
 us with a remedy against the foe, only it 
 must be applied in a different form ; that 
 is, as tobacco-water. This can be had at 
 any tobacco manufactory, or it may be 
 made by steeping 4 oz. of tobacco in a 
 gallon of water ; let it stand in the water 
 for a week or so, occasionally stirring it 
 with the hand, and squeezing the tobacco, 
 to bring out the strength. It will then 
 be very powerful, and perhaps will bear 
 an addition of water, previously to using, 
 to the extent of one-half. Apply it to 
 standard roses, by dipping the infested 
 branches in it during a dry evening, and 
 syringing them the next morning. For 
 roses on pillars, or against walls, use the 
 syringe filled with clear liquor, and ap- 
 plied gently all over the shrubs. Verbe- 
 nas and Calceolarias in beds are often, 
 during the summer months, much in- 
 jured, and their beauty deteriorated, by 
 
 | these insects; also roses in beds suffer 
 
 j much from the same cause. We know 
 
 no better remedy than the above-men- 
 
 tioned tobacco-water, applied with a sy- 
 
 ringe or fine-rosed water-pot. 
 
 APHYLLA'NTHES. (From aphyllos, leaf- 
 less, and anthos, a flower; the flowers on 
 rush-like branches. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts 
 [Liliaceae]. Linn., G-Hcxandria 1-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of 
 the roots and seeds; sandy peat; requires a 
 warm situation, or a cold pit in winter. 
 A. Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). Red. South of 
 France. 1/91 
 
 (From apicros, not bitter.) 
 Greenhouse succulents, a section of the genus 
 Aloe; suckers and cuttings; sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 35 to 45; kept 
 rather dry. 
 
 A. a'spera (rough). 1. Grey. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 aspe'rula (roughish). 3. Grey. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 bicarina'ta (double-keeled). 1. Grey. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 bullulalta (little-blistered). l. Grey. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 fuliolo'sa (small-leafy). 1. Grey. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 17Q5. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). l. Grey. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 ni'gra (rough black). . Grey. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 pentago'na (five-angled). lj. Grey. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 -- to'rta (twisted). 1. Grey. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 ri'gida (rigid). $. Grey. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 spira'lis (great spiral). 1. Grey. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/QO. 
 
 spirilla (small spiral). l. Grey. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1808. 
 
 A'PIOS. (From apion, a pear ; in refer- 
 ence to the form of the roots. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 17-Diadelphia 4:-JDecandria.) 
 
 Hardy tuberous-rooted plant, allied to Glycine. 
 Division of roots ; sandy loam, with a little peat. 
 A. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 6. Brown, pink. 
 August. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 A'PIUM. (From apon, Celtic word for 
 water; water-plant. Nat. ord., Umbelll- 
 fers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2- 
 Digynia.} 
 
 Allied to Parsley. Seeds, spring, and superior, 
 rich soil, for the culinary kinds ; common soil 
 for others. See CELERY. 
 
 A. Chile'nse (Chilian). 1 . White. Chili. 1836. 
 grave'olens (strong-smelling Celery). 4. 
 White. July. Britain. 
 
 APLE'CTRUM. (From , not, and plek- 
 tron, a spur ; the flower spurless. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacetej. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
APO 
 
 APP 
 
 Hardy orchid ; offsets ; sandy peat. 
 A. hiema'le (wintry). 1. Brown. N. Amer. 182/. 
 
 APO'CYNUM. (From GJOO, from, and 
 kyon, a dog; poisonous to dogs. Nat. 
 ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia.*) 
 
 Hary herbaceous perennials. Suckers, division' 
 and seeds ; common garden-soil. 
 A. androscBmifo'lium (tutsan-leaved). 2. Striped- 
 August. N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 cannu 'binum (hemp-like). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 Iiypencifo'lium (hypericum-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 Vene'tum (Venetian). 2. White. June, 
 
 Adriatic Islands. 16QO. 
 
 APONOGE'TON. From apon, Celtic for 
 water, and geiton, neighbour; indicating 
 its places of growth. Nat. ord., Arrow- 
 grasses [Juncaginaceae]. Linn., Q-Hcx- 
 andria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Aquatics, kept in a vessel of water, in stove or 
 greenhouse, according to their native localities, 
 but all thriving in the stove ; offsets, loam and 
 peat. 
 
 A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White. 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Green- 
 house. 
 
 cri'spum (curled-leaved). 1. White. August. 
 
 Ceylon. 1820. Stove. 
 
 dista'chyon (two-spiked). 1. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse. 
 
 juncifo'lium (rush-leaved). White. 184/. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 monosta'chyon (simple-spiked). 1. Pink. 
 
 September. E. Ind. 1803. Stove. 
 
 APPLE. Pij'rus ma'lus. 
 
 Varieties. There are 1,496 named 
 varieties in the last edition of the Lon- 
 don Horticultural Society's List of Fruits, 
 of which they have 897 cultivated in 
 their gardens. The following are good 
 selections : 
 
 Espalier and divarf. Dessert kinds. 
 Lamb- abbey pearmain; Hick's fancy; 
 Kerry pippin ; Stunner pippin ; Eibston 
 pippin ; Pitmaston nonpareil ; Old non- 
 pareil ; Braddick's nonpareil ; Scarlet 
 nonpareil ; Pearson's plate ; Court-pen- 
 duplat ; Court of Wick ; Golden drop ; 
 King of pippins ; Margille ; Golden rein- 
 ette ; Reinette du Canada ; Adam's pear- 
 main; Boston russet ; Baddom, or spring 
 Ribston pippin; Early harvest; Early 
 Margaret ; Golden Harvey. 
 
 Standard. Dessert. Hick's fancy ; 
 Kerry pippin ; Pitmanton nonpareil ; 
 Court of Wick ; King of pippins ; Golden 
 reinette ; Adam's pearmain ; Boston rus- 
 set; Early harvest; Early Margaret; 
 Summer pippin ; Eibston pippin. 
 
 Espaliers and dwarfs. Kitchen. Haw- 
 Ihornden; Alfriston; Pitmaston nonpa- 
 
 reil ; Manks codling ; Wareham russet ; 
 Blenheim orange; Chappell ; Keswick 
 codling ; Waltham-abbey seedling. 
 
 Standard. Kitchen Northern green- 
 ing, or John; Manks codling; Chappell; 
 Wareham russet; Blenheim orange; 
 Norman ton, or Dumelow's seedling; Kes- 
 wick codling ; Hawthorden ; Bedfordshire 
 foundling; Reinette du Canada; Emperor 
 Alexander; Dutch codling; Wormsley 
 pippin; Waltham-abbey seedling; Al- 
 friston. 
 
 For ivalls. Ribston pippin ; Old non- 
 pareil; Newtown pippin ; Sturmer pippin. 
 
 Propagation by seed. Sow in autumn 
 the largest and most convex seeds, of a 
 favoured variety, in pots or border of light, 
 rich loam ; bury the seed an inch deep ; 
 if in a border, six inches apart each way. 
 Mr. London says, " The end of the first 
 year they should be transplanted into 
 nursery rows, from six inches to a foot 
 apart every way. Afterwards they should 
 be removed to where they are to produce 
 fruit ; and for this purpose the greater 
 the distance between the plants the bet- 
 ter. It should not be less than six or 
 eight feet every way. The quickest way 
 to bring them into a bearing state, Mr. 
 Williams of Pitmaston considers, is to 
 let the plants be furnished with lateral 
 shoots, from the ground upwards, so 
 I disposed as that the leaves of the upper 
 shoots may not shade those situated 
 underneath, pruning away only trifling 
 shoots. He adopted this mode, and suc- 
 ceeded in procuring fruit from seedling 
 apples at four, five, and six years of age, 
 instead of waiting eight, ten, and even 
 fifteen years, which must be the case by 
 the usual mode of planting close, and 
 pruning to naked stems." 
 
 The advice of Mr. Williams is very 
 good; but we must remind our readers 
 that most of our shy, flowering, arbore- 
 scent or shrubby plants or trees are the 
 soonest brought to blossom by first en- 
 couraging a high amount of luxuriance, 
 and then inducing a severe check by root- 
 pruning. By such means, carefully 
 carried out, there can be no doubt that 
 seedling apples may be made to blossom 
 in four years. The check may either 
 consist in a severe root-pruning, or the 
 plants may be transplanted ; taking caro 
 to prune away all taper-forked roots, and 
 using all possible means to encourage 
 surface fibres. 
 
 We may add here, that the less prun- 
 
AFP 
 
 APP 
 
 ing of the shoots the better; the knife 
 is a great enemy to early i'ruitfulness in 
 young trees, especially codlings. 
 
 Most good cultivators and we believe 
 we may include the highly-scientific au- 
 thority' of the late Mr. Knight, of Down- 
 ton prefer grafting the shoots of seed- 
 ling Apples, when two years old, on very 
 old, healthy, and fine-bearing kinds. In 
 doing so, the extremities of the best 
 branches should be chosen, as, also, the 
 lightest portion of the -tree, which should 
 stand in a sheltered and warm situation. 
 
 Mr. Knight states, that "the width 
 and thickness of the leaf generally indi- 
 cate the size of the future apple, but 
 will by no means convey any correct idea 
 of the merits of the future fruit. When 
 these have the character of liigh cultiva- 
 tion, the qualities of the fruit will be far 
 removed from those of the native species; 
 but the apple may be insipid or highly 
 flavoured, green or deeply coloured, and, 
 of course, well or ill calculated to answer 
 the purposes of the planter. An early 
 blossom in the spring, and an early 
 change of colour in the autumnal leaf, 
 would naturally be supposed to indicate 
 a fruit of early maturity; but I have 
 never been able to discover any criterion 
 of this kind on which the smallest de- 
 pendarice may be placed. The leaves of 
 some varieties Avill become yellow, and 
 fall off, leaving the fruit green and im- 
 mature ; ansl the leaves in other kinds 
 will retain their verdure long after the 
 fruit has perished. The plants whose 
 buds in the annual wood are full and 
 prominent, are usually more productive 
 than those whose buds are small and 
 shrunk in the bark; but their future 
 produce will depend much on the power 
 the blossoms possess of bearing the cold; 
 and this power varies in the varieties, 
 and can only be known from experience. 
 Those which produce their leaves and 
 blossoms rather early in the spring are 
 generally to be preferred ; for, though 
 they are more exposed to injury from 
 frost, they less frequently suffer from the 
 attacks of insects the more common 
 cause of failure. The disposition to ve- 
 getate early or late in the spring is, like 
 almost every other quality in the Apple- 
 tree, transferred in different degrees to 
 its offspring; and 'the planter must there- 
 fore seek those qualities in the parent- 
 tree which 1-e wishes to find in the future 
 seedling plants. The best method I have 
 
 been able to discover of obtaining such 
 fruits as vegetate very early in the spring, 
 has been by introducing the farina of the 
 Siberian crab into the blossom of a rich 
 and early apple, and by transferring, in 
 the same manner, the farina of the Apple 
 to the blossom of the Siberian crab. 
 The leaf and the habit of many of the 
 plants that I have thus obtained possess 
 much of the character of the Apple, 
 whilst they vegetate as early in the spring 
 as the crab of Siberia, and possess at 
 least an equal power of bearing cold; 
 and I possess two plants of the family 
 which are quite as hardy as the most 
 austere crab of our woods." 
 
 By grafting. Stocks of the Crab and 
 Apple are raised from kernels ; but the 
 Codling and Paradise stocks must be 
 raised by cuttings and layers. Sow in 
 autumn, in beds of light earth, moderately 
 thick, in drills, covering them full half 
 an inch deep ; they will come up in the 
 spring, when, if the season proves dry, 
 water them occasionally, which will great- 
 ly forward the seedlings, and strengthen 
 their growth ; and in autumn, winter, or 
 spring following, they may be planted 
 out'in nursery rows, previously shortening 
 their tap-roots, and planting them in 
 lines two feet and a halt' asunder, and 
 one foot in the rows ; and, after having 
 from one to two or three years' growth 
 here, they will be fit for grafting, parti- 
 cularly if for dwarfs, or even for full and 
 half standards, if it is intended to form 
 the stem from the graft, which is an 
 eligible method for these trees ; but, if 
 the stock is to form the stem, they will 
 require three or four years' growth to 
 rise to a proper height ; seven feet for 
 full, and four or five for half-standards. 
 When these trees are intended for full- 
 sized orchard standards, with strong 
 stems, the too common practice of prun- 
 ing close all side-branches, as they spring 
 from the stem, cannot be too strongly 
 deprecated. A regular series of these 
 should be left up the stem at least for 
 one year after their production, practising 
 what is termed " spurring-in " by our 
 nurserymen, at the first winter's pruning 
 after their production. Indeed, in the 
 second year, if any stout stems are 
 required, we would only totally remove 
 one-half ; and instead of performing this 
 operation in the winter, we would leave 
 it until near midsummer ; for recent 
 wounds heal, and skin over much nicer 
 
APP 
 
 [54] 
 
 APP 
 
 at that period than during the season of 
 rest. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of grafting, 
 it may he well to offer a few plain direc- 
 tions on that head. Presuming that 
 stocks, duly cultivated and prepared, exist, 
 the first thing is to provide scions ; that 
 is, a part of the kind intended to be 
 grafted on the stocks. It is, and has 
 been, a maxim, for perhaps centuries, to 
 procure these long before what is termed 
 the " rising of the sap ; " that is to say, 
 during the resting season. 
 
 Such, then, being procured during the 
 end of January, or through February, 
 they are "heeled;" that is, after being 
 correctly labelled, and tied in bundles, 
 they are placed in the earth, in a cool 
 and damp situation, where neither sun 
 nor wind can penetrate. Here they lie 
 until wanted. There appears to have 
 been originally more than one reason for 
 this procedure. A pressure of spring- 
 business, even in former days, would 
 suggest this practice, and it would soon 
 be discovered that these retarded scions 
 possessed real advantages ; the principle 
 of which appears to be the certainty of 
 nourishment the moment that they are 
 placed in the parent plant, or, at least, 
 as soon as their absorbing powers are 
 fully in action, which Avill be the case in 
 a day or two. The parent stock is thus 
 much in advance of them ; and a root- 
 action has already commenced, which is 
 capable of supplying their utmost need. 
 The period of grafting is determined by 
 the rising of the sap; and this is indi- 
 cated, in deciduous trees, by the enlarge- 
 ment of the buds, which generally takes 
 place in the early part of March, in Bri- 
 tain. We consider that the buds of the 
 stock should be near bursting their skin, 
 or hybernatory, before grafting should 
 take place. 
 
 This, of course, will differ, in different 
 fruits, as differ their degrees of preco- 
 city. For details of the process, see 
 GKAFTING. 
 
 By cuttings. All the varieties may be 
 raised in this mode, though some, as the 
 Burr -knot, Codling, and June-eating, 
 more readily than others. Trees so raised 
 are said to be not so liable as their pa- 
 rents to canker. In February take cuttings 
 of the young shoots from some of the 
 horizontal branches, about eight inches 
 long, cutting off a portion of the old 
 wood of the branch attached to the shoot ; 
 
 remove all the buds except the upper 
 three. Plant these firmly in sandy loam, 
 giving water, and covering with a hand- 
 giass, until the cuttings have well vege- 
 tated. Shade from the mid- day sun ; re 
 move the hand-glass in July, and get the 
 plants into the nursery early in No- 
 vember. 
 
 Soil. The Apple prefers a deep and 
 strong or adhesive loam. The colour is 
 not so very material, providing such rest 
 on a sound subsoil, free from water lodg- 
 ments. If it is not so naturally, draining 
 must be had recourse to, or it will be 
 vain to expect success. They are, never- 
 theless, cultivated with considerable suc- 
 cess on any ordinary garden-soil; and 
 even on soils of a peaty character ive 
 have known them succeed tolerably well ; 
 but, in the latter case, the peat must be 
 previously solidified by drainage, culture, 
 c., for a few years, for we have never 
 known them succeed on raw, elastic peats. 
 Improved peats, indeed, will in due time 
 approach the character of common, dark, 
 garden-soils; and it becomes expedient 
 for the Apple to introduce both marl and 
 clay, and also sand. Whenever a sus- 
 picion exists of an ungeuial subsoil, the 
 best plan is to plant on stations ; which, 
 indeed, is the best plan to adopt in all 
 kitchen-gardens, where the object is to 
 get great variety in small compass, or to 
 induce early bearing. See article STATIONS. 
 
 Planting. The soil should be trenched, 
 and immediately beneath each tree, ac- 
 cording to the extent of its roots, chalk, 
 stones, or brickbats rammed so as to form 
 a kind of pavement, to direct the roots 
 horizontally. Plant so that the roots 
 nearest the surface are twelve inches be- 
 low it. See STATIONS. 
 
 Espaliers. When first planted, the 
 young plant is cut down to within about 
 a foot of the ground, and only three 
 shoots permitted to spring from it, one 
 of which will be the leader, and the 
 others will form the first or lower tier of 
 bearing branches, which are to be se- 
 cured to small stakes, so as to keep them 
 in their proper places. 
 
 The following season the upright leader 
 must be shortened to nine inches or a 
 foot above the two horizontal branches, 
 and deprived of all its shoots, excepting 
 the three uppermost, which are to be 
 treated the same as before. In this way 
 the leading shoot is to be stopped at the 
 requisite distance above the horizontal 
 
APP 
 
 [05] 
 
 APP 
 
 ones, until it has reached the. height of 
 five feet. It is then cut off, and no more 
 allowed to gro\v upright, the whole 
 strength of the tree being directed to the 
 fruiting branches. 
 
 Espalier Apple-trees should be planted 
 at not less than twenty feet distance ; but 
 five-and-thirty feet is better, especially 
 for trees grafted on Crab or Apple-stocks, 
 which are free growers. For trees grafted 
 on Codling or Paradise stocks, eighteen 
 or twenty feet may be a sufficient distance. 
 They should be planted with their heads 
 entire, only removing any very irregular 
 growths that do not range consistent with 
 the intended form, and pruning any 
 broken roots ; as, also, the points of im- 
 mature wood. Let all the branches be 
 trained horizontally to the right and left, 
 an equal number on each side, all at full 
 length, five or six inches asunder ; and, 
 according as they shoot in summer, still 
 continue them along entire. At the same 
 time, train in a further supply of new 
 shoots, to increase the number of hori- 
 zontals, or bearers ; and thus continue in- 
 creasing their numbers every year, till 
 the espalier is regularly filled from the 
 bottom to the top, preserving all the 
 branches at full length, as far as the al- 
 lotted space will admit. 
 
 They must have a summer and a win- 
 ter pruning annually. In the summer, cut 
 out all the superfluous and ill-placed 
 .shoots of the year, and train regular 
 ones towards the lower parts in vacant 
 spaces, at least to remain till winter, some 
 of which may then be wanted to fill 
 some unforeseen vacancy, clearing out all 
 others at this time as close as possible ; 
 and in winter, if any worn-out or de- 
 cayed parts appear, then is the time to 
 retrench them, retaining young branches 
 in their places, and if any vacancy oc- 
 curs, retain some contiguous young 
 shoot to fill it. Cut clean and close to 
 the branches, still continuing all the 
 branches, and any occasional supply of 
 shoots, at full length, as far as their li- 
 mited bounds will allow ; then train the 
 whole regularly, tying them in as straight 
 and close to the railing as possible, about 
 six inches asunder. 
 
 Standards, Half-Standards, and Dwarfs 
 The standards having been trained in 
 the nursery, with tolerably good heads, 
 they should be planted with those heads 
 nearly entire, merely pruning away late 
 growths, and occasionally shortening, to 
 
 produce new shoots when desirable. If 
 ny are intended for the kitchen-garden, 
 plant them, at least, forty feet distance; 
 and, for a full plantation, to form an 
 orchard, allow thirty feet distance every 
 way. _ 
 
 Trim any broken or tap-roots, but leave 
 all the others entire. 
 
 As soon as planted, let every one be 
 well staked, to support them firmly up- 
 right, and prevent their being disturbed 
 n rooting by winds. 
 
 Smaller - growing standards, such as 
 Codlings and dwarfs upon Paradise stocks, 
 nay, if required, be planted only at 
 wenty feet distance, or even less, though, 
 f there is room to allow a greater dis- 
 ,ance, it will be the greater advantage. 
 
 Let them also, in future, advance with 
 
 all their branches at full length, taking 
 
 heir own natural growth, and they will 
 
 soon form numerous natural spurs in 
 
 very part for bearing. 
 
 With respect to pruning these stand- 
 ards, very little is required, probably not 
 more than once in three years, and then 
 only the retrenching any very irregular, 
 cross-placed bough, or reducing to order 
 any very long rambler ; or, when the head 
 .s become greatly crowded and confused, 
 to thin out some of the most irregular, 
 growth, likewise all strong shoots grow- 
 ng upright in the middle of the head, and 
 all dead wood and suckers from the stem 
 and root. See PRUNING, also STATION. 
 
 Manuring old Apple-trees. We gene- 
 rally see fruitful old trees starving by 
 inches ; few think of manuring them. The 
 consequence is, not only premature decay 
 in the tree, but a continual sacrifice in 
 produce; and if there be a full crop, the 
 apples either crack, or become corroded 
 with a rusty fungus, under which circum- 
 stances they will lose, in a great degree, 
 their keeping properties. The best way 
 to deal with such cases is to strip away, 
 at the end of October, six inches of the 
 surface-soil, and to apply a coating of the 
 very slutch of the manure-yard, three or 
 four inches in thickness ; after which, the 
 turf or some soil may be strewed over, to 
 prevent the loss of its fertile properties. 
 This, once in three years, accompanied 
 by a rather severe thinning or pruning, 
 will be found to renew the constitution of 
 the tree in a very considerable degree; 
 the fruit, also, will regain their size, their 
 clear skin, and, of course, their keeping 
 properties. 
 
APR 
 
 APR 
 
 Diseases. See CANKER, RUSSET, and 
 Moss. 
 
 Insects. So impressed was Mr. Kniglit 
 with the opinion, that of all our fruits none 
 suffers more from insects than the Apple, 
 that he declared his belief that these are 
 a more frequent cause of the crops failing 
 than frost. The figure-of-eight moth 
 (Episema cceruleocephala), Linnoeus de- 
 nominates the pest of Pomona, and the 
 destroyer of the hlossoms of the apple, 
 pear, and cherry. He also mentions ano- 
 ther (T nea corticella), as inhabiting ap- 
 ple-hearing trees under the bark. And 
 Reaumur has given us ths history of a 
 species common in this country, and pro- 
 ducing the same effect, often to the de- 
 struction of the crop, the caterpillar of 
 which feeds in the centre of our apples, 
 thus occasioning them to fall. Even the 
 young grafts are frequently destroyed 
 sometimes many hundreds in one night 
 in the nurseries about London, by the 
 Curculio vastator of Marsham (Otiorhyn- 
 chns picipes], one of the short- snouted 
 weevils ; and the foundation of canker, in 
 full-grown trees, is often laid by the larva? 
 of Temasa Wceberana. The sap, too, is 
 often injuriously drawn off by a minute 
 coccus, of which the female has the exact 
 shape of a muscle-shell (Coccus arborum 
 linearis), and which Reaumur has ac- 
 curately described and figured. But the 
 greatest enemy of this tree, and which 
 has been known in this country since the 
 year 1787, is the apple-aphis v called by 
 some 'the coccus, and by others the 
 American Blight. See AMERICAN BLIOHT, 
 BLIGHT YPONOMENTA, ANTHONYMUS, Coc- 
 cus, PSYLLA, BOSTRICHUS, ScoLYTUS, and 
 
 ACARUS. 
 
 APRICOT. Armeni'aca vulga'ris. 
 
 Varieties : 1. Early Masculine. End of 
 July. The best of the very early 
 Apricots. Fruit rather small, round, 
 and of a yellowish colour, tinted with 
 red on one side. 
 
 .Large Early, or Precoce. Ripens next 
 in order. An oblong fruit, of a palish- 
 orange colour, with a very agreeable 
 juice. 
 
 3. Blenheim, or Shipley's. One of the 
 most useful Apricots in the kingdom ; 
 for, although inferior in flavour to the 
 Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer, 
 and a sure ripener. An oval fruit, 
 middle-sized, and of a palish-lernon 
 colour. This kind is allied to the 
 Moorpark ; possibly a seedling from it. 
 
 4. Hemsltirke. Another of the Moorpark 
 section; somewhat earlier. This, also, 
 ripens safer than the Moorpark, and 
 such is a weighty consideration with 
 northern horticulturists. A roundish 
 fruit, somewhat flattened at the crown ; 
 colour, orange and red. 
 
 5. Breda. A well-known preserving fruit, 
 and most eligible for growing, as an 
 ordinary standard, in our southern 
 counties, or on any trellis device. 
 Called " Brussels " by some. A small 
 fruit, generally of a cramped or angled 
 appearance ; of an orange colour, and 
 rich flavoured. 
 
 6. Royal. A good fruit, of very rich 
 flavour, ripening just a little before the 
 Moorpark. Of a large size, oval, and 
 of an orange complexion. 
 
 7. Moorpark. The first Apricot in the 
 kingdom, taken altogether. A full- 
 sized, roundish fruit, ripening about 
 middle season ; flavour first rate. No 
 garden of any pretensions is complete 
 without a Moorpark or two. 
 
 These are all that are truly essential 
 either to the amateur or the cottager. 
 For the amateur who, in a small garden, 
 has room for three only, and those dis- 
 tinct kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and 
 7. If four, then take Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7. If 
 five, then Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. For cottagers, 
 we say, Nos. 3 and 7. Above all, wo 
 would recommend the "Shipley's" to 
 the cottager, as being a hardier and a 
 larger tree, and a much surer bearer. 
 Besides the above, there are the Black, 
 the Large Early, Musch-Musch, very 
 sweet, of the Breda section ; the Orange r 
 fitter for preserving than dessert, a good 
 bearer ; the Roman, another good bearer ; 
 the Turkey, a useful late variety; the- 
 Haisha, a Syrian kind, delicious, and 
 possessing a sweet kernel. 
 
 Choice of Trees. Those who have to 
 select, whether from stock of their own, 
 or from the nursery, should first see that 
 the junction between the stock and the 
 scion is complete, and thoroughly healed. 
 If any gum or other exudation appear on 
 any stem, by all means reject the tree as 
 to present use. 
 
 Two or three years' trained trees are 
 the most eligible, and such should pos- 
 sess at least two "bi'anches on either 
 side, and a -central one if possible. 
 Care should be taken to select those in 
 which the side-tranches are of about 
 equal thickness. 
 
APK 
 
 [ 57] 
 
 APR 
 
 Propagation is best done by budding. 
 Some choose the Apricot stock, or those 
 from the kernels ; others prefer the Plum 
 stock: the latter, however, has been 
 much complained of in late 7/ears. Our 
 nurserymen have what is called a " com- 
 moner " stock, which appears to be a sort 
 of wild Plum, and which, in general, 
 answers pretty well. 
 
 For dwarfs, bud at eight inches from 
 the soil ; for half-standards, at three feet; 
 and for standards, at five feet. 
 
 Period of Planting. Those who wish 
 to gain time may plant successfully in 
 the first or second week of October : any 
 time, however, from that period until the 
 early part of March will do. 
 
 Soil. A good, sound, and rather unctu- 
 ous loam is best, using a little ordinary 
 vegetable matter, but no manure, unless 
 on the surface. See MULCHING. Do 
 not make the soil deeper than eighteen 
 inches. See article STATIONS. 
 
 Aspect. A south aspect is best in the 
 northern parts of the kingdom ; but the 
 east and west frequently produce superior 
 fruit in the southern counties, where 
 very warm aspects are apt to produce 
 mealy fruit in hot seasons. Standards 
 can only be grown in our southern dis- 
 tricts, where they are sometimes very 
 prolific and high -flavoured. As standards, 
 they are several years in coming into 
 bearing. 
 
 Training. The branches should be on 
 an average from six to eight inches apart, 
 and kept as horizontal as possible. The 
 following is a very good form ; but the 
 ordinary fan-training is very well adapted, 
 ff care be taken to pinch over-luxuriant 
 shoots in time. 
 
 Pruning must be regulated by the 
 knowledge that, with the exception of 
 Buch as the Moorpark, many varieties 
 
 bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous 
 year; the Moorpark mostly on spurs 
 two and three years' old. 
 
 Summer Pruning. Take off all fore- 
 right shoots, and others that are irregular 
 and misplaced, reserving those that are 
 not too vigorous, and that will train in 
 well for next year's bearing. If done 
 early in May, the finger and thumb will 
 supersede the necessity for the knife. 
 Continue to nail the shoots to the wall, 
 as necessary, during the summer, tying 
 down or nailing in all short-jointed, weak- 
 looking spray. Over- vigorous shoots may 
 be stopped early in June, and be thus 
 induced to put forth more fertile laterals. 
 
 Winter Pruning had best be done as 
 soon as the leaves have fallen, though it 
 may be carried on until the buds begin 
 to swell, in March. Cut out any naked- 
 looking shoots not more than four or 
 five years old, avoiding amputations in 
 the larger limbs, and get their places re- 
 occupied by younger and better branches. 
 Keep a leading shoot at the end of each 
 branch. Vigorous shoots of the last year 
 shorten as far as the points seem ill- 
 ripened weaker shoots about one-third. 
 This promotes the production of laterals 
 for next year's fruiting, and gives a fuller 
 supply of sap to the blossom-buds. Cut 
 off gross, fore-right spurs ; but lateral 
 spurs may be retained, as they some- 
 times produce blossom-buds, as they 
 nearly always do in the Moorpark. Let, 
 also, all decaying or imperfect points be 
 pruned off. 
 
 Espaliers are to be formed as those on. 
 walls; standards only requiring dead r 
 crowded, or chafing branches to be re- 
 moved. 
 
 When an Apricot gets diseased, it is 
 much more profitable to replace it by a 
 younger, than to attempt its renovation. 
 
 Gathering should take place before the 
 fruit is dead ripe, or it will be mealy. 
 
 Thinning should commence as soon as 
 the fruit is large enough for tarts, in May r 
 or early in June; no fruit being left 
 nearer, finally, than about five inches to 
 another. The thinning may be done, 
 however, at twice. 
 
 Insects. Wasps and flies are best kept 
 off by a net, at least a foot from the wall. 
 Sec EARWIG, P/TSDISEA, and AF T .IIS. 
 
 Mildew is often the most formidable 
 assailant of the Apricot, as it usually 
 arises from excess of moisture to the root. 
 Draining the border, and mixing lime 
 
AQU [ 5 
 
 with the soil, has, in such case,been found 
 efficacious as a preventive ; and, at the 
 same time, sulphur, as a well-known and 
 powerful antagonist of the mildew, may 
 be carefully dusted over the tree; 
 
 Protection of Blossom. We know of no 
 fruit that more requires or deserves the 
 fostering care of the gardener than this. 
 Blossoming, as it frequently does, in the 
 end of February or beginning of March, 
 it must expect to be rocked by not only 
 the " rude, imperious gale," but, what is 
 much worse, to be subjected occasionally 
 to a temperature of some ten or fifteen 
 degrees of frost. We have ever found 
 it the best policy to protect carefully, 
 using a rather thick covering, and taking 
 care to remove it on every possible occa- 
 sion. Nothing can be better than a stout 
 canvass. Some, however, use bunting ; 
 some, ordinary garden-mats ; and not a 
 few, the fronds of fern, spruce-branches, 
 and even wisps of straw. 
 
 General maxims of culture. First of 
 all, a sound, loamy soil, with very little 
 manure, is most suitable. It is well, 
 nevertheless, in order to gain time, to 
 use a little generous soil, to start the 
 plant into free growth ; second, to per- 
 sist in summer stopping, in order to 
 equalise growths ; and, thirdly, after 
 careful summer training, to remove all 
 superfluous spray which shades the 
 embryo fruit buds in the end of August. 
 In addition to this, top-dressings in May, 
 and the application of liquid-manure, 
 "when the fruit commences the last swell- 
 ing, will be found useful adjuncts of high 
 culture. Apricot-branches, especially the 
 Moorpark, are apt to decay of a sudden, 
 without apparent reasons. By persisting 
 in the tying-down system, however, a 
 succession is ever ready for any gap. 
 
 AQUA'RIUM is the place devoted to the 
 cultivation of aquatic or water-plants. 
 The majority of those cultivated are ex- 
 otic, and require the protection of glass. 
 If there are only a few of these, they 
 may be successfully grown in cisterns, 
 placed in a stove ; but if the collection 
 be extensive, it requires a separate edifice. 
 The tank-system of heating by hot-water 
 offers a very superior mode of keeping 
 the water at a fitting temperature. The 
 leaden cistern in which the plants are 
 submerged may rest readily upon the 
 slates forming the cover of the tank. 
 The handsomest form for this purpose 
 would be a circular building, devoted 
 
 i ] AQU 
 
 entirely to the aquatics, because they do 
 not thrive satisfactorily in parts or 
 corners of a house in which other plants 
 are cultivated. The size will depend 
 upon the will or the means of the owner. 
 If the cultivation of the imperial Victoria 
 regia is intended, it ought not to be less 
 than 20 feet diameter. This will allow 
 a tank of 20 feet diameter, and a walk 
 3 feet wide round it. To make it hold 
 water, the sides should be made of thick 
 slates, fitted so as to be water-tight ; or 
 it may be built with bricks set in cement, 
 and lined with the same. It should be, 
 at least, three feet deep, for the Victoria 
 loves deep water. The water should be 
 heated with 4J-inch hot-water pipes, 
 coiled three times round the tank, and 
 two pipes should be carried round the 
 house, near to the outer wall, to give 
 heat to the air of the house. The roof 
 should be formed with wrought iron bars, 
 and should be flat, as far as possible, to 
 allow the rain-water to run off freely. 
 The Victoria should be planted on a 
 mound of strong earth, the base of which 
 should be, at the least, 5 feet in diameter, 
 and the top 2 feet, and it should be 
 brought up within a foot of the surface 
 of the water. This should have a motion 
 given to it by means of a vertical wheel, 
 with narrow boards affixed to it at right 
 angles, at 6 or 8 inches apart. This 
 vertical wheel should dip into the water 
 a few inches, and should play upon an 
 axis, being set in motion by a small 
 stream of water falling constantly upon 
 the boards. This wheel will give a 
 gentle motion to the whole surface of 
 the water, which motion will be a faint 
 imitation of a stream, and will be very 
 beneficial to the plants. The heat of the 
 water should be never lower than 70. 
 Air will be necessary in the hot days of 
 summer, and may be given by means of 
 shutters in the walls, 8 or 9 feet apart, 
 and a circular opening in the roof, at the 
 centre, 2 feet or 3 feet in diameter. This 
 part may be easily contrived, by any 
 mechanic, to lift up and fall down by a 
 simple machinery. This will cause a cir- 
 culation of air, necessary in all habita- 
 tions of plants. If the Victoria is not 
 intended to be grown, the house need 
 not be more than half the size. 
 
 The Victoria house, at Chatsworth, is a 
 
 noble structure for the purpose. It is, 
 
 however, the opposite to our beau id&al 
 
 i of an aquarium, being square, with a cir- 
 
AQU 
 
 C 59 ] 
 
 AQU 
 
 cular tank in the centre, and the corners 
 filled up with eight small tanks, in which 
 are grown one plant of a kind of other 
 five-stove aquatics. A walk runs round 
 the central tanks, and that walk is entered 
 by a short one from each side of the 
 square. A walk, too, is formed into each 
 corner ; and a walk runs close along the 
 front, thus forming the small tanks 
 alluded to above. The diameter of the 
 central tank is 33 feet, which will give 
 us some idea of this truly noble aquarium; 
 but very few cultivators will choose to go 
 to the expense of erecting such a house. 
 The following are aquatic stove-plants : 
 
 Aponogeton angustifolium. 
 
 distachyon. 
 
 monostachyon. 
 
 Arum venosura. 
 Cyperus alternifolius. 
 
 papyrus. 
 
 Damasonium Indicum. 
 Euryale ferox. 
 Limnocharis Humboldtii. 
 Menyanthes Indica. 
 
 ovata. 
 
 Nelumbium speciosum. 
 N3'mphaea caerulea. 
 
 pubesecns. 
 
 pygrmea. 
 
 rubra. 
 
 stcllata. 
 
 versicplor. 
 
 Philydrum lanuginosunit 
 
 Pistia stratiotes. 
 
 Pontedera crassipes. 
 
 cordata. 
 
 dilatata. 
 
 Sagittaria lancifolia. 
 
 obtusifolia. 
 
 Thalia dealbata. 
 
 Victoria regia. 
 
 Propagation and culture. Being all 
 herbaceous plants, they are to be propa- 
 gated as these generally are. Some are 
 raised from seeds, which, in general 
 should be sown as soon as ripe, and the 
 pots plunged in shallow water. When 
 the plants corne up, they may be trans- 
 planted into other pots, and shifted as 
 they advance in growth, till in a pot of 
 sufficient size to admit their flowering 
 which will generally take place the same 
 season. Instead of being kept in pots 
 the plants may be inserted in a bed o: 
 earth, on the bottom of the aquarium 
 Keep the water warm, say from 70 t( 
 75 in summer, and leave them nearl) 
 dry in winter. Nelu'mliitm spedo'sum 
 requires a water heat of 84. 
 
 Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym 
 phoea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, Sagit 
 taria, and Pontedera, will furnish variet 
 enough. 
 
 Aquarium for hardy Aquatics. For this 
 choose the lowest part of your garden; dig 
 out the soil or clay to a moderate depth ; 
 it may either be of a regular form, as a 
 circle or oval, or irregular, which latter 
 we prefer, with a bay in one part, a jut- 
 ting promontory in another, a shelving 
 shore here, and a steep bank, covered 
 with shrubs, at another point. However 
 small the piece of water may be, a little 
 good taste and judicious management 
 will have the best effect. Having formed 
 Lie shape by digging out the soil to the 
 equired depth, from two to three feet, 
 tie next point is to make it hold water. 
 ?here is nothing better than clay for 
 his purpose : it will require preparing 
 o make it retentive of water. Take a 
 mall portion, say a barrow-load, and 
 hop it into small pieces with a sharp 
 pade. If it be dry, add a little water to 
 t ; then, with a wooden hammer having 
 long handle, beat it well till every part 
 s of a uniform consistency, having the 
 ippearance of clay dough. Spread this 
 m the bottom of the ;pond, about six 
 nches thick. Proceed with mixing up 
 and beating barrow-load after barrow- 
 oad till the bottom is entirely covered ; 
 then either puts on a pair of wooden- 
 soled shoes,-or go on it with naked feet; 
 the last is the best way. Tread the pre- 
 pared clay firmly, closely, and evenly 
 iown. Do this well and properly, and 
 the bottom will never leak. As soon as 
 that part is finished, mix and beat more 
 clay for the sides. With the spade, as 
 soon as it or a portion of it is ready, dab 
 t against the sloping bank, commencing 
 at and joining it to the clay bottom.. Ay 
 soon as this is done, beat it with the 
 wooden hammer- firmly against the bank. 
 If you have plenty of clay, eight inches 
 will not be too thick for the sides. Re- 
 member^ the more firmly the clay is 
 beaten to the sides, the better it will hold 
 water. The clay must be quite pure; 
 that is, have no stones or other matter 
 left amongst it. If there are any such 
 left, they will serve as conduits for the 
 water to escape by, and all your labour 
 will be in vain. Proceed with adding 
 layers of clay upward, until you reach 
 the level xpu intend the water to be. 
 Carry the clay -puddle two or three 
 inches higher,' level the natural soil 
 down, to it, and let this soil be two 
 inches or more higher than the clay. 
 This will prevent it cracking away from 
 
AQU 
 
 AQU 
 
 the bank. Your aquai-ium is now ready 
 for the water. Previously to filling it, 
 however, cover the bottom, upon the 
 clay, with a coating of loam, four inches 
 thick. This is intended to encourge the 
 water-plants to root in, and to cause them 
 to grow finely. If you can procure a 
 sufficient quantity of rough stones or 
 pebbles, place them against the banks. 
 These will prevent the water from wash- 
 ing away the clay-puddle. All being now 
 ready, let in the water. 
 
 Planting. As soon as the aquarium is 
 full of water you may plant the aquatics. 
 The best mode is to have some wicker 
 baskets of various sizes, to suit the size 
 of each plant. Fill one with soil, in- 
 serting the plant intended for it at the 
 same time; cover the top of the soil 
 with some twisted haybands, coiling' them 
 round the plant ; then lace them firmly 
 down with some strong three-cord twine, 
 passing it under the rim of the wicker 
 basket, so as to keep in it the soil and 
 the plant. Throw either a plank or a 
 long ladder across the water. On this 
 you can walk, carrying the plant with 
 you. Drop it into the place you intend 
 it, for, and so treat all the other water 
 plants. Some of them the water-lily, 
 for instance have their leaves floating on 
 the surface ; but this is not needful at 
 first. They (the leaves) will scon rise 
 to the surface, and assume their natural 
 position. The water-violet has both its 
 roots and leaves floating ; all that is 
 required, then, is to cast it into the water, 
 and let it flourish as it pleases. 
 
 Some of our readers may wish to have 
 aquatics cultivated in tanks formed with 
 masonry, the water to be used for water- 
 ing plants in pots, &c. This can be 
 easily accomplished by puddling the bot- 
 tom with clay, as mentioned above, and 
 building upon it sloping walls, using 
 Roman cement for mortar. These, if 
 well executed, are very ornamental, and 
 of a neat appearance. If the tank walls 
 are carried up three or four feet above 
 the level, the plants are then brought 
 nearer to the eye. An example of this 
 may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew. 
 Single plants of this kind may be culti- 
 vated in vases, or even in troughs, the 
 only thing they will require being a por- 
 tion of mud at the bottom for the plants 
 to root in. The after-culture the aqua- 
 tics will require is, if possible, to change 
 the water frequently, and keep the sur- 
 
 face clear from water-mosses. A few 
 ducks soon clear off the latter; other- 
 wise the mosses must be skimmed, or 
 flooded off with water, if there is supply 
 enough. 
 
 The following are some of the best 
 hardy aquatics : 
 
 Ali'sma stratio'tis (water-soldier). native- 
 of Britain. 
 
 Aponoge'ton dista'chyon (two-spiked 
 Apouogeton), a very pretty, floating 
 aquatic, frovi the Cape of Good Hope; 
 yet, althoug \ from a warm country, it is 
 sufficiently hardy to survive an ordinary 
 winter. It has white flowers. 
 
 Bu'tomusiimbeUa'tus (Umbell-flowering 
 Bush), one of the best of our native 
 aquatics, found in ditches. It has beau- 
 tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not 
 require deep water; consequently, mjy 
 be planted ne:ir the edge of the wat/rt 
 Cattle are very fond of its leaves. 
 
 Ca'lla palu'stris (Marsh Calla), a native 
 of North America, and 
 
 Ca'lla JEt Ida' pica (African Calla), both 
 plants of great beauty. The latter is, on. 
 that account, cultivated as a greenhouse 
 and window plant, and is commonly 
 called the " arum plant." This specie^ 
 is rather tender, but will survive our 
 winter if planted in deep water. 
 
 Hotlo'nia palu'stris (Marsh Hottonia). 
 flesh-coloured flowers: a native of Britain. 
 
 Menya'nthes trifolia'ia (Three-leaved 
 Buckbean), with white flowers. This is 
 another native species, growing in shal- 
 low waters. It is very pretty, and worth 
 cultivation. 
 
 Nu'phar In' tea (Yellow-flowered Nu- 
 phar), a fine water-plant, native ejf 
 Britain. 
 
 Nu'phar a'dvena (Stranger Nuphar), 
 yellow and red; a fine species, from 
 North America. 
 
 Nympha'a a'lba (White Water-Lily). 
 This is, without doubt, the finest of our 
 hardy water-plants. It loves dec-., water, 
 with plenty of room, and a muudy bot- 
 tom to root in. It then will produce 
 numbers of its beautiful, large, milk- 
 white flowers. 
 
 Ty'pha lutifo'lia (Broad-leaved Cat's- 
 tail). Though not so showy as some 
 species, this plant is worth growing, pro - 
 ducing its large flowers abundantly in 
 shallow waters. 
 
 Besides these there are Alisma plan- 
 tago ; A. ranunculoides ; Lobelia. Dort- 
 manna ; Myriojyhyllum spicatum and verti* 
 
AQU 
 
 [61] 
 
 ARA 
 
 cillatum ,- Polygonum amphibium ; Sagit- 
 taria sagittifolia and latifolia ; Teucrium 
 soordium ; Trapa natans and quadrispi- 
 nosa ; and Villarsia nymphoides and lacu 
 nosa. 
 
 AQUILA'EIA. (From aquila, an eagle 
 .locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca 
 Nat. ord., Aqnilariads [Aquilareacese] 
 Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 The Eagle-wood is the inside of the trunk o 
 Aquila' ria ava'ta and A. A.t*a'llockumestecinei 
 a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in heat, in sand, am 
 under a bell-glass. Sandy loam, with a littl 
 peat. Summer temp., 65 to J5; winter, 55 to 60 
 A. Malacre'nsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish-green 
 
 Malacca. 1823. A stove evergreen 
 
 shrub. 
 
 AQUILE'GIA. Columbine. (From, aquila 
 an eagle ; in reference to the form of th< 
 petals. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu 
 laceee.] Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-Pentagy 
 
 Seeds in March ; common soil. Seedling 
 flower sometimes the first, but generally the se 
 cond season. All hardy herbaceous perennials. 
 A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. June. Switzer 
 land. 1731. 
 
 anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 1. Purple 
 
 July. Altaia. 1827. 
 
 a rctica (arctic). 1. Reddish-yellow. June, 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 Fischeria'na (Fischer's). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 bracky'ceras (short-spurred). f. Brown. May. 
 
 North of Europe. 1838. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Reddish-orange. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1. Pale vellow. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1835. 
 
 Davu'rica (Davurian). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Davuria. 1827. 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red, orange. June. 
 
 Kamschatka. 1822. 
 fra' grans (fragrant) . . Yellow-striped. May. 
 
 Himalayas. 1839. 
 
 Garnieriu'na (Miss Garnier's). 2. Purple- 
 
 striped. June. English hybrid. 1829. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. Whitish-blue. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1822. 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. Violet. 
 
 July. Altaia. 1822. 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Bluish-white. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1789. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Whitish-yellow. 
 
 June. Himalayas. 1839- 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. Siberia. 
 
 juru'nda (joyous-looking). l. Blue, June. 
 Siberia. 1844. 
 
 lepto'ceras (slender-horned). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Russia. 1833. 
 
 paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1819. 
 
 pubiflafra (woolly -flowered). Pale purple. 
 
 June. India. 183g. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1818, 
 
 A. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue, white. June. 
 Siberia. 1806. 
 
 Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). . Red, green. 
 
 May. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 viridifln'ra (green-flowered). 2. Green, yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 2. Purple. June. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1/52. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 2. Blue. June. Britain. 
 cornicula'ta (small-horn-double). 2. 
 
 Blue, white. June. Europe. 
 de'gener (degenerate-double). 2. Blue, 
 
 white. June. Europe. 
 e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Juna. 
 
 Europe. 
 inve'rsa (inverted-double).. 2. Blue, 
 
 white. June. Europe. 
 Stella' ta (starred-double). 2. Blue, white. 
 
 June. Europe. 
 
 A'RABIS. Wall-cress. (From Arabia, 
 probably in reference to the dry situa- 
 tions where many of the species grow. 
 Nat. ord., Grossworts or Crucifers [Bras- 
 sicacete]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Pretty rock-work ornaments ; seeds in March 
 or August; cuttings under hand-lights ; common 
 soil . Hardy perennial trailers, except where other- 
 wise specified. 
 
 A a'lbida (whitish). 1. White. July. Caucasus. 
 1793. 
 
 vuriegu'ta (variegated-leaved), f. White. 
 
 February. Gardens. 
 ~ alpe sfris (rocky). 1. White. July. Swit- 
 zerland. 1819. Hardy biennial. 
 
 alpi''na (alpine). 1. White, yellow. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1596. 
 
 Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1596. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 1. White. May. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 ambifgua (doubtful). 1. White. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1824. Hardy biennial. 
 
 areno'sa (sand). 1. Pink. July. Germany. 
 
 1798. Hardy annual. 
 
 bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1773. 
 
 cceru'lea (blue). 1. Pale blue. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1793. 
 
 cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 1. White. June. Ire- 
 land. Hardy biennial. 
 
 cnspa'ta (curled). 1. White. May. Carniola. 
 1818. 
 
 curtisi'tiqua (short-podded). 1. White. June. 
 North of Europe. 1825. Hardy biennial. 
 
 dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). 1. White. Juue. 
 Podolia. 1827. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). Naples. 1832. 
 
 lasiololba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June. 
 Mexico. 1820. Hardy biennial. 
 
 lilacifna (lilac -flowered). 1. Lilac. August. 
 Europe. 1836. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. June. Per- 
 sia. 1820. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-Jeawed). 1. White, June. 
 Hungary. 1790. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-feawed). 1. White. 
 
 June. Gardens. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 1. White. June. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 1. White. May. Switzer- 
 land. 16.S8. 
 
 oviriefnsis (ovirian). 1. Pale red. June. Ca 
 rinthia. 1824. 
 
 petra'a (rock). 1. White, June, Austria. 1800, 
 
ARA 
 
 [62] 
 
 ARE 
 
 A.petrce'a hastula'ta (halbert-Jeawed). 1. Purple. | 
 June. Britain. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. June. Scot- 
 land. 
 
 pros' cox ( earl y ) . 1 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 praoufrrau (procurrent). ]. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1818. 
 
 pu'milu (dwarf). 1. White. June. Austria. 18)6. 
 
 retrofra'cta (bent-back). Blush. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 ro'sca (r<ny-Jtbwerc&). 1. Hose. February. 
 
 Calabria. 1832. 
 
 Schivereckia'na (Shivereck's). 1. White. June. 
 
 Austria. 1826, 
 
 stellula'ta (little-starred). 1. White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1817. 
 
 stenope'tula (narrow-petaled). 1. White. June. 
 
 1818. Hardy biennial. 
 
 stoloni'ferq (shoot-bearing). 1. White. June. 
 
 Carmola. 1818. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England. 
 
 toxophy'lla (bow-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Volga. 1823. Hardy biennial. 
 
 undula'ta (waved-/moed). 1. White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1S10. 
 
 ve'rna (spring), l. Purple. May. France. 
 
 1710. Hardy annual. 
 
 A'RACHIS. Earth-nut. (From a, nor, 
 and rachis, a "branch ; a branchless plant. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceze.J 
 Linn., YI -Diadelphia ^-Decandria.) 
 
 Seed and offsets ; sandy loam ; summer temp., 
 60 to 7? ; winter, 55 to 65; but may be treated 
 as an anuual. 
 
 A. Jiypogee'a (underground). 2. Yellow. June. 
 Africa. 1812. 
 
 ARA'LIA. (Meaning unknown. Nat. 
 ord., Ivy worts [ Araleaeese] . Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 5-Penlagynia.) 
 
 Aromatic gum-resin is produced from the root 
 of A. racemo'sa, spino'sa, and hi'spida. The 
 young shoots of A. edu'lis are used in China as a 
 delicate vegetable ; and, in North America, the 
 shoots of A. mtdictiu'lis are used like sarsaparilla. 
 Hardy species, division of the plants, and also di- 
 vision of the roor.s. Greenhouse and stove spe- 
 cies ; cuttinprs of the ripe wood, in a gentle heat, 
 strike quickly. Sandy loam and peat ; common 
 treatment. All stove evergreens, except where 
 otherwise specified. 
 
 A. aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 arbo'rea (tree). 15. Green. Jama : ca. 1820. 
 
 capita'ta (capitate). 12. Green. W. Ind. 
 
 cochlea'ta (shell- leaved). 10. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 10. Green. New 
 
 Zealand. 1846. 
 
 digitafta (finger-leaved). 30. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1817. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). Green. Japan. 1843. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 40. White. Trinidad. 1826. 
 fra'gruns (sweet-scented). White, Nepaul. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Id'soida (bristly). 8. White. July. N,Amer. 
 
 1"99. Hardy deciduous. 
 
 Japo'nicu (Japan )". 10. Green. June. Japan. 
 
 1838. Half-hardy. 
 
 mi'cans (glittering). 40. White. Trinidad. 
 
 1846. 
 
 A, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. White. Nor- 
 folk Island. 1331. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 2. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/31. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 petitaphy'lla (five-leaved). 20. White. Japan. 
 
 1810. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 pubc'scens (downy). 6. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 racemo'su (rzczmc-flowering). 4. White. 
 
 July. N.Amer. 1658. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 5. White. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 Shepliefrdii (Shepherd's^. Green. New Zealand. 
 
 1842. 
 
 spino'sa (thorny). 8. White. Virginia. 16S8. 
 
 Hardy deciduous. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). Green. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1842. 
 
 umbramli'fera (shade-giving). 40. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1813. 
 
 ARAUCA'RIA. (From Araucanos, the 
 name of the people in whose country 
 Arauca'ria Imbrica'ta grows in Chili. Nat. 
 ord., Conifers [Pinacece]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 13-Polyandria.) 
 
 Seeds of A. imbrica'ta are wholesome when 
 roasted. Seeds when procurable ; cuttings of 
 young, ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cool 
 place, but shaded. Good, friable loam. A. im- 
 brica'ta wants no protection. A. Brasilie'nsis is 
 tender. A. Cunningha'mii will live in sheltered 
 places near the sea. A. ezce'lsa ornamental in a 
 conservatory, 
 
 A.-Sidwi'llii (Mr. Bidwell's). 150. Apetal. More- 
 ton Bay. 
 
 Brasilia'na (Brazilian araucaria, or pine). 100. 
 
 Apetal. Brazil. 18 19. 
 
 columna'ris (pillared). Van Diemen's Land, 
 
 1851. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's, or Moreton- 
 
 Bay pine). 100. Apetal. Moreton Bay. 
 
 exceUsa. "(lofty, or Norfolk- Island pine). 120. 
 
 Apetal. Norfolk Island. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated, or Chili pine). 150. 
 
 Apetal. Chili. 1/96. 
 
 ARBORE'TUSI is a collection of trees and 
 shrubs capable of enduring exposure to 
 our climate. These are sometimes ar- 
 ranged in genera, according to their pre- 
 cedence in the alphabet; but best in 
 groups, conformably to the natural sys- 
 tem; and, whichever is adopted, it is 
 quite compatible with an attention to fa- 
 cility of access by means of walks, as 
 well as to picturesque effect. 
 
 ARBOUR is a seat sbaded by trees. 
 Sometimes these are trained over a 
 wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled with 
 the everlasting sweet-pea, clematis, and 
 other climbing, sweet-scented plants. 
 When the trellis-work is complicated, and 
 the structure more elaborate, with a pre- 
 ponderance of the climbers already 
 named, together with the honeysuckle, 
 
AEB 
 
 [63 ] 
 
 ARC 
 
 fee., they are described as French or Ita- 
 lian arlours. 
 
 A'RBOR VI'TJE Thu'ja. 
 
 A'RBUTUS. Strawberry-tree. (From 
 arloise, a Celtic word for rough fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 
 IQ-Dectindria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds, budding:, and inarching. Common soi 
 for the hardy species ; sandy loam and peat for 
 those which require the protection of a green- 
 house in winter. All those are hardy evergreens 
 which are not otherwise described. 
 A. andra'chne (andrachne). 10. White. April- 
 Levant. 1724. 
 
 andrachnioi 'des (andrachne-like). 8. Whitish- 
 
 green. April. 
 
 Canarie'nsis(Ca.na.ry), 8. Whitish-green. June. 
 
 Canaries. l/9o. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 20. White. Mex- 
 
 ico. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White. Mexico. 
 
 1825. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 JferaOTVsji(Menzie's). White. N. Amer. 1827- 
 
 Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September. 
 
 Hybrid. 1825. 
 
 tnuerona't a (sharp-pointed leaved). 1. White. 
 
 Magellan. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen 
 trailer. 
 
 pilo'sa (hairy-branched). 1. White. May. 
 
 Mexico. 182Q. 
 
 phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 Peru. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 proce'ra (tall). 15. White. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. Magellan. 1825. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). 6. Whitish- 
 
 green, Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Mexico. 1837. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolIy-AraneAed). 4. White. 
 
 March. California. 1826. 
 nu'da (smooth-branched), 
 
 u'nedo (unedo). 10. White. October, Ireland. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 8. White. October. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 6. Pink. 
 
 October. 
 
 ple'na (double-flowered). 5. W T hite. Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. White. 
 
 October. 
 
 schixope'tala (cut-petaled), 7. White. Oc- 
 
 tober. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 10, Pink. Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 ARCADE is a walk arched over with 
 trellis -work, and this covered with climb- 
 ers. 
 
 ARCHANGEL, or White Dead Nettle. 
 La'mium a'lbum. 
 
 ARCHANGE'LICA. (From arche, chief, 
 and angelica, from its supposed virtues. 
 Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 A. officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England. 
 
 This is the same as Ange'licn ar change' lie a. 
 There are two other species, but worthless. Seeds 
 in April ; common soil. 
 
 ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. From arktos, a bear, 
 and staphyle, a berry. Bears eat the fruit 
 
 of some species. Nat. ord., Keathuorts 
 [Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Hardy plants, requiring treatment similar Jo 
 Arbutus. 
 
 A, alpi'na (alpine blackberried). 1. Flesh. April. 
 Scotland. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 longifo'lia (long- leaved). Mexico. 1847. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen under-shmb. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 4. White. May. Mexico. 
 
 1836. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). 1. White. February. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). White. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 u'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape). 1. White. April. 
 
 Britain. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 ARCTOTHE / CA. (From arktos, a bear, 
 and theke, a capsule; seed-pod, or cap- 
 sule, as rough as a bear. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 3-Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division 
 of the plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 55 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 A. grandiflo'ra (great -flowered). 1J. Yellow. 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1833. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 ARCTO'TIS. (From arktos, a bear, and 
 ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 genesia 4^-Necessaria.} 
 
 General treatment same as for Arctotheca. 
 Many are easily propagated by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in a shady, cool place, and a 
 few by seeds. All greenhouse evergreens, except 
 where otherwise specified. 
 A. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Yellow, red. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759- Greenhouse 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 August. Cape of Good Hope. 1/3U, 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. White, pink. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 1. Orange. Au- 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 a'spera (broad-rough-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710. 
 
 aure'ola (golden). 1. Orange. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1710. 
 
 auricula! ta (ear-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 bi' color (two-coloured). 1. White, red- 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 cinera'ria (cineraria). 2, Yellow, orange. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Green- 
 house herbaceous perennial. 
 
 cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 decu'mbcns (decumbent). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Greenhouse 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 &'<?CM'rmis(decurrent). 2. White, red. July* 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1794. 
 
ARC 
 
 ARE 
 
 A. elu'tior (taller). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 fastuo'sa (disdainful). 2. Orange, red. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse 
 biennial. 
 
 fia'ccida (flagging-s//f<?d). 1. White, red. 
 
 June. "Cape of Hope. 1794. Green- 
 house annual. 
 
 glabra'ta (smoothish). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 1. Yellow, 
 
 purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/94. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/74. Green- 
 house biennial. 
 
 macula' ta (spotted). 2. White, orange, June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 melanoci'cla (dark-circled). 1. White, purple. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled) . 2. White, red. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 plantagi'nca (plantain-leaved). 1. Orange. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1768. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 re'ptuns (creeping). 1. White, red. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 revoht'ta (revolute). 1. Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1320. Greenhouse her- 
 baceous perennial. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/93. 
 
 Sc/-de'ri(Schrader's). Pink. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1832. Greenhouse annual. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 spinulo'sa (small-thorny-leaved). 2. Orange. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Green- 
 house annual. 
 
 squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Orange, purple. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 tri'color (t.hvee-coloured). 2. White, red. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 undu'a'ta (wave-leaved). 1. Orange. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy), 1. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. Hardy annual. 
 
 ARCUA'TION. The same as LAYERING. 
 
 ARDI'SIA. (From ardis, a spear-head ; 
 in reference to the sharp-pointed divi- 
 sions of the flower. Nat. ord., Ardisiads 
 [Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 J^fonogynia.) 
 
 Half-ripened cuttings from the stem, or pieces 
 of the roots inserted in light soil, and placed in 
 strong heat, soon root; also by seeds, which re- 
 quire a rather long period to vegetate ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 48 to 
 55. Stove evergreens, except where otherwise 
 specified. 
 
 A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 7. July. Guiana. 
 1803. 
 
 canaliculu'ta (channelled). 6. July. 1821. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Red. July. Canaries. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 colora'ta (coloured). 10. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 complana'ta (levelled). 6. Pink. Penang. 
 
 1824. 
 
 caria'cea (leathery), 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824. 
 
 A. crcnula'ta (round-notched-/eaerf). 10. Red. 
 July. W. Ind. 1809. 
 
 c'legana (elegant). 10. Red. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1809. 
 
 exce'lm (tall). 30. Red. July. Madeira. 
 
 1784. Greenhouse. 
 
 hymena'ndra (membrane-anthered). 8. Pink. 
 
 May. Sylhet. 1828. Greenhouse. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 3. Red. July. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 6. Red. "July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1809- 
 
 lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 6. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 lentiffino'sa (speckled). 6. White. China. 1814. 
 
 litora'lis (sea-side). 4. R e d. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1809- 
 
 macrocu'rpa (long-fruited). 5. Flesh. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. Greenhouse. 
 
 odontophy'lla (tooth-leaved). 6. Pale salmon- 
 
 red. July. Bengal. 1334. 
 
 I panicula'ta (pamcled), 12. lied. July. E. 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 pitbe'scens (hoary-haired). 6. July. 181:0. 
 
 Green house. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 10. White. July. China. 
 
 1823. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 25. Red. July, 
 
 Santa Cruz. 1818. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 3. Red. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1821. 
 
 solana'cea (nightshade-like). 10. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. E.Ind. 1798. 
 
 thyrsiflo'ra (thyrsc-flowered). 5. Pink. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1824. Greenhouse. 
 
 tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 10. Red. July. \V 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 ARDUI'NA. (In honour of P. Arduini, 
 curator of the economical garden of Pa- 
 dua, in the time of Linnaeus. Nat. ord., 
 Dogbanes [Apocyuaceoa]. Linn., 5-Pt'n- 
 tandrla l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 65; winter, 40 to 45. A 
 greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 A. bispino'sa (two-spined). 2. White. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1760. 
 
 ARE'CA. The Cabbage Palm. (Called 
 areec, in Malabar, when an old tree. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceaej. Linn., 
 2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia. ) 
 
 The Catechu yields a most powerful and astrin- 
 gent medicine, and its berry is the Betel-nut, 
 chewed by the natives of Hindostan, and its char- 
 coal as a dentifrice. Seeds ; light, sandy soil, 
 Summer temp., 65 to 80; winter, 55 to 65. 
 All stove Palms. 
 
 A. catechu 1 (medicinal catechu). 30. White. 
 E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 crini'ta (hair-coaled). 20. White. South of 
 
 France. 1824. 
 
 exi'lis (slender). 30. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 6. White. E.Ind. 1814. 
 
 iute'scens (yellowish). 20. White. South of 
 
 France. 1824. 
 
 ma'micot (mamicot). 30. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 montu'na (mountain). 30. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 olera'cea (potherb). 40. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1656. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 30. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 fmi'ndn'a(three-stamened). 20. E.Ind. 1825, 
 
 ARENA 'FJA. (From arena,) Band; in 
 
ARE 
 
 ARE 
 
 reference to the sandy soil in which the 
 plant grows. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Ca- 
 ryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Dccandria 3- 
 Trigynia. Allied to Alsine.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when 
 otherwise described. Seeds ; division of the 
 plant ; sandy soil. 
 
 A. Austri'aca (Austrian). . White. July. 
 Austria. 17Q3. 
 
 Bulea'rica (Balearic). . White. July. Ma- 
 
 jorca. 1787. Hardy evergreen trailers. 
 
 biflo'ru (two-flowered). $. White. March. 
 
 Switzerland. 1818. 
 
 brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). 4. White. July. 
 
 Alps, Europe. 1823. 
 
 ccespito'sa (turfy). $. White. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1826. 
 
 calyci'na (/arg-e-calyxed). ^. White. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1816. Hardy annual. 
 
 calycula'ta (calyculate). . White. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1817- 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canada). J. Red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. Hardy annual. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). . White. July. 1817. 
 
 capilla'cen (hair - like). -4. White. July. 
 
 Piedmont. 1819. Hardy annual. 
 
 capilla 'ris (capillary). . White. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 cherlerioi'des (cherleria-like). \. White. July, 
 
 France. 
 
 cilia'ta (eye-lashed). ^. White. June. Ireland. 
 
 Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). . White. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1817. Hardy annual. 
 
 Da.hu' rica, (Dahurian). 1. White. July. 
 
 Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 de'nsa (dense). . White. July. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 fusciculu'ta (fascicled). . White. July. Scot- 
 
 land. Hardy annual. 
 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved;. $. White. July. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome;. &. White. June. Dahu- 
 ria. 1824. 
 
 Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 3. White. June. France. 
 
 1822. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandular). $. Purple. June. 
 
 Europe. 1820. Hardy annual, 
 
 gloinera'tu (round-headed). . White. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. Hardy annual. 
 
 gmminifo'lia (grass-leaved). . V/hite. July. 
 
 Siberia. 181J. 
 
 glabe'rrima (smoothest). . White. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1816. 
 
 grandijio'ra (great-flowered). J. White. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1783. 
 
 He'lmii( Helm's). 4. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 hirsu'tu (hairy). ^. White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 iiti/jrica'ta (imbricated). \, White. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 
 iunceola'ta (lanceolate). . White. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 luricifo'lia (larch-leaved). . White. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 kmgifo'lia (long-leaved). . White. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1823. 
 
 macroca'rpa (long-fruited). . White. July, 
 
 N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 mari'na (marine). . Purple. July. Germanv. 
 
 1793. ' I 
 
 margina'tn (margined). J. White. July. Cau- I 
 
 casus. 1818. Hardy deciduous trailer, j 
 
 A. Muditerru'nea (Mediterranean). . White. 
 June. Mediterranean. 1823. Hardy an- 
 nual. 
 
 monta'nn (mountain). 1. White. June. 
 
 France. 1800. 
 
 multicau'lis (many-stemmed). $.- White^ July. 
 
 Europe. 1814. 
 
 nardifo'lia (nardus-leaved). ^. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 nemoro'sa (grov.e). . White. S. Amer. 1832, 
 
 Hardy evergreen under-shrub. 
 
 Norve'gica (Norwegian). . White. July. 
 
 Scotland. Hardy evergreen plant. 
 
 otitoi'des (otites-like). White. July. Siberia, 
 
 1820. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1816. 
 
 peploi'des (peplis-likc). White. June. Britain. 
 
 Kvergreen creeper. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July, Cau- 
 
 casus. 1823. 
 
 polygonoi'des (knotgrass-like). Red. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 proc.e'ra (tall). White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 procu'mbens (procumbent). Purple. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1801. Half-hardy deciduous 
 trailer. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). White. July. Archipelago. 
 
 1820. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 ramosi'ssima (branchiest). White. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. Hardy biennial. 
 
 recu'rna (recurved). White. July. Alps. 1822. 
 
 ri'gida. (stiff). . White. July. Siberia. 1823.- 
 
 rostru'ta (beaked). $. White. August. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. 
 
 fu'bra (red). . Purple. July. Britain. Hardy 
 
 annual. 
 
 rube'lla (reddish-cowered). J. Red. July. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 sali'na (saline). . Purple. July. Bohemia. 
 
 1820. Hardy annual. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). . White. July. Germany. 
 
 1/32. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 5. White. July. Alps, Eu- 
 
 rope. 1822. 
 
 seta'cea (bristle-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 France. 
 
 stria'ta fstriatedl. J. White* July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1683. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 subula'ta (cwl-shaped). ^. White. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1822. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 England. Hardy annual. 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). . White. July. 
 
 South of France. 1820. 
 hy'brida (hybrid). $. White. July. South 
 
 of France. 1827. 
 visci'duta (viscidish). $. White. July. 
 
 France. 1818. 
 
 tetra'quetra (square-sfa/Aed). ^. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Pyrenees. 1731. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1816. 
 
 tria'ndra (three-stamened). J. White. July. 
 
 1817. Hardy annual. 
 
 uligino'sa (marsh). ^. White. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 18)7. 
 
 ve'rnn (spring). . White. May. Britain. 
 
 verticilla'ta(v;hnT\ed'). %. White. July. Ar- 
 
 menia. 1823. 
 
 ARETHV'SA. (A classical name, after 
 
ARE 
 
 one of Diana's nymphs. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidaceeel. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria L- 
 ~Monogynia.) 
 
 Division, peat and loam, with charcoal. Sum- 
 mer temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 65. 
 A.bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2- Whitish-red. June' 
 Carolina. Greenhouse. 
 
 plica'ta (plaited). 1. July. E.Ind. 1806. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 ABE'TIA. (Named in honour of a Swiss 
 professor, Aretius. Nat. ord., Primeworls 
 [Primulacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Division of the roots in spring or autumn ; 
 sand, loam, and peat. They cannot bear stagnant 
 water ; are good for rock-work ; all, but one, 
 hardy herbaceous perennials. 
 A.alpi'na (alpine). *. Pink. June. Switzerland- 
 
 anre'tt*eu(silvery). . White. June. Svvit- 
 
 * zerland. 1826? Half-hardy herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 Helve'tica (Swiss). $. Whits. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1775. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). . White. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 Vitalia'na (Vital's). *. Yellow. June. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1787- 
 
 AEGA'NIA. (From argam,its aboriginal 
 name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Fine stove, hard-wooded, evergreen timber- 
 tree layers and cuttings in autumn or spring ' 
 the latter under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 
 60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to. 55. The specific gra- 
 vity of the wood is so great that it sinks in water. 
 A. sidero'xylon (iron-wood). 14. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. Morocco. 1711- 
 ARGEMO'NE. (From argema, a cataract 
 of the eye ; in reference to its medicinal 
 qualities. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papa- 
 veraceee]- Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 The seed of A. Mexico, 'no is the Fico del in- 
 ferno (infernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a pwrga- 
 r.ive and powerful narcotic, especially if smoked 
 with tobacco. In the West Indies they are used 
 is a substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy annuals, 
 'xcept where otherwise specified ; seeds, suckers, 
 and divisions in March ; common soil. 
 1 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2, White. July. 
 Mexico. 1821. 
 
 - Barclaya'na (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 - randiflo'ra (great-flowered). 3. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. Hardy herbaceous per- 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July. Mex- 
 
 ico. 1592. 
 
 othroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1S27. 
 
 ARGOLA'SIA. (From argos, white, and 
 asios, woolly; the perianth being velvety- 
 white. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodo- 
 raceae]. lArw^G-JHexandrial-Monogynia,) 
 
 5 ] AEI 
 
 A small greenhouse plant, of easy culture, but 
 must not get dry ; division of the roots ; sandy 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 50 to 60 ; win- 
 ter, 40 to 45. 
 
 A. plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 ABGYKEI'A. Silver-weed. (From argy- 
 reios, silvery ; in reference to the silvery 
 hue of the leaves. Nat. ord., Bindweeds 
 [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 
 All stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings, half- 
 ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, 
 and in nice bottom-heat; rich lo~am and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 A. bo'na-nox (night-flowering). 20. White. E, 
 
 capita'ta (headed). Purple. July. E.Ind. 1823. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 cymo'sn. (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. E.Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 festi'va (festive). White. July. India. 1838. 
 
 Maluba'rica (Malabar). Cream. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. E. Ind". 1824. 
 
 poma'cea (apple-fruited). Pink. E.Ind. 1818. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 10. R.ed. July. E.Jnd. 1818. 
 
 sple'ndsns (shining). 1. Pink. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 30. White. E.Ind. 
 
 1817- 
 
 AKISJE'MA. (From aron, an arum, and 
 sana, a standard ; in reference to the close 
 affinity to Arum. Nat. ord., Arads [Ara- 
 ceffi] . Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 Tuberous-rooted perennials. Division of its 
 tubers ; loam and peat. 
 
 A. draco'ntium (dragon). 2. June. Green. N. 
 Amer. 1759- Hardy. 
 
 macrospa'tha (large -spathed). Pink. July. 
 
 Morelia. 1839. Greenhouse. 
 
 Murra'yi (Murray's.) l.Apetal. March. Bom- 
 
 bay. 1847. Stove. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). *. May. Japan. 1800. Half- 
 
 hardy . 
 
 terna'tum (three-leafleted). f. Purple. May. 
 
 Japan. 1774. Half-hardy. 
 
 triphy'llum (three-leaved). |. Brown. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1664. Hardy. 
 
 AEI'STEA. (From arista, a point or 
 beard ; in reference to the rigid points of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Trids [Iridacesej. 
 Linn., 3-Triandria L-Monogynia.) 
 
 The least conspicuous plants of this order. 
 Their leaves form the chief herbage for cattle at 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Greenhouse plants. 
 Seed and divisions in March or April ; sandy 
 loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45 . 
 A. capita'ta (headed). 3. Blue. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1/90. 
 
 cya'nea (bright blue). . Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 _ melaleu'ca (black and white), l. Pale blue. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 pusi'lla (little). *. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1806. 
 
 snlra' Us (spiral-flowered). 1. Pale blue. May 
 
 ^ Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
AKX 
 
 [67] 
 
 ARM 
 
 Arjsxor.o'cHiA. Birtbwort. (Frorr 
 nristos, best, and tocheia, parturition ; its 
 supposed medicinal character. Nat. ord. 
 Birihworts [Aristolochiaceaj] , Linn., 20 
 Gynandria G-ffezcindria.) 
 
 Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by 
 division of the roots ; hardy climbing ones b; 
 division of the roots, and layers in spring or air 
 tumn. Stove plants ; cuttings of fine wood 
 iu sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam 
 for the hardy ; peat and loam for the tende 
 mnds. Temp. foe. the latter, summer, 65 to 80 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. Arku'nsa (Arkansa). 20. Purple. July. Ar- 
 kansas. 1824. Deciduous climber. 
 
 Bae'tica (Baetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain 
 
 1596. Deciduous climber. 
 
 Cftile'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple, green. Sep- 
 
 tember. W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous 
 half-hardy. 
 
 clemati'tis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Britain. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 iG'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1548. Deciduous 
 trailer. 
 
 pa'Uida (pale-flowered). 2. White, purple. 
 
 Italy. 1640. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 pistolo'chia (pistolochia). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 sugitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1819, Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 serpenta'ria (snake-root-like). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 July. N.Amer. 1632. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 si'pho (tube-bearing). 30. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1763. Deciduous climber. 
 
 tomento'm (downy). 20. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/99. Deciduous climber. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A, arbore' scens (tree-like). 20. Yellow, pur- 
 ple. July. America. 1737. Evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 cilia'ta (fringed). Purple, yellow. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green- Jeaoed). 6. Purple. Bar- 
 
 bary. 1785. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Chis. 1759. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 rotu'nda (round-rooted). 2. Dark purple. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1596. Herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 semperni'rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 Candia. 1727. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 10. Purple. Mau- 
 ritius. 1822. 
 
 nngui'cida (snake-like). 5. White, brown. 
 
 December. New Grenada. 1845. Twin- 
 ing evergreen. 
 
 b a rba'ta (bearded). 16. Purple. Caraccas. 1796. 
 
 biloba'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1824. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1793. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 nntsilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cnvdata (tailed - lipped). 5. Lurid. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 fa'tens (stinking- flowered). 20. Purple, 
 
 yellow. June. W. Ind. 1832. 
 
 ritio'su (frinjjed). 6, Purple, srreen. Septem- 
 
 ber. New Patagon. 1R36. 
 
 cymbi'fera (\wzt~flowered). 20. Purple, July. 
 
 St. Pail. 1829. 
 
 A.fcn'tida (foetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 gtga'nte.a (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow, 
 
 brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 gi'gas (giant). 6. White, brown. June. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1842. Deciduous climber. 
 
 grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). 20. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. 
 
 hnsta'ta(ha.Voert-leaved). 16. July. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May. 
 
 India. 1836. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1780. 
 
 labio'sa (grea/-lipped). 20. Purple, green, 
 
 yellow. July. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 mu'xima (greatest). 20. Purple. July. New 
 
 Spain. 1759. 
 
 odoruti'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. Purple. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1737. 
 
 ornithoce'phala (bird's-head). 20. Purple, 
 
 brown. October. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). 10. Caraccas. 
 
 1823. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). 20. Purple, green, yellow. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 saccu'ta, (pouch-flowered). 20. Purplish-red. 
 
 September. Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous 
 climber. 
 
 Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 20. Yellow. * Suri- 
 
 nam. 1823. 
 
 tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). 15. Green. Ca- 
 
 raccas. Deciduous climber. 
 
 triloba'ta (three-lobed). 6. Purple. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1775. 
 
 ARISTOTE'HA. (In memory of the great 
 Aristotle. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tili- 
 aceae]. Linn., ll-JJodecandria 1-Mono- 
 jynla.) 
 
 This genus has been placed among Horn ali ads, 
 >r Philadelphiads, by some botanists; but Dr. 
 liindky says (Veg. King., 371), it has most affinity 
 o this order. A. Ma'cqui produces edible berries, 
 >f a dark purple colour, and wine is made from 
 hem in Chili. It is a hardy evergreen shrub. 
 Layers in autumn, and cuttings in April, in sand, 
 under a hand-light. Common, sandy soil. 
 
 A. Ma'cqui (Macqui). 4. Whitish-green. May. 
 Chili. 1/35. 
 
 variegu'ta (variegated-Jsawed). 4. Whit- 
 ish-green. May. Gardens. 
 
 AKMENI'ACA. (From Armenia, the na- 
 ive country of the apricot. Nat. ord., 
 Almondworls [Drupacese]. Linn., 12- 
 'cosandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees ; generally budded in 
 ummer on plum-stocks, but some use apricot 
 eedlings for budding peaches ; rather heavy, 
 oamy soil. See APRICOT. 
 
 I. Briganti'aca (Brigan9on). 6. Pink. March. 
 South of Europe. 1819. 
 
 dasyca'rpa (thick- rooted). 15. White. April. 
 
 1800. 
 
 persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 15. Pink. 
 
 April. 1800. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April. Siberia. 
 
 1/88. 
 
 vulga'ris (common apricot). 15. White. April. 
 
 Levant. 1548. 
 cordifo'lia (heart -leaved). 15. White. 
 
 March. Levant. 1548. 
 flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. White. 
 
 April. 
 
ARM 
 
 [68] 
 
 AST 
 
 A. vulga'risffi'liis yarie^a'tis (variegated-leaved). 
 15. White. 
 
 15. White. April. 
 
 ovaltfo'lia (oval - leaved). 
 
 March. Levant. 1548. 
 
 A, montu'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. July. Ea- 
 
 Yeliow. July. 
 
 rope. 1731. 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 
 Austria. 1710. 
 
 ARME'RIA. Thrift. ^T he Latin name ARNOPO'GON. Sheep's -beard. (From 
 for the Sweet William. .Nat. ord., Lead- \ arnos, a lamb, and pogon, a beard ; in re- 
 worts [Plumbaginacese]. Linn., v-Ptm- \ ference to the bearded seeds. Nat. ord., 
 tandria b-Pentagynia.) ! Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 
 AH Lhiardjr-herbaeeous perennials, except when j genesia I- Squalls. Allied to Scorzonera ) 
 other wse specified. Division of_ the plant ; seeds I Hardy plants ; seed in March or April. Common 
 
 in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. The tender kinds i garden-soil, 
 will require to be well drained, and receive the , A a , gper (fough) 
 
 protection of a frame, or pit, during winter. 
 A. allia'cea (garlic-leaved). 1. White. June., 
 Spain. 1798. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Carinthia. j 
 
 arena'ria (sand). 1. Pink. June. France. J 
 
 cephalo'tes (roi//-headed1. 1. Pink. June.' 
 
 Algarbia. 1800. 
 
 denticvlu 'ta (toothed) 2. Flesh. June. Na- j 
 
 pies. 1816. 
 
 dianthoi'des (pink-like). 
 
 rope. 1810. 
 
 July. Montpe- 
 Capc of 
 
 M'rta (hairy). 1. Pink. July. N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 hutmitis (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1817. 
 
 juniper ifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 1. Pink, June, 
 
 Spain. 1818. 
 
 latifo'Ua cad-leaved). 2. Light red. July, 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). 1. Red. July. Britain. 
 
 rr.onta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. June. Scotland. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Por- 
 
 tugal. 
 
 plantaifi'nea (plantain-like). 1. 
 
 South of "Europe. 1818. 
 
 pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. June. Spain. 1818 
 
 scorzoneraefo'liu (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Scar- 
 
 let. June. South of Europe. 1818. 
 vulga'ris (common). 1. Red. July. Europe 
 a'lba (\\hite~flowered). %. 
 
 tember. 
 
 2. Yellow 
 lier. 1774.' Annual. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Good Hope. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). 2. Light yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1739. Perennial. 
 
 picroi'des (picris-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1693. Annual. 
 
 ARo r NicuM. (From arnica, lamb-skin; 
 Fink. June. Eu- j in reference to the softness of the flower- 
 heads. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. 
 Linn., IQ-Synt/enesia 2-Superflua. Allied 
 to Doronicum.) 
 
 A hardy, herbaceous, perennial, groundsel-like 
 plant. Divisions ; common soil. 
 A. Alta'icum (Altaic). Yellow. July. Siberia. 1783. 
 
 ARRACA'CHA. (Its Spanish name in 
 Pink. July. South { South America. Nat. ord., Umbellifers 
 [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diyy- 
 nia. Allied to Conium.) 
 
 A. escule'nta, a native of the table-land of 
 Grenada, produces large esculent roots, not 
 Red. June, i unlike parsnips, but of a better quality. Stove 
 ! tuberous perennial. Division of the roots ; rich 
 loam. Summer temp., 65 to 85; winter, 55 to 
 60. 
 A. escuie'nia (eatable). 3. Brownish. July. 
 
 Santa Fe. 1823. 
 ARRHENATHE'RUM. (From arrhen, 
 
 coccfnea (carleMowerwi). 4. Red. Sep- j male, and otter, a point; on account of 
 
 tember. Gardens. i the awns on the male spikes. Nat. ord., 
 
 A'RNICA. (From arnakis, lamb-skin; in I Orass^ [Graminaceee]. Linn., 23-Po!yga- 
 reference to the texture of the leaves. \ mla *-~Moncecta.) 
 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., j This genus really should be reunited to Hol- 
 lQ-Sy>i<jenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to | ^'soJ^for^^other grasL' ^ 
 Groundsel. ) j A mea ceum ( oa t-like). 5. Apetal. June. Britain. 
 
 Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous plants; division of the ! mu'ticum (awnless}. 4. Apetal. July. 
 
 plants in spring or autumn. They like a little 
 peat incorporated with the soil. A. Co'rsica pre- 
 fers bog-earth. 
 
 A. Clu/sii (Clusius's). 1. Yellow. July. Swit- 
 zerland. 1819.- 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. Yellow. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. 
 Co'rsica (Corsican). 
 1824. 
 
 1. Yellow. July. Corsica. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 bulbo'snm (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTA'RIA. 
 ARROW-ROOT. See MARA'NTA. 
 ARTA'BOTRYS. (From aratao, to suspend 
 
 or support, and botrys, grapes ; in ret'er- 
 
 2. Yellow. July, 
 
 the way the fruit is supported by 
 te y nclriL Nat . ord., Anonad* 
 
 glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. [Anonaeere]. Linn., 13 -Polyandria 6- 
 
 1823. Polvoiinio ^ 
 
 Helvetica (Swiss). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- 3JJ '' Lv 
 
 land. 1819. I The leaves of this plant are held m Java to be 
 
 ~-lani'gera (wool-bearing). 1. 
 Italy. 1827- 
 
 The leaves ot this plans are m v HI i 
 
 YeUow. July, invaluable against cholera. Stove evergreen shrub. 
 Icuttings of ripened wood in sand, uuder a bell- 
 
AET 
 
 I 69 ] 
 
 AET 
 
 glass, and in bottom-heat, in March or Apri 
 Sandy loam and peat, with a little rotten dung 
 Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 A. odorati'ssimu (sweetest-scented). 6. Brown 
 
 July. China. 1758. 
 
 ARTANE'MA. (From aratao, to suppor 
 and nema, a filament ; in reference to 
 tooth-like process growing on the longe 
 filaments. Nat. ord., Flgworls [Scroplm 
 lariaeese]. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 1 Gym 
 nospermia. Allied to Torenia.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cutting 
 of the half-ripened shoots in autumn or spring 
 Will keep over the winter in the greenhouse, bu 
 seeds may be sown in the open border, in the be 
 ginning of May, as an annual. Sandy loam and 
 little peat. 
 
 A-fimbria'tum (fringed-corollaed). 3. Pale blue 
 August. Moreton Bay. 1830. 
 
 ARTEMI'SIA... Wormwood. (From Ar- 
 temis, one of the names of Diana. Nat 
 ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.} 
 
 Various species of Artemisias, or Wormwoods, 
 have been used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic 
 medicines from remote ages. All hardy herba- 
 ceous perennials, except where otherwise specified 
 Annuals, by seed ; those with branching, shrubby 
 stems, and the whole of the greenhouse varieties, 
 which are mostly shrubby, by cuttings ; the hardy 
 species, by dividing the roots. For greenhouse 
 kinds, sandy loam, well drained; for the others, 
 common soil. Greenhouse summer temp., 50 to 
 65 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 A. abro'tanum (southernwood). 4. Yellow, green. 
 August. Europe. 1548. Hardy decidu- 
 ous shrub. 
 
 hu'mile (low). 1. Yellow, green. Sep- 
 tember. South of Europe. 
 
 Tobolskia'num (Tobolskian). 5. Yellow, 
 
 green. September. 
 
 A'fra (African). 3. White. August. Green- 
 
 house evergreen shrub. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 apri'ca (sunny). 2. 1834. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. July. Levant. 
 
 1640. Hardy evergreen shrub. 
 *- arge'ntett (silvery). 4. Yellow, green. June. 
 Madeira. 1777- Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 ccerule'scens (bluish). 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 England. Hardy evergreen shrub. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese Moxa). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 China. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 dracu'nculus (tarragon). 2. White, green. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1548. 
 
 fri'gida (cold). 1. Yellow, green. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1826. 
 
 furca'ta (forked). 1. Yellow, green. July, 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 Ga'llica (French). 2. Brown. August. Britain. 
 
 glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1739. 
 
 Juda'ica (Judean). 2. Yellow. August. 1774. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 - lactiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Pale white. 
 
 November, Nepaul. 1828. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 - Lednice'nsis (Lednisc). 2. Yellow. July. Car- 
 
 pathia. 1826. Hardy deciduous shrub. 
 
 A. man'tima (sea). 1. Brown. July 
 
 Marstftallia'na (Marschall's). 1. Yellow, 
 
 Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 mutelli'na (mutellina). l. Yellow. July. Alps. 
 
 Europe. 1815. 
 
 Norve'gica (Norwegian). 1. Yellow. Julv. 
 
 Norway. 1818. 
 
 orienta'lis (oriental). 2. YeHow, green. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1810. 
 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Dauria. 1806. Hardy annual. 
 
 peduncula'ris (flower-stalked), l. Yellow. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 Po'ntica (Pontine). 3. Yellow. September. 
 
 Austria. 1570. 
 
 potenWlcefo'lia (potentilla-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Canaries. 1816. Green- 
 
 house evergreen. 
 
 renews (creeping). 1. Brown. June. Tartary. 
 
 1805. Hardy trailer. 
 
 rupe'stris (hill). 2. Brown. August. Siberia 
 
 1/48. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 3. Brown. July. Hungary. 
 
 seri'cea (silky-leaved). 2. White. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1/96. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. Brown. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1790. 
 
 ~ Tau'rica (Taurian). 1. White, green. July. 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved;. 10. Yellow, green. 
 
 October. China. 1732. Greenhouse ever- 
 green. 
 
 ValenWna (Valentian). 1. Yellow, green. 
 
 July. Spain. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 vulga'ris (common wormwood). 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. Purple, 
 
 August. Gardens. 
 
 Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 1. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 ARTHROPO'DIUM. (From arthron, a joint, 
 
 and pous, a foot ; in reference to the 
 
 [ower-stalks being jointed. Nat. ord., 
 
 Lllyworts [Liliaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 
 Yta l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except 
 
 where otherwise specified. Seeds, offsets, ami 
 
 uckers. Sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer 
 
 emp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 :. cirra ! tum (curled). 3. White. June. New 
 
 Zealand. 1821. 
 fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. White. July. N. 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 mi'nus (smaller). 2. White. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. August. 
 
 N.S.Wales. 1800. Greenhouse bulb. 
 
 pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1816. Half-hardy. 
 
 ARTHROSTE'MMA. (From arthron, a 
 oint, and slemma, a crown ; the flower- 
 talks being jointed. Nat. ord., Melas- 
 omads [Melastomacene]. Linn., 8-Octan- 
 ria l-Monogynia. Allied to Osbeckia.) 
 
 Cuttings of small, firm, side-shoots in August 
 r April, under a glass, in sandy soil. The stov 
 ecies with heat ; sandy loam, and a little peat. 
 fra'gile (brittle). 3. Rosy. June. Mexico. I8iii. 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
ART 
 
 [70] 
 
 ART 
 
 A, ni'tidum (glossy-leaved). 2. Pale lilac. June. 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. Greenhouse ever- 
 green. 
 
 oersi'color (changeable -flowered). J. Pink. 
 September. Brazil. 1825. Stove ever- 
 green. 
 
 ARTICHOKE. (Cy'nara sco'lymiis.') Many 
 persons ha^o thought that the name of 
 this vegetable refers to the almost un- 
 swallowabte part of it known by the name 
 of " the choke ; " but this is quite a mis- 
 take. The word artichoke is merely the 
 English mode of spelling its French 
 name, artichaid ; and this is said, by old 
 writers, to be a corruption of the Arabic 
 name for it, alcocalos, which has reference 
 to the shape of its heads being like that 
 of the pine-apple. The Arabs prize it 
 highly, not only for its edible heads, but 
 its roots as a purgative, and its gummy 
 exudations as an emetic. 
 
 Varieties. There are two varieties in 
 cultivation, the conical, or French, of 
 which the heads are green, and the scales 
 of their calyx spreading ; and the globe, 
 tinged with purple, with the scales curved 
 inwards and compactly. The artichoke 
 is sometimes called the globe artichoke, 
 on account of the round outline of its 
 heads. These heads are boiled, and the 
 bottom of each scale, or calyx, eaten 
 with butter and salt. The bottom of these 
 heads, which is the part named " the re- 
 ceptacle" by botanists, because it is the 
 receptacle or part containing all the mem- 
 bers of the flower, is very fleshy, and is 
 cooked in various ways; being, also, 
 sometimes dried, and used in winter. 
 
 Propagation. It may be raised from 
 seed ; but the most expeditious and usual 
 way is to plant suckers from the old 
 roots in the spring. When the suckers 
 are eight or ten inches high, in open 
 weather, about the end of March, or early 
 in April, select such as have much oi 
 their fibrous roots, and are sound, and 
 not woody. The brown, hard part by 
 which they are attached to the parent 
 stem must be removed, and, if that cuts 
 crisp and tender, the suckers are good 
 but. if tough and stringy, they are worth- 
 less. Further, to prepare them for 
 planting, the large, outside leaves are 
 taken off so low as that the heart ap- 
 pears above them. If they have been 
 some time separated from the stock 
 or if the weather is dry, they are 
 greatly invigorated by being put into 
 water for three or four hours before the) 
 are planted. They should be set in rows 
 
 bur feet and a half by three feet apart, 
 and about half their length beneath the 
 surface. Turn a large flower-pot, or a 
 sea-kale pot, over each, and water them 
 abundantly every evening until they are 
 established, as well as during the droughts 
 of summer. The only other attention 
 liey require, during the summer, is 'the 
 requent use of the hoe, and an occasional 
 supply of liquid-manure. It is also an 
 xcellent plan to have some mulch kept 
 about their roots during dry weather, im- 
 mediately after planting, and during the 
 whole summer, and to remove all small, 
 weak suckers about June. The plants 
 will produce a succession of heads from 
 July to October of the year they are 
 planted. For about five years they will 
 Continue similarly productive during 
 May, June, and July. At the end of 
 ive years a fresh bed should be made. 
 
 The Artichoke's heads attain a much 
 larger size than they would otherwise, by 
 twisting a piece of wire very tightly round 
 the stem, about three inches below each, 
 and thus preventing the reflux of the sap. 
 No vegetable is more benefited than the 
 artichoke by the application of sea- weed, 
 or any other manure containing common 
 salt. 
 
 To obtain Chards. Those who require 
 chards must make a plantation annually ; 
 for making the chards destroys the 
 plants. After the best heads have been 
 cut, early in July, the leaves are to be 
 cut over within half a foot of the ground, 
 and the stems as low as possible. In 
 September or October, when 'the new 
 shoots or leaves are about two feet high, 
 they are bound close with a wreath of 
 hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn 
 round the stems of the plants. The 
 blanching is perfected in a month or six 
 weeks. If the chards are wished late in 
 the winter, the whole plants may be dug 
 up before frost sets in, and laid in sand 
 in their blanched state. In this way 
 they may be kept for several weeks. 
 
 Gobbo. The Italians, to make this, 
 bend the stem of an artichoke down to a 
 right angle, and the stalks of the leaves 
 are bound together, and covered over so 
 as to blanch. The result is a lump, 
 which is eaten raw, with salt, and is 
 tolerably good. In Italy it is used in the 
 autumn and winter, and replaces radishes. 
 Winter Dressing. As soon as a stem 
 is cleared of all its heads in the summer, 
 it should be broken down close to the 
 
ART 
 
 C 71] 
 
 ARU 
 
 root; and early in November the beds 
 should be dressed for the winter. Cut 
 away the old leaves close to the ground, 
 but without injuring the centre or side- 
 shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the 
 earth in a ridge, about eight inches high, 
 over each row, putting it close round 
 each plant, but being careful to keep the 
 heart free from the crumbs of soil. After 
 this has been done, pile round every plant 
 some long litter, or pea-haulm, three or 
 four inches thick ; and, to keep this from 
 blowing away, as well as to help in pre- 
 serving the roots from severe frosts, cover 
 over the litter, or haulm, two inches deep 
 with coal-ashes. The ashes may be 
 turned into the soil in the spring, being 
 a manure much liked by the artichoke. 
 
 Soil and Situation. 'The finest heads 
 are produced in a sail abounding in 
 moisture ; but in such they will not sur- 
 vive the winter. They should have a 
 rich, deep loam allotted to them. Manure 
 must be applied every spring ; and the 
 best compost for them is a mixture of 
 three parts welt-putrefied dung, and one 
 part of fine coal-ashes. They should 
 always have an open exposure, and, above 
 all, be free from the influence of trees ; 
 for if beneath their shade or drip the 
 plants spindle, and produce worthless 
 heads. 
 
 Insect. The leaves of the artichoke 
 are liable to injury by a beetle. See 
 CASSIDA VIEIDIS. 
 
 Saving Seed. Select any number of 
 the earliest and finest heads ; and as soon 
 as the flowers begin to decay, the heads 
 should be turned, and tied downwards, 
 so as lo prevent the wet lodging in them, 
 which would rot the seeds. 
 
 ARTOCAR'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From 
 artos, bread, and carpos, fruit. The fruit, 
 baked, resembles bread. Nat. ord., Ar- 
 tocnrpads [Artocarpacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moiicecia i- Monandria.) 
 
 In this order we meet with such anomalies as 
 the invaluable bread-fruit-tree of the tropics, the 
 useful cow-tree of Caraccas, and the virulent 
 poison of the upas-tree of Java, side by side. 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened wood 
 in sand, under a hand-light, and in a brisk, sweet, 
 bottom-heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp., 60 
 to "0 ; winter, 60 to 65. The flowers of all the 
 species are whitish-green. 
 
 A. inci'sa (cut-leaved). 60. South Sea Islands. 
 1793. 
 
 nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 50. E. Ind 
 
 1793. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Jack-tree). 60 
 June. E. Ind. 17/3. 
 
 helerophy'lla (variable-leaved). 60. E. 
 
 Ind. 1778. 
 
 A 'RUM. (From aron, supposed to be 
 an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. ord., 
 Arads [Aracesej. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 9 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 All are propagated by division of the roots ; 
 best done when the plants cease growing, in 
 autumn, or when they commence growing, in 
 spring. Sandy loam will suit the most of them ; 
 the stove species should have a portion of peat. 
 Winter temp, for them, from 50 to 60. All are 
 herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise 
 particularized. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. atro-ru'bens (dark- purple -streaked). 1. 
 Brown. July. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 3. Purple. April. 
 
 Bengal. 1813. 
 
 draco'ntium (green-dragon). 1. Green. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 dracu'nculus (common-dragon). 3. Brown- 
 
 ish-purple. July. South Europe. 1548. 
 
 Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June. 
 
 Italy. 1683. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 1. June. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 pnlria'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825. 
 
 pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 180( 
 
 probosci deum (proboscis -like). 1. July. 
 
 Apenn. 1818. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. 
 
 triphy'llum (three-leaved). 1. Brown. June 
 
 N. Amer. 1664. 
 
 zebri'num (zebra). 1. Brown. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1664. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 A. crini turn (hairy-sheathed). 1. Brown. April, 
 Minorca. 1777. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). 1. June. Japan. 1800. 
 
 terna'tum (three-leafleted). 1. Purple- July. 
 
 Japan. 1774. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. campanula! turn (bell-shaped). 2. Purple. 
 May. E. Ind. 1817- 
 
 coloca'sia (colocasia). 2. Green. Levant. 
 
 1551. Tuberous-rooted. This i? now a 
 genus by itself. 
 
 divaricdtum (straggling). 2. Green. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1759. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1793. Epiphyte. 
 
 Tndicum (Indian). 5. Brown. China. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). 3. Green. 
 
 June. 1825. Evergreen. 
 
 lingula'tum ftongue-/eaed). 6. W. Ind-. 
 
 1793. Epiphyte. 
 
 marglnu'tum (margined). 2. E. Ind". 1820 
 
 obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed). 2. 1824. 
 
 Orixe'nse (Orissan). 1. Purple. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 pedn'tum (pedate). 1. S. Amer. 1820.' 
 
 pent nphy' Hum (five-leaved). 1. E. Ind. .1818. 
 
 ramo'sum (branchy). 3. June. 1810. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 sagittifo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. 1824. 
 
 tarmento' 'sum (runner-bearing). Brazil. J835. 
 
 spira'le (spiral). 1. Brown. May. China. 18 16. 
 
 triloba'tum (three-lobed). 1. Purple. June 
 
 Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 auricula' turn (eared). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 veno'sum (vvmy-purplu-flowered). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. 1794. 
 
APvU 
 
 [72] 
 
 ASC 
 
 AIUJ'NDO. Reed. (A wrd oi' doubtful 
 derivation ; perhaps from the Latin word 
 arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Grasses [Gra- 
 minacese]. Linn.. 3-Triandria 2-Digynia.) 
 The " gardener's garter " of the Scotch gardens 
 is the A. do'nax versi'colur. In England it is 
 called ribbon grass, painted grass, Indian grass, 
 and ladies' laces. Seeds and divisions ; common 
 soil. 
 
 A. <&'ar (donax). 10. Apetal. July. South 
 Europe. 1648. 
 
 versi'color (striped). 3. Apetal. July. South 
 
 Europe. W348. 
 
 A'SAEUM. Asarabacca. (From a, not, 
 and saron, feminine ; the application not 
 obvious, but perhaps because too violent 
 a medicine for women. Nat. ord., Blrth- 
 worts [Aristolochiaceae]. Linn., ll-Dode- 
 candria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 A. Europium is called cabaret in France, and 
 is said there to be used by frequenters of pot- 
 houses to produce vomiting. Hardy herbaceous 
 plants, more curious than pretty. Divisions of 
 the plant ; common border ; if with a little peat, 
 all the better. 
 
 A. arifo'lium (arum-leaved). 1. Brown. June 
 N.Amer. 1823. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian"). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Canada. 1713. 
 
 Europce'um (European). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 grandifo' Hum (large-leaved). 1. Brown. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 18-20. 
 
 Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. May. 
 
 Virginia. 1759. 
 
 ASCARICI'DA. (From ascaris, an in- 
 testine worm, and ca-do, to kill ; referring 
 to its virtue in medicine. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 yenesia l-JEqualis.) 
 
 Allied to Heterocoma. Stove annuals; seeds 
 in March, in heat; common soil. Temp., 60 to 
 75. 
 
 A. anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). 1. Purple. 
 August. E. Ind. 1//0. 
 
 tripline'ruia (triple-nerved). 1. Purple. No- 
 
 vember. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 ASCLE'PIAS. Swallowwort. (The Greek I 
 name of JEsculapius of the Latins. Nat. ' 
 ord., Ascleplads [Asclepidacese]. Linn., 
 b-Penlandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous and sub-shrubby peren- 
 nials, except when otherwise specified. The 
 hardy species, chiefly by division of the root in 
 April ; the stove and greenhouse kinds, by the 
 same process ; and cuttings of the young shoots, 
 when they begin to grow, in heat; and also 
 seeds, kept over, and sown in heat, in February. 
 Peat and loam, but most of the latter. The 
 *tove species will stand the winter if the tempe- 
 rature is not below 48. 
 
 A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2. Red. July. 
 N. Amer. 18U6. 
 
 amce'na (pleasing). 3. \Purple. August, N. 
 
 Amer. 1732. 
 
 amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. Red. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 18 1 6. 
 
 A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 Mexico. 1817. 
 
 cinereit (grey). 2. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). I. White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1818. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 3. Scarlet. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1692. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 a'lba (white). 1. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Orange. July. 
 
 N. Amer. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 Dougla'sii (Douglas's). l. Ked. Autumn. 
 
 West America. 1846. 
 
 exalta'ta (lofty). 6. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 incarna'ta (fash- coloured). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 N.Amer. 1710. 
 
 Una' ria (toad- flax- leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1802. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 Mexiea'na (Mexican). 3. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1821. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy.). 3. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1730. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1774. 
 
 paupe'rcula (poor). 2. Red. July. N. Amer 
 
 1817. 
 
 phytolaccoi'des (phytolacca-like). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 polysta'chia (many-spiked). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 pu'luhra (fair). 2. Purple. July. N.Amer. 
 
 purpura' scens (purplish), 3. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 1. White, red. 
 
 July. N.Amer. 1820. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July. Virginia. 1825. 
 
 Syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 162Q. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous-7*oo/erf). 2. Orange. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1680. Hardy tuber. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated) . 4. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1597- 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish-green. Oc- 
 
 tober. N. Amer. 1S44. 
 
 verticilta'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. White, green, 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 ASCY'RUM. (From a, not, and skyros, 
 roughness ; plants not hard to the touch. 
 Nat. ord., Tutsans [HypericaceseJ. Linn., 
 \Q-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.) 
 
 All, but one, greenhouse evergreens ; cuttin gs 
 of small shoots, pretty hard ; placed in ve ry 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass, any time during 
 summer; peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 
 65 ; winter, 38 to 45. 
 
 A. amplexicau' le (stem-clasping). 2. Yellow. 
 August. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 crux-Andreet' (St. Andrew's cross). 2. Yel- 
 
 low. July. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 hypericoi'des (hypericum-liks). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. N.Amer. 1/69. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Yellow. July. Georgia. 
 
 1806. Half-hardy herbaceous. 
 -- sta'ns (standing). 2. Yellow. August. N, 
 Amer. 1316. 
 
ASH 
 
 [re.] 
 
 ASP 
 
 ASHES are the remains of a substance 
 which has undergone burning, and are 
 as various in the proportions of their 
 components as are the bodies capable^ 
 of being burnt. Whatever ba the sub- 
 stance burnt, the process should be 
 made to proceed as slowly as possible ; 
 for, by such regulation, more carbon, 
 or charcoal, is preserved in the ashes, 
 which is the most valuable of their 
 constituents. The simplest mode of ef- 
 fecting a slow combustion is to bank 
 the burning substance over with earth, 
 leaving only a small orifice, to admit the 
 air sufficiently to keep up a smouldering 
 fire. 
 
 Ashes have been usually recommended 
 as a manure most useful to heavy soils ; 
 but this is a decided mistake. As ferti- 
 lizers they are beneficial upon all soils ; 
 and they can never be applied in suffi- 
 cient quantity to alter the staple of a 
 too tenacious soil. To thirty square 
 yards, twenty-eight pounds are an aver- 
 age application ; and they cannot be put 
 on too fresh. 
 
 Peat-ashes contain- 
 Silica (flint) 32 
 
 Sulphate of lime (gypsum) . . 12 
 Sulphate and muriate of soda (Glau- 
 ber and common salt) . . 6 
 Carbonate of lime (chalk) . . 40 
 Oxide of iron .... 3 
 Loss 7 
 
 They are an excellent application to 
 lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and 
 peas. 
 
 Coal-ashes contain carbon, silica, alu- 
 mina, sulphate of lime, iron and potash, 
 carbonate of lime, and oxide of iron. 
 They are a good manure for grass, peas, 
 and potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch 
 deep on the surface, over beans and peas, 
 they hasten the germination of the seed, 
 and preserve it from mice. They are 
 also used for forming dry walks in the 
 kitchen-dep artrnent. 
 
 Soap-boilers' ashes contain 
 
 Silica 35.0 
 
 Lime 35.0 
 
 Magnesia 3.3 
 
 Alumina (clay) . . . . 1.5 
 
 Oxide of Iron . . . . 1.7 
 
 Mangranese . . . 1.8 
 
 Potash (combined with Silica) . 0.5 
 
 Soda (do.) 0.2 
 
 Sulphuric Acid (combined with 
 
 Lime) 0.2 
 
 Phosphoric Acid (do) . . . 3.5 
 
 Common salt .... 0.1 
 Carbonic Acid (combined with 
 
 Lime and Magnesia) . . 18.2 
 
 They are good for all crops, but espe- 
 cially grass and potatoes. 
 
 Wood-ashes and the ashes of garden- 
 weeds generally contain silica, alumina, 
 oxides of iron and manganese, Time, 
 magnesia, potash, partly in the state ot 
 a silicate, soda, sulphates of potash and 
 lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of 
 sodium (common salt), and carbonates 
 of lime, potash, and magnesia, with a 
 considerable portion of charcoal. They 
 are a good application to cabbages, pota- 
 toes, and peas. 
 
 Turf -as lies contain silica, alumina, ox- 
 ides of iron and manganese, lime, mag- 
 nesia, sulphates of potash and lime, 
 phosphates of lime and magnesia, com- 
 mon salt, and charcoal. They have been 
 used beneficially to grass, onions, carrots, 
 beans, potatoes, and beet-root. 
 
 ASH-TREE. Fra'ximis exce'lsior. 
 
 ASIATIC-POISON BULB. Cri'num Asia'- 
 ticum. 
 
 ASI'MINA. (A Canadian name, not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona- 
 eeaBJ. Linn., I3-Polyandria Q-Polyyynia.) 
 
 A. tri'loba is a fit companion to such plants as 
 Da'phnes, Illl'ciums, and Di'rca palu'stris in 
 British gardens. Sometimes by seed, but chiefly 
 by layering the branches, towards the end of 
 summer. Peat and loam. 
 
 A. grandiflo'ra ('large-flowered). 3. White. June. 
 Georgia. 1820. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Brown. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 pygmce'a (pigmy). 2. White. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed- flowered) . 8. Pale purple. 
 
 August. China. 1822. 
 
 ASPA'LATHUS. (From a, not, and spuo, 
 to extract; in reference to the difficulty 
 of extracting its thorns from a wound. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., \.Q-Monadclphla Q-Decandria.) 
 
 With one exception, all greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, in April, 
 in sand ; placed over sandy peat, well drained, 
 kept shaded, and little water given, as they are 
 apt to damp off. Loam and lumpy peat. Temp., 
 summer, 55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 A. affi'nis (kindred). 3. Yellow. July: Cap* 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 a'lbens (white). 4. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 araneo'sa (cobwebbed). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 17Q5. 
 
 arge'nteu (silvery-/eaoed). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 asparagoi'des (asparagus-like). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 astroi'tes (starry). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 callo'sa (hardened). 3. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 ca'ndicans (whitish). '2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
ASP 
 
 [ 74] 
 
 ASP 
 
 A. carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 capita'ta (head-flowered), i. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 ctteno'poda (goose-foot). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/59. 
 
 eilia'ris (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/99- 
 
 crassifrflia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1789- 
 
 guhoi'des (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 18)7- 
 -- genistoi'des (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 globo'sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1802. 
 
 hi'spida (stiff-haired). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 hy'strix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 3. Red. July. E Ind. 
 
 1759. Stove evergreen. 
 
 larici'na (larch-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 mucrona'tu (spine-pointed). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 peduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 6. Yellow. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 'Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 spinosa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 subula'ta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1789. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 uniflo'ra (single-lowered). 3. Yellow. July, 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 ASPA'RAGUS. (From , intensive, and 
 sparasso, to tear ; in reference to the 
 Htrong prickles of some species. Nat. 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae], Linn., 6-Hex- 
 andria l-Monoyynia.') 
 
 The A. officina'lis is well known in our kitchen- 
 gardens : it, as well as the other hardy kinds, is 
 propagated chiefly by seeds, and rejoices in rich, 
 light loam, well-drained. The stove and green- 
 house varieties are propagated chiefly by dividing 
 the roots, and prefer sandy loam and peat. All 
 herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise 
 specified. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. ama'rns (bitter). 4. Green. July. France. 
 1824. 
 
 Broussone'ti (Broussonet's). 2. Canaries. 
 
 Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Green. April. 
 
 Dauria. 1823. 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 mnri'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June. 
 
 officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 - sylvttticu* (wood). 2. Green. July. Hun- 
 gary. 1819. 
 
 A. tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June. Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 -- verticllla'ris (whorl-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 Caucasus. 1/52. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. acutifo'lius (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish-green. 
 Spain. 1640. Evergreen shrub, half- 
 hardy. 
 
 Mthio'picus (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 12. White. Spain. 1540. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 Asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1759. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. I6gl. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 declina'tus (down -bent). 5. Whitish-green. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Half-hardy. 
 
 decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Whitish-green. 
 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. 
 
 depe'ndens (drooping). 4. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen 
 twiner. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). White. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1828. Herbaceous climber. 
 
 ho'rridus (horrid). 4. White. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1800. Half-hardy evergreen 
 twiner. 
 
 la'ncens (lance- leaved). White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1811. Herbaceous 
 climber. 
 
 larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Nivcnia'nus (Niven's). Whitish-purple. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1811. 
 
 racemo'sus (racemose). 3. Whitish-green. 
 
 E. Ind. 1808. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 rctrofra'ctus (backwards-bent). 4. White. 
 
 July. Africa. 1759. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/95. Evergreen climber. 
 
 Smithia'nus ( Smith's). Teneriffe. 1529- Ever- 
 
 green shrub. 
 
 stipula'ceus (large-stipuled). 4. White. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 subula'tus (a.wl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1811. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 STOVE. 
 A.falca'tus (sickle-leaved). 3. Whitish-green. 
 
 E. Ind. 1792. Evergreen shrub. 
 flexuo'sus (zigzag). 3. Whitish-green. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. Evergreen 
 
 shrub. 
 
 surmento'sus (twiggy). 6. Whitish-green. 
 
 August. Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 ASPA'RAGUS (Aspa'ragitt oflicina'lis} was, 
 by the old gardeners, called sperage, and 
 by the modern vulgar, grass, or sparroio- 
 grass. The small heads are sometimes 
 spoken of as sprue. 
 
 Varieties. There are only two varie- 
 ties, the red-topped and the green-lopped: 
 the first is principally cultivated. There 
 are said to be a few sub-varieties, which 
 derive their names from the place of 
 their growth, and are only to be dis- 
 tinguished for superior sixe or flavour, 
 which they usually lose on removal from 
 their native place. The principal of 
 these is known as the qiant ; but this 
 
ASP 
 
 ASP 
 
 loses its characteristics if grown in soil 
 less rich. 
 
 Soil best suited to this vegetable is a 
 fresh, sandy loam, made rich by the 
 abundant addition of manure. It should 
 be trenched from two feet to two feet 
 and a half deep. This depth of good, 
 rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to 
 yield the very best of heads, if the yearly 
 successive management be attended to. 
 
 Situation. The bed should enjoy the 
 influence of the sun during the whole of 
 the day, as free as possible from the in- 
 fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging 
 north and south. The sub-soil should be 
 dry, or the bed kept so by being founded 
 on rubbish, or other material, to serve as 
 a drain. The space of ground required 
 for the supply of a small family is at least 
 eight square perches. If less, it will 
 be incapable of affording one hundred 
 heads at a time. Sixteen perches will, in 
 general, afford two or three hundred every, 
 day, in the height of the season. 
 
 Sowing. To raise plants, sow any 
 time, from the middle of February to the 
 beginning of April, in drills, one inch 
 deep, and one foot apart, if the seedlings 
 are to be transplanted ; but two feet apart, 
 if they are to remain where sown, as Mr. 
 Barnes does at Bicton t for the purpose of 
 taking up every alternate row for forcing. 
 He thus leaves his permanent crop on 
 the level ground in two rows, at four feet 
 distance. Between these he plants sum- 
 mer crops, such as French beans, lettuce, 
 spinach, or cauliflowers. Finer heads 
 are to be expected by this wide-row 
 system; but the most complete and 
 neatest way would be to line out beds, 
 four and a half feet wide, in which to sow 
 four rows of seeds, one foot apart, as 
 directed above, leaving three-feet alleys. 
 This will be found the best, for small 
 gardens in particular. 
 
 Culture in Seed-bed. If dry weather, 
 the bed should be refreshed with moderate 
 but frequent waterings ; and, if sown as 
 late as April, shade is required, by means 
 of a little haulm, during the meridian 
 of hot days, until the seeds germinate. 
 Care must be taken to keep free from 
 weeds, though this operation should never 
 commence until the plants are well above 
 ground, which will be in the course of 
 three or four weeks from the time of 
 sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a 
 month with salt, and supply them once 
 a week with a good soaking of liquid- 
 
 manure, during the growing season. To- 
 wards the end of October, as soon as the 
 stems are completely withered, they must 
 be cut down, and well-putrefied' dung 
 spread over the bed, to the depth of about 
 two inches. This serves to increase the 
 vigour of the plants the following year. 
 About March in the next year thin the 
 plants to one foot apart ; and those re- 
 moved may be transplanted into a bed, 
 twelve inches apart, if it is intended that 
 they should attain another or two years* 
 further growth before being finally 
 planted out; or they may be planted 
 immediately into the beds, for production. 
 It may be here remarked, that the plants^ 
 may remain one or two years in the seed- 
 bed. They will even succeed after re- 
 maining three; but if they continue four, 
 they generally fail when transplanted. 
 
 Time of Planting. The best time is 
 the end of March, if the soil is dry, and 
 the season warm and- forward; otherwise 
 it is better to wait umtil the commence- 
 ment of April. A very determinate 
 signal of the appropriate time for plant- 
 ing is when the plants are beginning to 
 grow. If moved eartier, and they have 
 to lie torpid for two or three months, 
 many of them die, OF, in general, shoot 
 up very weak. 
 
 Construction of the Beds. Have them 
 four and a half feet wide. The situation 
 should be fixed upon a month or two 
 previously to making and planting the 
 beds. The whole should be trenched 
 two feet to two feet and a half deep, and 
 thoroughly well manured, as the work 
 goes on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed: 
 manure. When all is trenched and ma- 
 nured in this way,, give a good surface- 
 dressing of salt, which will wash in with 
 rains. After lying in this way for a 
 month, give the whole another surface- 
 dressing with similar manure, and'double- 
 dig or trench the whole over again, leav- 
 ing the surface rough and open, giving 
 the whole another salting, and let it lie 
 in this way until the time for planting. 
 Previously to marking out the beds, the 
 whole should have another thorough 
 good digging over, making the surface 
 neat and even as the work goes on. 
 
 Mode of Planting. The plants being 
 taken from the seed-bed carefully with a 
 narrow-pronged dung-fork, with as little 
 injury to the roots as possible, they must 
 be laid separately and evenly together, 
 for the sake of convenience whilst plant- 
 
ASP 
 
 I 76 ] 
 
 ASP 
 
 ing, the. roots being apt to entangle, and 
 cause much trouble and injury in parting 
 them. They should be exposed as short 
 a time as possible to the air; and, to this 
 end, it is advisable to keep them, until 
 planted, in a basket covered with a little 
 sand. The mode of planting is to form 
 drills, or narrow trenches, five or six 
 inches deep, and one foot apart, cut out 
 with the spade, the line-side of each drill 
 being made perpendicular; and against 
 this the plants are to be placed, with 
 their crowns one and a half or two inches 
 below the surface, and twelve inches 
 asunder. The roots must be spread out 
 wide, in the form of a fan, a little earth 
 being drawn over each, to retain it in its 
 position whilst the row is proceeded 
 with. For the sake of convenience, one 
 drill should be made at a time, and the 
 plants inserted and covered completely 
 before another is commenced. When 
 the planting is completed, the bed is to 
 be lightly raked over, and its outline 
 distinctly marked out. Care must be 
 had never to tread on the beds (they are 
 formed narrow to render it unnecessary) ; 
 for everything tending to consolidate 
 them is injurious, as, from the length of 
 time they have to continue, without a 
 possibility of stirring them to any con- 
 siderable depth, they have a closer tex- 
 ture than is beneficial to vegetation. 
 Water must be given, in dry weather, 
 daily, until the plants are established. 
 The paths between the beds are to be 
 three feet wide. The first season after 
 planting the beds, a crop of radishes may 
 be sown upon them without very much 
 injury to the young plants, if the radishes 
 are all drawn off. early. It too often 
 happens that new asparagus -beds are 
 ruined by being pestered with other 
 crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of 
 either lettuces or spinach, may be sown 
 in the alleys. 
 
 Subsequent Cultivation. Throughout 
 the year care must be taken to keep the 
 beds clear of weeds ; and, in May and 
 summer, apply liquid-manure twice a 
 week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of 
 salt once a month. In the latter end of 
 October, or commencement of November, 
 the beds are to have the winter dressing. 
 The stalks must be cut down and cleared 
 away; the beds cleaned, if weedy, and 
 carefully forked up. A thoroughly good 
 dressing of manure is put all over the 
 beds equally, and the alleys forked over 
 
 too ; whilst, for the sake of giving the 
 whole a finish, a line is put down each 
 side of the alley, the edges made up a 
 little, and a few crumbs from the alleys 
 thrown upon the beds, and the edges 
 marked out with the point of the spade. 
 The work is then done for the winter. 
 
 Spring Dressing. In the month of 
 March the beds are again forked over 
 carefully, the manure and soil well 
 broken up and mixed together, and some 
 of the rougher parts of manure, with all 
 the rakings, forked into the alleys ; after 
 which the beds are raked over, and let- 
 tuces are there sown or planted in suc- 
 cession for the summer months. 
 
 Production. In the May of the second 
 year after planting, if tbey are very 
 highly cultivated with liquid -manure, 
 cutting may commence ; but, under or- 
 dinary culture, cutting had better not 
 begin until the third year. We recom- 
 mend the heads to be allowed to grow 
 about six inches above the ground before 
 they are cut, and then to be cut level 
 with the surface. By this mode, first sug- 
 gested by Mr. Weaver, the whole shoot 
 is eatable, all risk of injuring other 
 rising shoots is avoided, and the flavour 
 is much superior to that cut when only 
 just rising above the surface. Cutting 
 should cease at the end of June, or very 
 early in July. 
 
 Forcing may be commenced at the end 
 of November. For this purpose, take up 
 the plants from an old bed, or others 
 raised purposely, when they are three or 
 four years old. Carefully commence on 
 one side one of the outer rows of the bed, 
 by digging out a trench, forking the earth 
 as much as possible from underneath the 
 plants, so that they may easily, and with- 
 out straining or injuring their roots, be 
 moved out entirely, by thrusting down 
 the fork behind them. Be very care- 
 ful, at the same time, that the buds 
 about the crowns of the plants are not 
 injured by the fork, or trampled upon, 
 or bruised in any way during their 
 removal. Obtaining handsome, strong 
 shoots depends much upon the care with 
 which the plants are thus handled. As- 
 paragus is very easily forced, and is very 
 productive under the treatment when 
 properly managed. It may be forced in 
 various modes through the winter ; but 
 those who have the command of hot 
 water, to give it a moderate bottom-heat, 
 will find this give the least trouble. It 
 
ASP 
 
 L 77- ] 
 
 ASP 
 
 may also be grown in winter, in any 
 kind of forcing-house, either in boxes 
 filled with earth, or in a pit filled with 
 leaves, tan, or other fermenting materials. 
 Melon-pits and frames may be used for 
 the same purpose. The hotbed of fer- 
 menting materials, thoroughly well work- 
 ed previously to being made up into the 
 beds, may give but a slight heat, and. on 
 it may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf- 
 mould. Put the asparagus -pi ants into 
 this, and keep them, during the winter 
 months, about one foot from the glass. 
 Cover them, at first, only slightly with 
 the old tan, or leaf-mould ; but, in ten 
 days or a fortnight, add three or four 
 more inches of the same kind of covering. 
 Take care that altogether the crowns of 
 the plants are not covered more than five 
 or six inches deep. When the plants 
 have begun to grow freely, and the 
 shoots begin to appear through the sur- 
 face, give them some weak, slightly- 
 warmed, or tepid liquid-manure, adding 
 to each gallon of it two ounces of com- 
 mon salt; 
 
 Quantity to be Forced. To keep a 
 supply during the winter months, com- 
 mencing the first week in November, use 
 two or three light cucumber-frames ; and 
 a succession al bed should be made up in 
 about a fortnight or three weeks after- 
 wards, and so on until the end of March, 
 taking the advantage of fine, open wea- 
 ther for taking up and planting. 
 
 Insects. See CRIOCERIS ASPAEAOI. 
 
 To obtain Seed, Some shoots should 
 be marked, and left in early spring; for 
 those Avhich are allowed to run up after 
 the season of cutting is over are seldom 
 forward enough to ripen their seeds per- 
 fectly. In choosing the shoots for this 
 purpose, those only" must be marked 
 which are the finest, roundest, and have 
 the closest heads; those having quick- 
 opening heads, or are small or flat, are 
 never to be left. More are to be selected 
 than would be necessary if each stem 
 would assuredly be fruitful ; but, as 
 some of them only bear unproductive 
 blossoms, that contingency must be al 
 lowed for. Each chosen shoot must be 
 fastened to a stake, which, by keeping it 
 in its natural position, enables the seed 
 to ripen more perfectly. The seed is 
 usually ripe in September, when it 
 must be collected, and left in a tub for 
 four or six weeks, for the pulp and husk 
 01 me uerry to decay, when it may be 
 
 well cleansed in water. The seeds sink 
 to the bottom, and the refuse floats, and 
 will pass away with the water as it is 
 gently poured off. By two or three 
 washings, the seeds will be completely 
 cleansed, and, when perfectly dried by 
 exposure to the sun and air, may be 
 stored for use. 
 
 ASPA'SIA. (From aspazomai, I embrace; 
 the column embraced by the labellum. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 
 20- Gynandria i-Monandria. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, best grown in baskets containing 
 sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, with char- 
 coal ; rather dry during winter, and moister when 
 growing. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 58 
 to 65. 
 
 A. epidendroi 1 dss (epidendrum-like). 1. Whitish- 
 yellow. Panama. 1833. 
 
 lunu'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1844. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). Fellow. March. Guiana. 1838. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-cowered). 1. Green and 
 
 yellow. February. Panama. 1836. 
 
 ASPEN. Po'pulus tre'mula. 
 
 ASPE'BULA. Woodroff. (The diminu- 
 tive of asper, rough ; in reference to the 
 rough leaves. Nat. ord., Steilates, or Star- 
 worts [Galiacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except where 
 otherwise described. Division of the plant in 
 March ; common soil. They do not dislike shade. 
 A. tricho'des from seed. 
 
 A. alpi'nu (alpine). . White. July. Caucasus. 
 1820. 
 
 Arcadie'nsis (Arcadian). . Red. April. Ar- 
 
 cadia. 181Q. 
 
 arista'ta (awned). 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1823. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). . Purple. July. 
 
 Europe. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen 
 trailer. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Levant. 1775. 
 
 cyna'nchica (cynanche-like). 1; Flesh. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 galioi'des (galium-like). 1. White. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1710. 
 
 Tyra'ica (Tyrian). f . White. May. 
 
 Levant. 1820. 
 
 hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 1. White. June. Por- 
 
 tugal. 181Q. 
 
 hi'rta (bristly). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1817- 
 -- inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete. 1823. 
 
 laviga'ta (smoothed). 1. White. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1/75. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Yellowish- 
 
 purple. July. Hungary. 1821. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Red. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1820. 
 
 monta'nu, (mountain). 1. Pink. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1801. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy). 1. Pink. August. Greece. 
 
 1829. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 Spain. 1821, 
 
ASP 
 
 C 78 ] 
 
 ASP 
 
 A. ri'gida (stiff), i. Red. July. Greece. 1819- 
 
 Ka'bre. (rough). K White. July. Italy. 
 
 1824. 
 
 scutetla'ris (skull-cap), 1. Russia. 1838. 
 
 supi'na (supine). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. 
 
 tauri na (bull). 1. White. June. Italy. 1739- 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). -1. Pink. July. Europe. 
 
 1764. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy), 1. Red. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1817, 
 
 tricho'dfis (hairy). White. June. Persia. 
 
 1838. Hardy annual. 
 
 ASPHALT, BITUMEN, or JEW'S PITCH, is 
 found floating on the Dead Sea, and else- 
 where. It becomes very hard by expo- 
 sure to the air ; and its name has been 
 appropriated to various artificial prepara- 
 tions, all of which owe their properties 
 to the boiled gas-tar which enters into 
 their composition. Thus the asphalt felt 
 is rendered waterproof for shed-roofing, 
 <fec., by being soaked in that tar; and 
 asphalt walks are most dry and excellent 
 when made as follows: Take two parts 
 of very dry lime -rubbish, and one part 
 voal-ashes, also very dry, and both sifted 
 flue. -In a dry place, on a dry day, mix 
 them, and leave a hole in the middle of 
 the heap, as bricklayers do when making 
 mortar. Into this pour boiling-hot coal- 
 tar ; mix, and, when as stiff as mortar, 
 put it three inches thick where the walk 
 is to be. The ground should be dry, and 
 beaten smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse 
 sa-nd ; when cold, pass a light roller over 
 it, and in a few days the walk will be 
 solid and waterproof. 
 
 ASPHO'DELUS. Asphodel. (From a, 
 not, and sphallo, to supplant ; the stately 
 flowers not easily surpassed. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 dria \-Monogynla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise specified. Dividing the roots, except 
 the stove annuals, which may be raised from 
 s\ed. Grown in any common soil. J. inter- 
 me'diug requires the protection of a cold pit 
 in winter ; temperature for it at that period, 
 33 to 45. 
 
 A. cesti'vus (summer). 2. White. July. Spain. 
 1820. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 2. White. April. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 Asia'ticus (Asiatic). White. June. Levant. 
 
 1824. 
 
 capilla'ris (hair-teawed). 4. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1312. 
 
 claoa'tus (club-seeded'). 1. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1808. Stove annual. 
 
 Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Yellow. June. Can- 
 
 dia. 1821. 
 
 ,/towfo'fiKS (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August. 
 
 South of Europe. 1596. 
 interme'diMS (intermediate). 2. White. July. 
 Canaries. 1822. Half-hardy perennial. 
 
 A. lu'teus (vellow). 3. Yellow. June. Sicily. 
 1596. 
 
 microca'rpus (small-podded). Dalmatia. 1831. 
 
 proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. White. August. 
 
 Armenia. 1824. Hardy annual. 
 
 ramo'sns (branchy). 2. White. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 1551. 
 
 Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. 
 
 Tau'ricus (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria. 
 
 1812. 
 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). 2. White. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1824. 
 
 ASPIDIO'TUS. See Co'ccus. 
 
 ASPIDI'STRA. (From aspidiseon, a little 
 round shield ; shape of flower, or, proba- 
 bly, in reference to the mushroom-shaped 
 stigma by which Aspidistras are charac- 
 terised. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej. 
 Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, more curious than 
 ornamental ; suckers ; common soil. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October. Japan 
 1835. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 2. Brown. Oc- 
 tober. Japan. 1835. 
 
 lu'rida (lurid). 1. Purple. July. China. 
 
 1832. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Purple. March. 
 
 It is questionable whether these would 
 not all be hardy in the south of England. 
 
 Aspr*DiUM:. Shield Fern. (From as- 
 pidion, a little buckler ; the shape of the 
 spores or seed-apparatus. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2-Cryp- 
 toyamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Spores or seed, and division of the roots, 
 chiefly the latter ; doing so before they begin to 
 prow freely. Shady situation; loam and peat. 
 The greenhouse and stove kinds should have their 
 appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should 
 not have the temperature lower than 50 in win- 
 ter. See FERNS for general culture. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. alpi'num (alpine). 1. Brown. July. South 
 of Europe. 1825. 
 
 atoma'rium (atomed). 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July 
 
 N. Amer. 1638. 
 
 dmta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. June. Wales. 
 
 dilata'tum (widened-crested). 2. Brown. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 dumeto'sum (thicket). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 ffn'gile (brittle). 1. Brown. July. Britain. 
 
 Haltc'ri (Haller's). Brown, yellow. April. 
 
 Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 irri'guum (plashy). 2. Brown. July. Britain. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 re'gium (royal). 1. Brown. July. Britain. 
 
 Rhte'ticum (Rhsetian). . Brown. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE, 
 A. x'mulum (rival). 2. Brown. July. Madeira. 
 
ASP 
 
 AS? 
 
 STOVE. 
 A. ala'tum (winged). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 cicutu'rium (cowbane-like). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 decu'rrens (decurrent). 2. Brown, yellow. 
 
 May. Island of Luzon. 
 
 exalta'tum (lofty). 4. Brown. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 gra'nde (grand). Brown, yellow. May. Is- 
 
 land of Luzon. 
 
 heracleifo'lium (cow-parsnip -leaved.1. Yellow. 
 
 June. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1812. 
 
 indivi'&um (whole-leafed). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown, yellow. 
 
 May. Island of Luzon. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Brown. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 pa' tens (spreading). 2. Brown. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1784. 
 
 pectina'tum (comb-like). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). Brown. W. Ind. 
 
 repu'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown July. Is- 
 
 land of Luzon. 
 
 rhizophy'Uum (root-leaved). . Brown. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Singaporia'num (Singapore). Brown, yellow. 
 
 April. Malacca. 
 
 trapezoi'des (trapezium-like). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/69. 
 
 By some botanists a new genus has 
 been created, under the name of Athy'- 
 rlum, merely to include our Lady-Fern, 
 and some others which they think only 
 varieties of it; but we have referred 
 them all to the genus Nephrodium. 
 
 ASPLE'NIUM. Spleen wort. (From a, 
 not, and splen, spleen ; referring to its 
 supposed medicinal properties. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., %-Cryp- 
 togamla l-FUices. ) 
 
 For general management see ASPI'DIUM and 
 FERNS. In propagating from the spores on the 
 back of a leaf, prepare a pot well-drained, with 
 some peaty soil ; shake the spores all over it ; 
 cover with a square of glass ; and set the pot in a 
 shady place until the plants are up. 
 
 HABDY. 
 
 A. adia'ntum-ni'grum (black adiantura). X 
 Brown. August. Britain. 
 
 alternifu 1 Hum (alternate-leaved). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. Scotland. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 athy'rium (athyrium). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 ebe'neum (ebony-stalked) . 1. Brown. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1779. 
 
 fi'lix-fasfmina (female fern). 2. Brown. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ~fonta'num (fountain). 1. Brown. July. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Halle'ri (Haller's). 1. Browu. July. Switz- 
 
 erland. 181 Q. 
 
 veolii'twn (lanceolate). 1. Browa. Au- 
 gust, Engiaua. 
 
 A. mari'num (sea). 1. Brown. July. Britain 
 
 melanofiau'lon (black-stalked), l. Brown. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Michau'xi (Michaux's). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 rhixophy'llum (rooting-leaved). f . Brown. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1680. 
 
 ru'ta-mura'ria (wall-rue). $. Brown. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 septentrionu'le (northern). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ihelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 trichtfmanes (maiden-hair). . Brown. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 vi'ride (green). 1. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. acu'tum (acute). 2. Brown. April. Teneriffe. 
 1818. 
 
 ambi'guum (doubtful). 1. Brown. W. Ind. 
 
 alterna't urn (tapering). 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 Canarie'nse (Canary). Brown. July. Canaries. 
 
 1824. 
 
 de'ntex (sharp-toothed). Brown. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 diffo'rme (irregular). 1. Brown. August. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 dioersifu'lium (various-leaved). 2 Brown. June. 
 
 Norfolk Islands. 1831. 
 
 falca'tum (sickle-formed). 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1825. 
 fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hungary. 
 
 1825. 
 flabellifu'lium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 fla'ccidum (feeble). New Zealand. 1823. 
 
 Madere'nse (Madeira). 1. Brown. July. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1828. 
 
 mona'nthemum (one-flowered). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/90. 
 
 obtusa'tum (blunt-/ronded). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 palmu'tum (hand-shaped), f. Brown. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1816. 
 
 Petrarchce (Petrarch's). 4- Brown. August. 
 
 France. 1819. 
 
 polyo'don (many-toothed). New Zealand. 1843. 
 Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 STOVE. 
 A. ala'tum (winged). 1. Brown. W, Ind. 
 
 auri'tum (eared). 1. Brown. September. S. 
 
 Amer. 182Q. 
 
 biauri'tum (two-eared). 1. Brown. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 biparti'tum (equal-parted). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 bisefcttim (bisected). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1822. 
 
 calophy'ltum (beautiful-leaved). Brown. June. 
 
 Island of Luzon. 
 
 cicuta'riurn (cowbane-like). 1. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 crena'tum (round-notched). Brown. Septem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 cultrifu'lium (knife-leaved). 1. Bcown, W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
ASS 
 
 [ 80 
 
 AST 
 
 A cimea'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. Brown. Sep- 
 tember. W. Ind. 1832. 
 
 denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 depre'ssum (depressed). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 dimidia' turn (halved). Brown. September. W. 
 
 Ind. 1827. 
 
 elonga'tum (elongated). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 Malacca. 1840. 
 
 ero'sum (jaj?ged-teaued). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Brown. June. W. 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Brown. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 la'rteum (milky). Yellow. April. W. Ind. 
 
 toft urn (&y). 'W. Ind. 
 
 long'issimum (longest). Brown. May. Ara- 
 
 lacca. 1840. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). Yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 ni'dus (bird' s -nest). 2. Brown. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 obtusifo'lium (obtuse-leaved). |. Brown. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1838. 
 
 oligophy'llum (few-leaved). Brown. Brazil. 
 
 1841. 
 
 oti'tes (otites). 1841. 
 
 persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). Brown. Island 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 planicau'le (smooth-stalked). E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 preemo'rsum (jagged-pointed), g. Browu. Au- 
 
 gust. Jamaica. 1793- 
 
 pu'lchrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica. 
 - pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind 
 
 1833. 
 
 -- ra'dicans (rooting). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 
 1820. 
 
 rese'ctum (shredded). 1. Brown. July. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1820. 
 
 rhixo'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. Jamaica. 1/93. 
 
 sali'cinum (willow-like). 1. Brown. May. E 
 
 Ind. 18*9. 
 
 -salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 1. Brown. June. 
 W. Ind. 
 
 scrra'tum (s&vr-leaved). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 W. Ind, 1793. 
 
 serrula'tum (minutely-toothed). Brownish- 
 
 yellow. June. India. 
 
 scolopendroi'des (hart's-tongue-like). Brown. 
 
 July. Island of Leyte. 1S40. 
 
 stria, 1 turn (striated). 1. Brown. August. W. 
 
 lud. 17Q3. 
 
 sulca'tum (furrowed). Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1827. 
 
 vittaifo'rme (ribbon-like). Brownish-yellow. 
 
 Island of Luzon. 
 
 vivi'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 zamaefo' Hum (zamia-leaved). 2. Brown. Jri?, 
 
 Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 ASSAM TEA. The'a Assame'nsis. 
 
 ASSO'NIA. (After the Spanish hotanist, 
 Ignatius de Asso. Nat. orcl., Byttneriads 
 [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 
 7-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under 
 a plass ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; 
 winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 A. popu'lnea (poplar-feared). 10. White, Bour- 
 bon. 1820. 
 
 vidurnoi'des (viburnum -like). 11. White. 
 
 Bourbon. 1822. 
 
 ASTA'RTEA. (A classical name, 
 Astarte, a goddess of the Assyrians anu 
 Sidonians, called in Scripture Ashtarotti. 
 Nat. ord., MyrthUooms [MyrtaceseJ. 
 Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small shoots, 
 half-ripe, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and 
 kept shaded for a time; sandy loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 35 to 45. 
 A. fascicula'ris (bundle-lowered). 3. N. Holland. 
 
 ASTE'LMA. (From a, not, and stelma, 
 a crown ; in reference to the construction 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- 
 acese]. IAnn.,I9-Syngenesia 2-SitperJlua.) 
 
 Allied to Helichrysum. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs ; all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Seeds sown in a gentle heat; cuttings in sand, 
 under a belt or hand-glass ; sandy, lumpy peat, 
 well-drained. Summer temp., 50? to 65; winter, 
 40 to 48. 
 A. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June. 1794. 
 
 exi'mium (fine). 3. Crimson. July. 1/93. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803. 
 
 imbrica'tum (imbricated). 2. White. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 milleflo'rurn (thousand-flowered). 1 . Pale pur- 
 
 ple. July. 1802. 
 
 reto'rtum (twisted-back). 1. White. July. 
 
 1732. 
 
 speciosi' ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August. 
 
 1691. 
 
 spira'le (spiral-leaved). 2. White. September. 
 
 1801. 
 
 Stcehe.li'na (Stsehelina-like). 2. White. 1801. 
 
 viiri^ga'tum (variegated). 2. Brown, white. 
 
 June. 1801. 
 
 ASTE'PHANUS. (From a, without, and 
 Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to the 
 stamens; Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Aclepia- 
 dacese]. Linii., 5-Pentandria Z-Diyynia.) 
 Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division 
 and cuttings ; peat and sandy loam. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 A. linea'ris (linear). 4. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 ASTER. Starwort. (From aster, a star. 
 The flowers of Composites, or Starworts, 
 are called florets, and, being collected to- 
 gether on a receptacle, as in the daisy or 
 dahlia, the rays of their circumference, 
 resemble stars. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., iQ-Synyenesia 2* Super- 
 flua.) 
 
 To this family we are indebted for many of our 
 autumn ornaments in our flower-borders. The 
 greenhouse species are evergreen shrubs, propa- 
 gated by cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sandy 
 peat, and flourishing in peat and loam. The 
 hardy species are deciduous herbaceous plants, 
 propagated by division, and flourishing in com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. abbrevia'tus (shortened). 2. Blue. August- 
 N. Amer. 
 
AST 
 
 [81 ] 
 
 AST 
 
 A. a'cris (acrid). 2. Blue. August. South of 
 Europe. 1731. 
 
 acumlnatus (long-pointed). 2. Pale red. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1M)6. 
 
 adulteri'nus (false). 3. Violet. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 <z;*tt'rwr(summer). 2 . Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1776. Labrador Starwort. 
 
 a'lhus (white). 3. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 alpi'nus (alpine). 1. Purple. June. Europe. 
 
 1658. 
 -flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July, Europe. 1828. 
 ramo'sus (swuK-branchy). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 AUa'icus( Altaic). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 Alwarte'nsis (Alwart). 1. Red. May. Cau- 
 
 casus. 180/ 
 
 ame'llus (amellus). 2. Purple. August. Italy. 
 
 1596. Italian Starwort. 
 
 angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale 
 
 blue. August. South of Europe. 1596. 
 
 antelloi'des (amellus-like). l. Violet. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1824. 
 
 amplexicau 'Us (stem-clasping). 3. Blue. Oc- 
 
 tober. N. Amer. 
 
 amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 175Q. 
 
 arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1801. 
 
 artemisiifio'rus (wormwood - flowered). 3. 
 
 White. September. N. Amer. 
 
 bellidiflo'rus (daisy-flowered). 3. Pale red. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 
 
 Bessara'bit-us (Bessarabian). Purple. Septem- 
 
 ber, Russia. 1834. 
 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. Violet. August. 
 
 Caucasus. J 820. 
 
 -~ bla'ndus (charming) 2. Pale blue. October. 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 bi'culor (two-coloured). 3. White, yellow. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1759- 
 
 ~ Cabu'licus (Cabul). 3. Pink. August. CabuL. 
 1842. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 2. Violet. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. Hardy biennial. 
 
 ca'nus (hoary-leaved). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 Cas&iara'bicus (Arabian cassia). 2. Pink. 
 
 September. Russia. 1834. 
 
 Cauca'slcus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 ciUa'tus (fringed). 3. White. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Purple. October. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 conyzoi'des (conyza-like). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1"/S. 
 
 eordifa'litts (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 coridifo'lius (coris-leaved). 1. Pale blue. 
 
 October. N. Amer. 
 
 cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). 3. White. Oc- 
 
 tober. N, Amer. 
 
 corymbo'sus (corymbed). 2. White. Octo- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 cyu'tuus (bright blue). 3. Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 17^9. 
 
 deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 ~diffu'su*( diffuse). 2. White. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 1777. 
 - divurica' tus (straying). 2. White. Sep- 
 
 le.uber. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 fi 
 
 A. dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 3. White. 
 November. Tauria. 1811. 
 
 dumo'sus (bushy). 3. White. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 1734. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue. September. 
 
 1790. 
 
 e'minens (eminent). 2. Light. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 virgi'neus (pure- white-rayed). 3. Whitish- 
 yellow. September. United States. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. Septem- 
 
 ber. N Amer. 1758. 
 
 fi'rmus (firm). 6. Red. .August. N.Amer. 
 1816. 
 
 floribu'ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple. 
 September. N. Amer. 
 
 foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 3. Purple, blue. Oc- 
 tober. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 folio'sus (leafy). 3. White. September. N. 
 Amer. 1/99. 
 
 fra'gilis (brittle). 2. Flesh. September. 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 grafcilis (slender). 1. Green. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 October. 
 
 grandifldrus (great-flowered. Catesby's Star- 
 
 wort). 2. Blue. November. N. Amur. 
 1720. 
 
 grave'olens (strong-smelling). 2. Arkaru-as. 
 
 1826. 
 
 heterophy' llus (various-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 August. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 hi'spidus (bristly-s^/ced). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. China. Ia04. 
 
 hu'mUis (humble). 1. VVuite. September. 
 
 N.Amer. 1699. 
 
 hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved), 2. Pale purple. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 16S3. 
 
 Ibe'ricus (Iberian). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 Iberia. 
 
 inci'sus (cut- leaved). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 ju'nceus (rush-like). 4. Flesh. September. 
 N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 IfBvigu'tus (smooth-stemmed). 3. F^esh. Sep 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1/94. 
 
 Ice'vis (smooth). 2. Blue. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 lanceola'ius (spear-headed). 4. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 la'xus (supple-stalked). 2. White. October. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 4. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 llnarifo'lius (savory-leaved). 1. Pale blue. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1739. 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White. Oc- 
 
 tober. N. Amer. 1798. 
 
 Lusita'nicus (Spanish). 1. Blue. June. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 luxu'rians (luxuriant). 5. Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. Igl6. 
 
 macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1739. 
 
 margina'tus (bordered). 1. Violet. July. 
 
 New Granada. 1827. 
 
 monta'mts (mountain). 1. August. Carolina. 
 
 mult fit}' rus (many-flowered). 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 muta"illis (changeable). 2. Purple. fep 
 
 t.-.mber. N. Amer. 1/19, 
 
AST 
 
 [8SJ 
 
 AST 
 
 A, myrlif(i>liut (myrtle-leaved). 2. Whits. Au- 
 gust. 1812. 
 
 ncinora'lis (grove). 1. Lilac. August. N. 
 
 Amer, 17/8. 
 
 No'vce AngHaf (New England). 6. Purple. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 ru'ber (red-flowered), 6. Red. July. 
 
 N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 AVt Be'lgii (New York). 4. Purple, blue. 
 
 September. N.Amer. 1710. 
 
 niidifto'rus (naked-flowered). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 " gust. N. Amer. 
 
 oblongifo'lius (oblong- leaved). 2. Lilac. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1797- 
 
 pa'llens (ode-flowered). 3. Violet. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 
 
 paliido'sus (marshy). 3. Blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1784. 
 
 panicula'tus (panicled). 4. Blue. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 Panno'nicus (Hungarian). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1815. 
 
 na'tens (spreading-/*rtim*). 2. Purple. Oc- 
 
 tober. N. Amer. 1773. 
 
 pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. Missouri. 
 
 pe'ndutus (down-hanging). 2. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 peregri'nus (foreign). 1. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 phlogifo'lius (phlox-leaved). 2. Violet. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1/97. 
 
 pilo'sus (downy) . 2. Pale blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 plantagineefo'lius (plantain-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 
 
 polyphy'llus (many-leaved), 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 
 
 preea'ltus (very tall). 6. Vermilion. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 prce'cox (e*f\y-floa'ering). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 prenanthui'des (prenanthes-like). 3. Blue. 
 
 September. N.Amer. 1821. 
 
 pulche'llus (pretty). 1. Purple. June. Ar- 
 
 menia. 
 
 pulche'rrimus (prettiest). 2. Blue. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 puneta'tus (dotted). 3. Violet. August. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1815. 
 
 puni'ceus (red-stalked)* 8. Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 demi'ssus (dwarf). 2. Blue. Septem- 
 ber. Gardens. 1820. 
 
 Pyrenee'us (Pyrenean). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 ra'dula (rasp-tea<?rf). 2. White. October. 
 
 N. Amer. 1785. 
 
 ramo'sus (swa//-branchy). 1. Purple, red. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 181 6. 
 
 recurva'tus (bent-back). 3. Pale blue. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 retic'ita'tus (netteA-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 rigi'dulus (stiffish). 3. Blue. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 .-ri'gidus (stiff-leaved). 1. Purple. Septem- 
 ber. N. Amer. 1/59. 
 
 rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White. August. 
 
 N.Amer. 1820. 
 
 rubricuu'lis (red-stemmed). 4. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1815. 
 
 saglttaefo'lius (arrow-leaved). 2. Flesh. 
 
 June. N.Amer. l~6o. 
 
 saiieifu'lius (vrillow-leaved). 6. Flesh. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1760. 
 
 A, sali'gnus (sallow-leaved), 6. White. Sep- 
 tember. Germany. 1815. 
 
 sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 Schrebe'ri (Schreber's). 4. White. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 sero'tinus (\zte-flowering. Michaeimas-daisy). 
 
 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowerfid). 5. lied. 
 
 October. N. Amer. 1700. 
 
 Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1/68. 
 
 Sifckime'nsis (Sikkim). 3. Bluish-purple. Oc- 
 
 tober. Sikkini, Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Whitish-purple. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 
 
 solidaginoi'des (solidago-like). 2. White. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 sparsiflo'rus (scattered-flowered). 3. Pale 
 
 purple. October. N. Araer. 1758. 
 
 spectttfbilis (showy). 2. Blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1777. 
 
 spu'rius (spurious). 4. Blue. September. 
 
 N.Amer. 1/89. 
 
 squarro'sus (squarrose). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1801. 
 
 stellula'tus (small-star-like). 2. Violet. June. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land'. 1823. 
 
 stri'ctus (straight). 1. Violet. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 subula'ttu (awl-shaped). 2. Pale blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 
 
 surculo'sus (spriggy). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 tardiflo'rus (late-flowered). 2. Blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 17/5. 
 
 Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 1. White. August. 
 
 Tartary. 1818. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 3. White. Au- 
 
 'gust. N.Amer. 1723. 
 
 tomento'sus (woolly). 2. Pink. July. N. 
 
 S.Wales. 1/25. 
 
 tortifo'lius (twisted-leaved). 1. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember N. Amer. 
 
 Tradesca'nti (Tradescant's). 3. White. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1633. 
 
 trine'rvis (three-nerved). 2. White. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 Tripo'lium (Tripoly-Sea starwort). 2. Blue. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 
 undula'tus (wave-leaved). 3. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1699- 
 
 versi' 'color (various-coloured). 3. White, 
 
 purple. August. N. Amer. 1790. 
 
 vimi'neus (twiggy). 3. Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. aculea'tus (prickly-leaned). 2. White. June. 
 N. Holland. 1818. 
 
 angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 6. Pale blue. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. 
 
 argophy'llus (silvery-leaved). 10. White. July. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land. 1 804. 
 
 Caroliniu'nus (Carolina). 8. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Carolina. 
 
 cymbala'ria (ivy- leaved). 2. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1786. 
 
 erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 exaspera' tus (roughened). 3. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 filifo'lius (thread-leaved). 3. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1S12. 
 fruticulo'sus (rather shrubby). 1. Blue. May, 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
AST 
 
 AST 
 
 A. lira tus (riffid-steramed). 3. White. June. 
 N. S. Wales. 1812- 
 
 myrsinni'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 obtusa'tus (blunt-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 pluriflo'rtis (many-flowered). 2. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/59- 
 
 rcfle'xus (bent-back-teawed). 3. Crimson. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/59. 
 
 seri'ceus (silky-/eaed). 3. Blue. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1786. 
 
 tene'llus (delicate). 1. Blue. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/69. Greenhouse 
 biennial. 
 
 villo'nu (long-haired). 4. White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 ASTERACA'NTHA. (.From aster, a star, 
 and acantha, & spine; referring to the 
 disposition of the spines. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., \<L-Didy- 
 namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Barleria.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division 
 and seeds ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 38 to 
 45. 
 
 A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 Egypt. 1781. 
 
 ASTEEOCE'PHALUS. (From aster, a star, 
 and kcphale, a head ; in reference to the 
 seed. Nat. ord., Teazleworts [Dipsacacese] . 
 Linn., <L-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 It seems useless to divide the species from Sca- 
 bious. Annuals, from seed; perennials, from 
 seed, or cuttings, under a hand-giass ; common 
 soil. All hardy, except where otherwise specified. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). Brown. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 a'lbus (white). White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1629. 
 ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 proli'ferus (proliferous). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3. Red. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1629. 
 variega'tus (variegated). 3. Variegated. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 -BzeAersfci'm(Bieberstein's). 1A. Pink. July. 
 
 Iberia. 1823. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (great-flowered). 3. White. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1804. 
 
 Legione'nsis (Leon). 14. Pink. July. Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 
 mart' timus (sea). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1683. 
 
 negle'ctus (neglected). l. Red*. June. Ger- 
 
 many. 1825. 
 
 Palcesti'nus (Palestine). 1. Citron. July. Pa- 
 
 lestine. 1771. 
 
 pectina'tus (comb-leaved). 1$. Violet. July. 
 
 Arabia. 1824. 
 
 proli'ferus (many-suckered). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1683. 
 
 rota'tus (Wheel-shaped). U. Pink. July. Ibe- 
 
 ria. 1823. 
 
 swra'tilis (rock). l. Pink. July. Spain. 1827. 
 
 Si'culus (Sicilian), i. Pink. July. Sicily. 1783. 
 
 si-mplex (simple). 2. White. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 - steUattus (starry), 14. Blue. July. Spain. 1596. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 . Africa'nus (African). 6. White. Augu*t. 
 Africa. 1690. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 
 - agre'stis (field). Purple. August. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 - alti'ssimus (very tall). 5. Blue. August. Africa. 
 
 1819. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 amce'nus (pleasant). Purple. June. 1820. 
 arge'nteus (silvery). White. August. Levant. 
 
 1713. 
 
 - Banna'<icMs(Bannatic). 3. Pink. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1802. 
 
 a'lbus (white-lowered). 3. White. July. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 - canc'scens (hoary). 1. Lilac. July. Hungary. 
 
 1802. 
 capilla'ttts (long-haired). 2. Violet. July. 1820. 
 
 - Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Blue. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1803. 
 
 ceratophy'llus (buckthorn-leaved). 2. Red. 
 July. Italy. 1826. 
 
 - columba'rius (pigeon-co/ored). 1. Purple, 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 - commuta'tus (changed), 1. Blue. July. Sibe- 
 
 ria. 1826. 
 
 crena'tus (scolloped). 2. Flesh. August. 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 - Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1. Purple. June. Crete. 
 
 1596. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 e'legans (elegant). 1. Light blue. June. South 
 of Europe. 1813. 
 
 - graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1683. 
 
 - Gramu'ntius (Gramont). 1. Light blue. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1596. 
 
 - holoseri'cew (all-silky). 1. Blue. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1818. 
 
 inca'nus (hoary). 1. Red. July. Europe. 
 1826. 
 
 - intei-me'dius (intermediate). l. Blue. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1824. 
 /se*e'wsw(Isetsk). 1. White. July. Siberia. 
 1801. 
 
 - lu'cidus (shining). 2. Blue. Dauphiny. ISflfl. 
 
 - lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Russia. 1820. 
 -lyra'tus (lyrate - leaved}. 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Turkey. 1799. Greenhouse herbaceou s 
 perennial. 
 
 - micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1825. 
 
 - molli'ssimus (softest). 2. White. June. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 - ni'tens (glittering). June. Azores. 1779- 
 
 - ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Germany. 1517. 
 
 -paucise'tus (few-bristled). Straw. July. South 
 of Europe. 1827. 
 
 - Pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 South of France. r819. 
 
 - rupe'stris (hill). 1. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 -rutcefo'lius (rue-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1804. 
 
 - Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 2. Straw. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1819. 
 
 - seti'ferus (bristle-bearing). 2. White. July. 
 
 France. 1826. 
 
 - silenifo'lius (silene-leaved). 1$. Red. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1826. 
 
 - tomento'sus (woolly). 1$. Blue. July. Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 - Ucra'nicus (Ukraine). 1, Light yellow. July. 
 
 Ukraine. 1795. 
 
 - urceola'tus (jagged). 3. Yellow. July. Bar- 
 
 bary. 1804. 
 
 - Webbin'nus( Webb's). $. White. July. Mounf. 
 
 Ida. 1818. 
 
AST 
 
 C 84 ] 
 
 AST 
 
 ASTI'LBE. (From a, not, and stilbe, 
 brightness; flowers not very striking. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions; peat 
 and a few pebbles. 
 
 A. deca'ndra (ten-stameued). 2. White. June. 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 ASTRA'GALUS. Milk Vetch. (An ancient 
 Greek name for some leguminous plant. 
 Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., Yi-Diadelphia -Decandria.) 
 
 All hardy, except where otherwise specified. 
 Annual species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in 
 March. Perennial herbaceous species, division ot 
 the plant. T ! ie under-shrubs, cuttings, under a 
 hand-light common, sandy soil for all. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. cegi'ceras (goat's-horn-/;odded). 1 . Pale yellow. 
 July. 1818. 
 
 alope'cias ,'sea-fox). 3. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 annula'ris (ring-formed). lj. Purple. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1800. Trailer. 
 
 Ba>iticus(B'<etic). 1. Pale yellow. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1759- Trailer. 
 
 brachy'ceras ( short- horned-pmWed). i- Yel- 
 
 low. July. Tauria. 1828. 
 
 bu'ceras (ox-horn-podded). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1818. Trailer. 
 
 canalicula'tus (channel-podded). 2. White. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 - carvoca'rpus (nut-podded). 1. Purple. July. 
 Spain. 1800. Biennial. 
 
 ci'cer (vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1570. 
 
 contortuplica'tus (twisted-plaited). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer. 
 crucial tus (cross-formed). 1|. Violet. July. 
 
 1820. Trailer. 
 -- cymbaica'rpus (boat-podded). *. White. July. 
 
 Spain. 1800. Trailer. 
 
 glu'ux (milkwort). 4- Purple, July. Spam. 
 
 1596. 
 
 Intoi'des (lotus-like). . Red. August. China. 
 
 Mareo'ticus (Mareotic). 4- Lilac. July. Egypt. 
 
 1817. Trailer. 
 
 Nuttallia'nus(Nutta.\l's). 4. Blue. July. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1820. Trailer. 
 
 oxiglo'ttis (sharp-tongue-Jeawed). 4- Blue. 
 
 July. Tauria. 1817- Trailer. 
 
 pentaglo'ttis (five-tongued). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1739. Trailer. 
 - rticula'ris (netted). Blue. July. Iberia. 1828, 
 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like-podded). 1. Pale 
 
 blue. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 sesa'meus (sesame-like). 1. Pale blue. July 
 
 South of Europe. 1816. Trailer. 
 
 triangula' ris (three-angled). 1. Pale yellow 
 
 July. 1818. 
 
 tribuloi'des (tribulus-like). 4. Purple. July 
 
 Egypt. 1817. Trailer. 
 
 trime'stris (three-monthly). 4. Pale yellow 
 
 July. Egypt. 1/30. Trailer. 
 ~ trimo'rphus (three-formed). 4. Purple. July 
 South of Europe. 1816. Trailer. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. ncutifo'Kns (pointed-leaved). 4- July. Switzer- 
 land. 1826. 
 
 adsu'rgens (arising). . Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 ! _ 
 
 adsu'rgens prostru'tus (prostrate). . Purple. 
 July. Siberia. 1818. Trailer. 
 
 udu'ncus (hooked). 1. Purple. July. Cau- 
 casus. 181Q. 
 
 alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-likeX 2. Light yellow. 
 July. Spain. U3/. 
 
 annuody'tes (sand-viper). \. White. July. 
 Siberia. 1820. Evergreen under-shrub. 
 
 oreno'u(wnd). 1. Blue. July. Germany. 
 1798. Trailer. 
 
 arista! tus (awned). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 179!. Evergreen. 
 
 a'sper (rough). 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan. 
 
 1/96. 
 
 . Austn'acus (Austrian). ^. Pale blue. July. 
 Austria. 1640. 
 
 Baicalefnsis (Baical). 1. August. Yellow. Si- 
 
 beria. 1830. 
 
 - Bayone'mis (Bayonne). . Purple. July. 
 
 France. I*l6. 
 
 -brachyca'rpus (short-podded). l. Purple. 
 July. Caucasus. 1820. Trailer. 
 
 - breviflafrus (shorc-novvered). i- Purple. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1826. Half - hardy ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtorm's). 4. Yellow. Si- 
 beria. 1818. 
 Canade'mis (Canadian). 14. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. 
 calyci'mtt (long-calyxed). August. Caucasus. 
 
 1S19. 
 eaprVnus (gOAt-scented). 1. Pale yeUow. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1583. 
 capita? tus (headed). 1. Pale yeUow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1759. 
 Carolinid'nus (Carolina). lj. Greenish-yellow. 
 
 July. N.Amer. 1732. 
 Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). 4. White. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 China. 1795. Greenhouse. 
 
 chlorosta'chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish- 
 
 yellow. September. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Christia'nus (Christian). 3. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1737. So called by Diosco- 
 rides, because a native of the birth-land 
 of Christianity. 
 
 Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). f. Purple. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 dasya'nthus (hairy-flowered). I.June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1819- 
 
 dasygio'ttis (thick-tongue-leaved), i- Purple. 
 July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 deprefsmu (depressed). *. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Europe. 1772. Trailer. 
 
 di/a'sus (wide-scattered), 4. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Caspian. 1820. 
 
 Donia'nus (Don's). 4- Purple. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1818. Trailer. 
 
 emargin'i'tus (nicked-leaf). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1825. 
 
 epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). ^. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 173". Trailer. 
 
 e.rsca'pus (scapelew). 4- Yellow. July. Hun- 
 
 trary. 182/. 
 
 falca'tus (sickle-podded; hairy -podded}. 3. 
 
 Greenish-yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 falcifo'rmis (gickle-shaped). lj. Pale yellow, 
 
 July. Algiers. 18! 6. 
 
 fruticn'sus (shrubby). 14. Violet. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1804. 
 
 gte^(/rai(goat's-rue-&p). -2. Yellowish- 
 
 green. June. Siberia. J7-9- 
 
 gluciphylluSfdes (glyciphyllus-like. Liquorice 
 
 milk-vetch). 1. Pule yellow. July. Si- 
 beria. 1818. Trailer. 
 
AST 
 
 AST 
 
 (sweet-leaved), 3. Yellowish- 
 July. Britain. Trailer. 
 srra'ci Us (slender). $ Purple. June. N.Araer. 
 
 1821. 
 haiicu'cubus (kettle-calyxed). $. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. Armenia. 1806. 
 hamo'sus (hook-podded}. 1 . Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1683. Trailer. 
 macroca'rpus (large -fruited). . Pale 
 
 yellow. June. South of Europe. 1820. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 hypuglu'ttis (tongue-under-tongue). . Pur- 
 ple. J-uly. Britain. Trailer. 
 a'lbus (vihiie-Jlowered). $. White. June. 
 
 Gardens. Trailer. 
 hymenuca'rpus (membranous-podded). 4. 
 
 Yellow. July. Russia. 1835. 
 inca'nus (hoary). . Purple. July. Montpelier. 
 
 1759. 
 injla'tus (swollen). 1. Purple. July. Mendoza. 
 
 1327. 
 
 lactifiu'rus (milk-flowered). Striped. June. Si- 
 beria.' 1832. 
 lani'gerus (wool-bearing). . Yellow. June. 
 
 E^ypt. 1791. 
 La.r/rttf'/mi(Laxuiann's). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Siueria. 1814. Trailer. 
 leonti'ttits (lion-tail;. . Blue. July. Austria. 
 
 1815. Trailer. 
 leptophy'llus (fhie-leaved). . White. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1811. 
 Isucoplice 1 us (dusky). 4. Whitish-yellow. July. 
 
 1776. Trailer. 
 linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1780. 
 longifiu'rits (long-flowered). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Tartary. 1806. 
 macroce'phulus (large-headed). 4. Yellow. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1831. Trailer. 
 ma'ximus (greatest-/;r-arf). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 America. 
 melilotoi'des (melilot-like). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1785. 
 micfa'nthus (small-flowered;. 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 microphy'llus (small-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia.- 1773. 
 Mompessula'nus (Montpelier). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. France. 1/10. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 u'llrus (white). 1. White. July. South of 
 
 Europe. Evergreen trailer. 
 Narbun^imis (Narboniie). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1789. 
 neglefctus (neglected). . July. Siberia. 1826. 
 odora'tus (sweet-scentea). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. 1820. 
 onobrychioi'des (saiutfoin-Uke). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. Iberia. 1819. 
 unobry'chis (purple-spiked). 14. Purple. July. 
 
 Austria. lt)40. Trailer. 
 oto'pterus (ear-winged). 1, Pale blue. July. 
 
 Altai. 1817. 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). $. Purple. July. Caspian. 
 
 1818. 
 palle'scens (palish). 1. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 
 physo'des (inflated). |. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1/59. 
 platyphy'llus (broad-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1824. Trailer. 
 Po'nticus (Pontic). 2. Pule yellow. Tauria. 
 
 1820. 
 pote'rium(yotcnum). . White. July. Levant. 
 
 1640. Evergreen. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). l. Yellowish- 
 blue. May. Chili. 1832. Hall-hardy. 
 
 A. purpu'reus (purple). $. Purple. July. South 
 of France. 1820. Trailer. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). 4. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1818. Greenhouse evergreen creeper. 
 
 Schanginia'nus (Schang's). 1. White. Siberia. 
 
 1832. 
 
 semibitocula'ris (half-two-celled). 1^. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 ste'llu (star-podded). 4. Blue. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1658; Trailer. 
 
 stipulu'tus (/rtr^-e-stipuled). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1S22. 
 
 subttla'tus (awl-shaped), f . Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 succule'ntus (succulent). 1. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1327. 
 
 sulca'tus (furrowed). 4. Light blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1785. 
 
 sylvi'colus (wood). America. 1831. Trailer. 
 
 Tau'ricus (Tauriaii). *. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1826. 
 
 testicula'tus (egg-shaped). 4, Fleshy-white. 
 
 July. Tauria. 118. 
 
 tomentu'sus (woolly-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Egypt. 1800. Half-hardy. 
 
 tntgacu'ntha (great-goat's-thorn). Pale yellow. 
 
 July. South of Europe. lo'iU. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 tu'midus (swelling). 4. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1816. Evergreen. 
 
 uligino'sus (marsh). 2. Pale yellow. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1752. 
 
 u'triger (bladder-bearing). $ Yellow. July. 
 
 Russia. 1818. 
 
 veiiieu'rius (bladder -calyxed). \. Whitish- 
 
 yellow. July. Europe. 1737. TraUer. 
 
 wimi'neus (rod-like). &. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 virga'tus (twiggy). 3. Violet. July. Siberia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 vulpi'nus (fox). 2. Light yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1815. 
 
 ASTKA'KIHUS. (From astron, a star, and 
 atit/ws, a flower ; in rei'erence to the star- 
 like divisions of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Homaliads [HomaliaceseJ. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandrla \-Monogyiiia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a glass ; rich, light loam. Teiup., oU a 
 in summer ; winter, 4u to 45. 
 
 A. Co'chin-Chine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). 4. White. 
 July. China. 1823. 
 
 ASTEA'NTIA. Masterwort. (From astron, 
 a star, and anti, comparison; rei'erring to 
 the disposition of the flower-umbels. .Nat. 
 ord., UmbelilJ'ers [Apiacese]. Linn., o- 
 Pentandria 2-Dit/yniu. ) 
 
 Allied to Sanicula. Hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials ; dividing the plant in March, April, or Oc- 
 tober ; sandy loam. 
 
 A. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). 2. May. Cau- 
 casus. 1835. 
 
 Carniu'lica (Cornioline). 1. Striped. June. 
 
 Carniola. 1812. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 4. Pink. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 2. Striped. June. Alps, Eu- 
 
 rope. 1596. 
 
 ma'xima (greatest). 2. Pink. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1804. 
 
AS' 
 
 86 ] 
 
 ATE 
 
 A. mi'nor (smaller). A. Pink. June. Switzerland. 
 1686. 
 
 paucijiu'ra (few- flowered). . White. July. 
 
 "Sicily. 1820. 
 
 ASTRAP/E'A. (From astrape, lightning ; 
 in reference to the brightness of the 
 flowers in India. Nat. ord., Byttneriads 
 [Byttneriacese]. Linn., Q-Monaddpliia 
 1 -bodecundria.) 
 
 Formerly arranged erroneously with Stercuiiads. 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of young wood in 
 April, in sand, under a bell-jjlass, in heat; loam 
 and peat. Summer temp., b'j to 80; winter, 55 
 to 65^. 
 
 A. tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 20. Isle of Bour- 
 bon, 1824. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 30. Pink. Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 Walli'chii (Wallich's). 20. Pink. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1820. 
 
 ASTROCA'RYUM. (From astron, a star, 
 and fcaryon, a nut ; referring to the dis- 
 position of the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [PalmaceaB]. Linn., 21-Moncecia G-Hex- 
 andria. ) 
 
 Allied to Cocos. Stove palms ; seed in hotbed, 
 in spring ; rich loam. Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. acau'le (stemless). 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 aculea'tum (prickly). 40. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 Munimu'ru (Murumuru). 40. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 nrstra 1 turn (beak-sheathed). 10. White. Bahia. 
 
 vnfga're (common). 30. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 ASTKOLO'BIUM. United to Ornithopus. 
 
 ASTROLO'MA. (From astron, a star, and 
 loma, a fringe ; in reference to the bearded 
 fringe on the flowers. Nat.ord.,.E/>acnds 
 [Epacridacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings, 
 firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 40 
 to 48. 
 
 A. denticulu! turn (finely-toothed). 1. Pale red. 
 N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 humifu'sum (trailing). 1. Scarlet. July. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1807. 
 
 ASTY'RIA. (From a, not, and steiras, 
 sterile ; referring to the absence of bar- 
 ren stamens, one-half of these being 
 barren, generally, in this order. Nat. ord., 
 Byttneriads [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 16- 
 Monaddphia b-Octandria.} 
 
 Allied to Dombeya. Stove evergreen shrubs ; 
 cuttings in saud, under a beil-glass, in heat ; peat 
 and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, ftS to 60. 
 A. ro'sea (rosy). Pink. May. Mauritius. 1843, 
 
 ASYSTk'siA. (From a, without, and 
 stackys, a spike, the inllorescence ; not in 
 spikes, as is often the ease in Acanthads. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceee]. Linn., 
 ^^.-Didynamia. 2-Anqivsvermia.} 
 
 | Stove evergreen shrub; cuttings of young 
 shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam, with a little sand, and, when vi- 
 gour is required, a little dried cowdung. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 A. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). Purple. Sep- 
 tember. India. 1845. 
 
 ATALA'NTIA. (A classical name, after 
 Atalanta, daughter of Schoanus, King of 
 Scyrus. "She being wearied with the 
 importunities of her suitors, consented 
 to have the man that could outrun her. 
 Hippo'menes did so by the help of Ve- 
 nus's golden apples. He cast three be- 
 fore her, and she lost ground in gather- 
 ing them." The fruit is golden-coloured. 
 Nat. ord., Citron worts [Aurantiacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Honoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings in heat, under 
 a bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat. 
 
 A. monophy'lla (one-leaved). 4. White. July. E. 
 Ind. 1/77- 
 
 ATAMASGO-LILY. Zephyra'nthus Ata- 
 ma'sco. 
 
 ATHANA'SIA. (From a, not, and tha- 
 natos, death ; in reference to the flowers 
 being what is called " everlasting." Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracerel. Linn., 
 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens ; all natives of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in 
 spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and 
 peat, but most of the former. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45; summer, 60 and upwards. 
 A. canefscens (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 capita'ta (headed). l. Yellow. March. 1/74. 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1723. 
 
 cuneifu'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). l. Yellow. July. 1759. 
 filifo'rmis (thread-shaped;. 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. 1787- 
 
 longifu'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 parviflu'ra (small - flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 April. 1731. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 14. Yellow. July. 
 
 177*. 
 
 pinna'ta (pinnate). 14. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 pubefscens (downy). 6. Yellow. July. 1768. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 3. Yellow. June. 1822. 
 
 to'mento'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 177*. 
 
 tricu'spis (three-pointed). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 trifurca'ta (three-forked-teaued). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1710. 
 
 virgafta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. July. 1815. 
 
 ATELA'NDRA. (From atalos, soft, and 
 aner, an anther. Nat. ord., Labiates or 
 Lipworts [Lamiaoese]. Linn., li-Didy- 
 namia 1-Gymnospermiu. Allied to Wes- 
 tringia.) 
 
ATH 
 
 [87] 
 
 ATP, 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half 
 ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass; loam 
 and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 A. inna'na (mouldy-looking). Slate. Swan River. 
 
 ATHAIJA SPINAUUM. The Turnip Saw- 
 fly. "The grub of this insect known 
 as the Black Caterpillar, Black Canker. 
 Black Palmer, Negro, and Nigger, or 
 Black Grub sometimes destroys thou- 
 sands of acres of our turnips. Its body 
 is cylindrical, as thick as a crow-quill, 
 about half an inch long, greenish-black, 
 with a darker line down the back ; then 
 a line of dull, yellowish-grey, and a third 
 of dark slate. Underneath, the body is 
 paler; it is wrinkled, and the head is 
 black. When alarmed, this grub curls 
 itself together in a somewhat spiral form. 
 They feed on the leaf of the turnip, 
 leaving nothing but its largest ribs, from 
 the middle of August until about the 
 same period of October. They never 
 attack the Swedish turnip. "When full 
 grown, the grubs bury themselves just 
 below the surface of the earth, each 
 forming a small, oval cocoon of earth, 
 formed into a paste with a gummy mois- 
 ture from its mouth. It remains in the 
 chrysalis state until July, when the per- 
 fect insect, or Turnip Saw-fly, comes 
 forth. Our drawing represents it magni- 1 
 fwd, the natural size being shown by the i 
 cross lines. It is the Athalia centifoHte \ 
 of some, and A. spinarum of other na- 
 turalists. Its colour is bright orange, 
 head black, upper lip pale yellow, anten- 
 iite black, thorax has two large dark spots, 
 and other dark marks are about the body 
 and wings. On small plots of turnips 
 the black grub may be easily removed by 
 hand-picking, and from larger breadths 
 by turning upon, them some broods of 
 ducks." (Cottage Gardener, hi. 149.) 
 
 ATHEROPO'GON. (From ather, an awn, 
 and porjon, a beard ; in reference to its 
 
 bearded awns. Nat. crd., Grasses [Gra- 
 minaceae]. Linn., %'3-Poli/ffanfia 1-Mo- 
 ncecia. Allied to Chloris.) 
 
 A hardy perennial grass 5 seeds and division ; 
 common soil. 
 
 A. aphidoi'des (aphida-like). f. Apetal. August. 
 South Europe. J76&. 
 
 ATHEROSPE'RMA. (From ather, an awn, 
 and sperma, seed; seeds awned. Nat. 
 ord., Plum-Nutmegs [Atherospermacese]. 
 Linn., 21-Monoccia 8-Icosandria.) 
 
 This beautiful New-Holland tree attains the 
 great height of 150 feet, and has the aspect of a 
 stately conifer, with a girth of 6 to 7 feet. The 
 colonists make a pleasant tea- beverage from the 
 bark, either dried or in a green state. " Its 
 effects are, however, slightly aperient." Back- 
 house. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; cuttings ; 
 "oam and peat, Winter temp., 40 to 50. 
 A. moscha't-t (musk). White. June. N. Hol- 
 land. 1824. 
 
 ATIIRI'XIA. (From a, not, and thrix, a 
 lair; the receptacle being destitute of 
 lairs. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., Iti-Syngenesia, 2-SuperJlua. Allied 
 to Leyssera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen ehrub; cuttings of rather 
 
 young wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; 
 
 lumpy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Red. ApriL Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 ATMOSPHERE. See AIR. 
 
 ATRA'GENE. (From at/iron, pressed, 
 and yenos, birth ; in reference to the man- 
 ner in which the branches clasp their 
 supports. First applied by Thebphrastus 
 to our Traveller's Joy Cle'matis vita'lba, 
 Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae], 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous climbers; seeds when pro- 
 curable ; sown in a cold pit, and pricked off into 
 other pots as soon as up ; layers in summer and 
 autumn ; cuttings in spring and summer, under 
 a hand-light ; common soil. 
 A. America'na (American). 15. Purple. June. 
 N. Amer. 1/97- 
 
 obli'qua (.unequal-sided). 15. Purple. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1797. 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 8. Brown, yellow. 
 
 July. Austria. 1792. 
 
 macrope'tala (large-petaled). Russia. 1831. 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). JO. July. 1818. 
 
 Ochote'nsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1818. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 12. Whitish -yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1753. 
 
 A'TRIPLEX. Orach, or Arach. (From 
 ater, black, and plexus, woven together ; 
 on account of the dark colour and habit 
 of some of the species. Nat. ord., Cheno- 
 pods [Chenopodiacese], Linn., 23-Poiy- 
 gamia l-Moncccia.) 
 
 A. hn'Umus is a hardy evergreen shrub, rather 
 ornamental, and A.portuianoi'desis a hardy under- 
 shrub ; but the species most deserving notice if. 
 
ATP, 
 
 AUPt 
 
 A. hortc j nsis, Garden Orarh. Se ORACH. There 
 aie many other species quite unueaerving the 
 notice of the gardener. 
 
 A'TKOPA. Nightshade. (Named after 
 Atropos, one of the three Fates, in refer- 
 ence to its poisonous qualities.) 
 
 We introduce this native weed (A'tropa bella- 
 do'nna), for the purpose of warning country 
 people from eating its berries, fatal accidents 
 frequently occurring in consequence. The berries 
 are at first green, but become black and juicy. 
 
 ATTALE'A. (From attains, magnificent; 
 in reference to the beauty of these palms. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 9-PoiyeatAia, Allied to Cocos.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Sum- 
 mer temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 A. co'mpta (decked). 22. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 erceVsa(tall). 70. Brazil. 1826. 
 funi'fera (rope). 40. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Ro'ssii (Ross's). 20. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 70. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 specta'bilis (remarkable). -70 Brazil. 1824* 
 
 AUBRIE'TIA. (Named after M. Aubtiet, 
 a French botanical draughtsman. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 
 \-Tetr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.) 
 
 Hardy everprreen trailers. Dividing in spring 
 or autumn ; cuttings under a hand-glass, in sandy 
 ooil ; any dry soil. 
 
 A. deltoi'dea (three-angled). $. Purple. April. 
 Levant. 1710. 
 
 hesperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). $. Purple. 
 
 March. South Europe- 1823. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). . Purple. April. Greece. 
 
 1820. 
 
 AU'CUBA. (The name of the shrub in 
 Japan. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. 
 Linn., 2l-Moncecia 4. Tetrandria.) 
 
 Cuttings in spring and autumn, in any light 
 soil, without covering ; common soil, if drained ; 
 Stands the smoke of towns well. It is sometimes 
 called the Variegated Laurel. 
 A. Japo'nica (Japan-blutch-leaved), 6. Apetal. 
 June. Japan. 1783. 
 
 AUDIBE'KTIA. (Named after M. Au- 
 dibert, a noted nurseryman of Taraseon. 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacesej. Linn., 
 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Monarda.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds, in March or April ; 
 common soil. 
 
 A. inca'na (hoary). 1$. Pale blue. August. 
 Columbia. 1827. 
 
 AUDOUI'NTA. (Named after Audouin, 
 a celebrated entomologist. Nat. ord., 
 Bruniads [Bruniacete]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrub. Cuttings 
 of half-ripen'ed wood, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 45. 
 A. capita'ta, (headed\ 14. Purple. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 179'J, 
 
 AU'LAX. (From anlax, a furrow: in 
 reference to the furrowed under side of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea- 
 cese.j. Linn., 22-Dia>cia -Tetrandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 
 in sandy soil, under a bell glass ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 46 to 50. 
 
 A. pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Capeiof Good Hope. 1780. 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 AUKI'CULA. (Pri'mula auricula.) The 
 Bear's Ear, or Mountain Cowslip. 
 
 The varieties of this flower are very 
 numerous, and their numbers are annu- 
 ally increased. They are divided into 
 five classes. 1. Green-edged; 2. Grey- 
 edged ; 3. White-edged ; 4. Selfs, or one- 
 coloured ; and, 5. Alpines, which have 
 the outer edge of the petals shaded by 
 a mixture of two colours, not separated 
 into distinct bands of colour, as in the 
 edged varieties ; and the paste round the 
 tube is yellow, instead of white, as it is 
 in the edged and selfs. 
 
 "As florists have several terms relative 
 to the Auricula, which may not be under- 
 stood by every amateur, we may as well 
 explain that the thrum is a collective 
 name for the stamens in the very centre 
 or tube of each flower. Paste, in the 
 edged and self varieties, is the white 
 colour next round the edge of the tube, 
 or eiye, of the flower : it is yellow in the 
 Alpines. Ground-colour is the next 
 colour to this on the petal, being the 
 distinctive colour of the variety. Edye 
 is the outer colour of all, forming the 
 border of the flower. A Pip is the single 
 flower, and a Truss is several pips, with 
 their several footstalks springing from 
 one stem common to them all. 
 
 " The properties of the Auricula may 
 be divided into two series, namely, those 
 of the single pip, and those of the single 
 plant. 
 
 " The Pip. 1. Should be circular, large, 
 with petals equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at 
 the edges, without notch or serrature, 
 and perfectly flat. 
 
 "2. The centre, or tube, should not ex- 
 ceed one-fourth of the diameter of tho 
 pip ; it should be of a fine yellow or lemon 
 colour, perfectly round, well filled with 
 the anthers, or thrum, and the edge 
 rising a trifle above the paste, or eye. 
 
 " 3. The paste, or eye, should be per- 
 fectly circular, smooth, and of a dense;, 
 pure white, without crack or blemish, 
 
AUR 
 
 [89 ] 
 
 AUR 
 
 forming a band not less than half the 
 width of the tube, aad encircling it. 
 
 "4. The ground-colour should be dense, 
 whole, and form a perfect circle next the 
 eye. The brighter, darker, or richer the 
 colour, the better the flower ; but, if it be 
 paler at the edges (where they are parted 
 into five), or have two colours or shades, 
 it s a fatal defect. 
 
 " 5. The margin, or outer edge, should 
 be a clear, unchangeable green, grey, or 
 white, and be about the same width as 
 the ground-colour, which must in no part 
 go through to the edge. From the edge 
 of the paste to the outer edge of the 
 flower should be as wide as from the 
 centre of the tube to the outer edge of 
 the paste. In other words, the propor- 
 tions of the flowers may be described by 
 drawing four circles round a given point, 
 at equal distances ; the first circle forming 
 the tube, the second the white eye, the 
 third the ground-colour, and the fourth 
 the outer edge of the flower; and the 
 nearer they approximate to this (except 
 that the ground-colour, which may be a 
 little broader than the other bands, and 
 the green or grey edge, may run into each 
 other in feathery points), the better the 
 flower. The colours should not be liable 
 to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's Alex- 
 ander, the colours of which fade in three 
 or four days. 
 
 " Of the Plant. 1. The stem should 
 be strong, round, upright, elastic, bearing 
 the truss upright without support, and 
 from four to seven inches high, so as to 
 carry the truss well, but not too high 
 above the leaves. 
 
 " 2. The length and strength of the 
 foot-stalks of the pips should be so pro- 
 portioned to the number and size of 
 these, that all the pips may have room 
 to show themselves, and to form a com- 
 pact, semi-globular truss of flowers, not 
 less than five, though we prefer seven in 
 number, without lapping over each other. 
 The pips should be all alike in colour, 
 size, and form, so as not to be easily dis- 
 tinguished from one another; for, other- 
 wise, the unity and harmony of the truss 
 will be destroyed, and, although ever so 
 beautifully formed, would appear as if 
 taken from different sorts of Auricula. 
 An Auricula ought to blow freely, and 
 expand all its pips at the same time ; for, 
 by this means, the colours in them all 
 will appear equally fresh and lively ; 
 whereas, in those trusses that do not 
 
 open some of th^. pips till others have 
 passed their prim^, the whole appearance 
 of the truss is impaired. 
 
 " 3. The truss is improved if one or 
 more leaves grow, and stand up well 
 behind the bloom ; for it assists the truss, 
 and adds much to the beauty of the 
 bloom, by forming a green background. 
 
 "4. The foliage, or grass, should be 
 healthy, well-grown, and almost cover 
 the pot." Gard. and Florist, i. 45. 
 
 " We are of opinion that all these cri- 
 teria are founded upon the dictates of 
 correct taste; but, as these excellencies 
 are never combined in one variety, and 
 as some, being equals in many qualities, 
 are mutually superior in others, the ques- 
 tion constantly arises, at Auricula exhibi- 
 tions, as to which variety has the prepon- 
 derance of merit. Now, we are clearly 
 of opinion that form, including in this 
 the relative proportions of the colours on 
 the pips, the half-globular form of the 
 truss, the number of pips, &c., is by far 
 the most striking excellence in an Auri- 
 cula. Next to this we should place the 
 harmony, or, as we should prefer, the 
 agreeable contrast, or complemental as- 
 sociation of the colours. 
 
 " Of the Pairs. Auriculas are usually 
 exhibited two specimens together, or ' in 
 pairs.' These should be of equal height 
 and size in all their parts, leaves as well 
 as blooms ; for it is offensive to the eye 
 to see a dwarf by the side of a tall- 
 growing specimen. It is also desirable 
 that the colours should differ ; thus, a 
 green-edged and a white-edged, a dark 
 ground-colour and a light ground-colour, 
 should go together. But we do not at- 
 tach so much importance to this diversity 
 of colour as some judges do. We think 
 it should have no weight further than 
 that, if two competing pairs are exactly 
 of equal merit in other respects, the 
 prize should be awarded to the pair of 
 best-contrasted colours. But the slight- 
 est superiority in any characteristic of 
 the pip or truss, we think, ought to pre- 
 vail over this mere matter of taste ; for 
 the other characteristics are evidences of 
 better cultivation." (The Cottage Gar- 
 dener, iii.) 
 
 Propagation is effected by taking slips 
 from, and dividing roots of, approved 
 varieties, after the seed has ripened, in 
 July and August, and by the seed itself. 
 
 Raising Varieties. The parent plants 
 should be vigorous ; and, before the pipd 
 
AUE 
 
 AUK 
 
 of the mother-plant are quite open, cut 
 off the anthers of all of them with a 
 pair of sharp-pointed scissors, cover with 
 a hand-glass, dust the pistil with pollen 
 from the father-plant, and keep the 
 hand-glass over as before, until the flower, 
 beginning to fade, shows that there is 
 no danger of any other pollen being 
 intruded to frustrate your object. Gather 
 the seed-vessels as they become brown, 
 in June and July ; place them in the sun, 
 on a sheet of white paper, until they 
 burst. Bub out the seeds, and sow them 
 early in September, or keep them in the 
 seed-vessels, in a dry place, until March, 
 which is better. Sow them in a warm 
 border of light soil, or in boxes, under 
 glass ; cover them with a quarter of an 
 inch of the same soil. Keep the seed- 
 lings free from weeds, and, when they 
 have four or five leaves, transplant them 
 from the boxes, or from the border, into 
 a similar border, in rows eight inches 
 apart each way, there to remain until 
 they flower, which will be next spring. 
 Those that you mark as good must be 
 potted as soon as the bloom is over, and 
 treated as we shall direct for established 
 old plants. 
 
 Culture of established Plants. We will 
 suppose that you have bought these while 
 blooming. Then, at the end of June, 
 when the blooming is quite over, re-pot 
 them, in order to have a strong growth 
 to flower finely next season. Have your 
 compost of light loam, rotten cowdung, 
 and decayed vegetable mould, in equal 
 parts, with a portion of sand, about one- 
 eighth, well-mixed, and in a state neithei 
 wet nor dry, ready in such quantities as 
 your stock of plants may require. Turn 
 out of their pots your blooming-plants 
 remove nearly all suckers that have roots 
 to them ; lay them on one side, then 
 shake off nearly all the old soil; trim 
 the roots sparingly, and then your plan 
 is ready for the new pot. Place a large 
 crock, or broken piece of pot, or an oyster 
 shell, over the hole of each pot ; pu 
 upon this a number of smaller crocks, tc 
 the depth of three quarters of an inch 
 then place upon them about half an incl 
 of the fibrous part of the loam, and upon 
 that a portion of your compost; then 
 with one hand hold the plant rathe 
 above the level of the rim of the po 
 and with the other fill in the compos 
 amongst the roots. Proceed thus unL 
 the pot is filled, and then gently strik 
 
 the pot upon the bench, to settle the soil, 
 leaving hold of the plant, that it may 
 settle with the soil. This will bring the 
 soil level with the rim of the pot ; put a 
 little more soil around the plant, and 
 press it gently with your fingers, so as to 
 leave the soil a quarter of an inch below 
 the edge of the pot at the sides, and level 
 with it in the centre. Place them upon 
 a bed of coal-ashes, in a situation where 
 the sun does not shine upon them after 
 ten o'clock in the morning. The proper 
 sized pots for blooming-plants is the size 
 known as 32s : they are about 5J inches 
 i diameter, and of proportionate depth, 
 he suckers may either be put singly 
 nto small pots, or three or four in pots, 
 f the same size as those for the bloom- 
 ng-plants, and be treated in a similar 
 aanner. The single-pot plan is the best, 
 " you have room to winter them. "Water 
 aem all in fine weather, and look out for 
 lugs and worms, which would injure 
 lem. Keep them free from weeds, stir 
 le surface frequently, and shade them, 
 tirdughout July, August, and September 
 eneath a north wall, with a covering of 
 iled canvass, to draw down in very heavy 
 bowers. So soon as the cold nights and 
 leavy rains of autumn come on, the 
 )lants must be removed to their winter 
 uarters. 
 
 Wintering. Dr. Horner, one of the 
 most successful of Auricula cultivators, 
 las employed, for many years, a frame 
 made purposely for protecting this flower 
 n winter, which he has thus depicted 
 and desciibed : 
 
 'It stands on legs between two and 
 three feet high ; the top lights slide, and, 
 as shown in the diagram, may also be 
 propped up by means of an iron bar, per- 
 forated with holes two or three inches 
 apart, and which catch on a nail project- 
 ing from the wood on which the light 
 rests when down. It is permanently fixed 
 to the sadi by means of a small staple, 
 forming a moveable joint, and. when not 
 
AUB 
 
 [ 91 ] 
 
 AUR 
 
 used, lies along its lower edge, and is 
 there secured. The front lights let down 
 on hinges ; the ends are also glass; and 
 in the back, which is wood, there is a 
 door, for the convenience of getting to 
 the pots behind, and also for thorough 
 ventilation. There are five rows of shelves, 
 graduated to the slope of the glass ; they 
 have a piece, an inch wide, sawn out of 
 the middle ; there is a space also left be- 
 tween them; so that the bottom of the 
 frame is quite open, for the abundant 
 admission of air to circulate thoroughly 
 around the sides and bottom of the pots. 
 By letting down the front light only, the 
 plants may be left, for days together, ex- 
 posed to all the advantages of light and 
 air, without care or notice ; and when it 
 is desirable to give them the benefit of a 
 shower the top lights are removed." 
 
 But it is not at all necessary to incur 
 the expense of a frame thus constructed, 
 as a common cucumber-frame, set on 
 bricks, or cold pit, answers equally well. 
 In either of these set them upon a stra- 
 tum of coal-ashes, two or three inches 
 thick; or, when expense is no object, 
 upon a stage of boards slightly raised. 
 The plants ought to be within six inches 
 of the glass. Careful attention is required 
 to two points giving air and watering : 
 very little, if any, is required of the latter. 
 If the weather is dry, and a good deal of 
 sunshine occurs, a little water will be re- 
 quired. This should be applied in the 
 morning, to allow the surface of the soil 
 in the pots to become dry before night. 
 A fine, sunny morning, therefore, should 
 be chosen to water these plants. Of air, 
 abundance should be given. On all fine 
 days the lights should be drawn entirely 
 off; but, should there be the least ap- 
 pearance of rain, let the frames be closed 
 instantly, giving air then either at the 
 back, by propping up the light, or by 
 propping up the lights in the centre of 
 each side, so as to allow a full current of 
 air to the plants. Constant search must 
 be made for slugs, woodlice, and other 
 destructive insects, and the surface of the 
 soil kept free from moss by frequent 
 gentle stirring. 
 
 Spring culture. At the close of Febru- 
 ary, top-dress the soil in the pots with 
 a compost of very rotten cowdung, two 
 years old, at least, and some rotten leaf- 
 mould and light loam. If these are not 
 dry, use means to make tbem so. Mix 
 them with the hand well together, and 
 
 add a little sand ; then have your plants 
 in some convenient place, remove a por- 
 tion of the old soil, clear away all decayed 
 leaves, and apply the top-dressing of 
 fresh compost, very nearly filling the 
 pots ; press it rather closely to the stem 
 of each plant, give a gentle watering with 
 a fine-rose watering-pot, to settle the new- 
 earth; replace the plants in the frame, 
 and attend them carefully, as directed 
 previously. This top-dressing greatly 
 strengthens the plants, and, consequently, 
 the blooms. Continue to give air freely, 
 as above directed. When the trusses of 
 flowers show themselves, which will be 
 about the end of March, give air freely 
 only during very fine days, and keep 
 them rather warmer both by night and 
 by day, giving at night a thick covering 
 of mats, or other warm material. Water 
 abundantly now, but only on the soil: do 
 not wet the leaves. When in flower, 
 shade them from the sun, or remove 
 them to a cool, shady situation, but quite 
 protected from rain by some kind of 
 glazed shelter. This will prolong the 
 time of the blooming. When the bloom is 
 over, place them on coal-ashes, to keep 
 worms out of the pots, and in a situation 
 where the sun does not shine upon them 
 after ten o'clock in the morning. 
 
 Diseases. The Auricula is liable to 
 have its roots ulcerated, or cankered, if 
 the pots are not well drained. This is 
 best done by having the pots deep, and 
 one-fourth filled with rubbly charcoal, and 
 the soil not too much divested of pebbles. 
 At the blooming-time the aphis, or green- 
 fly, sometimes attacks the plants. These 
 can only be removed individually by 
 means of a camel-hair pencil. 
 
 Canker. The first symptom of the dis- 
 order having attacked an Auricula is its 
 loss of green-colour, and its assuming a 
 yellowish, sickly appearance. Soon after, 
 it decays on one side, and becomes 
 crooked, or else the main root of the 
 plant rapidly decays quite through, and 
 the head drops off. In fact, the juices of 
 the plant are vitiated at the time the 
 leaves begin to appear sickly ; so that no 
 time must be lost in cutting away en- 
 tirely the cankered part, fresh potting it 
 into proper soil, and removing it to a cool, 
 shaded situation. This is the only likely 
 method to recover the infected plant. 
 Some florists have thought the disease 
 epidemic and contagious, because, when 
 it does appear, it usually attacks many 
 
AVE 
 
 AVE 
 
 plants in the same collection. This, how- 
 ever, is no such proof, but merely evinces 
 that the whole have been rendered liable 
 to the disease, by being all equally mis- 
 managed, as by having an unsuitable 
 soil, &c. 
 
 AVE'NA. A genus of the Nat. ord., 
 Grasses, of which it is only necessary to 
 observe here, that one of its species, 
 Ava'na sati'va, is the Oat. 
 
 A' YENS. Ge'-um. 
 
 AVENUE is a road bordered by trees on 
 each side ; and being, as observed by 
 Whateley, confined to one termination, 
 and excluding every view on the sides, 
 has, when straight, a tedious sameness 
 throughout. To be great it must be dull ; 
 and the object to which it is appro- 
 priated is, after all, seldom shown to 
 advantage. Buildings, in general, do not 
 appear so large, and are not so beautiful, 
 when looked at in front, as when they 
 are seen from an angular situation, which 
 commands two sides at once, and throws 
 them both in perspective; but a winding, 
 lateral approach is free from these ob- 
 jections. It may, besides, be brought up 
 to the house without disturbing any of 
 the views from it ; but a straight avenue 
 cuts the scenery directly in two, and 
 reduces all the prospect to a narrow 
 vista. A mere line of perspective, be 
 the extent of what it may, will seldom 
 compensate for the loss of that space 
 which it divides, and of the parts which 
 it conceals. These kinds of walks were 
 formerly much more the fashion than 
 they are at present. Where they are to 
 be made, the common Elm answers very 
 well for the purpose in most grounds, 
 except such as are very wet and shallow. 
 The rough, Dutch Elm is approved by 
 some, because of its quick growth ; and it 
 is a tree that will not only bear remov- 
 ing very well, but that is green in the 
 spring almost as soon as any plant what- 
 ever, and continues so equally long. It 
 makes an incomparable hedge, and is 
 preferable to all other trees for lofty 
 espaliers. The Lime is very useful, on 
 account of its regular growth and fine 
 shade; and the Horse Chesnut is proper 
 for such places as are not too much ex- 
 posed to rough winds. The Spanish 
 Cliesnut does very well in a good soil, or 
 on warm gravels, as it rises to a consi- 
 derable height when planted somewhat 
 close ; but, when it stands singly, it is 
 rather inclined to spread than grow tall. 
 
 The Beech naturally grows well with us 
 in its wild state; but it is less to be 
 chosen for avenues than others, because 
 it does not bear transplanting well. The 
 White Poplar may also be employed for 
 this use, as it is adapted to almost any 
 soil, and is the quickest grower of any 
 forest-tree. It seldom fails in transplant- 
 ing, and succeeds very well in wet soils, 
 in which the others are apt to suffer. 
 The Oak is but seldom used for avenues, 
 because of its slow growth. 
 
 The best example we know of a noble 
 avenue is from the Chester Lodge to 
 Eaton Hall, in Cheshire, but it is very 
 deceptive in its apparent length, and the 
 hall is not seen to advantage throughout. 
 There is an avenue of Limes leading to 
 the Duke of Devonshire's villa, at Chis- 
 wick, near London, which has a fine 
 effect, not being in a straight line. 
 Another of the best-planted avenues we 
 know is an approach to Clifden House, 
 now the property of the Duke of Suther- 
 land. The trees are planted on raised 
 platforms, right and left, with an open, 
 intervening space between them and the 
 carriage-drive. This would have been a 
 better arrangement for the noble avenue 
 of Deodars, lately planted between the 
 new conservatory and the old pagoda, in 
 Kew Gardens. When this avenue of 
 Deodars, and others that are now being 
 laid out, with Araucarias, the Douglas 
 Pine, and their allies, the Mexican, Ja- 
 panese, and Chinese Cypresses, come to 
 an age when they will assume the true 
 characters of these noble cone-bearers, 
 avenues will again become fashionable. 
 In every instance possible we would 
 recommend the trees to be planted con- 
 siderably above the level of the road, on 
 raised platforms, following any inequali- 
 ties or undulations in the bed of the 
 road. The celebrated avenue in Windsor 
 Park would have appeared much more 
 noble had it been thus planted. 
 
 AVEKRHO'A. (Named after Averrhoes, 
 a Spanish physician. Nat. ord.. Oxalids 
 [Oxalidacece]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 4- 
 Pentagynia.) 
 
 The leaves cf A. cara'mbola exhibit that kind 
 of irritability we call "sensitive." The fruit of 
 both species is eaten in India ; but its acidity is 
 intolerable to Europeans. Stove evergreen shrulis ; 
 half-ripened cuttings in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 A. bili'mlfi (Inlirnbi-Jree). 8. Reddish-yellow. 
 August. E.lnd. 1791. 
 
AVE 
 
 AZA 
 
 A. cara'mlola (carambola-/'?e). 10. Greenishr I 
 
 red. Ceylon. 1/33. 
 
 AVERRUNCATOR (from the Latin aver- 
 ntnco, to prune). A small pair of pow- 
 erful shears, on a long handle, for sever- 
 ing boughs on lofty trees. 
 
 AVIARY. This building, devoted to the 
 preservation of live birds, distinguished 
 for the beauty either of their notes or 
 plumage, is rarely admitted within a 
 garden ; and still more rarely is it suffi- 
 ciently ornamental, or sufficiently free 
 from disagreeables, to be a source of 
 pleasure. 
 
 AXIL. This term, meaning, literally, 
 the arm-pit, is used by botanists to indi- 
 cate the point of the angle between a 
 leaf and a branch, or between a branch 
 and the stem. 
 
 AYE'NIA. (Named after the Duke d' 
 Ayen. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttne- 
 riaceae], formerly among Sterculiads. 
 Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove plants ; cuttings in sand,; rich soil; com- 
 mon stove treatment. 
 
 A. Iceviga'ta (smooth). 2. SrarJet. Jamaica. 
 Evergreen under-shrub. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). 1. Purple. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1756. Biennial. 
 
 AZA'LEA. (From azaleas, dry ; in re- 
 ference to the habitation of the plant. 
 Nat. ord., Heaihworts [Ericaceae] Linn., 
 5 Pentandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 It was said that the Pontic honey which stupe- 
 fied the Greek soldiers was collected from Rhodo- 
 de'ndron Po'nticum ; but Pallas believes it to 
 have been gathered from Aza'lea Po'ntica. All 
 the greenhouse species are evergreen, except A. 
 squama' ta; and all the hardy species are deci- 
 duous. The hardy species, by layers, made in 
 summer and autumn, and doing best in sandy 
 peat, though many will thrive well in peat and 
 loam ; the Indian species and varieties are propa- 
 gated by seed, and cuttings of stiff, but not over- 
 hard, snoots, inserted in sand, under a bell-giass ; 
 sandy peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75, if re- 
 quired to bloom early ; winter, 45 to 55. A 
 lower temperature will suit, if late bloom is 
 wanted. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Red. June. 
 N. Anier. 1818. 
 
 tn'color (two-coloured). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1734. 
 
 cune'srunf} (hoary). 3. lied. June. N, 
 
 .Amer. 1812. 
 
 calendula! ae* (marigold-libel. 4. Orange. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 (. calendula' cea clirysole'cia (fine-golden). 4, 
 
 Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Saffron. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 cu'prea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 fia'mmea (flame-coloured). 4. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 igne'scens (fire-coloured). 1. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 sple'ndens (shining). 4. Orange. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 triu'mphans (triumphant). 4. Orange. 
 
 June. N. Amer. , 
 -glau'cn (dwar/-glaucous). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/34. 
 
 - hi'spida (bristly). 5. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1734. 
 
 - ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). 2. White. Apri'. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 - ni'tida (shining-teawecf). 4. White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1S12. 
 
 - nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 3. Deep pink. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1J34. 
 a'lba (ear/y-white). 4. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 4. White. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 bla'nda (soft). 4. Blush. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 ca'rnea (flesh). 4. Pale red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/34. 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 Cobu'rghii (Coburg's). Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 corymbo'sa (corymbose). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 cri'spa (curled). 4. Pink. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 cumula'ta (bundled). 4. Scarlet, pink. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 
 - di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. White, 
 
 scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 faatigia'ta (pyramidal). 4. Pink. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 flu'rida (many-flowered). 4. Pink. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 globo'sa (globe-like). 4. Pink. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 glomera'ta (round-headed). 4. Pink. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 inca'na (hoary). 4. Pink. June. N. 
 
 Atner. 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 magni'fica (magnificent). 4. Scarlet. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 monttt'na (mountain). 4. Scarlet. Ju/ie. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 pa'Uida (pale-cowered). 4. Pale red. 
 
 Jure. N. Amer. 
 paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Pale red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 papilionu' cea (butterfly). 4. Striped. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 parti'ta (^we-parte-1;. 4. White and 
 
 red. June. N. Amer. 
 parviflo'rtt (small-flowered). 4. Jiine. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
AZA 
 
 [94] 
 
 AZA 
 
 A. nudiflo'ra proli'fera (proliferous). 4. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 4. Purple. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 purpu'rea (purple). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 purpu'rfo - ple'no (double - purple). 4. 
 
 Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rot sea (rosy). 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rube'rri ma (reddest). 4. Dark red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 rube' teens (reddish). 4. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 rubicu'nda (ruddy). 4. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ru'tilans (shining-red). 4. Dark red. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 semidu'plex (semi-double). 4. White. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 stumi'neu (long-stamened). 4. Red. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 
 stelta'ta (starry). 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 tri' color (three-coloured). 4. Scarlet, 
 
 white. June. N. Ainer. 
 vuria'bilis (variable). 4. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 variega'ta (varieprated). 4. Red and 
 
 white. June. N. Amer. 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 4. Red and 
 
 white. June. N. Amer. 
 viola'ceu (violet -coloured). 4. Violet. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 
 Po'nticu (Pontic). 6. Yellow. June. Turkey. 
 
 1793. 
 dlbijio'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. 
 
 May. Turkey. 
 cordna'rium (garland). 7. Yellow. June. 
 
 Holland. 1832. 
 cu'prea (copper-coloured). 6. Copper. 
 
 June. Turkey. 
 glau'ca (milky-green-teawed). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. Turkey. 
 pa'llida (pale). 6. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Turkey. 
 tri' color (three-coloured). 6. Pale red. 
 
 April. Turkey. 
 
 specio'su (showy). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 acittifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 nura'ntia (orange). 4. Orange. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 ciliu'ta (fringed). 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 4. Scarlet. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ma'jor (larger-scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 obli'quu (unequal-sided). 4. June. N, 
 
 Amer. 
 prunifo'lia (plum - leaved). 4. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 revolu'ta (rolled-back-teamZ). 4. June 
 
 N. Amer. 
 tortulifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 4. June 
 
 N. Amer. 
 undula'ta (waved -leaved). 4. June 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 risco'sa (clammy). 2. White. July. N. Amer 
 cri'spa (curled). 4. White. July. N 
 
 Amer. 
 deatba'ta (whitened). 4. White. July 
 
 N. Amer. 
 fi'ss't (cleft). 4. White. July. N. Amer 
 
 A. visco'sa odora'ta (scented). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 penicilla'ta (pencilled). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer, 
 'pube'scens (downy). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 rube'scens (reddish). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 variegafta (variegated). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 vitta'ta (banded). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 A. amce'na (bright-./?ott>erai). 1. Crimson, purple. 
 
 April. Shangha?. 
 
 crispifto'ra (crisped-flowered). Rose. April. 
 
 China. 
 
 Danielsia'na (Daniel's). 3. Carmine. June, 
 
 China. 1830. 
 
 I'ndica( Indian). 4. Scarlet. June. China. 1808. 
 aurunti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. April. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 igne'scens (fire-coloured). 2. Brown. 
 
 April. China. 
 
 lateri'tia (brick-red-co/owred). 2. Red. 
 
 May. China. 1833. 
 phtsni'cea (purple). 3. Purple. April. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 purpu'reo-ple'na (double -purple). 4. 
 
 Purple. May. China. 181Q. 
 variega'ta (variegated). 4. Striped. June. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 obtu'sa (blvmt-lcaved). 1^. Red. March. 
 
 China. 1844. 
 
 ovu'ta (egg-shape-/eawed). 8. Pink. China. 
 
 1844. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). 8. White. May. 
 
 N.China. 1844. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow. May. China. 
 
 1823. 
 
 squama' ta (scaly). 2. Rose, crimson. March. 
 
 China. 1844. 
 
 AZALEAS (AMERICAN)- These include 
 what are called Ghent Azaleas, \vlnch are 
 seedling varieties of A. calendula' 'cea, A. 
 nudiflo'ra, A. spccio'sa, and A. visco'sa. 
 The varieties were first raised in the 
 neighbourhood of Ghent. 
 
 Propagation By layers in the month 
 of March : the layers require notching or 
 twisting. If the part buried in the ground 
 is covered with moss they will root morn 
 freely. They should not be taken oil 
 the parent till after the second year's 
 growth. 
 
 Soil. Sandy peat, in a dry situation, 
 at least eighteen inches deep ; but, in a 
 damp one, a foot deep will be sufficient, 
 
 Culture. In spring, protect the young 
 shoots and flowers by hoops in low situa- 
 tions, as the late frosts often destroy the 
 young, early shoots. In winter, and in 
 summer, if the soil is very dry, cover the 
 bed with green moss. 
 
 Diseases. Sometimes the plants die off 
 just at the surface of the soil, owing to 
 too much moisture. The remedy, if the 
 situation is low and damp, is either to 
 
AZA 
 
 C 95] 
 
 BAB 
 
 drain it thoroughly, or to raise the bed 
 completely above the general level of the 
 ground. 
 
 Varieties may be raised by crossing the 
 kinds in such a way as is likely to effeci 
 a pleasing change. Choose the best 
 forms and brightest colours ; let the 
 plants with flowers of the best form be 
 the seed-bearing mother, and rely for the 
 colour upon the pollen of the male. Sow 
 the seed in April, in pans, placed under a 
 cold frame ; prick the seedlings out the 
 year following in beds, four inches apart, 
 to remain till they flower. 
 AZALEAS (INDIAN or CHINESE). 
 Baisiny varieties. The best and most 
 certain way to obtain new varieties is by 
 impregnating the best-shaped flowers with 
 the pollen of some fine, high-coloured 
 variety. Remove the anthers before they 
 burst from the one intended to seed ; 
 cover with fine gauze the flower impreg- 
 nated, to prevent impregnation by insects. 
 When the seed is ripe, gather it, and sow 
 it the February following in shallow pans, 
 in a gentle heat. As soon as the seedlings 
 have two or three leaves, transplant them 
 into fresh, sandy peat, in deeper pans. 
 They may remain in these pans till the 
 spring following: then pot them singly 
 into 2^-inch pots, and grow them on, re- 
 potting them as they require it, till they 
 flower. 
 
 Propagation by cuttings. Take the 
 young tops, three inches long; dress them 
 by cutting off the bottom leaves. Fill a pot, 
 to within an inch of the top, with sandy 
 peat; fill up the rest with silver sand; 
 put in the cuttings thickly ; water gently, 
 and fit a bell-glass just within the rim of 
 the pot ; place them in a temperature of 
 ft5 to GO , and shade from the sun. 
 They should thus remain till rooted ; 
 then place them in a greenhouse for a 
 week or two; and remove the bell-glass 
 every night, replacing it during the day. 
 They may then be potted off singly into 
 small pots, and placed in a close frame 
 till fresh roots are made; then, gradually 
 inure them to bear the full sun and air; 
 re-pot, and grow on to any size required. 
 Propagation by grafting. See GRAFT- 
 ING. The bestmode is that called side-graft- 
 ing. The grafts must be very small, 
 not more than 1 to 1^-inch long; tie them 
 with worsted, or thick cotton thread, to 
 the stock. The best time is early spring. 
 Place the grafted plants in a close frame, 
 in gentle heat, or under hand-glasses, 
 
 upon sand, in a propagating house. The 
 stock most suitable is the Aza'lea Tndica 
 a'lba, or A.phceni'cca,\)olh easy to strike. 
 Soil. Sandy peat three-fourths, light 
 loam one-fourth. 
 
 Summer culture. Azaleas require the 
 same treatment as Camellias. After the 
 bloom is over give them a moderate de 
 gree of artificial heat, 55 to 60. Syringe 
 them freely during that period. As soon 
 as they have made their growth, give 
 plenty of air for a fortnight, and then set 
 them behind a low, north wall till autumn. 
 Winter culture.- As soon as there is any 
 fear of frost, remove them into an airy 
 greenhouse, and keep them just from 
 frost, and give very moderate supplies of 
 water. When they begin to show flower, 
 give more heat, and a more liberal supply 
 of water. 
 
 Insects. The Thrlps is the great pest 
 of Azaleas ; but the Green-fly is also apt 
 to trouble them when growing. Both in- 
 sects may be destroyed by tobacco-smoke 
 frequently applied. 
 
 Diseases. These plants are often at- 
 tacked by a disease which causes them to 
 die off just at the crown of the roots. 
 The small-leaved varieties, such as A. 
 I'ndica, var. Gledstane'sii, lateri'tia, and 
 variega'ta, are especially subject to die off 
 :hus prematurely. To prevent this, they 
 should be all grafted upon the free-grow- 
 ng stocks. 
 
 AZA'RA. (Named after J. N. Azara, 
 a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Bixads [Flancortiaceae]. Linn., 1'3-Poly- 
 andria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings in sand, 
 under glass, in slight heat. Sandy loam. Sutn- 
 ner temp., 60 to 75; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 A. denta'ta ( toothed- leaved). 10. Yellow. Chili. 
 
 1830. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 18. Conception. 
 
 1832. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-edged). 12. Chili. 1832. 
 
 B 
 
 BABIA'NA. (From babiancr, the Dutch 
 'or baboon ; in reference to the bulbs be- 
 ng eaten by the baboons. Nat. ord., Irids 
 'Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono- 
 /j/nia.) 
 
 All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Offsets ; sandy peat and loam ; water 
 freely when growing. Keep dry when at rest. 
 Those potted in autumn must be kept in a cold 
 pit or greenhouse during winter. Those planted 
 in spring, in a warm border, should he taken up 
 before winter, and kept secure from frost. 
 
 B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Variegated. 
 
 May. 175;. 
 
.BAB 
 
 [85] 
 
 BJER 
 
 Blue, white 
 
 . Blue, red. 
 Blue. April. 
 
 B. bi'color (two-coloured). 
 1843, 
 
 di'nticha (two-ranked), $. Blue. 
 
 mucrana'tii (sharp-pointed), i. Purple. June.. 
 
 1825. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. April. 1807. 
 
 iti/tusifu'tia ( blunt-leaved;, i. Blue. May. 1S2J. 
 plica' ta (folded). . Purple. May. 177*. 
 mu'ltiplex (fUll-Jlctueredj. . Purple. 
 
 June. 1834. 
 
 pUrpu'i-ca (purple). . Purple. May. ISOO 
 
 ri'ngens (gapiag-Slowerea". . Purple. Mav. 
 
 1752. 
 
 rttbroc&a'nta (red and blue). 
 
 April. 1794. 
 
 sumbucina (eldsr-scented) . . 
 
 1799- 
 
 spatha'cea (sheathy). . Light blue. June. 
 
 IbOl. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 1. Blue, white. May. 1/57. 
 
 &i(fpfiu'>-eu(salphuT-Jiou.'ered}. . Yellow. May. 
 
 1795. 
 
 tenuijlo ra Blender-flowered), i. Purple. May 
 
 1825. 
 
 Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1, White and red. 
 
 April. 1774. 
 
 tuba'ta 'Jung-tubed), f . Yellow and red. June. 
 
 -'774. 
 
 tbbiflo'ra (tube-flowered). *. Dark red. May. 
 
 1774. 
 
 rnllvsa (hairy). . Purple. August. 1//8. 
 
 BABINGTO'NIA. (Named in compliment 
 to Charles Babinyton, Esq., of Cambridge, 
 u distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tlc'ilooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., \2-Icosan- 
 <tria 1-Monot/ynia. Allied to Leptosper- 
 .num and Beeckea.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 and loam, both fibry, with a small portion of leaf- 
 mould, dried cowdung, and silver sand. Wintei 
 temp., 45 to 50. 
 
 B. camphoro'sma (camphor-smelling). /. Pinkish. 
 July. Swan River. 1841. 
 
 BACA'ZIA. See BARNADE'SIA. 
 
 BA'CCHARIS. Ploughman's Spikenard. 
 (From Bacchus, wine; referring to the 
 spicy odour of the roots. The ancients 
 sometimes boiled down their wines, and 
 mixed them with such spices. Nat. ord.. 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., lU-Syn- 
 yem'sia %-Sltperflua.) 
 
 Cuttings under glass, with or without heat, ac- 
 cording as the species are stove, greenhouse, or 
 hardy ; loam and peat. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 }>. alu'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Pale yellow. 
 December. 1829. 
 
 (ingustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White. Ji.ly. 
 
 N. Arner. 1812. 
 
 u'/b7*a(iva-leaved). 3. White. July. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1696. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 B. adna'ta (adhering-s/rtTHewed). 6. Purple. Au- 
 gust. S. Amer, 1823. 
 
 confe'rta (crowded). 3. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 3, White, August. Peru. 
 
 124, 
 
 June. | B. I'ndica (Indian). 3. White. October. E. Ind.* 
 
 1819- 
 
 June. l/"4. parKifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. July. 
 Peru. 1820. 
 
 scopa'ria (broom-like). 3. Cream-coloured. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 B. Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 4. White. Sep- 
 tember. Levant. 
 
 glomerulirtd'ra (cluster-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 | hdlimifu'lia (halimus leaved). 4 White. Oc- 
 tober. N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 It/copodioi'd'S (clubmoss-like). White. July. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Mauritius. 
 
 BACKHO'USIA. (Named in compliment 
 to Mr. James Backhouse, of York. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtl^blooms [Myrtaeecej. Linn. 
 \.'2,-Icosandria 1 Monayynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass. Peat and loam, boch fibry, and a 
 little white sand. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; 
 winter. 40 to 48. 
 
 Jf?. myrtifo'tia (myrtle-leaved). 16. Pale yellow. 
 May. N. S. Wales. 1844. 
 
 BA'CTRIS. (From baktron, a cane ; the 
 young stems being used for walking- 
 sticks. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacere]. 
 Linn., Ql-Monceda Q-Hcxandria. Allied 
 to Cocos.) 
 
 Palm walking-sticks are much used in England , 
 under the name of Penang layer. All stove 
 palms. Seeds ; sandy loam Summer temp., 65 
 to 85 ; winter, 60. 
 B. caryotcefo'lia (caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 cuspida'ta (tapering-/twerf). 20. Brazil. 182o'. 
 
 Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 macraca'ntfia (long-spined). 20. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 mu'jor (greater). 25. Carthagena. 1800. 
 
 mi'nor (less). 12. S. Amer. 1691. 
 
 pec t ma' t a (comb-leaved). 15. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 BADGER'S BANE. Aconi'tum melo'ctonnm. 
 
 B.'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Btrck, a 
 
 Swedish physician. 
 
 Nat. ord., 
 
 Linn., ti-0<.tamina 
 
 blooms [MyrtaceoeJ. 
 l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse e ergreen shrubs. All white-flow- 
 e~ d. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; sandy 
 peat, and lumpy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 3 
 to 45. 
 
 B, camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. July. N. 
 Holland. 1818. 
 
 densijlo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. September. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 
 
 diosmafo'lia (diosma-leaved). 3. August. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 3. November. China. 
 
 1806. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 2. N.Holland. 1826. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. N.Holland. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ramosi'si'inja(branchiest). 3. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 saxi'culu (rock-dwelling). 2. July. N.Hoilumi. 
 
 1824. 
 
 m'rffa'la (tKifgy). 3. September. New Caledo- 
 
 nia. ISUtf. 
 
 B^'IUA. (Named after Professor Bar, 
 
BAK 
 
 BAL 
 
 of the University of Dorp at. Nat. orcl., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 yt:-nesia%-Superflua. Allied to Callirhoe.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds, in March and April; 
 common soil. 
 
 P,. chryso'stoma (prolden-mouthed). 1. Yellow. 
 May. California. 1835. 
 
 BAKED is a terra descriptive of the 
 hard, impervious state of clayey soils, 
 long exposed to drought. It can be pre- 
 vented only hy altering the staple of the 
 soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk, 
 coal- ashes, and other matters less cohe- 
 sive than clay. 
 
 BALCONY. A \vord probably derived 
 from the Persian, signifying an orna- 
 mentally-barred window, and by us ap- 
 plied to a frame, usually of iron, and 
 encompassed with a balustrade, placed 
 in front of one window, or of several 
 windows. It is an excellent place for 
 giving air to room-plants, and for the 
 cultivation of some flowers. 
 
 BALA'NTIUM. (From balantion, a purse ; 
 referring to the shape of the seed-pouch, 
 or indusium, on the back of the leaf. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacea?]. Linn., 
 2-Cryptogamia 1-Filiccs.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous Ferns. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 50 
 to 60. 
 
 B. cu'lcitum (cushion). 3. Brown. August. Ma- 
 deira. 
 
 BALBI'SIA. See LEDOCA'KPUM PEDUNCU- 
 LA'RIS. 
 
 BALM. (Meli'ssa ojfficina'lis.} This hardy 
 herbaceous plant has a citron scent and 
 aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now 
 only for making a grateful drink for the 
 sick. 
 
 The Soil best suited to its growth is 
 any poor and friable, but rather inclin- 
 ing to clayey than sandy. Manure is 
 never required. An eastern aspect is 
 best for it. 
 
 Planting. It is propagated by root di- 
 vision (of which the smallest piece will 
 grow), and by slips of the young shoots. 
 The first mode any time during the spring 
 and autumn, but by slips only during 
 May or June. If divisions of an old 
 plant are employed, they may be planted 
 at once where they are to remain, at 
 twelve inches apart; but if by slips, they 
 must be inserted in a shady border, to be 
 thence removed, in September or Octo- 
 ber, to where they are to remain. At 
 every removal water must be given, if 
 dry weather, and until thev are estab- 
 7 
 
 lished. During the summer they require 
 only to be kept clear of weeds. In Oc- 
 tober the old beds (which may stand for 
 many years) require to be dressed, their 
 decayed leaves and stalks cleared away, 
 and the soil loosened by the hoe or slight 
 digging. 
 
 Old beds may be gathered from in 
 July, for drying, but their green leaves, 
 from March to September; and those 
 planted in spring will even afford a 
 gathering in the autumn of the same 
 year. For drying, the stalks are cut, 
 with their full clothing of leaves, to the 
 very bottom, and the drying completed 
 gradually in the shade. 
 
 BALM OF GILEAD. Dracoce'phalum 
 Canarie'nse. 
 
 BALSAM APPLE. Momo'rdica balsa- 
 mi'nea, 
 
 BALSAMI'NA. See IMPA'TIENS. 
 
 BALSAMS.' By this name are usually 
 known the varieties of the common 
 annual, Impa'ticns balsami'na, by some 
 needlessly separated, with a few others, 
 into a separate genus, and called Balsa- 
 mi'na horte'nsis. 
 
 Culture. The chief object in cultiva- 
 ting these is their fine, large, double, 
 flowers ; ami, to secure this object, seed 
 should be saved only from the finest 
 plants ; and, if the seed is several years 
 old, the plants will be less luxuriant, and 
 the blooms will be more double. 
 
 To have them very fine, the seed 
 should be sown in a sweet hotbed, in 
 the middle of March ; the plants pricked 
 out into small pots when three inches in 
 height, using light, rich soil, shifting 
 them again, and successively, never al- 
 lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung- 
 ing the pots into a medium temperature 
 of 75, until some time after their last 
 shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen- 
 inch pots, according as you aim atmode- 
 rate-^ized or very large specimens. Al- 
 low, all the time, a current of air, less or 
 more, according to the weather, to keep 
 the plants bushy, and using richer ma- 
 terials every time of potting, until the 
 last soil used may consist of nearly as 
 much very rotten, but sweet dung (cow- 
 dung is best), as turfy, sandy loam. 
 
 Successions may be sown in April and 
 May, and treated in a similar manner, 
 either for pots, or to be turned into beds, 
 where they frequently do well until the 
 middle of October. 
 
 When you cannot accommodate any 
 
BAL 
 
 [98] 
 
 BAN 
 
 but the best flowers in the greenhouse, 
 adopt the following method : After 
 pricking out into three or four-inch pots, 
 and plu-nging them in the bed, allow the 
 pots to get full of roots, keep them drier 
 and cooler, and give plenty of air, which 
 will soon cause flowers to appear ; then 
 select plants with best flowers, rub every 
 flower-bud off them, fresh pot, disen- 
 tangling the roots a little as you proceed, 
 and grow them on as advised above; and 
 what you lose in time you will make up 
 in selectness. 
 
 BALSAHODE'NDRON. (From lalsamon, 
 balm, or balsam, and dendron, a tree. 
 Nat. ord., Amyrids [Arnyridacese]. Linn., 
 S-Oclandria 1-Hfonof/ynia.} 
 
 According to Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained, 
 on the Abyssinian coast, from a species of this 
 genus ; and the Balcsson of JJruce, or Balm of 
 Mecca, is the produce of another species of this 
 Balsam-tree. It is a stove tree. Sandy loam, 
 and a little rotten dung ; cuttings of ripe young 
 wood in April, under a glass, and in heat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 B. Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 30. Ceylon. 
 
 BALSAM OF CAPE'VI. Copai'fcra. 
 
 BALSAM-TREE. Clu'sia. 
 
 BAMBU'SA. Bamboo Cane. (From 
 7)mnl>os ) its Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., G-Hex- 
 andria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 The very young shoots of the Bamboo nre 
 eaten in India as asparagus. Stove perennials. 
 Suckers, in spring or autumn ; rich loam. Sum- 
 mer temp,, 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to C5. 
 JB. am*a'te(awned). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 arundina'cea (reed-like). 40. Apetal. E. 
 
 Ind. 1/30. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green), 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ni'gra ( black). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 18-^0. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. lH-2i. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorl-jtfoitfejvd). 20. Apetal. 
 
 India. 1S03. 
 
 .BANA'NA, or PLANTAIN. Mu'sa. 
 
 BANE-BERRY. Acta'a. 
 
 BANISTE'RIA. (Named after the Rev. 
 J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Jlfalpighiads [Malpighiacesej. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 8-Trigynia.) 
 
 Stove plants. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings 
 of half-ripened wood in heat, under glass. Sum- 
 mer temp., 6o c to 90; winter, 60 to C5. 
 
 TWINERS. 
 B. chrysopliy'lla (golden-leaved). 
 
 cilia' t a (fringed). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1706. 
 
 dicho'toma (twin-branched,). Yellow. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1814. 
 
 emargina'ta (single-notched). Yellow. June. 
 
 \V. Ind. 1826. 
 
 sei-i'cea (silky). 6. Yellow. July. Braail, 1810. 
 
 B. Sinemttrie'nsis (Guiana). Yellow. August. 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). Yellow. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 tiUasfu'lia (lime-leaved). Purple. August. 
 
 Java. J820. 
 
 tomento'sa (soft-haired). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Zanziliu'rica (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zan- 
 
 zibar. 1825. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 B.ferrugi'nea (rusty). JO. Yellow. Brazil. 1SSO. 
 
 fu'lgens (shininz- fruited). 6. Yellow. \V. 
 
 Ind. 1/59. 
 
 Humboldtia'iia (Ilumboldt's). 19. Yellow. 
 
 S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 laurifo'lin (bay-leaved). 10. Yellow. Ja- 
 
 maica. J733. 
 
 ova'ta (egR-shape-/eawrf). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 St. Domingo. 1820. 
 
 periplocaefo'lia (periploca-Ieaved). 10. Yel- 
 
 low. July. Porto Rico. 1818. 
 
 spli'ndens (shining). 10. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 BANKS (SLOPING) are very desirable 
 in a Idtchen-garden, not only because 
 they aid in forwarding the crops on their 
 south front, and retarding those on their 
 north front, but because they much in- 
 crease the cultivatuble surface. Suppos- 
 ing the banks to run east and west, the 
 south side, especially as respects all low- 
 growing things, such as French beans, 
 potatoes, &c., will produce eight days 
 earlier than when cultivated on a level ; 
 while the north side will retain lettuces, 
 &c., during summer, much longer fit for 
 the table. The surface of the ground is 
 also increased, notwithstanding learned 
 assertions to the contrary. In making 
 them, at first, in shallow soils, they should 
 not be wider than six feet at the base ; 
 but, as the soil becomes improved, they 
 may be from ten to twelve feet in width. 
 In deep soils, the banks may be formed 
 by trenching in the usual manner, only 
 throwing them into shape by a line and 
 stakes. > In thin soils, care should be 
 taken to have plenty of room in the first 
 opening to stir the sub-soil, and then re- 
 place again the surface-soil on the sur- 
 face. The accompanying sketch will 
 
 give some idea as to how they are formed, 
 each ridge being twelve feet wide at the 
 base. A B is the ground level, c the 
 apex of the ridge, and d d paths between. 
 Of course they could not be raised so 
 high, at first, without impoverishing the 
 
BAN 
 
 [ 99 ] 
 
 BAR 
 
 other ground. If drained beneath th 
 paths, all the better ; for, in heavy land 
 without drainage and deep stirring, th 
 moisture will be long retained. If at 
 there is a board fixed, or even a row o 
 dwarf, hardy peas, the south side wil 
 be rendered still warmer; and the north 
 side more cool and late. Such banks 
 therefore, may not only be used fo: 
 vegetables, but also for accelerating am 
 retarding fruits, such as the strawberry 
 Owing to the depth of soil thus obtained 
 if the surface is kept stirred, you wil 
 never need much of the water-pot, ever 
 in the driest weather. The right hand 
 or south side, should be the longest 
 and, in a succession of ridges, the north 
 ernmost one should be the highest. 
 
 BA'NKSIA. (Named after Sir Joseph 
 Banks, a distinguished patron of natura" 
 history. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese] 
 Linn., 4^-Tclrandria l-Monorjynia.) 
 
 All interesting greenhouse plants, from New 
 Holland. Seeds, when obtainable, should be 
 sown in spring or summer, in sandy peat, and 
 placed in the greenhouse ; seedlings potted off as 
 soon as they can be handled, otherwise they will 
 :skank off. Some kinds are most easily propagated 
 by layers, and a. few rare ones by grafting ; but 
 most' are obtained by cuttings of the ripened 
 shoots, with most of the leaves attached, inserted 
 by the sides of a pot, placed under a hand-light, 
 kept close, and shaded from sunshine during the 
 day, and air given, and the glass removed for a time 
 during the night. Sandy peat, with a little loam 
 to the more strong-growing. Summer temp., 
 50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45. 
 
 B. attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 6. Green. 1812. 
 
 Bro'wnii (Miss Brown's). 1830. 
 
 Ca/e'.yi(Caley's). 1830. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 6. Scarlet. 1803. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 6. Yellow. 1800. 
 
 ctfmpar (well-matched). 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 6. Pale 
 
 yellow. 1822. 
 cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked). 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822. 
 
 Dniandroi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow. 
 
 1822. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 20. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 cricifo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 17SS. 
 
 Goo' (Hi (Good's). 1830. 
 
 gru'ndis (grea.t- flowered). 2. Yellow. 1/Q4. 
 
 #<# (Hugel's). Yellow. 1837. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837. 
 
 insula'ris (island). 6. Yellow. I8!i2. 
 
 integrifu'lia (whole-leaved). 12. Yellow. 1~88. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July. 1802. 
 
 marce'sccns (permanent-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 1731. 
 
 ww#fna'a (bordered). 6. Yellow. July. 1804. 
 
 mc'dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 Menzic'nsis (Menzies's). Yellow. 1837. 
 
 nuftdns :.n*Ading-flowered), 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 1803. 
 
 ollongifn'lia f oblong-leaved), 15. Yellow. 
 
 July, 1805. 
 
 B. pa?udo'sa(ma.rs}iy). 2. Yellow. March. 18os. 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. yellow. 1824. 
 ' 
 
 . 6. Yellow. 1805. 
 
 qnercifo'ha (oat-leaved). 5. Yellow. 1805. 
 
 Sola'ndra (Solander's). 6. 1830. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1805. 
 
 spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. August. 
 
 spkceroca'rpa (round-fruited). 6. Yellow. 1803. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. August. 
 
 1794. 
 
 BA'OBAB-TEEE. Adanso'nia. 
 
 BA'PHIA. (From baphe, a dye ; the Cam- 
 wood or Barwood, from which a brilliant 
 red-colour is obtained, is from B. ni'tida. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceaj]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to the Carob-tree.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings; sandy peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 io 60, 
 B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August. Sierra 
 Leone. 1793. 
 
 BAPTI'SIA. (From bapto, to dye ; some 
 of the species possessing dyeing proper- 
 ties. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 baceae]. Linn., I0-Decandria I-Monogy- 
 nia. Allied to Podalyria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, except where other- 
 wise specified. Division ; common border-soil. 
 B. a'lba (white-lowered) . 2. White. June. N. 
 Amer. 1724. 
 
 auricula' ta (eared). Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 2. Blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 confu'sa (confused). Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1724. 
 
 lanceol'i'ta (lanceolate), 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). l. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1829. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 1J. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 perfolia'ta (perioliate). 3. Yellow. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1732. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 1&. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1750. 
 
 vers? color (various-coloured). 4. Light purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 BARBACE'NIA. (Named after M. Barla- 
 
 ena, a governor of Minas Geraes. Nat. 
 
 >rd., Bloodrools [Hzemodoraceae]. Linn., 
 
 -Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 
 Vellozia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy 
 am. Snmmer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 45 
 o55. 
 
 J. pra'cilis (slender). Red. March. Brazil. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-./?ou,'em). Purple. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 Rogie'rii (Rogers's). Purplish-violet. 1850. 
 
 sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deep crimson. 
 
 1847. 
 
 squama' ta (scaly-stalked). . Yellow, crimson. 
 
 March. Brazil. 1841. 
 
BAB 
 
 [100] 
 
 BAR 
 
 BARBADOES CEDAB. Juni'perus Barla- 
 de'nsis. 
 
 BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'ghia. 
 
 BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Perc'skla. 
 
 BARBADOES LILY. Hippea'slrum eque's- 
 tris. 
 
 BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. (From be- 
 ing formerly called the herb of Sta. Bar- 
 bara. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. 
 Jjinn.,lQ-Tctr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B. 
 stri'cta. Division ; common soil. 
 J3. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger- 
 many. 1833. 
 
 orthoce'rus (straight-podded). 1$. Yellow. 
 
 June. 
 
 prasfcox (ea.rly-Biit/i'ivlt-cress'). l. Yellow. 
 October. England. 
 
 atri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy 
 
 biennial. Raised from seed. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). l. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 BARBERRY. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.} There 
 are five varieties of the Common Bar- 
 berry : the red, without and with stones ; 
 the black sweet, which is tender, and re- 
 quires a sheltered border ; the purple ; 
 and the white. The seedless (JB. vulga'ris 
 aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for pre- 
 serving purposes. The fruit is acid, and 
 the bark is very astringent. 
 
 Propagation. Suckers, cuttings, and 
 layers may be employed, either in the 
 spring or autumn. The seed is very 
 rarely used. 
 
 Soil. A sandy or calcareous soil, with 
 a dry sub-soil, suits it best. 
 
 Culture. It requires no other pruning 
 than such as is necessary to keep it 
 within bounds. As the fruit is very te- 
 dious to gather, it is well to keep the 
 middle of the tree open by pruning, 
 somewhat like gooseberry-pruning. Their 
 spines are so formidable, that we have 
 known the common kinds used with good 
 effect to stop gaps in hedges liable to 
 much trespass. 
 
 Fruit. This is fully ripe in October 
 and is gathered in entire bunches for 
 preserving, pickling, and candying. 
 
 Diseases. It is liable to be infected 
 with a parasitical fungus, once believed 
 to be the same as that which is the mil- 
 dew on wheat ; but they are now known 
 to be different species. That which preys 
 upon the Barberry is Puccinia, and that 
 which attacks Wheat is Uredo. 
 
 BARBIE'RIA. (Named after J. B. G. 
 Sarbier, M.D. t a French naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Xinn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Cajanus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat, 
 bummer temp., 68 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 B. polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddish-purple. 
 Porto Rico. 1818. 
 
 BARK. The refuse bark from the tan- 
 ner's yard is employed by the gardener 
 as a source of heat, and, when thoroughly 
 broken down by putrefaction, as a ma- 
 nure. 
 
 As a source of heat, it is much less used 
 than formerly, flues, steam, and the hot- 
 water system having very generally and 
 most deservedly superseded it. Bark for 
 heating requires frequent stirring and re- 
 newing, and, if too much moisture be 
 added, is apt to give out an excessive and 
 irregular heat. In addition, it is a trou- 
 blesome harbour for predatory insects. 
 
 Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being 
 thrown lightly together under a shed, 
 must be gently moistened, if dry, and 
 turned over twice a-week, to expose 11 
 its particles to the air. Unless this be 
 done the fermentation will not be gene- 
 ral or regular. This is to be continued 
 for a mouth or five weeks, in warm wea- 
 ther the shorter time being requisite; 
 and then, having acquired a general and 
 equal heat, it is ready for use in the 
 stove. Usually it will continue to afford 
 heat for a period varying between three 
 and six months, but sometimes ceases to 
 ferment without any apparent cause. 
 Whenever the heat declines, the tan 
 must be taken out, sifted, the dusty parts 
 removed, and some fresh tan added. 
 Sometimes turning the old tan and moist- 
 ening it will be sufficient. 
 
 It is desirable, on the first formation 
 of a bed, to mix new and old tan to- 
 gether, in which case the quantity of new 
 bark to be brought into the pit will de 
 pend upon the goodness of the bark, and 
 the bottom-heat required. As much new- 
 tan as will fill two-third parts of the 
 bark-pit, with a mixture of old, rotten, 
 reduced almost to earth, will produce a 
 bottom-heat of about 85. When old tan 
 with higher remains of strength is used 
 to modify the new, the same heat may be 
 produced, if the quantity be not more 
 than half the capacity of the pit. This 
 refers to a new pit. After a bark-bed 
 has been in action, partial renewals of 
 bark, to keep up the heat, are frequently 
 sufficient, in the reduced proportion of 
 one-third, one-sixth, one-twelfth, or less. 
 At intermediate stages between the par- 
 
BAR 
 
 [ 101 ] 
 
 BAR 
 
 tial renewals, the bed requires only to be 
 excited to a brisker fermentation by fork- 
 ing up. About live-sevenths of the pit 
 from the bottom should be occupied by. 
 the new and old tan as a fermenting 
 body ; and about two-sevenths from the 
 top, or a little more than the depth of 
 the pot, whatever that may be, should 
 consist of old tan incapable of heating, 
 so as to burn the roots of the plants. At 
 least, such should be the ordinary distri- 
 bution of the tan; but, where peculiar 
 circumstances require a speedy augmenta- 
 tion of heat without displacing the pots, 
 and when fruit is to be swelled off in the 
 last stage, the earthy tan at top may be 
 taken away, and new tan substituted. 
 
 As a manure. See VEGETABLE MAT- 
 TERS. 
 
 BARK-BOUND. When a tree is affected 
 with this disease, cracks will appear in it 
 partially, and, in the case of the Cherry, 
 Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, gummy 
 discharge will follow. It is a sure in- 
 dication that either the soil is too rich 
 or not sufficiently drained. The latter is 
 usually the source of the evil, causing a 
 repletion of the interior vessels, which 
 the dry, outer skin cannot expand suffi- 
 ciently quickly to accommodate. Under- 
 draiiiing, and scrubbing the stem with 
 brine, speedily effect a cure. Scoring the 
 bark lengthwise with a knife is a rude 
 mode of treatment, often followed by 
 canker, more fatal than the disease in- 
 tended to be removed. If scoring be 
 adopted, it should be early in spring; 
 and the knife should not penetrate below 
 the dry, outer bark. 
 
 BARK STOVE, or MOIST STOVE, is a hot- 
 house which, either by having a mass of 
 fermenting matter, or an open reservoir 
 of hot water within-side, has its atmo- 
 sphere appropriately supplied with mois- 
 ture, congenially with the habits of some 
 tropical plants. It received the name of 
 Bark Stove, because tanner's bark was 
 formerly a <niief source of the heat em- 
 ployed. See STOVE. 
 
 BARKE'RIA. (After the late Mr. Barker, 
 of Birmingham, an ardent cultivaton of 
 orchids. Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceseJ. 
 Linn., ZQ-Gynandria \-Monandrla. Allied 
 to Laelia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, divisions ; fibry peat and sphag- 
 num, in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 -B. e'legann f (elegant). 1$. Light rose. MeKico. 
 
 B. Lavsrcncea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1, PinTc, 
 Guatimala. 1847. 
 
 Lindleyii'na (Dr. Lindley's). 1. Purple and 
 
 white. November. Costa Rica. 1842. 
 
 melanorau'lon (dark-stemmed). 1. Lilac. 
 
 June. Costa Rica. 1848. 
 
 Skinnefri (Mr. Skinner's). l. Pink. Gua- 
 
 timala. 
 
 spcctti'bilis (showy). 1. Lilac and purple. 
 
 July. Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 BARKING IRONS, or BARK SCALERS, are 
 for scraping off the hardy outer bark, or 
 dry scales from the stems and branches 
 of trees. 
 
 BARLE'RIA. (After the Rev. J. Bar- 
 relier, of Paris. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14^-Dldynamia 2- 
 Anyiospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, except B. longifo'lia. This 
 may be propagated by seed, the others by cuttings 
 of the young wood, in heat, under a bell-glass; 
 rich loam and peat, Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 n. a'lha (white). 3. July. N. Holland. 1815. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July, 
 
 E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 casru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1796. 
 
 dicho'toma (twin-branched). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 fln'va (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 
 E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 longif'o'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1781. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. E.Ind. 
 
 116. 
 
 lupuli'nu (hop-headed"). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 prioni'tis (prionitis-tt/ce). 3. Orange. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 salanifo'lia (nightshade -leaved). 2. Blue. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 BARLEY. (Ho'rdeum vulga're.) This 
 genus of grasses, being interesting only 
 to the farmer and botanist, has not beea 
 included in this work. 
 
 BARNADE'SIA. (After Barnaday, a Span- 
 ish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teraceeej. Linn., iQ-Syngene&ia l-dSqua- 
 lis. Allied to Mutisia.) 
 
 B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, re- 
 quiring to be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, in 
 winter. Seeds in hotbeds, in March; cuttings 
 of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, under a 
 beil-glass. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 45 to 55. 
 
 B. grandtfo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pale rose. 
 S. Amer. 1844. An evergreen, requiring 
 a cool sto^e. 
 
 rofsea (rose-coloured). 1. Pink. May. S. 
 
 Amer. 1840. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 4. June. Peru. 1825. This 
 
 has been called Baoa'xia spinet sa. Green- 
 house evergreen. 
 
BAR 
 
 [ 102 ] 
 
 BAB 
 
 BARNA'RDIA. (Named after E. Barnard, 
 F.L.S. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacete]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to the Squills.) 
 
 Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plant. Offsets; 
 peat and loam ; only wants a little protection in 
 winter. 
 
 B. acilloi'des (squill-like). Pale blue. May. China. 
 1819. 
 
 BARO'METEK, or "WEATHER GLASS, so 
 called from two Greek words, signifying 
 a measurer of weight, hecause it indicates 
 the weight or pressure of the air. We 
 only admit a notice of this because, as a 
 guide to approaching changes of weather, 
 it is useful to the gardener. 
 
 Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the 
 Isle of Wight, lecturer upon astronomy, 
 &c., has arranged a table, which no one 
 having a weather-glass should be without. 
 Its price is only one shilling, and it may 
 be had of C. Wilson, 157, Leadenhall 
 Street. This " Companion to the Ba- 
 rometer" is the result, of thirty-two years' 
 observation; and the following is an 
 epitome of the information it gives. 
 During the first six months of the year, 
 when the mercury is rising, it the weather 
 has been bad, and the mercury reaches 
 to 29.G2 inches, there will be a change ; 
 if to 30.12, the weather will be fair ; if 
 if to 30.29, set fair. If the mercury has 
 been high, and begins falling, there will 
 be a change if it declines to 29.90 ; rain, 
 if it descends to 29.50 ; and wind, with 
 rain, if it reaches 29.12. During the 
 last six months of the year, if the wea- 
 ther has been foul, and the mercury 
 begins rising, there will be a change if it 
 reaches to '29.48; fair, if to 30.13; and 
 set fair if to 30.45. If the weather has 
 been fair, and the mercury begins falling, 
 there will be a change if it sinks to 29.87 ; 
 rain, if to 29.55 ; and wind with rain, if 
 to 29.28. At any time of the year, if 
 the mercury fall to 28.10, or even to 28.20, 
 there will be stormy weather. These 
 conclusions are from observations made 
 at thirty feet above the sea's level, and, 
 therefore, one-hundredth part of an inch 
 must be added to the height of the 
 mercury for every additional ten feet 
 above the sea's level, where the barometer 
 may happen to be. 
 
 BABO'SMA. (From barys, heavy, and 
 osme, odour; referring to the powerful 
 scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts 
 [Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Jfo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Diosma.) 
 
 ( Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the 
 
 ' C-.'>* of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 
 wuod in June, under a bell-glass, in sand, without 
 
 heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 ; 
 
 winter, 35 to 40. 
 
 B.betuli'na (birch -leavgd). 2. White. June. 
 1790. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped- leaned). 3. Bluish. 
 
 April. 
 
 dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1815. 
 
 latifo'tia (broad-leaved). White. July. 1789. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shape- Jeacsd). 2. White. May. 
 
 1790. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). Purple. June. 1/87. 
 
 BARBED. That part of a plant is said 
 to be larred which is striped with a 
 lighter or darker colour than the prevail- 
 ing colour of that part. 
 
 BARREN PLANTS. The male flowers of 
 the cucumber, melon, and other monoe- 
 cious plants are properly known as Ian-en 
 flowers ; and the plants of the asparagus,, 
 mercury, and other dioecious plants bear- 
 ing only male flowers, are usually termed 
 barren. These are naturally unfruitful: 
 but there is also a barrenness arising 
 from disease, or the consequences of bad 
 cultivation. If a tree, or any other plant, 
 does not yield the desired produce of 
 fruit of which it is capable, the gardener 
 may be assured that the soil, or the want 
 of drainage, or the manuring, or the 
 pruning, is injurious. Even a blind or 
 barren cabbage may be made productive ;, 
 for its barrenness arises from the central 
 bud being abortive, and it will produce 
 lateral buds, if all but one leaf and the 
 place of the abortive bud be cut away. 
 When a flower has no pistil it is in- 
 curably barren. Temperature has great 
 influence over the sex of the flowers 
 produced by a monoecious dioecious plant., 
 A very high temperature caused a water- 
 melon to bear male blossoms only ; and 
 a very low temperature made cucumber- 
 plants yield female flowers alone. Mr. 
 Knight had little doubt that the same 
 fruit-stalks might be made, in the plants 
 just noticed, to support flowers of either 
 sex, in obedience to external causes. 
 Our own observations lead us to the con- 
 clusion that the cucumber and vegetable 
 marrow, when grown in too cold a. 
 temperature, produce a majority of male 
 blossoms. 
 
 BARREN SOIL. No soil is absolutely 
 incapable of production; and when it is 
 spoken of as being barren, no more is 
 meant than that, in its present state, it 
 will not repay the cultivator. The un- 
 productiveness arises from a deficiency of 
 
EAR 
 
 [ 108 ] 
 
 BAS 
 
 Rome of the earths; from an excess or de- 
 ficiency of animal and vegetable matters ; 
 or from an excess of stagnant water. No 
 soil can be productive where nineteen 
 parts out of twenty are of any one earth 
 or other substance. If either chalk, or 
 sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy 
 s found in adding one or both of the 
 other two. An excess of organic matter 
 only occurs in peat soils ; and these are 
 reclaimed by draining, paring, and burn- 
 ing, and the addition of earthy matter. 
 Drainage is also the cure for an excess 
 of water. 
 
 BARRENWORT. Epime'dinm. 
 
 BARRINGTO'NIA. (Named after ihe 
 Hon. Dairies Harrington. Nat. ord., Bar* 
 rimjtoniads [Barringtoniacese]. Linn., 
 1 6-Monadelphia S-Polyandria. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. B. echina'ta 
 and plutypliy'lla were, until lately, separated into 
 a genus, Commersonia. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 under a glass, in a strong heat ; lumpy loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 70 to 90 ; winter, 60 
 to (io. 
 
 B. echina'ta (hedgeho*-/rt70, 20. White. 
 Moluccas. 1820. 
 
 platyphy'lla (broad-leaved . 3. White. June. 
 
 Moluccas. 1806. 
 
 racemo'sa (rAceme-flowered}. 30. Red. Mo- 
 
 luccas. 1820. 
 
 tpecio'sa (showy). 30. Scarlet. Indian 
 
 Archipelago. 1786. 
 
 BARTHOLI'NA. (Named after Barlholin, 
 a Danish physiologist. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [Orchidacese]. ~L\rm.,ZQ-Gynandria 
 \-Monogynia. Allied to Serapias ) 
 
 One of those ground-orchids from the Cape 
 which British gardeners have not yet succeeded 
 in cultivating easily. Greenhouse orchid ; divi- 
 sion of the root; sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 70; winter, 45. 
 
 B. pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Lilac. No- 
 vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 BARTO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Barton, 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord., Loasads 
 [Loasaceaj]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1- 
 Jtfonogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy plants ; seeds ; the biennials should I 
 be sown in summer, and protected in a cold pit I 
 during; the winter ; the annuals may be sown in [ 
 the open air, in April, or in a slight hotted, and 
 transplanted ; most of them delight in a sandy 
 oil and a little peat. B. au'rea does best where 
 the soil is peaty and moist. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 B. albe'scens (white-s*a/*f). 2. White. Chiii. 
 1334. 
 
 au'rea (golden-jfojremO. 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 California. 1834. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 B. nu'da (naked-awied). 2. White. August. 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 orna'ta (ornamented). 2. White. August. 
 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 BA'RTSIA. (Named after J. Bart eft, 
 .D. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulari- 
 eJB]. Linn., I-Didynamia, %-Angio- 
 
 spermia. Allied to Euphrasia.) 
 These require the treatment of choice alpincsj 
 
 hardy annuals ; seeds in April, on rock-work. 
 
 B. nlpi'nn (alpine). . Purple. August. Britain. 
 
 lalijo'lia (.broad-leaved). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 
 
 odonti'tes (odontites). 3- Pink. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). $. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 wBARWOOD. a'phia. 
 
 BARYO'SMA. See BARO'SMA. 
 
 BASE'LLA. Malabar Nightshade. Its 
 Malabar name. (Nat. ord., Basdlads 
 [BasellaceEeJ. Liun., 5-Pentandria 3- 
 Trigynid.} 
 
 B. a'lba and ru'bra nre used as spinach in the 
 East Indies ; and B. ru' bra yields a rich purpls 
 dye ; not easily fixed, however. Stove biennials, 
 except where otherwise specified, and mostly 
 climbers. If sown in good heat in February, and 
 treated as a border arnual, they will blow freely 
 the same season ; neb., lumpy soil. 
 
 B. a'lba (white). 8. White. August. E. Ind. 168S. 
 
 cordifo'lia, (heart-leaved). 6. Pale purple. 
 
 August. 15. Jnd. 1802. 
 
 lu'cidn (shining). 6. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1802. 
 
 margina'ta 'bordered). 4. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ni'gra (blacky 3. White. August. China. 1822. 
 
 ramo'su (branchy). 6. August. 
 
 ru'bra (red\ 8. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 tubero'sn (tuberous). 6. Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. S. Amur. 3824. 
 
 BASIL (O'cymum.} There are two 
 lands, the Sweet-scented (0. basi'licum), 
 and the Dwarf-bush (O.mi'nimum). The 
 young leaf-tops are the parts made use 
 of in soups and salads, their flavour re- 
 sembling that of cloves. 
 
 The supply is never-failing during 
 summer, as they shoot out rapidly for 
 successional supplies. 
 
 Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under 
 glass, about the end of March or first of 
 April, to raise plants for the principal or 
 main crop. The frame should be filled 
 up with 'earth to within three or four 
 inches of the glass, or very shallow 
 frames may be used for purposes as 
 these. When the plants are up, give a 
 little air by tilting the lights ; and, as 
 they advance, and the weather is warmer, 
 give them more air, until the lights may 
 be taken off altogether during the day, 
 and put on at night. By the above ma- 
 nagement, good, hardened plants will be 
 fit for planting out towards the end of 
 May, or beginning of June, into warm 
 borders, or beds of light, rich earth. If 
 the weather be dry at the time of plant- 
 
BAS 
 
 [ 104] 
 
 BAS 
 
 ing out, let the beds be well watered 
 previously to planting, and plant in the 
 evening. Lift the young plants from the 
 seed-bed with a small fork or trowel, and 
 plant them out with care, eight or ten 
 inches from plant to plant each way, and 
 water them, to settle the earth to the 
 roots. Attend to earth-stirring, and water 
 when required, until the plants are well 
 established. If green tops are required 
 for earlier use, sow in pots, pans, or 
 boxes, and place in any heated structure. 
 
 To obtain seed. Some of the earliest- 
 raised plants must be left ungathered 
 from. These flower from July to Sep- 
 tember, and, accordingly, ripen their seed 
 in early or late autumn. 
 
 BASINING-UP. By this term is meant 
 raising a small bank of earth entirely 
 round a plant, so as to retain water im- 
 mediately about the roots. 
 
 BASKETS, employed by the London 
 gardeners, being made of osier or deal 
 shavings, vary triflingly in size more than 
 measures made of less flexible materials. 
 They are as follows : 
 
 Pottle & long, tapering basket, made 
 of deal shavings, holding about a pint 
 and a half. 
 
 Sea-kale punnets eight inches diame- 
 ter at the top, and seven inches and a 
 half at the bottom, and two inches deep. 
 
 Radish punnets eight inches diameter, 
 and one inch deep, if to hold six hands ; 
 or nine inches by one inch for twelve 
 Lands. 
 
 Mushroom punnets seven inches by 
 one inch. 
 
 Salading punnets five inches by two 
 inches. 
 
 Half sieve contains three imperial 
 gallons and a half. It averages twelve 
 inches and a half diameter, and six 
 inches in depth. 
 
 Sieve contains seven imperial gallons. 
 Diameter, fifteen inches ; depth, eight 
 inches. 
 
 Bushel sieve ten imperial gallons and 
 a half. Diameter at top, seventeen inches 
 and three quarters ; at bottom, seventeen 
 inches ; depth, eleven inches and a 
 quarter. 
 
 Bushel basket ought, when heaped, to 
 contain an imperial bushel. Diameter at 
 bottom, ten inches; at top, fourteen 
 inches and a half; depth, seventeen 
 inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and po- 
 tatoes are sold by this measure. A bushel 
 of the last named, cleaned, weighs fifty- 
 
 six pounds; but four pounds additional 
 are allowed if they are not washed. 
 
 BASKETS (RUSTIC). These are often 
 suitable ornaments for the reception of 
 flowering-plants upon lawns, and other 
 parts of the pleasure-grounds. These 
 baskets are easily made. Having fixed 
 on the sizes you wish for, procure some 
 "nch boards, either of sound oak, which 
 is the best, or of well-seasoned elm or 
 deal. Cut them into the proper lengths, 
 and nail them together the right width ; 
 they will then form a square. Mark 
 then the desired form (round or octagon) 
 on this square, and cut it into the de- 
 sired figure. When this is done, you 
 have the ground-work of your basket ; 
 make the basket ten or eight inches deep; 
 and, if your garden is moderately exten- 
 sive, you may have them the largest size 
 to be manageable, that is from three to 
 five feet in diameter. If a small garden, 
 this size would be inconvenient, and 
 take up too much room. Yet there is 
 no reason why you should not have two 
 or three of these ornaments. For such a 
 garden, the most proper dimensions 
 would be two feet ; and for that size, 
 six inches deep would be proportionate. 
 Then proceed to nail to the circular or 
 octagon bottom the sides. If the shape 
 is round, let the pieces of wood to form 
 the sides be narrow, bevel inwards the 
 sides, and shape them so as to form the 
 circle; but if of an octagon form, the 
 pieces will be, of course, of the width of 
 each of the eight sides, and planed to fit 
 at each corner. Fasten them firmly to- 
 gether with nails, and the main founda- 
 tion and walls of your baskets are com- 
 plete. On the top of the side put some 
 split hazel rods, of sufficient thickness to 
 cover it, and hang over the outside edge 
 about half an inch. Place some of the 
 same kind close to the bottom ; then, be- 
 tween the two, cover the plain boards 
 with some rough oak or elm bark, so 
 closely fitted as to give the idea that the 
 basket has been cut out of a solid tree ; 
 or, which is more expensive and trouble- 
 some, but certainly more ornamental, 
 cover the sides with (split or whole, as 
 you may fancy) hazel rods, formed into 
 tasteful forms. These should fit so close 
 as to hide completely the material of 
 which the sides are formed. The bark- 
 plan will not require anything more 
 doing to it after it is neatly fitted and 
 securely nailed to the sides; but the 
 
BAS 
 
 [ 105 ] 
 
 BAT 
 
 hazel rods should have a coating of boiled 
 linseed-oil applied. 
 
 BASS or BAST MATS. These are chiefly 
 made in Kussia, from the inner bark of 
 trees (bast in the Kuss language). Their 
 best use is as a packing-envelope ; for, as 
 a protection to wall-trees, they are inferior 
 to netting, and to standard shrubs, struc- 
 tures made of straw (sec SHELTERS) are 
 to be preferred. They are very service- 
 able, however, to place over beds of early 
 spring radishes, &c., to prevent the night 
 radiation. This is quite as effectual, 
 much cleaner, and less troublesome than 
 a covering of straw. Shreds of these 
 mats are also useful for many gardening 
 purposes where a ligature or string is 
 required. One of the principal of these 
 is for binding a bud or scion in its place 
 on the stock after grafting. For this we 
 prefer the new Cuba bast; but the finest 
 of the ordinary Prussian mats will answer 
 equally well, perhaps better, provided 
 the material is very fine and very tough. 
 In selecting a mat for this pui-pose, the 
 best may be distinguished by two or 
 three qualities : First, whatever colour 
 the bast be, it must feel silky and some- 
 what oily to the touch. A full reliance 
 must not be placed on this alone, how- 
 ever; but the strength should be tested 
 by cutting off a fine-looking strand, and 
 stripping off a narrow piece as fine as 
 twine. This, if good, should withstand 
 a considerable amount of tension: it is 
 well, however, to try a second piece. As 
 to colour, such is generally a pale straw. 
 
 BA'SSIA. (Named after M. Bassi, cu r 
 rator of the Botanic Garden at Boulogne. 
 Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. Linn., 
 ll-Dodecandria 1-jlfonogynia.) 
 
 The Bassias are trees of some importance in 
 India. B. butyra'cea yields a thick, oil-like 
 butter from its fruit, or muhva. B. latifo'lia fur- 
 nishes a kind of arrack, called moura, by distil- 
 ling the leaves. The fruit of the lilupie-tree, B. 
 longif(/lin, yields oil for lamps, soap-making, and 
 also for food ; and Mungo Park's Butter-tree was 
 ;i species of Bassia. Stove trees. Cuttings of 
 ripened young shoots in April, in heat, under a 
 bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 6l) 
 to 70 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 B. butyra'cea (buttery). 40. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 littifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 40. E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 BASTABD ACACIA. Eobi'nia pseu'do- 
 aca'cia. 
 
 BASTAED ATOCION. Sile'ne pseu'do- 
 uto'cion, 
 
 BASTARD BALM. MeWtta. 
 
 BASTARD Box. Poly'cala. 
 
 BASTAED CABBAGE-TREE. 
 
 BASTARD CEDAR. Guazu'ma and' Ce- 
 dre'la. 
 
 BASTARD CHERRY. Ce'rasm pseu'do- 
 ce'rasus. 
 
 BASTARD CINNAMON. Cinnamo'mum 
 ca' ssia. 
 
 BASTABD CORK-TREE. Que'rcus pseu'do- 
 sn'ber. 
 
 BASTARD CRACCA. Vi'ciapseu'do-cra'cca. 
 BASTARD DICTAMNUS. Beringe'ria 
 pseu'do-dicla'mmis. 
 
 BASTARD GROUND-PINE. Teu'crinm 
 pseu'do-chumte'pitys. 
 
 BASTARD HARE'S-EAR. Phy'llis. 
 
 BASTARD HYSSOP. Teu'crium pseu'do- 
 hysso'pus. 
 
 BASTARD INDIGO. Amo'rpha. 
 
 BASTARD JASMINE. Andro'sace chama- 
 ja'sme. 
 
 BASTARD LUPINE. Trifo'lium luplna's- 
 ter. 
 
 BASTARD MANCHINEEL. Camera'ria. 
 
 BASTARD MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'cium 
 })seu' do-pilose' I/a. 
 
 BASTARD OLBIA. Lava'lera o'lbia. 
 
 BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The'sium. 
 
 BASTARD QUINCE. Py'rus-chamamc's- 
 pilns. 
 
 BASTARD VERVAIN. Stachyta'rpheta. 
 
 BASTARD VETCH. Pha'ca. 
 
 BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. Gentia'na 
 pseu'do-pneumonn' nthe. 
 
 BASTARD WOOD-SAGE. Teu'crium 
 pseu' do-scorodo' n ia. 
 
 BATA'TAS. (Aboriginal name. Nat. 
 ord., Bindweeds [ConvolvulaceseJ. Linn.. 
 $-Pentaridria l-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Pharbitis and Ipomsea.) 
 
 All stove deciduous climbers. Cuttings of 
 stumpy side-shoots, or young shoots slipped from 
 the tubers, just as they bepn to grow ; in sandy 
 soil, in bottom-heat, and under a hand-glass; 
 rich, sandy loam and finry peat, with manure- 
 water when growing. Temp., summer, 60 to 
 85, with moisture ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 B.beta'cea (beet-like). 6. Pale violet. Deme; 
 rara. 1S3Q. 
 
 Bignonioi'des (Biunonia-like). Dark purple 
 
 July. Cayenne. 1824. 
 
 Bonariensis (Buenos Ayres). 10. Purple. 
 
 Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles']. White, red. Au- 
 
 gust. 1815. 
 
 - edu'lis (eatable -fruited}. White, purple. E. 
 Ind. 1/97- 
 
 glaucifo'lia (milky-green-leaved). Purplish - 
 
 June. Mexico. 1732. 
 
 heteroph'/'lln (various-leaved). Pale purple- 
 
 September. Cuba. 1817- 
 
 jala'pa (jalap). Rose. August. Mexico. 184.1. 
 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). Purple. July. E. In". 
 
 1799- 
 
 pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). White. Aug-J.n 
 
 E. Ind. 1739. 
 
BAT 
 
 BEA 
 
 B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). White. July. Guinea. 
 .1823. 
 
 terna'ta (three-leafleted). White. July. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 neno'sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Walde'cldi (Waldeck's). White and purple. 
 
 S. Amer. 1847. 
 
 Willdeno'oii (Willdenow's) Purple. July. 1818. 
 
 BATEMA'NNIA. (Called after Mr. Bate- 
 man, a keen collector and ardent culti- 
 vator of orchids, and author of a splendid 
 work on the Orchids of Mexico and Gua- 
 tiraala. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceie]. 
 Linn., 2Q-Gynandria I-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchid; divisions and offsets; peat, 
 broken crocks, and sphagnum ; plant raised con- 
 siderably above the surface of pot, or suspended 
 in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 70 to 85; 
 winter, 60 to 65. 
 
 D. Co'llcyi (Colley's). . Purple, green. Au- 
 gust. Demerara. 183-1. 
 
 BA'TSCHIA. (Named after J. G. Batch, 
 & German botanist. Nat. ord., Borage- 
 worts [Boragynacece] . Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. This really should 
 be united to Lithospermum.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials ; seeds, or divi- 
 sions ; common soil. 
 
 B. canefscens (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N. 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). . Yellow. June. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1812. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 Missouri. 1812. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). , Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 BAD'ERA. (Named after Francis and 
 Ferdinand Bauer, German botanical 
 draughtsmen. Nat. ord., Hydranyeads 
 [Hydrangeacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 2-Diyynia.} 
 
 Bau'era is a botanical anomaly which has puz- 
 zled the learned as to its proper order. Dr. 
 Lindley has placed it with Hydrangea. Green- 
 house evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a glass; sandy loam and peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 50 to 65 ; winter, 38 to 45. 
 
 B. hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Red. September. N. 
 S. Wales. 1804. 
 
 rubitzfo'tia (madder-leaved). l. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. N.S.Wales. 1793. 
 
 BAUHI'NIA. Mountain Ebony. (Named 
 after the brothers John and Caspar Bau- 
 hin t botanists in the sixteenth century. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., ~LQ-Decandria I-Monogynia.} 
 
 One of the tribes of Caesalpinia. All stove 
 evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Half- ripe cuttings in summer, in sand, 
 placed under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ; 
 light, sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 B.aculea'ta (prickly-fifaJJted!). 6. White. W. 
 Ind. 1737. 
 
 B. acumintfta (taper-pointed-tenwif). 8. White. 
 July. E. lud. 1SOS. 
 
 arma'ta (armed). 6. White. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 auri'tu (long-eared). 6. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1756. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Red. China. 1800. 
 
 corymbo'su (corymbed). 6. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. Climber. 
 
 Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White. July. 
 
 Cumana. 1826. Climber. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 10. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. Climber. 
 
 forfica'ta (pmca-leaved). 6. White. Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 glafdra (smooth). 15. White. Carthage. 1810. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 glance 'scens (milky-green). 6. White. Cu- 
 
 mana. 1817. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. Peru. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Fndica (Indian). 6. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. Yellow, red. Acapulco. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Larnarclda'na (Lamarck's). 6. White. S. 
 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Icptope'tala ( slender -petaled). 5. Yellow, 
 
 green. New Spain. 1818. 
 
 luna'ria (half-fnoon-leaved'). 6. White. Aca- 
 
 pulco. 1820. 
 
 Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 4. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1826. 
 
 Malabalrica (Malabar). 15. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. Climber. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. White. S. 
 
 Amer. 18)7. 
 
 muitine'rvia (many-nerved). 5. White. Ccw- 
 
 raccas. 1808. 
 
 PaMte'tta(Pauletia). 4. White. Panama. 1737. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 4. White. Jamaica. 17/8. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. E. Ind. 
 
 1778. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 20. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1790. Stove climber. 
 
 retu'sa (abruptly-blunt). 7. White. E.Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sca'ndens (small-leaved-cYurMn^). 30. White, 
 
 yellow. E. Ind. 1/QO. Climbe*. 
 
 sj)ecio'sa (showy). 10. White. 1820. Stove 
 
 climber. 
 
 subrotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 0. White. 
 
 Acapulco. 18*0. 
 
 tomento'sa (thickly-haired). 6. Yellow, white. 
 
 E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 tria'ndra (three-stamened). 15. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. Stove climber. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 6. Stripad. June. 
 
 E. Ind. I7yo. 
 
 BAWD-MONEY. Me'itm. 
 
 BAY-TREE. Lnu'rus no'bil&. 
 
 BEAD-TREE. Me'lla. 
 
 BEAM-TREE. Py'rus a'ria. 
 
 BEAN. (Fa'ba vulga'ris.) There 'are 
 many varieties of this vegetable ; but we 
 shall only name those which are clearly 
 distinct and valuable. 
 
 Mazagon. This has whitish seeds, 
 rather larger than a horse-bean, two to 
 four feet high. Sown in spring, about* 
 ten weeks occur before beans are fit for 
 
BEA 
 
 [107] 
 
 BEA 
 
 table. Many sub-varieties in seedsmen's 
 catalogues. 
 
 Long-Pod. Sandwich, or Lisbon, has 
 various names attached to these. Seeds 
 whitish, about an inch long, and half 
 that in width, flat. Very productive ; good 
 for main summer-crops. Sown in spring, 
 about twelve weeks elapse before the 
 beans are fit for table. Three to five feet. 
 
 Johnsons Wonderful. This is a long- 
 pod, but even more productive ; and we 
 consider it the best of all the varieties. 
 Pods very namerous ; many with six or 
 even eight beans in them, and bearing a 
 succession of pods; seeds rather more 
 broad in proportion to length. 
 
 Dutch Long-Pod has seeds still broader 
 in proportion to length. 
 
 Green Long-Pod. Nonpareil, or Genoa, 
 differs chiefly from other long-pods by 
 its seeds being green. 
 
 Taker has white, broad, oval seeds. 
 Height, five feet. Sown in spring, its 
 beans are ready in twelve weeks; rather 
 coarse-flavoured. 
 
 Windsor. Seeds whitish, flat, circular, 
 an inch in diameter; only two or three 
 in a pod. Produces a succession of pods ; 
 four feet. Many other names prefixed. 
 
 Green Windsor differs chiefly from the 
 preceding in the colour of its seed. 
 
 The Eed-Seeded, White-Blossomed, Red- 
 Blossomed, and some others, have no me- 
 rits equal to the preceding. The Fan, 
 not being more than one foot high, is 
 useful, in small gardens, to grow among 
 other crops ; but it is not productive, 
 and its beans come all at once. 
 
 Soil and situation. The soil should 
 vary with the season. For the winter- 
 standing and early crops, a moderately 
 rich and dry soil is best adapted to them, 
 since, if too moist, the seed is apt to de- 
 cay ; whilst a cool-bottomed, more tena- 
 cious soil is best for the spring and sum- 
 mer sowings. The situation cannot be 
 too unshaded ; but a protection from 
 violent winds is very beneficial. 
 
 Times and modes of sowing. For the 
 first production, in the following year, a 
 large sowing of Long-pods may be made 
 during the middle of November; and 
 plantations may be continued to be made, 
 from the beginning of January to the end 
 of June, once evory three weeks. Not 
 later than the 1st of July a last sowing 
 may be made. The early Mazagon is 
 best for the earliest and latest plantings, 
 to produce the same year. 
 
 Sowing for transplantation. If the sea- 
 son has been lost for sowing at proper 
 time, in the natural soil, for the early 
 ci-ops, or ground could not be spared or 
 made ready, then sow for transplanting, 
 either in small pots, turf-sods, or gentle 
 hotbed, and of such extent as can be 
 covered with a frame. If frames and 
 hand-glasses are deficient, matting or 
 litter, kept from injuring the plants by 
 means of hooping, &c., is sometimes em- 
 ployed. Care must be taken that the 
 beans are not weakened by a deficiency 
 of air and light ; to guard against it the 
 lights should be taken entirely off every- 
 day that excessive wet or cold does not 
 forbid their removal. The usual time for 
 removing them into the open ground, '"a 
 a south border, is February, in mild and 
 open weather. 
 
 Sowing to remain. Y/hen sown to 
 remain, the seed may be inserted in 
 double rows, in drills, drawn by the hoe, 
 from two and a half to three feet apart,, 
 from double row to double row, the dou- 
 ble rows four inches apart, and two deep. 
 Previous to sowing, in summer, if diy 
 weather, the seed should be soaked for 
 two or three hours in water; or, if sown 
 in drills, these should be well watered 
 immediately before the insertion. 
 
 When advanced to a height of two 
 inches, hoeing between the stems of the 
 plants may commence. This should be 
 often repeated. As soon as the various- 
 crops come into full blossom, two or three 
 inches length of each, stem is broken ofL 
 This, by preventing its increase in height,, 
 causes more sap to be afforded to the- 
 blossom, consequently causing it to ad- 
 vance with more rapidity, and to set 
 more abundantly. 
 
 For seed. No two varieties should be 
 grown near to each other ; and, in order 
 to preserve the early ones as uncontami- 
 nated as possible, those plants only which 
 blossom and produce their pods the first 
 should be preserved. None oi the pods 
 ought to be gathered for the table from 
 them; the after - production of seed is 
 never so fine, and the plants raised from 
 it are always deficient in vigour. They 
 are fit for harvesting when the leaves 
 have become blackish, which occurs at 
 the end of August, or early in September. 
 The pods may be gathered from the 
 stems when ripe enough, and spread out 
 thin, upon a dry, airy, boarded floor, to 
 dry. Those only should be preserved 
 
BE A 
 
 L 108 ] 
 
 BED 
 
 that are fine and perfect. They are bes 
 stored in the pods until required. Seed 
 beans will sometimes vegetate after bein<: 
 l\ept for eight or ten years, but are seldom 
 good for anything when more than t\v< 
 years old. 
 
 Insects. See APHIS FAB.E. 
 
 BEATO'NIA. (Named by Dr. Herber 
 after D. Beaton, a Scotch gardener; one 
 of the contributors to the Cottage Gar 
 dener and to this Dictionary. Nat. ord. 
 Irids [Iridacena]. Linn., \Q-Monaddpku 
 1-Triandria. Allied to Tigridia.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial bulbs. Offsets and seeds 
 the latter to be sown in a slight hotbed, in March 
 light, rich soil. To be taken up before frost 
 or covered up where they have grown, so as to 
 preserve them both from frost and wet. 
 U. atra'ta (dark-flowered). 2. Dark purple. Au- 
 gust. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 curva'tu (waved-stalked). Purple. April. DC 
 
 Monte. 1843. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-cowered). Purple. April 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 BEAUFO'ETIA. (Named after Mary 
 Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. ord., Myrtle - 
 llooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., IS-Poiyadel- 
 phia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttincrs of half- 
 ripened shoots, under a glass, in sand, without 
 heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50 to 65 ; 
 winter, 38 to 48. 
 
 B. carina'fa (keel-leaved). 3. Scarlet. N. Hol- 
 land. 1823. 
 
 Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Pink. May. Har- 
 
 tog's Island. 
 
 decussa'ta (decussated). 3. Scarlet. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1803. 
 
 macroste'mon (long-stamened). Purple. July. 
 
 Australia. 1843. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. July. 
 
 Australia. 1841. 
 
 spa'rso (scattered-teamed). 3. Red. N.Hol- 
 
 land. 1803. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 3. N.Holland. 1830. 
 
 BEATJMO'NTIA. (Named after Mrs.fi ea u- 
 mont, of Bretton Hall. Nat. ord., Dog- 
 banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 One of our first stove twiners, with large, white 
 trumpet-shaped flowers, produced in clusters at 
 the end of the shoots. They succeed best planted 
 out in the borders of a house, intermediate be- 
 tween a stove and a greenhouse. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood ; rich, lumpy loam and peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 . grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White. 
 June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 BE'CIUM. (United to Ocymum.) 
 BED is a comprehensive word, applica- 
 ble to the detached space on which any 
 cultivated plants are grown. It is mos*> 
 correctly confined to small divisions, 
 
 purposely restricted in breadth for tbe 
 convenience of hand-weeding, or other 
 reqiu'site culture, and, in the flower-gar- 
 den, for the promotion of beauty. This 
 involves the question of form, one of the 
 most difficult that is submitted to the 
 gardener, because few tastes agree as to 
 their estimate of the beautiful. Under 
 the head FLOWER-GAKDEN we shall give 
 a few general, and only general, obser- 
 vations upon this subject ; and here will 
 merely observe that, in making flower- 
 beds, they should always be proportioned 
 to the size of the plants which are to be 
 their tenants ; and that though, for large 
 masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen 
 rectangular forms so planted as to look 
 solid and grand, yet that we believe no 
 arrangement of dwarf-flowers would ever 
 make a separate square or parallelogram 
 bed of them otherwise than decidedly 
 ugly. 
 
 LEDDING-IN is a mode of sowing seed. 
 In this method, the ground being dug, 
 and formed by alleys into beds, four or 
 five feet wide, each alley being a spade's 
 width or more between bed and bed, and 
 the earth being drawn off the top of the 
 bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or 
 an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is 
 then sown all over the surface of the 
 bed ; which being done, the earth in the 
 alleys is immediately cast over the bed, 
 again covering the seeds the same depth, 
 and the surface is raked smooth. 
 
 The method of bedding-in sowing by 
 sifting is sometimes practised for very 
 small seeds of a more delicate nature, 
 hat require a very light covering of 
 earth when sown. To bury them as 
 shallow as possible, they are covered by 
 sifting fine earth over them out of a wire- 
 sieve. 
 
 BEDDING-OUT is removing plants from 
 he pots in which they have been grow- 
 ng into the beds where they are intended 
 o remain during the summer and autumn. 
 The following is a list of flowers for 
 ledding-out, arranged according to their 
 olours, the first-named being the most 
 Iwarf : White. Yerbena pulchella, Lo- 
 )elia erinus alhus, Campanula pumila, 
 Campanula Carpatica alba, Senecio ele- 
 gans flore albo, White Ivy-leaved Gera- 
 ium, White-flowered, horse-shoe Gera- 
 lium, Phlox omniflora, Double White 
 Snapdragon, (Enothera taraxifolia, (E. 
 peciosa, Nierembergia calycina, Varie- 
 ated s.weet Alyssum, Calendula hybrida, 
 
BED 
 
 [ 100 ] 
 
 BEE 
 
 White Clarkia, Petunia nyctaginiflorn, ; of 
 Verbenas, the Bride and White Perfec- 
 tion, and White Salvia patens. Scarlet. 
 Of Verbenas, Boule de Feu, Inglefield 
 Scarlet, or fulgens, Melindre's latifolia, 
 Satellite, and Emperor of Scarlets; of 
 Geraniums, Shrubland Scarlet, Tom 
 Thumb, Improved Frogmore, Gem of 
 Scarlets, Royalist, and Compactum. Pur- 
 ple Of Verbenas, Walton's Emma, 
 
 Heloise, Venosa, and Sabina; Petunia 
 phoenicea, Lobelia unidentata, Lantaiia 
 Sellowii, and Phlox Drummondii. Pink. 
 Saponaria Calabrica, Silene Shaft, Si- 
 lene pendula, Silene compacta; of Ge- 
 raniums the Pink Ivy-leaf, Mangle's 
 variegated Pink, Pink Nosegay, Judy, 
 Lucia rosea, and Diadematum; Anagallis 
 ^arnea; of Verbenas, Miller's Favourite, 
 Beauty Supreme, Duchess of Northum- 
 berland, and Standard of Perfection. 
 Yellow. Tagetes tenuifolia, Sanvitalia 
 procumbens ; of Calceolarias, Integrifolia, 
 Engosa, Kayii, Viscosissima, Corymbosa, 
 and Amplexicaule ; Orange African Ma- 
 rigold, Double Yellow French Marigold, 
 and Coreopsis lanceolata. Blue. Lobe- 
 lia ramosa, Cineraria amelloides, Salvia 
 chamasdrioides, and Isotoma axillaris. 
 
 BEDEGUAK. See CYNIPS KOS.&. 
 
 BEDFO'EDIA. (Named in honour of 
 the Duke of Bedford. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8ynyenesia 
 l-^ quails. Allied to Cacalia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little 
 dried before inserting them, in rough, sandy 
 soil ; sand, peat, loam, and brick-rubbish, in 
 equal proportions. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; 
 winter, 40 to 45 ; and almost dry. 
 3. sallci'na (willow-like). Yellow. April. 1820. 
 
 BEE. (Apis.) All the species of this 
 insect are friendly to the gardener; for 
 they all aid in impregnating his flowers, 
 many of which, without their aid, wbuld 
 fall unproductive of either fruit or seed. 
 At the same time they are as often in- 
 jurious, by causing cross impregnations, 
 and actually injuring flowers in their 
 efforts to get at the honey. The honey- 
 bee (A. mellifica) is the most active in 
 this operation ; but the humble-bee 
 (JSombus apis), and others of the robust 
 species, visit flowers in rough weather, 
 when the honey-bee will not venture 
 from its hive. 
 
 BEECH. Fa'gus. 
 
 BEET. There are two sections of this 
 vegetable cultivated by gardeners. 
 
 1. For the leaves to boil like spinach, 
 and the stalks of the leaves like sea-kale. 
 
 Brazilian Beet (Be'ta Brazilian sis), with 
 very large green leaves. Thick-leaved 
 Beet (B. ci'cla), of which there are these 
 varieties : ] . Green-leaved, small-rooted, 
 2. White-veined, or silver. 3. Golden- 
 veined. 4. Eed-veined. The silver is 
 the flnest, and, when blanched as the 
 chard, nearly equals asparagus. The 
 leaves of all are boiled like spinach, and 
 the foot-stalks peeled and used as sea- 
 kale. 
 
 2. BedBeet(jB.t>MZ</aVis). Nine varie- 
 ties occur of this; but the yellow and 
 white-rooted, not meriting cultivation, 
 are here omitted. The others are: 
 1. Large-rooted. 2. Long-rooted. 3. 
 Dwarf-topped. 4. Turnip-rooted. 5. 
 Small. 6. Gastlenaudari. 7. Green- 
 topped. Of these, No. 4 is best for an 
 early crop, and No. 6 for the main crop, 
 if obtained genuiue. There are many 
 sub-varieties, but scarcely distinguish- 
 able from each other. For table use, 
 the object is to obtain moderate-sized and 
 dark crimson roots. 
 
 Use. The Eed Beet, after being 
 cooked, is used sliced in salads, or alone 
 with an acid dressing. It is much better 
 baked than boiled. 
 
 Soil and Situation. Beet requires a 
 rich, deep, open soil. Its richness should 
 rather rise from previous application, than 
 the addition of manure at the time of 
 sowing ; and, to effect this, th compart- 
 ment intended for the growth of these 
 vegetables is advantageously prepared as 
 directed for Celery. On the soil depend 
 the sweetness and tenderness for which, 
 which they are estimated; and it may be 
 remarked, that on poor, light soils, or 
 heavy ones, the best sorts will taste 
 earthy. The situation should be open ; 
 but it is of advantage to have the bed 
 shaded from the meridian sun in summer. 
 We have always found it beneficial to dig 
 the ground two spades deep for these 
 deep-rooting vegetables, and to turn in 
 the whole of the manure intended to be 
 applied with the bottom-spit, so as to 
 bury it ten or twelve inches within the 
 ground. Salt is a beneficial application 
 to this crop ; one reason for which un- 
 doubtedly is, the Beet being a native of 
 the sea-shore. 
 
 Time and mode of sowing. Sow from 
 the close of February until the begin- 
 ning of April, it being borne in mind 
 that the seed must not be inserted until 
 the severe frosts are over, which inevit- 
 
BEE 
 
 [110] 
 
 BEG 
 
 ably destroy the seedlings when young. 
 The best time for inserting the main 
 crop of red Beet-root for winter supply 
 is early in April. The Brazilian and 
 Thick-leaved Beets may be sown at the 
 same time for supply in summer ; and, 
 at the beginning of July or August, a sue- 
 cessional crop of these mny be sown for 
 supply in the winter and following spring. 
 
 The seed is best sown in drills, a foot 
 asunder, and an inch deep ; or by dibble, 
 at the same distance each way, and at a 
 similar depth, two or three seeds being 
 put in each hole. The Brazil Beet re- 
 quires eighteen inches space. 
 
 During the early stages of growth, the 
 beds, which, for the convenience of cul- 
 tivation, should not be more than four 
 feet wide, must be looked over occa- 
 sionally, and the largest of the weeds 
 cleared by hand. In the course of May, 
 according to the advanced state of 
 growth, the plants must be cleared 
 thoroughly of v/eeds, both b}* hand and 
 small hoeing; the lied Beet thinned to 
 ten or twelve inches apart, and the White 
 to eight or ten. The plants of this last 
 variety which are removed may be trans- 
 planted into rows at a similar distance. 
 Moist weather is to be preferred for per- 
 forming this, otherwise the plants must 
 be watered occasionally until they have 
 taken root. They must be frequently 
 hoed, and kept clear of weeds through- 
 out, the summer. 
 
 It is a great improvement to earth up 
 the stalks of the White Beet, in the same 
 manner as Celery, when they are intended 
 to be peeled, and eaten as asparagus. No 
 vegetable is more benefited by the appli- 
 cation of liquid-manure than the White 
 and Brazil Beets. 
 
 Taking tip the Red Sect. In October 
 the Beet-root may be taken up for use as 
 wanted, but not entirely, for preserva- 
 tion during the winter, until November, 
 or the beginning of December, if the wea- 
 ther continues open ; then to be buried 
 in sand, in alternate layers, under shelter. 
 Before storing, the leaves and fibrous 
 roots must be trimmed off, but the main 
 root not wounded, and a dry day selected 
 for performing it. Beet-root may be kept 
 exceedingly well if stacked up neatly, 
 sloping to a point, against a north wall, 
 or other cool place, upon a dry bottom, 
 and buried with sifted coal-ashes. The 
 thickness of this covering must depend 
 apon the weather. 
 
 Gathering from the Green and White 
 Beet. In gathering from these, the 
 largest outside leaves should be first 
 taken, and the inner left to increase in 
 size, when the same selection must be 
 continued ; but, at the same time, it must 
 be remembered that they are to be used 
 whilst perfectly green and vigorous, other- 
 wise they are tough and worthless. 
 
 To obtain seed. Some roots must be 
 left where grown, giving them the pro- 
 tection of some litter in veiy severe wea- 
 ther, if unaccompanied with snow; or, if 
 this is neglected, some of the finest rootg 
 that have been stored in sand, and have 
 not had the leaves cut away close, may 
 be planted in February or March. Each 
 species and variety must be kept as far 
 away from others as possible, and the 
 plants set at least two feet from each 
 other. They flower in August, and ripen 
 their seed "at the close of September. 
 Seed of the previous year is always to be 
 preferred for sowing; but it will succeed, 
 if carefully preserved, when two years old. 
 
 BEFA'EIA. Sec BEJA'RIA. 
 
 BEGO'NIA. (After M. Scgon, a French 
 patron of botany. Nat. ord., Bignoniads 
 [Bignoniaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Po- 
 lyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise 
 specified. Many freely by seeds, sown as soon as 
 ripe, or in the following: spring; cuttings in 
 spring or summer, after drying their base, in- 
 serted in sandy soil, in a little heat. The tuber- 
 ous kinds are easily propagated in abundance hy 
 division, when beginning to grow, and they will 
 stand more cold in winter by 5 or 10 than the 
 others; peat and sandy loam, and thoroughly- 
 decaye'l dung. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; win- 
 ter, 48 to 55. 
 
 J3. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. Whitish. BraEiU 
 1829. 
 
 a'cid'i (acid). 1. White. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 acumina'ta (long-pomted-feattecQ. 1. White. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1798. 
 
 acutifo'lia (abrupt-pointed-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 a'lbo-mcci'neii (white and scurlet-flozvered). 1. 
 
 White and scarlet. E. Ind. 1844. Stove 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 a'pteru (wingless). 3. White. July. Stove 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 argyrosti'gma (silver -spotted). 3. White. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1S1Q. 
 
 aurnnfi'aca (orange-coloured). Orange. India, 
 
 auricutaft/rme (ear-shaped). White. Guati- 
 
 mala. 1850. 
 
 Barkn'ri (Barker's). 4. White. January. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. Greenhouse herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 biscrra'ta (saw-tooth-Zeayed). 2. Pale pink. 
 
 June. Guatimala. 1817. 
 
 bulbili'fcra (bulb-bearing). 1. Whitish-pink. 
 
 July. Peru. 1827. Greenhouse herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
BEG 
 
 111 ] 
 
 BEJ 
 
 n. castarta?/0'#a(chesnut-leaved). 5. Pink. Fe- 
 bruary. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 einaabari'na (vermilion -coloured). Orange, 
 
 scarlet. Bolivia. 1848. Stove herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 eocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 3. Scarlet. April. 
 
 Brazil. Ih-i'J. 
 
 erussicau'lis (thick-stalked). 3. Whitish-pfcik. 
 
 February. Guatimala. 1842. 
 
 euculti'ta ^hooded). 3. White. Brazil. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-leaned ). 3. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 dlpe'tala (two-petaled). 3. Pink. July. Bom- 
 
 bay. 1S2/. 
 
 dfptera \ two-winged) . I. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. White. May. 
 
 China. 1&04. 
 
 dinersifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1820.. Stove herbaceous peren- 
 nial. 
 
 Dre'gei (Dregc's). 2. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1838. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). 1. White. July. Brazil. 
 
 1818. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 fa^ifo'lia (beech-leaved). 3. White. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 FischtSri (Fischer's). 2. June. S.Amer. 1835. 
 
 fuchsioi'des (fuschia-like). 5. Scarlet. De- 
 
 cember. North Grenada. 1844. 
 
 geraniifo'lia (geranium-leaved). 2. Whitish- 
 
 red. September. Lima. 1833. Stove 
 tuberons-rooted. 
 
 herac'eifo'lia (henicleum-leaved). 2. 1831. 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 radii' tn (rayed). 2. Pale pink. Mexico. 
 
 Hernandieefo'lia (Hernandia- leaved). Rose. 
 
 June. Java. 
 
 hirsu'ta (shaggy-/eOTed). 1. White. June. 
 
 W. IndT 1789. Stove biennial. 
 
 hirte'lla (small-haired). 1. White. September. 
 
 1824. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Hoolce'ri (Sir W. Hooker's). 2. Pink. Mexico. 
 
 1827- 
 
 homo'nymn (ambiguous). 3. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 hu'tnitia (humble). |. White. September. W. 
 
 Ind. 1788. Stove biennial. 
 
 fl#rf/oeofy/i/oY/(hydrocotyle-!caYpd). $. Pink. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1843. Stove herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 A/irfda (hybrid). l. Pink. March. 
 
 fateofaa (hoary). White. April. Mexico. 1S38. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 incarna'ia (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Brazil. 
 
 1829. 
 
 insi'gnis (striking). Pink. December. S.Amer. 
 
 1S26. 
 
 lauri'na (laurel-^cr-erf). 3. Pink. July. Stove 
 
 nerbaceous perennial. 
 
 Lindlnya'na ( Dr. Lindley's). 3. White. June. 
 
 Guatemala. 
 
 lo'ngipcs (longr-flower-rtalked). 3. White. 
 
 March. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 1. White. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 luxu'rians (luxuriant). Bluish-white. S. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 HMerophy'lla (larpe-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 .Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 manica'ta (collared). 3. Pale pink. April. 
 
 Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Kartia'na (Martin's). 3. Pink. July. Brazil. 
 
 29- Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 ,. 3. White. February. Bra- 
 zil. 1838. ' 
 
 B. murica'ta (muricated). 3. White. September. 
 Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 multibuVnllo'sa (many-bulbed). 2. White. 
 
 Brazil. 1830. Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 Natale'nsis (Natal). White aad rose. No- 
 
 vember. Natal. 
 
 ni'li'tfa (shining*/earwd). 1J. Pink. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1/77. 
 
 ociopc'tala (eight-petaled). 2. Greenish-white. 
 
 October. Peru. 1835. Stove tuberous- 
 rooted. 
 
 odora'fa (fragrant). Ij. White. September. 
 
 1824. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-shaped). 1. White. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 papillo'sa. (pimpled). 3. Pink. July. Brazil. 
 
 1826. 
 
 parvifo'litt (small-leaved). 3. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1836. 
 
 pa' tula (spreading). 1. White. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 peltifii'lla (shield-leaved). 3. White. 1816. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 pentapln/'lla (five-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 pi'cta (painted), f. Pink. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1818. Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 platanifo'lia (plane-tree-leaved). 10. Pink 
 
 September. Brazil. 182Q. 
 
 pulcheflla (neat). 4. White. July. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 puncta'ta (spotted). Rose. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 ramenta'cea (scaly-stemmed] . 1. \Vhitish- 
 
 blush. June. Brazil. 1830. Stove her- 
 baceous perennial. 
 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). 1. White. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 rtifiric'iu'lis ('red-stemmed). l. Blush. 
 
 ru'tjro-VK'nia (red-veined), f . White, red. 
 
 Bootan. 1852. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 2. Pink. April. Brazil. Stove 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 sangui'nca (biood-red-Jeaued). 3. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1829- 
 
 Sello'wii (Sellow's). White. September. Stove 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). Pink. Brazil. 
 
 1829. 
 
 sinua'ta (vandyked). 2. White. June. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 spatula' ta (spatulate). 1<|. White. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1819. Stove herbaceous peren- 
 nial. 
 
 stigmo'sa (spotted-tertTJetZ). lj. White. Stove 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 suave' ol ens (sweet-scented). 1. White. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Thwaite'sii (Thwaites*). 6. White and pink. 
 
 Ceylon. 1852. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). . TVhite. August. Am- 
 
 boyna. 1810. Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July. Brazil. 
 
 1825. 
 
 urnphij'lla (tail-leaved). White. March. 
 
 vitifo'tia (vine-leaved). 3. White. April. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 xa'nthia (yellow-flowered, or elephant-ear). 
 
 Tellow. July. Bootan. 1850. 
 
 zebri'nn (zebr**Mped). 3. Pink. BrazH. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 BEJA'EIA. (Named after M. Bcjar, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Heatkworts 
 [Ericacese]. IAnn.,ll-Dodecandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia.*) 
 
BEL 
 
 2 | 
 
 BEN 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where { 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of young wood, 
 firm at the base ; loam and peat. 
 B. es'stuans (glowing). 12. Rose. Peru. 1846. 
 
 cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Peru. 1S47 
 
 coarcta'ta (close-headed). 5. Purple. Peru. 
 
 1847. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Purple. June. New 
 
 Granada. 1826, Stove evergreen. 
 
 ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 5. May. 1847- 
 
 racemo'sa (raceme- flowered). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 Florida. 1810. 
 
 BELLADONNA LILY. Amary'llls bella- 
 io'mm. 
 
 BELLEISLE CBESS. Barla'rea prae'cox. 
 See AMERICAN CRESS. 
 
 BELLEVA'LIA. (Named after P. R. 
 Believed, a French botanist. Nat. ore!,, 
 Lilyworts [Liliacese]. 'Lirm.^Q-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Squills.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil. 
 B. opercula'ta (lid- covered). 1. White. May. 
 Italy. 1596. 
 
 Syri'aca( Syrian). Orange, blue. May. Syria. 
 
 1844. 
 
 BELL-FLOWER. Campanula. 
 
 BELL-GLASS is so called from its usual 
 form being that of a bell. It is formed 
 of one entire piece, and of common 
 "bottle-glass, when intended for sheltering 
 cauliflowers, &c., in the open borders ; 
 but of white, or very pale-green glass, 
 for preserving moisture to cuttings. 
 Formerly they were made with a top 
 almost flat, whence, to prevent drip upon 
 the cuttings, &c., it became necessary to 
 wipe them frequently. They are now 
 much improved by being cone-topped, 
 because the moisture condensed conse- 
 quently trickles down into the soil. 
 
 BELLIDIA'STRUM. (From bellis, a daisy, 
 and astrum, a star; being star-like. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19- 
 Synyenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Aster.) 
 
 A hardy herbaceous perennial ; divinions ; sandy 
 oam. 
 
 'B.MicJie'lii (Micheli's). 1. White. June. 
 Austria. 1570. 
 
 BE'LLIS. The Daisy. (From lellus, 
 retty; referring to the flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 All the cultivated kinds are hardy herbaceous 
 perennials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the 
 roots ; common soil. 
 
 S. Jiy'brida (hybrid). $. White. April. Italy. 
 1824. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). . White, pink. 
 
 July. Texas. 1801. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). . White. June. 
 
 Britain. This is the common Daisy. 
 
 fistulo'sa (piped, double-quilled), i. Red. 
 
 June. 
 
 B. pere'nnis horte-'nsis (garden, large-double). 
 
 Red. June. 
 proli'feru (proliferous). ^. Striped. June. 
 
 Commonly called The Hen and Chickens. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood), g. White. June. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1797- 
 
 It is curious that the daisy is not more cuiti- 
 vAted and crossed by florists and amateurs. It 
 is quite as capable of improvement as the chry- 
 santhemum. The continental florists have not 
 treated it with similar neglect; and M. Van 
 Houtte, of Ghent, has more than twerity disUnct 
 varieties in his catalogue white, pink, and varie- 
 gated ; quilled, red-disked, and double. 
 
 BE'LLIUM. (From lell-is, a daisy; the 
 flowers being like the daisy. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceaj], Linn., 19-Syn- 
 yenesia 2-Superflun.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions; sandy soil, and a little 
 peat. 
 
 B. bellidioi'des (daisy-like). $. White. July. 
 Italy. 1796. Hardy annual. 
 
 crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved). . Whitish- 
 
 yellow. June. Sardinia. 1831. Half- 
 hardy perennial. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate), . White. Au- 
 
 gust. Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 minu'tum (minute). 1. White. August. 
 
 Levant. 17/2. Hardy herbaceous peren 
 nial. 
 
 BELLOWS are employed for fumigating 
 differing only from the common bellows 
 by having a receptacle for ignited to 
 bacco in the pipe of its nozzle, through 
 which the air, being gently forced in the 
 usual way, propels the smoke in any 
 desired direction, where the insects to be 
 destroyed appear. Brown's Fumiyator 
 is superior to any bellows for such pur- 
 poses. 
 
 BELOPE'RONE. (From belos, an arrow, 
 and perone, a band, or strap; in reference 
 to the arrow-shaped connectivum. Nat 
 ord., Acanthads [Acanthaaese]. Linn., 
 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Jus- 
 ticia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings ; light loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 70; -winter, 45 to 55. 
 B. oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved'). 3. Rosy-purple. 
 September. Brazil. J832. 
 
 BENDING-DOWN. This term is chiefly 
 applied to the bending of the annual or 
 other shoots of fruit-trees, for the pur- 
 pose of making them fruitful, or to make 
 them assume some desired form. Balis 
 of clay have been fastened to the ex- 
 tremities of the shoots, to weigh them 
 down into the position required; but the 
 most desirable mode is by fastening them 
 by a string to pegs driven into the ground. 
 
 BENGAL QUINCE. JE'gle ma'rmelos. 
 
 BENJAMIN-TREE. Fi'cus Benjamvna 
 and Lau'rus Be'nzoin, 
 
 BENTHA'MIA. (Named after Jfr.JBru- 
 
BEE 
 
 [113] 
 
 BEE 
 
 tham, a distinguished English botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linii., 
 4-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers; seeds where 
 procurable; loam; does in a sheltered place. 
 B.frugi'fera (strawberry-fruited). 10. Yellow- 
 ish-red. August. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1847. 
 
 It is doubtful whether B. frugi'fera will en- 
 dure our winters unprotected, except in our 
 southern counties. It ripens its fruit against a 
 wall in Devonshire. It is like a raspberry, and 
 ornamental, but not eatable. 
 
 BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard, 
 a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord., Bru- 
 niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., o-Pentandria 
 l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings; divisions; common soil, j 
 B. palea'cea, (chaffy). 2. White. July. 1791- ! 
 
 phylicoi' des (phylica-like). 2. White. July. 
 
 1805. 
 
 BEKBE'KIS. The Barberry. (From 
 lerberys, its Arabian name. Nat. ord., 
 Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 We have reunited with this genus all the 
 species separated from it, and called Mahonias, 
 Seeds, sown in spring ; cuttings root freely if | 
 planted early in autumn ; and suckers are abun- 
 dantly produced. Grafting is resorted to with 
 rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All are hardy, 
 except where otherwise specified. See BAB- 
 
 BES.BY. 
 
 EVEKGREENS. 
 
 B. actinaca'ntha (ray-spined). 3. fellow. June. 
 Straits of Magellan. 
 
 angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern India. 
 
 1844. 
 
 aqitifo'lia (prickly-leaved). 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 arista'ta (awned). 6. Yellow. April. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Asia'tica( Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823 
 
 hua). Golden- 
 Grenada. 1847. 
 
 Aurahuace'nsis (Aurahua). Golden-yellow. 
 
 Bea'le.iplanlfo'lia (Mr. Scale's Chinese, flat- 
 
 leaved). Yellow. China. 
 
 buxifo'Ua (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Straits 
 
 of Magellan. 1827- Half-hardy. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). 2. Yellow. Sikkiui Hima- 
 
 laya. 
 
 Darwi'nii (Darwin's). 2. Orange. May. 
 
 South Chili. 184Q. 
 
 dealba'ta (whitened-Zeaed). 5. Yellow. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1833. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet-/riYed). 8. Yellow. March. 
 
 Straits of Magellan. 1830. 
 
 emarginu'ta (notch-petuled) . 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1790. 
 
 empetrifo'lia (empetrum -leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. Straits of Magellan. 1827. Half- 
 hardy. 
 
 fascicula'ris (bundle-^otferetf). 8. Yellow. 
 April. California. 1820. 
 
 Fortu'ni (Fortune's). Yellow. July. China. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 
 May. Straits of Magellan. 1805. 
 
 B. nypoleu'ca (white-beneath-teawed). 5, PaTe. 
 yellow. May. Northern India. 1840. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Terra del Fuego. 1791. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 2. Yellow. Straits of 
 
 Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Japan. 
 
 184/. 
 
 mi'tis (gentle-Morntei). Yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1834. 
 
 nervo'sa (large-nerved). Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1804. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. S. Amer. 
 
 1844. Greenhouse. 
 
 Pangharanghc'nuis (Vznghai&ng). 1848. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 
 parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 1846. Greenhouse. 
 
 re' pens (creeping-roofed). 2. Yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 ruscifo'lia (rAws-leaved). 5. Yellow. May. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1823. Greenhouse. 
 
 tenuifrflia (thin -leaved). Vera Cruz. 1836. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three -leaved). Yellow. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. Greenhouse. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. Peru. 1836, 
 
 Wallichia'nu (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy. 
 
 DECIDUOUS. 
 
 B. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May. 
 Canada. 1759. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1828. 
 
 Cona'ri(Conaria).Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1841. 
 
 coria'ria (tanner's). 10. Yellow. May. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1835. 
 
 cratce'gina (crataegus-like). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1820. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. April. Candia. 
 
 1759. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). Yellow. 
 
 May. Candia. 1750.. 
 
 Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. Yellow. May. Dauria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 10. Yellow. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 Ibefrica (Iberian). 5. Yellow. May. Iberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Provincia'lis (Provence). 8. Yellow. June. 
 
 France. 1821. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1790. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. China. 
 
 1815. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbellate-./?ouwed). ft. Yellow. 
 
 Nepaul. 1842. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 10. Yellow. April. 
 
 England. 
 
 a'lba (white-/rt7f). 8. Yellow. April. 
 
 aspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 Europe. 
 du'lcis (weet-red-f rutted). Yellow. May. 
 
 Austria. Evergreen. 
 fo'liis purpu'reis (purple - leaved). 10. 
 
 Yellow. May. 1841. 
 glau'ca (milky-green-/eoed). 10. Yellow, 
 
 May. 
 Jongifo'lia' (long-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 lu'tea (yellow-/rued). 10, Yellow. May. 
 
 Europe. 
 mi'tis (gentle-MomteM), 10. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 ni'gra (black./rwtfed). 10. Yellow. Hay. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 I 
 
BER 
 
 [ 
 
 JB. VtUfra'ris purpu'rea (purple-fruited}. 10. Yel 
 low. May. Europe. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-fruited). 10. Yellow 
 
 May. Europe. 
 
 BEBCHE'MIA. (Named after M. Ber 
 chem, a French botanist. Nat. ord. 
 JRhamnads [Rhamnacese]. Linn., o- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds, cuttings, and divisions ; sandy loam anc 
 peat. All twiners. Greenhouse treatment for 
 the two species first named. B. volu'bilis is 
 hardy. 
 
 B.floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. Nepaul 
 1827. 
 
 linea'ta (lined). 8. Green. June. China. 1804 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 15. Green. June. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1714. 
 
 BEBGE'BA. (Named after M. Berger, 
 a botanist at Kiel. Nat. ord., Citron- 
 worts [Aurantiaceae], Linn., I0-Decan- 
 dria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Layers and cuttincrs ; 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70} win- 
 ter, 55 to 60. 
 
 B. intege'rrima (entire-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Koni'gii (Konig's). 3. White. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 BE'KGIA. (Named after P. J. Bergins, 
 M.D. Nat. ord., Water-Peppers [Elati- 
 nacese]. Linn,, lO-Decandria k-Penta- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil. 
 B.verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. White and red. 
 June. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 BEBKHE'YA. (Named after M. J. L. 
 de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 3-Frustmnea. Allied to Gorteria.) 
 
 All from the Cape of Good Hope, and green- 
 house evergreens, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Biennial species by seed, as a tender an- 
 nual ; herbaceous ones by seed, but chiefly divi- 
 sions, in spring ; evergreens by cuttings under a 
 glass, in sandy soil : sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 50. 
 
 B.ce'rnua (drooping-flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 June. 17/4. Stove biennial. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-teawed). 2. Yellow, June. 
 
 1812. 
 
 cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 1789. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1812. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. 1793. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-teooed). 2. . Yellow. 
 
 July. 1794. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1818. 
 
 spinosfssima (moat spiny). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1821. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 unifto'ra (one-flowered). 3. Yellow. July, 
 
 1815. 
 BERMUDA CEDAB. Juni'perus JBermu- 
 
 BERXERO'A. (Named after V, /, Btr- 
 
 L4 ] BES 
 
 tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. crd^ 
 Grucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 15-Te- 
 tradynamia. Allied to Arabis.) 
 
 Biennial and perennial from seed and cuttings ; 
 the shrubby and rather more tender species from 
 cuttings under a hand-glass, in summer ; loamy 
 soil. 
 
 B. inca'na (hoary). 2. White. July. Europe. 
 1640. Hardy biennial. 
 
 muta bills (changeable). 2. White, pink. 
 
 July. Levant. 1802. Hardy herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 obli'qua (unequal-sided-Jeawed). I. White. 
 
 July. Sicily. 1823. 
 
 BEBTHOLLE'TIA. Brazil Nut. (Named 
 after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished 
 chemist. Nat. ord., Lecyths [Lecythi- 
 daceoe]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the pro- 
 duce of this ornamental stove evergreen tree. 
 Cuttings, ripened wood, in sand, and in bottom- 
 heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 7^;. 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 B. exce'lsa (tall). 100. Para. 
 
 BEBZE'LIA. (Named after Berzelius, 
 the celebrated chemist. Nat. ord., Bru- 
 niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 \-J\Io nogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape 
 )f Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood 
 n sand, under a glass ; loam and peat. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 JB. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). l. White. 
 June. 1787. 
 
 lanigino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. 1774. 
 
 BESLE'EIA. (Named after Besler, an 
 apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat. ord.,. 
 Oesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Gresnera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen under-shrubs, except where 
 >therwise specified. Cuttings, slightly dried, and 
 placed in sweet bottom-heat, in rough, sandy 
 soil ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 vinter, 50 to 60. 
 
 B. cocci'nea (scarlet-Serried). 3. Yellow. Guiana. 
 1819. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 3. Yellow. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen climber. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured-iem'ed). 3. Yel- 
 
 low. Guiana. 1820. Stove herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1739- 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 3. Yellow. August. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1806. Stove evergreen climber. 
 
 tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 4. White, crimson. 
 
 December. Caraccas. 1853. 
 
 viola'cea (purple-iemed). 6. Yellow. Guiana, 
 
 1824. Stove evergreen climber, 
 
 BESOM, or BBOOM, received its second 
 name from being often made of the broom- 
 
BET 
 
 [ 115] 
 
 BET 
 
 plant; but the best, both for flexibility 
 and durability, are made of the ling, or 
 heath. Birch-brooms are the most com- 
 mon, and are those to which the name 
 besom applies; beso, in the Armorican 
 language, being the birch. But what- 
 ever the material, they will endure much 
 longer if soaked in water for some time 
 before using. If kept constantly in 
 water they would be still less brittle. 
 Where walks are liable to become mossy, 
 a broom made of wire is frequently em- 
 ployed for sweeping them. If the wire 
 be iron, it ought to be well dried and 
 dipped in oil before and after being used, 
 or it is soon destroyed by the rust. 
 
 BE'SSEBA. (Named after Dr. Besser, 
 professor of botany at Brody, Nat. ord., 
 Lllyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Elegant little Mexican 
 bulbs, allied to the Squills.) 
 
 Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool, but 
 secure from frost when not growing ; kept moist 
 when growing and flowering. They require a 
 cold pit or greenhouse. 
 
 J3. e'legans (elegant). 2. Scarlet. September. 
 Mexico. 
 
 fistulo'sa (hollow-stalked). 1. Purple. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1831. 
 
 Herbefrti (Dr. Herbert's). Purple and white. 
 
 September. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 BE'TA. Beet Koot. (From belt, the 
 Celtic word for red ; in reference to the 
 red colour of the beet. Nat. ord., Ghe- 
 nopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, except where otherwise de- 
 scribed. Seeds in March or April; deep soil. 
 See BEET. 
 
 B. Ci'cla (Sicilian wJdte-beef}. 6. Green. Au- 
 gust. Portugal. 1670. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 6. Green. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 1800. 
 
 macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 6. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 1. Green. August. Britain. 
 
 tri'gyna (three-styled). 3. White. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1796. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 vuJga'ris (common red-beet}. 4. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. Europe. 1548. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-rooted). 4. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. South of Europe. 
 
 rv'bra (red-rooted). 4. Green. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 rtridis (green). 4. Green. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 BE'TCKEA. (Named after M. Betcke, 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Valerlanworts 
 [Valerianacese], Linn., -Triandria 1- 
 Monoyynia.) 
 
 For all practical purposes, they may be taken 
 * a common Valerian. Hardy annuals. Seeds 
 in warm actuations, in middle of May j or, better, 
 
 in a slight hotbed, in the middle of March, and 
 transplanted into common garden-beds. 
 B. ma'jor (larger). l. Rose. August. Cali- 
 fornia. 1836. 
 
 samolifo'lia (samolus-leavcd). 1. Rose. July. 
 
 Chili. 1835. 
 
 BETLE NUT. PVper Be' tie. 
 
 BETO'NICA. Betony. (This genus, 
 named after the Celtic title, Eentonic, is 
 now united to Stachys.) 
 
 BE'TONY. Stu'chys and Teu'crium be- 
 to'nicum. 
 
 BE 'TULA. Birch. (From its Celtic 
 name, betu. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Betu- 
 lacese]. lLiim.,2l-Mon(ecia4=-Tetrandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except 
 where otherwise specified. Seeds sown as soon 
 as ripe, or kept dry, and sown in the April fol- 
 lowing, in fine soil, and scarcely more than 
 covered ; deep, dry soil suits them best. Shrubs 
 nnd particular species by suckers and grafting. 
 The flowers of all are inconspicuous, having no 
 petals. 
 
 B. a'lba (common white). 40. April. Britain. 
 Daleca'rlica (Dalecariian). 40. Mar. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 fo'liisvariega'tis (variegated-leaved). Mar. 
 
 macrocu'rpa (large-fruited). 40. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). April. Britain. 
 
 Po'ntica (Pontic). 70. May. Turkey. 
 
 urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 40. May. 
 
 vei-ruco'sa (warty). 40. April. Eritain. 
 
 Bhojpa'ttra (Bhojpattra). 50. May. Himala- 
 
 yas. 1840. 
 
 carpinifo'lia (horn-beam-leaved). 50. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1769. Hardy evergreen. 
 
 Dau'rica (Daurian). 30. July. Siberia. 1785. 
 parvifo'lia (small-leaved). July. Siberia. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 60. July. N. Amer. 1/67. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 glundulo'sa (glanded). May. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 gra'ndis (great). N. Amer. 1834. 
 
 lunulo'sa (woolly). 70. July. N. Amer. 1S17. 
 
 le'ntu (pliant). 50. July. N. Amer. 1/59. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 nu'nu (smoo^A-dwarf). 4. May, N. Amer. 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). May. 
 
 ni'gra (black). 60. July. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved'). 6. May. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 palle'scens (palish). 6. 
 
 papyra'cea (paper). 50. June. N. Amer. 1750. 
 
 fu'sca (blackish -brown). May. Carolina. 
 
 plutyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. June. 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 trichoclu'da (hairy-twigged). June. Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). 40. June. Britain. 
 
 Po'ntica (Pontic). 12. May. Turkey. Hardy 
 
 evergreen , 
 
 populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 30. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/50. Hardy evergreen. 
 lucinia'ta (cut-leaved'). 30. July. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). July. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 30. June. Germany. 1812. 
 
 pu'mila (Aafr^-dwarf).6. May. N. Amer. 1702. 
 
 ru'ltra (red). 60. July. Canada. 
 
 Scopu'lii (Scopoli's). b'. 
 
 tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamtschatka. 
 
BIB 
 
 [ 116] 
 
 BIG 
 
 BiBioMARCi. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. Cur- 
 tis says : " The larvse, or grubs, of this 
 insect generally live, in large groups of 
 a hundred or more, in strawberry-beds, 
 vine-borders, flower-pots, and similar un- 
 disturbed spots, feeding upon the roots, 
 and sometimes destroying the entire 
 plant. Bouche says they completely de- 
 molished his bed of Kanunculuses for se- 
 veral successive years, by eating up the 
 tubers. The larva is dark brown, some- 
 what cylindrical, the belly flattened, mo- 
 derately broad, and nearly linear ; the 
 head is comparatively small, deep brown, 
 and very shining. It changes to a chry- 
 salis, generally, towards the end of March. 
 This is of a pale ochreous colour, the 
 head being brightest. The female lays 
 her eggs in the earth, and in the dung of 
 horses and cows, in May. They do not 
 hatch until August." 
 
 BI'DENS. (From 6is, twice, and dens, a 
 tooth; in reference to the seed. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Synge- 
 nesia l-^Bqualis. Allied to Coreopsis. ) 
 
 Hardy ones may be grown in the common bor- 
 der. The others are scarcely worfti cultivating ; 
 but we have named the best. The annuals and 
 biennials from seed, and the perennials by divi- 
 sions and suckers. All hardy, except when other- 
 wise specified. 
 
 B. argu'ta (arguta). Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 1825. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Bsrteriu'na (Berter's). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 Porto Rico. 1787. Stove herbaceous 
 , perennial. 
 
 lipinna'ta (twice-leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1687. Annual. 
 
 corona'ta (crowned). Yellow. August. 182Q. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 grandiflo 1 (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1800. Annual. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse her- 
 baceous perennial. 
 
 Ituca'ntha (white-flowered). 1$. White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. Annual. 
 
 macrospe'rma (large-seeded). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. Annual. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. Annual. 
 -proc'ra(tall).6. Yellow. November. Mexico. 
 
 1822. Herbaceous perennial, 
 -renews (creep ing). 2. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 
 
 181Q. Deciduous creeper. 
 
 terrulafta (fine-toothed). July. 182p. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 BEDWI'LLIA. (Named after Mr. Bid- 
 well^ of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of 
 bulbs. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Anthericum.) 
 
 Hardy bulb. Divisions and offsets | light, rich 
 
 B. glauce'scens (milky- green). White. May. 
 Australia. 1843. 
 
 | BIEBERSTEI'HIA. (Named after M. Von 
 JBiebcrstein, who wrote a Kussian Flora. 
 Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn., 
 \Q-Decandria k-Pentagynia. Allied to the 
 common Rue.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings 
 under a hand-glass, in the beginning of summer; 
 seeds, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March 
 or April. Requires the protection of a cold pit 
 during winter, or a very dry, sheltered place. 
 B. odofra. (sweet). Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837. 
 
 BIENNIAL, from biennis, the Latin for 
 of two years' continuance, is a plant 
 which, being produced from seed in one 
 year, perfects its seed and dies during 
 the year following. Biennials may often 
 be made to endure longer if prevented 
 ripening their seeds ; and many exotics, 
 biennials in their native climes, are per- 
 ennials in our stoves. 
 
 Hardy Biennials. Some of these ripen 
 their seeds as early as August, in which 
 case they may be sown as soon as har- 
 vested. Others, ripening their seeds later, 
 must have these reserved from sowing 
 until May. The double varieties of wall- 
 flowers, stocks, &c., are propagated by 
 cuttings. 
 
 Frame Biennials. These require the 
 shelter of a frame during the early stages 
 of their growth ; to be removed thence, 
 in May, to the borders, where they bloom 
 in July and August. 
 
 BIFRENA'RIA. (From Us, twice, and 
 franum, a strap ; in reference to a double 
 strap, or band, by means of which the 
 pollen masses are connected with their 
 gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. 
 Linn., %Q-Gynandria \-Monandria. Al- 
 lied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. Peat, 
 sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots; raised 
 above the surface of pots, or in baskets. Summer 
 temp., 65 to 85; winter, 60 to 60, and rather 
 dry. 
 
 B. a'trO'purpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple. 
 Rio Janeiro. 1828. 
 
 auranti'aca (orange- coloured). . Orange- 
 
 spotted. September. Demerara. 
 
 au'reo-fu'lva (orange-tawny). Or&nge. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1843. 
 
 Hardwe'nii (Mr. Hardwen's). ij. Green, 
 
 chocolate, white. June. Brazil. 1851. 
 
 longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange, brown. 
 
 Demerara. 
 
 vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1843. 
 
 BIGNO'NIA. Trumpet Flower. (Named 
 after Ab beBignon, librarian to Louis XIV. 
 Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacece]. 
 Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiospcrmia.) 
 
 This order furnishes the most gorgeous climbers 
 
BIG 
 
 BIL 
 
 in the world ; natives of the tropical forests in 
 either hemisphere, a tenth part of which are said 
 not to be yet introduced to our gardeas. Stove 
 evergreen climbers, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Propagated easily by young, stiff side- 
 shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75; win- 
 ter, 45 to 55. These mostly produce their flow- 
 ers on short shoots, proceeding from well-ripened 
 buds of the previous'year's wood. Few do well as 
 pot-plants ; they like to ramble over the roof of a 
 cold stove. If the wood is well hardened in sum- 
 mer, many of them do well on the rafters of a 
 common greenhouse, and flower more freely tli^.i 
 they would do in a stove ; but you must have pa- 
 tience until they fairly mount the rafters. Jasmi- 
 noi'des may be taken as a type of these. The 
 only hardy species is Capreola'ta, which is an or- 
 namental wall-climber in a sheltered situation ; 
 propagated easily by cuttings of its roots, or 
 shoots, under a. hand-glass, in spring or autumn. 
 It has been recommended to try Cruci'gera, in 
 similar situations, grafted on Capreola'ta. The 
 Ra'dicans and its near neighbour, but prettier 
 Grandiflo'ra, the only other hardy species of the 
 order, have bee i transferred to TE'COMA, which 
 see; the difference in the genera consisting chiefly 
 in the partition of the fruit, being parallel in Big- 
 no'nia, and contrary in Te'coma. 
 
 B. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). E. Ind. 1832. 
 
 a'loa (white). 8. White. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 allia'cea (garlic-scented;. 10. Yellow. W. Ind. 
 
 1790. 
 
 amas'na (pleasing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Apure'nsis (Apures). 10. Yellow. Orinoco. 
 
 1824. 
 
 eequinuctia' Us (equinoctial). 40. Yellow. June. 
 
 Guiana. l/6r!. 
 
 (Bscullflo'ra (horse-chesnut-flowered). 20. Yel- 
 
 low. Mexico. 
 
 biju'ga (ivi'm-leaved), 6. Madagascar. 1822. 
 
 ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Cayenne. 1820. 
 
 Capreola'ta (tendrilled). 15. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 Caroli'naei Carolina). 10. Cream. Carolina. 
 
 Chumberlay'nii (Chamberlayne's). 40. Yel- 
 
 low. August. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819- 
 
 Chire're (Chirere). 10. Red, orange. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow. 
 
 Guiana. 1823. 
 
 chrysoleu'ca (yellowish- white). 10. Yellowish- 
 
 white. July. S. Ainer. 1824. 
 
 Cle'matis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped). 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 cruci'gera (cross-stemmed). 20. Yellow, scar- 
 
 let. S. Amer. 1759. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 diversifii'lia (various-leaved). 10. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 echina'ta (bristly -fruited). 20. Purple. 
 
 Guiana. 1804. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). 8. Purple. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 floribu'nda (many- flowered). 12. White. 
 Caraccas. 1816. 
 
 gra'tilis (slender). 50. Yellow. April. S. Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 grandifu'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple, red 
 
 June. Caraccas. 1816. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White, orange. 
 
 Guiana. 1820. 
 
 Indica (Indian). 40. Purple. India. 1775. 
 
 B.jasminifo'lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. White. 
 Orinoco. 1826. 
 
 jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 30. Purple. More- 
 ton Bay. 1830. 
 
 lactiflw'ra (milk-flowered). 20. White. May. 
 
 Santa Cruz. 1823. 
 
 lalifu'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. Cay- 
 
 enne. 1823. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804. 
 
 leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 12. Pink. W. 
 
 Ind. 1759. 
 
 litora'lis (shore). Pink, red. Mexico. 1824 4 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 meona'ntha (smaller-flowered). 20. Pink. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 10. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 molli'ssima (very soft). 10. Caraccas. 182fc, 
 
 tmilti'fida (many-cleft). 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 pu'llida (pale-flowered). 15. White. July,. 
 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 10. Variegated. S. Amer 
 
 1823. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 15, Yellow. June. Cam- 
 
 peachy. 1759. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822. 
 quudrangula'ris (four-angled). 10. E. Ind, 
 
 1823. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1824. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 serrula'ta (fine-toothed). E. Ind. 1832. 
 
 specio'sa (handsome). 20. Pink. May. Ura- 
 
 jruay. 1838. 
 
 specta? bills (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked-flowered). Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 staini'nea (frmgr-stamened). 10. Yellow. His- 
 
 paniola. 1825. 
 
 subero'sa (cork-burked). 38. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Japan. 1820. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. S.Amer. 
 
 1783. 
 
 Tweediti'na, (Mr. Tweedie's). 20. Yellow. 
 
 June. Buenos Ayres. 1838. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable), io. Yellow, white. W. 
 
 Ind. 1819. 
 
 venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September. 
 
 S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 BILBERRY. Vacci'nium myrti'llus. 
 BILIMBI-TREE. Averrho'a bili'mbi. 
 BILL, a sharp-edged tool, employed in 
 cutting hedges,sharpeniiig stakes, 
 &c. It should never be used in 
 pruning ; but, where the branch 
 is too strong to be cut with the 
 knife, the saw ought always to 
 be applied. An implement well 
 adapted for this purpose is Dean's 
 bill ; for it has a narrow blade 
 with a keen-cutting edge, and a 
 saw at the back, made expressly 
 for cutting green wood, warranted 
 not to buckle or stick fast. 
 
 BILLARDIE'RA. Apple Berry. (Named 
 after Labillardiere, a French botanist. 
 Nat ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.') 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climbers. * Seeds sown 
 in a little heat, in April, from cutting- i" *' a 7 
 
BIL 
 
 118 ] 
 
 BIB 
 
 or June, in sand, under a bell-fflass; loam and 
 geat. Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 40 to 48. 
 Ji. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Cream. July. 
 N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). Yellow, purple. 
 
 May. N. S. Wales. 1840. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 20. Crimson. 
 
 July. Van Diemen's Land. 1810. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1795. 
 
 ova'lis (oval-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1833. 
 
 varvijto'ra (small-flowered). 12. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 12. Purple. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 BILLBE'RGIA. (Named after Billbcrg, a 
 Swedish botanist. ''Nat. ord., Brumelworta 
 [Bromeliaceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove plants, formerly belonging to. Bromelia. 
 Suckers and divisions; sandy loam, peat, and a 
 little rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 6u to 
 75; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 23. amce'na (pleasing). 2. Yellow. June. S. 
 Amer. 1817. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). |. Hose, blue. May. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1829. 
 
 cldva'ta (club-shaped). l. Blue. February. 
 
 Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 crue'nta (bloody). 1. Blue, red. August. 
 
 Kio Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 fascia'ta (banded). l. Blue, red. August. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1825. 
 
 iridifo'lia (iris-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yellow. 
 
 March. Rio Janeiro. 1825. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 2. Crimson. 
 
 May. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Eose, purple, October. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 purpu'rea-ro'sea (purple and rosy). 2. Rose, 
 
 purple. November. Brazil. 1831. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2. Crimson. Fe- ' 
 
 bruary. Rio Janeiro. 1817. 
 
 thyrsoi'deu, (dense-flowered). Scarlet. Novem- | 
 
 her. Brazil * ' 
 
 Wethere'lUWr.WethereIVs). Blue and yellow. 
 December. Bahia. 
 
 sebri'na (zebra-streaked') . l. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 zona'ta (zoned.-leaved'). 1$. White. March. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. 
 
 BINDING. A term applied to adhesive 
 soils, to describe the closeness and hard- 
 ness of their texture in hot, dry seasons. 
 (See BAKING.) This term applies, also, to 
 some gardening processes. Thus, fasten- 
 ing a graft or bud in its place, by means 
 of bast or other material, is termed bind- 
 ing in some counties. 
 
 BINDWEED. Gonvo'lvnlus. 
 
 BIO'PHYTUM. Oxa'lts bio' phylum. 
 
 BlKCH. Be'tula and Carpi' nus be'titl'.t. 
 
 BIKDS are benefactors, as well as in- 
 jurers, of the gardener. They destroy mil- 
 lions of grubs, caterpillars, and aphides, 
 which would have ravaged his crops ; 
 tut, at the'same time, some commit havoc 
 
 upon his fruit and seeds. The wisest 
 course, consequently, is to scare them 
 from the garden at such times, or from 
 the portions of it in which they can be 
 predjudicial, but to leave them to visit it 
 unmolested whenever and wherever they 
 cannot be mischievous. Thus, in early 
 spring, a boy or two will drive them away 
 during such time as the buds of the goose- 
 berry, currant, and plum are open to 
 their attacks ; and again during the time 
 that the cherries are ripe. To keep them 
 from the fruit of late gooseberries and 
 currants, it is sufficient to interlace thickly 
 the bushes with red worsted. To keep 
 them from attacking peas and other 
 vegetables just emerging from the soil, 
 a similar display of white thread, fastened 
 to pegs about six inches from the surface, 
 is also sufficiently deterring. Nets, where 
 available, are also effectual guardians. 
 By these aids, but especially by the watch- 
 ing during certain seasons, the gardener 
 may protect himself from injury at a 
 very trifling expense, without depriving 
 himself of the services of the most sharp- 
 sighted, most unwearying, and most 
 successful of all insect-killers. 
 
 INSECT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH DO NOT 
 EAT FRUITS OR SEEDS. 
 
 One of the most exclusively 'insect- 
 eating birds is the golden-crested wren 
 (Rcgnlus crislatus, Ray), the smallest of 
 the birds of Europe. The species which 
 come nearest to the gold-crest, in appear- 
 ance and habits, are the wood-wren 
 (Sylvia sibilatrix) , and the willow-wren, 
 or hay-bird (S.fitis). The chiff chaff (S. 
 loqnax) also ranks with these as an insect- 
 eating bird, but is least common. The 
 nightingale (Sylvia lusciiiia) does consi- 
 derable service to the cultivator, by de- 
 vouring numbers of caterpillars and 
 grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies, 
 and beetles from which they are produced. 
 The whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), the 
 stonechat (S. rubicola), and the wheatear 
 (S. cenanthe}, may be ranked as insecti- 
 vorous birds ; the stonechat particularly. 
 The whinchat frequents cabbage-gardens 
 and turnip- fields after the breeding 
 season, and ought to be protected, be- 
 cause it not only eats insects, but small 
 shell-snails, while it never touches fruits 
 or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene- 
 ficial in clearing crops from insects, with- 
 out levying any contribution for its 
 services. 
 
BIR 
 
 [ 110 J 
 
 BIS 
 
 The wagtails, particularly the yellow 
 one, (Mataciilaflava,) feed wholly on in- 
 sects, particularly gnats, midges, and 
 other flies that tease cattle. They will 
 also follow the spade, to feed upon the 
 worms and grubs turned up ; and, in 
 this way, no doubt, thousands of wire- 
 worms and other destructive vermin are 
 effectually destroyed. The treo-pipet, or tit- 
 lark (Anthus arboreus), and the meadow- 
 pipet (A, pratensis}, are common hedge- 
 birds , which search busily after the au- 
 tumnal hatches of caterpillars and grubs, 
 or the smaller flies and beetles, which 
 they find among the herbage. The 
 cuckoo, the common fly-catcher, and the 
 flusher, or lesser butcher-bird, may be 
 classed among the insectivorous-feeding 
 
 birds. To these many other hedge-birds 
 
 might be added, such as the nightjar, j Purse.) 
 
 the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper, : AH hardy. 
 
 and the bottle-tit, none of which are in : the perennial 
 
 the least destructive ; while, from their i Coinu n soil. 
 
 feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on in- j 
 
 sects, they are of much service in dimi- ! B. ambi'gua (doubtful). 
 
 nishing the number of such as are in- j Italv - 
 
 jurious to field and garden crops. 
 
 finch, the mountain-finch, the bullfinch, 
 the house-sparrow, and the tree-sparrow. 
 
 BIRD CHERRY. Ce' rasus pa' dus. 
 
 BIRD PEPPER. Ca'psicum bacca'tum. 
 
 BIRD'S BILL. Tngone'lla ornitkopod** 
 oi'des. 
 
 BIRD'S EYE. Pri'mnlafarino'sa. 
 
 BIRD'S FOOT. Ortliino'pus and Etir 
 pho'rbia ortJdno'pus. 
 
 BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. Lo'tus. 
 
 BIRD'S NEST. Asple'nium ni'dus. 
 
 BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornitkoglo'ssum. 
 
 BIRTHWORT Arislolu' chia. 
 
 BISCUTE'LLA. Buckler Mustard. (From 
 bis, double, or twice, and scutella, a saucer; 
 in reference to the shape of the seed- 
 vessel when bursting. Nat. ord., Cruci- 
 fers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetrady- 
 Allied to Thlaspe, or Shepherd's 
 
 The annuals, by seed in March ; 
 the perennials, by division then or in September. 
 
 INSECT-EATING BIRDS WHICH EAT FRUIT 
 OR SEEDS. 
 
 These are the common wren, the 
 Ledge-sparrow, or dunnock, the redbreast, 
 the redstart, the tom-tit, the Cole-tit, the j ~ raphanifo'lia (radish-leaved). 
 
 marsh-tit, and the greater-tit. The weeds! - 3 ^' ****' 18 ' 22 ' 
 
 and insects which these birds destroy 
 will, however, certainly more than com- 
 pensate for the few heads of grain, the 
 flower-seeds, or small fruit which they 
 may occasionally pilfer. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 f. Yellow. June. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 1. Yellow. June. 
 June. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). 
 
 June. Italy. 1790. 
 ' IcKvi^a'ta. (smooth-podded) 
 
 " Italy. 1777- 
 j -- alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 longifc'lia (long-leaved). Switzerland. 1832. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. Spain. 1823. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 PBUIT-EATINO BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED 
 ON INSECTS. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1784. 
 
 stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. 
 
 South of France. 
 
 J Colu'mnce (Columna's). 
 
 Yellow. 
 1820. 
 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. 
 
 f June. 
 
 In this list are the black-cap, babillard, j South of Italy. '1823. 
 
 (Cnrruca garrula,) the garden-warbler, depre'ssa (depressed). 4. Yellow. June. 
 the whitethroat, the > missel-thrush, the | -i yra > t a^lllalld}. 14. Yellow, July. 
 song-thrush, the blackbird, and the Spain. 1799. 
 
 Starling. I mari'iima (sea). lj. Yellow. June. Naples. 
 
 1824. 
 
 DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS. 
 
 The greater portion of those to be 
 enumerated are exclusively grain-eaters, 
 and make no return for their depreda- 
 tions by destroying insects, though they 
 no doubt contribute to keep down the 
 diffusion of weeds by the quantity of 
 seeds which they devour. The goldfinch^ 
 the yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting, the 
 ,reed-bunting, the corn-bunting, the sky- 
 lark, the woodlark, the linnet, the chaf- 
 
 | BISE'RULA. Hatchet Vetch. (From 
 i bis, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in refer- 
 I ence to the seed-pods being armed with 
 
 teeth. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 
 bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decan- 
 
 dria. Allied to Astragalus.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September. 
 
 Sandy soil. 
 
 B, pelefcinia (bastard-eorM-tfeerf). 1. Purple. 
 July. South Europe. l6<0. 
 
BIT 
 
 [ 120 J 
 
 EIA 
 
 BITTEK OAK. Qua'rcus ce'rns. 
 
 BITTER- SWEET. Sula'num dulcama'ra. 
 
 BITTER VETCH. Oro'bus. 
 
 BITTER WOOD. Xylo'pia. 
 
 BIVON.E'A. (After A. Bivona Bernurdi, 
 a professor of botany in Sicily. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 
 \5-Tetradynamia. Allied. to Lepidium.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; common soil. 
 B. lu'tea (yellow). J. Yellow. June. Italy. 1824. 
 
 BI'XA. Arnotta. (Its native name in 
 South America. Nat. ord., Bixads [Fla- 
 courtiacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 The reddish pulp which surrounds the seeds of 
 J3. Orella'na is the Arnotta of commerce, used in 
 the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for 
 colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish 
 colour, Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under- a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; lumpy peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 85 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 B. Orella'na (Orellana). 20. Pink. June. 
 W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1817. 
 
 Urucura'na (Urucu). 20. Pink. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 BIZARRE. See CARNATION. 
 BLACK ADIANTUBI. Asple'nium adia'n- 
 tum-ni'yrum. 
 BLACK ARCH-MOTH. See PSILURA 
 
 MONACHA. 
 
 BLACK BRYONY. Poisonous weeds, 
 which need not be further noticed. 
 
 BLACK BULLACE. Pru'nus insili'tia. 
 
 BLACKBU'RNIA. (Named after Mr. 
 Blackburn. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xan- 
 thoxylacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; 
 also by layers, in autumn; peat and loam, both 
 fibry and" sandy. Summer temp., 65 to 75; 
 winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 B. pinna'ta (leafleted). White. May. Norfolk 
 Island. 1829. 
 
 BLACK CATERPILLAR. See ATHALIA 
 
 SPIN ARUM. 
 
 BLACK FLEA. (Haltica nemorum.) 
 No insect is more insidious or more 
 sweeping in the destruction it brings 
 upon some of the farmers' or gardeners' 
 crops than the turnip-flea (Haltica ne- 
 morum). Turnips of all kinds, beet- 
 root, mangold-wurtzel, radishes, and flax, 
 are all liable to be destroyed by this in- 
 sect. It is a singular misapplication of 
 terms, that this insect is known among 
 cultivators of the soil as the black and 
 the turnip flea or fly, none of them ever 
 calling it a beetle, which it really is ; and 
 
 the most descriptive name is the turnip- 
 flea beetle, for this describes not only its 
 real nature, but its favourite food, and its 
 extraordinary power of skipping or 
 leaping like the common flea. This 
 
 insect is represented in our drawing 
 of its natural size and magnified. The 
 body, one-eighth of an inch long, is rather 
 flattened, and of a brassy-black colour, 
 thickly dotted; the wing-cases are green- 
 ish-black, with a pale-yellow, broad line on 
 each ; the base of the feelers (antenna) 
 and the legs are pale clay-coloured. 
 The eggs are laid on the under side of 
 the rough leaf of the turnip from April 
 to September. They hatch in two days. 
 Their maggots live between the two skins 
 or cuticles of the rough leaf, and arrive 
 at maturity in sixteen days. The chry- 
 salis is buried just beneath the surface 
 of the earth, where it remains about 
 fortnight. The beetles are torpid 
 through the winter, and revive in the 
 spring, when they destroy the two 
 first or seed leaves of the young turnip. 
 There are five or six broods in a season. 
 These insects are most to be feared in 
 fine seasons. Heavy rains, cold springs, 
 and long droughts destroy them. Their 
 scent is very perfect: the beetles fly 
 against the wind, and are attracted from 
 a distance. The rapid growth of a plant 
 s the best security against them ; to 
 secure which, sow plenty of seed, all of 
 the same age. Burning the surface of 
 the land' is beneficial, by destroying the 
 chrysalides. Deep digging is an excel- 
 ent practice when the chrysalides are 
 n the soil. Drilling is a far superior 
 Dractice to sowing the seed broadcast. 
 Destroy charlock-: it affords support to 
 the beetles before the turnips come up. 
 The most effectual banishment of the 
 turnip-fly, we think, is secured by sowing 
 
BLA 
 
 [ 121 ] 
 
 BLE 
 
 the surface of the soil with gas-lime two 
 or three mornings after the turnip-seed 
 has been sown. This is so offensive to 
 the insect as to drive it away just at the 
 time the young plants are appearing 
 above ground. The Coliaye Gardener, 
 ii., 93. 
 
 BLACK GRUB. Athalia spinarnm. 
 
 BLACK JACK OAK. Que'rcus ni'grx. 
 
 BLACK PINE. Pl'nus Justri'aca. 
 
 BLACK SALTWORT. Glaux mari'tima. 
 
 BLACK THORN. Pru'nus spino'sa. 
 
 BLACK VARNISH-TREE. Melanorrhce'a. 
 
 BLACK WATTLE. Callico'maserralifo'lia. 
 
 BLADDER BLIGHT. See PEACH Blister- 
 ing of Leaf. 
 
 BLADDER KETMIA. Hibi'scus trio* num. 
 
 BLADDER NUT. Staphyfe'a. 
 
 BLADDER SENNA. Colu'tea. 
 
 BLADDER CATCHFLY. Sile'ne infla'ta. 
 
 BLJE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Blair, a 
 physician. Nat. ord., Heathworts [Eri- 
 caceae]. Linn., k-Tetrandria l-Monogy- 
 nia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Cuttings of young wood in 
 sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat. Summer 
 temp., 50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45, with plenty 
 of air. 
 B. articula'ta (jointed). 2 Pink. May. 1TP5. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1795. 
 
 dumo'sa (bushy). 2. 1806. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Purple. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1774. 
 
 fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. 1812. 
 
 purpu'rcu (purple-flowered). 2. Purple, if ay. 
 
 1791. 
 
 BLA'KEA. (Named after Martin Blake, 
 an active promoter of useful knowledge. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacece]. 
 Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Monoyynia. Al- 
 lied to Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from shoots, 
 rather firm ; plant in sandy peat, in bottom-heat, 
 under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 J?. quinquene'rvia (five-nerved). 10. White. 
 June. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 trine'rmtt (three-nerved). 8. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 178Q. 
 
 BLANCHING, or ETIOLATION, is effected 
 by making plants grow in the dark; and 
 the more completely the light is ex- 
 cluded, the more entire is the absence of 
 colour from the leaves and stems of the 
 plants. The colouring matter of these 
 is entirely dependent upon their power 
 to decompose water arid carbonic acid 
 gas a power they do not possess when 
 light is absent. The effect of blanching 
 is to render the parts more delicately 
 flavoured, more pleasing to the eye, and 
 
 more crisp properties very desirable in 
 sea-kale, celery, rhubarb, endive, let- 
 tuces, &c. Wherever it can be accom- 
 plished, blanching-pots should be em- 
 ployed, in preference to covering the 
 plants with earth or other materials. 
 The flavour is better, and decay is less 
 liable to be induced. Lettuces and 
 cabbages are usually whitened by tying 
 the leaves over the heart, or centre-bud. 
 In some instances, blanching is unde- 
 signed and a positive evil, as when gera- 
 niums and other plants become pale and 
 weak, from being confined under vines in 
 a greenhouse, where the relative heat 
 and light are disproportioned. 
 
 BLANDFO'RDIA. (Named after George, 
 Marquis of Blandford. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 \ worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Hemerocallis.) 
 
 Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring the 
 same treatment as Ixias. Seeds and offsets. 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. Loam and peat. 
 B. Backhou'sii (Backhouse's). Van Diemen'a 
 Land. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Red, yellow. 
 
 N. Holland. 
 
 flafmmea (flame-flowered). Flame. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1836. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Crimson. 
 
 July. N. S. Wales. 1812. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). Yellow. Septem. 
 
 her. N. Holland. 1844. 
 
 margina'ta (rough-edged-leaved). 2. Copper. 
 
 July. Australia. 1842. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 2. Orange. July. N. S v 
 
 Wales. 1803. 
 
 BLAST, or BLIGHT, is the popular name 
 for any withering of plants of which 
 neither the scientific title nor the causes 
 are known to the observer. The mildew 
 of corn ; the honey-dew on fruit-trees ; 
 the withering occasioned by violent cold 
 winds in early spring ; and the ravages 
 of the hawthorn caterpillar, are all 
 spoken of by the uninformed under the 
 above titles. 
 
 BLEABERRY, or BILBERRY. Vacci'nium 
 myrti'llus. 
 
 BLE'CHNUM. (From bltchnon, a Greek 
 name for a Fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacesej. Linn., 24^-Cri/ptogamia i- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Spores or seed, and divisions at the root ; peat 
 and loam. The Cape of Good Hope and New 
 Holland species will thrive in the greenhouse; 
 the South American and Indian require the stove, 
 though none of them will find fault with its heat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 55 to 60. 
 B. serrula'tum is hardy. 
 
 B. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown. 
 July. W. Ind. 
 
 austra'le (southern). 2. Brown. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 16Q1. 
 
BLE 
 
 [122 J 
 
 BLI 
 
 B.Brazilie'nse (Brazilian), f. Brown. June. 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 cartilagi'ncum (cartilaginous). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Corcovade'nse (Corcovado). 4. Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 denticula'tum (toothed). Brown. June. Te- 
 
 neriffe. 182". 
 
 Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Brown. Ma- 
 
 lacca. 
 
 Fontanesia'num (Desfontaine's). Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 glajidu/o'surn (glanded). $. Brown. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 2. Brown. November. 
 
 Brazil. 1830. 
 
 hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Chili. 1841. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 lance' ola (lance- Jeaued). 3. Brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 IcBviga'tum (smooth). 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1821. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). Brown. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 occidenta'le (western). 1. Brown. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). Brown. July. E. Ind. 
 
 pectina 1 turn (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 polypodioi'des (polypodium-like). 1. Brown. 
 
 September. "Brazil. 1829- 
 
 serrula'tum (sa.\v-edged). f. Brown. July. 
 
 Florida. 1819- 
 
 stria' turn (furrowed), f . Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 triangula're (three-angled). Brown. July. 
 
 Moxico. 1841. 
 
 trifolia'tum (three-leaved). Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 BLE'CHUM. (From a Greek name for 
 an unknown plant, supposed to be Mar- 
 joram. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- 
 cese]. Linn., 14-Didynamia %-Angiosper- 
 mia. Allied to Dicliptera.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of young, 
 firm shoots in spring or summer; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 B angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. 
 June. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. W. Ind. 1/80. 
 
 laxifio'rum (loose-flowered). 2. White. Ja- 
 
 maica. IS 18. 
 
 BLEEDING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP. 
 
 BLE'PHARIS. (From blepharis, the eye- 
 lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes. 
 Nat. OTidi.,Acanihads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 
 ].<L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Acanthus.) 
 
 The annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed, 
 as tender annuals ; the trailers and under-shrubs 
 by the same means, and by cuttings in heat, 
 under a bell-glass. 
 
 B. Boerhanieefu'lia (Boerhavia-leaved). 1. Blue. 
 July. E. ind. 1829- Stove annual. 
 
 Cape'mis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 18 1 6. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 B.furca'ta (fork-spinel). 2. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse ever- 
 green shrub. 
 
 linear if o'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1823. Stove annual. 
 
 procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1825. Greenhouse ever- 
 green trailer. 
 
 BLEPHI'LIA. (From llcpharis, the eye- 
 lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes. 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacece]. Linn., 
 2-Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Mo- 
 narda.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and divi- 
 ding the roots in April and September. Common 
 soil. 
 
 B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. July. N. 
 Amer. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1/98. 
 
 BLESSED THISTLE. Centau'rca fone- 
 di'cta. 
 
 BLE'TIA. (Named after a Spanish 
 botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [ Orchid acese]. Linn., 20 -Gy- 
 nandria l-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids, except where otherwise 
 specified. Division of the roots, when dona 
 flowering or starting into growth ; peat, loam, 
 and a little sand, enriched with top dressings of 
 cow-dung or manure, watering when growing. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 48 to 58. 
 B. acutipe'tala (acute-petaled). 5. Purple. Sep- 
 tember. America. Greenhouse. 
 
 campanula 1 tn (bell-flowered'). Purple and 
 
 white. Peru. 
 
 capita' ta (headed). June. W. Ind. 1795. 
 
 catenula'tu (linked). 1$. Purple. Peru. 1844. 
 
 fltfrida (florid). 2. Rose. February. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1786. 
 
 Gebi'na (Japanese}. 1. White. April. Japan* 
 
 1846. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender-scaped). Ij. Yellow. July* 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Purple. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 Havane'nsis (Havannah). 2j. Purple. April. 
 
 Havannah. 1835. 
 
 hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like). 1. Rose and 
 
 crimson. April. China. 18C2. 
 
 pa'iula(spTezding-flowered). 2. Purple. Hayti. 
 
 Parkinso'nii (Parkinson's). 1. Rose. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 refle'xi (bent-back-sepated). 2. Purple, green. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 secu'nda (one-sided). Green, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 1840. 
 
 verecu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 Shephc'rdii (Shepherd's). 2. Purple and 
 
 yellow. January. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 BLI'GHIA SA'PIDA. The Akee-tree, the 
 berry of which is so much esteemed in 
 the West Indies. It was named after 
 Captain Bligh, the introducer of the 
 Bread-fruit from the Society Islands. It 
 is now united to Cupania. 
 
 BLIND PLANTS frequently occur in the 
 
BLI 
 
 C 123 ] 
 
 BOB 
 
 cabbage and others of- the Brassica tribe* 
 They are plants which have failed to pro- 
 duce central buds ; and. as these are 
 produced from the central vessels, if the 
 top of their stems be cut away they 
 usually emit lateral or side-buds from the 
 edge of the wound. See BARREN PLANTS. 
 
 BLISTERED LEAVES. See PEACH. 
 
 BLIGHT. Sue BLAST. 
 
 BLI'TUM. The Strawberry Elite, or 
 Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B. 
 capita' turn, B. virga'tum, and B.t mart' turn 
 axe sometimes cultivated. 
 
 BLOOD. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 BLOOD-FLOWER. Hcema'nthus. 
 
 BLOODWORT. Sanguinu'ria. 
 
 BLOOM, or BLOSSOM, is the popular 
 name for the flowers of fruit- bearing 
 plants. 
 
 The organs of fruitfulness are abso- 
 lutely necessary for the production of 
 seeds, and are always producible by gar 
 
 The corolla, or petals, with all their 
 varied tints and perfumes, have more 
 important offices to perform than thus to 
 delight the senses of mankind. Those 
 bright colours and their perfumed honey 
 serve to attract insects, which are the 
 chief and often essential assistants of 
 impregnation ; and those petals, as ob- 
 served by Linnaeus, serve as wings, giving 
 a motion assisting to effect the same im- 
 portant process. But they have occa- 
 sionally a still more essential office ; for, 
 although they are sometimes absent, yet, 
 if removed from some of those possess- 
 ing them, the subsequent processes are 
 not duly performed. 
 
 The corolla is not always short-lived, 
 as in the cistus ; for some continue until 
 the fruit is perfected. The duration of 
 the petals, however, is in some way con- 
 nected with the impregnation of the seed, 
 for in most flowers they fade soon after 
 
 den-plants properly cultivated. They j this is completed ; and doable flowers, in 
 
 may be deficient in leaves, or stems, or 
 roots, because other organs may supply 
 their places ; but plants are never inca- 
 pable of bearing flowers and seeds, for, 
 without these, they can never fully attain 
 the object of their creation the increase 
 of their species. Of course, we exclude 
 the mushroom, and others of which the 
 seed-producing parts are obscure. 
 
 Most flowers are composed of the fol- 
 lowing parts, viz. : The calyx, which is 
 usually green, and enveloping the flower 
 whifst in the bud ; the corolla, or petals, 
 leaves so beautifully coloured, and so 
 
 which it occurs not at all, are always 
 longer enduring than single flowers of 
 the same species. Then, again, in some 
 flowers they become green, and perform 
 the function of leaves, after impregnation 
 has been effected. A familiar example 
 occurs in the Christmas rose (Hellebo'rus 
 ni'ger), the petals of which are white, but 
 which become green so soon as the seeds 
 have somewhat increased in size, and the- 
 stamens and other organs connected with 
 fertility have fallen oif. 
 
 BLOOM. This term is also applied to- 
 the fine exudation on the surface of some 
 
 delicate in most flowers ; the stamens, or I fruit purple on the Black Hamburgh 
 
 male portion of the flower, secreting the 
 pollen, or impregnating powder ; the pis- 
 tils, or female portion, impregnatable by 
 the pollen, and rendering fertile the 
 seeds ; and, lastly, the pericarp, or seed- 
 vessel. 
 
 The stamens can be removed without 
 preventing the formation of fertile seed ; 
 but their loss must be supplied by the 
 application to the pistils of pollen from 
 some kindred flower. 
 
 The calyx is not useless so soon as it 
 ceases to envelope and protect the flower ; 
 for the flower-stalk continues increasing 
 in size until the seed is perfected, but 
 ceases to do so in those plants whose 
 calyces remain long green, if these be 
 removed. On the other hand, in the 
 poppy and other flowers, from which the 
 calyx falls early, the flower-stalk does 
 not subsequently enlarge. 
 
 Grape, and on some plums, and green on 
 the cucumber. It so improves their ap- 
 pearance that an apparatus has been 
 suggested for adding it artificially. It 
 seems of a resinous nature. 
 
 BLUE-BELLS. Campanula rotandifo'lia. 
 
 BLUE -BOTTLE. Centau'rea cya'nus. 
 
 BLUETS. VaccVnium angustifo 1 Hum. 
 
 BLUMENBA'CHIA. (Named after J. F. 
 Blumenbach, of Grottingen. Nat. ord., 
 Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 18-Polya- 
 delphla 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in April ; rich mould. 
 B. insi'gnis (remarkable). J. White. July. 
 
 Monte Video. 1826. Trailer. 
 multi'fida (ma.ny-cleft-leaved). l. Greenish- 
 red. July. Buenos Ayres. 1826. 
 
 BOATLIP. Scaphyglo' ttis. 
 
 BOBA'RTIA. (Named in honour of 
 Jacob Bobart, professor of botany at Ox- 
 ford in the seventeenth century. Nat, 
 
BOG 
 
 BOL 
 
 ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Trian- 
 dria \ Mono'iynia. ) 
 
 The species in this genus should have been 
 united to Aristea. Seeds in April; divisions in 
 iiutumn or spring. Sand}' loam ; protection of a 
 cool greenhouse or pit in winter. 
 J3. auranti'aca (orange), f Orange. March. 
 Bcleia. 1827. Hardy perennial. 
 
 gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. J8l6. 
 
 spatha'cf.a (sheathed). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1798. 
 
 BOCCO'NIA. (Named after P. Boccnne, 
 M./J., a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Poppy worts 
 [Papaveracese], Linn., \i-Dodecandrla 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand and 
 lieat; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 *0; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 B.frute'scens (shrubby celandine}. 10. White, 
 yellow. February. VV. Ind. 1/39. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. White. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 BOZ'BERA. (Named after Bceber, a 
 Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracea?]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 2- 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cutting* of 
 young, firmish shoots under a glass ; requires a 
 pit or a cool greenhouse in winter. 
 B.inca'na (hoary - herbaged). 1$. Golden. 
 Mexico. 1828. 
 
 There are other species, but not deserving cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 BOG-BEAN. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta. 
 
 BOG-EARTH, HEATH-MOULD, or PEAT. 
 By gardeners this is understood as not 
 meaning that mass of moss, or sphagnum, 
 dug out of wet, fenny places for fuel, hut 
 a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead, 
 librous roots of heath, and usually of a 
 dark-grey colour, such as is found upon 
 the surface beneath the heath on Wim- 
 bledon, Bagshot, and many other dry com- 
 mons. Peat of the best description is 
 thus constituted. Of 400 parts : 
 
 Fine silicious sand 
 Unaltered vegetable fibre . 
 Decomposing vegetable matter 
 Silica (flint) 
 Alumina (clay) . 
 Oxide of iron . 
 Soluble, vegetable, and saline m 
 Muriate of lime . 
 Loss 
 
 tter 
 
 156 
 2 
 110 
 102 
 16 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 
 BOG-EARTH PLANTS. See AMERICAN 
 PLANTS. 
 
 BOG-MOSS. Sphagnum. 
 
 BOILER. The vessel employed to sup- 
 ply the pipes or tanks with hot-water or 
 steam, when either of these is used for 
 heating purposes. Many are the inge- 
 nious and intricate boilers from time to 
 
 time offered to the gardener ; but, after 
 much experience with boilers of all de- 
 scriptions, we can confidently say the 
 most simple is the best. The smaller 
 the boiler and the fireplace, compatible 
 with efficiency, the greater is the economy. 
 We can tell the gardener, also, most de- 
 cidedly, that the total size of the boiler 
 has nothing to do with that efficiency; 
 the only point to be secured is, that a 
 sufficient surface of the boiler be exposed 
 to the fire. The following table shows 
 the amount of boiler-surface which must 
 be exposed to the fire to heat given 
 lengths of pipe, respectively 4 inches, 3 
 inches, and 2 inches in diameter : 
 
 SurfaceTof "boiler exposed I 4-inch I &-inch 1 8-inch 
 
 to the lire. | pipe. | pipe. | pipe. 
 
 ft. ft. ft. 
 3 square feet will heat 200 or 266 or 400 
 
 5| 300 400 600 
 
 400 533 800 
 
 500 6t>6 ,, 1000 
 
 12 /OO 933 ,, 1400 
 
 10(10 1333 2000 
 
 To prevent the scale, or limy crust, which 
 is often so troublesome, dissolve in the 
 water at the rate of one ounce of sal 
 ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to 
 every sixty gallons. Do this twice in 
 the year ; as, in October and April. 
 
 BOIS-PERDIX (Partridge-wood). Heis- 
 te'ria. 
 
 BOLBOPHY'LLUM. (From bulbos, a bulb, 
 and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the 
 leaves issuing from the apex of the bas- 
 tard bulbs. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when 
 fresh potting; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds, 
 charcoal, and hard chips, raised above the pot, 
 well drained, and the plant fixed there, or on 
 blocks. Summer temp., 60 to 90, and moist; 
 winter, 55 to 65, and dry. 
 
 B. barbi'gerum (bearded). . Greenish-brown. 
 June. Sierra Leone. 1835. 
 
 bracteola'tum (small-bracted). 1. Yellow, 
 
 purple. July. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 Careya'num (Dr. Carey's). . Brown, piftr- 
 
 ple. October. Nepaul. 1832. 
 
 coco'inum (cocoa-nut). 1. Flesh. October. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1835. 
 
 cu'preum (copper-flowered). Copper-coloured. 
 
 Manilla. 1837. 
 
 ere'ctum (upright). Mauritius. 1834. 
 
 fla'vidum (yellowish). Yellow. March. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1840. 
 
 fu'scum (brown-flowered). Chocolate. April. 
 Sierra Leone. 1837. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). Whitish. E. Ind. 1846. 
 -imbricu'tum (imbricated). Purple. March. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1845. 
 
 leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Yellowish- 
 
 green. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
EOL 
 
 C 125 ] 
 
 BON 
 
 J5. limba'tum (bordered). 1. Purple. February. 
 Singapore. 1840. 
 
 Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 1. Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 Java. 1845. 
 
 mucra'nthum (large-flowered). Lemon. 
 
 March. Sierra Leone. 1844. 
 
 occu'ltum (hidden- flowered). Sierra Leone. 
 
 radiii'tum (rayed;. Brownish-yellow. March. 
 
 India. 1836. 
 
 recu'rvum (bent-back/. Green, white. Sep- 
 
 tember. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 sanatorium >, dancing). . Greenish-brown. 
 
 December. Sierra Leone. 1835. 
 - setigerum (bristle-bearing). Purple. De- 
 merara 
 
 B. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 9. Red, yellow* 
 
 September. Mexico. 
 puncta'ta (dotted-floicered). 6. Spotted.. 
 
 September. Mexico. 182Q. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable-tafiemZ). 6. Red. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 hirte'lla (small-haired). Red, yellow. July; 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shape-teawed). Red and green. 
 
 Chili. 1824. 
 
 Salsi'lla (Salsilla). 5. Green, crimson. June; 
 
 S, Amer. 1806. 
 
 BO'MBAX. Silk Cotton-tree. (From 
 I bombax, cotton; in reference to the woolly 
 
 tf.tragonium (four-sided). Sierra Leone. hairs which envelope the seed, like those 
 
 umbella turn (umbelled). . Yellow. E. Ind. j o f t jj e cotton-plant. Nat. ord., Stercu- 
 
 '* (sheathed). Brown. March. Sin- \ liads [Sterculiacese], Linn., 16-Mona- 
 
 delphia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 Trees more remarkable for their prodigious size 
 for their use or beauty. Stove trees. Cut- 
 
 gapore. 1840. 
 
 BCLDO'A, (United to Salpianthus.) 
 
 BO'LEUM. 
 ference 
 
 Nat. Ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., j bottom-heat; J pe r at and loam. Summer' temp,, 
 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Vella.) i 6o to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 J'LEUM. (From bolos, a ball ; in re- * han to j th ? ir use or beauty, stove trees. Cut- 
 
 ., - , ' , ' , , tings of rather young shoots, but firm at the base, 
 
 ice to the shape of the seed-pods. ; p i a | ed in sand / pe * t unde ; a b eli- g iass, and in 
 
 border during summe 
 tection' " " ' 
 
 under-shrub. Seed in a i 
 ,me, or sown 
 It requires a little pro- 
 
 B ' 
 
 ( Cei - 100 ' Whi - te ' S " Amer ' 
 
 1824. 
 
 or sown in the open ' ~ S^o'sum (globe-form). 60 . 
 L.-***** \ -- JUalaba'ricum (Malabar). Go. Scarlet. Ma- 
 labar. 
 septena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White. 
 
 Carthagena. 1699. 
 B. a-sperum (rough). 1. Cream. June. Sniia i-> , ,-vr i -A. T ' . 
 
 18 i8. BONAPA'RTEA. (Named after Napoleon 
 
 BOLIVA'EIA. (Named after Bolivar, \ Bonaparte. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bro- 
 
 meliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Guzmannia.) 
 
 Remarkable for the gracefulness of their long, 
 rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for 
 growing in vases, out of doors, in summer, 
 Stove plants. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings in 
 
 thelate republican chief in South America. 
 Nat. ord., Jasmineivorts [Jasminacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria l-Motiogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half - 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 48. 
 
 B. tri'fida (three-cleft). 
 Chili. 1828. 
 
 sand, under a glass, in heat; well drained. Sum- 
 
 BOLTO'NIA. (Named after J. B. Bol- 
 
 ton, an English professor of botany. Nat. 
 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn. ,18- 
 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Sten- 
 
 actis.) 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 
 roots in March or October ; common garden-soil. 
 
 B. asteroi'des (starwort-like). 3. Flesh. Sep- 
 tember. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). l. Pink. Sep- 
 tember. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 BOMAKE'A. (Name not explained; pro- 
 bably it is commemorative. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amarylh'dacese]. Linn., 6- 
 
 2. Yellow. Juna. j mer temp,76o o0 to7o ; winter, ~55 
 
 B, %ra'cilis (slender). 2. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 ju'ncea, (tvish-leaved). 1^. Blue. Peru. 1800. 
 BONA'TEA. (Named after M. Bonat, a 
 distinguished ItaUan botanist. Nat. ord. r 
 Orchids [Orchidaceas], Linn., 2Q-Gy- 
 
 i nandria 1-Monogynia. AUied to Gymna- 
 
 ! denia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division of the roots, or semi- 
 bulbous tubers ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 B. specio'sa (showy). 2. Green, white. May. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 BONES are beneficial as a manure, 
 because their chief constituent (phos- 
 phate of lime) is also a constituent of 
 
 all plants ; and the gelatine which is also 
 
 Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Al- 
 stromeria.) 
 
 Two features which cannot be misunderstood | in bones is of itself a Source of food to 
 divide Bomare'a from Alstrome'riaa. twining j them. The bones of the OX, 
 
 those of Jerusalem artichoke, It is a stove plant. 
 The others prefer a deep, rich, light border in the 
 open air, with a slight protection from frost. B. 
 acutifo'lia, pianted in a good, cold greenhouse, 
 inside border, will twine up ten or twelve feet, 
 and flower better than in any other way. For 
 culture, see ALSTROMEKIA. 
 
 ployed, their analyses are here given : 
 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Horse. 
 
 Pi* 
 
 Phosphate of lime . 
 Carbonate of lime . 
 
 65 
 4 
 
 70 
 5 
 
 68 
 
 52 
 1 
 
 Animal matter . 
 
 S3 
 
 25 | 31 
 
 47 
 
BON 
 
 we j 
 
 BOK 
 
 BONNE'TIA. (Named after G. Bonnet, 
 a distinguished naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Theads [Ternsttb'niiace*]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria \-j\fonogynia.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in heat; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 B. palu'stris (marsh). Red. Trinidad. 1S1Q. 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, requiring similar treat- 
 ment to Bonnetia. 
 
 B. Daphnoi'des (Daphne-liko/. 6. Yellow, purple. 
 W.Jnd. 1690. 
 
 (Bo'rayo ojficina'lis.) Its 
 
 June. 
 BOIUGE. 
 
 The bones must be applied to the crops 
 in very small pieces or powder ; and ten 
 pounds, at the -time of inserting the seed, 
 are enough for thirty square yards, if 
 sown broadcast; and a much smaller 
 quantity is sufficient, if sprinkled along 
 the drills in which the seed is sown. 
 There is no doubt that bone-dust may be 
 employed with advantage in ail gardens : BO'NTIA. (Named after J. Bont, a 
 and to all garden-crops ; but it has been i Dutch physician. Nat. ord., Myoporads 
 experimented on most extensively with .' [Myoporaceaa]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2- 
 the turnip and potato, and with unfail- 
 ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and 
 drilled in with the turnip-seed, it has 
 been found to preserve the young plants 
 from the fly. Mr. Knight found it bene- 
 ficial when applied largely to stone- 
 fruit at the time of planting ; and it is 
 quite as good for the vine. To lawns, 
 the dust has been applied with great ad- 
 vantage when the grass was becoming 
 thin. As a manure for the shrubbery, 
 parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most 
 valuable ; and, crushed as well as ground, 
 is employed generally to mix with the 
 soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds 
 it promotes the luxuriance and beauty 
 of his flowers. One pound of bone-dust, 
 mixed with twelve ounces of sulphuric, 
 acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces 
 of water, if left to act upon each other 
 for a day, form super-phosphate of 
 lime, a wineglassful of which has been 
 found beneficial to pelargoniums. Ap- 
 plied as a top-dressing, mixed with half 
 its weight of charcoal- dust, it is a good 
 manure for onions, and may be applied ! spring, in shallow drills, twelve inches 
 
 young leaves, smelling somewhat like cu- 
 cumber, are sometimes used in salads, or 
 boiled as spinach. Being aromatic, its 
 spikes of flowers are put into negus and 
 cool tankards. 
 
 Soil and Situation. For the spring and 
 summer sowing, any light soil and open 
 situation may be allotted, provided the 
 first is not particularly rich; for those 
 which have to withstand the winter, a 
 light, dry soil, and the shelter of a south 
 fence, are most suitable. A very fertile 
 soil renders it luxuriant, and injures the 
 flavour. 
 
 Times and mode of solving. Sow in 
 March or April^and at the close of July, 
 for production in summer and autumn, 
 and again in August or September, for 
 the supply of winter and succeeding 
 
 at the rate of nine pounds to the square 
 rod. There is little doubt of this super- 
 phosphate being good for all our kitchen- 
 garden crops, being more prompt in its 
 effects upon a crop than simple bone- 
 dust, because it is soluble in water, and 
 therefore more readily presented to the 
 roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones 
 broken into small pieces are generally 
 used as drainage for pelargoniums and 
 other potted plants. 
 
 BONNA'YA. (Named after the Ger- 
 man botanist, Bonuay. Nat. ord., Fiy- 
 worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Dian- 
 dria I-Monogynia. Related to Torenia.) 
 
 Stove plants. Seeds for annuals; divisions, 
 and cuttings of creepers and trailers ; rich, sandy 
 loam. 
 
 J3. brachyca'rpa (.short-seed-podded). Violet. 
 June. E. Ind. >829. Annual. 
 
 rc'ptans (creeping). . Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Perennial trailer 
 
 veroniccefo'Iia (speedwell-leaved). $. Pink. 
 
 August, E. Ind. 1798. Biennial trailer. 
 
 asunder. When of about six weeks' 
 growth, the plants are to be thinned to 
 twelve inches apart, and the plants thus 
 removed of the spring and autumn sow- 
 ing may be transplanted at a similar dis- 
 tance ; but those of the summer sowing 
 seldom will endure the removal, and at 
 all times those left unmoved prosper 
 most. At the time of transplanting, if at 
 all dry weather, they must be watered 
 until established; water must also be 
 frequently applied to the seed-bed of the 
 summer sowing. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some of those plants 
 which have survived the winter must be 
 left ungathered from. They will begin 
 to flower about June ; and when their 
 seed is perfectly ripe the stalks must be 
 gathered, and dried completely before it 
 is rubbed out. 
 
 BO'IUGO. Borage. (Altered from cor, 
 heart, and ago, to affect ; referring to the 
 
EOR 
 
 [ 147 ] 
 
 BOB 
 
 cordial qualities of the herbs. Nat. ore!., 
 Borageworts [JBoraginaceae]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy plants. Biennials and annuals from 
 seed ; perennials by divisions ; common soil. 
 B. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. June, 
 Persia. 1822. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. Blue. May. Crete. 1823. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 laxifio'ra (loose-flowered). I. Blue. June. 
 
 Corsica. 1813. Trailing biennial. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1825. Annual. 
 
 officina'lis (common). 3. Blue. August. Eng- 
 
 land. Annual. 
 
 alhiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 August. England. Annual. 
 
 orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Turkey. 
 
 1752. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 BOEA'SSUS. (One of the names applied 
 to the spathe of the date-palm. Nat. ord., 
 Palms [Palmacea3], Linn., 22-Dioecia 6- 
 Hexandria.) 
 
 Palm-wine, or toddy, a grateful beverage, is 
 the juice which flows from the wounded spathe of 
 this and some other palms. Stove tree. Seeds ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 90" ; win- 
 ter, 60. 
 
 B.flabeWfo'rmis (fan-leaved). 30. White, green. 
 E. Ind. 1771. 
 
 BOEBO'NIA. (Named after one of the 
 Bourbon family. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabaeese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 
 6-Decandria. Belated to Scottia.) 
 
 This genus and its allies Hovea, Lalage, Tem- 
 pletonia, and others of that group have always 
 been great favourites with gardeners. All green- 
 house evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings in sand, in April, under a bell- 
 glass, and in a close place, without artificial heat ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 70 ; win- 
 ter, 40 to 45. 
 B, barba'ta (bearded). 4. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-teaoed). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 1759- 
 
 orena'ta (scolloped-/eaed). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 1774. 
 
 ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Pink. January. 
 
 1821. 
 
 fanceola'ta (\ynce~leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 1752. 
 
 ruscifo'lia (ruscus-Jeawed). 3, Yellow. July. 
 
 1790. 
 
 MnJrvia (three-nerved). 6. Yellow, July. 
 
 1759. 
 
 undula'ta (wave-teavfd). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 1812. 
 
 BOEDER is a name applied to that nar- 
 row division of the garden which usually 
 accompanies each side of a walk in the 
 kitchen-garden, and to the narrow bed 
 which is near to the garden-wall on one 
 side, and abuts on a walk on the other. 
 In fact, any bed which acts as a boundary 
 to a walk, or grass-plot, or the main 
 
 quarters of a garden, may be properly de- 
 scribed as a border. 
 
 1. Fruit- Borders. Next to the wall 
 should be a path, eighteen inches wide,, 
 for the convenierre of pruning and ga- 
 thering. Next to tnis path should be tba- 
 border, eight or nine feet wide ; and them 
 the broad walk, which should always en- 
 compass the main compartments of the 
 kitchen-garden. The whole of the breadth 
 from the wall to the edge of this main 
 walk should be excavated to the depth of 
 four feet; the bottom of the excavation 
 rammed hard ; brickbats and large stones 
 then put in, to the depth of one foot and 
 a half; and the remaining two feet ant 
 a half filled up with suitable soil. From 
 the under-drainage of brickbats, &c. T . 
 draining-pipes should be laid with an 
 outfall into some neighbouring ditch- 
 No fruit-tree will be healthy if it roots- 
 deep, or if its roots are surrounded by~ 
 superfluous water; that is, more water 
 than the soil will retain by its own che- 
 mical and capillary attractions. Shallow- 
 rooting crops do no harm to the trees, 
 grown on fruit-borders sufficient to re- 
 quire their total banishment. See FEUIT- 
 TEEES and STATIONS. 
 
 2. Flower -Borders. These, like the 
 preceding, and, indeed, like every other 
 part of the garden not devoted to aquatic 
 and marsh plants, should be well drained. 
 In plotting them, it must also be remem- 
 bered that, if narrow, no art will impart to 
 them an aspect of boldness and grandeuiv 
 Indeed, narrowness of surface is inse- 
 parably connected with an impression 
 that the grounds are of limited extent ;. 
 and no disposal of the plants will remove 
 the littleness thus suggested. If the- 
 pleasure-grounds are small, narrow bor- 
 ders are permissible ; but, even then, the- 
 broader they are the less is the appear- 
 ance of meanness. Neatness must be 
 the presiding deity over flower-borders ;. 
 and no application of the hoe and rake, 
 no removal of decayed leaves, no tying, 
 up of straggling members, can be too un- 
 remitting. See FLOWEES. 
 
 ForJdnfj-Bordcrs.^Q border, whether 
 tenanted by the roots of fruit-trees or 
 flowering -shrubs, should be ever dug 
 with the spade. The surface turned up 
 roughly with the fork, to benefit by the 
 winter frosts, and manure as necessary, 
 turned in with the same implement, are 
 sufficient. 
 
BOE 
 
 [ 128 
 
 BOE 
 
 BOKECOLE. Bra'ssica olcra'cca finibri- 
 a'la. 
 
 Varieties. Of the following, 1, 2, 3, 
 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 15 are the best. 
 
 1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts. 
 
 2. Green Borecole, German or curled 
 Kale, or Curlies, Scotch or Siberian Kale, 
 Bra'ssica olera'cca seleni'sia. 
 
 3. Purple Borecole, B. olcra'cea laci- 
 nia'ta. 
 
 4. Variegated Borecole. 
 
 5. Chou de Milan. 
 
 6. Egyptian or Babi Kale. 
 
 7. Bagged Jack. 
 
 8. Jerusalem Kale. 
 
 9. Buda, Kussian, or Manchester Kale. 
 This is greatly improved by blanching 
 under a pot, like Sea Kale. 
 
 10. Anjou Kale. 
 
 11. One-thousand-headed Cabbage, B. 
 olera cea ace'phala. 
 
 12. Palm Borecole. 
 
 13. Portugal, or Large-ribbed. 
 
 14. Woburn perennial. This, and, in- 
 deed, the whole race, may be propagated 
 by cuttings, six inches long, planted 
 where to remain, in March or April. 
 
 15. Barnes's Feathered Savoy. 
 Sowing. The first crop sow about the 
 
 end of March, or early in April, the 
 seedlings of which are fit for pricking 
 out towards the end of April, and for 
 final planting at the close of May, for 
 production late in autumn and com- 
 mencement of winter. Sow again about 
 the middle of May; for final planting, 
 during July; and, lastly, in August, for 
 use during winter and early spring. 
 
 Prick out the seedlings when their 
 leaves are about two inches in breadth ; 
 set them about six inches apart each way ; 
 and water frequently until established. 
 In four or five weeks they will be of suffi- 
 cient growth for final removal. 
 
 Planting. Set them in rows two feet 
 and a half apart each way: the last plant- 
 ation may be six inches closer. They must 
 be watered and weeded; and some of 
 them being of large-spreading growth, 
 the earth can only be drawn about their 
 stems during their early growth. If, 
 during stormy weather, any of those 
 which acquire a tall growth are blown 
 down, they should be supported by stakes, 
 when they will soon firmly re-establish 
 themselves. 
 
 To raise Seed. Select such plants of 
 each variety as are of the finest growth, 
 and either leave them where grown or 
 
 remove them during open weather in 
 November, or before the close of Fe- 
 bruary, (the earlier the better,) into rows 
 three feet apart each way, and planted 
 deeply. The seed ripens about the be- 
 ginning of August. 
 
 BORO'NIA. (Named after Boroni, an 
 Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat. 
 ord., Rueworts [Butacese]. Linn.,'8-06-- 
 tandria 1-Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, neither 
 hard nor soft, inserted in sand, under a glass, 
 where there is the mildest heat; sandy peat and 
 charcoal. Though greenhouse plants, most of 
 them like a little extra heat in spring. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 D. ala'ta (winged). 3. Red. May. N. Holland. 
 182*. 
 
 anemoneefo' Ha (anemone-leaved). 2. Red. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 anethifi/lia (fennel-leaved). N. Holland. 1841. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped-/eaued). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Kir.g George's Sound. 
 
 denticnla'ta (fine-toothed). 2. Red. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 dicho'toma (fork-branched). Rose. October. 
 
 N. Holland. 1841. 
 falcifii'lia (sickle-leaved). Moreton Bay. 1841. 
 
 Fraze'ri (Frazer's). Red. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1821. 
 
 lalifo'lin (broad-leaved). Red. April. N. 
 
 Holland. JS24. 
 
 Icdifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. Red. May. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1814. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). N.Holland. 1841. 
 
 microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Pink. N. 
 
 Holland. 1846. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shape-/eaye<Z). Crimson. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1841. 
 
 pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1/Q4. 
 
 poly g alee fo'lia (polygala- leaved). 2. Red. 
 
 May. N. Holland, 1824. 
 
 sca'hra (rough). Pink. Swan River. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edged-teayed). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 June. N. S. Wales. 1816. 
 
 spathula'ta (spathulate-teaued). Pink. Swan 
 
 River. 1845. 
 
 tetra'nda (four-stamened). 2. Red. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 tereti fo'lia (round-leaved). Pink. Swan River. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Pink. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1840. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). Pink. Swan River. 
 
 BORRE'BIA. (Named after J. W. Borrer, 
 a British cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Cin- 
 chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetran- 
 drial-Monogynia. Allied to Spermacoce.) 
 
 Stove plants. The biennials from seeds, treated 
 like a tender annual ; and the perennials from 
 cuttings in sand, in heat, under a glass ; light 
 soil. 
 
 B. commuta'ta (changed). . White. June,, 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 stri'cta (upright), f . White. July. E. Ind, 
 
 18-20. 
 
 verlicUla'ta (whorled-./ZoM>ererf). 2. White. 
 
 July. Africa. 1732. 
 
 BO'SCIA. (Named after L. Bosc, a 
 
BOS 
 
 [ 129 ] 
 
 EOT 
 
 French professor of agriculture. Nat. 
 ord., Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn., 
 11-Dodecaudria \-Monoyynia. ) 
 
 Cuttings of firm wood in heat, in sand, under a 
 glass ; lumpy, fibry loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 60. 
 B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 3. White. Senegal. 
 1824. 
 
 BOSSEE'A. (Named after Bossieu, who 
 accompanied La Perouse on his fatal 
 voyage. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacea?]. Linn., IQ-Afonadflphia Q-De- 
 candria. Allied to Hovea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trailers ; cut- 
 tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in April; peat and loam, both fibry, with a 
 portion of silver-sand, and some pieces of charcoal, 
 to keep the soil open ; also seeds sown in a slight 
 hotbed, in March. Summer temp., 60 to 75; 
 winter, 40 to 50. 
 
 B. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. May* 
 N. Holland. 1324. 
 
 cine'rca (grey). 3. Yellow. June. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1802. 
 
 Cardiff t'lia (heart-leaved), l. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1840. 
 
 en&a'ta (sword-branched). 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 erioca'rpa (woolly-podded). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 King George's Sound. 1837. 
 folio'sa (leafy). 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 
 1824. 
 
 Henderso'nii (Henderson's). Yellow and 
 
 bronze. N. S. Wales. 1844. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 September. N. S. Wales. 1792. 
 
 Icnticula'ris (lentil-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 Lineeoi'des ( Linn jea-I ike). Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 linopliy'lln (flax-leaved). 3. Orange. August. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leavsd). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. ISO*. 
 
 ova' to, (egg-shape-ewc?). Yellow. April. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1792. 
 
 paucifo'lia (few-leaved). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 June. Swan River. 184!. 
 
 prostra'tu (prostrate). . Yellow. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1803. 
 
 r hombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1S20. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish-yellow-/oM7ered). 6. Orange. 
 
 August. N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 scolope'ndrium (hart's - tongue - leaved). 10. 
 
 Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 1792. 
 
 s/7me'scews(spined). Yellow. N. Holland. 184Q. 
 
 tenuicau'lis (slender-stemmed). . Yellow. 
 
 April. Van Diemen's Land. 1836. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow, red. June 
 
 Swan River. 1842. 
 
 BOSTRICHUS, a class of beetles, many 
 of which are very injurious to the crop 
 of the garden. 
 
 B. dispar, Apple-bark beetle. Th 
 female of this insect bores into the woo 
 .9 
 
 of the apple-tree, and there deposits her 
 eggs, generally in the month of May ; 
 and its perforations are so numerous and 
 extensive, as frequently, on the continent, 
 o destroy the tree. In England it rarely 
 occurs. The perforations are confined 
 o the alburnum, or young wood. 
 
 B. typographies, Typographer - bark 
 Beetle. This attacks the pine-tribe, espe- 
 cially the silver-fir. A drawing of this 
 nsect is given at page 329, vol. iii, of 
 The Cottage Gardener. 
 
 B.pinastri, Pinaster, or Bed-bark beetle, 
 ;onfines its attacks to the pines, leaving 
 ;he firs untouched, as the B. larius lives 
 exclusively on the larch, and the B. ortho- 
 jraphits on the spruce-fir. 
 
 BOSWE'LLIA. Olibanuin-tree. (Named 
 after Dr. Boswell, of Edinburgh. Nat. 
 ord., Amy rids [Amarydacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 The brittle resin of Boswellia, boiled with oil 
 o render it soft, is used in the East as pitch for 
 he bottoms of ships, and, in the dry state, as 
 rankincense. Stove trees ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots, in sand and peat'; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 B. gla'bra (smooth). 30. Pale yellow. Coro- 
 
 mandel. 1823. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-edged-Jea0ed). 20. Pale yellow., 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 BOTHY. The lodgings assigned to 
 young gardeners in the northern part of 
 the kingdom ; and miserable hovels they 
 often were, and, in some cases, still are. 
 
 BOTRY'CERAS. (From botrys, a bunch, 
 and Jceras, a horn ; in reference to the 
 Dunches of horn-like racemes. Nat. ord., 
 Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 4- 
 Tclrandria \-Monoyy ma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a 
 frame, and the hand-light tilted up at night ; 
 sandy peat. Summer temp., 55 to 65; winter, 
 38 to 45. 
 
 B. lauri'num (laurel-like). 4. N. Holland. 1823. 
 BOTRY'CHIUM. Moonwort. (From bo- 
 
 r?/.s, a bunch; in reference to the bunch - 
 like formation of the seed-apparatus on 
 the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., Fern a 
 
 [Polypodiacesej. Linn., 2-Cryptogamiu 
 I-Filices.) 
 
 Perennial Ferns, hardy, with but one exception ; 
 chiefly divisions; peat and loam. B. uustra'U; 
 should be protected in winter. 
 B. austra'le (southern). . Brown. June. N. 
 Holland. 1823. Half-hardy. 
 
 disse'ctum (cnt-leavcd). $. Brown. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 fumarioi'des (fumitory-like), i. Brown. July. 
 Carolina. 1806. 
 
 luna'rium (common moonwort). J 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
EOT 
 
 [ 130 ] 
 
 BOX 
 
 P. obli'quum (twisted). $. Brown. August 
 
 N. Amer. 1821. 
 Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. August 
 
 N. Amer. 1/90. 
 
 BOTTLE GOURD. Lagena'ria. 
 BOTTOM-HEAT. Naturally the tem- 
 perature of the soil always bears a due 
 relative proportion to that of the air. 
 When the temperature of the air de- 
 creases, that of the soil also decreases, 
 but very slowly; and, when the atmo- 
 spheric heat increases, that of the soil 
 also gradually rises. Bottom-heat, or 
 heat applied to the roots of plants, is the 
 artificial mode of imitating this proceed- 
 ing of nature in our hothouses and other 
 structures of that kind. If the tempera- 
 ture of the soil be too cold in proportion 
 to the temperature of the atmosphere, 
 the roots are not stimulated sufficiently 
 to imbibe food as fast as it is required 
 by the branches and foliage ; and, as a 
 consequence, the leaves or fruit will full 
 or wither. On the other hand, if the 
 temperature of the soil be too great in 
 proportion to that of the atmosphere, the 
 roots absorb food faster than it can be 
 elaborated by the leaves ; find, as a con- 
 sequence, over-luxuriant shoots and an 
 extra development of leaves are caused, 
 instead of blossoms and a healthy pro- 
 gress in all the parts. 
 
 Every plant obviously will have a par- 
 ticular bottom- heat most congenial to 
 it. Plants growing in open plains will 
 require a higher bottom-heat than those 
 growing in the shade of the South Ame- 
 rican forests, though the temperature of 
 the air out of the shade may be the same 
 in each country. That gardener will suc- 
 ceed in exotic plant-culture best, who, 
 among his other knowledge, has ascer- 
 tained the relative temperature of the 
 air and soil in which any given plant 
 grows naturally. At present, such in- 
 formation from actual observation is not 
 obtainable ; but it is not so difficult to 
 ascertain the maximum and minimum 
 temperature of the air of a country ; and, 
 these being obtained, the gardener may 
 adopt this as a safe rule : Let the bot- 
 tom-heat for plants of that country be 
 always 5 higher than the average tem- 
 perature of each month; that is, if the 
 lowest temperature of the month is 40, 
 and the highest 70, the average is 55 ; 
 and, if we add 5 to that, we shall have 
 60 as the bottom-heat for that month. 
 If the average maximum temperature of 
 
 the air only be known, let the bottom- 
 heat be less by 10 than the maximum 
 temperature of the air. 
 
 BOTTOMING. A term usually applied 
 to the drainage of pots, although equally 
 applicable to any kind of horticultural 
 drainage. (See DRAINING.) It is also 
 applied to mowing grtfss on lawns, and 
 signifies that the mower should take ex- 
 tra pains in mowing, cutting down almost 
 to the surface of the turf, in order to fa- 
 cilitate future mowings by the production 
 of an entirely fresh herbage, free from 
 moss and the residue of former mowings. 
 
 BOURBON PALM. Lata'nia. 
 
 BOURGEON, or BURGEON. See BUD. 
 
 BOUSSINGAU'LTIA. (Named after the 
 celebrated chemist, Boussinyault. Nat. 
 ord., Basellads [Basellacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Ilexandrici \-Monoijynia,.} 
 
 Half-hardy tuberous-rooted plant. Seeds; di- 
 vision of its tuberous roots ; peat and rich loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 45 to 55. 
 B. baselloi'des (basella-like). White. July. S. 
 Amer. 1835. 
 
 BOUVA'RDIA. (Named after Dr. Boit- 
 rrf, curator of the Botanic Garden at 
 Paris. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchona- 
 :efe]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.} 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs, except 
 vhere otherwise specified. Seed at times, in heat. 
 Juttings of young shoots in heat, in March or 
 April. Shut up during the day, and air given at 
 light. Also by roots, cut into pieces, and In- 
 erted in sandy soil, and placed in a brisk, sweet 
 icat, in spring. Light, fibry soil. Summer temp., 
 50 to 70 ; winter, 35 to 45. 
 B. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1838. 
 Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). l. Scarlet. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). 
 
 Yellow. September. Mex- 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). Scarlet. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1834. 
 
 strigillo'sa (small-bristled). 3. Yellow. March. 
 
 1845. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 
 2. Scarlet. July. 
 2. Scarlet. July. 
 2. Scarlet. April. 
 
 Mexico. 17< 
 gla'bra (smooth). 
 
 Mexico. 1794. 
 pube'scens (downy). 
 
 Mexico. 1794. 
 ~ sple'ndens (shining). 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Red. Au- 
 gust. S.Amer. 1814. 
 
 BOWER. See ARBOUR. 
 
 Box (Bu'xus scmpervi'rcns\ is noticed 
 by the gardener chiefly as a plant suitable 
 for edgings. For this purpose it is neat ; 
 but it is an exhauster of the soil more 
 than any other that can be so employed, 
 
BOX 
 
 [131 ] 
 
 BRA 
 
 raid is a favourite lurking-place for tlie 
 snail. For plants that may be substi- 
 tuted, see EDGING. The best months 
 for planting Box are September and 
 February. Small-rooted slips are em- 
 ploj-ecl, and are planted against the per- 
 pendicular side of a small trench, along 
 the edge of the border or bed they arej 
 desired to bound. The best month for 
 -clipping Box is June, and it should be 
 done in showery weather. With great 
 attention to not injuring the roots, and 
 to washing earth in among these in their 
 new position, large Box-trees or bushes 
 have been moved in May, June, and July. 
 See The Cottage Gardener, iv., 328, 350. 
 
 Box ELDER. Negit'ndo. 
 
 Box THOBN. Ly'cium. 
 
 BRABEI'UM. African Almond. (From 
 In-abeion., a sceptre ; in reference to the 
 flower-racemes. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro- 
 teacece]. Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Moncecia. 
 Allied to Persoonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe 
 hoots under a bell-glass, in sand. Sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45. 
 B. Stella! turn (starred). 15. White. August. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 BRACHY'COME. (From brachys, short, 
 and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Composites 
 Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua. Allied to the Daisy.) 
 
 Annuals. Sown in a gentle hotbed in March, 
 and transplanted as a half-hardy annual. B. di- 
 versifo'lia by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, under 
 a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38 
 to 45. 
 
 B. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). . White. May. 
 
 Australia. 1824. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 iberidifo'tia (iberis-leaved). $. Purple. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1840. Half-hardy annual. 
 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered), . White. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 BRACHYL^'NA. (From brachys, short, 
 and I ana, a cloak, or covering ; referring 
 to the shortness of the involucre. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Tar- 
 chonanthus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half, 
 tipe shoots, same as Brachy'cone dioersifv'lia. 
 B.nereifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 4. White. Sep- 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 BRACHYSE'MA. (From brachys, short 
 and serna, standard; the flowers having 
 the standard petal short. Nat. ord., 
 leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds in March, 
 in heat ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sum- 
 mer, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a mild bot- 
 
 tom-heat; loam and peat, with a little sand. 
 Summer temp., 50 to 65 ; winter, 46 to 55. 
 B. aphy'ilum (leafless). Brownish-crimson. N. 
 Holland. 1849. 
 
 bractea'tum (bracted). 3. Crimson. April. 
 
 Swan River. 1843. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). Crimson, cream. March. 
 lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Scarlet. February. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Crimson. Ma;. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 platy'ptera (broad-winged-aiened). Grim* 
 
 son. May. Swan River. 1844. 
 
 pramo'rsum (jagged-pointed). Red. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1848. 
 
 undula'tuin (w&ve-leaved). 3. Green. March. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1828. 
 
 villo'sum (long-haired). 3. Crimson. March. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 BEACHYSTE'LMA. (From brachys, short, 
 and stelma, a crown ; referring to the 
 coronal processes of the flowers. Nat. 
 
 d., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 
 3-Peniandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse tuberous perennials, from the Capa 
 of Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; 
 division of the roots ; fibry loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 B. cri'spum (curled-teamed). . Brown, yellow. 
 September. 1829. 
 
 fpatula'tum (spatulate-feacl). 1. Green. 
 
 June. 1826. 
 
 tubero'sum (tuberous). l. Purple. June. 1821. 
 
 BRACTE. A leafy appendage to the 
 flower or its stalk, and not inaptly called 
 the floral leaf. The most familiar ex- 
 ample is the pale green, oblong one at- 
 tached to the flower-stalk of the Lime- 
 tree (Ti'lia Europafa). 
 
 BRAKE. Pte'ris. 
 
 BRAMBLE. Eu'lits. 
 
 BRANCHING ANNUAL STOCK. Malco'- 
 mia mari'tima. 
 
 BRASSA'VOLA. (Named after A. M. 
 Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria I-Honogynia.} 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; best grown on block* 
 of wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and sphag- 
 num. Summer temp., 70 to 90, and moist ; 
 winter, 55 to 65, and dry. 
 
 B. angusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish-green. June. 
 Demerara. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-Zipped). 1. White, green. May. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). $. Purple and white. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1790. 
 
 cuspida' t a (spear-Zipped). 4. White. March. 
 
 Trinidad. 1839. 
 
 Digbia'na (Mr. Digby's). f . Yellow, white, 
 
 and purple. July. Honduras. 1844. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Lilac. Antigua. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green), l . Yellow. March. 
 
 Vera Cruz. 1837. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. March. 
 
 Honduras. 1838. 
 
 Una a' t a (line-leaved). Light yellow. S. 
 
 Amer. 1850, 
 
BRA 
 
 [ 132 ] 
 
 BRI 
 
 JG. Zlariia'nz (Dr. Marlins's). 1. White. March. 
 Berhice. 1838. 
 
 nodo'sa (knotty). 1. Yellowish-green. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 Perri'nii (Perriu's). 1. Green. September. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1831. 
 
 retu'sa (end-notched). White, green. March. 
 
 Maracaybo. 
 
 tubercula'ta (knobbed). . White. July. 
 
 Botaf Bay. 1827. 
 
 veno'sa (veiny-lipped). 1. White. March. 
 
 Honduras. 1839. 
 
 BRA'SSIA. (Named after Mr. Brass, a 
 botanical traveller. Nat. ord,, Orckids 
 [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough turf, in pots, 
 well drained. Those from Guatimala require less 
 heat than those from the West Indies ; water 
 freely when growing, but $uve little when at rest. 
 Temp, same as for Brassa'vola. 
 B. angu'sta (nwnovi-flou>ered}. Yellow. Octo- 
 ber. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 arista' ta (awned). Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Guatimala. 1SU. 
 
 bi'dens (two-toothed). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1812. 
 
 brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yellowish- 
 
 green and brown. September. Guati- 
 mala. 1843. 
 
 cauda'tu (long-tailed). 1. Yellow and brown. 
 
 February. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 CVoH>e'su(Clowes's). Brown, yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 184-1. 
 
 cochlea' ta (spoon-lipped) . 1. Green, brown. 
 
 April. Demerara. 1834. 
 
 gutta'ta (blotched). Green, yellow. August. 
 
 Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 Lancea'na (Lance's), . Yellow-brown 
 
 spotted. January. Surinam. 1813. 
 -- viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), f. Green. 
 March. Demerara. 1833. 
 
 Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Yellow, 
 
 brown. April. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 macrosta'chya (long-spiked). 2. Green, 
 
 brown. Demerara. 
 
 macula' ta (spotted-flowered). 1. Yellow-red 
 
 spotted. April. Jamaica. 1806. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow, purple. 1844. 
 
 Peruvia'nn (Peruvian). 1. Yellow, green. 
 
 April. 1844. 
 
 verruco'sa (warty-lipped). Green and brown. 
 
 March. Guatimala. 
 
 Wra'ya: (Mrs. Wray's). Yellow, green. Gua- 
 
 timala, 1840. 
 
 BRA'SSICA. Cabbage. (From bresic, 
 the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. ord., 
 Crucifers [Brassicaceee]. Linn., 15-Te- 
 tradynamia.) 
 
 Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn; but at all 
 intermediate periods during summer, according 
 as the produce is wanted young ; deep, rich, 
 loamy soil. We shall only mention the specific 
 names of the most useful, the cultivation of each 
 of which will be found under its common name. 
 B. na'pa-bra'ssica. Turnip-cabbage. 
 
 na'pus, Rape. 
 
 olera'cea. Cabbage. 
 fimbria'ta. Borecole. 
 
 cauliflo'ra. Cauliflower. 
 
 botry'tis. Brocoli. 
 
 cau'lo-ra'pa. Kohl Eabi. 
 
 BRAVO' A. (Named after Bravo, a 
 Mexican botanist. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1- 
 Monogynia. ) 
 
 A pretty Mexican small bulb, requiring slight 
 protection in winter, or the greenhouse-culture of 
 Ixias. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 JB. geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Red. July* 
 Mexico. 1841. 
 
 BRAZIL-NUT. Bertholle'tia. 
 
 BRAZIL-WOOD. Ccesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis. 
 
 BREAD-FRUIT. Artoca'rpns. 
 
 BREAD-NUT. Bro'slmum. 
 
 BREAD-ROOT. Psora' lea escuh'nta. 
 
 BREAKING. A tulip's flower is broken 
 when it lias attained its permanent 
 colours. A bulbous root is said to break 
 when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ; 
 and a bud breaks when it bursts, to allow 
 the expansion of the leaves or flowers. 
 
 BREAST-WOOD. The shoots which grow 
 out directly from the front of branches 
 trained as espaliers, or against walls. 
 
 BREMONTIE'RA. (Named after M. 
 Bremontier. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacesej. Linn., 17 ' -Liaddphia 4-Z>e- 
 candria. Allied to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a glass, in heat; fibry loam and peat, with a 
 little sand. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 
 B. ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple. Mau- 
 ritius. 1826. 
 
 BRE'XIA. (From brexls, rain ; in refer- 
 ence to the protection from rain given 
 by the large leaves of some of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Brexiads [Brexiacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogyn ia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 peat, and a third loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 B. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 30. Mauri- 
 tius. 1820. 
 
 Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 30. Green. 
 
 June. Madagascar 1812. 
 
 spino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June. Ma- 
 
 dagascar. 1812. 
 
 BRICKS. As the gardener often may 
 want to know how many bricks will be 
 needed for an intended structure, it 
 will be a guide to know that all bricks 
 sold in England were required by statute 
 (17 G-eo. III., c. 42) to be eight and a 
 half inches long, four inches wide, and 
 two and a half inches thick. Pantiles, 
 by the same authority, were required to 
 be thirteen and a half inches long, nine 
 and a half inches wide, and half an inch 
 thick. But as the duty is now taken off 
 these articles, we hope to see them made 
 
BTJ 
 
 [ 133 ] 
 
 BEI 
 
 larger, and of various forms, so as to re- 
 duce the amount of bricklayers' labour, 
 which is one of the most costly items in 
 thrt construction of garden-buildings. 
 
 BEIDGES, says Mr. "Whateley, are in- 
 consistent with the nature of a lake, but 
 characteristic of a river. They are, on 
 that account, used to disguise the termi- 
 nation of the former ; but the deception 
 has been so often practised that it no 
 longer deceives, and a bolder aim at the 
 same effect will now be more successful. 
 If the end can be turned just out of 
 sight, a bridge at some distance raises a 
 'belief, while the water beyond it removes 
 every doubt of the continuation of the 
 river. The supposition immediately oc- 
 curs, that if a disguise had been intended, 
 the bridge would have been placed further 
 hack, and the disregard thus shown to 
 one deception gains credit for the other. 
 As a bridge is not a mere appendage 
 to a river, but a kind of property which 
 denotes its character, the connexion be- 
 tween them must be attended to. From 
 the want of it, the single wooden arch, 
 once much in fashion, seemed generally 
 misplaced. Elevated, without occasion, 
 so much above it, it was totally detached 
 from the river, and often seen straggling 
 in the air without a glimpse of the water 
 to account for it ; and the ostentation of 
 it, as an ornamental object, diverted all 
 that train of ideas which its use as a 
 communication might suggest. The 
 vastness of Walton Bridge cannot, with- 
 out affectation, be mimicked in a garden 
 where the magnificent idea of inducting 
 the Thames under one arch is wanting; 
 and where the structure itself, reduced 
 to a narrow scale, retains no pretension 
 to greatness. Unless the situation makes 
 such a height necessary, or the point of 
 view be greatly above it, or wood or 
 aising ground, instead of sky, behind it, 
 lall up the vacancy of the arch, it seems 
 an effort without a cause, forced and 
 preposterous. 
 
 The vulgar footbridge of planks, only 
 guarded on one hand by a common rail, 
 and supported by a few ordinary piles, is 
 often more proper. It is perfect as a 
 communication, because it pretends to 
 nothing further; it is the utmost sim- 
 plicity of cultivated nature; and, if the 
 banks from which it starts he of a 
 moderate height, its elevation preserves 
 it from meanness. No other species 
 of bridge so effectually characterizes a 
 
 river. It seems too plain for an orna- 
 ment, too obscure for a disguise ; it must 
 be for use, it can be a passage only. 
 It is, therefore, spoiled if adorned ; it is 
 disfigured if only painted of any other 
 than a dusky colour. But, being thus 
 incapable of all decoration and import- 
 ance, it is often too humble for a great, 
 and too simple for an elegant, scene. A 
 stone bridge is generally more suitable 
 to either; but in that, also, an extraor- 
 dinary elevation is seldom becoming, un- 
 less the grandeur compensates for the 
 distance at which it leaves the water 
 below. 
 
 A gentle rise and easy sweep more 
 closely preserve the relation. A certain 
 degree of union should also he formed 
 between the banks and the bridge, that 
 it may seem to rise out of the hanks, not 
 barely to be imposed upon them. It 
 ought not, generally, to swell much above 
 their level; the parapet-wall should be 
 brought down near to the ground, or end 
 against some swell ; and the size and the 
 uniformity of the abutments should be 
 broken by hillocks or thickets about 
 them. Every expedient should be used 
 to mark the connexion of the building, 
 both with the ground from which it starts, 
 and the water which it crosses. 
 
 In wild and romantic scenes may be 
 introduced a ruined stone "bridge, of 
 which some arches may be still stand- 
 ing; and the loss of those which have 
 fallen may be supplied by a few planks, 
 with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It 
 is a picturesque object it suits the situ- 
 ation and the antiquity of the passage. 
 The care taken to keep it still open, 
 though the original huilding is decayed, 
 the apparent necessity which thence re- 
 sults for a communication, give it an 
 imposing air of reality. 
 
 BRILLANTA'ISIA. (In honour of M. 
 Brillaint. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan- 
 thaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogy- 
 nia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see BARLB'BIA. 
 B. Owarie'nsis (Owarian). 3. Purple. March. 
 Western Africa. 1853. 
 
 BEINING. See STEEPING. 
 
 BBI'ZA. (From ftrizo, to nod. Nat. 
 ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 8- 
 Triandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 This genus includes our Quaking-grass, or 
 Lady's-tresses, B. ma'xima and mi'nor. These, 
 with the two others we here enumerate, are the 
 only ones having any pretensions to being orna- 
 mental. Seed in early spring; common soil. 
 
BKO 
 
 r 134 i 
 
 BRO 
 
 B. Clu'sil (Clusius's). l. Apetal. June. South 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 ma'xima (greatest). l. Apetal. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1633. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). . Apetal. July. England. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 1. Apetal. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 BROADCAST is a mode of sowing now 
 rapidly falling into disuse in the garden 
 as well as in the field. It has no one 
 advantage over sowing in drills, except 
 that the work of sowing is done more 
 expeditiously. Subsequently, the saving 
 is all on the side of the drill-system. (See 
 DRILLING.) We know of no sowing where 
 the broadcast-mode is preferable, except 
 in the case of grass-seeds upon lawns, 
 and small seed-beds. The operation of 
 broadcast-sowing is thus performed: 
 Take up the seed in portions in the 
 hand, and disperse it by a horizontal 
 movement of the arm to the extent of 
 a semicircle, opening the hand at the 
 same time, and scattering the seeds in 
 the air, so as they may fall as equally 
 as possible over the breadth taken in 
 by the sower at once, and which is 
 generally six feet, that being the dia- 
 meter of the circle in which the hand 
 moves through half the circumference. 
 In sowing broadcast on the surface of 
 his beds, and in narrow strips or borders, 
 the seeds are dispersed, between the 
 thumb .and fingers, by horizontal move- 
 ments of the hand in segments of smaller 
 circles. 
 
 BROCOLI. (Bra'ssicaolera'cea botry'tis.} 
 Varieties. Mr. Thomson, of the Chis- 
 wiek Gardens, has published the follow- 
 ing list of these, with their synonymes, 
 or other names, by which they are known. 
 Those marked with an * we consider the 
 most desirable : 
 
 PURPLE OR GREEN BROCOLI. 
 
 1. *Early Purple Cape. Synonymes, 
 Grange's Early Cape, Purple Silesian, 
 Purple Sicilian, Blue Cape, Violet, Nain 
 Hatif of the French. Comes into use 
 during September, and until January. 
 Sow the first and third week in April, 
 and second week in June. 
 
 2. * Green Cape. Syn., Hardy Cape, 
 Late Cape, Autumnal Cape, Improved 
 Cape, Maher's Hardy Cape. Comes into 
 use in October and November. This 
 may be sown about the middle of April 
 and the middle of June. 
 
 3. Green Close-headed. Syn., Late 
 Green, Late Hardy Green, Dwarf Ro- 
 man, Siberian, Late Green Siberian. 
 
 From November to the end of February. 
 Sow about the second or third week in 
 April. 
 
 4. Sprouting. Syn., Italian Sprout- 
 ing, Grange's Early Purple Sprouting, 
 Early Branching, Lisbon Autumn Sprout- 
 ing, North's Early Purple. Very hardy,, 
 and in use from November to April, it' 
 sown at different periods from April to 
 the end of June. 
 
 5. Danish, or Late Green. Syn., 
 Dwarf Danish, Late Danish. Very 
 hardy ; produce in April and May ; best 
 suited for standing severe winters. Sow 
 about the second or third week in April. 
 
 6. *Late Dwarf Purple. Syn., Dwarf 
 Danish, Purple Cockscomb, Dwarf Swe- 
 dish, Late Purple, Italian Purple, Dwarf 
 Hardy Siberian, Dwarf Close-headed 
 Purple. Very hardy, coming into use in 
 May. Sow this and the next about the 
 same time as the preceding. 
 
 7. Dwarf Brown. Syn., Late Danish, 
 Late Dantzic, Late Brown, Lewisbam 
 Brown. Very hardy, from March to May. 
 
 SULPHUR. 
 
 8.*Portsmouth. Syn., Cream-coloured, 
 Belvidere, Southampton, Maher's New 
 Dwarf. In use during March and April,, 
 and is very hardy. Sow about the se- 
 cond or third week in April. 
 
 9. Sulphur. Syn., Brimstone, Late 
 Brimstone, Edinburgh Sulphur, Fine 
 Late Sulphur. In use during April and 
 May. Sow at the same time as the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 10. *Grange's Early Cauliflower Bro- 
 coli. Syn., Cup-leaved, Hopwood's 
 Early White, Early Dwarf White, Invisi- 
 ble White, Bath White, Italian White, 
 Marshall's Early White, Blanc d'ltalie 
 of the French. In use from the end of 
 September to Christmas, if the weather 
 proves mild, and is the earliest of all the 
 White kinds. This and the next should 
 be sown at three different seasons, viz. r 
 about the first and third weeks in April, 
 and the second week in June. 
 
 11. Early White. Syn., Neathouse, 
 Devonshire White, Autumn White. Dif- 
 fers from the preceding, in being smaller 
 and much later. Season from November 
 to February, if the weather prove mild. 
 
 12. * Knight's Protecting. Thehardiest 
 and largest of all the White kinds. Its 
 season from March to the beginning of 
 May, if planted at different times. Sow 
 about the third week in April. 
 
BED 
 
 [ .135 ] 
 
 BRO 
 
 13. Spring White. Syn., Close-leaved 
 White, Cauliflower Brocoli, Neapolitan 
 White, Naples White, Large Late White, 
 New Dwarf, Late White. In perfection 
 during the months of April and May; 
 not so hardy as the preceding, but very 
 desirable for late use. Sow at the same 
 time as the preceding. 
 
 14. White Danish is good, hardy, and 
 dwarf. Sown in mid-April, it is ready 
 the May following. 
 
 15. *Walchereii Brocoli. W T hite ; ex- 
 cellent. Sown the third week in April ; 
 in season from the end of August through- 
 out September. Sown in May, it is in 
 season during December and January. 
 
 Time and mode of Sowing. The times 
 for sowing the varieties are specified 
 under each ; but we will add that, for a 
 small family, we have found the follow- 
 ing sowings and varieties are sufficient 
 to keep up a supply from the beginning 
 of October to the end of May : 
 
 Sow Early Purple Cape and Grange's 
 Early Califlower Brocoli the second week 
 in April, and the first week in June. The 
 produce will be fit for table during Oc- 
 tober, and until the middle of December. 
 Sow Green Close-headed the first week 
 in April. The heads will be ready in 
 November, and until January ends. Sow 
 Dwarf Brown the second week in April. 
 It will be in production from February 
 to end of April. Sow Sulphur-coloured 
 and Spring White the second week of 
 April. Their heads will be ready during 
 the April and May following. 
 
 Each variety should be sown sepa- 
 rately, and the sowing performed thin ; 
 the beds not more than three or four feet 
 wide, for the convenience of weeding, 
 which must be performed as often as 
 weeds appear, as they are very inimical 
 to the growth of this vegetable. The 
 seed must not be buried more than half 
 an inch, and the beds be netted over, to 
 keep away the birds, which, especially 
 in showery weather, are very destructive. 
 
 Pricking out. The plants are fit for 
 pricking out when they are two or three 
 inches high. Do it during warm, showery 
 weather, and set them six inches apart 
 each way, and water every night until 
 they have taken root. They must have 
 four or five weeks' growth before they 
 are again moved, or not until they have 
 leaves nearly three inches in breadth. 
 
 Planting. 'When planted out, they 
 must be set, on an average, two feet 
 
 asunder each way ; in summer a little 
 wider, in autumn rathei closer. Water 
 to be given at the time of planting, and 
 occasionally afterwards until they are 
 established. During the droughts of 
 summer it may be given plentifully, with, 
 the greatest advantage. They must be 
 hoed between frequently, and the mould 
 drawn up about their stems. 
 
 Protection in Winter. To those crops 
 which have to withstand the winter in 
 the open air, salt is beneficially applied, 
 as it preserves them from being frosted 
 in the neck. This application preserves 
 their roots from being worm-eaten ; and 
 so does pouring soapsuds between the 
 rows, which application is also very be- 
 neficial to the plants. The salt should 
 be sown over the bed, in a dry day, in 
 autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the 
 acre. 
 
 To preserve the winter-standing crops 
 from destruction by severe weather, a 
 small trench is made, in the first week of 
 November, at the north end of each row, 
 in which the adjoining plant is laid so 
 low, with its head towards the north, 
 that the centre of its stem at the top is 
 just level with the surface of the ground, 
 the root being scarcely disturbed; it is 
 then immediately watered, and its roots 
 covered with more mould. Thus every 
 plant is in succession reclined ; and, in a 
 few days, it is scarcely perceptible that 
 they have been thus treated, though it 
 certainly checks their growth. Before 
 the arrival of snow, a small hillock 
 must be raised round each plant, to sup- 
 port its leaves, and prevent their being 
 broken. If snow accompanies severe 
 frost, advantage should be taken of it, 
 and the plants be heaped over with it, 
 which will afford them an effectual pro- 
 tection. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Such plants of each 
 variety must be selected, in March or 
 April, as most perfectly agree with their 
 peculiar characteristics, and are not par- 
 ticularly forward in advancing for ssead. 
 As the stems run up, some gardeners 
 recommend the leaves to be taken away ; 
 but this must be injurious. Mr. Wood, 
 of Queensferry, N.B., is particularly 
 careful that no foliage appears on the 
 surface of the head. He always lifts* 
 his plants, and plants them in another 
 bed, watering them abundantly, as this, 
 he finds, prevents their degenerating or 
 producing proud seed; and, when the 
 
BKO 
 
 [ 136 ] 
 
 BRO 
 
 head begins to open, he cuts out its 
 centre, and leaves only four or fivo of 
 the outside shoots for bearing'. The 
 Sulphur - coloured he always finds the 
 most difficult to obtain saed from. As 
 the branches spread, four or six stakes 
 should be placed at equal distances 
 round each plant, and hooped round with 
 string, to support them, and prevent their 
 breaking. When the pods begin to form, 
 water should be given repeatedly, and 
 occasionally some thrown over the whole 
 plant, which tends to prevent mildew. 
 Before the pods begin to change colour, 
 those from the extremity of every shoot 
 must be taken away, as these yield seeds 
 which produce plants very apt to run to 
 seed without heading; and, by an early 
 removal, the others are benefited. The 
 branches ought to be gathered as soon 
 as the pods upon them ripen. Different 
 kinds must never be planted near each 
 other, or they will reciprocally be crossed. 
 The seed ripens in August or September, 
 and it is often recommended to preserve 
 it in the pod until wanted; but the 
 general practice is to beat it out, and 
 store it as soon as perfectly dry. 
 
 BRODLK'A. (Named after J. J. Brodic, 
 a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 worts [Liliaceee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Allium.) 
 
 Frame or half-hardy small bulbs, requiring the 
 same treatment as Ixias. Offsets; sandy peat. 
 Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 40. 
 
 B. Califo'rnica (Californian). Pale brown. July. 
 California. 1848. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. Georgia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). l. Blue. N. 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 BROMK'LIA. (Named after Bromel, a 
 Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromel- 
 ivorts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria \-Monogynia. Belated to the Pine 
 Apple.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ; rich, 
 lumpy soil, well drained. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85, with moisture ; winter, 50 to 60, dryish. 
 JB. bractea'ta (rerf-bracted). 2. Pink. Sep- 
 tember. Jamaica. 1/85. 
 
 chrysa'ntha (golden - flowered), 2. Blue. 
 
 Caraccas. 1819. 
 
 crue'nta (bloody). 2. Blue, white, August. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Pink. April. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 fastuo'sa, (proud). 4. Purple. August. S. 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 iiu'milis (low), l. Pink. March. 176Q. 
 
 Kara' tax (Karatiis). 2. Pink. W. Ind. 1/39. 
 ~ Kngvla'ta (tongue-feat'ea). i. Yellow. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 1/5Q. 
 
 B. Plnguin (Pinguin). 3. Red. March. W. 
 Ind. 1690. 
 
 sylne'siris (wood). 3. Crimson. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 BROMHEA'DIA. (Named after Sir E. 
 F. Bromficad, Bart. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Ausellia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and 
 sandy, fibry peat ; set the pot in a pan, and keep 
 this rilled with water. Summer temp., 60 to 
 90 ; winter, 55 to GO . 
 
 B. palu'.-tris (marsh). 3. White, yellow, and 
 purple. June. Sumatra. 1640. 
 
 BROKGNIA'RTIA. (Named after B ron 17- 
 niart, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 17-DiadeIphia 4^-Decandria.~) 
 
 In relation with such plants as Colutea and 
 Clianthus. Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of young 
 shoots, but firm at the base; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Summer temp., 50 to 00; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 B. Podalyrioi'des (Podalyria-like). 1. Flesh. 
 September. North of Spain. 1827. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). Purple. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 BROOM. See BESOM. 
 
 BROOM. Spa'rtium and Cy'tisus spino'- 
 sus. 
 
 BROOM (SPANISH). Geni'staHispa'mca. 
 
 BROOM-CYPRESS. Ko'chia scopa'ria. 
 
 BROOM-RAPE. Oroba'-nche. 
 
 BRO'SIMUM. Bread-nut. (From Iro- 
 simos, edible, or good to eat; the fruit 
 being edible. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads 
 [Atrocarpaceae]. Linn., 23 - Poly garni a 
 2-Dicecia.) 
 
 The far-famed Cow-tree of South America 
 (Oalactode'ndron'), whose milky juice is as rich 
 and wholesome as the milk of the cow, is Bro'si- 
 mum u'tile. Another species, B. alica'stnim, 
 produces nuts, which are roasted and eaten as 
 bread ; and a third species produces the beauti- 
 fully-marked wooii, called snake-wood. Its 
 gummy juice is also made into India rubber. 
 Stove evergreen shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 wood, in a hotbed; rich, fibry loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 B. alica' strum (alicastrum). 6. Apetal. Ja- 
 maica. 1/76. 
 
 spu'rium (spurious-milkwood). 6. Apetal. 
 
 Jamaica. 178Q. 
 
 u'tile (useful. Cow-tree). 50. Caraccas. 182Q. 
 
 BROUGHTO'NIA. (Named after Mr. 
 Rroughlon, an English botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria \-Monandria.} 
 
 Stove orchids ; division. These maybe grown 
 in crocks and fibry peat, the plant raised above 
 the pot, but best on blocks without moss, being 
 near a roof; high, moist temperature in summer ; 
 cooler and drier in winter. Summer temp., <3U 
 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 65. 
 
Liar j 
 
 BfiU 
 
 ZJ. ciu'rea (golden}. Yellow, reel. Uarch. Mexico. 
 lS3t>. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy). l. Red. June. E.Ind. 182-4. 
 
 sangui'nKii (bloo'l-ciiltiurcd). 14. Crimson. 
 
 August. Jamaica- 179-T. 
 
 BROUSSONE'TIA. ( Named after Brotts- 
 sonet, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 illorads, or Mulberries [Moracea?-] . Linn., 
 22-Dicecia 4,-Tetrandria. ) 
 
 In general aspect there is nothing to distinguish 
 it from a mulberry-tree ; but it is less hardy. 
 Hardy trees ; suckers and cuttings of ripened 
 wood, inserted in autumn, and seeds sown when 
 lipe, or kept over to the following April ; good, 
 conv.non soil. 
 . . papiiri'fera (paper-bearing). 12. June. 
 
 Japan. 1/51. 
 cuculla'ta (cowl- leaved}. 12. February. 
 
 French variety. 1824. 
 
 disse'cta ( cut-lea ved) . 1 847. 
 
 fru'ctu-a'lbo( white-fruited}. 12. August. 
 
 macropky'Ua (large-leaved j. 
 
 variegn'ta (var.egated-^ntvcZ). 1846. 
 
 spatulaJta (spat-alate-&?a0f)' 12. June. 
 
 Japan. 1 824. 
 
 BBOWAUVU. (Named af t r J. Bm- 
 wallius, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., Fi<j- 
 worls [Scrophulariacea;]. Linu., 1-i- 
 Didynamta 2-Anyio*p<!rin ia.} 
 
 Greenhouse annuals; scads sown in a mild 
 heat, in March ; p >ueda:id re-potted, and kept in 
 the greenhouse during a immer; light, rich soil. 
 B. demi'ssa (low), f . Blue. August. S. Auicr. 
 1/35. 
 
 elti'ta (tall), ij. Blue. August. Peru. 3768. 
 
 elongn'ta (elongated). l. Blue, white. July. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Light yellow. 
 
 June. Peru. 1329. 
 
 Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Orange. June. 
 
 New Grenada. 1850. 
 
 specio'sa (showj-fiotvered). 'J.. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Quindiu. 1845. 
 BRO'WNEA. ^ Named after Dr. Brown. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 16-Monadelphia Q-Dccandria. Al- 
 lied to Csesalpinia and Amherstia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood 
 in sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong 
 bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 4iO to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 33. Ari'za (Ariza). Red. Bogota. 1343. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1/93. 
 
 gra'ndiceps (large-headed). 6. Red. Carac- 
 
 cas. 1829. 
 
 latif'i'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Scarlet. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. 
 
 racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ro'sca (rosy). 8. Crimson. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1828. 
 
 BROWNLOW'IA. (Named after Lady 
 Broicnlow. Nat. ord., Lindcnlloorns [Ti- 
 liaceae]. Linn., IQ-Polyandria 1-Mono- 
 [jynia. Allied to Grewia.) 
 
 Stove tree. -Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat ; 
 neb., leamy soil. Summer temp., 60 to 75; 
 Winter, 43 to 55. 
 
 B. data ('tali:. 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 BROW; TAILED MOTH. Porlhesia. 
 
 Bmj'cjiA. (Named after Bruce, the 
 j African traveller. Nat. ord., Quassiads 
 J [Sknarubacete]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 4-Te- 
 j trundria.) 
 
 I This genus possesses that intense bitter, for 
 
 j vr'.iich Quassia, the head of this small order, has 
 
 j li>n>j; been celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 
 i Ripened cuttings in sand, under a glass, in hot- 
 
 I toai-heat. Summer ternp., 6oto 75; winter, 55. 
 
 B. ferrugi'neu (r 'usty-osA- 1 caved). 5- Green. April. 
 
 Abyssinia. " 1/75. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 6. Yellow, green. E.Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6. Green. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 BRUCHUS. A genus of small beetles, 
 which confine their depredations chiefly 
 to the seeds of leguminous plants. 
 
 Bruchus yranarius. The Grain Beetle. 
 ! Every one who is acquainted with the 
 i seeds of the pea and the bean must .have 
 ! noticed that in many of them were small v 
 
 ! 
 
 round holes ; and these occasionally are 
 so numerous as to spoil the sample, and, 
 indeed, render the seeds totally valueless 
 for sowing; for not one of those thus 
 pierced but would produce either a weak, 
 unhealthy plant, or not vegetate at all. 
 Those holes in the " worm-eaten" peas 
 and beans are made by a small beetle 
 {Bruchus gnoiariits}, produced from a 
 grub, or caterpillar, which has eaten 
 away the vital parts of the seed; and, 
 when it has passed through the chrysalis 
 state, and given birth to this beetle, the 
 latter makes the hole in order to escape 
 into the open air, there to perpetrate 
 more mischief upon the growing crops. 
 The body of the beetle is a dull brown; 
 but the elytree, or wing-covers, are black, 
 dotted with white, but scarcely percepti- 
 bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw- 
 ing. Naturally it is the size of the smaller 
 figure; that is, scarcely two lines long. 
 The antenna?, or feelers, are eleven- 
 jointed, black, and thinnest near the 
 
BEU 
 
 [138] 
 
 BRU 
 
 head, where they are also tinged with 
 red. The head droops, the eyes are 
 prominent, the fore-legs are rusty- co 
 loured. This little heetle may be founc 
 upon various flowers during seven 
 months of the year. In February it may 
 be found on the furze-blossom, in June 
 upon the white-thorn, and in July anc 
 August upon the spiraea and rhubarb 
 flowers. The female pierces through the 
 pod of the pea and bean whilst very 
 young, and often deposits an egg in each 
 seed. Probably the best mode of destroy- 
 ing this insect would be to subject the 
 seed, as soon as harvested, for some 
 hours, until thoroughly heated, to a tern 
 perature of 150. This, we think, would 
 kill the grubs without injuring the seed. 
 Bruchus ater. The Furze Beetle. This 
 little insect is shown in the annexed cut 
 of its natural size, as well as magnified. 
 
 It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases) 
 marked with lines and lighter- coloured 
 dots; antennae (feelers) divided into 
 eleven joints. The females, in February, 
 deposit their eggs in the germs, or young 
 seed- vessels,of the winter-blooming furze ; 
 and the same insects may be found again, 
 in June, similarly employed upon the sum- 
 mer-blooming furze. The grub hatched 
 from her eggs lives upon the seeds ; and 
 every one who has noticed this plant 
 must be aware that its ripe seed-vessels 
 often contain nothing but a little rough 
 powder a powder which is the refuse of 
 the seeds destroyed by the grub of this 
 insect. Another member of this family of 
 beetles, Bruchus pisi, is greatly destruc- 
 tive to the pea crops. It is a small, 
 brownish beetle, usually found at the 
 time the plants are in flower, and depo- 
 siting eggs in the tender seeds of legu- 
 
 minous plants, and sometimes in dif- 
 ferent kinds* of corn. In these the 
 larva a small, white, fleshy grub finds 
 both a suitable habitation and an abund- 
 ance of foo'd. It undergoes all its trans- 
 formations in the seed; and the perfect 
 insect remains in it till the spring, 
 though in fine autumns the perfect in- 
 sects appear at that season also. The 
 larvaj possess the singular instinct of 
 never attacking the vital part of the seed 
 till the last. We have ofttn observed the 
 seed-pots of Ghorozema, und other deli- 
 cate and scarce leguminous plants in 
 greenhouses, pierced by the Bruchus pisi. 
 The more effectual remedy is to pull up 
 and burn the haulm and pods altogether, 
 and not attempt to get a crop at all. 
 Cottage Gardener, i. and iii. 
 
 BRUGMA'NSIA. (This genus is united 
 to Datura.) 
 
 BRUISE. See CANKER. 
 
 BRU'NIA. (Named after C. Brun, a 
 traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., Bru- 
 niads [Bruniaceeej. Linn., o-Pentandria 
 \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under-shrubs, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young- 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in summer; 
 sandy peat. Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 
 38 to 45. 
 n. como'sa (tufted). 3. White. July. 1320. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. July. 1-804. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817. 
 
 globo'sa( globe-like). 2. White. July. 1816. 
 
 Ice' vis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1322. 
 
 inacrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 1815. 
 
 nodifiufra (knot-flowered). 6. White. July. 
 
 1786. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. July. 1924. 
 
 squarro'sa (broad-spreading). 2. White. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 supefrba (superb). 4. White. June. 1/91. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled-). 3. White. July. 1794. 
 
 BRUNNI'CHIA. (Named after Brunnich, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Buckwheats 
 "PolygonaceseJ. Linn., IQ-JDecandria 2- 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttinjrs root 
 reely ; fibry loam, with a little sand. Summer 
 emp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 38 to 45. 
 B. cirrAo / *a(tendrillcd). 6. Pink. July. Carolina. 
 
 1787. 
 
 BRUNO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Brown, 
 he celebrated English botanist. Nat. 
 >rd., Brunoniads [Brunoniaceje]. Lin- 
 ntean class and order uncertain.) 
 
 Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities, 
 iave been, and still are, in doubts as to the true 
 losition and affinity of the solitary genus of 
 i'hich this order is composed. Herbaceous per- 
 nnial. Seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and 
 
BSU 
 
 [139] 
 
 BUD 
 
 fihry peat. It requires the protection of a frame j 
 or greenhouse in winter, being neat and fragrant. j 
 B. austra'lis (southern), 1. Blue. N. Holland, j 
 1834. 
 
 BRUNSFE'LSIA. (Named after Bruns- 
 fcls, a German physician. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14--D*- 
 dynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Sal- 
 piglossis.) 
 
 We have added Francisce'a to this genus. 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil, 
 in a moist heat ; rich, lumpy, fibry soil. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 B. acumina'ta (taper-pointed-t'eaoed). 2. Purple. 
 April. Bio Janeiro. 
 
 America'na (American). 4. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1735. 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 
 
 angu'sta (narrow-teamed) 2. Purple. April. 
 
 calyci'na (large-calyxed). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1850. 
 
 exi'mia (choice). 2. Purple. June. Brazil. 
 
 1847. 
 
 gra'cilis ^slender). 2. Pale cream. June. 
 
 1847- 
 
 hydrangecefo'rmis (hydrangea-like). 4. Purple. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1840. 
 
 LocMa'rtti(Lockhart's). Purple. April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1840. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 niftida (shining). 
 
 Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1844. 
 
 Pohlia'na (Pohli's). Blue, \vhite). April. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 undula'ta (wave- flowered). 4. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White, purple. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Livid. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 BRUNSVI'GIA. (Named after the noble 
 house of Brunswick. Nat. ord., Amaryl- 
 lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis 
 which Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a 
 well-marked section of Amaryllis itself, when 
 divested of "the mass of discordant plants ac- 
 cumulated under that name." Herbert. Half- 
 hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Off- 
 sets ; loam and fibry peat ; either in greenhouse 
 or in a warm situation out of doors, where the 
 bulbs, being planted deep, are secure from frost 
 and from wet by coverings, such as glazed sashes 
 or tarpauling ; or the bulbs may be taken up at 
 the approach of winter, and stored. 
 
 3. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Black. August. 
 1752. 
 
 Corafntea (Coranic poison-bulb'). 1, Pink. 
 
 September. 1815. 
 
 pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1. Pale. Sep- 
 tember. 1826. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). 1. Red. 1823. 
 
 falca'ta (sickle-team*). J. Red. May. 177-1. 
 
 B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. Au- 
 gust. 1827. 
 
 Josephi'nce (Josephine's). l. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1814. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. Scarlet. July. 1814. 
 
 stria'ta (streaked). 1$. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1823. 
 lu'cida (shining). 1. Pink. August. 1818. 
 
 margina'ta (red-margined). 1. Scarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1795. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller), f . Pink. July. 1822. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Red. July. 
 
 1752. 
 
 ra'dula (rasp-leaved). $. Red. June. 1790. 
 
 stria'ta (channeled). . Pink. July. 1823. 
 
 toxica'ria (poison- bulb). 1. Pink. October. 
 
 1774. 
 
 BRUSSELS SPROUTS. See Borecole. 
 
 BRY'A. (From bryo, to germinate ; the 
 seeds, at times, sprouting in the pod. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in 
 hotbed; rich, fibry loarn. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 B. e'benus (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow, green. 
 July. Jamaica. 1713. 
 
 Leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 12. Yellow, green. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 BRYA'NTHUS. See Henzie'sia. 
 BRYOPHY'LLUM CALYCI'NUM. A species- 
 of House-Leek, chiefly regarded as a 
 curiosity ; hut a single leaf laid down ori 
 a damp surface will throw out young 
 plants all round its margin. Being a 
 native of the East Indies, it requires n, 
 summer temperature, 60 to 85 ; winter, 
 50 to 60. 
 
 BU'CTDA. Olive Bark -tree. (From 
 bons, an ox ; in reference to the fruit 
 being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., My- 
 robolans [Combretacese]. Linn., 10-De- 
 candria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 B. bu'ceras furnishes bark for tanning. Stove- 
 tree. Cuttings of young, firm wood, in sand^ 
 over sandy peat, and in a moist bottom-heat ; 
 loam, and rough, sandy peat. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 B. bu'ceras (ox's-horn). 25. Yellow, white. 
 
 August. Jamaica. 1793. 
 BUCK-BEAN. Menya'nthes. 
 BUCKLER MUSTARD. Biscute 'lla. 
 BUCKTHORN. Rha'mnns. 
 BUCKWHEAT. Poly'gomim fayopy'rum. 
 BUCKWHEAT -TREE. Myloca'ryum. 
 BUD. The buds are organized parts 
 of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical 
 form, and containing the rudiments of 
 future branches, leaves, and flowers,, 
 which remain without breaking, on pro- 
 ducing them, until circumstances favour 
 their development. The same buds, ac- 
 cordingly, as circumstances vary, produce 
 either flowers or leaves. Buds spring: 
 
BUD 
 
 [140] 
 
 BUD 
 
 from the alburnum, to which they are 
 always connected by central vessels. 
 Buds are formed, at first, only in the axils 
 of leaves, that is, in the angle between 
 the leaf and- the branch; but, if these 
 buds are destroyed, what are termed 
 adventitious or latent buds are formed, 
 yet chiefly in the neighbourhood of the 
 regular buds. 
 
 BUDDING is the art of making a bud 
 unite to the stem or branch (then called 
 the stock) of another tree or shrub, in- 
 dependently of its parent. The object 
 thus attained is a rapid multiplication of 
 that parent, and, in the case of seedlings, 
 an earlier production of fruit than if the 
 buds were left upon the parent. Deli- 
 cate kinds are strengthened by being 
 worked, as it is technically termed, upon 
 more robust stocks, as when a tender 
 vine is budded on the Syrian, and the 
 Double Yellow Eose upon the common 
 China. Variegated roses often lose their 
 distinctive marks if grown upon their 
 own roots. Some roses, budded upon the 
 common briar, afford finer flowers than 
 upon their own stems. Buds from seed- 
 ling peaches and pears are earlier pro- 
 ductive, and produce finer fruit, if budded 
 upon a robust stock; but buds of the 
 pear, inserted earlier than the close of 
 August, produce branches, and not blos- 
 soms. Where the bud comes in contact 
 with the wood of the stock, a confused 
 line is visible, between which line and 
 the bark of the bud new wood is pro- 
 duced, having solely all the characteristics 
 of the parent of the bud. Buds of 
 almost every species succeed with most 
 certainty if inserted in shoots of the 
 same year's growth ; but the small wal- 
 nut-buds succeed best which are taken 
 from the base of the annual shoots, 
 where these join the year-old wood of 
 that from which the bud is taken. Buds 
 are usually two years later than grafts in 
 producing fruit ; but then every bud will 
 produce a new plant ; but each graft has 
 at least three upon it. Buds succeed 
 more readily than grafts; and, if a graft 
 inserted in the spring has failed, a bud 
 may succeed in the summer of the same 
 year. Buds are ready for removal when 
 their shield, or bark attached to them, 
 separates readily from the wood. This 
 is usually in July or August, and is inti- 
 mated by the buds being well- developed 
 on the axils of the present year's leaves. 
 Scallop-budding maybe done almost at 
 
 any season. Bucls should be taken from 
 the middle of the shoot; those from its 
 point are said to make wood too freely, 
 and those from the base to be more un- 
 excitable, and, consequently, less prompt 
 to vegetate. 
 
 Stocks for budding may be much 
 smaller than for grafting, even on the 
 same year's shoot. Several buds may be 
 inserted on older branches, and thus a 
 good head be obtained sooner. On stocks 
 of long-standing, scallop-budding is to 
 be adopted. Just after rain, and when 
 there is no violent wind, is a time to be 
 preferred for budding. Whatever mode 
 of budding is adopted, quickness in the 
 operation is indispensable ; for, if the 
 wound in the stock or that of the bud 
 becomes dry, the budding will fail. The 
 bark of the stock should be cut and raised 
 first, and, if possible, on its north side. 
 A piece of moist bast may be twisted 
 over the wound whilst the bud is prepar- 
 ing; and the moment this is done it 
 should be inserted, and the ligature put 
 on forthwith. 
 
 The following practical details of bud- 
 ding fruit-trees and roses details ap- 
 plicable to all other trees and flowering- 
 shrubs capable of being thus propagated 
 we have copied from the pages of The 
 Cottage Gardener : 
 
 If the bark does not rise well, that is, 
 does not part freely from the wood, the 
 buds will not succeed. 
 
 A good budding -knife is the first thing 
 to be provided : any respectable nursery- 
 man will furnish this.* Next, some 
 really good matting : we prefer the new 
 Cuba bast; but the finest of the ordinary 
 Russian mats will answer equally well, 
 perhaps better, provided the material is 
 very fine and very tough. 
 
 The bast must be cut into lengths, 
 and adapted to the size of the stocks, be 
 they what they may. A mere novice 
 may soon determine the length necessary, 
 by twisting a piece round any twig of 
 similar size, as in the act of budding. 
 
 Before describing the process itself, it 
 will be well to speak of the condition of 
 
 * The best budding instrument we have ever 
 eeen is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield. 
 It has a budding-knife at one end, and a grooved 
 hook at the other end. This hook being inserted 
 in the T cut made with the knife, keeps it open, 
 and allows the bud to be slipped easily down the 
 croove into its place. It really supplies the 
 fcuddcr with a third hand. 
 
BUD 
 
 [HI] 
 
 BUD 
 
 the stocks, or subjects to be operated on. j the bottom upwards ; and an experienced 
 
 Budding, as before observed, is performed 
 at various seasons; and in very early 
 budding, it is considered, in the majority 
 of cases, prudential, if not absolutely 
 necessary, to insert the whole of the 
 shield, or bud, with its own system of 
 wood attached. When the summer is 
 far advanced, however, and the buds are 
 become individually perfect, or nearly so, 
 in their organization, the case alters ; 
 and the less of intervening matter there 
 exists between the bud and its imme- 
 diate appurtenances of petiole and bark, 
 the better. 
 
 Budding, then, in spring or early sum- 
 mer, is generally accompanied, it may be 
 presumed, by a copious current of sap. 
 Not so, however, late summer-budding 
 on all occasions ; for the season may 
 have been unusually warm and dry ; the 
 stock, or subject, may be short of sap, 
 or, in other words, be beset with a para- 
 lysed root-action : all these are impedi- 
 ments. A copious watering, the evening 
 previous to the process, will, however, 
 promote the free rising of the bark, on 
 which so much depends. In addition to 
 this, a cloudy day is preferable to a 
 sunny one. 
 
 In former days the chief criterion of 
 the eligibility of a tree for the budding- 
 process was the cessation of growth, or 
 rather, of extension in point of length, in 
 the stock. Such generally happens in 
 fruit-trees such as the peach, apricot, 
 cherry, plum, &c., about the first or se- 
 cond week in August ; the period, of 
 course, being liable to be modified by 
 several circumstances, as heat, drought, 
 <fec. Instead, however, of thus waiting 
 until the eleventh hour, it is better to 
 make an earlier commencement; and 
 there is little occasion to delay after the 
 middle of July has passed, unless the 
 stocks, or scions, are subjects of late 
 growth and excessive luxuriance. 
 
 The exact position of the bud being 
 determined, the incision is made across 
 the stock transversely, in length suffi- 
 cient to create an opening for the bud. 
 This slit forms the head of the incision, 
 which, when the next slit is made, wil] 
 ibrm the letter Tf. In making this slit, 
 or incision, a somewhat bold cut must 
 be made ; in fact, the point of the knife 
 must be made to reach the surface of the 
 wood of the stock. 
 
 The perpendicular slit is made from 
 
 budder gives a peculiar flirt, or .jerk, to 
 the knife when he approaches the head 
 of the T. This jerk at once rifts up the 
 bark better than any slower process could 
 do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife 
 is in a moment turned round, and the 
 point introduced ; and, by pressing it 
 close to the wood, right and left, the 
 bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe- 
 rated from the wood. 
 
 All is now ready for the reception of 
 he bud, which is, indeed, by most good 
 judders, prepared first, as follows : The 
 cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be in- 
 serted, being wood of the current year's 
 rowth, is generally kept in a waterpot, 
 first cutting off all the leaves : care must, 
 however, be taken to leave most of the 
 petiole (leaf-stalk) to handle the bud by. 
 This, also, doubtless assists in forming a 
 speedy union. 
 
 The bud, with its bark and a little of 
 the wood of the tree, is then cut off in 
 the form of a shield ; and the point of 
 the knife and thumb-nail of the right 
 hand, by a little nice handling, are made 
 to remove the portion of woody matter 
 from the centre. The bud is instantly 
 introduced beneath the bark in the T in- 
 cision of the stock, where, as before ob- 
 served, it is found in the same relation 
 to the stock, or stem, of its new parent a* 
 existed between it and the shoot whence 
 it sprang. This done, it is carefully and 
 closely, but not tightly, bound with the 
 bast. The operator generally beginning- 
 to bind at the lower end, gives an extra, 
 tug with the mat when he comes toler- 
 ably close to the lower end of the petiole. 
 This is an old practice, and not particu- 
 larly intelligible; the meaning, we sup- 
 pose if meaning it have being, that 
 the tightness of the ligature in that pre- 
 cise position impedes slightly the return- 
 ing sap, thereby concentrating it about 
 the bud. 
 
 Some persons employ a grafting wax 
 to cover the parts where air may enter. 
 The following mixture will make a very 
 useful kind : Sealing-wax, one part ; 
 mutton fat, one part; white wax, one 
 part; honey, one-eighth part. The white 
 wax and fat are first melted, and then 
 the sealing-wax is to be added, gra- 
 dually, in small pieces, the mixture be- 
 ing kept constantly stirred ; lastly, the 
 honey must be put "in, just before taking 
 it off the fire. It should be poured into 
 
BUD 
 
 [142 ] 
 
 BUD 
 
 paper or tin moulds, and kept sligbtiy 
 agitated till it begins to congeal. 
 
 We before observed, tbat when the 
 season is late, and the bark rises some- 
 what badly, it may be excited to rise. 
 A liberal watering with liquid-manure, 
 of the temperature of 90, the day before 
 the operation, will, in general, facilitate 
 the proceeding. When the bud, or shield, 
 after the wood is removed, appears hol- 
 low at the bud part, it is commonly re- 
 jected. Such are not always barren ; but 
 they are apt to lie dormant for a year or 
 two. 
 
 When a choice of position offers itself, 
 we prefer the shady side of the stock. It 
 is of more importance, however, to select 
 a clear portion of the stem, free from 
 knots, although some fancy the bud 
 takes better if placed in a position from 
 whence a natural bud has been removed. 
 It should be taken as a maxim, that only 
 those buds should be selected, the leaves 
 of which have become fully developed; 
 the leaf, also, should, if possible, be un- 
 blemished. 
 
 Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be 
 preferred to sunny periods. 
 
 For budding Kosvs, and, indeed, for 
 all budding, the best time of the day is 
 either early in the morning, at least as 
 early as seven o'clock, A.M., or after 
 three o'clock in the afternoon; cloudy, 
 moist days are most suitable. Cut off 
 the head of your stocks, and all the side- 
 branches to three, that is, for standards. 
 For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches 
 of the ground; then, with the knife, 
 make an incision on the upper side of 
 the young side-branches, as close to the 
 main stem as possible. The incision 
 should be about an inch long, lengthwise 
 on the branch. Cut a cross just at the 
 top of this incision, in a direction some- 
 what more slanting than in the annexed 
 drawing (fig. 2) Then take off the bud, 
 previously cutting off the leaf, leaving 
 part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with 
 the bud a portion of the bark from the 
 parent stem, which is technically called 
 the shield of the oud, and a portion of 
 wood with it. This bud, and the bark 
 and wood with it, should be, altogether, 
 rather more than three-quarters of an 
 inch long. Turn the bud over between 
 your finger and thumb, and dexterously 
 take out the greater part of the wood ; 
 but be careful to leave the wood full in 
 the eye of the bud. Then raise one side 
 
 of the bark of the incision, in the shape 
 of a T made in the stock, and with the 
 ivory handle of the budding-knife slip 
 in one side of the bark attached to the 
 bud, then turn your knife, and lift up 
 
 1. The bud, xvith the wood taken out, and ready 
 
 to be put into the stock side-branches. 
 
 2. The branch, or stem, with the incisions made, 
 
 previously to raising the bark. 
 
 3. The bark raised for receiving the shield of the 
 
 bud. 
 
 4. The bud fitted into its place. 
 
 5. The bandage put over the parts. It is here 
 
 represented as done with a shred of bass- 
 mat ; but stout worsted thread is better. 
 
 the other side of the incision, and the 
 bud will drop into its place. Press the 
 bark of the bud to the farther end of the 
 incision ; and if any projects beyond the 
 cross incision on the stock cut it off. 
 Then tie with worsted neatly, and the 
 operation is complete. A laurel-leaf fast- 
 ened at each end by a ligature round the 
 stock, so as to arch over the bud, will' 
 complete the arrangement; and thus the 
 
BUD 
 
 [143] 
 
 BUL 
 
 sun's rays, the air, and wet will be most 
 effectually excluded, the admittance of 
 any one of which is fatal to the union of 
 the hud with the stock. We feel it al- 
 most impossible to give instruction to 
 be understood, in words only, for such a 
 complex operation. We have, therefore, 
 given the preceding woodcuts, to show 
 all the several parts of this interesting 
 process. 
 
 BU'DDLEA. (Named after A. Buddie, 
 nn English botanist. Nat. ord., Flgworts 
 [Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 
 l-Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise 
 specified. B. globo'sa, the only hardy species, re- 
 quires a dry, sheltered situation in the noith of 
 the island. Seeds are sometimes procured in the 
 south of England, and should be sown in the 
 spring following. Plants are also easily procured 
 from well-ripened cuttings, placed under hand- 
 lights, in September, and slightly protected dur- 
 ing winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove 
 species may all be propagated freely from cut- 
 tings; and, for general management, the latter 
 merely require a higher temperature than the 
 former. 
 
 B. America'na (American). 10. Yellow. August- 
 Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Brazilit'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil. 
 
 1822. 
 
 conna'ta (base-joined-fcauecZ). 5. Orange. 
 
 May. Peru. 1826. 
 
 cri'spa (crisp-leaved). 13. Purple. March. 
 
 Himalaya. 
 
 diver sifo'lia (various-leaved). 6. Java. 1823. 
 
 globo'sa (globe-flowered}. 15. Orange. May. 
 
 Chili. 1774. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 Jieterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 Mar. S. Amer. 
 
 Lindleyafna (Lindley's). 6. Violet. Sep- 
 
 tember. China. 1844. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 Madacrascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Orange. 
 
 Madeira. 1824. 
 
 2Vee'mda(Neemda). 15. White. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. 
 
 occidentals (western). White. Peru. 1730. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-like). 6. White. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 salrifo'lin (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Green- 
 house evergreen. 
 
 tliyrsoi' 'dea (ihjrse-flowered). Yellow. S. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 BUFF-TIP MOTH. Hemmatopliora. 
 
 BUFFALO CLOVER. Trifo'lium Pennsyl- 
 va'nicum. 
 
 BUGAINVILLS'A. (Named after the 
 French navigator, Bougainville. Nat. ord. , 
 Nyctagos [Nyctagiuaceae]. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandria i-Monogynia.) 
 
 B. specta'bilisi* a scrambling plant, with beau- 
 tiful rose-coloured bractes, in cones, like those of 
 
 the Hop. It flowers freely at Paris; but ns 
 English gardener has yet succeeded in flowering 
 it : we keep it too hot. Stove plants. Cuttings 
 in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 60. 
 B. specta'bilis (showy). 15. Pink. S. Amer. 1829. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). S. Amer. 1848. 
 
 vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 1848. 
 
 BUGLE. A'juga. 
 
 BUGLOSS. Anchu'sa. 
 
 BUGWORT. Cimici'fttga. 
 
 BUISSON is a fruit-tree on a very low 
 stem, and with a head closely pruned. 
 
 BULB. A bulb is really an underground 
 bud. Its fibrous or real roots die an- 
 nually ; but the bulb remains stored with 
 elaborated sap, and retaining the vital 
 powers of the plant, ready for reproduc- 
 tion at the appropriate season. .Besides 
 root bulbs, (as are the onion, crocus, &c.,) 
 there are stem, or caulinary bulb^, equally 
 efficient for propagation. 
 
 The stem-bulb consists of a number of 
 small scales closely compacted together 
 in an ovate or conical form, enclosing the 
 rudiments of a future plant, and originat- 
 ing, sometimes in the axil of the leaves, 
 as inDenta'ria lulbi'fera and several Lily- 
 worts, and sometimes at the base of the 
 umbel of flowers, as in A'llium carina'- 
 tum and others, in both which cases it is 
 nourished by the parent plant till it has 
 reached maturity, at which period the 
 bond of connexion is dissolved, and the 
 bulb falls to the ground, endowed with 
 the power of striking root in the soil by 
 sending out fibres from the base, and so 
 converting itself into a new individual. 
 
 Every bulbous-rooted plant has its 
 management given in its proper place; 
 but there are & few rules of general ap- 
 plicability. They should be moved, where 
 necessary, whilst in a state of rest. This 
 occurs to the summer-flowering bulbs in 
 autumn, and to the autumn-flowering in 
 spring. Many require to be taken up an- 
 nually, or, at farthest, every second or 
 third year, to remove the accumulated 
 offsets. No bulb should be kept long out 
 of the ground ; and, even during the time 
 it is necessarily so kept, it should be pre- 
 vented from drying by burying it in sand. 
 
 BULBI'NE. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat. 
 ord., Lilyivorts [Liliaceas], Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria \-Monogijnia.} 
 
 This is now united to Anthericum. The name 
 Bulbine, also, is a misnomer; for many more 
 have the herbaceous habit of Anthericum than 
 that of true bulbs. Bulb species by offsets; 
 herbaceous plants, suckers, and divisions ; the 
 shrubby species, by cuttings under a hand- 
 
13 UL 
 
 [144] 
 
 BCJP 
 
 glass. Sand, loam. For greenhousa species, 
 summer temp., 50 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 B. aloi'des (aloe-like). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1732. 
 
 a'nnua (annual). |. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 usphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). 2. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 1. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 bisulcn'ta (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1323. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Yellow, green. 
 
 September. Cape of Good Hope. J830. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June: Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1702. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-grex:n). 2. White. Chili. 1828. 
 
 grand'nea (grass- tea wed). l. Yellow. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 longisca'pa (long-flower-stemmed). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 mesemln'yanthoi'des (mesem'oryanthemum- 
 
 like). ?. Yellow. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 1. Yellow. July. Cane 
 
 of Good Hope. 1S20. 
 
 praemo'rsa (bitten-off). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 1. Yellow. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/93. 
 
 rostra'ta (beaked). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 scu'bra (rough). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 semibarba'ta (half-bearded). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 sua'vis (sweet). Yellow. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1836. 
 
 trique'tra (three -sided). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 BULBOCO'DIUM. (From bolbos, a bulb, 
 and kodion, wool; referring to the woolly 
 covering of the bulbs. Nat. ord., Me- 
 lanths [Melanthacese], Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of Crocus. 
 drained. 
 
 Offsets ; sandy loam, well 
 JB. ve'rnum (spring). 
 
 Spain. 1629. 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 
 
 gust. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 Purple. February. 
 Purple. Au- 
 
 BULBO'STYLES. (From bolbos, a bulb 
 and stylos, the style. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8yngenesia 
 l-JEqualis.) 
 
 Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom- 
 heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. 
 
 B. Cavanille'sii (Cavanille's). lj. Purple. Au- 
 gust. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen under- 
 shrub. 
 
 pe'ndula (hanging-down). Yellow. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1832. 
 
 veronictsft/lia (speedwell-leaved). l. Blue. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 BULLACE-TREE. Pnt'nus insiti'tia. 
 
 BULL GRAPES. Vi'tis rolundifo'lia. 
 
 BUNCHO'SIA. (From bunc/ios, coffee; 
 the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat. 
 ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Moriogynia. ) 
 
 Stove shrub and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots 
 under a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 
 to 55. 
 
 B. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July. Ca- 
 raccas. 1810. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 20. Yellosv. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1742. 
 
 glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow. 
 
 April. W. Ind. 1806. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 10. Red. July. St. Domingo. 
 
 1800. 
 
 odora'ta (scented). 10. Yellow. July. Car- 
 
 thagena. 1806. 
 
 panicula'tu (panicled). 10. Purple. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1820; 
 
 BUPLEU'RUM. Hare's-Ear. (From bom, 
 an ox, and plcuron, a side ; the leaves, it' 
 eaten, are supposed to swell cattle. Nat. 
 ord., Umbellifers [Umbellaceze], Linn.., 
 5-Pentandria %-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, ex- 
 cept where otherwise specified. Seed of the 
 annuals in common soil, in March and April ; 
 divisions of herbaceous plants in autumn or 
 spring ; cuttings, or divisions of greenhouse 
 species, in March and April ; dry, sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 B. glau'cum (milky-green). . Green, yellow- 
 July. South Europe. 1S1Q. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). ?. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 ju'nceum (rush-leaved) . 1. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1/72. 
 
 lancifo' Hum (lance-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. Tauria. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 oppositifo'liurn (opposite-leaved). 1. Green, 
 
 yellow. July. Pyrenees. 181g. 
 
 Polli'chii (Pollich's). 1. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Palestine. 1818. 
 
 protra'ctum (protracted). . Yellowish. 
 
 July. Portugal. 1824. Twiner. 
 
 rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 2. Green, 
 
 yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 semi-compo'situm (semi-compound). 3. Green, 
 
 yellow. July, Spain. 1778. 
 
 subo'vatum (rather oval-leaved). . Yellow. 
 
 June. Spain. 1819. 
 
 tenui'ssimum (slenderest). $. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. England. 
 
 tri'fidum" (three-cleft). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Italy. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 B. arista'tum (awned). Blush. June. Britain. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 coria'ceum (leathery). Striped. August. Gib- 
 
 raltar. 1/84. 
 
 falca'tum (sickle-leaved). . Green, yellow. 
 
 August. Germany. 1/2Q. 
 
 frute'scens (maU-8hrubby). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Spain. 1/52. 
 
 graminifo'Uum (grass-leaved). . Gree.n, 
 
 yellow. June. Switzerland. 17(i3. 
 
BUP 
 
 C 
 
 BUR 
 
 S. longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. 
 June. Switzerland. 1713. 
 
 multine'rve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish. 
 
 Altai. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 petree'um (rock). 1J. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1768. 
 
 polyphy' Hum (many-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 scontonerasfo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yel- 
 
 low-streaked. June. Germany. 1818. 
 
 spino'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1752. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 B. cane'scens (hoary). 5. Yellow. August. 
 Barbary. 1809. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. 
 South Europe. 1596. Evergreen half- 
 hardy. 
 
 GibraUa'ricti (Gibraltar). Yellow. June. 
 
 Gibraltar. 1784. Evergreen half-hardy. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Mount Atlas. 1810. Evergreen 
 half-hardy. 
 
 BUPTHA'LMUM. Ox-eye. (From Ions, 
 an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the disk of 
 the flower ox-eye-like. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 yenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Seed of annuals in border, in April ; division of 
 herbaceous perennials in March ; cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, of the greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs ; the latter require peat and loam, and the 
 usual greenhouse treatment. 
 
 HAEDY. 
 
 B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). . Yellow. July. 
 South Europe. 1731. Annual. 
 
 grandifltf rum (large-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 
 August. Austria. 1722. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 salidfo'lium (willow-leaved). l. Yellow. 
 
 September. Austria. 1759. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 speciosi'ssimum (showiest). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1826. Herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 spino'sum (thorny). 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1570. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 . IcEviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 July. Teneriife. 1800. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 mari'timum (sea). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Sicily. 1640. Half-hardy herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). 4. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1779. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 stenophy' Hum (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Canaries. 1818. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 BURCHA'RDIA. (Named after H. Bnr- 
 chard, M.D. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me- 
 lanthaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria S-Tri- 
 yynia. Allied to Veratrum.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial; offsets and 
 divisions ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38 to 40. 
 3. umbcUa'ta (umbellate). 2. White, green. 
 August. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 BURCBE'LLIA. (Named after Burchell, 
 an African traveller. Nat. ord., Cincho- 
 10 
 
 nads [Cinch oniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at 
 the base, in April and May; fibryloam and sandv 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50" 
 to 55. 
 B. bubali'na (buffalo). 3. Scarlet. May. 1818 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March. 
 
 BURLINGTO'NIA. (Named after the 
 Countess of Burlington. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [OrchidaoeEB]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 
 l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions fastened to blocks of 
 wood, with a little moss attached. High tem- 
 perature and moist atmosphere when growing ; 
 cool and dry when in a state of rest. Summer 
 temp., 65 to 90; winter, 55. 
 B. ca'ndida (snow-white). 1. White. April. 
 Demeraru. 1834, 
 
 de'cora (neat). Pink and white. November. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). . Yellow and brown 
 
 spots. May. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff-stemmed). l. Purplish-pink- 
 
 spotted. April. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 venu'sta (beautiful). White. March. Brazil. 
 
 BURN ONION. See POTATO ONION. 
 
 BURNET. (Pote'rium sanguiso'rba.) 
 Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool 
 tankards, soups, and salads. 
 
 Soil and Situation. It delights in a 
 dry, unshaded, poor soil, abounding in 
 calcareous matter, with a dressing of 
 bricklayers' rubbish, or fragments of 
 chalk. A small bed will be sufficient 
 for the supply of a family. 
 
 Propagation is either by seed or by slips 
 and partings of the roots. The seed 
 sown towards the close of February, if 
 open weather, and until the close of 
 May. But the best time is in autumn, 
 as soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the 
 spring, it will often fail entirely, or lie in 
 the ground until the same season of the 
 following year, without vegetating. Sow 
 in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not 
 buried more than half an inch. Keep 
 clear of weeds. When two or three 
 inches high, thin to six inches apart, and 
 those removed place in rows at the same 
 distance, in a poor, shady border, water 
 being given occasionally until they have 
 taken root, after which they will require 
 no further attention until the autumn, 
 when they must be removed to their final 
 station, in rows a foot apart. "When 
 established, the only attention requisite 
 is to cut down their stems occasionally in 
 summer, to promote the production of 
 young shoots, and, in autumn, to have the 
 decayed stems and shoots cleared away. 
 
 L 
 
BUR 
 
 [ 1463 
 
 BUX 
 
 If propagated by partings of the roots, 
 the best time is in September and Octo- 
 ber. They are planted at once where 
 they are to remain, and only require oc- 
 casional watering until established. 
 
 To obtain Seed some of the plants must 
 be left ungathered from, and allowed to 
 shoot up early in the summer. They 
 flower in July, and ripen abundance of 
 seed in the autumn. 
 
 BURNING BUSH. JSuo'nymus Ameri- 
 ca'nus. 
 
 BURSA'RIA. (Named from bursa, a 
 pouch. Nat. ord., Pitlosporads [Pitto- 
 sporaceffi]. linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 B.spino'sa (thorny). JO. White. October. 
 N. S. Wales. 1/93. 
 
 BU'RSERA. (Named after Burser, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Amyrids 
 [Amyridacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2- 
 Dicecia.) 
 
 Stove trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bot- 
 tom-heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 B. gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 20. White, green. 
 W. Ind 1690. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-edged-teaed). 30. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 BURTO'NIA. (Named after D. Burton, 
 a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Pultensea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in 
 March and April, in sandy peat; cuttings of 
 half-ripened snoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 fibry peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal, 
 mixed with soil and drainage. Summer temp., 
 60 to 70; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 B.Bj-ttntot'rfes(Brunia-like). ]J, Yellow. June. 
 N. Holland. 1844. 
 
 confe'rta (clustered-jffowered). 2. Violet. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1812. 
 
 pulche'lla (beautiful). 2. Purple. April. 
 Swan River. 1846. 
 
 sca'bra (rough -tea0. i. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1844. 
 
 BUSHEL. See BASKET. 
 
 BUTCHER'S BROOM. Ru'scus. 
 
 BU'TEA. (Named after John Earl of 
 Bute. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 1-Pentan- 
 dria. Allied to the Coral-tree.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees; cuttings of shoots, 
 
 young, but firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heat, 
 under a glass, removed, or air given, during the 
 night; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 
 75; winter, 50 to 55. 
 B. frondo'sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. E.Ind. 1/96. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 20. Scarlet. Co- 
 
 romandel. 1818. 
 
 supeTrba (superb). 30. Scarlet. E. Jnd. 1798* 
 
 BU'TOJIUS. Flowering Hush. (From, 
 bous, an ox, and temnc, to cut ; in refer- 
 ence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth 
 to bleed. Nat. ord., Butomads [Butoma- 
 cese]. Linn., Q-Enneandria 3-Hexagynia.) 
 
 Hardy perennial aquatics ; divisions ; rich loam, 
 in water. 
 
 B.latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 1. White. June* 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 umbeUu'tus (umbelled). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Caryo'car and Ju'glans 
 Narci'ssus incom- 
 TREE. Penta- 
 
 BUTTER NUT. 
 cine'rea. 
 
 BUTTER AND EGGS. 
 para'bilis. 
 
 BUTTER AND TALLOW 
 de'sma. 
 
 BUTTER-TREE. Ba'ssia. 
 
 BUTTERFLY PLANT. Onci'dium papi'Ko* 
 
 BUTTERWORT. PinguV cula. 
 
 BUTTON FLOWER. Go'mpkia. 
 
 BUTTON-TREE. Conoca'rpus. 
 
 BUTTON WEED. Spcrmaco'ce. 
 
 BUTTON WOOD. Cephala' nthiis. 
 
 Bu'xus. Box-tree. (From pyknos? 
 dense ; referring to the hardness of the 
 wood. Nat. ord., Spurgeivorls [Euphorbi- 
 acese] . Linn., 21-Monacia -i-Tetrandria. ) 
 
 There is a weeping Box-tree in the gardens at 
 Shrubland Pa,rk, with branches as pendulous as 
 those of the Weeping Ash. Hardy and green- 
 house shrubs and trees ; seed sown in light, well- 
 drained soil, as soon as ripe; cuttings, from four 
 to six inches in length, of the young shoots, in- 
 serted in a shady place in August and September ; 
 layers of either old or young wood ; division of 
 the variety suffrutico'sa, generally used as edg- 
 ings to walks ; cuttings of Balea'ricn will require 
 protection in winter. Chinese and New Holland 
 species requirt a cold pit or greenhouse in winter. 
 B. austra'lis (southern). 6. N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 Bulea'rica (Balearic). 8. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Minorca. 1780. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow, green. Oc- 
 
 tober. China. 1802. 
 
 sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 8. Yellow, 
 
 green. April. England. 
 angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. Yellow, 
 
 green. April. 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 arge'ntea (silver-variegated). 30. Yellow, 
 
 green. May. Britain. 
 au'rea (golden-variegated). 30. Yellow, 
 
 green. May. Britain. 
 margina'ta (i/eWow-edged). 30. Yellow, 
 
 green. April. Britain. 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 8, Yellow,. 
 
 green. April. Britain. 
 
BYE 
 
 C 147 ] 
 
 CAB 
 
 S. sempervPrenssuJj'ruticu'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. 
 
 Yellow, green. 
 variega'tu (variejrated-teawed)' 30. Yellow, 
 
 green. May. Britain. 
 
 BY'BLIS. (A classical name, after 
 JJyllis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord., 
 Sundews [Droseracese]. IAnn.,5-Pentan- 
 dria 5-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse aquatic ; seeds ; fibry, Mack peat 
 immersed in warcr. Summer temp., 50 to 70; 
 winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 . liniflo'ru (flax-flowered). $. Blue. May. N. 
 Holland. 1800. 
 
 BYESO'NIMA. (From byrsa, a hide; in 
 reference to the tanning properties of the 
 genus. N&i.oTd.,J\Talpi(jhia(ts [Malpighi- 
 acese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 3-Z'rigynia.) 
 
 In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common 
 se by the tanners, under the name of murice. 
 The fruit of some of them is eaten in the West 
 Indies. Stove evergreens; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoot* in sandy peat, under a bell-gl;iss, 
 and in a moist bottom-heat; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 JS. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. White. July. Guiana. 
 1820. 
 
 chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 
 August. Orinoco. 1823. 
 
 coria'eea (leathery-/eaued). 30. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1814. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1793. 
 
 laurifu'iia (laurel-leaved). 10. Yellow. Jnly. 
 
 Cumana. 1824. 
 
 lu'cida (shining- leaved). 6. Pink. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1759. 
 
 -Jifowr7a(Moureila). 20. Yellow. August. 
 S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 nervo'sa (/w//-nerved;. 8. Yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 10. Purple, yellow. July. 
 
 Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 6. Yellow. Awgust. Antilles. 
 
 1810. 
 
 verbascifo'lia, (verbascum-leaved). 6. Pale red. 
 
 July. Guiana. 1810. 
 
 tolu'bilis (twining). 10. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/53. Twiner. 
 
 BYSTROPO'GON. (From byo, to close, 
 and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the 
 throat of the flower being closed up with 
 liairs. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., lA-Didynamia \-Gymnospermui. 
 Allied to Thyme.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrob ; cuttinsrs of 
 stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 70; 
 winter, 40 to 48. 
 
 B.Canariensis (Canary). 1$. Pale purple. July. 
 Canaries. 1714. 
 
 origanifo' Hits (origanum-leaved). l. Pale 
 
 purple. July. Canaries. 1815. 
 ~-plumo'sus (feathery-cowered). l. Pale purple. 
 June. Canaries. 1/79. 
 
 puncta'tus (dotted), li. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1775. 
 
 BYTTNE'BIA. (Named after Buttner, 
 a German professor. Nat. ord., Byttne- 
 
 rlads [Byttneriacese]. 'Linn.^-Pentandria 
 \-Monogyn ia. ) 
 
 Cuttings; the first two species require the 
 greenhouse, the others the routiae of the piant- 
 stove. 
 
 B.dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 Van Diemen's Land. 1/80. 
 
 Henrtnm/o7ta(Hermannia-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 microphy'lla, (small- leaved). 5. White, purple. 
 
 S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 sca'bra (mush-leaned). 6. Purple, Ju.lv. 
 
 W. In!. 1798. 
 
 C. 
 
 CABARET. See A' a ARUM. 
 
 CABBAGE. Sra'&sica olera'cea, 
 
 Varieties. But few should be planted 
 of the early varieties, as they soon harden 
 and burst; but tbe Large York, and others 
 that are mentioned in the middle clas, 
 though not far behind the others in quick 
 cabbaging, continue long in a state fi t for 
 the table. 
 
 For First Crops. T&T\y Dwarf, Early 
 Fine York, Early Dwarf Sugar - Loaf, 
 Battersea, Imperial, East Earn. 
 
 Midsummer Crops. Large Early York, 
 Large Sugar-Loaf, Wheeler's Nonpareil, 
 Atkinson's Matchless, Shilling's Queen. 
 Penton this is valuable in late summer, 
 when other varieties are strongly tasted. 
 Antwerp, Russian to have this in per- 
 fection, the seed must be had from abroad, 
 as it soon degenerates in this country. 
 Early London Hol^v. Musk is excel- 
 lent at any period, but is apt to perish in 
 frosty weather. Couve Tronchuda; for 
 its leaves and stalks used as sea-kale. 
 
 For Autumn Crops. Pomeranian, 
 Large Hollow Sugar-Loaf, Large Oblong 
 Hollow, Long-sided Hollow, and any of 
 the preceding. Pied Dutch for pickling 
 (B. olera'cea ru'bra}. Large Round Win- 
 ter, Great Drumhead. Great Pound 
 Scotch, or Strasburg, employed for sour 
 krout in January. 
 
 Times of Sowing. Some gardeners sow 
 almost monthly, and employ many varie- 
 ties ; but we only employ Wheeler's Non- 
 pareil, Shilling's Queen, and Atkinson's 
 Matchless, of one of which a sowing 
 should be made about the 21st- of July ; 
 for final planting out, early in September ; 
 many plants of which will be turning in 
 between Michaelmas and Christmas, and 
 in early spring. The second and most 
 general time of sowing, to raise plants 
 for almost the whole year's supply, and of 
 any kind, including the Red JDutch and 
 its varieties, is from the 6th to the 12th 
 
CAB 
 
 C 143 ] 
 
 CAB 
 
 of August, of which the seedlings may 
 remain in the seed-bed all the whiter, if 
 not too thick ; or any number may be fi- 
 nally planted out into the open quarters 
 from October to November, or pricked 
 out into nursery-beds, banks, c., so as 
 to have a good stock of plants for final 
 planting out whenever favourable oppor- 
 tunities offer. 
 
 Should the winter be so severe as to 
 have destroyed many of the autumn- 
 sown plants, then early spring sowing 
 becomes of importance. Sow towards 
 the middle or end of January, so as to 
 have good plants for final planting out, 
 if the weather be mild and open, about 
 the end of February. To effect this, 
 cither a pinch of seed may be sown in 
 pans or boxes, and placed in some steady- 
 heated structure; and, when the seedlings 
 are up large enough to prick out, have a 
 worm border, or very gentle hotbed, 
 ready to prick them out upon, to be pro- 
 tected either by a little glass or hoop and 
 mat. To sow on a larger scale, make up 
 gentle hotbeds, to be protected with either 
 glass, which is best, or mats : the pricking 
 out attend to as before-mentioned. Also, 
 any kind may be sown in the open, warm 
 border, in February and March, should 
 the August sowing have been destroyed. 
 The Couve Tronchuda should be sown 
 from the first of March to the end of 
 April. One vary important point is, that 
 all pricked-out plants should invariably 
 be lifted, with either a spade, trowel, or 
 fork, out of the pricked-out beds, whether 
 in frames or otherwise, so as to secure 
 their young roots. Plants out of the 
 seed-bed seldom need this precaution. 
 
 Mode of Sowing. The seed is inserted 
 rather thin, about a quarter of an inch 
 deep, and occasionally watered until the 
 plants are well above-ground; and the 
 waterings in summer may afterwards be 
 beneficially repeated two or three times 
 a week, until they are ready for removal, 
 if dry, hot weather continues. The seed- 
 lings are pricked out in rows four or five 
 inches asunder each way; shaded and 
 watered until completely established. 
 
 The Soil cannot be made too rich for 
 cabbageworts at any time. 
 
 Planting. We never make but two 
 plantings in the year; one from the 21st 
 of July sowing, which planting is made 
 during the first fortnight of September ; 
 and the second planting we make in the 
 spring, towards the end of February or 
 
 beginning of March. This last planting 
 is either made from plants raised in Au- 
 gust, or, if the winter destroyed that sow- 
 ing, it is made from early spring sowings, 
 our soil being made so rich for these two 
 plantings that we never want for cole- 
 worts, or even young cabbage, which are 
 produced after the principal heads have 
 been cut away. 
 
 Cutting Callages. If young sprouts 
 are required, the side-leaves should be 
 left on for about five days after the prin- 
 cipal head is cut. The side-sprouts will 
 be found to put forth very much the 
 stronger and quicker for the leaves being 
 thus left. 
 
 Planting. Plant in rows, from one and 
 a half to two and a half feet asunder 
 each way, the smaller early kinds being 
 planted the closest. The Bed Cabbage, 
 the principal plantation of which should 
 be made in March, for pickling in Sep- 
 tember, is benefited by having the dis- 
 tances enlarged to three feet. They must 
 be well watered at the time of removal, 
 and until fully established. The best 
 mode of applying the water is to make 
 the hole with the dibble, and pour in, 
 about a quart before inserting the plant. 
 Frequently hoe, to keep under the weeds ; 
 and as soon as their growth permits tho 
 earth should be drawn round the stems. 
 To promote the cabbaging of the plants,, 
 it is useful to draw the leaves together 
 with a shred of bass mat, which forwards 
 it about a fortnight. The stems of the 
 summer and autumn crops, if left after 
 the main head has been cut, will produce 
 numerous sprouts during those seasons, 
 and also throughout the winter. 
 
 To obtain Seed. In October, which is 
 the preferable season, and from thence 
 until the close of February, select some 
 of the finest and best cabbage-plants. 
 Have the large, outer leaves removed, 
 and then insert them up to their heads 
 in rows, three feet asunder each way. 
 Each variety must be planted as far from 
 any other as possible, as, indeed, from 
 every other species of cabbagewort ; and 
 this precaution applies equally to the 
 whole tribe. 
 
 Frame Seedlings. The heat must never 
 exceed 00, nor sink more than two or 
 three degrees beneath 50, which is the 
 most favourable minimum. Air should 
 be admitted freely in the day, and the 
 glasses covered, as necessity requires, at 
 night with matting. 
 
CAB 
 
 CAC 
 
 Coleworls cr Collets, merely signify 
 cabbages eaten young, or previous to 
 their hearts becoming firm, the genuine 
 Cole wort, or Dorsetshire Kale, being 
 nearly extinct. 
 
 The observations upon transplanting, 
 and the directions for cultivating cab- j 
 bages, apply, without any modification, to i 
 epleworts ; but the distance at which the | 
 plants may be set is much less. If the i 
 rows are a foot apart, and the plants i 
 seven or eight inches distant from each | 
 other, an abundant space is allowed, i 
 They may be eaten when the leaves are j 
 five or six inches in breadth. The most 
 preferable mode of taking them is to pull 
 rip every alternate one. The openings 
 3*. it, are beneficial to the remaining plants ; 
 and some, especially of the August-raised 
 plants, may be left, if required for cab- 
 baging. 
 
 The cabbage is liable to the MILDEW j 
 and AMBURY, which sec-, and to many \ 
 insects, as the Aphis, Mamestra, and 
 those next enumerated. 
 
 CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See PIERIS. 
 
 CABBAGE FLY. See ANTHOMYIA. 
 
 CABBAGE - GARDEN PEBBLE - MOTH. 
 Pyralis - 
 
 CABBAGE MOTH. Mamestra. 
 
 CABO'MBA. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Watershialds [Cabombacere]. 
 Linn., G-ffexandria Q-Digynia.) 
 
 A small water-plant, with floating shield-like 
 leaves, and small yellow flowers, which look, at 
 a distance, like so many Crowfoot-flowers. An 
 interesting species, propagated by root division, 
 requiring only greenhouse culture in summer, 
 and to rest in a cool part of the stove in winter. 
 A shallow pan of water, with three inches deep of 
 rich loam in the bottom, will suit it well. 
 C. aquti'tica (aquatic). Yellow. May. Caro- 
 lina. 1823. 
 
 CACA'LIA (From kakos, pernicious, 
 and lian, exceedingly ; supposed to be 
 hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Astevaceaj]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 1- 
 JEqttalh. Allied to Senecio.) 
 
 Hardv species are propagated by dividing the 
 plant, and dividing the root when tuberous. C. 
 coccineu may be sown in the borders, in April ; 
 other annuals require a hotbed ; Cape and East 
 Indian species require the greenhouse and stove 
 respectively. Cuttings should have their juicy 
 ends dried before inserting them in sandy soil ; 
 sandy loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime-rubbish 
 and very rotten cow-dung, half a part of each. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. rtlpi'nii (alpine). 2. Purple. July. Aus- 
 tria. 1/39. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet-./7nu;em/). 14. Orange. 
 
 June. 1/99. Annual. 
 
 cordifo'/ia (heart-leaved), l. White. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1823, Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 C. husta'ta fhvlbert-leaoed). l. White. Sep. 
 tember. Siberia. 1/80. 
 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-formed). l. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1801. 
 
 suavs'olens (sweet-scented). 6*. White. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1752. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). ]. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. articula'tn (jointed). l. Yellow. Sep. 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/75. 
 
 carno'sa (fleshy-leaned'). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1757. 
 
 cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 Hawo'rthia (Haworth's). 2. Yellow. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 17Q5. 
 
 Klei'nin (Klein's). 3. Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. Canaries. 1732. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved), l. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 papilla'ris (pimpled-stalked}. 2. Yelloxv. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. l/27 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Creeper. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourbon. 
 
 1823. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Orange, purple. 
 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1814. 
 Twiner. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. bi' color (two -coloured). 2. Purple. July. 
 E. Ind. 1804. Deciduous. 
 
 ova'lis (oval-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E, Ind. 1734. Evergreen. 
 
 CACO'UCIA. (The Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Myrobolans [Combretaceae]. Linn., 
 il.-Dodc'candria. l-JWonoyynia. Allied to 
 Combretum.) 
 
 A fine stove climber, requiring tke same treat- 
 ment as Combre'tutn purpu'reum. Cuttings of 
 stiff side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and 
 fibry. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 
 60 
 C. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana. 
 
 CA'CTUS. Melon Thistle. (A name 
 applied by Theophrastus to some spiny 
 plant. Nat. ord., Indian F'ujs [Cacta- 
 cea3]. Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Mo>io- 
 gynia.) 
 
 This extensive genus of Indian Fig. Melon- 
 cactus, &c., has been very properly divided into 
 several and well-marked sub-genera : here we 
 gather them under one general title. 
 C. corruga'tus (shrivelled). Chili. 1824. 
 falio'xus (leafy). Chili. 1824. 
 
 redtt'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796. 
 
 seni'lis (old). 20 feet at least. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 speciosi'.ssimus (most showy). Crimson. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1836. 
 
 Echinoca'ctus. (Hedgehog Thistle.) 
 C. abno'rmis (mis-shapen). White. July. S. 
 Amer. 181S. 
 
 acu'tus (sharp-n66ed). April. Monte Video. 
 
 1828. 
 
 acutangula'ris (sharp-angled). Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 agglomern'tus (heaped). June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Ancuni(i'nus(Ai\coi\ia.n}. April. Ancona. 1834. 
 
 arcua'tus (arch-riftftcd). Yellow. September. 
 
 Monte Vkleo. 1836. 
 
GAG 
 
 [ 150] 
 
 CAG 
 
 C. centete'rius (many-spined), Yellow. July. 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June. 
 
 Rio del Monte. 
 
 cocci'neus (scarlet- flowered). Scarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1835. 
 
 conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte 
 
 Video. 1828. 
 
 corni'gerus (horn -hearing). White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 corynoi'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October. 
 
 S. Amer. 1837. 
 
 crispa'tus (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1836. 
 
 de'nsus (dense). Mexico. 1829. 
 
 Defppei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829. 
 
 depre'ssus (depressed). S. Amer. 1708. 
 
 echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico. 
 
 1830. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 erina'ceus (rough). July. 1818. 
 
 Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, yellow. September. 
 
 Mexico. 182Q. 
 
 glau'cus (milky-green). White, green. 
 
 July. 
 
 gibbo'sus (swollen). White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1808. 
 
 Gillie'sii (Gillie's). September. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 gladia'tus (sword -spined). July. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 hexaedro' phorus (six-sided). White. June. 
 
 Tampico. 
 '-infla'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828. 
 
 i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 into'rtus (twisted -spined). Purple. June. 
 
 Antigua. 1768. 
 
 intrica'tus (intricate). April. Monte Video. 
 
 1828. 
 
 Lefcchii (Lecche's). Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May. Bue- 
 
 nos Ayres. 1840. 
 
 Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 longihama'tus (long - hooked). f . Yellow. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1851. 
 
 MacJeiea'nus (Mackie's). Yellow. Chili. 1836. 
 
 mammillaroi'des (mammillaria-like). Yellow. 
 
 Chili. 1836. 
 
 Mantevide'nsis (Monte Video). Yellow. Monte 
 
 Video. 1835. 
 
 multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June. 
 
 inyriosti 1 gma (many- spotted). Pale-striped. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). White. June. Mexico. 1796. 
 
 ubvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico. 
 
 octogo'nus (eight-sided). Red, white. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1830. 
 
 oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1831. 
 
 pectini'ferus (comb-like). Pale green, rose. 
 
 April. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). White. August. Mexico. 
 
 1831. 
 
 rhodophtha'lmus (red-eyed). J. Crimson. 
 
 August. Potosi. 1850. 
 
 ~- sco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1S38. 
 . spi'nis-a'lbis (white-spined). Yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. 
 
 Sfame'sj'i(Staincs's). Pink. May. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 streptocau'lon (spiral-stemmed). l. Yellow. 
 
 August. Bolivia. 1845. 
 
 subgibbo'sus (slightly-swollen). White. July. 
 
 Chili. 1830. 
 
 tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 C. vi'snaga (tooth-pick-spined). Yellow, pink. 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 Willia'msii (William's). White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1845. 
 
 Epiphy'llum. (Leaf-flowering.) 
 
 C. Acleerma'nni (Ackermann's). Scarlet. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1829. 
 ma'jor (l&rgzt-flowered). Scarlet. June. 
 
 ala'tum (winged). White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. Brazil. 
 
 1828. 
 
 crena'tum (scolloped). Pale cream. May. 
 
 Honduras. 1839. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 phylla'nthus (many-flowering). White. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 rho'mbeum (diamond-leased). Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). Red. June. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 truncu'tum (abrupt-ended). Pink. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. 1818. 
 
 Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Pink. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 viola' ccum (violet-colour-jforcered). Vio- 
 let. May. 
 
 Mammilla' ria. (Nipple-bearers.) 
 C. chrysaca'ntha (golden-spined). Yellow. S. 
 Amer. 1827- 
 
 chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. S, 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 cohimna'ris (column-like). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 co' nicd (cone-headed}. July. 1808. 
 
 corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1817- 
 
 de'nsa (dense). June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). Red, green. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Red. July. S.Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 echina'na (hedgehog). Pale pink. Mexico. 
 
 1830. 
 
 fiave'scens (yellow-spinel). Yellow. 1811. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili. 
 fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Red. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 geminispi'na (twin-'spiued). Red. Mexico. 
 
 1823. 
 
 glomera'ta (tufted). Red. St. Domingo. 1825. 
 
 heli'cteris (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 lani'fera (wool-bearing). Rerl. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 Leh'ma'nni (Lehmanu's). Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Mis&ourie 1 nsis (Missouri). White. July. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1818. 
 
 proli'ferti (white -spined-proVifero'as'). Whitish. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1600. 
 
 pu'lchra (pretty). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). Pale red. S.Amer. 1820. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 quadra'ta (four-sided). Chili. 182". 
 
 quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Red. Chili. 1827. 
 
 stella'ta (starry). Pink. May. S.Amer. 1815. 
 
 strami'nea (straw-coloured). Red. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
CAG 
 
 C. le'nuis (slender). Pale yellow. May. Mexico. 
 1830. 
 
 tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July. Mexico. 
 
 turbina'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 ve'tula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835. 
 
 vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana. 1811. 
 
 Melo-ca'ctus (Turk's-Cap-Cactus). 
 C. amce'nus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835. 
 
 commu'nis (common). Red. July. W.Ind. 1789. 
 vi'ridis (green). 1836. 
 
 depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernambuco. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-spined). White, red. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 meonaca'nlhus (oblong-spiraed). Jamaica. 1835. 
 
 placentifo'rmis (placenta-shaped). Red. Brazil. 
 
 polyuca'ntha (many-spined). Brazil. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa. 1824. 
 spi'nis-ru'bris (red-spined). 
 
 There are many more species in all the above 
 subdivisions of Cactus mentioned in botanical 
 works ; but so little is known about them that 
 is certain that we have omitted them. We think, 
 also, that when this very numerous genus is better 
 known, many now considered as species will be 
 found to be a single species at different periods 
 of its growth. 
 
 Culture. It is possible that under the 
 different names of Epiphy'llum, Mamil- 
 la'ria, and Meloca'ctus we may see occa- 
 sion to detail a few extra points of culture ; 
 but we may observe here, that there are 
 features of cultivation common to them 
 all, namely, a high temperature and a 
 somewhat moist atmosphere when grow- 
 ing in summer ; a dry atmosphere when 
 ripening their growth ; and a dry atmo- 
 sphere dryness comparatively at the 
 roots and a low temperature, when in 
 a, state of rest. Though a temperature 
 of from 80 to 95 will not be too high 
 in the one case, one not below 40 will 
 suffice in the other. 
 
 Ecliinocactus culture. This group is 
 propagated, at times, by seed, which 
 should be sown as soon as ripe in shallow 
 pans, and plunged in a hotbed ; by offsets, 
 which should be well-dried at the base 
 before planting, and then plunged into 
 bottom-heat. This method of propa- 
 gating should only be resorted to in 
 spring or summer ; all changing of the 
 soil, or re-potting, should also be done 
 At that time, as, if done in winter, stag- 
 nation and decay are apt to ensue. Good 
 drainage constitutes an essential feature. 
 Soil, equal portions of sandy loam and 
 peat, and half parts of clear river or 
 silver-sand, leaf-mould, or dried, old cow- 
 dung, and brick-rubbish, consisting, how- 
 ever, more of the brick broken than the 
 lime. In addition to this compost, when 
 potting offsets without roots, a little 
 silver-sand may be advantageously placed 
 
 round them, and firmness be secured by 
 placing some slight pins of wood round 
 their base. In re-potting, it is well to 
 use a thick, soft glove, to save alike 
 hands and spines; and then it is ad- 
 visable to remove most of the soil, as 
 well as drainage, and any faulty roots, 
 holding the plant well up, and shaking 
 the compost with the other hand care- 
 fully among the roots. Water at all 
 times must be given with care; but, 
 when growing in fine weather in summer, 
 they will require a considerable supply 
 both at the roots and as vapour in the 
 atmosphere, with a high temperature. 
 As soon as the spines change colour, 
 moisture must be gradually withheld, 
 the temperature lowered, and more air 
 given. Summer temp., 00 to 90 ; win- 
 ter, 40 to 50. 
 
 Insects. The Red Spider seizes them 
 at times ; and he must be started imme- 
 diately, either by covering the surface of 
 the pot, and then placing your hand over 
 it, turning it topsy-turvy, and drawing 
 the plant rapidly several times through 
 water at 120 ; or by dusting the plants 
 with flowers of sulphur; or, as alike 
 prevention and cure, fuming the house 
 by placing sulphur on the hot-water pipes, 
 or on a hot-water plate kept on purpose. 
 The most remarkable are the E. Stancsii 
 and Viznaga, the monsters for size lately 
 introduced to Kew Gardens. 
 
 CJELESTI'NA. (From calcslis, celestial ; 
 in reference to its sky-blue colour. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Synqenesia \-JEqualis. Allied to Agera- 
 tum.) 
 
 Seed and cuttings take freely. Greenhouse 
 and cold pit in winter, and the flower-border 
 in summer. They grow most compactly in loamy 
 soil. 
 
 C. ageratoi'des (ageratum-likc). 1. Blue. Au- 
 gust. New Spain. 
 
 c<eru ! leu (sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. N 
 
 Amer. 1732. 
 
 micru'ntha (small-flowered). 14. Blue. July. 
 
 8. Amer. 1800. 
 
 C^ENO'PTERIS. (From ftainos, new, and 
 j a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 
 Divisions, like most Ferns; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to /0; winter, 38 to 50. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. appendicula'ta (appendaged). f . Brown. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1822. 
 odonti'tcs (odontites). ?. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brown 
 .December. W. Ind. 
 
OES 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. rhixophu'lla (rooting-leaved). 1. Brovn. June. 
 XV. Ind. 1827. 
 
 thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like;. 1. Ero'R'n. 
 
 September. Jamaica. 
 
 CJESALPI'NIA. Brasiletto. (Named after 
 Casalpinus, physician to Pope Clement 
 VIII. Nat. 'ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1 Mo- 
 nog ynia. In alliance with Poinciana.) 
 
 "As hard as Brazils" refers to the Brazil- 
 wood that of Caesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis. Stove 
 evergreens, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds and cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat. 
 Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75; 
 winter, 50 to 65. 
 
 C. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 15. White. Bahama. 
 1820. 
 
 Brasiliefnsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1/39. 
 
 cassioi'dcs (cassia-like). 6. Yellow. S. 
 
 Anier. 1821. 
 
 Chine'nsis (China). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Gillie'sii (Gillies's). Mcndoza. 1629. Deci- 
 
 duous. 
 
 olenspe'rma (oil-seeded). 15. Yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Yellow. Malabar. 
 
 1817. 
 
 proce'ra (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Sappa'n (Sappan). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/73. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. Climber. 
 
 vesica'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 CJE'SIA. (Named after F. Casia. Nat. 
 ord., Lilywnrts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An- 
 thericum.) 
 
 Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds 
 in March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam 
 and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. vitta'ta (riband). 1. Pale blue. July. N. 
 S. Wales. 1816. 
 
 CAJA'NUS. Pigeon Pea. (From its 
 Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia 1-Pentandria. Allied to Pha- 
 seolus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in spring; 
 sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. bi'colnr (two-coloured). 4. Yellow. July. 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1687. 
 
 CAJEPUT-TREE. Melaleu'ca leucade'n- 
 dron. 
 
 CAJOPHO'RA. (From kaio, to sting; re- 
 ferring to the stinging property in the 
 hairs on the leaves and stems. Nat. 
 ord., Loasads [Loasacesej. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Blu- 
 menbachia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in open border, in the 
 
 end of April, or in a slight hotbed, in March t 
 and afterwards transplanted as a half-haruy 
 annual. 
 
 C. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). Bed, orange. May. 
 Tucumania. 1836. Chmber. 
 
 Pentlu'ndica (Penttand). Orange. May. Pent. 
 
 1841. 
 
 CALABA-TREE. Calophy'llum ca'laba. 
 
 CALABASH. Cresce'ntia. 
 
 CALADE'NIA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and adcn, a gland. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria L- 
 Monoyyitia. Allied to Limodorum.) 
 
 New Holland, half-hardy, terrestrial orchids. 
 Division of the roots; loam, peat, sand, and 
 broken pots in equal portions. A cool greenhouse 
 in winter. 
 C. ala'ta (winged). June. N.Holland. 1823. 
 
 a'lba (white). White. July. N. Holland. 1810. 
 
 ceeru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. N. Holland. 1804. 
 
 ca'rnea (fieah-coloured). Flesh. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1826. 
 
 clavi'gera (club-lipped). June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 denticulafta (toothed). Yellow. Swan River. 
 
 dilata'ta (broad-lipped}. N. S. Wales. 
 
 donga' ta (elongated). Yellow. May. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 gemina'ta (budded). Purple. May. Swan River. 
 
 gr a 1 cilis (slender). Australia. 1826. 
 
 hi'rta (hairv). Yellow. May. Swan River. 
 
 ixioi'des (ixia-like). Yellow. May. Swan Jliver. 
 
 longicau'da (long-spurred). Yellow. June. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). Purple. May. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). Yellow. Swan River. 
 
 Patcrso'nii (Paterson's). N. S. Wales. 
 
 pili'fera (hairy). Purple. September. Swan 
 River. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). Purple. August. Swaa 
 
 River. 
 
 testa'cea (light-brown). July. N. Holland, 
 
 1824. 
 
 unguicula'ta (clawed). Yellow. August* 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 CALA'DIUM. (A word of uncertain 
 derivation, perhaps from kaladion, a cup. 
 Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to Co- 
 locasia.) 
 
 The ginger-like roots of C. bi'color, &c., are 
 used as common food in tropical countries, under 
 the name cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others are 
 very acrid. Stove plants, with the exception of 
 C. Virgi'nicum. Interesting chiefly on account 
 of their stems and leaves. Herbaceous kinds by 
 division of the plants, and suckers ; sub-shrubs, 
 cuttings, and dividing the roots ; rich, lumpy 
 soil, and abundance of water. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. aculea'tum (prickled). White, Surinam. 1822* 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. White. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1759. 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). 9. White. Cumana. 1820. 
 auri'tum (car-leaved). 3. White. America. 
 
 1739. 
 
 cuculta'tum (hood-meowed). Green. Marcb. 
 
 China. 182G. 
 
CAL 
 
 r 153 1 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. fraemnWssirmttn (most fragrant). 4. Red 
 Uemerara. 1832. A parasite. 
 
 hdleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 June. Caraccas. 1/96. 
 
 la'cerum (torn). 4. White. Caraccas. 1S22. 
 
 macula'tum (spotted). 6. Green. August. 
 
 8. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Segui'num (Seguin Dumb-cane], 6. White, 
 
 March. Amer. J759- 
 
 triparti'tum (three-parted-jeamJ). 3. White. 
 
 Caraccas. 181 6. 
 
 xanthorhi'zum (yellow-rooted). White. 1822. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. li'color (two-coloured). 1. White. June. 
 Madeira. 17/3. 
 
 edu'le (eatable). 4. White. Guiana. 1800. 
 
 CKCulc'ntum (esculent). 2. White. America. 
 
 1739. 
 
 li'i'idiirn (livid). ). Dingy. September. W. 
 
 Ind. 1828. 
 
 nymp/iatifo'liiim (\vzter-l\ly -leaved). 4. White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 odora'tuin (fragrant). 2. White. _ Pegu. 1818. 
 
 ova'lum (egg-shaped). 4. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 peda'tum (doubly -cvA^leavad}. 2. White. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 petiola'tum (toff-leaf-s talked). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Fernando Po. 1832. Tuberous- 
 rooted. 
 
 pinnati'fidum (deeply-lobed-leaved). 2. White, 
 
 Caraccas. 181/. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf ). 1. White. Nepftul. 1820. 
 
 sagitteefo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1710. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 2. White. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 Virgifnicum (Virginian). 1. June. Virginia. 
 
 1759. Hardy. 
 
 vivi'parurn (viviparous). 2. Green. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1817- 
 
 zamictfa 'Hum (zamia-leaved). Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 C ATA 'is. (Named after a fabled indi- 
 vidual covered with scales ; referring to 
 tho scaly involucre, or the parts which 
 surround the outside of composite flow- 
 ers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracece] . 
 Linn., 19 -Syngenesis 1-^Egualis. Allied 
 to Succory.) 
 
 A hardy annual. Seeds in common soil, in 
 March or April. 
 
 C. Lindle'yi (Dr. Lindley's). Yellow. May. N. 
 Amer. 1833. 
 
 CALAMI'NTHA. Calamint. (From katos, 
 beautiful, and mintha, mint. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates [Lamiacere] . Linn., 14-D/V/y- 
 namia 1-Anyiospermia. Allied to Me- 
 lissa.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Suckers and divisions; 
 common soil. 
 C. a'/Ao (white), f. White. July. Hungary. 1813. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Flame. June. 
 
 Carolina. 1804. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan) . Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 frncticofsa (shrubby), ij. Purple. August. 
 
 -Spain. 1752. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Italy. 1598 
 
 C. grandiflora vnricga't'i (variegated-faiBcd!). 1-, 
 lied. July. Gardens. 
 
 marifo'lia (marum-leaved). l. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1788. 
 
 CA'LAMUS. (From kalom, the Arabic 
 word for a reed. Nat. ord., a section of 
 Palms [Palmacess]. Linn., 6-Hexandri<t 
 i-Bfonogynia.) 
 
 The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood 
 is the natural secretion of the fruit of C, dra'co. 
 Stove palms. Seed ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. a'lbus (white). 50. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 dra'co (dragon). 50. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 li'ger (black). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 rude'ntum (cable). 200. Green. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 nt'rus (true.) 20. Green. Cochin China. 1812. 
 
 Zala'cca (Zulacca). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 CALANDRI'NIA. (Named after Calan- 
 drinl, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Purslanes [Portulaceae]. Linn., 11-1)0- 
 decandria \-Mono<jynia.} 
 
 When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as 
 the greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little pro- 
 tection, such as may be given by a slight hotbed, 
 in April, and a hand-light over it. Cuttings, 
 also, strike freely; light, sandy soil, well drained, 
 suits them well. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. arena' ria (sand-fnAWttf ). $. Orange, red. 
 July. Valparaiso. 1831. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 caule'scens (stemmed). Rose. August. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Annual. 
 
 compre'ssa (flattened). . Ross. August. 
 
 Chili. 1826. Annual. 
 
 mona'ndra (one-stamened). . lied. August. 
 
 Chili. 1837- Annual. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . Rose. August. 
 
 Peru. 1827. Annual. 
 
 specio'sn (showy). . Purple. June. Califor- 
 
 nia. 1831. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 umbclla'ta (umbel-flowered). . Rose. July. 
 
 Peru. 18-26. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 7. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). Hose. August. W.. 
 Ind. 1812. Deciduous shrub. 
 
 dfacolor (two-Kolovttfd'leaved), l. Rose. July. 
 
 Chili. 1834. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 glau'cn (milky-green). Rose. August. Chili. 
 
 182/. Annual. 
 
 Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1825. Deciduous shrub. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). Red. August. Chili. 
 
 1837. Annual. 
 
 pJiacospe'rma (lentil-seeded). Red. August. 
 
 Chih. 1837. Biennial. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. asce'ndens (ascending). . Purple. Brazil. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 cilia' tn (hair-fringed). 4- Purple. August. 
 
 Chili. 1823. Annual. 
 
 grandifln'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. Chili. 1826. Herbaceous perennial, 
 
 Lla'vea (La Llave's). April. Mexico. Herba- 
 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 paniculn'ta (panicled). 1^. Purple. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1816. Herbaceous perennial. 
 CALA'NTHE. (From kalos, beautiful, and 
 ant/ws, a flower. Nat. ord., a section of 
 
CAL 
 
 [ 
 
 CAL 
 
 Orchids [Orchidacece], Linn., 20-Gy- 
 lumdria l-Monogyiiia.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C. 
 vesti'ta. Divisi ns and suckers; loam and peat, 
 lightened with band and charcoal, and enriched 
 by top-dressings of old cow-dung ; extra well- 
 drained, constantly moist, and the plants well ex- 
 posed to light. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; win- 
 ter, 50 to 55. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 C. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow. Japan. 1837. 
 
 di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1837. 
 
 furca'ta (forked). White. Luzon Isles. 1836. 
 
 STOVE. 
 . austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. 18'23. 
 
 brevico'rnu (short-horned). Rose. White. 
 
 August. Nepaul. 1838. 
 
 curculigoi'des(c\iTc\iligo-li\ic). 2. Orange. Oc- 
 
 tober. Malacca. 1844. 
 
 denslflo'ra (thickly-flowered), f. Yellowish. 
 
 September. E. Ind. 1837. 
 fla'vicuns (yellowish-flowered). White, blue. 
 April. E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Greenish-yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Khasya. 185 1. 
 
 Masu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet, purple. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 plantngi'nea (plantain - leaved}. Lilac. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Nepaul. 1S3Q. 
 
 Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). E. Ind. 1337. 
 
 si/lvu'tica (wood). Wlute.changing to yellow. 
 
 Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 vcratrifo'lia (veratrum-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 April. Java. 181Q. 
 
 versi' color (various-coloured-/o?wered). Whit- 
 
 ish-blue. August. Mauritius. 1S36. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White and pink. No- 
 
 vember. This has pseudo-bulbs. No 
 water given between December and 
 March, its time of rest. See The Cot- 
 tage Gardener, v. 166. 
 
 vi'ridi fu'sca (greenish - brown). Greenish- 
 
 brown. April. Assam. 
 
 CALA'TI-IEA. (From kalatlios, a basket; 
 in reference to the leaves being worked 
 into baskets in South America. Nat. 
 ord.fMarantlia [Marantacese]. Linn., 1- 
 Monandrla 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75; 
 winter, 5b to 60. 
 
 C.flave'fcens (pale yellow). 1$. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 grandifo' lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 llio Janeiro. 1826. 
 
 longittracteu'ta (long-bracted). I. Purple. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 viola'ceu( violet-coloured). 14- Purple. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1815. 
 
 zebrl'nii. (zebra-plant). 2. Red, yellow. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1815. 
 
 CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentia'na pncu- 
 tnona' nthe. 
 
 CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in which 
 chalk (carbonate of lime) predominates. 
 
 The colour approaches to white, in pro- 
 portion. No soil is productive which does 
 not contain some chalk, or in which it 
 exceeds nineteen parts out of twenty. 
 From one to five per cent, is the usual 
 proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous 
 soils are rarely productive ; they are so 
 feebly retentive of moisture, that the 
 crops upon them are burnt up in sum- 
 mer ; and they reflect the sun's rays so 
 fully, that they remain unheated, and ve- 
 getation is late upon them in spring. 
 The best addition to such soils, to im- 
 prove their staple, is clay. 
 
 CALCEOLA'RIA. Slipperwort. (From 
 
 calceolus, a slipper; in reference to tho 
 
 j shape of the iiower. Nat. ord., Fiyivorts 
 
 [Scrophulariacete]. Linn., 1-Diandria 1- 
 
 Jlfonof/ynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sow seeds in 
 August and September, and cuttings at the same 
 time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden decora- 
 tion, by cuttings of firm young shoots, under 
 glass, in September ; and again, in heat, in 
 March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost, 
 well drained ; for beds, a good loam should pre- 
 ponderate. Summer temp., 50 to 60 ; winter, 
 35 to 45. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. amplexicau' Us (stem-clasping). 1$. Yellow. 
 June. Peru. 1845. 
 
 arachnoi'des (cobweb-like). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 u'lbu (white-flowered). 1. White. June. 
 
 conna'ta (base-joined-/et'erf). 3. Yellow. 
 | Chili. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 I corymbo'sa (corymbose). 1. Yellow. May. 
 Chili. 1822. 
 
 crenatijio'ra (scolloped- lipped). 14. Yel- 
 
 low-spotted. June. Chili. 183). 
 
 cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). l. Pale 
 
 lemon. Bolivia. 1846. 
 
 flexuo'aa (zigzag). 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Fot/iergi'lti (Fothergill's). 4. Orange. April. 
 
 Falkland Isles. 1777- 
 
 PIerbertia'na( Herbert's). $ Yellow. June. 
 
 Chili. 1828. 
 
 pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 
 
 17/3. Annual. 
 
 plantagi'nea (plantain-feowrf), 1. Yellow, 
 
 August. Chili. 182/. 
 
 poly fo' lia (poly-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 purpu'rea ( purple-flowered). 1. Purple. Julv. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 e'leqims (elegant). 1. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Chili. 1832. 
 pi' eta (painted). 1. White, purple. June. 
 
 Chili. 1832. 
 
 SHRUBBY EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. a' Ilia (wliite-flawered). 14. White. June. 
 Chili. 1844. 
 
 angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). 14. Yellow. 
 
 June. Peru. 1830. 
 
 asce'ndens (ascending). I. Yellow. July. Cor- 
 
 dilleras. 1826. 
 
 j bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August. 
 Peru. 1829. 
 
CAL 
 
 [155] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Chiloe. 1830. 
 flor ibu'nda (many-flowered). 1&. Pale yellow. 
 
 September. Quito. 1843. 
 
 Herbertiu!naparviflo'ra( Herbert's small-flow- 
 
 ered). 2. Yellow. April. Valparaiso. 
 1836. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved).* 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Chili. 1822. 
 
 angustifo'lin (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Chili. 1822. 
 
 viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 3. Yellow. 
 
 August. Chili. 1832. 
 
 pe'ndula (hanging). Yellow-spotted. July. 
 
 Chili. 1831. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Yellow. August. Chili. 
 
 1822. 
 
 scabios&fo'lia (scabious-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. Chili. 1822. Trailer. 
 
 se'ssilis (stalklew-feaiwd). l. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Valparaiso. 1832. 
 
 thyrsifio'ra (thyrse-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 
 June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 CALCEOLARIA AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. 
 Propagation by Cuttings. In August, im- 
 mediately after flowering, and in March. 
 In August, from a spent hotbed, remove 
 the soil, and place six inches of dry coal- 
 ashes or sawdust. In spring, prepare a 
 hotbed of leaves, or stable litter, a month 
 before it is wanted, to allow the strong 
 heat to subside ; then cover it with the 
 same depth of coal- ashes or sawdust. 
 Fill a sufficient number of pots, within 
 nn inch of the top, with light, sandy loam ; 
 fill up to the rim with silver- sand, and 
 water gently, to settle the sand firmly. 
 Take off the cuttings (the young tops 
 are the best) ; cut off the bottom leaves, 
 leaving two or three at the top ; put them 
 in the sand by the aid of a small, sharp- 
 pointed stick, pressing the sand about 
 them firmly. The herbaceous varieties 
 should be placed rather thinly round the 
 edge of the pot ; the half-shrubby ones 
 may be put in all over the pot, neatly, in 
 rows ; then give a gentle watering. Al- 
 low the water to dry off, and then plunge 
 them into the hotbed, in the ashes or 
 saw-dust, up to the rims of the pots, 
 taking care that the heat is moderate. 
 Shade for a week all the day ; afterwards, 
 only when the sun shines. If the sand 
 becomes dry, water in the morning of a 
 fine day; but very little water will be 
 necessary. Remove all decaying leaves, 
 or dead cuttings, as they occur. As soon 
 as the cuttings are rooted, pot them off 
 in the same kind of soil, and in S^-inch 
 pots, and set them on the surface of the 
 same bed till they make fresh roots; 
 then remove them into a shady part of 
 the greenhouse for a week previously to 
 re-potting. 
 
 By Seed.Sov? twice, as soon as the 
 seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow 
 in wide, shallow seed-pans, rather thinly, 
 and very slightly covered. A similar 
 situation as for cuttings will answer; but, 
 as soon as the seedlings are up, place 
 them on a shelf, near the glass, in an 
 airy greenhouse. When they are large 
 enough, pot them into 2^-inch pots, sin- 
 gly, and keep re-potting, as they require 
 it, till they are in 6 -inch pots ; then allow 
 them to flower ; and such as are of a 
 good form, bright, distinct colours, and a 
 fair size, re-pot again, and keep them to 
 propagate by cuttings ; but all others 
 either throw away or plant them out to 
 ornament the flower-borders till the frost 
 kills them. 
 
 To save Seed. Impregnation is neces- 
 sary in order to produce good seed and 
 to produce variety. Choose the pollen 
 from a bright-coloured, clear-spotted va- 
 riety, and apply it to the best-formed 
 ones destined to bear the seed the male 
 parent for colour, and the female for 
 shape. 
 
 Soil. Light, sandy, yellow loam, t'vo 
 busheJs; leaf -mould, half a bushel, 
 much- decayed co\v-dung, one peck ; mix 
 thoroughly, and use in a moderately dry 
 state. If the loam is not sandy natu- 
 rally, add as much sifted river-sand as 
 will make it so. 
 
 Summer Culture. Commence potting 
 as early in spring as possible ; autumn- 
 struck cuttings early in March ; and the 
 spring-struck as soon as they are fit. Old 
 stools never make such fine specimens as 
 cuttings : they had better be thrown 
 away as soon as they have yielded a crop 
 of cuttings. Drain plentifully with broken 
 potsherds, using a greater quantity every 
 time. Re-pot about three times, and 
 leave the plants, at last, in 11-inch pots 
 to bloom. No flower- stems should be 
 allowed to remain until the plants have 
 attained their full growth. Keep them 
 as near the glass as possible, in a light, 
 airy greenhouse. After the last potting, 
 the plants should present a healthy 
 appearance, with large, broad leaves, of 
 a dark-green colour. The flower-stems 
 may now be allowed to grow : each should 
 be tied to a neat, small, green stick. 
 Place the sticks so as to slope outwards, 
 to allow room for the heads to bloom. 
 Plenty of air should be given, to cause 
 a stout growth. They should be in per- 
 fection early in July. Each plant will be 
 
CAL 
 
 [ 150 ] 
 
 CAL 
 
 then two feet high, and as much in dia- 
 meter. They will be fine objects either 
 for the greenhouse, when few other things 
 are in bloom, or for exhibition purposes. 
 
 Winter Culture, As soon as the flow- 
 ers are all dead (if no seed is required), 
 the stems ought to be cut down, and the 
 plants either removed out of doors, or, 
 still better, into a cold pit. Plenty of 
 air should be given on all favourable oc- 
 casions ; and, as soon as the frost of win- 
 ter begins to appear, remove them into 
 the greenhouse, place them as near the 
 glass as possible, and keep them there 
 till the time of propagation arrives. Take 
 off the cuttings then, and throw the old 
 stools away. 
 
 Forcing. On account of their impa- 
 tience of heat, Calceolarias, excepting a 
 few shrubby ones, do not force well. 
 These may be re-potted in January, and 
 put into a heat of 55 to 60. Give water 
 moderately, and allow the flower-stems 
 to grow from the first. They will then 
 flower in April and May. 
 
 Diseases. The herbaceous varieties are 
 subject to a disease very like that which 
 has attacked the potato of late years. 
 They appear quite healthy, until dark- 
 brown spots appear on the leaves and 
 stems ; and in a week's time the disease 
 spreads, and the plants are dead. No 
 cure is known. As soon as it appears on 
 any plant, remove it at once, and throw it 
 away, because the disease is contagious, 
 and soon spreads to the healthy plants. 
 Too much wet at the root, or damp in the 
 house, will accelerate the disease. 
 
 Insects. The most destructive is the 
 green fly (Aphis}. Whenever it appears, 
 fill the house with tobacco-smoke. Eed 
 spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, if 
 the house be kept hot and dry. Dust 
 the leaves with sulphur where it is ob- 
 served. 
 
 Calceolarias for bedding-out should be 
 propagated in the autumn, and kept in 
 the cutting-pots through the winter. Pot 
 them singly in the spring, place them in 
 a cold frame, and gradually harden them 
 off by May. Then plant them out in a 
 rich, light soil, where they are to flower. 
 
 CALDA'SIA. (Named after O. Caldas, a 
 naturalist at Bogota. Nat. ord., Phlox- 
 worts [Polemoniaceaj].) 
 
 Stove annual ; seeds in hotbed, in spring ; 
 sandy peat. Temp., 50 to 60. 
 C. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. Blue. 
 July- New Spain. 1813. 
 
 CALDCLU'VIA. (Named after A. Cald- 
 dcmjh, F.R.S., who collected botanical 
 specimens in Chili. Nat. ord., Cunoniads 
 [Cunoniacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Cunonia.) 
 
 The principal characf r of this and other Cuno- 
 niads is the leaves g; 'ing opposite, with sti- 
 pules between the lea talks. The panicles of 
 little white flowers he j a pretty appearance. 
 Greenhouse evergreen scrubs ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a little 
 bottom-heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C.panicula'ta(vKnic\K&-flowered). White. June. 
 Australia. 1831. 
 
 CA'LEA. (From kalos, beautiful; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracesj]. Linn., 19-Synycnesia 
 l-^Eqnalis. Allied to Galinsogia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side- 
 shoots strike freely at any time, in sand, and 
 placed in bottom-heat, under a glass. Summer 
 temp., 60 to /5 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 Jamuice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1816. 
 
 solidugi'nea (solidago-like). 4. Caraccas. 
 
 1817. 
 
 urticaifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 VeraCruz. 1740. 
 
 CALEA'CTE. See CA'LEA. 
 
 CALECTA'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and stachys, a spike. Calectasias are 
 branched herbs, with dry, permanent, 
 starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat. 
 ord., Hushes [Juncaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Baxteria. ) 
 
 Unless we had it on authority, we should not 
 take this for a rush, but a lilywort. Greenhouse 
 herbaceous perennial ; divisions ; peat and loam, 
 or common soil. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 C. cya'nea (blue-flowered). Blue. June. Aus- 
 tralia. 1840. 
 
 CALE'NDULA. Marigold. (From ru 
 lenda, the first day of the month; its 
 flowers produced almost all the year 
 round. Nat. ord., a section of Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 4i-Necessaria.) 
 
 Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in 
 April; tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and 
 transplanted in May. Greenhouse varieties by 
 cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam and peat for the 
 greenhouse ones. See MARIGOLD. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVEIIGKEENS. 
 C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. Decem- 
 ber. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4, 
 
 chrysanthemifo' Ha (chrysanthemum - lenvcd). 
 
 2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1790. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 1$. Yellow. May. Caps 
 
 of Good Hope- 1/90. 
 
 denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1$. Yellow, 
 
 December. Barbarv. 1S21." 
 
CAL 
 
 [ 157 ] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C.fla'ccida (feeble). 2. Orange. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 ^-frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 murica'ta (prickled). 2. Yellow. Decem- 
 
 ber. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4. 
 
 sii/rutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Yellow. De- 
 
 cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 tra'gus (goat-rtA). 2. White, purple. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 2. Orange. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 HABDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. aroe'nsis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1597. 
 
 aste'rias (star). 1$. Yellow. August. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1838. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Persia. 
 
 1836. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1531. 
 
 hy'brida(hy\>r\di-Great-Cape). 1. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 1$. Yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1796. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). $. Yellow. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1829. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 1. White, purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 officina'lis (officinal. Common marigold}. 3. 
 
 Orange. June. South of Europe. 1573. 
 
 flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). 3. Orange. 
 
 June. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia. 
 
 1830. 
 
 pluvia'lis (rainy. Small Cape marigold}. 1. 
 
 White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1693. 
 
 sa'ncta (holy-pale-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Levant. 1731. 
 
 Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. Yellow. June. Sicily. 
 
 1816. 
 
 stella'ta (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1796. 
 
 CALE'YA. (Named after G. Caley, su- 
 perintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. 
 Vincent. Nat. ord., a small section of 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids ; division of the 
 plants ; fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a littie 
 charcoal, well-drained. Summer temp., 60 to 
 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 C. ma'jor (greater). Green, brown. June. N. S. 
 Wales. 1810. 
 
 mi'nor (less). Green, brown. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 nigri'ta (blackish -flowered}. Dark. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 CA'LLA. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat. 
 ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese]. Linn., 7- 
 Heptandria 1 - Mo n oyy nia.) 
 
 All greenhouse plants ; division of the plants 
 and roots; rich loam and peat; the marshy one 
 does well as an aquatic, and frequently stands out 
 of doors ; all generally need the protection of the 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 
 C. ttroma'tica (aromatic). 2. White. July. China. 
 1813, Herbaceous perenniaL 
 
 C. occu'lta (hidden-spiA-ed). White. May. China. 
 1817. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). . White. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1/63. Perennial aquatic. 
 
 pertu'sa (perforated). 6. White. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1752. Evergreen creeper. 
 
 CALICO-BUSH. Ka'lmia latifo'lia. 
 
 CALLIA'NDEA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and aner, a man ; referring to the sta- 
 mens, or male organ ; literally, beautiful- 
 stamened. The long, silky, purple or 
 white stamens of this genus are very beau- 
 tiful. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 baceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Poly- 
 andria. Allied to Inga.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm 
 young wood in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50* 
 to 55. 
 
 C. Harri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Brazil. 
 1845. 
 
 pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. -1822. 
 
 Twee'dii (Tweedie's). 6. Scarlet, crimson. 
 
 Mexico. 1845. 
 
 CALLICA'EPA. (From fcalos, beautiful, 
 and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau- 
 tiful berries. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- 
 benacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Mono- 
 yynia. Allied to Petrsea.) 
 
 The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cinga- 
 lese as a substitute for betel-leaves. Stove ever- 
 greens, except where otherwise specified ; cut- 
 tings in saady soil, in bottom-heat; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 
 55. 
 
 C. America'na (American). 6. Red. June. N. 
 Amer. 1724. Greenhouse deciduous 
 shrub. 
 
 arbo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. E. Ind. 173?. 
 
 ftrrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Blue. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1/9*. 
 
 inca'na (very hoary). 4. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. 
 
 lama'ta (woolly). 4. Purple. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1788. 
 
 lanccola'ria (spear-leaved). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. Apr3. 
 
 China. 1825. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. India. 
 
 1808. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 4. Red. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 rube'lla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China. 1322. 
 
 CALLI'CHEOA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and c/iroa, colour ; referring to the bright- 
 yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asterace.Tg. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 2-Si<perjlua. Allied to Helenium.) 
 
 Hardy annual ; seed sown in March on a slight 
 hotbed, under a hand-light, and transplanted m 
 patches, in the open border, at the end of April, 
 or beginning of May ; or it may be sown in the 
 
CAL 
 
 [153] 
 
 CAL 
 
 front of the border in the end of April, and it will 
 blow later. 
 
 C.platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). 1. Yellow. Oc- 
 tober. California. 1835. 
 
 CALLICO'MA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufted 
 heads of its yellow flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., ll-Do- 
 decandria %-Digynia. Allied to Wein- 
 mannia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy peat ; 
 sandy peat. Summer temp., 50 to 70 ; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June. 
 N. S. Wales. 1/93. 
 
 CALLI'GONUM. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and gonum, a joint; in reference to its 
 leafless joints. Nat. ord., Buckwheats 
 [Polygonacese], Linn., Il-Dodecandria 
 -Tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum.) 
 
 This is a curious leafless shrub, a native of 
 Siberia, where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity, 
 pound and boil the roots, from which they obtain 
 a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, to allay 
 their hunger ; while, by chewing the acrid 
 branches and fruit, they quench their thirst. 
 Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand- 
 giass, in spring and autumn ; sandy loam. 
 C, Palla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green, white. August. 
 Caspian Sea. 1780. 
 
 CALLIO'PSIS. Synonyme of COREO'P- 
 sis, which see. 
 
 CALLIPHRU'RIA. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- 
 lidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogy- 
 nia. Allied to Eurycles.) 
 
 Pretty Peruvian bulbs, flowerintr, when not in 
 leaf, like the Guernsey lily. Offset s ; sandy loam 
 and a little peat ; cold pit, or a warm border, and 
 protected during winter. 
 C. Hartwegia'na (Hartweg's). Yellow. Grenada, 
 
 1843. 
 Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 
 
 CALLI'PRORA. (From kalos, beautiful 
 and prora, a front ; referring to the front 
 view of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts, 
 in the Squill section [Liliacese], Linn. 
 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia) 
 
 A pretty, hardy little bulb, with drooping 
 yellow flowers. Offsets ; shady, peaty border. 
 C. lu'tea (yellow-flowered'), f . Yellow. August 
 California. 1831. 
 
 CALLI'PTERIS. Synonyme of DIPLA'- 
 ZIUM, which see. 
 
 CALLI'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful. A 
 pretty species. Nat. ord., Spiderworls 
 [Commelynacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 1-Monogynla. Allied to Tradescantia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailer ; division of its creeping 
 roots; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 C, re'pens (creeping), i. Blue, June. W. Ind 
 1776. 
 
 CALLISTA'CHYS. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and stachys, a flower- spike. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 [Q-Decaadria L-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Oxylobinsn . ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 andy peat, fibry loam, and a little charcoal. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 40 to 45. 
 C. cunea'ta (wedge-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July. 
 N. Holland. JS24. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-teawed). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1815. 
 
 ttnaritefo'lia (toad-flax-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-Jeaued). 2. Red. October. 
 
 Swan River. 1838. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. Red, yellow* 
 
 June. Swan River. 183p. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shape-Jea?;erf). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1815. 
 
 retu'sa (jagged-ended - leaved}. 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 CALLISTE'IIMA. China-Aster. (From 
 kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a 
 crown. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 ceffi]. Jjimn.,~\.Q-Syngfiiicsia 2-Sttperftua.) 
 This is the common name for the China-Asters. 
 Cassini, its author, however, changed it to Callis- 
 te'phus; but, as botanists acknowledge that the 
 whole order, as now arranged, is but " a tempo- 
 rary device," and that "the genera are need- 
 lessly multiplied," we adopt the more common 
 name until the whole order is re-arranged. Hardy 
 annuals. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, 
 hardened and transplanted in May. If pricked 
 out in a similar way to celery, they will well re- 
 pay the labour. Seeds may also be sown at thn 
 end of April, where the plants are to bloom ; an 
 open situation and a rich, loamy soil will answer 
 best. 
 
 C. horte'nse (garden). 1J. Blue. July. China. 1731. 
 a'lbum (white.) l. White. July. China. 
 
 1731. 
 ru'hrum (red). !. Red. July. China. 
 
 1731. 
 variega'tum (variegated). 1$. Variegated. 
 
 July. China. 1731. 
 mu'ltiplex (double). l. Variegated. July. 
 
 China. 1731. 
 brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l- Blue. 
 
 July. China. 1/31. 
 1'ndicum (Indian). 1. Blue/July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 CALLISTEMMA CULTURE. Propagation. 
 These, being annuals, must be in- 
 creased by seed every year. It should 
 be saved from the best-formed and most 
 double flowers. Those with quilled flow- 
 ers are most esteemed. The colours 
 should also be taken into consideration 
 in saving seed. The self-colours should 
 be clear, divided, and bright; such as 
 have striped blooms ought to have the 
 colours well defined, not run into each 
 other, but distinctly separated. 
 
 Soil. The soil should be light and 
 
CAL 
 
 [ 159 
 
 CAL 
 
 moderately rich ; and the situation where 
 they are to bloom should be fully ex- 
 posed to the sun. They make beautiful 
 beds in the parterre, but are not so last- 
 ing as some other flowers. 
 
 Culture. Sow the seeds in March, on 
 a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a 
 bed of earth laid upon the heating mate- 
 rial at least six inches thick ; transplant 
 the seedlings as soon as the frosts are 
 over, either in beds of separate colours, 
 in mixtures, or in patches, in the general 
 flower-border. Whichever way is deter- 
 mined upon, the soil should be prepared 
 by the addition of a portion of fresh loam 
 and very much decayed dung, well mixed 
 with the original soil. 
 
 Diseases. China- Asters are subject to 
 die off suddenly. There is no remedy, 
 when this occurs, but to pull up the 
 sickly plants, and remove the soil; put 
 in some fresh, and replant from the re- 
 serve stock a stock that ought always to 
 be kept ready for such occasions. 
 
 'Insects. The green fly sometimes 
 during a dry season attacks these plants. 
 Either sprinkle with tobacco- water or 
 Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this 
 in the evening of a fine day, and wash it 
 off in the morning with the syringe. 
 
 CALLISTE'MON. (From kalistosj most 
 beautiful, and stcmon, a stamen; refer- 
 ring to the graceful, long, scarlet stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese] . Linn., 
 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Leptospermum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land, with pea-like blossoms. Seeds sown in a 
 hotbed, in March ; cuttings of firm, but not solid, 
 wood, in sandy loam, under a bell-glass, in April 
 or May ; turfy peat, sandy and fibry loam, and a 
 few pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 50 to 
 70; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 C. brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 3. Fellow. 
 October. 1348. 
 
 formo'sum Chandsome). 5. 1824. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-leaved). 10. Crimson. 
 
 June. 1788. 
 
 leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Green. 
 
 June. 1820. 
 
 linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 10. Red. May. 
 
 1820. 
 
 linea're (narrow). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728. 
 
 lopa'nthum (crest-flowered). 0. Purple. June, 
 
 1800. 
 
 margina'tum (bordered). 6. 1816. 
 
 inicrophy'llum (small-leaved). 5. 1824. 
 
 mycro&ta'chyum (small-spiked). 5. Red. 
 
 March. 1836. 
 - phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purplish. March. 1943. 
 
 pmifoflium (pine-leaved). 6. Green. June. 
 
 pn'ngens (stinging). 6. May. 182;. 
 
 'g-jd', (stiff). 5. Cream. April. 1800. 
 
 ruguli'sum (small-wrinkled). 6. Pink, May. 
 
 C. sali'gnui (willow-teaped). 6. June. 1783. 
 
 sca'ber (rough). 4. July. 1820. 
 
 semperfto'rens (ever-blooming). 6. Crimson- 
 
 April. 1818. 
 
 spenio'sum (showy). 10. Crimson. April. 1822.. 
 
 vimina'le (twiggy). 10. Red. April. 1800. 
 
 mridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 5. Green. July. 
 
 1818. 
 
 CALLI'TKIS. (From kalos, beautiful ; re- 
 ferring to the whole plant. Nat. ord.,. 
 Conifers [Pinaceaa]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 
 13-Polyandria. Allied to Thuja.) 
 
 The wood of C. quadriva'lnis is in great de- 
 mand by the Turks, who use it for the ceiling* 
 and floors of their mosques, as they believe it to 
 be indestructible. Greenhouse, evergreen, cypress- 
 like trees. Seeds and cuttings, under a hand- 
 light, in autumn, and protected by a cold pit ; 
 sandy loam, generally protected under a glass in 
 winter, though there seems reason to believe they 
 would flourish out of doors, in the warmer parts 
 of England, nearly as well as several of the Cy- 
 presses. 
 
 C. cupressifo'rmis (cypress-like). 20. N. Holland. 
 1826. 
 
 5ttflKfnya'Ji's(four-valved). 20. Apetal. Sep- 
 
 tember. Barbary. 1815. 
 
 trique'tra (three-sided). Apetal. April. Cap* 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 CALLU'NA. (From kalluno, to adorn ; in- 
 reference both to the beauty of the 
 Heather, and to its use as a scrubbing- 
 brush or broom. Nat. ord., Heathivort* 
 [Ericaceae]. linn., S-Octandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Callu'na vulga'ris, the common Heather, and 
 all its varieties, are the best bee-flowers of our 
 native Flora. The C. vulga'ris is a native of many 
 parts of the British Islands, and its flowers are 
 purple, opening in April ; but there are the dou- 
 ble-blossomed, the white, the scarlet, the red, the 
 decumbent, the spiked, the downy, and variegated 
 varieties. See EBI'CA. 
 
 CALLUS is the matter exuded from the 
 edges of the wound of a plant in the 
 process of healing. It is exuded from 
 the horizontally-communicating cells of 
 the plant ; and, in cuttings, it is from and 
 through tins exuded matter that the roots 
 and the perpendicular vessels connected 
 with them proceed. 
 
 CALOCHI'LUS. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; referring to the beauty 
 of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Listera and Neottia.) 
 
 Orchids are only apparently monandrous. 
 There are, in fact, three filaments, firmly grown 
 together in the column, the centre one bearing the 
 pollen, and the other two are barren. Greenhouse 
 terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; sandy 
 loam and turfy peat, enriched with a little lumpy, 
 old cow-dung. Encouraged to grow, when done 
 flowering, by heat and moisture ; kept cool and 
 dry after they are pretty well matured, and heat 
 given again when to be started into bloom. Sum- 
 mer temp., 50 to 75; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
CAL 
 
 [ ICO ] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C> campe'stris (field). . Green, brown. N. 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 paludo'sus (marsh). . Brown. N.Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 CALOCHO'KTUS. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and chortus, grass ; referring to the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacece]. Linn., 
 Q-Hexandria 6-PoIygynia. Allied to the 
 Tulip and Fritillaria. ) 
 
 The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs, 
 introduced by the unfortunate and intrepid 
 Douglass from Colombia. The finest of them 
 have been lost; but such beautiful plants cannot 
 long remain in the wilderness. Half-hardy bulbs. 
 Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, in equal propor- 
 tions. If planted out, the bulbs should be taken 
 up and dried before winter ; if in pots, keep in a 
 cold pit, and pot afresh when the bulbs begin to 
 grow. 
 
 C. e'legans (elegant). . White. June. Colombia. 
 1826. 
 
 In,' tens (yeUovr-petaled). 1. Yellow-spotted. 
 
 September. California. 1831. 
 
 macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. California. 1826. 
 
 ni'tidus (shining). . Purple. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1826. 
 
 sple'ndens (splendid-flowered). l. White- 
 
 spotted. August. California. 1832. 
 
 venu'stus (handsome-flowered). 1$. Lilac. Au- 
 
 gust. California. 1836. 
 
 CALODE'NDKON. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord., Rueworts 
 [Rutacess]. Jjmn.,5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Diosma.) 
 
 One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera 
 which abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable 
 alike for their pretty flowers and for their power- 
 ful and generally offensive odour. The settlers 
 call them Bucku-plants. Greenhouse tree. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 50 to 75 ; winter, 40 to 50. 
 C. Cape'nsis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1789- 
 
 CALONY'CTION. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and nyx, night; in reference to their 
 flowering in the night-time. Nat. ord., 
 Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Con- 
 volvulus.) 
 
 These night-flowering Bindweeds are the Mid- 
 night Lilies of travellers. Stove evergreen climber. 
 Convolvulus-lpokiiiBr, but opening its flowers at 
 night. Seeds in heat, in March ; cuttings of side- 
 shoots, in April or May, in sandy soil, and in 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 58. 
 
 (7. pseudomurica' turn (false-point-covered). Pur- 
 ple. July. E. Ind. 1827. 
 
 CALO'PHACA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and phake f a lentil; in reference to the 
 lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabaceae], Linn., 17-Dia- 
 delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.) 
 
 Loudon says of it, " Grafted standard high on 
 the common Laburnum, it forms an object at 
 
 once singular, picturesque, and beautiful." Hardy 
 deciduous shrub. Seeds sown in March; or cut- 
 tings, under a hand-iight ; common, light loam. 
 C. Wolga'rica (Wolga). 2. Yellow. May. 
 Siberia. 1/86. 
 
 CALO'PHANES. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and phainG) to appear. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 tlinds [Aeanthacesej. Linn., l^-I>idyna- 
 mia 2-Aitgiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the 
 roots in March ; loam and peat, or sandy loam. 
 C. oWorag-i/o7ta(oblong-leavad). 1. Blue. Au- 
 gust. Carolina. 1832. 
 
 CALOPHY'LLUM. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., a section 
 of Guttifers [Clusiacese.]. Linn., 15-Te- 
 tr adynamia,} 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. cala'ba (calaba-ree). 30. White. India. 1780. 
 
 inophy'llum (fibrous-ieaved). QO. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 179.5. 
 
 spu'rium (spurious). 30. White. Malabar. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White. 
 
 Bourbon. 1822. 
 
 CALOPO'GON. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the 
 fringe on the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,20-(?ya- 
 dria \-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse orchid. Division of its tuberous 
 roots ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; 
 winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 C. pulche'llus (pretty). 1&. Purple. July. N. 
 Amer. 1771. 
 
 CALOSCO'KDUM. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts 
 [Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Milla.) 
 
 Half-hardy little bulb. Offsets; common soil. 
 Though a native of Chusan, it is likely to require 
 but little protection in winter. 
 C. nerineflo'rum (nerine-flowered). . Rose, pur- 
 ple. Chusan. 1843. 
 
 CALOSTE'MMA. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllids [Amaryllidacese]- Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and a 
 little leaf-mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse in 
 winter. 
 
 C. a'lbum (white). 1. White. May. N. Holland. 
 1824. 
 
 ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-flowered). 1. Flesh. 
 
 Australia. 1837. 
 
 Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. Morcton 
 
 Bay. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. November. N. 
 
 Holland. 1819- 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. November. 
 
 N. Holland. 1819- 
 
 CALOTHA'MNUS, (From kalos, beautiful, 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 and thamnns, a shrub. Nat. ord., Myrtle- 
 blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadel- 
 ph.iaZ- Polyandria. Allied to Melaleuca.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Aus- 
 tralia. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, 
 iti sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 38 to 
 45. 
 C. clava'ta (club-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1824. 
 
 gru'cilis (slender-leaved). S. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Kni'phtii (Knight's). Blooms all year. 183Q. 
 
 qu'idri'fida (four-cleft). 3, Scarlet. July. 1803. 
 
 villo'sa (soft-haired). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803. 
 
 CALO'TIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and 
 OMS, an ear ; in reference to the chaffy 
 scales of the pappus, or seed-head. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesla Z-Superflua, Allied to Bel- 
 lium.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; 
 sandy loam, bummer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 
 35 to 45. 
 
 C. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 N. Holland. 1819. 
 
 CALO'TROPIS, (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and tropis, a keel ; referring to the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese], 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to 
 Schubertia.) 
 
 C. gi%a'ntea is the Akund-yercutn, or Mudar- 
 plant of India, whose thick, miiky juice is a pow- 
 erful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds 
 in a slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; 
 good, common, fibry loam and a little sand. Sum- 
 mer temp., 50 to 80; winter, 40 to 50. 
 C. giga'ntea (gigantic). 6. White. August. E. 
 Ind. 1690. 
 
 pro'eera (tall). 10. White. April. Persia. 17U. 
 
 CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. (A con- 
 traction of kalathos, a goblet; referring 
 to the form of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria 6-Polygynia. Allied to Hel- 
 lebore.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or di- 
 visions, in March or April ; common soil of the 
 border. A moist place, near a running stream, is 
 where they flourish most. 
 C. a'rctica (arctic). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 4. Yellow. April. 
 
 Unilas. 1824. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered), f . White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 flabellifo'tia (fan-leaved). 1. Yellow. April. 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Govenia'na (Gowen's). North Ind. 1848. 
 
 intege'rnma (entire-leaved). Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 leptose'pala (small-sepaled). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 182?. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). L Yellow. May. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 no.' tans (floating). Yellow. May, Siberia, 
 
 1816. 
 11 
 
 C. palu'stris (common-marsh). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 parnassifo'lia (parnassia-leaved). $. Yellow. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1815. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). . Yellow. April. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. Green, yellow. 
 
 November. Cape Horn. 1840. 
 
 CALTROPS. Tri'bidus.. 
 
 CALYCA'NTHUS. Allspice. (From kalyv, 
 a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in reference 
 to the coloured calyx. Nat. ord., Caly- 
 canths [Calycanthaceae]. Linn., 12-Jco- 
 sandria 3-Polygynia.) 
 
 The bark of C. flo'ridus, from its aromatic fra- 
 grance, is used as a substitute for cinnamon in the 
 United States of North America. Hardy deci- 
 duous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is seldom pro- 
 duced; rich, sandy loam, in a shady situation. 
 Ic is said, that by pulling out the terminal bud of 
 a shoot two flower-buds are produced ; and thus 
 the flowering season is prolonged. 
 C.fe'rtilis (fertile). 3. Brown. June. Carolina. 
 1726. 
 
 flo'ridus (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Carolina. 
 
 1726. 
 
 asplenifo 1 lius (asplenium - leaved). 6. 
 
 Brown. July. 
 fefrnx (fertile- flowered] . 6. Brown. July. 
 
 inodo'rus (nearly-scentless). 6. Brown. 
 
 July. 
 
 longifo'lius (long -leaved). 6. Brown. 
 
 July, 
 ova'tus (egg-8hape-/eats?d). 6. Brown. 
 
 July. 
 variega'tus (variegated-teaed). 6. Brown. 
 
 July. 
 
 glau'cvs (milky-green -leaved). 6. Brown. May. 
 
 Carolina. 1726. 
 
 Iceviga'tus (smooth-beared). 3. Brown. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 4. Brown. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 ocddenta'lis (western). 7i- Scarlet. Sep. 
 
 tember. California. 1831. 
 
 Pennsylva'nicus (Pennsylvanian). 4. Brown. 
 
 May. Pennsylvania. 1820. 
 
 CALYCOPHY'LLUM. (From kalyx, calyx, 
 and phyllon, a leaf; referring to a divi- 
 sion of the calyx expanding into the 
 form of a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinch on acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. candidi'ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba. 
 1830. 
 
 CALY'CULATE, having bractes so placed 
 as to resemble an outer or additional 
 calyx. 
 
 CALY'PSO. (From kalypto, to conceal ; 
 in reference to its place of growth. Nat. 
 
CAL 
 
 CAM 
 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria \-Monogyida. Allied to Li- 
 jjaris.) 
 
 Half-hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the 
 bulbs ; sandy loam and peat. Cold pit and frame, 
 or close to the side of a wall. 
 C. borea'lis (northern). . Rose, brown. January. 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 CALYPTKA'NTHES. (From kalyptra, a 
 veil, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the 
 way the flower-bud is hid by the cohe- 
 sion of the tips of the calyx, which falls 
 off like a cap when the flower expands. 
 Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Pimento.) 
 
 The dried flower-buds of C. aroma'ticus are a 
 good substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen trees. 
 Layers and cuttings in heat ; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. chytracu'lia (chytraculia). 20. White. April. 
 Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 zuey'gium (zuzygium). 30. White. June. W. 
 
 lad. 1778. 
 
 CALYSTE'GIA. Bearbind. (From kalyx, 
 a calyx, and stega, a covering ; in refer- 
 ence to the calyx being hid by two bractes, 
 as is the case with a section of Bindweeds. 
 Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Convolvulus.) 
 
 C. pube'scens, received from China as a double 
 flower, has become single with Mr. Beaton. Cot- 
 tage Gardener, iv. 302. Hardy deciduous plants, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Both the 
 creeping and twining species may be propagated 
 by divisions of the plant and root?. Common soil. 
 C. Catesbia'na (Mr. Catesby's). Rose. July. 
 Carolina. 181 6. Twiner. 
 
 Dahu'rica (Dahurian). . Pink. July. Da- 
 
 huria, 1823. Twiner. 
 
 hedera'cea (ivy-like). Rose. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. Half-hardy twiner. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. Twiner. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 15. Pale rose. June. 
 
 China. 1844. Twiner. 
 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). Pink. June. N. 
 
 5. Wales. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 se'pium (great-hedge. Common Bindweed). 
 
 6. White. July. Britain. 
 
 incarna'ta (red-flowered). 6. Red. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 soldane'lla (soldanella -I eaved. Sea Bind- 
 
 weed). Flame. June. Britain. Ever- 
 green trailer. 
 
 spithama'a (span). 1. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1796. Twiner. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 18. White. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1815. Twiner. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). June. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 CA'LYTKIX. (From kahjx, a calyx, and 
 thrix, hair ; in reference to the divisions 
 of the calyx ending in long, bristly hairs. 
 Nat, ord., Frinye-myrtles [Chamselaucia- 
 cecej. Linn., 1%-Ieosandria l-Monogynia.} 
 
 The calyx, in this small order, ends in awn-like 
 hairs, or bristles, or is broken up into fringes : 
 hence the name, of Fringe-myrtles. They are 
 beautiful little bushes, often not unlike Heaths, 
 with the fragrance of Myrtleblooms. Greenhouse 
 evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of points of shoots, 
 in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 35 to 45. 
 C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. May. 
 Swan River. 1842. 
 
 au'rea (golden-flowered). Bright yellow. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1843. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. N. Hoi- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 4. White. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1818. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow. Purple. May. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 4. White. N. Holland. 
 
 1S24. 
 
 sapphiri'na (sapphire- coloured). 2. Blue. 
 
 May. Swan River. 1843. 
 
 sca'bra (rough-leaved and bracted). 4. White. 
 
 June. South Australia. 1824. 
 
 varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan 
 
 River. 1842. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy-branched). 2. White. May. 
 
 Australia. 1823. 
 
 CAMARI'DIUM. (From camara,&r\ arched 
 roof; in reference to the arched tip of 
 the stigrna. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandrial-Monandria. 
 Allied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchid ; division ; shallow basket, or 
 raised above the surface of the pots, with sphag- 
 num, moss, and broken pots. Summer temp., 
 60 to Q0 ; winter, 55 to 65. 
 C. ochroteu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White. 
 Brazil. July. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 CAMAEO'TIS. (From camara, an arched 
 roof; in reference to the form of the lip, 
 or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan- 
 dria. Allied to Sarcanthus.) 
 
 Stove orchids ; divisions ; block of wood, or 
 shallow pot, with plant raised above it, and the 
 lower part fastened with moss, peat, &c. Summer 
 temp., 66 to 90, with moisture ; winter, 55to 65. 
 C. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). White. May. Brazil. 
 1808. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt- teamed). Rose. April. India, 
 
 1844. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-cowered). $. Purple. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 CAMA'SSIA. (From Quamash, so called 
 by the North American Indians, who eat 
 the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- 
 acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Scilla, or Squill.) 
 
 A beautiful hardy bulb ; offsets and seeds, 
 which may be sown when ripe ; sandy peat, in a 
 shady situation. 
 
 C. escule'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July. Co- 
 lombia. 1827. 
 
CAM 
 
 t!63 ] 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAME'LUA. (Named after Camellus, a 
 Moravian Jesuit. . Nat. ord., Theads, or 
 Teaworts [Ternstromiaceae], Linn., 16 
 Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 A good table-oil is extracted from the seeds o: 
 C. olei'fera. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In- 
 arching and grafting, the latter mode entailing 
 least trouble, using a slight, sweet hotbed, anc 
 shading from bright sun until the scions have 
 taken : March and April is the best time. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots; every joint, if necessary 
 will form one, inserted firmly in the sand ; set in 
 a close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed 
 in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little 
 cow-dung, dried, and charcoal. Summer temp 
 50 to 70, with shade ; winter 35 to 45. By 
 bringing forward in a vinery they may be induced 
 to flower at almost all seasons. 
 
 C.euryoi'des (eurya-like). 4. White, May 
 China. 1824. 
 
 Japo'nica (common Japan). 10. Red. May 
 
 China. 1739. 
 
 a'lba semidu'plex (white semi-double) 
 
 10. White. March. China. 182-2. 
 
 A Ibe'rti (Prince Albert's). Red. White. 
 
 May. China. 1839. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). Bright crimson. May. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10. Crimson. 
 
 March. China. 1824. 
 
 pcEoniaeflo'ra a'lba (peony-flowered- white). 
 
 10. White. February, China. 1820. 
 
 Pu'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright rose. Febru- 
 ary. China. 
 
 Reeoesiu'na (Reeves's). 10. Crimson. 
 
 September. China. 1829. 
 
 ro'sea (rose-like-flowered). 10. Rose. 
 
 February. China. 1821. 
 
 Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White. Fe- 
 bruary. China. 1824. 
 
 specio'sa (Rawe's showy). 10. Deep red. 
 
 March. China. 1824. 
 
 Ki'sii (Kissi). 10. White. May. China. 1823. 
 
 maliflo'ra (apple-flowered). 8. Pink. China. 
 
 1818. 
 
 olei'fera (oil-yielding). 10. White. May. 
 
 China. 1819. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China. 1824. 
 
 Sasa'nqua (Lady .Bawfc's-Sasan). 4. White. 
 
 February. China. 1811. 
 
 ple'na-a'lba (double-white). 4. White. 
 
 February. China. 1824. 
 
 ple'na-ru'bra (double-red). Red. Fe- 
 
 bruary. China. 1818. 
 
 se'mi-ple'na (semi- double). 4. Red. 
 
 February. China. 181). 
 
 CAMELLIA CULTUKE . Propagation. 
 By Cuttings. The double varieties do 
 not grow nor flower so well on their own 
 roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate 
 by cuttings the original single-flowered 
 species, and when these become plants 
 strong enough for the pm-pose, inarch or 
 ^raft upon them the fine double varieties. 
 The best time to put in these cuttings is 
 when, the new wood has become nearly 
 ripe, which generally happens about the 
 end of June. Prepare, first, the pots, six 
 inches wide, for the cuttings, by covering 
 the hole at the bottom with an oyster- 
 
 shell, or a large piece of broken potsherd ; 
 place about an inch of smaller pieces 
 upon it, and another inch of pieces no 
 larger than peas upon them; cover these 
 with a thin layer of moss, and then fill 
 the pots to the top with sandy loam, 
 sifted pretty fine; press this firmly down, 
 and fill the pot again quite up to the 
 brim, making it very firm. Then take 
 the cuttings of the single-flowering spe- 
 cies ; make them about four or five 
 inches long ; cut the bottom off smoothly 
 and level just under a bud; then cut off 
 two of the lowest leaves, leaving as many 
 on the cutting. Make as many ready as 
 will fill the first pot. As soon as they 
 are ready, insert them into the soil thicklj 
 all over the pot; place them in a cold 
 frame, or spent hotbed, and in two or 
 three months they will nearly every one 
 be rooted. Then pot them off singly in 
 3 -inch pots, in peat and sandy loam, and 
 replace them in the frame, where they 
 may remain till winter approaches ; then 
 to be removed into the greenhouse, and 
 have the usual treatment of the older 
 plants. Let them have a little extra 
 heat during the growing season; and 
 most of them will be ready for grafting 
 or inarching the following season. 
 
 By Grafting. The time from Septem- 
 ber to February. The method called 
 tongue -grafting is the best for Camellias. 
 (See GKAFTING.) As soon as grafted, 
 place them under hand-glasses, upon a 
 surface of coal- ashes, in a deep pit or 
 shady part of the greenhouse, to remain 
 till the grafts have united to the stocks, 
 and begin to grow; the hand-glasses 
 may then be removed, and the plants 
 gradually inured to the open air, and 
 inally placed in the greenhouse, and 
 receive the same culture as the other 
 plants. 
 
 By Inarching. The time for this mode 
 of increasing the double varieties is just 
 )efore the growing season, in April. Place 
 the stocks in a warm place, to start the 
 sap, and, as soon as it is in motion, bring 
 :hem into a position near to the variety 
 ntended to work upon. (See INARCHING.) 
 "t is a more certain mode of increase 
 than by grafting, and also more expedi- 
 tious ; but the plants are generally longer- 
 itemmed, and do not make so neat a joint 
 as by the former mode. 
 
 Soil. A moderate, strong, turfy loam 
 ind sandy peat, in equal parts, will grow 
 hese plants well. Some growers use 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 pe.\t alone; but it is too light, and the 
 plants do not live long in it. 
 
 Summer Culture. The bloom will be 
 over before summer commences. It will 
 then be necessary to give the Camellia 
 a little artificial heat, to encourage a free 
 growth. A moist atmosphere, also, must 
 be produced, by syringing the plants, 
 walks, and walls every morning and 
 evening, and keeping the floor deluged 
 with water. Shade from bright sunshine, 
 and give air, to reduce the temperature to 
 65 by day, and 55 by night. Continue 
 this liberal treatment till the buds and 
 the new leaves are fully formed; then 
 give more air, and about the middle of 
 July pot them, using plenty of drainage : 
 and set them out of doors, behind a north 
 wall, where the sun cannot reach them 
 after 10 o'clock. There they may re- 
 main till the autumn. 
 
 Winter Culture. As soon as there is 
 the least fear of frost, prepare for housing 
 the plants for the winter. Cleanse and 
 repair the house, wash the pots, and top- 
 dress the soil before arranging them in 
 the house. Give abundance of air, both 
 night and day, when there is no frost ; 
 and when there is frost, only just use 
 fire enough to keep it out. This treat- 
 ment is proper till the blooming-season 
 is over. Water must be judiciously ap- 
 plied ; too much or too little will cause 
 the buds to drop off prematurely. 
 
 Insects. The white scale is the most 
 troublesome insect. Strong soap-water 
 will destroy it. The Mack fly, also, some- 
 times makes its appearance, and is very 
 injurious to the flower-buds. That and 
 the green fly may be destroyed in the 
 usual way by smoking with tobacco. 
 The black fly requires a stronger dose. 
 
 Diseases. Sometimes young plants will 
 die suddenly, and if the roots are ex- 
 amined, a brownness will be observed at 
 the ends. This arises from stagnant water, 
 caused by imperfect drainage. To prevent 
 it, pay particular attention to that point. 
 
 CAMOMILE, or CHAMOMILE. A'nthemis 
 no' bills. 
 
 Varieties. There are two kinds, the 
 common single species and the double- 
 flowering. 
 
 Soil and Situation. They require a 
 poor, dry soil, otherwise they are less 
 powerful in their medicinal qualities. 
 They will grow in almost any situation, 
 but the more open the better. 
 
 Time and mode of Propagation, Gene- 
 
 rally by parting the roots, and by offsets,, 
 planted from the close of February until 
 the end of May; the -earlier, however, 
 the better, though they be planted in 
 the autumn. Seed-sowing may be in any 
 of the early spring months ; but, as part- 
 ing the roots gives much less trouble, it 
 is generally pursued. Still, after a lapse 
 of several years, raise fresh plants, the 
 old ones often then declining. 
 
 Cultivation. They should not be plant- 
 ed nearer to each other than eighteen 
 inches. Water must be given mode- 
 rately at the time of planting, if dry 
 weather. If raised from seed, the seed- 
 lings require no further cultivation than 
 to be kept free from weeds in the seed- 
 bed, and when three or four inches 
 high to be thinned to about six inches 
 apart, and may remain thus until the 
 following spring, then to be thinned and 
 remain, or to be removed to the above- 
 mentioned distance apart. A very small 
 bed will supply the largest family. 
 
 Gathering. In July the flowers are 
 generally in perfection for gathering. 
 The period for performing it, however, 
 must be governed by the flowers them- 
 selves, as the best time is when they are 
 just opened. Particular care must be 
 taken to dry them thoroughly before they 
 are stored, otherwise they will become 
 mouldy. If seed be required, the only 
 attention necessary is to leave some of 
 the first-opening flowers ungathered : the 
 seed will ripen early in September, when 
 it may be dried and rubbed out. 
 
 CAMPA'NULA. Bell-Flower. (The di- 
 minutive of campana, a bell ; literally, a 
 little bell. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam- 
 panulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentaudria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 The annuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing 
 plants, the seed of which may be sown in the 
 common border, at the end of March. The bi- 
 ennials may be sown in April or May ; many of 
 them will bloom the same year. By cuttings, a 
 perennial habit will be given to many of them. 
 Perennials, chiefly by division of the plant and 
 roots. Those from the West Indies, New Hoi- 
 land, and the South of Europe, require the pro- 
 tection of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter. 
 Even the well-known, beautiful window-plant, 
 C. pyramida'lis, makes a poor show in the open 
 air in most places. Common soil for most of 
 them ; a little peat and dung for those in pots. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C, Broussonet ia'na (Broussonet's). 1. Blue. 
 July. Mogadore. 1825. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked-branched) 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1820. 
 
 drabcefo'li'a (draba-leaved). 1 . Pale blue. 
 
 June. Athens. 1823. 
 
CAM 
 
 [ 105 
 
 CAM 
 
 C. eri'nus (erinus). 1. Pale blue. July. South 
 of Europe. 1768. 
 
 erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. Pale blue. July. 
 
 Africa. 1823. 
 
 Hermi'nii (Hermini's). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1823. 
 
 hispi'dula (rather bristly). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1817- 
 
 Lcefli'ngil (Loetling's). 1. Blue. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1818. 
 
 Lo'rei (Lore's). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1824. 
 puncta'ta (dotted-flou'ered) . 1. White. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1813. 
 
 ramosi' ssima (branchiest). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Greece. 1820. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood-inhabiting). l. Blue. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. Ada'mi (Adam's). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 1821. 
 
 qffi'nis (allied). 2. Blue. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 America'na (American). 1 . Blue. July. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 1763. 
 
 Arme'na (Armenian). 1. Blue. July. Russia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 bellidifJlia (daisy-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1823. 
 
 betoniceefo'lia (betony-leaved). 1. Blue. May. 
 
 Greece. 1820. 
 
 cervica'ria (throatwort). 3. Light blue. 
 
 July. Germany. 1808. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 Crete. 1820. 
 
 dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1814. 
 
 Garga'nica (Garganian). 1. Pale blue. July. 
 
 Mount St. Ang. 1830. Trailer. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 1814. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1814. 
 
 me'dium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Germany. 15Q". 
 
 flo're-a'ibo-ple'no (double-white-flow- 
 ered). 3. White. July. Germany. 
 
 a'lbum (white-flowered). 3. White. July. 
 
 flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple- 
 flowered). 3. Purple. July. Germany. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected). 2. Blue. June. 1318. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted). 3. Blue. June. 1813. 
 
 purviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Iberia. 181 9. 
 
 peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/9*. 
 
 Sitn'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1783. 
 
 spatula' ta (spatulate-feaued). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Greece. 1817. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1786. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819. 
 
 thyrsui'dea (thyrse-flowered). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1785. 
 
 viotefo'lia (violet-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 3. Blue. Au- 
 gust. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 aggrega'ta (crowded-jZowered). 2. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Bavaria. 1817. 
 
 (dliariafo'lm (alliaria-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 C. Allio'nii (Allioni's). 1. Blue. July. South 
 of France. 1820. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1779. 
 
 Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). 1. Blue. June. Italy. 1800. 
 
 angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). Blue. July. 
 
 France. 1818. 
 
 azu'rea (blue). 2. Light blue. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1778. 
 
 barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 1752. 
 cya'nea (dark blue). 1. Blue. July. 1836. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Blue. September. 
 
 ,Be//a'/'di(Bellard's). i. Blue. July. Italy. 1813. 
 
 Biebersteinia 'na (Bieberstein's). 1 . Blue. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 Bononie'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 Italy. 1773. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). Blue. August. 
 
 c&spito'sa (tufted). 1. Blue. July. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1819. 
 
 calyci'na (large-calyxed). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1820. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Carpathian Alps. 1774. 
 
 a'lbu (white-flowered). . White. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 Ceni'nia (Mount Cenis). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1775. 
 
 cephala'ntha (head-flowered). 1. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Russia. 1817. 
 
 cephaMtes (round-headed.) 1. Blue. June. 
 
 1818. 
 
 cervicaroi'des (cervicaria-like). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Italy. 1822. 
 
 cichora'cea (chicory-like). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Greece. 1/68. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 colora'ta (deep-coloured). 2. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Sikkim Himalaya. 1849- 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. France. 
 
 1823. 
 
 crena'ta(ro\ina.-tooth-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Russia. 1820. 
 
 Elati'ne (Elatine). 1. Pale blue. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1823. Trailer. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 1. Pale blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1811. 
 
 elti'ptica (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1826. 
 
 erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 exci'sa (cut-off). 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 folio'sa (leafy). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826. 
 
 glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May. Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 ple'na-a'lba (double-white-^Zowered). 1. 
 
 White. May. Britain. 
 
 flo'ra-ple'na-purpu'rea (double - purple- 
 
 flowered). 2. Pale purple. June. Gardens. 
 
 fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. August. Alps. 1826. 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hsuiry-herbaged). 1. Blue. Au- 
 gust. Italy. 1833. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1817. 
 
 gra'ndis (large). 3. Purple. August. Na- 
 
 tolia. 1842. Half-hardy. 
 
 gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). 1. Blue. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1817. 
 
CAM 
 
 C 100] 
 
 CAM 
 
 C- heterodo'xa (heterodox). 1. Blue. June. Hun- 
 gary. 1824. 
 
 infundi 1 bulum (funnel-flowered) . 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 ~* infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Blue. 
 July. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 laclnia'ta (jagged-/eawed). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Greece. 1788. 
 
 lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 6. Whitish-blue. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 /amn/o'/?a (lamium-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-Zeooed). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 France. 1819. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 July. 
 
 liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 3. Blue. May. Siberia. 
 
 1783. 
 
 lingula'ta (tongue-heaped). 1. Violet. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1804. 
 
 linifu'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819- 
 
 longifo'liu (long-leaved). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). 2. Violet. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1823. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Russia. 1822. 
 
 polya'ntha (many-flowered). 5. Blue. 
 
 May. Russia. 1830. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 mura'lis (wall). 1. Blue. September. South 
 
 of Europe. 1835. Half-hardy. 
 
 JY/ce'nsis(Nice). 1. Purple. June. Piedmont. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 1. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 flo're - a'lbo - ple'nn (double - white - flow- 
 ered). . White. July. 
 
 ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). 1. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1731. 
 
 flo're-ceeru'leo-ple'no (double-blue-flow- 
 
 ered), f. Blue. July. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 4. Pale purple. July. China. 
 
 1844. 
 
 Nutta'llii (Nuttall's), 1. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1829. 
 
 obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 3. Blue. July 
 
 Italy. 1823. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). I.Violet. July. Britain. 
 
 persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 a'lba (white-./?ow;ered). 3. White. July. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 3. White. 
 
 July. Europe. 1596. 
 
 ple'na (double- A/e). 3. Blue. July. Eu- 
 rope. 1596. 
 
 gra'ndis (large-./Z0w*red). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 ma'xima (largest-peach-leaved). 3. Blue. 
 
 July. Europe. 1596. 
 
 planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. Llue. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Blue. July. Bohemia. 
 
 pu'lla (russet). 1. Blue. June. Austria. 1779. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 pusi'lla (diminutive). 1. Blue. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1821. 
 
 p-iramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. July. Car- 
 
 niola. 1594. 
 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 4. White. 
 
 July. Europe. 
 
 C. quadri'fida (four-cleft). 1. Blue. June. N. 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 Rnine'ra (Rainer's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826. 
 
 rnpu'nculus (rampion). 3. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 rhomboi'dea (diamond-Jeaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1775. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Reddish-lilac. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 
 
 rige'scens (stiff). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 rotund! fu'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). \ . Blue 
 
 July. Gardens. 
 
 Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. Blue. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1815. 
 
 Sarma'tica (Sarmatian). 2. Blue. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1803. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Blue. May. Candia. 1/63. 
 
 Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1813. 
 
 si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 South of France. 1319. 
 
 ipecio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1835. 
 
 spre'ta (despised). 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 18-20. 
 
 Teno'rii (Tenor's). Blue. June. Naples. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Violet. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1817- 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 1. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1810. 
 
 trache'lium (throatwort). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered'). 3. White. July- 
 Britain. 
 
 a!lba-ple>na (double- white-lowered). 3, 
 
 White July. Britain. 
 
 ple'na (double-6/we-yfcwered). 3. Blue. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 tracheloi'des (throatwort-like). 3. Blue. July, 
 
 Caucasus. 1817- 
 
 flo're-purpu'rea - ple'na (double - purple- 
 
 flowered). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Italy. 1823. 
 
 wrticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. August. 
 
 Germany. 1800. 
 
 flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). White-, 
 
 July. Germany. 
 
 Vande'si (De Vande's). 1. Cream. June. 
 
 veluti'ua (velvety). 1. Blue. May. South of 
 
 Europe. 1826. 
 
 Vida'li (Vidal's). l. White. August. Azores. 
 
 virga'ta 'twiggy). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). 4. Striped. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1/88. 
 
 Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1824. 
 
 Zo'ysii fZoy's). 1. Dark blue. June. Car. 
 
 niola. 1813. 
 
 GKEENHOUSE. 
 
 C. au'rca (golden-cowered). 3. Yellow. August. 
 Madeira. Evergreen shruh. 17/7. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Madeira. 1/77- 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Madeira. 1 777. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1803. Annual. 
 
CAM 
 
 [167 ] 
 
 CAN 
 
 C. cefrnun (nodding-./?OM'v?0. 1. Blue June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Biennial. 
 
 dehi'scens (gaping). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. Annual. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1794. Biennial. 
 
 Ktora'lis (shore). 1. Blue. April. N.Holland. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 mo'lKs (soft). I- Purple. June. Sicily. 1788. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Ottonia'na (Otto's). 1. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1825. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 CAMPE'LIA. (From kampe, bending, and 
 helios, the sun; in reference to the flow- 
 ers bending round to the sun. Nat. ord., 
 Spidcrworts [Commelynacene]. Linn., f>- 
 Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ira- 
 descantia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial; seeds in spring; 
 rich loam ; common stove treatment. 
 C. zano'nia (znnonia.- leaved). 2. Blue. July. W. 
 Ind. 1759. 
 
 CA'MPHORA. Camphor-tree. (From cam- 
 phor, commercial name of its chief pro- 
 duct. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese]. 
 Linn., Q-Enneandria I-Honogynia. Allied 
 to Cinnamomum.) 
 
 Although camphor is secreted by many plants 
 in this order, and more particularly by some spe- 
 cies of cinnamon, the true camphor of commerce 
 is obtained from Ca'mphnr officinu'lis, and is a 
 product of the oil procured from the wood, 
 branches, and leaves, by means of dry distillation. 
 Camphor is chiefly manufactured in the Island of 
 Formosa, and from thence sent to Canton for ex- 
 portation. The hard camphor of Sumatra and the 
 camphor-oil of Borneo are the natural secretions 
 of Dryoba'laopscu'mphora. Stove evergreen tree ; 
 cuttings ; peat and loam ; cool stove. 
 C officina'lis (officinal. Camphor-tree}. 20. 
 Greenish-white. March. Japan. 1?27- 
 
 CAMPOMANE'SIA. (Named after Campo- 
 manes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Psi- 
 dium.) 
 
 Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palillo, is 
 eaten by the natives. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub ; cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50 to 70; 
 winter, 40 to 45, 
 
 C. lineatlfo'lia (lined-leaved). White. April. Peru. 
 1824. 
 
 CAMPTE'BIA. (Stove Ferns. Allied to 
 Pteris and Blechnum [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 23-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 C. biauri'ta (two-eared). Pale yellow and brown. 
 W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 nemora'Hs (grove.) 1^. Brown. Isle of Bour- 
 
 bon. 1823. 
 
 CAMPYLA'NTHUS. (From campylos, a 
 curve, and anthoy, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Liun., 2- 
 
 Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge- 
 rardia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sand 
 Of half-ripened shoots, under a bell-glass ; sanri\ 
 peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 65 to 7o c j 
 winter, 40 to 50. 
 
 C. salsoloi'des (salsola-like), 1, Purple. March. 
 Teneriffe. 1825. 
 
 CAMPY'LIA. (A section of the Pelar- 
 goniums.) 
 
 CANADA RICE. Tiza'nia. aqua' Ufa. 
 
 CANARI'NA. (So named from being a 
 native of the Canary Islands. Nat. ord., 
 Bdlworts [Campanulacesej. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \~Monogynia. Allied to Light- 
 food a.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials; cuttings o' 
 small side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand- 
 light, but rather difficult to manage ; division of 
 the roots in spring, just as they begin to grow ; 
 and at that time, for a month or two, they like 
 the assistance of a hotbed ; at other times the 
 common treatment of the greenhouse will suit 
 them ; fibry loam, turfy peat, and a good portion 
 of sand ; pots, well drained. 
 C. campanula (campanula). 3. Orange. Janu- 
 ary. 1696. 
 
 leeviga'ta (smooth). 3. Orange. January. 1825 
 
 CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris. 
 
 CANAVA'LIA. (From Canavali, its na- 
 tive name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., ifi- 
 Monadelphia 6-Uecandriu. Allied to Dio- 
 clea.) 
 
 Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise 
 specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in 
 h>->at, under a bell-glass; sandy loam. Summer 
 temp.. 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. Bonarir.'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple. 
 July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 gladia'ta (sword-podded). 6. White, red. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 17QO. 
 
 obttuifu'iia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 emarglna'ta (end-notched-fcawd). 6. 
 
 Purple. July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 ro'sea (rose-coloured). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1812. Evergreen creeper. 
 
 ru'tilans (shining). Scarlet. 1847- Green- 
 
 house evergreen twiner. 
 
 CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica. 
 
 CANDO'LLEA. (Named after the gre.it 
 botanist, Decandolle. Nat. ord., Dille- 
 niuds [Dilleniaceas]. Linn.,18-Po/^a^/- 
 phia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ; 
 cuttings in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loain. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; 
 winter, 40 to 45. 
 C. Bruno'ms (Brown's). 6. Yellow. May. 1837- 
 
 cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1824. 
 
 Huge'lii (Hugel's). 6. Yellow. May. 183/. 
 
 tetra'nda (four-stamened). 7. Vellow. June. 
 
 1842. 
 
CAN 
 
 [ 1G3 ] 
 
 CAN 
 
 CANDY CARROT. AlhamdntaMatlhi'ola. 
 
 CANDY-TUFT. Ibe'ris. 
 
 CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the 
 form of the inner bark when peeled off. 
 Nat. ord., Canelluds [Canellacese]. Linn., 
 \\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies, 
 FO called on account of its aromatic fragrance. 
 Canella, or white wood bark, yields, by distillation, 
 a warm, aromatic oil, which is often mixed with 
 the oil of cloves in the West Indies. Stove ever- 
 green trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or Mav ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. a'lba (white-woocZ-Aarfc). 40. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1735. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 30. White. S. 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 CANKER. This disease is accompanied 
 by different symptoms, according to the 
 species of the tree which it infects. In 
 some of those whose true sap contains a 
 considerable quantity of free acid, as in 
 the genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied 
 by any discharge. To this dry form of 
 the disease it would be well to confine 
 the term canker. In other trees, with 
 sap abounding in astringent or gummy 
 constituents, it is usually attended by a 
 discharge. In such instances it might 
 strictly be designated ulcer. This dis- 
 ease has a considerable resemblance to 
 the tendency to ossification, which ap- 
 pears in most aged animals, arising from 
 their marked tendency to secrete the 
 calcareous saline compounds that chiefly 
 constitute their skeletons. The. conse- 
 quence is, an enlargement of the joints 
 and ossification of the circulatory vessels 
 and other parts phenomena very analo- 
 gous to those attending the cankering oJ 
 trees. As in animals, this tendency is 
 general throughout their system; but 
 as is observed by Mr. Knight, " like the 
 mortification in the limbs of elderl 
 people," it may be determined, as to its 
 point of attack, by the irritability of that 
 part of the system. 
 
 This disease commences with an en 
 largement of the vessels of the bark of a 
 branch or of the stem. This swelling 
 invariably attends the disease when i 
 attacks the apple-tree. In the pear th< 
 enlargement is less, yet is always pre 
 sent. In the elm and the oak sometime: 
 no swelling occurs ; and in the peach we 
 do not recollect to have seen any. The 
 swelling is soon communicated to the 
 wood, which, if laid open to view on it 
 first appearance by the removal of the 
 
 ark, exhibits no marks of disease be. 
 'ond the mere unnatural enlargement. 
 n the course of a few years, less in 
 lumber in proportion to the advanced 
 age of the tree, and the unfavourable 
 circumstances under which it is vegeta- 
 
 ^ the swelling is greatly increased in 
 size, and the alburnum has become ex- 
 ensively dead ; the bark above it cracks, 
 rises in discoloured scales, and decays 
 even more rapidly than the wood beneath. 
 [f the canker is upon a moderately-sized 
 Dranch, the decay soon completely en- 
 ircles it, extending through the whole al- 
 ournum and bark. The circulation of the 
 sap being thus entirely prevented, all the 
 parts above the disease perish. 
 
 Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing 
 upon an ungenial soil, are more fre- 
 quently attacked than those which are 
 advancing under contrary circumstances. 
 The oldest trees are always the first 
 attacked of those similarly cultivated. 
 The golden pippin, the oldest existing 
 variety of the apple, is more frequently 
 and more seriously attacked than any 
 other. The soil has a very considerable 
 influence in inducing the disease. If the 
 sub-soil be an irony gravel, or if it is not 
 well-drained, the canker is almost cer- 
 tain to make its appearance amongst the 
 trees they sustain, however young and 
 vigorous they were when first planted. 
 
 Bruises and wounds of all kinds 
 usually are followed by canker in the 
 wounded part, if the tree is tending to 
 this disease. 
 
 All these facts before us unite in as- 
 suring us that the canker arises from 
 the tree's weakness, from a deficiency in 
 its vital energy, and consequent inability 
 to imbibe and elaborate the nourishment 
 necessary to sustain its frame in vigour, 
 and much less to supply the healthy de- 
 velopment of new parts. 
 
 It is quite true that over-luxuriant 
 trees are particularly liable to this dis- 
 ease; but over-luxuriance is really a 
 demonstration that the tree does not 
 digest and secrete its juices healthily. 
 
 If over-luxuriance threaten to intro- 
 duce canker, the best remedy is to re- 
 move some of the main roots of the tree, 
 and to be particularly careful not to add 
 any manure to the soil within their 
 range. On the contrary, it will be well 
 if the continued exuberant growth shows 
 the necessity for the staple of the soil 
 to be reduced in fertility by the admix- 
 
CAN 
 
 [ 169 ] 
 
 CAN 
 
 ture of one less fertile, or even of drift- 
 sand. If there be an excess of branches, 
 the saw and the priming-knife must be 
 gradually applied. It must be only a 
 tree of very weak vital powers, such as is 
 the golden pippin, that will bear the 
 general cutting of the annual shoots. A 
 vigorous variety would exhaust itself the 
 following year in the production of fresh 
 wood. Nothing beyond a general rule 
 for the pruning can be laid down. Keep 
 a considerable vacancy between every 
 "branch, both above and beneath it, and 
 especially provide that not even two twigs 
 shall chafe against each other. The 
 greaterthe intensity of light, and the freer 
 the circulation of air amongst the foliage 
 of the tree, the better the chance for its 
 healthy vegetation. If the disease being 
 in a fruit-tree be a consequence of old 
 age, it is probably premature, and in- 
 duced by injudicious management ; for 
 very few of our varieties are of an age 
 that insure to them decrepitude. We 
 have never yet known a tree, unless in 
 the last stage of decay, that could not 
 be greatly restored by giving it more air 
 and light, by careful heading in pruning, 
 improvement of the soil, and cleansing 
 the bark. 
 
 If the soil, by its ungenial character, 
 induces the diseases, the obvious and 
 only remedy is its amelioration ; and, if 
 the sub-soil is the cause of the mischief, 
 the roots must be prevented striking 
 into it. In all cases it is the best prac- 
 tice to remove the tap-root. If the trees 
 are planted shallow, as they ought to be, 
 and the surface kept duly fertile, there is 
 not much danger of the roots striking 
 into the worst pasturage of the sub-soil. 
 
 Scrubbing the bark of the stem and 
 branches with a mixture of soapsuds and 
 urine, and, where any pruning has taken 
 place, keeping the wounds covered with a 
 mixture of clay and cow-dung, are the 
 best local applications. We once thought 
 resinous plasters the best; but subsequent 
 experiments have altered our opinion. 
 
 The canker in the auricula is a rapidly- 
 spreading ulcer, which, destroying the 
 whole texture of the plant where it oc- 
 curs, prevents the rise of the sap. Some 
 gardeners believe it to be infectious, and 
 therefore destroy the specimen in which 
 it occurs, unless it be very valuable ; but 
 this we believe to be erroneous, the reason 
 of the disease appearing to be infectious, 
 or epidemic, being, that it occurs to 
 
 many when they are subjected to the 
 injurious treatment. 
 
 It appears to be caused by the appli- 
 cation of too much water, especially if 
 combined with super-abundant nourish- 
 ment. Therefore, although cutting out 
 the decaying part, when it first appears, 
 and applying to the wound some finely- 
 powdered charcoal, will effect a cure, if 
 the disease has not penetrated too deeply, 
 yet it will be liable to return immediately, 
 if a less forcing mode of culture be not 
 adopted. No auricula will suffer from 
 this disease if it be shifted annually, and 
 the tap-root at the time of moving be 
 shortened, a thorough system of draining 
 being adopted, and excessive damp during 
 the winter being prevented by proper 
 shelter. 
 
 Parsley, grown in a poor soil, is also 
 liable to canker in the winter. Mr. Barnes 
 says he never found any application which 
 eradicated this disease so effectually as a 
 mixture, in equal parts, of soot and 
 slacked lime thrown over the plants. 
 The cure is complete in a few days, the 
 vigour of the plants restored, indicating 
 that this species of ulceration arises 
 from deficient nourishment. 
 
 The tubers of the potato, also, are 
 liable to the speck, black spot, or canker, 
 a disease which we once thought occa- 
 sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or 
 chalk contained by the soil ; but, on more 
 lengthened observation, we find it in all 
 soils, and in seasons characterized by 
 opposite extremes of wetness and dryness. 
 Hence we are induced to consider that 
 the disease arises from some defect in 
 the sets employed, or to potatoes being 
 grown too often on the same site. It is 
 quite certain, that in ground tired of pota- 
 toes, the disease most extensively appears. 
 This suggests that it is occasioned by a 
 deficiency of some constituent in the 
 soil, a suggestion confirmed by the fact, 
 that in the fields of the market-gardeners 
 near London, which are supplied without 
 stint with the most fertilizing manure, 
 this disease of the potato is comparatively 
 unknown. 
 
 The stems of succulent plants, such 
 as the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and 
 the balsam, as well as the fruit of the 
 cucumber and melon, and the stalk of 
 the grape, are all liable to canker in some 
 form. 
 
 CA'NNA. Indian Shot. (The Celtic 
 name for a cane, or reed. Nat ord., 
 
CAN 
 
 [ 170 ] 
 
 CAP 
 
 Maranths [Marantacesej. Linn., 2-Dian, 
 drin l-Hfonogynia.) 
 
 Store herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the 
 
 root; seed sown in hotbed; rich, open, loami 
 
 soil. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55 
 
 C.Achi'ras (Achiras). 5. Dark red. August 
 
 Isle of Mendoza. 182g. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 2. Scarlet 
 
 April. S. Amer. 1854. 
 
 auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. December 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 ca'rnea v flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. December 
 
 Brazil. 1822. 
 
 eoccVnea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December, 
 
 S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 oompa'cta (compact). 2. Red. April. E, 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 2. Red. May. 1823. 
 
 denuda'ta (naked). 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil. 
 
 1818. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Red. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 di'sculor (two-coloured-teae(f). 10. Scarlet. 
 
 November. Trinidad. 182/. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 3. Red. September. Peru. 
 
 1820. 
 
 escule'nta (esculent). 4. Red. December S. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 exce'lsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 fla'ccida (weak). 5. Red. July. South Carolina. 
 
 1788. 
 
 giga'ntea (gigantic). 5. Red, yellow. De- 
 
 cember. South Europe. 1809. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January. 
 
 S. Amer. 1730. 
 
 ru'bro lu'tea (yellow and red). 4J. Yel- 
 lowish-red. Augnst. Jamaica. 1834. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish-brown). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 2. Scarlet. December. India. 
 
 1570. 
 
 macula! ta (spotted). 2. Reddish-yellow. De- 
 
 cember. India. 
 
 iridlflo'ra (iris-flowered). 6. Red. December. 
 
 Peru. 1816. 
 
 ju'ncea (rush-like). I. Red. May. Indies. 1820. 
 
 Lagune'nsis (Laguna). 5. Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. Laguna. 1 823. 
 
 Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May. 
 
 Trinidad. 1819. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 3. Red. Decem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly). 6. Scarlet. April. Marant. 
 
 1823. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. Decem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 limbatta (bordered). 3. Red. December. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 to/tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. E. Ind. 
 
 1829- 
 
 occidentals (western). 3. Reddish-yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 orientu'tis (eastern). 4. Red. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). Scarlet, yellow. Au- 
 gust. E. Ind. 15/0. 
 
 pa 1 7rtda(pale- flowering}. 4. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. J820. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 18iO. 
 
 pa'tens (spreading). 2. Reddish-yellow. May. 
 
 Kio Janeiro. 1778. 
 
 C.pedunculn > ta(long-fio\ter-&talked'). 6. Orange. 
 October. 1820. 
 
 polymo'rpha (many-formed). 3. Red. De- 
 
 cember. S.Amer. 1825. 
 
 Reefvesii (Reeve's). 5. Yellow. May. China. 
 
 1835. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 3. Red. May. 
 
 18-21. 
 
 sangtti'nea (bloony). 4. Red. December. S, 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. August. S.Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sylve'stris (wild). 5. Scarlet. December. S. 
 
 Amer. 1 8VO. 
 
 varia' bills (variable). 3. Red. December. 
 
 India. 1822. 
 
 Warszeu'i'czii (Warszewicz's). 3$. Scarlet. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1849. 
 
 CANNON-BALL TREE. Le'cythis. 
 
 CANTERBURY BELLS. Campanula mc'- 
 dium. 
 
 CA'NTHIUM. (From Cantix, its Mala- 
 bar name. Nat. ord., Cinehonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monv- 
 gynia. Allied to Psychotria.) 
 
 Besides its beauty, it is one of those remedial 
 agents for which Cinchoaads are so much cele- 
 brated. A stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a glass; 
 rich, fibry. sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 70 ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 C. du'bium (doubtful). 8. White. July. E. Ind. 
 1824. 
 
 CA'NTUA. ( Canlu is the Peruvian name, 
 tfat. ord., Pliloxworts [Polemoniacece]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, 
 under glass ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp-, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. bi 1 color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish-yellow. 
 May. Peru. 1846. 
 
 buxifb'lia (box-leaved). 4. Rosy. April. 
 
 Peruvian Andes. 1849. 
 
 pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. Cream, March. 
 
 Peru. 1846. 
 
 CAPE JASMINE. Garde' tiiajlo'rida. 
 CAPE PHILLY'REA. Cassi'ne Cape'nsis, 
 CA'PPARIS. Caper-tree. (From Ara&ar, 
 he Arabic name for capers. Nat. ord., 
 lappands [Cappaiidacese]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The flower-buds of C. spino'sa form a well-known 
 ickle. Stove evergreen shrubs, except where 
 therwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots in 
 and, under a glass, in moist heat ; sandy loam 
 nd fibry peat. All require protection, and most 
 f them the usual treatment of the plant-stove. 
 C. acumina'ta (long-pointed-teoyed). 6. White. 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 3. White. Egypt. 
 
 1822. 
 
 amygdali'na (almond-like). 6. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 aphy'lla (leafless). 4. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 auricula' ta (eared). 6. White. 
 
CAP 
 
 [ 171 ] 
 
 CAP 
 
 C. Bm'ssn (Brass's). 4. White. Gold Coast. 
 1793. 
 
 Bre'yriin (Breynius's). 11. White. W. Ind. 
 
 1752. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 *iora (dog-phallus-bearing. Bay- 
 leaved). 8. Green, white. W.Ind. 1752. 
 
 Eustachia'na (St. Kustach's). 6. Striped. 
 
 St. Eustach. 1822. 
 
 ferrugi'nr.a (rusty). 4, White. Jamaica. 
 frondo'sa (leafy). 7. Green. Carfhagena. 1806. 
 
 herba'cea (herbaceous). 2. White. Tauria. 
 
 1818. Herbaceous half-hardy. 
 
 Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1/93. 
 
 linealris (narrow-Jeaued). 15. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 Maria'na (Marianne Island). 4. White. Ti- 
 
 mor. 1820. 
 
 odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White. 
 
 Caraccas. 1814. 
 
 ova'ta (egg->hape-te<'ed). 3. White. July. 
 
 South of Europe. Half-hardy deciduous. 
 
 pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 6. White. Trinidad. 
 
 1827. 
 
 pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Carthagc-na. 
 
 1700. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-/eat>ed). 8. White. Santa 
 
 Cruz. 1807. 
 
 sepia'ria (hedge). 4. White. E. Ind. J823. 
 
 spino'sa (common-spiny). 3. White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy 
 deciduous. 
 
 tenuisi' liqua (slender- podded). 6. White. 
 
 Caraccas. 1823. 
 
 torulo'sa (twisted-podded). 6. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. S. Amer. 
 
 undulu'ta (waved). 6. White. 
 
 verruca' so. (warty-podded). 8. White. Car- 
 
 thagena. 1820. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819. 
 
 CAPEIFO'LIUM. Honeysuckle. (From 
 caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf; poeti- 
 cally, goat-leaf, for its climbing habit. 
 Nat. ord., Caprifoils [CaprifoliaceoeJ. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to Lonicera.) 
 
 All deciduous and twiners, except where other- 
 wise specified. Cuttings of ripened shoots taken 
 off in autumn, and inserted in a shady border ; 
 tender and scarcer kinds should have the assist- 
 ance of a hand-light, as the wood is generally 
 pithy. The most successful mode of propagating 
 out of doors is by layers in autumn, after the 
 leaves have commenced falling. Common soil. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. dioi'cum (dioecious). 6. Purple. June. N. 
 Amer. 17/6. 
 
 Douglu'sii (Douglas's). 20. Orange. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. Climber. 
 
 Etru'scurn (Etruscan). 15. Orange. May. Italy. 
 
 flu'vurn (yellow). 10. Yellow. May. Carolina. 
 
 1810. 
 
 gra'tum (pleasant). 20. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1730. Evergreen. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy-/med). 20. Yellow. May. 
 
 Canada. 1822. 
 
 hispi'dulum (rather bristly). Rose. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1833. 
 
 Ita'licum (Italian). 10. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 C. Itali'cum ru'brum (red Italian), 10, Bed. 
 June. South Europe. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). Yellow, white. 
 
 July. China. 1826. Climber. 
 
 occidenta'le (western). 20. Orange. July. Ft 
 
 Vancouver. 1824. 
 
 periclyme'num (woodbine). 20. Yellow. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yellow. June. 
 
 querdfo'liurn (oak-leaved). 20. Yellow, 
 
 red. June. 
 sero'tinum (late-red). 20. Yellow, red. 
 
 June. 
 variega'tum (variegated), 15. Yellow, red, 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 tempervi'rens (evergreen). 15. Scarlet. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1656. Evergreen. 
 Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. Bright scarlet. 
 
 May. 
 ma'jor (laxger-flowered). 20. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 
 mi'nus (less. Trumpet). 15. Scarlet. 
 
 June. Carolina. 1606. 
 
 tubulo'sum (cylindrical). Mexico. 1846. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 C. Chine'nse (China). 30. Orange. August. China. 
 1806. Evergreen. 
 
 cilio'sum (hair-fringed). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 Missouri. 1825. 
 
 imple'xum (interwoven). 8. Red, yellow. July. 
 
 Minorca. 1772. Evergreen. 
 
 Balea'ricum (Balearic). 8. Cream. June. 
 
 Minorca. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japanese). 15. Red. June. China. 
 
 1806. Evergreen. 
 
 Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 15. Orange. July. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1807. Evergreen. 
 
 CA'PSICUM. Chili Pepper. (From kapto, 
 to bite ; referring to its pungency. Nat. 
 ord., Nightshades [SolanaceaeJ. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cayenne pepper is the ground seeds of Capsi- 
 cum. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and, 
 after being picked off finally, potted, to be grown 
 in a house, such as a vinery, or transplanted 
 against a wall, or any sheltered place out of doors. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. angulo'sum (angular-/rwied). 1. White. June. 
 India. 
 
 a'nnum (annual). 1. White. June. India. 
 
 1548. 
 
 cordifo'rme (heart-shaped). 1. White. June. 
 
 India. 
 
 lo'ngum (long- fruited). 1. White. June. 
 
 India. 1548. 
 
 tetragu'num (four-angled). 1. White. June. 
 
 India. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBf. 
 C. bacca't urn (berried). 3. White. June. 1/31. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Purple. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 
 cerasiflo'rum (cherry-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 cerastfu'rme (cherry-shaped). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1739. Annual. 
 
 ccerule'scens (bluish). Purple. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1827- 
 
 co'nicum (corned-fruited). 2. White. Jane. 
 
 Guiana. 1820. Annual. 
 
 conoi'des (cone-like). 2. White. April. India. 
 
 1750. 
 
CAP 
 
 [ 172 ] 
 
 CAK 
 
 C.frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 India. 1656. 
 -- tortulo'sum (rather-twisted). 2. White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 globi'ferum (globe-bearing). 2. White. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 gro'ssum (large). 1. White. July. India. 1752. 
 
 Biennial. 
 -- bi'fidvm (two-cleft). White. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1758. 
 -- globo'sum (globe -fruited}. I. White. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 
 
 Havane'nse (Havanah). White. May. Ha- 
 
 vanah. 1826. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow-fruited). 1. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 micra'nthum (small-flowered). 3. White. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 microca'rpon ^small-fruited). 2. White. May. 
 
 Mille'rii (Miller's). 1. White. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. Annual. 
 
 mi'nimum (smallest). White. May. E. Ind. 
 
 1728. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-fruited). 3. White. July. 1824. 
 
 pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. May. 1750. 
 
 pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. White. 
 
 Sine'nse ( 
 
 Egypt. 1750 
 
 Chi 
 1807. 
 
 May. 
 nese). 2. White. July. China. 
 
 sphee'ricum (globular-fruited). 2. White. May. 
 
 1807. 
 
 tomatifo'rme (tomato-shaped). 1$. Whitish. 
 
 July. Biennial. 
 
 ustula'tum (burnt). 2. White. June. Chili. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 CAPSICUM. For pickling purposes the 
 following are the species and varieties 
 usually employed : 
 
 Ca'psicuni a'nmnim (Guinea pepper), 
 the long-podded, short-podded, and oval 
 short-podded. C. ccrasifo'rme (cherry 
 pepper), cherry-shaped red and yellow- 
 podded. C.yrd'ssum (bell pepper). 
 
 Soil and Situation. They do best in a 
 light, rich loam, and against a fence or 
 wall. Hence they are often grown within 
 an enclosure devoted to hotbed-forcing. 
 
 Time and mode of Solving. Sow to- 
 wards the end of March or beginning of 
 April. Sow in pots or pans, and place in 
 a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ; 
 but, in default of a stove, hotbed, or 
 frame, they may be raised under hand- 
 glasses on a warm border, the sowing, in 
 such case, being deferred until settled 
 warm weather, in May. The seed co- 
 vered a quarter of an inch deep. When 
 the plants have still their seed-leaves, 
 thin to four inches apart, and those re- 
 moved plant in four-inch pots, three in 
 each, and keep them in a moderate hot- 
 bed, being shaded from the meridian sun, 
 and moderately watered with tepid water 
 until they have taken root; but little 
 shading will be required if the roots of 
 the seedlings are carefully moved, and in 
 
 the afternoon just before shutting up. 
 During the whole of their continuance 
 beneath a frame, air must be admitted 
 freely, to prevent their being drawn ; and, 
 as May advances, they must be accus- 
 tomed gradually to an uncovered situa- 
 tion, by taking off the glasses during the 
 day, and by degrees leaving them open of 
 an evening : this prepares them for their 
 final removal at the close of that month, 
 or early in June. Those raised in a 
 border beneath hand-glasses must also 
 be thinned as directed above, and those 
 removed planted in a similar situation, 
 or, in default of hand-glasses, beneath a 
 paper frame or matting. The same may 
 be adopted for the plants from the hot- 
 beds, if all other conveniences are want- 
 ing. When planted out finally, set them 
 two feet asunder, screened from the sun, 
 and water freely until rooted. Continue 
 the watering in dry weather throughout 
 their growth. They flower during July 
 or beginning of August, and the pods rfre 
 ready to be gathered for pickling at the 
 close of this last month, or early in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 To obtain Seed. A plant bearing some 
 of the forwardest and finest fruits of each 
 variety must be preserved, that it may 
 be ripe before the frost commences, the 
 first of which generally kills the plants. 
 When completely ripe, cut the pods, and 
 hang up in the sun, or in a warm room, 
 until completely dry, and keep the seed 
 in them until wanted for sowing. 
 
 CARAGA'NA. Siberian Pea-tree. (From 
 Garagan, the name of C. arbore'scens 
 among the Mogul Tartars. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17- 
 Dladelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Co- 
 lutea.) 
 
 These handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of 
 north-eastern Asia, from Pekin in China, west- 
 ward, to the banks of the Wolga. They are in- 
 creased principally in the nurseries, by grafting 
 on C. arbore'scens, which is a deciduous tree ; hut 
 all the others are deciduous shrubs. The lareer- 
 growing species are best propagated by seeds 
 sown in spring, or by cuttings of the roots. 
 Shrubby, low plants by seed and layers ; and the 
 rarer, Chinese, Siberian, and drooping kinds by 
 grafting in spring ; sandy loam. 
 
 C. Altaga'na (Altagana). 3. Yellow. May. Si 
 beria. 1/89. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. Yellow. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1752. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 arena 'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1802. 
 
 Chamla'gu (Chamlagu). 4. Yellow, May. 
 
 China. 1773. 
 
CAB 
 
 [ 173 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 C.fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. April. 
 Siberia. 1762. 
 
 angustifo'lia (nanrow-leafleted). 6. Yel- 
 low. April. Odessa. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leafleted). 6. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Iberia. 1823. 
 
 Gerardia'na (Gerard's). Himalayas. 1839. 
 
 juhufta (maned). 2. Pink. April. Siberia. 1796, 
 
 tnacraca'ntha (large-thomed). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 
 
 microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 Russia. 1819. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 2. Yellow. May. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 Mongo'lica (Mongolian). Yellow. April. Tar- 
 
 tary. 1826. 
 
 pygmat'a (pigmy). 1. Yellow. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1751. 
 _^ arena'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 Redo'wski (Redowski's). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 pra'cox (early). 3. Yellow. April. 
 
 spino'sa (thorny). 6. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1775. 
 
 tragacanthoi'des (goat's-thorn-like). 4, Yel- 
 
 low. May. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). Greenish - yellow. 
 
 1847. 
 
 CARA'LLIA. (From Carallie, its name 
 in India. Nat. ord., Mangroves [Rhizo- 
 phoracese]. Linn., ll-Dodecandria l- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 This, like the rest of the Mangroves, grows only 
 along the tropical shores, where they form im- 
 penetrable thickets, and send down roots from 
 the branches, like the Banian-tree. In time such 
 roots raise the main trunks high above their ori- 
 ginal level ; hence the usual name of the order 
 Rhizophoracese, or root-bearers. Cuttings and 
 treatment as for Canthium. 
 C. lu'cida (shining). 20, Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 CARALLD'MA. (Its Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiads [AsclepiadaceaB]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Sta- 
 pelia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, natives of East Indies. 
 Cuttings well dried, and laid, rather than fas- 
 tened, among gravelly and limy, rubbishy soil, 
 until they strike ; sandy loam, broken pots, and 
 lime-rubbish ; little water given, unless when 
 growing freely. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; win- 
 ter, 48 to 55, and dry. 
 C, asce'ndens (ascending). 2. Pink. July. 1804. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped). . Pale yellow. 
 
 182Q. 
 fimbrin'ta (fringed). , Pale yellow. 1829. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). Pink. 1804. 
 
 CARAMBO 'LA-TREE. Averrho'a caram- 
 bo'la. 
 
 CARA'NDAS. Cari'ssa Cara'ndas. 
 
 CARA'PA. (From Caraipe, its name in 
 South America. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me- 
 liacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mono- 
 ffynia.) 
 
 The flowers are small, but numerous ; and, like 
 the rest of the Meliads, this genus possesses bitter 
 astringent and tonic qualities. Stove trees. Cut- 
 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, undei a glass, 
 and in bottom-heat ; loam and pent. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 C. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 20. Yellow. Guiana. 
 1824. 
 
 Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 20. Yellow. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1793. 
 
 Molucce'nsis (Moluccas). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pro'emi (tall). 40. Yellow. W. Ind. 
 
 CA'RAWAY. Co! rum ca'rui. 
 
 CARDA'MINE. Lady's Smock. (From 
 kardamon, watercress ; referring to the 
 acrid flavour. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras- 
 sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied 
 to Arabis.) 
 
 Like the rest of the Crucifers, Carda'mine is 
 antiscorbutic and stimulant. All that we describe 
 are hardy herbaceous perennials, except C.thalic- 
 troi'des, which is an annual ; seeds in any com- 
 mon soil, provided it be moist ; the herbaceous 
 and marshy plants by division ; marshy, peaty soil. 
 C. ama'ra (bitter). 1. White. April. Britain. 
 Aquatic. 
 
 asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1/10. 
 
 bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), 1. White. April. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 alpifna (alpine). 1. White. April. Aus- 
 tria. 1658. 
 
 cJielido'nia (celandine-feaued). ! White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1739. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. June. Ca- 
 
 labria. 1827. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1710. Marsh-plants. 
 
 macropfiy'tla (large-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1824. 
 
 prate'nsis (me&dow-cuckoo-Jlower'). 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. April. Britain. Marsh-plant. 
 ple'na (double-flowered). I. Purple. April. 
 
 Marsh-plant. 
 ple'na-a'lba (double- white-lowered). 1, 
 
 White. April. Marsh-plant. 
 
 thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like). 1. White. 
 
 June. Piedmont. 1818. Annual. 
 
 trifo'lia (three-leaved). 2. White. May. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1629. 
 
 uligino'sa (bog). 1. White. April. Tauria. 
 
 1819. Marsh-plant. 
 
 CARDAMOM. Alpi'nia Cardamo'mum. 
 
 CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobe'lia cardina'iis. 
 
 CARDOON. (Cyna'racardu'nculus.) The 
 stalks of tbe inner leaves, when rendered 
 tender by blanching, are used in stews, 
 soups, and salads. 
 
 Soil and Situation. A light, rich, un- 
 shaded soil, dug deep, and well pulve- 
 rised, suits it best. 
 
 Time and mode of Souring. -Sow at the 
 close of April, those plants raised from 
 earlier sowing being apt to run; for a 
 late crop, a sowing may be performed in 
 June. Best practice is to sow in patches 
 of three or four, six inches apart, in rows 
 four feet apart, to be thinned finally to 
 one in each place, the weakest being re- 
 
CAB 
 
 [ 174 1 
 
 CAB 
 
 moved. If, however, they are raised in a 
 yeed-bed, they will be ready for trans- 
 planting in about eight or ten weeks 
 from the time of sowing, and must be set 
 at similar distances. 
 
 The seed must be covered about half 
 an inch. When about a month old, thin 
 the seedlings to four inches apart, and 
 those removed may be pricked out at a 
 similar distance. When of the age suf- 
 ficient for their removal, they must be 
 taken up carefully, and the long, strag- 
 gling leaves removed. The bed for their 
 reception must be dug well, and laid out 
 in trenches, as for celery, or a hollow 
 sunk for each plant ; but, as they are li- 
 able to suffer from excessive wet, the 
 best mode is to plant on the surface, and 
 form the necessary earthing in the shape 
 of a ridge. Water abundantly at the time 
 of planting, as well as subsequently, 
 until the plants are established ; and also 
 in August, if dry weather occurs, regu- 
 larly every other night, as this is found 
 to prevent their running to seed. When 
 advanced to about eighteen inches in 
 height, which, according to the time of 
 sowing, will be in August, and thence to 
 October, the leaves must be closed to- 
 gether, a hay-band wound round each, 
 and then earthed up like celery. It must 
 be done on a dry day. As the plants 
 grow, use more hay-bands and more 
 earthing, until blanched about two feet 
 high. The blanching is completed in 
 about eight or ten weeks. If litter is 
 thrown over the tops during severe wea- 
 ther, the plants will continue good 
 through the winter. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Being a native of 
 Candia, seed in this country seldom 
 comes 'to maturity ; but, in dry seasons, 
 a few plants may be set in a sheltered 
 situation of the April sowing, not earthed 
 up, but allowed the shelter of mats or 
 litter in frosty weather. The flowers 
 make their appearance about the begin- 
 ning of July, and the seed should ripen 
 in September. 
 
 CAKDU'NCELLUS. (The diminutive of 
 carditnculus, the Cardoon. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese] . Linn.,19-Syy</e- 
 nesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of France. 
 Division of the roots ; common soil. 
 C. miti'ssimus (most gentle), f . Blue. June. 17/6. 
 vulga'ris (common). |. Blue. May. 1734. 
 
 CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (From ard, the 
 Celtic word for a prickle, or sharp point; 
 
 referring to the spines of the Thistle. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 \9-Syngenesia l-&qualis.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of 
 Thistles, there are some handsome garden-spe- 
 cies among them. All hardy. Seeds or divisions ; 
 common soil. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 1816. 
 
 Ara'bicus (Arabian). J. Purple. July. Arabia. 
 
 1789- 
 
 argenta'tus (silvered). 1. Purple. July. Egypt. 
 
 1789- 
 
 cine'reus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus* 
 
 1818. 
 
 clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1827. 
 
 leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 leuco' graphut (white-painted). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. Italy. 1752. 
 
 peregri'nus (diffuse). 2. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 Volge'nsis (Volga). 2. Purple, July. Voiga. 
 
 1820. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. ala'tus (winged). 2. Purple. July. 1812. 
 
 cu'ndicans (hoar^. 3. Purple. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1805. 
 
 Carlineaifo'lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Pyrenees. 1804. 
 
 Carlinoi'des (Carline-like). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1784. 
 
 colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1818. 
 
 corymbo'sus (corymbose). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Naples. 1824. 
 
 cri'spus (curled). 2. Purple. July. Europe. 
 
 1804. 
 
 hamuln'sus (hooked-spiaed). 5. Purple. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1802. 
 
 lanugino'sus (woolly). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1820. 
 
 monto'sus (mountain). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1820. 
 
 myriaca'nthus (rayriad-spined). Purple. July. 
 
 N. Africa. 1856. 
 
 nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 South of France. ISig. 
 
 persona 1 ta (burdock). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Austria. 1776. 
 
 seminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1819. 
 
 uncina'tus (hooked), 6. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1817. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. affi'nis (allied). Pink. July. Naples. 1P30. 
 
 alpefstris (alpine). l. Purple. July. Cro- 
 
 atia. 1805. 
 
 atriplicifo'lius (atriplex-leaved). 10. Purple. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1/84. 
 
 arctioi'des (burdock-like). 2. Purple. July, 
 
 Carniola. 1804. 
 
 argemo'ne (argemone-leaved). l. Purple. 
 
 July, Pyrenees. 1810. 
 
 crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 1805. 
 
 deflora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. Augut-t. 
 
 Austria. 1570. 
 
 du'bivs (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1S16. 
 
 mawoce'phdlus (large-headed). 2. July. 
 
 Numidia. 1827- 
 
CAR 
 
 [ 175 ] 
 
 CAE 
 
 C. me'dius (intermediate). 2. Purple. June. 
 Piedmont. 1819- 
 
 onopordioi'des (onopordum-like). l. Purple. 
 
 July. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 orienta'Hs (eastern). 2. Purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1804. 
 
 parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1781. 
 
 podaca'nthus (foot-spined). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 France. 181Q. 
 
 pycnocc 1 phalus (dense-headed-7a/z'an). l. 
 
 Purple. July. South of Europe. 1739- 
 
 CARE'YA. (Named after Dr. Carey, a 
 celebrated divine and Indian linguist, 
 who devoted his leisure hours to garden- 
 ing and botany. Nat. ord., Barrington- 
 iads [Barringtoniacete]. Linn., 16-Jfo- 
 nadelphia $-Polyandria.} 
 
 These splendid plants are fit associates to Bar- 
 ringtonia and Gustavia. Stove-plants, from the 
 East Indies ; cuttings, and dividing the roots ; 
 sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry peat, with 
 pieces of charcoal, and plenty of drainage, and 
 careful watering. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. arbo'ren (tree). 8. Red and yellow. 1823. 
 
 herba'cca (herbaceous). 1. Red and white. 
 
 July. 1808. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 sphai'rica (round-fruited). 3. Red. 1803. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 CA'RICA. Papaw-tree. (Named from 
 an erroneous idea that it was a native of 
 Caria. Nat. ord., Papayads [Papayacese]. 
 Linn., 22-Dioscia 9-Dccandria.) 
 
 One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves, 
 more for curiosity than for use. The Papaw fruit 
 (C. papa'va) is eaten, when cooked, in some parts 
 of South America, but not much esteemed by 
 Europeans. Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in sweet 
 bottom-heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 60. 
 C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green. Ca- 
 raccas. 1806. 
 
 citrifo'rmis (orange-formed), 20. Yellowish. 
 
 Lima. 1820. 
 
 microca'rpa monoi'ca (small-fruited-monoe- 
 
 cious). 20. Whitish-green. 1818. 
 
 papa'ya (common papaw). 20. Green. July. 
 
 India. 1690. 
 
 pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 20. Pinkish. Peru. 
 
 1823. 
 
 spino'sa (prickly). 20. Whitish-green. Guiana. 
 
 1821. 
 
 CAKI'SSA. (The derivation is not as- 
 certained ; but krishna-pakphula is the 
 Sanscrit name of C. Cara'ndas. Nat. ord., 
 a section of Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Hfonogynia.) 
 
 The milky juice of this and others in this order 
 of Dogbanes is manufactured into India-rubber. 
 The fruit of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute 
 for red-currant jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ; 
 cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in 
 hottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. Cara'ndas (Carandaa). 15. White. July. 
 E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 C. lunceola'ta (spear-leaved). 6. White. Julr. 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 ova'tu (egg-leaved). 15. White. August, 
 
 N. Holland. 181Q. 
 
 spina'rum (spiny). 20. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 181Q. 
 
 xylopi'cron (bitter-wooded). 12. White. 
 
 July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 CARU'NA. (Named after Charlemagne. 
 Nat. ord., a section of Composites [Astera- 
 ceaej. Linn., \9-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise specified. Seeds of annuals in April ; 
 seeds and divisions of perennials. The Cape 
 species requires protection. Common soil. 
 C. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 2. White. 
 June. Carniola. 1818. 
 
 acau'lis (stemless). jj. White. June. Italy. 
 
 1640. 
 
 caule'scens (short-stemmed). 1. White. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 aggrega'ta (clustered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1804. 
 
 Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 South of Europe. 1640. 
 
 "Jana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South 
 of Europe. 1683. Hardy annual. 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-shaped-/eaped). ] . June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse bi- 
 ennial. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed-./?ou>ered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial. 
 
 Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. July. Sicily. 1827 . 
 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 si'mplex (singly-lowered). lj. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 CARLUDO'VICA. (Named after Charles 
 IV., of Spain, and Louisa, his queen. 
 Nat. ord., Screw-Pines [Pandanaceae], 
 Linn., 2l-Monoscia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 The leaves of all the Screw-Pines are set spirally 
 round the stem, which gives it a cork-screw ap- 
 pearance ; hence the name of this order. Stove 
 perennials; suckers; sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 C.funi'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Trini- 
 dad. 1824. 
 
 Jamaicc'nsis( Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1825. 
 
 HERBACEOUS SHRUBS. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Greenish- 
 yellow. Peru. 1818. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Green. July. 
 
 Peru. 1818. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-leaped). 3. White. July. 
 
 Peru. 1818. 
 
 CARMICHAE'LIA. (Named after Capt. 
 H. Carmichacl, author of the Flora of 
 Tri&tan, da Acunha. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-L>ia- 
 delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Indigo- 
 fera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of side- 
 shoots under glass, in sand, in April or May} 
 sandy peat, and a very little fibry loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to fl ; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
CAE 
 
 J 
 
 CAH 
 
 C. austra'lia (southern). 2. Blue. June. N. 
 Holland. 1800. 
 
 CARNATION. (Dia'nthus caryophy'l- 
 lus.) Propagation by Layers. The latter 
 end of July and beginning of August is 
 the best time for this operation. By 
 performing it thus early the layers be- 
 come rooted in time to be taken off, 
 potted, and well established before 
 winter. Having a very sharp, small 
 knife, some fresh-sifted compost of light 
 loam and leaf-mould in equal parts, and 
 some hooked pegs (the best are made of 
 the fronds of the common Fern, or, when 
 they cannot be had,of birch or hazel-twigs ) , 
 proceed to dress the stem intended to be 
 layered by trimming off the bottom leaves, 
 leaving about six on, nearest to the top. 
 Do not shorten those left on. If there 
 are more in the pot than can be con- 
 veniently layered, take the surplus ones 
 off, and" make pipings of them. Dress 
 all intended to be layered in one pot 
 before any are tongued. This prevents 
 breakage and confusion. Then tongue 
 the layer; to do which, hold the first 
 layer on one side, and with the knife 
 make an incision on the under-side, just 
 below the third joint, bringing the knife 
 slanting upward through the joint ; then 
 drop the knife, and with the other hand 
 take up a hooked peg, thrust the sharp 
 end into the soil, catching the layer with 
 the hooked end of the peg as it descends ; 
 press it gently but firmly down to the 
 soil. Proceed with the layer next to the 
 one done, and so on all round the plants, 
 till the first pot is finished; then cover 
 the slit joint an inch deep with the com- 
 post, and proceed to the next pot or plant. 
 It is not advisable to water the newly-lay- 
 ered plants the first day, because with- 
 holding it will give time for the wounds 
 to heal a little. 
 
 Soil. The best compost to grow and 
 bloom carnations in is three parts loam, 
 taken from an upland pasture, the top 
 turf four inches thick; lay it up in a 
 heap for twelve months, turning it over 
 once a month, to sweeten and pulverize, 
 and looking out diligently for the wire- 
 worm, the grand end of the carnation. 
 One part two-years-old cow-dung, and 
 one part well-decayed vegetable-mould. 
 Mix them together three months before 
 using, and turn them over together three 
 or four times. 
 
 Spring and Summer Culture. About 
 the end of March is the right time to put 
 
 the carnations into their blooming pots. 
 They are generally grown in pairs ; but 
 this is not a necessary point. The pots 
 for blooming should be eleven inches 
 across, well drained with broken potsherds, 
 and the compost not sifted : but in using 
 it keep a sharp eye upon the wire -worm. 
 As soon as all are potted, set them upon 
 a bed of coal-ashes, in a sheltered part 
 of the garden ; give water when necessary. 
 Whenever the plants begin to send up 
 their flower-stems, place sticks to them 
 of the size and height they will require 
 when in bloom. Tie very slackly, or the 
 stems will become knee'd, and perhaps 
 break ; to prevent which, pay attention 
 constantly to the ties. 
 
 When the buds are nearly full-grown, 
 thin out the least promising, leaving the 
 most plump and healthy. Just before 
 they break, or burst, place an India- 
 rubber ling round each bud, or a ribband 
 of bass-mat ; this prevents the buds 
 bursting on one side. Shade them from 
 sun and heavy rains. 
 
 Autumn and Winter Culture. As soon 
 as the bloom is over, cut down the flower- 
 stems, and expose the plants to the full 
 sun and rain. Take off the layers 
 as soon as they are rooted ; put them 
 into 5 -inch pots, in pairs; place them 
 in cold frames, shading them from the 
 sun until they make fresh roots ; then 
 expose them again to the weather till the 
 winter frosts begin to take place ; and 
 then keep the lights on, protecting them 
 from heavy rains and frost ; but, on all 
 favourable occasions, during mild, fine 
 weather, draw the lights entirely off 
 during the day, shutting them up at night, 
 and covering them up securely whenever 
 there is an appearance of severe frost. 
 
 Forcing. Carnations may be success- 
 fully forced, choosing the freest growers, 
 potting them singly, early, into 8-inch 
 pots, and placing them in gentle heat 
 (55) early in January. There is a 
 variety called the Tree Carnation, which 
 answers best for forcing. Lately there 
 have been imported from the Continent 
 several handsome and full - flowering 
 Tree Carnations, which are a great addi- 
 tion to our winter flowers. To bloom 
 these in the greatest perfection, they 
 should not be allowed to flower the first 
 year, but should be re-potted, when 
 rooted, into 8-inch pots, the tops nip- 
 ped off to make them bushy, and no 
 flower-stems allowed to rise till the 
 
CAR 
 
 [ 177 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 autumn following. They will then send 
 up several stems, and flower all the 
 winter in the greenhouse or conserva- 
 tory. Tree Carnations are propagated 
 by pipings ; and, as the same method of 
 propagating by pipings is proper for 
 the florists' varieties, we shall describe 
 it briefly. It is done as follows : Pre- 
 pare as many pots as are wanted for 
 the purpose ; fill them nearly full of the 
 compost above described, and the re- 
 maining space with silver-sand ; prepare 
 the piping by cutting off a stem quite 
 smooth at the third joint, then carefully 
 slit the joint just through, and insert the 
 pipings in the sand pretty thickly all over 
 the pot; place them upon a gentle hot- 
 bed, on a layer of sifted coal-ashes, or 
 river sand ; place the lights on, and 
 shade from the sun till they are rooted, 
 then harden them oif gradually, and pot 
 them into small pots ; if Tree Carnations, 
 singly ; if show varieties, in pairs of the 
 same kind, and re-pot them as directed 
 above. 
 
 Exhibiting. In June, or beginning of 
 July, the plants will be considerably 
 advanced towards flowering, and they 
 should be put upon stages or stands. 
 The posts, or supporters, of the stage 
 should be surrounded at the bottom by 
 small cups of water, to exclude slugs ; 
 and, by placing the plants on a stage, 
 having the platform eighteen indies or 
 two feet high, the flowers are viewed to 
 more advantage ; and if there is erected 
 an awning over the top, supported four 
 feet above the platform, the flowers, be- 
 ing screened from the heat of the mid- 
 day sun, and defended from heavy rains, 
 are continued much longer in beauty. 
 
 With respect to the cups of water 
 above mentioned, they are earthen or 
 leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and 
 three or four deep, having a hollow or 
 vacancy in the middle six inches wide, 
 like a socket, to receive the posts ; and 
 is formed by a raised rim in the middle, 
 equal in height to that of the circum- 
 ference, and the hollow, or socket, so 
 formed as to receive the bottom of the 
 posts quite through to the ground ; arid 
 the space between the outer and inner 
 rim is filled with water, so that each 
 post standing in the middle of such a 
 cistern sufficiently guards the plants 
 against creeping insects. 
 
 For want of a covered stage to screen 
 the flowers, you may contrive a small 
 12 
 
 umbrella, or round-spreading cap, either 
 of tin or canvass, nine or ten inches 
 diameter, one for each plant, having a 
 socket in the middle, to receive the tops 
 of the support-sticks. Those umbrellas 
 which are formed of tin are the best; 
 but, if you make them of canvass, first 
 make little round frames, having the 
 rim formed with slips of wire, cane, &c., 
 the above width, with cross slips of the 
 same materials, contriving a socket of 
 lead or tin in the middle, for the support- 
 stick to go quite through, as just observed; 
 and upon these frames paste or sew 
 canvass, which paint with oil-colour. 
 Either covers are placed over the flowers 
 by running the support-stick up through 
 the hole, or socket, in the middle, and 
 resting the cap upon a piece of wire or 
 peg, put across through holes in the 
 stick at such a height from the flower 
 as to screen it from the sun and rains. 
 
 Give attention to continue to tie up 
 neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as 
 they advance in stature. When they 8,re 
 arrived at their full height, support 
 them erect at top with wires, having a 
 small eye, or ring, at one end, for the re- 
 ception of the flower-stalk ; so put the 
 other end into holes made in the sup- 
 port-sticks. These wires should be five 
 or six inches long, and several holes are 
 made in the upper part of the sticks ; 
 the first at the height of the bottom of 
 the flower-pod, the other above that, an 
 inch or two distant ; and place the wires 
 in the holes lower or higher, that the eye 
 or ring may be just even with the case 
 of the calyx, to support the flower in an 
 upright position ; and, by drawing the 
 wire less or more out, the flower is pre- 
 served at such distance from the support 
 as shall seem necessary to give it proper 
 room to expand ; and if two or three of 
 the like wires are placed also in the lower 
 parts of the support-sticks, placing the 
 stem of the flowers also in the eye of 
 the wires, all the tyings may be cut away. 
 
 To have as large flowers as possible, 
 clear off all side-shoots from the flower- 
 stem, suffering only the main or top-buds 
 to remain to flower. 
 
 When the flowers begin to open, attend- 
 ance should be given to promote their 
 regular expansion, they being apt to burst 
 open on one side ; and, unless assisted 
 by a little art, as by India-rubber rings 
 already noticed, the flower will become 
 very irregular. Therefore, attending 
 
CAB 
 
 C 178 ] 
 
 CAB 
 
 every day at that period, observe, as soon 
 as the calyx begins to break, to cut it a 
 little open at two other places in the in- 
 dentings at top, with narrow-pointed 
 scissors, that the openings may be at 
 equal distances, observing if one side of 
 any flower comes out faster than another, 
 to turn the pot about, that the other side 
 of the flower be next the sun, to assist 
 the more regular expansion of the flower. 
 
 Likewise, to bloom any flowers as spread- 
 ing as possible, place paper collars round 
 the bottom of the flower, on which to 
 spread the petals to their utmost ex- 
 pansion. These collars are made of stiff 
 white paper, cut circular, about three or 
 four inches diameter, having a hole in 
 the middle, to receive the bottom of the 
 petals withinside of the calyx, the leaves 
 of which are made to spread flat for its 
 support; and then spread or draw out 
 the petals upon the collar to their full 
 width and extent, the longest undermost, 
 and the next longest upon these, and so 
 of the rest quite to the middle, observing 
 that the collar must nowhere appeal- 
 wider than the flower when they begin to 
 burst. 
 
 Diseases. These plants are subject to 
 the mildew; and, when it is not checked 
 in time, it not only destroys the plants 
 it first appears on, but will, in time, 
 spread to the whole stock As soon as 
 it is observed, sprinkle the affected plants 
 with sulphur, and keep the air inside the 
 frames as dry as possible. The black 
 spot is only mildew in a severer form. 
 Cut off" the leaf on which it appears, and 
 treat as for mildew. 
 
 Insects. The great enemy is the wire- 
 worm, which eats away the inside of the 
 stem, and destroys the plant. Search 
 for it in the soil previously to using, and 
 bury there, after the plants are potted in 
 the blooming-pots, some slices of pota- 
 toes. Examine these daily, and destroy 
 the wire-worms you may find in the 
 baits. The greenfly, also, attacks carna- 
 tions, sometimes even in the frames. 
 These are easily destroyed by fumigating 
 with tobacco-smoke. When the plants 
 are blooming they sometimes appear. 
 Destroy them then by sprinkling with 
 Scotch snuff. The red spider is often 
 troublesome in dry springs. The best 
 icemedy is washing every leaf with a 
 small sponge, repeating the operation till 
 the plants are quite cleared. 
 
 CAEOLI'NEA. Pachira. (Named after 
 
 Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden. 
 Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. 
 Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Al- 
 lied to Adansonia.) 
 
 Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, loamy soil. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. a'lba (white). 20. July. Brazil. 1817- 
 
 insi'gnis (showj). 20. Red. W. Ind. 1796- 
 
 mi' nor (less). 20. Red, yellow, green. JuJy. 
 
 Guiana. 1/98. 
 
 pri'nceps (princely). 30. Red. yellow, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1787. 
 
 CARPI' NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the 
 Celtic for wood, and pix, a head ; in refer- 
 ence to the wood being used to make the 
 yokes of oxen. Nat. ord., Hastworts [Co- 
 rylacese]. Linn., 5-Pwtandria l-Mono- 
 gynla.} 
 
 C, be'tulut is the only one of the Hornbeams 
 that is of much use or ornament ; it is one of the 
 best nurse-plants in young plantations, and for 
 making fast-growing hedges. Hardy deciduous 
 trees. Seeds sown when ripe, or kept in dry sand, 
 until the following spring ; suckers and layers for 
 the varieties ; layers for the common plants ; but 
 they are inferior to plants raised from seed. Com- 
 mon soil. 
 C. America'na (American). 20. N, Amer. 1812. 
 
 bc'tulus (common). 30. March. Britain. 
 inci'sa (cut- tear vd). 15. March. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). SO. May. Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 20. March. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 au'rea - variega'ta (golden - variegated- 
 
 leaved). 20. March. 1845. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 12. Levant. 1739. 
 
 CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA. The Codlin 
 Moth. 
 
 Every grower of the apple knows how 
 liable his fruit is to be ''worm-eaten." 
 He finds basketsful of " windfalls " even 
 in the calmest weather, and that the 
 cause of the loss is a small grub, which 
 has fed upon the pulp of the fruit ; but 
 how, when, or where these grubs got 
 there he has not the slightest notion. 
 As it is one of the most injurious of in- 
 sects to one of our most useful of fruits, 
 we shall give more full particulars than 
 usual, borrowing them chiefly from Mr. 
 Westwcod's essay in the Gardeners' Ma- 
 
CAR 
 
 [ 179 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 gazine, iv. 235, N. S. The grub in ques- 
 tion is the larva of the Codlin Moth, 
 Carpocapsa pomonella of some entomolo- 
 gists, but Tinea pomonella, Pyralis po- 
 inona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others. 
 It is upon the pulpy parts of the apple 
 that the grub chiefly feeds. When, how- 
 ever, it has nearly attained its full size, 
 it feeds on the pips of the apple, which, 
 thus attacked in its most vital part, soon 
 falls to the ground. No sooner is the 
 apple fallen, than the grub quits the fruit 
 by the passage which it had previously 
 gnawed. A hundred apples may be 
 opened, and not more than two or three 
 larvae observed within them ; the orifice 
 by which they have escaped being open, 
 and not concealed by a little mass of 
 brown grains, which is the case with 
 those apples from which the larva has not 
 made its escape. These little grains are 
 the excrement of the larvae, which are 
 also to be seen in the burrows formed by 
 them within the apple. The grub is of 
 a dirty-white colour, with a brown head, 
 varied with darkish-brown marks. The 
 body is slightly hairy ; the first segment 
 after the head is whitish, with minute 
 brown spots ; the other segments are of a 
 pale colour, with about eight small tu- 
 bercles on each ; each of the three ante- 
 rior segments is furnished with a pair of 
 legs ; and there are a pair of feet at the 
 extremity of the body. In its early state 
 it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh colour. 
 The caterpillar wanders about on the 
 ground till it finds the stem of a tree, up 
 which it climbs, and hides itself in some 
 little crack of the bark. The fall of the 
 apple, the exit of the grub, and its wan- 
 dering to this place of safety usually take 
 place in the night-time. It gnaws away 
 the bark a little, and, having made a 
 smooth chamber, spins a little milk-white 
 silken case, in which, after a few weeks, 
 it becomes a chrysalis ; and in this state 
 it remains through the winter, and until 
 the following June, when the moth comes 
 forth, and is to be seen hovering round 
 the young apples on a midsummer even- 
 ing. The moth itself, of which we give 
 a cut, of the natural size and magnified, 
 is a very beautiful insect, about three- 
 quarters of an inch in expanse: fore 
 wings ashy-brown, with very numerous, 
 rather obscure, darker, transverse streaks, 
 united into a broadish band towards the 
 base, giving them a damasked appear- 
 ance. On the hind border of the fore 
 
 wings is a large reddish-brown patch, 
 spotted, and surrounded with a golden 
 mark. The hind wings reddish-brown, 
 tinged with yellow. The moth lays its 
 eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one 
 only in each, by inserting its long ovipo- 
 sitor (egg-tube) between the divisions of 
 the calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched, 
 the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown 
 of the apple, and soon buries itself in its 
 substance ; and it is worthy of remark, 
 that the rind of the apple, as if selected 
 for the purpose, is thinner here than in 
 any other part, and, consequently, more 
 easily pierced. The apple most com- 
 monly attacked is the codlin. It will be 
 evident, from the preceding details of 
 the habits of this moth, that there are 
 considereable difficulties in the way of its 
 extirpation. It is impossible, for instance, 
 to be aware of the presence of the enemy 
 within the fruit until the mischief is ac- 
 tually completed; and, in like manner, 
 the destruction of the moth, from its 
 small size, and its habit of secreting it- 
 self in crevices of the bark, &c., is 
 equally impracticable. The gathering up 
 of the worm-eaten apples immediately 
 after their fall, and before the enclosed 
 caterpillar has had time to escape, can- 
 not but be attended with good effect: 
 care, however, must be taken to destroy 
 the larvae, which would otherwise very 
 speedily make their escape. The cocoons, 
 also, may be destroyed in the chinks of 
 the bark during the autumn and winter. 
 (The Cottage Gardener, ii. 63.) 
 
 CARPODE'TES. (From karpos, a fruit, 
 and rfe/os,tied ; the fruit, or capsule, is as 
 much constricted as if tied in the mid- 
 dle. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida- 
 cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Eucrosia and Liperiza.) 
 
 C. recurva'fa (bent-back), a purplish, long- 
 necked bulb, with purplish-yellow flowers, from 
 Peru, where it is called by the natives Chicfnian- 
 huaita, constitutes this genus. It requires the 
 same treatment as Coburgia. 
 
 CAKPODO'NTOS. (From karpos, fruit, and 
 odontos, toothed; in reference to the 
 toothed ends of the fruit-cells. Nat. ord., 
 Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 13-Poly- 
 andria 6-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat 
 ard loam. Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. lu'cida (shining). 20. White. N. Holland. 
 1820. 
 
 CARPODI'SCUS, Sweet Fishamin. (From 
 
CAR 
 
 [ ISO ] 
 
 CAB 
 
 karpos, a fruit, and discos, a circle ; in re- 
 ference to the form of the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Dogbanes [Apocynacese], Linn-, 5-Pen- 
 tandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Carissa.) 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, 
 in heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. du'lcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 CARPOLY'SA. (From karpos, a fruit, and 
 lyssu, rage ; in reference to the three- 
 celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening like the 
 mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Araaryllidacese]. Linn., G- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge- 
 thyllis and Lapiedra.) 
 C. spira'lis (pink). Cape of Good Hope. 179). 
 
 A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, anil 
 starry, pinkish flowers, having ^reen topi, re- 
 quiring the same treatment as iZUU 
 
 CAEEOT. Dau'cus caro'ta. 
 
 Varieties. Those with a long tapering 
 root are named Long Carrots ; and those 
 having one that is nearly regularly cylin- 
 drical, abruptly terminating, are denomi- 
 nated Horn Carrots. The first are em- 
 ployed for the main crops ; the second, 
 on account of their superior delicate fla- 
 vour, are advantageously grown for early 
 use, and for shallow soils. 
 
 Horn Carrots. Early Red. Common 
 Early. Dutch, for forcing. Long. This 
 last is the best for the summer crop. 
 
 Long Carrots. White Belgium, Yel- 
 low, Long Yellow, Purple, Long Red, 
 Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green- 
 topped, or Altringham. The last two 
 are the test for main crops. 
 
 Soil and Situation. Carrots require a 
 warm, light, rich soil, dug full two 
 spades deep. With the bottom-spit it is a 
 good practice to turn in a little well-de- 
 cayed manure ; but no general application 
 of it to the surface should be allowed in 
 the year they are sown; but a spot should 
 be allotted them which has been made 
 rich for the growth of crops in the pre- 
 vious year, or else purposely prepared by 
 manuring and trenching in the preced- 
 ing autumn. The fresh application of 
 manure is liable to cause their growing 
 forked, and to expend themselves in 
 fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If 
 the soil is at all binding, it should be well 
 pulverized by digging very small spits at 
 a time. Pigeons' dung is a good manure 
 for the carrot. 
 
 Time and Mode of Solving. The, first 
 sowing for the production of plants to 
 
 draw whilst young should take place in 
 a moderate hotbed, during January, and 
 in a warm border at the conclusion of 
 February, or early in March. At the 
 close of the last month, or, preferably, in 
 the first half of April, the main crop 
 must be inserted ; though, to avoid the 
 maggot, it is even recommended not to 
 do so until its close. In May acd July 
 the sowing may be repeated for produc- 
 tion in autumn, and lastly in August, to 
 stand through the winter, and produce 
 in early spring. For sowing, a calm day 
 should be selected; and the seeds should 
 be separated by rubbing them between 
 the hands, with the admixture of a little 
 sand or dry coal-ashes, otherwise they 
 cannot be sown regularly. Sow thinly, 
 in drills eight inches apart for the horn, 
 and ten or twelve inches for the long ; 
 and the beds not more than four feet 
 wide, for the convenience of after-culti- 
 vation. The larger weeds must be con- 
 tinually removed by hand ; and when the 
 plants are seven or eight weeks old, or 
 when they have got four leaves two or 
 three inches long, they should be thinned, 
 those intended for drawing young, to four 
 or five inches apart, and those to attain 
 their full growth to ten. At the same 
 time, the ground must be small-hoed, 
 which operation should be regularly per- 
 formed every three or four weeks, until 
 the growth of the plants becomes an ef- 
 fectual hinderance to the growth of the 
 weeds. The crop to stand through the 
 winter should, in frosty weather, be shel- 
 tered with a covering of litter, as, if it 
 occurs with much severity, it often de- 
 stroys them. The hotbed for the first 
 sowing of the year must be moderate, 
 and earthed about sixteen inches deep : 
 two or three linings of hot dung, as the 
 heat decreases, will be sufficient to bring 
 them to a state fit for use. These are 
 the first in production, but are closely 
 followed by those that have withstood 
 the winter. The temperature must never 
 exceed 73, nor fall lower than 55. 
 They need not be thinned to more than 
 three inches apart. At the close of Oc- 
 tober, or early in November, as soon as 
 the leaves change colour, the main crop 
 may be dug up, and laid in alternate 
 layers with sand, in a dry outhouse, pre- 
 viously to doing which the tops and any 
 adhering earth must be removed. A 
 dry day should always be chosen for tak- 
 ing them up. 
 
CAE 
 
 [ 181 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 To obtain Seed. Leave some where I 
 raised; but,ii'this is impracticable, some j 
 of the finest roots should be selected, and j 
 their tops not cut so close as those for 
 storing. These, likewise, must be placed 
 in sand until February or March, then 
 to be planted out two feet asunder in a 
 stiff, loamy soil. Those left where grown, 
 or those planted at the close of autumn, 
 must, during frosts, have the protection 
 of litter to be removed, however, during 
 mild weather. As the seed ripens in 
 August, which is known by its turning 
 brown, each umbel should be cut, other- 
 wise much of the seed is often lost 
 during stormy weather. It must be 
 thoroughly dried, by exposure to the sun 
 and air, before it is rubbed out for stor- 
 ing. For sowing, the seed should always 
 be of the previous year's growth ; if it is 
 more than two years old it will not vege- 
 tate at all. 
 
 Insects. The carrot is liable to the at- 
 tacks of the wire- worm (see ELATEE), as 
 well as of those next mentioned. 
 
 CAREOT MAGGOT. (Psila rosce.) The 
 parent fly is dark, with a metallic green 
 lustre, and rather hairy ; head, reddish- 
 jellow; legs, yellow; wings, very trans- 
 parent. Very much resembles the An- 
 thomyia. The grub, or maggot, is cylin- 
 drical and yellow ; it eats holes in the 
 main root of the carrot. This under- 
 ground enemy of the carrot is said to be 
 Uiiuished by mixing spirits of tar with 
 saud until saturated, and applying it to 
 the soil previously to digging, at the rate 
 of about one gallon to sixty square 
 yards ; but we find trenching and manur- 
 ing, as we have directed, a sufficient pro- 
 tective. 
 
 CAHBOT MOTH. See TINEA. 
 
 CA'ETHAMUS. (From quartom, to 
 point, in the Arabic;, referring to the 
 Ibwers yielding a fine colour. Nat. ord., 
 u section of Composites [Asteraceffi]. 
 Liun., \9-Syngenesia 1-dEqualis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April where 
 they ure to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March, 
 and then planted out; common soil. 
 C. oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 tincto'rius (dyer's). 3. Orange. June. Egypt. 
 
 1551. 
 
 CARTONE'MA. (From kartos, shorn, and 
 item a, a filament ; referring to the forma- 
 tion of the filaments, or threads, which 
 support the pollen-bags. Nat. ord., 
 Spiderworts [Commelynacese]. Linn., 6 
 Hexandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. iSecds O'*a 
 in slight hotbed ; light loum and sandy peai ; r.;. 
 quires the protection of a greenhouse, or a waroi 
 situation. 
 
 C. spica'titm (spiked), 1. Blue. July. N. 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 CA'RUM. Caiaway. (From Car! a, in 
 Asia Minor, where it was first discovered. 
 Nat. ord., Umbdli/ers [Apiaceae]. Linn., 
 *t-Pentandria %-Lig.ynia. Allied U> the 
 weed Ammi.) 
 
 The seed of C. ca'rui is our Caraway, esteemed 
 'or its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennial*. 
 Seeds ; open ground, in March or April. Coiu- 
 .non soil. 
 C. ca'rui (common). 2. White. May. Britain. 
 
 verticilla'tum (whorl-leaned). 1. White. July. 
 
 Britain. This species is removed here 
 from Si'son, a genus of weeds. 
 
 CA'EYA. Hickory. (The Greek name 
 for the Walnut, so named on account of 
 Carya, daughter of Dion, King of La- 
 conia, said to have been changed by 
 Bacchus into a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord., 
 Juglans [Juglandacese]. Linn., 2l-Mo- 
 ncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 This is the Hickory so celebrated in North 
 America for the purposes of the cabinet-maker. 
 Their best chairs they call their Hickories, 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ; the nut should 
 be sown where the tree is intended to stand ; 
 layers, and grafting on the Walnut. Good, com- 
 mon soil. 
 
 C. u'lba (white. Shell-bark Hickory'). 30. April. 
 1629. 
 
 ama'ra (bitter-nwO- 30. May. 1800. 
 
 compre'sna (compressed-fruited). SO. April. 
 
 1730. 
 
 lacinio'sa (jagged). 30. April. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April. 
 
 obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-shaped). 30. May. 
 
 1812. 
 
 olii-aifo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April. 
 
 porci'na (hog-nut). 30. May. 1/99. 
 glu 1 bra (smooth). May. 
 
 sulca'ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 30. April. 
 
 ma'jcima (greatest fruited). 60. May. 
 
 CAKYO'CAE. Butter Nut. (From 
 karyon, a nut ; in reference to its fruit. 
 Nat. ord., JRhizobols [Rhizobolacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Polyaudria ^-Tetragynia.^) 
 
 Two genera of immensely large trees, bearing 
 large flowers and edible nuts, constitute the 
 whole of this small order. The Suwarrow (Sauari) 
 nuts of the shops are the produce of the C. 
 nuci'ferum. Oil not inferior to olive-oil is ex- 
 tracted from the kernels. Cuttinps in sand, in 
 heat, under glass. Loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. gla'brum (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana. 
 1820. 
 
 nuci'ferum (nut-bparing). 100. Red, yellow. 
 
 Guiana. 1820. 
 
 tomento'sum (woolly)' 100. White Guiana. 
 
 1820. 
 
 CARYO'PHYLLUS. Clove-tree. (From 
 
CAK 
 
 [ 182 ] 
 
 CAS 
 
 k&ryim, a nut, and ophyllon, a leaf; in re- 
 ference to the appearance of the flower- 
 buds, or Cloves of commerce. Nat. orcl., 
 Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 The powerful scent of Cloves, or flower-buds of 
 C. aroma' ticus, arises from a volatile oil contained 
 in the pellucid dots in the leaves and other parts 
 of the bark. Dotted leaves are one of the peculiar 
 characteristics of this, the most natural order of 
 plants-^ The flower-buds of Calyptranthes are as 
 Ood a spice as those of the Ciove-tree. Stove- 
 tree. Cuttings of firm shoots, with leaves on, in 
 heat, under elass. Summer temp., 60 to 86; 
 winter 55 to 60. 
 
 C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 20. Yellowish-white. 
 Moluccas. 1797. 
 
 CARYO'TA. (From karyon, a nut. The 
 Greeks first applied this name to their 
 cultivated Date. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal- 
 macese]. Linn., 2i-Moncccia 9-Po/i/an- 
 rfria.) 
 
 A noble member of a noble family of plants, 
 most valuable to the natives of the countries they 
 inhabit, C. u'rens furnishing si highly nutritious 
 sago, besides abundance of palm-wine, or toddy. 
 Stove trees. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam and neat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 mi'tis (mild). White. China. 1820. 
 
 u'rens (stinging). 20. White. E. Ind. 1788. 
 
 CASCADE, or WATERFALL, is agreeable 
 only when properly associated with the 
 scenery around. That association is a 
 bold, broken ground, and a dense planta- 
 tion of trees. Nothing is more misplaced 
 or tasteless than a sheet of water falling 
 into another uniform collection of water, 
 in an open, uuwooded plain. Mr. Whate- 
 ley justly observes, that a rill cannot pre- 
 tend to any sound beyond that of a little 
 waterfall. The roar of a cascade belongs 
 only to larger streams ; but it may be in- 
 troduced by a rivulet to a considerable 
 degree, and attempts to do more have 
 generally been unsuccessful : a vain am- 
 bition to imitate nature in her great 
 extravagances betrays the weakness of 
 art. Though a noble river throwing 
 itself headlong down a precipice be an 
 object truly magnificent, it must be con- 
 fessed, that in a single sheet of water 
 there is a formality which its vastness 
 alone can cure ; but the height, not the 
 breadth, is the wonder. When it falls 
 no more than a few feet the regularity 
 prevails ; and its effect only serves to ex- 
 pose the vanity of atfecting the style of a 
 cataract in an artificial cascade. It is 
 less exceptionable if divided into several 
 parts, for then each separate part may be 
 wide enough for its depth ; andj in the 
 
 whole, variety, and not greatness, will ba 
 the predominant character. But a struc- 
 ture of rough, large, detached stones 
 cannot easily be contrived of strength 
 sufficient to support a great weight of 
 water. It is sometimes, from necessity, 
 almost smooth and uniform ; and then 
 it loses much of its effect. Several little 
 falls in succession are preferable to one 
 greater cascade, which, in figure or in 
 motion, approaches to regularity. 
 
 When greatness is thus reduced to 
 number, and length becomes of more 
 importance than breadth, a rivulet vies 
 with a river ; and it more frequently runs 
 in a continued declivity, which is very 
 favourable to such a succession of falls. 
 Half the expense and labour which are 
 sometimes bestowed on a river to give it, 
 at the best, a forced precipitancy in any 
 one spot only, would animate a rivult t 
 through the whole of its course ; and, 
 after all, the most interesting circum- 
 stance in falling waters is their animation. 
 A great cascade fills us with surprise ; 
 but all surprise must cease ; and the 
 motion, the agitation, the rage, the froth, 
 and the variety of the water are finally 
 the objects which engage the attention. 
 For these a rivulet is sufficient ; and 
 they may there be produced without 
 that appearance of effort which raises a 
 suspicion of art. To obviate such a 
 suspicion, it may sometimes be expedient 
 to begin the descent out of sight; for the 
 beginning is the difficulty. If that be 
 concealed, the subsequent falls seem but 
 a consequence of the agitation which 
 characterises the water at its first appear- 
 ance ; and the imagination is, at the 
 same time, let loose to give ideal extent 
 to the cascades. 
 
 CASEA'RIA. (Named after J. Casearius, 
 the coadjutor of Eheede in producing 
 the If art us Malabaricus. Nat. ord., Sa- 
 myds [Samydacese]. Linn., IQ-Dccandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, chiefly valued for their 
 astringent and medicinal qualities. Cuttinors in 
 sand, under a glass, in heat. Light, sandy, fibrv 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 
 to 60. 
 
 C. hirsu'ta (hairy). 8. Yellow, green. Jamaic*. 
 1825. 
 
 parvifiu'ra (small-flowered). 6. Yellowish- 
 
 preen. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 parvifu'lia (small-leaved). 6. Yellowish- 
 
 green. Martinique. 1827. 
 
 ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). 4. Yellowish- 
 
 green. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 terrulu'tu (flue-saw-edged). 6. 
 
 gre?n. Jwuaica. 1313. 
 
CAS 
 
 [183] 
 
 CAS 
 
 C. sylve'stris (wood). 8. Whitish-green. Jamaica 
 1823. 
 
 CA'SHEW NUT. Anaca'rdium occidental 
 CASSA'VA. Jani'pha ma'itihot. 
 CASSEBEE'RA. (Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly 
 podiacese]. Linn., Z-Cryptogamia 1 
 Filices. Allied to Platyloma.) 
 
 Divisions ; peat and loam ; hardy greenhous 
 and stove treatment, according to their nativ 
 locality. 
 
 C. arge'ntea (silvery), i. Brown. July. Siberia 
 1816. Hardy. 
 
 auricula'ta (eared). Brown. July. Stove. 
 
 cuneu'ta (wedge-shaped-fcaced). Brown. July 
 
 1831. Stove. 
 farino'sa (mealy). l. Brown. May. Isle o 
 Luzon. 1840. Stove. 
 
 hasta'ta (h&lbert-leaved). 2. Brown. August 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse 
 
 intramargina'lis (bordered-beneath). Brown 
 
 September. Mexico. 1828. Greenhouse 
 
 peda'ta (twice-lobed). . Brown. Virginia 
 
 1820. Hardy. 
 
 p'mna'ta (leafleted). Brown. June. Stove. 
 
 pteroi'des (fern-like). Brown. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1775. Greenhouse. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). Brown. July. 1824 
 
 Stove. 
 
 vespertilio'nis (\)*.t-wingcd). 3. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse 
 
 CA'SSIA. (From the Greek name of a 
 plant, kasian of the Bible. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 W-Decandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 C. lanceola'ta produces the true Alexandrian 
 senna-leaves ; and a variety of this species yields 
 the Indian senna. The plant, however, is a native 
 of Arabia, and from it is obtained the senna of 
 Mecca. C. obova'ta furnishes the Aleppo senna ; 
 and in America they use the leaves of C. Mart' 
 la'ndica as a purgative. Allied to Caesalpinia. 
 Annuals and biennials by seed, sown in March or 
 April, in heat ; the biennials by cuttings, in April, 
 of half-ripened shoots, in heat. A few will thrive 
 in the greenhouse ; but most of them require 
 stove treatment in winter ; that is, a temperature 
 of from 50 to 60 ; and where there is much 
 room they deserve it. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. eschyno'mene (seschynome). 1. Yellow. June. 
 W. Ind. 1810. Stove. 
 
 angusti 1 ssima (narrowest-team?). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1820. Stove. 
 
 a'spera (rough), l. Yellow. July. Georgia. 
 
 1818. Stove. 
 
 Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Half-haniy. 
 
 flexuo'sii (zigzag-stemwzed). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1810. Stove. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle -flowered). 4. Fellow. 
 
 June. New Spain. 1818. Stove. 
 
 flo'rida (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. Stove. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. W. Ind. 1822. Stove. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. Cayenne. 
 
 1826. Stove. 
 
 hu'milis (humble), l. Yellow. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Stove biennial. 
 
 Ilahca (Italian senna). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 South of Europe. Stove. 
 
 C. mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. July* 
 Ceylon. 1806. Stove. 
 
 ni'ctitans (twinkling). 2. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Hardy. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1640. Stove. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1732. Stove. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). Ydlow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. Hardy. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1, Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1814. Stove trailer. 
 
 Ta'gera (Tagera). Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1803. Stove biennial. 
 
 Thonni'ngii (Thonning's). Yellow. June. 
 
 Guinea. 1824. Stove. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1816. Stove. 
 
 - Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 1. Yellow. June. 
 Nepaul. 1817. Stove. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. JEgpti'acu (Egyptian). 3. Yellow. Kay. 
 Egypt. 1822. 
 
 artemisioi'des (wormwood-like). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Barclay a'na (Barclay's). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1827. 
 
 -Berfc'n(Berter's). 10. Yellow. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1827. 
 
 bicapsula'ris (two-capsuled). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). 6. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/66. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracteated). 6. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 
 Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 181 6. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese;. 4. Yellow. June. China. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). Yellow. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1818. 
 
 frondo'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1796. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1818. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-podded). 8. Yellow. June. 
 
 Carolina. 1800. 
 
 Marila'ndica (Maryland). 3. Fellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1823. Hardyhe/ba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 ni'gricans (blackish). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Egypt. 1817. 
 
 ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1816. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. Acapulee'nsis (Acapulco). 4. Yellow. June. 
 Acapulco. 1823. 
 
 ala'ta ( winged- Jeoued). 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 
 
 1731. 
 
 JpOKCom v a(Apoucouita). 8. Yellow. Surinam. 
 
 1820. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). Yellow. May. North 
 
 Spain. 1813. 
 
 atoma'ria (dotted). 4. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1810. 
 
 auricula'ta (small-eared). 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1777- 
 
 barilla'rls (rod). 3. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/82. 
 
 chamcecri'sta (ground-senna). 1. Yellow. Julv. 
 
 America. 1699. 
 
 chrysn'tricha (golden-haired). Yellow. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1828. 
 
CAS 
 
 [ 184 ] 
 
 CAS 
 
 1. Yellow. 
 Herbaceous 
 
 1. Yellow. 
 8. Yellow. 
 July. 
 
 Yellow. June. W. 
 Yellow. S. Amer. 
 5. Yellow. June. 
 
 July. 
 July. 
 
 July. 
 
 C. ciUafris (hair-frinfred-s/raA?rf). 
 June. E. Ind. Itt!/. 
 perennial. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed-/(?o/?e/ed). 
 
 June. Cuba. 1820. 
 
 Coromandelia'na (Cororaandel). 
 
 June. Coromandel. 1823. 
 
 eorymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1796. 
 
 ffuspida'ta (spine-pointetU/eaued). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 diphy'lla (two-leaved). 
 
 Ind. 1781. 
 
 di'spar (unequal). 3. 
 
 1824. 
 
 elli'ptica (o\.il-leaved). 
 
 Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 emarginu'ta (notch-/eaued). 15. Yellow. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 1759. 
 
 fastigia'tu. (peaked). 4. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 giga'ntea (gigantic). Yellow. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1825. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 4. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow. June. Orinoco. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 9. Yellow. Novem- 
 
 ber. Barbadoes. 1828. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 hirsu'ta (coarse-haired). 4. Yellow. 
 
 America. 17/8. 
 
 Houstonia'na (Houston's). Yellow. 
 
 Jamaica. 1817- 
 
 Iceuiga'ta (smooth). 3. Yellow. July 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear- leaved}, 1. Yellow. 
 
 Levant. 
 
 linea'ta (lined-teaved). 1. Yellow. June. Ja- 
 maica. 1818. 
 
 Inngisi'liqua (long-podded). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 lotoi'des (lotus-like). 2. Yellow. June. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1820. 
 
 macra'nthera (large-anthered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Surinam. 1823. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 melanoca'rpa (black-podded). Yellow. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 molli'ssima (softest-leaved). 6. Yellow. S. 
 
 Amer. 182<K 
 
 monta'na (mountain). Yellow. May. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). S. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1759. 
 
 '- Parkeria'na ( Parker's). 2. Yellow. Augut. 
 Demerara. 1817. 
 
 pa' tula (spreading). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/78. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 penta'gona (five-angled). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Peru. 1700. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 pilo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1818. Herbaceous pe- 
 rennial. 
 
 planisi'liyua (flat-podded). 4. Yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 po/^/<///a(many-leafleted). 4. Yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 181 6. 
 
 pube'sctns (downy). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 S.Amer. 1813. 
 
 C.pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Yellow. July. Mau- 
 ritius. 1825. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-stemmed). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 quinquangula'ris (five-angled-fovmeAed). 3. 
 
 Yellow. June. Cayenne. 18)8. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 10. Yellow. August. 8. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 Richardia'na (Richard's). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cumana. 1823. 
 
 Robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 sennoi'des (senna-like). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1808. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. S.Amer. 1731. 
 
 sophu'rn (sophora). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1658. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 sped a' bills (showy). 4. Yellow. June. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1820. 
 
 stipula'cea(large-stipu\ed). 3. Yellow. Chili. 
 
 1781. 
 
 sulca'ta (furrow;ed-br (inched). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 S.Amer. 1820. 
 
 Sumatra'na (Sumatra). Yellow. June. Su- 
 
 matra. 1823. 
 
 Tara'ntan (Tarantan). 2. Yellow. July. Cu- 
 
 mana. 1817- 
 
 felMrttefwealt). 2, Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820. 
 
 tomento'sa (thick-downed), 15. Yellow. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 uniflu'ra (one-flowered). Red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 venu'stula (rather pretty). Yellow. July. Cu- 
 
 mana. 1825. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/86. 
 
 virgu'ta (rod-branched). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 CASSIDA VIRIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise- 
 beetle. The common artichoke's leaves 
 suffer during the summer, sometimes, 
 though rarely, from the attacks of the 
 larva of a very curious small beetle, 
 which may be called the Artichoke Tor- 
 toise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle, 
 which is found in May and June, is not 
 more than one-sixteenth of an inch long ; 
 the antennae are black; the dotted wing- 
 cases and other outer coverings green; 
 but the body beneath them black; and 
 the legs pale, with black thighs. It is 
 found upon the water-mints, as well as 
 upon thistles and artichokes. The larva 
 has a very flat body, with spines upon its 
 edges; and it has the singular habit of 
 
 o, larva ; b, the same on a leaf, with its canopy 
 of excrement ; c, pupa ; d, the perfect insect. 
 
CAS 
 
 C 185 ] 
 
 CAS 
 
 covering itself with its own excrement, 
 which it attaches together in a mass, and 
 carries on a kind of fork attached to its 
 tail. The pupa is also very Hat, having 
 thin toothed appendages at the sides of 
 the body, with a broad thorax, prolonged 
 forward into a rounded expansion, which 
 covers the head. Tke Cottage Gardener, 
 iii. 317. 
 
 CASSI'NE. (A name given by the North 
 American Indians to a plant now referred 
 to the Holly I' lex Vomito'ria. Nat. ord., 
 Hollyworts [Aquifoliacesej. Linn.,5-PeH- 
 tandria 3-Triqynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; Joam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 
 45. 
 
 C.&thio'pica (Ethiopian). 5. White. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 ba'rbara (barbarous). 6. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July. 
 
 Cap* of Good Hope. 1629. 
 
 colpo'on (colpoon-tree). 6. White. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 e*ce / tea(tall). 18. White. June. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Mauroce'nia (Morosini's. Hottentot cherry). 
 
 5. White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1690. 
 
 oppositifo'li* (opposite-leaved). 5. White. 
 
 CASSI'NIA. Named after Cassini, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 5- 
 Seyregata. Allied to Amobium.) 
 
 The annual by seed, in March ; the others by 
 dividing at the roots, and cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots, in sand, in April; loam and peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 50 
 C. affi'nis (allied). 2. May. N. Holland. 1820. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 eM'rm (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 denticula'ta (small-tocthed). Pale yellow. 
 
 Australia. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. White. Au- 
 gust. New Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 fptcio'sa (showy). N. 8. Wales. Greenhouse 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 "Gpecta'hiliii (showy annual). 6. Yellow. July. 
 N. Holland. 1818. Hardy annual. 
 
 CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From a town 
 of that name in Thessaly. Nat. ord., 
 Mtistworts [Corylaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo- 
 ncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, except C. Fndica; seeds 
 pathered in autumn, preserved in dry sand, and 
 sown m March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by 
 grafting. 
 
 C. America'na (American). 50. Green. May. 
 America. 
 
 Chine'ngis (China). 50. Green. May. China. 
 
 chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Mexico, 1848. 
 
 C. I'ndica (Indian). 40. E. Ind. 1827. Store 
 evergreen. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 ve'sca (Spanish edible). 50. Green. June. 
 
 England. 
 asptenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). 50. 
 
 Green. May. Europe. 
 cochlea'ta (spiral). Green. May. 
 
 coralli'na-vuriega'ta (coral-variegated). 
 
 Green. May. 1846. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). Green. May, 1846. 
 
 fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 50. Green. 
 
 June. 
 
 gin 1 bra (smooth-tea wd). Green. May. 
 
 gluu'ca (milky-green). Green. June. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-feaued). Green. May. 
 
 1846. 
 me'di/i (intermediate). 50. Green. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 18*6. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846. 
 
 variegafta (variegated-teaued). Green. 
 
 May. 
 
 CHESTNUT (SPANISH, or SWEET). This, 
 the Casta'nea ve'sca of the above genus, in 
 the southern parts of England is culti- 
 vated for its fruit, as well as for the value 
 of its timber, which is in good esteem. 
 There are several varieties in cultivation 
 in this country, and, of course, many in 
 France and Italy. About twenty foreign 
 varieties may be found in the catalogue 
 of the Horticultural Society; but the 
 Downton, and the Prolific, or Devonshire, 
 are, at present, most esteemed, probably 
 as being somewhat hardier, and therefore 
 well adapted to our climate, which is not 
 capable of producing the fruit in that 
 high degree of perfection of which it is 
 susceptible in the warm and bright cli- 
 mates of Spain, Portugal, and France. 
 The Chataigne Exalade has been sug- 
 gested as particularly eligible for the 
 dwarfing-system in a small garden. 
 
 Propagation. The better sorts are pro- 
 pagated by grafting on the ordinary 
 chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised 
 from seed. 
 
 Soil and Culture. An? free upland 
 soil is adapted to its culture, provided it 
 is dry beneath, and not too adhesive. 
 For the dwarfing-system we recommend 
 the platform mode, allowing only half a 
 yard in depth of soil. Little if any prun- 
 ing is necessary, the fruit being all pro- 
 duced in clusters on the extremities of 
 the shoots. No other culture is neces- 
 sary ; but a warm situation is of much 
 importance. 
 
 Frwt-steds, how to keep. It is almost 
 needless to observe that chestnuts are 
 generally eaten roasted, mostly with a 
 little salt. They are also stewed in 
 
CAS 
 
 [ 180 ] 
 
 CAT 
 
 cream, and eaten with salt fish. In 
 keeping them dryness is necessary ; but it 
 must be accompanied with as low a tem- 
 perature as possible. They should be 
 taken out of their exterior or rough coat- 
 ing as soon as ripe ; and it is well to 
 subject them to an artificial heat of about 
 sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room 
 for a couple of days afterwards. They 
 may then be packed away in dry sand, 
 or dust, and placed in a very cold but 
 dry room or cellar, where they will keep 
 for months. They are very excitable as 
 to sprouting ; a very little moisture, with 
 warmth, will bring on germination. 
 
 CASTANOSPE'KMUM. Morton Bay Chest- 
 nut. (From castanea, the chestnut, and 
 sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable ; 
 layers and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; greenhouse 
 or conservative wall. 
 
 C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. N. Hol- 
 land. 1828. 
 
 CASTE'LEA. (After an author named 
 Castcl. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnaceae]. 
 Linn., 8-Octandria l.-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Elvasia.) 
 
 The Goatbust, C. Nicholso'ni, is as bitter as 
 Quassia. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 CO to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. ere'cta (upright). 4. W. Ind. 1821. 
 
 Nic/iolso'ni (Nicholson's). 4. Copper. An- 
 
 tigua. 1830. 
 
 CASTILLE'JA. (Named after a Spanish 
 botanist of that name. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Schrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 14- 
 JDidynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Euphrasia). 
 
 The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe shoots 
 in sand, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 
 55. Hardy species, seeds and divisions of the 
 roots ; peaty, sandy soil. 
 
 C. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 1. S. Amer. 
 1825. Stove evergreen. 
 
 lithospermoi'des (gromwell-like). Scarlet. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse. 
 
 Moranefnsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Pros- 
 
 trate stove evergreen. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 1. Light purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1782. Hardy herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 ieptentriona'lis (northern). 2. White, green. 
 
 August. Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. June. 182Q. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 CASUAEI'NA. Beefwood. (Supposed 
 to be derived from the resemblance of 
 the long, weeping, leafless branches to 
 
 the drooping feathers of the Cassowary. 
 Nat. ord., Bet-fwoods [Casuarinacese]. 
 Linn., 2l-Monoecia \-Monandria.} 
 
 This is the " Native Oak, or Beefwood " of the 
 Australian colonists, and probably the most sin- 
 gularly picturesque tree of the Australian flora. 
 Large trees, with weeping branches, the indi- 
 vidual branches being jointed like a bamboo, and 
 streaked between the joints, having no leaves. 
 The timber is as good as our Oak, and of the 
 colour of raw beef, whence the colonial name. 
 Cattle are extremely fond of the young branches 
 of the She Oak (C. quadriva'lvis), and the colo- 
 nists chew them to allay their thirst. From what 
 we know in this country of C. equisetifo'lia we 
 would rank the Beefwoods as the most remarkable 
 in a winter conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen 
 trees. Seeds, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots, 
 in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and 
 peat, with a portion of sand, and lumps of char- 
 coal. Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 40 to 
 45. They should be tried in sheltered places out 
 of doors, especially in the south of England. 
 C. di'styla (two-styled). 15. N.Holland. 1812. 
 
 equisetifo'lia (equisetum-leaved). 15. Sep- 
 
 tember. South Sea Islands. 17/6. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 15. N: Holland. 1824. 
 
 murica'ta (point-covered). 15. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Cale- 
 
 donia. 1823. 
 
 quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 18. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1812. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 15. May. N.S.Wales. 17/5. 
 
 tenui'ssima (slenderest). 10. N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 torulo'sa (twisted). 15. N. S. Wales. 17/2. 
 
 CATA'LPA. (The Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacea?]. Linn., 
 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The North American species by seeds sown in 
 spring, root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and 
 cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn ; deep, 
 rich loam. The West Indian species by cuttings 
 of the ripe shoots in heat, and under a glass ; 
 usual stove-treatment. 
 
 C. longi'ssima (longest-podded'). 20. White. 
 W. Ind. 1/77. 
 
 microphy'ila (small-leaved). 15. White. 
 
 Hispaniola. 1820. 
 
 syringtefo' lia (syringa-leaved). 29. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1726. 
 
 CATANA'KCHE. (From katanangfce, a 
 strong incentive ; in reference to an an- 
 cient custom among the Greek women 
 of using it in love-potions. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceae], Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 genesia l-^Equalis.) 
 
 Division of the roots in March, and need sown 
 in April ; common soil. 
 
 C. caru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. South 
 Europe. 15Q6. Hardy herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, blue. 
 
 August. Gardens. 1827. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Candia. 
 
 Ib40. Hardy annual. 
 
 CATASE'TUM. (From kata, downward, 
 and seta, a bristle ; referring to the posi- 
 tion of the two horns of the column. 
 
CAT 
 
 L 137 
 
 CAT 
 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 W-Gynandria l-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, moss, broken 
 pots, and charcoal, elevated above a pot, Or in 
 shallow, open baskets ; cool and dry in winte*; a 
 high temperature and moist atmosphere when 
 making their growth. Summer temp., 60 to 90; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. abru'ptum (blunt- lipped}. 1. Greenish-yel- 
 low. September. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 atra'tum (dark-flowered). 1. Dark. July. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 barba't urn (bearded). 3. Green, purple. May. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. 
 
 immacula' turn (spotless). j. Green, 
 
 pink. September. Demerara. 1835. 
 
 lube'llo-a'lba (white-lipped). . Greenish- 
 white. September. Demerara. 1835. 
 
 probosci 1 deum (long-snouted). Brown- 
 ish-green, May. Sertao. 1839. 
 
 callo'sum (hardened). 1. Brownish-yellow. 
 
 June. La Guayra. 1840. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Green, 
 
 brown, purple. December. Columbia. 
 1845. 
 
 ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale green. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1832. 
 
 citri'num (citron-co/owred). Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 
 
 cornu'tum (horned). Greenish-purple, March. 
 
 Demerara. 1840. 
 
 crista'tum (created). 2. Green. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. I 
 
 deltoi'deum (trian&rle-/i/?pf). l. Green, 
 
 brown. March. Demerara. 1842. 
 fimbria'tum (fringe-lipped). Pink. red. Au- 
 gust. Brazil. 183?. There are two 
 kinds, Haynde'rii and Legre'lli, slightly 
 differing in colour. 
 
 fuligino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 globiflo'rum (globe-flowered). 1. Olive, brown. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown. Oc- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). Purple, brown. 
 
 June. Guatimala. 1839, 
 
 ~ ' interme'din variega'ta. Black, white, 
 yellow. Brazil. 
 
 lamina'tum (plaited). Brown, purple. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White, green. 
 
 April. Mexico. 1839, 
 
 lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green. 
 
 March. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 2. Orange, violet. 
 
 August. Demerara. 1837. 
 
 macula'tum intege'rrimum (spotted-entire- 
 
 lipped). 3. Green-and-purple-spotted. 
 September. Mexico. 
 
 Sli'lleri (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple-spotted. 
 
 September. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 na'so (nose-like-lipped) . White, purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 ochra'ceum (reddish-yellow). Yellow. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1844. 
 
 pla'niceps (flat-headed). 1. Green and yellow. 
 
 Spanish Main. 1840. 
 
 probosci 1 deum (long-snouted). Brightish-green. 
 
 Demerara. 1839. 
 
 pn'rum (spotless). 1. Green. October. Brazil. 
 
 ro'seo-a'lttum (rose-Md-vihite-Jlowered). 2. 
 
 White, red. April. Para. 1836. 
 - Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Green. 
 July. Guatimala. 1838. 
 
 C. sacca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple. March. 
 Demerara. 1840. 
 
 eemiape'rtum (half-open), l. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 serra'tum (saw-edged-/ip/>ed;. Green, yellow. 
 
 September. Panama. 1844. 
 
 spino'sum (spiny-lipped). 1. Green, brown. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 tabula're (table-formed-Jzpjoed). Pale green. 
 
 Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 tridenta'tum (three-toothed). 2. Yellow, 
 
 brown. April. Trinidad. 1822. This 
 sports into the six following, and even 
 into Waile'sii. 
 
 ntropurpu'reum (dark-purple-^owercrf). 
 
 2. Dark purple. August. Demerara. 
 
 au'reum (golden-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Demerara. 
 
 Claveri'ngi (Capt. Clarering's). 2. Yel- 
 low, brown. August. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Yel- 
 low, brown. November. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 2. Yellow, 
 
 purple. August. Brazil. 
 
 viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 2. Green. 
 
 May. Demerara. 
 
 tri'fidum (three-cleft-lipped). 2. Green. June. 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 tru'lla (trowel-lipped). Green, brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. S. Amer. 1840. 
 
 viridifla'vum (greenish-yellow). 1. Yellow, 
 
 green. June. S. Amer. 1841. 
 
 Waile'sii (Wailes's). 1. Green. September. 
 
 Honduras. 1840. 
 
 CATCHTLY. Sile'ne. 
 
 CA'TECHU. Aca'cia cd'techu. 
 
 CATERPILLAR. Scorpiu'rus. 
 
 CATERPILLAR. This is the young of 
 either the butterfly or the moth, in its 
 first state after emerging from the egg. 
 There are many kinds; and the hest 
 mode of preventing their invasions is to 
 destroy every butterfly, moth, chrysalis, 
 and egg that can be found. Hand-pick- 
 ing, dusting with lime or soot, and other 
 modes of destroying the caterpillar are 
 mentioned when noticing the plants they 
 attack; but we may here observe that 
 the powder of White Hellebore is by far 
 the most effectual for dusting over this 
 marauder. Sparrows and other small 
 birds, in early spring, should not be 
 scared from the garden, for they destroy 
 myriads of caterpillars : at that season 
 they can do no harm if the gardener 
 properly guards his seed-beds. Boys 
 paid a halfpenny per dozen for leaves 
 havings eggs or smaller'caterpillars upon 
 them, have been found to keep a garden 
 free for a whole season for about seven 
 shillings. 
 
 CATESBJE'A. Lily Thorn. (Named 
 after M. Catesby, author of a Natural His- 
 tory of Carolina. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., -Tetrandria *- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
CAT 
 
 [ 183 ] 
 
 CAU 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat, in April. Sandy loam and fiiiry 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 
 to 60. 
 
 C. latlfo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. June. 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Lindenia'na (Linden's). 2. July. 
 
 puroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1810. 
 
 apino'sa (thorned). 12. Yellow. June. Isle 
 
 of Providence. 1/26. 
 
 CA'THA. We have united this genus 
 to Celastrus. 
 
 CATHARA'NTHITS. See VI'NCA. 
 
 CATHCA'KTICA, (In honour of J. F. 
 Cathcart, Esq., B.O.S., Judge of Tirboot. 
 Nat. ord., Poppy worts [Papaveraceoe]. 
 Linn., \8-Polyandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse herbaceous plant, perhaps hardy, 
 and certainly may be planted out in summer ia a 
 cool shade. 
 
 C. viM so. (shajfgy). 1. Yellow. June. Sik- 
 kim-Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 CAT MINT. Ne'pcta. 
 
 CAT -THYME. Teu'crium ma'-rum. 
 
 CA'TTEKIDGE-TEEE. Euo'nymns Euro- 
 pce'us. 
 
 CA'TTLEYA. (Named after Mr. Cattley, 
 a distinguished patron of botany. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 
 Gyxandria \~Monandria. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions. Moss, peat, and 
 broken pots, either in shallow baskets, or raided 
 above the surface of the pot. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90 ; winter, 60. 
 
 C. Acli'ndiae (Lady Acland's). . Purple, brown. 
 July. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 Arembe'rgii (Count Aremberg's). Lilac. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Olive-crreen. Sep- 
 
 tember. Brazil. 1837. There is a va- 
 riety with a white-margined lip. 
 
 bulbu'sa (bulbed). . Rose, purple. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1846. 
 
 ca'ndida (white-lowered). White, pink. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 citri'na (citron-flowered). Citron. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1833. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-flowered). 1. White, purple. 
 
 September. Brazil. 18'26. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). Deep violet 
 
 and white. Guiana. 1850. 
 
 Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). April. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1844. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 1. Green-spotted. Brazil. 
 
 1827. 
 
 c'legans (elegant). Purple and white. Brazil. 
 
 1852. 
 
 Forbe'sii (Forbes's). f . White, yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 granulo'sa (granulated-Kpjjed). 1. Whitish- 
 
 green. May. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). 1. 
 
 Green, white, orange. May. Mexico. 183<J. 
 
 guttd'Ca (spotted-flowered). 1. Green, red. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 Rufsellia'na (Lord C. Russell's). Green, 
 
 red. August. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 C. Earriso'nia (Mrs. Harrison's). 1. Rose, yel- 
 low. April. Brazil. There is a variety 
 of a violet-colour. 
 
 -~inerme'dia (intermediate-st.ed). 1. Rose, 
 white. April. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Light; 
 
 purple. September. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 pa'llida (pzle-red-flowered). 1. Light red. 
 
 June. Brazil, 1833. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple blotched}. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-/)>/>fid). 1. White, 
 
 red. May. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 labiu'ta (ruby-lipped). 1. Crimson, lilac. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. It appears as if this species 
 is identical with C. Mo'ssice. 
 
 a'lb^t (white). 
 
 atfo-purpu'rea (dark purple). Lilae, pur- 
 ple. November. La Guayra. 1839. 
 
 atro-sungui'nfi (dark crimson). 1. Dark 
 
 red. July. S. Amer. 
 
 pi' eta (painted). 
 
 Lernonia'nti (Sir C. Lemon's). 3. Rose, yel- 
 
 low. August. Brazil. 1812. 
 
 loba'ta (lobed petaled and lipped). Purple, 
 
 violet, and crimson veins. Brazil. 1847- 
 
 Loddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. Rose, lilac. 
 
 Auaut. Brazil. 1815. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). $. Pink, crimson. 
 
 November. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). Lilac, white. Buenos 
 
 Ay res. 
 
 ma'xima (largest). 1$. Dark pink. May. 
 
 Guayaquil. 1844. 
 
 Mo'ssia (Mrs. Moss's). 1. Crimson, lilac. 
 
 July. La Guayra. 1836. 
 a'lba (white). White and purple. Brazil. 
 
 odorati'ssima (sweetest). Purple. Demerara. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Papeiansiu'na. 
 
 Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Purple. Brazil. 
 
 Pinellia'na (PinelPs). Doubtful whether this 
 
 and pu'mila are not identical with wiur- 
 gina'ta, 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. July. S. Ames. 
 
 1837. 
 
 Skinne'ri (Skinner's). !. Rosy-purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Guatimala. 1836. 
 
 a'tro-ro'sea (chirk rose). l. Dark ros 
 
 May. Guatimala. 1836. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 
 
 supe'rba (superb). 1. Purple. May. Gui&na. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Walkeria'na (Walker's). Lilac, crimson. Msy. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. 
 
 CAULTFLOWEE. Bretssica olera'cca cau~ 
 liflo'ra. 
 
 Varieties. There are many to be found 
 in local catalogues ; but they are only 
 dilfereut names for the following : Early 
 Cauliflower; Late Cauliflower ; Large. Asi- 
 atic; and Walcheren. The last-named is 
 included also among the Brocolis ; for it 
 unites these to the Cauliflowers, partak- 
 ing of the character of each. 
 
 Sowiny. There are three seasons for 
 sowing this vegetable. 
 
 First Sowing. For the first main crop, 
 
 a sowing should be made in the third 
 
 week, or about the 24th of August, to 
 
 '.raise plants for winter protection, to form 
 
CAU 
 
 [ 189 ] 
 
 CAU 
 
 the first principal and main crops of the 
 following year. Should the weather he 
 very dry at the time of sowing, the soil 
 should be thoroughly well watered hefore 
 the seed is sown, and so continued to 
 encourage the 'growth of the seedlings. 
 As soon as these are up large enough to 
 handle, heds should be formed in an open 
 situation, well broken up, made rich, 
 lined out neatly, and, if the weather is 
 dry, well watered before planting, as well 
 as afterwards. The best time for prick- 
 ing out young plants of any kind, in dry 
 weather, is late in the afternoon or in 
 the evening. By this attention, strong, 
 healthy plants will be ready for either 
 finally planting out under hand-glasses, 
 about the middle of October, or for pro- 
 tection in frames, or at the foot of walls. 
 These protected plants are to form a 
 second crop to those which were planted 
 out under the hand-glasses, and may be 
 finally planted out towards the end of 
 February, if the weather is favourable, 
 two feet and a half asunder each way ; 
 and should severe weather set in again, 
 flower-pots just large enough to cover the 
 plant may be turned over each, but taken 
 off in all favourable weather. Care 
 should always be taken to lift up the 
 plants out of the nursery-beds, so as to 
 insure uninjured roots. 
 
 Should the weather be very severe in 
 the winter, the hand-glass crop must 
 have a little protection more than that of 
 the hand-light itself. But particular at- 
 tention should be paid to airing at all 
 times when the weather will permit, by 
 either taking the lights entirely off, or 
 tilting them. 
 
 If, through some mismanagement or 
 misfortune, the winter stock should be- 
 come short, a sowing towards the end of 
 January becomes of importance. A very 
 little seed must then be sown in a pan or 
 box. placed in some moderate-heated 
 structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up 
 for the purpose ; and when the seedlings 
 ere up, and large enough to handle, they 
 should be pricked out on other very 
 gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep 
 the plants up close to the glass, and 
 inured to the open air. Plants raised 
 in this way will be nearly as forward as 
 those sown in August, and protected in 
 cold frames through the winter. 
 
 The second Sowing should be at the 
 end of February or beginning of March, 
 and then either in a cold frame, or warn:. 
 
 open border ; or, if the weather be very 
 unfavourable, a sowing may be made on 
 a very gentle hotbed even at this time, 
 attention to pricking- out, &c., given as 
 before directed. From this sowing a 
 third planing is made. 
 
 The third Sowing should be made about 
 the last week in April, or first week in 
 May, and the seedlings attended to a3 
 before, as to pricking-out, &c. From 
 this sowing a fourth planting is made. 
 
 Fitness for Use. When a cauliflower 
 has arrived at its full size, which is shown 
 by the border opening as if it was about 
 to run, pull up the plant, as it never 
 produces any useful sprouts ; and if hung 
 up thus entire, in a cool place, it may be 
 preserved for several days. The best 
 time to cut a cauliflower is early of a 
 morning, before the dew is evaporated : 
 if it is done during the meridian or after- 
 noon of a hot day, it loses much of its 
 firmness, and boils tough. 
 
 To preserve from Frost. As frost de- 
 stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in 
 November, before it sets in, to pull up 
 the late-standing plants, and the leaves 
 being tied over the head, to hang each 
 up in a coal-shed or cellar, by which 
 means they remain good for some time. 
 But a better mode is to bury them in 
 sand, laying them in alternate layers with 
 the earth, in a dry situation. By this 
 means they may be preserved to the close 
 of January; or they may be put in a 
 trench dug at the bottom of a wall, 
 eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants 
 being laid with their roots uppermost, in 
 an inclining position, so that the roots of 
 the second covered the top of the one 
 preceding. The earth to be laid over 
 them thick, a considerable slope given 
 to it, and beaten smooth with the spade, 
 to throw off rain. 
 
 Saving Seed. Some should be from 
 the first planted out of the hand-glass 
 crop. The best with well-formed heads 
 should be selected for this purpose, and 
 marked for seed, by placing a strong 
 stake to each for the future tying of the 
 flowering stems up to. Gather each 
 branch of seed as it ripens. 
 
 Diseases and Insects. See CABBAGE 
 and BBOCOU. 
 
 CAULOPHY'LLUM. (From kanlon, a stem, 
 and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the 
 stems ending as if it were in a leaf-sta'ik. 
 Nat. ord., Berkerids [BerberidaceaeJ. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monoyi/nia.) 
 
CEA 
 
 C 190 ] 
 
 CED 
 
 Hardy tuberous perennial; division of the 
 roots ; light, sandy peat. 
 
 C. thalictroi'des (thalictrum -like). 1. Yellow, 
 green. N. Amer. 1755. 
 
 CEANO'THUS. (From keanothm, a name 
 applied by Theophrastus to a plant now 
 not known. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rham- 
 naceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gi/n-ia.) 
 
 'Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side- 
 shoots answer best, either in April or August. 
 The greenhouse varieties do well against a south 
 wall, but may require a little protection in severe 
 weather. Those from tropical regions require the 
 usual treatment of the stove, or a warm conserva- 
 tory. They are not particular as to soil ; a little 
 peat mixed with loam will be an advantage. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 C. America'nus (American). 2. White. July. 
 N. Amer. 1713. 
 
 colli'nus (hill). 1. Light. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. Evergreen. 
 
 cunea'tus (wedge-shaped). 4. California. 1848. 
 
 denta'tus (toothed). 3. Blue. California. 1848. 
 
 divarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 California. 1848. 
 
 floribu'ndus (copions-Howering). Blue. June. 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Lobbia/nus (Mr. Lobb's). Blue. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 
 
 microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 Nepale'nisis (Nepaul.). 10. Yellow. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ovu'tus (egg-shaped-/eawed). 3. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 pa'liidus (pale). 10. Pale blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 pupilln'sus (pimpled). 8. Blue. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). 2. White. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1822. 
 
 ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California. 1848. 
 
 mmgui'neus (crimson-sa//eed). 2. White. 
 
 June. Missouri. 1812. 
 
 tardifio'rus (late-flowering). 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 verruca' sus (warted). 3j. Purple. Upper 
 
 California. April." 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. Africa'nus (African). Pale yellow. March. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1712. 
 
 azu'r eus (blue). 10. Pale blue. April. Mexico. 
 
 1818. 
 
 flo're-a'lba (white-flowered). 10. White. 
 
 April. 
 
 buxifo'lius (box-leaved). White. April. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Cape nsis (Cape). 3. White. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. iife'stus (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 iMotgu'tus (smooth-Leaved). 4. Green, yellow. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. New Spain. 1824. 
 
 Mocinia'nus (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 mystaci'nus (bearded). 13. White, green. 
 
 November. Africa. 1775. 
 
 gpharoca'rpus (round-fruited). 15. Green, 
 
 yellow. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 Zela'nicus (Ceylon). 3. White. Ceylon, 1818. 
 
 CECRO'PIA. Snake-wood. (A classical 
 name, after Cecrops, first king of Athens, 
 who built that city, and called it Cecropia. 
 Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese]. 
 Linn., 22-Dicecia 2-Diandria.) 
 
 All the Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by 
 which they are easily distinguished from the 
 Nettleworts, with which they are allied. From 
 many of the genera, and from C. peita'ta, caout- 
 chouc, or India rubber, is obtained. Stove ever- 
 green trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, placed 
 in sandy peat, under a hell -glass, and in a moist 
 bottom-heat, in April; peat and loam in a rouga 
 state, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). 20. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-teaved). 20. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 pelta'ta (shield-teawed). 30. Jamaica. 1/78. 
 
 CEDRONE'LLA. (A diminutive of kediot>, 
 the cedar; referring to the fragrant, 
 resinous scent. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip- 
 worts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., I'L-Didynamla 
 I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocepha- 
 lum.) 
 
 It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts arc 
 all destitute of any deleterious qualities, and that 
 most of them are fragrant and aromatic as the 
 lavender, salvia, rosemary, mint, balm, and hys- 
 sop, &c. Greenhouse plants. Divisions of the 
 roots of the herbaceous species; cuttings of Me 
 evergreen ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 38 to 40. 
 
 C, ca'na (hoary-leaved). 3. Crimson. July. 
 New Mexico. 1851. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped-teamf). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico. 
 
 pa'llida (pale-cowered). 14. Rose. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 tryphy'Ua (three-leaved). Pale purple. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1697. This is a greenhcuss 
 evergreen shrub ; but all the others are 
 herbaceous perennials. 
 
 CE'DRUS. The Cedar. (From the 
 Arabic kedron, or kedree, power; in re- 
 ference to its majestic appearance ; but 
 some have supposed from Cedron, a brook 
 in Judea. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceae]. 
 Linn., 2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the 
 cones, extracted by steeping the cones in water, 
 and boring a hole down their centre so as to split 
 them, and sowing in sandy soil, in March; also 
 by cuttings, under a hand-light ; and the deoda'ra 
 by inarching and grafting on the common Cedar, 
 and on the Larch ; but it is doubtful if the latter 
 will answer as a stock ; deep, sandy soil. 
 C. Africa'nus (African. Mount Atlas Cedar). May. 
 Mount Atlas. 1843. 
 
 deoda'ra (deodara). 120. Nepaul, 1822. 
 There are other varieties of this crasni/i/'tn 
 
 (thick-leaved) ; tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved) ; and vi'- 
 
 ridis (green). 
 
 C. Le'bani (Cednr of Lebanon). Levant. 16S3. 
 
 fo'liis-arge'ntcis (silvery-leaved). 80. May. 
 
 ua'mt (dwarf). 
 
 There are other varieties of this species, as 
 
CEL 
 
 CEL 
 
 glaufca. (milky-green) ; intrrme'dia (intermediate) 
 pe'ndula (pendulous-branched) f pyamidu'lis (py- 
 ramid-shaped) ; and pyramida'lis arge'nteis (sil- 
 very pyramid-shaped). 
 
 CE'LANDINE. Chelido'nium and Bocco 
 niafrute'scens. 
 
 CELA'STRUS. Staff-tree. (From kelas 
 the latter season ; referring to the fruit 
 hanging on the trees all winter. Nat. 
 ord., Spindle-trees [Cselastraceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibry loam 
 The stove and greenhouse species require th 
 treatment common to each department. The 
 hardy species may be propagated by layers in au- 
 tumn, and sca'ndens by seeds ; bullaftus seldom 
 ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for those 
 hardy climbers. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS. 
 C. buUa'tus (blistered). 20. White. July. Vir- 
 ginia. 1759. 
 
 scafndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 C. Mexicu'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 multifl'j'rus (many-flowered). 4. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1 81 6. 
 
 myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 20. White. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 1810. 
 
 nu'tans( nodding). 5. White. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 panicula'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 quadrangula'ris (square-stalked). 10. White. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 tri'gynus (three-styled). 5. May. Isle of France. 
 
 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 C. buxifu'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 cassinoi'des (cassine-likc). 4. White. August. 
 
 Canaries. 1/79. 
 
 ce'rnuus (drooping). 5. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1817. 
 
 cymo'sus (cymose). 3. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 emargina'tvs (notch-leaned). 8. Yellowish. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 flexuo'sus (zigzag). 6. White. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 ilicifnus (\xA\y-leaved). 3. White. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1817. 
 
 lauri'nus (laurel-like). 3. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 Zmea'ru (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 lu'cidus (shining). 2. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/22. 
 
 lycioi'des (box-thorn-like). White. August. 
 
 Canaries. 1821. 
 
 macroca'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru. 
 
 1826. 
 
 oleoi'des (olive-like). 3. White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 pteroca'rpus (wing-fruited). 3. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 pttncta'tus(dottcd-(>ranched). Greenish. Ja- 
 
 pan. 1817. Climber. 
 
 jrrac.7'/Aw*(nre-spined). 3. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1742. 
 
 C. retu'sus (blunt). 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824. 
 
 ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 rottra'tus (beaked). White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. White. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 tricuspida'tus (three-pointed). 6. White. Miy. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 unda'tus (waved). 4. White. May. Cspa 
 
 of Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 CELERI'AC, or TURNIP-ROOTED GEL- 
 EBY. (A'piitm grave'olens rapa'ceum.) Of 
 this variety of celery there is said to be 
 a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger- 
 mans, called by them Knott-celery. 
 
 Sowing. It may be sown in March, 
 April, and May, to afford succession ai 
 plantations in June, July, and August. 
 Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep 
 regularly watered every evening in dry 
 weather. The bed must be kept free 
 from weeds, and when about three inches 
 high, the plants may be pricked out 
 into another border in rows three inches 
 apart each way, giving water abundantly 
 and frequently. By adopting the pre- 
 cautions mentioned in the cultivation of 
 celery, the same seed-bed will afford two 
 or three distinct prickings. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of Dresden, where this vege- 
 table is grown in great perfection, they 
 sow in February or March, in a hotbed, 
 under glass ; and the plants are removed 
 in April, when two or three inches high, 
 to another hotbed, and set an inch and 
 a half apart. The fineness of the plants 
 is there attributed to the abundance of 
 water with which they are supplied. 
 
 When five or six inches high, they are 
 fit for final planting in rows two feet 
 asunder, and the plants eight inches 
 apart on the level ground, or in drills 
 drawn with the hoe three inches deep, 
 as they only require earthing up a few 
 inches with the hoe. In dry weather 
 they should be watered plentifully, at 
 least every other evening. Keep them 
 free from weeds. They require a light, 
 fertile soil. 
 
 Sowing Seed. The directions given for 
 saving the seed of celery are in every re- 
 spect applicable to this vegetable. 
 
 CELERY. A'pium grave'olens. 
 
 Varieties. There are the Gigantic, 
 Dwarf Curled, Common Upright, Ked- 
 stalked, Upright, Giant, Hollow Upright, 
 and the Solid-stalked (red and while}. 
 The red chiefly for soups, the white be- 
 ing much more delicate in flavour ; violet t 
 solid, very superior, blanches white j 
 
CEL 
 
 [ 182 
 
 CEL 
 
 Pure, solid, white, for autumn ; Cole's su- 
 perb, red and white ; and Nutt's cham- 
 pion ; the last-named being the best we 
 have cultivated. 
 
 Sowiny. The first sowing may be 
 made about the middle or toward the end 
 of February, sowing a very little seed in 
 a pan or box placed in any heated struc- 
 ture, and having a gentle hotbed made 
 up ready to receive the young plants as 
 soon as they are fit to prick out. The 
 soil cannot be too rich for them ; and, if 
 pricked out in gentle hotbeds under glass, 
 which is best, the young crop should be 
 kept up within two or three inches of the 
 glass, and attention paid to frequent wa- 
 tering, earth -stirring, and airing, in fa- 
 vourable weather. 
 
 The sowing for a main crop should be 
 made about the first week in March ; and 
 although it may be sown in a rich, warm 
 border, yet it is better to make a gentle 
 hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only 
 of four boards nailed together, to keep 
 up the earth round the sides of the bed, 
 and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old 
 light can be spared until the plants are 
 up, all the better. Several prickings-out 
 may be made from this sowing in any 
 rich earth, in open situations, having the 
 beds made up neatly ready for pricking 
 out, either in warm, showery weather, or 
 during evenings in dry weather. The 
 plants should be inserted six inches apart 
 in the nursery-beds, well supplied with 
 water, until the plants are established, 
 and the earth among them frequently 
 stirred. 
 
 A third sowing may be made about the 
 second week, or middle of April, iu the 
 open, warm border, to be attended to as 
 before mentioned, as to pricking-out, 
 watering, &c., only that cool situations 
 will be found best, such as north borders 
 for summer pricking-out, for a supply to 
 plant out for winter and spring use. 
 
 Final planting ; the single-trench system. 
 The trenches, where the soil will allow 
 of it, may be eight or ten inches deep, to 
 receive the plants for the first summer 
 plantings; but, as the season advances, 
 not so deep by two inches at each suc- 
 cessive planting ; and, lastly, on the level 
 surface, for late winter and spring use. 
 "YVhen planted in deep trenches for the 
 first crop, the rows may be much nearer 
 together. Another method of planting 
 out the principal and late crops is, to dig 
 out a trench, four and a half feet wide, 
 
 and one foot deep, placing the earth half 
 on one side, and half on the other side; 
 this done, give a thorough good manur- 
 ing, as the soil cannot be made too good 
 for this vegetable; let it be neatly dug in, 
 and the surface made smooth as the work 
 goes on ; then lift the plants with a trowel 
 from the nursery-beds, to insure their 
 having good roots ; let them be planted 
 precisely one foot from row to row, and 
 six or seven inches from plant to plant, 
 the row crossways of the trench, thus : 
 
 Thoroughly well water; and, in the 
 course of a week after planting, the earth 
 should be carefully stirred over the 
 whole bed. 
 
 The plants should not be shortened, as 
 many persons do ; but remove any de- 
 cayed or broken leaf, and all side-shoots 
 from the plants, one by one, being care- 
 ful not to injure other leaves or the roots. 
 
 Earthing up. The first earthing up 
 should be done with a small trowel, 
 holding the leaves of the plant together 
 in one hand, and stirring and drawing up 
 a little earth to the plant with the other. 
 The next earthing is done by the help of 
 two light boards, six to eight inches 
 broad, of the same length as the trench 
 is wide ; these to be placed between two 
 of the rows of plants by two persons ; 
 then place between these boards well- 
 broken earth, as much as required; dra\r 
 up the boards steadily; do the same in 
 the next space, and so on until the 
 work is completed. By the last-men- 
 tioned method of final planting, more 
 than double the quantity can be grown 
 on a given space of ground, and the 
 heads are quite as fine as in the single- 
 trench system. It is also handy for pro- 
 tection in winter, either with hoops and 
 mats or litter. 
 
 The trench being dug out four and a 
 
GEL 
 
 [ 193 ] 
 
 GEL 
 
 half feet wide, allows room for six plants 
 across it, at six inches apart from plant 
 to plant, leaving three inches' space from 
 the outside of the trench. 
 
 Frost. At the appearance of very 
 severe weather setting in at any time 
 during the winter months, three or four 
 dozen heads of the celery may be taken 
 up without cutting away any part of 
 them, and laid in dry earth, sand, or 
 sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for 
 immediate use. 
 
 Manuring. In the seed-bed, when 
 pricked out, and in the bed for final 
 growth, too much of the richest manure 
 cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon 
 the roots being uninjured at each re- 
 moval, depend the fineness and excellence 
 of the celery ; any check to its growth is 
 never recovered, but renders it dwarf and 
 stringy. Liquid-manure should be given 
 to it frequently. 
 
 To save Seed. Some plants must be 
 left where grown ; or, in February or 
 March, some may be carefully taken up, 
 and, after the outside leaves are cut off, 
 and all laterals removed, planted in a 
 moist soil a foot apart. Those which 
 are most solid, and of a middling size, 
 are to be selected. When they branch 
 for seed, they must be tied early to a 
 stake, to preserve them from the vio- 
 lence of winds. The flower appears 
 in June, and the seed is swelling in 
 July. If dry weather occurs, they 
 should be watered every other night. 
 In August the seed will be ripe, and, 
 when perfectly dry, may be rubbed 
 out and stored. 
 
 Diseases. In heavy, wet soil it is 
 liable to have its stalks split and can- 
 ker. The soil for earthing up cannot 
 be too light and dry. We have seen 
 coal-ashes employed for the purpose 
 most successfully. 
 
 CELERY FLY. (Tephrilis onopordinis.} 
 In the autumn it is very common to ob- 
 serve part of the leaves of Celery-plants 
 blistered and turned yellow ; and this oc- 
 curs occasionally to such an extent, that 
 their growth is checked and their size 
 diminished. If the withered parts are 
 examined, and the skin of the blisters is 
 raised, there will be found beneath it 
 some small green grubs, that have eaten 
 away all the green pulp (parenchyma} of 
 the parts so withered. These grubs are 
 ihe larvfe of the Celery Fly. The grubs 
 may be found in the leaves of the Celery 
 13 
 
 in June, July, September, October, and 
 November; for there are two or more 
 broods of them in the course of the year. 
 The grubs, though less frequently, are 
 found doing similar damage to the leaves 
 of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full 
 grown, the grubs descend into the earth, 
 and remain in the chrysalis state until 
 the spring following, when they give 
 birth to the fly. The Celery Fly may 
 usually be found upon the leaves of the 
 laurel, hovering over flowers and resting 
 upon palings in the sunshine, from the 
 middle of May to the end of July. It is 
 one of the most beautiful of the English 
 two-winged flies, and has been thus de- 
 scribed by Mr. Westwood : The general 
 colour of the body, which is five-jointed, 
 varies from rusty-brown to shining black; 
 head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow; 
 thorax sprinkled with long black hairs ; 
 wings black, with various pale spots ; 
 eyes green. The whole length of the 
 insect is riot more than one-sixth of an 
 inch, and its wings, when outspread, 
 barely half an inch across. The cross- 
 lines in our woodcut show these propor- 
 tions, as well as the insect magnified. 
 
 The motions of this fly are very peculiar: 
 seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the 
 wings are partially extended, yet partially 
 elevated, and it has a sideling kind of 
 motion. The withered leaves of the 
 celery should be picked off, and the grubs 
 within them crushed as soon as seen. 
 Mr. Westwood suggests that a string, 
 smeared with bird-lime, and stretched 
 over the celery-plants, might catch many 
 of the parents. The Cottage Gardener, 
 i. p. 73. 
 
 CELO'SIA. Cockscomb. (From telos, 
 burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like ap- 
 pearance of the flowers of some of the 
 o 
 
GEL 
 
 [ 
 
 CEL 
 
 species. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaran- 
 taeese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 The flowers of the Cockscomb, Celo'siacrista'ta, 
 are astringent, and much used by Asiatic physi- 
 cians. Seeds in a hotbed in March; potted off 
 repeatedly, and transferred to the hothouse or 
 greenhouse ; light, rich soil, well drained. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 C. echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. July. Ori- 
 noco. 1821. Stove evergreen. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse ever- 
 green. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 C. crista'ta (crested). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 
 1570. 
 
 compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark red. July. 
 
 Asia. 15/0. 
 
 ela tn (tall). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570. 
 
 Jlavfi'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. 
 
 "July. Asia. 10/0. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 C. arge'ntea (silvery -spiked). 1. Light flesh. 
 
 July. China. 1740. 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1?14. 
 
 castre'nsis (camp). 2. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1/39. 
 
 eefvnua (drooping). 3. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1809. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Pink. July. China. 1597- 
 
 como'sa (tufted). 1. Pink. July. E. Inrt. 1802. 
 
 dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 ma.rgu.rita! cea (pearly). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1817. 
 
 Monso'nia (Monson's). 3. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 1. Purple. August. Ma- 
 
 labar. 170(5. 
 
 nodiflo'ra (knotted-flowered). 2. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1780. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 1. White. July. 
 
 E, Ind. 1820. 
 
 CELO'SIA CRISTA'TA. The Cockscomb of 
 Jlorists, All the varieties of this are well 
 worth cultivating. The deep crimson- 
 coloured varieties are generally the most 
 esteemed ; and of these there are tall 
 and dwarf kinds, the latter being gene- 
 rally preferred, the comb at its extremi- 
 ties altogether, or nearly, touching the 
 sides of the pot. Seeds should be sown 
 in a sweet hotbed in spring ; and, unlike 
 the balsam, where splendid specimens 
 are required, they should never be 
 turned out of the hotbed until the combs 
 are nearly full grown, when they may 
 be set in the greenhouse. Two systems 
 of culture may be adopted. First, as soon 
 as the plants are one inch in height, 
 prick out, and shift successively into 
 larger pots, never allowing the plants 
 to be pot-bound. By this method the 
 
 plants are strong before the combs ap- 
 pear, and you have a chance of having 
 many very fine, but with the risk that 
 many others, from their shape, will be 
 fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the 
 second method, the best for those with 
 limited space, the young plants are 
 pricked out a few inches apart into shal- 
 low pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged 
 to grow freely, and then checked sud- 
 denly by keeping them cooler and with- 
 holding water, which will cause them 
 to show their combs in a few days. 
 Though small, you can easily observe 
 those which are close and well shaped 
 from those which will be upright and 
 straggling. Select the best, pot them, 
 and continue repotting, and encourage 
 with heat and manure-water; and the 
 strength of your culture going chiefly 
 into the combs, these will be large, while 
 your plants will be small. Where extremely 
 dwarf plants are wanted, cut off young 
 plants a little below the comb ; insert the 
 part with the comb into a small pot, in 
 sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand- 
 glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very 
 rotten dung, but sweet. Temperature 
 when growing, GO to 85 by day ; 60 at 
 uight. 
 
 CE'LSIA. (Named after Professor Cel- 
 sius, of Upsal. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scro- 
 phulariaceffij. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia.} 
 
 Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed, 
 in March or April, and flowered in the greenhouse 
 during the summer, or in favourable positions 
 out of doors. The biennials require the protec- 
 tion of the cold pit during winter ; light, sandy, 
 open soil. 
 
 C. Arctu'rus (Arctarus). 4. Yellow. August. 
 Candia, 1780. Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 oetonicafo'lia (betony-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. N.Africa. Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 Coromanddia'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1783. Stove annual. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete. 
 
 1752. Halt-hardy biennial. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 1829. Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 luna'ta, (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 lanceola'tu (spear-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1816. Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown, yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1713. Hardy annual. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 CE'LTIS. Nettle-tree. (The name of 
 a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat. ord., 
 Elmworts [Ulmaceoo]. Linn., 23-Poly- 
 gamia i-Monoecia.) 
 
 Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and 
 
CEN 
 
 [ 105 ] 
 
 CEN 
 
 ;;ittings of ripe shoots, in autumn; common, 
 good soil. The East and West India species re- 
 quire protection ; but there seems little to recom- 
 mend in them over the European and North 
 American species, which are hardy. The wood of 
 austra'lis is extreme.y pliant. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 C. cane'scens (hoary). 40. Green, Mexico. 1840. 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Green. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 leeviga'ta (polished). 20. Green. April. Loui- 
 
 siana. 
 
 occidentals (wetm). 20. Green. April. 
 
 N. Ame.?. )656. 
 corda'ta (heart-Jeaced). 20. Green. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 scadri^scula(rough\sh). 20. Green. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820. 
 
 Touincfo'rti (Tournefort's> 8. Green. Le- 
 
 vant. 1739. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1/91. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1796. 
 
 li'ma (file-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). 10. Green. Au- 
 
 gust. Jamaica. 1/39. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 CENTAU'REA. Centaury. (The clas- 
 sical name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to 
 have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron 
 Chiron being one of the centaurs, or 
 war-horse breakers., of Thessaly. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [AsteraceEe]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.) 
 
 The Centaurys are so numerous that more than 
 twenty generic names have been applied to the 
 species. C. cya'nea and depre'ssa, or corn- 
 flowers, are much used in bouquets. Seeds of 
 most of them in the open border, in the end of 
 March. The tenderer ones may be raised on a 
 hotbed, transplanted to another \ a few might be 
 preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed desirable. 
 Common soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 C.Ada'mi (Adams's). 2. Yellow. July. Sibe- 
 ria. 1804. 
 
 America'na (American). 2. Red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1824. 
 
 A 'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. July. N.Africa. 
 
 1817. 
 
 arachnoi'dta (cobweb-likeX 3. Yellow. July. 
 Italy. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 benedi'cta (blessed-thistle). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Spain. 1548. 
 
 cancella'ta (latticed). 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1824. 
 
 Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1$. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836. 
 
 coarcta'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Africa. 182;. 
 
 crocody'lium (crocodylium). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Levant. 1777. 
 
 Crupi'na (Crupina). 3. Flesh. June. Italy. 
 
 1596. 
 
 Crupinoi'des (Crupina-like). 1. Copper. July. 
 
 N.Africa. 1818. 
 
 C. cya'nus (blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Britain. 
 fusea'ta (brownish). Yellow. July. Sardi- 
 nia. 1830. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. June 
 
 Caucasus. 1808. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 Li'ppii (Lippi's). 1. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Egypt. 1793. 
 
 Melite'nsis (Maltese). 1. Yellow, July. Malta. 
 
 1710. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple. 
 
 August. Persia. 1629. 
 
 napifo'lia( turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Candia. lo'Ql. 
 
 pallc'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1 81 C. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836. 
 
 pu'lchra (beautiful). 1. Bright crimson. June. 
 
 Cashmere. 1838. 
 
 Salma'ntica (Salamanca). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. Biennial. 
 
 Si'cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710. 
 
 solstitia'lis (solstitial. Barnaby's Thistle). 1. 
 
 Yellow. July. England. 
 
 Steve'nii (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 strami'neu (straw-coloured). I. Yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1801. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1C83. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-eo/owraJ). 1, Yellow. 
 
 July. 1815. 
 
 Torrea'na (Torre's). Ij. Purple. July. 
 
 Naples. 1830. 
 
 veru'tum (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Levant 
 
 1/80. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 C. JSgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. White. July. 
 Egypt. 1790. Herbaceous perennial. 
 iteii (silver-teawed). 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 Canriia. 1739- Evergreen shrub. 
 
 argu'ta (sharp-notched). August. Canaries. 
 
 1839. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 cinera'ria (grey -leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Italy. 1710. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1812. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July. Can- 
 
 dia. 1710. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Red, yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1683. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 spino'sa (prickly-branched). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Candia. 1640. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. acanthoi'des (acanthus-like). 2. Purple. July. 
 1827. 
 
 ala'ta (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Tartairy. 1781. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Spain. 
 
 1597. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640. 
 
 ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 pinnati'fida (leafleted). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1778. 
 
 a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. August. Soutfl 
 
 Europe. 1772. 
 
 Astraca'nica (Astracan). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Astracan. 1818. 
 
 atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3, Purple. Julr. 
 
 Hungary. 1802. 
 
CEN 
 
 [ 196 ] 
 
 CEN 
 
 C. art'rea (great-golden). 2. Yellow. August 
 South Europe. 1758. 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 2. Purple. August 
 
 Austria. 1815. 
 
 axilla' ris (axillary). 1. Purple. July. Austria 
 
 1823. 
 
 Babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7- Yellow. July 
 
 Levant. 1710. 
 
 Balsa'mita (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Syria. 1820. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2, Purple. July 
 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1817- 
 
 calci'trapa (star-thistle). 1. Pink. July. Eng- 
 
 - land. 
 
 calcitrapoi'des (calcitrapa-like). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Levant. 1683. 
 
 caloce'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Levant. 1816. 
 
 calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 capillafta (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1810. 
 
 centaur eoi'des (centaurea-like). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1/39- 
 
 centau'rium (great centaury). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. Italy. 15Q6. 
 
 cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 2. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 cichora'cea (endive-like). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1816. 
 -C!CMfa?/o'/m(cicuta-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1820. 
 ~ cine'rea (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 3. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 cariafcea (leathery-leaved) . 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1804. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Levant. 173Q- 
 
 crue'nta (crimson- leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1804. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 France. 1816. 
 
 declina'ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 France. 1815. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). 1. Blue. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 deu'sta (burned). 5. Dark red. August. Na- 
 
 ples. 1818. 
 
 dilu'ta (washed). 2. Pale purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1781. 
 
 dissefcta (deeply-cut-/eaerf). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Naples. 1823. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). 4. Yellow. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1820. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1823. 
 
 erio'phora (wool-bearing). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Portugal. 1714. 
 
 eriophy'lla (woolly- leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 1827. 
 
 fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. August. Barbary. 
 1790. 
 
 Fische'rii (Fischer's). 2. Blue. July. Russia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 flosculo'sa (many-floreted). 1. Purple. August. 
 Italy. 1818. 
 
 glastifo'Ha (woad-leaved), 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1/31. 
 
 C. hy' brida (hybrid). 1. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819- 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. Purple. August. Naples. 
 
 1822. 
 
 intyba'cea (succory-leaved). 2. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. South Europe. 1/78. 
 
 Isna'rch"(Isnard's). 1. Purplt:. July. Britain. 
 
 Jacobceufo'lia (Jacobaea-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1818. 
 
 Kartschia'na (Kartschi's). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Carniola. 1836. 
 
 leuca'ntha( white-flowered). 2. White. August. 
 
 South France. 1816. 
 
 leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 limba'ta (fringed). 3. Purple. July. Portugal. 
 
 1818. 
 
 lingula'ta (tongue-/eacd). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 maoroce'phala (large-headed). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1805. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted-/eai)ed). Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1816. 
 
 maculo'sa (spotted-ea/z/.mZ). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 181b'. 
 
 Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Purple. Julj. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 mo' His (soft}. 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 monta'na (mountain. Perennial blue-dottle'). 
 
 2. Blue. July. Austria. 1596. 
 
 murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1621. 
 
 myaca'ntha (mouse-thorn). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected). 3. Yellow. July. Fo- 
 
 dolia. 1820. 
 
 nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1815. 
 
 Nicae'nsis (Nice). 2. Yellow. July. Nice. 18)9. 
 
 ni'tens (sparkling). Purple. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 2- Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1801. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Yellow. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 oni'na (sheep's). 1. Purple. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1802. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 2. Purple. July. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1640. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Violet. June. 
 
 Barbary. 1823. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-edged). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 France. 1727. 
 
 peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1749. 
 
 Phry'gia (Swiss). 2. Purple. August. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1633. 
 
 ambi'gua (ambiguous). 2. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 potyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1804. 
 
 polymo'rpha (many-formed). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 181Q. 
 
 Pouzi'ni (Pouzin's;. 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 France. 1824. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). 2. Purple. July. France. 
 
 1817. 
 
 procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1821. Trailer. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow. July. 1804. 
 
 pulche'rrima (very beautiful). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1816. 
 
 pulla'ta (sad-looking). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1780. 
 
GEN 
 
 [ 197 ] 
 
 CEN 
 
 O, radia.'tx (rayed). 2. White. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 vefletxa (bent-back-spined). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Iberia. 1801. 
 
 re'pens( creeping) . 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1739. 
 
 rifgida (stiff). 1. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 rivula'ris (rivulet). 2. Brown. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 18)2. 
 
 Roma'na (Roman). 3. Red. July. Rome. 1739- 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 2. Yellow. July. Italy. 1806. 
 
 Ruthefnica (Russian). 3. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Russia. 1806. 
 
 sabulo'sn (sand). 1. White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloody). 2. Purple. July. ^7. 
 
 se'ridis (endive-leaved). 1. Purple. July. S^m. 
 
 1686. 
 
 Sessa'na (Sessane). 1. Blue, July. South 
 
 Europe. 181 6. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 
 sonchifo'lia (sow-thistle-leaved). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. Mediterranean. 1780. 
 -- so'rdida (sordid). 1. Purple. July. 1818. 
 
 spatula'ta (spatulate-teaued). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Naples. 1825. 
 
 spheeroce'phala (globe-headed). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 spinulo'sa (small-spined). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1826. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 3. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1597- 
 
 squarro'sa (wide-spreading). l. Purple. July. 
 
 Persia. 1836. 
 
 sterenphy'lla (stiff-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1820. 
 
 Sta'be (Stcebe). 1. Red, yellow. June. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1759. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. July. Hungary. 
 
 1816, 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Yellow. July. Tar- 
 
 tary. 1801. 
 
 tenuifo'tia (fine-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 transalpi'na (transalpine). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 trichoce'phala (hairy-headed). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1805. 
 
 trine'rvia (three- nerved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1816. 
 
 uligino'sa (marshv). 3. Yellow. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1816. 
 
 uniflo'ra (oiie-flowered). I. Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1819. 
 
 Vochinefnsis (Vochin). 2. Purple. July. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1817. 
 
 Weidmannia'na (Weidmann's). 2. Rose. July. 
 
 Natolia. 1836. 
 
 ganthi'na (yellow). 2. Yellow. 
 
 CENTKADE'NIA. (From kentron, a spur, 
 and aden, a gland; referring to a spur- 
 like gland on the anthers. Nat. orcl., 
 Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Lavoi- 
 biera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of side-shoots, in 
 March or April ; sandy loam one part, and rough 
 peat two parts ; a cool stove, or a warm green- 
 house. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 
 
 C. ro'sea (rose-coloured), i. Rosy-white. April. 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 CENTEA'NTHDS. (From kentron, a spur, 
 and antlios, a flower ; referring to a spur- 
 like process at the base of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Valerianworts [ValerianaceseJ. 
 Linn., I-Monandria %-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except C, calci'- 
 trapa. Seeds and divisions ; common soil. 
 C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Crimson. 
 June. South Europe. 1759. 
 
 calci'trapa (caltrop-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1683. Hardy annual. 
 
 ru'ber (red). 2. Crimson. June. Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). 2. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 CENTEOCLI'NIUM. (From kentron, a 
 sharp point, and Mine, a bed. Nat. ord., 
 Composites. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2-Su- 
 perflua.) 
 
 Stove plants. Seeds and cuttings, in heat; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., SO 
 to 75; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. appre'ssum (close-pressed-seated). 2. Rosy. 
 January. Peru. 1836. Evergreen. 
 
 refle'xum (bent-back-scated)- 2. Rosy. Au- 
 
 gust. Peru. 1830. Annual. 
 
 CENTKOPO'GON. (From kentron, a spur, 
 and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the 
 fringe which envelopes the stigma. Nat. 
 ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the acid poisonous qualities 
 assigned to Lobeliads, it is asserted that the soft 
 fruit of the Centropo'gon Surinamt'nsis is eatable. 
 Herbaceous perennials. Divisions of roots ; sandy 
 peat, and rich, fibry loam; moisture and heat 
 when growing, and comparative dryness and a low 
 temperature when at rest. The Surinam species 
 will require a few degrees higher temperature in 
 winter than the others. 
 C. cordifo'lium (heart -leaved). Rose. June. 
 
 Guatimala. 1839. Stove. 
 fastuo'sum (proud). 2. Rose. November. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Rose. November. 
 
 Surinam. 1786. Stove. 
 
 CENTROSOLE'KIA. (From kentron, a 
 sharp point, and solen, a tubo ; referring 
 to the form of the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Natives of tropical America. Require a warm, 
 moist stove. Soil, equal parts of peat, leaf-mould, 
 and sand; good drainage, and little water in 
 winter. Cuttings in a warm frame, without a 
 bell-glass. 
 
 C. bracte'scens (bractescent). 2. White. Jane. 
 New Grenada. 1852. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth-teamed). 1. White. October. 
 
 La Guayra. 1846. 
 
 pi'cta (painted-teaued). White. Banks of 
 
 Amazon. 1851. 
 
 CENTROSTE'MMA. (From kentron, a spur, 
 and stemon, a stamen ; referring to a horn, 
 or spur-like process on the stamens of 
 Asclepiads. Nat. ord., Asclepiuds [Ascle- 
 
CEP 
 
 [198 ] 
 
 CEK 
 
 piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %-D'ujy- 
 
 nia. Allied to Hoya.) 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of rather firm 
 
 shoots root freely in sand, under a bell-glass, with 
 
 bottom-heat; fibry peat and sandy loam, with 
 
 rubbly charcoal to keep the soil open. Summer 
 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 C.rejle'xum (bent-back). 2. August. Cream. 
 Manilla. 1838. It is also called Hoy'a 
 coria'cea and Cyrtufceras reflefxum. 
 
 CEPHAE'LIS. (From kephale, a head ; in 
 reference to the arrangement of the 
 flowers in heads, or corymbs. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Psy- 
 ch otr a.) 
 
 The Ipecacuanha of the shops is the root of C. 
 ipecucuu'nha, a half-herbaceous plant, with 
 creeping roots, growing in the damp, shady fo- 
 rests of Brazil. Stove plants. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in moist 
 bottom-heat. Sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. a'lba (white). Pale pink. April. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 axilla'ris (axillary). 4. White. April. Brazil. 
 
 1816. 
 
 cla'ta (tall). 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). Blue, April. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucrated). C. White. July. 
 
 Guiana, 1826. 
 
 ipecacua'nha (ipecacuanha). . White. Janu- 
 
 ary. Brazil. 1830,. 
 
 muscn'sa (mossy). White. May. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 peduncula- 'ta (Jon^-flower-stalked). 2. White. 
 
 February. Sierra Leone. 
 
 puni'caa (scarlet-involucred). 3. White. 
 July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-/rutfed). 1. White, pur- 
 
 ple. May. Trinidad. 1821. 
 
 Swa'rtzii(Swartz's). 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. August. 
 
 Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 viola'cea (violet- berried), 1. White. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 CEPHALANTHE'RA. (From kephale, a 
 head, and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 -Gy nan- 
 dria \-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.) 
 
 Hardy terrestrial orchids. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 C. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). . White. June. 
 Britain. 
 
 pa'llens (pale). 1. White. June. Britain. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 CEPHALA'NTHUS. Button -wood. (From 
 kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower; 
 flowers disposed in heads heing a general 
 characteristic of this order. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4- 
 Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Sper- 
 macoce). 
 
 The Button- wood grows in marshy places, from 
 Canada to Florida, and prefers a damp, peat bed 
 in this country. Hardy deciduous shrub. Cut- 
 tings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in the 
 beginning of autumn ; layers also, Sandy loam, 
 with vegetable mould or peat. 
 
 C. occidenta 1 Us (western). 7. White, August* 
 
 N. Amer. 1735. 
 brachypo'dus (short-stalked). White. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 
 
 CEPHALO'TUS. (From kephalotes, head- 
 ed ; in reference to the simple scape, or 
 flower-stalk, bearing a compound ter- 
 minal spike. Nat. ord., doubtful. Dr. 
 Lindley believes "the genus will fall 
 into the ranks of the Crowfoots." 
 
 This is the New Holland Pitcher-plant, found 
 growing in the marshes of King George's Sound. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets. Chop- 
 ped sphagnum, peat, earth, and broken pots, well 
 drained, and carefully watered ; a bell-glass kept 
 over it, and frequently cleaned. Summer temp., 
 
 60 to 75 
 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 1. White. N. Hoi- 
 
 C.follicula'ris (follicled). 
 land. 1822. 
 
 CEPHALOTA'XUS. (From fopftaZe, ahead,, 
 and taxus, the yew ; referring to the ge- 
 neral appearance of these trees. Nat. 
 ord., Taxads [Taxaceee]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 13-Polyandria. Allied to Phyllo- 
 cladus.) 
 
 These are the Japanese Yews lately set apart 
 from the old yews by Dr. Sieboldt, the Japan 
 traveller, and Zuccarini, in their work called Flora 
 Japonica, Hardy evergreens. 
 
 C. drupa'cea (berry-bearing). 12 to 20 feet. 
 Japan. 1844. 
 
 Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 60 feet. Japan. 
 
 1848. 
 
 pedunctila'ta (stalked-fruited. LordHarring* 
 
 ton's Yew). Japan. 1837. 
 
 CERA'DIA. (From Jceras, a hom ; re- 
 ferring to the disposition of the spiny 
 branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- 
 acese]. Linn., I9~Sy)>genesia2-Supeiflua. 
 Allied to Cremocephalum.) 
 
 We keep this botanical curiosity as a sample of 
 the scanty vegetation of the Island of Ichaboe, 
 of guano notoriety ; and we are told, by an offi- 
 cer of our navy, that when the plants are walked 
 over in the evening the bruised stems emit a 
 frankincense-scent. It succeeds best planted out 
 on a sunny border in summer, and requires the 
 protection of a greenhouse in winter. Cuttings 
 of the branches. Sandy soil, with a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55 6 . 
 
 C.furea'ta (forked). Pale yellow. January. 
 Africa. 1844. 
 
 CERANTHE'RA. (From %eras, a horn, 
 and anthera, an anther; alluding to a 
 horny point on the anthers. Nat. ord., 
 Violetworts [Violacead], Linn., 5-Pcn- 
 tandria 1-Mon.ogynia.) 
 
 This should have been united to Alsodeia. 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass, in a brisk bottom-heat ; light, 
 fibry loam. Summer temp., 65 to 80; winter, 
 48 to 55. 
 
 C. subintegrifo'lia. (almost-entire-leaved). 6. 
 White. June. Guinea. 1824. 
 
 CEEAPTEEYX GEAMINIS. The Antler 
 
CEK 
 
 C 
 
 CEft 
 
 Moth. We have seen enough to render 
 us quite ready to assent to Mr. Kirby's 
 observation, that it is " the greatest enemy 
 of our pastures." Fortunately, it is of 
 rare occurrence in this country. It is 
 the Chareas and Bombyx yraminis of 
 some entomologists. This moth, repre- 
 sented of its largest size in our drawing, 
 
 is generally altogether of a grey-brown 
 colour, with a slender, whitish line run- 
 ning from the base of the fore-wing along 
 its centre vein, and following along its 
 branches. Another whitish line runs 
 along near each edge of the fore-wing ; 
 near the point of the wing is a row of 
 triangular, dark spots. There are also 
 two dark, kidney-shaped spots near the 
 front edge. The hind-wings are yellow- 
 ish-brown, with a dark circular spot in 
 the centre of each, and various dusky 
 bars. The caterpillar is green, with 
 brown spots, and smooth. In the few 
 instances it has been found in this coun- 
 try it appeared in June. Mr. Kirby says, 
 " It is said not to touch the foxtail grass. 
 In the years 1740-41-42-48-49, they mul- 
 tiplied so prodigiously, and committed 
 such ravages, in many provinces of Swe- 
 den, that the meadows became white and 
 dry, as if a fire had passed over them. 
 In 1759, and again in 1802, the high 
 sheep-farms in Tweedale were dreadfully 
 infested with a caterpillar, which was 
 probably the larva of this moth. Spots 
 a mile square were totally covered with 
 them, and the grass devoured to the 
 root." The Cottage Gardener, v. 1. 
 
 CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 (From keras, a horn ; from the form of 
 the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cloveworts 
 [Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 
 4L-Pentagynia.) 
 
 There arc many annuals of this genus, all 
 unworthy of cultivation ; but the following hardy 
 trailing perennials are ornamental. They are 
 easily propagated by divisions in the spring ; will 
 grow in any light, moderately rich soil, and are 
 all white-flowered. 
 
 C. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). $. June. Cau- 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish) . July. 1831. 
 
 Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). . June. Siberia* 
 
 Scara'ni (Scarani's). $. July. Naples. 
 
 CE'EASUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus, 
 a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the 
 cherry was brought to Home by Lucullus. 
 Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese]. 
 Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Besides the cultivated cherry, the genus Cera- 
 sus includes species which contain virulent poi- 
 sons, chiefly in their leaves and fruit-kernels. 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where 
 otherwise specified. Seeds sown when the fruit 
 is ripe, or mixed up with three or four parts their 
 bulk of dry sand, and frequently turned, to pre- 
 vent sprouting, and sown in the March following ; 
 also by layers and cuttings from the roots, and 
 from suckers; particular varieties by budding and 
 grafting ; deep soil, rather sandy. 
 
 C. affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe. 1837. 
 
 a'vium (Birds'. Corone). 50. White. April. 
 
 England. 
 macroca'rpa (large-/?wrpte-fruited). 50. 
 
 White. April. Switzerland. 
 mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 15. White. 
 
 April. 
 pu'llida (pale and red-fruited}. 20. 
 
 White. April. 
 sylve'stris (wood). 50. White. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 borea'lis (northern. Choke). 20. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 15. White. May. 
 
 Canada. 1820. 
 
 caproniu'na (hautbois). 20. White. April. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 cordi'gera (Gwzg'ne-heart-bearing). 20. 
 
 White. April. South of Europe. 
 Gobbe'tta (GobettaL-white-flesh). 20. 
 
 White. April. 
 Grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White. April. 
 
 Montmorencia'na (Montmorency). 20. 
 
 White. April. 
 mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 12. White. 
 
 April. 
 palle'scens (pale. Ceramble). 20. White. 
 
 April. 
 persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 20. White. 
 
 April. 
 
 poly'gyna (many-pistiled. Cera bouquet}. 
 
 20. White. April. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 10. White. 
 
 April. 
 
 Caroliniu'na (Carolina. Evergreen bird). 30. 
 
 White. May. Carolina. 1750. 
 
 chameece'rasus (ground-cherry). 8. White. 
 
 May. Austria. 1597. 
 
 Chica'sa (Chicasaw plum). 8. White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). 10. White. 1842. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed. Sand). 4. White. 
 
 May. South of Europe. 1805. 
 
 dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 cordi'gera (heart-bearing). 20. White. 
 
 April. 
 mammilla'ris (nippled). 20. White. 
 
 April. 
 obtusa'ta (blunted). 20. White. April. 
 
 hyema'lis (winter. Black-choke). 4. White. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1805. 
 
CEE 
 
 L 200 ] 
 
 CEE 
 
 C. Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan. 
 1810. 
 
 flo're-ple'no - a'lba (white - double - flow- 
 ered). 2. White. March. North of 
 China. 1845. 
 
 mu'ltiplex (double). 4. Pink. April. 
 
 Japan. 1810. 
 
 Julia'na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 Heaumea'na (helmeted). 15. White. 
 
 April. 
 . pe'ndula (pendulous). 10. White. 
 
 April. South of Europe. 1821. 
 
 lauroccfrasiis (common - laurel - cherry). 12. 
 
 White. April. Levant. 1629. Evergreen. 
 angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 8. White. 
 
 April. Evergreen. 
 variega'tus (variegated - leaved). 12. 
 
 White. April. Evergreen. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portugal-Lwwre/). 20. White. 
 
 May. Portugal. 164S. Evergreen. 
 
 Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April. 
 
 Austria. 1714. Evergreen. 
 fru'ctu-fla'vo (yellow-fruited). 20. White. 
 
 May. South of Europe. 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 20. White. 
 
 June. South of Europe. 
 
 Mara'scha (Marascha). White. April. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1827. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy. 
 
 octidenta'lis (West - Indian). 20. White. 
 
 Jamaica. 16-2Q. Stove evergreen. 
 
 pa'dus (bird-cherry). 50. White. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 arge'ntea (silv&r-blotched). 20. White. 
 
 April. 1846. 
 atteMd#/o'/ia(aucuba-leaved). 20. White. 
 
 April. 1845. 
 bracteo'sa (/on^-bracted). 30. White. 
 
 April. Europe. 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White 
 
 April. 1845. 
 
 ., parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 30. White. 
 
 April. North of Europe. 
 ru'bra(reA. Cornish bird). 30. White 
 
 April. Britain. 
 vulga'ris (common). 30. White. April 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1773. 
 
 persicifoiia (peach-leaved). 8. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). 1. Pink. April. Crete 
 
 1802. 
 
 pseu'do-ce'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6. White 
 
 April. China. 1821. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 12. White. April. N 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 2. White. May. N. Amer 
 
 1756. 
 
 pygmeefa (pigmy). 4. White. May. N. Amer 
 
 1838, 
 
 sali'cinus (wiHow-teowd). 4. White. April 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 20. White 
 
 April. China. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 sessiliflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). 20 
 
 White. April. 
 
 sero'tinus (late. American bird). 30. White 
 
 June. N. Amer. lfi2Q. 
 
 retu'sus (blunt-Zeaed). 30. May. S. Amer 
 
 serrula'ta (saw- edge- leaved). 4. White 
 
 April. China. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 sph<froca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. White. June 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. Stove evergreen. 
 
 ?. Susqueha'nna (Susquehanna). White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 Virginiafna, (Virginian). 30. White. May. 
 
 Virginia. 1724. 
 
 CHERRY CULTURE. All our cultivated 
 cherries appear to be derived, by the aid 
 yf various crosses, from Cc'rasusdura'cina, 
 Tulia'na, and capronia'na. 
 
 DESSERT FRUIT. 
 
 1 Early Purple Guigne May. 
 
 2 Early Duke b, June. 
 
 3 Royal Duke e. June. 
 
 4 Elton m. June. 
 
 5 Florence m. Aug. 
 
 6 Late Duke e. Ana?. 
 
 7 Morello b. Kept. 
 
 8 Biittaer's October Morelio e. Sept. 
 
 FOE PRESERVING. 
 
 9 Kentish e. Aug. 
 
 . For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ; 
 these, however, are equally adapted for 
 walls. For forcing take the Early Duke. 
 This is so well adapted, both on account 
 of its earliness and fine bearing, that few 
 of the other kinds are ever used for this 
 purpose. Some of the others would suc- 
 ceed very well, and the Tartarian has 
 been pointed to by some as very eligible. 
 
 In addition to the above the following 
 are in good repute : Werder's Black 
 Heart; Black Eagle; Bigarreau; Tarta- 
 rian ; Downton ; and the new kind, Heine 
 Hortense. 
 
 Propagation. Both budding and graft- 
 ing are resorted to; the former is the 
 safest plan to avoid gum. The stocks used 
 are those of the wild cherry for ordinary 
 standards, or wall-trees ; but, for a dwarf- 
 ing-system, it has become customary, of 
 late, to use the Ce'rasus Maha'leb, or 
 Perfumed Cherry so called on account 
 of the agreeable perfume emitted by the 
 wood whilst burning. In France this is 
 called Bois de St. Lucia, and this has 
 long been used as stocks. In addition to 
 its promoting a dwarf habit, it is said to 
 be adapted to very ordinary soils, totally 
 unfit for the common cherry-stock. It is 
 the usual practice to obtain the Mahaleb 
 from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will 
 answer equally well. The ordinary 
 cherry-stocks are raised from seed, gene- 
 rally obtained from trees of the same 
 kind. They are preserved in sand through 
 the winter, and sown in February. Care 
 must be taken to preserve, them from the 
 mice. They may be transplanted, in the 
 following October, in rows two feet apart 
 in the row. For dwarfs they may b* 
 budded the following season; but, if 
 
CEE 
 
 [ 201 ] 
 
 CER 
 
 standards are required, they must stand 
 until they acquire the desired height. 
 
 Soil. A deep and mellow loam, rather 
 sandy, is best adapted to the cherry. It 
 will, however, succeed in any ordinary 
 garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in charac- 
 ter, and one which parts freely with 
 superfluous moisture. 
 
 'Wall culture in growing period. The 
 first operation commences in the disbud- 
 ding, stopping, and laying in of the young 
 shoots : this will be in the early part of 
 June. Gross fore-right shoots may at 
 once be displaced, unless required to 
 fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to 
 their becoming permanent stock, it will 
 suffice to pinch off their points when four 
 or five inches long. 
 
 The kinds differ so much in size of 
 foliage that a difference becomes neces- 
 sary in the distance at which the young 
 wood is trained. This must be ruled by 
 the size of the leaves. Such as the 
 Bigarreau must be kept at least five 
 inches apart; the Morello section may be 
 placed from two to four inches apart. One 
 of the main points is to destroy the 
 aphides in time ; they are almost sure to 
 infest the trees before midsummer. 
 
 Culture in rest period. The cherry, in 
 general, requires less culture than most 
 of our hardy fruits; and this because it 
 produces so little breast-wood. If the 
 summer management has been duly 
 attended to, there will be little to perform 
 during the rest period. 
 
 The remaining portion of the snags, or 
 bases of the young shoots, which were 
 pinched back in June, must now be 
 pruned back to within two inches of the 
 branch, unless required to furnish a blank 
 space. Any late-made, immature-looking 
 wood may be shortened to where solid ; 
 but no other shortening is required with 
 bearing trees. All the shortening requi- 
 site, in order to multiply shoots to furnish 
 the wall, should be done within three 
 jears after their transplanting. There 
 will, however, be mostly a few shoots to 
 be entirely removed in the winter's prun- 
 ing ; and, in doing this, regard must be 
 paid to the distance previously given. 
 
 Uses,howto keep,d;c. We need scarcely 
 point to the dessert section. The Mo- 
 rellos are famous as "brandy- cherries." 
 The Kentish has the peculiar property of 
 slipping from the stone, and, when dried, 
 making a delightful confection ; and, in- 
 deed, most of them are of great use for 
 
 confectionary purposes. The pulp of 
 some makes a very good wine ; and irx 
 Germany a liqueur is made from the 
 kernel and pulp, bruised and fermented, 
 known by the name of Kirschwasser. 
 
 The keeping of cherries on the trees is, 
 indeed, the great obstacle to their much- 
 extended culture. Were it not for this, 
 cherries would be an every-day affair from 
 the end of May until the end of October. 
 The birds are their greatest enemies, and 
 next to them the wasps. For preserva- 
 tion from birds there is nothing like good 
 nets ; but, as it takes much netting to 
 cover an ordinary tree, a dwarfing-system 
 should be had recourse to, by which 
 means much fruit may be preserved in a 
 little space. By strict preservation we 
 have had the May Duke in use from the 
 beginning of June until the middle of 
 August; the Late Duke from the latter 
 period until the end of September; and 
 the Morello from the close of September 
 until the end of October, or even later. 
 The wasps are by far the most difficult to 
 manage. We have, however, kept these 
 at bay, for a few weeks, by covering the 
 bushes with some material like Scotch 
 gauze. 
 
 Disease. We are not aware of any 
 positive disease in the cherry, excepting 
 the gum. This is an exudation ot gummy 
 matter, which generally follows a wound 
 or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks 
 out spontaneously. The best way to 
 avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate 
 quality. In general, a light, maiden loam 
 is good enough, without adding a particle 
 of manure or vegetable matter. See 
 
 EXTEAVASATED SAP. 
 
 Insects. The Black Aphis (see APHIS) 
 is the greatest enemy, and next the Red 
 Spider. (#* AoiKUS.) The wall and wood 
 of the trees should be washed annually, 
 in the rest season, with soft-soap water, 
 six ounces to a gallon, adding plenty of 
 lime, soot, and sulphur. When the 
 aphides attacis the young shoots in sum- 
 mer, there is no better plan than to dip 
 each in a bowl of tobacco-water just be- 
 fore they are trained. 
 
 Winter pruning of Standards. Very 
 little is requisite with standards. Like all 
 other fruit-trees, they are apt to produce 
 an inconvenient amount of young spray, 
 in the interior o-' the tree especially. All 
 shoots of this character should be dressed 
 away during the rest season, and all that 
 are obviously not placed in a position to 
 
CEK 
 
 202 ] 
 
 CEK 
 
 receive the influence of light and air. 
 Most of these must be spurred back, 
 leaving a couple of inches of the base, 
 which generally becomes a nucleus of 
 spurs; and, although not well placed to 
 produce fruit of the highest amount of 
 flavour, yet they are sometimes of im- 
 portance in inclement seasons ; for we 
 not unfrequently find a sprinkling of 
 fruit in such situations, when all round 
 the outside is barren. Orchard cherry- 
 trees, which have to receive nets occa- 
 sionally, will, as strength increases, re- 
 quire the removal of some of the coarsest 
 and most unyielding shoots; for, were 
 they permitted to extend themselves 
 without control, the amount of netting 
 required to cover them would become a 
 rather serious item, and a drawback on 
 their culture. Such unruly shoots, there- 
 fore, should be timely removed ; for am- 
 putations of the large limbs should al- 
 ways be avoided in the cherry, and, in- 
 deed, in all trees liable to extravasation 
 of sap. By a timely removal of such 
 shoots, and by the occasional use of rope- 
 yarn, or other fastenings, the tree may 
 be kept in a somewhat compact form. 
 
 CERATI'OLA. (From a diminutive of 
 Jcerus, a horn ; in reference to the stigma 
 radiating into four divisions like little 
 horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord., 
 Croivberries [Empetraceffi]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 1-Monandria.) 
 
 The Crowberries are a small group of little 
 bushes, with heath-like leaves, which are ever- 
 green. The most of them inhabit the bleak arid 
 in 
 
 hospitable regions both in Europe and in I 
 merica. Half-hardy under-shrub. Cuttin 
 
 North 
 igs in 
 
 sandy soil, under a glass, in a mild bottom-heat. 
 Sandy peat, and a little very fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 4S. 
 
 C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Brown. June. N. 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 CERATODA'CTYLIS. (From Jceras, a horn, 
 and dactylos, a finger; alluding to the 
 divisions of the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese], Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 
 I-Filices. This ought to have been united 
 to Allosorus.) 
 
 Stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. osmundoi'des (osmunda-like). Brown. June. 
 Mexico. 
 
 CEEATO'NIA. Carob-tree. (From Jceras, 
 a horn; in reference to the shape of 
 the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 
 2-Dicecia. Allied to Gleditschia.) 
 This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scrip- 
 
 ture. " The dry pulp in which the seeds are 
 buried is very nutritious, and is supposed to hare 
 been the food of St. John in the wilderness ; 
 wherefore it is called the Locust-tree, and St. 
 John's Bread." Lindley. The North American 
 Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West In- 
 dies, are different from each other, and from the 
 Locust-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree, hardly 
 worth culture. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a hand-glass. Sandy loam. 
 C. si'liqua (podded). 15. Red, yellow. Septem- 
 ber. Levant. 1570. 
 
 CERATOPE'TALDM. Bed Gum-tree. 
 (From keras, a horn, andp<?/a/on, a petal ; 
 the petals being jagged, or like a stag's 
 horn. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunonia- 
 cea3J. Linn., 1Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass, 
 in sand ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 55* 
 to 75 ; winter, 35 to 45. 
 
 C. gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow. N. 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 CERATOSTE'HA. (From keras, a horn, 
 and sterna, a stamen. Nat. ord., Cran- 
 berries [Vacciniaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Decan- 
 dria \-Monorjynia. Allied to Thibaudia 
 and Cavendishia.) 
 
 Stove plant. Divisions ; layers. Peaty soil. 
 C. longifto'rum (long-flowered). Crimson. Peru. 
 1846, 
 
 CE'RBERA. (Named after the fabled 
 dog, Cerberus. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- 
 cynacese]. Linn., 5-Peniandria 1-Moiio- 
 gynia. Allied to Plumiera.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather 
 ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a glass, 
 and in bottom-heat. Rich, fibry loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 C. Ahou'al (Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1/39. 
 fructico'sa (shrubby). 4. Red. May. Pegu. 
 
 1819. 
 
 macula 1 to, (spotted). 4. White. June. Eour- 
 
 bon. 1782. 
 
 ora'ta (egs-leaved). 3. Yellow. New Spain. 
 
 Tiieve'tia (Thevetia). 12. Yellow. June. 8. 
 
 Amer. 1/35. 
 
 Thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). 8. Yellow. June. 
 
 New Spain. 1800. 
 
 CE'ECIS. Judas-tree. (From Jterkis, 
 a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo- 
 phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-jbecandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 The wood of C. siliqua' strum is beautifully 
 veined, and takes a good polish. Hardy deci- 
 duous trees. Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in 
 spring; hardened off, and pricked out into a shel- 
 ;ered situation ; the varieties by grafting. In the 
 south of the island they do well in sheltered 
 laces, on a lawn ; in the north, they require a 
 wall. 
 C. Canadefnsis (Canadian). 13. Pale red. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1730. 
 pube'scens (downy). 18. Pale red. May. 
 
CEB 
 
 [ 203 ] 
 
 CEP. 
 
 C. ailiqua'strum (cylindrical-podded. Common 
 
 Judas-tree). 20. Red. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 20. White. 
 
 May. South Europe. 
 .. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 20. Purple. 
 
 Hay. Bucharia. 1827. 
 
 -CERCOCA'EPUS. (From Jterkos, a shut- 
 tlecock, and carpos, & fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Boseworts [Kosaceee]. Linn., 12-Jcosa/z- 
 dria \-Mono(jynia. Allied to Geum and 
 Pursbia.) 
 
 There is no unwholesome plant in this order ; 
 and the strawberry, raspberry, and the black- 
 berry of the bramble, are the nearest plants in 
 affinity to the rose itself. Then come the Poten- 
 tilla, Geum, and Agrimonia, among which stands 
 Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and Quil- 
 laiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings 
 of green shoots in sand, under a glass, in a little 
 heat. Peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 C. Pother gilloi'des (Fothergilla-like). 12. Purple. 
 May. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 CE'KEUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus, 
 waxy ; referring to the fact that some of 
 the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while- 
 others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat. 
 ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosundria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young 
 shoots ; the latter are the best, if the base of the 
 cutting is well dried. Instead of inserting them 
 firmly in sand, they do best when laid among 
 rough material, such as peat charcoal, leaf -mould, 
 and brick and lime-rubbish. They aie generally 
 described as stove plants ; but, unless when they 
 are just making their wood, they will endure a 
 Tery low temperature, if kept dry. Unless for 
 the winter-flowering varieties, and those desired 
 to bloom at that season, no water will be requi- 
 site from October to March, if kept cool. Sandy 
 loam, turfy peat, half-parts of lime-rubbish and 
 dried cow-dung. Water freely when growing, 
 and when in bloom. Summer temp., 55 to 85 ; 
 winter, 35 to 50. 
 C. ffi'thiops (black-spmcd). Brazil. 1829. 
 
 affi'nis (related). White. 
 
 aAbiseto'sus (white-bristled. Trailing). 2. St. 
 
 Domingo. 1816. 
 
 albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white. July. 
 
 1827- 
 
 amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1836. 
 
 arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835. 
 
 au'reus (golden-s/wierf). S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 baxa'rius (clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 bifo'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras. 1840. 
 
 Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). 
 
 eocci'neus (scarlet). Scarlet. September. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 cecrult'scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil. 
 
 1829. 
 
 crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 cyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 179Q, 
 
 De'/>j0ei (Deppe's). i. p er u. 1799. 
 
 ebu'rneus (irory). 3. S. Araer. 1813. 
 
 erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835. 
 
 euphorbioi'des (euphorbia-like). 3. S. Amer. 
 
 C. exte'nsus (lo^g-stemmed), 6. Pale rose. Au 
 gust. Trinidad. 
 
 Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, green. 1829. 
 fe>rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827- 
 fimbria'his (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1836. 
 
 flagellifo'rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping Cereus}. 
 
 Pink. Peru. 1690. 
 
 fiavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. W. Ind. 
 
 formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1834. 
 
 fuluispino'sus (tawny-spined). 3. S. Amer. 
 
 1796. 
 
 gcmma'tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender long-spined) . S. Amer. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (great-flowering. 'Night-blooming 
 
 Cereus). White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700^ 
 
 gra'ndis (great-s/nnerf). 3. Brazil. 
 
 gri'seus (grey). 3. Grey. S. Amer. 1809. 
 
 Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees. 1811. 
 
 heptugo'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1728. 
 
 hexago'nus (six-angled). 36. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Surinam. 1690. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 hy'stric (porcupine). S. Amer. 1808. 
 
 Jarnaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil. 1 835. 
 
 Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May. Guiana. 
 
 1834. 
 
 lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. September- 
 
 S. Amer. 1830. 
 
 Leea'nus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red. Mexico. 
 
 Lemai'rii (Lemaire's). Yellow and white. 
 
 June. 1854. 
 
 le'ptophis (slender). White, purple. 1835. 
 
 . 1. 
 Mendoza. 1830. 
 
 . , . . 
 
 leuca'nthus (white-spined). 1. White, pink. 
 
 MacDo'naldie(Mrs.Ma.cDon&l&'s great night- 
 
 flowering Cereus). Yellow and white. 
 July. 1851. 
 
 ma'gnus (great). 3. White. June. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1829. 
 
 Martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 monoclo'nos (single -branched). 20. Rose, 
 
 white. June. Caribbees. 
 
 monstro'sus (monstrous). Red, white. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. 
 
 mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1829. 
 
 myosu'rus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828. 
 
 myrinphy'llus (thousand-leaved). Brown. 1815. 
 
 Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white. 
 
 1834. 
 
 ni'ger (black). 3. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 ~- no'bilis (noble). 3. Pink. W.Ind. 1811. 
 
 ochroleu'cus (cream-coloured). Striped. 8. 
 
 Amer. 1835. 
 
 ova'tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827. 
 
 oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pink. Brazil. 1629. 
 
 oxvpe' talus (sharp - petaled). Red. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1828. 
 
 panicula'tus (panicled). White, red. St. 
 
 Domingo. 1827. 
 
 pcntago'nua (five-angled). 3. White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1/69. 
 
 Peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August. 
 
 Peru. 1728. 
 
 Pitajay'a _(Pitajaya). 6. White. Carthagena. 
 
 polygo'nus (many-angled). 10. White. ChUi. 
 
 quadrangula'ris (four-angled). White. W.. 
 
 Ind, 1809- Creeper. 
 
CER 
 
 [ 204] 
 
 GET 
 
 C. ramo'sus (branched). July. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 rega'lis (royal). 10. White. S. Amer. 
 
 repa'ndus (waved-/eayed). 20. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1728. 
 
 rosa'ceus (rosy;. Rose. 1826. 
 
 Roye'ni Royen's). 2. White. S. Amer. 1728. 
 
 seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, purple. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 sple'ndidus (splendid). Scarlet. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1831. 
 
 stri'ctus (erect). 3. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 subrepa'ndus (sub-waved-/eat>ed). 3. 1817. 
 te'nuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper. 
 
 tetraca'ntha (four- spined). Hose. July. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. Ju'y. 
 
 S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 triangula'ris (triangular-stemmed). 1. \Vhite. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1590. 
 
 trigo'nus (triangular-stemmed). J. White. 
 
 S. Amer. 1809. 
 
 tri'queter (three-sided). 3. S. Amer. 1704. 
 
 tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830. 
 
 tunica'tus (tunicated). Brazil. 1832. 
 
 unda'tus (waved). China. 1829. 
 
 There are many other species named in bo- 
 tanical works ; but as little is known of them but 
 their names, and they are probably synonymous 
 with some of those we have retained, we have 
 omitted them until more certainly known. Cefreus 
 speciosi'ssimus and some others have been joined 
 to Cactus. 
 
 CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From yteros, 
 wax, and anthos, a flower ; referring to its 
 being a favourite flower with bees. Nat. 
 ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese]. Linn., 
 6-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An- 
 chusa.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, except C. macula' ta. All by 
 seeds, in common soil. Macula' ta requires a dry 
 soil, or its fleshy roots decay. 
 C. alpi'na (alpine). Pale yellow. June. Carpa- 
 thian Mountains. 1827. 
 
 a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 South France. 1633. 
 
 macula' ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July. 
 
 South France. 1804. Perennial. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. South 
 
 France. 15Q6. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Austria. 1570. 
 
 reto'rta (twisted). 2. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Levant. 1825. 
 
 CESOPE'GIA. (From Jceros, wax, and 
 pege, a fountain; referring to tbe form 
 and waxy appearance of the flower. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacess] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Hoya.) 
 
 Cuttings of small side-shoots in April, in sand, 
 Under a glass, and a little heat ; sandy loam, fibry 
 peat, and a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Sum- 
 mer temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55 ; giving 
 the East Indian species the most heat. More 
 curious than beautiful. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. White. June. 1817. 
 Evergreen twiner. 
 
 C. austra'lis (southern). 3. N. Holland. 1820. 
 Evergreen twiner. 
 
 sinua'ta (wavy-edged). S. Pale red. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Evergreen 
 twiner. 
 
 staphelicefo'rmis (staphelia-formed). 4. Purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Ever- 
 green trailer. 
 
 torulo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 . acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. Purple. July. 
 Coromandel. 1820. Tuber. 
 
 Africa'na (African). 6. Yellow, July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1821. Trailer. 
 
 dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. White. July. 
 
 . Ind. 1804. Evergreen. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 20. Purple. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1828. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 ju'ncea (rushy). 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). Purple. September. 
 
 Bombay. 1833. Deciduous climber. 
 
 ocula'ta (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red- 
 
 spotted. September. Bombay. 1842. 
 Deciduous twiner. 
 
 Thwaite'sii (Mr. Thwaites's). 23. Red, yellow, 
 
 green. September. Ceylon. 1851. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 8. Red, green. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1821. Tuberous perennial. 
 
 vincacfo'lia (vinca-leaved). 20. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Bombay. 1837. Evergreen 
 twiner. 
 
 Wri'ghtii (Dr. Wright's). 20. Green, purple. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1832. Deciduous climber. 
 
 CE 'STRUM. (An ancient Greek name 
 for another plant. Nat. ord., Nightshades 
 [Solanaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Habrothamnus. ) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, in heat, in April ; peat and 
 loam. Of easy culture. With the exception of 
 tincto'rium, which is used for dyeing, and the 
 few others we have selected, none are worth culti- 
 vating, being chiefly poisonous plants of no 
 beauty. There are fifteen other species. Those 
 we have described are stove evergreen shrubs, 
 with the exception of C. ro'seum, which is a 
 greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 C. alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). 6. Yellowish. 
 March. Trinidad. 1824, 
 
 auranti'acum (orange-coloured-./?OM,'ered). S. 
 
 Orange. Guatimala. 1842. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 6. White. June. 
 
 Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 ro'seum (rose-coloured-cowered). 3. Rose. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 subero'sum (cork-ar&ed). 5. Sulphur. June. 
 
 1815. 
 
 tincto'rium (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas. 
 
 1823. 
 
 OETONIA AURATA. Golden Eose- 
 Beetle. This insect is the Scarabatts 
 auratus of some naturalists. The grub 
 is of a dirty-white colour, and tbe tail- 
 end thicker and more highly glazed than 
 the remainder of its body. It is usually 
 found in decayed wood ; but, being occa- 
 sionally discovered in the nest of the ant, 
 
CHA 
 
 [ 205 ] 
 
 CILE 
 
 under-ground, where it seems to feed 
 upon the bits of wood of which the nest 
 is composed, it thence has the popular 
 name of " King of the Ants." After re- 
 maining about three years in the larva 
 state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips 
 of wood, glued together by an excretion 
 of its own. In this it passes the winter, 
 and in June following emerges in the 
 perfect form. The Kose Beetle flies well, 
 with a considerable humming noise, dur- 
 ing the hottest part of the day, passing 
 from flower to flower, preferring, but not 
 exclusively, our roses. It robs them of 
 their honey; but not content with this, 
 devours, occasionally, their nectaries, and 
 the lowermost, juicy portion of the petals. 
 Our drawing represents the larva, pupa, 
 
 and beetle ?f their natural size. The 
 beetle is of a shining green- colour above, 
 and the wing-sheaths dotted with white. 
 Beneath, the body and head are coppery- 
 red. The Cottage Gardener, Hi. 341. 
 
 This beetle is most severely felt by 
 the gardener when it attacks the blos- 
 soms of his strawberries, which it does 
 in May or June ; but it also attacks the 
 whitethorn, candytuft, elder, mountain- 
 ash, and peony, the flowers of which it 
 feeds upon. The female rose- chafers 
 often lay their eggs in the ground ; and 
 the larvce they produce are no doubt 
 often confounded with those of the cock- 
 chafer (Melolonlha vulgaris), being as 
 large, and very similar. ' 
 
 CHABIUE'A. (In honour of D. Chau- 
 
 Irey, a Genevese botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 geiiesia 1-^qualis.) 
 
 C. runcina'ta (runcinate). 1*. White. June. 
 Chili. 1844. 
 
 CHJENA'NTHE. (From chaino, to gape, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., QQ-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. Offsets and divisions, placed in 
 a very shallow basket, with sphagnum, or tied to 
 a block of wood, and suspended in a high tern- 
 perature and moist atmosphere ; cool and dry in 
 winter. Summer temp., 60 to 00; winter, 50 
 to 60. 
 C.Barke'ri (Barker's). Para. 1837. 
 
 CH^NE'STES. (From chaino, to gape ; 
 in allusion to the flower's mouth. Nat. 
 ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Lycium.) 
 
 A stove evergreen shrub, propagated 
 by cuttings in spring, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, with bottom-heat. Sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 C, lanccola'ta (spear-head-feayerf). 5. 
 
 Purplish-brown. July. Quin- 
 
 diu. 1846. 
 
 CH^NO'STOMA. (From cha- 
 ino, to gape, and stoma, a mouth; 
 in reference to the wide opening 
 of the tube, or bottom part of 
 the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts 
 [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.} 
 
 All natives of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Seeds sown in March, in a hot- 
 bed, and transplanted to the flower- 
 garden in May ; and cuttings taken off 
 in August and September, and potted 
 in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be trans- 
 planted the following season. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 C.foR'lida (foetid;. 1$. White. June. 1/94. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. June. 1783. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. eorda'ta (heart-shaped-/eae<i). 1&. White. 
 June. 1816. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. July. 1816, 
 
 polya'ntha (many-flowered). . Lilac, yellow. 
 
 June. 1844. 
 
 CHJETANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a bristle, 
 and anther, an anther, or pollen-bag; 
 the anthers being furnished with tufts of 
 bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., 19-8yngenesia 2-Super- 
 flua. Allied to Mutisia.) 
 
 All natives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous 
 perennials, except C. linea'ris. Division of the 
 roots, in March or April. C. linea'ris by seed. 
 Peat and loam. Protection or greenhouse or cold 
 pit in winter. 
 
CILE 
 
 [ 206 ] 
 
 CHA 
 
 C. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. July. 1827. Annual. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822. 
 
 lineu'ris (narrow- leaved). Yellow. July. 1837. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 scrra'ta (saw--/eawed). . Yellow. July. 1827. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine - leaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 1827. 
 
 CRETO'CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle, 
 and /calyx, a flower-envelope ; in reference 
 to the calyx being furnished with bristles. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., \l-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied 
 to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 . Vincenti'na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June. 
 St. Vincent. 1823. 
 
 CH^TOGA'STEA. (From chaite, a bristle, 
 and gastron, a cavity; referring to the 
 cavities between the apex of the ovary 
 and the bottom of the calyx being fur- 
 nished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., Mc- 
 lastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Os- 
 beckia.) 
 
 Seeds in hotbed, in March ; and cuttings in 
 ;uidy soil, in heat. Peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 50 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 C. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Red, lilac. Brazil. 1834. 
 Stove perennial. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zeawed). 1. White. 
 
 January. Trinidad. 1820. Stove annual. 
 
 strigo'sn (short-bristled). . Rosy-purple. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1848. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe'ra acliy- 
 ra'ntha. 
 
 CHALK. Carbonate of lime contains, 
 when pure, carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55 ; 
 but, as it usually occurs, it contains about 
 twenty-four per cent, of water, and five 
 per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay), 
 and oxide (rust) of iron. After these 
 deductions, it will be apparent, that if 
 fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it 
 will be equal to more than one hundred 
 of chalk a subject worthy of considera- 
 tion, when it has to be conveyed from 
 afar. _Chalkis usually employed in large 
 quantities, to improve the staple of a soil. 
 It makes heavy soils less retentive of 
 moisture, and light, sandy soils more re- 
 tentive. On wet, sour lands it neutralizes 
 the acids which render them unproduc- 
 tive. Some chalks contain phosphate of 
 lime ; and this being a constituent of all 
 plants, such chalk is to be preferred. 
 Some contain a large proportion of car- 
 bonate of magnesia, which is less bene- 
 ficial. Chalk has also been shown, by 
 Mr. Beaton, to be of great value in form- 
 
 ing the best of walks. See CONCRETE 
 WALKS. 
 
 CHAM.ZECY'PARIS. White Cedars. (From 
 chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, and cu- 
 2iressus, cypress; the Cypress-dwarf, or 
 Bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pi- 
 nacese]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 10-Decan- 
 dria. Allied to Taxodium and Cypress.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens. Seeds. Deep, sandy soil. 
 C. Nutkae'nsls (Nootka Sound). 70. N. Amer. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt\ 80. Japan. 
 
 pisi'fera (pea-bearing). A small tree. Island 
 
 of Niphon. 
 
 spheeroi'dea (globe-coned). A small tree. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). A bush. Japan. 
 
 thuri'fera (frankincense). 70. Mexico. 
 
 CHAILEDO'KEA. (From chamai, dwarf, 
 and dorea, a gift; referring to the nuts 
 of this palm being easily reached. Nat. 
 ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Di- 
 cecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.) 
 
 Stove deciduous trees. Seeds, when obtainable ; 
 freely, by suckers from the roots. Rich, sandy 
 loam". Summer temp., 60 to 80: winter, 50 
 to 60. 
 
 C. e'legansmas (elegant male). 3$. Scarlet. 
 February. Mexico. 
 
 Erne'sti Augu'stimas (Ernest Augustus's 
 
 male). Orange. New Grenada. 
 fr a' grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Tri- 
 nidad. 1820. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1803. 
 
 CHAMJEFI'STULA. Same as CA'SSIA. 
 
 CHAMJELAU'CIUM. (From chamaileuke, 
 a dwarf, white poplar; because its heathy 
 stems are miniatures of that tree. Nat. 
 ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamselauciaceae], 
 Linn., IQ-fiec&ndria "L-Monogynia.) 
 
 This is the head of a small order of beautiful 
 little greenhouse bushes, natives of New Holland, 
 generally with the aspect of Heaths, having their 
 flowers gathered into heads, and the flower^ 
 envelopes ending in awns, fringes, or bristles, 
 which give them the appearance of Composites. 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots or side-shoots, when getting 
 firm, in sand, under a bell-glass; one part fibry 
 peat, and two of sandy, lumpy loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 75; winter, 35 to 45. 
 C. cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 2. White. May. 
 N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 CHAMJE'LEDON. (From chamai, dwarf, 
 and ledon, a kind of Cistus.) 
 
 It is really Aza'lea procu'mbens ; and we ought 
 to have united it to the hardy section of that 
 genus. See AZA'LEA. 
 
 C. procu'mbens (trailing). $. Pink. April. 
 North of Scotland. 
 
 CHAH/ERHO'DES. (FromcAanwu, dwarf, 
 and rodon, a rose ; in reference to the 
 appearance of the plants. Nat. ord. 5 
 Roseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria S-Pentagynia. Allied to Rubus.) 
 
CHA 
 
 [ 207 ] 
 
 CHA 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by seeds ; 
 andy loam, and a dry, elevated position. 
 C, grandijlo'rus (large-flowered). Yellow. June. 
 Dahuria. 1828. 
 
 poly'gynus (many-pistiled). Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 18121. 
 
 CHASLK'ROPES. (From c/iamai, dwarf, 
 and rhops, a twig. A comparative name, 
 making the Fan-palm of the south of 
 Europe a low twig in comparison to the 
 huge, gigantic Palms of the tropics. Nat. 
 ord., Palms [Palmacesej. Linn., 23- 
 Polygamiu 2-JDiaecia.) 
 
 Seeds, imported ; suckers, which are freely 
 produced, with the exception of C. gra'cilis and 
 Guiune'nsis. The others will flourish in a green- 
 house; and their loaves render them striking 
 objects. In Edinburgh the hu'milis stood out 
 several winters, with but a slight protection; rich, 
 loamy soil. Summer temp., 50 to 80; winter, 
 35 to 45. 
 <7. exce'lsa (tall). 30. Green, white. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 10. Green, white. S. Amer. 
 
 1822. Stove. 
 
 Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. Stove. 
 
 Jiu'milis (low). 10. Green, white. March. 
 
 South of Europe. J/31. 
 
 ky'strix (porcupine). 10. Green, white. 
 
 Georgia. 1801. 
 
 Palme'tto (Palmetto). 20. Green, white. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1801. 
 
 serrula'tn (saw-feed). 10. Green, white. 
 
 N. Amer. 1809. 
 
 CHAILENE'RON. (From chamai, dwarf, 
 and neron, the oleander. Nat. ord., Ona- 
 fjrads [Onagraceoe]. Linn., 8-Octandria 
 l-Honogynia. Allied to Epilohium.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial ; seeds ; division of 
 the roots in spring ; common soil. 
 C. America' num (American). Red. July. N. 
 Amer. 1825., 
 
 CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M. Camisso, 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Ama- 
 rantacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in heat, under a bell-plass; fibry, sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. alti'ssima (tallest). 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 1816. 
 
 CHAPTA'LIA. (Named after M. Chaptal, 
 a French chemist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4- 
 Necessaria. Allied to Cussonia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial; division of the 
 roots ; light, sandy soil. 
 
 C. tomento'sa (woolly). $. White. May. N. 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent 
 of which is charcoal, has long heen known 
 as a vety effective fertilizer; and burning 
 has still longer been known as a mode of 
 reducing stubborn soils to prompt pro- 
 
 ductiveness. But both these sources of 
 fertility might owe their efficiency to 
 other causes than their affording carbon 
 to plants ; and, comparatively, it is only 
 lately that anything like a general know- 
 ledge has been diffused that mere char- 
 coal is a good manure. Charcoal is a 
 most efficient manure to all cultivated 
 plants, especially to those under glass. 
 Heaths, rhododendrons, cucumbers, 
 onions, roses, orchidaceous plants, hy- 
 drangeas, camellias, melons, and pine- 
 apples, have been the subjects of exten- 
 sive and most successful experiments. 
 We think no cultivated plant would be 
 nnbenefited by having charcoal applied 
 to the soil in which it is rooted. It should 
 be broken into small pieces, about the 
 size of a nut, and, for potted plants, may 
 be mixed in the proportions of one part 
 charcoal to twenty parts earth. If ap- 
 plied to the open ground, one-fourth of 
 a bushel may bo sown over a square rod 
 or perch, and dug in just before insert- 
 ing the crop. The reason of charcoal 
 being so useful as a manure is very ap- 
 parent. MM. Scnuebier, Ruckert, Saus- 
 sure, and others, have demonstrated that 
 plants are rendered much more luxuriant 
 and productive by having carbonic acid 
 applied to their roots, than other plants 
 to whose roots no such application was 
 made. Now, charcoal kept moist, as when 
 buried in the soil, slowly combines with 
 oxygen, and emits carbonic acid ; in fact, 
 it slowly dissolves. We are sorry to differ 
 from such an authority as Liebig, who 
 broadly asserts that " carbon never com- 
 bines, at common temperatures, with 
 oxygen, so a? to form carbonic acid." 
 This was long since shown to be other- 
 wise by Count Rumford, and may easily 
 be demonstrated to be incorrect, by con- 
 fining a few ounces of fresh and moist- 
 ened charcoal -powder, mixed with earth, 
 in a glass receiver full of oxygen, over 
 lime-water : carbonate of lime will form, 
 showing the gradual evolution of car- 
 bonic acid. For draining, pieces of char- 
 coal, about the size of filberts and wal- 
 nuts, are among the best that can be 
 employed. 
 
 CHAED. See ARTICHOKE. 
 
 CHARDOON. See CARDOON. 
 
 CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicula'ris sce'p- 
 trum Caroli'mim. 
 
 CHARLOCK. (Sina'pis arve'nsis.) A well- 
 known weed. 
 
 CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland Dragon- 
 
CHA 
 
 [ COS ] 
 
 CHE 
 
 tree. The species are now united to Cor- 
 dyliue. 
 
 CHASCA'NUM. (From chasko,to. gape; 
 referring to the irregular limb of the 
 ilower approaching the form of a Lip- 
 wort-flower. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- 
 benacese]. Linn., 14^-JDidt/namia 2-An- 
 yiospermia. Allied to Stachytarpheta.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in spring, in 
 sand, under a glass, in gentle heat. Loam and 
 sandy peat, well drained. 
 
 C. cuneifo'lium (wedge-shaped-leaved). 4. White. 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 CHEESE-RENNET. Ga'liwn vc'rum. 
 
 CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip, j 
 and anthos, a flower; in reference to the 
 form of the seed-organs. Nat. ore!., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryplo- 
 gamia 1-F'diccs. Allied to Adiantum.) 
 
 Division of the roots, just when commencing to 
 grow. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 
 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. pra'cHis (slender). . Brown. July. N. Amcr. 
 1823. 
 
 odo'ra (sweet-smelling). . Brown. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). . Brown. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. cauda'ta (tailed). . Brown. June. N. Hol- 
 land. 1824. 
 
 fralgrans (fragrant). . Brown. August. Ma- 
 deira. 1778. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). . Brown. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1806. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. \V. Ind. 
 
 pteroi'des (pteris-like). . Brown. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). Brown. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1778. 
 
 STOVE. 
 C. erenula'ta (scolloped). 1. Brown. 1824. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved}. 1. Brown. 1831. 
 
 Dicksonioi'des (Dicksonia-like). 4. Brown. 
 
 August. 
 farino'sa (mealy). Brown, yellow. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 ferrutri'nea (rusty). . Brown. June. 1810. 
 
 lendi'gera (maggot-bearing). &. Brown. June. 
 
 New Spain. 
 
 micro'mera (parted-small). Mexico. 
 
 micro'pteris (small-winged). . Brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1838. 
 
 profu'sa (dangling). . Brown. September. 
 
 re? pens (creeping). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish-brown). . Reddish-brown. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 rufe'scens (brownish-red). . Brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1838. 
 
 - sinuo'sa (wavy-edged). 1. Brown. August. 
 W. Ind. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). 1&. Brown. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. Ceylon. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). Brown. Mexico. 1811. 
 
 CHEIMATOBIA BRUJIATA. Winter Moth. 
 This is the cause of more destruction to 
 our fruit and other trees than almost anv 
 
 MALE AND FEMALE. 
 
 other insect; for no weather is suffi- 
 ciently severe to injure either them or 
 their eggs; and the caterpillars, in tho 
 early spring, will feed upon the opening 
 buds and leaves of almost every kind of 
 tree. The females, being without wings, 
 may be prevented ascending our standard 
 fruit-trees by smearing round their 
 trunks a band of tar; but this must be 
 renewed, as it dries, every two or three 
 days. The male moths begin to fly 
 about just after sunset during November, 
 and until the end of January. Their 
 upper wings, when opened, measure 
 across about one inch and a quarter; but, 
 during the day, they look much smaller, 
 for they fold them so as to form a tri- 
 angle, and have their feelers or horns 
 (antennae) turned back over them. Those 
 wings are pale grey, marked with va- 
 rious darker-waved lines. The under- 
 wings are greyish-white, often having & 
 notched line crossing their centre. The 
 body, delicate and tapering, is yellowish- 
 grey. The female crawls to the top of a 
 tree, and deposits her very small, oval 
 eggs upon the blossom and leaf-buds, as 
 well as upon the shoots. She will lay 
 from 200 to 300 eggs. The caterpillars 
 and the buds come to life together. At 
 first they are grey, and scarcely thicker 
 than a horsehair; but they cast their 
 skins, and finally become the green-looper, 
 of a yellowish-green colour, shining, and 
 with a blue line down the back. On 
 their sides are two yellowish-white lines. 
 The apple-buds are their favourite food ; 
 but they destroy, without difficulty, the 
 leaves of the hawthorn, lime, hazel, 
 rose, elm, willow, and hornbeam. (The 
 Cottage Gardener, i. 53.) The caterpillar 
 descends into the earth, and becomes a 
 chrvsalis about the end of May. 
 
CHE 
 
 [ 209 
 
 CHE 
 
 CHEIRA'NTHUS. Wallflower. (From 
 cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower; in 
 reference to the custom of carrying the 
 wallflower in the hand for a nosegay 
 Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 
 15-Tetradynamia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen uncler-shrubs, excepl 
 where otherwise specified. Seeds and cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in May or June, of particular 
 varieties!, and double-flowering especially. Most 
 of the finer kinds will like the protection of a pit 
 in winter, and maj be employed for early bloom- 
 ing in the greenhouse. When left out of doors, 
 a protection of a few evergreen boughs should be 
 given them ; herbaceous kinds by division. A 
 fight, rich, sandy soil suits them best ; but even 
 the tenderer species survive the winter on rock- 
 work. 
 
 <7. alpi'nus (alpine). $. Yellow. Hay. South 
 Europe. 1810. 
 
 arbo'reus (tree). 3. Yellow. May. Egypt. 
 
 1827- 
 
 capitu'tus (round-headed). Yellow. June. 
 
 Columbia. 182ti. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 Chei'ri (Cheiri. Common Wallflower)* 2. 
 
 Orange. May. South Europe. 1573. 
 
 ferrugi'neus (rusty -flowered). 2. Brown. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 
 flavt'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1573. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 
 heema'nthus (do6/e-bloody-flowered). 2. 
 
 Crimson. May. South Europe. 1573. 
 
 hcuma'nthus-variega'tus (variegated- 
 bloody). 2. Crimson. June. South 
 Europe. 
 
 ma'ximus (largest) . 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1573. 
 
 pa' tulus (double-spreading}. 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple-cowered). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. South Europe. 
 
 purpu'reus-variega'tus (variegated-pur- 
 ple. 2. Purple. June. South Europe. 
 
 sangui'neus (bloody). 2. Bark brown. 
 
 May. 
 serra'tus (saw-edged-cowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 thyrsoi'des (ihyrse-flowered). 2. Blood. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 va'rius (various-coloured). 2. Variegated. 
 
 May. South Europe. 1573. 
 flrmus (firm). 1. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 fruticulo'sus (small-shrubby). 1J. Yellow. 
 
 May. Britain. Hardy herbaceous per- 
 ennials. 
 
 linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. Purple. April. 
 
 Spain. 1815. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Yellow, purple. 
 
 April. Madeira. 1777- 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White, 
 
 purple, September. Madeira. 1815. 
 
 ochroleu'cus (pale yellow). |. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. Switzerland. 1822. Hardy her- 
 baceous perennial. 
 
 tcopa'rius (broom). 3. White, purple. June. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1812. 
 
 turugino'sut (rusty). 3. Rusty. June. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1812. 
 14 
 
 C. scopa'rius chamce'leo (chameleon). 3. Yellow, 
 purple. June. Teneriffe. 1812. 
 
 semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). 2. White. 
 
 Barbary. 1815. 
 
 frute'acens (shrubby). 2. White. May. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 
 CHEIROSTE'MON. Hand-plant. (From 
 cIiL'ir, the hand, and stemon, a stamen ; 
 in reference to the formation of the 
 stamens and style. They issue in a cen- 
 tral column, bearing five curved anthers 
 and a curved style in the middle, having 
 much resemblance to a hand with long 
 claws. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculia- 
 cese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decan- 
 dria. ) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in 
 sandy peat, under a glass, and in bottom-heat. 
 Sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 C. plutanoi'des (plane-tree-like). 30. New Spain. 
 1820. 
 
 CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. (From 
 chelidan, a swallow; alluding to the 
 flowers opening on the arrival of that 
 bird, and to the plant drying up on its 
 departure. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Pa- 
 paveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 The yellow juice of the common Celandine (C. 
 ma' jus) is said to be a violent acrid poison, and 
 a popular remedy for warts. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennials. Division. Common garden-soil. 
 C. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 May. Dahuna. 1820. 
 
 lacinia'turn (j&gged-leaved) . 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 majus flo're-ple'no (large-double-flowered). 2. 
 
 Yellow. September. Gardens. 
 
 CHELO'NE. (From chelone, a tortoise ; 
 he back of the helmet of the flower be- 
 ng fancifully compared to a tortoise. 
 Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. 
 Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. 
 Allied to Pentstemon.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise specified. Division of the roots, and 
 cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-glass, 
 n April or May; also by seeds. Sandy loam, 
 and if a little peat and leaf-mould, all the 
 better. 
 
 C. barba'ta (bearded). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 
 1794,. 
 
 cafrnea (fiesh-coloured-flowered). 3. 
 
 Flesh. July. Mexico. 
 ma'jor (larger). 4. Orange-striped. June. 
 
 centranthifo'lia (centran thus-leaved). 7- Scar- 
 
 let. September. California. 1834. 
 - Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 3. Orange, scar- 
 let. July. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1730. 
 
 Lyo'ni (Lyon's). 4. Purple. August. N 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
CHE 
 
 [210] 
 
 CHI 
 
 C. Zlexicn'nn (Mexican). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 1S42. 
 
 nemoro'sa (grove). 1. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted). 4. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1752. 
 
 spetio'sa (showy). 4. Pale red. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 CHENOLE'A. (From chen, a goose, and 
 leia, prey; in reference to the plant be- 
 ing eaten by those birds. Nat. ord., 
 Chenopods [Chenopodiacess]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 35 to 45. 
 C. diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1758. 
 CHE'EMES. See PSY'LLA. 
 CHERRY. See CE'RASUS. 
 CHERRY PEPPER. Ca'psicum cerasifo'rme. 
 CHERRY LAUREL. The common Laurel, 
 Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'rasus. 
 
 CHERVIL. Parsley-leaved. Charo- 
 phy'llum sali'vum. Fern-leaved Chervil, 
 or Sweet Cicely, C. aroma' ticum^ for soups, 
 salads, &c. They are not often found in 
 the kitchen-garden. 
 
 Soil and Situation. The soil for these 
 plants must be unshaded, light, with a 
 large portion of calcareous matter, and 
 well drained. 
 
 Sowing. A principal sowing should 
 be made in August ; and from this sow- 
 ing; seed should be saved the following 
 season. To continue the supply during 
 the summer months a spring sowing 
 should be made at the end of February, 
 and at the end of every three or four 
 weeks to the middle of July. Sow in 
 drills, eight inches apart, a quarter of an 
 inch deep, and thin the seedlings out to 
 six inches apart in the rows. 
 CHESTNUT. See CASTA'NEA. 
 CHICKASAW PLUM. Ce'rasus Ghi'casa. 
 CHICKEN GRAPE. Vi'tis cordifo'lia. 
 CHICKLING VETCH. La'thyrus sati'vus 
 CHICK PEA. Ci'cer arieti'num. 
 CHICKWEED. Alsi'ne. 
 CHICORY. Succory, or wild Endive 
 (Cicho'riwn i'ntylus). Cultivated for use 
 in salads, and for its roots, to roast foi 
 use like coffee. 
 
 Soil and Situation. -Like Endive, for 
 the main crops it requires a rich, ligh 
 soil, and for the earlier sowings a moister 
 one, in every instance having an open 
 situation allotted to it. 
 
 Sowing must be annually ; for, although 
 it is a perennial, yet, after being cut from 
 two or three times, the leaves become 
 
 bitter and worthless. Sow from the be- 
 ginning of March, and at intervals, to 
 ,he end of June, or early in July. Sow 
 moderately thick, in the same manner as 
 3ndive, the directions for cultivating 
 which are equally applicable in every other 
 particular. 
 
 Cultivation. When the plants begin 
 to cover the ground, thin to nine inches 
 apart; and those removed plant out 
 at similar distances. If the leaves grow 
 very luxuriant, and shade the roots 
 much, they must be cut off within an 
 nch of the ground. Those grown from 
 sowings antecedent to June, when of 
 nearly full growth (which they arrive at 
 in about four months from the insertion 
 of the seed), must have all their leaves 
 trimmed away, so as not to injure their 
 hearts, and then covered over thick with 
 sand, ashes, or long litter. By this 
 treatment, those fresh leaves which are 
 produced are blanched and crisp, losing 
 their bitterness. Those from the sow- 
 ings of June and July must, at the end 
 of September, or early in October, be 
 raised, and planted very close, by the 
 dibble, in pots or boxes, having their 
 leaves trimmed as before directed, and 
 their roots shortened, previous to plant- 
 ing. "Water must be given moderately 
 in dry weather, until they are estab- 
 lished ; and shelter, if frosts occur, by a 
 light covering of litter. When well 
 rooted, they may be removed into the 
 cellar, or other place, where the light 
 can be completely excluded from them, 
 to blanch for use as wanted, which 
 change will be effected in six or seven 
 days. Succory will bear a temperature 
 of 60, but thrives better in a rather 
 lower one. 
 
 If the roots are vigorous, they will 
 bear cutting two or three times, after 
 which they are unproductive. 
 
 To obtain Seed, a few plants must be 
 left in the open ground of the June sow- 
 ing. They bear the severity of winter 
 without protection, and shoot up in the 
 spring, running to seed about May. 
 CHILI PEPPER. Ca'psicum. 
 CHILO'DIA. (From chcilos, a lip, and 
 odous, a tooth; the lip of the flower being 
 toothed. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., Ik-Didynamia I-Gymnospermia. 
 Allied to Prostranthera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of young 
 shoots set firm in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 
CHI 
 
 [211] 
 
 CHI 
 
 and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. austru'lis (southern). 3. Violet. July. N. 
 Holland. 
 
 scutellurioi'des (scutellaria-like). 2.J. Violet. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 18:28. 
 
 CHILD 'PSIS. (From cheilos, a lip, and 
 opsis, like ; referring to the irregular 
 lobes of the corolla. Nat. ord., Bigno- 
 niads [Bignoniaceee]. Linn., \k-Didy- 
 namia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Catalpa.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat; peat and fibry loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 90; winter, 48 to 55. 
 C. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). Rose. May. Mexico. 
 1825. 
 
 CHIMA'PHILA. (From cheima, winter, 
 and phileo, to love ; these little plants 
 being green all winter. Nat. ord., Win- 
 lergreens [Pyrolacese]. Linn., IQ-Decan- 
 dria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions and 
 suckers ; peat and sandy soil. 
 C. corymbo'sa (corymbose-flowered'), jj. White. 
 June. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 macula 1 ta (spotted-leaved). . Pink. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1752. 
 
 CHIMONA'NTHUS. (From cheima, win- 
 ter, and (Dithos, a flower ; referring to 
 the time of flowering. Nat. ord., Caly- 
 canths [Calycanthacece]. Linn., 12-/co- 
 sandria 3-2Vijfynfa.) 
 
 Half-hardy deciduous shrub ; layers made in 
 the beginning of autumn ; seeds sown in March, 
 in a gentle hotbed ; deep, rich, sandy loam ; re- 
 quires a wall in moat places, but, from its scent, 
 should be admitted, during winter, to the green- 
 house. 
 
 C. fra' grans (fragrant). 6. Yellow, red. De- 
 cember. Japan. 1766. 
 
 grundiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. Yellow. 
 
 December. China. 
 
 pumiflo'rus (small-flowered). 8. Pale 
 
 yellow. December. Japan. 1818. 
 
 CHINA-ASTEE. See CALLISTE'MMA. 
 
 CHINESE EOSE. Hibi'scus ro'sea Sine'nsis. 
 
 CHIOCO'CCA. Snowberry. (From chion, 
 snow, and kokos, a berry. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Psy- 
 chotria.) 
 
 The roots of C. angui'fuga and denslfo'lia are 
 eaid to be a certain cure for serpert-bites in 
 Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, in hotbed. Peat and loam, 
 bummer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 C. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). 3. White. July. 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White. Brazil. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February. 
 
 Jamaica. 1729. 
 
 CHIONA'NTHUS. Fringe-tree. (From 
 chion, snow, and anthns, a flower. Nf>i. 
 
 ord., Olive warts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2- 
 Diandria \.-Monogynia.) 
 
 Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered 
 situation. Seeds imported, sown in spring; 
 layers made in summer; and grafting on the 
 common ash. Deep, moist, sandy loam. The 
 East Indian species requires the heat of a stove. 
 C. axilla'ris (axil-flowering). 7. White. June. 
 E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). 10. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 30. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White. 
 
 June. N, Amer. 
 latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 30. White. June. 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHIEI'TA. (From cheryta, the Hindo- 
 stanee for the Gentian-plant. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia %-Anc/iospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, except C. Sine'nsis. Seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in 
 March and April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass. 
 Teat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 80; 
 winter. 40 to 45. 
 
 C. Moo'nii (Mr. Moon's), 2. Pale purple. July. 
 Ceylon. 1847. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). . Lilac. July. China, 
 
 1813. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Walke'riee (Mrs. General Walker's). lj. Pale 
 
 yellow. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1$. Purple. June. 
 
 Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 CHHIO'NIA. (A classical name, after 
 Chiron, one of the centaurs, fabled to be 
 the father of medicine. Nat. ord., Oen- 
 tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogy nict.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell- 
 glass. Peat, three parts; loam, one part; all 
 fibry, with a little sand and charcoal, and good 
 drainage. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 C, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. July. 
 1800. 
 
 bacci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 1$. Red. July. 
 
 1769- 
 
 floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 1. Rose. 
 
 May. 1842. 
 
 frufc'scxtis (shrubby). 1$. Red. July. 1756. 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). l. White. 
 
 July. 1756. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red, lilac. 1844. 
 jasminoHdes (jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 1812. 
 
 linoi'des (flax-like). 2. Red. August. 1787- 
 
 lychnoi'des (lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 1816. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 peduncula'ris (long-flower-stalked). 3. Pur- 
 
 ple. July. 1830. 
 
 serpylifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 August. 182fl. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. Yellow. Jiuy 
 
 1824. 
 
 CHITO'NIA. CF rom chiton, a coat or 
 
CHI 
 
 [212 ] 
 
 CHO 
 
 mail; the seeds, when dry, bearing a 
 rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord., 
 Bean-capers [Zygophylacese] . Linn., 10- 
 Decandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat, 
 in April. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 C. a'lbicans (\yhite-teflwed). 10. White. Mexico. 
 1815. 
 
 Fothergi'lla (Fothcrgill's). 20. Purple. S. 
 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 macropliy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. 
 
 Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. White. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 Tamo'nia (Tamonia). 12. Purple. W. Ind. 
 
 1815. 
 
 CHIVE or GIVE (A'ttiumschasnopra'sum) 
 is used as a very superior substitute for 
 young onions in spring salading. A 
 single row, a few yards long, will supply 
 a family. 
 
 A light, rich soil is most suitable. 
 
 Plant together eight or ten of the off- 
 sets of the bulbs, in March or April, in 
 rows ten inches apart, and as many from 
 patch to patch. By autumn they mul- 
 tiply into large-sized bunches, and, if 
 required, may be taken up as soon as the 
 leaves decay, and be stored as a substi- 
 tute for the onion. The leaves, which 
 are fit for use as long as they remain 
 green, must, when required, be cut down 
 close to the ground, when they will 
 speedily be succeded by others. 
 
 CHLIDA'NTHUS. (From dideios, deli- 
 cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea3]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Cli- 
 nanthus.) 
 
 A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers. 
 It requires fertile loam in a warm border, and to 
 be taken up on the approach of frost, and kept 
 dry, in a pot of sand, till April, when its nume- 
 rous offsets should be removed, to enable the 
 bulb to flower well. Offsets; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. 
 
 C.fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. June. 
 Buenos Ayres. 1820. 
 
 C.^LOA'NTHES. (From chloa, greenish- 
 yellow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference 
 to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14c-Didyna- 
 mia 3-Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 glass ; fibry loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green, yellow. 
 July. 1824. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Green, 
 
 yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 sttffcAddis (stsechas-like). 2. Green, yellow. 
 
 uly. 1822, 
 
 CHLO'RA. Yellowwort. (Fiom chloros, 
 greenish-yellow. The flowers of G. per- 
 folia'ta, a British plant, are yellow, and 
 turn green when dried. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tianworls [Gentianacese], Linn., S-Oc-, 
 tandria l- 
 
 The leaves of these plants are a good substitute 
 for Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown in 
 April, in the open border. 
 
 C. imperfoliu'ta (leaf-unstem-pierced). Yellow. 
 June. Italy. 1823. 
 
 perfoliu'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Yellow. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 sero'tina (Izte-jlowering). 1. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. South of Europe. 1832. 
 
 CHLORIDE OF LIME, or BLEACHING 
 POWDER, is composed of chlorine, 36.23, 
 lime, 36.77. Exposed to the air, it is 
 converted into chalk and muriate of lime, 
 a salt vrhich absorbs moisture from the 
 air very powerfully. By this conversion 
 it becomes a useful addition to soils ; 
 and, as it also gives out some chlorine 
 gas, so offensive and destructive to insects, 
 it lias been suggested as a useful appli- 
 cation to the land at the time of turnip- 
 sowing. It is also useful as a disinfectcr, 
 and for sprinkling about stable-floors, to 
 fix the ammoniacal fumes. 
 
 CHLORO'XYLON. (From chloros, green- 
 ish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., 
 Cedrelads [Cedrelaceae]. Linn., 10-Z>e- 
 candria l-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is 
 from the trunk, and the wood-oil of India 
 is from the leaves of C. Swiete'nia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 
 in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; loam and 
 
 peat. Summer temp. ,60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. Swiete'nia (Van Swieten's). 50. White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 CHOCOLATE NUT. Thcobro'ma. 
 
 CHOI'SYA. (Named after M. Choisy, a 
 botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Rueworts 
 [Kutaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, cultivated like Chloroxylon. 
 C. terna'ta ' v three-leafleted). 6. White. July. 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 CHOME'LIA. (Named after Dr. Chomel, 
 physician to Louis XV. Nat. ord., (7m- 
 chonads [CinchonaceasJ. Linn.,4-7 T e<rw- 
 dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chlo- 
 roxylon. 
 
 C.fascicula'ta (bundle -flowered). 5. White. 
 W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. W. Ind. 1/93. 
 
 CHONEMO'RPHA. (From chone, a fun- 
 nel, and morpha, form ; the flowers being 
 funnel-form. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- 
 
CKO 
 
 [ 213 ] 
 
 CHK 
 
 r.acese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Mono- 
 'jynia. Allied to Rhyncospermum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of rather 
 firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 h?at ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 C. pube'scens (downy). White. May. E. Ind. 
 1822. 
 
 CHORE'TIS. (From choros, to unite in 
 chorus ; this genus being an intermediate 
 link between Hymenoca'Uis and Isme'ne. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese], 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 The bulbs are half-hardy, and require to rest 
 from the end of summer till March. Like the 
 Peruvian Daffodils (Isine'ne), they require very 
 light, sandy soil. The flowers are very beautiful 
 
 Sire white, with a green eye and greenish stripe, 
 ivision of bulbs; peat and loam, Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 85. 
 C. Galvestonie'nsis (Galveston Bay). 1. White. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 glau'cti (milky-green). 1. White. July. 
 Mexico. 183/. 
 
 CHORI'SPORA. (From choris, separate, 
 and spora, a seed; the seeds being di- 
 vided from each other in the pods. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceffi]. Linn., 15- 
 Tetr adynamia. Allied to Cakile.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Only one worth notice. Seeds, 
 sown at the end of March ; common soil. 
 C. tent'lln (slender). . Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 arcua'ta (bowed). . Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 CHORO'ZEMA. (From choros, a dance, 
 and zema, a drink. The party who dis- 
 covered the first of these beautiful flowers, 
 in New Holland, danced for joy at finding 
 fresh water in its neighbourhood. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., \Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, give the 
 best plants ; cuttings of firm, short side-shoots 
 may be taken off any time before midsummer, 
 and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass; peat, 
 three parts ; fibry loam, one part; sand and char- 
 coal, one-half part each. Summer temp., 55 to 
 70; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow, red. 
 March. 1830. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped. leaved). 2. Red. April. 
 
 Dickso'ni (Mr. Dirkson's). 3. Scarlet, yellow. 
 
 July. 1836. 
 
 Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 1824. 
 
 Hupe'lii (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly- leaved). 2. Yellow, red. 
 
 August. 1803. 
 
 Lawrencia'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 3. Orange. 
 
 Spring. 1845. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red. April. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep orange. 
 
 Spring. 1845. 
 
 na'na (dwarf), f. Yellow, red. April. 1803. 
 
 cva'tc (egg-shaped). 1. Scarlet. August. 1830. 
 
 | C. platylohioi'des (platylobium - like). Yellow. 
 
 May. 1825. 
 I rho'mbea (diamond-feared). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 1803. 
 
 sra'ndens (climbing). Yellow. March. 1824. 
 
 Spartioi'des (Spartium-like). . Yellow, red. 
 
 August. 1832. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). 2. Orange, red. March. 
 
 1840. 
 
 triangula're (three-angled). J. Scarlet. April. 
 
 1830. 
 
 va'ria (various- 1 caved). 4. Orange, red. 
 
 March. 1839. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Orange. 
 
 Spring. 1844. 
 
 CHRISTMAS EOSE. Hellebo'rus ni'ger. 
 
 CHRIST'S THORN. Paliu'rus. 
 
 CHRYSA'NTHEMOTI. (From chrysos, 
 gold, and artthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 2-Superflua.} 
 
 Hardy plants. Annuals by seed sown in the 
 border, in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end of 
 March, and transplanted ; perennial herbaceous 
 species by seed and division of roots, in autumn 
 or spring; the garden-varieties of Sine'nse by 
 divisions and cuttings, in March and April, giving 
 them light, rich soil ; and to do these full justice, 
 planting them against a wall, or blooming them 
 under glass, giving plenty of manure-water after 
 the bloom-buds appear. The shrubby kinds are 
 increased by cuttings and divisions, and require a 
 little aid in winter, in a frame, cold pit, or cool 
 greenhouse. 
 
 C. absinthiifo'lium (wormwood-leaved). 1. White. 
 Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Achi'llece (milfoil-teat^). 1. White. July. 
 
 Italy. 1775. 
 
 ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1811. 
 
 a'rcticum (arctic). White. July. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 1801. 
 
 arge'nteum (silver-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Levant. 1/31. 
 
 atra'tum (blackened-/eaw0 1. White. July. 
 
 Austria. 1731. 
 
 loba'turn (lobed). f. White. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 carina'tum (keeled). 2. White, purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Barbary. 1796. 
 
 corona'rium (garland). 4. Yellow. August. 
 
 Sicily. 1629. 
 
 daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 graminifo' Hum (grass -leaved). 1. White. 
 
 June. Montpelier. 1739. 
 
 heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1806. 
 
 1'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 China. 
 
 Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Italy. 1796. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-/eaed). . White. 
 
 June. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 leuca'nthemum (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. White. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Montpelie'nse (Montpelier). 1. White. July. 
 
 Montpelier. l/3p. 
 
 monta'ainn (mountain). 2. White. June. 
 
 France. 1/C'J. 
 | -afyeo'ni(Mycon'*}. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775. 
 
CHR 
 
 [214] 
 
 CHR 
 
 C. paludo'sum (marsh). l. White. June 
 Barbary. 1810. 
 
 perpuni'llum (very small). 1. White. June 
 
 France. 1825. 
 
 pinnati'fidum (leafletcd). 3. White. July 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 ' pu'milum (dwarf). . White. August. 1806 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting- branched). 1. White 
 
 July. Spain. 1818. 
 
 rotundifo 1 Hum (round-leaved). l. White 
 
 June. Hungary. 1817 
 
 Rutheni'acum (Russian). $. Pink. June. 
 
 Russia. 1827. 
 
 se'getum (corn). 1$. Yellow. July, I 
 
 tain. 
 
 Sine'nse (Chinese). 3. Variegated. October. 
 
 China. 1764. 
 
 sylve'stre (wood). 2. White. June. 1804. 
 
 tanacetifo'lium (tansy-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1818. 
 
 triparti'tum (three-lobed-feawerf). 3. Yellow. 
 
 October. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM as a Florist's Floiver. 
 This is the C. Sine'nse and its varieties. 
 
 Propagation by Cuttings. The best 
 time is the first week in February. Take 
 off the young shoots three inches long, 
 and, with a sharp knife, cut off the lower 
 leaves; insert the cuttings round the 
 edge of a five-inch pot, numbering each 
 kind as they are put in, to prevent mis- 
 takes. Use a light, sandy loam, with a 
 thin layer of pure sand on the surface. 
 Give a gentle watering, to settle the 
 earth closely to the cuttings. Place 
 them upon a heated surface of either 
 coal-ashes or river-sand. Cover them 
 with a hand-glass, and they will soon 
 emit roots. When rooted, pot them im- 
 mediately into small pots, and replace 
 them under the hand-glasses. As soon 
 as the roots reach the sides of the pots, 
 re-pot them immediately. Cramping the 
 roots in small pots is very injurious. 
 Then place them either on a shelf near 
 the glass of a good greenhouse, or, which 
 is better, place them in a cold frame, well 
 protected from frost and damp. 
 
 By Layers. To procure very dwarf 
 plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly 
 passed for the season, plant out in the 
 open air a few old plants in a row, in an 
 open situation. Peg down some of the 
 branches, and, as soon as the flower-buds 
 appear, plunge as many small pots round 
 the plants, filled with light, rich earth, as 
 may be required ; place a branch into 
 each pot, and give it a gentle twist ; put 
 a short, hooked peg into each pot, catch- 
 ing the branch with the hook ; then cover 
 it with half an inch of soil, and in a 
 month it will be rooted. Then cut it off 
 from the parent plant, take up the pots, 
 and keep them in the shade till fairly; 
 
 established. They may then have ano- 
 ther and final potting, and will be neat 
 dwarf-plants to place in front of the 
 taller ones. 
 
 By Seeds. The seed must be saved as 
 soon as it is ripe, and only from such as 
 are of a fine shape, and bright, clear co- 
 lour. Sow the seeds in February, very 
 slightly covered with soil, finely sifted, 
 in shallow, wide pots. Place them in a 
 gentle heat, giving very gentle waterings, 
 when dry, with a fine-rosed watering-pot. 
 As soon as the seedlings have two or 
 three leaves each, transplant them singly 
 into small pots, keeping them in a tem- 
 perature of 55 to 60; re-pot when re- 
 quired. Some of them may flower, if 
 well grown, the same season. Treat them 
 exactly like the old varieties, and they 
 will all flower the second year. 
 
 Soil. As these plants are gross feed- 
 ers, they require a very rich compost. 
 Half light loam, half decayed dung, with 
 a fourth of peat added, will grow them 
 strong, and flower them well. 
 
 Summer Culture commences in April. 
 Such as are intended to bloom in pots 
 should now have large shifts out of their 
 small pots into three sizes larger. For 
 cuttings struck the same season, the 
 blooming-pots should be at least nine 
 inches' diameter, but for plants a year 
 older, they should be twelve inches. At 
 every potting stop all the shoots, to cause 
 them to branch early, and form dwarf, 
 compact bushes. Give up stopping at the 
 last shift, which should not be done later 
 than the middle of June. Tie the branches 
 out, so as to give as much room and air 
 to each as possible, consistent with form- 
 ing a handsome plant. Thin the buds of 
 such as are intended for exhibition, to 
 ause large flowers. During the whole 
 season of growth give abundance of water. 
 Every week give them one watering with 
 iquid-manure. Never allow them to flay 
 from the first re-potting tip to the finishing 
 bloom. Water them over head, in hot 
 weather, at least twice a day. The proper 
 ituation to place them at this season 
 from May till they bloom), is on a bed 
 of ashes or gravel, in an open situation. 
 As soon as the buds begin to open, re- 
 move them into the greenhouse, giving 
 ;hem as much space as possible, or the 
 ower leaves will drop off. Continue an 
 abundant supply of water till the bloom- 
 "ng season is over. 
 
 Winter Culture. When the flowers are 
 
CHR 
 
 [215 ] 
 
 CHR 
 
 all decayed, cut down the blooming shoots, 
 and place the pots in a cool pit, giving 
 only just water enough to keep the plants 
 alive during the winter ; and, as they are 
 nearly hardy, they do not require much 
 protection: a mat or two thrown over the 
 glass in very severe frost will be quite 
 sufficient. 
 
 These old plants are the best to plant 
 out in the open border. In the southern 
 counties Chrysanthemums bloom very 
 finely, either in the open borders or 
 against a wall or low paling, and, during 
 the months of October and November, 
 make a fine display. 
 
 Insects. The green fly is the most 
 troublesome, and, where it is allowed to 
 prevail greatly, will quite destroy the 
 bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the open 
 air, by dipping the ends of the shoots in 
 tobacco-water, and, in the greenhouse, 
 by filling it completely with the smoke of 
 tobacco. 
 
 Diseases. These are such robust, 
 hardy plants that they are seldom trou- 
 bled with any diseases. The only one 
 that is dangerous is mildew on the leaves, 
 produced by a damp, cold atmosphere 
 before they are brought into the green- 
 house. The only remedy is dusting the 
 parts where it appears with flowers of 
 sulphur. Brown's fumigator is an excel- 
 lent one to apply the sulphur with. 
 
 CHEYSE'IS. See ESCHSCHO'LTZIA. 
 
 CHEYSOBA'CTEON. (From chrysos, gold, 
 and bactron, a wand ; alluding to the mag- 
 nificent racemes of C. Ro'ssii. Nat. orcl., 
 Lily worts [Liliacese]. Jj.un. t 6-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy, perhaps hardy, bulbs. 
 C. Hoo'kerii (Dr. Hooker's). 2. Yellow. Middle 
 Island. 1850. 
 
 Ro'ssii (Ross's). 2. Yellow. Lord Auck- 
 
 land's Islands. 1848. 
 
 OHEYSOBA'LANUS. Cocoa Plum. (From 
 chrysos, gold, and lalanos, an acorn; in 
 reference to the colour of the drupes, or 
 berries. Nat. ord., Chrysolalans [Chry- 
 sobatanacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Layers ; also cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under glass. Loam and peat. Common 
 greenhouse and cool stove treatment. 
 C. Ica'co (Icaco). 15. White. W. Ind. 1752. 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. May. 
 
 Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 CHKYSO'COMA. Goldy-locks. (From 
 
 chrysos, gold, and kome, hair ; in reference 
 
 to the yellow florets. Nat. ord., Composites 
 
 [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-' 
 JE quails. Allied to Solidago.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, in March. 
 Common soil. Greenhouse species by cuttings of 
 half- ripe shoots in April, under a glass, in sand. 
 Loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 35 to 
 
 HAEDY HEEBACEOTTS. 
 
 C. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Blue. August. 
 Siberia. 1741. 
 
 dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Siberia. 
 
 linosy'ris (fizz-leaved). 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 nuda'ta (naked). 2. Yellow. September. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1818. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired-/<?at>ed). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Hungary. 1799. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1821, 
 
 GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS. 
 C. ctfrnua (drooping). 4. White. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1712. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed-/eaed). 4. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 comau'rea (golden-hair). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 denticula'ta (tooth-leaved), 4. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 
 
 ni' vea (snow- white'). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 pa'tu la (spreading). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 sea.' bra (rugged). 4. White. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1832. 
 
 squama'ta (scaly -stalked). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1837. Herbaceous. 
 
 CHKYSO'GONUH. (From chrysos, gold, 
 and gonu, a joint; the golden flowers 
 being borne on the joints. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteraceas]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 L-JEqualis. Allied to Milleria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the 
 roots in spring ; loam, with a little peat and leaf- 
 mould. 
 
 C, Virginia'num (Virginian). 1, Yellow. May. 
 N. Amer. 
 
 CHEYSOPHY'LLUM. Star Apple. (From 
 chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; refer- 
 ring to the colour of the under side of 
 the leaves. Nat ord., Sapotads [Sapota- 
 cesB]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-3fonogynia.) 
 
 The fruit of C.Caini'to is the Star Apple, an 
 esteemed Indian dessert-fruit. Stove evergreen 
 trees; cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 60 to 55. 
 
 C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20* White. 
 W. Ind. 1819. 
 
 arge'nteum (silvery -leaved). 20. White. Mar- 
 
 tinique. 1758. 
 
 Caini'to (Cainito). 60. White. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1737. 
 cceru'leum (blue-fruited). 40. White. 
 
 May. S. Amer. 1737. 
 Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 1737. 
 microphy'llum (small-leaved). 30. White. 
 
 May. S. Amer. 1800. 
 
CHR 
 
 C 216 ] 
 
 GIB 
 
 C, gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Martinique. 
 1823. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 100. White. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 monopyre'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown, W. 
 
 Ind. 1812. 
 
 CHRYSO'PSIS. (From chrysos, gold, and 
 opsis, a face. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste- 
 raceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) 
 A strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial 
 for a shrubbery, and will grow in any common 
 soil; divisions in March. 
 
 C. trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 N. Amer. 1827- 
 
 CHRYSORRHO'E. (From chrysos, gold, 
 and rhco, to flow ; referring to their 
 bright yellow or golden heads of flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Fringe -myrtles [Chamselaucia- 
 cese]. Linn., W-Decandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Chameelaucium.) 
 
 Very beautiful little bushes, from New Holland. 
 They are very scarce, if at all in cultivation. Cut- 
 tings of firm young shoots, under a bell-glass, in 
 sandy soil ; cold pit or greenhouse, or with a little 
 protection, such as a warm wall, might be tried. 
 C. ni'tens (shining-flowered). Yellow. May. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-teawed). Yellow. May. 1841. 
 
 CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden Saxifrage. 
 (From chrysos, gold, and splcn, spleen ; in 
 reference to the colour of the flowers, 
 and the supposed medicinal qualities of 
 the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifrages [Saxifragacesej. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria '2-Digynia.} 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the 
 roots ; moist situation ; common soil. 
 C. alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 April. Britain. 
 
 Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 oppositifo' Hum (opposite -leaved). Yellow. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 CHSYSOSTE'HMA. (From chrysos, gold, 
 and stemma, a crown ; the yellow flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoa] . Linn., 
 19-8yngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to 
 Eudbeckia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 roots, and seed ; common, light soil. 
 C. tri'pteris (three-winged). 6. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. N. Amer. 1837. 
 
 CHYMOCA'RPUS. (Better known as 
 Tropai'olum pentaphy'llum of " THE COT- 
 TAGE GARDENER ; " but the genus is ac- 
 knowledged hy botanists, and the mean- 
 ing of the name is juicy -fruited, in con- 
 tradistinction to the hard, dry fruit of the 
 Nasturtium. It is derived from chymos, 
 juice, and carpos, a fruit.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in a 
 slight hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam, with a little 
 peat. 
 
 C. pentaphy'llus (five-leaved). 4. Red, green* 
 August. Buenos Ayres. 1830. 
 
 CHY'SIS. (From chysis, melting ; in 
 reference to the fused appearance of the 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-il/o- 
 nandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with fibry 
 peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool, mcis,t 
 stove. 
 
 C. au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow and 
 crimson. May, Venezuela. 1834. 
 
 bracte'scens (bracteated). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 May. Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 lee'vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guatimala. 
 
 CIBO'TIUM. (From kibotion, a small 
 box ; referring to the form of the seed- 
 vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceso]. 
 Linn., Zk-Cryptogamia I-Filices.} 
 
 Division of the roots ; peat and loam ; a warm 
 greenhouse, or cool stove. 
 
 C. Ba'rometz (Barornetz). 6. Brown, yellow. 
 May. China. 1824. Stove. 
 
 Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). 30. Brown. April. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. Greenhouse. 
 
 Schie'dei (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico. 
 
 1846. Stove. 
 
 CIBOUL, or WELSH ONION. (A'llmmjis- 
 tulo'sum.') A perennial, never forming 
 any bulb, but sown annually, to be drawn 
 young for salads, &c. Its strong taste 
 renders it greatly inferior to the common 
 onion for this purpose ; but, from its 
 extreme hardiness, it is good as a winter- 
 standing crop for spring use. 
 
 Varieties. Two varieties are in culti- 
 vation, the white and the red. 
 
 Cultivation. It may be sown at all 
 times with the onion, and is similarly 
 cultivated, except that it may be sown 
 thicker, and only thinned as wanted. 
 (See ONION.) The blade usually dies 
 away completely in winter; but fresh 
 ones are thrown out again in February or 
 March. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Plant some of the 
 roots in March, six or eight inches asun- 
 der. The first autumn they will produce 
 but little seed; in the second and third, 
 however, it will be produced abundantly. 
 If care is taken to part and transplant the 
 roots every two or three years, they may 
 be multiplied, and will remain produc- 
 tive for many years, and aflbrd much 
 better seed than that from one-year-old 
 roots. 
 
 Scallions. There is good reason for 
 concluding that by a confusion of names, 
 arising from similarity of appearance, 
 this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst 
 the hollow leek of "Wales is the true 
 
CIC 
 
 [ 217] 
 
 CIN 
 
 Welsh onion. At present, all onions that 
 have refused to bulb, but form lengthened 
 necks and strong blades, in spring and 
 summer, are called scallions. 
 
 CI'CCA. (Named after Peter Cicca, a 
 writer of the sixteenth century. Nat. 
 ord.,Spurycworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 
 Zl-Moncecia ^-Tetrandria. Allied to 
 Phyllanthus.) 
 
 The milky juice of many of the Spurgeworts is 
 poisonous ; yet the succulent fruit of C, di'sticha 
 is wholesome, and the roots a powerful purgative. 
 Stove tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. di'sticha (two-rowed-/eamZ). 20. Green, E. 
 Ind. 1/96. 
 
 CICELY. Ghcsrophy'llum. 
 
 CIOHO'EIUM. Chicory, or Succory. (An 
 ancient Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [ Asteracese] . Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 
 1-^qualis.) 
 
 Hardy salad-plants, of easy culture ; seed at 
 different times. See CHICORY and ENDIVE. 
 C. endi'via (endive). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 1548. Annual. 
 
 i'ntybus (intybus. Chicory'), 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Britain. Perennial. 
 
 CIMICI'FUGA. Bugwort. (From cimex, 
 a bug, and/w/o, to drive away; from its 
 supposed quality. Nat. ord., Crowfoots 
 [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Actsea.) 
 
 Good old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ; 
 seeds, and division of the roots in spring or au- 
 tumn ; common soil. 
 
 C, Amcrira'na (American). 2. White, yellow. 
 July. Carolina. 1824. 
 
 cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 3. White, yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 fos'tida ''foetid). 4. Light yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 17/7. 
 
 palma'ta (hand - leaned';. 4. White, yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 CINCHO'NA. Peruvian Bark. (Named 
 after the Countess of Cinchon, who was 
 cured by this Peruvian Bark. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monor/ynia.) 
 
 The Peruvian bark stands foremost as a febri- 
 fuge tonic. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe 
 wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam 
 and fibry peat, with a little sand and charcoal. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. officina'lis (shop). 18. Red. July. Peru. 1810, 
 
 sea 1 bra (rugged). 6. Red. 1820. 
 
 CINERA'RIA. (From cineres, ashes ; in 
 reference to the grey down covering 
 Hie surfaces of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., lQ~8yn- 
 fjenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous species by seed, but chiefly 
 by division of the roots ; good, loamy soil, and a 
 
 little peat or leaf-mould. The shrubs and under- 
 shrubs, which mostly require a greenhouse or 
 cold pit in winter,- by cuttings in sandy soil, 
 under a hand-light. The garden florist varieties 
 see further on. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. Aitonia'na (Alton's). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 America 'na (American). 6. Yellow. Grenada. 
 
 1825. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured-fcawed). 4. White. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 glabrn'ta (smooth). 2. Yellow. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1822. 
 * lu'cida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. a'lba (white). 1. White. February. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Blexico. 1825. 
 
 auri'ta (eared). 2. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 1827. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 cacalioi'des (cacalia-like). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 canefscens (hoary). 2. Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope 1/90. 
 
 Cauca'sicu (Caucasian). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Herbaceous. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 5. White. July. 
 
 geifo'lia (geum-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1710. 
 
 gibbo'sa (swollen). Sicily. 
 
 'humifu'sa (trailing). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. r/54. Herbaceous. 
 
 hy'brlda (hybrid). 2. Yellow. February. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 3, Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1823. 
 
 la'ctea (milk-coloured). 3. White. June. 1810. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. Canaries. 
 
 1780. 
 
 loba'ta (lobed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 malvcefo'lia (mallow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. Azores. 1777. Herbaceous. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 petasi'tes (butterbur-feerf). 3. Yellow. 
 
 February. Mexico. 1812. 
 
 populifo'lia (poplar-Zeawed;. 2. Red, July. 
 
 Canaries. 17SO. 
 
 prce'cox (early). 2. Yellow. February. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. February. 
 
 Canaries. 1818. 
 
 salicifu'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1829. 
 
 tussilaginoi 1 'des (coltsfoot-likel. 2. Lilac- 
 
 Autumn. Teneriffe. 1829- 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). . Yellow. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. Biennial. 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow. May. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 181Q. 
 
 auranti'aca (orange). 1. Orange. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Sibena. 
 
 1827. 
 
CIX 
 
 C 
 
 CIN 
 
 <7. auricula'ta (small-cared). 3, Yellow. August. 
 1S31. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Canada. 173Q. 
 
 campe'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 crtusifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Carinthia. 1827. 
 
 crVspa (curled). 3. Yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1818. 
 
 fla'mmea (flame-coloured). Flame. Dahuria. 
 
 giga'ntea (gigantic). 2. White. July. Cape 
 
 Horn. 1801. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 Iteviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. J81Q. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Austria. 17Q2. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Yellow. July. 
 
 Altai Mountains. 1831. 
 
 mari'tima (sea. Ragwort). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust, South Europe. 1633. Evergreen. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 3. Yellow. June. England. 
 pappo'sa (downy-crowned). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Gallicia. 1821. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 renifo'lia (kidney-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Russia. 1833. 
 
 rivula'ris (rivulet). 1 . Yellow. July. Hun- 
 gary. 1816. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1/84. 
 
 spatulcefo'lia (spatulate-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 May. Germany. 1820. 
 
 epecio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 1815. 
 
 Sude'tica (Swiss). 2. Yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-formed). Russia. 1832. 
 
 CINEKA'EIA as a Florist's Flower. The 
 < immense varieties of this flower seem to 
 ("be the offspring, by various crosses, of 
 C. malvatfo'lia, la'nata, popiilifo'lia, and 
 probably some others. 
 
 Propagation by Offsets. "When a Cine- 
 raria has done blooming, remove it from 
 > the greenhouse, cut down the old flower- 
 stems (excepting such as are intended 
 to save seed from), place the pots out of 
 doors, upon a bed of coal-ashes, in an 
 open situation. Give water moderately 
 in dry weather ; and, as soon as the off- 
 sets appear, and have attained a leaf or 
 two, take them off with a sharp knife, 
 with the roots uninjured; plant them in 
 small pots, and place them in a cold 
 frame, shading them from the light for a 
 fortnight, and from bright sunshine for 
 another week. They will then be well 
 rooted, and will require a pot a size 
 larger. 
 
 By Seed.- Sow the seed as soon as it 
 is ripe in shallow, wide po+s, in light, fine 
 soil, and slightly covered. As soon as 
 the seedlings have formed two or three 
 
 leaves, prick them out into the same 
 kind of pots, in a somewhat richer soil. 
 They may remain in these pots till they 
 have made some more leaves and fresh 
 roots ; then pot them off singly into small 
 pots, shading for a few days. After- 
 wards, and at the proper time, re-pot 
 them in the same manner as the offsets. 
 Soil. The offsets and seedlings having 
 attained the proper size for potting into 
 larger pots, prepare for that operation by 
 mixing and bringing, in a moderately 
 dry state, to the potting-bench, the fol- 
 lowing compost : Turfy loam, from an 
 upland pasture, two parts ; fibrous peat, 
 one part; decayed leaves, two years old, 
 one part; very rotten cowdung, half a 
 part; and a small addition of river-sand. 
 Prepare, also, a sufficient quantity of 
 broken potsherds, of two sizes ; one as 
 large as walnuts, and the other about 
 the size of peas. Have, also, a sufficient 
 number of either new or clean-washed 
 pots, two sizes larger than the plants are 
 in. You are then ready for the operation 
 of potting. 
 
 Winter Culture. By the time the 
 plants, whether offsets or seedlings, are 
 ready for re-potting out of their first- 
 size pots, cold nights will have begun to 
 take place, which brings the time of cul- 
 ture under this head. Bring the plants 
 on to the potting-bench ; prepare a pot 
 by placing a large piece of potsherd over 
 the hole at the bottom of the pot, then a 
 layer of the larger size, and a second 
 layer of the smallest size ; place a thin 
 layer of the rougher parts of the compost 
 upon them, and as much soil as will be 
 required to keep the plant just level with 
 the rim of the pot ; set the plant in the 
 pot, and fill round it with the compost, 
 pressing it gently clown. Be careful not 
 to break the leaves, as they are very 
 brittle and tender. When the pot is 
 quite full, give it a gentle knock upon 
 the bench, to finally settle the soil. When 
 all are finished, give a gentle watering, 
 and place them in a cold frame ; shade 
 them if they flag from the sun, and water 
 when necessary. The Cineraria is a very 
 fast-rooting plant, and they will soon 
 require another shift. To know when 
 they require it, turn a plant carefully 
 out of its pot, and if the roots have 
 reached the sides of the pots, and through 
 the drainage, re-pot again immediately ; 
 for, if the roots once become closely 
 matted, the plants will be crippled in 
 
GIN 
 
 [219] 
 
 CIB 
 
 their growth. The grand object is to 
 keep them growing freely till they make 
 large, broad-leaved plants, in eight-inch 
 pots, before they begin to shqw their 
 flower-stems. Keep them in the cold 
 frame, or pit, through the winter; only 
 take care to cover them up securely 
 every night, and day also, if the frost is 
 severe. It will be necessary to pack 
 round the sides and ends of the frame or 
 pit with either short litter or dry fern, of 
 sufficient thickness to keep out the se- 
 verest frost. During this severe weather, 
 it will sometimes be necessary to keep 
 the covering on the glass all the day. 
 It has occurred that the cover has been 
 kept on for a fortnight without any in- 
 jury; but on all fine days take off the 
 coverings, and give abundance of air ; 
 pick off all decaying leaves, should any 
 appear ; and only water when absolutely 
 necessary. They grow, and keep healthy, 
 much better in such a situation than in 
 a greenhouse. 
 
 Summer Culture. As soon as the warm, 
 mild days of spring arrive, give the plants 
 their last shift, and, if desirable, remove 
 them into the greenhouse at once, plac- 
 ing them as near the glass as possible. 
 The flower-stems will now be advancing 
 rapidly; and, for some kinds, it will be 
 necessary to use sticks, to open out the 
 Leads of bloom, and show them to the 
 best advantage, especially for those in- 
 tended for exhibition ; but all sticks 
 should be removed a day or two before 
 the show, as they are no addition to the 
 beauty of these plants. 
 
 Insects. The great pest of the Cine- 
 raria is the greenfly ; but it may be easily 
 got rid of by smoking with tobacco. Yet 
 it must be carefully applied, as there is 
 no plant so susceptible of injury from a 
 too strong dose of this smoke. Some- 
 times the red spider makes its appear- 
 ance ; and when it does, it will be neces- 
 sary to dust the leaves with sulphur, 
 which, though it will not kill him, pre- 
 vents his feeding, and thus starves him 
 to death. 
 
 Diseases. These plants, like all other 
 highly-cultivated ones with soft wood, 
 are subject to go off just on the surface 
 of the soil. The only preventive is 
 plenty of fresh, sweet air, and a judicious 
 application of water, especially during 
 the early part of the year. 
 
 CINNAMO'MUM. Cinnamon. (From 
 the Arabic name, kinamon. Nat. ord., 
 
 Laurels [Lauracere], Linn., Q-Ennean- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cassia Bark is obtained from nearly all the spe- 
 cies of Cinnamon-trees. Other countries have 
 their Cinnamon-trees, but differino: from the true 
 Asiatic Cinnamon. Stove trees. Cuttings of fine 
 shoots in April, in sand, under a glass, and a 
 moist bottom-heat. Peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. Beiolgo'ta (Beiolgota). 40. Yellow, green, 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 ea'ssia (cassia). 50. Yellow, green. June* 
 
 Ceylon. 1/63. 
 
 Culila'ban (CulihUian). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 E. Ind. ]8.!3. 
 
 du'lcs (sweet. True Cinnamon). 40. White, 
 
 yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 glau'cmn. (milky-green. Camphor-tree). 20 
 
 Pale yellow. Japan. 1BOO. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 20. Yellow, green. E 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 Malabo! trum (Malabar-tefl/). 20. Yellow, 
 
 green. E. Ind. 1805. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 40. White, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ve'rum (true). 40. Green. July. E. Ind. 1/68. 
 CIXQUEFOIL. Potenti'lla. 
 
 CION. See SCION. 
 
 CIKCJE'A. Enchanters' Nightshade. (A 
 classical name, after Circe, a celebrated 
 enchantress, skilled in poisonous herbs. 
 Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceaj]. Linn., 
 2-Di.andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lo- 
 pezia.) 
 
 Hardy perennials. Offsets and divisions. 
 Common garden-soil. 
 C. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Red. July. Britain. 
 
 inter me' dia (intermediate). 1. lied. July. 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 Lutetia'na (Parisian. Common). 1. Red. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 CIRCUMPOSITION differs from layering, 
 only that in this the shoot to be rooted 
 is bent down to the soil, whilst, in cir- 
 cumposition, the soil is placed in a vessel, 
 and raised to the shoot. There are pots 
 called layeriny-pots, made for this prac- 
 tice, and differing from the common 
 gaiden-pot only by having a section, 
 about an inch broad, cut through one 
 side, and to the centre of the bottom, for 
 the admission of the shoot or branch. 
 Moisture necessary for favouring the 
 emission of roots is supplied by means of 
 a bottle, from which the bottom is struck 
 off, and the neck furnished with a cork, 
 perforated so as to admit a small pigeon's 
 feather, or bit of wool, to form a syphon, 
 by means of which the moss is kept in 
 a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded 
 plants are propagated in this way from 
 the middle of May till the end of June; 
 and the branches are sufficiently rooted 
 to be taken off by the end of September. 
 
CIR 
 
 220 ] 
 
 CIE 
 
 It is, however, necessary in all cases to 
 ascertain whether the branches are suffi- 
 ciently rooted previously to their being 
 separated. After being separated, the 
 rooted branch is treated like one layered. 
 See LAYERING-. 
 
 CiRRHai'A. (From cirrhus, a tendril; 
 the rostellum being extended like a small 
 tendril. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacesc] . 
 Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets. Sphajr- ' 
 num, peat, broken pots, and charcoal, in shallow, I 
 open baskets ; a high, moist temperature when j 
 growing ; cooler and dry when at rest. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. a'lbo - vi'ridis (white - and - green -flowered). 
 White, green. May. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark- purple-cowered). Dark 
 
 purple. April. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 bractt'scens (bracted) . White, yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 fuscolu'tea (dusky-yellow). 1. Yellow, green. 
 July, Brazil. Same as C. sacca'ta. 
 
 lee'ms (smooth). Yellow, brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 Loddige'sii (Loddige's). Yellow, red. May. 
 
 Brazil. 182/. 
 
 obtusa'ta(bl\int-peta!ed). g. Yellow, red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Rio Janeiro. 1835. 
 
 pa'llida (pale-flowered). Yellowish. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). Purple. May. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 ru'bra-purpu'rea (red-and-purple-./7oM>ered). 
 
 Red, purple. May. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Green, red. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 squa'lens (squalid). May. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 tri'stis (dull-colour ed-flowcred). . Dull pur- 
 
 ple, red. June. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 vi'ridi-purpu'rea (green and purple), f. Purple, 
 
 green. June. Brazil. 
 Frya'na( Fry's). . Green, purple-spotted. 
 
 July. 
 Warrea'na (Mr. Warre's). . Yellow, red, 
 
 purple. June, Brazil. 
 
 CIRRHOPE'TALUM. (From cirrhus, a 
 tendril, and petalon, a flower-leaf; in re- 
 ference to the strap-shaped petals. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- l 
 Gynandria l-Honandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. On blocks of wood. Growing 
 temp., 75 to 85, and very moist air; rest temp., 
 60. 
 
 C. antenni'ferum (antennae- bearing). Brown. 
 Philippines. 1843. 
 
 aura 1 turn (gold-edged). $. Yellow, crimson. 
 
 March. Manilla. 1840. 
 
 Blu'mei (Blume's). August. Java. 1843. 
 
 candela'brum (chandelier). Straw, pink, pur- 
 
 ple. July. Manilla. 1840. 
 
 capita' turn (he&d-flowering). Java. 1843. 
 
 caspito'sum (tufted). Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). . Purple, yellow. China. 
 
 1840. 
 
 compre'ssum (fiattened-stemmed). Java. 1843. 
 
 cornu'tum (horned-sepals'), g. Purple. August. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 Cumi'ngii (Cuming's) . Ruby. May. Philip- 
 
 pines. 183D. 
 
 elonga'tum (elongated). May, Java. 1843. 
 
 (J.fimbria'tum (fringed). $. Green, purple. AoriL 
 Bombay. 1838. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). Pale green. May. 
 
 India. 1841. 
 
 maculo'sum (spotted-flowered). Green, purple. 
 
 E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 j MitcrcE'i (M'Rae's). Brown, yellow. April. 
 Ceylon. 1839. 
 
 7w^7/a're(maxillaria-like). Philippines. 1843. 
 
 Medu'te (Medusa's head), J. Spotted, pink. 
 
 May. Singapore. 183y. 
 
 nu't/ms (noddin g -flowered) , . Pale straw. 
 
 May. Manilla. 1838. 
 
 picturu'tum (pictured). Purple, red. March. 
 
 E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1843. 
 
 Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). 1. Yellow. July. So- 
 
 ciety Islands. 
 
 umbella'tum (\imhel-flowered). Green, brown. 
 
 April. Indies. 1838. 
 
 vagina' turn (sheathed). Pale yellow. Singa- 
 
 pore. 1843. 
 Walli'c 
 
 chii(Wallich'^. Brown. March. Nepaul. 
 1837. 
 
 CI'RSIUM. (From kirsos, a swollen vein; 
 in reference to the effects of being pricked 
 by the spines. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracefle], IAnn.,l9-Syngenena 1-JEqualis. 
 Allied to the true Thistles.) 
 
 Perennials, by division of the roots ; annuala 
 and biennials, by seeds. Common soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. Aca'rnn. (Acarna). 2. Purple. August. Spain. 
 1633. 
 
 pinnati'fldum (deeply-cut-leafed). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Spain. 1820. 
 
 seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Silesia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 stella' turn (starred). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 
 
 1655. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. A'frum (African). 2. Purple. June. Barbary. 
 1800. 
 
 ce'rnuum, (drooping). 4. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 dealba'tum (whitened). 3. Purple. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Purple. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1*03. 
 
 erio'phorum (wool-bearing). 4. Purple, July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. July. South Europe. 
 1683. 
 
 heteroma'llum (one-side-woolly). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 inca'num (hoary), 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 lappa'ceum (burdock-like). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 3. Purple. July. Asia 
 
 Minor. 182/. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1781. 
 
 Pazcuare'nse (Pazcuara). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 2. Pink. 
 
 June. Rome. 1739. 
 
 pu'ngcns (pungent). 3. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 squarro'sum (branching), 3. Purple. July- 
 
 Siberia, 1818. 
 
[ 221 ] 
 
 CIS 
 
 C ttrigo'sum (short-bristled). 2. Purpk. August. 
 Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 HALF-HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. Cassabo'nee (Cassabona's). 2. Purple. July. 
 South Europe. 1/91. 
 
 cichora'ceum (succory-like). 3. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Naples. 1816. 
 
 diaca'nthum (two-spined). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Syria. 1800. 
 
 Mexicd'num (Mexican). 4. White. September. 
 
 Mexico. 183/. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. ffcaw'/e(stemlesis). 1. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 alti'ssimum (tallest). 6. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1726. 
 
 ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Mount Cenis. 1820. 
 
 angula'tum (angled). 2. Purple. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. 
 
 arachnioi' deum (cobweb-like). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 Bertoli'ni (Bertolini's). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Bce'ticum (Baetic). 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Carnio'licum (C.irniolian). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Carniola. 1792. 
 
 cilia'lum (hair- fringed). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1787- 
 
 cynaroi'dcs (artichoke-like). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Crete. 1827. 
 
 deserto'rum (desert). 3. Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1824. 
 
 tchinu'tum (prickly). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1817. 
 
 cchinoce' phalum (prickly-headed). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 cla'tius (taller). 6. Purple. August. 1823. 
 fimbria'tum (frintred). 4. Purple. July. Cau- 
 casus. 1816. 
 
 Forste'ri (Forster's). 3. Crimson. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Purple. August. Russia. 
 
 Halh'rii (Haller's). 4. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 helenioi'des (elecampane-like). 6. Purple. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-Leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 la'cteum (milk -coloured}. 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 laniflo'rum( woolly-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1819- 
 
 Monspessula'num (Montpelier). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. Montpelier. 1596. 
 
 muni' turn (armed). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 mu'ticum (awnless). 2. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 2. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1801. 
 
 olera'ceum (pot-herb). 3. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Europe. 1570. 
 
 orpya'le( six-feet). 6. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 paludo'svm (marsh). 3. Purple. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. 
 
 ri'gens (stiff. Alpine). 2. Yellow. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1775. 
 - rivutrfre (brook). 3. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 C. rhisoce'phalum (rooting). Pale yellow. Caot- 
 casus. 1836. 
 
 rufe'scens (rustyish). 3. White. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 18)6. 
 
 Salisburge-'nse (Salisbury's). S. Purple. Julj. 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 serratuloi'des (sawwort-like). 3. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Siberia. 1752. 
 
 serrula'tum (saw-edged). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1819. 
 
 spinosi'ssimum (spiniest). 3. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1759- 
 
 strVctum (upright). 2. Purple. August. Na- 
 
 ples. 1819. 
 
 Syri'acum (Syrian). 2. Purple. July. Levant. 
 
 17/1. 
 
 tuber o' sum (tuberous). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 uligino'sum (swainp). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 CISSA'MFELOS. Pareira Brava Eoot. 
 (From kissos, ivy, and ampelos, a vine; 
 creeps like ivy, and flowers like the vine, 
 on long, hairy racemes. Nat. ord., Meni- 
 spermads [Menispermacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 13-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove twiners. The species from South Africa 
 will do in a warm greenhouse: cuttings of small 
 side-shoots, rather firm, in sand, under a bell- 
 giass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 C. Caape'ba (Caapeba). 4. Green. July. S. 
 Amer. 1733. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Green. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1775. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow, green. Nepaul. 
 
 1819. 
 
 Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 6. Yellow, green. 
 
 Mauritius. 1824, 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 6. Yellow, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Parei'ra (Pareira). 6. Green. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1733. 
 
 Ci'ssus. (From Jcissos, ivy ; in reference 
 to their scrambling habit. Nat. ord., 
 Vineworts [Vitaceae]. Linn., k-Tetran- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A genus of stove and greenhouse climbers, 
 having no pretensions to beauty. We introduce 
 it in order to remark, that with the exception of 
 the grape-vine, the plants of this order are singu- 
 larly deficient in use or beauty. The species 
 require the same treatment as Cissampelos. 
 C. di'scolor (two -coloured). Greenish white. 
 September. Java. 
 
 CISTERNS for the accumulation of rain- 
 water should be formed in connexion 
 with the gutters of the various buildings 
 in the gardens ; for no water is equal to 
 it for the artificial supply of moisture to 
 plants. 
 
 CI'STUS. Rock Rose. (From kute, a 
 box; in reference to the form of the seed- 
 vessel. Nat. ord., Rock Hose [Cistacesej. 
 Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 C. ladani'ferus and C. LtfAon produce gum la- 
 danum. Seeds sown in April ; if under glass, so 
 much the better; layers after the plauts nave 
 
CIS 
 
 [ 223 ] 
 
 CIT 
 
 flowered ; and cuttings in May, under a hand- 
 glass ; dry soil ; all smaller kinds suitable for 
 Tock-work ; and although hardy in sheltered, dry 
 places, it is safest to propagate a few every season, 
 and give the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 
 C. acutlfo'lius (pointed-leaved). 1. White. Au- 
 gust. South of Europe. 
 
 a'lbidus (white-teaed). 2. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Spain, lb'40. 
 
 asperifo'lius (rough-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 candidi'ssimits (whitest). 4. Pale red. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1817- 
 
 cane'scens (hoary-leaved). Purplish. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. White. June. Spain. 
 
 1810. 
 
 complied' tus (complicated). 3. Red. June. 
 
 Spain. 1818. 
 
 Corborie'nsis (Corbor). 2. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1656. 
 
 cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Purple. July. Levant. 
 
 1731. 
 
 Tau'ricus (Taurian). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Tauria. 181 7. 
 
 cri'spus (curled-tettwed). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1656. 
 
 Cupania'nus (Cupani's). White. June. Sicily. 
 
 cymo'sus (cyme-flowered'), 2, Purple, ftlay. 
 
 Cy'prius (Cyprus). 4. June. White. Greece. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Dunalia'nus (Dunal's). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 Florenti'nus (Florentine). 3. White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 Jieterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. Algiers. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. White. June. Portugal. 
 
 1656. 
 
 inca'nus (hoary). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1596. 
 
 ladani'ferus (ladan urn-bearing. Bog-cistus). 
 
 4. White. June. Spain. 1629. 
 albiflo'rus (white-flowered. Gum-cistus). 
 
 4. White. June. Spain. 
 macula' tus (spotted). 4. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1700. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 
 Barbary. 
 
 laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1731. 
 
 la'xus (loose -flowered). 2. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1656. 
 
 Le'don (Ledon). 1. White. June. France. 
 
 1730. 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). 4. White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1800. 
 
 Lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1830. 
 
 Montpelie'nsis (Montpelier). 2. White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1656. 
 
 oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 June. South of Europe. 
 
 obtusifo'lius (blunt-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 
 parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 3. Pale red. 
 
 June. Crete. 1800. 
 
 platyse'palus (broad-sepaled). 4. Red. June. 
 
 populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). 3. White. May. 
 
 Spain. 1656. 
 
 psilose'palus (smooth - sepaled). 3. White. 
 
 June. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1640. 
 
 C. saluifo'Hus (sage-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 South of Europe. 1548. 
 
 erectiu'sculxs (rather erect). 2. White. June. 
 ochroleu'cus (yellowish- white). 2. Yellow- 
 ish. June. 
 
 seri'ceus (silky). 2. Red. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 undula'tus (waved-leaved) . 4, White. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1803. 
 
 vagina'tus (sheathed). 2. Pale purple. April. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1779. 
 
 villo'susi Hong-haired). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 South of Europe. 1640. 
 
 CITHAKE'XYLUM. Fiddle-wood. (From 
 kithara, a lyre, and xyloii, wood ; in refer- 
 ence to the wood being fit for musical 
 instruments. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- 
 benaceae]. Linn., }A-Didynamia 2-An- 
 giospcrmia.) 
 
 Stove trees ; cuttinors of ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 
 C. cauda'tum (tailed). 20. White. Jamaica, 
 1/63. 
 
 denta'tum (toothed). 15. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). 15. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 subserru'tum (slightly-toothed). 15. White. 
 
 W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 villo'sum (long-haired). 10. St. Domingo. 
 
 1784. 
 
 CITIUOBA'TUS. (From citros, a citron, 
 and batos, a thorn ; called the Oranye 
 Thorn by the colonists in New Holland, 
 the plant bearing small, orange-coloured 
 fruit. Nat. ord., PUtosporads [Pittospo- 
 racese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland ; 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, turfy 
 peat, and a little loam and charcoal. Bummer 
 temp., 55 to 75; winter, 45 to 50. 
 C. multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. November. 
 1818. 
 
 pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1622. 
 CITRON. Ci'trus me'dica. 
 
 CI'TRUS. Orange -tree. (Derivation 
 of doubtful origin ; supposed to refer to 
 Citron, a town in Judsea. Nat. ord., 
 Citronworts [ Aurantiacese] . Linn., 18- 
 Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trees* 
 C. ungula'ta (angular-fruited). White. E. Ind. 
 
 auru'ntium (sweet-orange). 15. White. Asia. 
 
 1595. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 
 China. 
 
 decumafna (huge. S/taddock). 15. White. 
 
 June. India. 1/24. 
 
 delicio'sa (delicious). White. April. China. 
 
 hu'strix (porcupine). 15. White. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 Japo'nica (Jzpz.n-small-f,-uited). 6. White. 
 
 June. Japan. 
 
 lime'tta (\\mc-bergumot). 8. White. June. 
 
 Asia. 1648. 
 
 limn'num (lemon). 15. White. June. Asia. 
 
 1648. 
 
 - Madure'nsis (Madura). 10. White. June. 
 China. 
 
CIT 
 
 [ 223 ] 
 
 CIT 
 
 C. margari'ta (pearl. Sweet lemon), 15. White. 
 June. China. 
 
 Me'dica (Median. Citron}. 8. White. June. 
 
 Asia. 
 
 no'bilis (noble. Mandarin}. 15. White. June. 
 
 China. 1805. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 15. White. June. 
 
 China. 1805. 
 
 spinosifssima (spiniest). 15. White. June. 
 
 Cayenne. 
 
 t'ulga'ris (common. Seville"). 15. White. 
 
 June. Asia. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 June. Asia. 
 
 Common Orange (C. auranti'acum). 
 The following are esteemed varieties : 
 the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned, 
 the Ribbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited, 
 Fingered, St. Michael's, and Mandarin. 
 The Mandarin and St. Michael's are far 
 superior to the rest for cultivation. The 
 Mandarin is. cultivated extensively at 
 Malta, although originally from China : 
 it has a thin rind, and is of very superior 
 flavour. The St. Michael's is also a 
 small orange ; but the skin is of a pale 
 yellow; the rind, also, very thin, and 
 the t mip remarkably sweet. The fruit is 
 generally without seed, and the tree is a 
 great bearer. 
 
 The Lime (C. lime'tta) approaches the 
 Lemon ; but the juice is flat, and some- 
 what bitter. 
 
 The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a 
 large and round fruit ; skin yellow, with 
 a white, spongy rind; the pulp sweet 
 and juicy. This has been successfully 
 cultivated, in Devonshire, on the open 
 walls, with protection in winter, but no 
 artificial heat. 
 
 The Lemon (C. limo'num). The Con- 
 tinental growers are content to raise 
 these from seed ; hence the great differ- 
 ence in quality of the imported fruit. 
 
 The Citron (C.me'dica) has a rind thick, 
 spongy, and very fragrant ; pulp, sub-acid. 
 
 Propagation. All the kinds will pro- 
 pagate freely by cuttings, either of the 
 young shoots, or of those riper in charac- 
 ter. They are prepared in the usual 
 way, and inserted in pots of sand. A 
 close frame, with a bottom-heat of 75, 
 is necessary ; and they must be plunged. 
 They may be made at any period, except- 
 ing whilst the plants are growing. Some 
 cultivators put out long, straight pieces 
 of the Citron (which is easiest to propa- 
 gate), of two or three years' growth ; and, 
 as soon as they are rooted, they graft 
 them. 
 
 Layers root with facility, but do not 
 make such fine plants. 
 
 Grafting. There are various ways of 
 performing this operation, dependent 
 much on the size and character of the 
 stock. Some graft the young seedlings 
 which were sown in early spring : these, 
 by bottom-heat and high culture, are ren- 
 dered fit for this operation in about four 
 or five months. No clay is used in thia 
 delicate operation, but a little fine moss. 
 Some cut off the head of the stock and 
 crown-graft; others attach the graft to 
 the growing shoot, as in ordinary whip- 
 grafting. Budding is also practised by 
 some cultivators. 
 
 Inarching has sometimes been prac- 
 tised by inarching several plants on one 
 large stock, in order to form a head 
 speedily. 
 
 Stocks. The Citron has been mostly 
 preferred ; the Shaddock, however, makes 
 a robust stock. M'Intosh seems to re- 
 commend sowing any ordinary seeds 
 from, such fruit, indeed, as have rotted in 
 the warehouses, from which he has had 
 complete success. 
 
 Seeds. The mode of rearing them 
 thus is simple enough. A light, rich soil 
 and a lively bottom-heat, with a some- 
 what close atmosphere, will produce 
 plants eighteen inches high in a few 
 months. 
 
 Soil and Culture. All the family love 
 a generous soil. One half a free, yet rich 
 loam, and the other half composed of 
 leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and sandy 
 heath-soil, will grow them in high per- 
 fection, adding a little sand and some 
 charred materials. Care must be taken 
 to use the turfy loam in lumps, and to 
 drain well; indeed, all the materials 
 should be somewhat coarse. They re- 
 quire liberal watering ; and it must, when 
 given, penetrate the whole mass of soil. 
 They enjoy liquid-manure occasionally. 
 They are not only grown in pots or tubs, 
 but planted out as trees, and against 
 walls and trellises ; and they are equally 
 adapted for all these modes of culture. 
 Span-roofed houses would be highly eli- 
 gible for them as standards ; and the 
 sides and ends, being portable, might be 
 removed in summer. The Citron family 
 are impatient of intense sunshine, being, 
 for the most part, natives of woods. A 
 slight amount of shading, therefore, be- 
 comes occasionally necessary. The tem- 
 perature during winter especially in 
 : houses with opaque roofs must be very 
 i moderate : 48 to 50, by means of fire- 
 
:LA 
 
 [ ii 
 
 CLA 
 
 heat, is quite sufficient. As light increases 
 with a returning spring, the thermometer 
 may be permitted to advance a little. In 
 light houses, a thermometer of 50 to 
 55 will do no injury. Here, however, 
 shading will, at times, he requisite. 
 
 Fruit, uses, &c. Besides forming, in its 
 natural state, one of the adjuncts of the 
 modern dessert, these fruits are used in 
 a variety of forms, hoth in confectionery, 
 sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Se- 
 ville, Bizarade, or Bitter Orange, having 
 a very hitter rind, is used for marmalade, 
 bitter tinctures, candied peel, and for fla- 
 vouring cura?oa. The Bizarades are the 
 kinds used principally for the production 
 of cut blossoms by the French gardeners. 
 The Bergamot has a pear-like fragrance : 
 from this the perfumer obtains his ber- 
 gamot essences. The Lime is used in 
 flavouring punch and confectionery. The 
 Shaddock has a cooling and refreshing 
 juice; and the fruit is a splendid addi- 
 tion, in appearance, to the dessert. The 
 Lemon is too well known to need com- 
 ment. The Citronis used for sweetmeats, 
 lemonade, and to flavour negus and 
 punch. 
 
 Diseases. We are not aware of any- 
 thing which may be strictly termed a dis- 
 ease of this genus. A black fungus is fre- 
 quently found on the leaf, having the 
 appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing 
 a corrupt atmosphere, through a too close 
 confinement. This must be cleaned away, 
 by a sponge, with warm water. 
 
 Insects. The aphis and the scale (coc- 
 cus) are amongst its principal enemies. 
 The former may at all times be readily 
 destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may 
 be rubbed off by means of sponge bound 
 on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge 
 in a liquor consisting of two ounces of 
 soft soap beat up in a gallon of water. 
 
 CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch, 
 and anthos, a flower ; flowering at the end 
 of the branches. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asterace]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua. Allied to Anthemis.) 
 
 The annual from seeds, in April ; the evergreen 
 from cuttings, under a glass ; common soil. 
 C.Ara'bicus( Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bom- 
 bay. 1759. Hardy annual. 
 cane'scens (whitish). 1. Yellow. June. 
 Canaries. 182Q. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 CLA'RKIA. (Named after Captain Clark. 
 Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 
 %-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, Seeds in common border, in 
 
 March ; or, in September, in reserve-garden, 
 protected with a few brunches in frosty weather, 
 and transplanted, in spring, in patches, when they 
 will bloom early. 
 C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Rose, purple. July. 
 
 California. 1832. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). l. Pale 
 
 rose. September. Gardens. 182/. 
 rhornboi'dea (diamond-petaled). Purple. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 gauroi'des (traura-like). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 California. 1S35. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 -. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 CLAIIY. (Sa'lvia scla'rea.) Its leaves 
 are sometimes used in soups and medi- 
 cated wines. A very small number of 
 plants is sufficient for a family. Sow 
 early in April, or a month earlier, in any 
 light-soiled border. Thin the plants to 
 two feet apart. The sowing must be an- 
 nual. Seed may be saved by allowing 
 some plants to run up the next spring. 
 They ripen their seed in September. 
 
 CLAUSE'NA. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese], 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria i-3'Ionogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots ia 
 sand, under a glasi, in heat. Loam and peat, 
 Summer temp., 6u to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 
 C.pentaphy'lla(five-lc&\ed). 20. White. July- 
 Coromandel. 1800. 
 
 CLAVI'JA. (Named after Clavija, a 
 Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Ardisiads 
 [Myrsinacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sandy loam, with sand above, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White. Peru. 
 1816. 
 
 orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1828. 
 
 CLAY is a constituent of all fertile soils, 
 though in these it rarely exceeds one- 
 sixteenth part, and generally bears a 
 much smaller relative proportion to the 
 other constituents. In its pure state it 
 is known as alumina. It is the best of 
 all additions to light, unretentive soils; 
 for it retains moisture much more power- 
 fully than any other earth. M. Schubler 
 found, that when silicious sand lost 
 eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky 
 sand seventy-six, stiff clay, in the same 
 time, lost only thirty-five parts. 
 
 Clay soils are the worst that can be for 
 gardens ; for there is scarcely one of the 
 crops there cultivated that is not injured 
 by stagnant water, which can scarcely be 
 prevented in clay soils at some seasons ; 
 and, in wet weather, clayey soils cannot 
 
CLA 
 
 [225 ] 
 
 CLE 
 
 be worked, whereas the gardener must be 
 inserting or attending to his crops every 
 day. 
 
 For the improvement of clay lands, 
 by rendering their staple less retentive, 
 burning some of their own soil is an ef- 
 ficient application. One hundred tons per 
 acre, for this purpose, are not too many ; 
 for a dressing as a manure, thirty tons 
 are a good quantity. See PARING. 
 
 CLAYING is adding clay to a soil, to 
 render it more retentive. 
 
 CLAYTO'NIA. (Named after John Clay- 
 ton, who collected plants in America. 
 Nat. ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 C. iono'smum (violet-scented). 2. Yellow. March. 
 Manilla. 1843. 
 
 laiifo'iium (broad-leaved). Yellow, red. March. 
 
 Singapore. 1840. 
 
 maculo'sum (spotted-flowered). Yellow, piuk. 
 
 March. Ceylon. 1839. 
 
 ro'sea (rose-coloured-flowered). Straw-co- 
 
 loured. September. Manilla. 1837- 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). Red, yellow. May. Bor- 
 
 neo. 1846. 
 
 tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Reddish-white. 
 
 N. Holland. 1838. Greenhouse. 
 
 CLE'MATIS. Virgin's Bower. (From 
 klenia, a vine-branch; in reference to 
 their climbing like a vine. Nat. ord., 
 Crowfoots [Eanunculacese]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria Q-Polygynia.} 
 
 Cuttings of firm side-shoots under a hand-light, 
 
 . .. .in summer; layers in September; division of 
 
 C. perfoha'ta, a gay little annual, is used as a j herbaceous kinds as they commence to grow, in 
 substitute for purslane in North America. An- j spr i n g ; light loam, or loam and a little peat. A 
 
 dry situation suits most of them. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 nuals, in border of sandy loam, or sandy peat, 
 
 March and April ; tuberous species, by offsets in 
 
 spring or autumn, and seeds in spring; herba- i 
 
 ceous species, by division of the roots ; vegetable j c . America'na (American). 12. White. S. Amer. 
 
 mould and peaty soil. j_ Brazilia , na (Brazilian). 12. White. Brazil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 1823. 
 
 C. Cube f nsis(C[ibs.). $. White. May. Cuba. 1829. ' ~~ Caripe'nsis (Caripe). 12. White. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 gypsophiloi'des (gypsophila-like). . Pink. ; dioi'ca (dioecious). 14. Green. Yellow. May. 
 
 October. California. 1835. W. Ind. 1/33. 
 
 Joannea'na (Joannes's). 1. White. June. | grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. Yellow. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. green. Sierra Leone. 1823. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1, White. ! hedysarifo'litt (hedysarum-leaved). White. 
 
 June. N.Amer. 1794. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Red. June. Siberia. 
 
 1/68. 
 
 Unalaschke'nsis (Onalaschka). 1. White. 
 
 June. Russia. 1820. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 C. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 2. August. Si- 
 beria. 1827. 
 
 acutiflo'ra (pointed-petaled). 1. White. Mav. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 Califo'rnica (Californian). California. Her- 
 
 ' baceous perennial. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Pink. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1789. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/rawed). 1. White. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. W T hite. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. April. 
 
 N.Amer. 1827. 
 
 Vestia'na (Vest's). 1. Rose. Altai. 1827. 
 
 Virginia'na (Virginian. Notch-petaled). 1. 
 
 White. N.Amer. 1740. 
 CLEISO'STOMA. 
 
 and sloma, a mouth. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese], Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Sarcochilus.) 
 
 E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 smilac/fo'lia (smilax-leaved). 20. Purple. W. 
 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. 
 C. arista'ta (awned- anther ed). 12. Green, yellow. 
 June. N. Holland. 1812. Deciduous. 
 
 Balea'rica (Minorca). 12. Yellow, white. Fe T 
 
 bruary. Minorca. 1783. Half-hardy ever- 
 green. 
 
 barbella'ta (small-bearded). Chocolate and 
 
 cream. May. Simla. 
 
 brachia'ta (armed). 2. Yellow, green. Oc- 
 
 tober. Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen. 
 
 Chinc'mis (Chinese). 12. White. Trinidad. 
 
 1820. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 coria'cea (leather- leaved). 12. White. N. 
 
 Holland. 1821. 
 
 glycinoi'des (glycine-like). 10. White. N. 
 
 Holland. 1826. Evergreen. 
 
 grave'olens (strong-smelling). Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Chinese Tartary. 1845. Half- 
 hardy deciduous. 
 
 hexase'pala (six-sepaled). 3. Pale green. 
 
 April. New Zealand. 1844. 
 
 indivi'sa (undivided-leaved). 20. White, 
 
 20. 
 , TTI i i cream. April. New Zealand. 
 
 (From kleio, to close, , loba , ta (lo ^. leaved] , 20 . white, cream. 
 
 April. New Zealand. 1847. 
 
 linearilo'ba (narrow-lobed). 4. White. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 odora'ta (fragrant). June. E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 Stove orchids, except C. tridenta'ta ; divisions ; 
 blocks of wood, with a little sphagnum moss. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. deulba'tum (whitened). Yellow. September. 
 
 Manilla. 1843. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow. March. In- 
 dia. 1844. 
 
 ^ (deceiving). Ochre. May. Ceylon. 
 
 1 15 
 
 Zanzibare'nsis (Zanzibar). 10. Zanzibar. 1820. 
 HARDY CLIMBERS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia (narrow-enfo>e-leaved).2. White. 
 June. Austria. 1787. 
 
 cceru'lea (sky-blue-flowered). 10. Blue. April. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Purple. 
 
 June. Japan. 1841. 
 
CLE 
 
 [ 226 ] 
 
 CLE 
 
 C. Catifo'rnica (Californian). 1840. 
 
 campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 6. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1810. 
 
 cirrho'sa (tendrillcd). 12. White, green. April. 
 
 Spain. 15Q6. 
 
 crifspa (curled-cowered). 6. Pale purple. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1726. 
 
 cyltindrica (cylindric-./fowm-d). 3. Blue. 
 
 August. N. Amer. '1820. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 Duhu'rica (Dahurian). 12, Yellow, green. 
 
 September. Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved), 4. White. 
 
 April. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). 3. White, July, Austria. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Hispa'nicn (Spanish). 3. White. July. 
 
 Spain. 1800. 
 
 fla'mmula (flame). 20. White. August. 
 
 France. 1596. 
 
 caspito'sa (tufted). 20. White. September. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 20. White. May. 
 
 South of Europe. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20. White. 
 
 August. France. 1596. 
 
 rube'lla (reddish-sepafcd). 20. Reddish. 
 
 September. 
 
 milga'ris (common). 20. White. Au- 
 gust. France. 
 
 fltfrida (florid). 10. White. June. Japan. 1//6. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple. 
 
 fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. White. 
 
 June. 
 
 Siebo'ldii (Sieboldt's). 10. Purple, green. 
 
 June. Japan. 1836. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 12. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 Graha'mi (Graham's). 15. Pale green. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1596. 
 elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 latifa'Ha (broad-leaved). Purple. July. 
 
 lathyrifo'lia (lathy rus-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 June. 1836. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Massonia'na (Masson's). 12. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 20. White. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1831. Deciduous, 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. May. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). May. Nepaul. 1835. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Light yel- 
 
 low. June. N. Amer. 1767. Deciduous. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 8 iTellow, white. Au- 
 
 gust. Levant. 1731. Deciduous. 
 
 pofTzicw/a'fa (panicled). 20. White. August. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 pedicellu.'ta(long-ftovfer-st&lke(i), 12. White, 
 
 green. July. Majorca. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 8. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. Deciduous. 
 
 semitri'loba (half-three-lobed). 1. White, 
 
 green. June. Spain. 
 
 Si'msii (Sims's). 8. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Deciduous. 
 
 triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 12. White. 
 
 1800. Deciduous. 
 
 fubulo'sa (tubular-cowered). 2. Blue. Sep. 
 tember. China. 1845. Herbaceous. 
 
 vto'rna (American Traveller's joy). 12. Pur- 
 
 ple. August. N.Amer. 1730. Deciduous. 
 
 viornoi'des (viorna-like). 8. Lilac. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1828. Deciduous. 
 
 Vfrginia'na (Virginian). 15. Green. July. 
 
 N.Amer. 1767. Deciduous. 
 
 C. Virginia' na bractea'ta (bracted). 15. Greenish- 
 white. June. N, Amer. 1767. 
 
 vUrflba (white-vine. Traveller's joy}. 20. 
 
 White. August. England. Deciduous. 
 
 integra'ta (entire-Seated). 20. White. 
 
 August. England. 
 
 vitice'lla (vine-bower). 20. Purple. August. 
 
 Spain. 1569. Deciduous. 
 "cceru'lea (blue-lowered). 20. Blue. July. 
 Spain. 1659. 
 
 ple'na (double-pwrpZe). 20. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-cowered). 20. Pur- 
 ple. July. Spain. 
 
 tcnuifo'lia (slender-leafleted). 30. Crim- 
 son. June. 
 
 CLEO'ME. (From Jdeio, to shut; in 
 reference to the parts of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceoe]. 
 Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Those of a shrubby character by cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; per- 
 ennial herbaceous species, by division of the 
 plant, and seeds ; Indian annual species, by seed 
 sown in a hotbed, and bloomed in the greenhouse, 
 as tender annuals. The European and several 
 Mexican annuals, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to 
 be transferred to the flower-borders in May ; rich, 
 light soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS!. 
 
 C. Ara'bica (Arabian). 2. Yellow. June. Arabia. 
 1794. 
 
 Dillenia'na (Dillenius's). 1. White. June. 
 
 Levant. 1732. 
 
 Jla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Australia. 1825. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1, White. July. Iberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. N.Amer. 1840. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 pubfi'scens (downy). 2. White. July. 1815. 
 
 speciosi'ssima (most showy). Purple, July 
 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 trine'rvia (three- nerved). Yellow. Arabia. 1837. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1776. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy), 1. White. June. Persia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 STOVE SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. June. Caraccas. 
 1817- Evergreen. 
 
 dendroi'des (tree-like). 5. Purple. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 droserifo'lia (drosera-leaved). Yellow, violet. 
 
 May. Egypt. 1837. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 giga'ntea (gigantic), 6. White. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1774. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-spined). White. June. 1824. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). Yellow. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1798. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 C. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. White. June. S. Amer. 
 1817. 
 
 cardina'lis (cardinal-flower- like). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. June. Brazil. 
 
 ]823. 
 
 heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1817- 
 
 Housto'ni (Houston's), 1. White. June. W. 
 
 Tnd. 1730. 
 
 monophy'ila (one-leaved), 1, Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind, 1759. 
 
OLE 
 
 [227] 
 
 CLE 
 
 C. po?/flroa (various-flowered). 2. White. June 
 W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 pu'ngene (stinging). 2, White. July. W.Ind 
 
 1812. Biennial. 
 
 ro'soa (rosy). 2. Red. June. Brazil. 1825 
 
 spigio'sa (prickly). 2. White. June* W 
 
 Ind. 1731. Biennial. 
 
 CLERODE'NBRUM. (From kleros, chance 
 and dendron, a tree; said to be owing to 
 the uncertainty of the medicinal qualities 
 Nat.ord., Verlenas [Verbenacese]. Linn. 
 ll-Didynamia 2-Ai*giospermia.) 
 
 Seeds sown when ripe, or in the following 
 March, in a hotbed. Cuttings of the firm, short 
 side-shoots, vyhen growth is commencing, i 
 March or April, in sandy peat, under a glass, anu 
 in bottom-heat. Loam and peat, with a little 
 charcoal and dried cowdung, assisted with heat 
 until they show flower ; kept cool and dry in 
 winter, and pruned back in spring, that vigorous 
 shoots may be formed. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 . attanua't urn (attenuated). 6. N. Hollaed. 1824. 
 
 costa'tum (ribbed). 6. N.Holland. 1823. 
 fr a 1 grans (fragrant). 6. White, red. October. 
 
 China. 1790. 
 ./Zo're-p/e'no (double-flowered). 6. White, 
 red. October. Chirm. 1790. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japan). White. July. Japan 
 
 1823. 
 
 WviffumQjviQ. 3. White. November. China. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tomento'sum (thickly-downy). 5. White. April. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1794. 
 
 tricho'lOTivum (three-forked). 6. Japan. 1800. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. angttstifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 4. Mauritius. 
 1824. 
 
 Bethunia'num (Capt. Bathune's). 10. Scarlet. 
 
 Borneo. 1847. 
 
 bumfo'lium (box-kaved). 4. White. 1S20. 
 
 calamity' sum (calamitous). 4. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 capita'tum (head-lowered). 5. Cream. August. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1846. 
 
 ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 
 
 corda'tum (heart- ZeomZ). 3. White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 Coromandelia'num (Coromandel). 6. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1823. 
 
 dcnta'tum (tooth-leaved). White. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1826. 
 
 Emirne'nse (Emire). 3. White. February. 
 
 Madagascar. 1822. 
 
 fa'llax (deceptive). Scarlet. September. 
 *- floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 6. Lilac. July. 
 
 Madagascar. 1825. 
 foe'tidum (fcetid). 5. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 fortuna'tum (fortunate). 6. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1784. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). Scarlet. September. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). 4. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 hasta'tum (halberd-/eawed). 6. White. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 Mianthifo'lium (sun-flower-leaved). 6. E. Ind, 
 
 1824. 
 ~faterophy'llum (various-leaved). S. White. 
 
 August. Mauritius. 1805. 
 " uuge'lii (Hugel's). 5, Crimson. Sierra Leonei 
 
 C. inefrme (unarnud). 4. White. July. E. Ind 
 1692. 
 
 infortuna'tum (unfortunate). 6. E. Ind. 
 
 Karmpfe'ri (Ksempfer's). 4. Scarlet. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1843. 
 
 laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). Scarlet. E. Jnd. 
 
 leuooxefptrum (white-sceptred). White. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1826. 
 
 ligttstri'num (prtvet-teaed). 3. White. Sep. 
 
 teraber. Mauritius. 1/89. 
 
 maorophy'Uum (large-leaved). 8. White, blue. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). White. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 nuftans (nodding). 6. White. November. E. 
 
 Ind. 1825. 
 
 odora'tum (scented). 4. Red. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 punicula'tum (panicled). 6. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Java. 1809. 
 
 phlamoi'des (phlornis-like). 4. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 pube'soens (downy). White. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 12. White. July. Guinea. 
 
 1822. Climber. 
 
 serra'tum (saw-edged). 6. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 sinua'tum (wavy-edge-teawtf). 3. White. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Sierra Leone. 1846. 
 
 siphona'nthus (siphon-flowered). 6. White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 speciosi'ssimum (most-ehowy). Scarlet. August. 
 
 1835. 
 
 eple'ndens (shining). 10. Scarlet. June. Sierra 
 
 * Leone. 1840. Climber. 
 
 squama'tiun (scaled). 10. Scarlet. August. 
 
 China. 1790. 
 
 ternifo'lium (three-leaved). 4. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 urticasfo'Hum (nettle-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 verticilla'tum (whorled-feawed). 6. White. 
 
 August. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 viola'ceum (violet-coloured), 4. Violet. 1822. 
 
 visco'sum (clammy). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1796. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). 6. White. Guinea* 1823. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 CLE'THRA. (From klethra, the Greek 
 name of the Alder; alluding to a sup- 
 posed resemblance between their leases. 
 Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 
 W-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Andromeda.) 
 
 Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, of the tenderer 
 species, in April, under a bell-glass, and in sand. 
 The North American species are hardy enough for 
 ur shrubberies ; are propagated by layers in au- 
 ;umn, or by firm cuttings in sand, under a hand- 
 ight, in summer ; for all, peat is necessary. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 7. acuminafta (long-pointed-fcawed). 10. White. 
 September. Carolina. 180t>. 
 
 alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1731. 
 Steeica'na (Mexican). 10. White. Mexico. 
 1840. Evergreen. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. White. August; 1820. 
 
 panicvla'ta (panicled). 4. White. September 
 
 N. Amer. 1770. 
 
 scafbra (rough- Jeaue?d). 4. White. September. 
 
 Georgia. 1806. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy-leaved). 4. White, Sep 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1731. 
 
CLE 
 
 I. 228 ] 
 
 CLI 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. September. Ma- 
 deira. 1784. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 2. White. September. 
 
 Madeira. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 3. White. Au- 
 gust. Madeira. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. White Peru. 1800. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 10. White. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Ztt/o'/ia(tinus-leaved), 20. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1825. Stove. 
 
 CLEYE'KA. (Named after Dr. Cleyer, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Theads 
 [Ternstromiaceas]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 I-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in sand, under ;i bell-glass ; sandy, 
 fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 
 45 to 50. 
 
 C. Japo'nica (Japan). 5, Yellowish-white. Japan. 
 1820. 
 
 CLIA'NTHUS. (From kleios, glory, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., \l-Diadelplila 
 &-Decandria. Allied to Sutherlandia.) 
 
 The Parrot-Beak plant and the Glory Pea of 
 New Zealand. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, easily ; peat 
 and loam, with a little sand or charcoal. Young 
 plants are best grown rapidly, old plants are so 
 subject to red spider ; do well in pots, planted 
 out in a conservatory, or against a wall, where a 
 little protection can be given in winter. 
 C. ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 6. Flesh. May 
 
 Philippines. 1840. 
 puni'ceua (crimson corolla'). 3. Crimson. May. 
 
 New Zealand. 1832. 
 
 CLIDA'NTHUS. (From dideios, delicate, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllids [Amaryllidaceaa]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pancra- 
 tium.) 
 
 This bulb increases so rapidly by offsets, and 
 splitting of the old bulb, that it is difficult to keep 
 bulbs of a size to flower. It grows vigorously in a 
 border of fertile loam, in front of a greenhouse, 
 in summer, but is so impatient of wet that it re- 
 quires to be taken up in the autumn, without de- 
 stroying the roots, and kept dry, till April, in a 
 pot of sand or light soil. It looks like a yellow 
 Narcissus. 
 
 C.fra'grans (fragrant). Yellow. Buenos Ayres 
 1820. 
 
 CLIMATE controls the growth of plants 
 most imperatively ; and, in the cultivation 
 of his fruits, flowers, and culinary veg 
 tables, it forms the first object of the 
 gardener's inquiry. He must first know 
 the climate of which any given plant is 
 native ; and, secondly, the soil which it 
 affects, before he can cultivate it suc- 
 cessfully. How all-influential is climate 
 appears from the fact, that differenl 
 countries, though in the same degrees o1 
 
 latitude, have" often a totally different 
 Flora on soils similar in constitution. 
 Now the reason for these differences 
 ,that the countries thus contrasted differ 
 in climate ; that is, they differ in the in- 
 tensity and duration of the light and heat 
 they enjoy; they differ in the contrast of 
 their day and night temperatures ; they 
 differ in the relative length of the day 
 and night ; they differ in the length of 
 their summer and winter, or, which is 
 synonymous, in the relative lengths of 
 their periods of vegetable activity and 
 rest ; they differ, also, in the amount of 
 rain which falls, not only annually, but 
 at particular seasons ; they differ in 
 baviug much atmospheric moisture de- 
 posited, in the form of rain, or dew, or 
 snow, at the different periods of vegeta- 
 ble activity or rest. Now, whatever 
 these differences are, whatever the pecu- 
 liarities of a climate from which a plant 
 comes, the gardener cannot cultivate it 
 successfully unless he secures to that 
 plant those clirnatal differences and pe- 
 culiarities. We often see long tables of 
 the average monthly temperature of 
 places ; but these are useless. They are 
 no guides to the gardener unless they 
 show the average highest and lowest 
 temperatures of each month, as well as 
 the highest and lowest degrees the ther- 
 mometer is known to reach during the 
 same period. 
 
 CLIMBERS are plants which attach 
 themselves to supporters by their natural 
 appendages, as by their tendrils, by their 
 hooks, or by other modes of attachment. 
 
 CLINA'NTHUS. See CLITA'NTHUS. 
 
 CLINTO'NIA. (Named, by the unfortu- 
 nate Douglas, after his friend, De Witt 
 Clinton, Governor of the state of New 
 York. Nat. ord., a section of Loleliads 
 [Lobeliaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 
 2-Pcntandria.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from Columbia. Seeds, in well- 
 pulverised, rather light soil, in April ; or in a 
 slight hotbed, in March, and planted out. 
 C. e'legans (elegant). 1. Blue. July. 1827. 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 1. Blue, white. August. 
 1831. 
 
 CLIOCO'CCA. (From Meio, to close, and 
 kokkos a berry. Nat. ord., Flaxworts 
 [Linacece], Linn., 5-Pcntandria -Pen- 
 tayynia. Allied to Lin urn.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown fts 
 directed for Clintonia, and by divisions ; light 
 loam, and a little pent. 
 
 C. tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). *. Purple. July. 
 'Australia. 1S37. 
 
CLT 
 
 [ 229 ] 
 
 CLI 
 
 CLIPPING hedges should be confined 
 to those of the commonest and hardiest 
 varieties of shrubs, as those of hawthorn 
 and privet; for the bruising and man- 
 gling of the branches which accompany 
 tliis operation are very injurious to ever- 
 greens, as the laurels and holly. Those 
 are always much better kept in order, 
 and within bounds, by the knife. In 
 clipping, many of the leaves of those are 
 cut in half; and their decayed edges are 
 very unsightly. Clipping of deciduous 
 hedges is most advantageously performed 
 in the spring and early summer. A 
 multitude of shoots are then induced, 
 which secure that chief desideratum in 
 hedges thickness and closeness of tex- 
 ture. 
 
 CLISIOCAMPA NEUSTRIA. The Lackey, 
 or Barred-Tree Lackey Moth. " The 
 eggs of this insect, in winter, may be de- 
 tected easily, in broad bands, round the 
 twigs of our pear, apple, and other trees. 
 They are arranged with such admirable 
 art, that they seem set by the skilful 
 hands of the jeweller (see the annexed 
 drawing). Each bracelet, as the French 
 
 gardeners call it, contains from two hun- 
 dred to three hundred eggs, fastened by 
 their ends, in a series of from fifteen to 
 seventeen close, spiral circles, round the 
 twig. The spaces between the eggs are 
 filled up with a tenacious, brown gum, 
 which protects them from inclement 
 weather, as well as from all attacks ex- 
 cept those of man. The eggs thus placed 
 look like a ring of seed-lac; and we think 
 its name may have been thence derived. 
 They are easily crushed by the gardener's 
 knife. The caterpillars striped length- 
 wise, blue, red, and yellow, slightly hairy, 
 and with a white line down the back 
 appear from these eggs in the April or 
 May following. They congregate early 
 in the morning, or during rain, in large 
 nests, at the forks of the small branches, 
 
 and are then easily crushed. They enter 
 the chrysalis state at the end of June, 
 and then they are to be found in co- 
 coons, or oval webs, powdered with white 
 or yellowish dust, between two leaves, &c. 
 The chrysalis, or pupa, is longish, and 
 dark brown, in which state it remains for 
 three weeks or a month. In July the 
 moth appears ; its colour is light yellow- 
 er reddish-yellow-ochre. The upper 
 wings have a darker band across their 
 middle, which band is bordered by two 
 light cross-lines ; the fringes of the wings 
 are whitish, spotted with brown ; the 
 lower wings are of a uniform brownish 
 or light-yellow colour. The male is 
 readily known from the female by his 
 comb-like (pectinated) antennae (feelers) 
 and thinner body. The insect flies only 
 at night, and, consequently, is rarely 
 seen. The caterpillars often appear in 
 considerable numbers, and do not confine 
 their ravages to fruit-trees, but attack 
 many others; such as beeches, elms, 
 poplars, oaks, and even pines. In May, 
 when the caterpillars are living in society, 
 the nests containing them should be col- 
 lected and destroyed. Care must be 
 taken when collecting the nest; for, if 
 the caterpillars are much disturbed, they 
 let themselves down to the ground by 
 means of a thin, silken thread, and 
 escape. In July their cocoons should be 
 looked for on the trees, in the roofs of 
 sheds, in hedges, and even on the tops of 
 walls." The Cottage Gardener, i. 207. 
 
 CLITA'NTHUS. (From klitus, a moun- 
 tainous declivity, and anthos, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacene]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Urceolina.) 
 
 Natives of Lima. They will grow and flower 
 in an open, warm border, to be taken up on the 
 approach of frost, and kept dry through the win- 
 ter, and are readily increased by offsets from the 
 old bulbs. There are believed to be three species : 
 hu'milis (humble), lu'tea (yellow), and M aclea'na 
 (Maclean's) ; but little is known about them. 
 
 CLITO'EIA. (From kleio, to shut up ; 
 in reference to its seeding within the 
 flower long before the flower drops off. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas]. 
 Linn., Yt-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied 
 to Phaseolus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots 
 in heat, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass; and 
 seeds, when procurable ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam, with sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C.arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Pink. Auguat. 
 Trinidad. 1804. Shrub. 
 
CLI 
 
 [ 230 ] 
 
 CLU 
 
 C. BerterWna (Bertera's). Yellow. June. St 
 Domingo. 1824. Trailing annual. 
 
 Braxilia'na (Brazilian). 4. Pink. July 
 
 Brazil. 1750. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July, Brazil 
 
 1820. 
 
 erJcta (upright). S. Amer. 1822. 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 3. Pink. July. Ori- 
 noco. 1823. 
 
 fu'lgens (bright -flowered}. Scarlet. May 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 grafcilis (slender). 2. Blue. July. S. Amer 
 
 1824. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Blue. July, 
 
 E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 lasci'via (wanton). 4. July. Madagascar. 1826, 
 
 Maria'na (Maryland). 8. Blue. August. N, 
 
 Amer. 1759. Deciduous halt- hardy. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. Purple. October. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. Greenhouse. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 6. White, red. Oc- 
 
 tober. W. Ind. 
 
 terna'tea (three-leafleted). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1739. 
 
 a'OKi (white). White. May. E. Ind. 
 
 cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. May. E.Ind. 
 
 ma'jor (larger -flowered), 4. Bright 
 
 brown. August. Sydney. 1845. Green- 
 house. 
 
 Virginia'na (Virginian). 6. Purplish. July. 
 
 1732. Greenhouse. 
 
 CLfviA. (Named after the Duchess oj 
 Northumberland y a member of the Clive 
 family. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- 
 lidacesB]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 The affinity of this plant puzzled many. Dr. 
 Lindley puts it now in the Aloe section of the 
 order. Greenhouse bulbs. Divisions and seeds ; 
 a high temperature, and plenty of moisture, when 
 growing; cooler and drier when at rest; rich, 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 
 48 to 55. 
 
 C.no'bilis (noble). 2. Red, yellow. JFuly. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 CLOUDBERRY. Ru'bus chamcemo'rus. 
 
 CLOVE. Dia'nthus caryophy'llus* 
 
 CLOVE-TEEE. Caryophy'llus. 
 
 CLOWE'SIA. (Named after the late 
 Rev. J. Cloives, a great orchid-grower 
 near Manchester. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Cycnoches.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division; peat and loam, with 
 charcoal. Summer temp.. 60 to 80 c winter, 60 
 to 60. 
 O. rofsea (rosy). $. White, pink. Brazil. 
 
 CLUB-MOSS. Lycopo'dium. 
 
 CLUB-ROOT. See AMBURY. 
 
 CLUMPS, when close, are sometimes 
 called Thickets, and, when open, Groups 
 of Trees. They differ only in extent 
 from a wood, if they are close, or from a 
 grove, if they are open. They are small 
 woods and small groves, governed hy the 
 same principles as the larger, aftei 
 allowances made for their dimensions. 
 
 But, hesldes the properties they may have 
 in common with woods, or with groves, 
 they have others peculiar to themselves. 
 They are either independent or relative. 
 When independent, their beauty, as single 
 objects, is solely to be attended to ; when 
 relative, the beauty of the individuals 
 must be sacrificed to the effect of the 
 whole, which is the greater consideration. 
 The least clump that can be is of two 
 trees ; and the best effect they can have 
 is, that their heads, united, should ap- 
 pear one large tree. Two, therefore, of 
 different species, or seven or eight of 
 such shapes as do not easily join, can 
 hardly be a beautiful group, especially 
 if it have a tendency to a circular form. 
 
 A peculiarity of clumps is the facility 
 with which they admit a mixture of trees 
 and of shrubs, of wood and of grove ; in 
 sthort, of every species of plantation. 
 None are more beautiful than those 
 which are so composed. Such composi- 
 tions are, however, more proper in com- 
 pact than in straggling clumps ; they are 
 most agreeable when they form one mass. 
 If the transitions from very lofty to very 
 humble growths, from thicket to open 
 plantations, be frequent and sudden, the 
 disorder is more suited to rude than to 
 elegant scenes. 
 
 The occasions on which independent 
 clumps may be applied are many. They 
 are often desirable as beautiful objects 
 in themselves ; they are sometimes ne- 
 cessary to break an extent of lawn, or a 
 continued line, whether of ground, or of 
 plantation ; but, on all occasions, a jeal- 
 ousy of art constantly attends them, 
 which irregularity in their figure will 
 not always alone remove. Though ele- 
 vations show them to advantage, yet a 
 bullock evidently thrown up on purpose 
 :o be crowned with a clump is artficial 
 to a degree of disgust. Some of the trees 
 should, therefore, be planted on the sides, 
 ;o take off that appearance. The same 
 expedient may be applied to clumps 
 placed on the brow of a hill, to interrupt 
 "ts sameness : they will have less osten- 
 ;ation of design if they are, in part, car- 
 ried down either declivity. 
 
 A line of clumps, if the intervals be 
 closed by others beyond them, has the 
 appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; and, 
 n one respect, the semblance has an ad- 
 antage over the reality in different 
 )oints of view. The relations between 
 he clumps are changed ; and a variety of 
 
CLU 
 
 C 231 ] 
 
 COB 
 
 forms is produced, which no continued 
 wood or grove, however broken, can fur- 
 nish. These forms cannot all be equally 
 agreeable, and too anxious a solicitude 
 to make them everywhere pleasing may, 
 perhaps, prevent their being ever beau- 
 tiful. 
 
 The effect must often be left to chance ; 
 but it should be studiously consulted 
 from a few principal points of view ; and 
 it is easy to make any recess, any promi- 
 nence, any figure in the outline, by 
 clumps thus advancing before, or retiring 
 behind one another. Whateley. 
 
 CLD'SIA. Balsam-tree. (Named after 
 C. de VEcluse, a French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Guttifcrs [Clusiaceffi]. Linn., 23- 
 JPolyyamia 1-Moncecia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripe 
 ahoots in sand, under a glass, and with good bot- 
 tom-heat; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. aftta (white-flowered). 80. White. S. Amer. 
 1752, 
 
 flafva (yellow-flowered). 90. Yellow. Ja- 
 maica. 1759. 
 
 rofsea (rose-coloured). 30. Red. July. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1692. 
 
 tetra'ndria (four-stamened). White. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 veno'sa (veiny -leaved). White. S. Amer. 1733. 
 
 CLUY'TIA. (Named after Cluyt, a pro- 
 fessor of botany at Leyden. Nat. ord., 
 JEupliorbiads [Euphorbiacete]. Linn,, 
 22-Dicecia 3-Triandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots ; but, if not to be got, points of shoots 
 before they become hard, in sand, over a layer of 
 sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 55 to 75; 
 winter, 40 to 48. The East Indian species re- 
 quire more heat in winter. 
 
 C. alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). 2. White. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1692. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 3. White. E. Ind. 1807. Stove. 
 
 Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 ~pa!tula (spreading). 3. White. E. Ind. J812. 
 Stove. 
 
 polifo'lia (poly-leaved). 2. White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 ~polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 2. White. 
 April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 3. White. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 2. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1739. 
 
 ttnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1817. 
 
 tomento'sa (thickly- downy). 3. White. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 Widow's-wail. (An adopted 
 
 name from Theophrastus, the derivation 
 not explained. Nat. ord., a section of 
 Rueworts [Rutaceae], Linn., 3-Triandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in 
 
 sand, under a glass, in April ; peat and fibry loam, 
 
 with a little silver-sand. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 C. pulverule'ntum (powdery). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1822. 
 
 tricofccum (three-grained). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe, 1793. 
 
 CNE'STIS. (From Jcnao, to scratch ; re- 
 ferring to the prickly capsules. Nat. 
 ord., Connarad-s [Connaracese], Linn., 
 \Q-Decandria &-Pentagynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in sweet bot- 
 tom-heat. Loam and peat ; both fibry, with sand. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 
 C. cornicula'ta (small-horned). 10. Purple. 
 Guinea. 1/93. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 10. White, green. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1 823. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 6. Purple. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1823. 
 
 COAL. See FUEL. 
 
 COAL-ASHES. See ASHES. 
 
 COBCE'A. (Named after M. Cobo, a 
 Spanish botanist Nat. ord. Phloxworts 
 [Polemoniacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings ol 
 firm side-shoots, in summer ; but best from seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in March. Poor, sandy soil,, 
 otherwise they will grow too freely to bloom pro- 
 fusely. Greenhouse, or poles, or wall, during 
 summer, in open air. 
 
 C. macroste'ma (long-stamcned). 20. Green, 
 yellow. October. Guayaquil. 1839. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1792. 
 
 stipula'ris (/ar#e-stipuled). 20. Yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 COBU'BGIA. (Named after Prince Leo- 
 pold of Saxe-Colourg, now King of Bel- 
 gium. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- 
 lidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynla.) 
 
 Handsome half-hardy flowering-bulbs, which 
 delight in strong, rich loam, and will grow on a- 
 warm, sunny border, in summer ; to be taken up 
 on the approach of frost, and kept dry over the 
 winter. Propagated by offsets. 
 C, cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. March. Cor 
 
 dilleras. 1839. 
 fu'lva (tawny-cowered). 1. Tawny. S. Amer. 
 
 1829. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). $. Orange. March. Cor- 
 
 dilleras. 1841. 
 
 incarna'ta (fiesh-coloured). 2. Scarlet. Au- 
 
 gust. Quito. 1826. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion-coloured). 3. Vermilion. 
 
 April. Peru. 1842. 
 
 stylo'sa (long-styled). Orange, red. March- 
 
 Quito. 1847. 
 
 trichro'ma (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet/ white- 
 
 green. June. Andes. 1837. 
 
COG 
 
 [232] 
 
 COG 
 
 C. versi'color (changeable). 2. Red, white, green. 
 June. Lima. 1810. 
 
 COCCINE'LLJS. Lady- Birds. There are 
 about thirty species of this useful end 
 "beautiful insect. Let no one destroy & 
 coccinella, for it is one of the greatest 
 destroyers of the plant-louse, or aphis. 
 This is much better appreciated on the 
 Continent than in England ; for there the 
 gardeners collect lady-hirds, and place 
 them upon rose-trees, &c., infected with 
 aphides. 
 
 COCCO'LOBA. Sea-side Grape. (From 
 Icolckos, a herry, and lobos, a lohe; in 
 reference to the fruit. Nat. ord, Buck- 
 wheats [Polygonaceoe]. Linn., Q-Ortan- 
 dria 3-Triyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young, firm 
 shoots, in spring or summer, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 
 63 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. acumina'ta (pointed-Jeawed). 20. White, green. 
 New Grenada. J820. 
 
 excorla'ta (barked). 80. White, green. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 flave'scens (pale yellow). 15. White. St. 
 
 Domingo. 1820. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White, green. 
 
 August. Caraccas. 1822. 
 
 longtfo'lia (long-leaved). 30. White, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 microsta'chya (small - spiked). 16. White, 
 
 green. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 ni'vea (white-teaced). 20. White, green. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1818. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-feai'ed). 50. White, 
 
 green. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 obiustfo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. White, green. 
 
 Carthagena. 1822. 
 
 orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 15. White, green. 
 
 S. Amejr. 1825. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). White, green. W. Ind. 
 
 1690. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 15. White, green. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White, green. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 uvi'fera (grape-bearing). 60. White, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 CO'CCULUS. (From coccus, cochineal- 
 colour ; in reference to the scarlet colour 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., Menispermuds 
 [Menispermacese]. Linn. 22-Diaxia 6- 
 JEfexandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, from the East Indies. 
 The Co'cculus I'ndicus of the druggists' shops 
 is the berry of C. Plukene'tii and subero'sus. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened, small side-shoots, in 
 sandy soil, under a jjlass ; peat and loam, both 
 fibry and sandy; Summer temp., 60 to 68; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 20. White, green. 
 1820. 
 
 cri'spus (curled). 20. White, green. 1822. 
 
 incd'nus (hoary). 10. White, green. 1820. 
 
 laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 10. White, green. 
 
 1816. 
 
 orbicula't us (round-teauecJ) . 6. Green, yellow. 
 
 1/90. 
 
 C.palma'tus (hand-fcat>ed). 10. White, green. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Piukene'tii (Plukenet's). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 1~90. 
 
 rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 20. White, 
 
 prreen. 1820. 
 
 subero'sus (cork-iarAred). 20. White, green. 
 
 1800. 
 
 tomento'sus (woolly). 10. White, green. 18ig. 
 
 villo'sus (long-haired). 6. Green, yellow. 1800. 
 
 Coccus. Scale Insect. The species 
 of this family are most usually, hut not 
 exclusively, found upon the tenants of 
 our greenhouses and hothouses. The 
 males are active, hut the females usually 
 fixed to a. part of the plant. The former 
 have wings, and are so small- as to re- 
 quire a magnifier to distinguish them 
 clearly : they then appear somewhat like 
 a gnat in form. The females are much 
 larger, and in shape not unlike a bed-bug, 
 but with a scaly skin. When hatching 
 they envelope themselves in a woolly 
 case. The eggs are oval, but no larger 
 than dots. Brushing the stems and 
 branches of trees and shrubs with a 
 hard scrubbing-brush will destroy many 
 of these vermin ; and, if spirit of turpen- 
 tine, with a painter's brush, is applied, 
 so as to visit every cranny of the bark, 
 the application is perfectly effectual. 
 Smaller and more delicate plants in pots 
 may be placed under a sea-kale or other 
 cover, with a little of the spirit in a sau- 
 cer, and then submitted to a gentle heat : 
 the vapour of the turpentine will destroy 
 the insect in a hour or two. If the first 
 application fails, the second will not fail. 
 
 G. adonidum. Mealy Bug. If this 
 insect is attacked the moment the first is 
 seen the pest may be usually avoided. 
 Vines attacked by it should have every 
 branch and stem brushed over sedulously 
 
 with a hard brush, and then with a 
 painters brush as thoroughly painted 
 over with this mixture : Soft soap, 2 Ibs.; 
 
coo 
 
 [ 233 ] 
 
 COG 
 
 {lowers of sulphur, 2 Ibs. ; tobacco, 1 Ib. ; 
 and a wine-glass of spirit of turpentine. 
 Miz the sulphur, turpentine, and soap 
 into a paste with warm water ; boil the 
 tobacco for an hour in a covered sauce- 
 pan in some more water, strain it, mix it 
 with the soapy mixture, end then add 
 enough water to make five gallons. 
 More tender plants can or;ly have their 
 stems and leaves sponged with water at 
 a temperature of 115, frequently , and 
 so long as a single insect can be detected. 
 The Mealy Bug on pine-p.pples may be 
 destroyed by shutting these up in a frame, 
 over a bed of hot, fermenting horse-dung. 
 Our drawing represents a female magni- 
 fied, and of its natural size. It is some- 
 what like a woodlouse in form, but red- 
 dish, and covered with a white, mealy 
 powder. The male is slender, gnat-like, 
 with two broad wings, and two brush-like 
 filaments behind. The Cottage Gardener, 
 v. ] 57. 
 
 C. vitis. Vine Scale. It preys upon 
 the stems and branches of the grape-vine 
 both in the open air and under glass. It 
 seems to be the same species which also 
 attacks, occasionally, the peach, nectarine, 
 and plum. It is, says Mr. Curtis, alongish- 
 brown insect, which, in old age, assumes , 
 a blackish-brown colour, and becomes j 
 hemispherical and wrinkled. The females j 
 are shield-like, being convex above, and i 
 flat, or concave, below. They are i"ar- 
 nished with six small legs, which, whjn 
 the insect is old, become part of the 
 substance of the body. On the under 
 side of the insect is a sucker, with which 
 it pierces the cuticle of the plants, and 
 extracts their juices. Soon after impreg- 
 nation the female dies, and her body 
 becomes a protection for the eggs, 
 which are covered with long, white wool, 
 and sometimes completely envelope the 
 shoots of the vines, or of plants grow- 
 ing underneath them. Their powers of 
 propagation are immense; and, where 
 the} <Mice become very numerous, they 
 are exceedingly difficult to eradicate. 
 This species belongs to the true genus 
 Coccus, characterized by the female having 
 a scale inseparable from her body. While 
 young, both sexes are alike; but the 
 male larvse produce two-winged insects, 
 with two tail threads. The females have 
 no wings ; and their dead bodies, beneath 
 which the young are sheltered, appear as 
 iu the annexed woodcut. 
 
 Whilst the leaves are on the vine, if 
 
 any species of scale appears on its stem 
 and branches, the least offensive remedy 
 is to paint over the whole with a strong 
 solution of gum arabic or starch ; allow 
 it to remain on for a week, and thon 
 wash it off. But the most effectual 
 remedy is to brush them over thoroughly 
 twice, after an interval of a day, with 
 spirit of turpentine. To prevent the 
 recurrence of the plague, a very effective 
 mode, in autumn, -is to scrape away and 
 burn all the rough bark, and then, with 
 a rough brush, to paint over the stem 
 and branches with a creamy mixture, 
 composed of ^lb. of soft soap, 1 Ib. of 
 sulphur, and J oz. of black pepper, to 
 four gallons of water ; boil together for 
 twenty minutes, and make it thick enough 
 to adhere to the wood like paint. If it 
 does not, thicken it with lime, adding 
 sufficient soot to take oft the glaring 
 white colour of the lime. Gard. Chron., 
 1842, 840 
 
 C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses, 
 especially on orange-trees. It infests 
 leaves as well as stems. 
 
 C. Iromelia, Pine -Apple Scale, infests 
 that fruit, the hibi'scus, justi'tia, &c. 
 
 C. lestudo. Turtle Scale. This i* 
 found chiefly on stove plants requiring 
 a high temperature. The scale is oval, 
 very convex, and dark brown. They may 
 be all destroyed by the applications _re- 
 commended against the preceding species. 
 
 A genus of insects closely allied to the 
 Coccus, and usually confounded with it, 
 is Aspidiotm ; and, as all remedial ob- 
 servations applicable to the one ure 
 equally applicable to the other, the pre 
 vailing kinds of it are hero eiiwneratetl. 
 
COG 
 
 [ 234 ] 
 
 CCEL 
 
 A. nerii, Oleander Scale, is found in 
 our stoves and greenhouses, chiefly on 
 the Oleanders, Palmse, Aloes, and Acacias. 
 
 A. roses, Kose Scale ; A. cchinocacti, 
 Cactus Scale ; A. lauri Sweet-Bay Scale ; 
 infest chiefly the plants by the names of 
 which they are distinguished. 
 
 A. ostreceformis, Pear-tree Oyster Scale, 
 is found upon the pear-tree. 
 
 COCKLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. (From 
 cochlear, a spoon ; in reference to the con- 
 cave leaves. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi- 
 cacesej. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, the first in the 
 open border. They are of little ornamental in- 
 terest. Armora'cea is well known as horse- 
 radish. 
 
 C. armora'cea (horse-radish). 8. White. May. 
 England. 
 
 Gronla'ndica (Greenland). 1. Flesh. May. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 integrifo'lia. (entire-leaved). White. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1822. 
 
 officina'lis (shop. Scurvy-grass). . White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. White. April. Py- 
 
 renees. 1820. 
 
 See HORSE-RADISH and SCURVY-GRASS. 
 
 COCHLOSPE'RMUM. (From cochlo, to 
 twist, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., Rock- 
 roses [Cistacese], Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 
 Q-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in April, in sand, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. gossy'pium (cottony). 60. Yellow. May. E 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). 60. Vellow 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 COCKCHAFER. See MELOLONTHA. 
 
 COCKSCOMB. See CELO'SIA. Ehina'n 
 thus cri'stugalli and JErythri'na cri'slagall 
 are also so called. 
 
 COCKSPUK THOEN. Cratts'gus cri'sta 
 galli. 
 
 COCOA-NUT-TREE. Co'cos-. 
 
 COCOA PLUM. Chrysoba'lanus. 
 
 COCOA EOOTS. Cala'dium. 
 
 Co'cos. Cocoa-nut-tree. (From the 
 Portuguese word coco, a monkey ; in re 
 ference to the end of the nut heing like 
 a monkey's head. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal 
 macese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia Q-Hexan 
 dria.) 
 
 Seeds in hotbed, in spring; rich, loamy soil 
 somewhat shaded. 
 
 C. flexuo'sa (zigzag). 50. Brazil. 1825. 
 nuci'fera (common nut-bearing). 60. Pal 
 
 green. E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathery). 50. Pale green. Brazi 
 1825. 
 
 CODLIN MOTH. See CARPOCAPSA. 
 CODLINS AND CREAM. Epilo'bwm hir 
 su'tum. 
 
 COS'LXA. (The derivation not explained. 
 Tat ord., Orchids [Orchidacece]. Linn., 
 Q'Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Ornithidium and Maxillaria.) 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; sphagnum, peat, and 
 little charcoal, in a shallow basket. Growing 
 emp., 60 to 90; rest, 55 to 60. 
 Baueria'na (Bauer's). White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1790. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked), lied. February. 
 Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 COELO'GYNE. (From hollos, hollow, and 
 
 yne, female ; in reference to the female 
 
 Tgan, or pistil. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 
 chidacero]. Linn., -20-Gynandria l-Mo- 
 
 nandria.) 
 
 To cultivate this genus successfully, divide ifc 
 nto two sections: The first, C. barba'ta, cris- 
 ta'ta, Cumi'ngii, ela'ta, fttligino'sa, ocella'ta, 
 spccio'sa, and some other new species from Bor- 
 neo not yet bloomed in this country. The second 
 section, C. Gardneria'na, macula'tcifpr&cox, anct 
 Wallichia'na. 
 
 The compost for the first section should be 
 chopped sphagnum, turfy peat, using only the 
 fibrous part, and small potsherds. The season 
 For potting is when they begin to grow, about 
 February. Some of the species have long rhi- 
 zomas (creeping stems), and would soon run over 
 the edges of the pot. To keep them at home, 
 place an upright block of wood in the centre of 
 the pot ; clothe it with moss, and, as the plant 
 advances in growth, train to it, and fasten it with, 
 fine copper wire. When growing, they require a 
 liberal amount of water ; but the water must not 
 lodge in the hearts of the young leaves. In very 
 hot weather syringe the plants in the morning, 
 and give air, to dry up the extra moisture. Shade 
 from bright sunshine, removing it off by four or 
 five o'clock. The annual growths should be fi- 
 nished early in the autumn, and then the heat 
 and moisture should be reduced; and, when 
 winter approaches, cease watering altogether. 
 
 For the second section the soil should be a 
 compost of sandy peat, fibrous loam, and half- 
 decayed leaves, with a small portion of river-sand. 
 Drain moderately well, and place four or five 
 bulbs in a 6-inch pot, excepting C. Gardneria'na, 
 which is a strong grower, and requires a larger 
 pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it. Pot as soon 
 as the bloom is over, because, as soon as the 
 flowers decay, the young leaves begin immedi- 
 ately to push forth from the same sheath, and 
 will soon begin to put out new roots. Before that 
 takes place the plants should be potted. THIS 
 
 R.ULK APPLIES TO ALL ORCHIDS. 
 
 Place this section of Coelo'gyne on a shelf near 
 the glass, in a cool stove. Whilst growing, freely 
 water moderately, till the leaves are considerably 
 grown, and then abundantly. In potting, place 
 the bulbs just on the surface of the soil. 
 
 Resting-period Treatment. As soon as the 
 pseudo-bulbs are fully formed cease watering, and 
 allow the leaves to turn yellow and die ; remove 
 them, and continue the plants in the same situ- 
 ation, keeping them dry and cool. Pay attention 
 to them occasionally, to see that the bulbs con- 
 tinue plump and fresh. Should they appear to 
 shrivel, give a little water, which will cause them 
 to swell again ; but be careful not to overdo it, or 
 you may induce them to start prematurely. 
 C, barba'ta (bearded-cowered), White, yellov. 
 December. Khooaeea. 1 837. 
 
COF 
 
 [ 235 ] 
 
 COL 
 
 C. bru'nnea (nssset). Greenish-yellow. November, 
 E. Ind. 1844. 
 
 corona'ria (crowned). Yellowish. Khooseea. 
 
 183?. 
 
 crista'ta (crested-lipped'). White, yellow. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1837. 
 
 Cumi'ngii (Mr. Coming's). 2. Creamy. white, 
 
 yellow. June. Singapore. 1840. 
 
 de'cora (comely). White. March. India. 1837- 
 
 ela'ta (tall). White, yellow. Khooseea. 1837. 
 fimlma'ta (fringed). 1. White, brown. Sep. 
 
 tember. Nepaul. 
 
 fla'ccida (drooping). 1. White. January, Ne- 
 
 paul. 
 
 flah*ida (yellowish). Yellow. April. India. 1839. 
 fuligino'sa (dusky). Cream, brown. June. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 f uses' scens (brownish). Greenish-yellow. 
 
 Gardneria'na (Mr. Gardner's). 1. White, 
 
 yellow. November. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 interru'pta (interrupted). White. Khooseea. 
 
 1837. 
 
 longicuu'lis (long-stemmed). White, yellow. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 -- Ltfwii (Mr. Low's). Buff and brown. Borneo. 
 1848. 
 
 me'dia (middle). White, yellow. Khooseea. 
 
 1837. 
 
 macula! to, (spotted). White, crimson. Khoo- 
 
 seea. 1837. 
 
 rtigre'scens (blackish). Blackish. March. India. 
 
 1838. 
 
 nVtida (shming-leansd). 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 ocella'ta (eyed). White, yellow. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 ochra'cea (ochre-spotted), f . White, yellow. 
 
 April. E. Ind. 1844. 
 
 oca' Us (oval). White, brown. October. 
 
 plantagi'nea (plantain-/eauerf). Pale yellow. 
 
 Singapore. 1840. 
 
 pree'cox (early -flowering). <|. Rose, white. 
 
 October. Nepaul. 1845. 
 
 proli'fera (many-offseted). Yellowish. Khoo- 
 
 seea. 1837. 
 
 punctula'ta (dotted). Yellow. October. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1822. 
 
 ri'glda (stiff). Yellow. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 specio'sa (showy -flowered), f . Brown, white. 
 
 September. Java. 1845. 
 
 testa'cea (light-brown). Brown. May. Sin- 
 
 gapore. 1842. 
 
 trinefrvis (three-nerved). White, yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Singapore. 
 
 undula'ta (w&ved-leaved), White. Khooseea. 
 
 1837. 
 
 Wallichin'na (Wallich's). Rose, white. No- 
 
 vember. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 COFFE'A. Coffee-tree. (From 
 the name of a province of Narea, in 
 Africa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho- 
 nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogy- 
 nia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist heat ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85: winter, 
 5 to 60. 
 C. Arafbica (Arabian). 20. White. September. 
 
 Yemen. 1696. 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). 8. White. Guiana. 
 
 1822. 
 
 COGWOOD-TREE. Lotfrus chloro' xylon. 
 Co'ix. Job's Tears. (Adopted name 
 
 from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Grasses 
 [Graminacese]. Linn., 21-Monceda 3- 
 Ti'iandria. Allied to Indian Corn.) 
 
 Stove perennial grasses. Seeds ; divisions ; rich, 
 light soil. Summer temp., 00 to 80; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 C. arundina'cea (reed-like). 2. July. Mexico. 
 
 1818. 
 /a'cAryma(tear). 2. June. E. Ind. 1596. 
 
 COKE. See FUEL. 
 
 COLBE'ETIA. (Named after J. B. Col- 
 bert, a French marquis, and patron of 
 botany. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dillenia- 
 cese], Linn., I'3-Potyandria 5-Pentagy- 
 nia. Allied to Dillenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots under glass, and in a moist bottom- ^at. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). 15. Yellow. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 April. Cororaandel. 1803, 
 
 scabre'lla (roughish). 10. Yellow. 
 
 1820. 
 
 CO'LCHICUM. Meadow Saffron. (Named 
 after Colchis, its native country, in Asia 
 Minor. Nat ord., Melanths [Melantha- 
 cese]. Linn., 6-Hexanctria 3-Triyynia.) 
 
 Dr. Lindley says, " Few orders of plants are 
 more universally poisonous than this." C. a*t- 
 tumna'le, a gout medicine, is a virulent poison. 
 Hardy herbaceous bulbs. Offsets, planted in 
 common border. 
 
 C. alpi'num (alpine). 4. Purple. July. Apennines 
 1820. 
 
 arena'rium (sand). . Purple. September, 
 
 Hungary. 181 6. 
 
 autumna'le (autumnal. Common meadow saf- 
 
 fron). 1. Purple. September. Britain. 
 -- a'lbum (white-lowered). . White. Sep. 
 
 tember. Britain. 
 -- a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). 3. Dark 
 
 purple. September. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). |. 
 
 Purple. September. Britain. 
 
 - flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4- P ur * 
 
 pie. September, Britain. 
 -- purpu'reo-stria'tum (purple-striped). ^. 
 
 Purple-striped. September. Britain. 
 -- stria'tum-ple'no (striped-double). $. 
 
 Lilac-striped. September. Britain. 
 
 Bysanti'num (Byzantine). ^. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Levant. 1629. 
 
 Chione'nse (Chio). $. Purple. November. 
 
 Chio. 
 
 crociflo'rum (crocus-flowered). 1^. Purple. 
 
 August. South Europe. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). ?. Purple. August. 
 
 South Europe. 181Q. 
 
 tessella'tum (chequered). ^. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. South Europe. 1600. 
 
 umbro'sum (shaded). ^. Pink. September. 
 
 Guinea. 1819. 
 
 variega'tum (vs.riegzted.-flowei'ed). J. Purple. 
 
 September. Greece. 1629. 
 
 COLDB'NIA. (Named after C. Golden, 
 
 a North American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 
 Chretiads [Chretiaceae]. Linn., ^-Tetran- 
 
 driaS- Trigynia. Allied to the Heliotrope. ) 
 
 Stove trailing annual. Seeds sown in a hotbe^ 
 
COL 
 
 [236 ] 
 
 COL 
 
 in March, and flowers in the greenhouse, in sum- 
 mer. Light, rich soil. 
 
 C, procu'mbens (lyinar-down). 2. White. July. 
 E. Ind. 1699- 
 
 CO'LEA. (Named after General Cole, 
 governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord., 
 Crescentiads [Crescentiaceae]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to the 
 Calabash-tree.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam, both fibry, and mixed with a little 
 sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 C.floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 8. Yellow. 
 August. Madagascar. 1839. 
 
 COLEBROO'KIA. (Named after H. F. 
 Colebrooke, a botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia '2-An- 
 giospermia. Allied to Mint.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots, in April or May; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 C.oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. White. 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leafleted-leaved). 3. White 
 
 E. Ind. 1823, 
 
 COLEONE'MA. (From koleos, a sheath, 
 and nema, filament ; in reference to the 
 way the filaments, or anther-threads, 
 are combined with the base of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Bueivorts [Rutacea]. Linn. 
 5-Pcntandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape ol 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of youn^ shoots, getting 
 firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peal 
 one part, loam two parts, with sand, to keep it 
 open. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 C. a'lha (white). 2. White. June. 1798. 
 
 pu'lchrum (beautiful). 6. Rose. May. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). Rose. March 
 
 COLESAT, or COLESEED. Sra'ssica 
 campe'stris olei'fera. 
 
 CO'LEUS. (From Icoleos, a sheath ; re 
 ferring to the way that the bottom of tb< 
 stamens, or anther-threads, are combined 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn. 
 L^-Didynamia 1- Gymnospermia. Allied to 
 Plectranthus.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in heat 
 Loam and peat. Summer temp, for the stovi 
 species, 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55; for thi 
 other, common greenhouse temperatures. 
 C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 2. Violet. May. In 
 dia. 1826. Stove. 
 
 barba'tus (bearded). 3. Blue. October 
 
 Abyssinia. 1806. Stove. 
 
 Blu'mei (Blume's). ij. Purple and white 
 
 June. Java. 
 
 frutico'sus (shrubby). 3. Blue. July. Cap 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 Mucree'i (Macrae's). 2. Purple and white 
 
 August. Ceylon. 1852. 
 
 COLEWORT, or COLLET. See CABBAGE, 
 COLLA'NIA. (Derivation unknown. Nat. 
 d., Amdryllids [Amaryllidaceffi]. Linn., 
 \-Hexandria 1-Monugynia.) 
 
 A splendidly-flowering greenhouse perennial, in 
 he style of Alstromeria. Collectors should strive 
 o import these. Division of bulbs and olfsets ; 
 )eat and loam, in frame or greenhouse, or deeply 
 ilanted out of doors. 
 
 P. Andinamarca'na (Andinamarca). 6. Red, 
 green. April. Peru. 1845. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet- flowered). Pale cream, green. 
 
 August. Peru. 1845. 
 
 COLLE'TIA. (Named after M. Collet, 
 a French botanical writer. Nat. ord., 
 Rlwmnads [Ehamnacese]. Linn., 5-Pe;i- 
 andria \-Monoyyn ia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 n sand, under a glass, in spring; sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55. 
 
 C. crucia'ta (cross-spmed). 4. Pale yellow. 
 Chili. 1824. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Greenish-white. May. 
 
 Chili. 1832. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Peru. 1822. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 2. Apetal. June. Peru. 1823. 
 
 uli'cina (furze-like). 2. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 COLLIFLOWER. See CAULIFLOWER. 
 
 COLLI'NSIA. (Named after Collins, a 
 North American naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia %-Angiopermia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in March, in open 
 borders ; some in autumn, and slightly protected 
 during winter ; or some in a slight hotbed, in 
 March, and transplanted in patches, in April and 
 May ; autumn-sown ones will bloom earliest. 
 C. bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Purple, white. 
 June. California. 1833. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink, blue. 
 
 June. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 hcterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Lilac. July, 
 
 Columbia. 1838. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple, blue. 
 
 June. Columbia. 1826. Trailer. 
 
 sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 1. Violet. 
 
 May. California. 1836. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 1. Pale pink. May. 
 
 California. 1848. 
 
 ve'rna (spring). 1. Purple, blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 COLLINSO'NIA. (Named after P. Col- 
 linson, a great promoter of botany. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., "2- 
 Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila 
 and Hyssop.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division ; com- 
 mon soil in moist places. 
 
 C. anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. Yellow. CK> 
 tober. Carolina. 1806. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1735. 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1734. 
 ova'ta (egg-ZramJ). 3. Lilac, yellov? 
 
 September. N Amer. 1734. 
 
COL 
 
 [ 237 ] 
 
 COL 
 
 C. ova'lis (oval-leaved'). 2. Yellow. August. 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 scabriu'scula (roughish). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 August. East Florida. 1776. Greenhouse. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1806. 
 
 COLLO'MIA. (From kolla, glue ; refer- 
 ring to the mucous which surrounds the 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo- 
 rdacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Gilia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. The best is C. cocci'nea. 
 Seeds in open border ; spring or autumn. 
 C. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's), ]. Red, yellow. 
 June. Chili. 1832. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. July. Chili. 1832. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 Gilioi'des (Gilia-like). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 
 glutino'sa (glutinous). Red. September. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). . Rose. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-foauetf). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Columbia. 182!5. 
 
 iinea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 COLOCA'SIA. (From kolokasia, the Greek 
 for the root of an Egyptian plant. Nat. 
 ord. f j.r<td [Aracese], Linn., 21-Moncecia 
 1-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.) 
 
 The Colocasias are remarkable alike for their 
 milky juice and for producing eatable tubers, 
 though belonging to an order which an acrid 
 principle generally pervades. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 
 55; greenhouse not quite so warm. 
 C. antiquo'rum (ancient). 2. Green. June. 
 Levant. 1551. Tuberous-rooted. Green- 
 house. 
 
 escule'ntea (eatable-rooted), 2. Green, pur- 
 
 ple. June. S. Amer. 1739. 
 
 odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Peru. 1310. 
 
 COLOCY'NTII. Cu'cumis colocy'nthus. 
 
 COLOGA'NIA. (Named after M. Coloyan, 
 who hospitably entertained naturalists 
 visiting Teneriffe. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Yl -Diadelphia 
 k-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, natives of Mexico ; 
 cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in April ; seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 C. nngustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Violet. 1827. 
 Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). 3, Violet. 1827. 
 
 pulcfie'lla (pretty). 3. Rose. September. 
 
 1837. 
 
 COLPOON-TREE. Cassi'ne colpoo'n. 
 
 COLT'S-FOOT. Tttssila'go. 
 
 COLUBRI'NA. (From coluber, a snake ; 
 in reference to the twisted stamens. Nat. 
 ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnacese] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandrid \-Mono'jynia. Allied to 
 Ceanothus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. Asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Pale yellow. July. 
 Ceylon. IfiQl. 
 
 Cube'nsis (Cuba). 5. Crimson. Cuba. 1820. 
 
 ferrugino'sa (rusty). 20. Green. July. Ba- 
 
 hama. 1762. 
 
 reclina'ta (bent-down). 5. Green. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1758. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). Pale yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 COLUMBINE. Aquile'gia. 
 
 COLUMBO-ROOT. Koot of Go'cculus pal- 
 ma'tus. 
 
 COLU'MNEA. (Named after Fdbiits 
 Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia, Allied to 
 Besleria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil and 
 in heat, under a hand-light ; peat and loam, with 
 pieces of charcoal and rotten wood, well drained. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 TWINERS. 
 
 C, au'reo-ni'tens (bright-golden). 1$. Orange, 
 red. September. Columbia. 1843. 
 
 Schiedia'na (Schiede's). $. Orange. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Scarlet. August. 
 
 W.Ind. 1759. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 C, crassifn'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Rose. October. 
 1837. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pale purple. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1780. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). Scarlet. September. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1824. 
 
 ru'tilans (red-leaved). 2. Purple. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. Brazil. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 3. Blue. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1823. 
 
 eebri'na (zebra-marked). Pale yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1843. 
 
 COLU'RIA. (From kolouros, deprived of 
 a tail ; in reference to the seeds. Nat. 
 ord., Roseworts [Eosacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Geum 
 and Potentilla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; peat 
 and loam. 
 
 C. potentilloi'des (potentilla-like). I. Orange. 
 June. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 COLU'TEA. Bladder-senna. (From 
 koloutea, a name adopted from Theo- 
 phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 '- DiadelpJiia 4- 
 Decandria. Allied to Caragana.) 
 
 The leaves of the bladder-senna are used to 
 adulterate the Senna of the druggists. Cuttinp 
 planted in the end of summer; seeds sown in 
 spring ; common soil. 
 
 C. arbore'scens (common tree-like). 10. Yellow. 
 July. France. 1548. 
 
 crue'nta (bloody). 4. Scarlet. June. Levant. 
 
 1710. 
 
COM 
 
 [238] 
 
 COM 
 
 C, Hateppica (Alfyppo). 6. Yellow. June, Le- 
 
 vant. 1752. 
 
 - me'dia (intermediate). 10. Orange, July. 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 6. Yellow. August, 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 COLVI'LLEA, (Named after Sir Charles 
 Golville, governor of Mauritius. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 1~Deeandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Caesalpinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under 
 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; seeds when 
 
 able. 
 45 to 55. 
 
 , 
 procurable. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 
 C. raoemo'sa (frw^e-raceined). 45. Scarlet. April. 
 Madagascar. 
 
 COMARO'PSIS. (From komaron, the 
 Comarurn, or Marsh Cinquefoil, and opsis, 
 like ; referring to its strong resemblance 
 to Comarum. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Eo- 
 eacese]. Linn., 12-Ieosandria B-Trigynia. 
 Allied to Geum and Potentilla.) 
 
 Hardy North American perennials. Divisions ; 
 seeds ; common soil. 
 C. Donia'na (Don's). I. Yellow. May. 1800. 
 
 fragarioi'des (strawberry-like). 1. White. 
 
 May. 1803. 
 
 GOMAEOSTA'PHYLIS. (From Komaros, 
 the Arbutus, and staphyle,& grape; refer- 
 ring to the clusters of fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Arctosta- 
 phylos.) 
 
 Pretty bushes from the alpine regions of 
 Guatimala, bearing succulent fruit, which is 
 eatable. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light, in 
 the beginning of autumn ; grafted on the Arbutus 
 in spring ; loam and peat. If not kept in a cold 
 greenhouse, will require protection out of doors. 
 C. arbutoi'des (arbutus-lifce). 6. White. May. 
 1842. 
 
 pollfo'lia (polium -leaved). Crimson. May. 
 
 1840. 
 
 OO'MABUM. Marsh Cinquefoil. (From 
 komaros, the Arbutus, or Strawberry-tree; 
 in reference to the fruit being like that 
 of the arbutus. Nat. ord., Roseworts 
 [Sosaeeee], Linn., 1%-Icosandria 3-Poty- 
 gynia. Allied to Potentilla.) 
 
 The leaves of the Marsh Cinquefoil have been 
 used for Peruvian bark. Hardy herbaceous per- 
 cnnials. Divisions ; moist places, common soil. 
 C.palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 variega'tum (striped - leaved). l. Purple. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 COIVCBRE'TUM. (An ancient name adopted 
 from Pliny. Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Corn- 
 bretacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Hono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, except two surubs. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, or rather, strffish side- 
 shoots, taken off with a heel, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and loam, 
 with a little charcoal and broken pots, to keep 
 
 the soil opfcn, Summer temp,, Go* to 90 ; winter, 
 
 60 to 60. 
 
 C. e? logons (elegant). 15. Scarlet* May. Brotil. 
 
 1820. 
 farino'sum (mealy). 10. Orange, red. May* 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 forwo'sum (handsome). Yellow, red. March 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (lai'goflowered). 6. Scwlet 
 
 May. Sierra Leoae. 1824. Shrub. 
 
 latifo'tium (broad-leaved). Scarlet. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1844. 
 
 na'num (dwarf), 2. White, Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 panicula'tum (paraded). SO. Soarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. Guinea. 1824. 
 
 Pinesa'num (Pince's). Purple, red. May. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1845. 
 
 rafemo'sum (racemose). 12. White. May. 
 
 Benin. 1826. 
 
 Recufndum (side-lowering-). 10. Yellow- 
 
 striped. May. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 WngMia'num (Wright's). 10. India. 1845. 
 
 COMESPE'EMA. (From home, hair, and 
 sperma, a seed ; in reference to the seeds 
 being enveloped with hairs. Nat. ord., 
 Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 16- 
 Monade^hia, 5-Octandria. Allied to 
 Poly gala.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in April, under a glass; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 06 to 80; 
 winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 C. cwdifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purplj. June. 
 "1822. 
 
 coHdifo'lia (coris-leaved). Purpla. May. 1822. 
 
 eri'cina (heath-like). 3. Purple. June. 1823. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 3. Blue. April. 1834. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. May. 1826. 
 
 COBIFEEY. Sy'mphytum. 
 COBIMELI'NA. (Named after J. and O. 
 Commelin, Dutch botanists. Nat. ord., 
 Spiderworts [Cornmelinacese]. Linn., 3- 
 Triandria 1-Honogynia.) 
 
 The fleshy roots, or rhizomes, of most of the 
 species of Commelina are eatable when cooked. 
 Hardy kinds, by sowing in the open ground, 
 whether annual or perennial, and by dividing the 
 roots of the latter. Evergreen trailing kinds, 
 whether greenhouse or stove, chiefly by cuttings 
 in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in a gentle 
 hotbed. All the herbaceous species, whether, 
 from tropical regions or New Holland, &e., by 
 seeds, sown in a hotbed, early in spring, pricked 
 off, and potted and planted out towards the end 
 of May, will flourish in the flower-garden, and 
 constitute a pleasing feature until the end of 
 autumn. Before frost, the tuberous kinds should 
 be taken up and kept like dahlias, but not over 
 dry ; started a little in spring, in heat, and then 
 transplanted at the end of May, will bloom 
 stronger than the seedlings. The soil should be 
 light and rich, using either rotten dung or leaf- 
 mould, with sandy loam. Summer temp, for stove 
 species, 50 to 76; winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 C. commu'nis (common). 2. Purple, blue. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. Hardy. 
 - wculla'ta (hooded). Blue, July. Brawl, 1*8*. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
COM 
 
 [ 239 ] 
 
 COM 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. Caripe'nsis (Caripe). 2. Blue. June. Trinidad 
 1826. Stove. 
 
 caiiestis (sky-5/we). Blue. June. 1813. Stove. 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 3. White. June. 
 
 ere'cta (upright), l. Blue. August. Virginia. 
 
 1732. Hardy. 
 
 fasticula'ta (fascicled). 1. Blue. July. Lima. 
 
 1817. Hardy. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. July. Lima. 1830. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 htrte'lla (hairyish). 1, Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. Hardy. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 1, Blue. June. Mexico. 
 
 1732. Stove. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 C. Carolinia'na (Carolina). 2. Purple, blue. 
 America. 1732. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Blue. June. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1779- 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS, 
 C, Africa'na (African). 1. Blue. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Carolina. 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 cya'nea (bright blue). 1. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 C, Bengale'nsis (Bengal). 3. Blue. June. Bengal. 
 1794. 
 
 Cayenne'nsis (Cayenne). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1823. 
 
 dqfi'ciens (deficient). 6. Blue, August. Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 dianthifo'lia (pink-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 J816. Twiner. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). 1. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 longicau'lis (long-stalked). 3. Blue. August. 
 
 Caraccas. 1806. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 2. Blue; August. Caraccas. 1804, 
 
 obli' qua (twisted-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 1820. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 1. Blue. June. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 poty'gama (various-flowered). Blue. June. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 COMMERSO'NIA, See BARRINGTO'NIA. 
 
 COMOCLA'DIA. Maiden Plum. (From 
 home, hair, and klados^ a branch; in 
 reference to the dense, silky covering on 
 the young branches. Nat ord., Anacards 
 or Terebinths [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 
 S-Triandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Pis- 
 tacia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees'. For cultivation, see BAB- 
 HINGTO'NIA. 
 
 C. denta'ta (tooth-leaved). SO. Bed. July. W. 
 Ind. 1790. 
 
 Uicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 15, Red. Caribbee 
 
 Isles. 1789. 
 
 tntegrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 16. Red. Ja- 
 
 maica. 17/8. 
 
 COMPARE' TTIA. (Named after Com- 
 paretti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacege]. Linn., 20-Gy- 
 nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Inopsis 
 and Trichocentron.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets ; fibry 
 peat, sphagnum, and broken potsherds. Plants 
 
 raised above the surface of the pot, or fastened 
 in a very shallow, well-drained basket. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 90; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet, August. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 falca'ta (sickle-shaped), A. Rose. Mav. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 ro'sea (rosy). . Rose, May. Spanish Main. 
 
 1843. 
 
 COMPOST is a mixture of manures, or 
 of earths and manures, in such propor- 
 tions and of such qualities as are consi- 
 dered particularly applicable to the plant 
 or crops to which the composition is to 
 be applied. If leaves are required to be 
 largely developed, the compost can be 
 scarcely too rich ; for the greater the 
 quantity of food imbibed by the roots, 
 the greater will be the surface of leaves 
 requisite for its elaboration. But if 
 flowers and fruit, as well as leaves-, are 
 desired, the composts, if excessively rich, 
 will cause these to diminish in number 
 and size, the flower buds passing into leaf- 
 buds, for the reason already alleged. 
 
 Composts must also duly regulate the 
 amount of moisture supplied to the roots, 
 totally independent of drainage, as com- 
 post retains to them moisture by its che- 
 mical and capillary powers. The richer 
 in decomposing animal and vegetable 
 matter, and the looser its texture, the 
 better does a compost retain moisture. 
 And this power is diminished in propor- 
 tion as siliceous sand, or calcareous 
 (chalky) matters preponderate. 
 
 Gardeners prepare their composts 
 from strong, tenacious loam, half-rotten 
 leaf-mould, heath-soil, horse-manure, 
 cow-manure, charcoal and wood-ashes, 
 bone-dust, sharp sand, burnt turf, and 
 moss, well-scalded ; and, from these ma- 
 terials, there is no doubt that a compost 
 could be prepared, embracing any de- 
 sired degree of fertility.. See MANURES 
 and POTTING. 
 
 COMPOST-GROUND. This should be an 
 enclosure concealed from sight, but in 
 the vicinity of the hotbeds, hothouses, 
 and other similar structures, for the con- 
 venience of moving the pots to it in the 
 potting season, conveyance of manures, 
 &c. All the earths and manures should 
 be under a shed ; and the dungs, being 
 liable to lose much of their fertile com- 
 ponents in drainage, should be in water- 
 tight tanks ; and if these are covered, all 
 the better. 
 
 COMPTO'NIA. (Named after Bishop 
 Comptou. Nat. ord., Galeworts [Myrica- 
 cea?.] Linn., 21-Monoecia 3-Triandria.) 
 
CON 
 
 [ 240 ] 
 
 CON 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers ; sandy soil. 
 
 C. asplenifo'lia (fern-leaved. . Sweet - gale). 4. 
 
 Brown. April. N. Amer. 1714. 
 
 CONANTRE'BA. (From konos, a cone, 
 and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag ; in 
 reference to the six anthers forming a 
 cone in the early stage of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 
 Ft-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Cumingia and Squill.) 
 
 Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, very scarce, being 
 difficult to preserve, like others of this Chilian 
 class of plants. Sandy soil and a dry border in 
 front of a greenhouse suit them best, and to be 
 protected from wet and frost, in winter. Propa- 
 gated by offsets. 
 
 C. bifo'lia (two-leaved). 1. Blue. April. 1823. 
 Si'msii (Sims's). 1. Blue. April. 1823. 
 
 CONCRETE WALKS. From personal 
 inspection we can say these are the best 
 we ever saw. Mr. Beaton's directions 
 for making them are as follows : A layer 
 of stones, brick-bats, shells, or clinkers, 
 six inches deep, to form a dry bottom ; 
 a layer of chalk or lime, in the propor- 
 tion of one to ten of the stones or other 
 foundation, and well rolled and watered 
 to the thickness of three inches, with a 
 rise of two inches in the centre ; over 
 this half an inch of gravel and lime, or 
 fine chalk; water and roll well again; 
 add one-eighth of an inch of the best 
 coloured gravel ; and again roll until 
 quite solid. Have the walk two inches 
 wider on each side than you desire, as 
 this checks the turf and weeds from en- 
 croaching, and prevents the rain-water 
 getting to the foundation of the walk. 
 
 CONDA'LIA. (Named after Condal, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Rhamnads 
 [Rhamnacese]. Linn., 5-Pentadria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Zizyphus, or Christ's 
 Thorn.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots ; common soil. Wants a little protection 
 in winter. 
 
 C. mierophy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Green. Chili. 
 1824. 
 
 CONI'FER^E, or CONE-BEARERS, are such 
 trees and shrubs, with their allied genera, 
 as are commonly known as the Pines, 
 Larches, Firs, Cedars, Junipers, and Ar- 
 bor Yitaes. 
 
 CONI'UM. Hemlock. (From konao, 
 to whirl round ; in reference to the gid- 
 diness caused by eating the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Umbettifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria, l-Monogynia. Allied to Ar- 
 racacha.) 
 
 Division of the roots, and sowing the seeds in 
 spring; C. moscha'tum by offsets. Common soil. 
 
 C. Croa'ticum (Croatian). 6. White. July. Hun- 
 gary. 1818. Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted. Common Hemlock). R. 
 
 White. June. Britain. Hardy biennial. 
 
 mosclia'tum (musk). 2. White. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1824. Stove tuber. 
 
 CO'NNARUS. (From connaros, name of 
 a tree; adopted from the Greek of 
 Atbenosus. Nat. ord., Connarads [Con- 
 naracese]. Linn., IQ-Monadeiphia 6- 
 Dccandria.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm 
 shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 C. ni'Kdm (shining). 8. White. Silhet. 1824. 
 
 panicnlu'tus (panicled). 8. White. Chitta- 
 
 gong. 1824. 
 
 pubffscens (downy). 6. White. Guiana. 1822, 
 
 CONOCA'RPUS. Button -tree. (From 
 konos, a cone, and carpos, fruit ; in re- 
 ference to the fruit growing so closely 
 together on the spikes as to resemble 
 cones. Nat. ord., Myrulalans [Combre- 
 taceie]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Terminalia.) 
 
 The bark of C. racemo'sus, one of those plants 
 called Mangroves in Brazil, is in general use for 
 tanning at Rio. Stove evergreen shrubs. Treat- 
 ment similar to Connarus. 
 
 C. acutifu'lius (pointed-leaved). 10. Pale yellow. 
 S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 ere'ctus (upright). 10. White. Jamaica. 1752 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 Cuba. 1/30. 
 
 racemo'sus (racemed). 10. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 CONOSPE'RMUM:. (From konos, a cone, 
 and spernia, a seed ; the fruit, or carpels, 
 growing close together, and forming a 
 cone. Nat. ord., a section of Proteads 
 [Proteacese], Linn., ^-Tetrandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, either in 
 spring or autumn ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 
 55 to '5 ; winter, 35 to 45. 
 C. acero'sum (fine-leaved). 
 
 acinacifo'lium (scimitar-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 ceeru'leum (blue). Blue. 1830. 
 
 capita' turn (flower-headed). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). 
 
 elli'pticum (oval-leaved). 3. White. July. 1822. 
 ericifo'lium (heath-leaved). White. 1820. 
 
 gluma'ceum (chaffy). 
 
 Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). 
 
 incu'rvum (incurved-teawed). 
 
 tongifo'lium (long-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 sclerophy'llum (hard- leaved). 
 
 taxifu'lium (yew-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 3, White. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tripline'rvium (three-nerved). 1830, 
 
 undulu'tum (waved-/eaed). 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CONOSTE'GIA. (From konos, a cone, and 
 stege, a covering ; alluding to the lobes of 
 the calyx clasping the angles of the 
 ovary. Nat. ord., Metastomads [Melas- 
 tomaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Mono- 
 t/ynia. Allied to Aplectrum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots, 
 well ripened, and the cut ends allowed to pet 
 dry; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 C. Balbisia'na (Balbis's). 20. White. May. Ja- 
 maica. 1825. 
 
 pro'cera (tall). 12. White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1822. 
 
 semicrena'ta (half-scolloped-edged). 20. 
 
 White. April. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 CONOSTE'PHIUM. (From konos, a cone, 
 and Stephanos, a crown ; referring to the 
 disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 6-Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.) 
 This belongs to the berry-bearing section of 
 Epacrids. The berries, though not much liked 
 by Europeans, are eatable and wholesome. The 
 "Native Currant" of New Holland and the 
 Tasmanian Cranberry belong to this section. 
 They are all favourite plants with gardeners for 
 the beauty of their flowers and the great skill re- 
 quired to grow them into fine specimens. Green- 
 house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, in April ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 40 to 50. 
 C. pe'ndulum (hanging-down). Swan River. 
 
 CONO'STYLIS. (From konos, a cone, 
 and stylos, a style ; the style, or female 
 organ, grows in the shape of a cone 
 at the bottom. Nat. ord., Bloodroots 
 [Ho?raodoraceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Anigozanthos.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New 
 Holland. Divisions; sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 75; winter, 40 to 45. 
 C. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. 1820. 
 
 au'rea (golden-cowered). Yellow. 
 
 dealba'ta (mealy-stemmed). 
 
 serrula'tu (fine-saw-edged). 1824. 
 
 stiti'gera (bristle-bearing). 1825. 
 
 seto'sa (bristly). Yellow. September. 1843. 
 
 CONOTHA'HNUS. (From konos, a cone, 
 and thamnos, a shrub ; from the form of 
 the shrubs. Nat., ord., Myrlleblooms 
 [Myrtaceee]. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan 
 River. Cuttings of young firm shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass. For culture, see CALO 
 THA'MNUS. 
 C. erioca'rpus (woolly-fruited). Red. May. 
 
 Ittteru'lis (spreading). Red. June. 
 
 trine'rvis (three-nerved). Red. June. 1840. 
 CONRA'DIA. (Named after Conrad Ges- 
 
 ner, a botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gresneracere]. Linn., 14 
 Didynamia %-Anyiospermia. Allied to 
 Gloxinia.) 
 10 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam, sunii, 
 and peat. Common temperature of stove. 
 C. calyci'na Ua^e-calyxed). 1. Red and white. 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 fiorilu'ndu (many-flowered). Deep reddish- 
 
 scarlet. October. S. Amer. 1843. 
 
 longiflo'ru. (long-flowered). 1. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1823. 
 
 sca'bru (rough). 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 CONSERVATIVE WALLS. See WALLS. 
 
 CONSERVATORY is often used synony- 
 mously with Greenhouse, and then it 
 denotes a suitable structure for the cul- 
 tivation of those exotic plants which 
 are just too tender for our climate, yet 
 do not require the hot temperatures of 
 plant-stoves, orchid-houses, &c., which 
 are set apart chieily for plants from the 
 tropical regions. With the greenhouse 
 should be associated the idea of plants 
 cultivated in pots or boxes; but with 
 conservatory we would associate the idea 
 of plants growing in suitable soil, with- 
 out at least the apparent intervention of 
 pots and boxes, and the structure con- 
 nected with the residence. To keep up 
 the interest of such places, it is neces- 
 sary that plants in bloom should be in- 
 troduced ; but in every case the pot 
 should be plunged, so that the plant may 
 appear to be growing in the soil. We 
 would only make one exception in the 
 case of very small ornamental plants, 
 or even those not so very small, but to 
 which particular attention is wished to 
 be directed. We would elevate them in 
 groups into ornamental vases or baskets, 
 for which suitable places shot Id bo 
 formed, and which would be quite as 
 much in harmony in such a place as 
 in ornamenting a regular geometrical 
 flower-garden. For several reasons, 
 therefore, the planting out in conserva- 
 tory fashion should not be attempted, 
 except with climbers for the rafters, 
 where the space is but limited, as a few 
 plants, however beautiful at times, when 
 seen every day all the year round in the 
 same position, lose, to a certain extent, 
 the power of pleasing. The having the 
 plants in large pots or tubs would enable 
 you at any time to effect fresh combina 
 tions. Where the range of glass is 
 varied and extensive, though the plants 
 be chiefly turned out in the soil, the 
 same feeling of sameness is not engen- 
 dered, as the owner may easily enter his 
 house at different points ; and in such 
 circumstances the very number of ob- 
 jects will constitute variety. 
 
CON 
 
 [242] 
 
 CON 
 
 Unity of expression is, to a certain 
 extent, maintained by a mixture of the 
 two modes, the centre of the house being 
 supplied with plants that are really 
 turned out, or which, brought for a tem- 
 porary purpose, appear to be so, while 
 all round the house there is a broad shelf 
 for the accommodation of plants in pots. 
 In saying "all round the house," we are, 
 of course, alluding to houses that have 
 glass on all sides. Where there is an 
 opaque back wall, the shelf could be only 
 at the front and ends. However desir- 
 able it is to have lighten all sides, where 
 expense for heating in winter is no great 
 object, yet very pleasing effects are pro- 
 duced, even in lean-to roofs, where a 
 little attention is paid to unity of idea. 
 This has been strikingly exemplified in 
 the range of plant-houses at the Duke of 
 Devonshire's, at Chiswick, most of which, 
 with the exception of the centre, the old 
 conservatory, formerly consisted of lean- 
 to forcing-houses. The handsomest small 
 conservatory we know is at Mr. Wilson's, 
 Stamford Hill, near London. 
 
 With the single exception of planting 
 out, the treatment of the conservatory is 
 similar to that of the greenhouse. Keep- 
 ing this in mind, good drainage should 
 he secured ; and the general soil should 
 consist of two parts fibry loam and one 
 of fibry peat, with pieces of sandstone, 
 broken bricks, and charcoal intermixed, 
 to keep it open. The peculiar require- 
 ments of each plant, as respects soil and 
 manure, can be attended to in planting. 
 Where the object is merely to preserve 
 the plants during the winter, the general 
 treatment will be similar to that of a cold 
 greenhouse. Where the ideas of com- 
 fort, alike for the plants and tbe visitors, 
 are to be maintained, and flowering 
 plants are to be introduced liberally in 
 winter, the general temperature should 
 not be lower than 45, and should range 
 from that to 50, allowing 10 or 15 
 more for sunshine. In such circum- 
 stances, the Camellia and the Orange will 
 bloom during most of the winter ; and 
 Acacias, Eugenias, &c., will bloom early 
 in spring. The greatest possible quantity 
 of air must be given in summer ; but in 
 winter it must be very limited in frosty 
 and dull, foggy weather, it being better, 
 in either circumstances, to keep the 
 house rather close, in preference to using 
 large fires. Protecting by covering in 
 severe weather will be of importance. 
 
 The heating medium, to be most effec- 
 tual, should be above-ground; but, to save 
 room, the flues or pipes may be beneath 
 the pathways, which \vill also be of im- 
 portance for keeping the soil in the beds 
 in a nice warm condition, and in such a 
 house will render the flowering of many 
 of the hardier stove climbers a matter 
 of certainty. Watering may be given 
 liberally during summer, both at bottom 
 and overhead ; but in winter the plants 
 will want little if duly attended to in the 
 autumn; yet what is given should be 
 rather warmer than the atmosphere of 
 the house. In planting, it will often be 
 necessary to make little brick pits for 
 particular plants, to prevent them occu- 
 pying too much space. 
 
 CONTRAJE'RVA BOOT. Dorste'nia con- 
 traje'rva. 
 
 CONVALLA'RIA. Lily of the Valley. 
 (From the Latin convallis, a valley, and 
 rica, a mantle ; in reference to the dense 
 covering formed by the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyworts [Liliacesej. Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial, native of Britain. 
 Divisions ; common soil, shady situation. 
 
 C. maja'lis (May). 1. White. May. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 May. 
 ru'bra (red). 1. Flesh. May. 
 
 CONVO'LVULUS. Bindweed. (Frora.con- 
 volvo, to entwine ; in reference to their 
 twining habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Con- 
 volvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 The roots of most of the plants in this order 
 abound in a milky juice, which is acrid, and ia 
 some cases, highly purgative, as the Jalap and 
 Scammony plants. Cuttings, divisions, and seeds 
 of perennials, and seeds of annuals; peat and 
 loam for the greenhouse and stove species, and. 
 common soil for the hardy. Seeds of hardy, 
 sown in open border, in March or April, or in 
 hotbed for those which need protection. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. elonga'tus (lonx-flower-stalked). 1. White. 
 July. Canaries. 1815. Twiner. 
 
 Forskas'lii (Forsksel's). Blue. June. Egypt) 
 
 1837. 
 
 pentapetaloi'des (five-petaled). 1. Light blue. 
 
 July. Majorca. 178Q. Trailer. 
 
 Si'culus (Sicilian). 2. Light blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. Trailer. 
 
 stri'ctus (straight). Rose. June. Egypt. 1822. 
 
 tenefllus (delicate). White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Climber. 
 
 tri' color (three-coloured). 3. Striped. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1629. 
 
 albiflo'rus (white -flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 undula'tus (waved- leaved). White, red. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
CON 
 
 [ 043 
 
 COO 
 
 TENDER ANNUALS. 
 
 C. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. White, purple 
 July. Isle of France. 1S18. Stove. 
 
 erube'scens (olushing). 6. Pink. July. N, S. 
 
 Wales. 1803. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 evolvuloi'des (evolvulus-like). 15. Red. July 
 
 South Europe. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 - geniculu'tus (kneed). Red. July. Australia. 
 1826. Greenhouse climber. 
 
 hi'rtus (hairy-stalked). 3. Blue. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1S04. Stove trailer. 
 
 macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 10. Purple. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1752. Stove twiner. 
 
 quinquefo'lius (five-leaved). 6. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1807. Stove climber. 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. alceifo'lius (alcea-leaved). Yellow, purple. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope, 1823, Her- 
 baceous. 
 
 bryonifefo'lius (bryony-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 China. 1802. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 Canarie/nsis (Canary). 20. Pink. June. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1690. Twiner. 
 
 cane'scens (hoaryj. i. Blue. Bogota. 1846. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 cneo'rum (cneorum). 3. Pink. June. Levant. 
 
 1640. Shrub. 
 
 farina 1 sus (mealy -stalked). 6. Pink, May. 
 
 Madeira. ] 777. Twiner. 
 
 fio'ridus (flowery). 2. Pink. August. Cana- 
 
 ries. 1/99. Trailer. 
 
 Hermu'nnice (Hermann's). 5. White. August. 
 
 Peru. 1799. Twiner. 
 
 lana'tus (woolly). White. May. Levant. 1829. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. June. South 
 
 Europe. 17/0. Shrub. 
 
 pannifo'lius (cloth-leaved). 15. Blue. August. 
 
 Canaries. 1805. Twiner. 
 
 saxa> tills (rock), l. White. South Europe. 
 
 1796. Trailer. 
 
 scopa'rius (broom). 2. White. August. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1733. Trailer. 
 
 suffruticdsus (sub-shrubby). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1/88. Twiner. 
 
 temti'ssimus (most-slender). Lilac. July. Le- 
 
 vant. Herbaceous climber. 
 -~tilia'ceus (lime-tree-like). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. Twiner. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. albive'nius (white-veined-/eawed). 6. Pale pink. 
 
 June. Algoa. 1823. Climber. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 '.cilia' tus (hair-fringed). 6. Pink. July. Cay- 
 enne. 1816. Twiner. 
 
 ~ gla'ber (smooth). 12. White. May. Cayenne. 
 1806. Twiner. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 10. White. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1823. Twiner. 
 
 ma'ximus (greatest. Ceylon). 20. Pink. July. 
 
 Ceylon. 1799. Twiner. 
 
 oceUa'tus (purple-eyeA). l. White, purple. 
 
 July. S. Africa. 1844. Herbaceous 
 climber. 
 
 ochra'ceus (yellow). 6. Yellow. July. Guinea. 
 
 1825. Twiner. 
 
 penta'nthus (five-flowered). 6. Light blue. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1808. Twiner. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping), l. Purple. July. E.Ind. 
 
 Roxbu'rgii (Dr. Roxburgh's). White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1826. Climber. 
 
 terobiculu'tus (small-furrowed). 2. Pale red. 
 
 S.Amer. 1825. Trailer. 
 
 C. verticilla'tus (whorled). 5. Blue. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1819. Twiner. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 C, altheeoi'des (althaea-like). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Levant. 1597. Twiner. 
 
 bicuspidti'tiis (two-pointed). 4. Purple, June. 
 
 Davuria. 1818. Twiner. 
 
 Bonurie'nsis (Buenos Ayrcs). 3. White, July. 
 
 Chili. 1817. Tw'iner. 
 
 Canta'bricus (Cantabrian). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1640. Trailer.' 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China. 
 
 1817. Twiner. 
 
 Co'rsicus (Corsican). 1. Pink, June. Corsica. 
 
 1824. Twiner. 
 
 ebractea'tus (unbracted). 1. White. July. 1819. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 emargina'tus (end-notched). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 1817. Twiner. 
 
 Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. Pink. July. South 
 
 Europe. Trailer. 
 
 holoseri'ceus (all-silky). Pale yellow, June. 
 
 Tauria. 1824. 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate), Pale rose. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1825. 
 
 Itu'licus (Italian). Rose. May. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1844. Climber. 
 
 lanugino'sus (rather woolly). 6. White. July. 
 
 Levant. 1818. Climber. 
 
 linea'tus (lined). 1. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1770. Trailer. 
 
 Malco'lmii (Malcolm's). White. July. Persia. 
 
 1824. Climber. 
 
 Pe'rsicus (Persian). White. June. Persia. 
 
 1829. 
 
 platyca'rpus (broad-fruited). Lilac. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 salvifo'lius (sage-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Palestine. 1825, Trailer. 
 
 scamwio'm'a(scammony). White, purple. July. 
 
 Levant. 1726. Twiner. 
 
 Sibthu'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. White. July. 
 
 France. 1823. Trailer. 
 
 terre'stris (earthy). White. July. Altai. 1828. 
 COO'KIA. Wampee-tree. (Named after 
 
 Captain Cook, the circumnavigator. Nat. 
 ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., 
 W-JDecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Murray a.) 
 
 A fruit highly esteemed in China and the Indian 
 Archipelago. Stove tree; cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in March, or when best obtainable, in heat, and 
 
 nder a bell-glass; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. puncta'ta (dotted). 15. W^hite. China. 1795. 
 
 COOPE'EIA. (Named after Mr. Cooper, 
 gardener at Wentworth House, in York- 
 shire, for many years. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 indrlu \-Honoyynia. Allied to Zephy- 
 ranthus.) 
 
 We would have named this genus " The Plven- 
 ng Star." It is anomalous amonrst its race for 
 irst opening its starry-white flowers in the cool of 
 the evening. They possess the fragrance of the 
 primrose. Although probably hard)', they are best 
 ireated as half-hardy, in a border of deep, sandy 
 soil, under a west wall, where they flower all the 
 summer, and produce seeds. Each stalk produces 
 " ut one flower ; but a tuft of bulbs would pro- 
 duce a fine effect. Offsets and seeds, sown in 
 spring ; sandy loam. 
 
COP 
 
 [244] 
 
 COK 
 
 C. chloroso'len (green-tubed), 1. White, green. 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 Dmmmo'ndii (Drummond's). 1. White, red. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 peduncula'ta (frm#-flower-stalked). White, 
 
 orange. July. Texas. 1835. 
 
 COPAI'FERA. (From copaiba, the Bra- 
 zilian name for its balsamic juice, the 
 balsam of capivi, and t /m>, to bear. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Cynometra.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of firm shoots 
 in March, in heat, under a glass ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. White. Guiana. 
 1825. 
 
 officina'tis (shop). 20. White. S. Amer. 17/4. 
 
 CO'PTIS. (From kopto, to cut ; in refer- 
 ence to the division of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculacece]. Linn., 
 13-Polyandria Q-Polyyynia. Allied to 
 Helleborus.) 
 
 The roots of this plant are used in the United 
 States medicinally, under the name of Gold 
 Thread. Hardy herbaceous perennial; division 
 of the roots and seeds ; sandy, peaty soil; requires 
 the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 C. trifo'lia (three-leaved). ?. Brown. May. N. 
 Amer. 1782. 
 
 CORDYLI'KE. Club Palm. (From kor- 
 dyle, a club. Nat. ord., Lilyworls [Lilia- 
 cefEj. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Dracena.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Suckers ; peat and 
 loam ; or light, sandy loam and vegetable mould. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. austra'lis (southern). 10. Blue, white. New 
 Zealand. 1823. 
 
 canncsfo'lla (canna-leaved). 4. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). 10. Pale blue. March. 
 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 hcmichry'sa (half-golden). 2. Isle of Bourbon. 
 
 1823. 
 
 inditri'sa (undivided), lo. Blue. New Zealand. 
 - stri'cta (upright). 10. Blue. March. New 
 
 Zealand. 1S20. 
 
 COREO'PSIS. (From Icoris, a bug, and 
 opsis, like ; referring to the appearance of 
 the seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 cese]. IAnn.,lQ-Syngcnesia S-Frnstraneu.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, seeds in common soil, in 
 March ; hardy perennials, division of the roots in 
 the autumn or spring ; West Indian species re- 
 quire a hotbed; and the perennial herbaceous 
 and evergreen species are multiplied by divisions 
 and cuttings. Light, sandy soil. 
 C. a'lba (white, climbing). 6. White. June. 
 Jamaica. 1699. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amerc 17/8. 
 
 Atkinso'nii (Atkinson's). 2. Yellow brown. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 argu'ta (shzrp.notc/ied). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow, August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1785. 
 
 C. auricula! 'la (e&r-leared). 6. Yellow. July. 
 N. Amer.' 1699. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Arkansas. 1822. 
 
 chrysa'ntha (golden-cowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1752. 
 
 corona'ta (crowned). 2. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Yellow. Sep. 
 
 tember. Carolina. 1786. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked). 1. Yellow. September. 
 
 Carolina. 1827. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various -leaved). 2. Crimson. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1833. 
 
 Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Yellow, 
 
 purple. September. Texas. 1834. 
 
 ferulaefo'lia (ferula-leaved). 3. Yellow. Oc- 
 tober. Mexico. 1799. 
 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. 
 Texas. 1835. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large- flowering). 3. Yelloxv. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). 6. Yellow. October. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zeawed). 3. Yellow. 
 
 August. Carolina. 1724. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/86. 
 
 lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 2. Yellow. April. 
 
 Texas. 1835. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-teawed). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Louisiana. 1823. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). 6. Yellow. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1792. 
 
 ro'sea (roseate). 2. Red. July. North 
 
 Casana. 1778. 
 
 senifrt'lia (six-leaved). 4. Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. N. 
 
 Amer. 1780. 
 
 tincto'ria (colouring). 
 
 ti'tro-vurpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Dark 
 
 purple. June. 
 a'tro-sungui'nea (dark crimson). Dark 
 
 crimson, July. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 3. Yellow. 
 
 August. North Jersey. 1818. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 CoRETHito'sTYLis. (From korcthrmt, a 
 broom, and stylos, a style ; referring to 
 the consolidated styles being clothed 
 with hairs. Nat. OTd.,Byltneriatit [Bytt- 
 neriacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in silver sand ; peat and silver sand, with 
 a little charcoal. Summer ttinp., 55 to 75; 
 winter, 40 to 48. 
 
 C. bractea'ta (rosy-bracted). 3. Pink. April. 
 Swan River. 1844. 
 
 CORIA'NDRUM. Coriander. (Fromftom, 
 a bug; referring to the smell of the' 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Umbelllfers [Umbel- 
 life'ne]. Linn., 5-Pentaiidria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; common 
 soil. 
 
 C. sati'vum (cultivated). 9. 
 England. 
 
 White. June. 
 
COR 
 
 [ 245 ] 
 
 COB 
 
 COKIA'BIA. (From coriitm, a hide ; in 
 reference to the crustaceous covering of 
 the fruit. Nat. ord., a disputed point 
 among botanists. Dr. Lindley says, " It 
 is very difficult to say what is the affinity 
 of this plant." Linn., %2-Dicecia 9- 
 Decandria.) 
 
 The hardy species by suckers ; the New Zealand 
 one by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. Win- 
 ter temp., 40 to 45. 
 C. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. Green, June. 
 
 South Europe. 1629. 
 sarmentu'sa (twiggy). 3. Green. June. New 
 
 Zealand. 1823. 
 
 CO'RIS. (A name adopted from Diosco- 
 rides. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primu- 
 lacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Lubinia.) 
 
 A greenhouse biennial. Increased by seeds, in 
 March ; sand and peat. Interesting little plant 
 for the greenhouse shelf. 
 
 C. Montpelle'nsis (Montpelier). 1. Lilac. June. 
 South Europe. 1640. 
 
 CORK-TREE. Que'rcus phc'llos. 
 
 CORK WOOD. Ano'na palu'stris. 
 
 CORNELIAN CHERRY. Co'rnus ma'scula. 
 
 CORN FLAG. Gladi'olus. 
 
 CORNISH MONEYWORT. Sibtho'rpia 
 Europa'a. 
 
 CORN SALAD, or LAMB'S LETTUCE ( Va- 
 Icriane'lla olito'ria}, is grown for winter 
 and spring salads. The first dish, 
 formerly brought to table, was a red 
 herring set in a corn salad. 
 
 Soil and Situation. Any soil that is 
 not particularly heavy ; the best is a 
 sandy, moderately-fertile loam, in an 
 open situation. 
 
 Time and Mode of Sowing. Sow in 
 February and the two following months, 
 and once a month during the summer, if 
 in request; but it is not so palatable 
 during this season. Lastly, during 
 August and early in September, the 
 plants from which will be fit for use 
 in early spring, or during the winter, if 
 mild. Three sowings are, in general, 
 quite sufficient for a family, viz., one at 
 the end of February, a second early in 
 August, and a third early in September. 
 
 Sow in drills, six inches apart. The 
 only cultivation required is frequent 
 hoeing, the plants being thinned to four 
 inches asunder. They should always be 
 eaten quite young. In summer, the 
 whole plant may be cut, as they soon 
 advance to seed at this season; but in 
 spring and winter the outer leaves only 
 should be gathered, as for spinach. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some of the spring- 
 
 raised plants must he left ungathered 
 
 from. They flower in June, and perfect 
 
 their seed during the two fallowing 
 
 months. 
 
 CO'RNUS. Dogwood. (From cornu, a 
 
 horn ; in reference to the hardness of the 
 
 wood. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. 
 
 Linn., -i-Tetrandria "i-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, &c., except 
 
 where otherwise specified. Propagated by seeds, 
 
 layers, or cuttings, and root divisions ; common 
 
 soil and moist situation. 
 
 C. a'lba (white - berried}. 10. White. July.- 
 Siberia. 1/41. 
 
 Ro'ssica (Russian). 8. White. July, 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 10. White. Au- 
 gust. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). 15. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1760. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Yellow. July/ 
 
 Canada. 1774. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 circinn'ta (round-teawed). 6. White. July* 
 
 N. Amer. 1784. 
 
 flo'rida (flowery). 15. White. April. N. 
 Amer. 1/31. 
 
 gra'ndis (grand). Green. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 ma'scula (male. Cornel). 15. Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Austria. 15Q6. 
 fru'ctu ce'rtecolora'to (fruit wax-coloured) 
 
 20. Yellow. February. 
 variega'ta (variegated). 8. Yellow. June. 
 
 Austria. 15Q6. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong). 15. Purple. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 6. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/58. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloody). 8. White. June. Britain. 
 variega'ta (variegated). 8. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10. 
 
 White. June. Britain. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 5. White. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1683. 
 asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 8. White. 
 
 Carolina. 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 8. White. 
 
 August. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 10. White. June. N. Amer, 
 
 1758. 
 
 asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 10. White. 
 
 sempervi'rcns (sw6-evergreen). 10. White. 
 
 June. 
 variega'ta (variegated). 10. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 Sue'cica (Swedish). 1. White. April. Britain. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 CORNU'TIA. (Named after Cornutus, a 
 French physician. Nat. ord., Verbenas 
 [Verbenaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Callicarpa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Loam and peat; cut- 
 tings in bottom-heat, under glass, in February or 
 March. 
 
 C.pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 6. Blue. July. 
 Mexico. 1733. 
 
 CORONI'LLA. (From corona, a crown, 
 
COE 
 
 [240 ] 
 
 COE 
 
 or garland ; in reference to the disposi- 
 tion of the flowers. Nat ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia 
 
 The juice of C. va'ria is poisonous. Both 
 greenhouse and hardy species are handsome, 
 free-blooming plants. Seeds and cuttings ; 
 cuttings root readily during the summer months 
 under a close frame, even without bottom-heat. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 C. Cappado'cica (Cappadocian). 1. White. 
 July. Cappadocia. 1800. 
 
 e'merus (scorpion-senna). 3. Red, yellow 
 
 April. France. 1596. Deciduous shrubs 
 
 globo'sa (globe-form). 1. White. Septem 
 
 her. Crete. 1800. Deciduous creeper 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia 
 
 1822. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 ju'ncea (rush). 3. Yellow. June. France. 
 
 l656. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 squama'ta (scaly). 1. White. June. Crete. 
 
 1820. 
 
 vafria (various). 1 . Pink. September. 
 
 Europe. 1597. Deciduous creeper. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 C, arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. 
 Crete. 1664. 
 
 corona 1 'ta (crowned-headed). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1/76. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 1 . Striped. June. Can- 
 
 dia. 1731. Annual. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green. Seven-headed). 2. 
 
 Yellow. July. France. 1722. 
 -- raricgafta (variegated-feawd). 4. Yel- 
 low. August. Gardens. 
 
 mi'nima (least). 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1658. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 2. Yellow, June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1776. Herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Algiers. 1700. 
 
 Valenti'na (Valentine). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 South Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 vimina'lis (twiggy). 3. Yellow. August. 
 
 Mogad. 1798. 
 
 CORRE'A. (Named after Correa, a 
 Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Rue- 
 worts [Eutacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 
 1 -Monogynia. ) 
 
 The settlers in New Holland employ the leaves 
 of Correas, particularly those of C. a'lba, for tea. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in spring. The finer 
 sorts are also grafted on the commoner ones, such 
 as C. a'lba. C. specio'sa will scarcely strike at 
 all ; three parts sandy peat and one of turfy loam. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter 40 to 48. 
 C. a'lba, (white). 6. White. June. 1793. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Green, white. April. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish), a. White. June. 1821. 
 
 speci'osa (showy). 3. Scarlet. June. 1806. 
 
 vi'rens (green-flowered). 6. Green. July. 1800. 
 
 CORTU'SA. Bear's-ear Sanicle. (Named 
 after Cortusm, an Italian botanist, Nat. 
 
 ord., Primeworts [Primulaceee]. Linn,, 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.') 
 
 A hardy perennial, with frame protection in 
 winter ; does beat as a. pot-plant ; root division ; 
 loam and peat. 
 
 C. Matthio'li (Matthioli's). 1. Red. April. 
 Austria. 1596. 
 
 CORYA'NTHES. Helmet-flower. (From 
 korys, a helmet, and anthos, a flower ; in 
 reference to the shape of the lip, or 
 labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division ; in pots well-drained ; 
 fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and small-bro- 
 ken potsherds. Growing temp., 75 to 85; rest, 
 50 to 60. See The Cottage Gardener, v. 256. 
 C. Fieldi'ngi (Colonel Fielding's). Yellow, brown. 
 May. S. Amer. 1845. 
 
 lentigino'sa (freckled). Yellow. Mav. Guiana. 
 
 1837. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). 1. Brown, 
 
 yellow. June. Caraccas. 
 
 macula' ta (spotted-lipped), l. Yellow-spot- 
 
 ted. June. Demerara. 1829. 
 
 Parke'ri (Parker's). 1 . Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Deroerara. 1839. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Orange, yel- 
 
 low, brown. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). l. Yellow, green. Slay. 
 
 Bra?,!!. 1825. 
 
 a'lba (\v\nte-Jlowered). l. White. June. 
 
 Demerara. 1840. 
 
 CORY'CIUM. (From korys, a helmet; 
 referring to the shape of the flo x ,ver. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacece], Linn., 
 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape 
 of Good Hope which no British gardener has yet 
 succeeded in cultivating with success. 
 C. cri'spum (curled). 1. Yellow. July. 1825. 
 
 orobanchoi'des (orobanche-like). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1825. 
 
 CORYDA'LIS. (From l-orydalos, a lark, 
 the spur of the flower resembling that 
 of the lark. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fu- 
 mariacese]. Linn., YI-Diadelphia 2-Hex- 
 andria.} 
 
 Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kinds 
 are increased by root division at any season ; and 
 the annuals sown in the open ground, in spring 
 or autumn, in common soil. 
 
 ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 C. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 Hungary. 1825. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Biennial. 
 
 breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Kamtschatka. 1824. 
 
 capnoi'des (capnus-like). 2. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. Biennials. 
 
 clavictila'ta (tendrilled). 6. White, yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. Climber. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 impa'tiens (impatient). 1. Yellow. May, 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
COB 
 
 [247] 
 
 COB 
 
 C. stri'cta (straight). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 1827. Biennials. 
 
 Urale'nsis (Ural). 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Kamtschatka. 1824. Biennials. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 Ctfla'mtla (yellowish). . Yellow. June. 
 Russia. 1838. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 pceoniaifo'lia (peony-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 February. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1810. 
 
 TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. 
 February. Iberia. 1819. 
 
 bractea'ta (/a^-bracted). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 February. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 bicalcara'ta (two-spurred). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 bulbo'sa (bulbous). 1. Pink. February. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. February. 
 
 Caucasus, 1823. 
 
 faba'cea (bean-tea?;^)- 3. Purple. February. 
 Germany. 1815. 
 
 Ge'bleri (Gebler's). May. Altai. 1827. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). f. Pale rose. 
 
 April. Altai. '1832. 
 
 Marsha/lia'na (Marshall's). 1. Purple. 
 
 February. Tauria. 1824. 
 
 iw'bilis (noble-flowered). 1. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1783. 
 
 pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1. Purple. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous-hollow-rooted) , 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. February. Europe. 1596. 
 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 February. Europe. 1596. 
 
 CO'RYLUS. Nut-tree. (From korys, 
 a hood, or helmet ; in reference to the 
 calyx covering the nut. Nat. ord., Mast- 
 worts [Corylacea?]. Linn., %\-Monoecia 
 d-Pbfyandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated for 
 their fruits ; common soil ; readily increased 
 either by seeds sown in October or November, 
 or by layers or suckers. 
 C. America'na (American). 10. April. N. Amer. 
 
 avella'na (filbert). 10. February. Britain. 
 a'lba (white Filbert). 10. February. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Barcelone'nsis (Barcelona) . 8. February. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 cri'spa (frizzled). 8. February. 
 
 glomera'ta (clustered). 8. February. 
 
 gra'ndis (great Cob). 8. February. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. Yel- 
 low, red. February. Danube. 1829. 
 
 Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 10. February. 
 
 ova'ta (egg- fruited). 8. February. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 6. February. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple- leaved). 10. February. 
 
 ru'bra (red Filbert). 10. February. 
 
 te'nuis (thin Cosford). 10. February. 
 
 tubulo'sa (tubular-calyxed). 10. Fe- 
 bruary. South of Europe. 1759. 
 
 tubulo'sa a'lba (white- tubular-Filbert). 
 
 10. February. 
 
 vuriega'ta (variegated). 8. February. 
 
 colu'rna (hazel. Constantinople). 10. Apetal. 
 
 February. Constantinople. 1665. 
 
 hu'milis (humble), 6. February. N. Amer. 
 
 1798. - 
 
 C. rostra'ta (beaked). 5. February. N. Amer. 
 1745. 
 
 FILBERT CULTURE. The following are 
 the most esteemed kinds: White Fil- 
 bert; well known. Red; similar, but 
 having a red skin. Prolific cob ; a very 
 large nut. Cosford; fine flavour, thin 
 shell, great bearer. Prolific dwarf; well 
 adapted for small gardens. Gordon's 
 thin-shelled; a good nut. Frizzled; 
 similar to the other filberts, husk more 
 ornamental. 
 
 Propagation. Layers, cuttings, graft- 
 ing, and seed. Shoots of the previous 
 year's growth root readily if layered any 
 time during the rest-season. Cuttings 
 should be made similar to those of the 
 currant, the lower buds cut out in order 
 to destroy their propensity to suckering. 
 If they are to form neat little bushes, 
 on a dwarfing system for small gardens, 
 the cuttings may be nearly half a yard 
 in length. Grafting is performed as 
 with the apple or pear, and at the period 
 when the buds first begin to swell. The 
 common hazel-nut and the Spanish nut 
 are generally used for stocks ; the latter, 
 it is affirmed, will not produce suckers. 
 
 Seed. This practice is resorted to for 
 the sake of raising new varieties, or 
 for producing the ordinary hazels. In 
 the former case, there is much room 
 for progress still ; and certainly no plant 
 offers greater facilities to the hybridzer. 
 Bearing, as it does, male and female blos- 
 soms separately, every opportunity exists 
 for depriving any given kind of its catkins 
 betimes. 
 
 Soil. Any ordinary soil, if pretty 
 good, will answer, provided it ' is not 
 stagnant. A free, upland, light loam, 
 however, is what they prefer. We have, 
 nevertheless, known them succeed very 
 well in a moorish-looking soil, and on 
 well-drained peats, which had become 
 sound through the application of marl 
 or clay. 
 
 Culture during the growing period. 
 Very little is requisite after the regular 
 winter pruning, unless it be the extirpa- 
 tion of suckers, and the removal, during 
 summer, of those loose and ill-placed 
 watery growths which only serve to con- 
 fuse and darken the tree. We may here 
 notice, that some little training may be 
 necessary for those under a dwarfing- 
 system in small gardens, in order to 
 bring them into a compact and handsome 
 shape 
 
COP. 
 
 [ 248 ] 
 
 COS 
 
 Culture during the rest period. Com- 
 mencing with the training when young. 
 They are best in single stems of about 
 two feet in height; and the head should 
 "branch off equally, to accomplish which, 
 some pruning back is requisite during 
 the first year or two, whilst the head is 
 forming, and the latter should be kept 
 thin in the centre. When the trees are 
 well established an annual pruning should 
 be resorted to, consisting of still keeping 
 the centre of the bush somewhat open, 
 and in thinning out any cross shoots and 
 superfluous spray. It must be observed, 
 that the fruit is produced on shoots of 
 the preceding year, and generally on 
 portions which have been well exposed 
 to the light. Any coarse or robust 
 shoots should be shortened back nearly 
 half their length ; these will frequently 
 produce axillary branches of a fruit- 
 ful character. Do not prune until the 
 blossoms are showing; this will be 
 about the beginning of February. The 
 female blossom is like a minute brush, 
 of a pinkish colour; the male is the 
 well-known catkin. In pruning, much 
 regard must be paid to these blossoms, 
 especially the female ; scarcely a twig 
 may be cut away containing them. This 
 makes it evident that most of the prun- 
 ing, or rather, thinning, requisite should 
 have been well carried out prior to the 
 commencement of fruitfulness. 
 
 It often happens that filbert-trees will 
 possess female blossoms with few or no 
 male catkins. When such is the case 
 there will be no crop, unless means be 
 taken to bring the male farina within 
 their reach. Catkins must be sought 
 about the period when the male dust is 
 just beginning to burst. Branches con- 
 taining these may be tied here and there 
 amongst the bushes most needing them. 
 It matters not what kind of nut they are 
 from ; probably the wild hazel is best. 
 
 Fruit : how to keep. When gathered, 
 the fruit must be kept in jars, in a cool 
 cellar, with husks on. If it is desired to 
 impart a fine, fresh-looking colour to the 
 husks, they must be placed in a close 
 vessel, and a small pan of sulphur gently 
 burned, or rather, smouldered, beneath 
 them. 
 
 Insects. See CURCUUO NUCUM and 
 APHIS COBYLZ. 
 
 CORYMBS, a spike of flowers, the flower 
 stalks of which are longer in proportion 
 us they stand lower down the main stalk 
 
 supporting them, so that the flowers are 
 with a top nearly level. Those of Spira'a 
 opulifo'lia and of the Mountain Ash sue 
 examples. 
 
 CORYNE'LLA. (From koryne, a club; 
 referring to the shape of the style. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied 
 to Clianthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under 
 a glass, and in bottom-heat] peat and loam; 
 summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 C. polyu'ntha (many-flowered). 6. Purple. W 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 CORYNOCA'RPUS. (From koryne, a club., 
 and carpos, a fruit ; referring to the form 
 of the fleshy seed. Nat. ord-, Ardisiads 
 [Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Puntandria 1- 
 Monofiynia. Allied to Theophrasta.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree ; readily increased 
 by layers in light, rich soil. 
 
 C. laeviga'tus (smooth). "20. White. New Zea- 
 land. 1823. 
 
 COHY'PHA. Fan Palm. (Fromkoryphc, 
 the summit; in reference to the leaves 
 growing in tufts on the top of this palm. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove palms, except where otherwise mentioned; 
 soil, rich, snndy loam ; increased by seeds. 
 C. austra'lis (southern). 50. N.Holland. 1824. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 ela'ta (t.a',1). 150. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 gltiucK'scenK (milky-green). 100. E. Ind. 1320. 
 
 heterophy'llus^ various-leaved). Danube. 182y. 
 
 Greenhouse. < 
 
 Pu'mos (Pumos). 20. Cuha. 1824. 
 
 tecto'rum (roof). 15. W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 umbraculi'feru (umbrella-bearing). 100. E- 
 
 Ind. 1742. 
 
 U'tan (Utan). 50. Moluccas. 1825. 
 
 CORYSA'NTHES. New Holland ground - 
 orchids, of which little is known. Perhaps 
 belonging to Coryanthes. 
 
 COSMA'NTHTJS. (From Jsosmos, beauti- 
 ful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord,, 
 Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria L-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Phacelia.) 
 
 A half-hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil. 
 C.fimbria'tus (fringed-petaled). . Pale flesh. 
 June. 
 
 COSME'LIA. (From hosmeo, to adorn, 
 Nat. or.d.,Epacrids [Ejmcridacece] . Linn., 
 5-Pentundria l-Monogynta.") 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sun>. 
 mer months ; sandy peat and sand. 
 C.rufbra (red-lowered). Red. N.Holland. 1326. 
 
 CO'SMOS. (From /cosmos, beautiful ; in 
 reference to the ornamental flowers. Nat. 
 
COS 
 
 [219 
 
 COS 
 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 SyngenesiaS-Sitperjltta. Allied to Bidens.) 
 Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual 
 and perennial species are all readily increased 
 from seeds, sown early in spring, and treated 
 as tender annuals ; planted out in the open 
 borders in the summer months. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. diuersifo'lia (various-leaved). 3. Lilac. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1835. Hardy tuber. 
 
 geubiosoi' des (scabious-like). 4. Scarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. Mexico, Greenhouse tuber. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. bipinna'ta (doubly-leatteted). 3. Purple. July. 
 Mexico. 1/99. 
 
 Chrysnnthemifo'lia (chrysanthemum - leaved). 
 
 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1826. 
 ~crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 September. Mexico. 18'-'6. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1811. 
 
 parviflti'ra (small -flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1800. Hardy. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur). 2." Yellow. July. 
 
 Mexico. IjyQ. Hardv. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). 2. Yellow. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1S24. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Mexico. 1836. Hardy. 
 
 COSSI'GNIA. (Named after Cossigny, a 
 French naturalist. Nat. ord., Soapworts 
 [Sapindacece]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Koelreuteria.) 
 
 Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove 
 evergreen shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings 
 root readily under glass, in bottom-heat. 
 C. Borbu'nica (Bourbon). 10. Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 Cossus LIGNIPERDA. Goat Moth. The 
 caterpillar of the Goat Moth is most 
 destructive to the wood of fruit-trees, 
 though the elm, oak, -willow, poplar, and 
 walnut, also, are liable to its attacks. It 
 is the Cossus ligniperda of some natural- 
 ists, and the Bombyx and Xyleides cossus 
 of others. The caterpillar measures more 
 than four inches in length, is smooth and 
 shining, beset only here and there with 
 single short hairs. It is dark red on the 
 back, and the breathing-holes situated 
 at both sides are of the same colour. 
 The sides and lower part of the body are 
 flesh- coloured; the head is black; the 
 first segment, also, marked with black 
 above. After remaining more than two 
 years in the larva state, and casting its 
 skin eight times, the caterpillar becomes 
 of a light ochrish-yellow hue shortly be- 
 fore becoming a chrysalis, which usually 
 takes place in spring, when it makes a 
 strong cocoon of chips of wood and small 
 pieces of bark, which it has gnawed off. 
 The chrysalis is yellow, and the segments 
 are deeply indented and capable of much 
 extension; its back is furnished with 
 
 strong, pointed spines, sometimes of & 
 reddish-brown colour. The cocoon is 
 situated immediately within the opening 
 in the tree, so that the pupa, when 
 arrived at maturity, can press itself half 
 out of the hole when the shell bursts, 
 and the moth comes forth usually in 
 the month of June or July, after having, 
 reposed in the pupa state for an indefinite 
 time. When at rest the wings are folded 
 together over the back in the form of a 
 roof; it sits quietly in the day-time on 
 the stems of trees, and is difficult to be 
 distinguished on account of its grey 
 colour. Its wings measure, from one tip 
 to the other, nearly three inches, and 
 many specimens more than this ; the 
 female is usually larger than the male. 
 The fore-wings are ashy-white, clouded 
 with brown, especially across the middle, 
 and marked with very numerous streaks, 
 like net-work; the hind-wings are brown ; 
 thorax ochrish in front, pale in the 
 middle, with a black bar behind. The- 
 female is provided with a strong egg- 
 depositor, with which she introduces her 
 eggs into the bark of the tree often 
 1000 in number ; the young caterpillars 
 living, at first, in and between the outer 
 and inner bark, and afterwards, when 
 they are stronger, penetrating into the 
 wood. When the existence of one of 
 these creatures is detected in a trunk, by 
 its excrement, relief comes too late for 
 the tree, even if we are able to kill the 
 caterpillar, the mischief being already 
 done. Notwithstanding this, the cater- 
 pillar should never be left undisturbed ; 
 and an attempt should be made to reach 
 it by enlarging the opening with a garden- 
 knife, or endeavouring to kill it by thrust- 
 ing a piece of garden-wire up the hole. 
 It is called the Goat Moth from the 
 peculiar smell both of the insect and its 
 larva. The Cottage Gardener, iii. 137. 
 
 CO'STUS. (An ancient name, adopted 
 from Pliny. Nat. ord., Ginyenvorts [Zin- 
 giberacesej. Linn., 1-Monandria l-Mo- 
 nogynia,} 
 
 The roots are very hitter, and without the 
 aromatic pungent odour peculiar to the Costus of 
 the continental shops, which is the root of a very 
 dltferent plant, a native of Arabia, and allied to 
 Cardo;>atum. The Costus of Cashmere, employed 
 to protect bales of shawls from moths, is the root 
 of Aukla'ndia cn'stus. Stove herbaceous peren- 
 nials of easy growth, and readily increased by 
 root division ; Bandy loam, with a little peat. 
 C. A'fer (African). 2. White. June. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1 822. 
 Ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. White. August. 
 
 Indies. 1752. 
 
COT 
 
 [250] 
 
 COU 
 
 C. discolor (two-coloured-7eae<f). 4. White. 
 June. Maran. 1S23. 
 
 lanaftus ^woolly). 3. May. S.Amer. 1820. 
 
 maculivtus (spotted). 2. White. July. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1799- 
 
 pi'ctus (painted-jflowerecf). 2. Yellow, pur- 
 
 ple. July. Mexico. 1832. 
 
 Piso'nis (Pison's). 3. Crimson. June. Maran. 
 
 1823. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). 3. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1799- 
 
 spica'tus (spiked). 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind, 
 
 1793. 
 
 spira'lis (spiral). 4. Scarlet. November. St. 
 
 Vincent. 
 
 villosi'ssimus (most hairy). 6. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. St. Vincent. 1822. 
 
 COTONEA'STER. (From cotonea, Pliny's 
 name for the quince, and aster, a corrup- 
 tion of ad instar, generally used to ex- 
 press likeness; literally, quince -like. 
 Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria 2-Digynia.} 
 
 Hardy shrubs, easily increased by layers or 
 seed. Common soil. 
 
 C. acumina'ta (pointed -leaved). 4. Pink. April. 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 affi'nis (similar). 4. Pink. April. Nepaul. 1S20. 
 
 baciliu'ris (rod). Nepaul. 1841. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. April. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1824. 
 
 margina'tii (MtfiiYe-margmed). 3. White. 
 
 April. Saharunpore. 1838. 
 
 denticula'ta (fine-toothed-/eawerf). 6. White. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. 
 
 emargina'ta (bordered). White. April. Ne- 
 
 paul. 
 
 fri'gida (cold). 10. White, green. April. 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 4. Pink. April. 
 
 1826. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 4. White. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. White. May. 
 
 Altai. 183"7. 
 
 nummula'ria (moneywort-heaved). 10. White, 
 
 green. April. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 3. White. April. 
 
 Nepaul 1820. 
 
 Ro'ylei (Dr. Royle's). White. North India. 
 
 1845. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Pink. April. 1759- 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 4. Pink. April. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1656. 
 depre'ssa (depressed). White. April. 
 
 Europe. 
 erythroca'rpa (red- fruited). 4. White. 
 
 April Europe. 
 < melanocu'rpa (black-fruited). 8. White. 
 
 April. Europe. 
 
 COTTON. Gossy'pium. 
 
 COTTON THISTLE. Onc'-pordiim. 
 
 COTYLE'DON. Navelwort. (A name 
 adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., House- 
 leeks [Crassulaceael. Linn., 10-Decan- 
 dria k-Pentagynia. Allied to Seduni.) 
 
 These plants feed as much, if not more, by the 
 
 1818. 
 
 4 1. 182S. 
 >ge. Octo- 
 
 August. 
 
 myriads of pores or mouths all over their leaves, 
 than by the roots, which seem only necessary for 
 holding them stationary in the driest and mo*t 
 barren situations. Greenhouse evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise 
 mentioned ; sandy loam, with a little old mortar 
 mixed with it, and plenty of drainage ; cuttings 
 at any season. 
 
 C. aUe'rnans (alternate-Jeaed). 1. July; 1816. 
 
 cacalioi'dea (cacalia-like). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 1818. 
 
 canalicula'ta (small-channelled). I. May. 1819. 
 
 clavifoflia (club-leaved). 1. Purple. September. 
 
 1824. 
 
 coru'scans f glittering). 1. Orange. June. 1818. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. 1824. 
 
 -- crista'ta (crested). 1. Variegated. September. 
 1818. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-like). 1. May 
 
 cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shape-t'e?;e 
 
 curvifto'ra (curve-flowered). 2. C 
 
 ber. 1818. 
 
 decussa'ta (cross -.teaoed). 2. Scar 
 
 1819. 
 
 dicho'toma (fork-s/^t 7\ 1. Jur.t 
 
 ela,'ta(te\\-poujdereu. June. 
 
 fascicula'risff? -ter-'fet. 1. R< 
 
 1759. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender), i. ' ' ^L 
 
 hemisphce'nca (half-glob,. 
 
 purple. June. 1731. 
 
 interje'cta (cast-down). . July. J 
 jasmmiflo'fa, (jasmine-flo- 
 
 purple. July. 18ia. 
 
 Lieve'nii (Lieven's). | 
 
 1832. 
 
 macula' t a (spotted). 1. WH 
 
 1818. 
 
 malacnphy'llum (soft-le'avi 
 
 June. Davuria. 
 
 mammilla'ris (nippled). 
 
 June. 1818. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong-/eat*ed). i:. 
 
 1690. 
 
 orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 2. iw^.. ^ 
 
 1798. 
 
 ova'ta (eprg-leaved). 2. Red. August. 1789- 
 
 papilla'ris (pimpled). 2. Red. June. 1822. 
 
 ramo'sa (branchy). 1. June. 1748. 
 
 ramosi'ssima (branchiest). 1. May. 1816. 
 
 rhomhifo'lia (diamond-leaved). 1. June. 182S. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. June. 1826. 
 
 sempervi'uum (houseleek-Ae). . Caucasus. 
 
 1836. 
 
 spu'ria (spurious). 1. July. 1731. 
 
 ^r!CMSj3trfa7a(three-spined). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pink, white. 
 
 June. 1821. 
 
 tuberculo'sa (knotted). I. Orange. July. 1820. 
 
 undula'ta (vr&yed- leaved). 1. June. 1818. 
 
 ungula'ta (nz\\-shaped). 2. May. Purple. 1818. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). 2. 1824. 
 
 COUCH GRASS. (Agopy'rum rc'pens.) 
 A weed, the creeping underground stems 
 of which render it very difficult to be de- 
 stroyed : constantly and carefully forking 
 it out of the soil whenever seen, and 
 burning it, is the most effectual remedy. 
 
 COULTE'EIA. (Named after Dr. Coulter. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminotis Plants [Fabaceee]. 
 Linn., \0-Decandria 1-Mvnogynia, Allied 
 to Poinciana.) 
 
cou 
 
 [251 ] 
 
 CKA 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; 
 seeds. 
 
 C. ho'rrida (horrid). 15. Orange. Carthagena. 
 1824. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 12. Orange. Carthagena. 
 
 1822. 
 
 COUESE'TIA. (Named after Coitrset, a 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacete]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Zte- 
 candria. Allied to Kobinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots, 
 in spring or beginning of summer, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-hear, ; loam and 
 peat, well drained. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 C. tomento'sa (downy). Yellow. June. Peru. 
 1824. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. June. Trinidad- 
 
 1820. 
 
 COUSI'NIA. (Named after Cousin, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1~ 
 JEqualis. Allied to Carlina.) 
 
 Hardy plants. Annuals and biennials, by seeds 
 at the end of March, in the garden-border ; per- 
 ennials, by division in autumn or spring. 
 
 C. carduifo'rmis (thistle-form). Purple. July, 
 ibnria. 1804. 
 
 cynaroi'des (cynara-likc). White. Caucasus. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 HoJiena'keri (Hohennker's). Yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 hy'strix (porcupine). Purple. June. Russia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 macroce' phala (large-headed). Pale yellow. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 teneflla (tender). Purple. America. 1837. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Volge'nsis (Wolga). Purple. Wolga. 1804. 
 
 COUTA'REA. (From Coutari, its name 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Cinchona.) 
 
 The Cinchona bark of French Guiana is the 
 produce of this fine tree. Stove evergreen. Sandy 
 peat and loam ; cuttings in heat, under glass, in 
 spring months. 
 C. specio'sa (beautiful). 12. Purple. Guiana. 1803. 
 
 COUTOU'BEA. ( From Couloubi, its name 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gen- 
 tianacese]. Linn., 4- Tetran dria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Leianthus and Lisian- 
 thus.) 
 
 It is used in Guiana as a substitute for Gentian. 
 Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow in a mix- 
 ture of loam and peat, early in spring, in hotbed, 
 frame, or stove. 
 
 C. ramo'sa (branchy). 3. White. July. Brazil. 
 1824. Annual. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. July. Maran. 
 
 1823. Biennial. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled-faarfwZ). 1. White. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 COWA'NIA. (Named after Mr. Cowan. 
 Nat. ord., Boseworts [Kosaceas], Linn., 
 
 12- Icosandna S-Trigynia. Allied to 
 Geum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Sandy peat and 
 loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass, in 
 heat, but not easily. 
 
 C. plica'ta (plaited-teaoed). 2. Red. June. 
 Mexico. 
 
 COWBERRY. VaccHnium vi'tis-ida'a. 
 
 COWDIE PINE. Da'mmaraaiistra'lis. 
 
 COW-DUNG. See DUNG. 
 
 COW-GRASS. Trifo'liitm me'dium. 
 
 COW-HERB. Sapona'ria vacca'ria. 
 
 COW-ITCH. Mucu'na u'rens. 
 
 COW-ITCH CHERRY. Mnlpi'ghia u'rens. 
 
 COW-PARSNIP. Heraclc'um. 
 
 COW-SLIP. (Pri'mula ve'ris.} There 
 are several varieties, varying in colour 
 from almost white to a very deep yellow : 
 some are single ; but others are double, 
 in the form that florists distinguish as 
 hose-in-hose, the calyx in these being con- 
 verted into a corolla. Some specimens 
 will produce one hundred pips upon a 
 single truss ; and they have been known 
 to yield even more than one hundred 
 and fifty. The cultivation is the same 
 as that of the Auricula. 
 
 COW-TREE. Bro'simum. 
 
 CRAB or WILD APPLE. Py'rus ace'r'ba. 
 
 CRA'MBE. Sea-kale. (The Greek name 
 for Sea-kale. Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Bras- 
 sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 The Tartar bread, or large, fleshy roots of 
 Cra'mbe Tata'rica, is eaten in Hungary in slices, 
 with oil, salt, and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous- 
 rooted perennials, of easy growth in rich garden- 
 soil by root division, or seeds sown in March. 
 C. cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 6. White. May. 
 
 Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 ju'ncea (rush-like). 2. White. May. Iberia. 
 1828. 
 
 tnari'tima (common sea-fta/e). l. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 3. White. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1754. 
 
 CRA'MBE MARI'TIMA or SEA-KALE should 
 be grown in an open situation. It is 
 readily increased by division of its roots, 
 or by seeds, which is the best mode. 
 Seeds sown towards the end of March, 
 or beginning of April, in a well-manured 
 and deeply-trenched soil, and lined out 
 into four-feet beds, and with two-feet 
 alleys between. Sow the seeds in patches 
 two feet distant from patch to patch. The 
 patches should be made by drawing a cir- 
 cular drill about eight inches in diameter, 
 and two inches deep. Place therein about 
 eight seeds, at equal distances round; 
 and, when the seedlings are up and well 
 established, they should be thinned out, 
 leaving from three to four plants in each 
 
CEA 
 
 [252] 
 
 CEA 
 
 patch, at equal distances, to form the 
 crop. If the plantation be made from 
 one-year- old plants, then three plants 
 should he planted triangularly in each 
 patch, the patches, as "before directed, 
 two feet distant from each other. If the 
 plantation is made with pieces or slips 
 of crowns, which will do nearly as well, 
 plant in the same way ; and the best 
 times are the end of March or beginning 
 of April. Should the weather be dry, 
 watering will be required. With good 
 attention to earth-stirring during the 
 summer months, the plants will be suffi- 
 ciently strong to force the following 
 season, and may remain to cut from for 
 many years. 
 
 In sowing for transplanting, the drills 
 should be at least two feet from drill to 
 drill, and two inches deep, and seeds 
 about five inches apart in the drill, and 
 the seedlings attended to as before during 
 the summer. 
 
 To force Sea-Jcuh. Some prefer taking 
 up plants either one year or more old, 
 and placing the roots carefully on a gentle 
 hotbed made up for the purpose, or care- 
 fully planting them in pots or boxes, to 
 be placed in other warm structures, of 
 course, in either case, to be kept in the 
 dark ; but we prefer, in all cases, to force 
 this vegetable in the open ground, by 
 inverting pots over the crowns, and cover- 
 ing over them dung or leaves. If dung 
 is employed it should be well worked, 
 as for other forcing purposes; but the 
 best materials for covering the crowns 
 and pots are leaves, which we yearly 
 collect in a corner for the purpose; no 
 turning over is requisite. A dry, calm 
 day should always be chosen for covering 
 up; and the whole of the work should 
 be done at the same time, first placing 
 the pots all ready to suit each crown ; 
 then with the lime-bag give each crown 
 a good dusting over with quick-lime, 
 which will destroy all worms and slugs; 
 put on the pots immediately, and the 
 warm leaves over them. The pots should 
 be covered with the driest parts first. 
 When leaves are used, these should be 
 covered over witli some long, littery 
 material, to prevent their being blown 
 about by winds. The whole covering 
 should be from a foot to a foot and a 
 half thick every way round the pots, and 
 p\it together snug and tight. We always 
 make our first covering (to be ready to 
 cut kale by Christmas day) during the 
 
 first fortnight in November. Of course the 
 weather has something to do with the 
 covering required. The heat had better 
 be too low than too high ; the best 
 temperatures are from 50 to 60, and 
 should never exceed 65. We at all 
 times use a few coal-ashes, just enough 
 to cover the crowns. When we cut the 
 kale, this prevents the slugs, &c.. eati- 1 ^ 
 into the crowns. This remains mu.i 
 cutting ceases, and the materials ana 
 pots are cleared away ; then the whole is 
 carefully forked over, and the ashes 
 spread about with the hand, and all is 
 made tidy for the summer growth. Sec 
 SEA-KALE. 
 
 CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus palu'stris. 
 
 CRANE'S-BILL. Gera'nium. 
 
 CRA'SSULA. (From the diminutive of 
 crassus, thick, or succulent ; in reference 
 to their leaves, &c. Nat orcl., Homeletks. 
 [Crassulacecs]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse plants from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 C. d : /fn'sa (diffuse). . Pink. June. 1774. 
 
 Ky;i;i'nsa (expanded). . White. June. 1/74. 
 
 gla'&ra (uawth-chater). . White. August. 
 
 1774. 
 
 glomcra'ta (round-TieaJerf). ^. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1/74. 
 
 Magno'Ui (Magnol's). . White. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky). . White. September. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1794. 
 
 pulchfflla (pretty). Red. May. 1310. 
 
 retrofit 1 xa, (bent-back). \, Yellow. June. 
 
 1788. 
 
 ru'bens (red). . Pink. May. Italy. 1751). 
 
 sulmla'ta (awl-shaped). . June. 1SOO. 
 
 verticilla'ris (whorl-flowered). $. Pink. July. 
 
 South Europe. 17^8. 
 BIENNIALS. 
 C. aloi'des (aloe-like). White. July. 1774. 
 
 capitella'ta (small-headed). White. July. 
 
 1774. 
 
 centawni'des (centaury-like). . Pink, May. 
 
 1774. 
 
 corymbulo'sa (sub-corymbed). 1. White. No- 
 
 vember. 181 8. 
 
 lineola'ta (small-lined). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 17/4. 
 
 lingucefo'lia (tongue-leaved), i White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1803. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-feared). White. June. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pertu'sula (dottecWeamf). 1. White. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1824. 
 
 spa'rsa (scattered-/eaed). . White. 1774. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). White. April. 1818. 
 
 tu'rrita (tower-formed). White. March. 1818. 
 
 EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 C. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). . White. July. 
 Greece. 1795. 
 
 ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). . White. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 arbor e'sce us (tree-like). 3. Pink. May. 173fi. 
 
CRA 
 
 [ 253 ] 
 
 CEA 
 
 . bibractea'ta (tvo-bracted). <. White. Au- 
 gust. 1*23. 
 ma'jor (larger). $. White. August. 1823. 
 
 biconve'xa (double-convex). 5. White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 biplanu'ta (flat-sided-teared). 1. White. Sep- 
 tember. 1823. 
 
 bullula'ta (small-studded). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 ci/ia'ta (hair-fringed). . Yellow. July. 1732. 
 
 me'din (middle). . Ycliow. July. 1818. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). . Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 coccine'lla (small-scarlet). . Scarlet July. 
 
 1823. 
 
 columna'ris (columnar). . White. 178Q. 
 
 cunci'nna (neat). . White. July. 1818. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). . Pink. July. 17/4. 
 
 cotyle'donis (cotyledon-leafed). 1. White. 
 
 1800. Herbaceous. 
 
 deje'cta (thrown-down). 1. White. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). . White. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1820. 
 
 filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). . White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 fruticulo'sa (under-shrubby). White. 
 
 imbricu'ta (imbricated). 1. White. June. 
 
 1/60. 
 
 la'ctea. (milky). 3. White. September. 177-1. 
 
 margina'lis (marginal). 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 1774. 
 
 obli'qua (unequal- leaved}. 4. Red. April. 
 
 1759. 
 
 nbtu'su (blunt-teamZ). ?. 1812. 
 
 orbicula'ris (round-leaved). $. Pink. August. 
 
 1/31. Herbaceous. 
 
 perfilu'ta (threaded). 1. Pink. September. 
 
 1785. 
 
 pellu'cida (transparent). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 1/32. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. June. 1750. 
 
 ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Pink. July. 1/74. 
 
 ramuliflo'ra (bra'nchlet-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 June. 1822. 
 
 revo'lvens (revolving). 1. White. August. 
 
 1S20. 
 
 rnsulu'ris (small-rosy). . White. July. 18:5. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 rotundifo'tta (round-leaved). 1. White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 sca'bra (rough -leaved]. . Pale yellow. June. 
 
 1/30. 
 
 scabre'lla (rouzhish). , White. 1810. 
 
 spathula'ta (spathulated). . White. August. 
 
 177-4. 
 
 squamulo'sa (scaly). . White. July. )S17- 
 -~ telephioi'des tteiephium-like). 1. White. July. 
 
 1318. 
 
 telragr/na (four-ancled). 2. White. August. 
 
 1711. 
 
 Culture. Of the annual and biennial 
 species the seeds should be sown in pots, 
 in. spring, and, v>-hen the seedlings will 
 hear handling, separated and planted 
 singly in other pots. The same soil suits 
 them as the perennial succulent species, 
 which are those most in request. The 
 culture of these is as follows, whether 
 for bedding-out or growing constantly 
 under glass : Make short cuttings, about 
 the end of August or in September, of 
 the tops of the young shoots which 
 
 have not flowered, and, after the cut- 
 tings are rooted, place singly in small 
 pots, and grow till the end of October, 
 when the pots are filled with roots. From 
 this time to the end of February keep 
 in a cool greenhouse, on a shelf close to 
 the glass, and give two or three water- 
 ings during the winter. As soon as the 
 plants begin to move in the spring, stop 
 them at about three or four inches from 
 the pot, and a few of the top leaves tako 
 off, to facilitate the growth of new shoots. 
 As soon as these are well formed, thin 
 them, so as to leave but from three to 
 six shoots on each plant, according to its 
 strength ; and, as soon as the shoots are 
 two inches long, shift into pots a size or 
 two larger, in a mixture of yellow loam 
 and pounded brick j, well drained. 
 
 After the spring potting, indulge with 
 a little more than greenhouse-heat, by 
 placing them for two or three weeks in a 
 peach-house, or vinery, or a close pit, to 
 have them in full vigour by the middle 
 of May ; because, the earlier in the sum- 
 mer they complete their annual growth, 
 the more time and sun they have to 
 fi:iish their ripening process. About 
 midsummer, or before the beginning of 
 July, their growth is finished, and then 
 turn out of doors, and plunge in sand 
 close to the front wall of a hothouse, 
 where the heat, in the dog days, will often 
 range from 80 to 100, and where little 
 rain can get at them, the spouting which 
 receives the water from the roof passing 
 over their heads. The sand in which 
 they are plunged gets very hot also ; and, 
 by watering it occasionally between the 
 pots, the roots are kept sufficiently moist 
 without any water being given on the soil 
 in the pots. This treatment is more uni- 
 form and more natural to them than any 
 mode of pit or greenhouse culture. 
 
 On the first indication of frost remove 
 into shallow, cold pits, where the lights 
 can be drawn off them every mild day till 
 the end of November ; then move them 
 to a dry shelf in the greenhouse ; but 
 they could be wintered in a dry pit from 
 which the frost could be kept. 
 
 During the following spring keep as 
 cool as possible, being among the first 
 set of greenhouse plants to be removed 
 into cold pits when plants begin to grow 
 in the spring, and about the last plants 
 to be bedded out at the end of May ; and 
 they make the most brilliant bed for the 
 whole season, flowering for six weeks to 
 
CRA 
 
 [ 254 ] 
 
 CRA 
 
 two months, according to the situation of 
 the beds. We prefer the tall, dark scar- 
 let, or old C. cocci' nea, for beds ; but there 
 are three or four distinct sorts that do 
 equally well in pots. 
 
 It often happens that plants with only 
 two shoots will produce but one head of 
 bloom, and then the second shoot will be 
 sure to follow the year after, and thus a 
 plant may be made to flower every year. 
 
 If this plant with two shoots offers to 
 flower on both instead of one, and you 
 wish the plant to flower every year, you 
 must forego the pleasure of having both 
 shoots to flower the first season. In 
 that case, as soon as you can perceive 
 the flower-buds in the spring, you must 
 cut down one of the two shoots, and let 
 the other one flower. The lower down 
 the shoot is cut the better. If there is 
 only an inch or two of it left, it is sure 
 to produce three times the number of 
 young shoots that will be necessary to 
 retain. If you select three of the best 
 placed, these will be enough for a plant 
 so young ; therefore, instead of two flower- 
 lieads, we have only one of them, and 
 three others coming up to flower next 
 season. As soon as the single truss of 
 flowers begins to fade, about the middle 
 of August, this flowering shoot must be 
 cut down close likewise, and from it suc- 
 cession-shoots will be obtained, so that, 
 in a large, old specimen, there are many 
 flowering shoots and succession ones 
 growing on at the ' same time ; and, as 
 soon as the plants are done flowering, 
 the shoots which have borne the flowers 
 are cut back to different lengths, accord- 
 ing to the size or shape the plant is in- 
 tended to be grown. 
 
 Every morsel of the old shoots cut off 
 in August will make cuttings; but the 
 best cuttings are obtained from the top 
 ends of young, vigorous shoots; they 
 will root either in heat or cold, at any 
 time. Abundance of air, strong sunlight, 
 and plenty of water during their two 
 months of active growth ; but little during 
 the rest of the summer and autumn, and 
 scarcely any in winter, are the leading 
 principles in their culture. 
 
 CRAT^'GUS. The Hawthorn. (From 
 JtratoSi strength; in reference to the 
 strength and hardness of the wood. Nat. 
 ord., Appleworls [Pomacese], Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria %-Di-pentagynia.) 
 
 The family of thorns furnishes a greater num- 
 ber of handsome small trees for ornamental 
 
 grounds than any other woody family whatever. 
 They are all white-blossomed, except where wa 
 have mentioned otherwise; but they vary in 
 another beauty the colour of their fruit ; and 
 this, as far as we know, we have particularized. 
 Young plarrts are obtained from seed sown in 
 spring ; and any particular varieties can be budded 
 or grafted upon one of the most useful tiie com- 
 mon whitethorn. Common garden-soil. 
 C. alpi'nn (alpine). 20. May. Italy. 
 
 apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 mi'nor (smaller). May. 
 
 Aro'nia (Aronia). 15. May. South Europe. 
 
 1810. Berries yellow. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. May. 
 
 18-16. 
 
 Azaro'lus (Azarole). 15. May. South Europe. 
 
 1640. Berries red. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 20. May. Carpathian 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet-framed). 20. May. N.Amer, 
 
 1683. 
 
 cor alii' na (coralline). 15. May. France. 
 glandulo'sa (glandulpse). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1759- Berries red. 
 
 indenta'ta (indented-leaved). 12. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 mawa'ntha (long-spined). 20. May. 
 
 N.Amer. 1819. Berries yellowish-red. 
 
 ma'xitna (largest). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller-fruited'). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Nevpolitana (Neapolitan). May. Naples. 
 
 subvilto'sa (slightly-hairy). 1832. 
 
 succule'nta (succulent-/rwz7ed;. Germany. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 i/3S. Berries bright red. 
 
 cremil't'ta (scollop-edged). 10. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1853. 
 
 cru's-gv'lli (cockspur). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 ) 6C.1 . Berries dark red. 
 linea'ris (na.no\v-leaved). 20. May. N. 
 Amer. 
 
 na'nn (dwarf). 4. May. N.Amer. 
 
 pyraeanthifu'lia (oyracantha-leavcd). 20. 
 May. N. Amer. 
 
 sulicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 sple'ndens (shining). 20. May. N.Amer. 
 
 Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 15. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1830. Berries purple. 
 
 elli'ptica (cv&l- leaned). 20. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1765. 
 
 fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 15. May. 1310. 
 flabella'ta (fun-leaved). 15. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 fia'va (yellow-pear-berried). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1724. 
 lobu'ta (lobed). 15. June. 
 
 Florenti'na (Florentine). 15. May. 1800. 
 
 flo'rida (florid). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 15. May. N.Amer. 1818. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1816. Berries red. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 La'yi (Mr. Tradescant Lay's). 10. North 
 
 China. 1844. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer* 
 
 Marocca'na( Morocco). 15. May. Barbary. 
 
 1822. 
 
 melanoca'rpa (black-berried). 15. May. Tauria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 15. May. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 mono'gyna (one-styled). 15. May. Siberia. 
 
CEA 
 
 [255 ] 
 
 CRE 
 
 C. ni'gra (black-/rtfed). 20. May. Hungary. 
 1819. 
 
 ordorati'ssma (sweetest-scented). 15. May, 
 
 Crimea. Berries bright red. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 15. May. South Europe. 
 
 1810. Berries dark red. 
 
 sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 15. May. 
 
 Crimea. 1810. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 oxyca'ntha (sharp-spined. Common haw- 
 
 thorn). 15. May. Britain. 
 
 ape'tala (petalless). 15. May. 
 
 auranti'aca (orange - coloured - fruited) . 
 
 May. 
 au'rea (golden- berried). 15. May. 
 
 capita' '(a (capitate-cowering'). 15. May. 
 
 Celsia'na (Cels's). 15. May. 
 
 erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 15. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag-branched). 15. White. 
 
 May. 
 fo'liis arge'ntis(w'hite-variegated'lea.v$&). 
 
 15. White. May. 
 fo'liis-au'reis (yellow-variegated). 15. 
 
 White. May. 
 laclniu'ta (cat-leaved). 12. White. 
 
 May. Sicily. 1816. 
 leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 15. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 ma'jor (greater-/rwiZ). 15. White. 
 
 May. 
 multiplex (double-flowered). 15. White. 
 
 May. 
 obtusa'ta (blwat-lobed). 15. White. 
 
 May. France. 1822. 
 Olweria'na (Oliver's). 20. White. May. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1820. Berries black. 
 ple'na (double-flowered). 15. White. 
 
 May. 
 
 prce'cox (early). 15. White. May. 
 
 pterifo'lia (brake-leaved). 15. White. 
 
 May. 
 puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 15. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 
 
 puni'ceoflo're-ple'no (scarlet-double-flow- 
 
 ered). 15. Dark red. May. 
 qucrcifn'lia (oak-leaved). White. June. 
 
 Hamburgh. 1834. 
 regi'nee (Queen Mary's thorn). 30. White. 
 
 May. Scotland. 
 ro'sea supe'rba (superb rosy-flowered). 15. 
 
 Crimson. May. 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 15. White. May. 
 
 Siberia. 
 Transyl'ja'nica (Transylvanian). 15. 
 
 White. May. Transylvania. 
 
 oz3/acanMoi'des(oxyacantha-like). 15. White. 
 
 May. France. 1822. 
 
 parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1704. 
 
 Flo'rida (Florida). 6. White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 grottulariatfo'lia (gooseberry-leaved). 6. 
 
 White. May. 
 
 penta'gyna (five-styled). 15. White. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 - Poiretiafna (Poiret's). 20. White. May. Hun- 
 gary. 1810. 
 
 Priestia'na (Priest's). White. May. 1810. 
 
 prunellifo'lia (prunella-leaved). 20. White. 
 
 May. 
 
 pntnifo'ha (plum-leaved). 20. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. Berries dark red. 
 
 punctu'ta (dotted-f rutted). 15. White. N. 
 
 Amer. 1746. Berriered. 
 
 C.puncta'ta au'rea (golden -frui ted). 30. White, 
 May. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 brevispi'na (short-spined). White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 ni'gra (black-/r*e<f). White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 ni'gra stri'cta (black -fruited -upright). 
 
 White. May. N. Amer. 
 ru'bra (red-fruited). 20. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 ru'bra stri'cta (upright-red). 20. White. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-fruited). 15. White. May. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Alta'ica (Altaic). 15. White. May. Altaic 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 pyraca'ntha (evergreen-thorn). 10. White. 
 
 May. South Europe. 162Q. 
 crenula'ta. (small-scolloped). 10. White. 
 
 May. Nepaul. 1820. 
 fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 10. White. 
 
 May. 1841. 
 
 pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 15. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1763. Berries yellowish-red. 
 
 sangui'nea (crimson-fruited). 15. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1810. 
 
 spathula'ta (spatula-teawed). 15. May. N, 
 
 Amer. 1805. 
 
 spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 15. May. Europe. 
 
 stipula'ris (stipulate). Pink. May. Quito. 1813. 
 
 tanacetifo'lia (tansy- leaved). 15. May. 
 
 Greece. 1789. Berries yellow. 
 glu'bra (smooth). 15. May. Germany. 
 
 1816. 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). 15. May. Taurica. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. May. Virginia. 
 
 1812. Berries green. 
 
 vi'ridis (green-fruited). 15. May. Carolina. 
 
 1810. 
 
 CEAT^E'VA. Garlic Pear. (Named 
 after Cratcevus, a Greek botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Capparids [Capparidacese]. Linn., 
 \\-Dodecandria I-Honogynia. Allied to 
 the Common Caper.) 
 
 The bark of the roots of the Garlic Pear (C. 
 gyna'ndra) blisters like Cantharides. Stove ever- 
 green trees ; rich, loamy soil ; increased by cut- 
 tings in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat. 
 C. gyna'ndra (gynandrous). 12. White. Jamaica. 
 1789- 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 15. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 ta'pia (tapia). 30. White. E. Ind. 1752. 
 
 tapioi'des(ta.pi&-like). 20. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 CEAWFO 'EDLA . ( In honour of Sir John 
 Crawford, governor of Singapore. Nat., 
 ord., Genlianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 There is little doubt that this herbaceous twiner 
 io as hardy as the Gentians, to which it is allied, 
 and like them may be cultivated. 
 C.fascicula'ta (fascicle-flowered). 4. Blue. Au- 
 gust. Himalaya. 1855. 
 
 CEEEPEES or TEAILEES are plants 
 which, by having numerous stems and 
 branches resting upon and spreading 
 over the soil's surface, are useful for 
 concealing what would be unpleasing 
 
CUE 
 
 [ 258 ] 
 
 OKI 
 
 to the eye. They are also handsome ] 
 objects in pots suspended from the roof 
 of an appropriate structure, and some, 
 as Gaiiit/ie'ria procu'mbcns, are orna- 
 mental round the margin of ponds or 
 other water. 
 
 CRESCE'NTIA. The Calabash - tree. 
 (Named after Crescenti, an old author. 
 Nat. ord., Cresceiitiads [Crescentiacete]. 
 Linn., 4^Tetrandria 1-Monoyynia.} 
 
 The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cuje'te) 
 are intermediate between Gesnerworts and Big- 
 noniads, and in all the species are produced from 
 .the old stems or branches. Stove evergreen trees ; 
 a mixture of loam and peat ; cuttings of ripened 
 shoots root readily in sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). 20. Green, 
 
 white. Cuba. 1822. 
 cucurbiti'na (gourd-fruited). 10. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 Cuje'te (Cujete). 20. White. Jamaica. 16QO. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. 
 CEESS. Lepi'dium sati'vnm. 
 
 Varieties. There are three varieties : 
 Plain-leaved, which is the one commonly 
 cultivated for salads; Curly -leaved, 
 equally good, and employed, likewise, for 
 garnishing; Broad leaved, seldom culti- j 
 vated. See MUSTARD. 
 
 CEESS BOCKET. Ve'lla. 
 
 CEI'NUM. (From krinon, the Greek 
 name for lily. Nat. ord.., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 
 I-Monogynia.} 
 
 Nearly fifty species of Crinum, with numerous 
 varieties, and many cro.ss-bred seedlings, have" 
 been described by Dr. Herbert. Many of them 
 are the most beautiful of this order. C. longi- 
 fio'rum is perfectly hardy in England if planted 
 six or eight inches deep. It will prow in water, 
 but better on the margins of lakes, ponds, or 
 rivulets. The whole family delight in strong, rich 
 loam, and an abundance of water when they are 
 growing. Bulbous plants of great beauty; rich 
 loam, peat, and sand ; readily increased by offsets, 
 and many by seeds.. 
 
 HAKDY. 
 
 C. Cape'nse (Common Cape). 2. Pink. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 2. Pink. September. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White. 
 June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 austra'le (southern). White. April. Australia. 
 
 1791. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 fla'ccidum (flabby). 2. July. N. Holland. 
 1816. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. Bengal. 
 
 1810. 
 
 lorifo'lium (strap-leaved). 5. White. July. 
 
 Pegu. 18! 9. 
 
 jiiacroca'rpum (large-traited). 14. July. Pegu. 
 
 1820. 
 
 C. Mauritia'num (Mauritian). 4. Pink. March- 
 Mauritius. 1812. 
 
 Molucca'num (Molucca). 2. Pink. July. Mo- 
 
 luccas. 1S19. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. White. 1822. 
 
 peduncula'tum (/n#-flower-stalked). 3. White. 
 
 July. N. S. Wales. 1/90. 
 
 plica' tarn (plaited). 2. White. July. China. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ripa'rium (river-bnnk). 2. Pink. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. Algoe'nse (Algoa Bay). Red, white. August. 
 Cape oT Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 ama'bile (lovely). 5. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 America'num (American). 2. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1752. 
 
 amcs'num (pleasing). 2. White. E. Ind. 1810. 
 la'vp. (smooth-edged). 2. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1819- 
 
 angustifo'lium (tall- narrow-leaved). 2. 
 
 White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 angu'tttwn (narrow). 1. Pink. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. July. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 aqua'ticum (water). 4. Pink. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 arena'rium (sand). 2. White. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1822. 
 bla'nduDi (mild-looking). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1821. 
 Asia'ticum (Asiatic. Poison-bulb). 3. White. 
 
 July. China. 1/32. 
 
 Australasicum (Australian). White. June. 
 
 Australia. 1838. 
 
 brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 5. White. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1819- 
 
 brachyne'ma (short-stamened). White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1840. 
 
 bractea' turn (bracted). 2. White. July. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1810. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 July. Mauritius. 1810. 
 
 brevili'mbum (short-fringed). 2. July. Pa- 
 
 cific Islands. 1820. 
 
 Broussone'ti (Broussonel's), . Red, white. 
 
 July. Guinea. 1740. 
 
 Catfrum (Caffre). Red, white. September. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1325. 
 
 canalicula'tum (channelled-teamZ). 4. White. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 cunalifo' Hum (channelled-leaved). 2. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820.' 
 
 Careya'num (Carey's). 2. White. July. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1821. 
 
 Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 2. White. July. 
 
 S.Amer. 1708. 
 
 confe'rtum (crowded). 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 crue'ntum (\AooAy-Jlowered). 4. Red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 dedina'tum (curved-down). 2. White. May. 
 
 Silhet. 1818. 
 
 defi'xum (defixed). 2. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 di'stichum (two-rowed). 2. White, purple. 
 
 June. Guinea. 1774. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 4. White. September , 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). 3. White. Pegu> 
 
 1819- 
 
 erube'scens (blushing). 2, Pale white. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1789. 
 
CRI 
 
 [ 257 
 
 OHO 
 
 C. erube'scens Berbicc'fise (BerToice). 2, White. 
 
 July. Berbice. 181 9. 
 Coranty'num (Corantyne). Pale red. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1820. 
 gla'brum a'lbum (smooth- white). White. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1820. 
 gla'brum ru'brum (smooth-red). Red, 
 
 white, June. Maranham. 1824. 
 ma'jus (larger). 3. Red, white. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1789. 
 - mi'nus (smaller). l Red, white. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1789. 
 octoflo'rum (eight- flowered). White. 
 
 June. Spanish Main. 1820. 
 rttbrili 1 rnium (red-fringed). Red. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 viridifoflium (green-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 July. Demerara. 1819. 
 ~ erythrophy'llum (red-leaved). 2. Red, white. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 exalta'tum (lofty). 3. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Forbe'si (Forbes's). Red. White. July. 
 
 Delagoa Bay. 1824. 
 formo'sum (beautiful). 2. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 gigu'nteum (giant). 3. White. July. Guinea. 
 
 1792. 
 
 hu'mile (low). 1. White. October. 1822. 
 
 imi'gne (noble). 3. Pink. November. E. Ind. 
 
 181Q. 
 
 La'ncei (Lance's). Red, white. July. Suri- 
 
 nam. 1825. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 Lindleya'num (Lindley's). White, purple. 
 
 June. Marauham. 1824. 
 
 Loddigesia'num (Loddige's). White, purple. 
 
 August. Mexico. 
 
 Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Red, white. June. E. Ind. 
 
 pediolu'tum (pediolate). White. Purple. July. 
 
 S. Africa. 1792. 
 
 specta'bile (showy). White. July. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 
 
 prate'nse (meadow). White. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 pro'cerum (tall). 3. White. July. Pegu. 1820. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. June. 
 
 Fernando Po. 1826. 
 
 revolu'tum (rolled- back). l. White. June. 
 
 Maranham. 1823. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). White. June. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 sca'brum (rough). 4. Pink. May. Azores. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Si'nicum (Chinese). 1. White. China. 181Q. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 stri'ctum (straight). l. White. September. 
 
 1824. 
 
 subme'rsum (submerged). l. Pink. July. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1820. 
 
 Sumatra'num (Sumatra). 3. White. July. 
 
 Sumatra. 1810. 
 
 undula'tum (waved- leaved). l. White. 
 
 November. Maranham. 1824. 
 
 venu'stum (graceful). 1. White, red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 verecu'ndum (ruddy). 2. Pale red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 yuccaoi'des (yucca-like). 2. ReJ, white. 
 
 June. Guinea. 1740. 
 
 Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 3. Purple. Job. 
 
 Ceylon. 1771. 
 
 - longisty'lum (Ions-styled). Pale red; Jaly. 
 E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 CRISTA'RIA. (From crietz, a crest; tiio 
 form of the seed-vessel. Wat ord,, 
 
 Mallowworte [MalvacefiB]. Linn., 1C- 
 Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to 
 Sida.) 
 
 A very neat little hardy herbaceous perennid. 
 Peat ; cuttings during,the summer months. 
 C.cocci'nea (scarlet). . Scarlet. August. 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 CRI'THMUM. Samphire. (From krithe, 
 barley; resemblance of the seeds to 
 barley. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diqynia. Allied to 
 Seseli.) 
 
 Samphire (C. mari'timum) i* excellent ia 
 pickles. 
 
 C. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). l. Yellow. July. 
 Canaries. 1/80. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 mari'timum(sea). 1. White., August. Britain. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 Culture. Cri'tfimummari'timum, though 
 a native of the sea-shore, may be culti- 
 vated successfully in the garden. 
 
 Soil. It requires a sandy, rich soil 
 and the north side of a wall. 
 
 Propagation. The roots may be 
 planted, or the seed sown, in April ; the 
 only cultivation required being to keep 
 the plants free from weeds, and to water 
 it about twice a week with water contain- 
 ing half an ounce of guano, and one 
 ounce of salt per gallon. 
 
 CROCKING is putting a piece of pot- 
 sherd over the hole at the bottom of a 
 flower -pot, previously to adding the 
 drainage, &c. 
 
 CEO'CUS. (A name adapted from Theo- 
 phrastus,. Nat. ord., Irids [IriclacesB], 
 Linn., 3-Triandria L-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. The saffron of the shops is the 
 dried stigmas of C sati'vus. The Sicilian saffron 
 is from those of C. odo'rus. 
 
 C.albiflo'rus (white-flowered). J. White. Fe* 
 bruary. Austria. 
 
 annula'tus (ringed). |. White. March. 
 
 South-East Europe. 1629. 
 Ada'micus (Adam's). . Purple. March. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 a'lbus (\\hite-Jlowered'). White. March. 
 
 Opschina. 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). . White. March. 
 
 Crimea. 1629. 
 biflo'rus stigmato'sus (long - styled). |. 
 
 White. March. 
 ccerule'scens (bluish). Bluish. February. 
 
 Naples. 
 
 estria'tus (unstreakedpc/s). Lilac. Fe- 
 bruary. Florence. 
 
 Qrce'cus (Grecian). February. Greece. 
 
 nubi'gena (cloudy). White. March. Mount 
 
 Gargarius. 1845. 
 purpwa'scens (purplish-/toweral). Pur 
 
 pie. March. Dalmatia. 
 puai'llus arge'nteus (Hilary). White. 
 
 February. Pisa. 
 puffi'Llus lin'M'tus (liusd). rebruary._ 
 
 Parma. 
 
CEO 
 
 [258] 
 
 CRO 
 
 C. aiMtaaftua pusi'llus Tenoria'niu (Tenore't). 
 i. White. February. Naples. 
 
 Tau'ncus (Taurian). February. Odessa. 
 
 argefnteus (silvery). White, brown. February. 
 
 .4s*M'rie*(A8turian). *. Purple. October. 
 
 Asturia. 1842. 
 
 au'reus (golden). . Yellow. February. Greece. 
 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). *. White. February. 
 
 Crimea. 1629. 
 
 Borya l nus(Bory'a'). White. September. Morea. 
 
 Byzantfnus (Byzantine). September. Hun- 
 
 gary. 
 
 Cambesedia'nus (Cambesedes'). White. Ma- 
 
 jorca. 
 
 cancella'tus (cross-barred). Mount Taurus. 
 Kotschia'nus (Kotschy's). Violet. Mount 
 
 Taurus. 
 margarita'ceus (pearly). Purple. Mount 
 
 Taurus. 
 Mazzia?ricu(Msazi&Ti'a'). White, yellow. 
 
 Caria- 
 
 Cartwrightia'nus (Cartwright's). J. White, 
 
 purple. September. Candia. 
 Cre'ticus (Cretan). Pale yellow. October. 
 
 Candia. 
 leuca'dius (whitish). White. 
 
 Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). White, blue. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Caucasus. 
 
 chrysa'nthus (golden-flowered). $. Golden. 
 
 February. Rhodope. 
 
 Clusia'nus (Clusius's). September. Portugal. 
 
 1835. 
 
 Damascefnus (Damascus). September. Da- 
 
 mascus. 1844. 
 
 Keischeria'nus (Keischer's). White. Smyrna. 
 
 Garga'ricus (Gargarian). . Golden yellow. 
 
 March. Mount Gargarius. 
 
 Hadria'ticus (Hadriatic). October. 
 Chrysobelo'nicus (Chrysobelonian). Oc- 
 tober. Chrysobeloni. 
 
 Sounder sia'nus (Saunders's). September. 
 
 Imperato'nius (Imperato's). J. Lilac. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Naples. 1830. 
 
 insula'ris (island). September. Corsica. 
 geminiflo'rus (twin-flowered). September. 
 
 mayor (larger). September.. 
 
 me'dius (medium). September. 
 
 mifnimus (least). Violet. September. 
 
 la'cteus (cream-coloured-cowered). ^. Pale 
 
 yellow. March. 
 
 lageneeflo'rus (bottle-flowered). $. Bed, yellow. 
 
 February. Greece. 
 au'reus (golden). . Golden yellow. 
 
 March. Greece. 
 au'reus a'lbus (white-flowered). $. White. 
 
 March; 
 au'reus la'cteus (cream-coloured). $. 
 
 Cream. March. Greece. 1629. 
 au'reus la'cteus pencilla'tus (milky-pen- 
 cilled). $. Pale cream. March. 
 au'reus lutefscem (yellowish). . Pale 
 
 yellow. March. 
 au'reus pa'llidus (pale-cowered). J. Pale 
 
 sulphur. March. 
 au'reus sulphura'scens (pale sulphur) . 4 . 
 
 March. 
 
 au'reus sulphu'reus (sulphur-coloured). . 
 
 Pale yellow. March. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 . aufreus trilinea'tus (three-lined). . Yel- 
 
 low, blue. March. 
 ca'ndidus (white). White. March. Mount 
 
 Gargarius. 
 -rfla'mv (yellow). $. Pale yellow. February. 
 
 Greece. 
 Hae'micut (Heemus). March. Mount 
 
 Humus. 
 
 C. lagenaflo'rtis Landeria'nus (Lander's). Yel- 
 low. March. 
 
 Syriafcus (Syrian). $. Yellow. March. 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Oliv ieria'nus( Olivier 's). Yellow. March. Chios. 
 
 stella'ris (starry). J. Yellow. March. 
 
 gtria'tus (streaked). . Yellow. March. 
 
 South Europe. 1629. 
 
 longiflo'rus (long- flowered). February. Italy. 
 
 1843. 
 
 lu'teus (common-yellow). *. Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Turkey. 1629. 
 
 Jtfsi'acM(Maesian). $. Yellow. February. 
 
 Greece. 1629. 
 
 me'dius (intermediate). September. Liguria. 
 
 mi'nimus (smallest). 4. Purple. February. 
 
 1629. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy). February. Morea. 
 
 nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). $. Violet. Sep- 
 
 tember. England. 
 
 odo'rus (scented). $. September. Naples. 
 
 1830. 
 
 longiflo'rus (long-flowered). $. October. 
 
 Melite'nsis (Maltese). . October. Malta. 
 
 Palla'sii ( Pallas's. Autumnal). J. Lilac. Sep- 
 
 tember. Crimea. 1821. 
 
 pulche'llus (neat). Light blue. February. 
 
 1843. 
 
 pusi'llus (dwarf). . White, blue. February. 
 
 Naples. 1824. 
 
 Pyrence'us (Pyrenean). $. Purple. September. 
 
 England. 
 
 reticula'tus (netted). $. Blue. February. 
 
 Crimea. 
 
 a'lbicans (cloth of silver). J. Whitish. 
 
 March. Odessa. 
 
 Ansyre'nsis (Angora). . Yellow. March. 
 
 Angora. 
 
 aurite'xtus (cloth of gold). $. Gold. 
 
 March. 
 
 aurite'xtus immacula'tus (spotless). }. 
 
 Yellow. March. 
 
 aurite'xtus refle'xus (bent-back). . Yel- 
 low-striped. March. Crimea. 1605. 
 
 Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 4. April. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated). ^. April. 
 
 Salzmannia'nus(Sa.lzma.nn's'). Africa. 1806. 
 
 sati'vus (cultivated. Saffron). $. Violet. Sep- 
 
 tember. England. 
 
 sero'tinus (late. Autumnal). . Violet. Octo- 
 
 ber. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 Sibthorpia'nus (Sibthorp's). 
 
 pulchrVcolor (fair coloured). May. 
 
 Olympia. 
 
 Stau'ricus (Stauric). White. June. 
 
 Trebizond. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). Purple. September. 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 " Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). Purple. Sep- 
 tember. Caucasus. 
 
 la'xior (looser). Purple. September. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 - Transylva'nicus (Transylvania). Purple. 
 
 September. Transylvania. 
 
 stria' tus (channelled). 4. White. February. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sulphu'reus (sulphur-co/owred). . Yellow. 
 
 February. South Europe. 1629. 
 fla'vus (pale yellow). |. Pale yellow. 
 
 February. South Europe. 1629. 
 Sttsia'nus (Susian). 4. Yellow. February. 
 
 Turkey. 1605. 
 
 Suteria'nus (Suter's). }. Brightyellow. March, 
 
 Angora. 
 
 Thoma'sii (Thomas's), , Blue. Septembttr 
 
 Naples. 1830. 
 
[259] 
 
 CBO 
 
 C. 
 
 pri'nceps (chief. Fringed-leaved). 
 
 Tournefortia'nus (Tournetort's). October. 
 
 Greek Archipelago. 
 
 valle'wla (valley). White. October. Tre- 
 
 bizond Alps. 
 
 variegaftus (variegated). $. Variegated. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Levant. 1829. 
 
 ve'rnus (spring). $. Purple. February. Eng 
 
 land. 
 
 albifto'ru3 (white-flowered). $. White. 
 
 February. Carinthia. 
 
 apri'lis (April). $. Violet. April. 
 
 f.la'tior (taller). |. February. Alps. 
 
 leucorhy'nchus (white-beaked). . White, 
 
 blue, February. 
 
 Neapolita'nus (Neapolitan). J. Purple, 
 
 blue. February. Naples. 
 
 obova'tus (reversed-egg-shaped). . Pur- 
 ple. February. South Europe. 
 
 parviflo'rus (small-flowered). $. White. 
 
 February. Splugen. 
 
 pi'ctus (painted). $. Pale white. February. 
 
 nersi'color ( party-coloured). . Purple. Febru- 
 
 ary. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 CEOCUS CULTURE. Propagation: by 
 Seed. Sow the seed in October, in a 
 prepared bed of light, rich earth, in an 
 open situation, covering it a quarter of 
 an inch. The seedlings will come up in 
 the spring, and should be kept well 
 weeded. When the leaves decay, clear 
 them away, and spread a thin coat of 
 fresh, light earth over the roots. Allow 
 them to remain another season, and then, 
 when the leaves decay, take up the bulbs 
 carefully, sifting the soil so as to find 
 even the smallest. In August prepare a 
 bed of fresh, rich earth, turning it over 
 two or three times to mellow and pul- 
 verise. About the middle of September, 
 on a dry day, level the bed, and draw 
 drills across it four inches apart; then 
 plant the young bulbs in the drills three 
 inches asunder, pressing them down 
 gently into the soil ; and, when all are 
 planted, level the ridges of the drills 
 with a rake carefully down. In this bed 
 they should remain two years. The 
 second year most of them will flower ; 
 and, when in bloom, the colours should 
 be marked, to enable you to separate 
 them into their colours when they are 
 taken up. Any new fine varieties should 
 be especially taken care off. 
 
 By Offsets. When the leaves decay, in 
 the summer, take up the bulbs, keeping 
 them in their various sorts; separate the 
 large-flowering bulbs from the small off- 
 sets, and plant the latter in a bed by 
 themselves, in the same way as is de- 
 scribed above for seedlings". In two 
 years take them up, sort tbe large roots 
 out again, and replant the small ones. 
 
 Soil. The crocus delights in a dry 
 situation, and a rich, light, sandy soil. 
 In such a place and soil it flowers pro- 
 fusely, and produces large roots ; but in 
 a wet, poor soil it dwindles away. 
 
 Culture. October is the best month 
 for planting, though it may be prolonged 
 to the middle of December. Take the 
 roots up every second year, planting the 
 offsets as described above. 
 
 Insects. Slugs are their chief enemy, 
 which may be destroyed by watering the 
 beds or clumps with lime-water. 
 
 Diseases. The bulbs sometimes be- 
 come like a mass of starch or meal, and 
 then will not grow. There is no remedy 
 for bulbs actually diseased, but they 
 ought to be carefully picked out, and not 
 mixed with the general stock, for fear of 
 infection. It seems to be caused by an 
 internal fungus. 
 
 CHOPPING (MIXED) is growing two or 
 more crops together, one of which may 
 be either drawn young, so as to be out 
 of the other's way before it gets high 
 enough to be injured, or one of which 
 benefits the other by shading it.^ The 
 object of mixed cropping is to obtain the 
 largest amount of produce in the shortest 
 time from a given space. The subject 
 cannot be treated in detail within these 
 limited pages; and we must, therefore, 
 refer our readers to an essay on the sub- 
 ject in The Cottage Gardener, v. 274. See 
 ROTATION or CROPS. 
 
 CROSSA'NDRA. (From fcrossos, a fringe, 
 and aner, an anther; fringed anthers, 
 or pollen-bags. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthacese]. Linn., l-Tetradynamia 
 S-Angiospermia. Allied to Justicia.) 
 
 A showy stove evergreen shrub ; peat and loam ; 
 cuttings root readily in sand, in bottom-heat, at 
 any season, under glass. 
 C.fla'va (yellow-flowered}. $. Yellow. January. 
 
 W. Africa. 1852. 
 
 unduleefo'lia (wave-leaved). l. Orange, 
 scarlet. March. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 CEOTALA'RIA. (From krotalon, a cast*- 
 net, or hand- rattle ; the seeds rattle in 
 the pod if shaken. Nat. ord., Leyuminout 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 
 "-Decandria. Allied to the Lupines.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the great number of Crotala- 
 rias, with their gay-coloured pea-flowers, they are 
 not much prized by gardeners, owing to the 
 difficulty of preserving them from the attacks or 
 the red spider. Seed ; perennial kinds easily from 
 cuttings in sand, under glass ; loam and peat. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS, &C. 
 
 C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaned). 1. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Half-hardy. 
 
CRO 
 
 260 ] 
 
 CEO 
 
 C.ala'ta (winged). 1. Pale yello\f. July. 
 Nepaul. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 angulu'ta (angled). 1. Yellow. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1700. 
 
 biala'ta (two-winged). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 bifa'ria (two-rowed). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 Burma'nni (Burmtinn's). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 calyci'na (torgr-calyxed). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Cube'nsis (Cuba). 1. Yellow. July. Cuba. 1820. 
 fu'lua (tawny). 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1817- 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1824. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 . Langs do' rfii (Langsdorf's). 1. Yellow. June. 
 1820. 
 
 mia-ophy'lla (small-leaved). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 Arabia. 1820. Trailer. 
 
 ova'lis (oval). 1. Yellow. July. Carolina. 
 
 1810. Half-hardy. 
 
 pu'milu (dwarf). . Yellow. June. Cuba. 
 
 182:1. Trailer. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Madagascar. 1825. 
 
 -- Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 1. Yellow. June. N. 
 Amer. 1800. Half-hardy. 
 
 Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Senegal. 181Q. 
 
 specta'/iilis (showy). 1^. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 stipula'ris (Zwg'e-stipuled). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 tria'ntha (f.hrce-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1821. Greenhouse. 
 
 verruco'sa (warted). 1. Blue. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1731. 
 
 acuminn'ta (pointed-leaved) . 1. Blue. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 villo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. argefntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked). 1, Yellow. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 obscu'ra (obscure). 2. Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 Theba'icn (Theban). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Egypt. 1818. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. anagyroi'des (anagyris-like). 6. Yellow. 
 July. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 anthyllin'des (anthyllis-like). 4. Yellow. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1789. 
 
 Berteriu'na (Berter's). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 bractea'ta (Jarg-e-bracted). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Bro'wnea (Browne's). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 cajanifo'lia (cajan-leaved). 6. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 folio'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 ft 18, 
 
 C.ft-utico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Ja- 
 maica. l/l6. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 medicagi'neu (medicago-like). 1. Yellow, 
 
 green. June. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 No'vce Holla'ndicB (New Holland). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1823. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). 3. Yellow. June. Java. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pelli'ta (furred). 1. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pe'ndulu (hanging-down). 5. Yellow. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 stria' ta (streaked-flowered). 3. Yellow, red. 
 
 Mauritius. 1831. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1816. 
 
 tu'rgida (swollen). 3. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 virga'tu (twiggy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 CRO'TON. (From kroton, a tick ; refer- 
 ring to the appearance of the seeds. Nat. 
 ord., Spurgewurts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 
 21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia. Allied to 
 Jatropha.) 
 
 The most powerful of purgatives is Croton oil, 
 obtained from the seeds of "(7. Ti'glium. Stove 
 evergreen shrubs, except C.rosmarinifo'lia; loam 
 and peat; cuttings root readily in sand, under 
 glass, in heat. 
 
 C. eleute'ria (Sea-side balsam"). 6. White, green. 
 July. Jamaica. 1/43. 
 
 glabe'll't (smoothish. Laurel-leaved}. 6. 
 
 White, green. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-teamed)- 6. White, green. 
 
 July. W. Ind. 1773. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 4. White, green. July.' E. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 rosmarinifo' lia (rosemary-leaved). 5. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1S24. Greenhouse. 
 
 Ti'glium (Tiplium). 10. White, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1/96. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 10. White, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 cri'sjta (curled). 6. White, green. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1804. 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. White, green. 
 
 India. 1847. 
 me'dia (intermediate). 6. White, green. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 CROWBERRY. Empe'trum ni'grum. 
 
 CRO'WEA. (Named after J. Crowe, a 
 British botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Ru- 
 taceae]. Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monotjy- 
 nia. Allied to Boronia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings root readily in sand, under glass ; 
 loam and peat. 
 C. elli'ptica (ovzl-leuved). S. Pink. July. 1845. 
 
 lafifo'li'i (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1825. 
 
 sail' gnu. (willow- leaved). 3. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1790. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 2. Pink. 1845. 
 
 CROWFOOT. Eanu'nculus. 
 
CRU 
 
 [361] 
 
 CUO 
 
 OEUCIFEES. Crossworts. Flowers are 
 called crucifers when composed of four 
 petals placed opposite each other, like 
 those of the cabbage and turnip. They 
 include all those plants arranged by 
 Linnseus in the 15th class of his system 
 Tetradynamia. 
 
 CBUCIANE'LLA. Crosswort. (From the 
 diminutive of crux, a cross ; referring to 
 the way the leaves are arranged. Nat. ord., 
 Slellates [Galiacese]. Linn., k-Tetran- 
 drla \-Monogyn\Ht Allied to Eubia.) 
 
 The leaves of all the plants in this order are 
 produced in whorls along the stem. Hence the 
 name of the order, which has been reared on the 
 ruins of Rubiaceae, which is now cancelled. The 
 greenhouse species thrive well in loam and peat, 
 and readily increase by cuttings ; the hardy per- 
 ennial kinds by seed and division, in garden- 
 oil. There are several annual species, but not 
 worth cultivating. 
 
 GEEEKHOUSE EVEEGEEENS. 
 C, America' na (American). 1. Yellow. July. 
 S. Amer. 1/80. 
 
 mari'tirr.u (maritime). 1. Yellow. July. France. 
 
 1640. 
 
 HAEDY HEEBACEOUS. 
 
 C. ano'mala (anomalous). 1. Yellow. July. Cau- 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 a'spera (rough). Greenish-yellow. July. Iberia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 ohlorosta'chys (greenish-yellow-spiked). Green- 
 
 ish-yellow. July. Persia. 1837. 
 
 Giln'nica (Ghilan). Yellow. July. Persia. 1837. 
 
 glumeru'ta (crowded). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. July. Candia. 
 
 1799. 
 
 ttyln'sa (targe-styled'). ]. Pink. July. Persia. 
 ~- suave' olens (sweet-smelling). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Russia. 1838. 
 
 CBYPTOCHI'LUS. (From kryptos, hid- 
 den, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip, or label- 
 lum, being partly hid by the sepals. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Acan- 
 thophippium.) 
 
 Stove orchid ; root 'division ; soil, rough fibry 
 peat and rotten wood. 
 
 C. sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 1. Scarlet. June. 
 Nepaul. 
 
 CEYPTOCO'EYNE. (From&?v//>os, hidden, 
 and Isoryne, a club; the club-shaped 
 spadix, or spike, in the centre of the 
 llower, is hidden by the hooded spathe 
 peculiar to this order. Nat. ord., Arads 
 [Aracese]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 2-Dian- 
 dria. Allied to Arum.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial; divisions, and 
 eeds when obtainable; loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55, and dry. 
 C. eilia'ta (hair-fringed). Green, purple. May. 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 CKYFTOGRI'MMA. A spurious name for 
 
 Sir W. Hooker's Parke'ria, a Fern 
 lished in 1825 in Hooker's .Exotic Flora, 
 page 147. See PAEKE'EIA. 
 
 CEYPTOME'EIA. Japan Cedar. (From 
 kryptos, hidden, and men's, part; the 
 structure of all the parts of the flower 
 being hidden, or not easily understood. 
 Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacese]. Linn., 
 21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia. Allied to 
 Taxodium.) 
 
 A splendid evergreen tree, from 60 to 100 feet 
 high, from the north of China, where it grows iu 
 damp situations. Seeds imported ; some have 
 ripened in Britain ; cuttings in sandy soil, under 
 a hand-light ; a pure loam seems to suit it best. 
 C. Japo'nica (Japanese). 100. May. Japan. 1844 
 na'na (dwarf). North China. 
 
 CEYTOPHEA'GMIUM. (From kryptos, 
 hidden, and phragma, a division or par- 
 tition; the flowers partly concealed by 
 the leafy bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthacese], Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Justicia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings, in April, of 
 young shoots, in sandy loam, under glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 50. 
 
 C. venu'stum (beautiful). 5. September. Purple. 
 Bengal. 
 
 CRYPTO STE'GIA. (From kryptos, hid- 
 den, and steye, a covering; the cup, or 
 corolla, is hidden. Nat. ord., Asdepiadt 
 [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 2- 
 Dtgynia. Allied to Periploca.) 
 
 Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat; 
 cuttings root readily in sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Pink. June. 
 India. 1818. 
 
 Madugaxcarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Pink. 
 
 July. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 CEYPTOSTE'MMA. (From kryptos, hid- 
 den, and stemma, a crown ; the crown of 
 the flower hidden. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia3-Frus- 
 tranea. Allied to Arctotis.) 
 
 Tender annuals, from Cape of Good Hope, re- 
 quiring to be sown on u gentle hotbed ; when 
 large enough may be potted two or three plant* 
 in a pot, and protected again in the same way, 
 and planted out in the open border the beginning 
 of June. 
 
 C. calendula' ceum (marigold-^foit'ered). 1. Yel 
 low. July. 1752. 
 
 hypochondri'acum (melancholy). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1731. 
 
 runcina'tum (saw-fearerf). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 1794. 
 
 CUCKOO FLOWEE. Carda'mine prate' nets 
 and Ly' chnis flos-cu' culi. 
 
 CUCKOO-SPIT. See TETTIGOKIA WJ- 
 MAEIA. 
 
 CUCULLIA VEEBASCI. Mullein Moth. 
 This is the parent of a greenish- / 
 
cue 
 
 [ 202 ] 
 
 cue 
 
 or slaty-coloured caterpillar, found from 
 the end of May until August, feeding on 
 the various species of mullein ( Verba's- 
 cuw) and figwort (Scrophula'ria). On 
 each segment of this caterpillar are four 
 large black dots, sometimes separate, and 
 sometimes running together; there are 
 smaller black dots along the sides, and a 
 double row of yellow spots on the back, 
 
 with others on the sides. The head is 
 yellow, spotted with black. This moth 
 appears commonly in May. It is about 
 two inches across the expanded fore- 
 wings, which are of a dark reddish- 
 brown colour, clouded and lined with 
 black, and with a large white spot on 
 ach resembling the figure 3, as shown 
 in the annexed drawing. The hind- 
 wings are also reddish-brown, but paler, 
 and sometimes almost white. The fe- 
 male lays her eggs upon the mulleins, 
 and their relative species of plants, 
 which eggs are hatched in a few days if 
 the weather be warm. The caterpillars, 
 when of full growth, descend into the 
 ground at the roots of the plants on 
 which they have been feeding, where 
 they form cocoons of half-rotted leaves 
 and earth, so firmly bound together as to 
 resemble small, hard clods. They re- 
 main in the pupa state until the follow- 
 ing May, or even for two years. 
 
 CU'CUMIS. Cucumber. (From cucwnis, 
 the Latin for cucumber. Nat. ord., 
 Cucurbits [Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 10-Monadelphia.) 
 
 Half-hardy trailing annuals. The C. colocy'n- 
 thus produces the Colocynth of medicine. The 
 whole of the species require to be sown in hotbeds, 
 and, when of sufficient strength, to be planted 
 out either in frames or under hand-glasses. 
 C. angu'ria (round-prickly). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1692. 
 Citru'llus (Citrul). 6. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1597- 
 Ja'ce (water-melon). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 1597- 
 Paste'ca (Pastequecueumier). 6. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1C07. 
 
 C. colocy'nthit (bitter colocynth). fl. Yellow. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1551. 
 
 delicio'sus (delicious). 4. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 I ml. 1818. 
 
 Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 Maderasputa'nus (Madras). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1805. 
 
 me'lo (melon). 4. Yellow. July. 15"0. 
 Cantalu'pa (Cantalupe). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1570. 
 
 Melite'nsis (Maltese). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 1570. 
 
 reticula'tut (netted). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. 15/0. 
 
 momo'rdica (elaterium-like). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 murica'tus (point-covered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 sati'uns (common cultivated). 4. Yel- 
 
 low. August. E. Ind. 159/. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 fustigia'tus (peaked). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 vi'ridis (green). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1597. 
 
 tttili'ssimus (most useful). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 CUCUMBEB. Cu'citmis sati'vus. 
 Varieties. 
 
 1. Early short green prickly. Fruit 
 4 inches long. 
 
 2. Early long green prickly. 7 in. 
 
 3. Most long green prickly. 9 in. 
 
 4. Early green cluster. C in. 
 
 5. White Dutch prickly. G in. 
 
 6. Long smooth green Turkey. 10 in. 
 
 7. Large smooth green Roman. 10 in. 
 
 8. Flanegans. 15 in. 
 
 9. Russian. 12 in. 
 
 10. White Turkey. 15 in. 
 
 11. Nepaul. 17 in. 
 
 12. Fluted (from China). 9 in. 
 
 13. The Snake. 12 feet. 
 
 14. Brownston hybrid. 15 in. 
 
 15. Victory of England. 21 in. 
 
 16. Ringleader. 15 in. 
 
 17. Pratt's hybrid. 18 in. 
 
 18. Sion House. 9 in. 
 
 19. Duncan's Victoria. 28 in. 
 
 20. Allen's Victory of Suffolk. 24 in. 
 
 21. Victory of Bath. 17 in. 
 
 22. Prizefighter. 16 in. 
 
 The Early short prickly is often pre- 
 ferred for the first crop, as being a very 
 plentiful bearer, quick in coming into 
 production, and the hardiest of all the 
 varieties. The Early long prickly is a 
 hardy, abundantly-bearing variety, but 
 not quick hi coming into production. 
 It is generally grown for main crops. 
 The Most long prickly is a hardy good 
 
ctrc 
 
 [263 ] 
 
 cue 
 
 bearer. There- is a white sub-variety. 
 The Early green cluster is a very early 
 bearer. It is chiefly characterized by its 
 fruit growing in clusters. The whole 
 plant grows compact, and is well suited 
 for hand-glass crops. The White Dutch 
 prickly has an agreeable flavour, though 
 differing from most of the others. It 
 comes quickly into bearing. The other 
 varieties are slow in coming into produc- 
 tion, and are chiefly remarkable for their 
 great size. The Nepaul often weighs 
 twelve pounds, being occasionally eight 
 inches in diameter. It is a native of 
 Calcutta. The Snake cucumber is very 
 small in diameter. Victory of England 
 is a favourite variety at Ipswich for early 
 forcing. It is prolific, and the best black- 
 spined kind of that town. Nos. 14, 16, 
 17, and 18 have been awarded many 
 prizes. They are not abundant bearers ; 
 but their fruit is very handsome, averag- 
 ing a length of sixteen inches, and a 
 diameter of one inch and three quarters. 
 
 Standard of Merit. Length, not less 
 than twelve inches. Diameter, one-ninth 
 of the. length. Colour, dark green. Spines, 
 black and numerous. Blcom, unremoved. 
 Circumference, circular and equal through- 
 out. Neck and Nose, each not more than 
 a diameter long. Flesh, crisp and juicy. 
 Flower, remaining on the fruit. 
 
 Soil. A fresh loam, as the top spit 
 of a pasture, is perhaps as fine a soil as 
 can be employed for the cucumber. 
 
 Culture : in Dung Beds. The time of 
 sowing the cucumber depends upon the 
 time when the plants are required for 
 final ridging out. Three or four weeks 
 will always be required for raising the 
 plants to a fitness for that purpose. The 
 seed-bed should be made up three and a 
 half feet high at the back, and from two 
 feet six inches to three feet high in the 
 front, and on a dry bottom. The frame 
 should be put on as soon as the bed is 
 made, and the seed should not be sown 
 until the heat of the bed is sweet and 
 healthy, to which state it may be hastened 
 by its surface being stirred once or twice 
 daily and watered, plenty of air also 
 being given. The best material to put 
 on the seed-bed to plunge the pots or 
 pans of seeds in is old tan, or well-rotted 
 dung, or leaf-mould, which may be run 
 through a very coarse sieve. With this 
 material the bed may be covered all over 
 or any part of it, to any thickness, to 
 suit the purpose intended ; and its being 
 
 sifted makes it the more pleasant to 
 handle, either for raising the plants 
 nearer to the glass or lowering them. 
 The seeds may be sown either in small 
 pots or in pans, and the seedlings to be 
 noved from one to three plants in a pot. 
 tf sowu in the pots so as not to need 
 shifting, the pots may be crocked, and a 
 ittle better than half filled with earth, 
 and three seeds in each covered half an 
 nch deep. When the plants are up, 
 they may be thinned either to one or 
 two in each pot ; and as the plants ad- 
 vance in height, so the pots may be filled 
 up with rich, light earth, which should 
 be kept in the frame for the purpose ; 
 also, a small pot of water should be kept 
 in the frame, for moistening the earth or 
 sprinkling the plants when required. 
 The plants should be kept within three 
 or four inches of the glass. Three or 
 four sowings maybe made during January. 
 It is important to have the seed-bed in 
 the winter months defended from pierc- 
 ing winds, by thatched hurdles both on 
 the west, north, and east sides. As soon 
 as the young plants have formed two 
 rough leaves they should be stopped. 
 
 Fruiting - bed. The materials for 
 making up either this or the seed-beds 
 should be thoroughly well worked by 
 being turned over four or five times, 
 shaken together well and mixed, and, if 
 dry and husky, thoroughly well watered 
 at the first two turnings, as the work 
 goes on. The lumps should be broken 
 up, and the short mixed with the long, 
 until the whole mass has one uniform 
 appearance, and is nearly half rotten. 
 The size of the beds depends on the 
 season. In February, six feet high at 
 the back and three feet in front; and if 
 in January, a foot higher will be required ; 
 and if March, a foot less will be sufficient. 
 A dry bottom in all cases, and the mate- 
 rials well put together, shaken up, and 
 beat down well as the work goes on; 
 and the bed should be always six or 
 eight inches wider than the frame all 
 round. As soon as completed, put on 
 the frame and lights. When settled, 
 and all become sweet and healthy, the 
 hillocks of earth may be put on for the 
 young plants to be placed in ; but, before 
 the hillocks are made, particularly in 
 the early season, when the very strong 
 beds cause some danger of burning, 
 some preventive measures must be 
 adopted. Almost every dung-bed cu- 
 
cue 
 
 [ 264 ] 
 
 cue 
 
 Dumber grower has bis favourite way to 
 prevent tbis occurrence. Some pave 
 the bottom of the hillock Avith six or 
 eight bricks; others with a thick twist 
 of straw or some hay-bands, over which 
 three or four inches thick "of cowdung 
 are placed of about the substance of 
 mortar ; others, again, remove a little of 
 the centres, and place therein a good thick 
 turf with the grass side turned downward, 
 and on this a good thick paste of cowdung. 
 But the best plan for the bottom of the 
 hillocks is that given by Mr. Errington 
 in The Cottage Gardener, at page 164 of 
 Yol. iii., by carrying up a cold bottom 
 of brick-bats, &c., from the bottom of 
 the bed, as the work goes on. Which- 
 ever method is adopted, the hillock must 
 be about a bushel of rich earth pre- 
 pared for the purpose, and in a cone 
 shape, so as to bring the plants within 
 six or seven inches of the glass. Do 
 not cover the whole surface of the beds 
 with earth at this time; for, should the 
 beds be very strong, it may be neces- 
 sary to undermine the hillocks. As 
 the roots put out round the hillock, 
 they should be covered with a handful 
 or two of earth ; and if all goes on well, 
 the hillocks will very soon require to 
 be extended, and the plants stopped 
 and pegged down. 
 
 Hand-glass Crops. Sow for these 
 towards the end of March or beginning 
 of April. The plants to be ridged out 
 towards the middle or end of April, 
 under hand-glasses. If the open, warm 
 quarters are to be occupied by this 
 fruit, trenches one or one and a half feet 
 deep should be dug out, by two and a 
 half feet wide, and ten feet wide from 
 row to row ; these to be filled with good, 
 fermenting dung, that has been well 
 worked as for other hotbeds. The 
 trenches should be filled six or eight 
 inches above the common level of the 
 soil before the earth is put on. Put on 
 the earth in the form of a ridge until 
 the heat is up, which will be in the course 
 of three or four days, when it may be 
 levelled down, the glasses put on, and 
 the plants turned out under them, and 
 watered with tepid water. The pots out 
 of which the plants were turned may 
 remain to tilt the lights with when a 
 little air is required; and when the 
 plants begin to fill the lights, two similar 
 pots or half bricks will be required to 
 stand the lights upon oyer the plants, 
 
 after which they may be -trained out bj 
 degrees, and as they begin to extend over 
 the beds, the sides or alleys must be 
 forked and well broken up, making a neat 
 level surface for the plants to be trained 
 out upon. The plants will require stop- 
 ping, training, and plenty of water in 
 dry, hot weather. 
 
 Temperature. Air is to be admitted 
 every day as freely as contingent cir- 
 cumstances will admit, and also at night, 
 if the degree of heat and steam threatens 
 to be too powerful. It must never be 
 neglected to cover the glasses at night, 
 apportioning the covering to the tempe- 
 rature of the air and bed. The heat 
 should not exceed 80 in the hottest 
 day, or sink below 65 during the coldest 
 night. If the heat declines, coatings of 
 hot dung are to he applied in succession 
 to the back, front, and sides, if that 
 source of heat be employed. As the 
 mould appears dry, moderate waterings 
 must be given, care being taken not to 
 wet the leaves. The hest time for ap- 
 plying it is between ten and two of a 
 mild day, the glasses being closed for an 
 hour or two after performing it. The 
 temperature of the water must be be- 
 tween 65 and 80. The interior of the 
 glass should be frequently wiped, to 
 prevent the condensed steam dropping 
 upon the plants, which is very injurious 
 to them. 
 
 Hot- Water Beds. Mr. Latter, one of 
 the most successful of cucumber grow- 
 ers, employs hot- water to heat his beds ; 
 and he gives us these leading points in 
 his culture : He sows in the first week 
 of September, and the vines from this 
 sowing will be in bearing and very 
 strong before February. The seedlings 
 are first shifted into sixty sized pots, 
 secondly into twenty-fours, and lastly 
 into the largest size. If to be trained 
 on a trellis, the runner must not b& 
 stopped until it has, trained to a stick, 
 grown through the trellis. The tempe- 
 rature in the pit or frame is kept as 
 nearly 65 as possible during the night, 
 and from 75 to 85 during the day ; air 
 being admitted night and day, little or 
 much, according to the state of the wea- 
 ther. The bottom-heat (Mr. Latter is 
 the champion of the hot-water system) 
 is kept as near as can be to 70 W , although 
 he finds that 85 does not hurt the 
 plants. He waters them with soft water' 
 until February, and then employs liquid- 
 
cue 
 
 [ 205 ] 
 
 cue 
 
 manure, talcing care that, the temperature 
 of the liquid is always from 75 to 80. ( 
 The earth over the hot-water tank or 
 pipes ought not to be less than fifteen 
 inches deep. During severe frosts it is 
 an excellent plan to keep a small floating 
 light burning within the frame every 
 night. 
 
 Open Ground Crops. The sowing for 
 these crops must be performed at the 
 close of May, or early in June. A rich, 
 south-west border, beneath a reed or 
 other fence, is peculiarly favourable, as 
 they then enjoy a genial warmth with- 
 out suffering from the meridian sun. 
 The border being dug regularly over, 
 and saucer-like hollows, about fifteen 
 inches in diameter and one or two deep, 
 formed five feet apart, the seed may be 
 sown six or eight in each. 
 
 Seed may also be sown beneath a 
 hedge of similar aspect, and the plants 
 either trained to it or to bushy brandies 
 placed perpendicularly. If the weather 
 be dry, it is requisite to water the patches 
 moderately two or three days after 
 sowing. In four or five days, if the 
 season be genial, the plants will make 
 their appearance, and until they have 
 attained their rough leaves, should be 
 guarded from the small birds, who will 
 often destroy the whole crop by devouring 
 the seminal leaves. 
 
 If the season be cold and unfavourable, 
 plants may be raised in pots, under a 
 frame or hand-glasses, as directed for 
 those crops ; to be thence transplanted, 
 when of about a month's growth, or 
 when the third rough leaf appears, into 
 the open ground, shelter being afforded 
 them during the night. Water must be 
 given every two or three days, in propor 
 tion to the dryness of the season, ap- 
 plying it during the afternoon or early in 
 the morning. 
 
 Only three or four plants may be 
 allowed to grow together in a patch, 
 and these pressed far apart. The train- 
 ing must be as carefully attended to as 
 for the other crops ; but stopping is sel- 
 dom necessary, as the plants are rarely 
 super-luxuriant. They will come into 
 production in August and September. 
 
 To obtain Seed. For the production 
 of seed, some fruit must be left of the 
 earliest forced production, as this is 
 found to vegetate and produce fruit in 
 much less time than that raised under 
 liand-glasses, from whence the seed for 
 
 he open -ground crops is usually ob- 
 tained. The fruit that is left to produce 
 seed should grow near the root, and 
 upon the main stem, not more than one 
 being left on a plant. They must re- 
 main as long as the seed can obtain any 
 nourishment from the plant, which it 
 does whilst the footstalk remains green. 
 When this withers, and the rind of the 
 cucumber has attained its full yellow 
 hue, they may be gathered, and reared in 
 the sun until they begin to decay. The 
 seed then being scraped out into a vessel, 
 allowed to remain for eight or ten days, 
 and frequently stirred until the pulp at- 
 tached to it is decayed, may be cleansed 
 by frequent agitation in water : the refuse 
 rises to the top, and passes away with 
 the liquid. Being thoroughly dried by 
 exposure to the air for three or four days, 
 it is then fit for storing. Seed three or 
 four years old is found to be best for 
 use, producing less luxuriant but more 
 productive plants. 
 
 Propagidion by Cuttings. Cuttings five 
 or six inches in length, taken from the 
 tops of bearing branches of vigorous 
 plants, about the end of September, or 
 early in October, planted in pots of rich 
 mould, and plunged in a hotbed or bark- 
 bed in a stove, will take root, if regularly 
 watered, in less than a fortnight, and 
 may then be planted in a hotbed for 
 fruiting, which they will do as soon as 
 the roots can support them, perfecting 
 the fruit before Christmas. They may 
 thus be had in succession, and being 
 propagated from year to- year, are ren- 
 dered, as it were, perennial. The plants 
 are less succulent, and consequently less 
 liable to damp off, or suffer from the low- 
 temperature to which they are liable ta 
 be exposed in severe seasons. Mr. 
 Mearns puts four inches and a half of 
 mould in pots nine inches deep, in which 
 the cuttings are planted and watered, 
 the tops of the pots being covered with 
 flat pieces of glass, which answers the 
 purpose of a hand-light, whilst the sides 
 of the pot afford a sufficient sh ad ~nn til the 
 roots are formed. When the points have 
 afforded their first crop, any small fruit 
 must not be waited for, but the plants be 
 cut back to the lowest shoot, the mould 
 gently stirred, and a little fresh spread 
 over the surface ; the same attention*, 
 must be paid them as before, when they 
 will shoot afresh, and produce a good 
 crop. 
 
cue 
 
 [ 266 ] 
 
 CUP 
 
 Diseases. The cucumber is liable to be 
 attacked by the MILDEW, CANKER, GUM- 
 MING (extra vasated sap), and DEFORMITY. 
 ( See those articles.) The fruit is also 
 liable to bitterness, an ill quality usually 
 it moved by increasing the temperature, 
 and exposure to the light. It arises 
 from an imperfect elaboration of the 
 juices: those in the neck of the cu- 
 cumber being least digested, are always 
 niore bitter than in any other part of the 
 fruit. 
 
 Insects. See APHIS, ACARUS, and 
 Ta KIPS. For Melon-culture sec MELON. 
 
 CUCUMBER - TREE. Magno'lia acumi- 
 '/itt' tu, and Ave rho'a bili'mbi. 
 
 OUCU'RBITA. Gourd. (From curbita, 
 a ^ourd. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbi- 
 taoeae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Monadel- 
 ph a.) 
 
 Half-hardy trailing annuals, requiring the same 
 
 culture as the Cucumber. 
 
 C. auranti'aca (onnge-fruited). 3. Yellow. July. 
 1802. 
 
 orangi'na (false orange). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 1802. 
 
 colocynth i'des (colocynth-like). 3. Yel- 
 low. July. 1802. 
 
 nta'xima (largest). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 1 melope'po (melon-pumpkin. Squash). 3. Yel- 
 low. June. 1597. 
 
 m scholia (musky). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 ovi'fera (egg-shape). 3. Yellow. August. As- 
 
 tracan. 
 
 gri'sea (grey-fruited). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 pyrifo'rmis (peai-form-fruited). 3. Yel- 
 low. July. 
 
 subglobo'sa(&vh-g\o\)e- fruited). 3. Yel- 
 low. July. 
 
 pe'po (pumpkin). 1 6. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong-fruited). 6. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1570. 
 tutrotu'nda (nearly-round-/rwzYerf). 6. 
 
 Yellow. July. Levant. l'750. 
 
 po'tira (potiron, large-fruited). 10. Yellow. 
 
 gourge'ra (gourd-bearing). 10. Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 vi'ridis (g r een potiron). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 verruco'sa (warty). 12. Yellow. June. 1608. 
 CULCA'SIA. (Derivation same as Colo- 
 
 casia. Nat. ord., Arads [AracefeJ. Linn., 
 21-Monasda 7-Ifeptandria. Allied to Ca- 
 ladium.) 
 
 Stove climber. For culture, see COLOCA'SIA. 
 C. sca'ndens (climbing). White. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 CULLUMBINE, or COLUMBINE. Aquile'- 
 yia. 
 
 CUMIN. Lagoe'cia cuminoi'des. 
 
 CUMI'NUM CYMI'NUM. Common Cumin, 
 an annual, native of Egypt, bearing 
 white flowers, and belonging to the Nat. 
 ord., Umbellifers. It is cultivated for its 
 aromatic seeds. Sow in a warm situation 
 
 in March, in a rich, light soil; the plants 
 flower in June, and ripen their seeds in 
 the autumn. 
 
 CuaiMi'NGiA. (Named after the lat< 
 Lady Gordon dimming, of Altyre, in Mo 
 rayshire. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese] 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Honogynia. Alliei 
 to Conanthera.) 
 
 Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs from Chili 
 which succeed best in a light, rich border in fro. 
 of a greenhouse, with Ixias, Brodiaeas, Zeph 
 ranthes, Anomathecas, and the like. Offset- 
 loam and peat. 
 
 C. campanula! to. (bell-flowered). J. Blue. Augus 
 1823. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). f. Blue. November. 18'->< 
 
 trimacula'ta (three-spotted), f. Blue. D 
 
 cember. 1829. 
 
 CU'NILA. (After a town of that nam- 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., '<! 
 Diandria 1-Monogyniu. Allied to Bain 
 and Mint.) 
 
 North American hardy herbaceous perennials 
 root divisions ; in loam and peat. 
 C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 1$. Scarlet. September 
 1823. 
 
 Maria'nu (Maryland). 1. Red. September 
 
 1759. 
 
 CUNNINGHA'MIA. Broad -leaved Chin, 
 Fir. (In honour of two brothers, J. an 
 A. Cunningham, British botanists in Aus 
 tralia. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceee] 
 Linn., 21-Moncecia lO-Monadelphia. A! 
 lied to the Spruce Fir.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree, but in some situa- 
 tions hardy ; light soil, well drained; cuttings cat 
 be rooted, but seldom make handsome plants ; 
 seedlings are best. 
 
 C. Sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1804. 
 
 CUNO'NIA. (Named after J. C. Cuno, o 4 . 
 Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cnno 
 niaceae]. Linn., W-Decandria 2-Digynia. , 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree ; loam and peat ; 
 cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. Cape'nsu (Cape). 20. White. August. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 CUPA'NIA. (Named after F. F. Oupam 
 an Italian monk, who wrote on botany. 
 Nat.ord.,#0a;n00r/s [Sapmdaceffi]. Linn.. 
 S-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sa 
 pindus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, all with white flowers ; 
 loam and peat; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in 
 sand, under glass, in heat. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 C. cane'scens (hoary). 16. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 12. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 exce'lsa (lofty). 20. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 14. May. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 sa'pida (savoury. Akee-tree). 20. Africa. 1/93. 
 
 saponarioi'des (saponaria-like). 6, April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 seti'gera (bristly). 20. November. Moretoa 
 
 Bay. 1830. 
 
 tomeuto'sa (downy). 15. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
CUP t'\ 
 
 CO*PHEA. (From kuphos, curved; re 
 ferring to the form of the seed-pods. 
 Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese] . Linn., 
 11-Dodecandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Ly thrum.) 
 
 Dry, rich soil; seeds; and cuttings in the 
 spring months. 
 
 ANNUALS, &C. 
 
 C. Circceoi'des (Circsea-like). f . Purple. Sep- 
 tember. S. Amer. 1821. Greenhouse. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered), f. Pink. Novem- 
 
 ber. Demerara. 1824. Stove. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale purple. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1816. Stove. 
 
 silenoi'des (silene-like). 1*. Bluish. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1836. Hardy. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). Rose. Peru. 1S1Q. Hardy. 
 
 viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 America. 1/76. Greenhouse. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). l. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Greenhouse. 
 
 STOVE & GEEENHOUSE EVERGEEENS, &C. 
 C. corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). l. Scarlet. June. 
 Peru. 1842. 
 
 deca'ndra (ten-stamened). l. Purple. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1/80. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple. July. Orinoco. 
 
 1824. 
 
 lanceolu'ta (spear-head-feawe<f). l. Purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1786- Stove biennial. 
 
 Lla'vea (Llave's). l. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1830. Greenhouse. 
 
 Melvi'lla (Melville's). 3. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Guiana. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 microptftala (small-petaled). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion-coloured flower). Purple, 
 
 crimson. June. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-flowered). l. Purplish. 
 
 June. 1847. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 14. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 platyce'ntra (broad-centred). l. Scarlet, 
 white. June. Mexico. 1845. Green- 
 house. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). l. White. June. 
 
 1848. 
 
 racemo'sa (raceme-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 14. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 strigillu'sa (coarse-haired). l. Yellow, red. 
 
 July. Andes. Greenhouse. 
 
 CU'PIA. See STYLOCO'EYNE. 
 
 CUPEE'SSUS. Cypress. (From kuo, to 
 produce, and parisos, equal ; in reference 
 to the symmetrical growth of the Italian 
 cypress, C. sempervi'rens. Nat. ord., Co- 
 nifers [Pinacesej. Linn., 2I-Moncecia 10- 
 Monadelphia.) 
 
 Evergreen trees ; hardy, unless otherwise stated ; 
 rich, loamy soil ; and readily increased from seeds ; 
 can be raised from cuttings. 
 C. austra'lis (south. Slender - branched). 10. 
 April. N. Holland. Greenhouse. 
 
 baccifo'rmis (berry - shaped). 20. May. 
 
 CouUe'ri (Coulter's). May. Mexico. 1838. 
 fla'ccida (drooping). 
 
 fune'bris tfunebral). 50. April. China. 1840. 
 
 Cali- 
 
 7 3 CUB 
 
 C. Govenia'na (Mr. Gowen's). 10. April. 
 fornia. 1848. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese. Cedar of Goa). 50. 
 
 April. Goa. 1683. Greenhouse. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60. California. 
 
 1847. 
 
 pe'ndula (hanging-down). 20. May. Japan. 
 
 1808. Greenhouse. 
 
 sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 20. May. 
 
 Candia. 1548. 
 
 horizonta'lis (horizontal). 30. May. Me- 
 diterranean. 1834. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 20. May. Mediterranean. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated)." 20. May. Eng- 
 land. 1848. 
 
 thuri'fera (frankincense-bearing). 100. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 thyoi'des (thya-like. White Cedar'). 20. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 fu'liia - variega'tis (variegated - leaved). 
 
 April. Ireland. 1831. 
 
 torulo'sa (twisted. Bhotan). 30. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Uhdea'na (Uhde's). 60. Mexico. Greenhouse. 
 CUEATE'LLA. (From kureno, to shave; 
 
 in reference to the leaves being covered 
 with asperities so hard as to ^render them 
 fit for polishing. Nat. ord*, Dilleniads 
 [Dilleniacese]. Linn., IS-Polyandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Delima.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; sandy loam and peat ; 
 cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. ala'ta (winged-leaf -stalked). 8. \Vhite. Guiana. 
 
 America'na (American). 8. White. S. Amer.' 
 
 CUECU'LIGO. (From curculio, a wee- 
 vil ; the seeds have a point like the ros- 
 trum, or beak, of the weevil. Nat. ord., 
 Hypoxids [Hypoxidaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 undria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hypoxids are distinguished from Amaryllids by 
 the absence of bulbs, and by their harsh and 
 hairy leaves. Stove herbaceous perennials, except 
 one; sandy loam and peat ; offsets. 
 C. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). |. Yellow. June. 
 E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l. Yellow. Poolo 
 
 Pinanpr. 1804. 
 
 orchioi'des (orchis-like). $. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1800. 
 
 plica'ta (plaiteA-leaved). lj. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/88. Greenhouse. 
 
 glu'bra (smooth). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse. 
 
 recurvn'ta (rolled-back-feaced). 1. Yellow. 
 
 Bengal. 1805. 
 
 Sumutra'na (Sumatran). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Sumatra. 1818. 
 
 CUECULIO. This destructive genus of 
 Beetles are popularly known as Weevils. 
 The following are some of the chief 
 species : 
 
 (J. alliaria. Stem -boring Weevil. 
 Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots 
 and grafts of young fruit-trees. Appears 
 in June and July. 
 
 C. bacchus. Purple or Apple Weevil. 
 Pierces the fruit of the apple, depositing 
 within it its eggs. June and July. 
 
CUR 
 
 [268 ] 
 
 CUR 
 
 O. betuleti. Vine Weevil. Colour steel- 
 blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling it up as a 
 nest for its eggs. The pear is liable to 
 its attacks also. Appears in June and 
 July. 
 
 C. cupreus. Copper-coloured Weevil. 
 Attacks the leaves and young shoots of 
 the plum and apricot, as well as their 
 fruit. June and July. 
 
 C. lineatus. Striped Pea Weevil. Every 
 gardener must have observed the edges 
 of the young leaves of his peas, and some- 
 times of his beans, eaten away in scollops, 
 
 or semicircular pieces. This is often 
 done by the Sitona libialis, but still more 
 frequently by another of the short-snouted 
 beetles, Curculio lineatus. In Scotland 
 it is commonly called " the Cuddy," or 
 Donkey, from its grey colour. In our 
 drawing it is magnified ; but the line by 
 its side shows the natural length. Tho 
 whole body is grey, and marked with black 
 lines; the antennae reddish; the eyes black. 
 They survive the winter sheltered beneatli 
 moss, &c., and in bad weather at all 
 seasons retire under stones, only to re- 
 appear with the sunshine. 
 
 C. macularius. Spotted Weevil. Grey 
 colour. April. Also destroys the pea. 
 Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early 
 in the morning before the dew is off from 
 them, and so thickly as to cover the soil 
 about them, would probably save them. 
 To mitigate the attack of the weevils upon 
 trees, the only mode is to spread a sheet 
 beneath them, to shake each branch, 
 wad to destroy those beetles which fall. 
 They usually feed at night. 
 
 C. nucum. Nut Weevil, of which the 
 maggot is so frequent in our filberts. 
 Mr. Curtis thus describes it : " The in- 
 ect is brown, with darker bands; is 
 about a quarter of an inch long, and has 
 a long horny beak, about the middle of 
 which are placed antennae. When the 
 nut is in a young state the female weevil 
 
 deposits a single egg. The maggot is 
 hatched in about a fortnight, and con- 
 tinues feeding in the interior of the nnt 
 till it is full grown, when the nut falls. 
 The maggot has no legs, nor, indeed, has 
 it any use for them, being hatched in the 
 midst of its food; and when the nut 
 remains on the tree, it forces itself out of 
 the hole it eats in the nut, and falls 
 almost immediately to the ground. The 
 only remedy we are aware of is, in the 
 course of the summer, to frequently 
 shake the trees, which will cause all the 
 eaten nuts to fall to the ground, when 
 they must be collected and burned." 
 
 <7. oblongus. Oblong Weevil. Reddish- 
 brown colour. Feeds on the young leaves 
 of the peach, apricot, plum, pear, and 
 apple. Appears in May. 
 
 C. picipct is a dull black, and is very 
 injurious in the vinery. 
 
 C. pomorum. Apple Weevil. Colour, 
 dark brown. Attacks the blossom of the 
 apple, and often destroys the whole crop. 
 More rarely it attacks the pear blossom. 
 Appears iu March and April. 
 
 G. pyri. Pear Weevil. Dark brown, 
 very like the Apple Weevil. April. 
 
 (7. suleatus. During the winter months, 
 succulent plants, suoh as Sedums, &c., 
 become sickly, and die, apparently without 
 a cause. They are thus destroyed by a 
 small, footless grub feeding upon them 
 just below the surface of the earth. This 
 grub is about half an inch long, colour 
 dirty white, fleshy, slightly cm-ved, bristly, 
 and without legs, but furnished at the 
 sides with tubercles, which aid it in 
 moving. At the latter part of May, these 
 grubs enter the chrysalis state, becoming 
 
 white, and having the appearance of tha 
 body of a beetle stripped of its wings, 
 and in a mummy state. From this atate 
 the perfect insect comes forth, at the eod. 
 
CUR 
 
 [269 ] 
 
 CUR 
 
 of June, in the form of a small beetle, 
 as pictured in the accompanying drawing, 
 but not longer than the curved line by its 
 side. It is black, slightly glossy, nume- 
 rously granulated, so as to resemble sha- 
 green, and a few pale-grey hairs scattered 
 over it. The best mode of saving succu- 
 lents from this pest is to have it very 
 assiduously sought for among them 
 during the month of June. If the 
 beetles are allowed to deposit their eggs 
 the mishief is done. 
 
 C. tenebricosus infests the apricot. Mr. 
 Curtis says, that " every crevice in old 
 garden-walls often swarms with these 
 weevils ; and nothing would prove a 
 greater check to their increase than stop- 
 ping all crevices or holes in walls with 
 mortar, plaster of Paris, or Eoman 
 cement, and the interior of hothouses 
 should be annually washed with lime; 
 the old bark of the vines under which 
 they lurk should be stripped off early in 
 the spring, and the roots examined in 
 October, when they exhibit any unhealthy 
 symptoms from the attacks of the maggots 
 of C. sulcalus. When the larvse are 
 ascertained to reside at the base of the 
 wall, salt might be freely sprinkled, 
 which will kill them as readily as it will 
 the maggots in nuts. Strong infusions 
 of tobacco-water, aloes, and quassia are 
 also recommended." 
 
 CURCU'MA. Turmeric. (Frum kurkum, 
 its Arabic name. Nat. ord.. Gingerworfs 
 [Zingiberncete]. Linn., 1-Monandria 1- 
 JWonogynia.') 
 
 Most of the species possess the same aromatic 
 stimulating properties in the roots or rhizomes, 
 and seeds, as the common ginger, and are objects 
 of some beauty from their coloured bractes. 
 Stove herbaceous perennials ; rich, sandy loam ; 
 root division. 
 
 C. arugino'sa (bronzed). 5. Red, yellow. May. 
 E. Ind. 1807. 
 
 Ama'da (Amada-g-inger). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 April. Bengal. 1819- 
 
 amari'ssima (most bitter). Red, yellow. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 angustifo'lln (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 aroma'tica (aromatic), 2 Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1304. 
 
 cce'sia (grey). 1. Yellow. May. Bengal. 181Q. 
 
 como'sa (tufted-jfowered). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 May. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). 3. Crimson. May. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 
 
 181Q. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 12. Yellow. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 leucorhi'za (white-rooted). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 May. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 lo'nga (long-roofed). 2. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 C. monia'na (mountain). 2, Red, white. May. 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered), g. White, violet. 
 
 January. Prome. 1828. 
 
 petiola'ta (long - flower - stalked). 2. Blue. 
 
 August. Pegu. 1822. 
 
 Roscaea'na (Mr. Roscoe's). 1. Scarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 reclina'ta (leaning), i. Pink. April. E. Ind. 
 
 1829. 
 
 rube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1805. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 2. Yellow, green. 
 
 July. Sumatra. 1822. 
 
 x author hi' z a (yellow-rooted). 4. Red. May. 
 
 Amboyna. 1819. 
 
 sedoa'ria (zedoary). 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1797- 
 
 Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1807. 
 
 CURRANTS. THE RED, JRi'bes ru'brum ; 
 THE WHITE, R. ru'brum, var. a'lbum; and 
 THE BLACK, or JR. ni'yrum, are all de- 
 ciduous shrubs. The culture of the 
 RED and WHITE differs in some degree 
 from that of the BLACK. 
 
 Bed Varieties. The following are the 
 best : 
 
 Red Dutch. Fine fruit ; bunch very 
 long. 
 
 White Dutch. Very large and juicy 
 berries. 
 
 Knight's Sweet Red. As its name 
 imports. 
 
 Knight's Large Red. Said to be larger 
 than Red Dutch. 
 
 Houghton Castle Red, or Goliath. 
 Said to be both late and fine. 
 
 Red Dutch. A good kind ; bushes 
 short, but berries large and sweet. 
 
 White Varieties. Common White ; 
 Pearl White ; and White Dutch, the last 
 being the largest and best. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. This is the 
 ordinary way. Young shoots of the most 
 vigorous and straight wood are to be pre- 
 ferred. Shoots of this description should 
 be preserved at the early autumn prun- 
 ing, and all the immature portion at the 
 point being pruned away, the best of the 
 remainder must form the cutting, and it 
 should be at least one foot in length if 
 fourteen inches, all the better. Blind all 
 the eyes or buds below the surface of 
 the ground, to prevent suckers springing 
 up; for these cuttings will emit roots 
 from the internodes or points between 
 the joints. Cuttings placed in a somewhat 
 shaded situation, and fastened tolerably 
 firm in the soil, will make two or three 
 shoots the first summer. They may be 
 put in rows eighteen inches apart; the 
 
[270] 
 
 CUR 
 
 puttings about eight inches apart in the 
 rows. In the succeeding autumn prune 
 the shoots they have made back to about 
 four or five eyes or buds on each ; and by 
 the succeeding autumn they will be fine 
 bushes, possessing some six or eight 
 shoots each, from which a selection must 
 be made, for on this depends the future 
 form of the tre. It is seldom that more 
 than five shoots can be retained ; indeed, 
 sometimes the shoots are produced so ir- 
 regularly, that not more than three can 
 be saved standing, of course, nearly in a 
 triangular form. However, only those 
 should be reserved which are really well 
 placed, not only with regard to form, but 
 their distance apart. In forming the bush, 
 let there be no central shoot left, but let 
 the whole, if possible, form either a tri- 
 angle, if three ; a square, if four ; or a bowl- 
 like character in fact, about the form of 
 a good tulip, if more than four. The 
 trees are now ready for their final desti- 
 nation, if necessary, or they will stand 
 another year before final removal. 
 
 By Layers. This is seldom resorted to. 
 If, however, any one should possess a 
 choice seedling of which he is desirous 
 to make much profit, he might elevate 
 the soil to the branches, as in the act of 
 layering carnations, and lay the shoots 
 for propagation flat on the surface, cut- 
 ting a notch below each bud, pegging the 
 shoot down, and soiling it over about an 
 inch : every bud becomes a shoot with a 
 root. 
 
 By Seed. This is resorted to for the 
 sake of raising new varieties. Sow the 
 seeds as soon as ripe, and in the spring 
 place them in a hotbed ; the plants will 
 grow above a foot high the same season. 
 Many of them fruit at two years old, and 
 nearly all at three. 
 
 Suckers. They grow readily from 
 suckers. There is little doubt but that 
 plants thus reared are more liable to pro- 
 duce suckers than those from cuttings. 
 
 8oil. The Eed and White currants 
 love a free, upland soil ; a clayey soil is 
 too cold, and a very sandy one is too 
 hungry. Water lodgments they are quite 
 averse to. 
 
 Culture in the Growing Period. In the 
 first place, if the soil is liable to suffer from 
 drought, let a top-dressing of half-de- 
 cayed manure, or littery material, be 
 spread three inches thick over their roots, 
 at the end of May, after rain. The next 
 point is '* stop," or remove, what is termed 
 
 the watery wood. All shoots growing into 
 the interior of the bush, to the exclusion 
 of light and air, may be cut back when 
 about nine inches in length, far enough 
 to render the centre of the bush com- 
 pletely open. This will be necessary 
 about the middle of June. In about 
 another fortnight, the watery or wild- 
 looking breast-spray all round the exte- 
 rior may be pruned back to within four 
 inches of their base. This leaves a re- 
 gular tuft of foliage all round, absolutely 
 necessary for a partial shade to the swell- 
 ing fruit. Some intervening spray be- 
 tween each two branches must be served 
 likewise; and if growing freely, the lead- 
 ing points of the shoots may be stopped 
 also. 
 
 Culture in the Rest Season. Early prun- 
 ing is the first thing to be thought of, as 
 soon as possible after the leaves are 
 fallen. Every healthy branch in a bear- 
 ing state will, during the summer, pro- 
 duce abundance of side -shoots from 
 amongst the spurs : this is the wood we 
 have first named as being all the better 
 for stopping in June. All this must be 
 cut back, at the winter's pruning, to 
 within one inch or so of the main stem. 
 An exception must, however, be taken in 
 favour of gaps or blanks, and a shoot 
 here and there must be reserved to fill 
 such, taking care that they are well 
 placed, and that they are low enough 
 down ; the lower the better. Pruning 
 being thus far carried, it is best to 
 shorten every terminal point. This in- 
 duces a liberal production of side-shoots 
 in the ensuing summer; and the base of 
 each becomes a centre, around which a 
 host of fruit-spurs will be engendered. 
 Any decayed or decaying wood must be 
 cut away; but, if there is much of this, 
 it is best to destroy the bush and plant 
 anew ; for it seldom makes a good bush 
 again. Those who have not top-dressed 
 in the summer may now do so, and the 
 winter's work will be complete. 
 
 Fruit: uses; how to keep. The fruit 
 commences ripening, under ordinary cir- 
 cumstances, in the end of June, and con- 
 tinues hanging for a length of time, if 
 unmolested by the birds or wasps. The 
 White will hang nearly two months, and 
 the Red we have gathered, uncovered 
 and unprotected, in the first week of No- 
 vember. The ordinary way of retarding 
 the currant is by enclosing the trees in 
 mats when the fruit is rather more th&n- 
 
CUB 
 
 [271] 
 
 CUB 
 
 three parts ripe. These mats should be 
 taken off at least once a week on dry 
 days, to dispel the damp. All decaying 
 leaves and berries should, at such times, 
 also be carefully removed. Some train 
 against north walls, where the fruit keep 
 very late, but is exceedingly acid. A 
 White Currant or two, planted against a 
 south wall or fence, will come in very 
 early for the dessert. 
 
 Diseases. We are not aware of any 
 except a premature decay of- the old 
 shoots, after the manner of apricots, the 
 i;auses of which are not well understood. 
 Insects. The caterpillar sometimes at- 
 ; acks them ; but their greatest enemy is 
 in aphis, which distorts the leaves in a 
 uckered form, producing red blisters, 
 i obacco-water is the best remedy. 
 CURRANT (THE BLACK). 
 Varieties. We are not aware of any 
 more than two in this section really de- 
 serving of notice, which are 
 
 The Common Black. A good bearer, 
 but fruit small. 
 
 The Black Naples. A short bunch, 
 :>ut noble berries. 
 
 The latter kind is now almost univer- 
 sally cultivated. It both requires and 
 leserves a generous treatment. The 
 ' Black Grape" is recommended by some ; 
 bat we question if it is not synonymous 
 >\ith the Black Naples. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings, Seeds, and 
 Layers, similarly to the Red and White. 
 Soil. Moisture of a permanent cha- 
 racter is the great desideratum with this 
 shrub; dry soils can never do justice to 
 it. A soil somewhat adhesive in character 
 suits it best, but not a cold clay; al- 
 though, with due culture, we have known 
 t hem succeed well in a soil of which clay 
 or marl formed one of the principal com- 
 pounds. A soft and darkish-looking soil, 
 such as the scouring of old ditches, rest- 
 ing on a clayey sub-soil, and especially if 
 large trees overhang, becomes, by the ac- 
 tion of water, an excellent material for a 
 Blatfk Currant plantation. The clayey 
 principle is generally incorporated with 
 it ; and being rich in vegetable matter, it 
 constitutes a fat and pulpy mass. It 
 must, however, be thrown out some time 
 to mellow, previously to its being mixed 
 with the soil. In Cheshire, it is very 
 usual to see them planted on the sides 
 of ditcnes, which convey the impure 
 drainage from the house or farmstead ; 
 and there they luxuriate, with a very in- 
 
 ferior course of culture in other respects. 
 It may, nevertheless, be observed, that 
 alinost any ordinary garden- soil, if of 
 tolerably sound texture, will grow them 
 pretty well, with the mulchings we shall 
 have to recommend. 
 
 Culture in the Growing Pmorf.- There 
 are three essential points of spring and 
 summer culture, viz. mulching, water- 
 ing, and the extermination of the aphides. 
 Mulching we prefer done in November, 
 as soon as the bushes are pruned ; we 
 will, therefore, advert to this under "rest 
 culture." If, however, it has been omit- 
 ted at that period, apply it in the early 
 part of May, immediately after a liberal 
 rain. If dry weather ensue between the 
 period of the berries attaining the size 
 of small peas and their final change 
 towards ripening, the water-pot must be 
 used freely. The want of a permanency 
 of moisture is the predisposing cause 
 towards a severe visitation from the 
 aphides ; but these are easily destroyed 
 if the bushes are syringed two evenings 
 in succession with soap-suds, in which 
 tobacco, after the rate of six or eight 
 ounces to the gallon, has been well soaked. 
 
 Culture in the Rest Period. Prune and 
 then top-dress. The pruning should 
 be done as soon as the leaves have 
 fallen, unless the trees are very gross, 
 when it will, perhaps, be as well to allow 
 them to waste a little of their surplus 
 strength for fear of the bud being impelled 
 too early into action. In pruning, very 
 little of the shortening, as applied to the 
 Eed and White kinds, is necessary ; in 
 fact, we practise none at all, unless in the 
 case of overgrown bushes, when we mere- 
 ly remove altogether, or shorten back, 
 those which are becoming inconveniently 
 high. The whole of the process of win- 
 ter pruning, therefore, resolves itself into 
 
 thinning out," except in the case of 
 young trees forming their head. In thin- 
 ning bearing trees, suffer no two shoots 
 to touch in any part of the tree. En- 
 deavour to remove all cross or very ob- 
 :ique shoots, in order to promote easy 
 pruning in subsequent seasons ; and 
 where a bare part of the bush occurs, let 
 a strong shoot or two, in a proper situa- 
 tion, be shortened back about one-third 
 their length, inorderto cause young wood 
 to abound in that part the following 
 year. A.S a general rule, let the shoots 
 average four inches apart all over the 
 tree when pruned. When trees acquire 
 
CUR 
 
 [ 272 ] 
 
 cus 
 
 some age, let the primer, as his first 
 act, look carefully over the bush, and 
 see what old shoots may be completely 
 pruned away. All those which possess 
 merely a twig or two of young wood at 
 the extremity may be at once cut out, 
 for they take more from the tree than 
 they repay. As to forming young trees, 
 the directions given for the other cur- 
 rants will apply very well ; only there is 
 no necessity to preserve the interior of 
 the bush open, as in the Bed and White 
 kinds. A young tree, therefore, at three 
 years old, may contain ten or twelve 
 shoots, at equal distances. As soon as 
 such a number can be obtained, short- 
 ening may cease. 
 
 Fruit: how to keep. This fruit is 
 soon over ; for, once ripe enough for the 
 table, it is gone in a few days ; and it 
 is so liable to drop, that this is one of 
 the very few fruits that bid defiance to 
 tbe art of keeping on the bush. Keep- 
 ing on the tree, if attempted, must be 
 on the retarding principle; and canvass 
 or mats must be thrown over the bushes 
 when the fruit is about one-third ripe. 
 
 CUBIIANT SPHINX. (Trochilum tipuli- 
 Jbrme.) Every one acquainted with old 
 gardens must have frequently noticed 
 that one or more of the branches of the 
 currant-trees tenanting them have sud- 
 denly withered and died without any ap- 
 parent cause. In such cases, if the wood 
 of the branch be split down the centre, 
 the pith will be found all consumed, the 
 tube where it had been blackened, and 
 nothing remaining but the excrements of 
 a caterpillar, which may also be caught 
 at his work of destruction if the ex- 
 amination is made so soon as the branch 
 first shows symptoms of withering. 
 This caterpillar fleshy, whitish, with 
 four yellowish-brown spots near its head 
 is the larva of the Currant Sphinx. 
 The parent moth is beautiful, and may 
 be seen at the end of May and early in 
 June during hot sunshine, either settled 
 on the leaves of the currant, or flying 
 around the flowers of the syringa and 
 lilac. It is about three-quarters of an 
 inch across the wings when these are 
 quite opened; the prevailing colour is 
 bluish-black, with various parts yellow; 
 the antennae black; the breast with a 
 yellow line on each side ; the abdomen, 
 or lower part of the body, has three yel- j 
 low rings round it in the females, and four 
 in the males ; the four wings are barred 
 
 and veined with black ; it has a brush of 
 fine scales at the end of its abdomen, 
 which fan it can expand as it pleases. 
 The Ked, White, and Black Currant, and, 
 we think, the Gooseberry, are all liable 
 to its attacks. It lays its eggs at this 
 time in openings of the bark of a young 
 shoot ; and the caterpillar, immediately 
 it is hatched, penetrates to its pith, and 
 eats its way down this until it reaches 
 the pith of the main branch. The only 
 securitive measures are to kill the moth 
 whenever seen, and to split open the 
 withered branches, and serve the cater- 
 pillars similarly. The Cottage Gardener, 
 ii., 115. 
 
 CDRTI'SIA. Hassagay-tree. (In ho- 
 nour of the late William Curtis, who 
 originated the Botanical Magazine. Nat. 
 ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linn., B-Tri- 
 andria 1-Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Cornels are entirely distinct from Caprifoils, 
 with which they have long been associated. The 
 Hottentots and Caffres make from this tree the 
 shafts of their javelins. Greenhouse evergreen 
 tree ; sandy loam and peat ; cuttings in sand, 
 under glass, in heat. 
 
 C. fagi'nea (beech-leaned). 30. Pale. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 CU'SCUTA. Dodder. (From kechout, 
 its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Dodders 
 [Cuscutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2- 
 Digynia.) 
 
 One peculiarity in all the Dodders is that their 
 seeds germinate in the earth ; but, as soon as the 
 roots of the seedlings are grown sufficiently to 
 take hold of a neighbouring plant, or even of 
 each other, they lose their attachment to the soil. 
 Curious parasitical plants, with white flowers ; sow 
 in April. They will live upon almost any plant 
 they can lay hold of, such as the common stinging- 
 nettle, clover, hemp, &c. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. America 'na (American). August. S. Amer. 
 1816. 
 
 Hookr'ri( Hooker's). September. E.Ind. 1823. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). January. Lima. 
 
 1820. 
 
 verruco'sa (warted). August. Nepaul. 1S21. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. austra'lis (southern). August. N. Holland. 
 1818. 
 
 Chile' nsis (Chilian). August. Chili. 1*821. 
 
 Chine' nsis (Chinese). August. 
 
 mono'gyna (one-styled). July. Levant. 1818. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. Califo'rnica (Californian). July. California. 
 1847. 
 
 epili'num (flax-frequenter). July. Britain. 
 
 epi'thymum (true dodder)* July. Britain. 
 
 Europce'a (European). July. Britain. 
 
 lupulifo'rmis (hop-like). July. Silesia. 1824, 
 
 macrocn'rpu (large-seeded). July. Siberia, 
 
 1627. 
 
 trifo'lii (clover dodder). July. Britain, 
 
cus 
 
 [273 ] 
 
 CUT 
 
 CUSSO'NIA. (Named after P. Cusson, 
 ft French botanist. Nat. ord., Ivyworts 
 [Araliacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 2-Di- 
 $ynia. Allied to Panax.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, with green flowers ; cuttings in sand, 
 under a glass, with bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 C. spica'ta (spike-./Zozc^mZ,). 6. 1789- 
 
 thrysijtu'ra (thyrse-ttowered). 6. 1795 
 
 tri'pteris (three-winged). 4. 1816. 
 CUSTARD APPLE. Ano'na. 
 
 CuTTiNa is a part of a plant capable 
 of emitting roots, and of becoming an 
 individual similar to its parent. The 
 ircumstanoea requisite to effect this are 
 a suitable temperature and degree of 
 moisture 
 
 A rooted cutting is not a new plant ; 
 it is only an extension of the parent, 
 gifted with precisely the same habits, 
 and delighting in exactly the same de- 
 gree of heat, light, and moisture, and in 
 the same food. There are numbers of 
 plants which strike most readily from 
 the young shoots ; others from partially- 
 ripened wood ; some from a leaf with a 
 bud at its base ; a fourth set from off- 
 shoots from the base of the old plants; 
 and a fifth from leaves or portions of 
 leaves only ; and in some rare cases, 
 from the mere scolloped edges of the 
 leaves; whilst several can only, be pro- 
 pagated by cuttings of the roots, and a 
 few by cuttings of the flower-stems. 
 Particular cases will be described tinder 
 the names of the species requiring some 
 peculiar mode. In this place only gene- 
 ral hints can be given. 
 
 Cuttings of hardy floivt ring-plants. 
 Most kinds of quick- growing, soft-Avood- 
 ed plants are best propagated by the 
 young shoots or tops of the plants. 
 The following list embraces the prin- 
 cipal of them : Soft-icooded plants. 
 Auagallis, Antirrhinums, Calceolarias, 
 Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Dahlias, 
 Dinathus, Double Wallflowers, Double 
 Stocks, Gorterias, Gaillardias, Dwarf Lo- 
 belias, Fuchsias, Pelargonium, Petu- 
 nias, Penstemons, Pinks, Salvias, and 
 Verbenas. These may all be placed in 
 pots, in sand, in a frame heated either by 
 leaves, manure, or tan, or in a pit or 
 house built purposely, and heated by a 
 tank and hot-water pipes. Greenhouse 
 hard wooded plants or shrubs that strike 
 best from young shoots or tops : Aca- 
 cias, Aphelexis, Azalea (Chinese), Bo- 
 ronia, Bossisea, Chironia, Chorozema, 
 Crowea, Correa, Cytissus, Daviesia, Dil- 
 18 
 
 wynia, Epacris, Eriostemon bnxifoliura 
 (for stocks to graft the other species 
 on), Erica, Gastrolobium, Gompho- 
 lobium, Hardenbergia, Leschenaultia, 
 Kennedy a, Mirbeiia, Oxylobium. Platy- 
 lobiura, Pleroma, Podolobium, Pimelia 
 decussata (for stocks to graft the rest o 
 the genus upon), Pultensea, Styphelia,, 
 Tacsonia, Zichya, and all New Holland 
 shrubs of similar habit. These require 
 to be placed in a gentle tan-bed, planted 
 in pots, in silver sand, closely covered 
 with bell-glasses, which should be wiped 
 dry occasionally, and shaded from clear, 
 bright sunshine. Great numbers of stove 
 plants of woody habit require the same 
 mode of treating their cuttings, for which 
 see the body of the Dictionary. 
 
 Cuttings of partially -ripened Wood. 
 Camellia, Cape Pelargoniums, Conifers, 
 Erythrina, Echites, Gardenia, Gordonia, 
 Hakea, Magnolia, Metrosideros, Neiium, 
 Portlandia, Kosa, especially the China 
 and Tea-scented, and most kinds of hardy 
 evergreen shrubs. 
 
 Cuttings of Leaves loith a Bud at the 
 Base. When cuttings of any kind of 
 large-leaved plants are scarce, they may 
 be successfully increased by single leaves 
 with a bud at the base. We need not 
 particularize any species, as most of the 
 last section, and several of the others 
 that have moderate-sized leaves, may be 
 propagated in this mode of making cut- 
 tings. 
 
 Cuttings' of Leaves only, without Buds. 
 The following will increase readily by 
 this mode : Achimenes, Gesnera, Glox- 
 inia, and all of similar habit, as well as 
 some Begonias. 
 
 Cuttings of Offshoots from the base of. 
 the old plants. Cinerarias, tall Lobelias, 
 Statices, and most kinds of herbaceous 
 plants, increase readily by this mode. 
 
 Cuttings of the Roots. There are a 
 few plants that will not readily increase 
 by any of the above modes, particularly 
 some herbaceous plants: (Enothera ma- 
 crocarpa is one, and CEnothera cjsspitosa 
 is another. Amongst hardy shrubs the 
 Pyrus Japonica and its varieties will 
 propagate by this mode ; also the Abelo 
 poplar. In the stove, the Ardisias, Cle- 
 rodendrums, Dracsenas, Ipomseas (the 
 tuberous-rooted species), and the Petrcea 
 Stapelia. 
 
 Cuttings of the Flower-stem. Double 
 white and yellow Kockets, the tall Lobe- 
 lias, Double Lychnis, and a few others, 
 
CUT 
 
 [274] 
 
 CUT 
 
 may be increased by cutting the flower- 
 tem into lengths, and placing the cut- 
 tings under ft hand-glass in a shady 
 border. 
 
 In all hollow-stemmed plants the pre- 
 sence of a node, or joint, to cut through 
 at is essential. This is the reason A?hy 
 cutting through at a joint is also of im- 
 portance in other cases, and also the 
 reason why taking those little shrubby 
 eide-shoots as cuttings is often so suc- 
 cessful, what is technically termed the 
 heel the point of junction between the 
 elder branch and the young shoot being 
 well-supplied with incipient buds, which 
 readily produce roots. Whatevermay be 
 the mode and the time in which a cut- 
 ting is made, and whether it is necessary, 
 in the peculiar circumstances, to cut 
 clean through at a joint, it is of import- 
 ance that the cut be made with a clean, 
 sharp knife. 
 
 Time when Cuttings should le taken. 
 When any particular period is mentioned 
 for this operation in this work, it is 
 'merely the period when, under general 
 circumstances, the practice would be 
 most suitable. Other things being equal, 
 spring and summer are the best times 
 for propagating greenhouse and stove 
 shrubs, as thus the plants are established 
 before winter. 
 
 Leaves of a Cutting. Unless in par- 
 ticular circumstances, as many leaves 
 should be removed as would enable the 
 cutting to be firmly fixed in the cutting- 
 pot, and if the leaves be large, a portion 
 more may be removed, or lessened in 
 their dimensions, in order to reduce the 
 evaporating surface, success consisting 
 in keeping the cutting healthy, and yet 
 preventing it from parting with itsstored- 
 up juices ; and hence the reason why we 
 cover them with bell-glasses', and shade 
 them from bright sunshine. The more 
 leaves left, provided they can be kept 
 healthy and vigorous, the sooner will 
 roots be formed by the elaboration of 
 fresh material, and the more quickly and 
 without flagging will this elaboration 
 take place, the more light the leaves 
 receive. Shading, or diffused light, is 
 essential at first ; but the sooner it can 
 be dispensed -with the better. Continued 
 too long, the shading would make the 
 cuttings weak and spindly. 
 
 Soil. Except for particular cases, 
 nothing is better than silver sand placed 
 over a layer of soil in which the plant 
 
 delights, and beneath this the pot to be 
 filled with drainage. In general cases, 
 half an inch of sand, and three quarters 
 of an inch of sandy peat, or sandy loam 
 will be amply sufficient ; and the nearer 
 the cuttings are inserted to the side of 
 the pot, the sooner will they protrude 
 roots. When a bell-glass is used that 
 would come close to the side of the pot, 
 it is a good thing to put one pot inside a 
 larger one, fill up the space between them 
 to within a requisite distance of the top 
 with drainage, then with the soil and 
 sand, and place the cuttings firmly round 
 the outside of the inner pot. In this 
 case the inner pot may be empty, be sup- 
 plied with damp moss, or even, in some 
 peculiar cases, filled with water, though 
 the latter would be more generally appli- 
 cable to stove than greenhouse plants. 
 The turning of a smaller pot topsy-turv} 
 inside of a large one, so that the inner 
 forms a sort of chimney, and inserting the 
 cuttings round the sides of its inverted 
 bottom, now the top, is also a good plan, 
 especially when it is desirable to give 
 the plants the stimulus of a good bottom 
 heat, as, by stopping with potsherd tht 
 hole in the bottom, now uppermost, the 
 stimulus is applied to the base of the 
 cutting ; and thus roots are encouraged, 
 rather than lengthened upwards. 
 
 Bottom-heat. Unless where fresh 
 growth is rapidly making, and the plant> 
 have received extra stimulus on purpose. 
 greenhouse plants should not have bottom- 
 heat, in general, until a callus is formed 
 at their base. When that is done, a 
 mild, moist bo! lorn-heat "a heat a me- 
 dium between the general temperature o! 
 a greenhouse and a stove may be given 
 with advantage. When, however, in many 
 hard-wooded plants, heat has been given 
 to cause the protrusion of short new 
 shoots from one to two inches in length 
 and these are taken off just as their bot- 
 toms are getting a little firm, then in 
 their case a mild, sweet hotbed at once 
 will just suit them, care being taken that 
 the atmosphere is not kept too hot, to 
 cause more elongation upwards. Stove 
 plants, on the other hand, as they require 
 more heat at all times than greenhouse 
 plants, so scarcely ever do their cuttings 
 suffer from bottom-heat, though pretty 
 strong ; and hence it often happens that 
 they are more readily propagated than 
 greenhouse shrubs. 
 
 Cuttings of hardy Fruit-tret9. 
 
CUT 
 
 [_ 275 
 
 CYC 
 
 time between the fall of the leaf and the 
 first swelling of the bud in the spring, 
 such cuttings may be put out. As a ge- 
 neral rule, we should say that the end of 
 October is a very good time, provided the 
 trees in question have cast their leaves. 
 By early planting, the wounded portions 
 become, as it were, healed by the callo- 
 sity which will frequently form at the 
 lower end, even during the winter. It is 
 of importance to select a good situation : 
 a sunny and dry spot is a bad one ; and 
 one too shady, especially if with over- 
 hanging trees, is apt to cause the cut- 
 tings to grow weakly. The north side 
 of a wall is very good, placing the cut- 
 tings not nearer than within four feet 
 of the wall, and not farther than seven 
 feet. Here they will get shading during 
 the more difficult portion of their root- 
 ing period, which will be during April 
 and May ; and by Midsummer, or soon 
 after, when all those which will succeed 
 will be well rooted, they will both receive 
 and enjoy a liberal amount of sunshine. 
 r lhe cuttings must be made somewhat 
 firm at their lower end ; and if a very dry 
 time occurs in March, April, or May, it 
 may become necessary to lightly sprinkle 
 them occasionally. 
 
 CUTTINO-IN is shortening the branches. 
 
 CYANA'NTHUS. (From kyanos, blue, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworls 
 f Polemoniacese]. Lin n ., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Hanoyynia. Allied to Polemonium.) 
 
 A pretty little hardy herbaceous plant ; requires 
 the same treatment as alpine plants. Divisions 
 and cuttings under a hand-light ; sandy soil. 
 C. loba'tus (lobed). 4. Purple, blue. August. 
 Chinese Tartary. 1844. 
 
 GYANE'LLA. (From the diminutive of 
 iyanos, blue. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia- 
 efe]. ULrm.iG-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Anthericum.) 
 
 Pretty little bulbous plants, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, which succeed best planted out in 
 deep border of light, rich compost in front of a 
 greenhouse, to be protected from frost like Ixias, 
 and such-like bulbs. All the small bulbs we re- 
 commend to be thus treated may be grown in 
 pots like Ixias. Increased by offsets. 
 C. a'lba (white). 1. White. July. 1819. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. 1/68. 
 
 linea'ta. (lined). !. Striped. July. 1816. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. 1788. 
 
 odvrati'ssima (most fragrant). 1. Red. July. 
 
 orehidWrmi, (orchiKlike), 1. Blue. August. 
 
 CYANOTHA'MNUS. (From kyanos, blue, 
 ancl thamnos, a shrub; referring to its 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. 
 
 Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Boronia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River. 
 Cuttings in moderate heat, in sand, under a glass ; 
 sandy loam and peat. 
 
 C. ramo'sua (branched). Blue. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). Blue. 
 
 CYANO'TIS. (From kyano&, blue, and 
 ous, an ear ; referring to the shape of the 
 petals. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Comme- 
 linacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-J/otto- 
 gynia. Allied to Tradescantia.) 
 
 Rich soil ; C. barba'ta is increased by root cii- 
 vision, the others by seed. 
 
 C. axttta'ris (axillary). 1. Blue. August. E.Ind. 
 1822. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 barba'ta (bearded). 1. Blue. August. Ifc 
 
 paul. 1824. Hardy perennial. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 1. Blue. August. .Ceylon. 
 
 1770. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 CYATHE'A. (From kyatheion, a little 
 cup; in reference to the appearance of 
 the spore or seed-cases on the back of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia- 
 cese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia l-Filicet.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree-ferns, except otherwise 
 specified ; loam and peat ; root division or seeds. 
 C. arbo'rea (tree). 15. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 dealba'ta (whitened). New Zealand. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 e'legans ( elegant). Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 20. Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 inte^gra (entire-/ecreril. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 medulla' ris (pithy). New Zealand. Greenhoute 
 
 petiolu'ta (ftrng'-leaf-stalied). Jamaica* 
 
 CYATHO'DES. (From kyathos, a cup; 
 referring to the form of the limb, or ex- 
 panded opening of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens with white flowew, from 
 New Holland. Peat and loam ; cutting* in wind, 
 with a little peat, under glass. 
 C. ncKro'sa (chaffy). 8. July. 1823. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 20. April. 1818. 
 
 oxyce'drus (prickly-cedar). 6. April. 1882. 
 
 CY'CAS. (Greek name for a Palm. 
 Nat. ord., Cycads [Cycadaceae]. Linn., 
 22-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.) 
 
 This order is in close affinity with Conifers. Dr. 
 Lindley says, "The undoubted remains of Cycads 
 attest their having once formed a considerable 
 portion of the vegetation of Great Britain."' Stove 
 herbaceous perennials ; require plenty of potroom ; 
 rich, sandy loam, and moist heat. Young plants 
 are often obtained from suckers. 
 C. angula'ta (sharp-eornered). 4. N. Holland. 
 18-24. 
 
 circtna'lis (round-/ewed). 3. E. Ind. 180. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 4. E.Ind. 1818. 
 
 revolu'ta (rolled-back-/eav<?d). 3. July. Chiua. 
 
 1737. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 4. E. Ind. 181** 
 
 CY'CLAMEN. Sowbread. (From kydicot, 
 circular; referring to the shape of the 
 
CYC 
 
 [378] 
 
 CTC 
 
 corm, or bulb -like root. Nat. ord., Prime- 
 worts [PrimulaceeeJ. Linn., b-PtmUmdria 
 \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the favourite 
 food of wild boars of Sicily, whence the English 
 name. Beautiful bulbous plants. 
 
 HAKDY. 
 
 C. Co'um (Cos). $. Lilac, red. February, South 
 Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 E'urropce'wn (European). $. Lilac, red. Au- 
 
 gust. Switzerland. 15Q6. 
 *-hederifo'lium (ivy-leaved). . Purple. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 a'lbidum (whitish-cowered). *. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 purpura'scens (purplish -powered), $. 
 
 Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (Georgian). . Asiatic Georgia. 1831. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). $. Eed. April. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). . Purple. 
 
 April. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 Ktora'le (shore-inhabiting). J. Deep rose. 
 
 Lake of Como. 1845. 
 
 Hfeapollta! num. (Neapolitan). J. Red. April. 
 
 Italy. 1824. 
 
 ve'rnum (spring). \. Purple. April. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. Pe'rsicum, (Persian). . Red, white. Febru- 
 ary. Cyprus. 1731. 
 
 albiflo'rum (white-flowered). $. White. 
 
 February. Cyprus. 1731. 
 
 inodo'rum (scentless). . Red, white. 
 
 February. Cyprus. 1731. 
 
 lacinia'tum (jagged -petaled). $. Red, 
 
 white. April. 
 
 lila'ceum (lilac-coloured-./Zou;ered). i- 
 
 Lilac. February. 
 
 odora'tum (scented). . Red, white. Fe- 
 bruary. Cyprus. 1731. 
 
 puncta'tum (spotted-cowered). . White, 
 
 lilac. March. 
 
 repa'ndum (wavy-edged). $. April. Greece. 
 
 181(5. 
 
 Propagation : by Seed. This is the only 
 way of propagating Cyclamens. The roots, 
 being a solid corm, will not divide suc- 
 cessfully. Gather the seed as soon as 
 ripe, dry it slowly, and sow it in Febru- 
 ary, in shallow, wide-mouthed pots, in a 
 compost of peat, loam, and sand, cover- 
 ing the seeds scarcely a quarter of an 
 inch deep ; place them in a cold frame, 
 excepting C. Pe'rsicum, which should be 
 placed in a greenhouse, on a shelf near 
 the glass ; sow the seeds thinly, so that 
 they may remain in the seed-pots for one 
 year. 
 
 Soil. Equal parts light, turfy loam, 
 sandy-peat, and leaf-mould; or, if this 
 cannot be had, half a part of very rotten 
 dung may be substituted. 
 
 Summer Culture. Pot in autumn, and 
 when spring comes in most of the kinds 
 will be in flower. They require then a 
 good supply of water. Though some of 
 
 the species are hardy, yet it is safer to 
 cultivate them in pots in frames, and 
 bring them into the greenhouse when 
 in flower. Some of the varieties of (7. 
 Pe'rsicum are very fragrant ; but there is 
 no certainty that the seedlings from them 
 will continue fragrant. Seedlings of a 
 year old should be potted singly into 
 thumb-pots, and be re-potted in April in 
 3i-inch pots, and kept in a gentle heat, 
 to encourage the bulbs to grow larger^ 
 As soon as the flowering season is over, 
 set them out of doors, giving no water ; 
 and as soon as the seed is gathered, and 
 all the leaves dead, trim these off, and 
 lay the pots on one side, to keep them 
 dry till the plants require potting. 
 
 Winter Culture. When frost begins, 
 shift them into pots of a size in propor- 
 tion to that of the bulbs, leaving the bulbs 
 just out of the soil, excepting C. Co'um, 
 which should be covered about half an 
 inch. The largest bulbs may require pots 
 six inches in diameter. As soon as potted, 
 place them in a cold frame, covering up 
 securely from frost; give air on all fa- 
 vourable occasions, and water very mo- 
 derately till the leaves are full-grown and 
 the flowers begin to appear, when it may 
 be more liberally given. 
 
 Insects. Slugs, green fly, and wire- 
 worms prey upon them. 
 
 Diseases. Sometimes when the bulbs 
 become large they lose the power of grow- 
 ing again ; the buds on the crown appear 
 to be dead. We know of no remedy. 
 
 Culture in the open air. All the spe- 
 cies, excepting C. Pe'rsicum and its va- 
 rieties, will live in a warm border of the 
 compost out of doors ; but, on account of 
 their early blooming, the flowers are often 
 injured by late frosts. The border should 
 be well drained, and a covering of tan- 
 ner's bark or coal-ashes should be spread 
 over the roots in autumn, and allowed to 
 remain on till the warm weather of spring 
 arrives, when it may be removed and re- 
 newed in the autumn. The bulbs may 
 either be taken up and replanted in Oc- 
 tober, or allowed to remain for two years. 
 
 CYCLOBO'THRA. (From kyklos, a cir- 
 cle, and bothros, a pit; in reference to- 
 a cavity at the bottom of each sepal. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 
 6-Hexandria 1-JHonogynia. Allied to 
 Calochortus.) 
 
 Little hardy or half-hardy bulbs, with drooping 
 flowers ; succeed best in a sunny border of light 
 soil ; to be protected in winter. Readily increased 
 
CYC 
 
 [ 377] 
 
 GYM 
 
 l/y the little viviparous bulbs produced on the 
 upper part of the stems. 
 
 C. a'lba (\\-\iite-petaled). 1. White. August. 
 California. 1832. 
 
 baarba'ta (bearded). 8. Yellow. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 s fe'fcra (yellow-petaled). Ifc. Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 monophy'lla (single-leaved). J. Bright yel- 
 
 low. California. 1848. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. California. 1832. 
 
 pvtrpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple, green. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 CYCLO'GYNE. (From kyklos, a circle, 
 and gyne, a stigma, or female organ ; in 
 reference to the disposition of the pistils 
 'Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacerc]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia^-Decandria. Allied 
 -to Galega.) 
 
 C. cane'scens (hoary), l. Purple. May. Swan 
 Hirer. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 CYCNO'CHES. Swan -neck. (From 
 kyknos, a swan, and auchen, the neck ; in 
 reference to the long and gracefully-curved 
 column. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria. 
 Allied to Cyrtopoclium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Strong, moist heat whilst 
 growing ; rough, fibry peat, and half-decnyed 
 leaves, with a little sand ; root division. 
 
 C. barba'tum (bearded). White, pink. New 
 Grenada. 
 
 cklorochi'lum (greenish-yellow-lipped). 2. 
 
 Yellowish. June. Demerara. 1838. 
 
 Cummi'ngii (Cumniing's). White, yellow. 
 
 June. Singapore. 
 
 Laddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. White, purple. 
 
 May. Surinam. 1830. 
 
 --- leucpchi'lum (white- lipped). 1. Yellow, 
 white. June. Guiana. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). 1 . Buff, purple. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1833. 
 pentada'ctyfon (five-fingered). 1. Yellow, 
 
 brown. March. Brazil. 1841. 
 ~~ stelli'ferum (starry). Green, brown. May. 
 
 Oaxaca. 1843. 
 - - ventrico'sum (inflated-^/?), 2. Green, white. 
 
 Guatimala. 1835. 
 --- Egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). 2. 
 
 Purple, green, pink. June. Guatimala. 
 
 1840. 
 
 CYDO'NIA. Quince. (Its native place 
 Cydon, in Caudia. Nat. ord., Appleworts 
 fPomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2- 
 Ui-pentayynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. C. Japo'- 
 
 ?o is one of our handsomest flowering shrubs 5 
 
 layers in September, and to remain until that 
 
 fame twelvemonths before taken off: also by seeds. 
 
 See QUINCB. 
 
 C. Japo'nica (Japan). 4. Scarlet. Japan. 1815. 
 "Ma (white- 
 
 ite-flowered). 4. White. 
 eu rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh-coloured. 
 March. 
 
 Red. August. 
 
 C. Sine'nsis (Chinese), is. Pink. May. China. 
 
 1813. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). White. May. 
 
 1847 
 
 vulga'ris (common Quince). 20. White. 
 
 May. Austria. 1573. 
 Lusita'nica (Spanish). 20. White. May. 
 
 Spain. 
 tnalifo'rmis (apple-formed). 20. White. 
 
 May. 1573. 
 
 - oblo'nga (oblong-/Vted;. SO. White. 
 
 May. Europe. 
 
 OYLI'STA. (From kylistos, twining ; re- 
 ferring to the habit of the plants. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia &-Decandria. Allied 
 to Rhynchosia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Loam and peat; 
 cuttings ia sand, under glass, in bottom-heat. 
 C. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. April. 
 Mauritius. 
 
 tcario'sa (membranous). 4. Yellow. E 
 
 Ind. 1806. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Yellow. E.Ind. 1S16. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Yellow. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1776. 
 
 CYMBI'DIUM. (From kymbe, a boat; 
 referring to a hollow recess in the lip, 
 orlabellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 daceffl]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Fibry loam, fibry peat, and leaf* 
 mould, well drained; root division. 
 C. aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). 1. Purple, black. 
 September. E. Ind. 178Q. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured-./ZoH;erain. Purple, crim- 
 
 son. April. Ceylon. 1837. 
 
 chlora'nthum (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yel- 
 
 low, crimson. May. Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1. 
 
 White, crimson. March. Khooseea. 183/. 
 
 diu'rnum (fay -flowering). Bahama. 
 
 ebu'rneum (ivory-white-flowered). White, yel- 
 
 low-striped. May. E. Ind. 1846. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Yellow. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1840. 
 -- Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Cochin China. 
 
 Gibso'nii (Gibson's). White, red. January. 
 
 Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 giga'nteum (gigantic). Brown, purple. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1837. 
 
 iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). Dark brown. March. 
 
 E.Ind. 1837. 
 
 lancifo'lium (lance-leaved), f . White, red. 
 
 September. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 ma'didum (moist). Olive-green. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1839. 
 
 margina'tum (red-edged-sepal). J. Yellow, 
 
 purple. Brazil. 
 
 Maste'rsii (Masters's). 1$. White, yellow, 
 red. August. E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 ochroleu'cum (yellowish - white). Yellow. 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 pe'ndulum (hanging-down). S. Yellow, red, 
 
 white. June. Nepaul. 1838. 
 
 brevila'bre (short-lipped). 2. Green, 
 
 red, yellow. June. Singapore. 1840. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 April. Singapore. 1838. 
 
 Sine'nse (Chinese). 1}. Purple browu. 
 
 China. 1703. 
 
CTN 
 
 278 
 
 CYN 
 
 C. ttta've (sweet), Green, brown. May. Aus 
 
 tralia. 1826. 
 -~tri'pterum (three-winged). White* Jttry 
 
 Jamaica. 1790. 
 
 CYUA'NCHUM. (From kyon t a dog, and 
 agche, to kill ; referring to its poisonous 
 qualities. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle- 
 piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digy- 
 nia. Allied to Asclepias.) 
 
 Cuttings root readily ; the hardy kinds in com- 
 mon garden-soil ; usual stove or greenhouse treat- 
 ment for the others. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 C.fimbria'tum (fringed). 10. Purple. July. 
 Cumana. 1826. 
 
 Heynia'num (Heynes'a). 6. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1825. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy). 6. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 O. Cape'nse (Cape). 6. White. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 pilo'sum (soft-haired). 6. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1726. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. acu'tum (pointed-/eaed). 3. White. July. 
 Spain. 1596. 
 
 cirrho'sum (tendriled). 3. 1825. Deciduous 
 
 twiner. 
 
 ee / ;ra(tall). 10. White. July. Barbary. 
 
 1816. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow-cowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 me'dium (middle-sized). 3. White. June. 
 mela'nthos (black-flowered). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. 1818. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 Monspeli'acum (Montpelier). 3. White. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 ni'grum (black). 3. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1996. 
 
 -~<vo!teum (rosy). 3. Purple. July. Davuria. 
 1818. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 tJjtfo'sMTw (shaggy). 3. White. July. 1821. 
 
 Deciduous twiner. 
 
 Vinceto'mown (Vincetoxicum). 2. White. 
 
 July. Europe. 1596. 
 
 CYNA'RA. Artichoke. (From kyon, a 
 dog; the spines on the involucre, or 
 guard-leaves, immediately below the 
 flower, being likened to dogs' teeth. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 I&Syngenesia l-^Equalis.) 
 
 Haidy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise stated. Increased by seeds and root 
 division. See ARTICHOKE 
 
 C. cardu'nculus (cardoon). 6, Blue. August. 
 Candia. 1658. 
 
 /e'ro* (fierce). 5. Blue. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 glomera'ta (clustered). . Blue. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1S24. Half-hardy. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 6. Purple. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1768. Greenhouse. 
 
 integrlfo'lia (whole-leaved). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Spain. 
 ~~pygnue?a (pigmy), l. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 ~;ro'(j/ms (scolymus. Artichoke}. 8. Purple. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1548. 
 
 flftrfma (spiniest). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1826. 
 
 CTNTPS Kosas, C. Bedegaris, or RhodiUs 
 ros<t, is one of the Grail -forming insects. 
 It deposits its eggs in a hud of the 
 young shoots of the Dog-Rose and 
 Sweet Briar. The gruhs or larv 
 hatched from these eggs produce those 
 galls, or lumps, covered with green 
 and reddish fibres looking like moss, sa 
 frequently found upon those shrubs. 
 
 CYNOGLO'SSUM. Hound's Tongue. 
 (From kyon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue ; 
 referring to the shape of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Borageworts [BoraginaceseJ. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Nearly all hardy; some are very .pretty border- 
 flowers ; common soil ; seeds or root division. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 1819. 
 
 diffu'sum (spreading). White. July. India. 
 
 1820. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1806. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear - head - lenved) White, 
 
 blue. July. Africa. 1806. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. Apenni'num (Apennine). 6. "Red. May. 
 Italy. 1731. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. White, purple- 
 
 July. Germany. 1820. 
 
 ccelesti'num (celestial-6/we). 2. White, blue. 
 
 August. India. 1837. 
 
 cheirifo'lium (wallflower-leaved). Ij. Blue. 
 
 June. Levant. 1596. 
 
 clandesti'num (clandestine). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 Colu'mnte (Columna's). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Apennines. 1825. 
 
 Dioscofridis (Dioscorides'e). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 divaricn'tum (straggling). Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1837. 
 
 elonga'tum (lengthened). 2i. Flesh. July. 
 
 1819. 
 
 glochidia' turn (burred). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 India. 1837. Greenhouse. 
 
 glomcra'tum (clustered). 2. June. N.Amcr. 
 
 1812. 
 
 i (Hsenke's). 2. Blue, purple. July. 
 Bohemia. 1819- 
 
 holoseri'ceum (velvety). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 lateriflo'rum (side-flowered). Purple. June. 
 
 Europe. 1838. 
 
 officina'le (shop). 2. Purple, red. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pi'ctum (painted). . Light 'blu. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1658. 
 
 syloa'ticum (wood). 3. Blue. June. Britain. 
 umbella'tum (umbel -flowered). 2, Purple. 
 
 June. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 C, amplexfoau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Blue. Jane. 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 anchusoi'des (anchusa-like). 1. Blue. May. 
 
 Cashmere. 1640. 
 
 austra'le (southern). 2. Pale red. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). 3. Blue* 
 
 white. India. 1830. 
 
CYN 
 
 [ 279 ] 
 
 CYB 
 
 C. longifla'rvm (long-flowered). 1 . Purple, red. 
 June. India. 1839. 
 
 Magelle'nse (Magellan). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Naples. 1823. 
 
 tomento'sum (downy -flowered). Violet. May. 
 
 Italy. 1823. 
 
 ~ Virgi'rticum (Virginian). Blue. White. June. 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 CYNOIHE'TRA. (From kyon, a dog, and 
 metra, matrix ; referring to the seed-pods. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacete]. 
 Linn., iO-Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Hardwickia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies. 
 Loam and sandy peat ; cuttings in sand, under 
 glass, with bottom-heat. 
 C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 30. Red. 1804. 
 
 polya'ndra (many-stamened). 20. Red. 1822. 
 CYPE'LLA. (From kypellon, a goblet 
 
 or cup; referring to the form of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. 
 Linn., IR-Monadelphia 1-Triandria. Al- 
 lied to Herbertia.) 
 
 Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the 
 same treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat; 
 offsets. 
 
 C. Drttmmo'ndii (Drummond's). Purple, yellow. 
 June. San Felipe. 1834. 
 
 Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 1. Vermilion. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1823. 
 
 plu'tnbea (leaden-coloured). Blue. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 CY'PERUS. This genus of the Sedges 
 would not deserve notice here if C. alter 
 nifo'lius, a native of Madagascar, and 
 C.papy'rus (see PAPY'KUS) were not some- 
 times grown in the stove aquarium. 
 
 CY'PHIA. (From kyphos, curved; re- 
 ferring to the shape of the style and 
 stigma. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula- 
 ceaej. Linn., -Pentandria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Campanula.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants, from Cape of Good Hope. 
 The perennial species root freely from young 
 cu- tings; the annual kinds by seed; loam, peat, 
 and sand. 
 
 C. bulbo'sa (bulbous). . Pale blue. August. 
 1/91. Annual. 
 
 carda'mines (cardamine-like). 3. July. 1.823. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 mci'sa (cut-leaved). . Pale red. July. 18 IS. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 phyteu'mu (rampion). 1$. Pink. February. 
 
 1822. Perennial tuber. 
 
 volu'btiis (twining). 1. Pale blue. 1295. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 CYPRESS. See CUPRE'SSUS. 
 
 CYPRIPE'DIUM. Ladies' Slipper. (From 
 Kypris, Venus, and podion, a slipper. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria I-Monandria.) 
 
 Both the stove and hardy peefai of these 
 orchids succeed well in turfy peat, mixed with a 
 little loam, charcoal, and potsherds. The hardy 
 kinds, when grown in pots, should have frame 
 protection during the winter months ; root division . 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. barba'tum (bearded). . Purple, white, red. 
 April. Malacca. 1838. 
 
 gutta'tum (spotted). J. Yellow. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. 
 
 insi'gne (striking). 1. Green, red, orange. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 Irapeu'num (Irapean). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 Lo'wi (Mr. Low's). 1. Variegated. April. 
 
 Borneo. 1847. 
 
 venu'stum (handsome). J. Green, red. Oe 
 
 tober. Nepaul. 18lS. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. acau'le (stemless). Rose, purple. May. N. 
 Amer. 1786. 
 
 a'llium (white). 14. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 aricti'num (ram's-^eod). . Green, rose* 
 
 April. Canada. 1808. 
 
 calsc'olus (common slipper). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 Helve' ticum (Swiss). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 maera'nthos (large-flowered), f . Purple. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1828. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellowish., 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow, purple. June*. 
 
 N. Amer. 17QO. 
 
 purpura'tum (purple-^owererf). f. Purple. 
 
 September. Archipelago. 1836. 
 
 specta'bile (remarkable). 1$. White, purple. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1731. 
 incurna'twn (flesh - coloured). White, 
 
 purple. June. N. Amer. 
 a'lbum (white). White. June. N. Ame* 
 
 1827. 
 
 vent rico' sum (swollen). 5. Dark purple. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. 
 
 CYEI'LLA. (After D. Cyrillo, an Italian 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Cyrillads [CyrillaceffiJ* 
 Linn., 5-Pentcaidria \-Monogynia, Allied 
 to Heathworts.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy IORHX 
 and peat ; cuttings in sand, under glass, with 
 slight bottom-heat. 
 
 C. Antilla'rum (Antilles). 6. White. July. 
 Antilles. 1824. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 6. White. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1765. 
 
 CYETA'NTHUS. (From kyrtos, curved, 
 and antkos, a flower ; the flowers bend 
 down from the summit of the scape, or 
 stalk. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida- 
 ceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Vallota.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope* 
 C. obli'quus and C. ct/rneus have evergreen 
 leaves ; they, therefore, require to be watered all 
 the year round. Strong, friable loam suits them 
 best in deep, narrow pots, and the bulbs covered- 
 Greenhouse culture from April to November, and 
 an airy place in the stove near the glass in winter., 
 The rest are deciduous, and require to be kept? 
 dry in winter. Offsets. 
 
 C. angustifo'Kut (narrow-leated). I. Orange. 
 May. 1774. 
 
CYE 
 
 280] 
 
 CYT 
 
 C. ca'rneui (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August. 
 
 cul/i'nus (hill), f. Crimson. June. 1816. 
 
 obli'quus (twisted- leaved). 2. Green, orange. 
 
 June. 1774. 
 
 odo'rus (sweet-scented), j. Crimson. June. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. June. 1822. 
 
 spira'lis (spirit-leaved). 1. Scarlet. June. 1790. 
 
 xtria'tus (streaked), f. Orange. July. 
 
 ventrico'sus (swollen). 1. Red. June. 1770. 
 
 CYRTO'CERAS. Unitedto Centrostemma. 
 
 CYRTOCHI'LTJM. (From kyrtos, curved, 
 or concave, and chcilos, a lip ; tbe form 
 of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 TOrchidaceseJ. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Acanthophippium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. On blocks of wood, with moss 
 and sphagnum fastened over the.ir roots. Summer, 
 aioist temp., 60 to Q0; winter, 55 to 60; 
 wither dry. 
 C. Btctonie'nse (Bicton). 2. Red. October. 
 
 Guatimala. 1836. 
 fi'Upes (thread-stalked). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 March. Guatimala. 1838. 
 
 flave'scens (straw-coloured-^owerffd). 1. Yel- 
 
 lowish. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). 1. Green, purple. 
 
 VeraCruz. 1837. 
 
 ecornu'tum (hornless). 1. Yellow, pur- 
 ple. March. Mexico. 
 
 paroiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1 . White, 
 
 yellow, purple. February. Guatimala. 
 183Q. 
 
 Russelliafnum (Russell's). Spotted. 
 
 March. Guatimala. 
 
 mystaci'num (whiskered). lj. Yellowish. 
 
 October. Peru. 1836. 
 
 stelldtum (starry - flowered). Cream, pink. 
 
 March. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 C'YRToao'Niusr. (From kyrtos, curved, 
 and gonu, a knee ; referring to the creep- 
 ing stems, or rhizomes. Nat ord., Ferns 
 {Polypodiacees]. Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia 
 l-Filices. Allied to Platicerium.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Division* ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; win- 
 ter, 60 to 55. 
 C. eosta'tum (ribbed). July. Java. 
 
 crispa'tulum (curled). May. E. Ind. 
 
 divorsifo'lium (various-leaved). May. E. Ind. 
 flageUi'ferwn (rod- bearing). E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 lucinia'tum (jagged-/eouedj. Mar. Isle of 
 
 Leyte. 
 
 punctula'tum (small-dotted). May. J&ra. 
 
 repa'ndum (waved). May. E. Ind. 
 
 scn'ndt'ns (climbing). May. E. Ind. 
 
 serratifu'lium (saw- leaved). May. E. Ind. 
 
 stnuo'sum (crooked). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 subcrena'tum (slight-scolloped). Maj. E. Ind. 
 
 vi'rens (green). May. Java. 
 
 CYRTO'MIUM. (From kyrtos, curved; 
 the shape of the spore-cases, or seed- 
 vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 linn., 24^-Orypfogamia 1-Filices.} 
 
 Stove Ferns. Culture a for Cyrtogonium. 
 C.caryoti'deum (caryota-like). Yellow June. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 C.falcaftum (sickle-like-teat-ed). Yellow. June. 
 S. Amer. 1830. 
 
 CYRTOPE'RA. (From hyrtos, curved, 
 and pera, a small sack ; alluding to the 
 sack-like appendage to the labellum, or 
 lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [ Orchid acese]. 
 Linn., 20-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied 
 to Galeandra.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Root division; peat, rotten 
 wood, and potsherds. 
 
 C.fia'va (yellow). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 1831. 
 
 fiave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 pHca'ta (plaited-/tw.'t'd). India. 1840. 
 
 IVood/o'rdii (Woodford's). Pink. September. 
 
 S. Amer. 1819. 
 
 CYRTOPHLE'BIIJM. (From kyrlos, curved, 
 andphlebs, a vein; referring to the dis- 
 position of the veins in the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia I-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Culture as for Cyrtogonium. 
 C. decu'rrens (leuf-bordered-sfemmetf). 4. Yd- 
 low. July. Brazil. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 CYRTOPO'DIUJL (From kyrtos, curved. 
 
 and poca, a foot ; referring to the form of 
 the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, sphagnum, and 
 broken pots ; plants raised above the pots, or sus- 
 pended in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60 
 to Q0; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 C. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Yellow. April. 
 St. Vincent. 1804. 
 
 cnsta'tum (crested). 
 
 fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. 1831. 
 
 glutini'ferum (clammy). Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 puncta'tum (spotted). 3. Yellow, red. April. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Wibno'rei (Wilmore's) 4$. Yellowish-red. 
 
 June. Venezuela. 
 
 CYSTO'PTEEIS. A genus of Ferns, com- 
 posed of aspi'dium, alpi'num,alomari'nttin, 
 bulbi'ferum,denta'ium,fra'gile,&ndre'gium. 
 
 CY'TISUS. (From Cythrus, one of tho 
 Cyclades, where one of the species was? 
 first found. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacecc]. Linn., 16-Monudelphia 0- 
 Decandria.} 
 
 Shrubs and trees. Readily increased bv seeds ; 
 choice kinds are grafted or budded upon "the Ln- 
 burnum ; common garden-soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. e'legam (elegant). 3. Yellow. Cape of Goo, I 
 
 Hope. 1821. 
 
 fi'lipes (thread-stemmed). White. March. 
 Teneriffe. 1888. 
 
 glomera'tui (crowded). 3. Zauiibar. 18*6. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 ta'niger (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. 8pah-. 
 
 1821. Half-hardy. 
 ri'gidus (stiff -spincd). 6. Yellow. Juce. 
 
CYT 
 
 r 
 
 D.EM 
 
 C. nubi'genus (cloud-born). 6. Yellow. May 
 Teneriffe. 1779. 
 
 proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. April 
 
 Canaries. 1779- 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C. 
 C. j&o'licus (JEolian). 7. Yellow. May. Strom- 
 
 boli. 1836. 
 flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). White 
 
 May. England. 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leavet!) 
 
 Yellow. May. Gardens. 
 
 a'lbidus (white). "4. White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 a'lbus (white. Portugal Laburnum). 
 
 White. May. Portugal. 1752. 
 incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 8. Flesh. 
 
 May. Portugal. 1/52. 
 lu'ttus (yellow-flowered}. 8, Yellow. 
 
 May. Gardens. 
 
 atpi'nus (alpine. Scotch Laburnum). 30. 
 
 Yellow. June. Europe. 1596, 
 
 arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. France. 1739. 
 
 Austri'acus (Austrian). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Austria. 1741. 
 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). 8. Yellow. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1760. 
 
 calyci'nus (large-cz.lys.ed}. 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 capita'tus (round-headed). S. Yellow. July. 
 
 Austria. 1/74. 
 
 ciliii'tus (hair-frinired). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Carpathia. 1817. 
 
 ehnga'hu (long-branched). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1804. 
 
 falca'tus (sickle-shaped}. 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Hungary. 18 1 6. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 June. Portugal. 1816. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1739. 
 
 labu'rnum (common laburnum). 15. Yel- 
 
 low. May. Switzerland. 1596. 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. 
 
 Yellow. May. 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 15. Yellow. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 pe'ndulus (hanging-down-8rafieAd). Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 querc'fo'lius (oak-leaved). 15. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 Urale'nsis (Ural). May. Russia. 1832. 
 
 leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 4. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Hungary. 1806. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 4. Yellow. June. 1818. 
 
 tnultiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 miei-opfij/'lln (small-leaved). J. Yellow. May. 
 
 Hti'nus (dwarf), if. Yellow. May. Levant. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ni'gricans (black-rooted). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Austria. 1730. 
 
 orient o 1 Us (eastern). 3. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 pa't ens (spreading-). 4. Yellow. June. Por- 
 
 tuiial. 1752. 
 
 poly trichus (many-haired). lj. Yellow. June. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 purpu'reut (purple-flowered). 3. Purple. 
 
 Austria. 1792. 
 albijWru* (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. Austria. 
 pygma'tu (pigmy). 1. Yellow. Juno. Ca- 
 
 laeea. 
 
 raeemo'itus (raceme-flowered} . 9. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1835. Evergreen. 
 
 C. rhodophe'na (beautiful). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Russia. 1817. 
 
 scopa'rius (common broom). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. England. 
 a'lbus (white-flowering. 6. White. 
 
 June. England. 
 flp're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. Yellow. 
 
 April. England. 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leayed). 6. 
 
 Yellow. April. Gardens. 
 
 sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 6, Yellow. 
 
 July. Italy. 1629. 
 
 spino'sus (spiny. Broom). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. Evergreen. 
 
 supi'nus (supine). 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1755. Trailer. 
 
 triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1640. 
 
 Welde'nii (Baron Welden's). 10. Yellow. 
 
 April. Dalmatia. 1840. 
 pro'cerus (lofty). Yellow. June. Por. 
 
 tugal. 1816. 
 sero'tinus (l&te-flowering). Yellow. July. 
 
 Hungary. 182(5. 
 
 so'rdidus (mean). Yellow, purple. May. 
 
 CZA/CKIA. (After Czack, a Eussian 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria L-Monogynia.) 
 
 United to ANTHE'RICUM, which see for culture. 
 C. lilia' strum (liliaster). 1^. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 162Q. 
 
 D. 
 
 DACEY'DIUM. (From dakru, a tear; 
 referring to the resinous drops, glands, 
 or exudations. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxa- 
 cese]. Linn., %1-Moncccia IQ-Decandria. 
 Allied to Podocarpus and Yew. ) 
 
 D. taxifo'lium is the feakaterro of the natives ; 
 its young branches, like those of the Norway 
 Spruce, afford a beverage of the same qualitif-s as 
 spruce beer. Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings 
 of firm young wood in sand, under a glass; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 
 35 to 45. 
 
 D. cupre'ssinum (cypress-like). 16. New Zealand. 
 1825. 
 
 ela'tum (lofty). 20. Pulo Penang. 1830. 
 - exce'lsum (tall). New Zealand. 
 
 Frankla'ndii (Frankland's. Huon Pine). 100. 
 
 Tasmania. 1844. 
 
 Ma'i (Mai). New Zealand. 1843. 
 
 taxifo'lium (yew-leaved). New Zealand. 1848. 
 
 DACTYLICA'PNOS. (From daktylos, a 
 inger, and kapnos, fumitory; literally, 
 fingered-fumitory, tendrils being finger- 
 shaped. Nat. ord., Fumeworfs [Fumari- 
 aoese] . Linn.,17-Z> iadelphia 2-Hexandria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in slight 
 hotbed, in March ; cuttings under a glass, in 
 April; sandy loam. If kept over the winter, re- 
 quires the protection of a cold pit. 
 D. thalictrifo'iia (thalictrum-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 brown. August. Nepaul. 1831. 
 
 D^'MIA. (Its Arabic name. Nat. orJ., 
 Asclepiads [Aselepiadacese]. Linn., ft- 
 
DAF 
 
 [282 ] 
 
 DAH 
 
 Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Euste 
 gia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, 
 blooming in July. Cuttings of firm side-shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, 
 in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little 
 silver sand. Summer temp., 60 to 65 ; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 D. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). 10. Arabia. 1824. 
 
 exte'nta (extended). 3. E. Ind. 1777. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Gambia. 1824. 
 
 DA'FFODIL. Narci'ssuspse'udo-narci'ssits. 
 
 DA'HLIA.. (Named after Dakl, a Swedish 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 cese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-Siiperflua.) 
 
 Hardy perennial tubers. Division of the tuber- 
 ous roots ; cuttings when they have grown three 
 or four inches in length, in the spring, and in- 
 serted in light, sandy soil, with a little bottom- 
 heat, and hardened off by degrees ; seeds for in- 
 suring the different species ; fresh, rich, light soil. 
 The roots, after the stems are cut down by frost, 
 must be taken up and plunged in dry soil. 
 
 D, Barke'ria: (Miss Barker's). 2. Blush. Au. 
 gust. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 CervanWsii (Cervantes'). Scarlet. August. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 croca'ta (rusty). Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1802. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 
 
 anemoncefltfra (anemone-flowered). 30. 
 
 Light. September. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 frustra'nea (barren-rayed). 6. Scarlet. Oc- 
 tober. Mexico. 1802. 
 
 aura'ntia (orange- coloured). 6. Orange. 
 
 October. Mexico. 1802. 
 cro'cea (saffron). 6. Yellow. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1802, 
 lu'tea (yellow). 6. Sulphur. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1802. 
 
 glabra'ta (smooth). 3. Lilac. July. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 scapi'gera (..'awg'-flower-stemined). 2. White. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 supe'rflua (superfluous). 6. Purple. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1789. 
 
 DAHLIA AS A FLOEIST'S PLOTVEE. The 
 innumerable varieties in our gardens are 
 the descendants of D. supe'rflua. 
 
 Propagation by Cuttings. The time for 
 striking these extends from February to 
 August. The young shoots that spring 
 from the bulbs make the best cuttings, 
 and are the most sure to grow ; but the 
 young tops taken off at a joint will strike 
 root and form small bulbs even so late as 
 August, and often are more sure to grow 
 in the spring following, if kept in small 
 pots, than roots that have been planted 
 out late. This more particularly applies 
 to new varieties. If the shoots on the old 
 bulbs are numerous, or there appears 
 many buds ready to start, the shoots 
 that have grown three inches long may 
 be slipped off with the finger close to 
 the bulb ; but if the shoots are few, or 
 
 only one, they must be cut off so as to 
 leave two buds at the base of the shoot 
 to grow again. The cuttings, or slips, 
 must be put in pots filled with light 
 earth, with a layer of pure white sand. 
 on the surface, and placed in a gentle 
 hotbed. If the pot of cuttings can be 
 plunged in coal-ashes, or other material, 
 the cuttings will strike the sooner ; water 
 very moderately and carefully, and shade 
 from bright sun. They will strike root in 
 a fortnight or three weeks, and should be 
 immediately potted in 3^-ineh pots, and 
 kept close for a few days, till they make 
 a few more roots. They may then be 
 placed in a cold frame, shaded from the 
 sun, and protected from frost and wet. 
 Pot them again into 4^-inch pots, before 
 the roots become matted, and then begin 
 to give air daily, and keep them well 
 watered. 
 
 By Division. The roots may be di- 
 vided from the crown downwards, taking 
 care to have a bud or two to each divi- 
 sion. Pot them, if too early to plant out, 
 or plant the division out at once in their 
 places, but not earlier than the middle of 
 April. 
 
 By Seed Save the seed from such 
 double flowers as are partially fertile, 
 having bright distinct colours and good 
 form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and 
 hang the pods up in a dry place. When 
 the scales of the pod turn brown, sepa- 
 rate the seeds, dry them in the sun in 
 the morning only, and when dry store 
 them in a dry room. Sow them in March, 
 in shallow pans, and transplant the seed- 
 lings singly into small pots. As soon as 
 the frosts are passed, plant them out a 
 foot apart every way, and allow them to 
 flower. All bad- shaped or dull-coloured 
 throw away ; there is no hope of their 
 I improving by culture. Such as have good- 
 j formed petals and bright colours, though 
 not perfectly double, maybe kept another 
 year for a further trial ; and such as are 
 excellent should be propagated from the 
 young tops, to preserve the kinds, as the 
 old root might perish. 
 
 Soil. The dahlia requires a rich, 
 deep, friable soil ; and, as the branches 
 are heavy and brittle, a sheltered situa- 
 tion should be chosen, neither too low 
 nor too high. The ground should be 
 trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen 
 inches or two feet deep, a good coating of 
 well-decomposed dung spread on the sur- 
 face after the trenching is completed, and 
 
DAE 
 
 [ 283 ] 
 
 DAH 
 
 immediately dug in one spit deep. Lay 
 the soil so mixed up in slight ridges, to 
 be levelled down just before planting. 
 
 Summer Culture. Prepare the plants 
 for planting out by constant and full ex- 
 posure when the weather is mild. The 
 season for planting is as soon as there is 
 no fear of any more frost. To grow them 
 fine, and to obtain high colours, they 
 should have plenty of room between each 
 plant five feet apart every way for the 
 dwarf-growing kinds, and six feet for the 
 tall ones, will not be too much. It is a 
 good method to have the places for each 
 marked out, by driving in the stakes in 
 the exact places first, arid then there is 
 no danger of the stakes injuring the roots. 
 As late frosts might possibly occur, it is 
 safer to cover the plants at night with 
 clean empty garden-pots of a sufficient 
 size to cover them without touching the 
 leaves, until all fear of frost has subsided. 
 When the plants have obtained a con- 
 siderable growth, cover the surface round 
 each plant with some half-rotted, littery 
 stable-dung ; this will preserve them from 
 drought, and afford nutriment when the 
 plants are watered. 
 
 Tying is a very important operation. 
 As soon as the plants are high enough, 
 they should be tied to the stakes with 
 some rather broad shreds of soft bass 
 matting; and the side-shoots must also 
 be secured by longer pieces of matting, 
 to prevent the winds and heavy rains 
 from breaking them off. It may some- 
 times be necessary to place three or four 
 additional stakes at a certain distance 
 from the central one, to tie the side- 
 branches to. The best kind of stakes 
 are the thinnings of larch plantations. 
 They should be stout, and six or seven 
 feet long, at least. As the plants grow, 
 if the weather is hot and dry, abundance 
 of water should be supplied. 
 
 Protecting the Flowers. This will be 
 necessary if intended for exhibition. 
 Caps of oiled canvass stretched upon a 
 wire frame are very good for the purpose ; 
 even a common garden-pot turned up- 
 side down is no bad shelter. They may 
 easily be suspended over each flower by 
 being fastened to a stake, and the flower 
 gently brought down and tied to the 
 stake under them. The best shade, how- 
 ever, is a square box with a glass front, 
 and a slit at the bottom to allow the stem 
 of the flower to slide into it, and thus 
 bring the flower within the box. The 
 
 flower then has the advantage of light 
 and air, and is still protected from the 
 sun, wind, and rain. 
 
 Winter Culture. As soon as 'the au- 
 tumn frosts have destroyed the tops of 
 the plants, cut down the stems, and take 
 up the roots immediately. If the roote 
 come up clean out of the ground, they 
 will only require gently drying, and may 
 be stored at once in some place where 
 they will be safe from frost. If the soil 
 clings much to the tubers, these should 
 be washed and dried, and then stowed 
 away. The place should not only be free 
 from frost, but from damp also, yet not 
 so dry as to cause them to shrivel up too 
 much. It is a good plan to have two or 
 three of each kind struck late and kept 
 in pots through the winter ; but the soil 
 must be perfectly dry before they are 
 put to rest, and no wet or frost allowed 
 to reach them. A good place for them 
 is to lay the pots on one side under the- 
 stage of a greenhouse. In these winter 
 quarters they must be frequently exa- 
 mined, and all decaying roots or stems- 
 removed. 
 
 Insects. In the early stages of growth, 
 the great pest to the dahlia is the slug. 
 Watering with clear lime-water is the 
 best article to destroy them, or a dusting 
 of quick-lime in dewy mornings will be 
 useful ; a circle of lime round each plant 
 will be a good preventive, and also a care- 
 fully gathering up, very early in the 
 morning, of these vermin will greatly re- 
 duce their numbers. When the plants are 
 in flower, the earwig is almost sure to at- 
 tack them, and frequently in one night 
 will disfigure the finest and. most perfect 
 bloom, and render it unfit for exhibition. 
 Traps must be set to catch them. Small 
 garden-pots with a little hay or moss put 
 in them, and then turned upside down 
 upon the stakes, are a. good trap for them. 
 They should be examined every morning, 
 and the insects in them destroyed. Dried 
 bean stalks are also a good trap : place 
 them among the branches, and the in- 
 sects will creep into them as a hiding 
 place. Also, as they feed chiefly in the 
 night, take a lantern at that time, and 
 examine every flower. 
 
 Preparing for Exhibition. Cut the 
 flowers the night before, and if they are 
 to be conveyed a considerable distance, 
 have a box or boxes made with water- 
 tight tin tubes securely fixed in the bot- 
 tom, to hold water ; pass the stem of each. 
 
DAI 
 
 [ 284 ] 
 
 DAM 
 
 flower through a plug of wood with a 
 hole in the centre, just wide enough to 
 allow the stem to pass through it, and 
 just thick enough to fit like a cork into 
 the tin tube. Make the flower quite firm in j 
 the wooden plug, and let the lid of the j 
 box he so elevated as not to touch the 
 flower. 
 
 DA'IS. (From daio, to heat; referring 
 the causticity of the hark. Nat. ord., 
 Daphnads [Thymelacesej. Linn., 10-De- 
 candria l-Monr-'jynia. Allied to Meze- 
 reon.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight 
 hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, 
 or of the roots, in April, in sand, under a glass, 
 and with a little heat; peat ami loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 75; winter, 40 :o 45. 
 D. cotinifo'lia (cotinus- leaved). 10. White, 
 green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1776. 
 
 DAISY. (Be'llis pere'nnis.) There are 
 many double varieties of this hardy 
 perennial; some white, others crimson, 
 and many variegated. A more curious 
 variety is the Proliferous or Hen and 
 Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish 
 in any moist soil, and almost in any si- 
 tuation. They bloom from April to 
 June. Propagated by divisions; the 
 smallest fragment of root almost en- 
 ables them to grow. To keep them 
 double and fine, they require moving oc- 
 casionally. Planted as an edging round 
 the Ranunculus-bed their roots tempt the 
 wireworrn from those of the choicer 
 flower. 
 
 DALBE'RGIA. (Named after Dalberg, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Dia- 
 delphia ^-Decandria.) 
 
 The wood of D. Si'ssoo is remarkable for its 
 excellence. East Indian stove evergreen trees, 
 almost all with white flowers. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in March, in sand, under a glass, 
 and in a little bottom-heat ; fibry peat and turfy 
 loam, with a portion of sand. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 D. Barefoot (Barclay'*), 15. Blue. Mauritius. 
 
 1823. 
 frondo'sa (fronded). 30. 1818. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). 20. 1823. 
 
 Ougeine'nsis (Ougein). 30. 1820. 
 
 panicula'ta(p3inic\ed). 30. 1811. 
 
 rimo'su (chinky). 20. 1823. 
 - rubigino'sa (rusty). 10. 1811. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 20. 1812. 
 
 Si'ssoo (Sissoo). 30. 1820. 
 
 tamarindifo'iia (tamarind-leaved). 16, 1820. 
 
 Telfm'rii (Telfair's). 15. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 20. 1818. 
 
 DALECHA'MPIA. (Named after Dale- 
 champ, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 JEuplwrbiads [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 
 
 ; 2l-Monoecia 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Poiusettia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, with yellowishgree 
 flowers. Cuttings a little dried at their base 
 before insertion into sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light, in April ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85; winter, 50. 
 
 D. Brazilic'nsis (Brazilian). 6. July. Brasfl. 
 
 1824. 
 ftc'ifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. July. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 12. June. W. Ind. 1/SO,. 
 
 DALIBA'EDA. (Named after Dalibard, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Roscworts 
 [Rosaceee]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di- 
 ptntagynia. Allied to Potentilla.) 
 
 An alpine, or rock-plant. Division ; light, 
 sandy soil ; a sheltered, dry place, or the protec- 
 tion of a cold pit in winter. 
 
 D. uiolaoi'des (violet-like). $. White. May. 
 N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 DAMASO'NIUJI. Plants of no interest 
 to the gardener, belonging to a small 
 group of fresh-water plants, singular for 
 flowering under water, except at the tirna 
 of fertilization, when the flowers rise 
 above the water for a few hours. The 
 group is called Hydrocarads ; but these 
 Damasoniums are now referred to the 
 genus Ottelia, allied to Stratiotes. 
 
 DAME'S VIOLET. He'speris matrona'tis. 
 
 DA'MMARA. (The Dammar Pine of 
 New Zealand. The Kawrie of the natives. 
 Nat. ord., Conifers [Coniferaa], Linn., 
 21-Muncecia IQ-Monadelphia.) 
 
 The finest masts are now prepared from the 
 D. austra'lis for our navy ; it also yields a brittle, 
 resin-like copal. Cuttings of young, ripe, firm 
 shoots, inserted in sand, in the spring, in a 
 gentle bottom-heat, under a bell-glass; loam, 
 with a little sand. Summer temp., 55 to 80 ; 
 winter, 38 to 45. 
 
 D. austra'lis (southern. Coicdie Pine'). 2CO. New 
 Zealand. 1821. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Amboyna. 1804. 
 
 DAMPIE'EA. (Named after the circum- 
 navigator, Capt. W. Dampier. Nat. ord., 
 Goodeniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sce- 
 vola.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with blue 
 flowers, from New Holland. Division ; and cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a glass; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 74; 
 winter, 38 to 45. 
 D. ala'ta (winged-/eawf). May. 1842. 
 
 corona'ta (crowned-flowered). May. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). May. 
 fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). May. 1841. 
 
 lavendufa'cea (lavender-teat'ed). 184S. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1840. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). $. July. 1814. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 1. July. 1814. 
 
 tc'ris (round-leaved), June. 
 
 DAMPING OFF is a name applied by 
 
DAN 
 
 [ 285 ] 
 
 DAE 
 
 gardeners to an ulceration of the stems 
 of seedlings, and other tender plants. 
 This ulceration arises from the soil and 
 air ill which they are vegetating being 
 kept too moist or damp. Flower seed- 
 iiugs are especially liable to he tlras 
 affected; and, to prevent this, one third 
 of the depth of the pot should be filled 
 with drainage, and the soil employed, 
 instead of being sifted, allowed to retain 
 all moderately-sized stones. The seeds 
 should be sown very thinly, pressed 
 down, and a little white sand be sprinkled 
 over the surface, because this is not 
 easily disturbed by watering, and is not 
 a medium that retains moisture to the 
 neck of the seedlings, where dampness 
 most affects them. A pot of sand should 
 be kept hot, and whenever symptoms of 
 the disease appear, a little whilst hot 
 sprinkled on the soil. 
 
 DAN^E'A. (Named after P. M. Dana, 
 who wrote on the Mora of Piedmont. 
 Nat. ord., Danceaworts [Danseacece]. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptogamia \-Ftiices.~) 
 
 This small order consists of Fern-like plants, 
 and for all the purposes of cultivation may be 
 considered as Ferns. Stove herbaceous peren- 
 nial. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 D. ala'ta (winged). W. Ind. 3823. 
 
 DA'PHNE. (So called after the fabled 
 nymph of that name. Nat. ord., Daph- 
 nads [Thymelacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 
 1 -Monogynia. ) 
 
 Extreme causticity is the general property of 
 the Daphnads the Spurge Laurel and Mezereum 
 particularly so. Seed for most of the species, 
 especially of the D. luum'ola, or Spurge Laurel ; 
 used as a grafting stock for most of the rarer and 
 tender kinds. As the seed is two years in vege- 
 tating, it is usual to keep it some time in sand, 
 in aheap. D, cneo'rum and other d'.varf kinds, 
 especially if at all trailing, are generally propa- 
 gated by layers in summer. A close pit for graft- 
 ing the finer kinds, in March or April, is an ad- 
 vantage. Most of them like a good proportion of 
 sandy peat ; but the deciduous Meze'reum prefers 
 pure loam. The odo'ra and odo'ra ru'bra are 
 nearly hardy in the climate of London ; but farther 
 north they require the cold pit or greenhouse. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 D. Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 3. Lilac. February. 
 China. 1844. 
 
 Mi'xe'reum (Mezereum). 4. Pink. March. 
 
 England. 
 
 oflbum (v/h\te~flowered") . 4. March. 
 
 autum.nu.He (autumnal). 4. Red. August. 
 
 Europe. 
 ru'brum (red-flowered). 4. Pink. March. 
 
 England. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 D. alpi'na (alpine). 2. White. June. Italy. 1759. 
 
 AHa'ica (Altaic). 3. White. April. Siberia. 
 
 1796. 
 
 D. austra'lis (southern). 3. Pin?:. April. Napletv 
 
 cneo'rum (garland-flower). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Australia. 1753. 
 fo'liis vai-iega'tis (variegated-leared). 1. 
 
 Pink. April. 
 grandiflo'ntm (large- flowered). 1. Pink.. 
 
 April. 
 col/i'na (hill). 8. Purple. March. Italy. 
 
 1752. 
 
 Gni'dium (Gnidium). 2. White. July. Spain. 
 
 1597. 
 
 laurc'ola (Sp?/r#e-laurel). 6. Green. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Britain. 
 
 Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 2. Purple. March. 
 
 Naples. 1822. 
 
 oleoi'des (olive-like). 2, White. Crete. 1815. 
 
 Po'ntica (Pontic). 4. Green, yellow. April. 
 
 Pontus. 1759. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 1. 
 
 Pink. August. Pontus. 
 
 pubtSxcens (downy). 3. Yellow. April. Austria., 
 
 1810. 
 
 stri'eea (silky). 2. White. April. Crete. 
 
 1830. 
 
 stria'ta (streaked). 2. Purple. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 Tu'rton-rai'ra (T arton-raira). 3. White. June. 
 
 France. 1640. 
 
 tonicntu'sa (shaggy). 2. White. June. Asia* 
 
 1800. Halt-hardy. 
 
 thyrnelafa (Wild Olive). 3. Yellow. March. 
 
 Spain. 1815. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. Nepaul. 
 
 1829. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 D. Auclda'ndii (Lady Auckland's). 2. Hima- 
 layas. 1841. Stove. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellovr. May. China, 
 
 1825. 
 
 I'ndica. ( Indian). 4. White. June. China. 
 
 1800. 
 ru'bra (red). Purplish-pink. China. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. March. Japan. 
 
 1840. 
 
 odo'ra (sweet-scented). 3. Pink, white. July. 
 
 China. 1771. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 4. Pink. April. China. 1831. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. Oc- 
 tober. Japan. 1800. 
 
 papyra'cea (paper). 4. White. May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1824. 
 
 tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 6. Jamaica. 1/7?. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 DARE'A. (Named after Dar, a bota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].- 
 Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia 1-FUices. Allied 
 to Asplenium.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, requiring the name treatment as- 
 Csenopteris. 
 D. uln'ta (winged). Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 cicuta'rlum (cicuta-like). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1&20. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 2. Brown. 
 
 March. N. Zealand. 1831. 
 
 myriophy'lla (thousand-leaved). Brown. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 rhiiso'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1/93. 
 
 rhizophy'llum (rooting-leaved). f. Brown. 
 
 June. N. Amer. JtiSO. 
 
 ruteefo'lia (rue-leaved). Brown. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 
 
DAB 
 
 [286] 
 
 DAV 
 
 ,D<Ke/ndem (climbing). Brown. July. We of 
 Leyte. 
 
 vioi'parurn (viviparous). I. Brown. June. 
 
 Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 DAKWI'NIA. (Named after Dr. Darwin, 
 author of The Botanic Garden. Nat. ord., 
 fringe-myrtles [Chamaelauciaceee]. Linn 
 3.0-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Oenetyllis.) 
 
 Greenhoune evergreens^ from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of young shoots 'in sand, under a bell- 
 plass ; peat and loam, both fibry, aud with sand. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 38 a to 45. 
 rC.fascicula'ta (fascicled). 29. Red. June. 1820. 
 
 taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 29. White. June. 1824. 
 
 DASYSTE'MON. (From dasys, thick, 
 and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., House- 
 leeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria 
 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; sandy loam. 
 D. calyci'num (/ea/y-calyxedj. White. June. 
 Australia. 1323. 
 
 DATE PALM. Phos'nix. 
 
 DATE PLUM. Diospy'rus. 
 
 DATTJ'RA. Thorn Apple. (From its 
 Arabic name, Tatorali. Nat. ord., Night- 
 shades [Solanaceae]. Linn., Pentandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Solandra.) 
 
 Violent narcotic principles pervade this order, 
 the seeds being the most powerful. Annuals, by 
 seeds in hotbed, in March, and either potted and 
 bloomed in the greenhouse, or transferred to a 
 rich, sheltered border. Evergreen shrubs, by 
 cuttings any time in spring or summer, in litrht 
 soil, in a little heat, with a hand-light over them ; 
 jich, fibry loam ; do well in a sheltered border in 
 summer, and may either be protected there, or 
 removed to a shed or house where the temperature 
 will not fall below 35 to 40 in winter. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 D. a'lba (white-lowered). White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 ceratocau'lon (horn-stalked). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1805. 
 fastuo'sa (proud). 3. Purple. Angust. Egypt. 
 
 1629. 
 ftfrox (fierce). 3. White. August. Ckina. 
 
 1731. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). White. June. S. Amer, 
 
 1825. 
 
 Guayaguile'nsis (Guayaquil). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Guayaquil. 1826. 
 
 la;' vis (smooth -/rutted). 2. White. July. 
 
 Africa. 1710. 
 
 Ntftel (Metel). 2. White. July. Asia. 1596. 
 - murica'ta (muricated). 2. White. May. 1820. 
 
 qutrcifo'lia (oak-leaved). Lilac. July. 'Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Stramo'nium (Stramonium). 3. White. Aur 
 
 gust. England. 
 fla'va (yellow). Sulphur. August. 
 
 Ta'tula (Tatula). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1629. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 H. bi' color (tvvo-coloured-coroWffl). 20. Dark 
 red. August. Peru. 1833. 
 
 ca'ndida (vrhite-stalked). 10. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Peru. 1813. 
 
 D.corni'gera (horn-bearing), 10. White. Jufa. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. 
 flo're-pWno( double-flowered). 10. White. 
 
 July. 184fi. 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). Ortng*. June. 
 
 8. Amer. 1838. 
 
 Gardne'ri (Gardner's). White. S. Amer. 1733* 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 20. Yellow. Sep. 
 
 tember. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1 5, White* An- 
 
 gust. Peru. 1733. 
 
 Wayma'nii (Wayman'a). 2. White, purple. 
 
 May. S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 DAUBENTO'NIA. (Named after M. 
 Daubenton, a naturalist. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Lirm., 17- 
 Dladelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to Ses- 
 bania.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; 
 loam and peat, open aud fibry, with a little sand. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; whiter, 50 to 55. 
 D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 New Spain. 1820. 
 
 puni'cua (red). 3. Vermilion. July. New 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 Tripetia'nu (Mr. Tripet'a). Scarlet, orange. 
 
 September. Buenos Ayre*. 1840. 
 DAUBE'NYA. (In honour of Dr. Datt- 
 beny, professor of botany in the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford. Nat. ord., Lilyworls 
 [Liliaceas]. Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Mono- 
 ijynia. Allied to Massonia.) 
 
 Pretty yellow-fldwering-bulbs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, which will succeed in a warm border 
 in front of a greenhouse, if protected from frost 
 in winter ; and also in pots, in rich, sandy loam, 
 eithei in a greenhouse or frame, and to be kept 
 quite dry while at rest ; offsets. 
 D. au'rea (golden-flowered). $. June. 18SJ. 
 
 fu'lna (tawny). . 1836. 
 
 DAU'CUS. Carrot. (From daucus, a 
 carrot. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. 
 Linn.,. 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 The cultivated species is a white-flowered hardy 
 biennial; but there are others, biennials and 
 smnuals, mere weeds. Seeds in March or April; 
 deep, light, well-pulverized soil. See CARROT. 
 D. caro'ta (common carrot). 3. June. Britain. 
 
 aura'ntia (long-orange'). 3. June. 
 
 horte'nsis (yetfow-garden). 3. May. 
 
 pree'cox (early- horn). 3. June. 
 
 DAVA'LLIA. Hare's-foot Fern. (Named 
 after E. Davali, a Swiss botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 The rhizomes or creeping stems of this Fern, 
 clothed with a light-brown down, when without 
 eaves, look much like a hare's foot. Greenhouse 
 Ferns. Divisions and severing the roots, and by 
 spores ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 90 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 D. ala'ta (winged). June. E. Ind. 
 
 Canane'nsis, (Canary). l. June. Canaries. 
 
 1699. 
 
 Concavade'nsii (Coocavedo). I. BrsutiK 1823. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful), I. June N. Holland. 18*6. 
 
TAV 
 
 [267] 
 
 DEL 
 
 D. '/tf#art* (elegant). 1. June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 fla'ccida (feeble). ).. June. N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 fumarioVdes (fumaria-like). August. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 gibbero'sa (swollen-roofed). 3. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1325. 
 
 pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). April. Singapore. 
 
 pyxida'ta (box-like). J. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1808. 
 
 relu'sa (abrupt-ended). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 so'lida (solid). July. Isle of Luzon. 1844. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). July. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 DAVIE'SIA. (Named after the Rev. H. 
 Davies, a Welsh botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 \0-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Viminaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse ever greens, fromNew Holland. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, rather firm, (stumpy side- 
 shoots are best,) in sand, under y. bell-glass ; seeds 
 sown in a slight hotbed in March ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 80; winter, 38 to 45. 
 D, acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 1604. 
 
 ala'ta (winged). 3. Yellow. June. 1818. 
 
 angula'tu (sharp-cornered). Yellow. April. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. White, red. 
 
 July. 1804. 
 
 genistoi'des (genista-like). Yellow. May, 1823. 
 
 incrussa'ta (thick-leaved). i>. Yellow. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 juniperi'na (juniper-like). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ju'ncea. (rush-like). 2J. Yellow. July. 1923. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 1805. 
 
 leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 linea'ris(iia.rTOvr-leavsd'). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 1827. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). Yellow. May. 1810. 
 
 mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 1809. 
 
 peduncula'ta f/&g--flowered-stalked). Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 physo'des (bladdery). 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-ieaved) . Yellow. May. 
 
 1842. 
 
 pu'ngens (pungent). Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 (juadrila'tera (four - sided - leaved). Yellow. 
 
 May. 1840. 
 
 racemulo'sa (slightly-racemed). 2i. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1823. 
 
 ramulo'sa (branching). Yellow* May. 1842. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2, Yellow. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ulici'na (furze-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1792. 
 
 umbellula'ta (small-umbdled). 2.J. Yellow. 
 
 May. 1816. 
 
 virga'ta, (twiggy). 2. Tawny, July. 182?. 
 
 BAY LILY. Hemeroca'llis. 
 
 DE'CODON. See NESJE'A. 
 
 DECUMA'RIA. (From decuma, a tenth ; 
 referring to the ten valvate divisions of 
 the calyx, and the ten cells of the cap- 
 sule, or seed-pod. Nat. ord., Syringas 
 [Philadelphaceas] . Linn., 1 l-Dodecandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Philadelphia.) 
 
 Kardy deciduous twiners, with all white 
 flowers, requiring supports, or to be trained 
 against a south wall in a dry, warm border of 
 light, rich soil. Cuttings under a hand-light, in a 
 shady placs, and in sandy soil, in summer. 
 
 D. ba'rbara (barbarous). 4. July. Carolina. 1785. 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). 5. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 tarmento'ta (twiggy). 30. July. Carolina. 
 
 1758. 
 
 DELI' MA. (From delimo, to shave or 
 polish; referring to the hard asperities 
 which cover the leaves, and render them 
 fit for polishing. Nat. ord., Dilleniads 
 [Diileniaceeej. Linn., I3-Polyandria 1- 
 Munogynia. Allied to Tetracera.) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fins 
 large leaves and yellow flowere, having much th 
 aspect of small Magnolia flowers-. Cuttings of 
 fine young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell- 
 l-claas, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both 
 uirfy and fibry, with a little sitver sand, pieces of 
 charcoal, ana good drainage. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 D. ni'tida (shining-icawf). 10. Trinidad, 1830. 
 
 sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 DELPHI'NIUM. Larkspur, (From del- 
 phm, a dolphin; supposed resemblance 
 of the spur to a dolphin's head. Nat, 
 ovd., Crowfoots [Kanunculacese]. Linn., 
 13-Polyandria S-Triyynia.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seeds in. common 
 soil, in the open border, ?n M~rch and April ; 
 perennials, by division of the roots in spring and 
 summer, and by seeds in March or April. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 D. Aconi'ti (Aconite-like). 1. Purple. June. 
 Levant. 1801. 
 
 Aja'cis (Ajas). l. Pink. June. Switaerland. 
 
 1573. 
 
 fitfre-pltfno (double-flowered). 1 . Varie- 
 gated. June. Europe. 1578. 
 
 ambi'guum (doubtful). Blue. June. Bturbary. 
 
 1759. 
 
 oordiope 1 ialum (heart-petaled). 1. Bloc. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 conso'lida (uniting. Branched). 2. Blue. 
 
 April. England. 
 
 fio're-ple'no (don 1 ^-flowered). 1. Var 
 
 rie gated. June. .England*. 
 
 divariea'fum (straggling). Purple. July. 
 
 Persia. 1830. 
 
 Oliveria'num (Oliver's). 1&. Sloe. Juue. 
 
 South Europe. 1826. 
 
 pei-9gri'num (diffuse) . I. Blue. July. Italr. 
 
 1629. 
 
 pi'etum (painted). 1^. Light bine. Jn3. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. Biennial. 
 
 pultefscens (downy). 2. Blue. Aoigtjst. Me- 
 
 diterranean. 1816. 
 
 Requie'nii (Requien's). 4. Blue. Joly. Ma- 
 
 jorca. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 Staphisa'gria (Stavesacre). 2. Light blae. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1595. Biennial. 
 
 tenui'ssimum (slenderest-6rancfted). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. Greece. 1835. 
 
 virga? turn (twiggy). l. Blue. June. Syria. 
 
 1823. 
 
DEL 
 
 [ 288 ] 
 
 DEN 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 I), albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 4. White. July. 
 America. 1823. 
 
 alpi'num (alpine. Bee). 5. Blue July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. 
 
 Alta'icurn (Altaian). 4. Blue. July. Altaia. 
 
 1829. 
 
 amce'num (pleasing). 2. Pale blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1818. 
 
 azu'reum (azure). 1 6. Light blue. July. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1805. 
 
 cheila'ntkum (lin-flowered). 2. Dark blue. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). 2. Blue. July. China. 
 
 1818. 
 
 crasslcau'le (thick-stemmed). Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1822. 
 
 cunea'tum (wedgc-featvif). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1816. 
 
 dasyca'rpum (thick-fruited). 4. Bluo. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1819- 
 
 dcco'rum (comely). l. Blue. June. Russia. 
 
 1838, 
 
 dictyoca'rpum (netted-fruited). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 di'zcolor (two-coloured). 6. Blue, white. Au- 
 
 gust. Siberia. 1834. 
 
 ela'tum (tall. Common nee). 6. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1597. 
 
 -- eflegans (elegant). 1$. Blue. July. N. 
 Amer. 
 
 flo' re-pie 1 no (common- double flowered). 
 
 14. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1741. 
 
 exalta'tum (lofty). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1758. 
 fi'wtm (cleft). 4. Blue. June. Hungary. ISlG. 
 
 fiexuo'sum (zigzaar). 2. Blue. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 gra'clle (graceful). Red. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Dark blue. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 a'lbum (vthite-Jloivered). 2. White. July. 
 
 a'lbum-ple'no (double-white). 2. White. 
 
 June. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-A/we-flowered). 2. 
 
 Dark blue. June. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Red, pink. 
 
 August. 
 
 ky'bridum (hybrid). 3. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1794. 
 
 iatterme'dium (intermediate). Blue. August. 
 
 Silesia. 1710. 
 ecerule'scens (downy-leaved, sky-bluel. 7- 
 
 Light blue. July. 1836. 
 la'xum (loose-spiked). 6. Blue. May. 
 
 leptosta'chyum( slender-spiked). 6. Blue. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 pilosi'ssimum (hairiest). 6. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 
 ranunculifo'llum (ranunculus-leaved). 6. 
 
 Blue. July. Pyrenees. 
 sapphi'rinum (sauphite-blue-flowered), 7. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 M enzi e'sii (Menzies'). 2. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 mesoleu'cum (white-middled). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 1822. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 4. Blue. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819- 
 
 bracteo'sum (bracteose). 8. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 D. moscha'tum (musk-scented). 6. Dark Mus* 
 August. Switzerland. 1831. 
 
 ochroteu'cwn (yellowish-white). 2. White, 
 
 Iberia. 1823. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale). Pale blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 palmati'fidum (hand- like- cleft). 3. Blue, 
 
 July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 glabe'llum (smoothish). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 181?. 
 
 pentagy'num (five-styled). 2. Blue. July* 
 
 South Europe. 1819. 
 
 pseu'do-peregri'num (rather-diffuse). 3. Red. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 pum'ceum (sc&rlet-flowered). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1/85. 
 
 revolu'tum (rolled-back). 6. Pale blue. April. 
 
 Sine'nse flo're-ple'no (Chinese double -flow- 
 
 ered). Deep blue. June. China. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 spu'rium (spurious). 4. Blue. August. Siberia. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Mcu'rne (three-horned). J. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 180(5. 
 
 tri'stc (sadj. 2. Blue, July. Dahuria. IS 19. 
 
 Ucru'nicum (Ukraine). Blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 urceolu'tum (pitcher-like). 2. Blue. June. 1S01. 
 
 vefuti'num (velvety). 4. Blue. July. Italy. Irfig. 
 
 villo'sum (long-haired), 4. Blue. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 vimi'neum (wand-like). 4. Blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1835. 
 
 DENDRO'BIUM. (From dendron, a tree, 
 and bios, life; referring to the way these 
 air-plants fasten on trees for support. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn., 
 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monamlria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Dividing the plant when in a 
 dormant state; turfy peat, a few broken potsherds, 
 and fastening the plant above the surface of the 
 pot ; cutting pieces of peeled oak as long as the 
 diameter of the pot inside at the rim ; fixing the 
 plant to this wood ; and, after placing it in the 
 pot, banking up around it with tiie suitable com- 
 post prevents all danger from damp, owing to 
 the plant sinking. Temp., 60 to 90 when grow- 
 ing, with moisture in the air; and when at rest, 
 55 to 60, and drier. 
 
 D. a'mulum (rival). 4. White, brown. N. Hol- 
 land. 1823. 
 
 acero'sum (pointed- leaved). Yellow, pinfe. 
 
 Singapore. 1840. 
 
 acieula're (needle-leaved). Yellow, pink. Sin- 
 
 gapore. 1840. 
 
 acuminati'ssimum (most pointed). Greenish. 
 
 Manilla. 1840. 
 
 adu'ncum (hooked). 2. Pink. Manilla. 18^2. 
 
 aggrega'tum (clustered). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 India. 
 ma' jus (larger). White. April. India. 1P35. 
 
 alpe'stre (rock). White. Himalayas. 1S40. 
 
 amee'num (lovely). White, yellow. June. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1843. 
 
 a'mplum (ample). Straw-coloured. Khooseea* 
 
 1837. 
 
 ano'smum (scentless). l. Purple. June. Phi- 
 
 lippines. 1840. 
 
 a'queum (watery). 1. Greenish. November. 
 
 Bombay. 1842. 
 
 au'reum (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. Ceylon. 
 palli'dum (pale-golden-./?ow>tfnd). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow, March. Ceylon. 1836. 
 
DEN 
 
 [ 289 ] 
 
 DEN 
 
 D.nurfferum (gold-bearing). Yellow. China. 
 1<U3. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). Buff. Bombay. 1SS8. 
 
 bicantei'u'tum (two-chambered). Yellow, pur- 
 
 ple. August. Khooseea. 1837- 
 
 biflo'rum (two-flowered). White. Society 
 
 Islands. 1844. 
 
 breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Green, brown. 
 
 June. Indies. 
 
 c&rule'scens (bluish). 2. Sky-blue. April. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 calceola'ria (calceolaria). 2, Orange, pink. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 calce'ulus (slipper-like). Yellow. India. 1838. 
 
 Cambridgea'num (Duke of Cambridge's). 1. 
 
 Yellow. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white-flowered). White. April. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 cassythoi'des (cassytha-like). Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Australia. 1839. 
 
 chlo'rops (green-eyed). Buff. Bombay. 1842. 
 
 chrysa' nthum (golden -flowerrcl). 1. Yellow. 
 
 February. Nepaul. IS'iS. 
 
 chrysoto'xum (golden-arched). 1. Yellow. 
 
 March. Indies. 1845. 
 
 compre'ssum (flat-stemmed). . Yellow. Cey- 
 
 lon. 1842. 
 
 crumena'tum (pouch-stfewirned). 1. White. 
 
 April. Sumatra. 1823. 
 
 violcendo'rum (violet-scented). White. 
 
 April. J;iva. 1838. 
 
 cretu'ctiuru (chalked). 1. Dark, white-coloured 
 
 veins. Java. 1846. 
 
 crini'ferum (long-haired). Yellowish. Ceylon. 
 
 1843. 
 
 crinpa'tum (curled). White. E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 curulla'tum (hooded). Straw. India. 1835. 
 
 cucume'rinum (cucumber-like). $. White, 
 
 pink. N. Holland. 1841. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). White. New 
 
 Zealand. 1843. 
 
 cu'preum (coppe^-co/owraf). 2. Bed, buff. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 cuspida'tum (spine-pointed). White. Savoy. 
 
 1844. 
 
 cymbidioi'des (cymbidiiim-like). Yellow. Java. 
 
 Dalhousiu'num (Lady Dalhousie's). 3. Purple, 
 
 rose. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1. 
 
 White, yellow, pink. May. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 dem'flo'rum (thickly-flowered). l. Orange. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1829. 
 pa'llidum (pale;. Pale yellow. India. 1837. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, brown. 
 
 October. Java. 1838. 
 
 Egerto'niee (Lady Egerton's). Pink, yellow. 
 
 Sahararipoor. 1844. 
 
 elonga'tum ( lengthened >. l. Yellow, red. 
 
 N. Holland. 1835. 
 
 Farme'rii (Mr. Farmer's). Ij. Pnle straw- 
 
 yellow. March. E. Ind. 184?. 
 
 fimltria'tum (fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Nc- 
 
 paul. 1823. 
 
 ocula'tum (eyed). Orange, brown. Ne- 
 paul. 
 
 fiaoe'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Java. 1844. 
 J'ormo'sum (beautiful). White. May. Khooseea. 
 
 18:17. 
 
 Gibso'nii (Mr. Gibson's). Orange. June. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 ~ glumn'ceum (chaffy). Green. Philippines, 
 
 Grtffithiafmtm (Griffith's). Yellow. March. . 
 
 Inrl. 1838. 
 
 tfK*e'KtVfHa8eU'). Purple. Java. 18J4. 
 
 Aetev>fM'7;M//i > (various-8eeu'ed). Pale yellow. 
 
 Kbootttea. 1837. 
 
 19 
 
 D. //^nea'nm(Heyne's). White, green. March, 
 Bombay. 1838. 
 
 hymenophy' Hum (membrane-leaved). Green- 
 
 ish. May. Java. 1844. 
 
 inii'gne( remarkable). Yelluwish-greeo. Khoo- 
 
 seea. 1837. 
 
 Jenki'nsii (Capt. Jenkin's). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Gualpara. 1838. 
 
 ju'nceum (rush-Zeaoed). Green. Singapore. 
 1841. 
 
 Kingia'num (Capt. King's). . Pink spot. 
 
 February. N. Holland. 1843. 
 
 Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844. 
 
 latifn'lium (broad-leaved). Green. Manilla. 
 
 lingucefu'rme (tongue-leaved). ^. Purple. N. 
 
 tf. Wales. 1810. 
 
 longico'lle (long-necked). Straw, purple. Sin- 
 
 gapore. 1840. 
 
 longicu'rnu (long-spurred). 1. White. May. 
 
 Nepaul, 1828. 
 
 Macra'i (Macrae's). Pink. India. 1839- 
 
 macro. 1 nthum (large-flowered). 2. Lilac. 
 
 Manilla. 1842. 
 
 macroclri' turn (large-lipped). Rose. Manilla. 
 
 1838. 
 
 macrophy'lhim (large-leaved). Purple. July. 
 
 Philippines. 1838. 
 
 mesoc/ilo'rum (liifht green). White. June. 
 
 India. 184(5. 
 
 minu'tum (small). White. March. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1826. 
 
 Mirbelia'num (Mirbel's). Lilac. Guinea. 
 
 mi'serum (poor). White. March. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1837. 
 
 monilifo'rme (bracelet-formed). . Blue. 
 
 April. Japan. 1824. 
 
 moschn'tum (musk-scented). Rose, buff. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 mu'tabile (changeable). Rose. April. Java. 
 
 1344. 
 
 ndbile (noble). 2. Green, yellow, pink. China. 
 Walii'chii (WalJicfi's noble). Purple, 
 
 crearn, white. March. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 nu'dum (naked). Pale purple. June. Java. 
 
 1844. 
 
 ochren'tum (yellowish). Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 Khooseea. l&afj. 
 
 ocula'tum (dar/c-eyed). 2. Orange, blood- 
 
 red-spotted. September. Nepaul. 
 
 Puxto'ni (,1'axton's). Orange, brown. April. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 Piera'rdi (Pierard's). 2. Whitish. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1815. 
 Intifo'tium (broad-leaved). Purple, rose, 
 
 yellow. June. Singapore. 18^0. 
 lute'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. May. 
 
 India. 183.5. 
 ma'jus (larger). Whitish. April. India. 
 
 1830. 
 
 putche'llurn(f&ir). 1. Yellow. April. E. lad. 
 purpu'reum (purple). Purple. March. 
 
 Ragabosa. 1834. 
 
 reoolu'tum (rolled-back). Straw. April. Sin- 
 
 gapore. 1842. 
 
 rho'nibeum (d\zn\<>nL\.!ipppd). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 Ausriigt. Manilla. 1834. 
 
 Ru'clceri (Ruclter's,. i. Yellow. February. 
 
 Philippine*. 1843. 
 
 rugo'sum (rough). 1. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Java. 1844. 
 
 sanguinole'ntnm (blood-stained). 4. Buff, 
 
 violet. March. Ceylon. 184. 
 
 schtEiti'num (fluted). White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 18U). 
 
 Mteu'ndum (vifo.-fltnvering}. Rose, purpi*. 
 
 July. Malacca, l&i*. 
 
DEN 
 
 [ 290 ] 
 
 DES 
 
 D. seciSndum pa'llidum (pale). Pale purple. July. 
 Sumatra. 1840. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow, white. Ja- 
 
 nuary. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 sulca'tum (furrowed). 1. Orange. April. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 tauri'num (bull-headed). 5. Yellow, purple. 
 
 October. Philippines. 1837. 
 
 teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 tetrago'num (four- angled). 2. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. Moreton Bay. 1838. 
 
 transpa'rens (transparent). Rose. Nepaul. 
 
 triade'nium (three-gland-/(>^ed). 2. White, 
 
 lilac. E. Ind. 1844. 
 
 widula'tum (waved). Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 Manilla. 1838. 
 
 vagina'tum (sheathed). Straw, purple. Sin- 
 
 gapore. 
 
 veratrifo'tium (veratrum-leaved). Lilac. Oc- 
 
 tober. Guinea. 
 
 Veitchia'num (Mr. Veitch's). Yellow, white, 
 
 cream. Java. 1 846. 
 
 DENTA'RIA. Toothwort. (From dens, 
 a tooth; referring to the fanged roots. 
 Nat. ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 
 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Cardamine.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 tuberous-like roots ; seeds sown in April ; rich, 
 light soil, in moist, shady situations. 
 D.bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). 1$. Purple. April. 
 England. 
 
 dasy'loba (hairy-lobed). Russia. 1838. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-/eaw<?d). 1J. Pale purple. 
 
 Switzerland. 1656. 
 
 diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. White, purple. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 
 
 -- enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. 
 May. Austria. 1656. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). I. Light purple. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1815. 
 
 lacinia'ta Gagged). 1. White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 ma'xima (largest). 2. Pale purple. May. 
 
 N.Amer. 1823. 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pale purple. May. 
 Switzerland. 1683. 
 
 polyphg'lla (many-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1818. 
 
 quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 Tauria. 1820. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Light purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 trifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1824. 
 
 * DESFONTAI'NIA. (In honour of M. 
 Desfontain, the French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Niyhtshades [Solanaceae], Linn., 
 6-Penlandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 A lovely greenhouse evergreen shrub. Its cul- 
 ture is the same as for the more tender kinds of 
 Fuchsia. The soil should be on third peat ; it 
 should be shaded from mid- day sun, and have 
 plenty of moisture. 
 
 D. spino'sa (spiny-holly-leaved). 3. Scarlet, 
 yellow. August. Peru. 1853. 
 
 DESIGN. " Consult the genius of the 
 place " before you determine upon your 
 design, is sound advice; for in gardening, 
 as in all the fine arts, nothing is pleasing 
 
 that is inappropriate. Mr. Whateley, our 
 best authority on such subjects, truly 
 says : A plain simple field, unadorned 
 but with the common rural appendages, 
 is an agreeable opening ; but if it is ex- 
 tremely small, neither a haystack, nor a 
 cottage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor much 
 less all of them together, will give it an 
 j air of reality. A harbour on an artificial 
 lake is but a conceit ; it raises no idea of 
 refuge or security, for the lake does not 
 suggest an idea of danger: it is detached 
 from the large body of water, and yet is 
 in itself but a poor, inconsiderable basin, 
 vainly affecting to mimic the majesty of 
 the sea. 
 
 When imitative characters in garden- 
 ing are egregiously defective in any ma- 
 terial circumstance, the truth of the 
 others exposes and aggravates the failure. 
 But the art of gardening aspires to more 
 than imitation; it can create original 
 characters, and give expressions to the 
 several scenes superior to any they can 
 receive from illusions. Certain proper- 
 ties, and certain dispositions of the ob- 
 jects of nature, are adapted to excite par- 
 ticular ideas and sensations; they require 
 no discernment, examination, or discus- 
 sion, but are obvious at a glance, and in- 
 stantaneously distinguished by our feel- 
 ings. Beauty alone is not so engaging 
 as this species of character; the impres- 
 sions it makes are more transient and 
 less interesting ; for it aims only at de- 
 lighting the eye, but the other affects 
 our sensibility. An assemblage of the 
 most elegant forms in the happiest situa- 
 tions is to a degree indiscriminate, if 
 they have not been selected and arranged 
 with a design to produce certain expres- 
 sions ; an air of magnificence or of sim- 
 plicity, of cheerfulness, tranquillity, or 
 some other general character, ought to 
 pervade the whole; and objects pleasing 
 in themselves, if they contradict that 
 character, should therefore be excluded. 
 Those which are only indifferent must 
 sometimes make room for such as are 
 more significant may occasionally be 
 recommended by it. Barrenness itself 
 may be an acceptable circumstance in a 
 spot dedicated to solitude and melan- 
 choly. 
 
 DESMA'NTHUS. A genus of pea-flow* 
 ered plants, allied to Mimosa, said to 
 be good-looking in their native wilds ; 
 but we never saw a fine Desmauthus in 
 cultivation. 
 
DES 
 
 [ 291 ] 
 
 DIA 
 
 DESMO'NCUS. (From desmos, a band, 
 and oykos, a hook ; the ribs of the leaves 
 ending in bands at the point, like ten- 
 drils. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. 
 Linn., 2l-Hfoncecia Q-Hexandria. Allied 
 to Cocos.) 
 
 Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed ; sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 84 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 D. America'nus (American). 6. St. Vincent. 1824. 
 
 du'ltius (doubtful). 6. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 orthaca'nthus (straight-spined). 6. Brazil. 
 
 1 822. 
 
 potyaca'nthus (many-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 DEU'TZIA. (Named after J. Deutz, a 
 sheriff of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Syringas 
 [Philadelphacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 
 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 We believe that Deutzia and Philadelphia are 
 only different sections of the same genus, and 
 that some of the species of each will yet cross 
 with each other, to prove our position. D sca'bra, 
 grown as a dwarf standard, and pruned like the 
 black currant, or cutting out the shoots after 
 flowering, would form a great ornament for a 
 border of select shrubs. It is also a good subject 
 for spring flowering for the conservatory. Hardy 
 deciduous shrubs. Cuttintrs under a hand-glass, 
 or strong shoots may be planted in a sheltered 
 place in autumn. Are fine ornaments to a wall in 
 the early summer months ; common soil. 
 D. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowering). 5. White. 
 Himalayas. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). White. April. Japan. 
 
 sangm'tiea (red-flowered). Red. April. 
 
 sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. May. Japan. 1833. 
 
 stami'nea (6>-oad-stamened). 3. White. April. 
 
 Himalayas. 1841. 
 
 DEVONSHIEING. See PAEINO AND 
 BURNING. 
 
 DEW-BERRY. Ru'bus ca'sius. 
 
 DIACA'LPE.' (From dis, two, or double, 
 and calpis, an urn ; referring to the dis- 
 position of the spore-cases, or seed-ves- 
 sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptogamia l-Filices. Allied 
 to Woodsia.) 
 
 Stove Fern. Division ; peat and loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. aspidioi'des (aspidium-like). Yellow. July. 
 J ava. 
 
 DIANE'LLA. (A classical diminutive 
 from Diana, the goddess of hunting; 
 the first discovered species being found 
 in a grove. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia- 
 ceffi]. Linn., 6-Hexandria i.-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse or frame bulbs. They would an- 
 swer in a mixed border of half-hardy bulbs in 
 front of a stove or greenhouse, with Anthericums, 
 Albucas, Blandfordias, Cummingias, and the like. 
 All from New Holland, and with blue flowers, ex- 
 cept where otherwise specified. Seeds sown in a 
 slight hotbed in spring, and division ; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 40 to 4b. 
 t. ceem'lea (sky-blue). 2. June. 1783. 
 
 onge l sta (crowded). 2. Juue. 1820. 
 
 D. divarica'ta (straggling). 3. July. 1805. 
 
 ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). l. White. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 lat'vis (smooth). 2. August. 1822. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2j. August. 1822- 
 
 nemoro'sa (grove). 2. August. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 revolu' ta (rolled-back)- 2. August. 1823. 
 
 strumo'sa (swollen). 14. March. 1822. 
 
 DIANTHOI'DIS. (Dianthus - like; so 
 named from its flowers resembling the 
 Pink. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo- 
 niacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Some have ventured to change its name to 
 Fenzlia. Hardy annual from California. Seeds 
 in open border in April, or in a slight hotbed 
 in March, to be afterwards transplanted in patches ; 
 sandy loam. 
 
 D. dianthiflo'ra (pink - flowered). $. Purple, 
 yellow. June. 1833. 
 
 DIA'NTHUS. Pink. (From dios, divine, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Clove- 
 worts [Caryophj'llacese], Linn., IQ-De- 
 candria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand- 
 light, in light soil, any time about midsummer. 
 The tender kinds should be kept in pots, and 
 protected in a cold pit during the winter. See 
 CARNATION, PINK, and SWEET WILLIAM. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 D. aggrega'tus (crowded). 1. Pink. June. 
 1817. Biennial. 
 
 arme'ria (armeria). 1. Red. June. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 armerioi'des (armeria-like). 1. Red. June. 
 
 New Jersey. 182^. 
 
 Chine'nsis (China). 1. Red. July. China. 
 
 1713. Biennial. 
 
 margina'tus (bordered). 1. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 pro'lifer (proliferous). J. Pink. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 pubefscena (downy). 1. Red. July. Greece. 
 
 1820. 
 
 velu'tinus (velvety). Red. May. Calabria. 
 
 1837. 
 
 HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 D. a'lbens (whitish). J. White. August. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 arbo'reus (tree). lj. Pink. July. Greece. 
 
 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 arbu'scula (little tree). l. Red. July. 
 
 China. 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 crena'tus (scolloped). 1. Flesh. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1817. 
 frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. Pink. 
 July. Greece. 1815. Evergreen. 
 
 Japo'nicus (Japanese). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 China. 1804. 
 
 juniperi'nus (juniper - like). Red. July. 
 
 Greece. 1825. 
 
 suffrutico'sus (half-shrubby). lj. Pink. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1804. Evergreen. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 D. alpe'stris(roc\i). . Red. June. Europe. 18I7- 
 
 alpi'nus (alpine). $. Red. June. Austria. 
 
 1759. 
 
 arena'rius (sand). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 Europe. 
 
DIA 
 
 [ 292 
 
 DIA 
 
 I) n'spcr (rough -stalked). J. Pink, July. 
 Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Crimson. Au- 
 
 gust. Italy. 1802. 
 
 attenua'tus (tapering). 4. Red. July. 
 
 Spain. 1822. 
 
 Balbi'sii (Balbis's). 1, Red. August. Genoa. 
 
 1817. 
 
 barba'tus (bearded. Sweet William). l\. 
 
 Pink. July. Germany. 1573. 
 
 Itttifo'lius (broad-leaved). 14. Scarlet. 
 
 July. 1826. 
 
 In'color (.two - coloured). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1816. 
 ~ fiiflo'rus (two-flowered). Red. June. Greece. 
 
 ,lrd vis (short). Red. June. Jurassa. 
 
 Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtormian). 1. Red. 
 
 July. Russia. 1826. 
 
 cee'sius (grey). $. Flesh. July. Britain. 
 
 campe'stris (field). 1. White, red. August. 
 
 Tauria. 1815. 
 
 capita'tus (headed). 1$. Purple. August. 
 Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 Caroliniu'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 Carthusiano'rum (Carthusian's). Ij. Red. 
 
 July. Germany. 15/3. 
 
 caryophylloi'des (clove-like). 1. Red. June. 
 
 1817. 
 
 caryophy'ttus (clove). 2. Flesh. June. 
 
 Enpand. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double. Carnation). 2. 
 
 Crimson. August. England. 
 frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. 
 
 Crimson. July. England. 
 imbrica'tus (imbricated. Wheatear). 
 
 14. Flesh. August. England. 
 
 Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 cephulo'tes headed), ij. Pink. July. 1823. 
 
 cilia'tus (hair-fringed). 14. Pink. July. 
 
 Naples. 1829. 
 
 cli^a'tus (club-shaped). 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 colli'nus (hill) J. White. August. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1800. 
 
 Cy'ri (Cyri's). Red, June. Natolia. 1843. 
 
 deltoi'des (triangle), f . Flesh. June. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 
 denta'tus (toothed). 1. Red. July. Siberia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 diffu'sns (wide-spreading). 14. Red. July. 
 
 Cyprus. 1820. 
 
 diminu'tus (small -flowered). 4 Pink. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1/71. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured), i. Pink. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 3803. 
 
 diuti'nus (long-lasting). Red. June, Hun- 
 
 gary. 1820. 
 
 divarica'tus (straggling). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Greece. 1822. 
 
 du'bius (doubtful). White, rose. May. 
 
 e'le^ans (elegant). Red. June. Levant. 1825. 
 
 erude'scens (blushing), Blush. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1825. 
 
 ferrugi'neus (rusty). Brown. July. Italy. 
 1/06. 
 
 sulphu'reux (sulphur-coloured). 14. Sul- 
 phur. August. Italy, laiio'. 
 
 fimbria'tus (fringed). 14. Brown. July. 
 Iberia. 1815. 
 
 Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1. Red. June, Ru8ia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 14. White. August. 
 
 Gardens. 1830. 
 
 fro! grans (fragrant). 1. White. August. 
 
 Austria. 1804. 
 
 D.furea'tus (forked). 1. Pale reel. July. 
 Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 Ga'llicus (French). j. Purple. August. 
 
 South France. 
 
 giga'nteus (gigantic). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 Greece. 1824. 
 
 glacia'lis (icy). ;J. Red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 glaucuphy'llus (milky-green-leaved), 14- Red. 
 
 July. 1827. 
 
 glau'cus (milky- green). \. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 gutta'tus (spotted), 1. Red. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1816. 
 
 Henders'mia'nus (Henderson's). 1. Crimson. 
 
 July. 
 
 tii'rtus (hairy). 1. Red. July. France. 1821. 
 
 Hurneina'nni (Hornemann's). 1. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. Italy. 
 
 horte'nuis (garden). 1. Red. July. Hun- 
 
 frarv. 1805. 
 
 Jiyssopifa'lius (hyssop - leaved). f. Pink. 
 
 Aup-ust. Europe. 1810. 
 
 lbe'ricus( Iberian). 4. Purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1R17. 
 
 liififu'd'is (broad-leaved). 14. Pink. June. 
 
 ic/}'i'.>}>e't<tlus (fine petaled). 1^. White. June. 
 
 CiiMcasus. 1814. 
 
 llbantt'tis (rosemary-like). 4. White. July. 
 
 Lebanon. 1830. 
 
 Liboschiixia'nus (Libochiti's). 4- White. 
 
 Juk. Tauria. 18i/. 
 
 tnnffifi'iii'lis (long-stemmed). 1. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Italy. 1820. 
 
 rno nude' 'Iphus (monadeljihous). 1. White, 
 
 pink. August. Levant. 
 
 i/M/wa/'iM(lfontpelier). l. Red. July. 
 
 Moutpclier. 1/64. 
 
 montu'nus (mountain). |. lied. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 multlpuncta'tus (many - dotted). Spotted. 
 
 June. Levant. 1825. 
 
 Mussi'ni (Mussini's). 4. \Vhite. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 na'nus (dwarf). j. Crimson. August. 
 
 Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 ni'tidus (shining). I. Red. July. Carpa- 
 
 tliia. 1822. 
 
 ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). Yellow. June. 
 
 Levant. 1821. 
 
 paliidiflu'rus (pale- flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 petra>'us(Tock). White. July. Hungary. 1804. 
 Jlo 1 ribus-majo'rihus (larger-flowered). 4. 
 
 Pink. June. 1804. 
 
 P(,tV<tf?:'nMs(Poiret's;. 1. Purple. August. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Jto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Pur- 
 ple. April. Greece. 1820. 
 
 polymo'rphus (many-form). 1. Bed. March. 
 
 Crimea. 1822. 
 
 pomeridia'nus (afternoon). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Levant. 1804. 
 
 pluma'rius (feathered). 4- White, purple. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 plumo'sus (feathery - petaled). 14. White, 
 
 lilac. June. M. Baldo. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). 1. White, yellovr. 
 
 August. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 prostra'ius (prostrate). A- ^ e ^' September. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope*. 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 pscu'do-arme'ria (false-armeria). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 puichu'lhts (pretty). 1. White, red. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 puncta'tu* (dotted). 1. Pale lilac. August. 
 
DIA 
 
 [ 293 ] 
 
 DIG 
 
 D pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. August, 
 Spain. 1781. 
 
 re'pena (creeping). Red. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 ri'gidua (stiff). j{. Red. July. Caspian 
 
 Sea. 1802. 
 
 rupico'la (rock-inhabiting). 1. Red. June. 
 
 Italy. 1820. 
 
 Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Russia. 181(5. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). . White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 Seguie'rii (Seguier's). Switzerland. 1832. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 sero'tinus (fate.- flowering). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Hungary. 18CJ. 
 
 surra' tus (saw - edged). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 182/. 
 
 Si'culus (Sicilian). 1. Red. August. Sicily. 
 
 1820. 
 
 spino'sus (spiny). 2. Pink. July. Mount 
 
 Lebanon. 1831. 
 
 squarro'sus (spreading). $. White. June. 
 
 Tauria. 1817. 
 
 Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). l. Red. June. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet -smelling). 1. White. 
 
 August. 1820. 
 
 sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 supe'rbus (superb). 2. White. August. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 sylva'ticus (wood). l. Red. June. Ratis- 
 
 bon. 1815. 
 
 sylve'stris (wild). 1. Red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1732. 
 
 TaM'ricws(Taurian). 1. Pink. July. Tauria. 
 
 1831. 
 
 te'ner (tender). . Red. August. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 umbella'tus (umbel-flowered). Red. July. 
 
 1825. 
 
 versi'culor (changeable-coloured). 1$. Red. 
 
 August. Russia. 1823. 
 
 virgi'neus (virgin). 1. Red. June. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1816. 
 
 DIAPE'NSIA. (From dis, two, or twice, 
 and petite, five; five sepals compose the 
 calyx, and five stamens with petal-like 
 filaments. Nat. ord., Diapensiads [Dia- 
 pensiaceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mo- 
 uogynia.) 
 
 An extremely rare alpine prostrate little under- 
 shrub, from Lapland ; yet it requires the protec- 
 tion of a frame in winter, to compensate for the 
 winter covering of snow in its native climate. 
 Seeds or division of the plant ; peat and loam ; a 
 dry situation on a bank in summer, and a dry 
 corner in a cold pit in winter. 
 D. barbula'ta (small-bearded). $. White. June. 
 
 New Jersey. 1851. 
 -Lappo'nica (Lapland). $. White. July. 
 
 DIASTE'MA. (From dis, two, and ste- 
 mon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneracese]. Linn., l^Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Conradia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; cut- 
 tings of its young shoots, when two or three 
 inches in length, after commencing to grow; peat 
 an. 1 loam. Summer temp., (50 to 85; winter, 
 48 to 55 . 
 
 D. ochroleu' 
 
 gust. New Grenada. 18*4. 
 
 1. Au- 
 
 DIBBER, or DIBBLE. This 
 
 J instrument for making holes 
 
 V //in which to insert seeds or 
 
 plants is usually very simple 
 in its construction, being at 
 the best the head of an old 
 spade - handle. To secure 
 uniformity of depth in plant- 
 ing beans, &c., by this in- 
 strument, it is useful to have 
 it perforated with holes to re- 
 ceive an iron peg, at two and three 
 inches from the point, as in 
 the annexed outline. It 
 should be shod with iron; 
 for if this be kept bright it 
 will make holes into which 
 the soil will not crumble from 
 the sides. The crumbling 
 is induced by the soil's ad- 
 hesion to the dibble. For 
 planting potatoes, a dibble 
 with a head three inches in 
 diameter at the point, eight 
 inches long up to the foot- 
 rest, and with a handle four 
 feet long, is to be preferred. 
 For the insertion of seed, a 
 dibble that delivers the seed 
 has been invented by a Mr. 
 Smith, and another by Dr. 
 Newington ; the last is the best. 
 
 DIBBLE'MMA. (Derivation not known.) 
 
 A stove Fern, allied to Parkeria. Division ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, 50 to 5&. 
 D. Samare'nse (Samarese). E. Ind. 
 
 DICE'RMA. (From dis, two, and erma, 
 a prop ; referring to the two bractelets 
 under the flower. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabaceee], Linn., 17-Diadelphia 
 4^-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, with yellow flowers. Seeds 
 in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, 
 in April or May ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. biarticula' turn (two-jointed). 2. July. E. 
 Ind. 1808, 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 1. July. China. 181Q. 
 
 pulcht'llum(ne&t). 1. July. E. Ind. 1/98. 
 DICHI'LUS. (From dis, two, and cheilos, 
 
 a lip; in reference to two divisions of the 
 calyx being longer than the rest. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacew]. 
 Linn., 16-MonadelpMa 6-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Hypocalyptus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm at the bane, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass ; sandy peat, bummer teuip., 55 to 
 80 ; winter. 40 to 48. 
 
DIG 
 
 [ 21)4] 
 
 DIG 
 
 D. Ltteckioi'des (Lebeckia-like). 2j. White 
 yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope 
 1826. 
 
 DICHORISA'NDKA. (From dis, twice 
 chorizo, to part, and aner, an anther 
 .referring to the anthers being two-celled 
 Nat. ord., Spider worts [Commelinacese] 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Alliec 
 to Campelia.) 
 
 D. thyrsiflo'ra is the handsomest plant of this 
 order, and one of the best stove plants in cultiva- 
 tion, for winter or late autumnal flowering. We 
 have seen it, under liberal treatment, rise to ten 
 feet, branched all round, and every branch ending 
 in a long spike or thyrse of densely-set, sky-blue 
 flowers. When the flowers begin to expand, it 
 may be removed to a warm conservatory, where ii 
 will last in bloom from six weeks to two months 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from Brazil. Di- 
 vision of the plant, when growth is commencing ; 
 seeds sown in a hotbed in spring ; peat and loan 
 with sand and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 D. di'scnlur (two-coloured). September. 1848 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1$. Blue. August. 
 
 leucophthu'lmus( white-eyed). Blue and white. 
 
 June. Brazil. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval -leaved). Purple. May. 1846 
 
 oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). 2. Red. August. 
 
 1810. 
 
 pi'ciu (paints-leaved). $. Blue. September. 
 
 1830. 
 
 pube'rula (downy). 3. Blue. August. 1823. 
 -- thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 4. Blue. Au- 
 gust. 1822. 
 
 DICKS O'NIA. (Named after James 
 Dickson, a British /botanist, who studied 
 this Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacesej. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Who that has visited the first resting-place of 
 the remains of Napoleon Buonaparte, at St. 
 Helena, did not admire the native tree-ferns, 
 D. arbore'scens, a little beyond ? To transport 
 this memorial, with the weeping willow, to our own 
 and other shores, any time within a month before 
 your departure from the island, cut off all the 
 branches or fronds to within two inches of the 
 stem, making a clean cut from the under-side ; 
 clear away the soil till you see the fang-like roots ; 
 cut them with a chisel and mallet without moving 
 the stem ; smooth the cut end of the roots, and 
 the trunk is ready to travel, packed in a dry case, 
 When the gardener receives it, let him set the 
 bottom of the trunk on a bed or box of half sand, 
 and half peat, in a temperature of 80, and give 
 no water for the first six weeks. The new leaves 
 by that time issue from the top ; water then in 
 abundance. Thus any of the colossal Ferns or 
 Cacti may be safely removed. Division of the 
 roots ; best done when growth is commencing ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 D. adiuntoi'des (adiantum-like). 2. November. 
 W. Ind. 18-28. 
 
 anta'rctica (antartic). September. N.Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. September. St. 
 
 Helena. 1786. 
 
 Davalliofdes (Dava!lia-like). 3. September. 
 
 N. Holland. 
 
 diss'ecta (cut-ieaved). 3. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1793* 
 
 D. pilosiu'scula (rather-hairy). 2. August. N. 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 rubigino'sa (rusty). Brazil. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 
 
 squamo'su (scaly). New Zealand. 
 
 DICLI'PTEKA. (From dis, twice, and 
 kleio, to shut ; referring to the two-celled 
 capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 thads [Acanthacete]. Linn., 2-Diandria 
 \-Monoyynia. Allied to Justicia.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; peren- 
 nials, by cuttings of side-shoots, or the points of 
 shoots, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a 
 hand-light, not so close as a bell-glass. Loam 
 and peat, open and fibry, with a little rotten leaf- 
 mould. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 48 
 to 55. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 D.hcxangula'ris (six-angled). 2. Red. July. 
 S. Anier. i/33. 
 
 resupina'ta. (lying-back). 1$. White, purple. 
 
 March. S. Amer. 1805. 
 
 GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS. 
 D. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Pale blue. September. 
 E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous. 
 
 verticilla'ris( whorl -flowered). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Evergreen. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 D. cssu'rgens (rising). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 
 1818. 
 
 biva'lvis (two-valved). J. Purple. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Martinice'nsis (Martinique). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-like). lj. Blue. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/98. 
 
 Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Peru. 1818. 
 
 retu'sa (abrupt-ended). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1821. Herbaceous. 
 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 3. July. Vera 
 
 Cruz. 1802. 
 
 gpino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow. April. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1824. 
 
 DICTA'MNUS. Fraxinella, or Dittany. 
 (Diclamnus, a name adopted from Virgil; 
 Fraxinella a diminutive of fraxinus, the 
 ash, from the similarity of their leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 This is one of the oldest and best border-plants 
 of our cottage-gardens. Instances are known 
 here the Fraxinella has outlived father, son, and 
 and grandson in the same spot, without increase, 
 all attempts at multiplying it, to give away a 
 rooted slip to a newly-married member of the 
 "amily, having failed ; yet the Fraxinella is easily 
 ncreased from seeds. Sow, as soon as they are 
 ipe, in the common soil of the border, and cover 
 jne inch deep ; they will not sprout till the follow- 
 ng April. If they are kept over the winter, and 
 sown in the following spring, they will remain 
 ;welve months before they sprout ; and not one 
 iced put of a hundred sprouts at all. When the 
 seedlings are two years old, transplant them 
 vhere they are to remain, &nd they will flower the 
 bird season. They prefer a deep, rich border, OQ 
 a dry bottom, and all flower in June. 
 D. a'l&us (white). 3. White. Germany. 1596. 
 
DIG 
 
 I 295 ] 
 
 DIG- 
 
 D. angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 2. Lilac. 
 
 Altai. 1821. 
 fraxine'lla (fraxinella). 3. Purple. Germany. 
 
 1590. 
 
 DICTYA'NTHUS. (From dictyon, net- 
 work, and anthos, a flower; alluding to 
 the markings on the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Asdepinds [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria l-l\fonoyynia.) 
 
 Stove climber. For culture, see PASSIFLO'EA. 
 D. Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 10. Green, brown. Sep- 
 tember. New Spain. 1854. 
 
 DICTYOGLO'SSUM. See ACRO'STIOHUM 
 CRINI'TUM. 
 
 DICTY'MIA ATTENUA'TA. A very pretty 
 Fern, brought from New Holland in 1828 ; 
 requires only the shelter of a greenhouse 
 and the usual cultivation. See FERNS. 
 
 DICTYO'PTERIS. (From dictyon, net- 
 work, and pteris, a Fern; referring to 
 the leaves, or fronds.) 
 
 Greenhouse Ferns. See FERNS. 
 D. altenua'ta (tapering). June. Australia. 
 
 luncsnla'ta (spear-head-/eayerf). June. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1824. Stove. 
 
 macrndo'ntti (large-toothed). May. Australia. 
 
 1840. 
 
 pteroi'des (brake-like). June. Australia. 1842. 
 
 DIDYMGCA'RPUS. (From <&fym0,twin, 
 and carpos, fruit; referring to a double 
 division along the centre of the seed- 
 vessel. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- 
 acese]. Linn., \&-Didynamia 2-Angio- 
 spermia. Allied to Chirita.) 
 
 This must not be confounded with its ally, 
 Streptocarpus. Stove herbaceous. Division ; 
 cuttings of young shoots, wheu commencing 
 growing, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat; peat and 
 loam, with sand, a little turf-mould, and rotten 
 cow-duns. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 45 to 55. 
 
 D. crini'tus (Jora#-haired). 1. White, yellow. 
 July. Pulo Penang. 1815. 
 
 Humboldtia'na (Humboldt'e). Lilac. Oc- 
 
 tober. Cejlon. 
 
 DIDYMOCHUE'NA. (Fromdidymos, twin, 
 and chlaina, a cloak; referring to the co- 
 verings of the spore-cases, called seed- 
 vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., %-Cryptogamia i-Filices.) 
 
 Handsome stove Ferns, allied to Oxygonium. 
 Divisions; peat and lomi. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 />. pulche'rrima (fairest). July. Brazil. 
 trunca'tula (little tree). 4. June. Brazil. 
 1838. 
 
 DIELY'TRA. (From dis, two, and ely- 
 tron, a sheath ; referring to the two se- 
 pals, which embrace the flowers in this 
 order, and give the remarkable brilliancy 
 to the flowers of D. specta'bilis. Nat. ord., 
 Fumeworts [Fumariaceee]. Linn., 17-Di- 
 
 adelphia %-Hexandria. Allied to Cory- 
 dalis.) 
 
 D. specta'bilis is the most brilliant hardy plant 
 added to our collections for many years, but fur- 
 nishes the most obvious example of the remark- 
 able economy of the sexual organs of its race. 
 The flowers of Fumitories never open, and their 
 peculiar construction seems to offer no means for 
 the pollen to escape ; but, by a peculiar contriv- 
 ance connected with the parts, fecundation i* 
 effectually and simply brought about. We have 
 failed, however, to effect the process artificially 
 with D. tpeetafbilit. This most beautiful plant 
 was described by Linmeus from dried specimens, 
 but was not seen alive by any European until Mr. 
 Fortune found it in gardens in the north of China, 
 and sent it, in 1846, to the London Horticultural 
 Society. It is a spring-flowering, deciduous, her- 
 baceous plant, with large fleshy roots ; the stalks 
 and leaves rise to 18 inches or two feet, and look 
 like a small-leafed tree-peony; the flowers are 
 produced on spikes from four to six inches long;, 
 and hanging down gracefully on one side. It re- 
 quires rich, light soil, and is readily increased by 
 dividing the crown of the roots early in spring, or 
 by cuttings after the plant is in growth. It will 
 find its way, like the China Rose, into every cot- 
 tage-garden. All hardy herbaceous, and flowering 
 in June ; the same culture is applicable to all the 
 species. 
 
 D. hructeo'sa (bracted). 1. White. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 Canade'mis (Canadian). J. White. N. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 
 eueulla'ria (monk's-hood). J. White. N. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 exi'mia (choice). 1J. Flesh. N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 /ormo'*.'* (handsome). 1. Flesh. N. Amer. 1796. 
 
 Lac/itn/t/?o'ra(Lachenalia- flowered). 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. I'.IO. 
 
 specta'bilis (remarkable). 1$. Purple. Siberia. 
 
 1810. 
 
 tenuifo'tia (fine-leaved). J. Pink. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 1820. 
 
 DIERVI'LLA. (Named after M. Dler- 
 ville, a French surgeon. Nat. ord., Capri- 
 foils [Caprifoliaceae]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria 
 L-Monogynia. Allied to Leycesteria.) 
 
 A creeping-rooted, hardy shrub. Suckers from 
 the roots ; cuttings in the open ground, in au- 
 tumn ; common, moist, shaded garden-soil. 
 D, lu'tea (yellow-yZowered). 3. June. N. Amer* 
 1739. 
 
 DIE 'TIS. See MORE' A. 
 
 DIGGING with the spade or fork has for 
 its object a loosening of the soil so as to 
 render it more fit for the reception of 
 seeds or plants. Begin at one end of the 
 piece of ground, and with your spade 
 open a trench quite across, one good 
 spade wide and one deep, carrying the 
 earth to the end where you finish ; then, 
 keeping your face to the opening, pro- 
 ceed to dig one spade deep regularly 
 from one side of the piece to the other, 
 turning the spits neatly into the trench, 
 and the next course against these; and 
 so keep digging straight back, spit arid 
 
DIG 
 
 [ 296 ] 
 
 DIG 
 
 spit, still preserving an open trench, a 
 good spade width and depth, between the 
 dug and undug ground, that you may 
 have full room to give every spit a clean 
 turn, taking all the spits perpendicularly 
 and not taking too much before the 
 spade, especially in stiff land, or where 
 the surface is full of weeds, or is much 
 dunged ; so giving every spit a clean turn, 
 the top to the bottom and the bottom to 
 the top, that the weeds or dung on the 
 surface may be buried a due depth, and 
 that the fresh earth may be turned up. 
 As you proceed, break all large clods, and 
 preserve an even surface carrying both 
 sides and middle on equally, unless one 
 side shall be hollow; then carry on the 
 hollow side first in a gradual sweep, in- 
 clining the spits of earth rather that way, 
 which will raise that side and reduce the 
 high one, observing the same it' both 
 sides are high and the middle hollow, or 
 both sides hollow and the middle high, 
 always keeping the lower ground advanc- 
 ing gradually before the higher, by which 
 you will always maintain a uniform level. 
 The same should also be observed in 
 beginning to dig any piece of ground, 
 that if one corner is much lower than 
 another, carry on the lower part some- 
 what first, in a slanting direction, as far 
 as necessary. Likewise, in finishing any 
 pieces of digging, gradually round upon 
 the lower side so as to finish at the high- 
 est corner; and having dug to where you 
 intend to finish, then use the earth taken 
 out of the first trench to make the larst 
 opening equal with the other ground. 
 In plain digging dunged ground, if the 
 dung is quite rotten you may dig clean 
 through, giving each spit a clean turn to 
 bury the dung in the bottom of the 
 trench ; but if you cannot readily do this, 
 trim the dung a spade's width at a time 
 into the furrow or open trench, and so 
 dig the ground upon it, which is rather 
 the most effectual method, whether rot- 
 ten or long fresh dung. 
 
 All weeds that are perennial should be 
 carefully picked out, particularly couch- 
 grass and bear-bind. But annual weeds, 
 groundsel, and the like, should be turned 
 down to the bottom of the trench, where 
 they will rot. 
 
 A man will dig, by plain digging of 
 light, free- working, clean ground, eight, 
 ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to six, 
 though in some of the light, clean ground 
 about London, a man will turn up fifteen 
 
 or twenty rods a day, from fire to seven ; 
 but in stiff, stubborn soils, a man may 
 work hard for six or eight rods in a day 
 of twelve hours. Trenchiny, if only one 
 spade deep, without the crumbs or sho- 
 velling at bottom, a man will dig almost 
 as much as by plain digging; or two 
 spades' depth, from four to six rods a 
 day may be good work, though in harsh- 
 working ground digging three or four 
 rods per day may be hard work. (Maiue.) 
 Most garden soils dig best the day after 
 a fall of rain; and if the soil has in its 
 composition a larger proportion than 
 usual of clay, the operation will be fa- 
 cilitated by dipping occasionally the spade 
 into water. Most gardeners object to 
 digging while snow is upon the ground, 
 and the objection is not mere prejudice, 
 for experience proves the bad result of 
 the practice. The evil is owing to the 
 great quantity of heat required to reduce 
 ice or snow from the solid to the fluid 
 state ; and when buried so that the at- 
 mospheric beat cannot act directly upon 
 it, the thawing must be very slowly ef- 
 fected, by the abstraction of heat from 
 the soil by which the frozen mass is sur- 
 rounded. Instances have occurred of 
 frozen soil not being completely thawed 
 at midsummer. 
 
 DIGITA'LIS. Foxglove. (From the Latin 
 digitale, a finger-stall; referring to the 
 shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., Fiyworts 
 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., l-Didynamia 
 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 The seeds shov 1 ,* un ; when 
 
 sown in the . iJj*\ twelve 
 
 months befor ,?& most 
 of them ple" 4 ^ 
 
 D. erio 
 
 pi 
 
 D. ambi'gu 
 
 au'rea (goldenj. 
 
 fusee' scens (dark brow 
 
 gary. 1823. 
 fu'lva (tawny). 3. 
 
 lacinia'ta (cut-le 
 
 Spain. IF 
 
 leeviga'ta (smoc 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 lana'ta( woolly)! 2. Yellow. 
 
 178?. 
 
 leucophai'a(grey). 2. White, brown. June. 
 
 Greece. 1788. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 2. July. France. 1629. 
 
DIL 
 
 L 297 ] 
 
 DICE 
 
 D. lu'teafuca'ta (dyed). 2. Yellow, red. June 
 South Europe. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. June, Ger- 
 
 many. 1817. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). 2. Yellow, brown 
 
 July. Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 mi 1 nor (smaller), f. Purple. July. Spain. 178Q 
 
 nervo'sa (large-uerved-leuved). Yellow. July 
 
 1836. 
 
 obscu'ra (obscure), t. Orange. June. Spain. 
 
 1778. Halt-hardy evergreen. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 1$. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1820. 
 
 parviflu'ra (small-fiowered). 14. Brown. July 
 
 1798 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Germany. 1/76. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 1A. Yellow, red. June. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). Yellow, red. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 Ttia'Tjsi (Tnapsi). li. Purple. June. Spain. 
 
 * 1752. 
 
 tomento'sa, (woolly). 3. Red. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1818. 
 
 tubifln'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 viridiflu'ru (green-flowered). July. Levant. 
 
 1827. 
 
 DILA'TRIS. (From dilato, to open wide ; 
 referring to the opening of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodoracese]. 
 Linn., 8-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Anigozanthos.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants, with sword- 
 shaped leaves, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Divisions, when fresh growth is commencing ; 
 seeds in a slight hotbed, in March or April ; 
 sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 55 to 
 75; winter, 40 to 45, 
 
 D. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 Mav. 1790. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled-/o;ererf). 1. Blue. 
 
 June. 1825. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy), f . Blue. 17Q5. 
 
 DILL. (Ane'thum grave'olens.) Its 
 leaves and umbels are used in pickling, 
 and the former in soups and sauces. 
 
 Soil. It maybe cultivated in any open 
 compartment ; but if for seed, a sheltered 
 soil, rather dry. 
 
 Sowing. Sow immediately the seed is 
 ripe, for if kept out of the ground until 
 the spring it often is incapable of germi- 
 nating. If neglected until the spring, 
 sow from the close of February until the 
 commencement of May. Sow in drills a 
 foot apart, the plants to remain where 
 sown. When of three or four weeks' 
 growth thin them to about ten inches 
 apart. The leaves are fit for gathering 
 as wanted, and the umbels about July 
 and August. In September their seed 
 ripens, when it must be immediately cut, 
 and spread on a cloth to dry, being very 
 apt to be shed. 
 
 DILLE ' NIA. (After Dilleniut, once pro- 
 
 fessor of botany at Oxford. Nat. ord., 
 Dilleniads [Dilleniacea?]. Linn., 13-Po- 
 lyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Valuable timber-tree, with leaves after the 
 manner of Magnoliads. Stove tree. Cuttings of 
 ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat, 
 in April; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 D. specio'sa (showy). 30. White, yellow. E. 
 Ind. 1800. 
 
 DILLWY'NIA. (In honour of L. W. 
 Dillwyn, a British patron of botany. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa.bacefR~j. 
 Linn., 10-Dfcandria l-Moiioyt/niu. Al- 
 lied to Eutaxia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange- 
 coloured flowers, from New Holland. Cuttings 
 of rirm side-shoots in March or April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; seeds in peaty suil, in a slight 
 hotbed, in March ; sandy peat two parts, fibry 
 loam one part, with a little silver sand, arid piece'* 
 of charcoal. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 
 40 to 88. 
 D. aciculti'ris (needle-leaved). }$. May. 1826. 
 
 cineru'scens (greyish-leaped). 2. May. 18ly. 
 
 clava'ln (club-shaued). 3. May. 183Q. 
 
 erimjo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. May. 179*. 
 
 floribu'uda (bundle-flowered). 2. May. J794. 
 
 glabt'rrimu (smoothest). 2. May. 180o. 
 
 glycinifti'iia (glycine-leaved). l. April. 1830. 
 
 juniperi'na (pumper-leaved). 2. May. 18lb. 
 
 purvifi.'liii (small-leaved). 2. May. 1800. 
 
 plii/licvi'dcs (phylica-like). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 pu'ngem, : (pungent). June. 1825. 
 
 ru'dis (rustic). 2. April. 1824. 
 
 brevifoiia. (short-leaved), 2. April. 1824. 
 
 kispi'dula (slight-bristled). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 teretifo' tin (round-leaved). 2. May. 
 
 seri'ceu (silky). 1$. April. 1824. 
 
 specio'su (showy). 2. June. 1838. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). l. May. 1824. 
 
 DIMA'CRIA. (One of seventeen sec- 
 tions into which the genus Pelargonium 
 has been split. From dis, twice, and 
 makros, long ; referring to the two lower 
 stamens being twice the length of the 
 other three.) 
 
 There are about twenty species included under 
 this head, all little botanical things, with fleshy 
 or tuberous roots. Generally they are grown in 
 sandy peat ; they live much longer, however, con- 
 fined in small pots in equal quantities of peat, 
 loam, and pounded brick, well drained. 
 
 DINE'TUS. (From dinetos, to twine; 
 alluding to the mode of growth. Nat. 
 ord., Bindweeds [ConvolvulaceaeJ. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cuttings of side-shoots in sandy soil, and in 
 tieat ; light, rich soil. The annual may be sown 
 in a little heat, and transplanted in May, and it 
 will thrive like the Convolvulus. 
 D. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. White. August. 
 E. Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 12. White. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. Annual twiner. 
 
 DICECIOUS. Two-housed; applied to 
 any species having the female and male 
 
DIO 
 
 [ 293 ] 
 
 DTO 
 
 flowers in separate flowers on separate 
 plants. 
 
 DIOME'DEA. (After Diomeda, a clas- 
 sical name. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 terace.se]. Linn., l9-8yngene$ia 2-Super- 
 Jlua.) 
 
 This genus of greenhouse evergreen* should 
 be united to BUPHTHA'LMUM, which see for cul- 
 ture. They have all yellow flower*. 
 D. arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. June. S. Amer. 
 1824. 
 
 bidenta'ta (two-toothed). 2. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1696. 
 
 glabra'tu (smooth). 3. June. S. Amer. 1699. 
 
 DI'ON. (From dis, two, and oon, an 
 egg ; referring to the two-lobed scales 
 which compose the large cones of the 
 Cycad, bearing a large nut-like seed at 
 the bottom of each scale ; otherwise from 
 seeds being borne in twos. Nat. ord., 
 Cycads [Cycadaceze]. Linn., %'2-Dicecia 
 11-Dodecandria. Allied to Cycas revoluta.) 
 
 A fine Palm-like plant. The fruit of this Dion, 
 which is as large as a chestnut, is powdered by 
 the natives, and formed into a kind of arrowroot. 
 Supposed to he propagated by suckers, and seeds 
 when obtainable ; rough, sandy loam, with some 
 broken bricks and charcoal. Summer temp., 60 
 to 90; winter, 55 to 6(1. 
 
 D. edu'le (eatable-seeded). 2. April. Mexico. 
 1844. 
 
 DION^'A. Venus's Fly-trap. (After 
 Dione, one of the names of Venus. Nat. 
 ord., Sundeivs [Droceraceae]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Notwithstanding all the fables about this plant, 
 it is one of extreme interest to cultivators, owing 
 as much to the care and skill necessary for its 
 management, as to the irritability displayed by 
 the stipulary fringes on the winged leaves. The 
 irritability is in three hair-like teeth, set on either 
 side of a hollow leaflet on the top of the main 
 leaf, so situated that an insect cannot pass along, 
 or alight on the part, without touching one of 
 them, when they suddenly fold, like the fingers of 
 the two hands clasped together, and enclose the 
 insect with a firmness beyond its strength to es- 
 cape. Greenhouse evergreen. Division of the 
 plant ; seeds at times ; leaves laid in damp moss, 
 under a glass, will sometimes emit a young plant 
 at its margin ; peat earth, with a little sphagnum, 
 moss, and bits of potsherds broken small. The 
 pot is set in a pan, stuffed round, not very tight, 
 with clear moss, and the pan filled with water ; 
 a bell-glass is placed over the plant, but kept 
 from going close down all round. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 D. musci'pula (fly-catcher). $. White. July. 
 Carolina. 1788. 
 
 DIOSCO'REA. Yam. (After P. Dios- 
 corides, a Greek physician. Nat. ord., 
 Tamworts [Dioscoreacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dioecia 6-Hexandria.) 
 
 Stove, green-flowered, tuberous-rooted plants, 
 used as potatoes. Dividing the tubers ; light, 
 rich soil. Summer temp., Co to 80; winter, 
 *0 to 55. 
 
 D. acuIea'ta(priMv-s'emmed). 10. E.Ind. 1803. 
 
 uln'ta (\v\n%-stalktd). 15. India. 1/39. 
 
 Brasilie'naii (Brazilian). 8. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 bulbi'fera (buib-bearing). 12. July. E. Ind. 
 
 169'.. 
 
 cinnamonifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 6. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1827 
 
 pentnphy'lla (five-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1/68. 
 
 suti'va (cornmon-cultivAtcd-yam), 20. Au- 
 
 gust. W. Ind. 1/33. 
 
 DIO'SMA. (From <tios, divine, and 
 osme, odour; referring to the powerful 
 perfume which characterizes these and 
 other Muewurts [ liutaceaj}. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia,} 
 
 These are among the Bucku-plants of the Cape 
 colonists, and old inhabitants of our greenhouses ; 
 but some of the more showy species now form the 
 new genera Adenandra, Atrathosma, Barosma. &c. 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. All are white-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of short-jointed 
 young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 sanely peat three parts, tibry loam one part, with 
 silver sand and a few pieces of charcoal, to keep 
 the soil open ; some of the most robust species 
 should have more loam, but in a fibry, rough state. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, - 40 D to 45. 
 D. cordu'ta (heart-shaped), ij. May. 1823. 
 
 curymbn'su (corymb-flowered), li. May. 1818. 
 
 cupressi'na (cypress-leaved). 1^. Pink. May. 
 
 1790. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. June. 1/56. 
 
 foelidi'ssirna (most foetid). 2. June. 1324. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy-leaved). 4. Pink. May. i;31. 
 
 hy'Mda (hybrid). 2. May. 1823. 
 
 longifo'tia (long-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 oppositifo'liu (opposite-leaved). 3. June. 1752. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Blue. May. 1813. 
 
 punrta'ta (dotted). 2. June. 1823. 
 
 ru' bra (red). 2. Red. March. 1/52. 
 
 scopa'ria (broom-tike) . l. June. 1812. 
 
 sphoeroce'phala (round-headed). May. 
 
 squamo'sii (scaly). 1. June. 1818." 
 
 subulu'ta (awl-s"haped-/eawd). 3. June- 1818. 
 
 succule'nta (succulent-tertwed). 2. June. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). 1. May. 1823. 
 
 tenui'ssima (slenderest). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 tcnuifu'lia (a\ender-lnaved). 2. June. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. June. 17S0. 
 
 ulici'na (furze-like). 1. May. 1823. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 1. June. 1820. 
 
 DIOSPY'ROS. The Date Plum. (From 
 dios, divine, and puros, wheat; literally, 
 celestial food. Nat. ord., Ebenads [Ebe- 
 nacese]. Linn., IS-Polyyamia %-Diceciu.} 
 
 The European Lotus, or Date Plum, is rather 
 tender in Britain, but ripens its fruit in tb 
 south of France. The Virginian Diospyros, of 
 which Loudon says all the other American sorts 
 are only varieties, is not unlike the European 
 Lotus ; it thrives best in damp peat, and is often, 
 much injured by frost. In India many specks of 
 Diospyros are found, where they are remarkable 
 for the hardness of the wood. The Ebony on 
 which the order is; founded is D. ebe'nus. The 
 Iron-wood is also one of the species. The Kau 
 Apple of the Cape, and the Kaki preserve from 
 China, are said to be the fruit of a Diospy/os. 
 Greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-giass. Stove species 
 strike best from ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 
DIP 
 
 [ 299 ] 
 
 DIP 
 
 glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat, any time from 
 March to May. The hardy species are best pro- 
 pagated by seeds, and sown out of doors in a shel- 
 tered, moist place. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 D. Itftus (lotus). 20. Yellow, green. June. Italy. 
 15Q6. Evergreen. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 15. Yellow. June. N. Ainer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 wbe'scens (downy). 20. Yellow, green. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. Evergreen. 
 
 Virginia' na (Virginian). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 16.29. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet). Yellow. July. America. 
 
 1629. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 D. Ka'ki (Kaki). 12. White, green. Japan. 178Q. 
 
 lotia'ta (lobe-fruited). 16. China. 1822. 
 
 munta'nti (mountain). 6. White, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 20. Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 rugulo'sa (small-wrinkled). 20. N.Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 aemVn'des(vaccinium-like). 2. White. May. 
 
 China. 1823. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 D. chloro'xylon (green-wooded). 20. White. E. 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 cordifo'li a (heart-leaved). 15. White, green. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/94. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 20. Philippine. 1821. 
 
 ehenu'ster (ebenaster). 20. Bengal. 1792. 
 
 ebe'num (ebony). 30. White. E. Ind. 1792. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 20. E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 embryo' pteris (embrvopteris). 25. White, 
 
 green. July. "E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Mrsu'ta (hairy). 20. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 tyrioi'des (lycium-like). 10. 18o6. 
 
 Jfa6o'te(Mabola). 8. Yellow, green. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1822. 
 
 mclano'xylon (black-wooded). 20. White. 
 
 E.Ind. 181/. 
 
 -obova'ta (reverseci-egg-tercred). 15. White, 
 green. W. Ind". 1796. 
 
 Sapo'ta (Sapota). White. July. Philippines. 
 
 1843. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). 20. White. E.Ind. 1812. 
 
 DI'PHACA. (From dis, two, or twice, 
 and pliake, a lentil ; referring to the seed- 
 pods being divided into two divisions, 
 having one seed in each. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadclphia k-Dtcandria.} 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen, of strong habit; old 
 plants of it may be turned out into the borders in 
 summer, and left to their fate, young ones only 
 being good for pot cultivation. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in April ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 45 to 48. 
 D. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). 3. White. 
 China. 
 
 DIPHYI/LE'JA. (From dis, two, and 
 phyllon, a leaf; the leaves produced in 
 twos. Nat. ord., Berberids [Berberida- 
 ceae]. Linn., 6 Hexmidria 1-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Jeffersonia.) 
 
 A pretty, hardy herbaceous plant, best treated 
 as an alpine plant, or on the shady side of a rock- 
 work ; divisions ; rich, light soil. 
 
 D. cymo'sa (c\me -flowered). 4. White. May. 
 M.Aiiusr. 1812. 
 
 DIPHY'SA. (From dis, two, and physa, 
 a bladder; referring to the seed-pods 
 being produced in twos, and bladdery- 
 like, as in Sutherlandia, to which it is 
 nearly allied. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [ Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Ztecan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, a 
 little firm at the base, in sand, under a glass, and 
 in a mild bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 
 55. 
 
 D. Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 10. Yellow. 
 Carthagena. 1827. 
 
 DI'PLACUS. (From dis, two, and plakos, 
 a placenta, or the part inside a seed -pod 
 on which the seeds originate. When the 
 seeds are ripe, the placenta in this and 
 some other genera divides into two parts, 
 a very slight feature to separate Di- 
 placus from Mimulus, to which it is al- 
 lied. Nat. ord,, Fiyworts [Scrophularia- 
 cese]. Linn,, Ik-Didynamia 2-Anyiosper- 
 mia. ) 
 
 This and the old Mi'mulus glutino'sus are as 
 nearly one and the same thing, botanically con- 
 sidered, as any two plants can be ; yet they will 
 not interbreed. Both are good plants for turning 
 out into warm borders through the summer, and 
 for planting in mixed flower-beds. Greenhouse 
 evergreens, from California. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm at the base, in April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; rich, fibry loam, with a litlls 
 peat. Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 40 to 
 45. 
 D. glutino'sus (clammy). 3. Orange. 1794. 
 
 puni'ceus (scarlet-cowered). 4. Scarlet. 1837, 
 
 DIPLADE'NIA. (From diploos, a double, 
 and aden, a gland ; referring to the pre- 
 sence of two gland-like processes on the 
 ovary. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Mandevillia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, and in a sweet bottom- 
 heot ; turfy peat, with silver sand, and plenty of 
 drainage; abundance of water in summer, bnt 
 very little in winter. Summer temp., (50 to 80; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 D. acumina'ta (pointcd-/>ef/ed). 10. Pink. July. 
 Brazil. 1854. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (durkpurple). 10. Dark purple. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 crass'mu'da (thick-jointed). 10. Rosy. October. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 fla'va (yellow-flowered). Yellow. May. New 
 
 Granada. 1845. 
 
 Harri'sii (Lord Harris's). 10. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Trinidad. 1854. 
 
 sph'mlens (shining). 10. Rose. July. Orgaa 
 
 Mountains. 1841. 
 
 uropfiy'lla (tail-leaved). 3. Deep salmon. 
 
 Brazil. 1847. 
 
 DIPLA'ZIUM. ( From diplazo. to double ; 
 
DTP 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 DIP 
 
 referring to the double covering of the 
 spore- cases, or seed-vessels.) 
 
 A genus of handsome stove evergreen Ferns, or 
 Polypods. The root-stocks of D. escult'ntum are 
 eaten in India by natives. The spores of all are 
 brown, or brownish-yellow ; divisions ; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 
 55. 
 
 D. acumina'tum (/ong--pointed-teaed). . Brazil. 
 
 aJfi'nK (allied). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 arlttire'scens (tree-like). 12. Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 alisniaefu'liti (water-plantain-leaved). Isle oi 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 auric al a 1 fum (eared). 10. August. Caraccas. 
 
 18^0. 
 
 Barbudt'nse (Barbadoeb). August. W. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 brenflo'rum (short-flowered). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 castaneeeff/ Hum (chestnut-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 cnudu'tum (tailed). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 coarcta'tum (close-pressed). Bnizil. 1841. 
 
 decussa'tum (cross-frondeil) . 2. June. E. liid. 
 
 defle'xum (turned-down). MuUcca. 
 
 ebe'num (black). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 e'legnns (elegant). July. 
 
 escule'ntum (eatable). 3. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 exte'nsum (lengthened). Malacca. 
 
 frottdo'tum (froudose). August. E. Ind. 
 
 grandifo'tium (large-leaved). 4. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). June. Java. 
 juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 3. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 - Malnba'ricum (Malabar). 8. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shaped). April. Isle of Leyte. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-teaued). 2. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1819- 
 
 porre'ctum (stretched-out). Malacca. 
 
 Sera/npore / wse(Serampore). 3. August. Se- 
 
 rumpore. 1820. 
 
 Schltn'nrii (Schkuhr's) Malacca. 
 
 Sliephi-'rdii (Shepherd's). Brazil. 1822. 
 
 spinulo'sa (small-spined). July. Java. 
 
 stria' turn (streaked). 1. August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 thelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). I.July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 ttndulo'sum (wavy). August. 
 
 tt?7l<e/o'rmts(vittaria-like). July. Isle of Java. 
 
 Walli'chi (Wallich's). April. E. Ind. 
 
 (From diploos, double, 
 and chiton, a coat of mail ; referring to a 
 cup-like process covering the top of the 
 ovary. Nat. ord., Mdaslomads [Melasto- 
 xnacese]. IAnn.,S-Octandria l-Monogynia.) 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of side-shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, and in heat, in April; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 
 to 60. 
 
 D. Fothergi'lla (Pother-nil's). 15. White. May. 
 Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 macrophy'lla (law-leaved). 10. Rose. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 Swartzia'na (Swartz's). 12. Rose. April. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1816. 
 
 DIPLO'COMA. (From diploos, double, and 
 A-oma, a hair; referring to the two forms 
 of the pappus, or seed appendages. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19- 
 Sunyene&ia 
 
 Rather a pretty perennial border-plant, but not 
 quite hardy. We have adopted the name by 
 which it is best known ; but the original and le- 
 gitimate name is Eteruthe'cu, Division ; common 
 soil, in a dry, sheltered place. 
 D. villo'sa (long-haired). I. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 1826. 
 
 DIPLOL^E'NA. (From cfiploos, double, 
 and /<e, a cloak ; referring to the coat- 
 ing of the ripe fruit splitting into two 
 divisions, as is general in this section jf 
 Rueworts [Rutaceaej. Linn., 10-Decan- 
 dria 1- Monoyynia. Allied to Correa.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River, with 
 cream-coloured flowers. Cuttings of young shoots 
 getting firm ; peat, and a very little fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 40 to 45. 
 D. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. May. 
 
 Dampie'ri (Uatupier's). 4. April. 1837. 
 
 DIPLOPA'PPUS. (From diploos, double, 
 and pappos, a plume; referring to the 
 feathery ornaments called pappus, which 
 crown the seeds, as in the Dandelion. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Si/ngcnesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Cal- 
 listephus.) 
 
 All by cuttings under a hand or bell-glass; 
 sandy loam ; they require the protection of a cold 
 pit in winter. A'sterjilifo'lius, linurifo'lius, obtu- 
 sa'tus, pluriflo'rus, and ri'gidus have recently 
 been added to this genus. See A'STER. 
 D. inca'nus (hoa.Tj-herbaged). 2. Light yellow. 
 August. California. 1832. 
 
 DIPLOPE'LTIS. (From diploos, double, 
 and pelte, a shield; referring to a double 
 appendage attached to the inside of the 
 petals. Nat. ord., Soapivorts [Sapinda- 
 cese]. Linn., %&-JPotyytimia l-Moncccia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in April; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 75; 
 winter, 40 to 45. 
 
 D. Huge' Hi (Baron Hugel's). 1. Rose, white. 
 July. Swan River. 1837. 
 
 DIPLOTHE'MIUM. (From diploos, double, 
 and thema, a sheath ; referring to the 
 spathe, or sheath, out of which issues 
 the flower-stem of Palms, Arums, &c. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacea?]. Linn., 
 2l-Moncecia Q-Enneandria. Allied to 
 Gocos.) 
 
 Those who cannot afford bead-room for the 
 giants of this noble race have here three dwarf 
 species to represent the order. Stove Palms. 
 Seeds ; rich, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 90 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 D. campc'stris (field). 10. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 lituru'le (sea-shore). 4. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 mari'timum (sea- side). 10. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 DI'PSACUS. Teasel. (From dipsao, 
 to thirst ; referring to the cavity formed 
 by the leaves clasping the stem holding 
 
DIP 
 
 [SOI ] 
 
 DIS 
 
 water. Nat. ord., Teaselworts [Dipsaca- 
 ceeej. Linn., 4-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Scabious.) 
 
 The onlv plant in this genus worthy of any 
 remark is D.fullu'num, used by fullers in dress- 
 ing cloth. For the cultivation of this piant, 
 ami the use of the heads by the fuller, sef Cottage 
 Gardener, v. 83. Hardy biennials. Seeds ; com- 
 mon soil. 
 D.fti'rox (fierce). 3. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 fullo'num (fuller's;. 6. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 3. Blue. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. White. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 iacinia'tus (cut-leaved). 6. Purple. July. 
 
 Germany. 1683. 
 
 pilo'sus (shaggy). 4. White. August. Britain. 
 There are other species, but mere weeds. 
 
 DIPTERACA'NTKUS. (From dis, two, or 
 double, and akantha, a spine ; double- 
 spined. Nat. ord., Acantliads [Acan- 
 thacese]. Linn., ]A-Didynamia 2-Anyio- 
 spermia. Ailed to Euellia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, under 
 a glass, not close ; loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Purple. July. 
 E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 pa'tuln (spreading). l. Pale violet. July. 
 
 E. I ud. 1774. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). White. 
 
 DI'PTERIX. Tonquin Bean. (From dis, 
 double, and pterix, a wing; referring to 
 the two upper segments of the calyx. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba. -ete]. 
 Linn., \l-Diadelphia -Decandria. Allied 
 to Dalbergia.) 
 
 The Tonga, or Tonquin Bean, used by per- 
 fumers and snuff-makers, is the seed of this tree : 
 hence the specific name. Stove evergreen tree. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in moist heat, in 
 April; rich, rough loara. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 60 to 55. 
 
 D. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 60. Purple. Guiana. 
 179J. 
 
 DI'RCA. Leather- wood. (From dirkc, 
 a fountain; the plant growing in moist 
 places. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Tbymela- 
 ceaj]. Linn., S-Octandriu \-Monog\jnia. 
 Allied to Daphne.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in autumn; 
 seeds in spring; sandy, peaty soil, and moist si- 
 tuation. 
 
 D. palufstrls (marsh). 6. Yellow. March. Vir- 
 ginia. 1750. 
 
 DI'SA. (Probably the native name. A 
 genus of curious ground-orchids, natives 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. Perhaps the 
 most splendid is D. grandijlo'ra, a native 
 of the top of Table Mountain, behind 
 Cape Town, growing in a spongy kind of 
 peat earth, on the margin of pools, in tl <s 
 
 wet season ; but it has hitherto resisted 
 the skill of British cultivators.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Division ; peat 
 and loam, with a portion of sand. Summer tc;np., 
 60 to 80; winter, 45 to 55. 
 D. bractea'ta (bracted). f. Green. June. .1818. 
 
 chrysosta'chya (yellowish-spiked). 1. Yellow. 
 June. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). l. Pale blue. June. 1805. 
 
 draco'nis (dragon). 1. White, purple. June. 
 
 1823. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). . Brown. June. 1820. 
 
 flexua'sa (zigzag), f. 1823. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). l. Blue. 1825. 
 
 grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1825. 
 
 la'cera (jagged), f. White. June. 1826. 
 
 macuta'ta (spotted). 1. Blue. June. I8i5. 
 
 prasina'ta (itek-green-flowered). J. Green, 
 
 red. June. 1810. 
 
 tpatula'ta (spatula-fipped). 1. Pale blue. June. 
 
 1805. 
 
 DISA'NDRA PBOSTRA'TA we have united 
 to Sibthorpia. 
 
 DISBUDDING is the removal, soon after 
 they have burst into leaves, of such imds 
 as, if allowed to grow into shoois, wouid 
 be misplaced. Thus, buds protruded di- 
 rectly in the front of branches trained 
 against walls, or fore-right shoots, as they 
 are correctly termed, and buds that 
 would produce shoots in places already 
 sufficiently filled with branches, may be 
 removed, or disbudded. The object is to 
 strengthen the desirably-placed buds by 
 thus confining to them the expenditure 
 of sap. There is no better mode of aid- 
 ing a weakly plant to a more vigorous 
 and robust growth than judicious dis- 
 budding ; but an over-robust and super- 
 luxuriant tree had better be allowed to 
 exhaust itself by a more profuse deve- 
 lopment of leaf-buds. By judicious dis- 
 budding, which should always be per- 
 formed gradually, any winter pruning is 
 almost rendered unnecessary, and in all 
 instances is diminished. 
 
 DISCA'RIA. (From diskos, a disk; hav- 
 ing a large fleshy disk. Nat. ord., Mham- 
 nads [Khamnace]. Linn., ^-Tetrundria 
 \-Monogynia. Allied to Colletia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, from New Holland. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in April, kept rather close and hot ; sandy loaiu 
 and peat. Summer temp., 65 to 75; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 D. austra'lia (southern). Yellow. May. 1824. 
 
 DISCHI'DIA. (From rfis, twice, and schizo, 
 to split ; referring to an obscure process 
 in the construction of the flower. Nat. 
 ord., Asclep%ads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 
 &-Pentandria l-Monoyynw. Nearly related 
 to Stephanotis and Hoya.) 
 
DIS 
 
 [ 302 ] 
 
 DOL 
 
 Stove evergreen trailers, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat, any time in the 
 spring and summer months ; sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 D. Bengale'usis (Bengal). 1$. September. India. 
 1819. 
 
 nummulft'ria (moneywort-leaved). . August. 
 
 Ambcyna. 
 
 DISEASES. The morbid affections to 
 which the vegetable part of the creation 
 are liable, are almost as numerous as 
 those which render decrepid and de- 
 stroy the animal tribes. The smut 
 which ravages our corn crops; the mil- 
 dew which destroys our peas ; the curl 
 infecting our potatoes; the ambury, or 
 club root, to which our turnips and other 
 species of cabbageworts are liable ; the 
 shanking, or ulceration, which attacks the 
 stalks of our grapes, are only a few of 
 the most commonly observed diseases to 
 which the plants we cultivate are liable. 
 
 Disease is the negation of health ; and 
 as the health of a plant is the correct 
 performance of its functions, disease 
 may be denned to be an incorrect per- 
 formance of the functions. 
 
 Such incorrectness arises from the 
 vital energy declining in consequence of 
 old age ; from parasites ; from wounds ; 
 from food improper either in quality or 
 quantity ; and from unfavourable tempe- 
 rature. If all these could be avoided, a 
 plant might enjoy a vigorous immortality. 
 Sach, however, is not the lot of any 
 organized being, and we note them chiefly 
 to remind the gardener, that in propor- 
 tion as he can save any plant from such 
 unfavourable circumstances, will it enjoy 
 health, and length of vigorous life. 
 
 BISE'MMA. (From dis, double, and 
 stcmma, a crown ; referring to the double 
 coronet, or rays. Nat. ord., Pnssinnworts 
 [Passifloracese]. Linn., IG-Monadelphia 
 2-Pentandria. Allied to Tacsonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climbers, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of young shoots in summer, in 
 sandy soil, under a glass, and in gentle bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loaui. Winter temp., 45 to 50. 
 D. adiantifo'lia (adiantum-leaved). 20. Orange. 
 July. 1/92. 
 
 aura'ntia (orange). 15. White, red. July. 
 
 Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 30. Green, white. 
 
 July. 1821. 
 
 DISOCA'CTUS. (From dis, twice, isos, 
 equal, and caclos ; the divisions of the 
 petals and sepals equal, and twice two, 
 and the habit of a Cactus. Nat. ord., 
 Cactusworts [Cactacese]. Linn., 12-Jco- 
 nandria \-Monocjynia. Allied to llhip- 
 salis.) 
 
 This curious plant forms the connecting: link 
 between the Epiphyllum and Rhipsalis section* 
 of the order, but, in general appearance inclines 
 much more to Rhipsalis. Stove evergreen. 
 Cuttings after fresh growth has commenced ; 
 also seeds ; turfy loam and leaf-mould, with sand 
 and broken pots, to keep the compost open. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85, with moisture; winter, 48 
 to 55, kept rather dry. 
 
 D. bifo'rmis (two-formed). 2 J. Pink. Hondura. 
 1839. 
 
 DISPE'RIS. (From dis, double, and 
 pera, a pouch; from the form of the 
 perianth's outer segments.) 
 
 A genus of ground, or terrestrial orchids, natives 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. Division ; peat and 
 loam, with a little sand and charcoal. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 D. Cape'nsis (Cape), f. Scarlet. July. 1816. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). f. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 secu'nda (side-flowering). |. Purple. June. 
 
 1799. 
 
 DI'SPORUM. (From dis, double, and 
 poros, a pore; application not stated. Nat. 
 ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae]. Linn., 
 Q-PIexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Uvularia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the 
 roots in spring ; also by seeds, sown under glass, 
 in April ; peat and loam, most of the first ; re- 
 quire a cold pit in winter. 
 
 D.fu'luum (t&vfny-flowered). Ij. Brown. Oc- 
 tober. China. 1801. 
 
 parviflo'mm (small-flowered). 3* Yellow. 
 
 July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 DITTANY. Dicta'mnns. 
 
 DITTANY OF AMORGOS. Ori'yanum 
 Tourncfo'rtii. 
 
 DITTANY OF CRETE. Ori'ganum dic- 
 ta'mnns. 
 
 DODDER. Cu' scuta. 
 
 DODECA'THEON. American Cowslip. 
 (An ancient name applied by Pliny to 
 a plant having a leaf like a lettuce. Nat. 
 ord., Primeioorts [Primulaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Nonogynia. Allied to 
 Cyclamen.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Dividing the roots ; sandy loam. 
 D. integrifo'lium (whole-leaved). . Light pur- 
 ple. April. 1829;. 
 
 Mea'dia (Meadia). 1. Light purple. May. 
 
 1744. 
 albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 May. 1824. 
 eflegans (elegant). 1$. Rosy. May. IS?;. 
 
 gipa'nteum (gigantic). 2. Lilac. May. 
 
 181Q. 
 lilaci'num (\\\&c-flowered). 1. Lilac. 
 
 DOG-BERRY- TREE. Co'rnus sangui'nea. 
 DOG BRAMBLE. Ei'bes cyno'sbati. 
 DOG'S BANE. Apo'cynum. 
 DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. Erythro' Kinm. 
 DOGWOOD. Co'rnus. 
 DO'LICHOS. (From dollkos, long; re- 
 
DOL 
 
 [ 303 ] 
 
 DOR 
 
 ferring to the twining shoots. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 \7-Diadelphia l-Decandria. Allied to 
 Lablab.) 
 
 Generally weedy-looking things ; D. ligno'sus 
 is the one most favoured by gardeners. Seeds 
 for all ; cuttings of perennial species in sand 
 under glass, the stove ones requiring a little extra 
 heat. The treatment common to the greenhouse 
 and plant stove will suit them. All the flowering 
 species are twiners. 
 D. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse 
 
 evergreen. 
 Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 8. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Stove evergreen. 
 
 ligno'sus (woody;. 12. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1/76. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Lu'bia (Lubia). 14. White, blue. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1818. Hardy annual. 
 
 Sinefnsis (Chinese). 6. Pale red. July. India. 
 
 1//6. Hardy annual. 
 
 DOLIOCA'RPUS. (From dolios, deceitful, 
 and karpos, a fruit; in reference to the 
 juice being used as rouge. Nat. ord., 
 Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., iS-Poly- 
 undria L-Monogynia. Allied to Delima.) 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of young 
 firm shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat; peat and loam, most of the former, and a 
 little silver sand. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. Caline'a (Calinea). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 
 
 1822. 
 
 DOMBE'YA. (Named after J. Domley, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Byttnerlads 
 [Byttneriaceffij. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 
 7-JDodecandria. Allied to Astrapsea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a glass, and 
 in bottorn-heat, in April ; sandy loam and turfy 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 60 
 to 55. 
 
 D. cannnbi'na (hemp). 10. White. March. 
 Mauritius. 
 
 cordifv'li't (heart-leaved). 16. Red. E. Ind. 
 
 18-20. 
 
 crythro'a-ylnn (red-wooded). White. January. 
 -ferrugi'nea (runty-leaved). 15. White. Mau- 
 ritius. 1815. 
 
 mo'llls (soft-leaved). 30. Pink. March. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shaped). 16. White. Bourbon. 
 
 1822. 
 
 punctu'ta (dottcd-leaved) . 16. White. Bour- 
 
 bon. 1820. 
 
 tilitefo'lia (lime-leaved). 15. White. Bourbon. 
 
 1820- 
 
 viburniflo'ra (Guelder - rose - flowered). 13. 
 
 White. February. Comorin Islands. 
 1850. 
 
 DOO'DIA. (Named after S. Doody, a 
 London apothecary and botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffl], Linn., 24- 
 Oryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Grepnhouse herbaceous Ferns. Spores brown, 
 or yellowish-brown. Divisions, just before fresh 
 growth commences, in spring; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 55 to 75 j winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 D. a'spera 
 
 (rough-sta/Aed). 
 Wales. 1808. 
 
 3. June. N. S, 
 
 blechnoi'des (blechnum-like). August. N; 
 
 Holland. 1835. 
 
 cauda'ta (tailed). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Kunthiu'na (Kunth's). 
 
 lunula'ta (crescent-leaved'). New Zealand. 
 
 1834. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate), f . June. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). August. Virginia. 
 
 1774. 
 
 DOKE'MA. (From dorema, a gift; re- 
 ferring to its product guin ammoniac, 
 but not Dioscorides's plant, which was 
 some species of Ferula, supposed F. 
 orienta'lis. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Api- 
 acesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. 
 Allied to Ferula.) 
 
 The plant from which gum ammoniac is ob- 
 tained. Hardy herbaceous plant. Seeds sown in 
 a sheltered place at the end of April ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 
 D. ammoni'acum (ammoniac). 7. White, yellow. 
 June. Persia. 1831. 
 
 DORO'NICUM. Leopard's Bane. (From 
 doronigi, the Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19-?//- 
 genesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Arnica. ) 
 
 A genus of early-flowering, low, hardy, herba- 
 ceous plants for borders. D. Colu'mna makes an 
 excellent bed or large patch ; will bear removing 
 with a ball as soon as it has done flowering; trans- 
 plant about the end of September to the flower- 
 garden. Yellow flowers, except D. Altafimm. 
 Dividing at the roots 5 common garden-soil ; if 
 dry and light all the better. 
 D. Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. White. July. Siberia. 
 1783. 
 
 Austri'acum (Austrian). 1 . May. Austria. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1815. 
 
 Colu'mna! (Columna's). 2. May. Italy. 1824. 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). Russia. 1838. 
 
 dentutum (toothed-teaoed). May. 1825. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 2. July. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1828. 
 
 pardalia'nches (panther-strangler). 2. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-teaed). 2. May. 
 
 South Europe. 15/0. 
 
 scorpioi'4es (scorpion-like). 1. May. Ger 
 
 many. 
 
 DORSTE'NIA. (Named after T. Dorsten, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Morads 
 [Horace]. Linn.,4-7WraHdrm \-Mona- 
 gynia. Allied to the Fig and Mulberry.) 
 
 Little tufted stove herbaceous plants, cultivated 
 for the curious way they produce their incon- 
 spicuous green flowers, on a flattened leaf-like 
 receptacle. They are worth growing for covering 
 rock-work, or side-edgings in a damp stove. Di- 
 vision, before active growth ; also seeds in a hot- 
 3ed, in March or April ; rich, sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 4. June. W. Ind. 
 1822. 
 
DOTI 
 
 [ 304] 
 
 DOU 
 
 D Hatufti'ni (Houston's). . June. S. Amer. 
 1/47. 
 
 tultici'na (trumpet). June. Trinidad. 1817- 
 
 DORYA'NTHES. (From dory, a spear, 
 and a/jf/ios, a flower; the flower-stem 
 shoots up from twelve to twenty feet high, 
 like the handle of a spear, bearing flowers 
 on the top. Nat. ord., Amaryttid* [Ama- 
 ryllidacea^]. Linn., ft-Hexandria l-Mono~ 
 yynia. Allied to the American Aloe, but 
 not with succulent leaves.) 
 
 Tids gigantic half-lily and half-palm looking 
 plant, with its bundled fleshy roots, seems rather 
 out of place among Ainaryllids. This, with its 
 fellows, Littsea and Fourcroya, can only tintl head- 
 room ia the loftiest conservatories. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. Suckers and seeds at times ; pear and 
 rich loam. Summer temp., 6*) to 80; winter, 
 45 to 60. 
 
 D. efue'ha (lofty). 20. Cream. July. N. S. 
 Wales. 1800. 
 
 DORY'CKIUM. (From dory, a spear; 
 adopted from Pliny, who applied the 
 name to "a poisonous herb wherewith 
 they poisoned arrow-heads, darts, &c." 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], 
 Linn., Yi-Diaddphia-Decandria. Allied 
 to Lotus and Trifoiium.) 
 
 Seeds in March ; herbaceous ones also by divi- 
 sioa ; common garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 D. herbu'ceum (herbaceous). 14. White. July. 
 South Europe. 1802. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). White. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1838. 
 
 tatifo'tium (broad-leaved). 1$. White. July. 
 
 Iberia. 1818. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN. 
 
 D. hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. lied, white. July. 
 South Europe. 1683. 
 
 re'cium (upright). 2. Red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1(540. 
 
 sufrutieo'sum (sub-shrubby). lj. White. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1640. Halt-hardy. 
 
 tomento'sum (woolly). 3. Red, white. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1817. 
 
 DORYO'PTERIS. (From dory, a spear, 
 and pteris, a fern ; spear-leaved Fern 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryptoyamia 
 1 -Filices. Alii ed to P teiis. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous Ferns, with yellowish-brown 
 spores. Division, chiefly in spring; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 45 
 to 55. 
 D. colli'na (hill). August. Brazil. 
 
 cordifit'lia (heart-leaved). 
 
 husta'ta (halbert-teuwed). June. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 pulma'ta (hand-shaped). J. July. Caraccas. 
 
 1821. 
 
 sagittifn'lia (arrow-head-leaved), i. July. 
 
 Waiti 1 chit (W allieh's). E. Ind. 
 
 DOUBLE FLOWERS. Hybridizing, aided 
 by cultivation, gives birth to these objects 
 of the gardener's care. To the uniniti- 
 htud it seems incredible that the double 
 
 moss rose should be a legitimate descend- 
 ant from the briar ; neither do the flowers 
 of the Fair Maid of France appear less 
 impossible derivatives from those of the 
 JRariu'nculiis platan if u'lius ; nor bachelor's 
 buttons from the common butter-cup; yet 
 so they are. Double flowers, as they are 
 properly called, are more correctly dis- 
 criminated as the full flower, the multi- 
 piieate flower, and the proliferous flower. 
 
 The full flower is a flower with its 
 petals augmented in number by the total 
 transformation into them of its stamens 
 and its pistils. Orte-petaled flowers 
 rarely iindergo this metamorphosis, but it 
 is very common in those having many 
 petals, as in the carnation, ranunculus, 
 rose, and poppy. But this is not the only 
 mode in which a flower becomes full, for 
 in the columbine (Aquile'yia) itis effected 
 in three different ways, viz., by the mul- 
 tiplication of petals to the exclusion of 
 the nectaries; by the multiplication oi 
 the nectaries to the exclusion of the 
 petals; and by the multiplication of the 
 nectaries whilst the usual petals remain. 
 Radiated flowers, such as the sunflower, 
 dahlia, anthemis, and others, become 
 full by the multiplication of the florets of 
 their rays to the exclusion of the florets 
 of their disk. On the contrary, various 
 species of the daisy, matricaria, &e., be- 
 come full by the multiplication of thy 
 florets of the disk. 
 
 The muliiplicate flower has its petals 
 increased by the conversion of a portion 
 of its stamens, or of its calyx. It occurs 
 most frequently in polypetalous flowers. 
 Linneeus gives the only instances we know 
 of the conversion of the calyx into petals, 
 and these are to be observed in the pin'!; 
 (Dia'iithus car yophy' Hits), and a few ol 
 the alpine grasses. 
 
 A proliferous flower has another flowvr 
 or a shoot produced from it, as in the 
 variety of the daisy popularly known r.s 
 the Hen-and-chickens. It occurs al-u 
 more rarely in the ranunculus, pink, 
 marigold, and kawkweed. A leafy shoot 
 often appears in the bosom of the double- 
 blossomed cherry, anemone, and rose. 
 
 A due supply of moisture, but rather 
 less than the plant most delights in, 
 when the production of seed is the de- 
 sired object, a superabundant supply of 
 decomposing organic matter to its roots, 
 and an exposure to the greatest possible 
 degree of sun-light, are the means suc- 
 cessfully employed to promote excessive 
 
DOU 
 
 [ 305 ] 
 
 DHA 
 
 development of the petals which charac 
 terise double flowers. 
 
 By these means a greater quantity ol 
 sap is supplied to the flower than the 
 natural extent of the petals can elabu 
 rate; and those parts required for the 
 extra elaboration are developed at the 
 expense of those not demanded for the 
 purpose. 
 
 In double flowers, as was observed by 
 the late Sir J. E. Smith, the corolla is 
 much more durable than in single ones 
 of the same species, as anemones and 
 poppies, because, as he conceived, in such 
 double flowers the natural function nol 
 being performed, the vital principle o] 
 their corolla is not so soon exhausted 
 Advantage may be taken of this to pro- 
 long the duration of flowers by cutting 
 away the pistils or stamens, whichever 
 are least conspicuous, with a sharp pair 
 of pointed scissors. 
 
 DOUCIN STOCK. See STOCK. 
 
 DOUGLA'SIA. (In memory of the un- 
 fortunate .ZX. Douglas, botanical traveller 
 in North West America. Nat. ord., 
 Primeworls [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 /arfnal-Mono<7y ma. Allied to Androsace.) 
 
 An extremely rare, hardy, evergreen, alpine 
 plant. Seeds ; peat and loam ; should be used 
 as an alpine plant, and protected in winter; it 
 will not bear sudden changes. 
 D. niva'lis (snowy). $. Purple. Jane. Rocky 
 Mountains. 1827. 
 
 DOYE FLOWER. Periste'ria. 
 
 DRA'BA. (From drabe, acrid ; refer- 
 ring to one of the universal characters of 
 its Nat. ord., Critcifers [Brassicacese]. 
 Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Connected, but 
 not in close alliance, with Aubretia, Alys- 
 sum, and Cochlearia.) 
 
 Hardy rock or alpine plants. Yellow-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Perennials, 
 by dividing the roots ; also with the annuals and 
 biennials, by seeds in spring, and under a hand- 
 light, in summer; peat and loam for the tender- 
 est ; sandy loam and dry situation for the hardiest. 
 They make interesting pot-plants, treated as al- 
 pines ; and that is the satest way to treat many of 
 them. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 D. grti'rilis (slender). . June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). . June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 mura'lis (wall). J. White. June. England. 
 
 nemora'lis (grove). $. June. Europe. 175fi. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 D au'rea (golden). . June. Denmark. 1820. 
 
 cmerea (grey). $. White. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 omfu'sa (confused). 3. White. July. North 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Dau'rica (Daurian). $, White. July. Dauria. 
 
 - inca'na (hoary). |. White. May. Britain. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 D. Aizoi'des (Auoon-like). $. March. Wfc. 
 --^Wow(Aizuon). $. May. Carinthia. naa. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). i,. April. Lapland. l&iO. 
 sili'culiS'piln'sis (hairy-podded). J. AJ- 
 
 gut. Greenland. 18:20. 
 
 a'spera (rough). June. Siberia. 
 
 Austrt'aca (Austrian). $. White. June. 
 
 Austria. 1824. 
 
 brachyste'mon (short-stamened). 4. March. 
 
 Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 Brunicefu'lia (Brunia-leaved). J. June. Cau. 
 
 oasus. 1820. 
 
 bryoi'des (bryum-like). i. March. Tauria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed-feawedj, |. March. 
 
 Switzerland. 1/31. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). $. White. May. 
 
 Baffin's Bay. 1823. 
 
 crassifu'liu (thick-leaved). -J. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 cuspida'ta (spine-poinWeaed). $. March. 
 
 . Iberia. 1820. 
 
 dasyca'nxi (hairy-fruited). White. May. Altai. 
 
 1837. 
 
 erieafo'lia (heath-leaved), i- June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1821. 
 
 Fladnice'nsis (Fladniso). J. White. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 glacid'lis (icy). . June. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 Gmdi'ni : (Gtnelin's). ^. June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 grand>flo'ra (large-flowered). ^. White. May. 
 
 Altai. 183-2. 
 
 Helne'tica (Swiss). $. August. Switzerland. 
 
 1819- 
 
 fti'rta (hairy). j. White. June. North 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 inco'mpta (rough). ^. April. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 Lappo'nica (Lapland). J. White. April. 
 
 Lapland. 1810. 
 
 lasioca'rpu (woolly-iruited). J. White. May. 
 
 Ib20. 
 
 murice'lla (small-prickly). . White. June. 
 
 Lapland. 1810. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy). $. White. June. Switz- 
 
 erland. 1824. 
 
 obtonga'ta (oblongate). . White. May. 
 
 Baffin's Bay. 1823. 
 
 pilo'ia (soft-haired). *. White. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1825. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). J. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 rupe'titris (rock). $. June. Scotland. 
 
 siliquo'sa (/ur^e-podded). ^. White. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 stella' tu (starry). ^. White. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 styla'ris (long-styled). 
 
 ttunento'sa (woolly). . White. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 tridenta'ta (three- toothed). 1. August. Russia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 DRAC^'NA. (From drakaina, a female 
 dragon ; because, if this Dragon-tree is 
 wounded, the milky juice on drying be- 
 comes a hard gum, having the same pro- 
 perties as the resinous substance called 
 Dragon's-blood. Nat. ord., Li !y worts [Lili- 
 aceae]. Linn., 6-ffexandnu \-Mnnogynia.) 
 
 Evergreens, with white flowers, except D. nw'- 
 ans. Large pieces of the branches strike when 
 mt in strong bottom-heat ; rich, fibry loam, well 
 drained. Summer temp., 60 to- Si 1 - ;, winter, 48 
 ,0 55. 
 
C 306 ] 
 
 DBA 
 
 D. vndn'sa (knottc dj. 4. 1820. 
 
 no! tuns (nodding). 4. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 undulu'ta (waved). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 STOVE. 
 D. arbo'rea (tree). 30. May. Sierra Leone. 1800. 
 
 BraziiiSnsis ( Brazilian)". 6. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping. 10. May. Mauritius. 
 
 dra'co (drasjon. Common). 10. E. Jnd. 1640. 
 
 elli'ptica (elliptic-.'eaoed). 24. Yellow. March. 
 
 Amboyna. 
 
 ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 4. 1800. 
 
 fe'rren (iion). 8. April. China. 1771- 
 
 'jfufgrnns (swcet-sceuted). 6. April. Africa. 
 
 1768. 
 
 -r- inters t:.'pta (interrupted). 2. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1798. 
 
 Leone' H.KI.S (Sierra Leone). 3. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone, 1S24. 
 
 mnrgina'ta (honored). August. Madagascar. 
 
 lilauritia'na (Mauritian). 4. May. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1826. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shape-/etty<?<f). 2. August. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-feaoerf). 15. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 refie'xa (bent-back-?eaed). 4. June. Mada- 
 
 gascar. !81Q. 
 
 sal'clfu'iia (.Willow -leaved). 
 
 stria 1 ta (streaked). 4. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hone. 1820. 
 
 surculo'sa (twiggy). 4. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 !821. 
 
 terminu'lis (terminal). 10. June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 tensellti'ta fchequered). Madagascar. 18l6. 
 
 umbraculi' fera '.(umbrella-bearing). 10. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1X88. 
 
 DRACOCE'PHALUM. Dragon's Head. 
 (From drakon, a dragon, and kephale, a 
 Lead; referring to the gaping flower. 
 Nat. ord., Lipworts, or Labiates [Lamia- 
 cere]. Linn., l-Didynamiu 1-Gymno- 
 spermia. Allied to Nepeta.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in the open ground at the end 
 of March ; perennials, by seeds and divisions ; the 
 tender evergreens, by cuttings of young shoots 
 under a hand-glass, in April or May; light, rich 
 soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 D. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. Levant 
 1711. 
 
 Molda'ncum (Moldavian). 2. Blue. July 
 
 Moldavia. 1596. 
 
 albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White 
 
 July. Moldavia. 1595. 
 
 peregri'num (diffuse). . Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1759. 
 
 thymiflo'rum (thyme-flowered). . Purple, 
 
 July. Siberia. 1/52. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 D. Canariefnse (Canary. Balm <-f Mead). 3, 
 Pale purple. Auzust. Cauuncs. 1697 
 
 chama-drt/oi'des (germander-like). 5. Blue, 
 
 July. 1823. Trailer. 
 
 origanoi'des (marjoram-like). $. July. Siberia 
 
 1829. Trailer. 
 
 KARDY PERENNIALS. 
 D Altaiefnse (Altaic). 4. Purple. July. Georgia 
 
 5. Argune'nse (Argun). 1|. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 1822. 
 
 Austri'ucntn (Austrian). 1. Blue. June. Au- 
 
 stria. 1597. 
 
 botryoi'des f>otrys-like). . Purpla. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1822. 
 
 Ibe'r'x'uin (Iberian). 1. Blue. Julv. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 integrifu 1 ium (whole-leaved). Blue. July, ai- 
 
 Mexica'tium (Mexican). 2. Blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1731. 
 
 palmn'tum (hind-leaved). 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1815. 
 
 parvifl/i'rum (small-flowered). . Blue. July. 
 
 N. Asner. 1825. 
 
 pelta'tum (hield-/eot>ed). ij. Purple. July. 
 
 Levant. 1/11. 
 
 pinna'tum (leafleted). Blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 Ruyschiu'num (Ruysch's). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 North Europe. l6()9. 
 
 Sibi'rieum (Siberian). 1. Blue. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1760. 
 
 DRACO'NTIUM. Dragon. (From drakon^ 
 a dragon; referring to its spots and 
 streaks being like those on serpents. 
 Nat. ord., Orontiads [Orontiacere]. Linn., 
 7-Heptandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Po- 
 thos and Orontium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen creepers. Dividing the roots ; 
 fibry loam, and a little decayed dung and leal- 
 mould. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 48 
 to 55. 
 
 D. polyphy'llnm (many-leaved). 2. May. India. 
 1769. 
 
 spino'sum (prickly). 2. April. Ceylon. 1759- 
 
 DRACOPHY'LLUM. (From drnkon, a dra- 
 gon, and phi/lion, a leaf; referring to the 
 long bractes, which resemble the young 
 leaves of the Dragon-plant, Dracte'na 
 dra'co. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida- 
 ceffl]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Sphenotoma and Eichea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of young wood, getting firm at the base, 
 in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little 
 silver sand. Temp., winter, 40 to 45. 
 D. capita' turn (headed). 1830. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 seeu'ndum (aide- flowering). 2. White. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 DRACO'PSIS. (From drfikon, a dragon, 
 and o/;sfs, appearance; referring to the 
 rays, or florets. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraoera]. Linn., IQ-Syuyentsia 3-Su- 
 perflua. Allied to Eudbeckia.) 
 
 Harciy annual. Seeds and divisions ; open 
 garden-soil- 
 D. amplexicau'iis (stem-clasping). Yellow. July. 
 
 Louisiana. 1793. 
 
 DRAGON. Draco 'ntium and A' rum dra- 
 co'nfiuvi. 
 
 DRAGOIX'S-BLOOD. Ca'lamus dra'co. 
 
DRA 
 
 [307] 
 
 DRI 
 
 DRAGON'S-HEAD. Dracoce'phalum. 
 
 DRAGON-TREE. Dracdna dra'co. 
 
 DRAINING is drawing away the surface 
 water, instead of allowing it to chili the 
 land by evaporation, and further injuring 
 the crops by an excessive supply of mois- 
 ture. There is scarcely a garden exist- 
 ing that would not be benefited by under- 
 draining. Every gardener knows the ab- 
 solute necessity for a good drainage 
 under his wall-trees and vines, but few 
 gardeners ever think for a moment 
 whether there is any escape and outfall 
 for the water he has drained from im- 
 mediate contact with the roots of the 
 above-named favoured trees. Every gar- 
 den should have drains cut, varying in 
 depth from two to three feet, according to 
 the depth of the soil, with an interval of 
 twenty-four feet between the drains; 
 twelve feet will not be too near in clayey 
 soils. At the bottom of the drains should 
 be placed one-inch pipes; these should 
 be well puddled over six inches deep with 
 clay, and then the earth returned. They 
 should have an outfall into a ditch, at 
 the least elevated side of the garden. 
 By having the pipes with a bore no 
 larger than an inch moles cannot creep 
 in; and that bore is large enough to 
 carry off all the water, after even the 
 heaviest rains. For full directions we 
 refer our readers to Donald's shilling 
 volume, entitled Land Drainage. 
 
 DRAKE'A. ^ (Named in honour of Miss 
 Drake, botanical painter for the Botanical 
 Register. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 ceoej. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. 
 Allied to Caleya.) 
 
 The only species is an extremely curious ground- 
 orchid, having one flower on the top of a slender 
 stalk, eighteen inches long, " resembling an in- 
 sect suspended in the air, and moving with every 
 breeze." Greenhouse. Divisions ; peat, loam, and 
 rough sand. 
 
 D. ela'stica (elastic). Variegated. September. 
 Swan River. 
 
 DRAWN. A plant is said to be drawn 
 when it is unnaturally increased in 
 length. This is usually by an access of 
 heat and moisture, and a deficiency of 
 air and light. 
 
 DBBPASOOA'BPUS. The Sickle-pod. (From 
 drepanon, sickle, and carpos, a fruit; re- 
 ferring to the shape of the seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., L7-Diadelp/,ia 4,-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots 
 nearly ripe, with their leaves entire, in sand, under 
 a glass, and m bottoui-heat ; peat aad loaia, both 
 
 fibry^ Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 
 
 D. luna'tus (half -moon-capsuled). 12. White. 
 S. Amer. 1792. 
 
 DRESSING. Putting the borders in 
 order; also manuring strawberries, as- 
 paragus, and other permanent beds. 
 
 DRIFT SAND is the sand washed by 
 floods into drifts or banks, whether by 
 the sides of roads or streams. 
 
 DRILLING. Scarcely a crop in the gar- 
 den should be sown broadcast, for drill- 
 ing saves seed and labour; and although 
 in some cases it takes more time to in- 
 sert the seed in drills, yet this is more 
 than compensated by the time saved dur- 
 ing the after-culture, for the thinning 
 and hoeing are greatly facilitated. (See 
 BROADCAST.) 
 
 The distance apart appropriate for the 
 drills for particular crops will be found 
 under their respective titles; they are 
 usually made with a hoe and line, but the 
 drill-rake is often used. The teeth are 
 set six inches apart, and. are broad and 
 coulter-formed. When the drills are re- 
 quired to be less than six inches apart 
 the implement can he worked diagonally ; 
 but it may be made with teeth moveable 
 to any desired space apart. 
 
 DRI'MIA. (From drimys, acrid; refer- 
 ring to the juice of the bulbs. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliaceffl]. Linn., Q-Hexandrla 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Massonia.) 
 
 Little greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope ; elegant, though less showy than 
 the Ixias. Offsets; peat, or leaf -mould, and 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 50 to 75; winter, 
 35 to 45; potted when beginning to grow, and 
 until then kept dry after the withering of the leaf. 
 D. acumina'ta (pointed). *. Brown. August. 
 1829. 
 
 alti'ssima (tallest). l. White, green. August. 
 
 1791. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Ij. Purple, white. Au- 
 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). 2. Red, green. October. l/gp. 
 
 lancecufo'lia (spear-leaved). . Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1800. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eaed). $. Yellow, 
 
 green. September. 1774. 
 
 ?on ( g'fperfwCK/u'/a(long-flower-stalked).Green, 
 
 purple. September. 1800. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). White. August. 1820. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). . Purple. August. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pusi'llti, (little). 4. Green. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793. 
 
 undulti'ta (waved). . Green-striped. May. 
 
 1819. 
 
 villo'na (long-haired). Green. August. 1826. 
 
 DRI'MYS. (From drimys, acrid ; re 
 ["erring to the "bitter tonic taste " of ilie 
 bark, one of the characteristics of ito 
 
DRO 
 
 [ 308 ] 
 
 DRY 
 
 Nat. ord., MagnoHads [Magnoliacese]. 
 Linn., 13 - Poly undria k-Tetra<iynia.) 
 
 The Winter Bark of commerce is that of D. 
 Winte'ri, atrood substitute for cinnamon. Green- 
 house evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 suiii, after standing a fortnight shaded from sun, 
 transferred to a sweet bottom-heat; fihry peat 
 and sandy, lumpy loam. Winter temp., 40 to 46. 
 D Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Chili. 1829. 
 
 Wintftri (Winter's). Magellan. 1827. 
 
 DRO'SERA. Sundew. (From droseros, 
 dewy. Nat. ord., Sundews [Droseracese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia.) 
 
 The Sundews are delicate herbaceous plants, 
 chiefly inhabitants of marshes ; the whole plant 
 is thickly clothed with glandular hairs, giving 
 them the appearance of being studded with dew- 
 drops. We have often viewed D. rotundifo'lia 
 with amazement, on the opposite side of a little 
 pool, arrayed in hundreds of little stars, and 
 sparkling beneath a midday's sun. Seeds, gene- 
 rally, and divisions; peat earth, above it tresh 
 sphagnum moss, in which the tiny plant is to be 
 fixed, and then the pot is to be set in a pan of 
 water; when cultivated, they should all be in- 
 dulged in the greenhouse. 
 
 D. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 America'na (American). ^. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 A'nglica (English). $. White, red. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 - bina'ta (twin-leaved). . White. July. N. 
 Holland. 1821. 
 
 evythrorhi'za (scarlet-rooted). White. July. 
 
 Swan Kiver. 1843. 
 
 fittcau'lis (thready-stemmed). Rose. May. 
 
 Swan River. 1841. 
 
 filifo'rmis 'thread- form). $. Purple. July. 
 North Jersey. 1811. 
 
 giga'ntca (gigantic). White. July. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-feared)- $. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). $. White, red. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 macrafntha (large-flowered). Rose. July. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July. 
 
 Swan Kiver. 1842. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). White. July. Swan River. 
 
 1843. 
 
 paci/Zo'ra (few-flowered). . White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), i- White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). White. July. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 DROPWORT. Spira'a Jilipe'ndula and 
 Potenli'lla filipe'ndula. 
 
 DRUMMO'NDIA. (Named after Thomas 
 Drummond, who sacrificed his life in the 
 cause of botany. Nat. ord., Saxifrages 
 [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 5-Penta.ndria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Mitella.) 
 
 An alpine or rock- plant, from the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Unfortunately Drurnmo'ndia must be can- 
 c I led : theplant was named Mitello'psis previously 
 kyMeisner. Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divi- 
 
 sions and seeds; light, sandy soil, in a dry place 
 or rock-work. 
 
 D. mitelloi'des (mitella-like). $. Yellowish. 
 July. Rocky Mountains. 182;. 
 
 DRYA'NDRA. (Named after Dryander, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Proteads 
 [Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynla. Allied to Banksia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots taken off in August, inserted in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, shaded to keep the foliage 
 from flagging, and in a fortnight or three weeks 
 transferred to a mild bottom-heat; fibry peat 
 and fibry loam, with a portion of sand, broken 
 potsherds, and a few pieces of charcoal ; pots par- 
 ticularly well drained. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 
 D. arctntoi'des (arctotis-like). 1830. 
 
 arma'ta (armed). 3. 1803. 
 
 Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 3. 1824. 
 
 bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1840. 
 
 blechnifo'lia (blechnum-leaved). 1$. 1824. 
 
 culophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 1830. 
 
 earduu'cea (thistle-like). 3. April. 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April. 
 
 cunea'ta (vf edge-leaved). 3. June. 1803. 
 brevifo'lia (short-wedge-leaved). 3. June. 
 
 1803. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-wedge-leaved). 3. June. 
 
 1803. 
 
 fano'sa (honey-combed). 1840. 
 
 flori bu'nda (many-flowered). 3. 1803. 
 
 fuliola'ta (leafleted). 183C. 
 
 fnrmo'sa (handsome). 4. 1803. 
 
 Franc' ri ( Kraser's). 1 840. 
 
 longifo'lm (long-leaved). 2. 1803. 
 
 mucronula'ta (small-sharp-pointed). 3, 1624. 
 
 nerno'su (large-nerved), 2. 1824. 
 
 ni'nea, (snowy-leaved). 2. 1805. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 1840. 
 
 obtu'sa (b\unt-leaved). 2. 1803. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathered). 3. 1803. 
 
 Proteoi'des (Protea-like). 1840. 
 
 pteridifo'lia (pteris-leaved). 14. 1824. 
 
 stupo'sa (heavy). 1840. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. April. 1803. 
 
 DRY'AS. (From Dryades, the god- 
 desses of the woods, to whom the oak 
 was sacred. The leaves of D. octope'tala, 
 a Scotch plant on which the genus was 
 founded by Linnaeus, resemble small oak- 
 leaves ; and he, in a playful mood, made 
 Dryas the badge of Virgil's Dryades, after 
 the manner of the Scottish clans. Nat. 
 ord., Eoseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria 3-Polygynia. Allied to Coluria 
 and Cowania.) 
 
 All the species but D. Drummo'ndi have white 
 flowers, blooming in July. Divisions and seeds 
 in spring ; cuttings under a hand-light in sum- 
 iiier ; a peat-border, or, still better, in pots, and 
 protected during winter in a cold pit. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 D. interme'dia (intermediate). . N. Amer. 1832. 
 
 octope'tala (eight-petaled). . Britain. 
 America'na (American). 4. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
DRY 
 
 [ 36!) ] 
 
 DPtY 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 D. decapeftala (ten-petaled). N. Amer. 183Q. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). . Ireland. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). $. N. Amer. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 D. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). . Yellow. N. 
 Amer. 1828. 
 
 integrifu'lia (whole-leaved). . Greenland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). . Canada. 1820. 
 
 DRYMOGLO'SSUM. The Wood-tongue. 
 (From drymos, a wood, and g/ossum, a 
 tongue ; alluding to the place of growth 
 and form of the fronds. Allied to Poly 
 podium.) See FERNS. 
 
 Spores yellow. Division; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 D. earno'sum (fleshy). Australia. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head). June. India. 1843. 
 
 pUoselloi'des (pilosella-like). June. E. Ind. 
 
 1828. 
 
 spatula'tum (spatulate). E. Ind. 
 
 DRYMO'NIA. (From drymonia, wood- 
 land ; their habitation. Nat ord., Ges- 
 nerworts [GresneraceseJ. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia %-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Besleria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, in bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. bi' color (two-coloured). 6. Purple. W. Ind. 
 1806. 
 
 puncta'ta (spotted-flowered'). f. Yellow, 
 
 violet. May. Guatimala. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 1$. White. May. Surinam. 
 
 DRYNA'RIA. (From drys, a tree; dwell- 
 ing among trees.) 
 
 A large genus of stove Ferns, with brownish- 
 yellow spores. Allied to Dryostachyum. Divi- 
 sion ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 D. a'lbido-squama'ta (white-scaled). June. Isle 
 of Luzon. 
 
 Billardie>ri (La Billardiere's). 1. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 caspito'sn (tufted). April. India. 1841. 
 
 capitella'tu (small-headed). July. S. Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 
 coria'cea (leathery). June. India. 1840. 
 
 co'ronans (crowned). June. W. Ind. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). August. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 cuspidiflu'ra (pointed-flowered). June. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Australia. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 hemioniti'dea (spleenwort-like). 2. Yellow. 
 
 March. E. Ind. 1843. 
 
 HVs/? e / /du(Horsneld'8). Yellow. Java. 
 
 irioi'dcs (iris-.ike). 3. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 jugtandifit'lium (juplans-leaved). 1$. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 leiorhi'zn Smooth-rooted). March. E. Ind. 
 
 lomarini'des (lomaria-like). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 lo'nirifrnns (long-ironded). Isle of Luzon. 
 lo'nsfipes (long-stalked). E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 loagi'stima (longest-teaoed). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 propi'nquu (allied). May. 
 
 pustula'ta (pimpled). 1. 
 
 D. lonff/rnrin (slrap-'-ike). March. E. Ind. 
 negle'cta (neglected). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 normn'Hs (normal). March. Nepaul. 
 
 palmu'ta (hand-shaped). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 plantaffi'nea (piautain-like). June. E. Ind. 
 
 1842. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 March. Manilla. 
 1840. 
 
 quercifu'lia (oak-leaved). l. March. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 1824. 
 
 ru'bida (red). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 j sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-a-half). May. Nepaul. 
 
 stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). March. Java. 
 
 subfalca'ta (rather-sickle-shape). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 tenuilo'ris (slender-thonged). Mindanao. 
 
 unduln'ta (waved-leaved). Isle of Luzon. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). March. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Walli'chii (Wallich's). March. E. Ind. 
 
 DRYOBA'LANOPS. Camphor-tree. (From 
 drys, a tree, and ballo, to flow ; from the 
 tree yielding much sap. Nat. ord., Lin- 
 deriblooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., IB-Poly- 
 andria 1-Monoyynia.} 
 
 A stove tree, which produces the chief of the 
 natural camphor imported. We say natural 
 camphor, because camphor is now manufactured 
 from turpentine. 
 
 D. ca'mphora (camphor). 100. Yellow. Sumatra. 
 DRYO'PTERIS. (From drys, a tree, and 
 pteris, a fern. A genus of stove Ferns. 
 Allied to Pteris.) 
 
 Division ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 D.vagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). Yellow. April. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 DRYOSTA'CHYUM. (From drys, a tree, 
 and stachys, a spike. A genus of Stove 
 Ferns, with yellow spores. Allied to 
 Drynaria.) 
 
 Divisions; pent and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. caudal turn (tailed). May. Celebes. 1842. 
 
 pilo'nurn (hairy). May. Isle of Luzon. 1841. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). May. Isle of Luaon. 
 
 1842. 
 
 DRY'PETES. (From drypto, to lace- 
 rate ; being a spiny shrub. Nat. ord., 
 Spitrgeworts [Euphorbiacea?]. Linn., 
 22-Dicecia 4,-Tetrandria. Allied to Sarco- 
 cocca.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandv 
 _oam, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam, 
 both fibry and sandy. Summer temp., 60 to 
 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 D. cro'cea (copper-coloured). 6. June. W. 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 DRY'PIS. (From drypto, to lacerate; 
 eaves armed with spines. Nat. ord., 
 Gloveworts [CaryophyllaceaB]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentaiidria 3-Triyynia. Allied to Acan- 
 thophyllum). 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings under a 
 land-light in the early summer months ; requires 
 
DRY 
 
 310 
 
 DUN 
 
 a dry situation, and equal portions of loam, peat, 
 and rough sand. 
 
 D. spino'xa (pricklv). |. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 17/5. 
 
 DRY-STOVE is a hothouse devoted to 
 the culture of such plants as require a 
 high degree of heat, but a drier atmo- 
 sphere than the tenants of the Bark-stove. 
 Consequently, fermenting materials and 
 open tanks of hot-water are inadmissible ; 
 but the sources of heat are either steam 
 or hot-water pipes or flues. See STOVE. 
 
 DUBBING is a gardener's term for clip- 
 ping. The dubbings of a hedge are the 
 parts clipped off with the shears. 
 
 DUCK'S-FOOT. Podophy'llum. 
 
 DUMA'SIA. (Named after M. Dumas, 
 one of the editors of Annales des Sciences 
 Naturelles. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese].. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia &- 
 candria. Allied to Clitoria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Nepaul, 
 both introduced in 1824. Seeds sown in a hot- 
 bed, in spring; cuttings of young shoots getting 
 firm, umier a glass, and in sand, in a little bot- 
 tom-bent, in April; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 E. pube'scens (downy). 6. Yellow. October. 
 vitlo'sa (long-haired). 6. Pale yellow. Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 DUMB-CANE. Cala'dium Seyui'mtm. 
 
 DUMERI'LIA. (In honour of Constant 
 Dumeril, a French naturalist. Nat. ord. 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia I-^Squalis.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil 
 under a hell-glass ; sandy loam. Summer temp. 
 60 to 80; winter, 45 to 55. 
 D. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August 
 Columbia. 1825. 
 
 DUNG. Under this title our attention 
 must be confined to the fseces and urines 
 of animals, and that one most common 
 compound, stable-dung. 
 
 Night-soil is the richest of these ma 
 nures. It is composed of human faeces 
 and urine, of which the constituents are 
 as follows : Fceces. Water, 73.3 ; vege 
 table and animal remains, 7 ; bile, 0.9 
 albumen 0.9 ; peculiar and extractive 
 matter, 1.2 ; salts (carbonate of soda 
 common salt, sulphate of soda, ammonia 
 phosphate of magnesia, and phosphate 
 of lime), 2.7 ; insoluble residue, 14.0 
 Urine. Urate of ammonia, 0.298 ; sal 
 ammoniac, 0.459 ; sulphate of potash 
 2.112; chloride of potassium, 3.674 
 chloride of sodium (common salt) 
 15.060; phosphate of soda, 4.267; phos 
 phate ot lime, 0.209 ; acetate of soda 
 
 2.770 ; urea and colouring matter, 
 23.640; water and lactic acid, 47.511. 
 
 After stating the above analyses m 
 his excellent work On Fertilizers, Mr. 
 Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe, 
 that the ^ery chemical composition, there- 
 fore, of this compost would indicate the 
 powerful fertilizing effects which it is 
 proved to produce. The mass of easily 
 soluble and decomposable animal matters 
 and salts of ammonia with which it 
 abounds, its phosphate of lime, its carbo- 
 nate of soda, are all by themselves ex- 
 cellent fertilizers, and must afford a 
 copious supply of food to plants. 
 
 The disagreeable smell may be de- 
 stroyed by mixing it with quick-lime, or 
 still better with either chloride or sul- 
 phate of lime ; and if exposed to the at- 
 mosphere in thin layers in fine weather, 
 it speedily dries, is easily pulverized, and 
 in this state may be used in the same 
 manner as rape- cake, and delivered into 
 the furrow with the seed. 
 
 From the experiments of M. Schubler 
 and others, the relative value of night- 
 soil is as follows : 
 
 " If a given quantity of the land sown 
 without manure yields three times the 
 seed employed, then the same quantity 
 of land will produce five times the quan- 
 tity sown when manured with old herb- 
 age, putrid grass or leaves, garden stuff, 
 &c. ; seven times with cow-dung, nine 
 times with pigeon's-dung, ten times with 
 horse-dung, twelve times with human 
 urine, twelve times with goafs-dung, 
 twelve times with sheep's-dung, and four- 
 teen times with human manure or bul- 
 lock's blood. But if the land be of such 
 quality as to produce without manure 
 five times the sown quantity, then the 
 horse-dung manure will yield fourteen, 
 and human manure nineteen and two- 
 thirds the sown quantity." 
 
 Fowl-dung, if composed partly of that 
 of the duck, which is a gross feeder, is 
 nearly equal to guano. This and that of 
 the pigeon contain much ammonia, and 
 all abound in phosphate of lime, mixed 
 with decomposing organic matters and 
 uric acid, all highly valuable as fertilizers. 
 
 Stable or Farm-yard Dung is usually 
 composed of the following matters: 
 Horse-urine. Water and mucus, 94; car- 
 bonate of lime, 1.1 ; carbonate of soda, 
 0.9 ; hippurate of soda, 2.4 ; chloride of 
 potassium, 0.9 ; urea, 0.7. But besides 
 the above, it contains common salt, phos- 
 
DUN 
 
 [ 311 ] 
 
 DUN 
 
 phate of lime, and sulphate of soda. 
 Cow-urine. Water, 66 ; phosphate of 
 lime, 3 ; chloride of potassium, and sal 
 ammoniac, J5; sulphate of potash, 6; 
 carbonate of potash and carbonate of 
 ammonia, 4 ; urea, 4. 
 
 One thousand parts of dry wheat-straw 
 being burnt, yielded M. Saussure forty- 
 eight parts of ashes; the same quan- 
 tity of the dry straw of barley yielded 
 forty-two parts of ashes. The portion dis- 
 sipated by the fire would be principally 
 carbon (charcoal), carburetted hydrogen 
 gas, and water ; one hundred parts of 
 these ashes are composed of Various 
 soluble salts, principally carbonate and 
 sulphate of potash, 22; phosphate of 
 lime (eaithy salt of bones), 6$; chalk 
 (carbonate of lime), 1 ; silica (flint), 
 01J; metallic oxide (principally iron), 
 1 ; loss, 7 4.5ths. The straw of barley 
 contains the same ingredients, only in 
 rather different proportions. 
 
 The solid excrements of a horse fed 
 on hay, oats, and straw, contain, accord- 
 ing to the analysis of M. Zierl, in 1000 
 parts. Water, 698; picromel and salts, 
 20; bilious and extractive matter, 17; 
 green matter, albumen, mucus, &c., 63 ; 
 vegetable fibre and remains of food, 202. 
 
 These, when burnt, yielded to the same 
 chemist sixty parts by weight of ashes, 
 which were composed of Carbonate, 
 sulphate, and muriate of soda, 5 ; carbo- 
 nate and phosphate of lime, 9; silica, 46. 
 Jour. Roy. Ayr. Soc., vol. 1, p. 489. 
 
 There have been many arguments and 
 much difference of opinion among cul- 
 tivators with regard to the advantage of 
 employing dung in a fresh or in a putrid 
 state, and, as is too often the case, both 
 parties have run into extremes the one 
 side contending for the propriety of em- 
 ploying it quite fresh from the farm-yard, 
 the other contending that it cannot well 
 be too decayed. 
 
 The mode employed by Lord Leicester 
 is the medium between these equally 
 erroneous extremes. He found that 
 the employment of the fresh dung cer- 
 tainly made the dung go much farther, 
 but then a multitude of the seeds of 
 various weeds were carried on to the 
 land along with the manure. He has, 
 therefore, since used his compost when 
 only in a half-putrefied state (called 
 short dung by iarmers), and hence 
 the seeds are destroyed by the effects 
 of the putrefaction, and the dung still 
 
 .Y tends much farther than if suf- 
 fered to remain until quite putrefied. 
 Putrefaction cannot go on without the 
 presence of moisture. Where water is 
 entirely absent, there can be no putre- 
 faction ; and hence many farmers have 
 adopted the practice of pumping the 
 drainage of their farm-yards over their 
 dung-heaps ; others invariably place them 
 in a low, damp situation. This liquid 
 portion cannot be too highly valued by 
 the cultivator. The soil where a- dung- 
 hill has lain in a field is always dis- 
 tinguished by a rank luxuriance in the 
 succeeding crop, even if the earth be- 
 neath to the depth of six inches is re- 
 moved and spread with the dunghill. 
 
 Guano. This now celebrated manure 
 has been known as the chief fertilizer 
 employed by the Peruvians, almost as 
 long as that part of the New World has 
 been recognised by geographers. Its 
 name, in the language of that country, 
 signifies the manure ; and it merits such 
 distinction, as being one of the most 
 powerful assistants to vegetation which 
 can be applied to the soil. Guano is not 
 peculiar to Peru, but is found in immense 
 beds upon many rocks and islands of 
 the Atlantic, being the excrements of 
 the marine birds frequenting those ocean 
 solitudes. It has been lately analyzed 
 by Dr. Ure, who reports it as composed 
 of the folio wing proportional constituents : 
 Azotized organic matter, including urate 
 of ammonia, and capable of affording 
 from 8 to 17 per cent, of ammonia by 
 slow decomposition in the soil, 50.0 ; 
 water, 11.0; phosphate of lime, 25.0; 
 ammonia, phosphate of magnesia, phos- 
 phate of ammonia, and oxalate of am- 
 monia, containing from 4 to 9 per cent, 
 of ammonia, 13.0 ; siliceous matter, 1.0. 
 
 This analysis explains the source from 
 whence failure has been derived to many 
 who have tried it. It is the most 
 violently stimulating of all the known 
 natural manures, and they have applied 
 it too abundantly. This is shown by the 
 experiments of Mr. Maund. When ap- 
 plied to Strawberries once a week in a 
 liquid state (four ounces to a gallon ), it 
 made them very vigorous and productive; 
 but sprinkled upon some young seedlings 
 of the same fruit, it killed them. Two 
 ounces per yard (five cwt. per acre), were 
 sprinkled over Onions, and they doubled 
 the untreated in size. Potatoes, manured 
 with one ounce and a half per yard, were 
 
DUE. 
 
 [312 ] 
 
 rendered much more luxuriant than 
 others having no guano. Brussels Sprouts 
 were half destroyed by being planted in 
 immediate contact with nine parts earth 
 and one part guano. Geraniums were 
 greatly injured by liquid-manure of guano 
 U'our ounces per gallon), but "plants of 
 various sorts, in pots, watered only with 
 guano-water, half an ounce to a gallon, 
 have flourished astonishingly ; none have 
 failed. These are lessons which cannot 
 be mistaken." Auctorium, 223. Mr. 
 Hendle and other persons record, as the 
 result of dearly-purchased experience, 
 that where guano has failed to be bene- 
 ficial, or has been injurious, it has been 
 applied in quantities too powerful for the 
 plants to bear. In a liquid state, half an 
 ounce per gallon, and given to growing 
 plants once a week, it never fails to be 
 productive of vigour. When sown as a 
 top-dressing, it should be mixed with five 
 times its weight of dry earth, ashes, <fec., 
 and then scattered as thinly as possible. 
 When used as atop-dressing for a flower- 
 pot, a small pinch between the thumb 
 and two fingers will be sufficient. 
 
 Cow-dung, for potting purposes, should 
 be collected whilst fresh, kept under a 
 dry shed, be frequently turned over, and 
 used when in a dry, loose condition. 
 Two years' old dung is best. 
 
 DURA'NTA. (Named after C. Durantes, 
 a physician and botanist. Nat. ord., 
 rerbenas [Verbenacea?]. Linn., 14- 
 Didy namla 2 -A iigiospcrm ia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreeen shrubs, with ' blue flowers. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 winter, 45 to 55. 
 D. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Elli'sia (Ellis's). 6. August. W. Ind. 1739- 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1739. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Muti'sii (Mutis's). 6. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 15. October. S.Amer. 
 
 1733. 
 
 Xalape'nsis (Xalapa). 6. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 DU'RIO. (From Dnryon, the Malay 
 name of the fruit, "one of the most 
 delicious productions of nature." Nat. 
 ord., Slerculiads [Sterculiacesej. Linn., 
 18-Polyadelphia 1-Decandria. Allied to 
 Cheirostemon.) 
 
 In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait to 
 trap the civet-cat: hence the specific name. 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in spring, in sand, under a glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and leaf-mould. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 D. xibethi'nus (civet). Co. White. . Ind. 1825. 
 
 DUVA'LIA. Applied by Haworth to a 
 section of Stapelia ; but the name was 
 pre-occupied by Nees von Esenbeck for 
 a genus of Liverworts, of which no ac- 
 count is taken in this work. The species 
 will be found under STAPE'UA. 
 
 DUVAU'A. (After Duvau, a French bo- 
 tanist. Nat. ord., Terebinths or Anacards 
 [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 7- 
 Octandria. Allied to Schinus.) 
 
 Fine evergreens, requiring greenhouse protec- 
 tion north of London. 
 
 D.denta'ta (toothed). 20. White. June. 
 Owyhee. 1/95. 
 
 depe'ndens (hanging). 20. White. Chili. 1790. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 20. Yellowish. 
 
 June. Chili. 1830. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Buenos Ayres. 1835. 
 
 ova'tii (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish. Chili, 1824. 
 
 DWARF FAN-PALM. Cham drops 1> u' mills. 
 
 DWARF STANDARD is a fruit -tree on a 
 very short stem, with its branches un- 
 trained. 
 
 DY'CKIA. (Named in honour of Prince 
 Salm-Dyck, a German author of a splen- 
 did work on Succulents. Nat. ord., 
 Bromelworts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 3- Trlgynia. Allied in appear- 
 ance to a small Pitcairnia.) 
 
 Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually 
 grown with small greenhouse succulents. Suck- 
 ers ; loam and peat, with lime-rubbish, and well 
 drained. Summer temp., 55to75; winter, 38 
 to 45. 
 
 D. alti'ssima (tallest). Orange. September. 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 rariflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 2. Orange. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1832. 
 
 DYER'S GREEN-WEED. Geni'sta tine- 
 to'ria. 
 
 DYSOPHY'LLA. (From dysndes, fetid, 
 and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the 
 strong peppermint -like smell of the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Lipirorls or Labiates 
 [Lamiacece]. Linn., 14 Didynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.) 
 
 Division of the roots, just as fresh growth ia 
 commencing, in spring; common, sandy soil. 
 D. pu'mila (dwarf). . Purple. August. Ne- 
 paul. 1826. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 quadrifo'lia (lour-leaved). 2. Puiyle. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. G eenhou.-e everprem. 
 
 stella 1 /a (starry -flowered). \. Purple. India. 
 
 IS 1 6. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 verticil la' ta (whorled). Lilac. Nepaul. 1828. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 E. 
 
 EARI'NA. (From earinos, the spring, 
 the time of their blooming. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchid ace 03]. Linn., 20-G'i/- 
 
EAR 
 
 L 
 
 J 
 
 ECH 
 
 nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Pholi- 
 dota.) 
 
 Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division 
 of the plants when fresh growth is commencing ; 
 sphagnum-moss and fibry peat, in which the 
 roots are fixed above the surface of a pot, or in a 
 shallow basket, and suspended from the roof. 
 Sum: ,er temp., 60 to 85, with moisture; win- 
 ter, 50 to 60, and rather dry. 
 E. mucrtma'ta (sharp-pointed). White. May. 
 1845. 
 
 suave'olena (sweet-scented). White. May. 
 
 1843. 
 
 EARTH. Every cultivated soil is main- 
 ly composed of four earths in various 
 proportions: Silica, or pure flint; alu- 
 mina, or pure clay ; lime, combined with 
 carbonic acid in the state 'jf chalk ; and 
 magnesia. See SOIL. 
 
 EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil in a 
 ridge to the stems of plants, is beneficial 
 to those fibrous-booted, by reducing the 
 distance from the surface of the extremi- 
 ties of the plant's roots ; by inducing the 
 production of rootlets from the stem ; 
 and sheltering the winter standing crops, 
 for the closer the leaves of these are to 
 the earth the less is the reduction of 
 heat from the latter, either by radiation 
 or contact with the colder air; but to 
 tuberous-rooted plants, as the potato, it 
 is detrimental. In our experiments, it 
 lias, on an average, reduced the produce 
 one -fourth. 
 
 EARTH-NUT. A'rachls. 
 
 EARWIG. (Forjicula aitricularis.) This 
 destroyer of the peach, apricot, plum, 
 dahlia, pink, and carnation, commits its 
 ravages only at night, retiring during the 
 day to any convenient shelter in the 
 vicinity of its prey. Advantage must be 
 taken of this habit, and if small garden- 
 pots with a little moss within be inverted 
 upon a stick, and pieces of the dry hol- 
 low stem of the sunflower, or Jerusalem 
 artichoke, be placed in the neighbour- 
 hood of the fruits and flowers enumerated, 
 many of the insects will resort thither, 
 and may be shaken out and destroyed. 
 As earwigs are winged insects, it is use- 
 less to guard the stems of plants in any 
 mode. 
 
 E'BENUS. The following species have 
 been separated from Anthyllis by some 
 botanists, to make this genus; but they 
 should be reunited to it. See ANTHY'LLIS. 
 E. Cre'ticn (Cretan), li. Pink. June. Candia. 
 1737. 
 
 pinna'ia (leafleted). . Pink. June. Barbary. 
 
 1/86. 
 
 (Sibthorp's). Pink. July. Greece. 
 
 E'BONY. Diospy'ros e'benum. 
 
 ECASTAPHY'LLUM. See PTEROCA/RPUS. 
 
 ECCREMOCA'RPUS. (From ebttremes, 
 pendent, and kurpos, fruit; position of 
 the seed-pods. Nat. ord., B'ujnoniads 
 [BignoniaceseJ. Linn., l^-Didynamia 
 2-Angiospermia. Syn., Cale'mpdis.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange 
 flowers. Seeds sown on heat, in February, will 
 bloom out of doors during the summer; cuttings 
 taken oif in August, and kept in a cold frame 
 during .the winter, will bloom better. In sheltered 
 places the fleshy roots will remain safe in the 
 ground during the winter; but in most places it 
 is safest to protect them from frost and wet, or 
 take them up and keep them from frost, and 
 plant again in May ; any light, fertile soil. 
 E. longiflo'rus (long-flowered). 6. July. Peru. 
 1825. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 6. July. Chili. 1824. 
 
 ECHIA'NDIA. (Derivation unknown. 
 A rare Lily wort [Liliacese], Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to An- 
 thericum.) 
 
 Division, and, it is believed, by seeds; peat and 
 loam ; greenhouse and cold pic culture. 
 E. terniftu'ra (three-flowered). Golden. July. 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 ECHEVE'RIA. (After M. Echeveri, a 
 botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Houst- 
 leeffs [Crassulacece]. Linn., -IQ-Uecaiidria 
 k-Pentayynia. Allied to Sedum.) 
 
 Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants may 
 be established during summer; the base of the 
 cutting should be dried for several days, though 
 the leaves are kept green by shading and moisture, 
 before inserting them in sandy soil ; a bell-glass, 
 if not kopt close, will do them good, and ftlso a 
 little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and lime- 
 rubbish. Winter temp., 40 to 45, and kept 
 almost dry. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 E. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yel- 
 low. April. Mexico. 184). 
 
 bractcola'ta (small -bract*d). Red, yellow. 
 
 Caraceas. 1840. 
 
 ceespito'sa (tufty). 1. Yellow. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1796. 
 
 cocci 'nea (scarlet-cowered). 2. Scarlet. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1816. 
 
 farino'sa (mealy). Pale yellow. California. 
 
 gibbiflo'ra (swollen-flowered). 2. Yellow, 
 
 pink. September. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Orange. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 la'xa (loose). Yellow. California. 1847- 
 
 pulverule'nta (powdery). White, red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 retu'sa (blunt- leaned). 1. Crimson, yellow. 
 
 November. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 roVa (rosy). 1. Rose, yellow. September, 
 
 Brazil. 1640. 
 
 ScAee'/ii (Scheer's). 1$. Pink, yellow. No- 
 
 vember. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. lu'rida (dingy-/aoed). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
ECH 
 
 [ 314 ] 
 
 ECH 
 
 E. racfimn'sa (racemed). 2. Crimson. October. 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 secu'nda (one-sided;. Scarlet. June. Mex- 
 
 ico. 183/. 
 
 ECHINA'CEA. (From echinos, a hedge- 
 hog; referring to the involucre, or scaly 
 covering of composite flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asterace?e]. Linn., \Q-Syn- 
 gtnesiaZ-Superflua. Allied to Rudbeckia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and 
 seeds in spring ; common or sandy soil. 
 E. Dickso'ni (Dicltson's). 1. Lilac. August. 
 Mexico. 
 
 du'biu (doubtful). 4. Lilac. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaverl). 1^. Purple. 
 
 October. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 napifo'lia (rape-leaved). 2. Red. July. 
 
 North Spain. 1824. 
 
 purpu'ren (purple-flowered'), 4. Red. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1690. 
 
 sero'tina (l*tt-Jlowering). 3. Red. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 ECHINOCA'CTUS. (From echinos, hedge- 
 hog, and cactus. Nat. ord., Indian Figs 
 [Cactaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Like the section Mammillaria, this of Melocacti 
 is encumbered by one-half too many names of 
 species, founded on trifling variations, peculiar 
 either to different ages of the same plants, or to 
 accidental forms from seeds. For species and 
 culture, see CA'CTUS. 
 
 ECHI'NOPS. Globe Thistle. (From 
 echinos, hedgehog, and opsis, like ; refer- 
 ring to the spiny scales of the involucre, 
 or covering of composite flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteraeese]. Linn., 
 19-Syngenesia 5-Segregata. Allied to 
 Gazania.)' 
 
 Biennials, chiefly by seeds in April. Perennials, 
 by division in March ; common soil. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. Barma'ticus a'lbus ( Hungarian white). White. 
 Hungary. 1832. 
 
 Gmeft'ni'Gmelin's). White, blue. 1835. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). l. Blue. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1816. 
 
 lanugina'sus (woolly). 2. Blue. July. Levant. 
 
 1/36. 
 
 plnty'lap s (broad-scaled). September. 1835. 
 
 pu'ngens ( pungent). Russia. 1835. 
 
 Tau'ricus (Taurian). 4. Blue. August. Tauria. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Caucasus. 1835. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 U. crista'ta (crested). Cream, white. July. 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Blue. August. 
 
 Dahuria. 1828. 
 
 exalta'tus (lofty). 6. White. July. Austria. 
 
 1817- 
 
 glabe'rrimus (most smooth). Blue. August. 
 
 Sinai. 1830. 
 
 panicula'tus (panicleu). 6. Blue. July. 
 
 Spam. 1815. 
 
 Pe'rsicua (Persian). White. August. Persia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 E. Ri'trn (Ritro). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1570. 
 
 Ruthe'nii'us (Russian). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Russia. 18:6 
 
 spino'sus (s\>\ny -headed). 4. White. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1597- 
 
 stri'ctua (erect). 3. Pale blue. July. Europe. 
 
 1830. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 Russia. 1820. 
 
 virga'lus (twiggy). 2. Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 ECHINO'PSIS. (From echinos, hedgehog, 
 and opsit, like; referring to the spines 
 which clothe its globular stem. Nat. ord., 
 Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria l-Honogynia. Allied to Echi- 
 nocactus.) 
 
 Stove Cactuses. Light loam, a little leaf-mould, 
 and afew lumps of lime-rubbish, and well drained. 
 Water sparingly in winter, and air to be kept dry. 
 Winter, night, 50; day, 80. Summer, night, 
 65; day, 90. 
 
 E.campylacn'nthn (eurved-spined). 1. Pink. 
 May. Andes. 1851. 
 
 arista' ta'i 'crested). . Purple. May. Bolivia. 
 
 1846. There is a white-flowered variety. 
 
 ECHI'TES. (From echis, a viper ; re- 
 ferring to the snake-like coils of the 
 twining shoots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes 
 [Apocynaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Nearly all evergreen climbers. Cuttings in 
 sand, in bottom-heat, in spring; lumpy loam 
 and peat. Summer temp., for stove specie.--, 60 
 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 60. Others, usual green- 
 house temperatures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 E. bispino'sa (twin-spined). 1, Pink. Sep'em- 
 ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Uncler- 
 shrub. 
 
 diffo'rmis (two-formed). 8. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1806. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 E. antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). Pink. E. 
 Ind. 1821. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Brown, pur- 
 
 pie. July. Brazil. 1814. 
 
 biflo'ra (twin-flowered). 20. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1783. 
 
 caryophylla'ta (clove-leaved). 6. Pale yellow. 
 
 October. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 cymo'sa (cymosed). 10. Julv. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Dominge'mis (St. Domingo). 10. Yeliow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Franci'scea (River Francisco). Rose, greeu. 
 
 September. Brazil. 1845. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 10. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 grund'flo'ra (large-flowered). 8. Pink. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 He'ynii (Heynes's). 5. Yellow. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow, rose. Sep- 
 
 tember. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 longijlo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1816. 
 
 Malaba'ricu (Malabar). 6. Red. June. Mala- 
 
 bar. 1822. 
 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). 19. Yellow. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1823. 
 
ECH 
 
 [ 315 ] 
 
 EDO 
 
 E. petMta (shield-teamed). 10. Trinidad. 1826. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 6. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). White, rose. Septem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 Ricka'rdii (Richard's). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Guiani. 1824. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. YeHow. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 stella'ris (st&r-eyed-corallaed). 1Q. Eose, 
 
 yellow. July. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 subere'cta (slightly-bent. Savannah-flower). 
 
 10. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1/59. 
 
 tortfsa (twisted). 10. Yellow. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1778. 
 
 umbellu'ta (umbelled). 15. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1/33. 
 
 E'CHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. (From 
 echis, a viper ; seeds like the viper's head. 
 Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese]. 
 Linn., 5 Pcntandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Anchusa.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in common 
 garden-soil, in March; evergreen shrubs, also, by 
 seeds, sown in spring, in a slight hotbed ; by 
 layering the young shoots in summer; and cuttings 
 in sandy soil of firm young shoots, in April or 
 May, under a bell-glass, but not kept very close, 
 and receiving a little bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 4t> to 4s. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Blush. July. 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 arena'rium (s&nd-inhabiting). Purple. July. 
 
 Calabria. 1826. 
 
 calyci'num (^o-g-e-calyxed). Blue, yellow. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1829. 
 
 macra'nthum (large-flowt-red). 1. Violet. 
 
 July. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 Si'/ns/i(Sims's). Red, blue. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. amas'num (agreeable). Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 1826. 
 
 aspe'rrimum (very rough). Blue. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1826. 
 
 Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). Blue. July. Dahuria. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Ita'licum (Italian). 4. White. July. Jersey. 
 
 Hibthu'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. Red. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1824. 
 
 tuberculit'tum (pimpled). 1. Violet. August.. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 viola'ccum (\io\et-flowered~). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Austria. 1658. 
 
 vulga'refio're-a'lbn (common- white-flowered). 
 
 1. White. July. Britain. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 E. caudu'tum (tailed). 1. Red. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1819. Greenhouse. 
 
 Lagusca'num (Lagasca's). Lilac. July. Spain. 
 
 1826. Hardy. 
 
 Merte'nsii (Merten's). 1$. Blue. June. Spain. 
 
 1H24. Hardy. 
 
 prostra'lum (prostrate). 1. Red. July. Egypt. 
 
 1825. Hardy. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked-dwar/). $. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1791. Greenhouse 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 E. uculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. June. Cana- 
 ries. 1815. 
 
 E, umbi'guum (doubtful). 3. White, red. July. 
 Canaries. 1820. 
 
 arge'nteum (silvery). 3. Blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1789- 
 
 bi'frons (two-faced). 3. White, red. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1820. 
 
 bruchyti'nthum (short-flowered). Ij. White. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. 
 
 ca'ndicnnn (whitish). 3. Blue. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777- 
 
 capita 1 turn (headed). 2. Red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 18! 9- 
 
 cynoglossoi'des (bugloss-like). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1816. 
 
 densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1820. 
 fastuo'sum (proud). 4. Purple. April. Cana- 
 ries. 1779. 
 
 feroci'ssinmm (fiercest-sta/Aed). 6. Blue. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1/94. 
 folio'sum (leafy). 3. White. July. Canaries. 
 
 1815. 
 fruticu'sum (shrubby). 3. Pink. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 glga'nteum (gigantic). 10. White. June. Ca- 
 
 naries. '779> 
 
 glu 1 bruin (smooth). 2. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/91. 
 
 glaucophy'llum (milky -green-leaved). 2. Vio- 
 
 let. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Pink. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1/87. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). 2. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 inca'num (hoarv). Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 laevlga'tum (smooth-stalked). 2. Blue. July, 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/74. 
 
 lasiophy'llum (hairy-leaved). 2. White. May* 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1819- 
 
 linea'tum (lined). 2. White. July. Canaries. 
 
 1815. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1806. 
 
 macrophy'tlum (large-leaved). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1823. 
 
 mo'lle, (soft). 6. \Vhite. June. Teneriffe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 nervo'sum (nerved). 4. Purple. July. Madeira. 
 
 1777- 
 
 j9anze/a'^Mm(panicled). 3. \Vhite. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 petrae'urn (rock). 2. Blue. May. Dalmatia. 
 
 1843. Hardy. 
 
 pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. IS'-'O. 
 
 sca'brurn (rough). 2. Purple. Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). 1. White. June. Teneriffe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sphosroce'phalon (round-headed). White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 stri'ctum (erect). 3. Blue. June. Canaries. 
 
 1779- 
 
 strigo'sum (stiff-haired). 2. Violet. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). Blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 verruco'sum (warted). 3. White. July. Capa 
 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 vire'scens (greenish). 2. Bluish. July. Cana- 
 
 ries. 1820. 
 
 EDGING. The material- used for divid- 
 ing beds and borders from the paths. 
 For the kitchen-garden, and all other 
 
EDO- 
 
 [316 
 
 EL.E 
 
 places where neatness only need be con- 
 sidered^ slates set edgeways form the 
 best edging. In peaty, or any light soils, 
 the common heath (Eri'ca vulga'ris} is 
 very advantageously employed; it re- 
 quires to be clipped twice annually, and 
 may be planted at any season. Box is 
 neat, but objectionable as a harbour for 
 vermin, liable to decay, troublesome, and 
 as a great impoverisher of the soil. Thrift 
 is almost as objectionable; when em- 
 ployed, it is best inserted by the dibble 
 during September, the plants being 
 placed two inches apart. It requires fre- 
 quent trimming, and to be renewed every 
 three years. Gentiane'lla makes a very 
 beautiful edging, but is expensive. It 
 may be planted in September. Various 
 other substitutes have been recom- 
 mended, but none seem so deserving of 
 attention as the Saxi'fraga hypnoi'des. It 
 is a native plant, and is strongly recom- 
 mended. Sprigs have to be planted a 
 few inches asunder; they soon spread 
 out and unite, only require paring once 
 in autumn or summer, and no other at- 
 tention than a second paring in winter or 
 early spring. In winter the leaf of this 
 saxifrage is a refreshing green, and in 
 spring and summer it is in great beauty, 
 from its multitude of white flowers and 
 pink buds. The cuttings strike without 
 difficulty. Turf is sometimes employed, 
 and should be of the finest grasses, such 
 as are found on the chalk downs. Cast- 
 iron edgings, if kept constantly painted, 
 either very dark green, or dark brown, 
 are very neat, and, if of an open basket- 
 work pattern, very ornamental. 
 
 EDGWO'RTHIA. (Named after M . Edge- 
 worth. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela- 
 cese]. Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Daphne.) 
 
 The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are 
 in round balls, covered with hairs; when open 
 they are clear, yellow, and fragrant. Must not be 
 confounded with Edgewo'rthia of Falconet, now 
 called Repto'nia. A Daphne-like, greenhouse 
 plant. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring; and grafting should be tried on the 
 Spurge-laurel ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. 
 
 E. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow. 
 June. China. 1845, 
 
 EDWA'RDSIA. (After Mr. Edwards, bo- 
 tanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabaceffl]. Linn., 10-Z><?- 
 candria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side- 
 hoots, several inches in length, in sand, under a 
 glass, in summer ; sandy peat and a little lumpy 
 
 loam. If in pots in a greenhouse, winter temp., 
 35 to 45; jf kept dry during winter, all except 
 E. ni'tida will stand against a wall. 
 E. Chile'nns (Chilian). May. Chili. 1822. 
 
 cttrysopht/'lla (golden-leaved). 12. May. New 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 grundiflu 1 ra (large-flowered). 12. May. New 
 
 Zealand. 17/2. 
 
 Macnubia'na (Mr. Macnab's). 6. July. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1820. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. May. New 
 
 Zealand. 17/2. 
 
 mi'nima (least). 4. May. New Zealand. 1818. 
 
 myriophy'lla (many-leaved). 5. May. New 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 8. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 EGG-PLANT or BEARER. Sola'num ovi'- 
 yerum. 
 
 EGG-SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 EGLANTINE. Ro'sa lu'tea and Eu'bus 
 Eglante'ria. 
 
 EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nympha'a lo'lus. 
 
 EGYPTIAN THORN. Aca'cia ve'ra. 
 
 EHRE'TIA. (After Ehret, a German 
 botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Ehre- 
 tinds [Ehretaceae]. Linn., fy-Pentandria 
 \-Monoyghia. Allied to Tournefortia and 
 Heliotropium.) 
 
 All of them unfold their flowers from twisted 
 (gyrate) stalks, like the Heliotrope. All evergreens 
 and white-flowered. Cuttings in sandy soil, in 
 April, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; win- 
 ter, 50 to 55. The New Holland species will do 
 in a temperature, in winter, of 35 to 45. 
 E. acumina'ta (/cmo'-pointed). 15. July. N. 
 Holland. )8'20. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 dinarica'ta (straggline). 15. Havannah. 1820. 
 
 inter-no' dis (interknotted). 6. Antilles. 1819. 
 
 Its' vis (smooth). 12. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 10. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 serra'tn (saw-edged-feawed). 6. E. Ind. 
 
 1823, 
 
 EKEBE'RGIA. (After Capt. Ekeberg, a 
 Swede. Nat. ord., Meliacts [Meliaceae]. 
 Linn.. 10-Decandria 1-Muiwgynia. Al- 
 lied to Trichilia.) 
 
 A fine tree, with the aspect of a large Me f lia 
 Azeda'rach. 
 
 E. Cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1789. 
 
 ELJEA'GNUS. Oleaster, or Wild Olive. 
 From el&ngnos, Dioscorides's name for 
 the Wild Olive. Nat. ord., Oleasters [Else- 
 agnacesej. Linn., -i-Tetrandria \-Mono- 
 
 nia. Allied to Shepperdia. ) 
 
 The flowers of E. orientit'lis are highly fragrant, 
 and the fruit is esteemed in Persia. The de- 
 ciduous species and their varieties, by seeds 
 sown in spring, and cuttings inserted in the o|>en 
 ground, in autumn ; the evergreen species, t>y 
 layers in autumn, and cuttings under a hand- 
 light, in summer ; sandy soil ami a little peat, and 
 requiring, during the winter, the assistance of the 
 greenhouse. The hardy kiuus are very graceful. 
 
EL.E 
 
 [ 317 ] 
 
 ELD 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 E. acumina'ta (long- pointed). 4. 
 
 liitifo'li't (broad-leaved). 4. July. E. Ind. 1712. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 10. July. Levant. 1/48. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1633. 
 dactylifo'rmis (d&te-foim-fruited). White. 
 
 July. 
 
 arge'nteu (silvery). 10. N. Amer. 1813. 
 
 Cunude'nsis (Canadian). White. Canada. 1848. 
 
 cnnfc'rta (crowded). 10. White. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 horte'nsis (garden). 20. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1633. 
 
 parvifrf lius (small-leaved). 10. White. June. 
 
 India. 1843. Evergreen. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow -leaved). 
 
 spind'sus (prickly). White. July. Egypt. 1826. 
 
 Sonifa'ricu-s (Songarian). Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 triflo'rus (three -flowered). White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 umbella'tus (umbelled). White. July. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1829. 
 
 ETJEOCA'RPUS. (From elaia, the olive, 
 and karpos, fruit ; resemblance of fruits. 
 Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliacese]. 
 Linn., \\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The rough, bony fruit, or stone, divested of the 
 pulp and polished, makes handsome necklaces. 
 Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened young shoots, 
 with the leaves attached, in sandy soil, under a 
 bell-jflass, and bottom-heat; loam and a little 
 fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 
 50 to 55 ; E. cyu'neus, winter, 35 to 45. 
 E. cya'neus (blue-fruited). 10. July. N. Hol- 
 land. 1803. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 20. White, 
 
 crimson. E. Ind. 1829. 
 
 serru'tus (saw-edge-teau<?d). 20. E. Ind. 1/74. 
 
 EL^EODE'NDRON. Olive Wood. (From 
 elaia, olive, and dendron, a tree ; alluding 
 to the resemblance. Nat. ord., Spindle- 
 trees [Celastracese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Moiiogynia. Allied to Hartogia.) 
 For culture, see EL.SOCA.'RPUS. 
 
 GREENHO-USE EVERGREENS. 
 E. austra'le (southern). 3. Green, white. July. 
 N. S. Wales. 1796. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). 18. Green. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1828. 
 
 cro'ceum (rusty). White. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1794. 
 
 integrifo'lium (entin--leaved). 3. Green, white. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. glau'cum (milky-green). 6. Green. Ceylon. 
 1824. 
 
 orienta'te (eastern). 12. Green, yellow. 
 
 Mauritius. 1771. 
 
 xyloca'rpu*n ( wood-fruited). 3. Green, yellow. 
 
 Antilles. 1816. 
 
 ELA'IS. The Oil Palm. (From elaia, 
 the olive ; similarity of expressing oil 
 from the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal- 
 maceae]. Linn., 22-Dicecta Q-Hexnndria. 
 Allied to Cocos.J 
 
 The best kind of palm wine is from this palm. 
 Palm oil, so much used in the manufacture of 
 soap, and as a sort, of grease, is chiefly the pro- 
 duce of E. Qutnetfnttt and melanoco'cca. Stove 
 Palms, with greenish-white flowers. Suckers and 
 seeds; rich, sandy soil. Summertemp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 E. Ouinee'nsis (Guinea). 30. Guinea. 1730. 
 
 melanoco'cca (black-seeded). 30. New Gre- 
 
 nada. 1821. 
 
 Occident^ 'tis (western). 30. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Pernambucu'na (Pernambuco). 50. Brazil. 
 
 1825. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 ELAPHAGLO'SSUM. See OLFE'RSIA. 
 
 ELATER. See WIRE-WORM. 
 
 ELDER. Sambu'cus ni'gra. 
 
 Varieties. There are several kinds 
 in cultivation, but the old S. ni'gra, is in 
 most general esteem, being the best 
 adapted for wine-making. The White- 
 berried (8. a'lbida) is much esteemed by 
 some, especially as an ornamental shrub. 
 8. vi'ridis, or the Green-berried, and 8. 
 ni'gra variega'ta, the Silver-striped, and 
 8. ni'gra au'rea, the Golden-edged, are 
 interesting vaiieties. One with scarlet 
 berries is said to be very handsome. 
 Most of the varieties of S. ni'gra are 
 ornamental, and well adapted to assist in 
 forming screens to the exterior of small 
 gardens, or even as hedge-row fruits. 
 
 Propagation. Generally by cuttings, 
 which strike easily, even as large trun- 
 cheons. They are readily produced, 
 also, by suckers, and in all these cases 
 care should be taken to cut away from 
 the stem those buds which are to be 
 placed below the ground. They are 
 easily produced from seed, and by such 
 means varieties may be obtained. 
 
 Soil. They will thrive in almost any 
 ordinary soil ; still they prefer an upland, 
 light loam, containing a fair amount of 
 vegetable matter. 
 
 Culture. The form will depend on the 
 situation it is to occupy. The elder will 
 bear fruit either as a huge bush, or as a 
 small tree, provided the preparatory course 
 of training is properly carried out. Those 
 for fruiting as bushes should be formed 
 almost as a gooseberry-bush in its earlier 
 stages, keeping the centre somewhat thin. 
 Indeed, thinning out superfluous shoots 
 is nearly all that can be practised. 
 Those for standard trees, or with stems, 
 must be trained by clearing away side- 
 shoots, and forming a head at a higher 
 level. About five or six feet are comrmmlv 
 allowed for stem height, and the hon-l 
 must then be formed as recommended 
 
ELE 
 
 t 318 
 
 ENC 
 
 for the bushes. They require scarcely 
 any subsequent culture, and will endure 
 for many years. 
 
 Fruit. The making of elder wine is 
 the principal use. Elder flowers are 
 used occasionally to flavour confections. 
 
 ELECAMPANE. 1'iuda hele'niiim. 
 
 ELICHRY'SUM. See HELICHRY'SDM. 
 
 ELISE'NA. (Ancient name of romance. 
 Nat. ord., AmaryUids [Amaryllidaceae]. 
 Linn., G-Ifexandria l~Monogynia. Allied 
 to Pancratium.) 
 
 A fine, rare, greenhouse bulb, with a flower- 
 scape a yard high, with six to eight lartre white 
 flowers, more like a Peruvian Daffodil (Isme'ne) 
 than a Pancratium, and requires more than one- 
 half sand, with light loam, to flower it well. Off- 
 sets ; peat and very sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 55 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 65. 
 E, lengip&tala (long-petaled). May. Lima. 1837. 
 
 ELLIO'TTIA. (After S. Elliot, an Ameri- 
 can botanist. Nat. ord., Oyrillads [Cy- 
 rillacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria I-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 A little evergreen bush, with spikes of Andro- 
 meda-looking flowers. It requires a warm situa- 
 tion and a peat border. Cuttings of small shoots 
 under a hand-light in spring, or layers at the end 
 of summer ; sandy loam and peat. If in a green- 
 house, winter temp., 35 to 40. 
 E.racemo'sa (racemed), 2. White. June. 
 Georgia. 
 
 ELLOBOCA'RPUS. Pod Fern. (From en, 
 in, lobos, a pod, and carpos, a seed-vessel ; 
 alluding to the appearnce of the divided 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 2^-Cryptoqamia l-Filices.) 
 
 A beautiful stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam, rather most of the latter. Summer temp., 
 55 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. By some botanists 
 called Cerato'pteris. 
 
 E. olera'ceus (potherb). l. Brown. August. 
 Tranquebar. 1818. 
 
 ELM. U'lmus campe'stris. 
 
 ELM-BEETLE. See SCOLYTUS. 
 
 ELobE'A. (From elodes, a marsh, the 
 native place of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Tutsans [Hypericaceoe]. Linn., 3-Trian- 
 dria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Parnassia.) 
 
 Aquatic annuals, requiring a cool stove. Sow 
 in light loam annually, and keep the pots standing 
 in trays of water. 
 
 E.Guiane'nsis (Guiana). . White. July. Gui- 
 ana. 1820. 
 pulche'lla (pretty). E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 EMBF/LIA. (From JEm'belia, its name 
 in Ceylon. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsi- 
 nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Ardisia.) 
 
 Like Ardisia, the chief ber.uty resides in the 
 leaves and berried fruit. The pungent berries of 
 Embe'lia ri'ocs are eatable, and called currants 
 in India. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, 
 
 in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp. 60 to 
 89 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 E. robu'sta (robust). 20. White, green. E. Ind, 
 1823. 
 
 E'MBLICA. (The native name. Nat. 
 ord., /?/JH>-</<;or/s[Euphorbiaceoe]. Linn., 
 21-Moncecia W-Decandria. Allied to Phyi- 
 lanthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from the Molucca Islands. 
 Cuttings, dried at their base, in sandy soil, in 
 heat; sandy peat. Summer temp., 60 to /5j 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 E. officina'lis (shop). 12. Pate vellow. July, 
 1768. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. 17Q3. 
 
 EKTBO'THRIUM. (From en, in, and bo- 
 thrion, a little pit ; referring to the pollen- 
 cases, or anthers. Nat. ord., Protends 
 [Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Knightia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreeen shrub, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings in sandy soil, taken when the 
 wood is ripe, under a glass ; sandy peat, with a 
 little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Africa. 
 May. 1851. 
 
 strobili'num (strobile-like). 3. Green, yellow. 
 
 April. 1824. 
 
 E'MPETRUM. Crow Berry. (From err, 
 in, or upon, and petros, a rock ; plants 
 grow in stony places. Nat. ord., Crow- 
 berries [Empeti'aceee]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 
 3-Triandria.) 
 
 Low, spreading, heath-like plants, better suited 
 for damp peat-beds than rock-work. The black 
 berries are as wholesome as black currants, and 
 more palatable. Their Gaelic name means raven- 
 berries ; but ravens or crows never touch them. 
 Grouse eat them greedily, and Ptarmigans feed 
 on the leaves in winter. Hardy evergreens ; propa- 
 gated by cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy 
 peat, in summer, and by seeds sown in spring or 
 autumn, which generally remain a year in the soil 
 before vegetating j heathy soil, and rather moist 
 situation. 
 
 E. ni'grum (black-berried). 1. April. Britain. 
 Sco'tirum (Scotch). |. April. Scotland. 
 
 ru' bruin (red-fruited"). Brown, purple. 8. 
 
 Amer. 1833. 
 
 EMPLEU'RUM. (From en, in, and p/eu- 
 ron, a membrane; referring to the seed 
 being suspended from the seed-cord by a 
 thin membrane. Nat. ord., Rucworts 
 [Kutacese]. Linn., %l-Aff>ncecia 4^-Tetran- 
 dria. Allied to Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, Cuttings of points 
 of shoots when two inches in length, and getting 
 a little firm at their base, taken off with a heel ; 
 peat, one part, sandy fibry loam, two parts. Win- 
 ter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 E. serrula'tum (fine-saw-edged). 3. Pink. June. 
 1774. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 ENCE'LIA. (From egchelion, a little eel; 
 formation of the seeds. Nat. ord., Com- 
 
ENC 
 
 [319] 
 
 END 
 
 posit PS [Asteracese]. 19 Syngenesia 3- 
 Ffmtrunea. Allied to Selerocarpus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds, when obtain- 
 at)l- % , in spring; cuttings, a little dried at the 
 base, in sand, under a glass, and shaded ; sandy, 
 titii-y loam, with a little peat. Winter temp., 
 3:>'to 45. 
 K. cane'scens (hoary). 1. Orange. July. Peru. 
 
 1786. 
 
 haiimifo'lia (halimus-leaved). 1$. Yellow. 
 July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Circa" a. 
 KNDIVE. (Cicho'rium endi'via.) Used 
 in salads. 
 
 Varieties. The green-curled is culti- 
 vated for the main crops, as it best en- 
 dures wet and cold ; the white-curled, 
 chiefly grown for summer and autumn ; 
 the broad-leaved, or Batuvian, is preferred 
 for soups and stews, but is seldom used 
 for salads. 
 
 Soil and Situation. A. light, dry, but 
 rich soil, dug deep and unshaded. It is 
 best to form an artificial bed by laying 
 a foot in depth of earth on a bed of 
 brickbats, stones, &c. 
 
 Sowing. For a first crop about the 
 middle of April, to be repeated in May, 
 but only in small portions, as those which 
 are raised before June soon advance to 
 seed. Towards the middle of June the 
 first main crop may be sown again, in 
 the course of July, and lastly, early in 
 August; and in this month the main 
 plantation is made. Sow in drills twelve 
 inches apart, and about a quarter of an 
 inch below the surface. When an inch 
 in height, thin the plants to three or four 
 inches apart : those taken away are too 
 small to be of any service if pricked out. 
 Give water freely in dry weather. 
 
 When the larger seedlings have been 
 transplanted, the smaller ones which 
 remain should have a gentle watering, 
 and in twelve or fourteen days they will 
 afford a second successional crop ; and, 
 by a repetition of this management, in 
 general, a third. The plants are gene- 
 rally fit for transplanting when of a 
 month's growth in the seed-bed, or when 
 five or six inches high. 
 
 Planting. Set them in rows twelve 
 or fifteen inches apart each way; the 
 Batavian requires the greatest space 
 Water must be given moderately every 
 evening until the plants are established 
 after which only in excessive and pro 
 tracted drought Those which are left 
 in the seed-bed, in general, attain a finer 
 growth than those that have been moved 
 
 [n November, some plants that hava 
 attained nearly their full size may be re- 
 moved to the south side of a sloping bank 
 of dry, 1 light earth, raised one or two feet 
 behind ; to be protected by frames, mats, 
 or thick coverings of litter, during severe 
 and very wet weather ; but to be care- 
 fully uncovered during mild, dry days. 
 The plants, in this instance, are not re- 
 quired to be further apart than six or 
 eight inches. This plan may be followed 
 in open days during December and Janu- 
 ary, by which means a constant supply 
 may be obtained. Instead of being 
 planted in the above manner on a terrace, 
 t is sometimes practised to take the 
 plants on a dry day, and the leaves being 
 tied together, to lay them horizontally in 
 the earth down to the tip of the leaves ; 
 this accelerates the blanching, but other- 
 wise is far more subject to failure. As 
 the number necessary for a family is but 
 small, but few should be planted at a time. 
 
 Blanching. About three months elapse 
 between the time of sowing and the fit- 
 ness of the plants for blanching. This 
 operation will be completed in from ten 
 to fourteen days in summer, or in three 
 or four weeks in winter. To blanch the 
 plants tie their leaves together ; or place 
 tiles or pieces of board upon them, or 
 tie their leaves together, and cover them 
 to their tips with mould, making it rise to 
 a point, so as to throw off excessive rains. 
 All these methods suceed in dry seasons, 
 but in wet ones the plants, treated accord- 
 ing to any of them, are liable to decay. 
 
 The one which succeeds best in all sea- 
 sons is to fold the leaves round the heart 
 as much as possible in their natural posi- 
 tion ; and, being tied together with a 
 shred of bass-mat, covered up entirely 
 with coal-ashes in the form of a cone, 
 the surface being rendered firm and 
 smooth with the trowel. Sand will do* 
 but ashes are equally unretentive of 
 moisture, whilst they are much superior 
 in absorbing heat, which is so beneficial 
 in the hastening of the process. If the 
 simple mode of drawing the leaves toge- 
 ther is adopted to effect this blanching, 
 they must be tied very close, and, in a 
 week after the first tying, a second liga- 
 ture must be passed round the middle of 
 the plant to prevent the heart-leaves 
 bursting out. A dry afternoon, when the 
 plants are entirely free from moisture, 
 should be selected, whichever modo is 
 adopted. 
 
ENG 
 
 [320] 
 
 ENS 
 
 A very excellent mode is to spread over 
 the surface of the bed about an inch in 
 depth of pit-sand, and covering ^ each 
 plant with a small pot made of earthen- 
 ware, painted both within and on the out- 
 side to exclude the wet that worst hin- 
 derance of blanching. To avoid this, the 
 pots should be taken off daily to allow 
 the plants to dry, and the insides of the 
 pots wiped. A sea-kale pot in minia- 
 ture, like the annexed figure, is to be 
 preferred ; and if made of zinc or other 
 
 metal, it would be better, because not 
 porous and admissive of moisture. 
 
 To obtain Seed. The finest and sound- 
 est plants should be selected of the last 
 plantation. For a small family three or 
 four plants of each variety will be suffi- 
 cient. Plant these in March beneath a 
 south fence, about a foot from it, and 
 eighteen inches apart. As the flower- 
 stem advances, fasten it to a 
 stake, or, if they are placed 
 beneath palings, by a string, 
 to be gathered as the seed 
 upon it ripens ; for if none are 
 gathered until the whole plant 
 is changing colour, the first 
 ripened andbest seed will have 
 scattered and be lost. Each 
 branch must be laid, as it is 
 cut, upon a cloth in the sun ; 
 and when perfectly dry, the 
 seed beaten out, cleansed, and 
 stored. 
 
 ENGINE. This name is ap- 
 plied to many contrivances for 
 supplying water to plants. 
 
 1. The pump-syringe, or 
 syringe-engine, can be sup- 
 plied with water from a com- 
 mon bucket, from which it 
 sucks the water through a per- 
 forated base. The handle is 
 sometimes made to work like 
 that of the common pump. 
 
 2. The barrow watering- 
 engine is represented in the 
 next figure. It will throw 
 
 the jet of water to a distance of forty or 
 fifty feet, or somewhat less if a rose is 
 
 upon the end of the delivery-pipe. It 
 holds from twenty to thirty gallons of 
 water ; but may be made, with a leather- 
 hose attached, to communicate with a 
 pond or other reservoir of water. 
 
 3. The curved barrel-engine is excel- 
 lent; for the barrel, piston-rods, &c., 
 being so constructed as to be turned on 
 a lathe, they are so accurate that there is 
 the least possible loss of power, either 
 from unnecessary friction or from an im- 
 perfect vacuum. 
 
 ENKYA'NTHUS. (From enkuos, enlarged, 
 and anthos, a flower; the flowers swollen 
 n the middle. Nat. ord., Heathwvrts 
 [Ericaceae], Linn., I0-Decandria 1-Mo- 
 <togynia. Allied to Arbutus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with pink flow- 
 ers, from China. Cuttings of firm young shoots in 
 sand, under a hand-light, in April or May ; a bell- 
 glass is too close, unless a little air is admitted ; 
 sandy loam two parts, and fibry peat one part. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 E. quinqueflo'rus (five-flowered). 3. May. 1812. 
 retieula'tus (netted). 
 
 ENSLE'NIA. 
 
 3. January. 1822. 
 (Named after A. Enslen, 
 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Asctcpiads [Asc J 
 
ENT 
 
 [321 ] 
 
 EPA 
 
 piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria Z-Digy- 
 nta. Allied to Asclepia.) 
 
 Virginian hardy herbaceous climber. Seeds and 
 divisions in spring ; common soil. 
 E. a'lbida (whitish). White. July. 1828. 
 
 ENTA'DA. (The Malabar name. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., %S-Polygamia \-Moncecia. Allied 
 to Mimosa.) 
 
 The large brown beans, called Gela in India, 
 and used by the natives for washing their hair, 
 are the seeds of E. Pursee'tha. Stove evergreen 
 climbers, with white flowers. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm, in sand, under glass, and in 
 heat ; loam and peat in equal portions. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 E. adena'nthera (adenanthera-like). 20. South 
 Sea Islands. 1817- 
 
 monoslu'chya (single-spiked). 20. Malabar. 
 
 1800. 
 
 polystn'chya (many-spiked). 26. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Pursce'tka (Pursaetha). 20. E. Ind. 1780. 
 
 ENTELLE'A. ( From enteles, perfect; the 
 stamens all fertile. Nat. ord., Linden- 
 blooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Grewia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Zealand. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 35 to 46. 
 E. arbore'scens (tree-like). 20. White. May. 1820. 
 
 pulma'ta (hznd-leaved). 4. White. May. 1830. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). White. May. 1836. 
 ENTRANCES. Upon these parts of a 
 
 residence, which should give a first and 
 appropriate impression, Mr. Whateley 
 has these just remarks : The road which 
 leads up to the door of the mansion may 
 go off from it in an equal angle, so that 
 the two sides shall exactly correspond ; 
 and certain ornaments, though detached, 
 are yet rather within the province of ar- 
 chitecture than of gardening ; works of 
 sculpture are not, like buildings, objects 
 familiar in scenes of cultivated nature; 
 but vases, statues, and termini, are usual 
 appendages to a considerable edifice; as 
 such, they may attend the mansion, and 
 trespass a little upon the garden, pro- 
 vided they are not carried so far into it 
 as to lose their connexion with the struc- 
 ture. The platform and the road are also 
 appurtenances to the house; all these 
 may therefore be adapted to its form, 
 and the environs will thereby acquire a 
 degree of regularity ; but to give it to the 
 objects of nature, only on account of their 
 proximity to others which are calculated 
 to receive it, is, at the best, a refinement. 
 Upon the same principles regularity has 
 been acquired in the approach ; and an 
 additional reason has been assigned for 
 21 
 
 it, that the idea of a seat is thereby 
 extended to a distance ; but that may 
 be by other means than by an avenue. 
 A private road is easily known ; if 
 carried through grounds, or a park, it 
 is commonly very apparent; even in a 
 lane, here and there a bench, a painted 
 gate, a small plantation, or any other 
 little ornament, will sufficiently denote 
 it. If the entrance only be marked, 
 simple preservation will retain the im- 
 pression along the whole progress; or it 
 may wind through several scenes distin- 
 guished by objects, or by an extraordinary 
 degree of cultivation : and then the 
 length of the way, and the variety of im- 
 provements through which it is con- 
 ducted, may extend the appearance of a 
 domain, and the idea of a seat, beyond 
 the reach of any direct avenue. A nar- 
 row vista, a mere line of perspective, 
 be the extent what it may, will seldom 
 compensate for the loss of that spa^-e 
 which it divides, and of the parts which 
 it conceals. 
 
 EPA' cms. (From epi, upon, and akros, 
 the top. The Epacris grows on the- tops 
 of hills and rising grounds. Nat. ord., 
 Epacrids [Epaeridacese]. Linn., 5- Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of the tips of the shoots when from one 
 to two inches in length, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in spring or early summer ; three or four 
 round a small pot. Sandy, fibry peat suits them 
 best. They are better kept in turf-pits than in 
 the open air during the summer, as the aun 
 striking upon the pots is apt to scorch the hair- 
 like roots. If set out of doors, the pots should 
 be plunged in earth or ashes. The plants should 
 be cut back when done flowering, and kept close 
 until new growth is making. Winter temp., 40* 
 to 48. 
 
 E, AndromedtKflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered), 2. 
 White, rose. 1848. 
 
 apiculafta 'small-tufted). 2. May. 1825. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured -flowc red). 2. Deep 
 
 crimson, white. 1818. 
 
 campanula' ta (bell-./foirererf). 3. Deep blush. 
 
 April. 1830. 
 a! Vta (white-flowered). 2. White. April, 
 
 1830. 
 maxima (largest-bell-^owered). 3. Darfc 
 
 crimson. February. 1848. 
 
 cerceflo'ra (wax-flowered). 2. White. April. 
 
 1831. 
 
 exse'rtu (drawn-out). 2. White. May. 18)2. 
 
 deiica'ta (delicate). 2. Blush, white. April. 
 
 1348. 
 
 denaifiu'ra (crowded-flowered). 3. Blush. April 
 
 1848. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). 3. White. April. 
 
 grandiflu' ru (lar^e-flowered). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 March. 1803. 
 
 fteterone'ma (various-stemmed). 3. White. 
 
 Juua. 1823. 
 
EPII 
 
 [322] 
 
 EPI 
 
 E. imprefssa (flattened). 3. Crimson. June. 1824 
 
 paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Red 
 
 April. 1836. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. White. May 
 
 1822. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion). 3. White, vermilion 
 
 May. 1844. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy-cowered). 3. W T hite. February 
 
 1829- 
 
 < onosmceflo'ra (onosma - flowered). 2. Red. 
 June. 1823. 
 
 paludo'sa (marsh). 3. Pale red. May. 1825. 
 pulcke'lla(ne&t). 4. Pink. May. 1804. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Purple. February. 
 
 1803. 
 
 ru> bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. February. 
 
 1803. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable). 2. Pink. March. 1829- 
 EPHE'DRA. (The Greek for the Hip- 
 
 puris, or Horsetail, which it resembles. 
 Nat. ord., Joint Firs [Gnetacese]. Linn., 
 3,2-Dicecia 13-Monadelphia.) 
 
 Evergreens. E. monosta'chya inhabits the mar- 
 gins of salt lakes and springs in Siberia, and 
 would be a useful little plant to cover spaces 
 flooded by spring tides ; both that and E.diski'- 
 chya would live on the sea-shore, and bear clip- 
 
 E' 
 
 alti'ssima (tallest). 24. Barbary. 1825. Half- 
 hardy twiner. 
 
 dista'chya (two-spiked). 2. June. France. 1570. 
 
 mi'ncr (less). 1838. 
 
 monosta'chya (one-spiked). 2. October. Si- 
 
 beria. 1772. 
 
 EPIDE'NDBUM. (From epi, and dendron, 
 a tree ; air -plants attached to trees. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynundria 1-Monandria. Allied to Lselia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant before ac- 
 tive growth commences ; fibry peat, broken pots, 
 a little charcoal, and sphagnum-moss ; the plant 
 fixed above the surface of a pot nearly filled with 
 drainage. Summer temp., 60 to Q0, with mois- 
 ture ; winter, bS? to 60, with more dryness. 
 E< aggrega'tum (clustered). Peru. 
 
 aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). Green, white. March. 
 
 E. Ind. 1835. 
 
 aroma'ticum (aromatic). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 Guatimala. 1835. 
 
 t'sperum (rough). Yellowish. Mexico. 
 
 auranti'acum (orange). Orange. Guatimala. 
 
 1835. 
 
 auri'tum (eared). Pale green. Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 au'ro-purpu'reum (gold and purple). Yellow, 
 
 purple. July. Hispaniola. 
 *bicornu'tum (two-horned). l. White. April. 
 Jamaica. 
 
 Boothia'num (Boothe's). . Green. September. 
 
 Crba. 1835. 
 
 - brachyc.d'lum (short-lipped). Yellow, brown. 
 Sierra Nervada. 
 
 ccRspito'sum (tufted). White, rose. Peru. 
 
 Canuo'llei (De Candolle's). Brown, yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 carno'sum (fleshy). Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 cauliflo'rum (stem-flowering). Yellow. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1830. 
 
 cepifor'me (onion-shaped). 3. Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 chio'neum (snowy). White. North Grenada. 
 ^.etfioVe (hair-fringed). 1. White. July. Mar- 
 
 tinique. 1793, 
 
 E. cinnabari'num (crimson). I. Crimson. Per- 
 
 nambuco. 1837- 
 lutifo'lium (broad -leaved). Trinidad. 
 
 1836. 
 mi'nus (smaller). Trinidad. 1836. 
 
 clava/tum (club-stemmed). J. Green, whit/;. 
 
 July. Cumana. 1834. 
 
 Clowe'sii" (Clowes'). Yellow, white. Guati- 
 
 mala. 1835. 
 
 cochlea'tum (spiral). 1. Purple. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1799. 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Xalapa. 1828. 
 
 cplla're (banded). 1J. White. Guatimala. 
 
 1843. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-shaped). Peru. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). Pink. April. St. 
 
 Vincent. 
 
 crispa'tum (curled). White. May. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Cube'nse (Cuban). Yellow, purple. June. Cuba. 
 
 1842. 
 
 cuspida'tum (pointed). 1. White. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1808. 
 
 dentiflo'rum (dense-flowered). Green, brown. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Mexico. 
 
 du'rum (hard). Yellow. Guiana. 
 
 elonga'tum (long-stalked). 2. Red. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1798. 
 pa'llidum(p&le). Brazil. 1836. 
 
 ensa'tum (sword-leaved). Mexico. 
 
 erubefscens (blushing). Rose. Mexico. 1337. 
 falca'tum (sickle-shaped). Yellow. Oaxaca. 
 
 1838. 
 
 fimbria'tum (fringed). White, violet. Peru. 
 fla'vidurr. (yellowish). Yellow. Pamplona. 
 fla'vum (yellowV Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 fleauo'sum (zigzag). White, green. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1836. 
 
 floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. Green, blue. 
 
 October. Mexico. 
 
 fra> grans (sweet-scented), f. White. Sep- 
 tember. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 cinnamo'meum (cinnamon - scented). 
 
 White. September. Jamaica. 1836. 
 
 Funckia'num (Funck's). Brown. Mexico. 
 
 gigante'um (gigantic). Brazil. 1843. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). Green, purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 gluma'ceum (chaffy). White. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 3. Red, green. March. 
 
 Bahamas. 
 
 Gh'aha'mi (Dr. Graham's). 2. Yellow, green. 
 
 August. Mexico. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Mexico. 
 
 grani'ticum (grained). Green, white. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1840. 
 
 Hanbu'rii (Hanbury's). 2. Rose. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Peru. 
 
 hormi'dium (clary-like). Yellow, green. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Hnvane'nse (Havanna). Havanna. 1836. 
 
 herba'ceum (herbaceous). Brazil. 1837. 
 
 imatophy'llum (thong-leaved). Rose. De- 
 
 merara. 
 
 iono'smum (violet-scented). Yellow, green. 
 
 June. Guiana. 1836. 
 
 Zffl'<?erMm(torn). 3. Pale pink. November. Ha 
 
 vannah. 1835. 
 
 lactiflo'rum (milky-flowered). White. Mexico. 
 
 lamella' turn (lamellated). Pink. Honduras. 
 
 lancifo'lium (lance -leaved). Pale yellow. 
 
 March. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 latila'brum (broad-lipped). Green. March. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. W '~ ' 
 
[ 323 ] 
 
 EPI 
 
 E. lacerti'num (lizard- tailed}. Yellow, green. 
 March. Guatirnala. 1837. 
 
 ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 lentigino'sum (freckled). Yellow, green. March. 
 
 Demerara. 1837. 
 
 leucochi'lum (white-lipped). Yellow, green. 
 
 March. Caraccas. 1840. 
 
 Linde'nii (Mr. Linden's). Rose. Merida. 
 
 tinea' re (narrow-/mwed). Peru. 
 
 linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White, 
 
 purple. June. Mexico. 1850. 
 
 Linkia'num (Link's). Yellow, white. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 longibu'lbon (long-bulbed). Guiana, 1830. 
 
 mucrocM 'lum (large-lipped), f. Brown, white. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1836. 
 a'lbum (white-lipped'), White, rose. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 1824. 
 -ro'seum (rosy). Rose. May. Guatimala. 
 
 1842. 
 - macrosta 1 chyum (large-spiked). Green, white. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Miehuaca'num (Michuacan). Pale yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 monophy'llum (one-leaved). White. Demerara. 
 
 Monroea'num (Monroe's). White, pink. July. 
 
 Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 musci'ferum (fly-bearing). Demerara. 1836. 
 
 ncevo'sum (freckled). White, yellow. February. 
 
 Oaxaca. 1846. 
 
 nemora'le(vtQod). Purple. June. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 noctu'rnum (night-fragrant). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. Martinique. 1836. 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). W. Ind. 
 
 1835. 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow, 
 
 white. October. W. Ind. 1836. 
 pu'milum (dwarf). Ensequibo. 1835. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 1. Green, July. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. 
 
 odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 1. Dingy 
 
 green. August. Rio Janeiro. 1827. 
 
 oncidioi'des (oncidium-like). 3. Yellow, brown. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 orchidiflo'rum (orchis - flowered). Brown. 
 
 Bahia. 
 
 orgyu'le (wrathful). Yellow. St. Bogota. 
 
 ooalifo'lium (oval- leaved). Green, white. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 o'vulum (egg-like). Green, white. July. Bo- 
 
 lanos. 1842. 
 
 oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). Yellow. April. 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 ~ pachya'nthum (thick-flowered). Green. Guiana. 
 1837. 
 
 Parltinsonia'num (Mr. Parkinson's). 2. Green, 
 
 yellow. September. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 pasto'ris (shepherd's). White, green. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 pollens (spreading). White. October. St. Vin- 
 
 cent. 
 
 phaeni'ceum (purple) . . Cream, purple, green. 
 
 June. Cuba. 1840. 
 
 piperi'num (peppery-scented). Quito. 1846. 
 
 poly stu' chyum (many-spiked). Yellow. June. 
 
 Peru. 1840. 
 
 primuli'num (primrose - scented). Yellow, 
 brown. Bahamas. 1837. 
 
 propi'nquum (related). Brown. Mexico. 
 
 puncta't urn (dotted). Dotted. W. Ind. 
 
 pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped-6w/6erf). Red, yellow. 
 
 January. Cuba. 
 
 radia' turn (r&y- flowered). 1. Green, purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 r*'dicans (stem-rooting). Orange, yellow, Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 E. rani'fernm (frog-bearing). $. Green, brown. 
 May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 recurva'tum (bent-back). Rose. April. Co- 
 
 lombia. 
 
 refra'ctum (broken). Dark red. May. Caracoas. 
 
 rhizo'phorum (rooting). Guatiraala. 18:<6. 
 
 ri'gidum(tttiS-petaled). 1. Yellowish-white. 
 
 June. Jamaica. 1836. 
 
 ru'bro-ci'nctum (red-edged). Yellow, brown. 
 
 March. Brazils. 1836. 
 
 saxa'tile (rock). Red, purple. Guayana. 
 
 sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). Yellow, purple. Jago. 
 
 Schomfiu'rgkii (Schomburg's). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 Guiana. 1837. 
 
 scute 1 lla (saucer, shaped). Green, yellow. 
 
 Guayana. 
 
 selli'gerum (saddle-formed). Pale white. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 se'rpens (snake-like). Violet. Peru. 
 
 Skinne'ri (Skinner's), f . Green, white. July. 
 
 Cum ana. 1834. 
 
 - ma'jor (large-flowered). 1. Light purple. 
 
 November. 1847. 
 
 equa'lidum (squalid). Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Stamfordia'num (Stamford's). White, red. 
 
 April. Guatimala. 1836. 
 
 stenope'talum (acute-petaled). 1. Rose. March. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 stria 1 turn (streaked). White, red. May. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 subulatifo'lium (awl-leaved). Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 tibi'cinis (piper's). 8. Rose. Honduras. 1836. 
 
 tigri'num (tiger-like). Yellow, red. Merida. 
 
 Tolime'nse (Tollman). Yellow. Tolima. 
 
 torqua'tum (twisted). Peru. 
 
 tri'dens (three-toothed). White, green. April. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. 
 
 itariega'tum (variegated- Jeaued and flowered). 
 
 1. Green, white. January. Rio Janeiro. 
 1829. 
 
 -- coriu'ceum (leathery). 1. Green, purple. 
 Demerara. 
 
 veno'svm ( veined -lipped). White, violet. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 verruc(i'sum(\va.Ttedi-flower-stalked), 1. Green, 
 
 brown. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 Vincenti'num (St. Vincent's). St. Vincent. 1840. 
 
 vi'rens (green). Green. Serampore. 
 
 vitelli'num(yohe-Qf-egfr-coloured). 1. Orange, 
 
 yellow. September. Mexico. J840. 
 -- ma'jus (larger). Orange, yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Oaxaca. 1841. 
 
 vivi'parum (viviparous). White. January. 
 
 Guayana. 1838. 
 
 volu'bile (twisting). Peru. 
 
 EPIGJE'A. (From epi, upon, and gai, the 
 earth ; referring to its trailing habit. Nat. 
 ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen sweet-sceted trailers, suitable 
 for rock-works, and delighting in moist, peaty 
 soil ; propagated chiefly by layers ; would be better 
 in a cold pit during severe weather. 
 E. re'pens (creeping). . White. July. N. Amer. 
 1736. 
 
 mbicu'nda (red-lowered). . Red. March, 
 
 1836. 
 
 . Willow Herb. (From epi, 
 upon, and lobos, a pod ; flowers superior, 
 or seated on the seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 Onagrads [Onagracea?]. Linn., 8-O~ta)r- 
 
EPI 
 
 [ 324 ] 
 
 EPI 
 
 dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Clarlda and 
 Zauschsneria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, and 
 many by seeds; common, light garden-soil. E. 
 villo'sum requires the greenhouse or a cold pit. 
 E. alpe'stre (alpine). $. Purple. June. Switzer- 
 land. 1820. 
 
 angustifu'lium (narrow-leaved). 4. Purple. 
 
 July. Britain, 
 
 a'lbum (white-flowered). 4. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 angusti'ssimum (narrowest-teanerf). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Alps, Europe. 17/5. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). Rose. June. 1826. 
 
 culora'tum (coloured). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1805. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Red. June. 
 
 182Q. 
 
 cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). Red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1837. 
 
 Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). f . White. June. Da- 
 
 huria. 1822. 
 
 Dodones'i (Dodoen's). l. Purple. July. 
 
 France. 1/00. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy. Codlins and Cream}. 4. Pur- 
 
 ple, July. Britain. 
 
 variega'tum(v&Tie%a.ted.-leaved). 4. Rosy. 
 
 June. England. 
 
 hypericifo' Hum (hypericum- leaved). Red. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1837- 
 
 lanceola 1 turn (spear-head-k'ttyed). l. Purple. 
 
 July. Italy. 1810. 
 
 minu'tum (small). 1. White. August. Russia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). Blush. June. Bohemia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. North Europe. 1800. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 4. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 stri'ctum (erect). 1 . Purple. July. Pennsyl- 
 
 vania. 1817, 
 
 tomento'sum (downy). 3. Purple. June. Asia. 
 
 18! 8. 
 
 villo'sum (long-haired). 2. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1799- 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 2. Purple. July. Sweden. 
 
 EPIME'DIUM. Barrenwort. (From epi- 
 medion, a name used by Pliny. Nat orcl., 
 Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 4- 7V 
 trandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Jeffer- 
 souia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings and 
 divisions; sandy loam. E. viola'ceum likes the 
 protection of a cold pit. E. atpi'num does best 
 in moist, peaty soil. 
 
 E. alpi'num (alpine), f. Crimson. May. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 diphy'tlum (twin), f . Red. May. Japan. 
 
 1830. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). White. April. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 hexa'ndntm (six-stamened). J. Lilac. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 macra'nthum (large -flowered). 1. White, 
 
 violet. April. Japan. 1S36. 
 
 Musschiu'num (Mussch's). 1. White. March. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 viola'ceum (violet). . White, violet. April. 
 
 Japan. 1837- 
 
 EPIPA'CTCS. (From cpipegmio, to co- 
 agulate; its effect on milk. Nat. ord.. 
 
 Orchids [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 
 dria l-Monandria. Allied to Listera. ) 
 Pretty British orchids, not difficult to grow. 
 
 Divisions ; common soil ; kept rather dry during 
 
 the resting period. 
 
 E. lutifu'lia (broad-leaved). 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). l. Green, pur- 
 ple. September. In woods. 
 
 owi'tis (oval). 1$. Blush, red. July, 
 
 Mountain sides. 
 
 purpuru'ta (purpled). l. Green, pink. 
 
 July. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). J. Purple. July. 
 
 purpura'ta (purpled). 1. Purple. June. 
 EPI'PHOEA. (From epiphora, inflamma- 
 tion of the eyes. A Cape terrestrial or 
 ground Orchid [Orchidacese]. Linn, 
 20 Gynandria I-Monandritt. Allied to 
 Aspacia.) 
 
 Greenhouse orchid. Division, before starting 
 into fresh growth ; fastened to a piece of peeled 
 oak, and decayed moss fasti-ned over the roots. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90, with moisture ; winter, 
 50 to 60, dryish. 
 
 E. pube'scens (downy). Brown, yellow. May. 
 Delagoa Bay. 1833. 
 
 EPIPHY'LLUM. (From epi, upon, and 
 phyllon, a leaf; flowers borne on the 
 edges of the leaf-like branches. Nat. 
 ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 1.2- 
 Icoaandria \-Monogyn ia.) 
 
 Stove fieshy-leaved plants. Cuttings in sum- 
 mer, dried at the bottom before inserting them, 
 or rather, laying them down in any loose material, 
 such as gravel and rough leaf-mould ; soil, loam, 
 peat, lime-rubbish, and dried cow-dung in equal 
 proportions. The smaller kinds do well grafted 
 on the Ca'ctus speciosi'ssimus, &c. Summer 
 temp., .60 to 80 ; winter, 38 to 45. For species 
 see CA'CTDS. 
 
 EPI'SCIA. See EKINO'SMA and LEU- 
 CO 'JUM. 
 
 E.melittifo'lla (melittis-leaved). 1. Crimson. 
 March. Dominica. 1852. 
 
 EPISEMA C^RULA-CEPHALA. The Fi- 
 gure-of-eight Moth appears early in Oo- 
 tober. The bluish-grey upper wings 
 have a yellowish -white spot in their 
 centres. The spot being shaped like a 
 double kidney, or 8, gives the popular 
 name to the insect. It should be de- 
 
 stroyed whenever observed, as its cater~ 
 pillars, at the end of the iollowing spring, 
 
ERA 
 
 [ 325 ] 
 
 ERI 
 
 "very often destroy the young leaves of 
 plums and peaches. 
 
 ERA'NTHEMUM. (From eroo, to love, 
 and atithos, a flower; referring to the 
 beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 thuds [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 
 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Cuttings of points of shoots when a little firm 
 in sandy loam, in bottom-heat, under a hand- 
 glass ; peat one part, loam two parts. Sunimei 
 temp., 60 to 75; winter, 45 to 55. 
 E. acanthopfw'rum (thorny). Lilac. July. China. 
 1822. 
 
 albiflo'rum( white-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Red. July. 1821. 
 
 Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). Blue. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). . White, red. July. 
 
 Lucona. 1802. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). 1. Purple. May. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 crenulu'tum (scolloped). 1. Lilac. October. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 e'legc^ns (elegant). 3. Scarlet. June. Guinea. 
 
 1824. 
 
 .facu'ndum (ever-blowing). 1$. Lilac. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 monta'nvm (mountain). 2. Lilac, purple. 
 
 March. Ceylon. 1843. 
 
 pulche'llum (pretty). 2. Blue. April. E. 
 
 Ind. iryS. 
 
 racemo'sum (racemed). Blush. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1826. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). 2. Red. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 spino'sum (spined). 3. July. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 utri'cium (erect). 2. Purple. April. Nepaul. 
 
 1818. 
 
 varia'bile (variable). 2. Purple. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 ERA'NTHIS. Winter Aconite. (From 
 er, spring, and anthos, a flower; referring 
 to its early flowering. Nat. ord., Crow- 
 foots [Eanunculaceee], Linn.^ 13-Poly- 
 aiuirla 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Hardy tubers ; offsets ; common soil. 
 E. hyema'lis (common winter). . Yellow. Fe- 
 bruary. Italy. 1596, 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). *. Yellow. March. 
 
 Siberia. 1825. 
 
 EREM^'A. ( From eremos, solitary; re- 
 ferring to the female organ, or solitary 
 style. Nat. ord., Myrthblooms [Myrta- 
 jese]. Linn., IS-Polyadelpliia %-Polyan- 
 dria. Allied to Metrosideros.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in April or May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat one part, and loam two 
 parts. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). White. June. 
 
 fimbria'ta(tr'mKed-floieered). Purple. June. 
 
 1841. 
 
 pilo>sa (hairy). Pink. June. 1842. 
 
 ERE 'MIA. (From eremos, solitary ; re- 
 ferring to the seed being but one in a 
 cell. Nat. ord., Heatkivorts [Ericaceae]. 
 Linn., S-Octandria 1-Monogynia, Allied 
 to Erica.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, from Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots when 
 fresh growth has extended beyond one inch; sandy 
 peat. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. To'tta (Hottentot). 2. Red. June. 1810. 
 
 EREMU'RUS. (From eremos, solitary, 
 and oura, tail ; referring to the flower- 
 spike. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Asphodel.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial, with yellow flowers. 
 Divisions ; sandy loam. 
 
 E. Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). May. Caucasus. 
 1834. 
 
 spectu'biiis (beautiful). 2. May. Siberia. 1800. 
 
 E'HIA. (From erion, wool; referring 
 to the down on the leaves of some of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. 
 Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monandria. Al- 
 lied to Dend'robium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; fibry peat and chop- 
 ped, decayed moss; the plant to be raised, roots 
 and all, above the surface of the pot or shallow 
 basket. Summer temp., 60 to 90, with plenty 
 of moisture ; winter, 50 to 55, dry. 
 E. clavicau'lis (club-stemmed). White, yellow 
 Chirra. 1837. 
 
 excava'ta (hollowed). Nepaul. 
 floribu'nda. (many-flowered). 1. White, crim- 
 son. Singapore. 1842. 
 
 longicau'lis (long-stemmed). White. Chirra. 
 
 1837. 
 
 longila'bris (long-lipped). White, purple. 
 
 Philippines. 1838. 
 
 panicutu'ta (panicled). Greenish-yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 polyu'ra (many-tailed). Pink, purple, yellow. 
 
 Manilla. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). Yellow. India. 1840. 
 
 sfella' to, (starred). 2. Yellowish-red. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Java. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 1. Red, brown. India. 1842. 
 
 ERI'CA. Heath. (From erico, to break ; 
 referring to the brittle nature of the wood. 
 Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae] . Linn., 
 8-Octandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 All natives of the Cape of Good Hope, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots, when fresh growth enables the 
 landling of them easily, inserted in sand, the 
 pots previously being half-filled with drainage, 
 and then filled with sandy peat, in various degrees 
 of fineness the rough over the drainage, the fine 
 at the top, all surmounted by, at least, half an 
 nch of silver sand, well pressed and watered, and 
 jressed again a day before using, and then covered 
 with a bell-glass, and set in a close pit or frame. 
 Some slow-growing kinds require to be put into 
 icat, in onier to get cuttings. Sandy peat for 
 all, especially the slow-growing using plenty of 
 drainage; for the very strong-growing, a very 
 ittle fibry loam may be used. In potting from 
 the cutting-pots, it is best to place three or four 
 ound the sides of small pots for the first winter, 
 jingling them out, and then keeping them close 
 the following spring, hardening them off by de- 
 grees ; as larger pots are wanted, pieces of char- 
 coal and sandstone are valuable for keeping the 
 oil open. The pots, if set out of doors, should 
 
ERI 
 
 [ 326 ] 
 
 EHI 
 
 be protected from th sun in summer ; if plunged, 
 drainage should he secured by setting the pot on 
 bricks. Winter ternp., 35 to 45, with abundance 
 of air. 
 
 HAEDY EVERGREEN. 
 B. arbo'rea (tree). 5. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1658. 
 mi'nima (least). White. April. South 
 
 Europe. 
 squan-o'sa (spreading). 4. White. April. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 stylo's'i (long-styled). 5. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1658. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). . Pale purple. 
 
 February. Germany. 1763. 
 
 herba'cea (herbaceous). . Pink. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Germany. 
 
 herba'uea (herbaceous). Flesh. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1763. 
 
 Mackia'na (Mackie's). Purple. July. Ireland. 
 
 Mediterra'nea. (Mediterranean). 4. Purple. 
 
 April. Portugal. 1648. 
 
 stami'nea(bent-&ack-stemrned). 2. Red. June. 
 
 1799. 
 
 viridipurpu'rea (green and purple). 3. Green, 
 
 purple. May. Portugal. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN. 
 
 E. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). l. Bed. Au- 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. June. 1820. 
 
 acu'ta (pointed-cupped), ft. Red. June. 1799. 
 
 Aitonia'na (Alton's). 2. White, purple. 
 
 August. 1790. 
 
 a'lbida (whitish). 2. White. July. 1826. 
 
 amoi'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. June. 1/95. 
 
 ampullu'cea(na.sk-sh&pe-flowered). 2. White, 
 
 red. June. 1790. 
 
 Andromedeeflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2. 
 
 Pink. May. 1803. 
 
 arbu'scula (shrub by), l. Red. May. 1810. 
 
 Archeria'na (Lady Archer's). Ij. Dark scar- 
 
 let. September. 1/96. 
 
 a'rdens (glowing). 2. Scarlet. May. 1800. 
 
 arista 1 ta (awned). 1J. Purple, white. June. 
 
 1801. 
 
 assu'rgens (rising). 1. White. May. 1821. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 2. Oranpe. August. 1799. 
 
 axalecefo'lia (azalea-leaved). Lilac. June. 1798. 
 
 Bandonia'na (Bandon's). 2. Purp!e. July. 1810. 
 
 Bunksia'na (Bank's). $. White, purple. 
 
 April. 1789. 
 
 a'lba (white). J. White. June. 1812. 
 
 pwrpu'mi(purple). $. Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 Beaumontia'na (Beaumont's). . Purple. 
 
 June. 1820. 
 
 Bergia'na (Bergius's). 1$. Purple. June. 1787. 
 
 bi'color (two - coloured). 2. Green, red. 
 
 June. 1790. 
 
 bla'nda (Rollinson's charming). 2. Purple, 
 
 orange. May. 1798. 
 
 Blandfordia'na (Biandford's). 1$. Yellow. 
 
 May. 1803. 
 
 Bonplandia'na (Bonpland's). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1812. 
 
 Bowiea'na (Bowie's). 1. White. October. 1822. 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. April. 1800. 
 
 Ca'/ra (Caffrarian). 14. White. May. 1802. 
 spica'ta (spiked). l. White. Septem- 
 ber. 1800. 
 
 Caledo'nica (Caledonian). Rose. June. 1816. 
 
 campanula 1 'ta (bell- flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. 1791. 
 
 campylophy'lla (crooked-leaved). Lilac. April. 
 
 1802. 
 T- cane'scens (hoary). 1J. Pink. June. 1/90. 
 
 E. carinn'ta (keeled). 1J. Purple. September* 
 1820. 
 
 Cilsia'nii (Cola's). 1. Orange, rose. May. 1810. 
 
 cerinthoi'dei (honeyvvort-iike). Dark scarlet. 
 
 September. 1774. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 4. Scarlet. May. 1800. 
 
 nn'na (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. May, 180(1. 
 
 cinei'n'acensfarey-leaved). l. Purple. May. 1810. 
 
 Cli/ordia'na (Lady Clifford's). 1. White. 
 
 April. 1812. 
 
 cncci'nea (scarlet). l, Scarlet. 1783. 
 
 co'lorans (colouring). 2. White, red. May. 1817. 
 
 como'sa (tufted), "f. Red. June. 1/87. 
 
 a'lha (white). $. White. June. 1787. 
 
 ru'bra (red). J. Red. June. 1787. 
 
 Comptunia'nu(Compton's'). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 1802. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). 2. Flesh. September. 1773. 
 
 cu'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. June. 1820, 
 
 co'nica (conical). 2. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 conspi'cua (conspicuous). 2. Dark yellow. 
 
 July. 1774. 
 
 Coventrya'na (Lord Coventry's). 1. Pink. 
 
 May. 1801. 
 
 crassifu'lia (thick-leaved). Lilac. May. 1826. 
 
 cu'bica (cube-lowered). 1. Purple. May. 1790. 
 ma'jor (larger). I. Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 curviflo'ra (curve - flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 August. 1774. 
 ru'bra (red). 2. Red, August. 1800. 
 
 Cushinm'na (Cushin's). 2. September. 1816. 
 
 Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. White. May. 
 
 deci'pient> (deceiving). Flesh. May. 1S'22. 
 
 deco'ra (graceful). 2. Purple. June. 179^ 
 
 dc'nsa (closely-/eaed). l. Red. June. 1810. 
 
 denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1^. Purple. 
 
 April. 1821. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed), f. Yellow. July. 178Q. 
 
 dichroma'ta (two-coloured). 3. Yellow, pink. 
 
 August. 1800. 
 
 Dickso'nia (Dickson's). 2. Yellow. June. 1809. 
 
 a'lha (white). 2, White. June. 1809. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 2. Red. May. 1809- 
 
 di'stans (distant). Violet. November. 1822. 
 
 d/osMj/?oV(diosma-flowered). 2. May. 1/92. 
 
 droseroi'des (drosera-like). Purple. August. 
 
 1788. 
 
 dumo'sa (bushy). 1. Purple. May. 1812. 
 
 echiiflo'ra (echium-flowered). l. Scarlet. 
 
 April. 1798. 
 cncci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. April. 1812. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). . Green. August. 1/99. 
 
 episto'mia (spout-flowered). 2. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. 1810. 
 
 erioce'phala (woolly-headed). White, July. 
 
 1816. 
 
 erube'scens (blushing). l. Flesh. May. 1800. 
 
 exi'mia (choice). 2. Scarlet. June. 1800. 
 
 expa'nsa (expanded). 1. Scarlet. July. 1818. 
 
 expnsi'ta (exposed). Red. August. 1820. 
 
 exsu'rgens (rising). l. Dark orange. 1792. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Orange. 1800, 
 
 grnndiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Orange. 
 
 1800. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 1. Orange. 1SOO. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. 1810. 
 
 Ewera'na (Ewer's). 2. Pink. August. 1793. 
 longiflo'ra (long -flowered). 2. Red. 
 
 June. 1793. 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Red. August. 1733 
 
 fascicula'ris (parcel-flowered). l. Purple. 
 
 April. 1/8/. 
 
 ffistigia'ta (peaked). 1^. White. July. 1797. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. Red. May, ' 1793. 
 flu'mmea (nasae- flowered), 1^. Light yellow* 
 
 June. 1/98. 
 
ERI 
 
 1327] 
 
 ERI 
 
 E. flava (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. 179*. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1795. 
 
 florilu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pale pink. 
 
 May. 1800. 
 Jio'rida (florid). 1. Red. June. 1803. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky). 1. Red. May. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome). 2. Red. August. 1/95. 
 a'lba (white). 2. White. August. 1795. 
 
 fra'gruns (fragrant). . Purple. April. 1803. 
 ge'tida (ice-cold). 3. Green, white. June. 1799. 
 u'lbens (whitish). 2. White. June. 1820. 
 
 gemmi'fera (many-budded). Orange. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 globo'su (globe-flowered). 14. Pink. August. 
 
 1789. 
 
 glomifio'ra (crowded-flowered). White. June. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple, red. March. 1791- 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large -flowered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1785. 
 /m'rmVis (lowly). 2. Yellow. May. 1806. 
 
 grandino'sa (hail-stone). 4- White. March. 
 
 1810. 
 
 halicaca'ba (red nightshade). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. 1780. 
 
 Har*rteWi(Hartnell's). 2. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 Hibbertia'na (Hibbert's). 2. Orange, yellow. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 
 hispi'dula (short-bristled). Purple. July. 1790. 
 
 Humea'na (Sir A. Hume's). 14. Pink. 
 
 March. 1808. 
 
 igne'scens (dowing). Ij. Red. May. 1792. 
 
 imperials (imperial). 2. Scarlet. June. 1802. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 14. White. July. 1810. 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 14. Red. July. 
 
 1810. 
 
 infla'ta (swollen). 1. White, red. July. 1809. 
 
 infundibutifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Pale 
 
 red. September. 1802. 
 
 Irbya'na (Irby's). 14. White, green. August. 
 
 1800. 
 jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 2. White, 
 
 pink. August. 1794. 
 a'lba (white). 2. White. August. 
 
 /a6a7a(maned). 2. August. 1800, 
 
 Julia'na (July). 3. Red. July. 1800. 
 
 luchncefo'lia (lachnse-leaved). l. White. 
 
 June. 1793. 
 
 Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 1. White. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 larici'na (larch-like). Pink; July. 1824. 
 
 r- Luwso'ni (Lawson's). 3. Flesh. May. 1802. 
 
 Leeu'na (Lee's). 2. Orange, yellow. April. 
 
 1/88. 
 
 leptoca'rpa (slender-berried). Red. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 LinncKu'na (Linnsean). 14 Purple, white. 
 
 March. 1790. 
 
 Linnceoi'des (Linnsea-like). 1$. Purple, red. 
 
 April. 1812. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Red, orange. 
 
 May. 1812. 
 
 longipeduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 1. 
 
 Pink. July. 1K05. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). $. Pale yellow. March. 1774. 
 
 mammo'sa (nippled). 2. Purple. August. 1/62. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. Purple. August. 1800. 
 
 Masso'ni (Massotx's). 3. Red, green. Au- 
 
 gust. 1787. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. Red, green. August. 
 
 tnela'stoma (black-mouthed). 2. Red, brown. 
 
 June. 1795. 
 
 metulaiflu'ra (ninepin - flowered). 1. Red. 
 
 April. 1793. 
 
 minutasflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple. June. 
 
 1B22. 
 
 E. mira'bilis (admirable). 1. Purple. May. 1800. 
 
 mollea'ris (soft). Purple. June. 1803. 
 
 Monsonia'na (Lady Monson's). '., White. 
 
 July. 1787. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky). Ij. Green. June. 1805. 
 
 mu'ndula (neatisb). 2. Purpie. June. 1810. 
 ma'jor (larger). 2. Purple. June. 1810. 
 
 muscosoi'des (muscosa-like). Lilac. May. 1800. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy). White. June. 1820. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy). 2. White. April. 1816. 
 
 obla'ta (flattened). Red, white. June. 1796. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted-/eaved). 14- Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong). Red. July. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 1. Purple. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1789. 
 
 odora'ta (perfumed). 1. Pink. June. 1829. 
 
 or ba'ta (globular). White. 1810. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). White, pink. North 
 
 India. 1842. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-shzpe-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1811. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 1. Flesh. July. 1799. 
 
 Purmentieria'na (Parmentier's). 1. Pale 
 
 purple. July. 1810. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. 1810. 
 
 Patersonia'na (Paterson's). 24. Yellow. 
 
 May. 1791 . 
 ma'jor (larger). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 Patersonioi'des (Patersonia-like). 2. Orange, 
 
 red. June. 1800. 
 
 pellu'cida (clear). 2. White. September. 1SOO. 
 
 pelta'ta (shield'leaved). Green, purple. July. 
 
 1804. 
 
 persolu'ta (garland-cowered) , l. Purple. 
 
 April. 1774. 
 _. a'lba (white). 1. White. March. 1800. 
 
 perspi'cua (clear-lowered). 2. White, pur- 
 
 ple. May. 1790. 
 nu'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. April. 1800. 
 
 Pelive'rii (Petiver's). 2. Yellow. May. 1/74. 
 cocct'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. May. 
 
 Pezi'za (Peziza). 1. White. June. 1812. 
 
 physo'des (puffed-out). 1 j. White. May. 1/88. 
 
 pilula'ris (pill-like). White. November. 1820. 
 
 pi'nea (pine-leaved). 2, Red. October. 1790. 
 
 di'scolnr (two-coloured). 2. Red. October. 
 
 faooi'dcs (honeycomb-like). 2. Red. Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Red. October. 
 
 Plukene'tii (Plukenet's). . Red. May. 1774. 
 pa'llidu (pale). 1. Pale red. June. 1794. 
 
 pres'gnans (swelled). 2. Red. August. 1/96. 
 
 prce'stans (excelling). 1. White. August. 1810, 
 
 primuloi'des (cowslip-like). 4. Purple, red. 
 
 May. 1802. 
 
 pri'nceps (princely). 14. Scarlet. June. 1800. 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 1801. 
 
 pro'cera (lofty). 6. White. May. 1791. 
 
 prope'ndens (forward-hanging). 14. Purple, 
 
 July. 1800. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 14. Red. July. 1/Q2. 
 
 pulverule'nta (powdered). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. June. 1812. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2. Light purple. l/8o. 
 
 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 14. Pink. Manh 
 
 1787. 
 
 racermt'sa (racemed). 14. Pink. April. 1796. 
 
 radia'tn (rayed). 1. Crimson. September. 1798. 
 
 ramenta'cea (scaly). 14. Dark red. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1786. 
 
 rcfu'lgens (refulgent). 2. Scarlet. May. ISOfl. 
 
 rege'rminans (resproutiug). l. Red. Juut. 
 
 1791. 
 
EHI 
 
 EHI 
 
 JS. reto'rta (curled-hack-Jeoued). 1. Pink, white. 
 June. 1787- 
 
 Rollinso'nii (Rollinson's). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 rube'lla (reddish). 2. Pink. June. 1814. 
 
 ru'bens (red). 1. Dark red. July. 1810. 
 
 rubrose'pala, (red-sepaled). Red, white. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Russeltiu'tta( Russell's). lj. Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 Salisbury d' na (Salisbury 's). Rose. June. 1815. 
 
 Sanisburi/u'na (Sainsbury's). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 snngui'nea (bloody). 1. Crimson. 1815. 
 
 Saj'ilea'na (Smile's), f. Red. June. 1800. 
 
 scabriu'scula (roughish). 1. White. May. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Seba'na (Seba's). 2. Orange. April. 1774. 
 
 fu'sca (brown). 2. Brown. May. 1812. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1800. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. Orange. May. 1810. 
 
 Sffiunnonia'na (Lady Shannon's). 1$. White, 
 
 purple June. 1816. 
 
 Smithia'na (Smith's). 2. Purple. April. 1791. 
 
 Solanctrin'na (Solander's). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 1800. 
 -f specwsa ('showy). 2. Red, green. July. 1800. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1792. 
 
 Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. 186. 
 
 Cpu'riu (spurious). 2. Purple. June. 1796. 
 - squammcEjiu'ra (scaly-flowered). 2. April. 
 
 1796. 
 
 Stri'cta (erect). 2. Purple. September. South 
 Europe. 1795. 
 
 &ttaoe'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 1800. 
 
 SUlphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. 1805. 
 
 Swainso'nii (Swainson's). 3. Red, purple. 
 
 August. 1794. 
 
 taxifo'tia (yew-leaved). Pink. 
 
 Templeu'na Temple's). 2. Red. Purple. 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). 4- Purple. June. 1791. 
 
 Thunbergiu'na (Thuuberg's). 14. Orange. 
 
 June. 1794. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). f . Purple. July. 
 
 1789. 
 
 toga'ta (gowned), f . Red. June. 
 
 tornentjsa (downy). 2. Purple. June. 1778. 
 
 tortuo'sa (twisted). 2. May. 1816. 
 
 translu'cens (clear). 2. Red. June. 1797- 
 
 transparent (transparent). l. White. May. 
 
 1800. 
 
 bla'nda (charming). Carmine. February. 
 
 1843. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). 2. Red, green. June. 
 
 1810. 
 ma'jor (larger). 2. Red, green. June. 
 
 1810. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. Red, green. June. 
 
 1810. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1$. White. April. 
 
 1774. 
 
 triv'mphans (conquering). 2. White. April. 
 
 1808. 
 
 tro'ssula (spruce), 1$. White, pink. April. 
 
 1800. 
 ru'bra (red). 1. Red. April. 1810. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Pink. May. 
 
 1/75. 
 
 tu'midn (swollen). l. Scarlet. July. J812. 
 
 tu'rpidu (bloated). 1. Purple. May. 1821. 
 
 vu'ria (various). 1. Purple, yellow. Julv. 
 
 1810. 
 ve'ilrico'sa (bellied). 1. Flesh. June. 1787- 
 
 E. ventrirofsa c'lba (white). 1. White. June. 
 
 ca! rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 corci'nea (scarlet). 1 . Scariet. June. 
 
 ere' eta (erect). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 nn'na, (dwarf). 4. Flesh. June. 
 
 supe'rba( superb). 1. Scarlet. June. 
 
 verna'lis vspiinp). 3. Pink. March. 1827. 
 
 verai'colur (various-coloured). 2. Orange, 
 
 red. August. 1720. 
 mn'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September. 
 
 1800. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled). 3. Scarlet. August. 
 
 1774. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September. 
 
 1800. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). 3. White. 1789. 
 
 a'lba (white). 2. White. 1/89. 
 
 bla'nda (charming). 2$. Pink. May. 1827. 
 
 cucci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1789. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. 1810. 
 
 fu'lgida (bright). 3. Orange. 1789. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. 
 
 1789- 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 3. Yellow. 1789. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Scarlet, 
 
 white. 1800. 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 1789. 
 ro'sea (rosy). 3. Light red. August. 
 
 1/89- 
 
 viridiflo'ra (darAr-green-flowered). 2. Orange. 
 
 July. 1810. 
 
 vi'ridis (green -/towered). 2. Dark green. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 
 Walker id'na (Walker's). Red. July. 1806. 
 
 Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). Lilac. June. 1824. 
 
 EKI'GEKON. (From er, the spring, and 
 geron, old man ; some being hoary with 
 a downy covering early in the season. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 }Q-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Ste- 
 nactis.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions ; garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 1$. Purple. 
 July. S. Amer. 1/32. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. White. August. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. White. August. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 fce'tidum (stinking). Yellow. June. Malta. 
 
 1688. 
 
 graven' lens (strong-smelling). 1J. Yellow. 
 
 July. South Europe, 1633. 
 
 linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July; 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 E. a'cris (sharp). l. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 Chile'nsis (Chili). 2$. Yellow. September. 
 
 Chili. 1816. 
 
 delphinifo'lius (lark-spur-leaved). 1$. Purple. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1816. Greenhouse. 
 
 divarica'tus (straggling). 1. White. August. 
 
 Mississippi. 1818. 
 
 laeviga'tus (smooth-teaued). 1. White. July. 
 
 Cayenne. 1822. 
 
 Podo'licus (Podolian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1821. 
 
 HABDY PEEENNIALS. 
 E. ctpi'nus (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Scotland. 
 
 armerieefo'iius (thriff-leaved). Purple. July. 
 
 Barcelona. 1829. 
 
[ 3S9 
 
 ERI 
 
 E. a'sper (rough). Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 18-28. 
 
 asteroi'des (aster-like). l. White. July. 
 
 Hudson's Bay. 17/6. 
 
 A'tticus (Attic). 1. Purple. July. Attica. 
 
 1816. 
 
 bdlidifo'lius (daisy-leaved). lj. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1790. 
 
 ~ Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. July. 
 N. Amer. 1/27. 
 
 Cuuca'sicus (Caucasian). J. Purple. July 
 
 Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 cnmpo'situs (composite). $. White, red. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 grami'neus (grass-like), i. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1824. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). j. Purple. 
 
 July. Switzerland. 13IQ. 
 
 hu'milis (humble), i Flesh. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1828. 
 
 LcA7wa'nwi(Lehmann's). Lilac. August. 1828. 
 
 ma'ximum (largest). Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1830. Half-hardy. 
 
 Philade'lphicus (Philadelphian). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1778. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 pulche'llum (pretty). Purple. April. Dahuria. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). White. August. Dahuria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple). 1. Purple, 
 
 u..j. nn > u ii~ 
 
 August. 
 Switzer- 
 Call- 
 
 Hudson's Bay. 1/76. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). . Purple. July. 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 specio'sum (handsome). Blue. June. 
 
 fornia. 1838. 
 
 Villa'rsii (Villars's). 1. Purple. July. Pied- 
 
 mont. 1804. 
 
 ERINO'SMA. (From er, the spring, and 
 osme, to smeil ; referring to the early 
 flowering of this sweet-scented bulb. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexatidria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Galanthus.) 
 
 Once called Leuco'jum ve'rnum. Hardy bulb, 
 with white flowers ; offsets ; light garden-soil. 
 E. ve'rnum (spring), j. February. Germany. 
 1596. 
 
 Carpa'thieum (Carpathian), j. February. 
 
 Carpathian Mountains. 181t). 
 multiplex (full-flowered), f. March'. 
 
 ERI'NUS. (From er, the spring; re- 
 ferriug to the early time of flowering. 
 Nat. ord., Figworls [Scrophulariaceoe]. 
 Linn., l-Didynumia 2-Angiospermia. 
 Allied to Wulfenia.) 
 
 Half-hardy plants. Seeds and divisions ; mostly 
 require the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 Succeed well as rock-plants in summer, if the soil 
 is sandy loam. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 E. alpi'nus (smooth alpine). $. Blue. March. 
 Pyrenees. 17:19. 
 
 Hispa'n>cus(/tairi/. Spanish). . Red. March. 
 
 Spain. 1739. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 E.fra'grans (fragrant.). . White, yellow. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 17/6. 
 ~Lychnide'a (Lychnidea). . Yellow, white. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 E. tri'stia (A^rY- flowered). 1. Purple. May. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 ERIOBO'TRYA. Loquat. (From erion, 
 wool, and botrys, a bunch of grapes ; re- 
 ferring to the downy flower -racemes. 
 Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Pho- 
 tima.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen fruit-trees, with white 
 flowers. Cuttings of side-shoots, from one to two 
 inches in length, in sand, under a hell- glass, and 
 iu a few days placed in bottom-heat ; by seeds in 
 a hotbed as soon as gathered ; also by grafting on 
 the White Thorn, or, better still, on the Quince. 
 Peat and loam ; will grow against a wall with a 
 protection in winter ; has been fruited in pots by 
 turning it out to rest in summer, giving a stove 
 heat in winter, when it flowered in December, and 
 fruited in April. 
 E. elli'ptica (oval-fruited). 12. Nepaul. 18.23. 
 
 Japo'nina (Japanese). 15. October. Japan.- 
 
 1787- 
 
 ERIOCAU'LON. Pipewort. (From erion, 
 wool, and caulos, a stem. Nat. ord., Pipe- 
 worts [Eriocaulacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 The only known European Pipewort is E. sep- 
 trtngula're, a small bog or marsh-plant in the Isle 
 of Skye. There are five other species, but all more 
 curious than beautiful. 
 
 ERIOCE'PHALUS. (From erion, wool, and 
 kepliale, a head ; referring to the appen- 
 dage. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4^-Nacessaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in 
 April, in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and a 
 little peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45 C . 
 E. decussa'tus (crossed). 4. Yellow. April. 1816. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple). 4. Purple. April. I&l6. 
 
 raceMJo'stts(rucemed). 3. Yellow. March. 1739. 
 ERIOCHA'SMA. (From erion, wool, and 
 
 chasme, a rent; referring to the spore- 
 cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 24^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Ferns, with brown or brownish-yellow spores. 
 Division, before fresh growth commences; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 50 to 55. The greenhouse species will do with 
 5 to 10 lower temperature. E. vesti'ta is hardy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 E. di'stans (distant), f. May. Wales. 1823. 
 
 hi'rtu (hairy). . May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 stella'pilis (starry-haired). May. N.S.Wales. 
 
 1810. 
 
 silica' t a (furrowed). May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). . August. America. 1812. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 STOVE. 
 E. hr/poleu'ca (whife-beneath). July. W. Ind. 
 
 Innugino'sn (woolly), f. July. Bourbon. 1818. 
 
 ru'fu (reddish). August. W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 tumento'sn (woolly). May. N. S. Wales. 18 12. 
 
 ERIOCHI'LUS. (From erion, wool, pnd 
 chtilos, a lip ; downy on the labellum, or 
 
EKI 
 
 000 ] 
 
 ERI 
 
 lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae] 
 Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Ground orchids, from Australia. Divisions; peai 
 and loam, both fibry, with a portion of sand and 
 lumps of charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 50. 
 E. autumnu'lis (autumnal). ). Bed. October 
 1823. 
 
 dilata'tus (dilated). May. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). October. 
 
 multiflo'rus (many-flowered). March. 
 
 sea 1 her (rough). September. 
 
 ERIO'COMA. (From enow, wool, and 
 Awn<?,hair ; referring to the appendage on 
 the seed of Composites. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracece]. Linn., 19-8yngcnesia 
 3-Frustranea. Allied to Rudbeckia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens, with white flowers, from 
 Mexico. Cuttings in May, in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 35 to 40. 
 E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. October. 1828. 
 fru' grans (fragrant). 3. September. 1828. 
 
 ERIODE'NDRON. (From erion, wool, and 
 dendron, a tree; referring to the silky 
 wool in seed-pods. Nat. ord., Sterculiads 
 [SterculiaceseJ. lArm.,I6-Monadclphia 8- 
 Polyandria. Allied to Bombax.) 
 
 Stove trees ; seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 
 55 . 
 
 E. anfractuo'sum (winding). 100. Scarlet. E. 
 Ind. 1739. 
 
 Caribce'um (Caribean). 70. Cream. W. Ind. 
 
 1739. 
 
 - Guinee'nse (Guinea). 150. Scarlet. Guinea. 
 1826. 
 
 leianthe'rum (smooth-flowered). 70. Scarlet. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 ERIO'GONUM. (From erion, wool, gomt, 
 a joint; downy at the joints of the stems. 
 Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygouacese]. 
 Linn., $-Enneandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Polygonium.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow 
 flowers, from North America. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in Mareh and April ; loam and a little peat. 
 E. compo'situm (compound). l. June. 
 
 longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 2. June. 1822. 
 
 puuciflo'ruin (few-flowered). 2. June. 1820. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). 1. July. 1811. 
 
 tumento'sum (woolly). 2. May. 1811. 
 ERIO'PHORUM. Cotton Grass. (From 
 
 erion, wool, and phoreo, to bear; in refer- 
 ence to the silky tails or coverings of the 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Sedges [Cyperaceasj. 
 Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 With the exception of the Sundews, the Cotton 
 Grasses are the prettiest genus in the British 
 Flora, particularly E. capita 1 turn and vagina' turn. 
 They are natives of peat marshes, and do not be- 
 long to Grasses, though erroneously so called. 
 
 ERIOPHY'LLUM. (From mow, wool, and 
 phyllon, a leaf; woolly-leaved. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 2-Stipe>flua.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens, from North America. Divi- 
 sions of the roots in spring; common soil. 
 E. caspitn'sum (turfy). 1. Yellow. May. 1826; 
 
 oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). l. Yellow. 
 
 ERIO'PSIS. (From Eria, a genus of or- 
 chids, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacefej. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division ; fastened to wood with 
 a little moss. Summer temp., 6l) to go : winter. 
 55 to 60. 
 
 E. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 1$. Orange. September. 
 1845. 
 
 ERIOSPE'RMUM. (From erion, wool, and 
 spermos, a seed ; woolly-seeded. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.) 
 Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope. 
 Offsets ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. BeUende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Light blue. July. 
 
 1806. 
 folioli'ferum (leaflet-bearing), f. Yellow, ereen. 
 
 July. 1806. 
 
 lanceafo'lium (spear-head-leaved). 1. Light 
 
 blue. July. 1/95. 
 
 lanuginu'sum (woolly). 1. White, green. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Light blue. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 paradn'xum (wonderful). J. July. 1825. 
 
 parnifo'lium (small-leaved). . Dark blue. 
 
 July. 1796. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. White, green. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ERIOSE'MA. (From erion, wool, and 
 sema, a standard ; referring to the top 
 petal, or standard, in a pea-flo\ver. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4.-Decandria. Allied 
 to Rhynchosia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March; cut- 
 tings in April, in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 E. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Mexico. 
 
 viola'cca (violet). 4. Purple. March. Guiana. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ERIOSTE'MON. (From erion, wool, and 
 stemon, a stamen ; appearance of stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Xtueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Crowea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in about a week plunged in a 
 mild hotbed; three parts sandy peat, and one 
 andy, fibry loam. Summer temp., 65 to 75; 
 winter, 45 to 50. 
 E. buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 2. Pink. May. 1824. 
 
 cuspida'tus (spine-pointed). 8. Red. May. 1824. 
 
 ericifo'lius (heath-leaved). 3. Red. June. 182i. 
 
 gluuce'scens (milky-green). Lilac. April. 18-24. 
 
 gra'cilis (graceful). 1. Lilac. June. 1831. 
 
 interme' ilium (intermediate). Rose. April. 
 
 lanceola' tus (spear-head-feaoed). 3. Red. 
 
 June. IBS?.. 
 
ERI 
 
 [ 331 ] 
 
 ERY 
 
 j:. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. White. 1845. 
 
 linearifn'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. Bed. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 myoporoi'des (mjoporum-like) . l. White. 
 
 September. 1S24. 
 
 neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). 4. Pale pink. 
 
 April. 1847. 
 
 nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered). Blush. 1841. 
 
 oblongifo'lium (oblong-ieaved). White. April. 
 
 1825. 
 
 sca'brum (rough- leaved). l. Pink. April. 1840. 
 
 ERI'OTHRIX. (From mow, wool, and 
 thrix, hair ; referring to the appendages 
 on the seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-8itpcr- 
 Jlua. Allied to Neurolaena.) See BA'C- 
 CHARIS LYCOPODIOI'DES. 
 
 ERI'SMA. (From erisma. strife; refer- 
 ring to the difficulty of assigning their 
 position in the natural arrangement. 
 Nat. ord., Vochyads [ VochyaceaB J . Linn., 
 l-Monandria 1-Monogyma.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 getting firm, in April, in sand, under a glass, and 
 in bottom-heat; sandy loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 40. Blue, Oc- 
 tober. Guiana. 1825. 
 
 ERITHA'LIS. (From erithallo, to grow 
 green ; referring to the glossy, deep green 
 of the leaves. Nat. ord., Cmchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b~Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young 
 stubby side-shoots in spring or summer, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little peat, bummer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 E.fructicu'sa (shrubby). 13. White. July. 
 Jamaica. 1/93. 
 
 Ti'mon (Timon). 12. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ERNO'DEA. (From ernodes, branched. 
 Nat. ord, Cinclwnads [Cinchonacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Spermacoce.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailer. Division ; dry, 
 gravelly soil; protection of a cold-frame in 
 winter. 
 
 E. monta'na (mountain). $. . Red. June. Sicily. 
 1820. 
 
 ERO'DIUM. Heron's-bill. (From ero- 
 dios, a heron ; referring to the resem- 
 blance of the style and ovaries to the 
 beak and head of the heron. Nat. ord., 
 Cranesbills [Geraniacese], Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 2-Penlandria. Allied to 
 Geranium.) 
 
 The biennials and annuals may be sown in front 
 of a border in April; perennials, divided in 
 March ; the half-hardy, by seeds and divisions ; 
 sandy loam, and the protection of a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 E. Chi'um (Chian). Blush. June. Levant, 1724, 
 
 E. elco'nium (stork's). Lilac. July. South 
 Europe. 1711. 
 
 grui'num l crane's). Blush. July. Crete. 1596. 
 
 rnwica'tum (prickly). . Red. July. 1827. 
 
 Mu'rcinum (Murcian). 1. Red. July. 1827. 
 
 pimpinellifo'lium (burnet-ieuvedj. J." Purple. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1SOO. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). Pink. June, 
 Numidia. 1804. 
 
 geifo'lium (geum-leaved). 1. Lilac. 1835. 
 
 pulverule'ntum (powdered). 1. Lilac. Spain. 
 
 Roma'num (Roman), A. Purple. June. Rome. 
 
 1724. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 E. alpi'num (alpine). . Red. June. Italy. 1814. 
 
 anthemidifo' Hum (chamomile-leaved). . 
 
 Purple. June. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 caucalifo'lium (caucalis-leaved). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. France. 1816. 
 
 glaucophy'llum (grey-leaved). Lilac. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1732. 
 
 Gusso'ni (Gusson's). 1. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Naples. 1821. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). 4. Purple. June. Egypt. 
 
 lito'reum (sea-shore). Lilac. June. Nar- 
 
 bonne. 1818. 
 
 malapoi'des (malope-like). . Purple. June. 
 
 N. Africa. 1800. 
 
 Co'micum (Corsican). . Purple. June. 
 
 Corsica. 1817. 
 
 petrcE'uin (rock). . Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 sero'tinum (late). J. Blue. August. Siberia. 
 1821. 
 
 Stephania'num (Stephan's). . Blue. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 stylo.' turn (frmg-.styled). . Purple. June. 
 
 1826. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 E. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). . Scarlet. June. 
 Cyprus. 1788. 
 
 gland ulu' sum (jrlanded). . Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1798. 
 
 Hymeno'des (Hymen-like). |. Pink. July. 
 
 Barbary. 178Q. 
 
 incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). . Flesh. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1787. Evergreen. 
 
 lacinia 1 turn (fringed). . Red. June. Crete. 
 
 1/94. 
 
 melusti' gnum (black-stigmaed). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 Reichu'rdii (Reichard's). $. White. July. 
 
 Minorca. 1783. 
 
 ERO'PHILA. (From er, the spring, 
 and phileo, to love ; referring to the time 
 of flowering. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras- 
 sicaceai]. Linn., \b-Tetradynamia. Al- 
 lied to Draba.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with white flowers. Seeds; 
 common soil. 
 
 E. America'na (American). $. March. N, 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 prcs'cux (early). ^. March. Caucasus. 1829. 
 
 nu/ga'ris (common). . March. Britain. 
 
 ERPE'TION. New Holland, or Spurless 
 Violet. See VI'OLA. 
 
 ERY'NGIUM. Eryngo. (From Eryn peon, 
 a name adopted by Pliny from Uiosco- 
 
ERY 
 
 [ 332 ] 
 
 ERY 
 
 rkles. Nat ord., Umbellifers [Apiacete]. 
 Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to 
 Sanicula.) 
 
 The roots of E. mari'timum and campe'stre 
 are sweet, aromatic, and tonic ; they are candied, 
 and sold by the name of Eringo-roots. Annual, 
 biennial, and perennial hardy kinds, by seeds and 
 divisions in common soil; if sandy loaru, they 
 will thrive best. Half-hardy species require the 
 protection of a pit or greeuhou.se in winter, and 
 sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 E. te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Spain. 1824. 
 
 tricuspida'tum (three- pointed). 2. Green. 
 
 September. Spain. 1699- Biennial. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 E.Carli'na; (Carlina-like). Blush. August. 
 North Spain. 1827. 
 
 Cervante'sii (Cervantes's). 1. Green. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). Blue. July. North Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ebracteu'tum (bractless). 2. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1817- 
 
 grami'neuin (grass-teureeZ). Blush. August. 
 
 New Spain. 1825. 
 
 monoce'phulum (one-headed). Purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ovi'num (sheep). 14. White. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 serra'tum (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. New 
 
 Spain. 1800. 
 
 ternu'tum (three-leafleted). Purple. August. 
 
 Crete. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 E. bromeliaefo'lium (pine- apple- leaved). 3. 
 
 White. July. New Spain. 
 fte'tidum (stinking). 1. Green. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1714. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 1. Blue. July. New 
 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. alpi'num (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switz- 
 erland. 1507- 
 
 amethy'stinum, (amethystine). 3. Light blue. 
 
 July. Styria. 1648. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Blue. July. 1800. 
 
 uqua'ticum (aquatic). 4. White. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1699- 
 
 aquifo'lium (holly-leaved). 1. Blue. August. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 asperifu 1 Hum (rough-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 azu'reum (light blue). 2. Blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1/90. 
 
 Buldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Blush. August. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1824. 
 
 - BiHardWrii (Biilardiere's). Blush. July. 
 South France. 1/31. 
 
 Bourga'ti (Bourgati's). 2. Pale blue. July. 
 
 South France. 1731. 
 
 c*ru'leum (sky-blue). 2. Blue. July. Cas- 
 
 pian. 1816. 
 
 cnmpe'stre (field). 2. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 cornicula' turn (small-horned). 1. Green. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1803. 
 
 crini'tum (irine;e-teuoed). Blue. August. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 dicho'tomum (spreading). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. 
 
 E. dilata'tum (dilated). l. Blue. July. Por- 
 tugal. 1821. 
 
 gulioi'des (galium-like). . Green. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1810. 
 
 gigante'um (giant). 4. Blue. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 glornera'tum (crowded). 1. Blue. July* 
 
 South Europe. 1826. 
 
 macrapky'llum .(large-leaved). 1831 . 
 
 man'timum (sea-hully). l. Blue. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pltt'num (fizt- leaved). 3. Light blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 pusi'tlum (small). J. Green. July. Spain. 
 
 1640. 
 
 ri'gidiim (stiff), j. Blue. July. France. 181 6. 
 
 spi'na-a'tba (white-spined). White. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 trique'trum (triangular). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1824. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 1. Light blue. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 Virginia' num (Virginian). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 ERY'SIMUM. Hedge Mustard. (From 
 eryo, to draw ; supposed to produce blis- 
 ters. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacew]. 
 Linn., \b-Tetradynamia. Allied to Si- 
 symbrium.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in September or March ; perennials, seeds 
 and divisions. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 E. sitffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 2. Yellow. 
 June. Europe. 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Variegated. 
 
 May. Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. perfolia'tum (leaf-pierced). 1. White. May. 
 Austria. 1818. 
 
 quadrico'rne (four-horned). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. alti'ssimum (tallest). 3. Yellow. June. Ger- 
 many. 1818. 
 
 Andrxejoskia'num (Andrzejoski's). l. Yel- 
 
 low. June. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 bi' color (two- coloured). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1818. 
 
 cant'scens (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 colli'num (hi)l). 1. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 
 cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. 1835. 
 
 decu'mbens (decumbent). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 fi'rmum (firm). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 hieracifo'Hum (hawkweed-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. North Europe. 1816. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (Iberian). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 America. 1803. 
 
 inlerme'dium (intermediate). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 leptopluj'llum (fine-leaved), l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Iberia. 1821. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1823. 
 
ERY 
 
 [ 333 ] 
 
 ERY 
 
 E. longisfiliquo'sum (long-podded). 1|. Yellow. 
 June. Switzerland. I8iy. 
 
 pa'tulum (spreading). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Perofskia'num (Perofski's). 1$. Orange. July. 
 
 1838. 
 
 pu'tnilum (dwarf). J. Yellow. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 Redo'wskii (Redowski's). 1. White. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 RfKB'ticum(KhsHia.n'). 1. Yellow. June. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 181 9. 
 
 slrigo'sum (short-bristled). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1806. 
 
 stri'ctum (erect). 2. Yellow. June. Austria. 
 
 1819. 
 
 ERYTHR.E'A. (From erythros, red ; the 
 colour of the flowers of some species. 
 Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 The biennial should be sown in autumn ; the 
 perennials, by seedis and division ; sandy loam, 
 with a little peat. The species worth cultivating 
 require a pit or frame in winter. 
 E. aggrega'ta (clustered). $. Red. July. South 
 Europe. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 confe'rta (crowded). . Pink. June. Spain. 
 
 1824. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 4. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 
 17/7. Herbaceous trailer. 
 
 Masso'ni (Masson's). Yellow. July. Azores. 
 
 1/77. Herbaceous. 
 
 ERYTHRI'NA. Coral-tree. (From ery- 
 thros, red; the colour of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4^-Decandria.) 
 
 According to Dr. Royle, gum lac is the produce 
 of a species of Coral-tree, J5. monospe'rma, not 
 here in cultivation. Stove plants; all scarlet- 
 flowered. By cuttings of the young shoots break- 
 ing from the old collar of the plant in spring, and 
 when two or three inches long ; also oy cutting up 
 the old flowering-stems when ripe, and in both 
 cases covering with a bell-glass, after placing them 
 in sand, and in a strong bottom-heat ; peat, loam, 
 and dried cow-dung, in equal proportions, with a 
 portion of sand. Summer temp,, 55 to 80 ; win- 
 ter, 45 to 55. E. cri'sta-ga'lli and laurifo'lia do 
 out of doors in sheltered places, cut down, and the 
 roots slightly protected as for fuchsias, in winter. 
 E. eorallodifndrum (coral-tree). 20. May. W. 
 Ind. 1690. 
 
 cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-comb). 40. June. Brazil. 
 
 1771- 
 
 fu'lgens (brilliant). 10. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. July. Carolina. 
 
 1824. Herbaceous. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1800. Herbaceous. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 20. Teneriffe. 
 
 18^2. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 pi'ctti (painted). 6. E. Ind. 16^6. 
 
 Portorice'nsis (Porto Ilico). 10. Porto Rico. 
 
 1800. 
 
 secundiflo'ra (side-flowering). 20. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 10. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1805. 
 
 ERYTHROCHITON. (From erythros, red, 
 and chiton, a tunic; referring to the 
 flower- envelope, or calyx. Nat. ord., Rue- 
 
 worts [Rutaoece], Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 l-Monogyniu. Allied to Galipea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in 
 sand and heat; peat and loam. Summer temn.. 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 E. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. White. July. 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 ERYTHROLS'NA. Mexican Thistle. 
 (From erythros, red, and Icena, a cloak ; 
 referring to the scarlet flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 1-^Eqitalis. Allied to Carduus.) 
 
 The prettiest of all the Thistles ; seeds in April ; 
 should be treated as a biennial, or not allowed to 
 seed ; the young plants to be kept over the winter 
 in frames, and planted out in May in the Ame- 
 rican beds, where they will rise with numerous 
 branches, crowned with scarlet, thistle-looking 
 flowers. 
 
 E. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 8. Scarlet, orange. 
 September. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 EEYTHRO'NIUM. Dog's-Tooth Violet. 
 (From erythros, red ; refeiTing to the 
 colour of the leaves and flowers of the 
 species first discovered. Nat. ord., Li'y- 
 worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. ) 
 
 Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil ; 
 E. lunceola'tum requires a little heat. 
 E. a'lbidum (whitish). $. White. April. Lou si- 
 ana. 1824. 
 
 de'ns-ca'nis (dog's-tooth. Common). $. Lilac. 
 
 March. Europe. 1596. 
 a'Midum (whitish). $. White. March. 
 
 Italy. 15Q6. 
 ru 1 brunt (veA-flowered). $. Red, lilr.c. 
 
 March. Europe. 156. 
 
 gigante'um (gigantic). Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). . Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 lunceolti 1 tuin (gpear-head-/i?awed). . Yellow. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1665. 
 
 longifu' Hum (long-leaved). Rose. March. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 ERYTHROPO'GON. (From erythros, red, 
 and pogon, a beard ; referring to the co- 
 lour of the chaffy scales of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 
 ].Q-Synqenesia 1-sE quails.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy loam, and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. imbrica'tus (imbricated). White. May. 18lff. 
 
 umbella'tus (umbelled). Rose. May. 18l6. 
 
 ERYTHROPHLE'UM. Red Water -tree. 
 (From erythros, red, and phleos, an au- 
 cient name for a prickly plant ; referring 
 to the flow of red juice when the tree is 
 wounded. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant* 
 [Fabaceaej. Linn., lO-bccandria i-3/a- 
 noyynia. Allied to Mimosa. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttsigs of ripened ehooU 
 
EftY 
 
 [ 334 ] 
 
 ESP 
 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, fibry 
 loam, with a little peat. Summer temp., 60 to 
 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 E. Guinee'nse (Guinea). 100. Pale yellow. Sierra 
 Leone. 1793. 
 
 ERYTHKO'XYLON. (From erythros^ red, 
 and zylon, wood. Nat. ord., Enjthroxyh 
 [Erythroxylaces&]- Linn., lO-Dccandria 
 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 The wood of some species is deep red. E. Ha- 
 vane'nse is the best garden-plant among them. 
 Stove evergreen trees, with yellowish - green 
 flowers. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, and in heat; peat and loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 E. Hayane'nse(Havannah). 10. Havannah. 1822. 
 
 hypericifo' Hum (hypericum-leaved). 40. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1818. 
 
 laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 50. Mauritius. 
 
 1823. 
 
 ESCALLO'NIA. (Named after Escallon, 
 a Spanish traveller. Nat. ord., Escalom- 
 ads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of 
 young shoots rather ripe, in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light, in summer ; or younger smaller 
 shoots under a bell-glass, in the greenhouse; 
 peat and loam, with a little road-drift, and well 
 drained ; most of them will do against a wall, with 
 the protection of a spruce-branch in frosty wea- 
 ther, in winter, especially if the wall has a broad 
 coping. 
 
 E. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). White. Caraccas. 
 1827. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 fioribu'nda (many-flowered). White. July. 
 New Grenada. 1827. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). Red. September. Chili. 
 
 1827. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. July. 1846. 
 
 illini'ta (varnished). 5. White. August. Chili. 
 
 1830. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). July. 1847. 
 
 Muntemdefnsis ( Monte Video). 6. White. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1827. 
 
 Organe'nsis (Organ Mountains'), 3. Rose. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1844. 
 
 ptero' cladon (winged-branched). 4. White, 
 
 red. July. Patagonia. 1854. Hardy. 
 
 pulerule'nta (dusted). 8. Chili. 1831. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. September. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. 
 
 albifio 1 
 July. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 6. Red. July. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 5. White. Mendoza. 182Q. 
 
 ESCHALLOT, or SHALLOT. A'lliurn Asca- 
 lo'iiicum. 
 
 Varieties. The Common, which puts 
 up long, slender, dark- green leaves ; and 
 the Long-keeping, with larger hulbs and 
 dwarfer habit, and keeps good for nearly 
 or quite two years. Both have a stronger 
 taste than the onion, yet not leaving its 
 disagreeable smell on the palate. 
 
 Propagation. Each offset will increase 
 
 in a similar manner as its parent, and 
 may be planted out either in the months 
 of October and November, or early in the 
 spring, from February to the beginning 
 of April. Autumn is the best season for 
 planting, if the soil lies dry. If planted 
 in beds, let them be three feet and a half 
 wide, and three or four inches higher 
 than the alleys, and the surface of the 
 bed a little arched. Set out the rows nine 
 inches apart from row to row, and plant 
 the offsets singly with the hand upon the 
 surface of the bed, six inches apart in the 
 row, just pressing each bulb down firm 
 in the soil; see occasionally that they are 
 not cast out of their places by worms or 
 other vermin ; or each bulb may be co- 
 vered with either a little old tan or coal- 
 ashes, in little ridges along the rows, an 
 inch and a half or two inches deep. 
 When the bulbs are well established and 
 growing, this covering should be removed 
 with the hand; no other culture is re- 
 quired, except earth- stirring. Take them 
 up for storing, when full grown, towards 
 the end of June or July, as soon as the 
 leaves begin to decay. Spread them out 
 to dry, on boards, in some airy situation. 
 ESCHSCHO'LTZIA. (Named after Dr. 
 Eschschollz, a botanist. Nat. ord., Poppy- 
 worts [Papaveraceffi], Linn., 13-Polyan- 
 dria 4;-Tetragynia.) 
 
 Harby bulbs, with yellow flowers ; seeds sown 
 in the open border, in March ; when once intro- 
 duced they will generally sow themselves ; if sown 
 in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent over 
 them in severe weather, they will bloom early. 
 
 E. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. September. 
 California. 1826. 
 
 compa'cta (compact). 1. August. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 1. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 fumaricefo'lia (fumaria-leaved). September. 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 tenuifo'liit (tender-leaved). $. Yellow. Ger- 
 
 many. 
 
 ESPALIERS. A term used to express 
 modes of training fruit-trees on rails of 
 iron or wood, as bordering to the walks 
 of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins 
 are rendered more ornamental, and the 
 walls are relieved of many trees too 
 tender to withstand the ordinary rigours 
 of our climate. The forms of these 
 trellises vary much; some. are placed 
 perpendicularly, others horizontal, and 
 others, again, in a curved or saddle-like 
 form, with various other shapes which 
 the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar 
 situation, may dictate. These rails are 
 
ESP 
 
 [ 335 ] 
 
 EUC 
 
 generally placed within a few feet of the 
 garden-walk, having, also, another walk 
 or alley at the back, in order to facilitate 
 operations. Espaliers being nearer to 
 the ground than ordinary standards, we 
 need hardly say that in such a position 
 they are warmer. The mode of training 
 tends to check exuberance of growth, 
 which is of some service in a dwarfing, 
 and, by consequence, an early fruiting 
 system. The trees are completely with- 
 in reach for stopping, and various other 
 manipulations, which, on standards, re- 
 quire ladders and other cumbrous ma- 
 chines. Again, a much greater collection 
 of fruits may be cultivated, in any garden, 
 by an espalier system, than by the ordi- 
 nary course of culture. The espalier 
 system can be rendered conducive to the 
 greatest amount of produce, as well as 
 to the most ornamental appearance. 
 
 Form of Trellis. This is very material. 
 There are fruits which must have sun- 
 shine to perfect them, yet will succeed 
 with a moderate share. There are others 
 which will succeed in what is commonly 
 termed a northern aspect ; such are 
 adapted for the northern side of trellises, 
 which run east and west. Again, others 
 must have a full exposure to the sun. 
 Kitchen-gardens are mostly rectangular, 
 and if most or all of the margins be 
 appropriated to trellises, there will be a 
 great difference between those which run 
 north and south and east and west. To 
 avoid over-shadowing, we think that 
 what have been termed Table Trellises, 
 that'is, those which present a flat surface, 
 parallel to the horizon, at about a foot or 
 half a yard from the ground are by far 
 the best for the majority of fruits. 
 
 Perpendicular Hails are, however, very 
 well adapted for many of our fruits, and 
 if iron is not used, a very nice> but some- 
 what perishable structure may be formed 
 by means of wood. Permanent stakes of 
 oak, larch, &c., may be driven at from 
 two to three feet apart perpendicularly, 
 and temporary stakes driven as wanted 
 between them, of more perishable mate- 
 rial. The temporary, or intervening 
 stakes are to be moveable at pleasure, 
 and when the trees acquire a strong 
 fabric, may be entirely dispensed with. 
 
 The Strained-wire Rail is, however, 
 much superior, and will, doubtless, prove 
 most economical in the end. Such, well- 
 constructed, with stone bases to the iron 
 uprights, would endure a century, and 
 
 are, at least, particularly to be recom- 
 mended for trees of slender wood. As 
 for perpendicular iron treillage, an or- 
 dinary field hurdle will give a pretty good 
 idea; the distance between the rails 
 being, of course, ruled by the mode of 
 growth of the tree. 
 
 With regard to Arched or Saddle Trel- 
 lises, we would speak with some caution. 
 Running north and south, and occupied 
 with trees properly adapted, they will 
 doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly 
 ornamental. ' 
 
 Gooseberries and currants we have 
 found conveniently trainable to a cheap 
 trellis of this form 
 
 It is not the least advantage attendant 
 upon this mode of training that the 
 fruit is easily covered and protected. 
 
 ETIOLATION. The same as Blanching. 
 
 EUCALY'PTUS. Gum-tree. (From en, 
 good, and kalypto, covering ; referring to 
 the flower- envelope, or calyx, which 
 covers the flower and falls off like a 
 cap. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese], 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Metrosideros.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trees, from New Holland, 
 and all with white blossoms. Cuttings of young, 
 inn side-shoots in the beginning of summer, in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; a 
 cool greenhouse. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 Most of them in warm places will do well against 
 walls, with a little protection, if dryness is 
 secured. 
 E. ala'ta (winged). 1816. 
 
 amygdah'na (almond-leaved). 1830. 
 
 cocci' f era (coccus-bearing). 20. Purple. De- 
 
 cember. Van Uiemen's Land. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1/88. 
 
 cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 1818. 
 
 Eugenioi'des (Eugenia-like). 1830. 
 
 glo'i>ulus (globuled). 150. 1810. 
 
 heemu'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 1803. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. 1820. 
 
 hirsu'tn (hairy). 20. 
 
 hype* icifo'lia (hypericum-leaved). 1823. 
 
 incrassa'ta (thickened). 6. 1818. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). June. 
 
 marpina'ta (thick-edged). May. 1794- 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 1823. 
 
 macroca'rva (large-fruited). 6. June. 1842. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 20. 1823. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 1823. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1820. 
 
 myriifo'liu (myrtle-leaved). 6. 1823. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted- leaved) . 100. July. 1/74. 
 
 orbicuia'ri& (globe-shaped). J8l6. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-form-lcavcd). 6. 1820. 
 -perfolia'ta (leaf- pierced). 1820. 
 
EUC 
 
 [338] 
 
 EUG 
 
 E, persiwfo'lia (peach-leaved). July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 18.17. 
 
 pMUyreei'des (phillyrea-like). 1820. 
 
 piiula'ris (pelleted). 1804. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 1820. 
 
 puloerule'nta (powdery). 30. June. isiS. 
 
 pulai'gera (powdered). 1S24. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish-ncroed}. 1 323. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-like). 180*. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 1810. 
 
 stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1223. 
 
 stri'cta (erect,). 
 
 verruco'su (warted). 1828, 
 
 viminu'lis (rod-like). 1810. 
 
 tiirga'ta (twiggy). 
 
 EUCELJE'TIS. (From eu, well, and chaite, 
 a head of hair ; the bottom of the petals 
 furnished with hairs inside. Nat. ord., 
 Eueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentanuria 
 1-Hfonogynia. Allied to Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. For culture, see DIO'SMA. 
 X. glomera'ta (daw-flowered). 1. White. May. 
 1818. 
 
 ETJCHARI'DIUM. (From enchant, agree- 
 able ; referring to the general appearance 
 of this exquisite little hardy annual. Nat. 
 ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to 
 Clarkia.) 
 
 Sow in the open ground, in September, March, 
 and middle of May, for flowering from May to 
 September ; sow, also, in a slight hotbed in March, 
 and transplant into the borders. 
 E. concifnnum (neat). 1. Purple. June. N. 
 Amer. 1836. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). Rosy-red. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 ETJCHI'LUS. (From eu, fine, and chei- 
 los, a lip ; referring to the upper divi- 
 sion of the flowerrenvelope, or calyx. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee]. 
 Linn., W-Decandria 1-Honogynia. Al- 
 lied to Grastrolobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young, 
 firmish side-shoots, or points of shoots, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, without any bottom-heat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45 ; peat and loam. 
 E. obcorduftus (reversed-heart-/?at>ed). 2. Yel- 
 low. April. N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 EUCHRO'MA. (From eu, good, and 
 chroma, colour ; referring to the colour 
 of the bractes. Nat. ord., Fig worts 
 [Scrophulariacece]. Linn., 14 - Didy- 
 lamia %-Angiospermia.) 
 
 This genus should be reunited to CASTILLK'JA, 
 which see for culture. 
 
 . cocci'nea (scarlet-iracrerf). $. Yellow. July. 
 N, Amer. 1/87. Hardy annual. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). l. Purple, 
 
 yellow. July. Louisiana. 1811. Hardy 
 herbaceous. 
 
 EUCLE'A. (From enkleia, glory ; refer- 
 ring to the beauty of the ebony- like v/ood, 
 Mid fine green leaves. Nat. ord., Ebenuds 
 
 [Ebenacese], Linn., 22-D/<ma 10-De- 
 cundria. Allied to Diospyros.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with white flower*, froin 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 56 to 76 ; winter, 
 40 to 45. 
 
 E. racemo'sa (racemed-rotmd-teted). 6. No- 
 vember. 1/72. 
 
 vndulu'ta (waved-teat>d). 5. 1794. 
 
 EU'COMIS. (From eukomes, beautiful. 
 haired; referring to the tufted crown ot 
 the flower-spike. Nat. ord., Lilywwls 
 [Liliaceie]. Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Mono~ 
 gynia. Allied to Daubenya.) 
 
 Strong Cape of Good Hope bulbs, which, if 
 planted six inches deep in a rich, light border in 
 front of a greenhouse, remain uninjured, and 
 flower every year. Propagated by oivsets. 
 E. bifo'lia (two-leaved). $. Light green. April. 
 1792. 
 
 na'nn (dwarf), j. Brov/n. May. 1774. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 2. Green, brown. June. 
 
 1783. 
 
 purpureocauflis (purple-stalked). 2. Green, 
 
 brown. April. 1794. 
 
 re'gia (rojai). 2. Green. March. 1702. 
 
 stria' ta (streaked). 2. Green. 1/90. 
 
 unduta'ta (waved-^euved). 2. Green. April. 
 
 1760. 
 
 EUCEO'SIA. (From eu, beautiful, and 
 krossos, a fringe ; referring to the cup 
 above the insertion of the stamens. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 
 G-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Stenornesson and Elisena.) 
 
 This is the best ill-used bulb in British gardens. 
 Sweet, Don, Louden, and Paxton make it a na- 
 tive of Cape Horn, instead of the western declivi- 
 ties of the Peruvian Andes a mistake which 
 caused the destruction of many bulbs. Hooker 
 and Lindley gave badly-coloured figures of it, and 
 the latter placed it in alliance with Phycella, with 
 which it has no affinity. Bi'colar refers to a dark- 
 green stripe in the middle of the petals, outside ; 
 the flower is of a bright vermilion. It delights in 
 strong loam; rests in winter, and prefers the 
 stove. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Winter temp., 
 35 to 45. 
 
 E, bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Scarlet, green. 
 April. Peru. 1816. 
 
 EUDE'SMIA. (From eu, beautiful, and 
 desma, a bundle ; referring to the con- 
 nected parcels of stamens. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese], Linn., 18- 
 Polyadelphia 2-Polyundria. Allied to 
 Melaleuea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm ac the buse, in sand, under a 
 bfll-glass, in April or May ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 E. tetrago'na (four-angled). 16. Red. July. 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 EUGE'NIA. (Named after Prince Eug 
 of Saxony. Nat. ord., MyrU-eblvonu 
 
EUL 
 
 [ 337 ] 
 
 EUO 
 
 [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Jambosa and 
 Caryophyllus.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, all white-blossomed. For 
 culture see CARYOPHY'LLUS. 
 E. balsa'mica (balsamic). 15. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. May. W. Ind. 
 
 elli'ptica '(ov&l-f rutted). 8. July. N. 8. 
 
 Wales. 1790. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 5. W. Ind. 
 fra'grans (sweet-scented). 10. April. Jamaica. 
 
 1/90. 
 
 fcinnduli'fera (glanded). 10. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 Java'nica (Javanese). 10. Java. 1823. 
 
 lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Guiana. 1793. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. E.Ind. 1822. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-teamZ). Isle of France. 
 
 1823. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 pulche'ila (pretty). 10. E.Ind. 1824. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkly). E.Ind. 1824. 
 
 Sinemarie'nsis (Sinemaria). 4. June. Guiana. 
 
 1823. 
 
 U'gni (Ugni native name). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 South Chili, 1851. 
 
 EULO'PHIA. (From culophos, hand- 
 some crested ; referring to the handsome 
 lip, or labellum, furrowed into elevated 
 ridges. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. 
 Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. Al- 
 lied to Galeandra.) 
 
 A family of those forms of orchids, which, like 
 our British species, derive their nutriment from 
 the ground, and hence are called ground or ter- 
 restrial orchids. An Indian species of Eulophia 
 furnishes, from its tuberous roots, the nutritive 
 substance called salep. Division of the plant 
 when in a state of rest, just as fresh growth com- 
 mences; peat and loam, both fibry, and well 
 drained ; well watered when growing, kept nearly 
 dry when resting. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 45 to 55. Those from Sierra Leone and 
 East Indies require a few degrees more. 
 E- barba'ta (bearded). 1. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1825. 
 
 Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 1. Purple, brown. 
 
 September. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 longico'rnis (long-horned). 1. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Yellow, 
 
 green. October. Ceylon. 
 
 squa'lida (squalid). Dingy. July. Manilla. 
 
 1838. 
 
 EUMERUS JENEUS. Brassy Onion-fly. 
 Mr. Curtis says the maggots are brownish, 
 and are very rough from a multitude of 
 rigid bristles, especially towards the tail. 
 The fly itself is of a reddish-ochre co- 
 lour, freckled with dark brown, and there 
 are two spiny processes like short horns 
 upon the thorax, in the female at least. 
 It is densely clothed with short hairs, 
 thickly and distinctly punctured, and of 
 an olive-green colour, with a brassy 
 ;inge; the antennae (feelers) are entirely 
 black, the seta naked j the face is very 
 22 
 
 hairy, simply convex, and silvery white ; 
 eyes dark brown, and slightly hairy ; ros- 
 trum very short ; thorax with two whitish 
 lines down the back. The maggots of 
 this fly do not seem to be confined to the 
 onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in the 
 middle of May from cabbage-roots, and 
 specimens have been taken flying about 
 hedges in June and July, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of London and Bristol. As it 
 often happens, the female has not been 
 observed depositing her eggs; the spot 
 that she selects is therefore yet unknown. 
 Drought does not suit them. 
 
 EUNO'MIA. (From eu, well, and nomos, 
 arranged ; referring to the disposition of 
 the leaves in pairs and twin seeds. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15. 
 Tetr adynamia. Allied to Lepidium.) 
 
 Half-nardy evergreen. Seeds under a glass, in 
 spring ; cuttings under a glass, in summer ; com- 
 mon sandy soil ; requires the protection of a pir, 
 in most places, in winter ; may be treated as an 
 alpine. 
 
 E. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. White. 
 July. Syria. 1827. 
 
 EUO'NYMUS. The Spindle-tree. (From 
 eu, good, and onoma, a name ; literally, 
 of good repute. Nat. ord., Spindle -trees, 
 [Celastracese]. Linn., -Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Interesting trees and shrubs in autumn, their 
 opening capsules looking very beautiful when 
 other things are losing their attractions. Seeds 
 may be sown either in autumn or spring ; cut- 
 tings of rip* young shoots may be planted in a 
 border in autumn ; common soil. The American 
 species require a moist situation. Those from 
 Nepaul, though from a high altitude, have not 
 been proved quite hardy, though it is presumed 
 they would in many places ; protect them in 
 winter. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 E. Ckine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Pink. May. China. 
 1820. 
 
 echina'tus (prickly). 10. White. May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1824. Deciduous. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. White. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Hamiltonia'nus (Hamilton's). 20, White. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 Japo'nicus (Japanese). 6. Pink. July. Japan. 
 
 1804. 
 
 macula'tus (spotted). 6. Pink. July. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated). 6. Pink. July. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 E. America'nus (American). 6. Pink. June. 
 N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 angustifo'tius (narrow-leaved). 6. YelJow, 
 
 red. June. N. Amer. 1806. Evergreen, 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 6. Purple t 
 
 June. N. Ainer. 1/56. 
 
 Europa'.us (European). 15. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
EUP 
 
 [ 333 
 
 EUP 
 
 E. Europee'us fo'liis vnriega'tis (variegated 
 leaved). 15. White. May. Britain. 
 
 -- > fru'cto-a'lbo (white- fruited). 12. White 
 May. Britain. 
 
 -- latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 15. White 
 May. 
 
 -- na'nus (dwarf). 4. White. May. 
 
 ~fimkrin'tu8 (fringed). Green. May. Japan 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 10. Green. June 
 
 Austria. 1730. 
 
 lu'cidus (shining). 7- White. Nepaul. 1820 
 
 obooa'tus (reversed-egg-teffwO- 3. Fink 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 ti'ngens (staining). Green. Japan. 
 
 __ veluti'nus (velvety). White. June. Caucasus 
 1839. 
 
 verruco'sus (warted). 6. Green. May. Austria 
 
 1763. 
 
 EUPATO'RIUM. (Named after Milhri- 
 dates Eupator, King of Pontus, who dis- 
 covered one of the species to be an anti- 
 dote against poison. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese], Linn., l ( J-Synyenesia 1- 
 
 Stove shrubs and under-shrubs, by cuttings in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; stove, 
 greenhouse, and hardy herbaceous plants, by 
 division, as fresh growth is commencing ; com- 
 mon soil. Usual stove and greenhouse tempera- 
 tures. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 2S. Btrteroia'num (Bertero's). White. August. 
 Guadaloupe. 1830. 
 
 ia'nthinum (violet). 2. Purple. January. 
 
 Mexico. 1819. 
 
 ioafo'lium (iva-leaved). 3. Pink. Septem- 
 
 ber. Jamaica. 1/9-1' 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 6. Pink. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1818. 
 Schiedeu'num (Schiede's). Whit*. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1833. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 E. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Purple, yellow. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1S21. 
 
 chameedrifo'lium (germander-leaved). 1. Blue. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Da'lca (Dalea-like). 6. Pink. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1//3. 
 
 floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). l. Blue. 
 
 July, S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 odora'turn (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1752. 
 
 tetrago'num (four-sided). White. Mexico. 1832. 
 
 Xalape'nse (Xalapa). 3. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). 4. White. Au- 
 gust. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 alti'ssimum (tallest). 5. Pink. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 aroma, 1 'ticum (aromatic). 4. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/39- 
 
 cannabi'num (hemp-like. Agrimony}. 4. Pink. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 coronopifo'lium (coronopus-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 August. Carolina. 1824. 
 
 fasnicula'ceum (fennel-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1807. 
 
 - F>-asf.'ri ' (Fraser'sl. 1$. White. August. 
 
 Carolina. 18iO. 
 
 E.hyssopifo'lium (nyssop-leaved). 1. While. 
 August. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-/6W>e^). 3. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 18ig. 
 
 macula/turn (spotty-stalked}. 3. Purple. 
 
 July. N. Amer. l6:.d. 
 
 p erf alia' turn (pierced-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 pube'nccns (downy). 4. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 181Q. 
 
 purpu'reitin (purple-stalked). 5. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1640 
 
 rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 eessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1"~7- 
 
 Syria'curn (Syrian). 4. Purple. August. 
 
 Syria. 1807. 
 
 trifoliu'tum (three-leaved). 6. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. l/fiS. 
 
 trunca'tum (cut-off). !.. White. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 verticilla'tum ( whorl -leaved). 5. Purple. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 EOTE'TALUM. (From en, handsome, 
 and pelalum, a petal; referring to tlie 
 large handsome flowers. Nat. ord., Be- 
 yoniads [Begoniaceffi], Linn., 21-Moitce- 
 cia 7-Heptandria.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial ; division of thp 
 plant; cuttings of shoots when young, in sandy- 
 soil, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibrv 
 loam. Summer temp., 55 to 80; winter, 4J 
 to 55. 
 
 E. jiuncta'tum (dotted). Rose, scarlet. May. 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 EUPHO'RBIA. Spurge, or Milkwort. 
 (Named after Euphorbus, physician to 
 the king of Mauritania. Nat. ord., Sptmje- 
 worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 11-Dode- 
 candria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 The unripe ieed-pods of E. la'thyrus art; the 
 British capers. A large family, widely differing 
 n their habits. Hardy annuals may be sown in 
 ;he open border, in April; but, with the excep- 
 iion of plumo'sa and a few more, the rest are 
 not worth ground-room. Even the tropical an- 
 nuals are little better ; they require to be raised 
 in a hotbed and transplanted. Herbaceous per- 
 ennials are chiefly hardy; divisions of the plant, 
 and seeds ; sandy soil ; shrubs and under-^hrubs 
 chiefly require a dry stove and warm greenhouse, 
 and are propagated by seeds and by cuttings, 
 which should be dried at the base before placing 
 n any rough, loose material. The species which 
 are firm and hard require a rich, light loam, with 
 i little peat ; those that are very succulent should 
 lave a large portion of lime-rubbish and broken 
 ricks. Winter temp., not much below 45. 
 There are two sub-evergreen shrubs, natives of 
 England, amygdaloi'des and cftara'cius, both of 
 which, and especially the latter, do well for rock- 
 ork. S/rino'sa, from the south of Europe, did 
 well in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 E. globo'sa (globular). 1. July. 1818. 
 
 Neapu/tta'na (Neapolitan). l. July. Naples 
 
 1816. 
 
 plumo'au .( feathery). July. 1816. 
 
 ru 'bra (red). . June. France. 1818. 
 
Etrp 
 
 I 339 ] 
 
 ETJP 
 
 E. serpyl.Ufcflia (thyme-leaved). . July. S. 
 Amer. 18 \7> 
 
 T'tu'rica (Taurian). 1. June. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). September. Louisi- 
 
 ana. 1811. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 E. hi'rta (hairy). *. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 ophthu'lmica (ophthalmic). J. July. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 scorrf(/b7('a(scordium-leaved). i. July. Africa. 
 
 1823. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 E. nphy'lla, (leafless). l. Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 a'pius (pear-rooted). |. July. Candia. 1596. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. July. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1815. 
 
 batsami'fera (balsam-bearing). June. Cana- 
 
 ries. 1779- 
 
 fruiico'sn (shrubby). I.June. Sicily. 1824. 
 
 im&rica'ta (imbricated). 1. August. Portu- 
 
 gal. 1804. 
 
 l&'ta (joyous). 1. June. 1758. 
 
 nutnmulariafo'lia (money wort -leaved). . 
 
 July. '1800. 
 
 ornitho'pus (bird's-foot). 1. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 181 6. 
 
 spathulcsfo'liu (spatula-leaved). 2. August. 
 
 1800. 
 
 spino'sa (prickly). 2. June. Levant. 1710. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 E. Alf.'ppica (Aleppo). 1. July. Europe. 1S20. 
 
 crythri'na (erythrina). 1. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 marginu'ta (bordered), 1. June. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 prunifo'li'i (plum-leaved). 2. August. 1799. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 serra'ta(narrow-szw-leaved). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1710. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. anacampseroi'des (anacampseros like). 1. 
 S. Amer. 
 
 (intiquo'rum (antique). 9. April. E. Ind. 1/68. 
 
 biglandulo'su, (twin-glanded). 3. Bourbon. 
 
 1808. 
 
 Bo'jeri (Bojer's). 4. Scarlet. November. 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 tracteet-ta (bracted). ij. August. 1869. 
 
 hryo'nii (bryony-like). Scarlet. 
 
 (iiipleurifo'lia (bupleurum-leaved). l. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. July. Canaries. 1697. 
 
 caerule'scens (bluish). 3. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 ca'put Medu'sce (greerJ-Medusa-headed). 2. 
 
 August. Africa. 1731. 
 
 pu'mila( dwarf). I.August. Capeof Good 
 
 Hope. 1/68. 
 
 csrelfo'rmis (cereus-shaped). 2. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 Commeli'ni (Comrnelin's). August. Africa. 
 
 1805. 
 
 cri'spct (curled). . July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. 
 
 cucum.f.ri'na (cucumber-like). . June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 enneagz'na (nine-angled). 3. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 fructuspi'na (spine-fruited). }. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 gemina'la(t\\\n-br'mched}. *. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. I73T. 
 
 fu'lgens (blazing). 4 . Scarlet. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 E. gra'ndidens (large-tooth ed). 5. July. Capw 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 grandi/o'lia (large-leaved). 6. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1/89. 
 
 Hawo'rtlm (Haworth's). i. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 heptago'na (seven-angled). 3. September 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 ru'bra(red-spined). 4. September. Capfe 
 
 of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 Jiy'strix (porcupine). 6. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1695. 
 
 la'ctea (milky). 4. July. E. Ind. 1804 
 
 Laina'rckii (Lamarck's). l. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1808. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 2. Peru. 1820. 
 
 linifo'iiu (flax-leaved). 2. W. Ind. 1774. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). July. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1824. 
 
 lophogo'na (crested-angled). 3. Madagascar. 
 
 1824. 
 
 magnima'mma (large-nippled). 3. Mexico. 
 
 1823. 
 
 mammilla 1 ris (nippleA-angled). 2. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/5Q. 
 
 melofo'rmis (melon- shaped). |. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1(599- 
 
 odontnphy 1 lla (tooth-leaved). 5. Cape cf Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 officimi'rum (shop). 6. June. Africa. 1597. 
 
 pe'ndula (hanging-down). 1. 1808. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1 /6S. 
 
 puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 6. April. Ja- 
 
 maica. 17/8. 
 
 repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1808. 
 
 svle'ndens (shining). 4. Scarlet. June. Isle 
 
 of France. 1B25. 
 
 squctrro'sa (spreading). . 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 4. 
 
 tuber o'sa (tuberous). . July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1808. 
 
 vncina'ta (hooked). 2- July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1794. 
 
 verticiUd'ta (whorled). August. W.Ind. 1825. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. amygdaloi'des (almond-like). 2. April. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 variega'ta (striped-leaved). 2. March. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 chnra'cias (characias). 4. April. England. 
 
 dendroi'des (tree-like). ^. July. Italy. l/6rf. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 July. Trinidad. 182?. 
 
 Atla'ntica (Atlantic). I. June. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 biumbella'ta (douhle-umbelled). 1. Barbary. 
 
 17SO. 
 
 cxspito'sa (turfy). |. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 Corderia'nu (Cordcu's). 1. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 dentlcula'ta (small-toothed). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1810. 
 
 du'lris (sweet). 1. July. South Europe. 1?59. 
 
 Jiavi'coma (yellow-haired). 1^. July. South 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. Nepaul.lS23, 
 
 7MMWcory>n6o'sa(ruany-corymbed). 1. July* 
 
 1805. 
 
 Portla'ndica (Portland), f. Britain. 
 
 purpura'ta (purpled). 1. Jane/ Fnmce. 1820 
 
EUP 
 
 [ 310 J 
 
 BUS 
 
 /:. trunca'td (cut-off). July. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Vuleria'na ( Valerian- leaved}. July. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 EUPHO'RIA. See NEPHE'LIUM. 
 
 EUPHRA'SIA. Eyebright. (From eitphrai- 
 ?<>, to delight ; fabled to cure blindness. 
 Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese], 
 Linn., \A-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. 
 Allied to Bartsia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in 
 the open border. 
 E. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Europe. 1827. 
 
 linifo'lia, (flax-leaved), jj. Purple. August. 
 
 France. 1826. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 14. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. Ibl6. 
 
 EUPOMA'TIA. (From eu, well, and 
 poma, a lid ; the calyptra covering the 
 unexpanded flower like an extinguisher. 
 Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria 3-Polyyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass , sandy peat and fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 . lauri'na (laurel-like). 4. 
 N, Holland. 1824. 
 
 Greenish-yellow. 
 
 EU'KYA. (From eurys, large ; referring 
 to the flowers. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern- 
 stromiacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1- 
 Moncecia. Allied to Freziera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy peat, 
 with a glass over them ; peat and loam, both 
 fibry, with a portion of silver-sand. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48. 
 E. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. White. June. 
 
 China. 1823. 
 -r- multiflo'ra (many- flowered). 2. White. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1823. 
 
 EURY'ALE. (The name of one of Ovid's 
 Gorgons, whose heads he fabled to be 
 covered with vipers instead of hair; re- 
 ferring to the fierce aspect of the plant 
 in flower. Nat. ord., Waterlilies [Nymphae- 
 aceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Victoria regia.) 
 
 The leaves of Euryale in the East Indies vie 
 with those of Victoria ; but its flowers are incon- 
 spicuous. The seeds are eatable. Stove aquatic. 
 Seeds and divisions ; loamy soil, in a tub set in 
 water, and kept at a high temperature. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 S.fe'rox (fierce). Red. August. India. 1809. 
 
 EURY'BIA. (From euribies, wide-spread- 
 ing ; referring to the roots. Nat., ord., 
 Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19-Synye- 
 ncsia %-Superflua. Allied to Aster.) 
 
 All the greenhouse species are from New Hol- 
 land. Division of the plant in spring, like an au- 
 tumn Aster j common, soil, Usual greenhouse tem- 
 perature* 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 E. corymlo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1765. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 E, aculea'ta (prickly -leaved). 2. White. March. 
 
 1818. 
 ~ argophy'lla (white-leaved). 10. White. March. 
 
 1804* 
 
 chryso'trichd (golden-haired). 2. 
 
 erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. May. 
 
 glutinu'sa (clammy). Pale violet. 
 
 lyra'ta (\yiK-leaned). 3. White. September. 
 
 N.S.Wales. 1812. 
 
 myrsinoi'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple. 
 
 May. N. Holland. 1835. 
 
 EU'RYCLES. (From eurys, broad, and 
 Idas, a branch ; referring to the broad 
 leaves or branch-like footstalks. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca- 
 lostemma.) 
 
 Store bulbs, requiring rest in winter. Seeds, 
 but chiefly offsets; light, sandy loam, and a little 
 vegetable-mould, or very rotten cow-dung ; wa- 
 tered and heat given when growing, drier and 
 cooler when resting. Summer temp., 55 to 80 ; 
 winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 E. Amboine'nsis (Amboyna). 2; White. May. 
 Amboyna. 175Q. 
 
 Australa'sica (Australasian). 1. White. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1821. 
 
 EURY'COMA. (From eurys^ large, and 
 kome, a head of hair; in reference to 
 fringe-like hairs on the ovary. Nat. ord., 
 Connarads [Connaracesej. Linn., 5-Pe/i- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture see CO'NNARCS. 
 E. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Purple. Su- 
 matra. 1826. 
 
 ERYTHA'UA. See G-ENTIA'NA. 
 
 EUSTE'GIA, (From eu, good, and steye, 
 a covering; referring to the bractes. 
 Nat. ord., Spurgcivorts [Euphorbiacefu]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to 
 Peplonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, and by trailing runners ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 
 E. hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 1. White. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 18)6. 
 
 EUSTO'MA. (From eusfoma, a beautiful 
 mouth ; referring to the opening of the 
 flower. Nat. OTd.^Gentianworfs [Gentiana- 
 ccac]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Leianthus.) 
 
 Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March, and 
 transplanted into the border in May, and some in 
 the end of April. E- exalta'tum by division, and 
 cool greenhouse treatment. 
 
 E. exalta'tum (tall). 2. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 1804. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 Russellia'num (Russell's). Purple. August. 
 
 Texas. 1835. Hardy biennial. 
 
 silenifo'lia (silene-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Isle of Providence. 1804. Hardy annual. 
 
EUS 
 
 [ 341 ] 
 
 EVO 
 
 EU'STREPHUS. (From r, good, and 
 strepho, to twine; literally, beautiful 
 twiners. Nat. ord,, Lihjworts [Liliaeefe]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Afonogynia. Allied 
 to Dianella.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New South 
 Wales, with pale purple flowers. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy 
 soil, under a glass; sandy peat. They will bear 
 the same treatment as Dianella. 
 E. angustifu'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. July. 1820. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1800. 
 
 EUTA'SSA and EUTA'CTA, synonymes for 
 Arauca'ria Cunningha'mii and exce'lsa. 
 
 EUTA'XIA. (From eutaxia, modesty; 
 referring -to the delicate aspect of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaoeae]. Linn., W-'Decandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Dillwynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of short young shoots, getting 
 firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April or May ; pest and loam, in equal propor- 
 tions. Winter temp., 40 to 45. E. myrtifo'lia, 
 with a little protection, will do against a wall near 
 London. 
 E. BaWeri (Baxter's). 6. Yellow, 1830. 
 
 myrtifu'lia (myrtle-leaved). 14. Orange. Au- 
 
 gust. 1S03. 
 
 pu'ngens (pungent). 4. Orange. May. 1825. 
 
 EUTE'EPE. ( After Euterpe, one of the 
 nine Muses. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma- 
 cese]. Linn., 2i-Moncecia Q-Hexandria. 
 Allied to Areca.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds ; rich loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85, and moist; winter, 50 to 60. 
 E. Caribee'a (Caribean). 30. W. Ind. 1656. 
 
 globo'sa (round -fruited). 30. Mauritius. 1819. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Grenada, 1815. 
 Are'ca olera'cea and pvsifu'rmis are sometimes 
 
 included erroneously in this genus. 
 
 EU'THALES. (From eu, well, and thaleo, 
 to push or sprout. Nat. ord., Goodeniads 
 [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5 Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Leschenaultia.) 
 
 A singular characteristic of Goodeniads may be 
 seen in the flower of Leschenaultia; the stigma 
 is placed in the bottom of a cup, or indusiutn, and 
 when the pollen is shed, the cup closes over the 
 stigma; whether it does so in others has not been 
 recorded. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from 
 New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots getting 
 firm, in April or May, or early in autumn; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 E. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. Yellow, brown. 
 
 July. 183Q. 
 trine'rvis (three-nerved). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 July. 1803. 
 
 EUTHA'MIA. See SOUDA'GO. 
 
 EU'TOCA. (From eutokos, fruitful ; re- 
 ferring to the abundance of seeds. Nat. 
 ord, Hydrophyls [Hydrophylacese]. Linn., 
 5- Pentandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Nemophila.) 
 
 Hardy annuals and biennials, from North Amc. 
 rica. Seeds sown in the border in April, or (in * 
 light hotbed, and transplanted; sow or plaitt 
 thinly, or the leaves will become diseased. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. divaricn'ta (straggling). Light violet. May. 
 1833. 
 
 Menxic'&ii (Mertzies's). Purple. June. 182(5. 
 
 pnrvifldra (small-flowered). Blue. June. 1826. 
 
 vi'scidu (claramy-Aaj'm/). 2. Brown, rose. 1834. 
 
 Wrungeliafna (Wrangel's,), 1 Blue. August, 
 
 1835. 
 
 HAEDY BIENNIALS. 
 E. FrnnTtU'ni (Franklin's). 1. Pink. May. 1827. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered), li. Pink. June. 
 
 1826. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). I. Blue. June. 1827. 
 
 EUXE'NIA. (From eu, beautiful, and 
 xenos, a stranger. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracece]. 19 Syngenesiab Segreyata. 
 Allied to Petrobiuin.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of yount? shoots 
 in spring or autumn, in sand, urid'T a bell-glaaa; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 4$ to 48. 
 E. gru'ta (pleasant). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1825. 
 
 EVELY'NA. (Named after John Evelyn, 
 our first good writer on trees, &c. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandrial~Monandria. Allied to Bletia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, some of which are terrestrial, 
 anu may be grown in loam and peat, like Bietia-; 
 the others in shallow baskets and block* of wood, 
 with sphagnum-moss. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 55 to 60 ; divisions. 
 E. bracte'scens (bracted). Red. July. Merida. 
 
 capitcrta (headed). White. August. Sierra 
 
 Neva. 
 
 columna'ris (columned). White. Purple. June. 
 
 Sierra Neva. 
 
 ensa'ta (sword-/eot>ed). Carmine. August, 
 
 Sierra Neva. 
 
 flare? scens (yellowish). Yellow. May. TruxiUc. 
 furfuru'vea (purplish). Scarlet. June. Merid.%. 
 
 kermesi'na (carmine). Bright carmine. 3^r 
 
 nuary. Mariquita. 
 
 lupuli'na (lupine-like). Rose. August. Sierra 
 
 Neva. 
 
 EVENING FLOWER. He'spems. 
 
 EVENING PRIMEOSE. (Enothe'ra. 
 
 EVEEGEEENS are such plants as do not 
 shed all their leaves at any one time 
 during the year. 
 
 EVEEGEEEN THOKN. Cral&'yus pyra- 
 ca'ntha. 
 
 EVEELASTING. GnaphaTmm. 
 
 EVEELASTING PEA. La'thyrus latifo'lhin. 
 
 EVO'DIA. (From evodia, sweet scent; 
 referring to that of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Riteworts [Rutacesej. Linn., A-Tetran- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pilocarpus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat, in April ; light, fibry loam. Summer temp., 
 55 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 E. triphy'lta (three-leaved). 7. White. E. Ind. 
 
EVO 
 
 [ 342 ] 
 
 EXT 
 
 EVO'LYULUS. (From evolvo, the oppo- 
 site to Convolvulus; referring to the 
 plants not twining. Nat. ord., Bindweeds 
 [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Convolvulus.) 
 
 For culture see CONVO'LVOLUS. All blue- 
 flowered trailers, except where otherwise specified. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 E. Nuttallia'nus (Nuttall's). . July. N. Amer. 
 1824. 
 
 STOYE EVERGREENS. 
 E. cxru'leus (sky-blue). July. Jamaica. 1845. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear-head-teauecO. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 181Q. 
 
 purpu'reo-cceru'lcus (purplish-blue). lj. July, 
 
 Jamaica. 1845. 
 
 irillo'sus (shaggy). 1. July. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 E. alsinoi'des (chickweed-like). . July. E. Ind. 
 1817- 
 
 emargina'tus (end-notched). 1. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 18i6. 
 
 Qange'ticus (Ganges). 1. July. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 Mrsu'tus (hairy). . July. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 inca'nus (hoary), $. July. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1/32. 
 
 nummula'ris (moneywort-like), f . September. 
 
 Jamaica. 18 16. 
 
 seri'ceus (silky). & White. July. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 E'XACUM. (From ex, out of, ago, to 
 drive ; supposed virtue of expelling poison. 
 Nat. ord., Oenliauworts [ Gentian acese]. 
 Linn., 4c-Telrandria l-Monogynla. Allied 
 to Chironia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Sow in April, in a moist bor- 
 der, in which there is a portion of peat. 
 E, maera'nthvm (large-flowered). l$. Purple. 
 December. Ceylon. 1853. 
 
 pulcht'llum (pretty). . Pink. August. New 
 
 Jersey. 1826. 
 
 tetrago'num (four-angled). ! Blue. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Pale purple. 
 
 June. Corcan. 1846. 
 
 EXC^SCA'RIA. (From excaco, to Wind ; 
 the juice and smoke of burning branches 
 injure the eye-sight. Nat. ord., Spurge- 
 worts [Euphorbiacere]. Linn., 22-I}icccia 
 13-Polyandria. Allied to Gussonia and 
 Hippornane.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ; 
 cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring or autumn ; fibry, sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75; winter, 4o to 55. 
 E. Agallo'cha (Ceylon). 5. May. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 glandulo'sa(glmded'). 5. May. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 serra'ta (s&w-leaved). 6. May. Chili. ]/96. 
 
 EXCRESCENCE. Independently of Galls, 
 which are caused by the punctures of 
 insects, and the swellings which always 
 accompany Canker, the excrescences 
 which injure the gardener's crops are 
 
 very few. That which appears above 
 the point of union between the scion and 
 stock is caused by the former being tbe 
 freer grower of the two, and is a warning 
 that should be remembered, for it cur- 
 tails the longevity of the tree, the supply 
 of sap gradually becoming inefficient. 
 The excrescences which occur upon the 
 branches of some apples, as those of the 
 codling and June-eating, cannot be looked 
 upon as disease, for they arise from con- 
 geries of abortive buds, which readily 
 protrude roots if buried in the soil, mak- 
 ing those among the few apples which 
 can be propagated by cuttings. Of a 
 similar nature are the huge excrescences 
 so prevalent on aged oaks and elms. Bul- 
 bous excrescences are formed upon the 
 roots of many plants if compelled to grow 
 upon a soil drier than that which best 
 suits them. This is the case especially 
 with two grasses, Phle'um prate'nse and 
 Alope'citnis genicula'tus, and is evidently 
 a wise provision of a nature to secure the 
 propagation of the species, for those 
 bulbs will vegetate long after the re- 
 mainder of the plant has been destroyed 
 by the excessive dryness of the soil. 
 
 EXOGO'NIUM. (From exo, external, and 
 gonu, a joint; referring to the stems. Nat. 
 ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceffi]. Linn., 
 5-Penlandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Ipomrea.) 
 
 E. pu'rga is the true source of the best kind of 
 Jalap. A beautiful crimson-flowered, greenhouse 
 twiner, not a stove climber, as mentioned erro- 
 neously in books : we have even flowered it beau 
 tiftflly in the open air. Greenhouse evergreen 
 feffiners ; cuttings of short side-shoots in sandy- 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Sum* 
 mer temp,, 55 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 50. 
 &.fitifo'rme (thread-shaped). 10. Purple. Oc- 
 tober. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 pu'rga (purgative. True Jalap). 10. Rose, 
 
 purple. September. Vera Cruz. 1838. 
 
 repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 EXOSTE'MMA. (From exo, externally, 
 and sttmma, a crown ; referring to the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntundria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Luculia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80 9 ; win- 
 ter, 50 to 55. 
 
 E. tongiflo'rum (long-flowered). 30. White. 
 June. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 EXOTICS. Plants belonging to a country 
 different from that in which they are 
 growing. 
 
 EXTRAVASATED SAP may arise from five 
 causes. 
 
EXT 
 
 C 343 
 
 EYS 
 
 1. The acrid or alkaline state of the 
 sap, which has been considered already, 
 when treating of the Canker. 
 
 2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's 
 excessive vigour in which the sap is 
 formed more rapidly than the circulatory 
 vessels can convey it away. When this 
 occurs, rupture must take place. If the 
 extravasation proceeds from this cause, 
 there is but one course of treatment to 
 be pursued root-pruning, and reducing 
 the staple of the soil, by removing some 
 of it, and admixing less fertile earthy 
 components, as sand or chalk. This must 
 be done gradually, for the fibrous roots 
 that are suited for the collection of food 
 from a fertile soil are not at once adapted 
 for the introsusception of that from a 
 less abundant pasturage. Care must be 
 taken not to apply the above remedies 
 before it is clearly ascertained that the 
 cause is not an unnatural contraction of 
 the sap vessels, because, in such case, 
 the treatment might be injurious rather 
 than beneficial. We have always found 
 it arising from an excessive production 
 of sap, if the tree, when afflicted by ex- 
 travasation, produces at the same time 
 super-luxuriant shoots. 
 
 3. Local contraction of the sap ves- 
 sels. If the extravasation arises from 
 this cause, there is usually a swelling of 
 the bark immediately above the place of 
 discharge. In such a case the cultivator's 
 only resource is to reduce cautiously the 
 amount of branches, if the bleeding 
 threatens to be injuriously extensive, 
 otherwise it is of but little consequence, 
 acting, like temporary discharges of blood, 
 as a relief to the system. 
 
 4. The extravasation of the sap from 
 a wound is usually the most exhausting, 
 and as the wound, whether contused or 
 cut, is liable to be a lodgement for water 
 and other foreign bodies opposed to the 
 healing of the injured part, the discharge 
 is often protracted. This is especially 
 the case if the wound be made in the 
 spring, before the leaves are developed, 
 as in performing the winter pruning of 
 the vine later than is proper. In such 
 case, the vine always is weakened, and in 
 some instances it has been destroyed. 
 
 5. Heat attended by dryness of the 
 soil, as during the drought of summer, 
 is very liable to produce an unnatural 
 exudation. This is especially noticeable 
 upon the leaves of some plants, and is 
 popularly known as honey -dew. It is 
 
 somewhat analogous to that outburst. oF 
 blood, which in such seasons is apt to 
 occur to man, and arises from the in- 
 creased action of the secretory and circu- 
 latory system to which it affords relief. 
 There is this great and essential difier- 
 ence, that, in the case of plants, the ex- 
 travasation is upon the surface of the 
 leaves, and in proportion, consequently, to 
 the abundance of the extruded sap are 
 their respiration and digestion impaired. 
 
 Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have 
 the hairs on their leaves, especially on 
 their lower surface, beaded, as it were, 
 with a resinous exudation. This can 
 scarcely be called a disease. It is never 
 found but upon plants that have been 
 kept in a temperature too high, and in 
 a soil too fertile. It is an effort to relieve 
 the surcharged vessels, and occurs in 
 various forms in other plants. 
 
 The various successful applications of 
 liquids to plants, in order to prevent the 
 occurrence of the honey-dew and similar 
 diseases, would seem to indicate that a 
 morbid state of the sap is the chief 
 cause of the honey-dew, for otherwise it 
 would be difficult to explain the reason 
 why the use of a solution of common 
 salt in water, applied to the soil in which 
 a plant is growing, can prevent a disease 
 caused by insects. But if we admit tht 
 the irregular action of the sap is the 
 cause of the disorder, then we can under- 
 stand that a portion of salt introduced in 
 the juices of the plant would naturally 
 have an influence in correcting any mor- 
 bid tendency, either preventing the too 
 rapid secretion of sap, stimulating it in 
 promoting its regular formation, or pre- 
 serving its fluidity ; and that by such 
 a treatment the honey-dew may be en- 
 tirely prevented, we have often witnessed 
 when experimentalizing with totally 
 different objects. Thus we have seen 
 plants of various kinds, which have been 
 treated with a weak solution of common 
 salt and water, totally escape the honey- 
 dew, where trees of the same kind 
 growing in the same plot of ground not 
 so treated, have been materially injured 
 by its ravages. 
 
 EYE-BKIGHT. Euphra'sia. 
 
 EYSENHA'RBTIA. (Named after Eysen- 
 hardt, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Linn., 
 17 -Diadclphiu &-Decandria. Allied to 
 Amorpha.) 
 
 Cuttings ot young shoots in sand, in bottom- 
 
FAB [ 8 
 
 heat, in April or May; loam and peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 :. amorphoi'des (amoniha-like). 15. Pale yel- 
 low. June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 F. 
 
 FA'BA. Garden Bean. (From phago, 
 to eat. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., I7-l)iadelphia -De- 
 candria.) 
 
 Botanists place the Garden Bean among the 
 Vetches (Vi'cia) ; hut, for practical purposes, we 
 prefer keeping it distinct, under the old name, 
 which now gives the comprehensive designation 
 Fabaceae to this large assemblage of plants. 
 Hardy annual. For culture, see BEAN. 
 F. vulga'ris (common). 3. White. July. Egypt. 
 equi'na (horse). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 FABA'GO. See ZYGOPHY'LLUM. 
 
 FABIA'NA. (Named after F. Fabiano, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Nightshades 
 [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Vestia.) 
 
 A half-hardy evergreen shrub, having the aspect 
 of a Cape Heath. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; 
 cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in April; set at first in a cold green- 
 house or pit, and then plunged in a mild bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 40 to 48. ' 
 F. imbrica'ta (scaly). 3. White. May. Chili. 1838. 
 
 FABRI'CIA. (Named after Fabricius, a 
 Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myrtle- 
 blooms [Myrtaceae]. IAnn.,l2-Icosandria 
 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Leptospermum.) 
 
 Like Melaleucas, Beaufortias, Eucalyptus, Me- 
 trosideros, and other Australian Myrtleblooms, 
 they are peculiarly adapted for winter gardens, 
 either under glass, or for planting against heated 
 conservatory walls. Australian evergreens. By 
 seeds in a hotbed ; but as the plants thus raised 
 are long in flowering, more generally by cuttings 
 of the young shoots getting firm in summer, un- 
 der a bell-glass, and in sand; saudy loam and 
 peat. Winter temp., 37 to 45. 
 F. Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved), S. Yellow. June. 
 1788. 
 
 myrtifv 'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 3. June. 182;. 
 
 FADYE'MA. (Named after Dr. Fadyen, 
 author of a Flora of Jamaica. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,24-CVy/)/o 
 gamia l-Filices. Allied to Aspidium.) 
 
 This must not be confounded with Endlicher' 
 Fadge'nia, which belongs to Garryads. Stove 
 Fern. Division ; loam and peat. See FKRNS. 
 F. proli'fera (proliferous). $. Brown. May. 
 Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 FAGE'UA. (Named after Fagel, a 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant* 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-De- 
 candria. Allied to Cajana.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Seeds, steeped 
 
 4 ] FAG 
 
 in warm water, sown in light soil, and put in a 
 mild hotbed. Cuttings of the points of young 
 shoots before thty fjethard, in sand, undera bell- 
 glass ; peat and loam, both sandy and lumpy. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 F. bitumino'sa (pitchy). 4. Yellowish-purple. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/74. 
 
 FAGOPY'RUM. (From phago, to eat, 
 and pyren, a kernel ; referring to the 
 triangular kernel of the nut. Nat. ord., 
 Buckwheats [Polygoniacese]. Linn., 8-Oc- 
 tandria'S-Trigynia. Allied to Polygonum.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seed in April. Common soil. 
 F. cymo'sum (cymed). Pink. July. Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 FAGRJL'A. (Named after Dr. Fagraus. 
 Nat. ord., Zo^aniads [Loganiacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Logania. ) 
 
 Loganiads stand foremost among the most 
 deadly poisons in the vegetable kingdom. Stove 
 evergreen trees. Cuttings of young shoots be- 
 ginning to get firm, in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 F. obova'ta (reversed-egg-feaued). 20. White. 
 Silhet. 1816. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. White. Ceylon. 1816. 
 FA'GUS. The Beech. (From phago, to 
 
 eat ; referring to the edible seeds. Nat. 
 ord., Mastworts [Corylaceaej. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia Q-Polyandria.} 
 
 By seeds, gathered in autumn, dried in the sun, 
 kept dry during the winter, and sown in light 
 soil, in March. They might be sown in the 
 autumn, only mice, &c., make havoc among them ; 
 loamy soil, over chalk, suits them well, as tha 
 roots* seldom run deep. The different varieties 
 are propagated by grafting in March and April. 
 The male catkins, when swept up, arc often 
 used for packing fruit, and filling piilows for the 
 poor man's bed. The morel and the truffle are 
 chiefly found under beeches. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. betuloi'des (birch-like). 50. Magellan. 1830. 
 Hardy. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). New Zea- 
 
 land. 1843. Halt-hardy. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 F. anta'rctica (antarctic). 50. Magellan. 1830. 
 
 castaneefo'lia (chestnut-leaved). June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Comptoniafo'lia (Comptonia-leaved). May. 
 ferrugi'nea (American rusty). 30. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/66. 
 Carulinia'na (Carolina). Carolina. 
 
 puipu'rea (purple). April. Germany. 
 
 syloa'tica (annt/io* wood). 70. June. Britain. 
 
 Aniei'ica'na (American). 100. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark-red-/eaed). SO. June 
 
 crista'ta (crested-teawed). 30. May. 
 cu'prea (copper -coloured-Veaoed). 70. 
 
 May, 
 
 fu'tiis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). May. 
 fo'tiis au'rris (golden-leaved). June. 
 
 . heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. April. 
 
 May. 
 
 inci'sa (cut- leaved). 10. June. 
 
 pe'ndulu (pendulous). May. Gardens. 
 
FAL 
 
 [ 343 ] 
 
 FEL 
 
 (Named after Fa/A-, a Swedish 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convol- 
 vulaceffi]. ~Linn.,5~Pentandria I-Diyynia.) 
 Greenhonse evergreen creeper. Cuttings under 
 a hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or May ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 F. refpens (creeping). $. Pink. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 17/4. 
 
 FALL OF THE LEAF. Dr. Lindley 
 thus explains this phenomenon : In the 
 course of time a leaf becomes incapable 
 of performing its functions ; its passages 
 are choked up by the deposit of sedi- 
 mentary matter ; there is DO longer a 
 free communication between its veins 
 and the wood and liber. It changes 
 colour, ceases to decompose carbonic 
 acid, absorbs oxygen instead, gets into a 
 morbid condition, and dies; it is then 
 thrown off. This phenomenon, which 
 we call the fall of the leaf, is going on 
 the whole year. Those trees which lose 
 the whole of their leaves at the approach 
 of winter, and are called deciduous, be- 
 gin, in fact, to cast their leaves within a 
 few weeks after the commencement of 
 their vernal growth ; but the mass of 
 their foliage is not rejected till late 
 in the season. Those, on the other 
 hand, which are named evergreens, 
 part with their leaves much more 
 slowly ; retain them in health at the time 
 when the leaves of other plants are 
 perishing ; and do not cast them till a 
 i-ew spring has commenced, when other 
 trees are leafing, or even later. In the 
 latter class, the function of the leaves 
 is going on during all the winter, al- 
 though languidly; they are constantly 
 attracting sap from the earth through the 
 spongelets, and are therefore in a state 
 of slow but continual winter growth. 
 
 FALLOWING is needless where there is 
 a due supply of manure, and a sufficient 
 application of the spade, fork, and hoe 
 to the soil. Fallowing can have no other 
 beneficial influence than by destroying 
 weeds, aiding the decomposition of of- 
 fensive exuviae, exposing the soil to the 
 disintegrating influence of the air, and 
 accumulating in it decomposing matter. 
 Now all these effects can be produced by 
 judicious manuring, and a constant ap- 
 plication of the hoe and fork. 
 
 FALSE BLOSSOM is the very erroneous 
 name applied sometimes to the male 
 flowers, which, containing only stamens, 
 do not produce fruit, yet are essential tor 
 causing fruitfulness in what gardeners 
 
 call the true blossoms which contain the 
 pistils. 
 
 FAN PALM. Co'rypha. 
 
 FARA'MEA. (The derivation has not 
 been explained ; probably a commemo- 
 rative one. Nat. ord., Cinckonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 8-Triandria \-Muno~ 
 yynia. Allied to the Coffee-tree.) 
 
 A sweet-scented stove evergreen bush, long 
 known in our gardens as Tetrame'rium. Cut- 
 tings of firm young shoots in May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, 
 both fibry, with silver-sand, and lumps of charcoal. 
 F. odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. White. 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 FARINA, a name for the pollen or fer- 
 tilizing dust produ 'ed by the anthers, or 
 male organs, of a flower. 
 
 FARM-YARD MANURE. See DUNG. 
 
 FARSE'TIA. (Named after Farseti, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Crucifurs 
 [Brassicaceae], Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia. 
 Allied to Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy annuals sow in border, in March or 
 April ; hardy perennials, by division and seeds ; 
 half-hardy evergreens, by cuttings under a hand- 
 light, in May, in sandy loam. Sandy loam ; good 
 for rock-works and mounds. The half-hardy 
 should have the protection of a pit in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 F. cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 1. Yel- 
 low. July. Levant. 18)8. Annual. 
 
 clypea'ta (buckler-podded). l. Ye'low. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. Herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 F. cheiranthoi'des (stock-like). 1. White, purple. 
 July, Levant. 1788. 
 
 erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Greece. 1820. 
 
 lunanoi'dcs (lunaria-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Archipelago. 1731. 
 
 suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Violet. April. 
 
 Persia. 1823. 
 
 FASCICLE is the name applied to flowers 
 on small stalks variously sub- divided and 
 attached to one flower-stem, and collected 
 into a close bundle, level at the top, as in 
 the Sweet William. 
 
 FEABERRY. A local name for the 
 Gooseberry. 
 
 FEATHERS. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 FE'DIA. (A word of unknown origin. 
 Nat. ord., Valerianworts [Valerianace;v]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Centranthus.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, 
 in April. 
 
 F. cornur.o'piee (cornucopia-/ru7/?d). 1. Red. 
 July. South Europe. 1/96. 
 
 graciliftu'ra (slender-flowered). . Pink. July. 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 FELI'CIA. (From felix, bappy; from 
 their cheerful appearance. Nat. ord., 
 
FEL 
 
 [ 346 ] 
 
 FEB 
 
 Composites [Asteracese} Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 genesia 2-Frustranea. Allied to Aster.) 
 
 Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals, 
 sown in open border, in April ; evergreens re- 
 quire the protection of a cool greenhouse, and 
 may be easily raised by cuttings under a hand- 
 light, in May ; soil, chiefly sandy loam. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUAL. 
 F. tene'lla (delicate). Violet. June. 17Gg. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Lilac. May. 
 
 1812. 
 glu'bra (smooth). 6. Blue. May. 1804. 
 
 echina'ta (prickly). Yellow. May. 1820. 
 
 refle'xa (bent-back). Red, white. February. 
 
 1759. 
 
 Some of the above have been described under 
 the genus Aster. 
 
 FELWORT. Swe'rtia, 
 
 FEMALE FERN. Asple'niumfi'lix-fce'mina. 
 
 FENCES are employed to mark the 
 boundary of property, to exclude tres- 
 passers, either human or four-footed, and 
 to afford shelter. They are either live 
 fences, and are then known as hedges; or 
 dead, and are then either banks, ditches, 
 palings, or ivalls; or they are a union of 
 two, to which titles the reader is referred. 
 
 FENNEL (Ane't/nimfceni'culum) in a dry 
 soil is longest- lived. It is propagated both 
 by offsets, partings of the root, and by 
 seed, any time between the beginning of 
 February and the end of April. The best 
 season for sowing is autumn, soon after 
 the seed is ripe, at which time it may 
 also be planted. 
 
 Insert the plants a foot apart, and the 
 seed in drills, six or twelve inches asunder, 
 according as it is intended that the plants 
 are to be transplanted or to remain. 
 
 When advanced to the height of four or 
 five inches, if they are intended for re- 
 moval, the plants are pricked out eight 
 inches apart, to attain strength for final 
 planting in autumn or spring. Water must 
 be given freely at every removal, and until 
 established, if the weather is at all dry. 
 
 The stalks of those that are not required 
 to produce seed must be cut down as 
 often as they run up in summer. If this 
 is strictly attended to the roots will last 
 for many years ; but those which are 
 allowed to ripen their seed seldom endure 
 lor more than five or six. 
 
 FENNEL-FLOWER. Nige'lla. 
 
 FENUGREEK. Trignne'lla. 
 
 FE'NZLIA. See DIANTHOI'DIS. 
 
 FERNANDE'ZIA. (After Fernandez, a 
 Spaniard. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacefe]. Linn., %Q-Gynandrici l-Monan 
 dria. Allied to Brassla.) 
 
 Stove orchids, with yellow flowers. Divisions ; 
 urfy peat and potsherds, raised in the pots, and 
 veil drained. Summer tern;)., 65 to 90, with 
 
 moist atmosphere ; winter, 60, and drier. 
 
 F. acu'ta (acute-leaned). . June- Trinidad. 1834. 
 
 e'legans (.elegant). . June. Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 longijo'lia (long-leaved). July. Merida. 
 
 luni'fera(cTe&cent-lipped), July. Manilla. 1810. 
 
 robu'sta (robust). May. Guatimala. 1841. 
 FERNE'LIA. (Named after J. Fernel, a 
 
 French physician. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 "Cinchonacese]. Linn., k-Telrandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Condalia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 Dottom-heat ; peat and loam, lumpy and sandy. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 F. Imxifo'lia (box-leaved). Isle of France. 18l6. 
 
 obova'ta (feversed-egg-/eaed). Isle of France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 FERO'NIA. (After Feronia, the goddess 
 of the groves. Nat. ord., Citronworts 
 [Aurantiacece]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to the Orange.) 
 
 The young leaves, when bruised, are said to be 
 deliciously fragrant ; the flowers and wood also 
 partake of the fragrance of the orange and citron. 
 JStove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe young shoots 
 in spring or summer, in sandy peat, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam, peat, rotten 
 dung, and a little sand. Bummer temp., 60 to 
 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 F. elepha'ntum (elephant-apple). 4. Blush. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1801. 
 
 FERNS. STOVE FERNS. 
 
 Propagation : by Division. Any species 
 of Fern that sends out stolons, or creep- 
 ing stems underground, readily increases 
 by division. This requires considerable 
 care. They should never be divided till 
 the parts to be separated have a portion of 
 roots to each. Turn the plants out of the 
 pots, and with a sharp knife divide the 
 plants into as many parts as have roots 
 and a small ball ; pot them into pots only 
 a little larger than the little ball ; drain 
 them well, give a gentle watering, and 
 place them in a shady place till they begin 
 to grow again, and send up fresh fronds. 
 
 By Young Buds on the Fronds. Several 
 species produce miniature or embryo 
 plants on the fronds. These should be 
 pegged down in a pot filled with the 
 proper soil, and placed so near to the 
 parent plant as to allow the fronds to re- 
 main attached to it. When the buds 
 have made roots into the new soil, and 
 pushed forth some new fronds, they 
 should be detached from the parent, and 
 potted into 2f-inch pots, gently watered, 
 and placed in a shady place. Some few 
 kinds have thesebuds or knobs so strongly 
 developed, that they may, when in a 
 
FEE 
 
 [ 317 ] 
 
 FEE 
 
 sufficiently forward state, be cut off and 
 potted at once. Examples of this kind 
 of bud may be observed in Pte'ris palma'ta, 
 P. fffu'sa, Dare' a rhizophy'llum, and Wvod- 
 wa'rdia ra'dicans. 
 
 By Seed. Several of the finest Ferns 
 cannot be increased by division, or, if they 
 can, several years elapse. If right means 
 are followed, they may be raised by seed. 
 This requires a constantly humid, warm 
 atmosphere, and little, if any, sunshine. 
 Procure a wide earthen pan, a hand or 
 bell-glass that will go within it, and rest 
 on the bottom, and a shallow, wide pot 
 that will stand the within the glass and 
 above the rim of the pan two or three 
 inches. Fill this pot half full of potsherds, 
 and upon them a sufficient number of 
 small pieces of turfy peat, mixed with 
 small pieces of sand stone, about the size 
 of peas, to come up to the pot. Then 
 take the frond of any Fern that is full of 
 spores or seeds, and, with the hand, brush 
 them off upon the prepared pot, set it in 
 the pan, place the glass over the pot, and 
 fill the pan nearly with water. Place the 
 whole in the warmest part of the stove, 
 shading it from the sun. The small 
 pieces of turf and stone can be easily 
 separated, and the seedlings on each put 
 into small pots, without any danger of 
 destroying them by the process of potting. 
 In the moist atmosphere of the orchid- 
 house, several species of Fern will come 
 up spontaneously in the pots, baskets, 
 and upon the blocks. These may be care- 
 fully detached as soon as they are large 
 enough, and potted in small pots, placed 
 for a time in a shady situation, and they 
 will soon make nice, bushy plants. 
 
 Soil. Ferns require a light, open soil. 
 A compost of sandy, fibrous peat two 
 parts, turfy loam one part, and leaf- 
 mould one part, with a free admixture of 
 band, will suit them well. 
 
 Summer Culture. Temperature, 65 
 minimum, 75 maximum by day, and 
 KO by night. 
 
 ^ Time of Potting. Early in March, 
 drain well, and give a moderate shift. 
 Small plants may be potted twice, the 
 second time the first week in July. 
 
 Watering. Ferns are like Heaths, if 
 they once get thoroughly dry they will 
 perish, therefore keep them constantly 
 well watered, more especially when the 
 pots are full of roots. Should they by 
 any chance appear to be suffering severely 
 from drought, take such and let them 
 
 stand in a vessel of water, that will cover 
 the top of the pot, for an hour or two. 
 This will thoroughly wet every part of the 
 ball, and often recover the plant. If 
 such a convenience is at hand, the 
 smaller Ferns, like other stove plants, 
 will be greatly benefited by a few weeks' 
 sojourn in the middle of summer in a 
 deep, cold pit. Here they should be well 
 supplied with water, and nearly every 
 afternoon, about three o'clock, have a 
 gentle syringing, shutting them up close 
 afterwards. As soon as the nights begin 
 to be cold in September, remove them 
 back again into the stove, and give them 
 an extra supply of water for a short time, 
 till they become used to the drier atmo- 
 sphere. 
 
 Winter Culture. Temperature, 60 
 maximum, and 55 minimum by day ; 52 
 by night. During this season, rather 
 less water will be required. Eemove all 
 decaying fronds, and give them a top- 
 dressing in December. This will carry 
 them through till the potting season 
 arrives in March. 
 
 Insects. The green fly and thrip will 
 frequently appear on them. Smoking 
 with tobacco will destroy them both. 
 
 GREENHOUSE PERNS. 
 
 Propagation. The same methods of 
 increase suit the greenhouse varieties, 
 and also the same compost. The only 
 difference is in the temperature. In 
 summer they may be set out of doors 
 with the rest of the greenhouse inhabit- 
 ants, and brought into it as soon as 
 there is any danger of frost. The great 
 advantage of growing Ferns in a green- 
 house is, that they fill up many a corner 
 where nothing else will grow. 
 
 HARDY FERNS. 
 
 Propagation : by Division. All that 
 produce side-shoots may be increased by 
 division. If they are planted out in a 
 bed, or on rock-work, they should be 
 taken up and divided into pieces, with a 
 portion of earth to each. They may be 
 replanted; but a better plan is to pot 
 them, and place them in a cold frame, 
 kept close, and shaded till they make 
 fresh roots and fronds. Scarce kinds 
 may be increased by seed. Even the 
 the rare Woo'dsia ilve'nsis has been in- 
 creased by seed. Something of the same 
 method as that described for stove Ferns 
 must be adopted for hardy ones. If some 
 small sand-stones be placed in a dump, 
 
FER 
 
 [ 318 ] 
 
 Shady place, and the Fern seed be scat- 
 tered upon them, and then be covered 
 with a hand-glass, the seed will germi- 
 nate, and the stones will be covered with 
 Ferns. For the more rare kinds a little 
 extra care will be necessary. Sow them 
 upon rough pieces of dead turf, place 
 them under a hand-glass, in a situation 
 where they can have a close, warm, moist 
 atmosphere ; a cold frame, kept close in 
 summer, will answer admirably. 
 
 Culture. Hardy Ferns are found in 
 various situations, and, consequently, re- 
 quire various modes of treatment. Some 
 grow on rocks in exposed situations; 
 others in boggy, moist ground ; some grow 
 on hedge-banks and shady woods, whilst 
 others, again, grow near waterfalls, where 
 the spray keeps them constantly moist. 
 To succeed in cultivating all these in one 
 place, an approximation must be made to 
 the circumstances in which they are 
 found wild. A low, moist soil, at the foot 
 of a bank of rock-work, will suit those 
 found in a similar situation ; the lower 
 part of rock will suit those found on 
 hedge-banks. Those found in shady 
 woods may be planted on the north side 
 of the rock-work, near to the ground ; 
 whilst those that grow wild on exposed 
 rocks, or old walls, may be placed near 
 the top of the rock-work in chinks be- 
 tween the stones. The most difficult to 
 manage are those found within the reach 
 of the spray of a waterfall. The only 
 way to succeed tolerably with these is to 
 place them so .as they can be covered 
 with a hand-glass in the shady side of the 
 rock, and to keep them moist by sprink- 
 ling them every day through the rose of 
 a watering-pot, protecting them in winter 
 by a covering of matting thrown over the 
 hand-glass in frosty weather. 
 
 FERRA'RIA. (Named after Ferrari, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Irlds [Irida- 
 cese]. Linn., IQ-Monudelphia 1-Tri- 
 andria. Allied to Pardanthus.) 
 
 Very dwarf bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Seeds sown when ripe, or kept dry until the follow- 
 ing spring ; offsets, which are plentifully produced ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat; bulbs to be kept 
 dry after the leaves have withered ; fresh potted 
 when they begin to move, and then supplied -with 
 moisture. If planted on a warm border, placed 
 at least six inches deep, and the soil and young 
 shoots protected from frost, they may be grown 
 in the open ground. 
 
 F. angustifo'tia (narrow- leaved). 4. Brown. 
 June. 1825. 
 
 anthero'sa (/arg^-anthered). . Green, brown. 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 atra'ta (darkened;. . Dark purple. June. 
 
 F. divatica'fa (straggling). . Brown. June. 1825. 
 
 elonsfa'ta (elongated). Dark purple. July. 
 
 Monte Video. 1828. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). . Brown. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 vncina'ta (hooked). . Brown. June. 1825 
 
 undula'ta (w&vy-leaved). $. Green, brown. 
 
 April. 1775. 
 
 FE'RULA. Giant Fennel. (Pliny's name 
 for this plant. Nat. ord., Umbellifem 
 [Apiacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria Z-Di- 
 gynia. Allied to Heraclettm.) 
 
 The Giant Fennels, like the Cow Parsnips, are 
 peculiarly well fitted to form striking contrasts 
 near water, on banks, or by the recesses of rock- 
 work in gardens, besides their interest as furnish- 
 ing assafoetida from the milky juice of F. Pe'rsica, 
 c. Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers, except where otherwise specified. Seed 
 in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 F. ammoni'aca (ammoniac). 6. White. June. 
 Persia. 1831. 
 
 assafae 1 tida (assafoetida). 7 July. Persia. 
 
 campt'stris (field). 3. June. Tauria. 1820.. 
 
 capilla'ris (hair-like). 4. June. Spain. 18'JO. 
 
 Ca'spica (Caspian). 3. July. Caucasus. 18iy. 
 
 commu'nis (common). 13. July. South Ku- 
 
 rope. 15Q7. 
 
 Fcru'lago (Ferulago). 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 gltiu'cu (milky-green). 8. July. Italy. 15y6, 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 meoi'des (meum-like). 3. July. Levant. 1810. 
 
 nu'da (naked). 1. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). January. Sicily. 
 
 1825. 
 
 obtusifo'lia ^blunt-leaved). 1. Green. July. 
 
 Greece. 1819. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 3. July. Levant. l/f-Q. 
 
 pauciju'ga (few-paired-Jeaucd). 1$. June. 
 
 Persia. 1830. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian). 6. August. Persia. 1782. 
 
 puhe'scens (downy). 1. July. Siberia. 18aO. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 Songa'rica (Songarican). August. Siberia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1818. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). 3. June. Podolia. 182Q. 
 
 <A#rsi/Z</ra(thyrse-flowered). 14. June. Can- 
 
 dia. 1823. 
 
 Tingita'na (Tangier). 8. July. Barbary. 1680. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 1. White. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 FESTOON. An arch curving downwards, 
 and the most graceful form for training 
 climbers, either out of doors or in the 
 conservatory. 
 
 FESTU'CA. Fescue Grass. A genus of 
 grasses containing some of the best of 
 our pasture-grasses, such as Sheep's 
 Fescue (F. ovi'na), and Hardish Fescue 
 (F. duriu'scula). 
 
 FEVERFEW. Pyre' thrum, 
 
 FEVERWORT. Trio'steum. 
 
 FICA'RIA. Pilewort. (From jieus, a 
 fig ; in reference to the fig-shaped little 
 tubers of the root. Nat. ord., Crowfoots 
 [Rananculacese], Linn., 13-Polyandria 
 6-Polygynidi Allied to Banunculus*) 
 
FIG 
 
 [ 349 
 
 FIG 
 
 One of the prettiest of our native early spring 
 flowers. Hardy tubers. Division.of the tuberous 
 roots at any time, but best when the plant is 
 pushing afresh. The garden varieties, as well as 
 the common one, do best under the shade of trees. 
 F. ve'rna (spring). 4- Yellow. May. Britain. 
 
 pa'llida(\>*\K-flowered). 4- Pale yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 pie! no, (double-lowered). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Fi'cus. Fig-tree. (The fig-tree has 
 nearly the same name in all the Euro- 
 pean languages, and is supposed to be 
 derived from the Hebrew name fag. 
 Nat. ord., Morads [Moracese], Linn., 23- 
 Polygamia 2-Dicecia. ) 
 
 Besides the cultivated figs, there axC % vast 
 number of other species b-V ^nging to Ficus, all 
 natives of the tropics, where they arrest the atten- 
 tion of the traveller either by their grateful shade, 
 their enormous growth, or by their manner of 
 sending down roots from their branches to sup- 
 port and extend their distorted arms, as in the 
 Banyan-tree. By layers and cuttings ; by the 
 latter mode in the case of greenhouse and stove 
 species. In either case, dry the cut ends before 
 inserting them in sandy soil, but not removing 
 more of the leaves than those at the joint cut 
 through ; in each case.place ahand-light over them. 
 For the stove species there should be the addition 
 of a hotbed ; peat and loam will suit them well, 
 the latter should preponderate when compactness 
 of growth is desirable. F. ela'stica is. the India- 
 rubber plant. F. Ca'rica, the cultivated fig, is 
 the only one hardy enough to bear our climate. 
 Most ol the stove species will do in a warm green- 
 house. See FIG. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVEEGREENS. 
 f . Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Ca'rica (Carian. Common Fig). 15. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1548. Deciduous. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-/eawed). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1802. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 14. N. Holland. 
 
 pu'milu (dwarf). 4. China. 1759. Trailer. 
 
 stipula'ta (stipulate). 4- China. 1771. Creeper. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 F. arbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). March. 1825. 
 
 nurnnti'aca (orange-like). 10. 1824. 
 
 Benjami'na (Benjamin-tree). 10. E. Ind. 1/57. 
 
 coria'cea (le&thery- leaved). 10. E. Ind. 17/2. 
 
 corona' ta (crowned). 6. June. 1800. 
 
 crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). 10. S.Amer. 1823. 
 
 dvmo'ta (bushy). 6. 1825. 
 
 eln'stica (elastic-gwm). 20. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval). 20. S.Amer. 1824. 
 
 Hooktfri( Hooker's). 6. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 infecto'ria (staining). 15. W. Ind. 1763. 
 
 laniga'ta (polished), 6. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ttucoto'ma (white-cleft). 20. E. Ind. 1763. 
 
 Hchtenstei'nii (Liechtenstein's). 3. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824; 
 
 Loga'nii (Logan's). 20< Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 langifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 4. 1824. 
 
 nympheeifo'tia (water-lily-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 
 
 1759. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 (tppositifoflia (opposite-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 
 
 1802. 
 
 pertu'sa(piKTce&-leaved). 8. S.Amer. 1/80. 
 
 popu'lnea, (poplar-team*). 12. S. Arner. 1812. 
 
 F. raremo'sn (racemed). 4. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 religin'an i religious. Banyan-tree). 25. E. Ind. 
 
 1731. 
 
 re'pens (creeping-stemmed). $. E. Ind. 1805. 
 
 Creeper. 
 rubine'rviti (red-nerved). 10. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 sagittu'ta (arrow-head-teaued). A. E. Ind, 
 
 1810. Creeper. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyeing). 14. May. Society Isles. 
 
 1793. 
 
 urophy'lla (tail-leaved). 2. June. India. 1829. 
 
 veno'sa (veiny-/eay<?d). 10. E. Ind. 1763. 
 
 viscifo'lia (clammy-leaved). 10. 1820. 
 
 FIDDLE -WOOD. Cithare'xylnm. 
 
 FIE'LDIA. (Named after Ba ron Field, 
 once chief judge of New South Wales. 
 Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese], 
 Linn., \4t-Didynamia 1 - Gymiiospermia. 
 Allied to Cyrtandra.) 
 
 Greenhouse climber ; cuttings of points of 
 shoots getting a little firm, or, better still, firm 
 side-shoots, about two inches in length, IB sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass, kept shaded, and after a 
 fortnight placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam, with a little sand, and pieces of charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 43. 
 
 F. austra'lis (southern). 1. White. July. N 
 Holland. 1826. 
 
 FIG. Fi'cus Ca'rica. 
 
 Varieties. For forcing, we recommend 
 the Brown Turkey, or Lee's Perpetual, 
 Pregussata, and White Marseilles. The 
 Nerii is also well spoken of. To plant 
 out-doors, the Brunswick, Brown Turkey, 
 Brown Ischia, Black Ischia, and Pregus- 
 sata. 
 
 Propagation. The fig roots so firmly 
 by cuttings, that few resort to any other 
 mode. They propagate, however, as freely 
 by layers. Some persons, also, have 
 raised them from seed, but it does not ap- 
 pear that they are valuable, though new 
 kinds have been originated by such 
 means. Cuttings of ripe wood, about 
 three or four inches long, planted in pots 
 in January or February, and plunged in 
 any ordinary bottom-heat, will make very 
 nice plants during the same summer. 
 Those for forcing in pots or boxes must 
 be potted off when rooted, and again 
 plunged in bottom warmth, and the 
 highest course of culture pursued, shift- 
 ing them when necessary. Those who 
 plant on the open walls should do so in 
 the middle of March ; and if the plants 
 are from pots, the roots must be uncoiled 
 and spread nicely out. Many persons 
 who have established trees merely take 
 suckers away from them ; such only need 
 fastening in the soil, and, it may be, a 
 shading when they begin to grow. 
 
 Soil. The fig will thrive in almost, any 
 ordinary garden-soil, but it is said to pro,- 
 
FIO 
 
 [ 350 ] 
 
 FIM 
 
 fer a chalky loam. When planted against 
 walls out of doors, care must be taken 
 not to make the soil rich, for invincible 
 grossness would be the consequence. A 
 plain " maiden " soil is quite good enough 
 lor general purposes. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. Out-door 
 culture consists in an early disbudding 
 of all superfluous shoots ; this is per- 
 formed when the young shoots are about 
 three inches long, reserving all those 
 which are short-jointed and compact- 
 looking. Care must be taken to reserve 
 shoots for blank places. This disbudding 
 is generally performed at twice or thrice 
 during the season ; for waste and watery- 
 looking spray will continue to spring up 
 until August, especially in moist sum- 
 mers, and when the plants are gross. 
 Such disbudding should be carried out 
 until almost every leaf of the future year's 
 bearing-wood obtains a free exposure to 
 sunshine, say by the middle of August. 
 About the end of this month it is ac- 
 counted good practice to pinch the ends 
 of all growing shoots, or rather to squeeze 
 them with the thumb and finger. Nothing 
 more is needed as summer culture, except 
 a timely training of all reserved shoots, 
 in order to obtain all the sunlight possible. 
 
 Culture in Rest Period. This merely 
 consists in protection from frost, and in 
 pruning. Towards the beginning of De- 
 cember, some protection ought to be 
 given, as mats, straw, fern fronds, or 
 spruce boughs. Before closing them, or, 
 indeed, at the end of October, every fig 
 which has become as large as a horse- 
 bean, should be pulled away, for such rob 
 the trees, and are sure to perish. The 
 trees must be uncovered again in the end 
 of February, if matted, otherwise such 
 materials as fern or straw may remain on 
 a little longer ; the spruce, until pruning 
 time. The latter operation should not be 
 performed until the young buds are be- 
 ginning to swell, when wood of a proper 
 character may be distinguished readily 
 from that which is useless. All the latter 
 must be cut away, unless required for 
 blank spaces ; but if summer disbudding 
 has been properly performed, there will 
 be little for the pruner to do. After this, 
 they must be duly trained. 
 
 Forcing. Some build houses for the 
 fig, but most prefer growing- them in tubs 
 cr large pots. The general principles of 
 forcing them so closely resemble tuose 
 1'or the vine, that it will be needless to go 
 
 into details. As to general temperature, 
 although they will bear much heat, yet 
 most cultivators agree that one interme- 
 diate between the peach-house and the 
 forcing vinery is the most congenial. It 
 requires, however, a little more excite- 
 ment to bring the fig into leaf than the 
 peach. Under good house culture it will 
 produce two satisfactory crops in one 
 year. A first crop may be obtained as 
 early as May, and after a couple of 
 mouths or so, the second will commence 
 ripening; the latter being those on the 
 wood of the current season. The first 
 crop, or the embryo fruit of the previous 
 year, is very apt to fall prematurely, 
 and much care is necessary. Eegular wa- 
 terings the moment they are dry, and an 
 avoidance of atmospheric extremes, are 
 the best preventives. Most good culti- 
 vators make a point of pinching the ends 
 of the young shoots when about six or 
 eight eyes or buds in length ; this soon 
 causes the fruit to form in the axils of 
 the leaves. Frequent syringings should 
 be practised in the growing season ; 
 and when at rest they should never be 
 subjected to a lower temperature than 
 40. Under all circumstances, the fig 
 delights in a soil somewhat moist: a neg- 
 lect of watering when necessary, even for 
 a day, may cause them to cast their fruit. 
 
 Fruit. Its use is almost entirely 
 confined to the ripe state, as dessert ; 
 as for keeping, if such is attempted, it 
 must be on the retarding system, by par- 
 tial shade, and a lowering of temperature 
 just before ripening. 
 
 Insects. The lied Spider and the 
 Broivn Scale alone cause any alarm to 
 Fig cultivators. The spider must be 
 combated by the syringe, by an occa- 
 sional dusting of sulphur, and by dress- 
 ing the shoots all over, before commenc- 
 ing forcing, with soap water and sulphur; 
 three ounces of soft soap to a gallon of 
 warm water, well beat up, adding four 
 handsful of sulphur, will make a mixture, 
 which, brushed into every crevice, will 
 extirpate both scale and spider. Sulphur, 
 however, should be used on the pipes 
 during the growing season. 
 
 FIG MARIGOLD. Mesembrya'nthemum. 
 
 FIGURE- OF-S MOTH. Episema. 
 
 FILBERT. See CO'RYLUS. 
 
 FIMBRIA'RIA. (From fimbria, fringe ; 
 a second name for Schwa' nnia, a fine 
 shrub with fringed leaves ; hence the 
 synonyme. Nat. ord.. Malpighiads [Mai- 
 
FIN 
 
 [ 351 J 
 
 FLO 
 
 pighiaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria k-Pen- 
 tur/ynia. Allied to Camarea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or summer, 
 and plunged in a sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam, 
 turfy peat, a little silver sand, and a few pieces of 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 F. c'legans (elegant). Yellow, S. Amer. 1812. 
 
 FlNGERS-AND-TOES. See AlIBURY. 
 
 FINOCHIO, or AZOREAN FENNEL (Ane 1 - 
 thum Azo'ricum) cannot be cultivated 
 successfully in this country. 
 
 FIR. Pi'nus. 
 
 FIRE. See FURNACE. 
 
 FISH. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 FISCHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Fischer, 
 jf St. Petersburg!!. Nat. ord., Asclepiads 
 [Asclepiadaceffi]. Linn., o-Pentandna 
 2-Di(/ynia. Allied to Gonolobus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots, 
 young or old, in light, open soil, and in heat ; 
 peat and loam, with broken bricks and charcoal 
 mixed with the compost, in addition to good 
 drainage. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 48 to 55. 
 
 F. sca'ndens (climbing). Green, yellow. May. 
 S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 FITZRO'YA. (So called after Capt. B. 
 Fitzroy, R.N., commander of a surveying 
 expedition. Nat., ord., Conifers [Coni- 
 ferae]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia Q-Polyandria.) 
 Evergreen hardy tree. Cultivated like the 
 Ce'drus deoda'ra. 
 
 F. Patago'nica (Patagonian). 80. Yellow, green. 
 Patagonia. 
 
 FLACOU'RTIA. (Named after E. Fla- 
 court, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Bixads [Flacourtiaceae]. 'Liim. ) Z2-Di(ecia 
 12-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit of 
 which is wholesome. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in April, in sand, and in heat, under a 
 bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 F. catuphru'cta (all-armed). 4. E. Ind. 1804. 
 ~~flave'scens (yellowish). 15. Guinea. 1780. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. E. Ind. 181Q. 
 
 Ramo'ntchi (Ramontchi). 12. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1775. 
 
 rhamnoi'des (rhamnus-like). 4. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 12. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 su'pida (well-tasted. Esculent). 10. E.Ind. 1800. 
 
 sepia'ria (hedge). 6. E.Ind. 18)6. 
 FLAGELLA'RIA. (FicomJIugello, to whip 
 
 or scourge ; in reference to the long, flexi- 
 ble shoots. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Coin- 
 melinacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 3- 
 Tric/ynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers ; peat 
 and loam; more curious than beautiful; leaves 
 very astringent. 
 F. I'ndica (Indian). 7. White. June. India. 1782. 
 
 FLAKE is the term by which a carnation 
 is distinguished that has two colours, 
 
 only, and these extending through the 
 length of the petals. 
 
 FLAME -LILY. Pyroli'rion. 
 
 FLAX. Li' num. 
 
 FLAX-LILY. Pho'rmium. 
 
 J?l J AX-S'lAH.L'ysiffia'c/iiali'num stella' turn. 
 
 FLINJDE'RSIA. (Named in honour ot' 
 Capt. M. Flinders, R.N., who explored 
 the coast of New Holland in the begin- 
 ning of this century. Nat. ord., Cedretads 
 [Cedrelacese], Linn., IQ-Decandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Chloroxylon.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the 
 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 
 spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 
 F. austraflis (southern). 60. White. N. Hoi- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 FLORESTI'NA. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 cese]. Linn., 19-Synytiiesia l-^Equalu. 
 Allied to Bahia.) 
 
 Seeds of callo'sa in the open ground, in April ; 
 seeds of peda'ta in a hotbed, in March, arid 
 transplanted in May to a sheltered situation, or 
 grown in a cool greenhouse. 
 F. callo'sa (hardened). 1$. White. June. 
 
 Arkansas. 1824. 
 
 peda'ta (double-lobed-/eaed). White. July. 
 Mexico. 1803. 
 
 FLORETS. The small stalkless flowers 
 united on a common undivided recep- 
 tacle, and enclosed in one common cah x 
 to form a compound flower. 
 
 FLORIST. A dealer in flowers, flowering 
 shrubs, and their seeds. 
 
 FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those which, 
 by their beauty or fragrance, power to 
 produce permanent varieties, and facility 
 of cultivation, are so largely in demand 
 as to render them especially worthy of 
 cultivation as an article of commerce. 
 
 Mr. Glenny has justly enumerated the 
 necessary characteristics of a florists' 
 flower to be 1st. The power to be per- 
 petuated and increased by slips and other 
 modes independent of its seed. 2ndly. 
 The power to produce new varieties from 
 seed, capable, like their parent, of being 
 perpetuated; and, thirdly, it must pos- 
 sess sufficient interest and variety to be 
 grown in collections. 
 
 At present, the chief florists' flowers 
 are the Amaryllis, Anagallis, Anemone, 
 Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation, Chry- 
 santhemum, Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlic, 
 Fritillary, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hyacinth, 
 Hydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia, 
 Narcissus, Pansy, Peony, Pelargonium, 
 Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus, Ra- 
 nunculus, Rhododendron, Rose, Tulip, 
 Tuberose, Verbena. 
 
FLO 
 
 [ 35-2 j 
 
 FLO 
 
 FLOWER. Sec BLOOM. 
 
 FLOWER FENCE. Poinda'na. 
 
 FLOWERING ASH. O'rnus. 
 
 FLOWER OF JOVE. Ly' chnis flo' s Jo'vis 
 
 FLOWER-GARDEN is that portion of the 
 ground in the vicinity of the residence 
 disposed in parterres and borders, te 
 n anted by flowers and flowering shrubs 
 and among walks and lawns, so that th 
 occupiers of the house may have read) 
 access to what is so beautiful in form, co 
 lour, and fragance. See LANDSCAPE GAR 
 DENING, PLANTATION, &c. 
 
 FLOWER-POTS are of various sizes and 
 names : 
 
 Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under thre 
 inches diameter at the top. 
 
 
 Width of top 
 in inches. 
 
 Depth in 
 inches. 
 
 Old 
 
 Name. 
 
 Three-inch pot 
 Five-inch .... 
 Six-inch 
 
 3 
 5 
 g 
 
 4 
 5 
 Q 
 
 60s 
 48s 
 32s 
 
 Eight-inch .. 
 Nine-inch .... 
 Elerai-inch ... . 
 Tw elve-inch . . 
 Thirteen-inch 
 Fifteen-inch . . 
 Eighteen-inch . 
 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 18 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 24s 
 16s 
 12s 
 8s 
 6s 
 4s 
 2s 
 
 In addition to the above, there is a 
 description of flower-pots called uprights, 
 which are used for growing; bulbous 
 plants, the roots of which do not spread 
 laterally, but perpendicularly. They are 
 deeper in proportion to their width than 
 common flower-pots, and may be thus 
 particularised : 
 
 
 Top width 
 in inches. 
 
 1 Depth in 
 inches. 
 
 
 Upright 15-inch 
 (Old upright 
 l6s).....7 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Used for growing 7, or 
 a large mass of Gla- 
 
 UprightS-inch 
 ;Old upright 
 2ts) 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 bulbs of Japan lilies ; 
 for ordinary-sized Al- 
 stromerias ; and for 
 large tubers of Tro- 
 pee'olum tricolo'rum 
 and its allies. 
 For 5 Hyacinths, Nar- 
 cissi, or strong early 
 
 Upright 6-inch 
 (Old upright 
 3-2s) 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Standard and Rex 
 rubo'rurn. 
 For 3 Hyacinths, or 
 Narcissi, and for 1 
 
 Upright 5-inch 
 (Old upright 
 48) 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ricula, &c. 
 For single Hyacinths., 
 or Narcissi ; for 5 
 
 
 
 
 and for 4 dwarf early 
 Tulips, such as the 
 Van Houtte. 
 
 For sizes larger than 15-inch it is 
 needless to have any pots but those ot' 
 the usual proportions. 
 
 Thimbles are sometimes called "small 
 nineties," and thumbs, " large nineties." 
 
 The form and material also vary. 
 Mr. Beck makes them- very successfully 
 of slate ; and the prejudice against glazed 
 pots is now exploded. 
 
 It was formerly considered important 
 to have the pots made of a material as 
 porous as possible ; but a more miserable 
 delusion never was handed down untested 
 from one generation to another. Stone- 
 ware and china-ware are infinitely prefer- 
 able, for they keep the roots more uni- 
 formly moist and warm. Common 
 garden-pots, if not plunged, should be 
 thickly painted. Large pots have been 
 recommended to be employed, and there 
 is no doubt that this is a system much 
 abridging the gardener's labour ; but as 
 with due care small pots will produce 
 magnificent specimen plants, we cannot 
 recommend an adoption of large pots, in. 
 suring as they do such an immense sacri- 
 fice of room in the hot and greenhouses. 
 Captain Thurtell, one of the most success- 
 ful of growers of the Pelargonium, never 
 employed pots larger than twenty-fours. 
 It is usual to have saucers in which to 
 place flower-pots when in the house, and 
 so far as preventing stains and the oc- 
 currence of dirt, they are deserving adop- 
 tion ; but as to their being used for 
 applying water to plants^ they are worse 
 than useless, except to plants almost 
 aquatic. The great difficulty in pot culti- 
 vation is to keep the drainage regular ; 
 and no more eflective preventive of this 
 could be devised than keeping a pot in a 
 saucer containing water. No plan for 
 most cultivated plants could be invented 
 more contrary to nature ; for we all know- 
 hat she supplies moisture to the surface 
 of the soil, and allows it to descend, thus 
 supplying the upper roots first. For draw- 
 "ngs of various flower pots see Tite 
 Voltage Gardener, No. 64. 
 
 FLOWER STAGES are made for the exhi- 
 bition of flowers at shows, in the green- 
 "louse, and elsewhere. The following are 
 lome very judicious observations on the 
 mbject :* The first object in the construc- 
 ion of stages should ba to have them 
 o formed and situated as to afford facili- 
 ies for grouping plants ; the second 
 ihould be to give plants more the ap- 
 learance of growing in borders than upon 
 
FLU 
 
 [ 353 ] 
 
 FOL 
 
 artificial structures ; and the third to keep 
 the pot out of sight. This is requisite 
 for two reasons : first, because they are 
 no ornament; and, secondly, that it is 
 always desirahle to protect the plant from 
 being scorched by exposure to the sun. 
 It is also desirable to adopt another mode 
 of construction, for the purpose of giving 
 plants that aspect which is most suited to 
 their habits ; and, therefore, instead of 
 placing the stages from the front to the 
 back of the bouse, as is generally the case, 
 let them be placed in groups of stages, 
 thus producing an effect similar to the 
 borders in a well-arranged flower-garden. 
 The spectators, in their progress from 
 group to group, would be attracted by the 
 separate display in each, instead of 
 having their attention drawn away by a 
 whole blaze of beauty at once. 
 
 Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good sug- 
 gestions : Stages are frequently formed 
 of an equal or nearly equal series of as- 
 cents, in consequence of which the upper 
 plants are by no means so well seen as 
 the lower ones. The proper plan is to 
 commence by small elevations, gradually 
 increasing as the shelves recede from the 
 eye. The lowest shelf to be eighteen 
 inches from the floor, the first rise is six 
 inches, the next nine, twelve, fifteen, 
 eighteen, twenty-one, and so on. The 
 upoer shelves should also be broader than 
 the lower, for larger pots. The advan- 
 tage of this arrangement, as commanding 
 a better view of the flowers, is obvious. 
 
 FLUES are pipes formed of brick or 
 slate, for conducting heated air through 
 stoves or other buildings where a high 
 artificial temperature is desired. It is a 
 mode of heating much less used than 
 formerly, being superseded by the much 
 more manageable and effectual modes of 
 heating by hot water ; and flues have the 
 additional disadvantages, that they re- 
 quire frequent sweeping, and that they 
 emit a sulphurous fume that is injurious 
 to plants, and disagreeable to the fre- 
 quenters of the structures so heated. 
 This has been obviated by using Valencia 
 slates in the place of bricks ; yet flues 
 under few circumstances can compare 
 with either the pipe or tank system of 
 hot-water heating. When flues are em- 
 ployed, they are constructed inside and 
 near the walls of the building ; each flue 
 eight or nine inches wide in the clear, by 
 two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged 
 In )rizontally one over the other the whole 
 08 
 
 length of the back wall, in three or four 
 returns communicating with each other, 
 continued, also, along the end and front 
 walls in one or two ranges, to be used 
 occasionally ; furnished with a regulator 
 to slide open and shut as required, the 
 whole proceeding from the first lower- 
 most flue, which communicates imme- 
 diately from the furnace or fire-place 
 behind either the back wall at one end, or 
 in the back part of the end walls ; or if 
 very long stoves, 01 more than forty feet 
 length, two fire-places are requisite, one 
 at each end ; each having its set of fluea 
 ranging half-way ; each set of flues ter- 
 minating in an upright chimney at the 
 end of the back outside. Flues are 
 merely chimneys horizontal, instead of 
 being entirely upright, terminating, how- 
 ever, generally in an upright tube or 
 shaft, which discharges their contents 
 into the open air. They are most effectual 
 when they traverse the ends and the front 
 of the house; as, if the back wall is a 
 solid material, there can be less danger of 
 cold there. Arrangements must be made 
 for a good draught, by having the bottom 
 of the furnace two feet below the level of 
 the bottom of the flue. The flue should, 
 after entering the house, rise a little to 
 the extreme end. It should stand a little 
 raised above the floor, and never be placed 
 below it, unless when well supplied with 
 air by cross drains. It should be con- 
 structed of the best brick and tiles, be 
 plastered over if a strong heat is neces- 
 sary, and merely whitewashed if a heat is 
 only wanted occasionally. Evaporating 
 basins should be secured, so that the 
 atmosphere be supplied with moisture as 
 well as heat. See STOVE. 
 
 FLUED WALL. See W T ALL. 
 
 FLY. See BLACK FLEA. 
 
 FLYWORT. Myu'nthus. 
 
 FCE'TIDA. (From fcetidvs, fetid ; re- 
 ferring to the unpleasant smell of the 
 leaves and wood. Nat. ord., Burrinff- 
 oniads [Barringtoniacese]. Lirin., 12- 
 Icosandria '3-Polyyynia. Allied to Gus- 
 tavia.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaved re- 
 maining, in sand, in spring, under a bell-xl.*, 
 md in heat; fibry loam and turfy pear, with 
 ilver sand. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 
 48 to 55. 
 
 F. Mauritia'na (Mauritius). 26. White. Mau- 
 ritius. 1825. 
 
 FOGGING-OFF. The same as dumping- 
 
 >ff- 
 
 FOLLICLE, a seed vessel of one entire 
 2 A 
 
TON 
 
 I 354 ] 
 
 FOR 
 
 piece, and one-celled, bursting length- 1 plantations, shrubberies, and fruit-bor- 
 wise, and having the seed on or near its - ders, a two-pronged fork is olten .employed; 
 
 edges, on a receptacle parallel with it. | but that with three prongs is quite as 
 Examples are the seed-vessels of the unobjectionable, and a multiplicity^ of 
 Periwinkle and Peony. 
 
 FONTANE'SIA. (In honour of the 
 French botanist, Des Fontaines. Nat. 
 
 ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-Dian- 
 drta 1-Monogynia. Allied to Lilac.) 
 
 Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash 
 (Ornus) it would make an interesting object on 
 lawns. It resembles the common Privet, but 
 with rough bark. Layers and cuttings under a 
 hand-glass, in autumn, and by grafting on the 
 Privet. When grown to a single stem it has a 
 graceful appearance, owing to its slender, droop- 
 ing branches. 
 F.phillyraoi'des (phillyrea-like), 12. Yellow. 
 
 August. Syria. 1787. 
 FORCING is compelling culinary vege- 
 tables to be edible, flowers to bloom, and 
 fruits to ripen at unnatural seasons, 
 being the very contrary of the object for 
 which our greenhouses and hothouses 
 are constructed ; viz., to secure a tempe- 
 rature in which their tenants will be 
 in perfection at their natural seasons. 
 Under the heads of HOTBEDS, and of 
 each particular plant, will be found direc- 
 tions for forcing, and it will be sufficient 
 
 tools is an expensive folly. Dr. Yelloly's 
 fork is certainly a good working imple- 
 ment. Entire length, three feet three 
 and a half inches; handle's length, two 
 feet two inches ; its diameter, one and a 
 half inch; width of the entire prongs, 
 seven inches at the top; width at the 
 points, six inches ; prongs, thirteen and 
 a half inches long, and at the top seven- 
 eighths of an inch square, tapering to a 
 point. The straps fixing the head to the 
 handle are eleven inches long, two inches 
 wide, and half an inch thick, feathering 
 off; weight of fork, eight pounds. 
 
 Leaf-fork. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot 
 Park, describes a very serviceable imple- 
 ment of this kind. He says: One person 
 with this implement will take up with 
 greater facility more leaves than two per- 
 sons could do with any other tool. It is 
 simply a large four-lined fork, made of 
 wood, shod with iron ; the tines are 
 eighteen inches long, and are morticed 
 into a head about seventeen inches long, 
 and one and a half inch by two and a 
 
 here to coincide with Dr. Lmdley m say- ; uarter inches thick> The tines are one 
 ing, that as forced flowers are always less j inch in width and Qne and a balf inch in 
 beautiful and less fragrant, and forced ; d th at the head dual] taper ing to 
 vegetables and fruits less palatable : and | & int with a curye or bend rds . 
 
 less nutritious than those perfected at ; TJ WQod Qf which t} ^ ^^ 
 theirnatural periods,itis desirable, atthe htto be hard and tough . either oak 
 very least to devote as much effort and ex- Or 8 agh ^ d but the jg^ , do . 
 pense to obtain superior produce at accus- ; ^^ ig prefe ^ ble to either . T e head 
 tomed times as to the procuring it un- j should b( f made of ash with a handle of 
 seasonably. Karity is good, but excellence , the samej and should be two f eet fcmr 
 is best. 'inches long. Its recommendations are 
 
 FoEE-EiGHTSHOOTsaretheshootswhich ; itg size and lightness . the leaves, also, do 
 are emitted directly in front of branches | not h n it fts Qn ft common fork 
 
 trained against a wall, and consequently, ; ^ j J f ^ tineg tearin tbem 
 
 cannot be trained m without an acute 
 
 asunde y 
 
 bending, which is always in some degree j FoEM j CA See ANT 
 
 ing back fruit-trees in summer, and of 
 pruning forest-trees at any time, by which 
 the lower branches are shortened, with- 
 out removing them altogether. 
 
 FORGET-ME-NOT. Myoso'tis palu'stris. 
 
 FOEK. This instrument is preferable 
 to the spade, even for digging over open 
 compartments, for the soil can be re- 
 versed with it as easily as with the spade ; 
 the labour is diminished, and the pul- 
 verisation of the soil is more effectual. 
 (See DIGGING,) For stirring the soil in 
 
 ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-Di- 
 andria 1 - Monugynia. Allied to Fonta- 
 nesia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings or layers ; 
 common, sandy loam. F. viridi'ssima requires a 
 little protection. 
 
 F. suspe'nsa (hanging-down). Yellow. Japan. 
 viridi'ssima (greenest). 10. Yellow. March. 
 North China. 1845. 
 
 FORSYTE'S PLAISTER for healing the 
 wounds and restoring to vigour decayed 
 trees, was as follows: One bushel of 
 
FOR 
 
 355 ] 
 
 FRA 
 
 fresh cowdung ; half a bushel of rime- 
 rubbish, (that from ceilings of rooms is 
 preferable,) or powdered chalk; half a 
 bushel of wood-ashex ; one-sixteenth of 
 a bushel of sand; the last three to be 
 sifted line. The whole to be mixed 
 and beaten together until they form a 
 fine plaister. There is nothing in this 
 compound sufficiently differing from 
 others recommended by his contempora- 
 ries and predecessors to have entitled 
 him to call it his invention. 
 
 FORTUNE' A. (Named in compliment to 
 Mr. Fortune, botanical collector in China. 
 Nat.ord., Jug lands [Juglandacese]. Linn., 
 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 A curious plant, with the aspect of a Sumach. 
 By seeds, and probably by grafting on smaller 
 species of the Walnut and Hickory. Likely to 
 prove hardy. 
 
 F. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. Green. June. North 
 China. 1844. 
 
 FOTHERGI'LLA. (Named after Dr. 
 Fotkergill. Nat.ord., Witch-Hazels [Ha- 
 marnelidacese]. Linn,, 12-Icosandria 2- 
 Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy little shrubs, from North America ; their 
 white, sweet-scented flowers appearing before the 
 leaves. Seeds, which frequently ripen in this 
 country, sown in spring, in a peat border, or in 
 pans, and transplanted; layers in March and Au- 
 gust ; sandy, moist peat. 
 F. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. May. 1765. 
 
 acu'ta (&cute-leaved). 4. June. 1/65. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 4. May. 1/65. 
 
 obtu'sa (blnnt-leaved). 4. June. 1765. 
 
 sero'tina (fate-flowering). 4. August. 1765. 
 
 FOUNTAINS, or, as they are sometimes 
 called, Jets d'cau, s.urpise by their novelty, 
 and the surprise is proportioned to the 
 height to which they throw the water ; 
 but these perpendicular columns of water 
 have no pretence to beauty. The Em- 
 peror fountain at Chatsworth is the most 
 surprising in the world, for it tosses its 
 waters to a height of 267 feet, impelled 
 by a fall from a reservoir 381 feet 
 above the ajutage, or mouth of the pipe 
 from which it rushes into the air. The 
 supply of water, either naturally or ar- 
 tificially, is brought from a higher level 
 than the discharging pipe ; but the water 
 will not rise so high as the level from 
 whence it came, which is owing to the 
 resistance of the air at the discharging 
 point, its own gravity, and the friction oi 
 the sides of the pipe in which it is con- 
 veyed. Whatever be the form in which 
 the water is discharged, if it is designed 
 to throw it up in a perpendicular direc- 
 tion, the pipe must be so narrowed where 
 
 the water issues out as not to be above 
 one-fourth the diameter of the conduct- 
 ing pipe. 
 
 FOURCRO'YA. (Named after M. Four- 
 croy, a celebrated chemist. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to Littsea.) 
 
 Amaryllids reach their maximum grandeur in 
 Fourcro'ya longes'va, whose flower-stem rises to 
 40 feet, whilst that of F. gigante'a does not ex- 
 ceed that of a moderate-sized Agave, and both 
 would thrive in the open air with us in summer. 
 There are only two species introduced. The fol- 
 lowing synonymes belong to F. gigante'a: Fas' - 
 tida, tubero'sa, Cube'nsis, ri'gidu, Austra'lis, Mn~ 
 dugascarie'nsis, and cantu'ta. They are increased 
 by imported seeds, or by suckers. 
 F. gigante'a (gigantic). 20. Green. August. S. 
 Amer. 1690. 
 
 longce'va (long-lived). 40. White. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1833. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. Green, red. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Mexico. 1852. 
 FOXBANE. Aconi'tum vulpa'ria 
 FOXGLOVE. Digita'lis. 
 FIUCTURES. If an immaterial branch 
 is broken, it is best to remove it entirely ; 
 but it sometimes happens that a stem or 
 branch which cannot be replaced is thus 
 njured, in which case it is advisable to 
 attempt a reduction of the fracture ; and 
 f it be only partial, and the stem or 
 sranch but small, the parts will again 
 unite by being put back into their natural 
 position, and well propped up. The cure 
 may be expected not to succeed if the 
 racture is accompanied with contusion, 
 or if the stem or branch is large ; and 
 even where it succeeds, the woody fibres 
 do not contribute to the union ; but the 
 granular and herbaceous substance only 
 which exudes from between the wood 
 and liber, insinuating itself into all inter- 
 tices, and finally becoming indurated in 
 the wood. Splints extending at least a 
 foot above and below the fracture should 
 be bound very firmly all round, and a 
 plaister of grafting- clay to exclude wet be 
 placed over all, and every precaution, 
 adopted to prevent the surfaces of the 
 wound being moved by the force of the 
 wind. 
 
 FRAOA'RIA. The Strawberry. (From 
 fragrans, perfumed ; in reference to the 
 flavour of the fruit. Nat. ord., JRosewnris 
 [Rosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Mo- 
 nogyuia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens. Seeds, sown early in a slight 
 hothed, and planted out early, will in many ruses 
 produce fruit in the autumn of the same season. 
 Plants are most easily obtained by detaching the 
 runners. Deep loam suits them. See STRAW- 
 
FIU 
 
 [ 356 
 
 FIU 
 
 F.BonarzVrasts (Buenos Ayres). 2. Apetal. June. 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Bresli'ngii(Bres\ing). 1. White. May. France. 
 
 calyci'na (/ar#e-calyxed). 1. White. April. 
 
 France. 
 
 Canade'nds (Canadian). 14. White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Chile'nsis (Chili), f. White. May. S.Amer. 
 
 1727. 
 
 colli'na (hill. Green Pine). 1. White. June. 
 
 Germany. 1768. 
 
 ela'tior (taller. Hautbois). 1$. White. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (Pine. Great - flowered). 1. 
 
 White. May. Surinam. 1759- 
 Fndica (yellow. Indian). 1. Yellow. July. 
 India. 1805. 
 
 Majau'fea (Majaufe de Champ). 1. White. 
 
 May. France. 
 
 monophy'lla (one-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 1773. 
 
 platanoi'des (plane-like). 1. Red. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 ve'sca (edible. Common wild). I. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 Virginia'na (Scarlet. Virginia.) 1. White. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 1 FEAMES are structures employed either 
 in forcing, or in protecting plants, and 
 are of various sizes. 
 
 According to the good practical rules 
 
 '. of Abercromhie, the one - light frame 
 may be about four feet and a half in 
 width from back to front, and three feet 
 six inches the other way; fifteen or 
 eighteen inches high in the back, and nine 
 in front, with a glass sash or light, made 
 to fit the top completely, to slide up and 
 down, and move away occasionally. 
 
 The two-light frame may be seven feet 
 long, four and a half wide, and fifteen or 
 eighteen inches high in the back, with 
 bars reaching from it at top to the front, 
 serving both to strengthen the frame and 
 help to support the lights ; the two lights 
 to be each three feet six inches wide, 
 made to fit the top of the frame exactly. 
 The three-light frame should be ten feet 
 six inches long, four and a half wide, and 
 from eighteen inches to two feet high in 
 the back, and from nine to twelve or fifteen 
 inches in front observing that those 
 designed principally for the culture of 
 melons may be rather deeper than for 
 encumbers, because they generally re- 
 quire a greater depth of mould or earth 
 on the beds ; though frames, eighteen or 
 twenty inches in the back, and from nine 
 to twelve in front, are often made to serve 
 occasionally both for cucumbers and me- 
 lons. Each frame should have two cross 
 bars, ranging from the top of the back to 
 that of the front, at three feet six inches 
 distance, to strengthen the frame, and 
 support the lights ; and the three lights 
 
 .hould be each three feet six inches wide ; 
 the whole together being made to fit the 
 top of the frame exactly, every way in 
 length and width. 
 
 Sometimes the above sort of frames are 
 made of larger dimensions than before 
 specified ; but in respect to this it should 
 be observed, that if larger they are very 
 inconvenient to move to different parts 
 where they may be occasionally wanted, 
 and require more heat to warm the in- 
 ternal air ; and in respect to depth par- 
 ticularly, if they are but just deep enough 
 to contain a due depth of mould, and for 
 the plants to have moderate room to 
 grow, they will be better than if deeper, 
 as the plants will be then always near the 
 glasses, which is an essential consideration 
 in early work, and the internal air will 
 be more effectually supported in a due 
 temperature of warmth ; for the deeper 
 the frame, the less in proportion will be 
 the heat of the internal air, and the 
 plants being far from the glasses will be 
 some disadvantage in their early growth. 
 Besides, a too deep frame, both in early 
 and late work, is apt to draw the plants 
 up weakly ; for they always naturally as- 
 pire towards the glasses, and the more 
 space there is, the more they will run up ; 
 for which reason the London kitchen- 
 gardeners have many of their frames not 
 more than fourteen or fifteen inches high 
 behind, and seven in front, especially 
 those which are intended to winter the 
 more tender young plants, such as cauli- 
 flower and lettuce, and for raising early 
 small salad, herbs, radishes, &c. 
 
 The wood-work of the back, ends, and 
 front should be of inch or inch and a 
 quarter deal, as before observed, which 
 should be all neatly planed even and 
 smooth on both sides; and the joints, in 
 framing them together, should be so close 
 that no wet or air can enter. The 
 cross-bars or bearers at top, for the sup- 
 port of the glasses, should he about three 
 inches broad and one thick, and neatly 
 dovetailed in at back and front even with 
 both edges, that the lights may shut 
 down close, each having a groove or chan- 
 nel along the middle to conduct off all 
 wet falling between the lights. At the 
 end of each frame, at top, should be a thin 
 slip of board, four inches broad, up to 
 the outside of the lights, being necessary 
 to guard against cutting winds rushing 
 in at that part immediately upon the 
 plants, when th'e lights are occasionally 
 
FRA 
 
 C 357 ] 
 
 FRA 
 
 tilted behind for the necessary admission 
 of ijvah air, &c. 
 
 With respect to the lights, the wood- 
 work of the frame should be one inch and 
 a half thick and two and a half broad; 
 ttnd the bars for the immediate support 
 of the glass-work should be about an incl 
 broad, and not more than an inch and a 
 half thick; for, if too broad and thick 
 they would intercept the rays of the sun, 
 so should be only just sufficient to sup 
 port the lights, and be ranged from the 
 back part to the front, nine or twelve 
 inches asunder. 
 
 All the wood-work, both of the frames 
 and lights, should be painted, to preserve 
 them from decay. A lead colour will be 
 the most eligible ; and if done three times 
 over, outside and in, will preserve the 
 wood exceedingly from the injuries of 
 weather, and from the moisture of the 
 earth and dung. 
 
 Mr. Knight has suggested an important 
 improvement in the form of frames. He 
 observes, that the general practice is to 
 make the surface of the bed perfectly 
 horizontal, and to give an inclination to 
 the glass. That side of the frame which 
 is to stand towards the north is made 
 nearly as deep again as its opposite ; so 
 that If the mould is placed of an equal 
 depth (as it ought to be) over the whole 
 bed, the plants are too far from the glass 
 at one end of the frame, and too near at 
 the other. To remove this inconvenience, 
 he points out the mode of forming the 
 bed on an inclined plane; and the frame 
 formed with sides of equal depth, and so 
 put together as to continue perpendicular 
 when on the bed, as represented in the 
 accompanying sketch. 
 
 There are several minor points in the 
 construction of frames that deserve at 
 tention. The strips of lead or wood that 
 sustain the panes of glass should run 
 across the frame, and not lengthwise; 
 they then neither obstruct so much the 
 
 entrance of light, nor the passing off of 
 rain. The inside of the frame should be 
 painted white, since plants generally 
 suffer in them for want of light : if the 
 accumulation of heat was required, the 
 colour should be black. 
 
 Raising the Frames. It is a well-known 
 difficulty that the gardener has in raising 
 the frames so as to keep the foliage of 
 the plants within them at a determined 
 and constant distance from the glass. 
 To remedy this, Mr. Nairn, gardener to 
 J. Cresswell, Esq., of Battersea Priory, 
 has introduced the ingenious contrivance 
 represented in the accompanying sketch 
 and references : A, a moveable frame ; 
 B B, inside lining of the pit ; c c, outer 
 wall. Between these the sides of the 
 frame pass, and are lowered or elevated 
 by racks and spindles, D D. 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 A more simple plan might perhaps be 
 adopted, by having frames of the same 
 length and breadth as the original, but 
 only from an inch to three inches, or up- 
 wards, deep. These, as necessary, might 
 be put on the top, and would be kept close 
 by the pressure of the lights ; bolts and 
 nuts might also be easily applied, and 
 the interstices rendered still more im- 
 pervious to air by being faced with list. 
 
 Glass and Glazing. See. STOVE. 
 
 Shelter for the Gluts. In proportion 
 to the number of lights, matting for 
 shading and sheltering must be at hand. 
 The usual mode of covering at night is 
 by laying on mats, and over these litter, 
 in thickness according to the severity of 
 the season. Some gardeners lay hay 
 immediately in contact with the glass, 
 and over this the mats. Every person 
 conversant with these modes of shelter 
 is aware of their inconvenience. In 
 rainy weather they soon become wet, 
 and rapidly chill the beds ; added to 
 which, the trouble caused in placing and 
 removing them, and the danger to the 
 
FKA 
 
 [ ,358 ] 
 
 FIIA 
 
 glass from the stones laid on as a resist- ) 
 auee to the wind, are by no means in- ' 
 considerable. 
 
 Mr. Seton, to obviate these inconve- 
 niences, employs a particular covering, 
 which he constructs of four laths, two 
 of such a length as to exceed a little that 
 of the frame, and the others in a similar 
 manner that of its breadth. These are 
 bound together at right angles, so as to 
 form a parallelogram of the form and size 
 of the frame; and pieces are bound across 
 this at a foot apart from each other. 
 Over this a mat is spread, and over the 
 mat a layer of straw is fastened, laid on 
 level like thatch, from three to six inches 
 thick, as may appear necessary. If the 
 breadth of the frame is, or exceeds, four 
 feet, it is best to have the covering in two 
 parts, otherwise it becomes weak and un- 
 wieldy. These pannels, as thsy may 
 be called, Mr. Seton also employs in pie- 
 serving tender plants through the winter. 
 A pit of frames, earthed up all round, 
 and covered with one of them, or two or 
 three if needful, is completely impervious 
 to frost. 
 
 Substitutes for Glass. Oiled paper was 
 formerly employed; but this has been 
 superseded by linen dressed with Whit- 
 ney's or Tanner's compositions ; or the 
 gardener may employ the following pre- 
 paration : Old pale linseed-oil, three 
 pints; sugar of lead (acetate of lead), 
 one ounce ; white resin, four ounces. 
 Grind the acetate with a little of the oil, 
 then add the rest and the resin. Incor- 
 porate thoroughly in a large iron pot over 
 a gentle fire; and, with a large brush, 
 apply hot to a fine calico stretched loosely 
 previously, by means of tacks, upon the 
 frame. On the following day it is fit for 
 use, and may be either done over a second 
 time, or tacked on tightly to remain. 
 Gardener's Chronicle. 
 
 The quantity made according to this 
 recipe will be sufficient for about 100 
 square feet of calico. 
 
 FRANCISCE'A. We have referred the 
 species to Brunsfelsia. 
 
 FRANCO'A. (Named after F. Franco, a 
 Spaniard. Nat. ord., Francoads [Franco- 
 aceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria ^-I'etragynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Chili, 
 and impatient of wet under cultivation. A few 
 plants should be kept in cold frames, to replace 
 such as die off during severe winters. Seeds in 
 a slight hotbed, in spring ; plants hardened off, 
 and then transplanted ; dry, sandy loam suits 
 them beat. In severe weather, they are worth 
 
 the labour of sticking a few evergreen boughs 
 round them. 
 
 F. appendiculu'ta (appendaged). 2. Purple. July. 
 1830. 
 
 ramn'sa (branched). 2. White. July. 183). 
 
 sonchifo'lia (sowthistle-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. 1830. 
 
 FRANKE'NIA. Sea Heath. (Named 
 after Frankenws, a Swedish botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Frankcniids [Frankeniacesej. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Small plants, found chiefly near the sea, more 
 curious than pretty, though useful for rock-work, 
 or for a collection of alpines. Seeds, cuttings, 
 and dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a little 
 peat. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 F eridfo'lia (heath-leaved). $. Red. July. 
 Canaries. 1816. 
 
 nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). . Flesh. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 pauci/G'.-a (few-flowered). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 I.URDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 F. corymbo'sa (corymbose). . Red. July, 
 Barbary. 181Q. 
 
 hirsu'tu (hairy). . Light blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 178Q. 
 
 interme'diu (intermediate). $. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 181/. 
 
 Ice'ns (smooth). $. Flesh. July. England. 
 
 mo' His (soft). $. Red. July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 Nu'thriu (Nothria). ^. Flesh. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 pulverule'ntu (powdery). 4. Red. July. 
 
 England. Annual. 
 
 FRANKINCENSE. Pi'nm tce'da. 
 
 FRA'SERA. (Named after John Frasrr, 
 botanical collector in North America. 
 Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentian aceae]. 
 Linn., Tetrandria I-Munogynia. Allied to 
 Chironia.) 
 
 Hardy biennial marsh-plant. Seeds in spring, 
 and transplanted ; also by division of the roots ; 
 sandy peat, with a little turfy loam. 
 F. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 4. Green, yellow. 
 July. Carolina. 17Q5. 
 
 FRAXINE'LLA. Dicla'mnvs. 
 
 FRA'XINUS. The Ash. (Fraxinns is the 
 Latin for an ash-tree. Nat. ord., Olive- 
 worts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2'3-Polygantia 
 2-Dicecia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers. 
 Seeds ripe in October, then to be collected, and 
 stored in thin layers in the ground, mixed with 
 sandy soil, and turned once or twice during the 
 winter ; the seeds sifted from the soil, and sown 
 in March or April. Most of the species may also 
 be propagated by seeds, and the most distinct of 
 them ; as also the varieties by grafting. Dry, 
 deep loam makes them produce the best timber. 
 The Weeping, the Silver, and Golden-burked 
 varieties of F. exce'lsiur are interesting. 
 F. acumina'ta (pointed. Green}, 40. May. N. 
 Amer. 1/23. 
 
 a'lba (white). 30. Green. May. N.Amer. 1823. 
 
 emari'stima (bitterest). 20. May. 
 
FKA 
 
 [ 359 
 
 FRI 
 
 F. Amerifn'na (American-H'A/7e). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1723. 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May. Spain. 
 
 1825. 
 
 appe'ndica (anpendaged). 20. May. 
 
 appendicula'ta (appendirulate). 20. May. 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery). 15. June. Corsica. 1825. 
 
 a'tro-m'rens (dark preen). 4. May. Britain. 
 au'rea (golden). April. 
 
 Carolini.'i'na (Carolina). 30. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1783. 
 
 cme'rea (grey). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 cu'rvidens (curve-toothed). May. Carolina. 
 
 1811. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval). 30. May. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 epi'ptera (wing-upon-wing). 30. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 exce'lsior (taller). Common Ash). 80. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 -arge'ntea (silver-barked), 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 au'rea (golden- barked). 20. May. Britain. 
 
 au'rea pe'ndula (yellow-pendulous). May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ero'sa (gnawed). 20. May. Britain. 
 
 -fungo'sa (fungous). 26. May. Britain. 
 
 horizontals (horizontal). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 jaspi'dea (jasper-like. Yellow-barked). 30. 
 
 May. 
 Kincai'rniee (Kincairney). 40. May. Kin- 
 
 cairney. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-edged). 20. May. Britain. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 10. May. Britain. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. May. 
 
 stria' ta (streaked). 20. May. ' Brifain. 
 
 verntco'sa (\\&ned-barked). 60. May. 
 
 England. 
 verruco'sa pe'ndula (pendulous-warted). 
 
 May. England. 
 verticilla'ris (whorled). 20. May. Britain. 
 
 expa'nsa (expanded). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 fu'aca (dark brown). 30. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. May. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 variega'ta (variegated-/eat>ed). 12. May. 
 
 Ireland. 1836. 
 juglandifo'lia (walnut-leaved). 40. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1783. 
 subintege'rrima (nearly-entire). 40. May. 
 
 Ificinia'ta (jagged-leaved). May. N. Amer. 
 
 la'ncea(lancfs-ieaned). 30. May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-ieaved). 6. May. 
 
 Aleppo. 1710. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. June. Ger- 
 many. 1833. 
 
 longifu'lia (long-leaved). 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 20. May. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. May. 1R23. 
 
 Mexica'nn (Mexican). 30. Green. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 mi'xta (mixed). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 monstro'sa (monstrous). July. Britain. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 6. June. 
 
 ni'gra (black- branched). 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ona'ta (egg-shaped). 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 oxyca'rpa (sharp-fruited). 10. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1815. 
 
 oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). 20. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 panno'sa (cloth- leaved), 30. May. Carolina. 
 
 1820. 
 
 F. pafvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. May. Levant. 
 1822. 
 
 platycn'rpn (broad-fruited). 30. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1P20. 
 
 polemoniifo'lia (great- Valerian -leaved). April, 
 
 N. Amer. 18>2. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 20. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 20. May* 
 
 pulveru'e'nta (powdery). 30. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 quadrangula'ta (four-angled-fiJue). SO. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822, 
 nervo'sa (nerved). 30. May. 
 
 Richu'rdi (Richard's). 30. May. N. Am^r. 
 
 rubicu'nda (ruddy-veined). 30. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ru'fa (rusty). 30. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 sumbitcifo'lia (elder-leaved). 30. May. N. 
 
 Amer.. 1800. 
 cri'spa (curled). 30. May. 
 
 tamariscifo'lia (tamarisk-leaved). April. Le- 
 
 vant. 
 
 versi'color (many-coloured). May. Britain. 
 
 vi'rens (green). 20 May. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 20. April. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). 30. May. N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 xanthoxyloi'des (achee-tree-like). North of 
 
 India. 1845. 
 
 FREE- STONE peaches and nectarinps 
 are those with fruit, the flesh of which 
 parts fi-eely from the stone. 
 
 FREEZING. See FROST. 
 
 FREZIE'RA. (Named after A. F. Fre- 
 zier,& French traveller in South America, 
 Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstrb'miacea j ,]. 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Lettsomia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, with the habit of 
 a Laurel. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sandy soil, in heat, under a hand-light; lumpy 
 peat and fibry loam, Vi'ith a little sand. Summer 
 temp.. 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 58. 
 F. theoi'des (tea-like). 4. White. September. 
 Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 FRENCH BEAN. See KIDNEY BEAN, 
 FRENCH MARIGOLD. Taye'tes pa' tula. 
 FRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Fries, of 
 Lund. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tilia- 
 ceae]. ll-Dodecandria 1-Monog-ynia. Al- 
 lied to Elffiocarpus.) 
 
 A fit plant for training against a conservatory 
 wall. Cuttings of young shoots, rather firm, in 
 sand, under a glass, in April; turfy loam and 
 fibrv neat, with a little sand. Winter temp., 38 C 
 to 46. 
 
 F. pedunculn'ritt (peduncled). 0. White. Van 
 Diemen's Land. 1818. 
 
 FRINGE-TREE. Chiona'nthus. 
 
 FRITILLA'RIA. Fritillary. (From fri- 
 tilluS) a chess-board ; referring to the 
 chequered flowers of some species. Nat. 
 ord., Lilyionrts [Liliacese]. Hardy hnlhs, 
 in close affinity with the true Lilies. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandrla \-Monogynia.) 
 
FRI 
 
 3GJ 
 
 F a'lba (white. American). 1. White. May. 
 N. Afner. 
 
 cu'prea (copper-coloured). l. Copper. July. 
 
 Mexico. 18:i4. 
 
 imperiii'lis (mnim-imperial). 4. Dark yellow. 
 
 April. Persia. 1596 
 
 flu'aa (yellow -flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 April. Persia. I5g6. 
 
 ru'bra, (red-flowered). 4. Red. April. 
 
 Persia. 1596. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). Yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Kotschya'na (Kotscby's). . April. Hazart- 
 
 schall. 1844. 
 
 lunceola'tn (spear-head-/eaJ). }. Dark 
 
 purple. May. Kamtschatka. 1/59. 
 
 latifo'Ha (broad-leaved). 1. Ked. May. Cau- 
 
 casus. lt>!>4. 
 
 leuca'nthn (white-flowered. Russian). 1. 
 
 White. May. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Spanish). 1. Brown, purple. 
 
 June. Spain. 1825. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1 . Yellow. May. 
 
 Caucasus. 1812. 
 
 melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Purple. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 meleagroi'des (meleagris-like). 1. Purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Messane'nsis (Messina). 1. Brown, purple. 
 
 June. Italy. 1825. 
 
 mi'tior (smaller). l. Purple-spotted. April. 
 
 Altai Mountains. 18HO. 
 
 nervo's'i (nerved- leaved). 1$. Dark purple. 
 
 May. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 ni'gra (black). 1. Yellow. Purple. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1596. 
 
 obli'qua (txiste A- leaved). 1. Brown, purple. 
 
 April. Caucasus. 
 
 oxype'tula (sharp-petaled). 1$. Purple. June. 
 
 Pindari. 
 
 Pc'rsic t. ( Persian). 1|. Brown. May. Persia. 
 
 i ^e. 
 
 mi'nima (least. Persian). J. Brown. May. 
 
 Persia. 1596. 
 
 prce'cox (early-white). 1. White. May. Europe. 
 
 pudi'ca (chaste). 1. Purple, yeliow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). !. Dark purple. 
 
 June. Spain. 1605. 
 
 Ruthe'nica (Russian). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 tene'lla (slender). 1. Purple. May. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1826. 
 
 tulipifo'lia (tulip-leaved). 1. Brown, purple. 
 
 May. Crimea. 1822. 
 
 verticil/a' ta (whorlt-d). 1. Purple. April. 
 
 Crimea. 1823. 
 
 FRITILLARY AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. 
 Propagation : by Offsets. The offsets are 
 produced round the old bulbs; these 
 should be detached every third year when 
 the bulbs are taken up, and be planted in 
 a bed of light, rich earth, each variety by 
 itself, where they may remain till they 
 are large enough to flower. Then take 
 them up, and plant them in October, 
 either in 5i-inch pots, three or four bulbs 
 in a pot, or plant them in patches near 
 the front of the mixed flower-border. 
 The above remarks apply only to the 
 smaller kinds of Fritilla'ria. The noble 
 
 F. imperia'lis, when the bulbs attain a 
 certain size, produces two flower-stems, 
 and each stem perfects a bulb. They 
 may then be taken up, divided, and re- 
 planted. This species, on account of 
 flowering early, may be planted when 
 divided into beds in the grouped flower- 
 garden, which they will highly ornament, 
 and will die down early enough to be 
 succeeded by summer flowers. This 
 species is too large for pots. 
 
 Soil. The Crown Imperial, with its 
 varieties, should be planted in a deep, 
 rich soil, well drained. If the soil is nut 
 rich, it must be made so by the addition 
 of a good dressing of well-decomposed 
 manure. The stems send out, just above 
 the bulbs, alarge number of young strong 
 shoots. The plants will be benefited in 
 that stage by a top-dressing of very de- 
 cayed dung placed close to the stems. 
 
 If the smaller species be cultivated in 
 pots, the proper soil for them will be a 
 compost of turfy loam, peat, and vegetable 
 mould, in equal parts. 
 
 Growing Season. All the smaller kinds 
 of the Fritillary will flower beautifully in 
 pots. Pot them in October in 5^-incli 
 pots, four bulbs in each, in a light, rich 
 compost. Plunge the pots in coal-ashes 
 in a bed, and protect them through the 
 winter with hoops and mats. There they 
 may remain till they flower, and then be 
 removed into the greenhouse. When in- 
 tended to bloom in the open ground, plant 
 them in patches in the mixed flower- 
 border. 
 
 Hesting Season. As soon as the bloom- 
 ing season is over and the leaves decayed, 
 take the bulbs up, and keep them in a 
 cool, rather moist place, till the season 
 for planting arrives again. 
 
 FROG ORCHIS. Gymnade'nia vi'ridis. 
 
 FROST. If a plant be frozen, (and 
 though some defy the attacks oi frost, 
 others are very liable to its fatal influence, ) 
 death is brought upon them as it is in 
 the animal frame, by a complete breaking 
 down of their tissue ; their vessels are 
 ruptured, and putrefaction follows. 
 
 The following contingencies render a 
 plant especially liable to be frozen : 
 
 First. Moisture renders a plant sus- 
 ceptible of cold. Every gardener knows 
 this. If the air of his greenhouse bo 
 dry, the plants within may be submitted 
 to a temperarure of 32 without injury-, 
 provided the return to a higher tempera- 
 ture be gradual. 
 
FRO 
 
 C 801 ] 
 
 FLU 
 
 Secondly. Gradual decrements of 
 temperature are scarcely felt. A myrtle 
 may be forced and subsequently passed 
 to the conservatory, to the cold-pit, and 
 even thence to an open border, if in the 
 south of England, without enduring any 
 injury from the cold of winter; but it 
 would be killed if passed at once from 
 the hothouse to the border. 
 
 Thirdly. The wore saline are the 
 juices of a plant, the less liable are they 
 to congelation by frost. Salt preserves 
 vegetables from injury by sudden transi- 
 tions in the temperature of the atmo- 
 sphere. That salted soil freezes with 
 more reluctance than before the salt is 
 applied, is well known, and that crops of 
 turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, &c., are 
 similarly preserved, is equally well estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Fourthly. Absence of motion enables 
 plants to endure a lower degree of 
 temperature.. Water may be cooled down 
 to below 32 without freezing; but it 
 solidifies the moment it is agitated. 
 
 The seeds of some plants are benefited 
 by being frozen, for those of the rose and 
 the hawthorn never germinate so freely 
 as after being subjected to the winter 
 frosts. 
 
 Freezing is beneficial to soils, not only 
 by destroying vermin within its bosom, 
 but by aiding the atmosphere to pervade 
 its texture, which texture is also rendered 
 much more friable by the frost. A soil 
 in our climate is rarely frozen to a depth 
 of more than four inches, and in ex- 
 tremely hard winters it does not penetrate 
 more than six inches in light soils, and 
 ten inches in those that contain more 
 clay, or an excess of moisture. 
 
 If a plant be frozen, dip it into the 
 coldest water, or syringe it, and put it 
 into a dark, cold cellar, so that it may 
 thaw gradually. 
 
 FROST, DEGREES OF. When a gardener 
 uses this phrase, he means degrees oi 
 cold below 32, the freezing point of 
 water. 
 
 FROTH-FLY. See TETTIGONIA. 
 FRUIT-ROOM. Fruit for storing should 
 be gathered before it is quite mature ; 
 for the ripening process, the formation 
 of sugar, with its attendant exhalation o* 
 carbonic acid and water, goes on as well 
 in the fruit-room as in the open air at the 
 season when the functions of the leaves 
 have ceased, and the fruit no longer en- 
 larges. In gathering fruit, every care 
 
 should be adopted to avoid bruising ; nnrt, 
 to this end, in the case of apples, pear*, 
 quinces, and medlars, let the gathering 
 aasket be lined throughout with sacking, 
 and let the contents of each basket be 
 carried at once to a floor covered with 
 sand, and taken out one by one, not 
 poured out, as is too usual, into a basket, 
 and then again from this into a heap ; for 
 this systematic mode of inflicting small 
 bruises is sure to usher in decay, inas- 
 much as that it bursts the divisional 
 membranes of the cells containing the 
 juice, and this being extravasated, 
 speedily passes from the stage of spi- 
 rituous fermentation to that of putre- 
 faction. To avoid this is the principal 
 object of fruit storing, whilst, at the same 
 time, it is necessary that the fruit shall be 
 kept firm and juicy. Now it so happens 
 that the means required to secure the 
 one also effects the other. 
 
 The following, we think, will be found 
 safe principles to guide the inexpe- 
 rienced: 
 
 Site. A. somewhat low level, with a 
 sub-soil, perfectly dry, or rendered so. 
 We have said low, because we feel as- 
 sured that by keeping the floor, if pos- 
 sible, even a little below the ground 
 level, less fluctuation of temperature will 
 be experienced. Sooner, however, than 
 be liable to much damp, we would go as 
 much above the level as is necessary in 
 order to avoid it. Concrete should be 
 used for the flooring, and a portion of the 
 foundation walls done in cement, to pre- 
 vent the transmission of damp upwards 
 by capillary attraction. The rats and 
 mice are great annoyances; the cement 
 and concrete would keep them at arm's 
 length. A preventive drainage may he 
 applied also round the exterior, if the 
 locality be clamp. 
 
 Aspect. An easterly or northerly 
 one ; any point but south or south-west. 
 
 Frost. The house to be rendered per- 
 fectly secure against this. We would 
 never have the general store-room sink 
 below forty or rise above fifty degrees. 
 To create an artificial warmth, and 
 merely to keep out the cold, or rather, to 
 procure, as much as possible, the amount 
 of warmth which the interior possesses, 
 are two very different affairs. The pre- 
 servation of the natural interior warmth 
 in winter is best effected by double walls, 
 possessing a cavity of some three inches 
 in v/idth. The power of what are termed 
 
FEU 
 
 f 362 ] 
 
 FUG 
 
 hollow walls, as non-conductors of heat, 
 is well known. Neither can exterior 
 damps be readily transmitted ; and, more- 
 over, such are cooler in summer; for the 
 sluggish agency of such walls in trans- 
 mitting heat is as much in keeping out 
 summer heats as the colds of winter. If 
 the roof is an exterior one, it should 
 either be double, or other means taken 
 to keep out the summer heat. 
 
 Air. The power of thorough ventila- 
 tion when necessary, and equally the 
 power of rendering it almost hermeti- 
 cally sealed is necessary. Of course, a 
 very liberal ventilation is needed when 
 much fruit is housed in the autumn. 
 There should, therefore, be a special pro- 
 vision for both the egress of moisture, 
 and for tbe ingress of fresh and dry air. 
 The higher the level at which the latter 
 enters, the brisker will, in general, be the 
 circulation. 
 
 Liyht. Windows to admit light, of 
 course, for the sake of operations in the 
 room; generally speaking, however, a 
 fruit-room cannot be kept too dark. Most 
 good practitioners agree in the necessity 
 of excluding light as much as possible. 
 Scientific men say, that the surface skin 
 of fruits perspires exactly as the surface 
 of leaves, and that light is a prime 
 agent in inducing such perspiration : 
 hence, heat and light are conjoint causes 
 of shrivelling. Tbe windows or other 
 apertures, therefore, must he provided 
 with close-fitting shutters, and these 
 should be double, even as the walls. 
 During severe weather, mats enclosing 
 hay may be fastened over the exterior. 
 
 As to artificial heat, we think every 
 good general fruit store-room should 
 open into a small closet, which should 
 be so fitted up as to produce an artificial 
 warmth when necessary. If adjoining a 
 mushroom-house on the one side, or any 
 place where a surplus of heat was avail- 
 able, such would be readily accom- 
 plished without extra expense in fuel. 
 Some persons have advocated the placing 
 piping to convey heat inside the cavity 
 of the exterior walls : this sounds some- 
 what philosophical, inasmuch as in such 
 a situation, with a slight amount of con- 
 trollable ventilation, the non-conducting 
 cavities might be kept dry and warm. 
 The situation of pipes or other appa- 
 ratus, however, should depend on the ar- 
 rangement made for the fruit ; the heat- 
 ing source, pipes, &c., being as far re 
 
 moved from them as possible, and cer- 
 tainly not immediately beneath them. 
 Such a little closet might possess merely 
 a stand for drawers down the centre; 
 which stand should be an exact counter- 
 part of a stand in the centre of the ge- 
 neral store-room ; and the best pears, or 
 other tender fruits, being placed in par- 
 cels in the general store, might be re- 
 moved in portions to this ripening room, 
 a whole drawer at once, without moving 
 the fruit. 
 
 FU'CHSIA. (Named after Leonard Fuchs, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Onayrads 
 [Onagracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia.} 
 
 When gardeners discover the way to improve 
 the size and flavour of fruits, we cannot doubt 
 but that those of the Fuchsia and Cactus will be 
 among the first novelties in the dessert. 
 F. alpe'stris (mountain). 20. Crimson. August. 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 ape'tala (no-petaled). 10. Purple. September. 
 
 Chili. 1824. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 16. Pink. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 bacilla'ris (rod- branched). 5. Rose. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1829. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Chili. 1788. 
 
 co'nica (conical). 4. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Chili. 1825. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 5. Orange. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 corymMflo'ra (cluster-fleered). 6. Scarlet. 
 
 August. Peru. 1840- 
 
 cylindra'cea (cylindrical-.tfotyererf). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 August. Demerara. 1S37. 
 
 denticula'ta (toothed). Crimson. August. Brazil. 
 
 depe'ndens (pendent-flowered) . 4. Crimson. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1848. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. Purple, red. Au- 
 
 gust. Port Famine. 1830. 
 
 excortica'ta (barked). 3. Green, purple. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 1824. 
 
 fu'lgens' (glowing). 4. Vermilion. July. 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 8. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Chili. 1823. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Scarlet, 
 
 purple. August. Chili. 1824. 
 
 integrifo'lia (whole - leaved), lied. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). 2. Red. April. 
 
 Peru. 1845. 
 
 macroste'mon (long-stamened). 3. Scarlet, 
 
 purple. July. Chili. 1823. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. Scarlet, purple. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1 828. 
 
 ni'gricans (dark). Dark crimson. Venezuela. 
 
 1848. 
 
 ra'dicuns (rooting). 20. Scarlet. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-edge-leaved). 5. Scarlet, 
 
 green. August. Peru. 1844. 
 
 simplicicau'lis (simple-stemmed). Crimson. 
 
 July. Brazil. 
 
 specta'liilis (showy). 4. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Andes of Cuenca. 1847. 
 
 splc'ndens (splendid). 6. Scarlet, green. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1841. 
 
FUG 
 
 [ 363 ] 
 
 FUC 
 
 F, te.nt'lla (delicate). 8. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 Chili. 1824. 
 
 tetrada'ctyla (four-fingered-.s^<a). 2. Rose. 
 
 July. Guatima'a. 1842. 
 
 triphy'Ua (three-leaved). Crimson. September. 
 
 Pichinchia. 1842. 
 
 venu'sta (beautiful). 6. Purple. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 4. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 FUCHSIA CULTURE. Propagation: by 
 Cuttings. The best time for this is in 
 February and March. The plants require 
 a little heat to stimulate them into growth. 
 The best kinds of cuttings are the young 
 siioots taken off close to the old wood as 
 soon as they are an inch long. Fill a suf- 
 ficient number of 5 -inch pots with a 
 compost of loam and leaf-mould, in equal 
 parts, to within an inch of the top ; till 
 the remaining space up with silver sand ; 
 water it gently to make it firm, then put 
 in the cuttings after trimming off the 
 lower leaves, give another gentle water- 
 ing, and place them in a mild hotbed, 
 or in a propagating house. If in the 
 latter, place hand-glasses over them. 
 The cuttings will soon strike root, and 
 should then be potted off into the 
 smallest pots ; shade them from theun 
 for a time, and then repot them into pots 
 two sizes larger. 
 
 By Seed. They are as easily raised 
 from seeds as by cuttings. The object 
 of raising them in this way is not so 
 much to increase the plants as to raise 
 improved varieties. There are two di 
 visions, in regard to colour, that should 
 be aimed at light and dark varieties, 
 and the colours in each ought to be well 
 defined. The light ones should have the 
 sepals pure white, and the corolla rich 
 purple. Size is also a necessary quality, 
 and a good form is also indispensable. 
 The sepals should be stout and broad 
 and well reflexed ; that is, turned up- 
 wards, to show off the corolla to the 
 greatest advantage. The corolla should 
 be large, and protrude boldly out from 
 the sepals. It should be round and cup- 
 shaped. The flower-stalk should be not 
 less than three inches long, which wil 
 allow the flower to hang down gracefully 
 The flowers should be produced abun 
 dantly, and the foliage not too large 01 
 coarse. The same points should appear 
 in the dark varieties, except the colour 
 of the sepals, which should be of th 
 brightest scarlet or crimson. Though a 
 fine self-coloured flower, with every gooc 
 point, is not to be despised, yet a purple 
 
 corolla, with the scarlet or dark crimsoa 
 ubp, all other points being present, is 
 .he perfection of a good claik Fuchsia. 
 
 Suviny ike Seed. Any variety possess- 
 ng one or more of the above qualities, 
 Torm being indispensable) is one to save 
 seed from. Supposing a fine-shaped 
 lower, with a tolerably pure white tube, 
 deficient in a good corolla of the 
 right form and colour; then take the 
 aollen of a variety that has a good corolla, 
 ind apply it to the stigma of the one with 
 a good tube and sepals, and save the 
 seed. The same principle must be Jbl- 
 Lowed to improve the dark varieties. 
 When the seed is ripe, gather the berries, 
 crush them with the fingers, and wash 
 away all the pulp ; then spread the seed 
 on a sheet of paper, and expose it to the 
 sun till it is dry. Then put it up in 
 brown paper, and store it away till March ; 
 sow it then in shallow pots, potting off 
 the plants as soon as they can be handled, 
 and grow them on till they flower. Seed- 
 lings will flower in 4-inch pots, so that a 
 great number of them may be grown in a 
 small space. As soon as they flower, 
 choose such as have good points ; and 
 give them a good shift into larger pots. 
 
 Summer Culture. Pot the old plants 
 early in the spring. Commence by shak- 
 ing off the greater part of the old soil, 
 reducing the roots and trimming in the 
 branches, so as to leave them in a pyra- 
 midal form ; pot in the proper soil, and 
 place them in a heat of 55 by day, and 
 50 by night. Water moderately, and 
 syringe overhead frequently. When the 
 plants are freely growing, give weak 
 liquid-manure every other time. Young 
 plants should have a good shift from 
 5-inch to 8-inch pots. The tops should 
 be nipped off, to force out the lower 
 branches, the great object being the 
 pyramidal form. One of the upper shoots 
 should be removed as soon as the lower 
 ones have pushed a few inches, and the 
 other tied to a stick, to be again stopped 
 when it has advanced about a foot. Pro- 
 ceed in this way, with both old and new 
 plants, till the desired height is attained. 
 The side-shoots, if not sufficiently nume- 
 rous, should be stopped also, to cause 
 the right number of side branches to be 
 produced. The potting should finish in 
 12-inch pots, which are sufficiently large 
 to make fine plants fit for the exhibition 
 tables. 
 
 Winter Culture. As soon as the bloom 
 
FUG 
 
 L 301 ] 
 
 FUE 
 
 is over set the young plants out of doors 
 in some open place in the garden. The 
 older plants may either be thrown away 
 or be planted out in the borders, it noi 
 being worth while to keep them the thirc 
 year. When the frost begins to appear 
 take the plants undercover, either under 
 the stage of the greenhouse, or in a back 
 shed, or even a cellar, where the severe 
 frost cannot reach them ; here they may 
 remain without water till the potting 
 time comes round again. 
 
 Soil. Mellow, strong, yellow loam one- 
 half, well - decomposed hotbed manure 
 one-quarter, and one year old decayed 
 tree leaves one quarter, all thoroughly 
 mixed, will form a suitable compost. 
 
 Insects. The green fly and red spider 
 are very apt to find their way to the 
 young shoots. See APHIS and ACABUS. 
 
 Open Border Culture. The whole of 
 those having the habit of the old coc- 
 ci'nea, virya'ta, co'tiica, gra'cilis, globo'sa, 
 &c., are well-fitted for flower-garden, pur- 
 poses ; requiring no attention but cutting 
 them down after the first frost, and cover- 
 ing the stools with moss, coal-ashes, or 
 other litter, to exclude the frost, removing 
 it in April, and thinning the shoots in 
 May. When it is desirable to keep such 
 kinds as coccl'nea as dwarf as globo'sa, 
 raising the plants out of the ground in 
 May, and shaking the soil from them 
 before transplanting them, will be effec- 
 tual. This, also, furnishes a good means 
 for increasing the stock. Good stout 
 cuttings of the stems, planted at the 
 end of October, in the open ground, will 
 furnish nice little plants in spring, if the 
 ground is covered with moss or litter ; 
 for though what is above ground will be 
 killed, what is below the moss will be 
 safe. Those like fu'lgens in their habit 
 must be kept dry if left out ; it is better 
 to take them up, and house them in a 
 shed where frost will not reach them. 
 Standards of any kinds for the lawn may 
 be thus inserted in dry earth in a shed, 
 and transplanted again in April or May. 
 Most of the hybrids will stand the winter 
 in the open garden, and push strongly 
 in the spring, if, in addition to being 
 kept from frost, they are also kept'dvy. 
 Though thus able to endure cold, they will, 
 also, stand a high temperature and a 
 moist atmosphere when growing, and, in 
 these circumstances, grow with great 
 rapidity. F. cnrymbiflo'ra must have the 
 wood well ripened, and not be pruned too 
 
 close. Specta'liJis and serratifo' lia are 
 late blowers, and must be treated accord- 
 ingly. All sorts in pots look best trained 
 to a simple stern. 
 
 FUEL is no small item in the annual 
 expenditure of the stove, greenhouse, 
 and conservatory departments, and there- 
 fore deserves consideration. The cheap- 
 est of all fuel is the breeze, or small coke, 
 procurable at gas-works. 
 
 The heating qualities of the different 
 coals known in Great Britain are in the 
 following proportions : 
 
 Scotch Cannel - - - - 199 
 
 Lancashire Wigan - - - - lyt) 
 
 Yorkshire Cannel - - - - 138 
 
 Newcastle (best Wallsend)- - - lf>9 
 
 Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean) - lOrf 
 
 Welsh (common) 25 
 
 Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal cost 
 19s., when the Gloucestershire could be 
 had for 10s. per chaldron, the latter 
 would be no cheaper ; for the heating 
 powers of the first are as 199 to 108 of 
 the latter. In other words, 108 chaldrons 
 of Scotch would afford as much heat as 
 199 chaldrons of Staffordshire. 
 
 The following are the quantities of the 
 fuels named required to heat eight gallons 
 of water, from 52 to 112. 
 
 lb. 
 
 Caking coals- - -1.2 
 Splint or hard coal - - -\o,o 
 Cannel Coal ..... f-*** 
 Cherry or soft coal - - - - 1.5 
 Wood of lime - - - - 3.10 
 
 - beech - - - - 3.16 
 
 - - elm .... 3.62 
 
 - oak (chips) - - - 4.20 
 
 - ash .... 3.50 
 
 - - maple - - - - 3.00 
 
 - . service - 3. 
 
 cherry 
 fir 
 
 poplar 
 hornbeam 
 
 3. -20 
 3.52 
 - 3.10 
 3.37 
 
 Peat (average, not compressed) - 76 
 Charcoal of wood - - - - J .52 
 peat - - 3.28 
 
 It is essential to good and profitable 
 uel that it should be free from moisture ; 
 for unless it be dry, much of the heat 
 which it generates is consumed in con- 
 erting that moisture into vapour : he.nce 
 the superior value of old dense, dry wood, 
 to that which is porous and damp. A 
 >ound of dry will heat thirty-five pounds 
 )f water from 32 to 212; but a pound 
 )f the same wood in a moist or fresh 
 itate will not similarly heat more thaa 
 wenty-five pounds. The value, therefore, 
 >f different woods for fuel is nearly iu- 
 'ersely, as their moisture ; and this may 
 >e readily ascertained by finding how 
 
FUG 
 
 [ 305 ] 
 
 G.ER 
 
 much a pound weight of the shavings of 
 ecah loses by drying during two hours, 
 at a temperature of 212. 
 
 FUGO'SIA. (Named after Bernard 
 Cien-Fuegos, a Spanish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceeej. Linn., 
 \Q-Monadelphia Q-Polyandria. Allied to 
 Malvaviscus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttinssof the points 
 of shoots in April or May, in sand, under a hell- 
 glass, and placed in a mild bottom heat ; peat 
 and loam, with a little silver sand. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75; winter, 45 to 55. 
 F. Hakecefo'lia (Hakea-leaved). 5. Lilac, red. 
 August. Swan River. 1846. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow, red. 
 
 August. St. Martha. 1845. 
 
 FULL-FLOWER. See DOUBLE-FLOWER. 
 
 FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. (From fumos, 
 smoke; referring to the disagreeable 
 smell of the plant. Nat. ord., Fumeworts 
 [Furnariacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 2- 
 Hexnndria. Allied to Corydalis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. If once sown in March or 
 April, on rock- work, or undisturbed banks, they 
 will sow themselves annually, and maintain 
 themselves without care or trouble. 
 F. capreola'ta (tendriled). 4. Flesh. July. 
 Europe. Climber. 
 
 Burc/te'llii (Burchell's). 4. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 1%, White. 
 
 August. Corsica. 1836. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 3. Flesh. July. Britain. 
 
 FUMIGATING is employed for the de- 
 struction of certain insects ; the inhaled 
 vapour or smoke arising from some sub- 
 stances being fatal to them. Tobacco is 
 the usual substance employed ; and it 
 may be ignited, and the smoke impelled 
 upon the insect by bellows; or the ignited 
 tobacco may be placed under a box, or 
 within a frame, together with the affected 
 plant. The vapour of spirit of turpentine 
 is destructive to the scale and other in- 
 sects, employed in this mode. Mr. Mills 
 has stated the following as the best mode 
 of fumigating with tobacco. According 
 to the size of the place to be fumigated, 
 one or more pieces of cast iron, one inch 
 thick, and three inches over, are made 
 red hot (pieces of old tiles, such as are 
 used for covering smoke flues, would pro- 
 bably answer equally well) ; one of these 
 is placed in a twenty-four sized pot, on 
 which is put the quantity of tobacco con- 
 sidered necessary to charge the structure 
 with Asmoke sufficient to destroy insect 
 life. To fumigate an ordinary sized eight- 
 light house, use three heaters, and three 
 twenty-four sized pot*, which are best I 
 placed on the front flue or walk; on* 
 
 pound of strong tobacco is put on the 
 three heaters in equal parts, and this is 
 found sufficient to fill the house, so as to 
 destroy all the kinds of insects that perish 
 by fumigation. The system bas these 
 advantages: the tobacco is so quickly 
 consumed, that the house is completely 
 filled in a very short time, and but little 
 smoke can escape before the insects are 
 destroyed ; the pure heat from the iron 
 heaters prevents injury from gas, and as 
 no blowing is required there is no dust, 
 it being only necessary to put the tobacco 
 on the heaters and leave the house. A 
 better mode is to soak the tobacco in a 
 strong solution of saltpetre, and when, 
 dry to ignite it. The combustion is so 
 complete and instantaneous that a smaller 
 quantity is sufficient. The best of all 
 instruments for fumigating with tobacco 
 is Browns Fumlgator. 
 
 To fumigate with sulphur , paint the 
 hot-water pipes with some sulphur mixed 
 with whitewash; or put this mixtuie 
 against the side of the flue furthest from 
 the furnace ; or put some sulphur on a 
 hot-water plate, and keep the water iu 
 this boiling by means of a lamp. 
 
 FUMITORY. Fuma'ria. 
 
 FU'NKIA. (After H. Funk, a German 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Lilt/worts [ Liliacest j . 
 Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Munogyiiia. Allied 
 to Hymerocallis.) 
 
 Hurdy herbaceous perennials, from Japan ; 
 dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a dry situa- 
 tion . 
 
 F. u'lbo-margina'tn (white-margined). 1$. Lilac. 
 July. 1837. 
 
 lanceafu'lia (spear-head-leaved). 1. Lilac. 
 
 August. 1829. 
 
 ova'tn (epg- leaned). 1%. Blue. Mav. 17C!0. 
 
 Sitboldia'na CSiebuld's). I. Lilac. Jun'. )83<>. 
 
 sultcorda'ta (slightlv-heart-/6'aed). 1. W hit- . 
 
 August. 1790. 
 
 undulu'ta (\VA\ed-leavecl'), 1. Lilac. August. 
 
 1834. 
 
 variegu'tu (variegated). 1. Lilac. August. 1834. 
 
 FURCIUE'A. A mistaken name for 
 Foxrcro'ya. 
 FURZE. U'lex. 
 FUSTIC, Maclu'ra tincto'ria. 
 
 G. 
 
 GJE'RTNETU. (Named after Dr. Gart- 
 ner, a celebrated botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Loganiads [Logauiacca?]. Linn., lO-Zte- 
 candria L-Motwyynia. Allied toLogania. ) 
 
 All Loganiads are to be suspected, as no order 
 is more venomous. Stove evergreen twiner* ; 
 cutting* of linn young shoots in April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat anl 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 76; waiter, 4t> tu 
 
GAG 
 
 [ 366 ] 
 
 GAL 
 
 G. cltusifn'Ha (blunt-leaved). 20. White. China. 
 
 1810. 
 ~-rucemo'sa (raceraed). 15. White, yellow. 
 
 April. E. Ind. 1793. 
 
 GA'GEA. (Named after Sir Thomas 
 Gape. Nat. ord., LUyioorts [Liliaceae]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to the Tulip.) 
 
 All hardy little yellow-flowering bulbs. They 
 chould occupy the front row of a light-soiled 
 border, like Crocuses ; offsets in spring or autumu. 
 E. Bohefmica (Bohemian). . April. Bohemia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Iracte.nla'ris (small-bracted). . April. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). May. Tauria. 1829. 
 ~ chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). . April. Si- 
 beria. 1819. 
 
 circina'ta (rounded). . May. Siberia. 1789. 
 
 fa&cicula'ris (bundle-flowered). J. April. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 
 elau'ca (milky-green). J. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1825. 
 
 Liota'rdi (Liotard's). May. South Europe. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Podo'lica (Podolian). May. Podolia. 1827. 
 '-pusi'lla (small). J. April. Bohemia. 1825. 
 
 pygmce'a (pigmy), . April. Spain. 1825. 
 
 sero'tina. (late). . June. Wales. 
 
 spathu'cea (sheathed). . May. Germany. 1759- 
 
 stella'ris (starrv). . May. Sweden. 1759- 
 
 Stei"nbe'rgii (Sternberg's). $. May. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1828. 
 
 striu'ta (streaked). . July. Europe. 1826. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). . April. Europe. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). . May. Siberia. 1781- 
 
 vilio'sa (shaggy). . April. Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 GAGNEBI'NA. (Probably the native 
 name of one of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 JO-Dtcawrfria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Mimosa.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from Mauritius. Seeds in 
 hotbed, in spring, after being moistened for 
 F-everai hours in warm water; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, in April, under a bell- 
 pla&s, and in mild bottom-heat; peat and loam, 
 both turfy and fibry. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 G. axilla'ris (axillary). 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 -- tamari'scina (tamarisk-like). 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 GAILLA'RDIA. (Named after M. Gail- 
 lard, a French patron of botany. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.) 
 
 This, like many other composite genera, is in- 
 clined to sport from seeds, and, therefore, may 
 he expected to yield double flowers some day. 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, with the exception of 
 corona'ta, which requires a cold pit in winter. 
 In cold, damp situations, cuttings of bi'color and 
 pi'cta may also be saved in a similar manner. 
 Cuttings under a hand-light in summer, and divi- 
 sion of the root in spring ; sandy loam. 
 G. aritta'ta (awned). 1. Orange. August. N. 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 177. 
 
 corona'tu (crowned). Bed, brown. July. 
 
 3 Drummr/ndii intege'rrima (Drummonn's 
 vi\\o\Q-leavtd). 2. Carnation, yellow. 
 August. Louisiana. 1833. 
 
 pi' eta (painted). Yellow. August. Louisiana. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Richardso'ni (Richardson's). Ij. Orange. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 GALA'CTIA. (From gala, milk ; in re- 
 ference to the milky juice of some of 
 the species. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia 4- 
 Decandria. Allied to Glycine.) 
 
 Deciduous, by division of the plant, and gro%vn 
 n sandy loarn. Stove, by cuttings of short, 
 stubby side-shoots in sanrl, m April, under a bell- 
 glass, and plunged in a hotbed ; sandy loam ami 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 
 55. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS. 
 G. glabe'lla (smoothish). 3. Purple. July. N. 
 Amer. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 STOVE EVEHGREEN TWINERS. 
 G. Cube'nsis (Cuban^. Rose. July. Cuba. 1825. 
 
 pe'ndula (pendulous). 6. Red. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1794. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 6. July. Bourbon. 1824. 
 
 GALACTI'TES. (From gala, milk ; re- 
 ferring to the juice and to the milk-white 
 veins on the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., W-Syntjenesia 3- 
 Frustranea. Allied to Silybum.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, requiring to be sown in the 
 flower-borders in March or April. 
 G. austra'lis (southern). 1. Purple. July. N. 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). l. Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1738. 
 
 GALACTODE'NDRON. Cow- tree. (From 
 gala, milk, and dendron, a tree. We in- 
 troduce this name as being in common, 
 use ; but the true name of the Cow-tree 
 is Bro'simum u'tile, to which refer. ) 
 
 GALANGALE. KtEmpfe'ria. 
 
 GALA'NTHUS. Snowdrop. (From gain, 
 milk, and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria l-JIfonoffynid.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Offsets ; division of masses of 
 bulbs ; common garden-soil ; should be lifted 
 every four cr five years. 
 
 G. nivu'li? (common. Snow). . White. Fe- 
 bruary. Britain. 
 
 plica'tus (plaited). . White. February. 
 
 Crimea. 1818. 
 
 refle'xus (bent-back-/>e?ated). White, green. 
 
 Mount Gargarius. 1814. 
 
 GALATE'LLA. (A diminutive of gat<i, 
 milk, literally, milky ; Deferring to the 
 colour of the leaves. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracese]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 
 3-Fnistranea. Allied to Aster.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division in spring j com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
GAL 
 
 [ 367 ] 
 
 GAL 
 
 G.puncta'ta (dotted-tew<?rf). 2j. Violet, yel- 
 low. August. Hungary. 1815. 
 
 GA'LAX. (From gala, milk; referring 
 to the milk-white flowers. Nat. ord., Win- 
 tergreens [Pyrolaceze]. Linn., 5-Penlan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pyrola.) 
 
 Little bog-earth plants. Divisions in spring ; 
 rruist, sandy peat ; may be treated as an alpiue, 
 as it is subject to casualties in the border. 
 G. aphy'lla (leafless). $. White. July. N. 
 Amer. 1/86. 
 
 GALA'XIA. (Fromgalaklido^to abound 
 in milk; referring to the juice. Nat. 
 ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona- 
 delphial-Triandria. Alliedto Patersonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Offsets ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. In 
 a state of rest keep in the greenhouse or cold pit. 
 If planted in a sheltered place, out of doors, the 
 roots must be protected from frost. 
 G. grami'nea (grass-leaved). $. Light yellow. 
 July. 1/95. 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). . Dark yellow. 
 
 July. 1/99. 
 
 mucronulu'ris (hard-pointed). $. Purple. 
 
 July. 1799- 
 
 ona'ta (egg-leaved). . Dark yellow. July. 1/99. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). $. Purple. 
 
 July. 1/99. 
 
 GALEA'NDRA. (From galea, a helmet, 
 and rtner, a stamen; referring to the 
 crested male organ on the top of the 
 column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cese] . Linn., 20-Gynandria i-Monandria. 
 Allied to Eulophia. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibry peat, and a 
 little turfy loam, with some broken pots, and 
 pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60 to 85, 
 with moisture ; winter, 48 to 55, and rather dry. 
 G. Bau'eri (Mr. Bauer's). . Pink. August. 
 Guiana. 1840. 
 
 erista'ta (crested-anfAered). Purple. May. 
 
 Cayenne. 1844. 
 
 Devonia'nu (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Purple, 
 
 white. May. S. Amer. 1840. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 2. Green, yellow. May 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 GALE'GA. Goat's Eue. (From gala, 
 milk; referring to an old idea that the 
 herbage was superior for milk-cows, 
 goats, &c. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6- 
 Decandria.} 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials 
 Seeds sown in spring ; division of the plant at 
 the same time ; common soil. 
 G. biMba (two-lobed). 3. Blue. July. 1823. 
 
 officina'lis(shop). 4. Blue. July. Spain. 1568. 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. July. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Blue. July. Levant. 
 
 1801. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian). 2. White. July. Persia.1826 
 lilu'cina (lilac). 3. Lilac. June. Persia 
 
 1830. 
 
 tricolor (three-coloured). 3. Blue. July. 1822 
 
 GALEO'BDOLON. Dead Nettle. (From 
 fjalc, weasel, and bdolos, fcetid ; referring 
 to the strong disagreeable odour of the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip worts 
 [Lamiacese]. Ij.m\.,l4: DidynamiaL-Gym- 
 nospermia.} 
 
 This herbaceous British plant has so long gone 
 by the name Galeobdolon, that we have retailed 
 't ; but it is only a species of Lamium. Dmsiuu 
 n spring ; moist, common soil. 
 G. lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated - leaved). \. 
 
 Yellow. May. 
 
 GALIPE'A. (The Indian name in South 
 America. Nat. ord.. Rue worts [Eutacene]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynla. Allied 
 to Almeidea.) 
 
 The Angostura bark is that of trifolia'ta. Stove 
 evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-elass, in April, and in heat ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to /5 ; win- 
 ter, 48 to 55. 
 
 G. odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 9. White. 
 May. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 4. Green. Guiana. 
 
 1816. 
 
 GA'LIUM. Bed Straw. (From gala, 
 milk ; referring to the flowers of G. 
 ve'rum having been used to curdle milk. 
 Nat. ord., Stellate* [Galiacese]. Linn., 4- 
 Tetrandria i-Monogynia. Allied to Eubia.) 
 
 Few of these plants are interesting to the gar- 
 dener, except to cover rock or root-work. They 
 possess, in a more or less degree, the dyeini? 
 qualities of Madder. Of the following selected 
 species all are herbaceous perennials, except G. 
 suave'olens, which is an annual. Annuals merely 
 require to be sown in the common border, in. 
 March ; and the perennials divided at the same 
 time. 
 
 G. campanula 1 turn (bell- flowered). J. White. 
 June. South Europe. 1821. 
 
 capi'llipes (hairy-stalked). 1. White. Octo- 
 
 ber. Russia. 1838. 
 
 GrtK'Cum (Grecian). . Purple. July. Can- 
 
 dia. 1798. 
 
 - Pe'rsicum (Persian). Yellow. July. Persia. 
 1837. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1831. 
 
 ru'brum (red). 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1597. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July. 
 
 North Europe. 1821. 
 
 Tau'ricurn (Taurian). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. Green. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 GALL is a tumour formed in conse- 
 quence of the part being punctured by an 
 insect, the tumour becoming the nidus 
 of the insect brood. The Oak-apple 
 caused by the Cynips querci is a familiar 
 example ; as, also, are the bunches of 
 leaves, not unlike a rose, on the Eose 
 Willow, and the mossy tufts on the twigs 
 of the Wild Eose, and erroneously called 
 
GAL 
 
 i 368 ] 
 
 GAR 
 
 Hed'-guar. These tufts are caused by the 
 Cynips roste, another species of Gall-fly. 
 
 GALPHI'MIA. (An anagram of Mai 
 pighia, to which it is nearly allied. 
 Nat. ord., Malpiyhiads [Malpighiacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from Mexico, with yellow 
 flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, firm but not 
 too old. in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot- 
 tom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 75; winter, 40 to 55. 
 G fflau'ca (milky-green). 8. 1829- 
 
 glunriulo'm (glanded). April. 1824. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). September. 1824. 
 GAMMA MOTH. Just after sunset, in 
 
 October, and hovering round flowers, 
 rnay be seen this moth (Noctua gamma}. 
 It is called the Gamma Moth, because 
 about the middle of the upper wings, but 
 towards their inner border, there is a 
 silvery shining mark, like the Greek let- 
 ter gamma (7). The shape of this mark 
 has acquired to this insect another name, 
 
 the Y-Moth. The outspread wings are 
 about an inch across; the upper ones 
 grey-coloured, marbled with brown, and 
 shilling ; the under wings pale ash, with 
 a brown edge ; the head and throat 
 brownish, edged with grey lines; the 
 belly, or abdomen, yellowish -grey, tufted 
 with brown hairs. In October they de- 
 posit their eggs ; and it would be an aid 
 to the warfare against them to ascertain 
 what plants they select for this purpose. 
 The eggs hatch at various times from 
 May to September, but chiefly during 
 July. The caterpillars proceeding from 
 them are green, beset with greenish single 
 hairs ; head brownish- green ; on the back 
 and sides three or four yellowish-white 
 lines ; feet twelve in number, and marked 
 with a yellow stripe. These caterpillars 
 commit great ravages, especially in the 
 south of England, upon our peas and 
 other garden vegetables, the best re- 
 medy for which is hand-picking. 
 
 GANGRENE. See CANKER. 
 
 GAKCI'NIA. Mangosteen. (Named 
 afti.-r Dr. Garcia, an eastern traveller. 
 Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusiacese]. Linn., 
 
 ll-Dod>candria l-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Mammea.) 
 
 Of all the fruits in the East, that of G. Man- 
 gosta'na is the most highly extolled by Europeans ; 
 and the Gamboge from Siam is furnished by G. 
 Gumbo 1 gia. Store evergreen trees. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a 
 strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 90, with moist atmosphere ; winter, 
 60 to 65. 
 6. co'rnea (horny). 30. Yellow. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Co'wu (Cowa). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 182-2. 
 
 Gambo'gia (Gamboge). 30. Ye'.low. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Mangosta'na (Mangosteen). 20. Purple. Java. 
 
 1789. 
 
 GARDEN BALSAM. Justi'cia pectora'Hs. 
 
 GARDEN BEETLE. In June and July, 
 a small, pretty beetle very often may be 
 found among the petals of white roses. 
 It is nearly half an inch long, and rather 
 less than a quarter of an inch broad. Its 
 wing-cases are reddish brown, shining, 
 and shorter than the body ; the body and 
 head are dark green, and the antennas 
 reddish, having at their ends a dark green 
 club. This is the garden beetle ( Pkyl- 
 lopertha horticola and Melolontha horlicofa 
 of some). It feeds on the leaves of 
 apples, pears, and roses, gnawing them 
 full of small holes, and even transferring 
 its attacks to the young fruit of the apole. 
 During the latter part of July the female 
 retires into the earth for the purpose of 
 there depositing her eggs, from which the 
 grubs are speedily produced, and feed 
 upon the roots of plants. The only mode 
 of reducing the number of these beetles 
 is by searching for them during the even- 
 ing, when, if detected, they stiffen their 
 outstretched legs, and feign death ; but 
 in the day they fly about swiftly, and are 
 captured with great difficulty. 
 
 GARDEN PEBBLE-MOTH (Scopula for. 
 ficuluris). The perfect insect, says Mr. 
 Curtis, measures rather more than an 
 inch across when its wings are expanded. 
 The upper pair are hazel-coloured, with 
 four stripes, two of which are distinct, 
 and the other faint ; the under wings as 
 well as the body are whitish ; and on the 
 former, near the centre, there is a curved 
 brown streak, and another black on the 
 margin. The first brood of caterpillars 
 occurs in May, and the second in the 
 autumn ; and when very numerous they 
 do considerable injury to cabbages and 
 plantations of horse-radish. The cater- 
 pillar is eight or ten lines long, with the 
 head of a light brown colour, and the 
 body is yellowish green, with black, longi- 
 
GAR 
 
 [ 309 ] 
 
 GAR 
 
 tudinal stripes. Like other caterpillars, 
 it may be destroyed by being dusted with 
 white hellebore powder. 
 
 GARDENER. The day is gone when 
 trie spade arid tlie blue apron were the 
 only appropriate devices for the gardener. 
 He must now not only have a thorough 
 practical knowledge of his art, hut he 
 must also have an intimate acquaintance 
 with its sciences. No man can have 
 stored in his mind too much knowledge ; 
 but there are always some branches of 
 information of more value than others. 
 Of these, to the gardener, there are none 
 so important as botany and chemistry 
 botany, physiological as well as classical 
 chemistry, especially as applied to the ex- 
 amination of organic nature. The rela- 
 tive duties between the gardener and his 
 master are embodied in that universal 
 rule Do as you would be done by. The 
 head gardener is the superior of the 
 valet or butler ; for his education and 
 knowledge are of a higher order. The 
 under gardeners, though necessarily 
 hardy, and the open air is their appro- 
 priate whereabouts, should have work 
 assigned to them suitable to the cle- 
 mency or inclemency of the season; for 
 no men are more liable to suffer early 
 in life from rheumatism. There are two 
 golden sentences which we would have 
 always kept in mind by the gardener : 
 
 1. Let all things be done orderly. 
 
 2. Be always ready to give an account 
 of your stewardship. 
 
 GARDENER'S GARTER. Phalaris. 
 
 GARDE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Garden, 
 an American. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Afonogynia.") 
 
 Sweet-scented evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 saoots half ripe, in sand, under glass, and in a 
 moist bottom-heat. This moist heat, when grow- 
 ing and when starting into bloom, is the very life 
 of all the stove species. Even the greenhouse 
 Mnds do best when pruned after flowering, grown 
 rapidly afterwards ; if in a moist atmosphere from 
 decomposing material, such as dung and leaves, 
 all the better ; hardened off and ripened by ex- 
 posure to light and air in autumn, rested in a cool 
 and dryish atmosphere in winter, and started into 
 bloom in a moist heat again, and then removed to 
 the greenhouse; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 0>r to 85; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 G. ama>.'na (pleasing). 4. Pink. July. China. 
 
 anifustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. 1823. 
 
 fio'rida (flowery). 5. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 China. 1754. 
 Fortu'ni (Fortune's double-flowered'}. 5. 
 
 White. July. North China. 1844. 
 ple'nu (double-lowered). H. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. China. 1754. 
 
 G. flo'rida si'mfilici (s\ng\e.Jiwfred). 5. White. 
 January. K. [ml. 1831. 
 
 globo'x.i (elobe-/n<i7erf). White. June. Caf- 
 
 frftria. 
 
 ra'dicuns (rooting). 1. White. June. China. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Rothmn'nii (Rothman's). 10. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 8. White. July. China. 1SOO, 
 
 Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 6. White. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Cape of Good Hope. 1773. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 G. arma'ta (armed). 10. White. July. W. Ind 
 1813. 
 
 campanula! ta (ladl-flowered) . E. Ind. 1815, 
 
 Dewnia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 6. While. 
 
 September, Sierra Leone. 1845. 
 
 dumeto'rum (thicket). 6. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1777. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 4. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Pale yellow. 
 
 E- Ind. 1/87. 
 
 longisty'la (long-styled). 6. Green, white. 
 
 June. W.Africa. 1845. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 4. White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 meliei'fera (chipper- bearing). 5. Crcaiu 
 
 Sierra Leone- 
 
 m<mta'na (mountain). 8. White. E. Ind. 1R10,, 
 
 ni'tida (shining-teaoerf). 3. White. October. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 
 
 pane'ttfi (pavetta-like). 6. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1817. 
 
 Sherbou' rniee (Mrs. Sherbourne's). 3. White, 
 
 red. Juno. Sierra Leone. 1842. Climber. 
 
 Stanleya'na (Stanley's. Earl of Derby's). 6. 
 
 White, spotted red. June. Sierra Leone. 
 1843. 
 
 GARDENING is the art of cultivating 
 and arranging plants, so as to obtain 
 from them the greatest amount of pro- 
 duce and of beauty. 
 
 GARDEN ROCAMBOLE. A' Ilium ophios- 
 co'rodon. 
 
 GARDEN SWIFT. (Hepialas lupztlnus.) 
 The caterpillar of this moth is more in- 
 discriminate in its attacks upon our plants 
 than any other ravager of the garden. 
 The roots of the auriculas, snowdrops, 
 bear's-ear, parsnips, lettuces, celery, pota- 
 toes, and strawberries, have all been ob- 
 served destroyed by this larva. The 
 mcih, usually, is chalky -brown, head 
 and thorax woolly, and its upper wings 
 dark, bright brown, with a broad line of 
 white ; but sometimes this is absent, and 
 at other times the upper wings are chalky- 
 white. These moths appear about the 
 end of May, and are very abundant in 
 the evening in meadows and other grassy 
 places. They deposit their eggs ap- 
 parently without discrimination, which 
 soon hatch, and the caterpillars produced 
 are cylindrical, and yellowish-white, with 
 black dots and hairs on the upper part 
 and sides of their segments. The cater- 
 pillar changes to an ochreous, shilling, 
 cylindrical pupa. Gard. Chron. 
 
GAR 
 
 C 370 ] 
 
 GAS 
 
 GARDO'QUIA. (Named after Gardoqui, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip- 
 worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., \^-Didynamia 
 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Melissa.) 
 
 Of all the Lipworts, there is not a greenhouse 
 rival to G. Hooke'ri when well grown. Green- 
 house evergreens, except G. betonicui'des, which 
 is herbaceous. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 June, in sand, under a hand-glass ; peat and loam, 
 with a fair portion of sand, and pieces of broken 
 bricks and charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 48 ; a 
 shady place in summer. They should be tried 
 agaiust a wall, with a slight protection in winter. 
 G. betonicoi'des (betony-like^. 3. Pink. October. 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Purple. June. Chili. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Gillie 1 sii (Gillies' a). 2. Lilac. June. Chili. 1828. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Scarlet. June. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1832. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Purple. April. 
 
 Chili. 1837. 
 
 GARLAND FLOWER. Pleura'ndra cne- 
 o'rum. 
 
 GABLICK. {A 1 Ilium sati'vum.) Grows 
 best in a light, rich soil. 
 
 Planting. It is generally propagated 
 by parting the root, but may be raised 
 from the bulbs produced on the stems. 
 Plant any time in February, March, and 
 early in April ; but the middle of March 
 is the usual time. A single clove to be 
 placed in each hole, made six inches 
 apart, and one deep, in straight lines, six 
 inches distant from each other, care being 
 taken to set the roots downwards. To do 
 this, it is the best practice to thrust the 
 finger and thumb, holding a clove be- 
 tween them, to the requisite depth with- 
 out any previous hole being made. Keep 
 them frequently hoed, and in Jnne the 
 leaves are to be tied in knots, to prevent 
 the plants running to seed. A few roots 
 may be taken up as required in June and 
 July; but the whole must not be lifted 
 until the leaves wither at the close 
 of July, or in the course of August. It 
 is usual to leave a part of the stalk at- 
 tached, by which they are tied into 
 bundles, being previously well dried for 
 keeping during the winter. 
 
 GARLIC PEAR. Crata'va. 
 
 GA'RRYA. (Named after Mr. Garry, of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company, who facili- 
 tated Douglas's botanical researches in 
 North West America. Nat. ord., Gar- 
 ry ads [Garryacea?]. Linn., 21-Honoecia 
 k-Tetrandria.} 
 
 Kardy evergreen shrubs. Layers in the autumn, 
 and cuttings toward the end of summer, in sandy 
 soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam. 
 G. clli'ptica (oval-leaved). 0, Green, October. 
 California. 1828, 
 
 G. laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 6. White. Mexico. 
 1839. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Green. Mexico. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Macfadyenia'na (Mac Fadyen's). 6. Green. 
 
 Jamaica. 1842. 
 
 GARU'GA. (Its East Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Amyrids [Amyridacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monoyyuia. Allied to Bos- 
 wellia.) 
 
 One of the frankincense-trees so celebrated in 
 the East. Stove evergreen trees, with yellow 
 flowers ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and set in a little bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; win- 
 ter, 50 to 55. 
 
 G. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 60. May. 
 Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 60. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 GAS-HEATING. If the flame is supplied 
 with air by the aid of a small pipe com- 
 municating with the outside of the house, 
 is enclosed in a small iron stove, and has 
 the gases produced carried away by a 
 pipe, gas may be employed for protecting 
 greenhouse plants in winter. We have 
 known a small greenhouse, 16 feet by 
 12, thus protected by a single Argand 
 burner. 
 
 GASTE'RIA. (From yaster, a belly ; al- 
 luding to the swollen base of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 
 -Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and all with red flowers, except where 
 otherwise specified. This genus ought to be 
 united to ALOE, which see for culture. 
 G. acinacifo'lia (scimitar-leaved). 3. Orange. 
 
 July. 1S19- 
 mi'nor (smaller). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 angula'ta (angled). 2, July. 1791. 
 mi'nor (smaller). l. August. 1820- 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l. June. 1/81. 
 longifo'tia (long-leaved). l. July. 1/^b. 
 
 bi' color (two-coloured). 1. 1824. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. July. 180Q. 
 pervi'ridis (very green). 14. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ca'ndicans (rough-marble, white). I.July. 1822. 
 
 curina'ta (rough-keeled'). 2. July. 1731. 
 
 conspurca'ta (dirtied). 2. June. 1796. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1^. July. 1820. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 ezcava'ta (excavated). 1$. 1624. 
 
 obll'qua (twisted-/mied). l. July. 1759. 
 
 fasciu'ta (banded). l. July. 1820. 
 la'xa (loose). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 glu'bru (smooth- keeled). 3. July. 1796. 
 mi'nor Smaller), 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 intermedia (middle-tongued). 2. July. 1/90. 
 uspe'mma (roughest-teamed). 2. July. 
 
 1820. 
 la'vior (smoother). 2. Scarlet. July. mo. 
 
 lo'ngior (longer-feaued). 2. Scarlet. Juljr. 
 
 1820, 
 
GAS 
 
 [371 
 
 GAT 
 
 G. latepunctafta (lively-spotted). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 1820. 
 
 denticula'ta (small-toothed). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1822. 
 
 les'vis (smooth). 1 J. July. 1820. 
 
 lini'ta (smeared). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1759 
 fa'llax (fallacious). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820 
 
 mo'llis (soft-muddy-leaved). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 ni'gricans(dark). 2. July. 1790. 
 
 marmora'ta (marbled). \\. July. 1820. 
 
 - rii'tens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 bre'viur (shotter-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 grandipuncta'ta (large-dotted), 1. July. 
 
 1822. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt). l. July. 1820. 
 
 obtusifo'liu (blunt-leaved). l. July. 1796. 
 
 pa'rva (small). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 3. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 pluripuncta'ta (many-dotted), 2. Scarlet. 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 pu'lchra (fair). 3. Scarlet. July. 1759. 
 
 re'pens (creeping-rooted). 1. July. 1821. 
 
 reta'ta (netted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 striga'ta (rigid). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 subcarina'ta (obscure-keeled). 2. Orange. 
 
 July. 1818. 
 viri'dior (greener). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 subni'gricans ( blackish). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 gla'brior (smoother). 2. Scarlet. July. 1826. 
 
 subverruco'sa (small-warted). 2. July. 1820. 
 parmpunota'ta (small-dotted). 2. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 sulca'ta (furrowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 trigo'nu (triangular). l. July. 1820. 
 
 unda'ta (waved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 venu'sta (lovely). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 verruco'sa(vrarty). 2. July. 1731. 
 GASTO'NIA. (After Gaston de Bourlon, 
 
 son of Henri IV. of France. Nat. ord., 
 Ivyworts [Araliacece], Linn., ll-Dode- 
 candria 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Aralia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots 
 getting firm, in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and iu bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 G.palmalta (hand-leaved). 4. White, green. 
 March. Chittagong. 1818. 
 
 GASTROCHI'LUS. (From gaster, belly, 
 and cheilos, lip ; in reference to the 
 swollen lip. Nat. ord, Gingerworts [Zin- 
 giberacese]. Linn., \-Monandria \-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Alpinia. ) 
 
 Must not be confounded with Don's Gastochi'- 
 Itts, a synonyme of Saccola'bium. Stove herba- 
 ceous perennials. Divisions of the plant as fresh 
 growth is commencing; sandy loara. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 6. Jenkinso'nii (Jenkins's). 2. Orange, crimson. 
 June. E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 longifto'rus (long-flowered). 2. Yellow, red. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1843. 
 
 pulchefrrimus (prettiest). 2. Yellow, pink. 
 
 August. Rangoon. 1828. 
 GASTROLO'BIUM. (From gaster, belly, 
 and loboi, a pod ; inflated seed-pod. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea?]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria I-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Eutaxia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan Hirer, and 
 all with yellow flowers, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring, 
 after being soaked in warm water; cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in Blay, in sand, under a hell- 
 glass ; peat and loam, both Sbry, with a portion 
 of silver sand, and small pieces of charcoal ; im- 
 patient of sour, stagnant soil. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45. 
 
 O. acu'tum (sharp-pointed). lj. Yellow, red. 
 March. 1842. 
 
 tiilo'bum (two-lobed). 2. May. 1803. 
 
 C'llyci'num (large-c&lys.ed). April. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-shapd-/eaoed). May. 1841. 
 
 epacrioi'des (epacris-like). 1847. 
 
 obovu'tum (reversed-egg-/awe</). April. 
 
 oxylobioi'des (oxylobium-like). April. 1840. 
 
 retu'sum (blunt-leaved), 1%. Orange, scarlet. 
 
 May. 1830. 
 
 spathula'tum (spathulate-^eawed). 
 
 spino'sum (spined). 3. April. 1840. 
 
 trilo'bum (three-lobed-/eced). 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Red, crimson. May. 1845. 
 
 GASTRONE'MA. (From gaster, belly, and 
 nema, a filament; in reference to the fila- 
 ments seen below the point of insertion. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Cyrtanthus.) 
 
 Dr. Burr-hell discovered the pretty bulb, clava'- 
 tum, and flowered it in an open border along with 
 other Cape rarities ; but we believe the plant is not 
 to be had now in Europe : its native place at the 
 Cape is in " fields beyond Camtours river." Offsets ; 
 sandy loam, fibry peat, and dried leaf-mould; 
 plenty of water when growing, and dry when at 
 rest. Winter temp., from 35 to 45 ; or in border, 
 protected in winter. 
 
 G. clava'tum (club-leaved). %. White. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 sangui'neum (blood-red). 4. Deep rose. June. 
 
 Caffraria. 1845. 
 
 GATEN or GATEE-TREE. Co'rnus san- 
 yui'nea. 
 
 GATHERER. The hand is the best in- 
 strument for collecting fruit into the 
 basket ; but to avoid the danger and 
 breakage of branches incidental to using 
 Long ladders, the following instruments 
 No. i. No. 2. 
 
 have been designed. No. 1 for apples and 
 other single fruit; No. 2 for grapes, the 
 stalk of which it severs and retains in 
 ts grasp. 
 GATHERING. See FBUIX-KOOM. 
 
G.VU 
 
 [ 372 ] 
 
 GET 
 
 G AUDIO ETAU'DIA. (Named after O. Gau- 
 dic/unid, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Malpighiads [Malpighiaceaej. Linn., 5- 
 Pttntandria 1 -Motioyyn ia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots in 
 summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and loam, with sand, and pieces 
 of charcoal to keep it open. Summer temp , 60 
 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 tr. cynanchoi' des (doz's-bane-like). 10. Yellow. 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 GAULTHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Gnult- 
 }>nr, a Canadian. Nat. ord., Heathwurls 
 [Ericaceae] . Linn., I0-Dccnndria I-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Pernettia.) 
 
 The oil of Wintergreens used to flavour drugs, 
 and also by perfumers, is obtained from the ber- 
 ries of O. procu'mbens. Chiefly by layers and 
 speds. Procu'mbens requires a moist peat-soil ; 
 Shii'llon will grow in any soil. The fruit is prized 
 for its flavour so much by the natives, that they 
 make it into bread tor winter use. The green- 
 house kinds require peat, and similar treatment, 
 with the exception of a temperature from 33 to 
 4o 3 in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 G. procu'mbens (procumbent). $. White. July. 
 N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 Sha'llon (Shallon). 4. White. May.- N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 O. anti'pndn (antipodal). 6. White. Ncxv Zea- 
 land. 1820. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted). Red. July. Columbu. 
 
 1843. 
 
 cnrdn'ta (he^rt-leaved). White. May. Japan. 
 
 fwugi'nea (rusty). Pink. June. Brazil. 1852. 
 
 yVa'graras (fragrant). 6. Purple, red. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. 
 
 GAU'RA. (From yauros, superb ; re- 
 ferring to the beauty of some of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Onaymds [Onagracere] 
 Linn., S-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Stenosiphon.) 
 
 O. frutico'sa may be propagated either hy 
 seeds or cuttings ; the others annuals, biennials, 
 a/id perennials' are all hardy, and may also be 
 sown in April, and the perennials may also be 
 divided. Sandy, rich loam suits them all. 
 G. angnstifo'lta (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. Au- 
 gust. Perennial, 
 
 bie'nnis (biennial). 5. Red, white. Septem- 
 
 ber. N. Amer. 1/62. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). . Scarlet. September, 
 
 Louisiana. 1811. Perennial. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Red, white. S 
 
 Amer. 1815. Stove evergreen. 
 
 muta'ftitis (changeable). 2. Yellow. July 
 
 N. Amer. 1/Q5. Biennial. 
 
 aenotheraefo'lia (oenothera-lonve'1). l. Purple 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1816. Bieriiisil. 
 iparviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. Yellw. Au. 
 gust. N. Amer. 1S35. Biennial. 
 
 sinua'ta (twisted). Blush. July. N. Amer 
 
 182t>. Biennial. 
 
 tripe'talu (three-petaled). 1$. Pink. August 
 
 Mexico. 1804. Annual. 
 
 GAYLUSSA'CIA. (Named after M. Gay 
 Xsiissuc, a celebrated French chemist 
 
 STat. ord., Cranberries [Vacciniace*]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to Vaccinium.) 
 
 Cranberry-like half-hardy evergreens. Seed and 
 avers ; sandy peat, a little loam, and leaf-mould ; 
 require the protection of a pit or the greenhouse 
 n winter. 
 
 G, pseu'do-vacci'nium (bilberry-like). l. Rose, 
 red. May. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 rafsen (rosy-flowered). Rose. May. Peru. 1843. 
 
 GAZA'NIA. (From yaza, richness ; in 
 reference to the large, gaudy flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Synyenesia '3-Frustranea. Allied to 
 Gortena.) 
 
 Natives of Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of 
 side-shoots, produced in abundance near the 
 base of -the plant, in August; more sparingly in 
 s;!riaar, in sandy soil, under a hand-light; peat 
 and loam, with a portion of sand. Winter temp., 
 38 to 45. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 G. ri'gc-ns (stiff). I. Orange. June. 1755. 
 
 uniflu'ra (one-flowered), 1. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 G. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). . Orange. 
 July. 1812. 
 
 pavo'nia (peacock). l. Yellow. July. 1(504. 
 
 subulu'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 17<U. 
 GEISSOME'EIA. (From (frisson, a tiie, 
 
 R-nd meris, a part; referring to the way 
 the bractes ai'e imbricated, or fall over 
 each other as tiles on a roof. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthads [Acanthaceoe], Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to 
 Barleria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots 
 getting firm, any time in summer, in sand, um!<r 
 a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat; loam and 
 peat, with sand, and a little old cow-dung. 
 G. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 2. Orange, 
 
 red. Autumn. 1848. 
 
 fu'lgida (brilliant). Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 
 1801. 
 
 longiflu'ra (Ions-flowered). 3. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1826. 
 
 GEISSORHI'ZA. Tile Root. (From 
 ycisson, a tile, and rhiza, a root; referring 
 to the dry coats which cover the fleshy 
 roots like tiles on a roof. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridacese], Linn., 3-Triandria ]- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Triehonema.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope. 
 Except when planted out on a border, in front of 
 a gieenhouse, the roots should be planted in a 
 handful of white sand ; offsets ; andy peat, with 
 a little loam; must be kept from the frost in 
 winter. 
 G. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. May. 
 
 ere' eta (upright). Yellow, blue. May. 1824. 
 
 c.rci'sa (abrupt-/eawerf). ,-J. Wliite. May. 1789. 
 
 Iri'rta (hairy). 1. White- May. 1825. 
 
 /tu'milis (humble). Yellow, rose. May. 1822. 
 
 imbrica'tn (imbricated). 1. Variegated. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 jVncett ;ruh-like). 1. White. July. 1822. 
 
GEL 
 
 [ 373 ] 
 
 GEN 
 
 0. Laro'c.Jiei (De la Roche's), f . Violet. May. 
 179 ( >. 
 
 obtusa'ta (blunted). 1. Yellow. May. 1801. 
 
 secu'nda (nAe-flowefmg). 1. White. May. 1795. 
 
 ulfie'scens (whitish). 1. White. May. 17y5. 
 
 casru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. May. 1795. 
 
 setu'cea (brist\e-/ewed). 1. Sulphur. July. 1809 . 
 
 sublu'tea (yellowish). 1. Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 vagina' tit (sheathed). 14. Yellow, blue. May. 
 
 1S24. 
 
 GE'LA. (From geleo,to shine; refer- 
 ring to the surface of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., JRueworts [Kutacere]. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandria I-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in May, under a hand-light, in 
 sandy soil ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 G. lunceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). 4. Yellow. 
 
 Cochin China. 1820. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 6. White, green. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 GELASI'NE. (From pelasinos, a smiling 
 dimple; referring to the flowers of these 
 pretty hulbs. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae] . 
 Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monoyyuia. Allied 
 to Trichonema.) 
 
 A bulb, from the Rio Grande in South America, 
 almost, if not altogether, hardy ; but we fear it 
 has been lost at the dispersion of Dr. Herbert's 
 collection, who had dry specimens of five more 
 species of Gelasine. Nuttall's Nemosty'tis is the 
 nearest genus to it; but Trie-hone' >na, so well 
 known, will give a good idea of it ; light, sandy 
 soil suits them best ; they seed freely, and MOaliOgl 
 flower the second season from the sowing, and, 
 li'xe most Irids, they increase by offset-bulbs. 
 G. uzu'rea (blue). 1. Blue. May. S.Amer. 1833. 
 
 GENETY'LLIS. (From genetyllis, pro- 
 tective of birth ; alluding to the form and 
 position of the flowers. Nat. or A., Myrtle- 
 blooms [Myrtacesej. Linn., ~L2-2cosaiidria 
 1 - Man oyy nia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cultivated like the 
 Myrtle. 
 
 G. tulipi'fera (tulip-bearing). 2J. Straw, crim- 
 son. April. Swan River. 1854. 
 
 macroste'gia (large-involucred). 2. Crimson. 
 
 May. Western Australia. 1854. 
 
 GENI'PA. Genip-tree. (From Gene- 
 papa, the native name. Nat. ord., Cin- 
 dwnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pfw- 
 tandriu \-Monoyynia. Allied to Gardenia. ) 
 
 The Genipap, a South American fruit, is pro- 
 duced by G. America! na ; it is as large as an 
 orange, and much esteemed. Stove evergreen 
 trees. Cuttings of shoots just getting a little 
 firm, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat; peat and loam, with a little sand 
 and cow-dung. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; win- 
 ter, 45 to 50. 
 
 G. America' na (American). 30. Pale yellow. S. 
 Amer. 1/79. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 fucuk'nta (eatable). 20. China. 1823. 
 
 Mena'nee (Merian's). 10. White. Cayenne. 
 
 1800. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 20. Yellow. 
 
 Peru. 1821. 
 
 GENI'STA. (From the Celtic, gen, a 
 small bush. TS&t.o\:d.,Leyumiituus Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., lQ-Monetdelph,iq 6- 
 Decandria. Allied to Spartium.) 
 
 Low shrubs, all with yellow flowers, good for 
 making quickly an ornamental appearance in a 
 shrubbery. The greenhouse and half-hardy kinds 
 like peat and loam, with a little sand and leaf- 
 mould, and are propagated by cuttings of the 
 young shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass. The hardy kinds are easily propagated by 
 seed, and the most rare by cuttings under a 
 hand-light, after April, in a shady place. What- 
 ever plan is adopted, they should be frequently 
 transplanted, or at once removed to their position 
 in the shrubbery, as they make long, naked roots. 
 Canarie'nsis is about the best of the greenhouse 
 ones, and that in a dry place requires only a little,, 
 protection out of doors. Lusita'nica and radia ta 
 look interesting, even in winter, when the leaves 
 are gone. Ange'lica is the rough-looking spring 
 dwarf-bush that blooms so freely in our moist 
 moors. Tincto'ria is used in all its parts for pro- 
 ducing a yellow dye; and on a rock-work, or on 
 the top of a mound, with its branches allowed to 
 creep downwards, few things in spring and the 
 beginning of summer are more splendid than the 
 trailing trique'tru, and its next-door neighbour, 
 triungtUa'rit. Common, loamy soil suits all the 
 hardy ones. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS. 
 G?. conge'stu (close-irancAed). 4. June. Tene- 
 riffe. 
 
 monospe'rma (single-seedec!). 4. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1690. 
 
 tphteroca'rpa (round-podded). 4. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1/31. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 G. bracteola'ta (small-brarted). 2. May. 1823. 
 
 Cunnrie'nsis (Canary). 2. June. Canaries. l65<]. 
 
 claoa'ta (club-leaved), 3. June. Mogadoie. 
 
 1812. 
 
 fe'rox( fierce). 1$. July. Barbary. 1800. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. June. Spain. 1739. 
 
 S/>iichia'na (Spach's). 2. Canaries. 
 
 umbellu'ta (umbelled). 3. June. Barbary. !/99. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 G. aphy'lla (leafless). 4. Violet. July. Siberia 
 1800. 
 
 humifu'sa (trailing). 1. July. France. 1819- 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 sco'rpius (scorpion). 4. April. South Europe. 
 
 1570. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-argled-6rancAed). 1. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1822. Trailer. 
 
 virga'ta (/on^-twigged). 5. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777- 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 G. Mthne'nsis (Etna). 3. July. Sicily. 181 8. 
 
 A'nglica (English. Petty whin}. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 angula'ta (angled). 3. June. Maryland. 1739- 
 
 Anxu'nticn (Anxantic). 4. July. Italy. 1818. 
 
 ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. May. Spain. 1735. 
 
 cine'rea (greyish). 4. July. South Europe. 
 
 decu'mbens (decumbent). 4. June. Burgundy. 
 
 1775. Trailer. 
 
 di/u'sa (spreading). 3. June. Hungary. 18)6. 
 
 fl,.i r ida (flowery). 6. July. Spain. 1?52. 
 
 Germa'nica (German). 2. July. Germany. 17/3. 
 ine'rmis (near/^-unarmed). 2. July. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 7/fspa'rck'afSpanish). 2. July. Spain. 1759. 
 
GEN 
 
 [ 374 ] 
 
 GEN 
 
 G. hn'rrida (horrid). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 Ita'ticn (Italian). 3. July. Italy. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. May. Portugal. 
 
 1771. 
 
 3fa'rtiea(Mantic). 3. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 ova'ta, (egg-leaned). 3. July. Hungary. 181b'. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small- flowered). 3. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1817. 
 
 pa'tens (spreading). 2. June. Spain. 
 
 pu'tula (wide-open). 3. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pilo'sa (downy. Green weed). 6. June. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 polygalcefo'lia (poly gala-leaved). 3. July. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). lj. July. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Trailer. 
 
 radia'ta (rayed). 1 . July. Italy. 1758. 
 
 sagittu'lis(a.m\v-jointed). . June. Germany. 
 
 1570. 
 mi'nor (less). May. Trailer. 
 
 scario'so, (membranous). 6. July. Italy. 1821. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 3. June. Austria. 1812. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2, July. Siberia. 1785. 
 
 silve'stris (wood). 2. July. Hungary. 1118. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's. Green weed). 3. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. July. 
 
 hirsu'ta(somewhatha.\ry). 2. July. Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. July. Au- 
 
 vergne. 1824. 
 pratefnsis (meadow). 2. July. Italy. 
 
 triaca'nthos (three-spined). 2. July. Spain. 
 interru'pta (interrupted). 2. May. Tan- 
 gier. 
 
 triangula'ris (three-angled-steromed). 2. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1815. 
 
 trigue'tra (three-cornered-fifentwied). 3. June. 
 
 Corsica. 1770. 
 
 GENTIA'NA. Gentian. (Named after 
 Gentius, king of Illyria, who first experi- 
 enced the virtue of Gentian. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 The root of G. lu'tea is the true Gentian of the 
 druggists, an intense bitter, only exceeded by that 
 of Ale'tris farino'sa, a little North American 
 Blood root, the most intense bitter known, and by 
 Qua'ssia ama'ra. The smaller kinds may be 
 treated as al pines ; and whether grown in pots or 
 not, a little heat and sandy leaf-mould should be 
 given them. All may be propagated by seed 
 sown as soon as ripe ; the perennials, also, by di- 
 vision in spring. Some of the creeping, low- 
 growing kinds, as acau'lis, make nice edgings to 
 walks and borders. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 G. amnre'lla (amarella). 4. Purple. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 lu'tea (yellow). . Yellow. August. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Carinthi'aca (Carinthian), $. Blue. August. 
 
 Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 Germu'nica (German). . Blue. August. Ger- 
 
 many. 1818. 
 
 glticia'lis (icy). . Blue. July. Alps. 18JQ. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). ^. Purple. April. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1824. 
 
 nioa'lis (snowy). $. Blue. August. Scotland. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 prate>ntia (meadow). *. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 G. ba.ba'ta (bearded). $. Blue. August. Si- 
 beria. 1/64. 
 
 Caucu'sica (Caucasian). . Violet. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1804. 
 
 confefrta (crowded). Blue. August. Altaia. 1827. 
 
 crini'ta Uo#-haired). . Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1804. 
 
 uligino'sa (marshy). Blue. August. Germany. 
 
 1827. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Violet. July. Carpa- 
 
 thian Mountains. 1828. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 G. aesti'va (summer). . Blue. July. Austria. 1818. 
 
 acau'lis (stemless. Gentianella). %. Blue. 
 
 May. Wales. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). . Blue. May. 
 
 Alps. 1819. 
 
 adscc'ndens (ascending), f . Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1799. 
 
 decu'mbens (decumbent). . Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1799. 
 
 a'lgida (cold). . White. July. Siberia. 1808. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). J. Blue. July. Alps. 1817. 
 
 Alta'ica (Altaic). 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 1&2*. 
 
 angulo'sa (angled). . Purple. Altai. 1824. 
 
 asc/e/nVdea(swallowwort-like). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Austria. 1629. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 ochroleu'^a (yellowish-white). 1. Cream. 
 
 July. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 4. Yellow. August. Nor- 
 
 way. 1823. 
 
 Bava'rica (Bavarian). . Blue. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1775. 
 
 fa7o'4a (two-lobed). 2. Yellow. July. Alps. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Bursefri (Burser's). 2. Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 campanula' t a (bell-flowered). 2. Sulphur. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1810. 
 
 Catesbce'a (Catesby's). 1^. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 cilia'la (hair-fringed), f. Blue. Germany. 17. c .9. 
 
 clavn'ta (studded). . Blue. 1820. 
 
 crucia'ta (crossed). 1. Dark blue. July. 
 
 Austria. 1596. 
 
 fimbria'ta (fringed). . Blue. August. Cau- 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 Fortu'ni (Mr. Fortune's). Lilac. Siberia. 
 
 fri'gida (frigid). 4. White. July. Syria. 1817. 
 
 Ge'//<?ri(Gebler's). Blue. August. Russia, 1832. 
 
 ge'lida (ice-cold). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1807. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). \. Blue. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. 
 
 incarnafta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 intei-me'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep. 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-/ei>ed). 1. Blue. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1816. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Alps. 15g6. 
 
 macrnphy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1796. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (cream-flowered). 2. Yellowish. 
 
 N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 Panno / nca(Pannonian). 1. Purple. July. Alps. 
 
 plebe'ta (vulgar), f. Dark blue. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1834. 
 
 pneumona'nthe (wind-flower). . Blue. An- 
 
 gust. England. 
 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). . White, 
 
 green. August. Germany. 1834. 
 
CEO 
 
 [ 375 ] 
 
 GER 
 
 O. pneumonn'nthe gutta'ta (spotted). . Blue. 
 August. 
 
 pseu'do-pneumonii'nthe (bastard-wind-flower). 
 
 . Blue. August. N. Anier. 1800. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). *. Blue. May. Switzerland. 
 
 18)7. 
 
 puncta'ta (spotted-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Alps. 1775. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 3. Blue. July. Alps. 1/68. 
 fio're-u'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 July. European Alps. 1823. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). . Blue. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1825. 
 
 *- quinqueflo'ra (five-flowered). $, Blue. August. 
 N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 sapona'ria (so&pv/ort-leaved). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 N.Amer. 1776. 
 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). J. White. 
 
 September. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 septe'mfi'da (seven-cleft). |. Blue. July. Persia. 
 
 1804. 
 
 gutta'ta (spotted). . Blue. June. Le- 
 vant. 1804. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). Blue. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 triflo'ra( three -flowered). $. Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1807. 
 
 umbella'ta (urabelled). |. Purple. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1823. 
 
 utriculo'sa (bladdery). . Purple. April. 
 
 South Europe. 1822. 
 
 ve'rnn (spring;). |. Blue. May. England. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). $. White. 
 
 April. 
 
 GEOFFRO'YA. Bastard Cabbage -tree. 
 (Named after Dr. Geojfroy, of Paris, 
 author of " Materia Medica." Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 17-Diadelphia k-Pentagynia. Allied to 
 Andira.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cutting! of ripened 
 shoots in sand, in peat, and under a bell-glass j 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 
 4> to 55. 
 
 G. Bredeme'yeri(Bredemeyet'&'). Yellow. July. 
 Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 spino'sa (spined). 30. Yellow. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 20. Violet. Guiana. 1823. 
 GEOMETRA. The Amphidasis and Hy- 
 
 lernaria of some entomologists is a genus 
 of moths including G. polosaria, Pale 
 Brindled Beauty-Moth, which appears in 
 March ; eggs deposited in bands round a 
 twig, as done by the Lackey-Moth. Cater- 
 pillars appear with the opening leaves of 
 the elm, lime, lilac, and apple-tree. They 
 are, at first, a light green. 
 
 G. defoliaria, Lime-Looper, or Mottled 
 Umbre-Moth, feeds on the leaves of the 
 lime and apple. Moth appears in No- 
 vember. Caterpillar reddish, with a bright 
 yellow stripe on each side. Female moth 
 has no wings, so that a piece of cloth 
 dipped in tar, and bound round a tree's 
 stem, prevents its ascent. 
 
 G. piniaria attacks the pine and fir 
 tribe. 
 
 GEO'NOMA. (From geonomo*, skilled in 
 
 agriculture; as much as to say that only 
 a skilful plauter could increase the^e 
 palms. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceaa]. 
 Linn., 22-Dioecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to 
 Borassus.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 G. acau'lis (stemless). 5. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 coralli'fera (coral-bearing). 5. Red. 
 
 macrosta'chys (large-spiked). 5. Brazil. 1328. 
 
 pinna' tifrons (leaflet- leaved). 15. Caraccas. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Schottia'na (Schott's). Brazil. 1820. 
 
 simpli' cifrons (simple-leaved). 6. Trinidad. 
 
 is'is. 
 
 Spixia'na (Spix's). 15. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 GEORGI'NA. Attempts were made some 
 years since to substitute this name for 
 that of Dahlia; but the law of prioriiy 
 settles the question. Dahlia was named 
 by the Spanish botanist Cavanilles in 
 1791 ; and neither Wildenow nor Spren- 
 gel's Georgina appeared for more than 
 eighty years subsequently. 
 
 GERA'NIUM. See PELARGO'NIUM. 
 
 GERA'NIUM. Crane's Bill. (From 
 geranos, a crane ; referring to the beak- 
 like torus, or projection beyond the seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Cranesbills [Geraniacese]. Linn., 
 IG-Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) 
 
 A very few require the pit or greenhouse in 
 winter, and these should have equal portioni of 
 peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Almost all 
 are hardy, and flourish in common ground; 
 many grow under the shade of trees and hedges, 
 and thus secure a portion of vegetable earth. 
 There are worse things than the common weed 
 Robertia'num for twining itself round the sides 
 of a rustic basket, or crawling over a rock-work. 
 The following are a few of the best for gardens : 
 Mexica'num, rubifo'lium, stmgui'neum, Lancux- 
 trie'nse, Wallichia'num, pra'e'nse flo're-ple'no, 
 Dahu'ricum, pilv'sum, and cristu'tum. There is 
 hardly an annual worth sowing. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 G. aconitifo'lium (aconite-leaved). l. White. 
 June. Switzerland. 1775. 
 
 arge'nteum (silvery-teawed). $. Striped. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1699. 
 
 cantfscens (hoary). 4. Pink, June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 inca'num (hoary-wany-ete/0. i Pink, June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1701. 
 
 Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. Pale purple. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1832. 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 G. lanugino'sum (woolly). Rose. July. N. Amer. 
 1817. 
 
 pa' liens (pale). Pale. June. Iberia. 182F. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 G. affi'ne (related). 1. Blue. June. Altaia. 1832. 
 
 dlbiflu'rum (white-flowered). 14. Whitish. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 Alta'icum (Altaic). 1$. Pale red. July. Altaia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 anemonfifo'lium (anemone-leaved). 3. Red. 
 
 August. Madeira. 1788. Greenhousa 
 evergreen. 
 
376 ] 
 
 GEE 
 
 G. nngula'tum (angular-su/#ed). It Purple, 
 .lurie. 1769. 
 
 asphod,:lui'des (asphodel-like). Levant. 1828. 
 
 batruchim'des (batrachium-like). 1. Blue. 
 
 July. Europe. 1817- 
 
 cceru'teum (blue). 1. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 cine'reum (grey). 1. Red. August. Pyrenees. 
 
 colli'nnm (hill). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1815. 
 
 cristu'tum (crested). 1$. Red. July. Iberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Duhu'ricum (Dahurian). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 eria'nthum (woolly-floweret). 2. Crimson. 
 
 June. California. 1839. 
 
 erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). lj. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1822. 
 pa'llidum (pale). 14. Pale blue. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. 
 fu'scum (brown). l. Brown. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1759- 
 
 gymnocau'lon (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. 
 
 July. Iberia. 18U. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (Iberian). l. Blue. July. Levant. 
 
 1 802. 
 
 Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 14- Red. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Lancttstrie'nse (Lancaster). $. Striped. June. 
 
 Britain. Trailer. 
 
 lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 1. Lilac. July. 
 
 1823. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). 4- Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 macrorki'zum (large-roo(ed). l. Purple. 
 
 June. Italy. 15/6. 
 
 macula 1 turn (spotted). J. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 multi'fidum (mucti-cut). 1. Red. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1817. 
 
 nemoro'sum (grove). 1. Purple. July. Italy. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 4- Red. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. July. Germany. 
 
 1732. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered), f. Purple. 
 
 June. Van Diemen's Land. 1816. 
 
 phee'um (dusky). 14. Black. May. England. 
 
 pilo'sum (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 1821. 
 
 pratefnse (meadow. Crowfoot-leaved). lj. 
 
 Blue. June. Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1^. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo-ple l no(AoublR- white-flowered) . 
 
 2. White. May. Britain. 
 ~ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. Scotland. 
 flotre-variega'ta (variegated-flowered). 14. 
 
 Variegated. July. Britain. 
 
 Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 refle'xum (berit-back-Jfoujered). l. Red. July. 
 
 Italy. 1758. 
 
 Roltertia'num (herb Robert). 1. Red. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 .' flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 rubifo'lium (bramble-leaved). 1. Pink. JuJy. 
 
 Himalayas. 183<j. 
 
 sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Crimson. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 . villnsi'ssimum (hairiest). $. Blood. July. 
 
 Europe. Trailer. 
 
 . Sibi'rieum (Siberian). I. White. July. Si- 
 beria. 1/58 
 
 ~ stria' turn (channelled), 1. Striped. August. 
 Italy. 1629. 
 
 G. tubero'sum (tuberose-roof e<2). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Italy. 1596. 
 ramo'sum (branching). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 umbro'sum (shaded). 1. Purple. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1804. 
 
 Vlassuma'num (Vlassov's). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Crimea. 1821. 
 
 WalUchia'num (Wallich's). g. Striped. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 181Q. 
 
 GERA'RDIA. (Named after erarr/,the 
 English herbalist. Nat. ord., Figworls 
 [Scrophulariaceaa]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 
 2- A ngiospermia. ) 
 
 All but delphinifo'lia from North America. An- 
 nuals, biennials, and perennials by seed, in sandy 
 peat ; perennials and biennials also by cuttings in 
 sandy peat, under a hand-light ; such as querci* 
 fo'lia, by divisions in spring; sandy, fibry loam, 
 if peat is not to be had ; the stove species re- 
 quires similar treatment, but extra heat. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 <?. delphinifo'lia (larkspur-leaved). 2. Pink. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 O. aphy'llu (le&fiess-sternmed). 3. Rose. July. 
 1834. Annual. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). 2. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 pedicula'ria (pedicularis-like). Yellow. June. 
 
 1826. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 14. Purple. July. 17/2. 
 
 tenuifii'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Purple. Juiy. 
 
 1812. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 G.fla'tta (yellow). 1$. Yellow. July. 1/96 
 
 quei-cifo'lia (oak-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 1812. 
 
 GERBE'RA. (Named after Gerber, a 
 German naturalist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 SitperJIua.) 
 
 A greenhouse biennial ; seeds or cuttings of 
 the side-shoots, and preserved over the winter ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45. 
 
 G. crena'ta (scollop-leaved). . Purple. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 GERMAN CATCHFLY. Visca'ria vulga'ris. 
 
 GERMANDER. 2\'u'crium. 
 
 GERMINATION is the sprouting or first 
 step in vegetation of a seed. To enable it 
 to germinate it must have a perfectly- 
 developed embryo, and be ripe, or nearly 
 ripe. It must not be too old, and there 
 must be present a certain degree of heat, 
 moisture, and oxygen gas, the latter 
 | being furnished by the air. 
 
 GEROPO'GON. Old Man's Beard. (From 
 yeron, old man, and pot/on, a beard ; re- 
 ferring to the hair-like pappus which 
 crowns the calyx in this order. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese], Linn., I9-Synqe- 
 nesia l-Jqualis. Allied to Scorzouera.) 
 
 Hardy plants, from Italy. Animale by seed in 
 April, iu common soil; perennial by seed and 
 division o r the plant in spring. 
 
GES 
 
 [ 377 ] 
 
 GES 
 
 G. calycula'tiis (tor^r-calyxed). 2. Pink. July. 
 1774. Perennial. 
 
 gla'ber (smooth). l. Pink. July. 1704. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). ). Red. July. 1759. 
 
 GE'SNERA. (Named after Conrad Ges- 
 ncr, a celebrated botanist of Zurich. Nat. 
 ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracesej. Linn., 
 14.-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Gloxinia. ) 
 
 A most interesting family of plants, that, by 
 regulating their rest period, may be brought into 
 bloom at almost any time. All scarlet-flowered, 
 except where otherwise stated. 
 O. acau'lis (stemless). 1. June. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 aggrega'ta (ajigreeate). 3. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 aUugophy'lla (shifting-leaved). l. Orange. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 - Arno'ldi (Arnold's). 1. July. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 - breoiflo'ra (short-flowered), "l. Red. August. 
 
 1847- 
 
 bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 c/tlffci'na (/arg-e-calyxed), 14. Jamaica. 
 
 Curaccasa'nu (Caraccas). 2. July. Caraccas. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Coope'ri (Mr. Cooper'*). 2. May. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-/e/>ed). f . Pale scarlet. July. 
 
 f-orymbn'sa (corymbed). 2. July. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 digita'lis (foxglove-like). June. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 di'ncolor (two-coloured). Red, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. S. Amer. 1843. 
 
 Dougla'sii (Douglas's). l. Red, yellow. 
 
 September. Rio Janeiro. 1826. 
 verticilla'tatyhorled-flowered'). 2. Crim- 
 son. May. Rio Janeiro. 1&35. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval). 
 
 lu tea (y Mow-flowered). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Santa Martha. 1844. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Scarlet. Septem- 
 
 ber. S. Amer. 1835. 
 frutico'aa (shrubby). 2. August. 
 
 faucia'lis (wide- mouthed). 2. July. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 Gardne'ri (Gardner's). 2. Red. July. Brazil. 
 
 1841. 
 
 Gerardiu'na (Gerard's). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 September. S. Amer. 1843. 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. July. Cumana. 1826. 
 
 Honde'/isis (Honda). 1. Red, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1845. 
 
 hu 1 mills (humble), f . Cuba. 
 
 lasiu'ntha (woolly-flowered). 3. Autumn. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 lateri'titi (brick-ied). 2. July. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 latifu'lia (broad-leaved). August. Caraccas. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Libane'nsis (Lebanon. Many-flowered}. $. 
 
 June. Cuba. 1847. 
 
 Lindle'yi (Lindley's). Scarlet, yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Red. June. 
 
 Guatimala^. 1841. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). Purplish. 
 purpu'rea (purple-flowered). %. August 
 
 1847. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1825. 
 
 magni'flca (magnificent). August. 
 
 oblonga'ta (oblong). Crimson. April. S. 
 
 Amer. 1830. 
 
 p(mli'na(leov*rd-spotted). l. Orange, red- 
 
 spotted. August. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 )enduli'na (drooping-^owered). 2. June 
 
 S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 - polt/a'ntha (many.flowered). 2. June. Brazil 
 1830. 
 
 G. reflt'xa (bent-back). April. Valparaiso. 1937. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting). $. August. 1835. 
 
 rupi'cola (rock), f. May. B azil. 1835. 
 
 ru'tilu (brilliant). 2. Scarlet, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 a'tro-sangui'nea (dark red). 2. Crimson. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 tca'bra (.rough). 1. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 sce'ptrum (sceptred). 4. July. Brazil. 18a5. 
 i'gnea (fiery). 3. Rendish-yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 Schiedia'na (Schiede's). 1$. July. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 
 Sello'wii(Sellov>'B'). 2. July. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). Grenada. 1831. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 5. July. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 Sutto'nii (Captain Sutton's). 2. July. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1833. 
 a'lba (white). July. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Yellow, red. 
 
 July. New Grenada. 1846. 
 
 ttibero'sa (tuberous), J. Autumn. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. March. S. 
 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). l. Oranj-e. July. Bo- 
 
 gota. 1842. 
 
 zebri'na (zebra-^n;?ed). 2. Scarlet, yellow. 
 
 September. Brazil. 1840. 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. They may 
 be propagated by cuttings of three kinds. 
 1st, the young shoots, as soon as they are 
 three inches long, springing from the old 
 tubers (these are the best) ; 2nd, leaves 
 taken off with a bud at the base ; and 
 3rd, by the leaves only, without buds. 
 The first mode may be used when the 
 kind or variety is plentiful, and the bulbs 
 so strong as to send out more shoots 
 than are wanted for flowering ; the 
 second mode, w^ p n the variety is new 
 and more scarce ; and the last when it 
 is more rare still. There is an advantage 
 in the first and second mode, that the 
 cuttings, if struck early in the year, will, 
 with moderate care and attention to re- 
 potting, flower the same year ; whereas 
 those struck from leaves, or parts of 
 leaves, will only form small tubers that 
 season. Each kind of cutting requires 
 to be put in sand, under bell or hand- 
 glasses, in bottorn-heat, to strike them 
 quickly. A moist, warm heat is neces- 
 sary ; a moist, cold place would rot the 
 cuttings immediately. Such species as 
 do not make bulbs must be propagated 
 by the first kind of cuttings. 
 
 By Seed. To raise new varieties it is 
 necessary to save seed. Choose the 
 finest and brightest-coloured to save it 
 from. As soon as it is ripe, gather it and 
 dry it ; keep it very dry till the March 
 following ; then sow the seed on the sur- 
 face of a light, sandy compost, place it in 
 a warm, moist atmosphere, and as soon as 
 the seedlings are up, and the plants have 
 
GET 
 
 [ 378 ] 
 
 GTL 
 
 attained a leaf or two, transplant them 
 thinly on the surface of shallow pots, 
 and let them grow there during the sum- 
 mer. Allow them to go to rest in the 
 autumn, and keep them in the same 
 pots through the winter, giving but little 
 water. As soon as life appears again in 
 the spring, pot them off singly into small 
 pots, watering and re-potting the same 
 as the cuttings ; but it is more than 
 probable they will not flower till the 
 second year. 
 
 Soil. Light, fibrous loam, turfy peat, 
 and half-decayed leaves, in equal parts, 
 with a due portion of sand, well-mixed, 
 but not sifted. 
 
 Summer Culture. To have a succes- 
 sion of bloom, pot a portion of the 
 bulbs in January, and place them in heat, 
 giving a little water. Temp., 60 to 80. 
 Pot a second batch about the middle of 
 February, and another towards the end 
 of March. These will supply flowers for 
 several months. Put them in pots, ac- 
 cording to the size of the bulbs ; keep 
 them regularly watered, but never very 
 wet._ They may be syringed occasionally 
 previously to flowering, but not much ; 
 for the leaves are so woolly that they hold 
 moisture too long, if syringed severely. 
 When the blooming season is over they 
 may be set out of doors during summer, 
 but should be sheltered from heavy rains. 
 They will then gradually go to rest. 
 
 Winter Culture. All that they require 
 is to be kept in their pots in a place where 
 neither frost nor wet can reach them ; yet 
 the place should never be below 45, nor 
 above 55. If the cold is much lower 
 they will be apt to rot ; and if higher, to 
 start into growth. 
 
 Diseases. The only disease that these 
 plants are subject to is a kind of dry rot 
 in the bulbs, which changes the sub- 
 stance into a soft pulp, destroying the 
 buds, and so causing them to perish. 
 There is no cure for it. 
 
 GETHY'IJS. (From getheo, to rejoice; 
 referring to the sweetness of the flowers 
 of some of them. Nat. ord., Amaryl- 
 lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sternbergia. ) 
 
 Here the Amaryllid* reach their minimum 
 stature ; G. cilia? rig, if not the smallest, is as 
 dwarf as any in the order. There are only three 
 of them in cultivation : A'fra, cilia'ris, and spi- 
 ra'/is. Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, with white flowers. Offsets and seeds ; 
 sandy loam and peat; kept nearly dry in winter. 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 
 G. A!fm (African). . July. 1820. 
 
 cilin'ris (hair-fringed). . July. 1788. 
 
 la-nceolu'ta (spear-head-terawerf). 3. July. 1790. 
 
 spira'lis (spira.1- leaved), j}. July. 1780. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy), f . July. 1787. 
 
 GETO'NIA. (Probably the native name. 
 Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combretacepej. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria li-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Terminalea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., to 
 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 G.floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 6. Yellow, 
 green. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 6. E. Ind. 1816. 
 GE'UBI. Avens. (From geyo, to sti- 
 mulate ; the roots of some of them, and 
 of allied species, have the same properties 
 as Peruvian bark. Nat. ord., Roseivorls 
 [Rosacese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 3-Poly- 
 gynia. Allied to Potentilla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cocci'neum is 
 very showy. Seeds, and dividing the plants in 
 spring; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould. 
 G. agrimonioi'des (agrimony-like). 1|. White. 
 July. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 a'lbum (white). 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1730. 
 
 Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1810. 
 
 brachype'talum (short-petaled). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1818. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 Canada. 1810. 
 
 Chile'nse (Chili). 2. Copper. July. Chili. 1825. 
 a'tro-sungui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). 
 
 2. Dark blood. 
 
 grandiflu'rum (large-flowered). l. Scar- 
 let. July. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 heterophy 'Hum (various-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). 1. Red, brown. July. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 interme'dium (intermediate). l. Yellow. 
 
 July. Volhinia. 1794. 
 
 macrophy 1 Hum (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Kamtschatka, 1804. 
 
 niva'le a'lbum (snowy-white). White. June. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 14. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 Portenschlagia'num (Porlenschlag's). l. 
 
 Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 Pyrenn'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1804. 
 
 radio.' turn (radiated). 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1823. 
 
 rotundifo 'Hum (round-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 July, Russia. 1820. 
 
 stri'ctum (upright). 1. Striped. June. N 
 
 Amer. 1//8. 
 
 Virginia'num (Virginian). l. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 GIANT FENNEL. Fe'rula. 
 GI'LIA. ( Named after Gilio, a Spanish 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Pole 
 
GIL 
 
 [ 370 J 
 
 CLA 
 
 moniacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, except G. aggrega'ta. Sown 
 in September, and slightly protected during win- 
 ter, they bloom early in the summer ; sow in the 
 end of March in open border; common soil. 
 The greenhouse biennial, sown in August, potted, 
 and kept over the winter, will bloom, freely the 
 following summer. 
 
 G. achillecefo'lia (milfoil - leaved). l. Pink. 
 August. California. 1833. 
 
 aggrega'ta (crowded). Scarlet. July. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1822. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 arena' ria (sand-inhabiting). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 ~ caaita'ta (rownrf-headed). 2$, Blue. July. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 coro'lla a'lba (white-coroilaed). 2. White. 
 
 June. Gardens. 1829. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (coronopus- leaved). 2. Scar- 
 
 let. July. Carolina. 1726. 
 
 crassifu'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellowish. June. 
 
 Chili. 183-2. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). $. Pink. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 inconspi'cua (inconspicuous). 2. Blue. Au- 
 
 pust. N. Amer. 1/93. 
 
 lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). . Purple. July. Chili. 
 
 1831. 
 
 liniflo'rn (flax-flowered). . White. June. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). Yellow, f. California. 1852. 
 
 multicau'lis (many-stemmed). 2. Blue. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. Oc- 
 
 tober. America. 1/03. 
 
 pharnaceoi'des (pharnaceum-like). . White. 
 
 June. California. 1833. 
 
 pulche'tla (pretty). 2$. Scarlet. July. North- 
 
 west America. 1826. 
 
 pu'ngens (prickly). 1%. Pink. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 pusi'lla (dwarf). $. June. Chili. 1833. 
 
 tenuiflo'ru (thin-flowered). 2. Rose, violet. 
 
 August. California. 
 
 tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Purple, orange. 
 
 August. California. 1833. 
 
 flo'rihusalbica'ntibus (whitish-flowered). 
 
 . White. July. California. 1833. 
 
 GILIBE'RTIA. (Named after Gilibert, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Ivy worts 
 [Araliacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Cussonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 
 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 6. palma'ta (hand-leaved). 6. White. March. 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 GILLE'NIA. (Named after one Glllenius. 
 Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Kosaceae]. Linn., 
 12 Icosandria 2-Penlagynia. Allied to 
 Spiraea.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with red and 
 white flowers, from North America. Division ol 
 the plant ; common soil. 
 G. stipula'cea (tar^e-stipuled). 2. July. 1805. 
 
 trifoha'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. 1713. 
 
 -ma'jor (greater). 3. July. 
 
 GILLYFLOWER. Jtfatthi'ota inca'na. 
 
 GINGER. (Zingi'ber ojficina'le.} Green 
 ginger maybe easily cultivated two ways, 
 either in pots, or in a deep pit. If in pots, 
 take the plants, shake them out of the pots 
 when at rest in February, divide them, 
 and pot each piece into a pot six inches 
 across ; plunge them, as soon as the heat 
 is temperate, in a bark-pit, or a frame 
 heated with dung like a cucumber-bed, 
 the surface being covered with tan deep 
 enough for the pots. As soon as the 
 plants come up give a small supply of 
 water, gradually increasing the quantity 
 as the plants advance in growth. By 
 August they will be fit to take up and 
 preserve. If a large quantity is re- 
 quired, a deep pit of two or three 
 lights will be necessary, the bottom to 
 be filled with rich soil to the depth of a 
 foot; plant the roots in this soil, and 
 line the pit with hot dung, renewing it 
 as the heat declines. The time for plant- 
 ing in the pit is February or March. 
 Water whilst growing, give air in hot 
 weather, and in September you will have 
 a large supply of fine ginger-roots, equal 
 to foreign. 
 
 GINGERBREAD-TREE. Parina'rium ma- 
 crophy'llum. 
 
 GLADI'OLUS. Corn Flag. (From yhi- 
 dius, a sword ; referring to the shape of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese], 
 Linn., %-Triandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. The hardiest merely 
 require border-room, and are propagated by seeds, 
 and by taking up and dividing the bulbs before 
 growth has commenced. Those generally desig- 
 nated frame and greenhouse species will thrive 
 very well in dry, sandy loam and peat out of doors, 
 if planted from six to ten inches deep, according 
 to the strength of the bulbs. The earliest-flower- 
 ing, such as lila'ndus, &c., may be planted in the 
 end of October ; rumo'sus, formosi'ssimus, &c., 
 in December; and Gunduue'nsis, florifni'ndus, 
 psittaci'nus, and spte'ndens from February to 
 March, when they will keep blooming all the 
 autumn. The whole make fine pot plants, potted 
 in autumn and spring, and kept in a cold pit 
 until they show flower. They may also be forced 
 for the greenhouse after the roots have filled the 
 pots. 
 
 G. cequinoctia'lis (equinoctial). April. Sierra 
 Leone. 1842. 
 
 ala'tus (wing-flowered). J. Scarlet, yellow. 
 
 June. 1/95. 
 
 Algoe'nsis (Algoa Bay). |. Orange. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 a'lbidus (whitish). 1. White. June. 177*. 
 pi'ctus (painted). 1. Red, white. July. 
 
 '794. 
 
 angu'stus (narrow-teaed). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 )7o6. 
 
 bln.ind.wi (fair). l. Flesh. June. 1774. 
 
 brevifu'lius (short- leaved). 1$. Pink. June. 1802. 
 
GLA 
 
 [350 ] 
 
 GLA. 
 
 G. Byx/tnti'nus (Byzantine). 2. Red. July. Tur- 
 key. l'J2y. 
 
 campanula' tu* (bell-flowered). l. Light 
 
 purple jfay. 1791- 
 -^CJvftMa'/tSv~-trdinal). 2. Red. July. 1/89- 
 
 c'i'meM.9(flesn-coloured). 2. Flesh. June. 1796- 
 
 Cuuca'sicus (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1842. 
 
 cochlea 1 t us (spoon- lipped). 1$. White, red. 
 
 March. I8ig. 
 
 commu'nis (common). 2. Red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 a'lbus (white-flowered). 2. White. June. 
 
 South Europe. 
 ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). l. Flesh. 
 
 July. South Europe. 15Q6 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). Various. July. 
 
 1842. 
 
 cuspida'tus (pointed). l. White, brown. May. 
 
 1795. 
 
 de'bilis (weak). l. White. May. 
 
 dM'/is(eatable-roo^d). l. White. June. 1816. 
 
 festi'vus (festive). Pale rose. July. 18J4. 
 
 flexuu'sus (zigzag). 1. Orange. June. 1S25. 
 
 floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 1. Citron. July. 
 
 1788. 
 
 Kru'cilis (slender). 2. Blue, white. April. 1800. 
 
 haatu'tus (haibert-shaped). 1. Flesh. May. 
 
 1816. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). l. Pink. June. 1795. 
 
 hi/uli'nus (grass-like). 1. Yellow, red. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 imbrica'tus (imbricated). 1. Red. June. 
 
 Russia. 1S2U. 
 
 involu'tus (rolled-inward). 1$. Pink. June. 
 
 1757. 
 
 MWe'ri (Miller's). 1$. Violet. May. 1751. 
 
 Morto'nius (Morton's), 1$. White. 18:17. 
 
 Namaque'nsis (Namaqua). 2- Orange. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Natale'nsis (Natal). 4. Scarlet, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Natal River. 1830. 
 
 oppositiflo'rus (opposite - flowered). April. 
 
 Madagascar. 1843. 
 
 permea' bills ( penetrable). J. Orange. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ramo'sus (branching). 5. Rose. July. 1838. 
 
 recu'rwts (rolled-back). 2. Striped. May. 
 
 1758. 
 
 se'getum (corn-field). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 tene'llm (tender), . Yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). 1. Red. June. Tauria. 18'23. 
 
 trichonemifo'lius (trichonema - leaved). l. 
 
 Yellow. June. 1800. 
 
 trimaculu' tus (three-spotted). 1. Red, white. 
 
 June. 1794. 
 
 tri'stis (sad). 1. Brown, red. July. 1745. 
 
 undula'tus (waved-flowered). 1. Pink. May. 
 
 1/60. 
 pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. May. 1760. 
 
 versi'color (various - coloured). 1$. Brown. 
 
 June. 1794. 
 bine'rvis (two-nerved), 1 J. Pink. June. 
 
 1806. 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Variegated. June. 
 
 1779- 
 
 viperu'tuy (viper-like). $, Green, white. May. 
 
 1787- 
 
 Watso'nius( Watson's). 1. Red. March. 1791. 
 variegu'tus (variegated). 1$. Red, whice. 
 
 April. 1801. 
 
 Propagation : by Offsets. The offsets 
 are produced plentifully round the ba*e 
 
 of each bulb. When the bulbs are taken 
 up, separate the flowering bulbs from the 
 offsets, and then again divide the latter 
 into two lots, one of the larger roots and 
 one of the smaller. Towards the end of 
 August prepare a bed for them in an 
 open situation, and drain the ground 
 well if damp. Place a layer of brick- 
 rubbish under the soil, not less than a 
 foot deep, and not more than fifteen 
 inches; upon the drainage place a layer 
 of stable-litter, then throw in the soil, 
 mixing it freely with well-decomposed 
 manure; let it settle about a fortnight, 
 then plant the larger offsets in one bed 
 and the smaller ones in another; the 
 larger sized four inches apart in the row, 
 six inches from row to row, and three 
 inches deep. Plant by drawing drills 
 across the beds with a triangular-shaped 
 hoe, and put in the bulbs with the hand, 
 pressing each pretty firmly down into 
 the soil. When all are planted, level 
 the soil with a rake. The small-sized 
 offsets may be planted much thicker, but 
 in every other respect the same as the 
 larger sized. The reason for planting 
 them in two sizes is, because the larger 
 sized produce such large leaves as smother 
 the smaller ones ; besides, the larger 
 sized will produce, after one year's growth, 
 flowering bulbs, which, when taken up 
 after the growth is perfected, may be 
 sorted to plant with the older flowering 
 ones. The smaller size had better re- 
 main in the bed for two years, then be 
 taken up, sorted, and replanted in two 
 sizes again, till they are large enough to 
 flower. 
 
 By Seed new varieties are obtained. 
 All that is wanted are a few square yards 
 of ground, a few roots of the best kinds, 
 but as dissimilar in habit as possible, 
 and then, when in bloom, to exercise a 
 little taste and discernmentin hybridising, 
 by impregnating the finest form as the 
 breeder of seed, with the pollen of the 
 highest and most distinct coloured male 
 parent, removing the poilen of the breeder 
 before it bursts, and applying the pollen 
 of the male parent as soon as the anthers 
 open. When the seed is ripe gather it, 
 and keep it dry till spring; then sow it 
 in shallow pots or hoxes ; place them 
 in a gentle heat, and when the seedlings 
 are up give plenty of air, and very mode- 
 rate supplies of water. As soon as the 
 weather will permit, set them in the open 
 I air, and as the leaves advance in size give 
 
GLA 
 
 [ 381 ] 
 
 GLA 
 
 more water, and allow gentle showers to 
 lull upon them, but shelter them from 
 heavy rain. When the leaves are all 
 decayed, take the soil and carefully sift 
 it through a fine sieve, picking out every 
 bulb, however small. Prepare a bed in 
 the same manner, and of the same mate- 
 rials, as is described above for offsets. 
 Plant the seedling bulbs in it the first 
 week in September, in the same way as 
 the small offsets. Let them remain in 
 this bed for two years ; then take them 
 and replant them in a bed fresh prepared. 
 It is likely that some of the strongest 
 will then flower, and the very worst will 
 be worth planting in the borders. 
 
 Summer Culture. The bulbs want very 
 little attention during summer. Keep 
 them clear of weeds, and when the flower- 
 stems are a foot high place a stick to 
 support them, as the winds are apt to 
 twist them off close to the bulbs. When 
 the bloom is over, and the leaves turn 
 yellow, take them up dry, and sort them, 
 separating the bulbs that are large enough 
 to flower from the offsets ; put them away 
 in drawers marked with the name of each 
 variety, keeping them dry and cool till the 
 planting season arrives again. 
 
 Winter Culture. In September prepare 
 the beds by throwing out all the soil to 
 the depth of fifteen inches; if in the 
 same situation as beds were before, exa- 
 mine the drainage. If it is open and 
 ready to work well, it will need nothing 
 doing to it, but if it be choked up, remove 
 it entirely ; sift it, throwing in the rough 
 and removing the fine earthy part ; add 
 some fresh rubble, and then cover it with 
 litter; mix a goodly portion of thoroughly 
 decayed dung with the soil, or, which is 
 better, renew it entirely ; level the bed 
 leaving it a few inches higher. Plant the 
 first week in October, three inches deep 
 giving each of the bulbs six inches square 
 to grow in. Place a thin layer. of half- 
 rotten dung upon the bed, to protect the 
 bulbs in severe frost. They will require 
 no other care during this season. 
 
 Vermin. Mice, wireworms, and the rec 
 spider prey upon them. Wireicoiins ma\ 
 be caught with slices of potatoes buriec 
 in the soil, and taken up occasionally 
 The red spider, happily, only appears 
 when there is a long continuance of dry 
 weather. Watch for its first appearance 
 and as soon as it is perceived causing the 
 leaves to appear spotted, let every leaf be 
 sponged over with water impregnated 
 
 vith flower of sulphur. If dry weather 
 revails much, syringe the plants every 
 evening severely. 
 
 Diseases. The bulbs sometimes are 
 attacked by a kind of dry rot, which turns 
 hem into a powdery substance, prevents 
 hem sending forth roots, and then the 
 .ops, if they have made any, turn yellow, 
 and the whole plant perishes. There is 
 ao known remedy. To prevent its spread- 
 ng, remove the infected bulbs, and a 
 portion of the soil near them. 
 
 GLASS is the best agent employed by 
 the gardener to exclude the cold, whilst 
 the light is admitted to his plants which 
 are natives of hotter climates than that 
 n which he cultivates them. Now that 
 the excise -duty is removed from glass, 
 the gardener is enabled to employ the 
 best, and a thicker kind than formerly, 
 when the duty was high in proportion to 
 the good quality and weight. Anxiety 
 to obtain the best glass for hothouses, 
 &c., is every way laudable ; but, the bene- 
 fit sought for is frustrated if it be not 
 constantly well cleansed. The best glass, 
 if dirty, allows fewer rays of light to pass 
 through than inferior glass kept bright. 
 A thorough cleansing should be given 
 both to the outside and inside twice an- 
 nually, during the first weeks of Febru- 
 ary and of October, and a third cleans- 
 ing, on the outside only, at the end of 
 June. In proportion to the deficiency of 
 light does the plant under glass become, 
 in the gardener's phraseology, drawn; 
 that is, its surface of leaves becomes un- 
 naturally extended, in the vain effort to 
 have a sufficient elaboration of the sap 
 effected by means of a large surface ex- 
 posed to a diminished light, for which a 
 less surface would have been sufficient if 
 the light were more intense. Taking 
 into consideration the consequences of 
 breakage, and other contingencies to be 
 avoided as well as secured, we consider 
 glass of 21 ounces to the square toot, and 
 in panes of 18 inches by 12 inches, the 
 substance and size most desirable. Rough 
 plate-glass is desirable, because, without 
 diminishing the light, it reduces the dan- 
 ger of scorching the leaves. 
 
 GLASS CASES are of various kinds. 
 One is formed of glazed wooden frames, 
 fitting together, to protect espaliers, wall- 
 trees, or shrubs, too large to be covered 
 with a hand-glass. 
 
 Another glass case is made for protect- 
 ing a single branch. It is thus described 
 
GIA 
 
 [ 382 ] 
 
 GLE 
 
 by Mr. Maund, the author of that most 
 useful periodical the Botanic Garden : 
 ** Grapes grown on open walls in the 
 midland counties are rarely 
 well ripened; therefore I 
 provide a small glazed 
 frame, a sort of narrow 
 hand-glass, of the shape 
 shown in the annexed out- 
 line, to fix against the wall, 
 and enclose one hranch of 
 the vine, with its fruit and 
 foliage. The open part, 
 which rests against the wall, 
 is thirteen inches wide, and 
 may be of any length re- 
 quired to take in the fruit. 
 The sides are formed of 
 single panes of glass, seven 
 inches wide, and meet on a bar which 
 may represent the ridge of a roof, the 
 ends enclosed by triangular boards, and 
 having a notch to admit the branch. 
 This is fixed on the branch a month be- 
 fore the vine is in flower, and brings it a 
 week earlier than the exposed. The 
 frame is not fitted closely to the wall, but 
 in some places may be a quarter of an 
 inch from it. The lateral branches being 
 shortened before it is fixed, it does not 
 require removal even for pruning, because 
 I adopt the long-rod mode of training, 
 which is peculiarly adapted to my partial 
 protection system. The temperature within 
 the frame is always higher than without, 
 sometimes at mid-day even from 20 to 
 30. By this simple protection I find 
 grapes may be ripened from three weeks 
 to a month earlier than when wholly ex- 
 posed, and this saving of time will, I be- 
 lieve, not only secure their ripening well 
 every year in the midland counties, but 
 also that such advantage will be available 
 in the north of England, where grapes 
 jiever ripen on the open walls." 
 
 Lastly, there is the Wardian-case, to 
 
 cover plants growing in rooms, preserving 
 to them uniform moisture, and excluding 
 dust. To prevent the dew which is oc- 
 casionally deposited inside the glass, it is 
 only necessary to open the case frequently, 
 for a few minutes, to render the tempera- 
 ture within similar to that outside. They 
 are not intended to exclude the air, and 
 are now made very ornamental. 
 
 GLASTONBUEY THOEN. A variety of 
 Craloe'gus oxycu'ntha. 
 
 GLASS WOET. Salico'rnia. 
 
 GLAU'CIUM. Horn Poppy. (From 
 glau/sos, greyish-green ; referring to the 
 colour of the leaves. Nat. ord., Poppy- 
 worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Poty- 
 andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Esch- 
 scholtzia.) 
 
 Seeds in common borders, in March or April. 
 
 HAEDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 G.fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. Britain. 
 fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Orange. August. South 
 Europe. 1802. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS. 
 (?. Ara'bicum (Arabian). Red. June. Arabia. 1837. 
 
 Pe'rsicum (Persian). 1. lied. August. Vul- 
 
 hynia. 1829. 
 
 phaeni'ceum (purple). 2. Purple. July. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 flaviflo'rum (yellow-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 ru'brum (red). 1. Red. July. Greece. 1818. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). 1. lied. July. Persia. 
 
 1828. 
 
 GLAUCOUS. Greyish, or milky-green. 
 
 GLAU'X. (From glaukos, greyish-green. 
 Nat. ord., Primew;oris[Primulace8e]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to Sol- 
 dan ella.) 
 
 Hardy British perennial trailers, found in 
 marshes near the sea. Sandy, moist soil; seeds. 
 G. mari'tima (sea). Flesh. June. 
 a'lba (white-flowered). %. White. May. 
 
 GLAZING. See GEEENHOUSE and STOVE. 
 
 GLECHO'MA. See NEPE'TA. 
 
 GLEDI'TSCHIA. ( Named after Gleditsch, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacee]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 
 2-Dicecia. Allied to Ceratonia.) 
 
 Ornamental hardy deciduous trees. Seed im- 
 ported from America and the South of France, 
 where tricu'nthos, &c., ripen their seeds. Si- 
 ne' nsis ine'rmis, &c., are generally grafted on the 
 other. The seed should be sown in March, after 
 being soaked twelve hours in warm water. Com- 
 mon soil. 
 O. ko'rrida (horrid). 10. Green. JuJy. China. 1774f 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 20. Green. July. 
 
 China. 1774. 
 
 maera'ntha (large-spined). 20. Green. July. 
 
 icrucu'ntluM (small-spined). 10. Green. July. 
 
 monuspe'rmii (one-seeded). 20. Green. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1723. 
 
 Sine'nuis (Chinese). 20. Green. China. 1812. 
 
GLE 
 
 363 
 
 GLO 
 
 O. Sine'nsis ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. Green. June. 
 
 mu'jor (larger). 30. Green. June. China. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 12. Green. June. China. 
 
 pe'ndula (weeping). Green. June. 
 
 Mca'/Mos(three-spined. Honey Locust). SO. 
 
 Green. N. Amer. 1700. 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 30. Green. July. 
 
 GLEICHE'NIA. (Named after Gleichen, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese], Linn., 2^-Cryptoyamia 
 I-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Division of the 
 plant ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 45 to 65. 
 G. bifurca'ta (two-forked). May. Malacca. 
 
 exce'lsa (lofty). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 flabella'ta (fan-feacrf). July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 gigante'u (gigantic). June. E. Ind. 
 
 Herma'nni (Hermann's). Isle of Luzon. 1839 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved;. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Mindora. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-like). 3. August. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 3. August. S, Amer. 1822. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839. 
 
 semivesti'ta (half-clothed). May. Malacca. 
 
 spelu'nces (cavern). July. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 GLO'BBA. (A native name. Nat. ord., 
 Gingerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn., 1- 
 Monandria l*Monogynia. Allied to Cole- 
 brookia. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants. Farting the roots; 
 sandy loam. 
 
 O. bulbi'fera (bulb-producing). 2. Yellow. July. 
 E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 Carey a'na (Dr. Carey's). 1$. Yellow. August. 
 
 Pegu. 1822. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Maranti'na (Maranta-like). 1$. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Orixe'nsis (Orixian). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 pe'ndula (weeping), 1. Yellow. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July. Ceylon. 
 
 1812. 
 
 - sessiliflo'ra, (stalkless-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 August. Pegu. 1807. 
 
 GLOBE AMARANTH. Gomphre'na. 
 
 GLOBE FLOWER. Tro'llius. 
 
 GLOBE MALLOW. Sphara'lcea. 
 
 GLOBE THISTLE. Echi'nops. 
 
 GLOBTJLA'BIA. (From globulos, a small 
 round head; referring to the flower-heads. 
 Nat. ord.,Selagids [Selaginaceae]. Linn., 
 k-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Se- 
 lago.) 
 
 Seeds in spring; cuttings of young shoots in 
 summer, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy 
 loam and peat. The greenhouse species require 
 similar treatment; Inngifo'lia will do against a 
 conservative wall; va&Aly'pum should be tried in 
 a dry, sheltered place, on a rock-work, with a 
 spruce-branch over it in winter. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 G. Aly f pum(&[ypo). 2. Pale. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 - integrifo'lium (entire-leaved), 2, Pale. 
 
 August. South Europe. 
 
 G. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White, July. 
 
 Madeira. 1775. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 G.bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). *$. Red. July. 
 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. Blue. July. 
 
 Germany. 1633. 
 
 incane'scens (hoary). Purple. June. Italy. 1828. 
 
 linifo'iia (flax-leaved). . Blue. June. Spain, 
 
 1818. 
 
 na'na (dwarf), f. Blue. July. France. 1824. 
 
 nudicnu'lis (naked-stalked). . Blue. July 
 
 Germany. 1629. 
 
 spino'sa (prickly-teoed). . Blue. June. 
 
 Spain. 1640. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 GLOBU'LEA. (From globulos, a small 
 globe; referring to glands on the petals. 
 Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulaceee], 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia. Al- 
 lied to Crassula.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulents, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and with white flowers, except a'tro-pur- 
 pu'rea. Cuttings of firmish young shoots, taken 
 off and dried for a day or two before inserting 
 them in sandy soil, and placing a hand-light over 
 them, but not close. Sandy loam, a little peat, 
 charcoal, and brick-rubbish, in small pieces, tbe 
 dust being sifted out. Winter temp., 40 to 4 a , 
 and little water given them. 
 G. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). . Purple- 
 August. 1823. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). . July. 1800. 
 
 capita' ta (^oz^er-headed). \. July. 1819. 
 
 cultrn'ta (sharp-feawed). 1. July. 1732. 
 
 hi'spida (brist\y-flat-leaved).$. November. 1823. 
 
 impre'ssu (flattened). . August. 1820. 
 mi'nor (smaller). ^. August. 1820. 
 
 mu'llis (soft). 1. August. 1774. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 5. July. 1732. 
 
 obuallu'ta (guarded-teamed). 4- July- 1/95- 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 4. July. 1823. 
 
 sulcu'ta (furrowed). ^. August. 1813. 
 
 GLORIO'SA. (From gloriosus, glorious ; 
 referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to the Lily.) 
 
 These bulbs are so well known by this name, 
 that we have retained it ; but Clinosty'lis is the 
 true name, referring to the way the style bends to 
 one side away from the stamens. Stove bulbs, ex- 
 cept Nepale'nsis. Divisions of the roots and seeds ; 
 if by the former, take a pot that has been kept dry 
 all the winter, say in March, turn it out, and se- 
 parate the bulbs carefully, without bruising them. 
 Place each bulb, with the end farthest from the 
 old tuber, uppermost in the centre of a clean pot, 
 covering it with an inch or two of soil, the pot 
 being five or ten inches, or any intermediate size, 
 in diameter, according to the size of the bulb ; 
 peat, loam, leaf-mould, old cow-dung, and sand 
 in equal proportions, with good drainage. Give no 
 water until the bud appears above ground, then 
 water and place in a strong, moist heat, growing 
 vigorously, and training as the plant proceeds. 
 When done flowering, and the leaves turn yellow, 
 refrain from watering, and shortly after turn the 
 plants on their broadsides in a dry place, and 
 allow them to rest until next season. 
 G. Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 2. Yellow. Jane. 
 Nepaul, 1S25, HaU-haidy. 
 
GLO 
 
 [ 334 ] 
 
 CLY 
 
 G. simplex (simple). 2. Blue. July. Senegal. 1756. 
 
 sitpe 1 i-ha (superb). 6. Orange. July. K.jnd.lficjO. 
 Lfopoldin'na (King Leopold's). 6. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1847. 
 
 vire'scens (greenish). 4. Orange. August. 
 
 Mozambique. 1R23. 
 
 GLORY PEA. Clia'nthus. 
 
 G LOS so co' MIA. (From ylossokomos, a 
 money-bag ; referring to the shape of the 
 ilower. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu- 
 lacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandriu \-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Canarina.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and divisions ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 G. ova'ta (egg-leaved). l. White. July. 1839- 
 North India. 
 
 lu'rida (lurid). 3. Green, purple. May. 1838. 
 
 North India. 
 
 GLOSSO'DIA. (From glossa, a tongue, 
 and eidos, like; referring to the lip, or 
 labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchkla- 
 cese]. Linn., %0-Gynandria \-Monoyyniu. 
 Allied to Limodorum.) 
 
 Greenhouse, New Holland, terrestrial orchids. 
 Oitsets ; sandy loam and peat ; dryish in winter. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 50. 
 G. ma' jar (larger). Blue. June. 1810. 
 
 minor (smaller). Blue. June. 1810. 
 
 GLOTTI'DIUM. (From glollis, the valve 
 of the windpipe; referring to the division 
 in the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 
 4.-Decandria. Allied to Daubentonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Seed in a hotbed, and 
 hardened otf by degrees ; sandy peat. 
 G. Floridn'num (Florida). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Florida. 1810. 
 
 GLOXI'NIA. (Named after P. B. Gloxin, 
 a botanist of Colmar. Nat. ord., Gesncr- 
 worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., l-Didy- 
 namia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture see 
 GE'SNERA. 
 
 G. cuule'sccns (stemmed), j. Purple. July. Per- 
 nambuco. 1826. 
 
 diqitaliflo'ra (foxglove -flowered). f. Pale 
 
 crimson. June. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured-/mued). 1$. Lilac, blue. 
 
 March. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). . Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 - macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Violet. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. 
 
 macula' la (spotted -stalked}. 1. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. S. Amer. 1739- 
 
 Passingha'mi (Passingham's;. $. Violet. 
 
 September. Rio Janeiro. 1845. 
 
 pi'cta (painted-leaved). Lilac, blue. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1842. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-feaved). Pale blue. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 ru'bra (red). Scarlet. September. Rio Ja- 
 
 neiro. 1840. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). . Purple. September. 
 
 S. Amer. 1815. 
 
 a'lba (white-lowered). }. White. Bep- 
 
 tembef. S. Amer. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. White. July. 
 
 South Brazil. 1847. 
 
 GLY'CE. (From ylyfajs, sweet; allud- 
 ing to its flavour. Nat. ord,, Crucifcrs 
 ( [Cruciferse]. Linn., IS-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 \ By various botanists this British annual has 
 i been called Aly'ssum. Adyse'tum, and Ktrniga. 
 , G m'tri'tima by seed in open border; bat tvm'e- 
 
 ga'lti as a greenhouse shrub, by cuttings in 
 
 spring, under a hand-glass. 
 
 G. mari'tima (sea-side). 4. White. July. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). White. July. 
 
 I GLY'CINE. (From ylykys, sweet; re- 
 ferring to the taste of the roots of some. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4^-Decanana.) 
 
 The well-known Chinese twiner, popularly 
 called G'y'c'-ne Sine'nsis, belongs to Widia'riu. 
 Seeds in a hotbed, in spring; cuttings of young 
 side-shoots in spring, in sand, under a bell-giass; 
 peat and loam, with silver sand. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 G. B/icJchousiu'na (Backhouse's). 
 
 liedysaroi'des (hedysarum-like). 1 J, Purp!e<> 
 
 July. Guinea. 1823. Shrub. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1S24. 
 
 ro'tea (ro*y). 1. Rose. Ceylon. 1843. 
 
 I stria'ta (streaked). 4. Yellow. July. S. Anier. 
 
 1818. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 ! G. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 mi'nima (smallest). 2. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1818. 
 
 GLYCYRRHI'ZA. Liquorice. (From 
 glykys, sweet, and rhizu, a root ; referring 
 
 to the sweet juice of the roots of tlie 
 '. liquorice. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 
 [Fabaceffi]. . Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia 4-Z>- 
 ' candria. Closely allied to Galega.) 
 
 ! Hardy herbnceous perennials. The true liquorice 
 '< is the root of G. glu'bra; but those of echina'ta 
 
 and glundulvferu are equally esteemer] as a pec- 
 ; toral. Dividing the roots, taking care that there 
 ! is one or several buds on each piece ; deep, sandy 
 
 loam. 
 
 G. aspe'rrima (roughest). 2. Blue. July. Si 
 beria. 1795. 
 
 echina'ta (prickly-headed). 8. Pale. July. 
 
 Italy. 1596. 
 
 fae'tida (stinking). 3. Pale yellow. July. 
 Africa. 1817. 
 
 gta' bra (common-smooth). 3. Pale blue. July. 
 
 Italy. 1562. 
 
 glanduli'fera (glanded). 3. Pale. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1805. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 3. Pale. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 lepido'ta(scaled-silfeii-leaved). 3. Pale. July. 
 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 Uralensis (Ural). 3. Pale blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1818. 
 
 GLYCYRRHI'ZA GLA'BRA CULTURE. Com- 
 mon Liquorice. 
 
 Soil and Situation. It thrives best in 
 a rich, light soil, two or three feet deep, 
 which should be trenched completely to 
 the bottom before planting, and a litiJe 
 well-decomposed manure turned in with 
 the bottom spit. In shallow or poor 
 
GME 
 
 [ 385 ] 
 
 GOE 
 
 ground it will not succeed : the situation 
 cannot be too open. 
 
 Planting. It is propagated by cuttings 
 of the side-roots, which spring from the 
 crown of the plants, and run horizontally 
 just beneath the surface. Plant in Ja- 
 nuary, February, or early in March 
 Each set, having a bud or two, should be 
 about two inches beneath the surface. 
 The only cultivation they require is to be 
 frequently hoed, and in autumn the de 
 cayed stalks to be cut down, and the 
 earth stirred between the rows. 
 
 The roots are not fit for use until of 
 three or four years' growth. The season 
 for taking them up is December, January, 
 or February. A trench must be dug up 
 regularly along each row, quite down to 
 the extremity of the principal roots, 
 which descend two feet and more. 
 
 GMELI'NA. (Named after G. Gmelin, 
 a German naturalist. Nat. ord., Verbenas 
 [VerbenacesB]. Linn., ll-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Tectona.) 
 
 Evergreen trees. Seeds ; cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in sand, and in heat; rich, fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 G. Asia'tica (Asiatic). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1792. Stove. 
 
 Rhee'dii (Rheede's). 14. Orange. May. E. 
 
 Ind. Stove. 
 
 speciosi'ssima (showiest). 15. White. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1823. Greenhouse. 
 
 GNAPHA'LIUM. Cudwort, or Everlast- 
 ing. (From gnaphalon, soft down ; in 
 reference to the woolly covering of the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied 
 to Helichrysum.) 
 
 Seeds of the hardy and tender annuals and 
 biennials in the open ground, and in heat respect- 
 ively ; shrubs, by cuttings under a hand-light ; 
 and perennials, by divisions ; sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould. Albe'scens requires a cool stove, and 
 the addition of a little peat. 
 <G. albe'scens (whitish). 2. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. Stove evergreen. 
 
 involucra'tum (involucred). 1. Brown, yellow. 
 
 July. New Zealand. 1699. Hardy her- 
 baceous. 
 
 obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. Hardy annual. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple-cowered). 1$. Purple. 
 
 July. N.- Amer. 1732. Greenhouse 
 biennial. 
 
 Mtngui'neum (bloody). 1$, Crimson. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1768. Hardy biennial. 
 
 undula'tum (waved). 1. Yellow, white. July. 
 
 Africa. 1732. Hardy annual. 
 
 GNI*DIA. (An ancient name for laurel. 
 Nat.ord., Daphnads [Thymelaceffi].Linn., 
 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Pimelea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with pale yellow flower*, 
 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Young shoots, 
 when two or three inches long, in sand, above 
 sandy peat, well drained, under a bell-glass; 
 sandy peat, well drained ; stagnant water quickly 
 destroys them. Winter temp., 40 to 48 ; rather 
 shaded in summer. 
 G. arge'ntea (silvery). 3. June. 1826. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. June. 1800. 
 
 capita'ta (round-headed). 1. July. 1?88. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). 2. Dark yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 24. June. 1810. 
 
 laeviga'ta (polished). 1. June. 1822. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. June. 1768. 
 
 oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. June. 1783. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1J. July. 1/86. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). 1. July. 1786. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 2J. June. 1818. 
 
 GOAT MOTH. See Cossus. 
 
 GOAT'S BEARD. Spirae'a aru'ncus. 
 
 GOAT'S FOOT. O'xalis capri'na. 
 
 GOAT'S RUE. Gale'ga. 
 
 GOAT'S THORN. Astra'galus tragaca'ntha. 
 
 GOBBO. See ARTICHOKE. 
 
 GODE'TIA. (Named after M. Godet t 
 a foreigner. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Ona- 
 graceffl]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogy- 
 nia. Allied to (Enothera.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed sown in common soil, in 
 March and April ; also in September, and pro- 
 tected with an evergreen branch in winter. 
 G. albe'scens (whitish). l. Purple. June. Co- 
 lumbia River. 1841. 
 
 decu'mbens (leaning-down). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 California. 1827- 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White, 
 
 purple. July. Columbia River. 1831. 
 
 le'pida (pretty). 1$. Pink. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1835. 
 
 Lindle'yii (Lindley's). 1J. Purple. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1794. 
 
 quadrivu'lnera (four-spotted-petaled). If. 
 
 Pink. September. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Romanzo'vii (Romanzow's) 1. Purple. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 ro'seo a'lba (red and white). 1. Red, white. 
 
 May. Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 rvbicu'nda (ruddy). 2. Purple-flame-colon red. 
 
 July. California. 1834. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate) $. Purple. April. Chili. 1322. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. Jine. 
 
 Chili. 1828. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Purple. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1826. 
 
 vino'sa (wine-coloured-cowered) . 2. Blush. 
 
 July. California. 1835. 
 GODO'YA. (Named after E. Godoy> 
 hose Spanish title was the Prince of 
 Peace. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromia- 
 ceae]. Linn.. 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynia* 
 Allied to Tnea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in strong bot- 
 tom-heat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 
 G. gcmmifln'ra (bud- flowered). 8. Yellow. Brazil. 
 1820. 
 
 GOE'THEA. (In honour of the poet 
 2c 
 
GOL 
 
 [ 386 ] 
 
 GON 
 
 Goethe. Nat. ord., Mallowworts [Malva- 
 cere]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyan- 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen* For culture see PAVO'NIA. 
 
 Q. strictiflo'ra (upright-flowering). l. Crimson, 
 
 white. August. Brazil. 1852. 
 
 GOLDEN APPLE. JE'gle. 
 
 GOLDEN HAIK. Chryso'cuma comau'rea. 
 
 GOLDEN ROD. Solida'go. 
 
 GOLDEN SAXIFKAGE. Chrysosple'tmtm. 
 
 GOLDEN THISTLE. Sco'lymus and Pro'- 
 tea sco'lymus. 
 
 GOLDFU'SSIA. (Named after Dr. Gold- 
 fuss, professor of natural history in the 
 university of Bonn. Nat. ord., Acanthacls 
 [Acanthacese]. Linn., 1^-Dldynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Silhet, that should 
 be cut down freely after flowering iu winter; 
 young shoots when three inches long, after the 
 plant has commenced growing, in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 45 to 55. 
 G. anisophy'lla (unequal-leaved). 3. Blue. July. 
 1823. 
 
 glomera'ta (crowded-jfowererf). 1. Purple. 
 
 October. 1838. 
 
 isophy'lla (equal-leaved). 2. Pale lilac. Sep- 
 
 tember. 
 
 GOLDY LOCKS. Chryso'coma. 
 
 GO'MPHEA. Button Flower. (From 
 gomphos, a club ; said to be the shape of 
 the fruit. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnacere]. 
 Linn., I0-Decandria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and 
 a little peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 G. Jabota'pita (Jabotapita). 5. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. 1820. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy-leaved). 4. Jamaica. 1803. 
 
 oktusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Jamaica. 1803. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 4. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 GOMPHOCA'RPUS. (From gompfios, a 
 club, and /carpos, a fruit; shape of the 
 seed-pods. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle- 
 piadacese]. Jjirm.,5-Pentandria %-Digynia. 
 Allied to Asclepias.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring. Cut- 
 tings of the points of shoots, and better still, 
 small side-shoots, when growth is commencing, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. Summer temp., 5 5 to 75; winter, 40 to 48. 
 G. arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. White. December. 
 1714. 
 
 cri'spus (curled-fcawd). 1. Yellow. July. 1714. 
 -frutico'sus (shrubby). 5. White. July. 1J14, 
 
 GOMPHOLO'BIUM. (From yomphos, a 
 club, andfo&os, apod; shape of seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., "LQ-Decandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, about two inches in length, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in a shaded place, in 
 April or May ; peat and loam in little fibry pieces, 
 with rubbly charcoal, potsherds, and silver sand ; 
 drainage must be well attended to, as saturated soil 
 is their ruin. Winter temp., 40 to 48. All have 
 yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 G. adu'ncum (hooked). May. 1837. 
 
 angustifo 1 Hum (narrow-leaved). May. 1825. 
 
 arista'tum (awned). May. 1837. 
 
 barbi'gerum (bearded- keeled}. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 capita'tum (round-head-./?ouwe(f). 2. July. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Drummit'ndii (Druimnond's). August. 1839. 
 
 glabra'tum (smooth). l. June. 1820. 
 
 glauce'scens (milky-green). J. June. 1824. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. June. 1803. 
 setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). 2. June. 1826. 
 
 Henderso'nii (Henderson's). August. 1840. 
 
 Knightia'num (Knight's). |. August. 1830. 
 
 lana'tum (woolly). l. May. 1824. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. May. 1S03. 
 
 margina'tum (edged). 2. May. 1820. 
 
 Mirbelioi'des (Mirbelia-like). l. May. 1823. 
 
 peduncula're (/ow^-flower-stalked). . May 
 
 1824. 
 
 pinna'tum (leafleted). . May. 1820. 
 
 IHilymo'rpJium (many-form). 2. June. 1803. 
 
 reticula'tum (netteA-leaved). 1^. May. 1824. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). June. 1843. 
 
 tene'llum (delicate). l. May. 1824. 
 
 te'nue (slender). 1. August. 1838. 
 
 ^>-Men'd<?s(tetratheca-like). l. May. 1824. 
 
 tomento'sum (shaggy). 3. May. 1803. 
 
 venulo'sum (veiny-leaved). !. Purple. June. 
 
 1830. 
 
 venu'stum (beautiful). 3. May. 1803. 
 
 versf color (changeable-coloured). l. Reel, 
 
 yellow. March. 1838. 
 
 cau'llbus purpu'reis (purple-stalked). ! 
 
 Red. March. 1838. 
 
 virgu'tum (twiggy). l. May. 1820. 
 
 GOMPHEE'NA. Globe Amaranth. (From 
 gomphos, a club ; the shape of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaranthacesej. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove plants. Perennials, by seed and divisions; 
 the shrubby, by seed and cuttings ; the annuals 
 and biennials, by seed in a hotbed. The Globe 
 varieties are very useful for ornament, and should 
 have equal care, potting, soil, heat, &c., as the 
 Cockscombs. 
 G. globo'sa (globe-flowered). l. Red. July. 
 
 India. 1714. Annual. 
 a'lba (white). 1. White. July. India. 
 
 1714. Annual. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). 2. Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1732. Herbaceous. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). l. Rosy. July. Brazil. 
 
 1843. Annual. 
 
 villo'sa (long-haired). Striped. June. Monte 
 
 Video. 1826. Evergreen shrub. 
 GOMU'TUS. (A palm of that name in 
 Malabar. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceffl]. 
 Linn., 2l-Dicecia 9-JEnneandria.) 
 
 Seed, on strong heat ; peat and loam. Sanmor 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 G. saechn'rifer (sugar-bearing). 40. Moluccas. 
 1820. 
 
 GONGO'RA. (Named after a Spanish 
 
GON 
 
 [ 387 
 
 GON 
 
 viceroy of New Grenada. Nat. ord. 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- (Tynan 
 dria\-Monandria. Allied to Batemannia.) 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; baskets filled and 
 packed with sphagnum, fibry peat, and broken 
 pots, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 
 to 90, with plenty of atmospheric moisture; 
 winter, 55 to 65, and dryish. 
 G. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 ma'jor (larger). Purple. May. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1834. 
 pi'cta (painted). Yellow, purple. May. 
 
 Dernerara. 1836. 
 
 bufo'nia (toad -coloured). 1. Variegated. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1841. 
 ieucoclei'la (white-lipped). Purple, white. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1840. 
 ma'jor (larger). Purple, white. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 fu'lva (tawny). $. Yellow, blue. Julv. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg). Yellow. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1841. 
 
 (jaleottia'na (Galeott's). Mexico. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted flowered). 2|. Yellow- 
 
 spotted. May. Deraerara. 1832. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. May. 
 
 Guiana 1836. 
 
 aura'ntia (orange). Orange. May. Guiana. 
 
 1842. 
 
 ca'ndi da (white). White. May. Guiana. 
 
 1843. 
 
 citri'na (citron). Yellow. May. Guiana. 
 
 1837. 
 
 fu'igens (blazing). Guiana. 1837. 
 
 fu'sca (dark brown). Guiana. 1830% 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Guiana. 1839. 
 
 gri'sea (grey). Demerara. 1836. 
 
 i'gnea (flame-coloured). 2. Flame. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 lu'tea (yellow). Guiana, 1835. 
 
 sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Demerara. 
 
 1836. 
 
 squa'lens (mean). Guiana. 1837. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). 2. Golden- 
 brown. May. Panama. 1842. 
 
 nigri'ta (blackish). Dark purple. July. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1838. 
 
 quinquene'rvis (five-nerved). Yellow, purple. 
 
 May. Peru. 
 
 trunca'ta (blunt-cowered). Red, yellow. April. 
 
 . Mexico. 1842. 
 
 GONIOPHLE'BIUJT. (From gonia, an 
 angle, and phlebia, a vein; alluding to the 
 veins of the fronds. Nat. ord., Polypods 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24L-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices. Allied to Polypodium and 
 Acrostichum.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Division in the spring, as fresh 
 growth is commencing ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. Attenua'tum 
 will do with greenhouse treatment. 
 G. a'lbo puncta'tum (white-dotted). Brown, yel- 
 low. July. S. Amer. 1840. 
 argu'tum (sharp). Brown. Nepaul. 1845. 
 
 - attenua'tum (thin). $. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1823. 
 
 Catheri'nee (St. Catherine's). 1. Brown. Brazil. 
 
 - dissi'mile (unlike), 2, Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 G. harpeo'des (scimitar-like). Brown. Brazil. 184K 
 
 inca'num (hoary). W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 la'tipes (broad-footed). Brown. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 menisciifo'lium (meniscium-leaved). Brazil. 
 
 neriifo'lium (oleander -leaved). 5. Brown. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 pectina'tum (comb-leaved), li. Yellow. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/93. 
 
 piloselloi'des (pilosella-like). 
 
 sepu'ltum (enclosed). 1. Brown. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 vacciniifo'lium (bilberry-leaved). Brazil. 1841. 
 GONIO'PTERIS. (From gonia, an angle, 
 
 and pteris, a fern ; referring to the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiacese], 
 Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Treatment as for Goniophlebium. 
 The New Zealand and New Holland species will 
 thrive in the greenhouse. 
 
 G. a'spera (rough). Brown, yellow. July. Isle 
 of Luzon. 
 
 asplenioi'des (aspleniura-like). Brown, yellow* ' 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 costa'ta (ribbed). Brown, yellow. June. E.IncL ' 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped). W. Ind. 1835. 
 fraxmifo'lia (ash-leaved). 2. Brown. Au> 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 megalo'des (picture-like). Brown. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1843. 
 
 penni'gera (feathered). Brown, yellow. July. 
 New Zealand. 1835. 
 
 proli'fera (proliferous). 1. Brown, yellow. 
 
 May. E, Ind 1820. 
 
 ru'bida (red) Brown. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). Brown. W. Ind. 1843. 
 
 uropJiy'lla (tail-leaved). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 !. Ind. 
 
 GONO'LOBUS. (From gonia, an anglej^ 
 and lobos, a pod; referring to the shape 
 of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Asclepiads 
 [Asclepiadaceasj. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 2-Digynia.} 
 
 The hardy species by seeds and divisions, in"' 
 dry, sandy soil. The greenhouse and stove species. ' 
 divisions, by seed in heat, and by cuttings of the , 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. The stove 
 kinds require bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with 
 silver sand, and a little dry cow-dung. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS. 
 G. di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. Green. July. 
 N. Amer. 1809. 
 
 macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Nuttalliafnus (Nuttall's). 4. Green, July. 
 
 Mississippi. 1822. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TWINERS. 
 G. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 6. Purple. July. 
 Carolina. 1824. Deciduous. 
 
 prostra'tus (lying-down). 3. Green. July, 
 
 Mexico. 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS. 
 G. crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). 2. White, green ; 
 July. S. Amer. 1741. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 10. Green. 
 
 July. Trinidad. 1826. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 G. hi'spidus (bristly). Black. July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 mari'timus (sea-srhore) . 6. "Green, June. 
 
 Carthage. 1823. 
 
GOO 
 
 388 
 
 GOO 
 
 (black). 6. Dark purple. October. 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 subero'sus (cork-barked). 6. Greco. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1732. 
 
 GOODE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Good- 
 enough, bishop of Carlisle. Nat. ord., 
 Goodeniads [Goodeniaceffi]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 All New Holland plants, with yellow flowers, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Herbaceous, 
 by seeds and divisions in spring ; the shrubby, by 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 G. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). J. July. 1823. 
 
 decu'rrens (running-do wn-leaved). 1. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). l. July. 1822. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. July. 1803. 
 
 hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). $. July. 1313. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Pale red. 
 
 July. 1826. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). $. Blue. May. 1842. 
 
 ova'ta (epg-Jeaoerf). 2. July. 1793. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). Blue. June. 
 
 stelli'gera (star- Aat red), f . June. 1823. 
 GOO'DIA. (Named after P. Good, a 
 
 collector of plants in Australia for Kew 
 Gardens. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacece]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6- 
 T)ecandria. Allied to Templetonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow blos- 
 soms, from Van Diemen's Land. Seeds and cut- 
 tings of the young shoots in May, in sand, under 
 a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48. A shady place for the pots in 
 'summer. All, and especially lotifo'lia, should be 
 tried against a wall, with a little protection in 
 'winter. 
 G. lotifo'lia (lotus-leaved). 3. June. 1793. 
 
 polyspe'rma (many-seeded). 2. June. 1/90. 
 
 pubefscens (downy). 3. June. 1805. 
 
 GOODYE'RA. (Named after J. Goody er, 
 a British botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 '[Orchidaceee]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Neottia.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the roots; peat 
 and loam, with a little decayed wood and charcoal. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 O.pube'scens (downy), f. White. July. N. 
 Amer. 1802. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). |. White. July. Scotland. 
 
 tessella'ta (chequered), f . White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1B21. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 G. di'scolor (two-coloured). 1. White. Novem- 
 ber. S. Amer. 1815. 
 
 pro'eera (tall). 2. White. June. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 rubicu'nda (reddish -powered). Cinnamon 
 
 July. Manilla. 1838. 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. JRi'bes grossula'ria. 
 
 VARIETIES. General Dessert kinds. 
 Champagne, R. and Y.; Early Green, 
 hairy, G. ; Golden Drop, Y.; Rockwood, 
 Y.; Pitmaston Green-Gage, G.; Warring- 
 ton, or Aston Seedling, R.; Taylor'e Bright 
 
 Venus, w.; Whitesmith, w. ; Glenton 
 Green, G.; Walnut, G.; Early Sulphur, 
 Y.; Massey's Heart of Oak, G.; Welling- 
 ton's Glory, w. ; Kumhullion, Y. 
 
 Late Dessert kinds (for retarding on 
 trellises). Warrington, R.; Pitmaston 
 Green- Gage, G.; Coe's Late Red, B, ; the 
 Champagnes, R. and Y. 
 
 Bottling. Rumbullion, Y. 
 
 Preserving. Rough Red, Warrington, 
 Champagne. 
 
 Large kinds (very good). Prince Re- 
 gent, R.; Wonderful, R.; Roaring Lion, 
 R.; Top Sawyer, R.; Rockwood, Y.; No 
 Bribery, Y.; Sovereign, Y.; Wellington's 
 Glory, w. ; Queen Charlotte, w. ; Green- 
 wood, G.; Glenton Green, o. 
 
 The letters R. Y. G. w. refer to the 
 colours, red, yellow, green, white. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. Large, 
 straight, and healthy young shoots should 
 be procured at the end of autumn, and 
 these may be shortened to about fifteen 
 inches in length, cutting away the weaker 
 portion the point. All the eyes or buds 
 must be cut out, except the four top ones, 
 in order to prevent the future plant from 
 producing suckers. These should be 
 planted in any ordinary garden-soil, in a 
 light situation, but not too sunny. Plant 
 about four inches deep, and keep them 
 tolerably moist during spring and early 
 summer. Cuttings of young growing 
 shoots, also, strike readily under a glass. 
 
 Layering is performed as with other 
 deciduous shrubs ; if in the old wood, at 
 the same period as the cuttings, and for 
 the same reasons ; if in the young shoots, 
 when they have acquired some strength, 
 about the beginning of July. 
 
 Seed. This is the source whence new 
 varieties may be obtained. The seed 
 being washed out of the pulp when ripe, 
 may be sown immediately ; and in the 
 ensuing spring, if the plants can be 
 early subjected to a slight bottom warmth, 
 they will be a foot in height in the first 
 summer, and may, with good management, 
 be brought to bear, some in the second 
 year, and all in the third. 
 
 Soil. A deep, sandy loam is best 
 adapted to the gooseberry. Any free 
 garden-soil, of average quality, will pro- 
 duce them in tolerable perfection, if well 
 manured, and, above all things, freed 
 from excess of moisture. Gooseberries 
 will never thrive in stagnant soil; they 
 will become hide-bound speedily, and 
 their stems covered with moss. Never- 
 
[389 ] 
 
 GOS 
 
 theless, they are very partial to a perma 
 nency of surface moisture in the growing 
 season, and for that purpose top-dressings 
 are had recourse to. Wherever fine 
 gooseberries are required, the situation 
 must he totally unshaded ; it, however 
 becomes good policy at times to plant 
 some under the partial shade of small 
 trees. In such situations they will set in 
 a frosty spring, when those exposed are 
 cut off. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. A due 
 training, especially whilst young, is neces 
 sary. Those who grow them for exhibi- 
 tion use two sorts of sticks, viz., forks 
 and hooks. These are cut out of any 
 ordinary brush-wood, about half a yard 
 long, and they must be neatly pointed. 
 Thus the hooks are made to draw down 
 refractory shoots, and the forks to prop 
 up the drooping ones. It is a good prac- 
 tice to apply a top-dressing of half-rotten 
 manure in the beginning of May ; and 
 just before the fruit has completed its 
 last swelling, the points of all the longest 
 straggling shoots may be pinched or 
 dubbed. It is well to go over the bushes 
 in the early part of June, and remove 
 much of the waste spray which chokes 
 the interior of the bush. Some of the 
 grosser shoots may be entirely removed, 
 and all others of a doubtful character 
 may have the points pinched. This will 
 throw both size and flavour into the 
 berry, and add to the value of the 
 remaining wood for the ensuing crop. 
 
 Culture in the Rest Period. Pruning 
 is the first point; and the sooner this is 
 performed after the fall of the leaf the 
 better. It consists, mainly, in thinning 
 out. When a bush is well thinned, no 
 two shoots will touch ; indeed, they should 
 be, on an average, three inches apart all 
 over the bush. Most good cultivators 
 keep the middle of the bush very open. 
 This is especially necessary during the 
 first three years from striking the cutting; 
 and the principle should be attended to, 
 less or more, at every annual pruning 
 afterwards. In selecting wood to remain, 
 choose that which is strong, but not over 
 luxuriant ; the latter, with all weakly and 
 inferior wood, may be cut clear away; 
 cutting away, also, all coarse snags in 
 the interior of the branches. Lastly, 
 shorten every point which appears weakly 
 or incomplete in character, just so far as 
 such inferiority is manifest. The root 
 must now receive attention. Some of our 
 
 show gooseberry growers open a trench 
 around their bushes annually, at about 
 the distance the branches extend, cutting 
 away all coarse roots beyond that line. 
 They then fill in the trench with good 
 fresh loam and cow-dung blended. Whe- 
 ther this be done or not, a top-dressing of 
 half- decayed manure should be annually 
 applied, scraping away the loose surface, 
 and placing the manure next the top 
 fibres, and then soiling the whole over. 
 
 Insects. See ABRAXUS, APHIS, and 
 NEMATUS. 
 
 GORDO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Gordon, 
 a London nurseryman. Nat. ord., Theads 
 [Ternstromiaceae], Linn., 16-Monadel- 
 phia 8-Polyandria. Allied to Stuartia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, except hainnto'xylon, 
 which is a stove evergreen, and requires peat soil; 
 cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in heat. The others, though hardy, flower- 
 ing late, are ornaments for the greenhouse ; lay- 
 ers in autumn, seeds in spring, and cuttings in 
 sandy peat, under a hand-light, in summer, in a 
 shady place. Pube'scens and Frankli'ni are the 
 hardiest; but lasia'nthus is the most beautiful, 
 and blooms chiefly in summer and autumn. Peat, 
 leaf -mould, and sand, with a trifle of loam, deep, 
 and on a retentive sub-soil ; if not naturally so, 
 puddled with clay, so that the plant may obtain 
 something of its native position in swampy soil. 
 <?. Frankli'ni (Franklin's). 4. White. September. 
 N. Amer. 1774. 
 
 hasmato'xylon (red-wood). 40, White. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 lasia'nthus (hairy-flower). 6. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 173Q. 
 
 pub^scens (downy). 4. White. July. Carolina. 
 
 1774. 
 
 GORTE'KIA. (Named after D. Qorter t 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese], Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 3- 
 Frustranea. Allied to Gazania.) 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Sow in common soil in 
 the greenhouse, in March ; or in the open border 
 at the end of May. 
 
 G. persona'ta (masked). . Yellow. August. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 GOSSY'PIUIT. Cotton-tree. (From yoz> 
 Arabic for a soft substance. Nat. ord., 
 Mallowworls [Malvacees]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 The cotton of commerce is the hairy covering 
 of the seeds of several species of this genus. Bar- 
 bade'nse and herba'ceum, especially the former, 
 furnish the best cotton. Stove plants. Annuals 
 and biennials, by seed in moist heat, in spring ; 
 perennial herbaceous, by seed and divisions, in 
 similar circumstances; shrubs, by cuttings of 
 young shoots, just getting firm, in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; rich, 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 
 50 to 60. 
 
 G. arbo'reum (tree). 12. Yellow. July. E, Ind, 
 1694. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 Barbade>nse (Barbadoes). 5. Yellow. Sep. 
 
 tember. Barbadoea. 1739' Biennial. 
 
GOU 
 
 [ 390 ] 
 
 GEA 
 
 Q. herba'ceum (commo/t-herbaceous). 3. Yellow. 
 July. E. Ind. 15Q4. Annual. 
 
 Fndicum (Indian). 3. Yellow. August. E. Ind* 
 
 1800. Biennial. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 1800. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 obtusifu'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 religio'sum (religious). 3. Yellow. July. India. 
 
 1777 Herbaceous perennial. 
 GOUA'NIA. (Named after A. Gonan, 
 once professor of botany at Montpelier. 
 Nat. GTcdi^Rhamnads [Rhamnacese] . Linn., 
 23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to Tryma- 
 lium.) 
 
 Evergreen stove climbers. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 58. 
 G. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 10. Yellow. Rio 
 Janeiro. 1820. 
 
 Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 1739. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Green, yellow, W. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 GOUED. Cucu'rbita. 
 
 GOVE'NIA. (Named after J.R. Gowen, 
 a distinguished horticulturist, and cross- 
 breeder of plants. Nat.ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Mo- 
 nandria. Allied to Batemannia.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; 
 peat and loam, with a little charcoal and silver 
 sand. Summer temp.. 60 to 85 : winter. 50 to 
 55. 
 
 G.fascia'ta (banded-flowered). 1^. Yellow. Ja- 
 nuary. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). 2. Green, yellow. De- 
 
 cember. Organ Mountains. 1837. 
 t lageno'phora (bottle-bearing). lj. White. 
 January. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 lilia'cea (lily -flowered}. 1. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 supe*rba (superb). 5. Yellow. March. Mexico. 
 
 1828. 
 
 utricula'ta (bladdery-sAeaMed). l. Cream. 
 
 August. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 GBJE'LLSIA. ( Name unexplained. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15- 
 Tetradynamia. Allied to Cochlearia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plant, suited for rock-work ; 
 
 common, sandy soil ; division, and cuttings under 
 
 a hand-light, in sandy soil, in summer. 
 
 Q. sanifragcefo'lia (saxifrage -leaved), f . White. 
 
 July. Persia. 1844. 
 
 GRAFF, or GRAFT. This, also called 
 the scion, is the portion of a branch se- 
 lected to be inserted or grafted upon a 
 stock or rooted stem, to form the head of 
 the future plant. See GRAFTING and 
 .STOCK. 
 
 GRAFTING is uniting a scion of one 
 plant to the root, branch, or stem of 
 another. The scion and stock must be 
 of nearly-related species. 
 
 The objects of grafting are : 1st. To 
 ncrease choice kinds. 2nd. To increase 
 the vigour of delicate kinds. 3rd. To 
 reduce the vigour of those which are too 
 gross. 4th. To accelerate the period of 
 fruiting. 5th. To adapt kinds to soils for 
 which they would be unfitted on their 
 own roots. 6th. To renovate old kinds. 
 We now proceed to give a series of 
 cuts, illustrative of all the modes which 
 are usual in general horticulture : 
 
 1. Whip Grafting, called also Splice 
 and Tongue Grafting. This is the most 
 ommon mode, and is that almost uni- 
 versally adopted in our nurseries; and 
 ,vhen the stock and scion are equal 
 in size, is perhaps the handiest. The 
 head of the stock is pruned 
 off at the desired height, and 
 then a slip of bark and wood 
 removed at the upper portion 
 of the stock, with a very clean 
 cut, to fit exactly with a cor- 
 responding cut which must be 
 made in the scion. A very 
 small amount of wood must be 
 cut away, and the surface 
 made quite smooth. Care must 
 be taken that no dirt be upon 
 the cuts in this, and, indeed, 
 in all the other modes. The 
 scion must now be prepared. 
 This should have at least three 
 or four buds, one of which 
 should, where possible, be at 
 the lower end, to assist in uniting it to 
 the stock. A sloping cut must now be 
 made in the scion : this cut must corre- 
 spond with that on the stock, and a slit 
 made to fit in a cleft made in the stock 
 when heading it. This slit serves to 
 maintain the scion steadily in its place 
 until properly fastened, and is more a 
 matter of convenience than anything 
 else. Care must be taken that the 
 scion fits bark to bark, on one side at 
 least; for it is not the old or existing 
 portion of wood that forms the union, 
 but a tissue which has to be produced, 
 just as when the sides of a wound have 
 to be reunited. This power exists in the 
 alburnous matter, which lays next the 
 inner bark; and the substance which 
 forms the union, and which is secreted 
 by the returning sap, is termed cambium. 
 
GRA 
 
 GEA 
 
 Where the stock aud scion disagree in 
 point of size, of course only one side can 
 touch, and great care should be taken in 
 this part of the operation; and, in the 
 case of a young scion on aix old tree, 
 some allowance must be made for the 
 ruggedness of the bark. The scion 
 being thus adjusted, the whole is bound 
 close, but not too tightly, with a shred of 
 bass mat, care being taken that the inner 
 barks coincide. The clay is now applied, 
 in order to keep the parts moist, and 
 some practitioners pile soil over the 
 grafted part, when near enough the 
 ground. In all the modes of grafting it 
 may here be observed, that tha chief 
 ground of success lies in, nicely jilting to- 
 gether some corresponding portions of the 
 inner lark of the scion and stock. 
 
 2. Crown, called also Cleft or Wedge 
 Grafting. This is applied to various 
 plants as well as fruits, as, for instance, 
 the rose, cactuses, &c. Vines, also, are 
 frequently grafted by this mode. As in 
 whip grafting, it accelerates the union if 
 the bottom of the scion has a bud or two. 
 In the case of the vine, it is considered 
 necessary to let the stock grow a little 
 before grafting; care must betaken, how- 
 ever, to keep some growing portions on 
 the stock, above the graft, or severe 
 bleeding would ensue. As the name in- 
 dicates, a cleft, or division, is 
 made in the stock to receive 
 the scion, which is cut like a 
 wedge ; again taking care, in 
 case of inequality of size, to 
 make one side fit bark to bark. 
 When the scion and stock are 
 unequal in size, both sides of 
 the scion may be brought to fit 
 _ by cutting the cleft nearer to 
 one side of the crown than the other. 
 The wound is bound over, as in the other 
 processes, with bast, and covered over with 
 clay, or grafting- wax. The camellia suc- 
 ceeds well when grafted this way : even a 
 single bud will make a plant, provided 
 the stocks are kept in a damp and shady 
 atmosphere for a few weeks after graft- 
 ing. The stock here, also, should be 
 slightly in advance, that is, should be 
 forwarder in growing than the graft or 
 scion. The best time is just as the sap 
 is rising. 
 
 3. Cleft Grafting, as represented in 
 this sketch, is only a kind of crown 
 grafting, and is practised on stocks 
 one or two inches in diameter, and, there- 
 
 fore, too large for whip graft- 
 ing. Cut or saw off the head 
 of the stock in a sloping form ; 
 with a knife or chisel cleave 
 the stock at the top, making 
 the cleft about two inches deep ; 
 keep it open by leaving in the 
 chisel; cut the lower end of 
 the scion into the form of a 
 wedge, one inch and a half long, 
 and the side that is to be to- 
 wards the middle of the stock 
 sloped off to a fine edge ; place the bark 
 of the thickest side of the wedge-end of 
 the scion so as to correspond exactly with 
 the bark of the stock ; take away the 
 chisel, and then the sides of the stock 
 will pinch and hold fast the scion. Two 
 scions may be inserted, one on each side 
 of the cleft ; but in this case the top of 
 the stock must not be cut off sloping. 
 Bast and clay must be put on as in the 
 other modes of grafting, 
 4. Saddle Grafting. The top of the 
 stock is cut to a wedge shape, and 
 the scion or graft cleft up the mid- 
 dle, and placed astride on the 
 wedge of the stock; hence the 
 name. The binding and claying 
 are performed as in the other 
 modes, care being taken to make 
 at least one of the sides meet 
 bark to bark. 
 
 A modification of this mode is 
 practised in some of our cider 
 counties, where they do not hesi- 
 tate to practise it in the middle of 
 summer, when the young wood has 
 become somewhat mature. The 
 scion is chosen smaller than the 
 stock, and is cleft about three 
 inches at the lower end, so that 
 one side is rather thicker than 
 the other. The rind of the 
 stock is then opened on one 
 side, and the thick side of the 
 scion introduced between the 
 bark and wood ; the thinner por- 
 tion is carried astride the stock, 
 and down the opposite side, a 
 slight cutting having been made 
 to receive it, on the principle of 
 making corresponding parts 
 meet. This, though tedious^ is 
 a very safe mode of grafting, in- 
 asmuch as it presents a greater 
 expanse of alburnum for effect- 
 ing the junction. 
 
 5. Side Grafting. This, in 
 
GRA 
 
 [392 ] 
 
 GRA 
 
 general, is performed on 
 
 trees on which the top is^\ ^ 
 
 required to remain, and is\\ 
 
 well adapted for the inser- ^\ 
 
 tion of new kinds of pears, N|\ 
 
 or other fruits, on esta- V 
 
 Wished trees, in order to 
 
 increase the collection, or 
 
 to hasten fruit-bearing. It 
 
 is also adapted to furnish 
 
 naked portions of old shoots. 
 
 It is, however, not so safe / 
 
 a mode as some of the 
 
 others. Little description is needed; 
 
 the cut will sufficiently illustrate it. 
 
 6. Chink or Shoulder Graft- 
 $ n fl._This is not much in use 
 in this country ; and, indeed, we ' 
 see little occasion for its prac- 
 tice. When the stock and scion 
 
 are equal in size, however, it 
 offers an opportunity of gaining [ I" ? 
 the advantage of an extra amount |\ 9 
 of alburnous union. The cut will | \ ? 
 explain it. 
 
 7. Boot Graf liny. An old practice ; 
 but, with regard to deci- 
 duous fruit-trees,it offers 
 
 no particular advantage 
 over the ordinary whip 
 grafting,when performed 
 near to the ground. It is, 
 perhaps, better adapted 
 for very large scions, for 
 in many trees such may 
 be used when two or 
 three inches diameter. 
 When strongly bound 
 they may be soiled over- 
 head, merely leaving a hole for the bud 
 of the scion to come through, which, in 
 this case, will rise like a sucker. 
 
 8. Peg Grafting. This mode is now 
 never practised in England, 
 
 and we only insert the an- 
 nexed engraving, because it 
 completes our catalogue of 
 all the known modes. Of 
 these eight modes there are 
 many modifications ; but they 
 are all derived from the eight 
 enumerated. Peg grafting 
 never having been practised 
 by ourselves, we shall only 
 make this extract relative to 
 it : " The scion must be of the exact size 
 of the stock ; bore a hole into the centre 
 of the stock, one and a half inch deep ; 
 cut the bottom of the scion to fit ; the 
 
 edges of the barks must be very smooth 
 and fit exactly." 
 
 General Observations. For ordinary 
 garden purposes, we think the whip, the 
 cleft, the saddle, and the crown, the most 
 eligible modes by far. These may be- 
 said to be the rule, the others are merely 
 exceptional cases. 
 
 In all these proceedings a few axioms 
 or main principles must be kept steadily 
 in view. Of such are the following : 
 
 1st. The scions of deciduous treea 
 should be taken from the parent tree 
 some weeks before the grafting season, 
 and " heeled " (the lower ends put into 
 the soil) in some cool and shady place. 
 This causes the stock to be a little in 
 advance of the graft, as to the rising of 
 the sap, a condition admitted on all hands 
 to be essential. 
 
 2nd. Let all the processes be performed 
 with a very clean and exceedingly sharp 
 knife, taking care that nothing, such as 
 dirt or chips, gets between the scion and 
 the stock. 
 
 3rd. Let the bandage be applied equally 
 and firmly ; not so tight, however, as to- 
 cut or bruise the bark. For this reason, 
 broad strands of bast are exceedingly 
 eligible. 
 
 4th. In selecting grafts be careful in 
 choosing the wood, avoiding, on the one 
 hand, exhausted or bad-barked scions, 
 and, on the other, the immature, watery 
 spray which frequently springs from the 
 old trunks of exhausted or diseased trees. 
 
 Grafting Clay, to make. Take some 
 strong and adhesive loam, approaching 
 to a clayey character, and beat and knead 
 it until of the consistence of soft-soap. 
 Take, also, some horse-droppings, and 
 rub them through a riddle, of half-inch 
 mesh, until thoroughly divided. Get; 
 some cow-manure (the fresher the better), 
 and mix about equal parts of the 
 three, kneading and mixing them until 
 perfectly and uniformly mixed; some 
 persons add a little road-scrapings to the 
 mass. A vessel with very finely-riddled 
 ashes must be kept by the side of the 
 grafter, and after the clay is closed round 
 the scion the hands should be dipped in 
 the ashes : this enables the person who 
 applies the clay to close the whole with 
 a perfect finish. It must be so closed 
 as that no air can possibly enter; and 
 it is well to go over the whole in three or 
 four days afterwards, when, if any have 
 rifted or cracked, they may be closed. 
 
GRA 
 
 [ 393 ] 
 
 GRA 
 
 Grafting Wax. The following recipe 
 has been recommended by a first-rate 
 authority: Take common sealing-wax, 
 any colour but green, one part ; mutton 
 fat, one part ; white wax, one part ; and 
 honey, one-eighth part. The white wax 
 and the fat are to be first melted, and 
 then the sealing-wax is to be added gra- 
 dually, in small pieces, the mixture being 
 kept constantly stirred ; and, lastly, the 
 honey must be put in just before taking 
 it off the fire. It should be poured hot 
 into paper or tin moulds, to preserve for 
 use as wanted, and be kept slightly stirred 
 till it begins to harden. 
 
 GRAINS OF PARADISE. Amo'mvmgra'na. 
 paradi'si. 
 
 GRAMMA 'NTHES. (From gramma, writ- 
 ing, and anthos, a flower ; marks like V 
 being on the corolla. Nat. ord., House- 
 leelcs [Crassulaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 5-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Greet' 7 -." * annuals, from the Cape of Good 
 II - .n pots, well drained; lime- 
 
 rubbish and sandy loam, equal Darts; plants may 
 be kept in greenhouse, or p' ited on rock-work 
 
 8' 1). 4. Yellow, red. 
 jVf). $ Pinkish-red. 
 
 to 
 
 ,u. ord., 
 |B, %0-Gynan- 
 
 Stova . .v s; huau Y ._- . ''*ed in 
 
 it, and trmim ana - % at. 
 
 Smir ... winter, 50 to "55. 
 
 GfiJRultiflo'rinn (many-flowered). 2. Brown, green. 
 May. Manilla. 1S33. 
 
 tigri'n.'tm (tiger-like). Spotted. May. 
 
 Manilla. 1837. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 6. Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 GRAMMI'TIS. (From gramme, lettering; 
 in reference to ,'the spore-cases, or seed 
 apparatus. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodi- 
 acese] . Linn., 24- Cryptogamia \-Filices.} 
 Chiefly stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow 
 spores. Division ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 58. 
 O. Austra'lis (Australian). July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1822. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 furca'ta (forked-teawed). July. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 hi'rtu (hairy). July, isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaed), July. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1824. 
 
 linea'ri* (narrow-/eaoed). July. Jamaica. 1823. 
 ^ GRANADfLLA. This is a name some- 
 
 times given to several species of the Pas- 
 
 siflora ; but one only is the true Grana- 
 dilla, Passiflo'ra quadrangula'ris ; but P. 
 edu'lis also produces edible fruit, and may 
 be similarly cultivated. We are aware 
 that there are other species of Passiflora, 
 the fruits of which are eatable, such as 
 the P. malifo'rmis, or sweet calabash ; P. 
 laurifo'lia, the laurel-leaved or water- 
 lemon; and P. incarna'ta, or the flesh- 
 coloured, &c. 
 
 Propagation. They are nearly all 
 readily propagated by seeds; but most 
 cultivators who grow them for table pur- 
 poses prefer cuttings ; and they are quite 
 right; for, like most of the Cucurbita- 
 ceous group, to which they approximate, 
 they are apt to run much to bine if raised 
 from seed. Plants from cuttings grow 
 more moderately, and blossom sooner. 
 Seedlings will fruit readily at two years 
 old; but cuttings struck very early in 
 the spring, and highly cultivated, will 
 fruit the same autumn, but not produce 
 a full crop. 
 
 Soil. A somewhat light and generous 
 soil is best. The following is an excel- 
 lent compost : Decomposed, mellow, 
 turfy loam, two parts ; old leaf-soil, two 
 parts; heath-soil, one part; and sand, 
 one part. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. P. quad- 
 rangula'ris requires a greater heat than 
 P. edu'lis in fact, a heat equivalent to 
 the Pine stove ; whilst P. edu'lis will suc- 
 ceed well in an ordinary vinery. Bottom- 
 heat is most essential, especially for the 
 P. quadrangula'ris; and, indeed, in this, 
 and a generous soil, consists the chief 
 secret of successful culture. No place 
 can exceed the corner of the bark-bed 
 for the culture of either, provided they 
 can ramble freely overhead, unshaded by 
 vines or other creepers ; for light is also 
 essential. The corner of the bark-bed 
 must be separated by bricks, pigeon- 
 holed; a triangular space, which will 
 hold a wheelbarrow of soil, will suffice, 
 putting some bricks below for drainage. 
 The shoots must be carried up to within 
 a foot or so of the roof, and may then be 
 trained in any way most convenient. The 
 P. edu'lis will produce many branches ; 
 these must be kept thinned out, after 
 the manner of Melons ; but no stopping 
 is requisite. The P. quadrangula'ris does 
 not so soon crowd itself with spray; 
 nevertheless, it will at times require thin- 
 ning out. Liberal waterings must be 
 given, and it must be remembered thai 
 
GRA 
 
 [ 394 ] 
 
 GEA 
 
 the roots -will extend through the pigeon- 
 holes into the bark-bed, and will princi- 
 pally follow the side of the pit walls. 
 The most important matter, however, is 
 the artificial impregnation of the blos- 
 soms ; for thry will seldom, "set" with- 
 out it. The following is Mr. Appleby's 
 mode of setting P. quadrangula'ris : 
 The whole of the calyx, corolla, and 
 crown must be cut off with a sharp pair 
 of pointed scissors; and this must be 
 done without injuring the flower-stem. 
 "When all these are cut away, there only 
 remains the essential parts of the flower; 
 the stamens, five in number, and the 
 three stigmas. Then cut off one or more 
 of the stamens bearing the anthers ; and 
 do this without shaking the dust or 
 pollen out of the anthers; then touch 
 each stigma with the anther, covering 
 them with the fertilizing powder. Take 
 an opportunity of performing this opera- 
 tion early in the morning, at the very 
 time when the anthers are observed to 
 be bursting. So far Mr. Appleby is, 
 doubtless, right as concerns the P. quad- 
 rangula'ris, which has an exceedingly suc- 
 culent calyx, and other appurtenances ; 
 but we never took any further pains with 
 P. edu'lis than to look over the plants 
 every day about noon; and whatever 
 blossoms might be out, to pluck one of 
 the anthers from it, and touch the face 
 of the stigmas with it. By these means 
 they generally become impregnated. 
 
 Culture in Rest Period. As soon as the 
 bearing season is over, towards October, 
 the plants will sink to rest, and this may 
 be facilitated by withholding water en- 
 tirely. They will now become partially 
 deciduous, and this will induce a ripe- 
 ness in the shoots ; and in the following 
 February they may be pruned, cutting 
 back all spongy and immature growths. 
 
 Fruit. It is used in the dessert, and 
 is capable of being kept for a fortnight 
 or so in a fruit-room, or other place, if 
 perfectly dry. 
 
 Insects. We have known the Eed 
 Spider to attack the P: quadrangula'ris. 
 !For remedy, see ACARU&. 
 
 GRANGE'RIA. ( Named from N. Granger, 
 a traveller in Egypt and Persia. Nat. 
 ord., Ckrysobalans [Crysobalanacese], 
 Linn., 11,-Dodecand-ria l-Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sandy soil, in heat, under a glass : peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 
 60. 
 
 G. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. White. Bourbon. 
 1823. 
 
 GRAPE HYACINTH. Musca'ri. 
 
 GRAPE PEAR. Amela'nicherbotrya'pium. 
 
 GRAPE VINE. Vi'tis vini'fera. 
 
 Tarielies for Walls. 1, August Muscat. 
 2, Early Black July. 3, Miller's Bur- 
 gundy. 4, Espeiione. 5, Hatif di 
 Genes. 6, Eoyal Muscadine, White. 7, 
 Royal Muscadine, Black. 8, Sweet Water, 
 White Dutch. 9, Sweet Water, Black. 
 
 10, Black Hamburgh. 11, Black Prince. 
 12, Claret. 13, Verdelho. 14, Pitmaston 
 White Cluster. 15, Lashmar's Seedling. 
 
 As superior kinds for a pretty good 
 climate and aspect, we recommend Nos. 
 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 ; as kinds for inferior 
 aspects, Nos. 2, 6, 10, 14. 
 
 For Greenhouse. 1, Black Hamburgh. 
 2, Black Damascus. 3, Black Prince. 4, 
 West's St. Peter's. 5, Eoyal Muscadine. 
 6, Dutch Sweet Water. 7, Chasselas 
 Musque. 8, Esperione. Of these, Nos. 
 
 1, 3, 5, 6, are the most to be relied on. 
 For Stove. 1, Muscat of Alexandria. 
 
 2, Cannon Hall Muscat. 3, White Fron- 
 tignan. 4, Black Frontignan. 5, Black 
 Hamburgh. 6, Black Damson. 7. Eoyal 
 Muscadine. 8, Dutch Sweet Water. 9, 
 Chasselas Musque. 10, West's St. Peter's. 
 
 11, Charlesworth Tokay. 12, Black Bar- 
 barossa. Of these, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 
 are kinds of superior merit, and require 
 much heat. No. 7, 8, at the warmest 
 end, will be exceedingly early. Nos. 5, 
 6, 9, 10, will provide for a succession. 
 Of No. 12, we at present have no expe- 
 rience : it is stated to be a very long 
 keeper, and is highly recommended. 
 
 Propagation. Layering has almost 
 fallen into disuse, their culture from eyes 
 or single buds having superseded it. 
 Layers will root either from the growing 
 shoot, or from young wood layered in a 
 state of rest. The latter operation is 
 performed any time from November to 
 the beginning of March, and no tongue 
 or slit is requisite. Most of the Vines, 
 in former days, were raised in this way ; 
 the nurserymen having old plants, or 
 stocks for the purpose, around which the 
 shoots were layered in pots, generally in 
 February, and they made saleable plants 
 by the autumn. Layering of the growing 
 shoot is a more delicate procedure, and 
 it is well to introduce a portion of the 
 previous year's wood where possible. 
 
 Cuttings are best made from shoots in 
 the rest state, and may either be made 
 
GEA 
 
 [ 395 ] 
 
 GKA 
 
 short or long. Speechly recommends two 
 inches of the two year old, and one bud 
 or eye of the new. These were inserted 
 perpendicularly in pots, the bud just 
 level with the surface. They will, how- 
 ever, strike root from thick shoots, of 
 three or four years old, of a greater 
 length, and these may, if necessary, be 
 planted at once in the border ; or if in 
 pots, deep ones must be used, and the 
 cutting may be sloped or bent. In all 
 these cases, the cuttings must be buried 
 nearly their whole length bereath the 
 surface. Bottom-heat will facility Le speedy 
 rooting. 
 
 Eyes. This is the most appr >ved plan, 
 for the plant thus approaches nearest to 
 a seedling state. These are generally 
 planted in pots, a single eye in each, at 
 the end of January, and plunged -in a 
 bottom-heat of from 70 to 80. Prim- 
 ings are reserved for this purpose in the 
 autumn, and these being cut in conve- 
 nient lengths, are imbedded in moist soil 
 until winter. About half an inch of wood 
 may be : served above the eye, cutting it 
 sloping a.vay from the bud, and about an 
 inch or so below the bud; the latter sec- 
 tion made horizontally. These, inserted 
 singly in five-inch pots, may be plunged 
 in a bottom-heat of from 70 to 80, and 
 care must be taken that the worms do not 
 get into the soil. When grown nearly a 
 foot in height, they should be re-potted 
 into pots of about seven inches diameter, 
 using a rich, turfy soil, and draining 
 thoroughly. Many good gardeners reserve 
 a poriion of the two years old wood at 
 the base of each eye, and there can be 
 little doubt that it is good practice. 
 
 Coil*. Obtain primings from healthy 
 and fruitful vines on the rod system; 
 these prunings should be from two to 
 four feet in length. Such being plunged 
 in a bottom-heat of from 70 to 80, and 
 in an atmosphere ranging from 50 to 
 60, have a tendency to produce roots be- 
 fore shoots ; and this is the object sought. 
 Fruiting-pn^ of twelve to fifteen inches 
 in diamete; -hould be used, and a com- 
 post of turfy loam and half-rotten ma- 
 nure, with the addition of charred ma- 
 terial, lime-rubbish, or sand ; any or all 
 of them added in the proportion of a 
 sixth of the mass, in> order to insure 
 the free passage of moisture. Thorough 
 drainage being secured, the end of the 
 shoot is pressed down against the bottom 
 of the pot, and the shoot bent round, 
 
 until as many coils or turns as possible 
 are made; leaving, at last,, four or five 
 stout eyes above the level of the pot rim. 
 The pot is then filled with the compost, 
 and careful watering, a judicious control 
 of heat, augmenting the amount of at- 
 mospheric warmth as the leaves unfold, 
 together with the usual routine of stop- 
 ping, thinning the berries, &c.,as applied 
 to established vines, must be carried out. 
 The turfy compost is filled in as the coil- 
 ing proceeds. 
 
 Grafting is not often practised. As in. 
 most other cases of grafting, the stock 
 should be slightly in advance of the sciou. 
 Perhaps the stock should have unfolded 
 a few large leaves before the operation is 
 practised. Then the usual whip grafting 
 is the best plan. A couple of eyes on the 
 graft are sufficient. It is good practice to 
 bind moss round the whole at last, even 
 shading the buds of the scion for a while. 
 The moss may be moistened daily. 
 
 Inarching. This may be performed 
 with either the growing shoot, or with 
 that in a rest state. A plant established 
 in a pot of the kind to be introduced 
 must be procured. With regard to in- 
 arching in a rest state, it is proper that 
 the sap should be in motion at the 
 period of operating, and that the stock, 
 if possible, should, as in grafting, be 
 slightly in advance of the scion. Vines 
 which are breaking are in an eligible 
 state, and the kind to be inarched may 
 be just emerging from a rest state. The 
 point of junction being determined, the 
 pot must be so fixed as that no slipping 
 can occur, and that the shoot may be 
 readily bent to meet the parent plant. 
 Nothing is necessary but to pare a thin 
 slice of bark with a little of the wood 
 from the facings of the scion and stock, 
 which are to be fitted, and then to bind 
 them carefully together close, but not too 
 tight, just as in ordinary grafting. A 
 little moss may be fastened round the 
 point of junction, and this frequently 
 moistened. Inarching of the growing 
 shoot is, however, the best practice ; but, 
 it is an operation that requires nice 
 handling. The shoot of the stock is best 
 at about the middle of its annual growth, 
 when it has begun to acquire some so- 
 lidity and toughness. The scion may be 
 somewhat younger,, and everything being 
 adjusted, a section must be made hi each, 
 as before, cutting through the bark and 
 a little into the alburuous matter, and 
 
GRA 
 
 [396 
 
 OKA 
 
 fitting them nicely together. It may he 
 observed, that the ligature must not be 
 so tight as in the old wood. The whole 
 may be covered with moss, and in six 
 weeks the junction will be complete. In 
 the mean time a progressive stopping oi 
 the spray on the stock must take place, 
 in order, by degrees, to transfer a portion 
 of the luxuriance of the stock to the 
 scion. When the pruning season arrives 
 the stock may be cut back in part or 
 wholly. Thus, a vinery possessing infe- 
 rior kinds may be renovated in a very 
 short period. 
 
 Seed. Perfectly ripe grapes of the 
 kinds intended to be propagated from 
 should be pressed, the seeds washed and 
 thoroughly dried, and then secured, like 
 other seeds, until the following February. 
 They may then be sown in well-drained 
 pots, in a light, rich soil, rather sandy, 
 and plunged in a bottom-heat of from 
 70 to 80. In about a month they will 
 vegetate; the seedlings may be potted 
 oif, and henceforward reared as plants 
 from eyes, continuing bottom - warmth 
 until Midsummei, and train'ngthe shoot 
 (unstopped) fully to the light in a warm 
 situation. They may, in the autumn, be 
 cut back to two or three eyes, and grown 
 through the following summer as before, 
 again pruning back in the autumn. In 
 about four years they will fruit on their 
 own roots ; but, perhaps, a year will be 
 gained by inarcbing them near the ex- 
 tremity of a sound and fruitful old vine. 
 
 Wall Culture. The first essential is 
 a mellow and thoroughly-drained soil. 
 An ordinary sandy loam is the best staple ; 
 but almost any common garden-soil will 
 suit, if it is capable of receiving and 
 transmitting moisture with facility. Vine 
 roots will descend to a considerable depth 
 if the soil be mellow ; but we would 
 rather grant them extra width, especially 
 if the situation is not particularly favour- 
 able. Whether borders, or, what are 
 much more economical, stations, are 
 made, we would first thoroughly drain the 
 site, and then place some imperishable 
 material, as stone, brick, or clinkers 
 rammed close beneath them, leaving only 
 half a yard of soil in depth, unless the 
 roots are securely limited in width. This 
 done, the natural soil must be examined 
 with practical accuracy, and accordingly, 
 as sand or clay predominates, so must be 
 the amount and character of the correct- 
 ing material. If destitute of organic 
 
 matter or turfy fibre, something must be 
 introduced to enrich it, such as fresh 
 manure, and abundance of rotten weeds, 
 leaves, &c., indeed, anything of a decay- 
 ing vegetable kind ; remembering that a 
 good portion must be such as will endure 
 long, and slowly give out its enriching 
 qualities. Some coarse bone-manure 
 and rubbly charcoal will be a capital ad- 
 dition ; and a good deal of charcoal-rub- 
 bish or brush-wood. If the situation is 
 cool and damp, place half the volume of 
 this material above the ordinary ground 
 level. 
 
 Planting. The end of March is the 
 most eligible time; and strong plants 
 being at hand, if in pots, let the soil be 
 shaken away gently, and every root be 
 carefully uncoiled, and spread out, liko a 
 tree fan-trained, and place a little supe- 
 rior compost about the roots, covering 
 the surface with three inches of coarse 
 charred material. This will absorb a 
 great amount of heat from the sun, and 
 admit water freely when necessary. As 
 the plants grow, they must be carefully 
 trained, and no stopping practised the 
 first season. In the autumn, however 
 they must be pruned back to three or four 
 eyes ; and in the next season the shoots 
 from these eyes must be trained to the 
 desired form, which will be regulated by 
 the character of the space they are to oc- 
 cupy, whether on a building or a wall. 
 
 Out-door Culture duriny the Rest Period. 
 Pruning is a first consideration, and 
 this is done soon after the fall of the 
 leaf. Many conflicting practices, as to 
 out-door culture, have competed for the 
 palm of victory here, even as with in-door 
 vines; but it is probably best not to 
 attempt to tie the hands of those who 
 try their culture by too severe rules. One 
 safe maxim is, that no two of the principal 
 leaves should so overlap each other as to 
 obstruct the solar light. From about 
 eight to ten inches, therefore, at least, 
 may be given between each of the grow- 
 ing shoots. This, then, will be a guide 
 as to the distance at which the shoots 
 should be trained. As for root culture 
 at this period, nothing will be needed but 
 to preserve the surface fibres from the 
 spade, which is but too apt to approach 
 ;oo close to those ofa kitchen-garden walls. 
 When vines become somewhat exhausted 
 with much bearing, top-dressings of good 
 soil and manure become necessary. 
 
 Out-door Culture during Growth* We 
 
GRA 
 
 [397 ] 
 
 GKA 
 
 must heie be brief, for the mam princi- 
 ples will be found somewhat identical 
 with those connected with in-door culture 
 All superfluous young spray must be 
 thinned away, and the bearing shoots 
 stopped an eye or two beyond the bunch 
 Where, however, there is walling to be 
 filled, the dresser may leave several eyes 
 or buds beyond the bunch. In due time 
 the bunches must be thinned; one to a 
 square foot of wall will, in general, suffice. 
 The berries, too, must be thinned out at 
 the proper period, and a frequent stopping 
 of the lateral shoots practised, never 
 suffering them to shade the principal 
 leaves. Towards the beginning of Sep- 
 tember, all the stopped laterals may be 
 entirely removed, in order to permit a 
 free circulation of air, and allow the 
 sun to heat the wall ; protection, also, 
 must be afforded to the bunches against 
 wasps, flies, &c. 
 
 Greenhouse Culture. Having attended 
 to the character of the soil requisite for 
 the vine, we have little to report on the 
 subject of border-making, which must, 
 however, be at all times considered the 
 most important point in the whole of the 
 proceedings. A more generous soil is 
 necessary for in-door vines, inasmuch as 
 a greater demand exists at times on their 
 vital powers through the powerful effects 
 of solar light beneath glass ; as also 
 owing to a greater amount of dryness at 
 times in the atmosphere. The first point 
 is to elevate the border above the ground 
 level in proportion to the lowness, cold- 
 ness, or dampness of the situation. 
 Thorough drainage we have before pointed 
 to ; it is not possible to drain too much 
 if the soil be of proper texture. As to 
 soil, turfy loam, inclining to sand, should 
 form nearly one-half the volume of soil. 
 To this may be added one quarter part 
 of coarse manure, leaf-mould, &c., rather 
 raw than otherwise ; and the other quarter, 
 part of rubbly and imperishable materials, 
 such as lumpy charcoal, old plaster, and 
 the rubbish of old buildings, coarse bone- 
 manure, <fec. All these well blended, and 
 filled in when dry, will produce a first-rate 
 compost, taking care to place a layer of 
 turf at the bottom. 
 
 Course of Culture. Whatever combina- 
 tion exists as to a greenhouse vinery, 
 whether it be for vines alone or used in 
 conjunction for pot-plants, an uniform 
 system should be pursued as to the vines, 
 both during the growing season and 
 
 the rest period. This system consists in 
 the regular pruning, dressing of the wood, 
 in order to the extirpation of all insects, 
 and the usual vine-dressing during the 
 growing period, the latter being, disbud- 
 ding, stopping, thinning the berry, and 
 training principles applicable to the 
 vine in all its positions. 
 
 Stove Culture. Vines in stoves are 
 generally combined with pine culture, and 
 the excitement by heat is, therefore, at 
 times considerable. In former days it 
 was supposed that vines must be turned 
 outside the house and frozen, in order to 
 restore their energies ; but abundant 
 proofs exist that from 50 to 55 may be 
 submitted to, in extreme cases, during 
 the rest season. Whatever culture is 
 combined with that of the vines, it is 
 best to confine these to the rafters on the 
 spurring system. For early forcing, and 
 where the house is specially devoted to 
 vines, it is another affair : here either the 
 long-rod system or the spurring may be 
 used. We need not repeat advice as to 
 border-making, and the usual routine of 
 disbudding, stopping, thinning the berry, 
 and the frequent pinching of the laterals. 
 One remark may be permitted as to bor- 
 ders ; let them be inside the house if the 
 interior arrangement will permit, and 
 the front wall on arches. When at rest, 
 we would not allow the thermometer to 
 sink below 35. 
 
 Vines in Pots is a mode of culture only 
 to be recommended as an adjunct to late 
 vineries, and where the possessor, not 
 desiring to build a house for early forc- 
 ing, yet desires to have a few early grapes. 
 The plants should be reared from eyes, 
 and receive very high culture ; and at 
 the end of the second summer they 
 should be strong canes, and in high per- 
 fection for forcing. They must receive 
 iberal shifts when they need re-potting, 
 and their shoots be constantly trained in 
 a very light situation. The young plants, 
 at the end of the first season's growth, 
 will require pruning back to two buds, 
 Vom which one may, during their pro- 
 gress, be carefully trained, and the other 
 emoved. When the cane has grown about 
 five feet in length, during the second 
 season, it is well to stop it, in order to 
 strengthen the lower leaves, on the 
 lealthy action of which the future crop 
 depends. The leader, however, which 
 succeeds, may be laid in full length, well 
 exposed to the light; but the laterals 
 
GRA 
 
 [ 598 ] 
 
 GRA 
 
 which push from the sides must be 
 pinched back, leaving one bud only, and 
 this pinching must be continued all 
 through the season, when necessary. In 
 the second autumn they will be strong 
 canes, with remarkably plump buds; and 
 they may now, when the leaves are de- 
 cayed, be pruned back to some five or six 
 eyes, according to the wish of the culti- 
 vator. Having received their final shift 
 into pots of about fifteen inches in 
 diameter in the preceding June, they 
 will require nothing but a rich top-dress- 
 ing. They enjoy a bottom-heat of 70 
 to 80; but they may be made to succeed 
 on the kerb-stones or back shelves of 
 the stove, away from cold draughts, and 
 near the flues or piping. Liquid-manure 
 must be liberally supplied, and the same 
 course of culture as to disbudding, stop- 
 ping, thinning the berry, and training, 
 pursued as with the rafter vines. A rich, 
 turfy loam must be used as compost; three 
 parts of this to one of rich, half-decom- 
 posed manure, will be found excellent, 
 adding some charcoal and a little lime- 
 rubbish. The turfy loam should be 
 nearly a year old, and must be well 
 chopped with the spade, not sifted. The 
 pots must be most carefully drained 
 nearly one-fifth of their depth : any 
 stagnation whatever will surely prove 
 fatal. If the pots were unpiunged, some 
 screen, such as moss or old matting, 
 should be interposed between them and 
 the sand, or they may have double pots. 
 
 Diseases. Shrivelling of the berries of 
 the grape in stoves appears to arise from 
 the roots of the vine not supplying a 
 sufficiency of sap, as well as from its not 
 being duly elaborated in the leaves. 
 This occurs if the roots are in a cold 
 soil, or are vegetating in an outside 
 border, the temperature of which is too 
 low compared with that of the stove. In 
 the first case, thorough draining and the 
 incorporation of calcareous rubbish, and 
 in the second case, protection to the 
 border and stem, will remove the evil. If 
 the sap be not duly elaborated, it must 
 arise, either separately or conjointly, from 
 the leaves vegetating in an ungenial atmo- 
 sphere, or from their being too reduced in 
 number. 
 
 If the roots of the vines are found to 
 have penetrated the soil deeply, they 
 should be lifted very carefully, brickbats 
 placed beneath the roots, and these 
 trained about nine inches beneath the 
 
 surface. If drainage of the border has 
 been neglected, let it be effected at the 
 same time. If the loss of the crop which 
 would be occasioned by the lifting of the 
 whole of the vines would be inconvenient, 
 only one or two can be so treated in suc- 
 cessive autumns. The most injurious 
 time for an unnatural disparity of tempe- 
 rature in the air and soil to occur is at 
 night ; for, as was justly observed by the 
 late Mr. Knight, an ill effect of high 
 temperature during the night is, that it 
 exhausts the excitability of the tree much 
 more rapidly than it promotes the growth 
 or accelerates the maturity of the fruit, 
 which is, in consequence, ill supplied with 
 nutriment at the period of its ripening, 
 when most nutriment is probably wanted. 
 The Muscat of Alexandria, and other late 
 grapes, are, owing to this cause, often 
 seen to wither upon the bunch in a very 
 imperfect state of maturity ; and the want 
 of richness and flavour in other forced 
 fruit is often attributable to the same 
 cause. The Frontignans are among the 
 varieties apt to shrivel under great dis- 
 parity of temperature between the roots 
 and branches. 
 
 Somewhat alliedinits causes to shrivel- 
 ling is that unsightly imperfection where 
 the berries do not come to maturity at 
 the point of the bunches, leaving from 
 five to ten quite colourless and sour, 
 though others on the same bunch are fine 
 and large. In such case the remedies 
 are to give more heat and air, keeping the 
 border warmer than before, and to avoid 
 cold damps in the house : leave as much 
 foliage as can be exposed fully to light. 
 The leaves removed must be by little at 
 a time. In thinning, clip off a few ber- 
 ries at the lower extremity of the bunch ; 
 the rest will swell better. 
 
 Shanking is an uloeration, or gangrene, 
 attacking the footstalks of the bunches, 
 and appears to be occasioned, like shrivel- 
 ling, by the temperature of the soil being 
 too much below that in which the branches 
 are vegetating; and, consequently, the 
 supply of sap to the grapes is much 
 diminished, and the parts -which thus fail 
 of support immediately begin to decay. 
 This is an effect always the consequence 
 of a diminished supply of sap, apparent 
 either in the leaves, flower, or fruit. The 
 disease, like every other putrefaction, does 
 not advance rapidly unless there be much 
 moisture in the atmosphere. 
 
 The coldness of the soil causes this 
 
GRA 
 
 [ 39!) 
 
 GRA 
 
 torpidity in the action of the root ; and 
 this, perhaps, at the very period when the 
 greatest demand is made upon it to sus- 
 tain the excessive perspiration which is 
 going on in the leaf, and to furnish fresh 
 matter for elaboration, to both which 
 ends it is frequently quite inadequate, 
 owing to drenching rains. If the young 
 fibre be examined at such inclement pe- 
 riods, it will be found somewhat disco- 
 loured, and, in some cases, quite rotten. 
 Shanking, we conceive, is generally caused 
 by the unnatural disagreement of tem- 
 perature between the root and top, inde- 
 pendent, in the main, of the question of 
 moisture. It generally occurs with vines 
 which have been somewhat forced ; sel- 
 dom on open walls seldom with vines 
 forced in pots or tubs. The obvious 
 prevention of shanking is securing a 
 congenial relative temperature to the 
 roots and foliage. 
 
 Rust comes upon the berries in the 
 form of a rough, rusty appearance of 
 their skins, which have, in fact, become 
 thick and indurated. Some think it arises 
 from their being handled, or the hair of 
 the head touching them ; but the disease 
 is often too general to admit of this 
 topical explanation. We believe it to 
 arise from an over-heating of the vinery, 
 however unintentional, whilst the grapes 
 were young, and thus tending to force 
 them to a premature rapidity of growth. 
 Any excessive pressure upon the cuticle, 
 whether from within or from without, 
 causes its thickening. This considerable 
 elevation being succeeded by a sudden 
 reduction of temperature, will almost 
 certainly induce the disease. 
 
 The Spot affecting the berries seems to 
 be the same disease as shanking, only 
 affecting a different part. Like this dis- 
 ease, it is a gangrene, and is probably oc- 
 casioned by an irregularity in the supply 
 of moisture and vicissitudes of tempera- 
 ture, but especially if one of the extremes 
 is much below the degree of heat most 
 favourable to the healthy growth of that 
 plant. Muscats are particularly liable to 
 the spot. Our opinion that sudden vi- 
 cissitudes of temperature are the causes 
 ' >f this disease, seems to be well sustained 
 l>y the fact, that the parts nearest the 
 glass, that is, the upper portions of the 
 bunches, and those parts most exposed 
 to the sun's influence, are the first to 
 suffer; and this, also, goes far towards 
 substantiating the assertion, that the 
 
 shade of the foliage is necessary to the 
 well-doing of grapes. 
 
 Want oj Colour is often a defect of the 
 Black Grape, but not at all necessarily 
 arising from deficient light The green 
 colour of leaves depends entirely upon 
 the presence either of light or of uncom- 
 bined hydrogen gas ; but vegetable reds, 
 purples, and other colouring matters of 
 fruits are formed, though less intense, 
 even in a total absence from light. So 
 far from full exposure to light being 
 requisite for the full colouring and ripen- 
 j ing of grapes, they never attain these 
 desired qualities so well as when shaded 
 by one thickness of leaf. ' The colouring 
 matter of all fruit is dependent partly 
 upon the leaves immediately above it, and 
 partly upon the fruit itself, the necessary 
 digestion of the sap being commenced 
 in the one and perfected in the other. 
 If this digestion or elaboration of the 
 sap is checked by ungenial temperature, 
 but more particularly if the crop is too 
 heavy for the vine, or if the leaves, es- 
 pecially above the bunches, are too much 
 thinned, defect of colour will be the very 
 usual consequence to the berries. We 
 have seen the blackest of berries in situ- 
 ations where the sun had never shone 
 on them since they blossomed ; indeed, 
 it only requires a little close observation 
 for one season to dispel such a fallacy. 
 It sometimes, however, happens, that the 
 principle leaves on the same shoot with 
 the bunch are shaded by other main 
 leaves, or by laterals. Such shading is 
 sure to be prejudicial to the colouring of 
 the berry, as well as to the maturation of 
 the buds connected with the shaded leaves. 
 And here we have one of the reasons for 
 such close stopping as the vine is sub- 
 jected to. Over-cropping alone will lead to 
 bad colouring ; indeed, is one of the most 
 fruitful sources of it. It exhausts the 
 tree of every r partic]e of prepared sap, 
 and produces debility in the root, which 
 renders it readily susceptible to the stag- 
 nating rains of an unpropitious season. 
 
 In order to promote good colouring, 
 the ripening process should not be hur- 
 ried. It is evident that very high tem- 
 peratures are not required for this pur- 
 pose, for the Black Hamburgh, on com- 
 mon walls, is not deficient in colour, in a 
 good season. Now, the colouring process, 
 in the latter case, occurs in the end of 
 September, when the temperature ^ at 
 nightmust sometimes be near the freezing 
 
GRA 
 
 [400] 
 
 GRA 
 
 point. It is a common observation of 
 practical men, that the cold nights of au- 
 tumn hasten maturity in many crops ; 
 and this is undoubtedly a fact, and trace- 
 able, we presume, to a cessation of the 
 growing principle, causing thereby a 
 concentration of the energies of the 
 plant. We would say, therefore, beware 
 of too high a temperature during the 
 colouring process, unless accompanied 
 with much solar light, and even then 
 avoid extremes. We would more espe- 
 cially avoid night heat at this period, and 
 would promote a circulation of air night 
 and day. 
 
 Bleeding. This only occurs to the 
 vine from the unhealed surfaces of cuts 
 made after the sap has commenced its 
 motion, and before the leaves are well 
 expanded. A red-hot iron, applied to the 
 bleeding surface until it be charred, will 
 stop the effusion of sap for a time, if not 
 permanently ; and to effect a complete 
 stoppage at once, coat the charred surface, 
 and rub well into it a paste made of lime 
 newly burnt and grease. This hardens 
 and forms an effectual plaister. 
 
 Mr. Knight's plaister we know to be 
 effectual, and is thus composed : 
 
 One-fourth of calcined oyster-shells, 
 beaten to fine powder in a mortar, and 
 three-fourths of cheese, worked together, 
 until they form a sort of paste. This mix- 
 ture, pressed into the pores of the wood, 
 either with the thumb or any other means, 
 will effectually stop the flow of the sap : 
 sometimes a repetition may be necessary, 
 if it is not well forced into the pores. 
 See MILDEW. 
 
 Insects. See ACARUS, APHIS, Coccus, 
 CURCULIO, and THRIPS. 
 
 GRAPXOPHY'LLUM. (From grapho, to 
 write, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the 
 markings on the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 dcanllmds [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 2-Di- 
 undria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Belope- 
 rone.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, just getting a little firm, and a heel of the 
 older wood at its base, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 
 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 
 a, horte'nse a'lbum (garden white). Crimson. 
 July. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 'GRASSES for lawns and grass-plots 
 must be varied according to the nature 
 of the soil, and we know of no more 
 judicious selections than the following, 
 recommended by Messrs. Lawson, of 
 Edinburgh : 
 
 
 I'3 
 
 S w 
 
 f! 
 
 K 
 
 Ave'na flave'scens (Yellowish Oat 
 Grass) 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 1 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Cynosu'rus crista'tus (Created 
 Dog's Tail) 
 
 5 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 
 Festu'ca duriu'scula (Hardish 
 
 A 
 
 <? 
 
 4 
 
 Festu'ca tenuifo'lia (Fine-leaved 
 Fescue) 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 Lo'lium pere'nne te'nue (Fine Bye 
 
 20 
 
 ?0 
 
 20 
 
 Po'a nemora'lis (Wood Meadow 
 Grass) 
 
 '$ 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Po'a nemora'lis sempervi'rens 
 (Evergreen Ditto) 
 
 
 12 
 
 j 
 
 Po'a trivia' Us (Rough -stalked 
 Meadow Grass) 
 
 1 
 
 if 
 
 2 
 
 Trifo'lium re'pens (White Clover) 
 Trifo'lium mi'nus (Smaller Yellow 
 Clover) 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 The above mixtures are enough for an 
 acre. Where the ground is overshadowed 
 with trees, both the kinds of Festu'ca 
 should be omitted, and similar quantities 
 of the two kinds of Po'a nemora'lis substi- 
 tuted. The best time for sowing is early 
 in the spring. 
 
 GRASS-PLOT, correctly speaking, is a 
 parterre, or bed of flowers, arranged with 
 grass-turf between them, instead of gravel. 
 It is usually confounded with LAWN, 
 which see. 
 
 GRATI'OLA. Hedge Hyssop. (From 
 gratia, grace; referring to its medicinal 
 virtues. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu- 
 lariaceae]. Linn.,2-Z>iandna l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Mimulus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the plants 
 
 in spring ; rich, moist soil. Latifo'lia and tetra* 
 
 go'na require the protection of a frame in winter. 
 
 G. au'rea (golden). $. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 latifo'lla (broad-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 megaloca'rpa (large-fruited). Pale yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 officina'lis (common-shop). 1. Light blue. 
 
 July. Europe. 1568. 
 
 pilo'sa( hairy). White. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 quadridenta'ta (four-toothed). $. White. 
 
 June. N, Amer. 1821. 
 
 tfefrag'o'rta (square-stemmed). 1. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Buenos Ayres. 1830. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Virginia. 17*9. 
 
 GRAVEL WALKS, like all other walks, 
 require a good substratum of drainage, 
 and the facing about five inches deep of 
 gravel. It must have no stones mixed 
 with it larger than good-sized marbles, 
 and about one-fourth of it must be much 
 finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel, 
 with a slight admixture of clay, and the 
 
GEE 
 
 [ 401 ] 
 
 GRE 
 
 more rubbly the better, is the best for 
 binding and forming a solid walk. The 
 more speedily it is laid clown after digging 
 from the pit, the more firmly will it bind. 
 
 The following is an excellent plan to 
 make or turn gravel walks in dry weather : 
 If of a sandy or gravelly nature, strew a 
 little clay or marl upon the walk. When 
 turned over, take away the large stones 
 and place them at the bottom of the soil. 
 Immediately after you level your walk, 
 apply your iron roller steadily, and let a 
 labourer follow the roller, pouring upon 
 it water regularly as it passes over the 
 ground ; in twenty-four hours after, if the 
 weather is dry, it will be as solid as a 
 stone-floor. 
 
 The best method of extirpating grass 
 from a gravel walk, is to spread salt in 
 considerable quantities over its whole sur- 
 face ; and if, after the first application, it 
 is found that portions of the ground still 
 exist, let another coating of salt be applied, 
 which will effectually destroy it. Care must 
 be taken, however, if the walk is edged with 
 box, that the salt does not come in con- 
 tact with it, otherwise it will destroy the 
 edging also. 
 
 In the early part of April, gravel 
 walks are usually turned. After the walk 
 has been broken up and levelled, and a 
 facing of new gravel spread over, this 
 ought to be left for three or four days, 
 and until a shower of rain has fallen, 
 before the roller is used. This bleaches 
 the gravel, and washes down the fine 
 particles, so that, immediately after roll- 
 ing, the walk is solid, and has a clean, 
 bright surface. 
 
 The above directions relate to the old 
 system of gravel-walk making; but we 
 strongly recommend the general adoption 
 of CoxcKE'Be WALKS, which see. They 
 are far more durable, and free from 
 weeds. 
 
 GREAT BURNET. Sanguiso'rba. 
 
 GREAT CENTAU'REA. Centau'rea cen- 
 tau'rium. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. This is a light, airy 
 structure designed for plants which can 
 sustain a lowish temperature, but cannot 
 withstand the vicissitudes from frost to 
 sunshine, and from damp to dry, of our 
 common winters. It is distinguished 
 from a plant-stove in requiring but little 
 artificial heat; and from a conservatory 
 in having all the plants (with, perhaps, 
 the exception of climbers for the rafters) 
 grown in portable pots or tubs, and these 
 90 
 
 generally set upon a stage to bring them 
 nearer the glass. 
 
 The mode of constructing such a house 
 must be regulated by the wishes of the 
 proprietor, and the conveniences at his 
 disposal. For general purposes any as- 
 pect will do in an emergency, except the 
 north, and that might be selected for 
 those plants that delight in the shade. 
 The more command of light, with the 
 means at hand of reducing its fierceness 
 and heat when too powerful, the better. 
 From due south to south-east and south- 
 west may be considered the best aspects. 
 If it is a lean-to house, having a sloping 
 roof from a back wall, it should always 
 have a considerable amount of upright 
 glass in front to receive the oblique rays 
 of the sun in winter. By the side of a 
 cottage ornee the front of the house may 
 thus partake of the same style of archi- 
 tecture, while the shed-like, sloping roof 
 may be exchanged for a ridge-and-furrow 
 one, and that concealed from external 
 observation by a light entablature or 
 frieze work. For a neat detached struc- 
 ture it should stand, less or more, north 
 and south, have a ridge-and-furrow roof, 
 and means for breaking the sun's rays 
 in the morning and afternoon. We aro 
 supposing it to be glass all round. When 
 in connexion with other buildings a very 
 useful and elegant house is formed, hav- 
 ing the front and ends of glass, a hipped 
 roof, and an opaque back wall. Here, 
 likewise, by an ornamental entablature, 
 the roof, if desirable, may be wholly or 
 partially concealed, so as not to interfere 
 with architectural propriety, though we 
 should have no great scruples on this 
 score, as the utility of an object, if ap- 
 parent, gives its appropriateness. 
 
 The size of the glass to be used must 
 depend upon the taste and the money 
 wished to be spent by the proprietor. 
 For the roof, especially, it will be desir- 
 able to have it at least sixteen ounces to 
 the foot. Small squares can be procured 
 in boxes very cheap ; but what you gain 
 in glass you partly lose from requiring so 
 many sash-bars. We should not care 
 about having them much above eighteen 
 inches in length. All things considered, if 
 we were to roof a house most economically, 
 we should obtain strong machinery-cut 
 sash- bars, dispense with rafters, use gla^s 
 from fifteen to eighteen inches wide, and 
 say a foot in depth, and secure means <-f 
 ventilation without touching the roof by 
 
GEE 
 
 [402 ] 
 
 GEE 
 
 the upright glass and wooden ventilators 
 at the ridge in the roof and in the back 
 wall. 
 
 Stages. These are generally shelves, 
 arranged in stair-like fashion, partaking 
 less or more of the character of the roof. 
 Tor a general collection, the stage may 
 l>6 from five to six feet from the glass 
 roof; for insuring dwarf, compact, hushy 
 plants, the distance should he from three 
 to four feet. The lowest shelf of the 
 stage should he a little higher than the 
 shelf that surrounds the house next the 
 front glass. Where the roof is hipped, 
 even though the hack wall he opaque, if 
 the house faces the south the stage should 
 be hipped too, terminating in a single 
 shelf, broad or narrow in the centre. 
 The north part would be admirable for 
 keeping many plants in winter, and ex- 
 hibiting in summer those that were in 
 full bloom. In a wide house it is always 
 preferable to have several stages, in the 
 shape of circles, ovals, or triangles, which- 
 ever is most approved, with walks between 
 them. The expense, and the room 
 apparently lost, are more than compen- 
 sated by the ease with which all the 
 plants may be examined, and the greater 
 thickness with which they may be safely 
 set, as the pathway will be so many 
 breathing zones. (See FLOWER STAGES. ) 
 For low-hipped, roofed, and ridge-and- 
 furrow roofed houses, flat, table-like, 
 trellised stages will be the best; the 
 highest plants being set in the centre, or, 
 if necessary, one being placed now and 
 then on a pot. As an improvement on 
 this, where extreme economy was the 
 object, we would dispense with the wooden 
 trellis, and substitute a bed of earth, kept 
 in its place by brick walls, the earth being 
 first covered with cinders, and then with 
 pure sand, on which to set the pots. 
 The damping of this sand from watering 
 in summer would be a source of health 
 to the plants, and save them from many 
 visitations. Small inclosures in such an 
 earth-pit, if suitable compost were used, 
 would be excellent for the less hardy 
 creepers, which would be likely to main- 
 tain a lingering existence if planted, as 
 they sometimes are, in a border close to 
 the front wall. 
 
 Temperature. If merely preserving the 
 plants is the object, then artificial heat 
 may only be applied to maintain a 
 temperature of from 35 to 40. This 
 low temperature must not, however, be 
 
 long continued in a stagnant atmosphere. 
 It will, therefore, be necessary to raise 
 the temperature to admit air during the 
 day. Where it is desired slowly to grow 
 the shoots, and to keep a winter display 
 of plants in bloom, the temperature must 
 not sink below 45. In either case a 
 rise of 10 or 15 may be allowed for 
 sunshine in winter. In summer, the 
 chief difficulty will be to keep the house 
 cool by admitting all the air possible, 
 and having it on night and day. If the 
 plants are turned out into pits and shady 
 places, and even very sunny places if 
 their nature requires it, and their place 
 is supplied with tender annuals, &c., then 
 more closeness and moisture must be 
 obtained a limitation of air and plenty 
 of moisture giving all the essentials of a 
 plant stove. 
 
 Artificial Heat. The best, because the 
 most equal and the cleanliest, is hot water ; 
 and the simplest of all contrivances is 
 the best : a compact little boiler, well set, 
 and a flow and return pipe on the sim 
 plest principles. A small boiler and two 
 or three-inch pipes are the moist suitable 
 for a greenhouse where only quick and 
 occasional fires are wanted. Flues are 
 far from being despicable conveniences. 
 In some respects, in small houses where 
 a higher temperature is wanted at one 
 end than another, they answerbetter than 
 hot water. When neatly built they are 
 no eye-sore in a house. To insure 
 draught the flue should be at least a third 
 deeper than it is wide, and the mouth of 
 the flue should be eighteen inches above 
 the bottom of the surface. For green- 
 houses,one foot of four-inch pipe will be 
 necessary for every forty cubic feet of air, 
 making allowance, less or more, according 
 to the surface of glass, or the presence 
 of opaque walls; or, in other words, 
 taking the square foot of glass, it would 
 require a foot of four-inch pipe for every 
 six feet of glass ; or a foot of a common 
 flue above the ground for about ten or 
 eleven feet of glass. 
 
 Ventilation. Means should be secured 
 for a thorough circulation of air from the 
 sashes in front, and the highest point in 
 the roof, as there the heat will generally 
 be the greatest. In cold weather in 
 winter, unless there are means for heat- 
 ing the air before it enters, the little 
 given should be at the top of the house, 
 as thus the cold, dry air would be heated 
 and absorb the moisture before reaching 
 
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 [403 ] 
 
 GEE 
 
 the bulk of the plants. When the air is 
 very dry, and the weather very cold, the 
 less air that is given the better. In such 
 circumstances,the heating medium should 
 be cool before the sun strikes upon the 
 house, and then the sun-heat will raise 
 the house the less ; and 10 or 20 for a 
 short time, from sun-heat, is a very differ- 
 ent affair from having that increase from 
 artificial means. For greenhouse plants, 
 generally, in favourable weather, too 
 much air cannot be given, night or day, 
 from the middle of May to the middle of 
 September. For two months preceding 
 May, and subsequent to September, air 
 should be given early in the morning, 
 even if it should be withdrawn or reduced 
 soon afterwards, or early in the afternoon. 
 In winter, unless the air is very mild, it 
 will be time enough to give air by ten 
 o'clock, and shut up between two and 
 three. When the weather is very severe, 
 one hour, or even less, in the middle of 
 the day must be sufficient. In dull, close 
 weather, air should be given, though a 
 brisk fire should be put on during the day 
 on purpose. When, however, the green- 
 house is changed into a vinery, a place 
 for growing tender annuals, &c., the for- 
 warding of the growth of Camellias, Epa- 
 cris, Azaleas, &c., then the temperature 
 in spring and summer must be higher, 
 and the atmosphere closer and moister. 
 By means of divisions, you may have 
 almost as many temperatures and atmo- 
 spheres in one house as you please, by 
 regulating the ventilation of the different 
 compartments. Slight wooden moveable 
 divisions we find extremely useful in pots, 
 as we can then give a peculiar treatment 
 to one or any number of lights at pleasure. 
 Firing. The heat from the furnace 
 merely extends vegetable tissues; that 
 from the sun expands and concentrates 
 them. No stoker should visit his furnace 
 without knowing the temperature of his 
 house, the temperature of the external 
 atmosphere, the direction of the wind, 
 and the changes that have taken place 
 in a certain number of hours, and thence 
 calculate what will be the most likely to 
 happen. The minimum temperature 
 should never be exceeded by fire-heat 
 during the night More than sufficient 
 is not only waste, the plants are drawn 
 and dried, while less advantage can be 
 taken of the glorious light and heat 
 which come from the sun. For dispers- 
 ing damps, &c,, use a brisk little fire 
 
 during the day, and allow it to go out. 
 In very dull, close weather in winter, 
 such a fire often, if even for an hour, 
 would be useful; not for heat, but for 
 enabling us to give more air, and causing 
 a rapid circulation among the plants. 
 
 Watering. The rule is, water so as to 
 reach every fibre of the plant's roots, and 
 then wait until a similar repetition is 
 necessary. A plant may want watering 
 twice a day in summer, and, perhaps, 
 only twice a month in dull weather in 
 winter. From the end of September to 
 the middle of May, let the temperature 
 of the water used be from 5 to 10 higher 
 than the minimum temperature of the 
 house. From the periods mentioned, 
 making, of course, due allowance for 
 peculiar weather, watering should be 
 performed in the morning ; in cold weather 
 not too early. Thus the stimulus of sun- 
 heat, diminished though it be, meets the 
 plants when they have received their re- 
 fresher; the extra moisture is parted 
 with before the evening comes ; and there 
 is not that rapid cooling of the soil by 
 evaporation during the night. In the 
 summer we reverse the time of watering, 
 and perform the operation in the after- 
 noon and evening. Anything that tends 
 to cool the soil and the plant is then re- 
 freshing. By watering in a bright morn- 
 ing, the moisture is exhaled rapidly from 
 the soil, as well as through the foliage of 
 the plant, which does not, in consequence, 
 receive the full benefit of the watering, 
 and, therefore, soon requires a fresh 
 supply. In the evening the evaporating 
 tendencies are approaching the minimum ; 
 the plant has full time to absorb and re- 
 fresh itself, and thus is more able to 
 stand the brunt of the following day. 
 
 Manure Watering. This should be 
 applied often, but weak and clear ; a little 
 quick-lime added will effect the clearing, 
 at the expense of driving off a portion 
 of the ammonia. It is applicable in 
 almost any case where luxuriance of 
 plant is the chief object ; where size of 
 bloom and compact, rather than slender, 
 growth, are the desideratum, it should not 
 be applied until the flower-buds appear. 
 
 Syringing. This is a most valuable 
 mode of applying water, as it promotes 
 cleanliness, and is as necessary for re- 
 moving dust and incrustations from the 
 foliage as soap and water are for cleaning 
 our own skins. In winter it should be 
 done at mid-day, when the sun shines; 
 
GEE 
 
 [404] 
 
 GRE 
 
 in spring and autumn, in the morning 
 in summer, chiefly in the evening, though 
 at that season we frequently give them a 
 dash several times a day. 
 
 Pruning. This is generally done when 
 the plant has finished flowering when 
 we wish it to start into fresh growth. Of 
 course there are exceptions ; without 
 these exceptions the nature of a plant 
 and the mode of its growth must be the 
 "basis for a system of pruning. For in- 
 stance, we cut down the flowering shoots 
 of an Epacris and a Pelargonium ; hut 
 we act very diiferently both before and 
 after in the two cases. The Epacris i 
 hard-wooded, and, if tolerably ripened, 
 it requires no preparation. The long 
 tranches of most kinds are cut in at once, 
 and the plant is then transferred to a 
 closer and warmer atmosphere, to en 
 courage the formation of new shoots. A 
 cold pit, kept close, is the thing ; some 
 people, with great success, keep them a 
 couple of months in a plant stove. Of 
 course they are duly hardened, and the 
 wood ripened by autumn. On the other 
 hand, the stems of the Geranium are 
 soft and spongy ; if a very valuable kind, 
 this will have been increased by shading, 
 to preserve the colour of the flower. The 
 plant altogether is at a minimum as re- 
 spects its possession of organisable ma- 
 terial ; while, for the sake of the old plant 
 to be kept, and the cuttings for seed from 
 its stems, it is desirable it should be at 
 the maximum. The plants are, therefore, 
 exposed fully to the sun; not a drop 
 more water is given than just to keep 
 the leaves from flagging ; and the stems, 
 instead of being soft and green, become 
 hard and brown, by parting with their 
 watery evaporations, and assimilating 
 fresh solid material. Many other close- 
 headed plants, such as the Azalea, merely 
 require, in general, the stopping of a few 
 of the strongest shoots. 
 
 Time of Potting. This should gene- 
 rally be done after pruning, and when 
 fresh growth has taken place, because it 
 is advisable never to give more checks to 
 a plant at once than can be avoided. 
 When cut down, or pruned, the energies 
 in the stems, and the unmutilated, un- 
 touched roots, are at once put forth in 
 the production of fresh shoots. When 
 these are formed and forming, and the 
 plant is kept close for a time after shifting, 
 fresh roots will soon be formed through 
 their agency, upon the same principle 
 
 that roots are protruded from a cutting 
 of half-ripened wood under a hand-glass. 
 Time for Cuttings. Now we speak 
 merely in general terms. Other things 
 being equal, the older and harder the 
 wood of the cutting, the longer will it be 
 in striking. The younger the wood is, 
 provided it is just hard enough at the 
 base to possess a sufficiency of organisable 
 material, the sooner it will strike ; if too 
 soft and spongy it will rot and damp off. 
 Hence the general time for propagating 
 is regulated by the general time of 
 pruning and fresh growth taking place. 
 Small side-shoots, from 1$ to 3 inches in 
 length, just getting firm at the base, cut 
 to a point with a clean, sharp knife, or 
 taken off close to the older branch, and 
 a few of the lower leaves removed, will 
 succeed in the great majority of cases. 
 It is desirable to get them in in April or 
 May, in the case of slow-growing plants, 
 to have them established before winter. 
 We shall merely add a few requisites: 
 1st, clean pots ; 2nd, secure drainage by 
 an inverted small pot inside a larger one, 
 or by crocks so as to fill it three-quarters 
 full ; 3rd, place rough material or moss 
 over the drainage, to prevent the finer 
 soil washing through it; 4th, cover it 
 with an inch or so of sandy soil, similar 
 to what the plants delight in, if a little 
 charcoal is added all the better, finishing 
 with a layer of pure sand, watering all 
 well, and then allowing it to drain before 
 inserting the cuttings ; 5th, insert the 
 cuttings firmly, fill the small holes made 
 by the dibber with sand, dew all over 
 with the fine rose of a watering-pot, 
 allow the foliage to become dry, place 
 each pot under a bell-glass, or a number 
 under a hand-light, and shade from the 
 sun, either in a corner of the greenhouse, 
 or, better still, in a close frame or pit 
 without any artificial heat being applied, 
 at least none before the cutting begins to 
 swell at its base. Some things may have 
 bottom-heat at once, especially those that 
 have been a little forced previously. 
 Though shade be indispensable, yet as 
 much light as the cuttings will endure 
 must be given, increasing the quantity 
 gradually. 
 
 Sowing Seeds. This may be done at 
 any time when the seeds are thoroughly 
 ripe. As it is of importance to have the 
 seedlings potted off and established be- 
 fore winter, April and May are the best 
 periods in several circumstances. Where 
 
GEE 
 
 [405] 
 
 GRE 
 
 there is no hotbed the latter period will 
 be the best, and even then, for confining 
 heat and moisture, the pot should be 
 covered with a bell-glass, or a square of 
 glass laid over it. Where there is a hot- 
 bed, such as a cucumber frame, the seeds 
 may be sown a month or six weeks earlier, 
 and hardened off as soon as they are 
 fairly up and potted off. In sowing, any 
 light, sandy soil will do; for all fine 
 hairy-rooted plants sandy peat is the best. 
 The pots should be nearly as well drained 
 as for cuttings, watered, and allowed to 
 drain before sowing, as the less water 
 they have afterwards until they are up 
 the better. Hard seeds that have been 
 kept dry over the winter will vegetate all 
 the sooner for being steeped several 
 hours in warm water, say from 13 to 14. 
 In covering the seeds the thickness 
 should be regulated by the size of the 
 seeds. Hence, for very small dusty seeds, 
 the surface of the fine soil should be 
 made smooth, the seeds evenly scattered 
 over it and slightly pressed in, and then 
 just dusted with a little fine sand ; but in 
 unpractised hands it is safer to be content 
 with the slight pressing in with a clean, 
 round board, having a nail in the centre 
 to hold by, and then place a square of glass 
 over the pot, with moss or paper above, 
 to shade until vegetation has taken place. 
 After-Treatment of Cuttings and Seed- 
 lings. This is almost identical. Neither 
 uttings nor seedlings, if at all thick, will 
 thrive long in the cutting and seedling 
 pot The sooner they are potted off the 
 better they will thrive. Before that, air 
 must be given to prevent them damping ; 
 first at night ; next, night, morning, and 
 evening ; and lastly, when roots are well 
 formed, during the day, removing the 
 glasses altogether from the cuttings. All 
 this time the little moisture necessary 
 must be carefully given. The less it 
 touches either the stems or leaves, the 
 better. When a little advanced, dust 
 them overhead with a fine rose watering- 
 pot; or a syringe, but be careful to have 
 the foliage dry before shutting up for the 
 night. In potting off tender plants that 
 are very small, three or four may be put 
 round the sides of a four-inch pot ; a 
 strong-growing one into such a pot at 
 once. In every such potting, and every 
 time that re-shifting is necessary, a moist, 
 close atmosphere is of importance for a 
 short time afterwards; thus lessening, 
 by means of shading and syringing, the 
 
 evaporating processes until the roots 
 have begun to work in the new soil, when 
 air must be given, first gradually, and 
 ultimately plentifully. 
 
 GREEN MANURE is a mass of recently- 
 growing plants dug whilstgreen and fresh 
 into the soil, for the purpose of enriching 
 it ; and it is a rule without any exception 
 that all fresh vegetable matters so turned 
 into the earth do render it more fertile ; 
 and if plants are grown upon the soil for 
 this purpose, the greater the amount of 
 the surface of leaves in proportion to that 
 of roots the better, because such plants 
 obtain a large proportion of their chief 
 constituent the chief constituent of all 
 plants, carbon from the atmosphere. 
 They therefore return to the soil more 
 decomposing matter than they have taken 
 from it. 
 
 The putrefaction of the vegetables, 
 and the gases in that case emitted, says 
 Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to be on 
 all occasions highly invigorating and 
 nourishing to the succeeding crop. During 
 this operation, the presence of water is 
 essentially necessary, and is most probably 
 decomposed. The gases produced vary 
 in different plants ; those which contain 
 gluten emit ammonia ; onions and a few 
 others evolve phosphorus ; hydrogen, 
 carbonic acid gas, and carburetted hy- 
 drogen gas, with various vegetable matters, 
 are almost always abundantly formed. 
 All these gases, when mixed with the soil, 
 are very nourishing to the plants growing 
 upon it. The observations of the farmer 
 assure us that they are so. He tells us 
 that all green manures cannot be em- 
 ployed in too fresh a state. 
 
 Sea Weed is a species of green manure, 
 for it ought to be employed whilst quite 
 fresh. There are many species, and they 
 differ very essentially in their components. 
 The Lamiina'ria, those long, tawny-green, 
 ribbon-like algae, so common on our 
 coasts, contain, besides vegetable matter, 
 a large proportion of the salts of potash 
 in addition to those of soda; whereas 
 the Fu'ci contain none of the salts of 
 potash. All, however, are excellent ma- 
 nures; and we know a garden, near 
 Southampton, very productive, that for 
 some years had no other manure. It is 
 particularly good as a manure for pota- 
 toes. The Fu'cus vesiculo'sus, so distin- 
 guishable by the bladders full of air 
 embedded in its leaves, is a very excellent 
 manure. It contains, when dry, about 
 
GRE 
 
 [406 ] 
 
 GUI 
 
 eighty-four parts vegetable matter, thir- 
 teen parts sulphate of lime and magnesia, 
 mth a little phosphate of lime, and three 
 parts sulphate and muriate of soda. 
 
 GREENWEED. Geni'sta pilo'sa and 
 tincto'ria. 
 
 GKENVI'LLEA OONSPI'CUA. This is Pe. 
 largo' nium conspi'cuum. 
 
 GEEYI'LLEA. (Named after G. P. 
 Greville, a patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4-Tetran- 
 dria L-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring, 
 or in the greenhouse, as soon as ripe ; cuttings of 
 the young shoots when ripened, in sand, under u 
 bell-glass, and when callused at the base to have 
 a slight bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with silver 
 sand and bits of charcoal, to keep the soil open. 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. Rosmarinifo'lia and 
 acumina'ta have stood out in sheltered places, 
 with little or no protection. 
 G. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 4. Purple, 
 June. 1824. 
 
 acumina'ta (pointed-leaved'), 4. Red. April. 
 
 1805. 
 
 aquifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1820. 
 
 a'spera (rough). 3. Pink. June. 1824. 
 
 asplenifo'lia (asplenium-leaved). 5. Pink. 
 
 July. 1806. 
 
 Bau'eri (Bauer's). 4. Red. June. 1824. 
 
 berberifo'lia (barberry-leaved). 4. Red. June. 
 
 1821. 
 
 bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1837- 
 
 brachya'ntha (short-flowered). Purple. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 6. Pink. June. 170. 
 
 Cale'yi (Caley's). 5. Red. June. 1830. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary-teayed). 5. Green, tawny. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved) . 1 839. 
 
 cine'rea (ashy-coloured). 4. Red. June. 1822. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 4. Pink. June. 1812. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). 4. Purple. June. 1824. 
 
 eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Orange. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. 1837. 
 
 Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1824. 
 
 gibbo'sa (swollen-se7ramed). 1821. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 June. 1821. 
 juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. Pink. June. 1822. 
 
 Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). White. 
 
 1839. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaped), 6. White, June. 
 
 1790. 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. June. 
 
 1/90. 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. 
 
 June. 1790. 
 
 longifo'lia (long -leaved), Reddish - yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 Mangle'sii (Mangles'). 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 4. Violet. June. 1822 
 
 mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. Violet. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 mucronula'ta (small-pointed-Jeawed). 4. Pink 
 
 June. 1809. 
 
 planifoHia (flat-leaved). 2. Orange. June. 
 
 1823. 
 ~ puni'cea (scarlet). Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 *-obu'sta (robust, or silk-oak). 5. Orange 
 
 June. 1829. 
 
 G. rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 4, Bed: 
 June. 1824, 
 
 seri'eea (silky). 6. Pink. June. 1790. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 4. Pink. June. 1820. 
 
 stylo'sa (long-styleA). 9. Red. June. 1809. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 4. Pale yel- 
 
 low. June. J824. 
 
 Thielemunnia'na (Thielemann's). Crimson. 
 
 1838. 
 
 trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Red. June. 1821, 
 
 GKf AS. Anchovy Pear. (From grao, 
 to eat; the fruit being eatable. *Nat. 
 ord., Barringtoniads [Barringtoniacese]. 
 Linn., 13-Polyandrial-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Gustavia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 n sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich, sandy 
 oam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 
 55. 
 
 G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 50. White. Ja- 
 maica. 1768. 
 
 GEIE'LUSL (From grielum, old-looking; 
 referring to the grey, hoary aspect of the 
 plants. Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Rosacese], 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria k-Tetragynia. Allied 
 to Neur&da.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope, all having yellow flowers. 
 Division of the roots in spring ; rough, sandy soil, 
 well drained. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 G. humifu'sum (trailing). 1. May. 1825. 
 
 lacinia'tum (jagged). . August. 1825. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved;. 2. May. 1/80. 
 
 GF.UFFI'NIA. (Named after W. Griffin, 
 Esq., a patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Eu- 
 crosia in leaf, and to Lycorus in the 
 flower.) 
 
 Stovi bulbs, from South America. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, either when ripe or early in spring, and 
 young offset-bulbs ; peat and loam, with plenty 
 of sand, and a little dried leaf-mould. Temp., 
 when growing, 60 to 80, with plenty of moisture ; 
 when at rest, 40 to 50, and dry. 
 G. hyaci'nthina (violet-coloured). 1. Blue. July. 
 1815. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). &. Blue. April. 
 
 1823. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Pale purple, 
 
 August. 1815. 
 
 GRINDE 'LIA. ( Named after H. Grindel, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ore!., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., Id-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superjlua.) 
 
 Half-hardy plants, all with yellow flowers, and 
 from Mexico, except when otherwise mentioned. 
 Cilia' ta is a hardy biennial, by seeds sown in au- 
 tumn, or early in spring, under protection ; her- 
 baceous species by division and cuttings ; ever- 
 greens, cuttings in April of half-ripened shoots, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), 1. August, 
 1822. 
 
GRI 
 
 [407] 
 
 GUA 
 
 G. cilia'ta (hair-fringed}. 1$. August. N. Amer. 
 1821. Biennial. 
 
 grandifin'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange. 
 
 July. Texas. 1851. Biennial. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1811. 
 
 EVERGREEN. 
 
 G, eoronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). !. Au- 
 gust. 1826. 
 
 Duva r lii (Duval's). l. August. 1820. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy ) .2. 1 803 . 
 
 inuloi'des (inula-lilte). l. August. 1815. 
 
 Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). 2. August. 1816. 
 
 spatula'ta, (spatulate). 1J. August. 1819- 
 GRI'SLEA. (Named after G. Grisley, a 
 
 Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Loose- 
 strifes [Lythracese] . Linn., 8-Octandria 
 I-Monogynia. Allied to Cuphea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of 
 firm young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 ^lass, in heat ; peat and loam, fibry and sandy, 
 bummer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 G.secu'nda (side-flowering'). 4. Pale pink. 
 Cumana. 1820. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 3. Red. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 
 GRO'SYA. (Named after Lord Grey of 
 Groly. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. 
 Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria. Allied 
 to Huntleya.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; shallow 
 basket, in sphagnum, tihry peat, and potsherds. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90, when growing ; winter, 
 when comparatively at rest, 55 to 60, and dryish. 
 G. Amhe'rstitz (Lady Amherst'a). $. Ochre- 
 spotted. September. Brazil. 1829- 
 
 Green, purple. July. 
 
 spotted 
 
 galea'ta (helmeted) 
 Brazil. 1836. 
 
 GROTTO is a resting place, formed 
 rudely of rock -work, roots of trees, and 
 shells, and is most appropriately placed 
 beneath the deep shade of woods, and on 
 the margin of water. Its intention is to 
 be a cool retreat during summer. 
 
 GROUND CHERRY. Cc'rasus cham<s- 
 ce'rasus 
 
 GROUND CISTUS. Rhodode'ndron chamce- 
 ci'stus. 
 
 GROUND IVY. Ne'peta glecho'ma. 
 GROUND SENNA. Ca'ssia chamoBcri'sta. 
 GROVE is a moderately extensive asso- 
 ciation of trees without underwood. The 
 most fitting character of a grove is 
 beauty ; for fine trees are lovely objects, 
 and a grove is an assemblage of them, 
 in which every individual retains much 
 of its own peculiar elegance, and what- 
 ever it loses is transferred to the superior 
 beauty of the whole. To a grove, there- 
 fore, which admits of endless variety in 
 the disposition of the trees, differences 
 in their shapes and their greens are sel- 
 dom very important, and sometimes they 
 
 are detrimental. Strong contrasts scatter 
 trees which are thinly planted, and which 
 have not the connexion of underwood; 
 they no longer form one plantation ; they 
 are a number of single trees. A thick 
 grove is not, indeed, exposed to this mis- 
 chief ; and certain situations may recom- 
 mend different shapes and different greens 
 for their effects upon the surface. The 
 eye, attracted into the depth of the grove, 
 passes by little circumstances at the en- 
 trance : even varieties in the form of the 
 line do not always engage the attention : 
 they are not so apparent as in a con- 
 tinued thicket, and are scarcely seen if 
 they are not considerable. 
 
 GRYLLOXA'LPA. See MOLE CRICKET. 
 
 GUAI'ACUH. Lignum Vitse Tree. (The 
 aboriginal name in South America. Nat. 
 ord., JBeancapers [Zygophyllacese] . Linn., 
 IQ-JDecandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The Guaiacum bark of G. officina'le is well 
 known for its medicinal properties. Stove ever- 
 green trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in April or 
 May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in brisk bottom- 
 heat ; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 G. arbo'reum (tree). 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816. 
 
 officina'le (shop). 40. Blue. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1694. 
 
 vertica'le (vertical). 8. Blue. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 GUANO. See DUNGS. 
 
 GUA'REA. (The native name. Nat. ord., 
 Meliads [Meliacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Carapa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 G. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White. June. 
 S. Amer. 1/52. 
 
 There are two other species, G. ramiflo'ra and 
 Swu'rtzii. 
 
 GUATTE'RIA. (Named after Guatteri, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat.ord.,^uonorfs [Ano- 
 naceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria Q-Polyjy- 
 nia. Allied to Anona.) 
 
 The flowers of G. nirga'ta are exceedingly 
 sweet. Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in April, as for Gua- 
 jacum. 
 
 G. cerasoi'des (cherry-like). 16, Green. E. Ind. 
 1820. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 8. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish). 3. Brown. July. China. 1822. 
 
 subero'sa (cork-barked). 8. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy. LancewootT). 30. White. Ja- 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 GUAVA. (Psi'diumCattlcya'num.) This 
 evergreen shrub is not generally culti- 
 vated for the sake of its fruit ; but it is 
 deserving of some encouragement where 
 hothouse room is plentiful. Its fruit, in 
 
GUA 
 
 [408] 
 
 GYM 
 
 size and appearance, somewhat resem 
 bles a small Orleans plum, and is of a dul 
 purple colour; it is juicy, and in flavour 
 somewhat resembles a strawberry. 
 
 Propagation is effected by cuttings 
 layers, and seeds. 
 
 Soil. Two parts of learn and one part 
 peat. 
 
 Culture. It requires the ordinary cul 
 ture given to evergreen shrubs in our 
 stoves. As soon as the plants attain a 
 little age they bear abundantly and in 
 long succession, often producing fruil 
 through the winter. They will succeed 
 very well in a comfortable conservatory, 
 but a climate of an intermediate cha- 
 racter will suit them best, as they enjoy a 
 moderate amount of heat. They occa- 
 sionally require the primer's assistance 
 in thinning-out crowded or cross shoots, 
 when such occur, and in pinching the 
 tops from those which become over 
 luxuriant. 
 
 Fruit. It is used for the dessert, and 
 making jelly. 
 
 GUAZU'MA. Bastard Cedar. (The abo- 
 riginal name in Mexico. Nat. ord., JBytt- 
 neriads [Byttneriacese] . Linn., 18-Polya- 
 cteZp/aal-Zteeandria.Allied to Theobroma. ) 
 
 The fruit of G. ulmifo'lia is full of a sweet, 
 agreeable pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings 
 of ripened shoots, and general treatment as for 
 Guajacum. 
 
 G. polybo'trya (many-racemed). 12. Yellow. 
 Brazil. 1816. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Cumana. 1820. 
 
 ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 40. Yellow. Jamaica. 
 
 1739. 
 
 GUELDER EOSE. Vibu'rnum o'pulus. 
 
 GUEENSEY LILY. Neri'ne Sarnie'nsis. 
 
 GUETTA'RDIA. (Named after E. Guet- 
 tard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Cin- 
 chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 21-Mo- 
 noecia 6-Hexandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as for 
 Guajacum. 
 G.hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Peru. 1820. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 20. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 10. Red. Jamaica. 
 
 1818. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkly-Zeawed). 20. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 sca'bra (scaly). 20. White. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 specio'sa (showy-flowered). 20. Scarlet. E. 
 
 Ind. 1771. 
 
 GUILANDI'NA. Nicker-tree. (Named 
 after M. Guilandina, a Prussian botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Poinciana.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a hotbed, in 
 spring | cuttings, &c., M tor Guajacum. 
 
 G. Bo'nduc (Bonduc). 19. Yellow. India, 1640. 
 
 Bonduceflla (small Bonduc). 8. Yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 1700. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). E. Ind. 
 
 GUINEA PEACH. Sarcoce'phalus. 
 
 GUINEA PLUM. Parina'rium exce'lsum, 
 
 GUM AMMONIAC. Dore'ma ammoni'acum 
 
 GUM ARABIC TREE. Aca'cia Ara'bica. 
 
 GUM CISTUS. Ci'stus iadani'ferus. 
 
 GUM ELEMI TREE. A'myris Plumie'ri. 
 
 GUM LAC TREE. JBu'teafrondo'sa. 
 
 GUM SENEGAL TREE. Aca'cia Senega'l. 
 
 GUM-TREE. Eucaly'ptus robu'sta. 
 
 GUMMING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP. 
 
 GUSTA'VIA. (Named after Gustavus III. 
 of Sweden. Nat. ord., Barringtoniads 
 [Barringtoniacesa], Linn., W-Monadel- 
 phia S-Polyandria.) 
 
 There are several species of these fine stove 
 evergreens not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in Bandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90 ; winter, 55 to 60. G. augu'sta is a 
 splendid, low, evergreen tree, something like a 
 Myrtle or a Barringtonia. 
 
 G. augu'st a (august). 10, White. Guiana. 1794. 
 fastuo'sa (disdainful). 20. White. May. 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 GUZMA'NNIA. ( Named after A. Guzman, 
 a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Bromel- 
 worts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Bonapartea.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers ; rich soil. 
 Stove temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 to 60. 
 G. tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Green, scarlet. 
 April. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 GYMNE'MA. (From gymnos, naked, and 
 nema, a filament; in reference to the sta- 
 mens. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada- 
 cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-JDigynia. 
 Allied to Stephanotis. ) 
 
 G. lacti'ferum is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the 
 milk of which is used as food by the natives. 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings- of stiff young side-shoots in May, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; fibry loam and 
 sandy peat, well drained. Summer temp,, 60 to 
 80 ; winter, 50 to 58. 
 
 G. tenaci'ssimum (most tenacious). 8. E. Ind. 
 
 1806. 
 ti'ngens (staining). 8. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 GYMNO'CLADUS. Kentucky Coffee-tree. 
 ^From gymnos, naked, and klados, a 
 Dranch ; in reference to the soft young 
 wood, devoid of buds. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacea?]. Linn.,22--Z>ta?cia 
 9-Decandria. Allied to Parkinsonia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous tree. By imported seeds and 
 cuttings of the roots, keeping the part nearest the 
 surface uppermost ; deep, mellow loam. The tree 
 las a peculiar dead-like appearance in winter, as 
 he buds are inconspicuous, but has a fine effect 
 n summer with its very large green leaves. 
 G. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. White. Canada. 
 1748. 
 
GYM 
 
 [409] 
 
 GYP 
 
 GYMNODI'SCUS. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia &-Ne- 
 cessaria. Allied to Othonna.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in March or April, in any 
 common soil. 
 
 G. ea;>i7/a'rw (hair-like). Yellow. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 GYMNOGRA'MMA. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and gramma) writing ; in reference to the 
 spore-cases. Nat. ord, Polypods [Polypo- 
 diaceoe]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamial-Filices.) 
 
 Beautiful stove Ferns, with brown spores, ex- 
 cept where otherwise stated. Division of the 
 plant, and spore-cases from the fronds scattered 
 freely on rough peat, in a pot, and covered with a 
 square ef glass, before being placed in a damp, 
 warm, shady place ; peat and loam, most of the 
 former, with a little silver sand. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85, a little shade ; winter, 50 to 60, and 
 rather dry. 
 
 G. calomela'nos (beautiful-black). 2. July. W. 
 Ind. 1/90. 
 
 chesrophy'lla (chervil-leaved). . June. Brazil. 
 
 1825. 
 
 chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 1. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1838. 
 falca'ta (sickle-shaped). May. W. Ind. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). May. S. Amer. 
 
 Java'nica (Javanese). May. Java. 
 
 leptophy'lla. (slender-leaved). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1819. 
 
 myriophy' lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 ochra'cea (yellow). 1. Yellow. March. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 
 
 peda'ta (doubly-lobed). $. June. New Spain. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Peruvia'na (Peruvian). I.July. Peru. 1822. 
 
 rn'f a (red-haired). %. June. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 1. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1808. 
 
 tarta'rea (infernal). 1. August. W. Ind. 1817- 
 
 tornento'sa (downy). Brazil. 1831. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1810. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). Yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). June. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 GYMNO'PSIS. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and opsis, like ; naked-looking grains. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.) 
 
 Same as Gymnolomia. Stove evergreen shrubs, 
 with yellow flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in spring or summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. Macula' ta is 
 very pretty. 
 G. conna'ta (joined). 4. October. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). 3. June, W. Ind. 1821. 
 
 tripline'rvia (triple - nerved). 3. October. 
 
 New Spain. 1825. 
 
 GYMNO'PTEEIS. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Polypods 
 [Polypodiacece]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Feme. Treatment similar to Gymno- 
 gramma. 
 
 G. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). Brown, yellow. 
 July. 1831. 
 
 axilla'ris (axillary -spared) , Brown, yellow. 
 
 June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 nicotianifo 1 lia (tobacco-leaved). Brown. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1843. 
 
 norma'lis (normal). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 Samarcand. 
 
 ophioglossoi'des (adder's-tongue). Brown. July* 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 platyrhy'nchos (broad-tip). Brown. W. Ind. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). Brown. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 subrepu'nda (slightly-waved-/eawed). Brown, 
 
 yellow. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 tacafo'lia (yew-leaved). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 <ri7o6a'/a(three-lobed). Brown, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 GYMNOSPHJE'RA. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and sphaira, a globe; referring to the 
 spore-cases. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly- 
 podiaceae]. Linn., Zi-Cryplogamia 1- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. Treatment similar to Gymno- 
 gramma. 
 
 G. squamula'ta (scaly). Brown, yellow. April. 
 Malacca. 
 
 GYMNOSTA'CHYS. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Orontiads 
 [Orontiacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Acorus.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Suckers 
 and divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 55 to 75 ; winter, 40 to 50. 
 G. a'nceps (two-edged). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 GYNANDRO'PSIS. (From gyne, female, 
 andros, a male, and opsis, like; referring 
 to the appearance of the stamens as if 
 borne on the style. Nat. ord., Capparids 
 [Capparidacese]. IAnn.,\^-Tetradynamia,. 
 Allied to Cleome.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, seed in the open border, in 
 April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and trans- 
 planted ; tender annual and biennial in a hotbed 
 in March, potted and flowered in the greenhouse ; 
 rich, sandy, loamy soil. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 G. pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 E. Ind. 1640. Annual. 
 
 specio'sa (showy. 3. White. July. Cartha- 
 
 gena. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 G. candela'brum (chandelier). 1. Red. July. 
 S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 1. White. June. Maran- 
 
 hatta. 1825. 
 
 sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 GYPSO'PHILA. (From gypsos, chalk, 
 and phileo, to love ; in reference to the 
 soil most suitable for them. Nat. ord., 
 Cloveworts [Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria2-Digynia. Allied to Saponaria.) 
 
 Both annuals and perennials by seed, and the 
 latter alo by division ; common garden-toil. 
 
GYP 
 
 [410] 
 
 HAB 
 
 HABDY ANNUALS. 
 
 G. tene'lta (delicate). 1. White. July. Europe. 
 1816. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1$. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1773. 
 
 HAEDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 G. e'legans ( elegant). 1. White. July. Crimea. 
 1828. 
 
 fastigia'ta (peaked). l. White. June. Ger- 
 many. 1769. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1 J. White. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pate red. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 Gmeli'ni(GmeIin's). 1. White. August. 1831. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 2. Flame. July. 
 
 Spain. 1732. 
 
 prostra'ta (trailing). 1. Red. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1759. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). . Striped. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1/74. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). . Pink. July. France. 1769. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 sabulo'sa (sandy). 1$. White. July. Tauria. 
 
 1817. 
 
 sali'gna (willowy). Pink. June. Europe. 1837- 
 
 saxiffraga (saxifrage). . Pink. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1774. Trailer. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). Pink. June. Persia. 1837. 
 
 Steve'ni (Steven's). 2. White. July. Iberia. 1822. 
 
 stru'thium (slruthium). 2. White. July. 
 
 Spain. 1729. 
 
 temtifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Red. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1824. 
 
 GYPSUM, or PLASTEB OF PAEIS, is a sul- 
 phate of Kme, composed ot Sulphuric 
 acid, 43 ; lime, 33 ; water, 24. It has been 
 employed advantageously as a manure to 
 clover, the turnip, and potato, at the rate 
 of 3 cwt. per acre. Potato sets are fre- 
 quently rolled in it when pulverized. It 
 has been recommended to be sprinkled 
 in stables, and to be mixed with dung- 
 hills, "to fix the ammonia," as it is 
 popularly termed. All tbe ammonia lost 
 in fumes from a dung-hill might be more 
 readily and as cheaply restored to it by 
 mixing with it, when dug into the soil, 
 a little of the ammoniacal liquor from 
 the gas-works. 
 
 H. 
 
 HABENA'EIA. (From habena, a rein; 
 referring to the long, strap-shaped spur. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Gymnademia.) 
 
 Some will grow in peaty soil in the open border, 
 if kept a little protected, and somewhat dry in 
 winter ; others are stove orchids, requiring peat 
 and loam, and treatment similar to a Bletia. Di- 
 visions of the root. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 rest period, in winter, 50; and when starting into 
 flower, 70. 
 
 HAEDY. 
 H. bifo>Ua (two-leaved). White. June. Britain. 
 
 pro'cera (tan-stemmed). 2. Green. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 STOYE. 
 
 H. ala'ta (winged). . Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 1823. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped). Green. Madeira. 1830. 
 
 ca'ndida (white-flowered'). 1. White. July. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1844. 
 
 fla'va fyellow). Yellow. July. Australia. 1823. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). 4. Gree;,. White. July,, 
 
 Bombay. 1834. 
 
 Goodyeroi'des (Goodyera-like). I. White, 
 
 December. Bombay. 1834. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Ij. Yellow. July. E. Ind, 
 
 1823. 
 
 lepto'ceras (slender-horned). l. Green, yel- 
 
 low. October. 1824. 
 
 Linde'nii (Linden's). White. August. Caraccas. 
 
 longicau'da (long-tailed). Greenish - white. 
 
 Demerara. 1830. 
 
 macro'cerus (large-horned). 2. White. June, 
 
 W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 maculo'sa (small-spotted). White. September. 
 
 Nerida. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). . Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 membrana'cea (skinny). July. Siefra Leone. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). . Pale yellow, 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 There are several other species. 
 
 HABIT is the appearance or mode of 
 growth. Thus a Verbena may be of 
 straggling or shrubby, compact habit. 
 This habit is much influenced by soil and 
 cultivation. Thus Bu'xits sempervi'rens 
 in a poor soil is dwarfish, but in a rich 
 soil becomes tree-like. The term habit 
 is applied to the power a plant possesses 
 of vegetating earlier or later, when once 
 accustomed to do so. Thus, a vine once 
 forced to break early will retain the habit 
 of doing so the following year, though, 
 not forced. 
 
 HABITAT. The native place of a plant. 
 
 HABBA'NTHUS. (From habros, delicate, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynla. Allied to Phycella and Ze- 
 phyranthes.) 
 
 The Habranthi are natives of dry, gravelly places, 
 and are half-hardy with us, but retaining their 
 leaves in winter ; if in an open border, they re- 
 quire a glass covering; they flower without the 
 leaves after a period of rest. Offsets and seeds, 
 which are produced often freely, and which should 
 be sown when gathered, or carefully saved until 
 the following spring, and then have the assistance 
 of a hotbed ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 H. angu'stus (narrow). . Red. August. Brazil. 
 1822. 
 
 Anderso'ni (Anderson's), l. Yellow, red. 
 
 May. Montevideo. 1829. 
 au'reus (golden). Yellow. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1829. 
 cu'preus (coppery). Brown. June. 8. 
 
 Amer. 1829. 
 Texa'nus (Texian). 1. Yellow. Texas; 
 
 1834. 
 
 Bagno'ldi (Bagnold's). 1. Yellow. October. 
 
 Chili. 1829. 
 
HAB 
 
 [411 ] 
 
 H2E1M 
 
 H. bi'fidus (two-cleft), 2- Pink. June. Buenos 
 Ayres. 1823. 
 
 co'ncolor (one - coloured -flowered). Straw. 
 
 April. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 gracilifu'lius (slender-leaved). . White. 
 
 January. S. Amer. 1821. 
 -- Boothia'nus (Booth's). $. Pink. Oc- 
 tober. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 hespe'rius (western). Straw. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1807- 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate). Red. February. 
 
 Brazil. 1827. 
 
 kermesi'mus (crimson). Crimson. July. Brazil. 
 
 lorifo'lius (strap-leaved). . Pink. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 mtm'aVws (red-lowered), 1. Bed. June. Chili. 
 
 1832. 
 
 no 1 bills (noble). Crimson. October. Brazil. 1 844. 
 
 pa'llidus (pale-./?ou;ered). 1. Pink. June. Val- 
 
 paraiso. 1830. 
 
 ?%eeoi'des (phycella-like). |. Scarlet. Sep. 
 
 tember. Chili. 1805. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). 1. Scarlet, yellow. May. 
 
 Chili. 1840. 
 
 quadriflo'rus (four-flowered). 1. Crimson, 
 
 yellow. May. Chili. 1841. 
 
 pu'milus (dwarf). . Red. September. Chili. 
 
 1831. 
 
 robu'stus (robust). 1. Red. June. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1827- 
 
 ro'seus (rosy). . Rose. June. Chiloe. 1827- 
 
 spatha'ceus (/ar#e-spathed). . August. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1825. 
 
 versi'color (changeable-coloured). . Pink. 
 
 September. S. Amer. 1821. 
 
 HABKOTHA'MNUS. (From halros, gay, 
 nd thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Night- 
 shades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cestrium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. 
 H.fascicula'tus grown against a conservatory 
 wall, on an east or west aspect, is not surpassed 
 by any in the Mexican flora. The sun is too pow- 
 erful for the flowers on a south aspect ; it flowers 
 on last year's wood, and should not be pruned till 
 after the flowers fade. They may be grown as 
 specimens, or against pillars. Cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots, taken off when the plant is growing, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a mild 
 bottom-heat ; loam and peat, lightened with sand 
 and charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to' 48. 
 H. corymbo'sus (corymbed). 4. Rose. March. 1844. 
 
 cya'neus (blue-Cowered). 6. Violet, blue. 
 
 March. 1844. 
 
 e'legans (elegant^. 4. Carmine. January. 1844. 
 
 fascicula'tus (cluster-lowered). 5. Crimson. 
 
 March. 1843. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple-cowered;. Purple. August. 
 
 1844. 
 
 tomento'sus (downy), 4. Purple. August. 1844. 
 
 HACQUE 'TIA. ( In honour of B. Hacquet, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Umbellifers 
 [Apiacem]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Di- 
 yynia.') 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division; peat 
 and loam. Does best in a pot among alpines. 
 H. eptpa'cs(epipactis). i. Yellow. April. Alps. 
 
 (From haima, blood, 
 ;irid diktyon, a net; referring to the veins 
 in the leaves. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- 
 
 cynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandna \-Mono~ 
 gynia. . Allied to Prestonia.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, stove, evergreen twiners, from 
 the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 loam and peat, both fibry and sandy. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. subere'ctum (nearly-erect). July. 1759. 
 
 veno'sum (red-weiwed). 20. July. 1821. 
 
 HJEMA'NTHUS. Blood Flower. (From 
 haima, blood, and anthos, a flower; re- 
 ferring to the colour of the spathe and 
 filaments of some species. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Chiefly valued for 
 their leaves, and the markings on the flower-scape. 
 Except multiflo'rus they will all live in a border, 
 with a glass covering in winter, protected from 
 frost. Under such treatment they rest in summer, 
 and grow in winter. Offsets ; sandy loam, fibry 
 peat, and a little dried cow-dung. 
 H. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). 1 . White. June. 1791 
 
 amarylloi'des (amaryllis-like). . Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. 1825. 
 
 ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). . Pink. June. 1819- 
 
 carinu'tus (keel-leaved'). $. Pink. August. 175Q. 
 
 coarcta'tus (straitened). 1. Pink. February. 
 
 1795. 
 
 cncci'neus (scarlet). 1. Red. September. 1629. 
 
 cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). j. Red. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 hu'milis (low). $. Scarlet. September. 1825. 
 
 hyalocu'rpus (glass-fruited). 1. Red. July. 1822. 
 
 insi'gnis (showy). Scarlet. August. Natal. 
 
 lancecefo'lius (spear-head-leaved). 1 . Red. Oc- 
 
 tober. 179*. 
 
 macula.' tus (spotted-Zeawtf) - 1. June. 1790. 
 
 magni'ficus (splendid). l. Scarlet. July. 1838, 
 
 moscha'tus (musk-scented). 1. Red. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1816. 
 
 multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 1. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1783. Warm greenhouse. 
 
 orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). . White. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pumi'lio (dwarf). . Pink. August. 1789* 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. White. July. 1774. 
 
 puni'ceus (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. June. 1722. 
 
 quadriva'lms (four-valved). 1. Flame. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1/90. 
 
 rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). I. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1790. 
 T- sangui'neus (bloody). 1. Crimson. August. 1830. 
 
 tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). 1, Bright red. 
 
 April. Mozambique. 1839. 
 
 tigri'nus (tiger-like). 1. Flame. April. 1790. 
 HJEMATO'XYLON. Logwood. (From haima t 
 
 blood, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \Q-De- 
 candria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 and seeds steeped before sowing, and then placed 
 in a hotbed, in spring ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 H. Campechia'num (Campechy). 20. Yellow. S. 
 Amer. 1724. 
 
 H^MODO'RDM. Bloodroot. (From haima, 
 
HAH 
 
 c 
 
 HAS! 
 
 Wood, and doron, a gift; referring to th< 
 roots being eaten by the natives of Aus 
 iralia. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodora 
 <;eae]. Linn., 3-Triandria %-Digynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants, from Australia 
 with orange flowers. Division of the roots, a: 
 prowth commences, in spring; peat and loam 
 Winter temp., 35 to 40. 
 S. plunifo'lium (flat-leaved). Ij. August. 1810 
 
 teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. August. 1822 
 
 HA-HA is a sunk fence, being placed 
 at the bottom of a deep and spreading 
 ditch, either to avoid any interruption to 
 an expanse of surface, or to let in a de 
 sired prospect. As all deceptions are un- 
 satisfactory to good taste, and as, when 
 viewed lengthwise, these fences are 
 formal and displeasing, they ought never 
 to be adopted except in extreme cases. 
 
 HAIR. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 HA'KEA. (Named after Baron Hake, a 
 German patron of botany. Nat. ord., Pro 
 leads [Proteacese]. ~Lmn.,4L-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, New Holland shrubs, all 
 "with white flowers, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Cuttings of young shoots well ripened, in 
 sand, over peat, and under a bell-glass, kept cool 
 until a callus is formed, and then placed in a mild 
 bottom-heat ; peat two parts, and one of loam, 
 with sufficiency of sand and broken freestone and 
 pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. A shady place out of 
 doors in the very height of summer. 
 H. acicala'ris (needle- Jeawed). 3. June. 1/90. 
 
 acanthophy'lla (prickly-leaved). 3. 1821. 
 
 Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 1830. 
 
 ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). 4. Brown. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 cine'rea (grey-leaved). 5. June. 1803. 
 
 clava'ta (club-teawed). 5. July. 1824. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 1837. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 dactyloi'des (dactylis-like). 7. July. 1790. 
 
 denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1837. 
 
 echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. June. 1824. 
 
 epiglo'ttis (windpipe-valved). 4. May. 1819. 
 
 fle'xilis (pliant). 4. 1824. 
 
 flo'rida (flowery). 5. 1803. 
 
 gittbo'sa (swollen-/VMt7ed). 7. May. 1"90. 
 
 glabe'lla (smoothish). 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. August. 1803. 
 
 Lamfte'rti (Lambert's). 4. 1825. 
 
 lani'gera (woolly). 3J. June. 1820. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. 1825. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-teawed). 4. May. 1824. 
 
 longiftt'lia (long-leaved). 3. 1825. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). 4. July. 1824. 
 
 mi'xta (mixed). 
 
 myriceefo'lia (gale-leaved). 1823. 
 
 myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 1$. Bed, February. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy). 5. June. 1803. 
 
 nodo'sa (knotted). 1824. 
 
 obli'qua (unequal-lowered). <J. May. 1803. 
 
 oleifo'li a (olive-leaved). 5. June. 1794. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-like). 4. May. 1810. 
 
 /wgiontTb'rmi* (dagger-formed). 6. 1796. 
 
 repa'nda (wavy-/ea0ed). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 H. ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved). 4. July. 1824. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-/eaed). 7. April. 1791. 
 
 scopa'ria (broom-like). Yellow. Swan Rive 
 
 suaveo'tens (sweet-smelling). 4. 1803. 
 
 subula'ta (awl-shaped-/eaed). 4. May. 181 
 
 sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 4. May. 1820. 
 
 trifo'rmis (three-form). 
 
 trifurca'ta (three-forked). 5. June. 1824. 
 
 tubercula'ta (knotted). 1830. 
 
 ulici'na (furze-like). 4. 1844. 
 
 undula'tu (wavy-leaved). 3. June. 1803. 
 
 va'ria (variable). 3. July. 1825. 
 
 Victo'riee (Queen Victoria's). White, yellow 
 HALE'SIA. Snowdrop-tree. ( Named afte 
 
 Dr. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics. 
 Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracaeeae]. Linn., 
 \\-Dodecandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring, by 
 layers, and cuttings of the roots in spring an<i 
 autumn ; require a deep, sandy, moist soil to grow 
 them to a large, healthy size. 
 H. tetra'ptera (four- winged). 10. White. May. 
 Carolina. 1756. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 8. White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 di'ptera (two-winged). 6. White. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 HALF-HARDY PLANTS are those which 
 require partial shelter, as in a cold pit or 
 frame, during the winter. Here some at- 
 tention is required to exclude from them 
 dampness and frost, but especially the 
 first. 
 
 HALIMODE'NDRON. Salt-tree. (From ha- 
 limos, sea-coast, and dendron, a tree; re- 
 ferring to its native habitat. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 171 
 Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to Co- 
 lutea.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia. 
 Grafted standard high on the Laburnum it forms 
 one of the most graceful drooping trees that can 
 adorn a lawn. Seeds, cuttings, and layers of the 
 roots ; common soil ; if sandy and open all the 
 better. 
 
 H. arge'nteum (silvery). 6. Pink. May. 1//9. 
 brachyse'ma (short-standarded). 6. Pink. 
 
 June. 
 subvire'scens (pale-greenish). 6. Pink. 
 
 May. 
 
 HALLE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Haller t 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro- 
 phulariaceee]. Linn., lA-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Collinsia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a Sell-glass ; rich, sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 35 to 46, 
 with plenty of ventilation at both seasons. 
 H. clli'ptica (oval). 6. Scarlet. May. 1816. 
 lu'cida (shining-leaved). 6. Scarlet. May. 1752. 
 
 HALTICA. See BLACK FLEA. 
 
 HAMAME'LIS. Witch Hazel. (From 
 hama, together with, and mefa, fruit; re- 
 erring to the flowers and fruit being on 
 this tree at the same time. Nat. ord., 
 
HAM 
 
 [413 
 
 HAN 
 
 Witch Hazels [Hamamelidacese], Linn., 
 i-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America, 
 which produce their yellow flowers during the 
 winter, after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings of 
 the roots, layers, and seeds, the latter generally 
 requiring two years to vegetate ; soil sandy and 
 moist ; male and female flowers generally on se- 
 parate plants ; the female flowers are the most 
 attractive. 
 S. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. May. 1812. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. May. 1812. 
 HAMBURGH PARSLEY. Petroseli'mtm 
 
 aati'vum, var. latifo'lium. 
 
 Use, This, known also by the name 
 broad-leaved and large-rooted Parsley, is 
 cultivated for its root, which attains the 
 size of a middling parsnip, boiling ex- 
 ceedingly tender and palatable. It is 
 eaten both as a sauce to flesh, meat, and 
 in soups, &c. 
 
 Sowing. Sow at monthly intervals, 
 from February until the middle of June, 
 thinly in drills nine inches apart. The 
 plants appear in about a month after sow- 
 ing, and require to be thinned to nine 
 inches asunder. Frequent hoeing is the 
 only cultivation required. By the end of 
 July, or during August, the earliest sow- 
 ings will have acquired a sufficient size 
 for occasional use ; but the roots seldom 
 attain their full growth until Michaelmas ; 
 and the latest crops not until the follow- 
 ing year. On the arrival of frost, some 
 of them must be taken up, and buried in 
 sand, in a dry situation under cover. 
 
 To save Seed. Some plants must be 
 left where grown, and allowed to run in 
 May. Their produce will ripen in July 
 or August. Then to be cut, dried, beat 
 out, and stored. 
 
 HATME'LIA. (Named after the cele- 
 brated botanist, Du Hamel. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonacesej. Linn., 5-Pew- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in the beginning of summer, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 54, 
 
 H.axilla'ris (axillary). 2. Yellow. August. 
 W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 8, Yellow. 
 
 November. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. August. 
 
 Trinidad. 1819. 
 
 patens (spreading). 5. Yellow. July. His- 
 
 paniola. 1752. 
 
 sph<sroca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. Orange. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1811. 
 
 ventrico'sa (much-swollen). 8. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. W. Ind. 1778. 
 
 HAMILTO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Ha- 
 milton, an American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 
 Cinchonads [Cmchonacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 3-Triandria. Allied to Guettarda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented 
 flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under glass, and in a moist bottom-heat. Sum- 
 mer temp., when growing, 60 to 80 ; in winter, 
 when at rest, 48 to 55 ; when in bloom, 55. 
 H. sca'bra (scaly). Pale blue. January. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. 
 
 suave 1 olens (sweet-scented). White. Octo- 
 ber. . Ind. 1818. 
 
 HAMMATOPHORA BUCEPHALA. Buff-tip 
 Moth. This moth is from two to three 
 inches across the opened fore- wings, which 
 are silvery-grey, crossed by a slender black 
 line, and preceded by a red one near 
 the base of the wings, several dusky bars 
 in the middle, and with a large oval cream- 
 coloured patch, enclosing some small buff 
 spots ; edged with a curved red line, pre- 
 ceded by a black one ; the edges of the 
 wings varied, black, grey, and tawny red. 
 Hind-wings whitish ; body buff, dark 
 brown at the sides, and behind. The 
 caterpillars are yellow, with black legs, 
 and several rows of interrupted black 
 stripes. Sometimes the green and black 
 most prevail, so that the yellow seems to 
 constitute the bands. They are found 
 whilst young, thirty or forty together, on 
 the leaves of the filbert during August and 
 September, but also on the leaves of the 
 elm, oak, &c. The chrysalis is found in 
 the earth ; it has two small points at its 
 tail. 
 
 HAMMERS for gardening purposes are 
 made with a clawed head, for drawing as I 
 well as driving in nails. They are made 
 of five different sizes, No. 5 being the 
 largest. Those are best with a stud in 
 the centre of the head, as this acts as a 
 fulcrum in drawing nails, and prevents 
 bruising any branch beneath the hammer 
 during the operation. 
 
 HANBURY. See AMBURY. 
 
 HAND-BARROW is best made of this 
 form: 
 
 The cage below is useful for carrying 
 leaves and other litter; and when the 
 close, moveable cover is on, it serves as a 
 conveyance for plants in large pots or 
 tubs, which, when in flower or bearing 
 
HAN 
 
 [414] 
 
 HAR 
 
 fruit, might lie too violently shaken in a 
 wheelbarrow. 
 
 HAND-GLASS is a portable glass-case 
 used for sheltering cauliflowers and other 
 plants in winter, and during early spring 
 or to retain a regular supply of moisture 
 to cuttings, or until they are rooted. The 
 most durable and convenient are made 
 with cast-iron framing of this form: 
 
 They are sometimes made with moveable 
 tops, as here represented ; but the only 
 advantage it affords is, that several of the 
 lower portions may be placed upon each 
 other to protect any tall-growing shrub in 
 severe weather, otherwise they are more 
 troublesome to move, and more liable to 
 breakage than if made entire. 
 
 HAND PLANT. Cheiroste'mon. 
 
 HAND-WEEDING might be banished al- 
 most from the garden, if in the kitchen 
 department all crops were inserted in 
 drills. This is most desirable ; for the 
 stirring of the surface consequent to hoe- 
 ing is much more beneficial to the crops, 
 and cannot be repeated too frequently. 
 
 HANGING is when a plant is so badly 
 inserted by the dibble, that the lower 
 parts of the roots are in an unfilled hole, 
 while the earth is pressed round their 
 collar, so as to keep them suspended up- 
 right in their place. 
 
 HARDENBE'RGIA. (Named after the 
 Countess of Harderiberg, in Germany, 
 sister to Baron Hugel. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia -Decandria. Allied to Ken- 
 nedya.) 
 
 reenhouse evergreen climbers, from Australia, 
 with purple flowers, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of the young: side-shoots, 
 a little firm at their base, taken off in April, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a close 
 frame or pit without bottom-heat ; peat two parts, 
 loam one part, with sand and a little charcoal, to 
 keep the compost open. They like a little shade 
 in the middle of summer, and a temperature of 
 40 to 48 in winter. 
 
 H. Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Parole, 
 lilac. March. 1803. 
 
 cordafta (heart-teawed). April. 1820. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-fcat>*). 10. April. 1839. 
 
 H.macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Scarlet. April. 
 1835. 
 
 monophy'lla (one-leaved). 10. April. 1790. 
 
 longiracemo'sti (long-racemed). 10, April. 1323. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaned). 6. April. 1820. 
 
 HARDENING-OFF. By this term gar- 
 deners intend the gradual preparation of 
 plants to endure exposure to a colder and 
 more airy situation. Thus, before bed- 
 ding-out geraniums, or ridging-out cu- 
 cumbers, in open beds, the plants that 
 have been nursed under glass are, by 
 degrees, exposed to more air and less 
 warmth, by opening the lights wider, and 
 for a greater length of time, not only by 
 day, but by night, until they become 
 inured to so low a temperature as to suf- 
 fer no check by being placed in the open 
 ground. 
 
 HARDWI'CKIA. (Named after General 
 Hardwicke, of the East Indian Company. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria ~L-3fonogynia. Allied 
 to Cynometra.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers, from 
 the East Indies. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in 
 sandy soil, and in a brisk heat ; rich, sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 6oto 85; winter, 50. 
 H. bina'ta (twin-leaved). 40. March. 1820. 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 40. April. 1818. 
 
 HARDY PLANTS are those which endure 
 uninjured our seasons without protection. 
 
 HAREBELL. Campanula rotundifo'lia. 
 
 HARES and BABBITS are deterred from 
 injuring trees and shrubs, by mixing 
 night-soil and clay in water, and daubing 
 it over the stems, with a brush, in No- 
 vember; and, if the winter proves very 
 wet, in February. The November dress- 
 ing is, however, generally sufficient. This 
 mixture has stopped their depredations 
 entirely, even when they had commenced 
 operations. 
 
 HARE'S-EAR. Bupleu'rum. 
 
 HARE'S-FOOT. Ochro'ma layo'pus. 
 
 HARE'S-FERN. Dava'llia Canarie'nsis. 
 
 HARICOT. See KIDNEY BEAN. 
 
 HARO'NGA. (From ronya, the name in 
 Madagascar. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hype- 
 ricaceaej. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-Poly- 
 andria. Allied to Elodea.) 
 
 Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young 
 hoots getting a little firm, in sandy peat, under a 
 jell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer 
 emp., 60 to 70; winter, 48 to 55. 
 5T. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Yellow. 
 July. Madagascar. 1825. 
 
 H ARPA'LIUM. ( From Harpalyce, daugh- 
 ;er of Lycurgus. Nat. ord., Composites 
 " Asteraceae] . Linn., 19-SyngenesiaB-Frus- 
 ranea. Allied to Helianthus.) 
 
HAR 
 
 [415 ] 
 
 HA* 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plant. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; common soil. 
 H. ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 HAEEISO'NIA. (Named in honour of 
 Mrs. Harrison, of Liverpool, its intro- 
 ducer. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- 
 dacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.') 
 
 This is really a Baxte'ria. Stove evergreen 
 shrub. Cuttings of the young shoots, a little firm 
 at their base, after fresh growth has commenced, 
 in spring, in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 H. Loniceroi'des (Lonicera-like). 6. Scarlet. July. 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 HABTO'GIA. (Named after J. Hartoy, 
 a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., Spindle- 
 trees [Celas trace ]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Elseodendron.) 
 
 Evergreen shrub, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Cuttings of the ripe shoots under a bell-glass, or 
 under a hand-light, and protected ; sandy loam and 
 peat. Usually grown in the greenhouse, but will 
 stand out of doors in elevated, and yet sheltered 
 places. 
 H. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. July. 1800. 
 
 HAET'S TONGUE. Scolope'ndrium. 
 
 HAETWE'GIA. (Named after M. Hart- 
 weg, court gardener to the Emperor of 
 Austria, once a botanical collector for the 
 Horticultural Society. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ; 
 very fibry peat, potsherds, and charcoal. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 5 winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Purple. April. 
 
 Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 purpu'rsa (purple). 1. Purple. August. Vera 
 Cruz. 1837. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 HASSAGAY-TEEE. Curti'sia. 
 
 HATCHET-VETCH. Sise'rrula. 
 
 HAUTBOY or HAUTBOIS. See STEAW- 
 
 EEEEY. 
 
 HAWK-PLY. See SC.ZEVA. 
 
 HAWKWEED. Hiera'ceum. 
 
 HAWO'ETHIA. (Named in honour of A. 
 H. Haworth, Esq.., a distinguished Eng- 
 lish botanist.) 
 
 For culture, &c., see ALOS, of which it is a 
 section. They are all natives of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and all have grey flowers. 
 H. a' Ibicans (white-edged], 1. July. 1795. 
 
 altili'nea (ridged-lined). \. August. 1824 
 
 angustifo'lia (.narrow- leaved). . June. 1824. 
 
 arachnoi'des vcobweb-like). I.August. 1727. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. August. 1819- 
 
 ansta'ta (awned). i. July. 1820. 
 
 asperiu'scula iroughish). *. June. 1818. 
 
 dtro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. May. 1823, 
 
 aftenua'ta (attenuated). 1. July. 1/90. 
 
 bre'vis (short). $. June. 1810. 
 
 H. chloraca'ntha (green-spined). i. August. 
 1820. 
 
 claripe'rla (clear-pearled). . June. 1824. 
 
 coarcta'ta (compressed). . August. 1821. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). . 1823. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. June. 1817* 
 
 cu'rta (short-twisted), . July. 1816. 
 
 cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). . August. 1819. 
 
 cymbifo'rmis (boat-formed), f . June. 1795. 
 
 denticuia'ta (small-toothed). $. August. 1819, 
 
 ere' eta (erect-pearl), 3. August. 1818. 
 
 expa'nsa (expanded). 1. August. 1/95. 
 
 fascia'ta (banded-oear/J. August. 1818. 
 
 ma'/or (larger). . July. 1820. 
 
 grana'ta (grained). 4- July. 1?35. 
 
 ybrid). J. June. 1821. 
 
 indura'ta (.hard-branchy). . June. 1820. 
 
 lee'te-vi'rens (lively-green). $. August. 1819. 
 
 lee'vis (smooth-white-edged^. . August. 1820. 
 
 li'mpida (limpid). . August. 1819. 
 
 margariti'fera (pearl-beariug). 1. July. 1739- 
 
 mi' nor (leaser-pearl). 1. June. 
 
 mirabilis (admirable-ews/u'on). f . July. 1795. 
 
 Ju 
 
 multifu'ria (many-sided). 
 
 uly. 1824. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). . July. 1820 
 
 mu'tica (blunt-cushion). . July. 1820. 
 
 ni'gricans (granulated-lol&tk). August. 
 
 1822. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1825. 
 
 obtu'sa (small- blunt). . June. 1S24. 
 
 pa'llida (pale-green). ^. June. 1820.^ 
 
 planifo'lia Cflat-leaved). ^. April. 1824. 
 
 papillo'sa (nippled). 1. June. 1820. 
 -- semipapill&'sa (half-nippled). l. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pa'rva (small). J. May. 1821. 
 
 pseu'do-tortuo'sa(sliehtlj-tviistedL'triangtilar). 
 
 1. July. 1818. 
 
 pu'mila (dw&rf -cobweb). 1. May. 1752. 
 
 ra'dula (file-surfaced-pearl). lj. May. 1805. 
 -- aspe'rior (rougher). 1. August. 1820. 
 -- ice'vior (smoother). 1. August. 1825. 
 -- pluriperla't a (many-pearled). 1. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 r ami' f era (branch-bearing). $. August. 1821. 
 
 recu'rva (curled-back-Zeawrf). I.August. 1795. 
 
 Reinwa'rti (Reinwart'spearZ). ^. June. 1820. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). ^. June. 1794. 
 
 retu'sa (bent-bacfc-czisAJo?^. ! June. 1/20. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). . June. 1818. 
 
 semimargariti'fera (half-pearUiearing). 1. 
 
 April. 1819. 
 
 -- ma'jor (larger). 1. April. 1819- 
 -- mi'nor (smaller). 1. April. 1819. 
 
 multiperla'ta (many-pearled). 1. April. 1819. 
 
 semiglabraJta (half-smoothed). |. June. 1811. 
 
 seta' ta (bristle-leaved). 1. June. 1820. 
 -- ma'jor (larger). 1. July. 1820. 
 -- me'dia (ediate). 1. July. 1820. 
 -- ni'gricans (blackish). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 so'rdida (sordid). , July. 1820. 
 
 tessella'ta (dof/r-checkered). i. June. 1823. 
 
 torqiiu'ta (collared). 1. August. 1823. 
 
 torte'lia (slightly-twisted). 4. July. 1817- 
 
 tortuo'sa (twisted). 1. July. 1794. 
 
 translu'cens (transparent). |. June. 1/95. 
 
 tu'rgida (swollen-cws&f'cm). ^. August. 1819* 
 
 veno'sa (veiny). $. June. 1820. 
 
 vire'scens (greenish). 1. August. 1819. 
 -- mi'nor (smaller). . August. 1819. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1^- June. 17 2 7 
 HAWTHOEN. Crata'yus. 
 HAWTHOEN-BUTTEEPLY. Pieris. 
 HAYLO'CKIA. (Named after Mr. Hay- 
 
 lock, gardener to Dr. Herbert. Nat. ord., 
 
HAZ 
 
 [ 416 
 
 HEA 
 
 Amaryttlds [Amaryllidacece]. Allied to 
 Cooperia.) 
 
 A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and one 
 flowered scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a little 
 peat and leaf-mould ; requires the protection of a 
 frame, or to be deeply planted in a dry place in 
 winter. 
 
 H.pusi'lla (dwarf). . Straw. September 
 Buenos Ayres. 182Q. 
 
 HAZEL. Co'rylus avella'na. 
 
 HEADING, or as it is also termed, Cab- 
 baging or Loaviny, is an inaptitude to un- 
 fold the central leaves, characterizing the 
 various members of the Cabbage tribe. 
 They have their centre or bud composed 
 of a larger number of leaves than usual, 
 and these, in some instances, are so com- 
 plexly combined that the plant has not 
 sufficient power to force them open to 
 permit the protrusion of the seed-stem. 
 The closeness of the heading is regulated 
 by the exposure to the light. In a shady 
 situation all the leaves are required to 
 elaborate the sap, on account of the defi- 
 cient light rendering each less active; 
 therefore they open as they are formed. 
 In a free exposure a few leaves are able 
 to effect the requisite decomposition ; and 
 hence the reason why cabbages always 
 have "harder hearts " in summer than in 
 spring or autumn, when the light is less 
 intense. 
 
 HEADING-DOWN, is cutting off entirely, 
 or to a considerable extent, the branches 
 of a tree or shrub a process not rashly 
 to be resorted to, and adopted only to re- 
 duce them when the plant seems declin- 
 ing in vigour, or has attained an undesir- 
 able size. 
 .HEABT'S-EASE. See PANSY. 
 
 HEAT is the prime agent employed by 
 the Almighty Creator to call vegetable 
 life into existence, to develope vegetable 
 form, to effect all vegetable changes, and 
 to ripen all vegetable produce. All these 
 effects are performed most efficiently, in 
 the case of every plant, at some different 
 temperature or degree of heat ; and he 
 who ascertains most correctly those heats 
 has taken a gigantic step towards excel- 
 lence as a gardener. An uncongenial 
 heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to 
 animals. Every plant has a particular 
 temperature, without which its functions 
 cease ; but the majority of them luxuriate 
 most in a climate of which the extreme 
 temperatures do not much exceed 32 
 and 90. No seed will vegetate, no sap 
 will circulate, in a temperature at or below 
 the freezing point of water. No cultiva- 
 
 tion will render plants, natives of the tor- 
 rid zone, capable of bearing the rigours of 
 our winters, although their offspring, 
 raised from seed, may be rendered much 
 more hardy than their parents. Others 
 are capable of resisting the greatest 
 known cold to which they can be exposed ; 
 yet all have degrees of temperature most 
 congenial to them, and if subjected to 
 lower temperatures, are less or more in- 
 jured proportionately to the intensity of 
 that reduction. If the reduction of 
 temperature be only slightly below that 
 which is congenial, it merely causes the 
 growth of the plant to diminish and its 
 colour to become more pale ; this effect 
 being now produced by the plant's tor- 
 pidity, or want of excitement to perform 
 the requisite elaboration of the sap, as it 
 is by over-excitement when made to vege- 
 tate in a temperature which is too elevated. 
 
 If blossoms are produced at all, they 
 are unfertile, and the entire aspect of the 
 plant betrays that its secretions are not 
 healthy, and its functions are deadened. 
 Mr. Knight says, " that melons and 
 cucumber plants, if grown in a tempera- 
 ture too low, produce an excess of female 
 blossoms ; but if the temperature be too 
 high, blossoms of the opposite sex are 
 by far too profuse." The drier the air 
 the greater is the amount of moisture 
 transpired; and this becomes so exces- 
 sive, if it be also promoted by a high 
 temperature, that plants in hothouses, 
 where it has occurred often, dry up as if 
 burned. The justly -lamented Mr. Daniell 
 has well illustrated this by showing, that 
 if the temperature of a hothouse bo 
 raised only five degrees, viz., from 75 to 
 80, whilst the air within it retains the 
 same degree of moisture, a plant that in 
 the lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven, 
 grains of moisture, would, in the higher 
 temperature, exhale one hundred and 
 twenty grains in t?ie same space of time. 
 
 Plants, however, like animals, can bear 
 a higher temperature in dry air than they 
 can in air charged with vapour. Animals 
 are scalded in the latter if the tempera- 
 ture is very elevated, and plants die under- 
 similar circumstances, as if boiled. MM. 
 Edwards and ^Colin found kidney-beans, 
 sustained no 'injury, when the air was 
 dry, at a temperature of 170; but they 
 died in a few minutes if the air was moist. 
 Other plants under similar circumstances 
 would perish probably at a much lower 
 temperature ; and the fact affords a warn- 
 
HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 ing to the gardener to have the atmo- 
 sphere in his stoves very dry whenever he 
 wishes to elevate their temperature for the 
 destruction of insects or other purposes. 
 Certain plants flourish in hot-water 
 springs, of which the temperature varies 
 between the scalding heats of from 150 
 to 180 of Fahrenheit's thermometer; 
 End others have been found growing freely 
 on the edges of volcanoes, in an atmo- 
 sphere heated above the boiling point of 
 water. Indeed, it is quite certain that 
 most plants will better bear, for a short 
 time, an elevated temperature, which, if 
 long continued would destroy them, than 
 they can a low temperature. Thus a 
 temperature much above the freezing 
 point of water, to orchidaceous and other 
 tropical plants, is generally fatal if endured 
 by them for only a few minutes ; whereas 
 a considerable elevation above a salutary 
 temperature is rarely injurious to plants. 
 But this is not universally the case ; for 
 the elegant Pri'mula margina'ta is so im- 
 patient of heat, that, although just about 
 to bloom, it never opens a bud if brought 
 into a room in which there is a fire. 
 
 The temperature should always be regu- 
 lated, in our hothouses, with a due regard 
 to the light. At night it should be so low 
 as to put the circulation of the sap into a 
 comparative state of rest; and in dull 
 days the temperature should be full 10 
 lower than in those of bright sunshine. 
 
 HEATHS. See EKI'CA. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. In order 
 to be successful in striking the hard-wooded 
 heaths, it is necessary to put a plant of 
 each kind in gentle heat, to cause them 
 to push forth young shoots. Whilst they 
 are growing, the materials for the opera- 
 tion of propagation should be prepared : 
 these are the requisite number of clear 
 bell-glasses. It will be advantageous to 
 have them of different sizes ; the smallest 
 3J inches, and the largest 6 inches di- 
 ameter, with two sizes between. Also pre- 
 pare the drainage by breaking a quantity 
 of potsherds. These should be in three 
 sizes, the largest about an inch across, 
 the next half an inch, and the smallest 
 the size of marrow-fat peas, with the 
 dust sifted out from amongst them. Next, 
 have the soil ready. The best is to be 
 had from some dry moorland where the 
 heather grows wild. Break the turves 
 into a fine state, and pass it through a 
 fine sieve, reserving the rougher pieces 
 to cover the drainage with. The next 
 27 
 
 things to look after are the pots. If new r 
 they must placed in a tub of water for a 
 few hours ; if old, they must be well 
 scoured and made perfectly clean. Lastly,, 
 procure a sufficient quantity of pure silver 
 sand, a pair of propagating scissors, and a 
 small ivory-handled knife of the very best 
 material. All these being in readiness, 
 see that the cuttings are in a fit state t& 
 take off the plants. If they have made 
 fresh shoots an inch long, they are ready 
 for use. Then take a small clean pot, 
 invert it, and place it over the hole at the 
 bottom of the pot for the cuttings, then 
 fill in round a few of the largest potsherds, 
 and cover them with some of the second 
 size, and then, lastly, with a consider- 
 able quantity of the smallest size, cover 
 these with a layer of the rough siftings. 
 The whole of these should fill the pot 
 to within two and a half inches of the 
 rim of the pot. Upon that place an inch 
 and a half of the heath mould, with a 
 large admixture of the silver sand ; level 
 this last layer with a circular piece of 
 wood, with a nail driven into the centre, 
 to form a handle. Finish with a layer 
 of the pure white sand quite level with 
 the rim of the pot. Give a good water- 
 ing with a fine rose pot, to settle the 
 same. Then take off the cuttings with 
 the scissors, and dress them with the 
 knife; cut the bottom of the cutting 
 clean off with a level cut, just at the 
 part between the new and the old wood ; 
 then cut off the leaves close to the stem, 
 without wounding its bark, about two- 
 thirds of its length from the bottom. As 
 each cutting is made, place it under the 
 bell-glass upon the sand, till a sufficient 
 number are made to fill the pot. Make 
 a mark in the sand to show the size of 
 the glass, and then proceed to put in the 
 cuttings in regular rows across the pot, 
 keeping the leaves just clear out of the 
 sand. When they are all planted, give 
 another gentle watering, to settle the 
 sand firm ; allow them to dry partially 
 before the glass is put on. Then place 
 them in a house where they can be shaded, 
 from the sun, and keep up a gentle heat 
 of 55, as near as possible. Wipe the 
 glasses dry every morning, and as soon 
 as the cuttings are rooted, remove them 
 into a cooler house, and give a little air 
 by placing three short pieces of wood, a 
 quarter of an inch thick and two inches 
 long, so as to form a triangle, and let the 
 bell-glass rest upon them. In this house 
 a K 
 
HEA 
 
 [ 418-J 
 
 HEB 
 
 it will still be necessary to shade them 
 from the blazing sun. This is easily done 
 by spreading some sheets of paper over 
 them; but remove this shade instantly 
 when the sun is overclouded. When they 
 have been in this situation for a month, 
 remove the glasses entirely, and a month 
 afterwards commence potting them off 
 in 3-inch pots, four in a pot, stopping 
 them at the same time, to make them 
 bushy. Place them in a cold frame, 
 upon a layer of river-sand on coal-ashes ; 
 shade again for a time, and give air mo- 
 derately. When they have made fresh 
 roots expose them occasionally to gentle 
 showers, but by no means to heavy rain. 
 Give them due supplies of water in dry 
 weather, and keep them clear of weeds. 
 In these pots they must remain till the 
 spring following. During the winter 
 place them on a shelf, near the glass, in 
 a light, airy greenhouse. About March, 
 pot them singly into the same sized pots, 
 shading them again till fresh roots are 
 formed. They are then ready for the 
 usual routine of culture. Heaths, with 
 soft wood and free growth, are more easy 
 to propagate, and do not require so much 
 preparation; but in other respects the 
 management is the same. 
 
 By Seed. Several kinds of heaths 
 produce plenty of good seed ; even some 
 that are extremely difficult to propagate 
 any other way, such, for instance, as E. 
 e'legans, E. odo'ra ro'sea, E. halicaca'ba, 
 E.triu'mphans, and some others of similar 
 habit. Fffl the pots in the same way as 
 for cuttings, only mix the top layer of 
 sand with as much heath-mould ; make 
 the surface smooth, and sow the seed in 
 spring on the surface, covering it as 
 slightly as possible ; water with the finest 
 syringe, so that it may fall upon the seed 
 like the finest dew ; place the pots near 
 the glass, shade from bright sun, and 
 keep the surface just moist. The seed- 
 lings will soon come up, and require great 
 care, or they will fog off. To prevent 
 this give air daily. As soon as they can 
 be handled transplant them into 5-inch 
 pots rather thickly, but standing clear of 
 each other. In this state they may re- 
 main for six or eight months, and then 
 pot them off into 3-inch pots, four in a 
 pot, and manage them afterwards in the 
 same way as the cuttings. 
 
 Soil. This has been already described 
 above, in writing of the soil proper fox 
 the cuttings to root into ; but for larger 
 
 plants it must not be sifted so fine. For 
 very large plants do not sift it at all ; for 
 such, if a few pieces of sand-stone are 
 mixed amongst the mould, they will be 
 useful to allow the water to penetrate to 
 the centre of the ball. 
 
 Potting. Heaths thrive best if the 
 mould is left below the rim of the pot 
 from half an inch for small plants in 6- 
 inch pots, to two inches in large ones. 
 This space holds a supply of water which 
 gradually sinks through, and effectually 
 moistens the ball to the centre. Drain 
 thoroughly with broken potsherds, half 
 an inch for small plants, to three inches 
 for very large ones. 
 
 Culture. Cold pits or frames, in spring 
 and autumn, are the best protection to 
 place heaths in during their youth, and a 
 good, airy, light, span-roofed greenhouse 
 for them through winter and spring, when 
 they are too large for the frames. In 
 summer they should be set out of doors 
 upon a thick bed of coal- ashes, behind a 
 low wall or hedge. Whilst in this position 
 they must have an abundant and constant 
 supply of water. If the ball ever becomes 
 thoroughly dry, the plants will certainly 
 die; therefore, attend to this point of 
 watering most rigidly and perseveringly. 
 In winter they do not require so much ; 
 but even in that season they must be kept 
 moderately, but constantly and thoroughly 
 moistened. 
 
 Diseases. Heaths are subject to go off 
 at the point where the stem ends and the 
 roots begin. This is caused often by an 
 irregular supply of water, and cannot be 
 cured when it once takes place. The 
 plant may appear green and nourishing, 
 and the roots fresh, and the ends are 
 lively even when the stem is dead. 
 Another fell disease is the mildew. This 
 may be sometimes cured by first damping 
 the plants infected, and then dusting 
 them over with flowers of sulphur. This 
 disease is often brought on by a long- 
 continued damp atmosphere ; and if that 
 is not dried by a little heat, with abun- 
 dance of air, the disease will spread 
 rapidly, and soon destroy the plants. If 
 only one or two are infected, they had 
 better be sulphured, and placed by them- 
 selves till the mildew fungus is killed. 
 
 Insects. See APHIS for cure, whan the 
 Green Fly attacks them. 
 
 HEATH-MOULD. See BOG-EARTH. 
 
 HEATHEK. Callu'na vulya'ris. 
 
 HEBENSTBEI'XIA. (Named after Pro- 
 
HEB 
 
 fessor Hebenstreit, of Leipsic. Nat. ord 
 Selagids [Selaginacese]. Linn., 14-D 
 na-mia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Selago. 
 
 Most of the Cape Selagids are well adapted fo 
 planting out in summer, in mixed borders. Green 
 house evergreen shrubs, except H. denta'ta, whic 
 is an annual ; all from the Cape of Good Hop 
 and all white-flowered. Short young shoots i 
 sandy peat, in spring, under a bell-glass ; sand\ 
 fibry loam, and a little peat. Summer temp., 50 
 to 75; winter, 38 to 45. Denta'ta b.y seed in 
 early spring. 
 
 H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. July. 1822. 
 
 captfa'ta (headed-cowered). 1. June. 1823 
 
 chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 2. 1822 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. June. 1815. 
 
 corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). 1. July. 1774. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 1. July. 1739. 
 
 erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. May. 1816. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). l. August. 18l6. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. May. 1/92 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 1. June. 1824. 
 
 HEDARO'HA. (From hedys, sweet, anc 
 aroma, perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms 
 [Myrtaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 Evergreen stove trees, all purple-blossomed 
 and from Swan River. For culture, see MT'KTUS 
 H. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). May. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). May. 
 
 thymoi'des (thyme-like). May. 
 
 HEDE'OMA. (From hedeoma, the Greek 
 name of mint. Nat. ord., Labiates or 
 Lipworts [Lamiacese], Linn., 2-Diandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring; light, 
 rich garden-soil. 
 
 H. pulegioi'des (pennyroyal- like). J. Blue. July. 
 N, Amer. 
 
 thymoi'des (thyme-like). }, Red. July. 
 
 France. 
 
 HE'DEBA. The Ivy. (Hedra is the 
 Celtic word for cord, alluding to the Ivy's 
 stems. Nat. ord., Ivy worts [Araliacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 The common ivy (H. he'lix} may be propagated 
 by seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest propa- 
 gated by slips, inserted in a north border, in sandy 
 soil, kept moist in the autumn. This is a far better 
 plan than inserting it at once where it is intended 
 to remain. Deep, rich soil suits the common 
 ivy ; the tender kinds should have lighter soil. 
 For clothing dead trees, covering open fences, 
 giving an air of antiquity, security, and warmth 
 and dryness to buildings, and even producing ar- 
 
 ntectural effects, and covering the ground in 
 shady places with a green carpet, where scarcely 
 anything else would grow, the ivy is invaluable. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 H.aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1816. 
 fra'grans (fragrant). White. Nepaul. 1816. 
 
 macropWll a (large-leaved). White. N. HoL 
 
 STOVE EVERGBEEN SHRUBS. 
 JT. capita'ta (headed-^otecred). Green. August. 
 W. lad. 1779. 
 
 3 
 
 HED 
 
 H. digita'ta (finger-team*). White. March. E, 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 emargina'ta (end-notched). Green. 1848. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). White. W. Ind. J820. 
 
 glomerula'ta (glomerulated). 7. Yellow. 
 
 April. Java. 1847. 
 
 pefndula (weeping). Green. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 umbraculi'fera (umbrella- leaved). White. 
 
 March. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Xalape'nsis (Xalapan). White. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 H. Jie'lix (common). 40. Green. September. 
 Britain. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Green. Britain. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary. Irish). 20. Green. 
 
 October. Canaries. 
 
 chrysoca'rpa (yellow-berried). 30. Green. 
 
 October. India. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-leaved). 20. Greeflu 
 
 October. Britain. Shrub. 
 
 fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-sfriped-leaved). 
 
 20. Green. October. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis au'reis (gold-striped- leaved). 2. 
 
 Green. October. Britain. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). Green. October. 
 
 Tauria. 1841. 
 vulga'ris (common). Green. Britain. 
 
 HEDGE properly includes every kind of 
 ence ; but the present details apply, for 
 ,he most part, to growing fences. Aber- 
 crombie says, that all outward hedges 
 designed as fences should have a ditck 
 >n the outside, three or four feet wide at 
 x>p, three deep, sloping to one wide at 
 jottom, raising a low bank on the inside 
 n which to plant the hedge. Having 
 ined out the width of the ditch, then 
 Jong the inner edge lay a row of square 
 pit turves, grass side downwards, to form 
 he beginning of the bank, backing it up 
 with spits of earths from the formation 
 f the ditch, and top it with a little of 
 tie fine mould or crumbs ; and then upon 
 "lis proceed to lay the first row of plants, 
 'irst let the sets be headed to about five 
 r six inches, and the roots trimmed; then 
 ,y them upon the bed of turf with their 
 ops outward, in an upward direction, 
 bout ten or twelve inches asunder, 
 overing their roots with mould, also out 
 f the ditch ; and then lay another row 
 
 turf along upon the necks of tha 
 [ants, and more mould from the ditck 
 pon and behind the turf; and when the 
 ink is thus raised a foot above the row 
 ' sets, plant another row in the same 
 anner, placing each set against the 
 jaces of those of the first row, so covering 
 lem with more earth from the ditch to 
 le depth of three feet, sloping each side 
 i one foot width at bottom, and trim up 
 1 remaining earth, throwing a sufficiency 
 jhind the top of the banking to bank 
 p the whole even. But in planting for 
 
HED 
 
 [420 ] 
 
 HED 
 
 an outward fence, some form the ditch 
 and bank first as above, and plant the 
 sets in two rows along the top ; that is, 
 after having formed the ditch and bank, 
 then levelling the top, forming a foot of 
 border all along a yard wide ; plant the 
 sets along its middle upright, in two rows 
 a foot asunder, and six inches distant in 
 each row, observing the same when in- 
 tended to raise a hedge at once from seed 
 sowed where you design the hedge to be, 
 sowing them along the top in drills a 
 foot asunder. Sometimes, when hedges 
 are designed for middle fences to divide 
 fields, a two-sided bank is raised a yard 
 high, and as broad at top, having a slight 
 ditch on each side ; and each side of the 
 bank is formed with square spit turves 
 from the adjoining ground, and the middle 
 filled up with mould from the ditches on 
 each side ; so that when finished, it forms 
 a yard-wide border all the way along the 
 top, find along the middle of which plant 
 two rows of hedge-sets or seed, in drills, 
 as before observed. But in places where 
 no ditch nor raised bank is required, as 
 may be the case for middle hedges in the 
 interior parts of grounds, especially in 
 gardens, then the place for the hedge 
 being marked out on the level ground 
 two or three feet broad, dig it along one 
 good spade deep at least, and then plant 
 your sets of any sort in two rows, rang- 
 ing along the middle ; or, if you design 
 to sow seeds, &c., of any sort at once, 
 where you intend to have the hedge, sow 
 them in two drills a foot asunder the whole 
 length. 
 
 In respect to general culture of these 
 sorts of hedges it must be remarked, that 
 all such as are exposed to cattle must, 
 as soon as planted, be fenced either with 
 a stake and bush hedge, with hurdles, or 
 with rails and open paling, for four or 
 five years, till the hedge grows up, ob- 
 serving not to place the fence too close 
 to the hedge to interrupt its growth. 
 The hedge must, also, be duly weeded 
 while young, and this should be particu- 
 larly attended to the first two years. 
 
 Evergreen Hedge -shrubs are Holly, Yew, 
 Laurel, Laurustinus, Phillyrea, Alaternus, 
 Bay, Furze, and Evergreen Oak ; but the 
 Holly and Yew form the best hedges for 
 general use. 
 
 Deciduous kinds. Hawthorn, Black- 
 thorn, Grab, Elder, Hornbeam, Beech, 
 Elm, Lime-tree, and Alder are all proper 
 either for middling or tall hedges, as they 
 
 may be trained up from about six or eight 
 to fifteen or twenty feet high, and the 
 Elm to double that height if required. 
 Privet is also sometimes used for mode- 
 rately high hedges ; and for low hedges, 
 the Eose, Sweet-briar, Syringa, and Bar- 
 berry. 
 
 All full -trained hedges, in order to 
 preserve them in proper form, must be 
 clipped, both on the sides and top, once 
 or twice a year, but never less than once ; 
 and the best time of the year for. this 
 work is summer, from about the middle 
 or latter end of June to the end of August, 
 for then the hedges will have made their 
 summer shoots, which should always, if 
 possible, be clipped the same season 
 while in leaf, and before the shoots become 
 hard, whereby you will be able to perform 
 the work more expeditiously and with 
 greater exactness, for regular hedges 
 should be cut as even as a wall on the 
 sides, and the top as straight as a line ; 
 observing, after the hedge is formed to its 
 proper height and width, always to cut 
 each year's clipping nearly to that of the 
 former year, particularly on the sides ; for 
 by no means suffer them to grow above 
 a foot or two wide, nor suffer them to 
 advance upon you too much at top, where 
 it is designed or necessary to keep them to 
 a moderate height. But to keep hedges 
 in perfectly good order, they should be 
 clipped twice every summer; the first 
 clipping to be about Midsummer, or soon 
 after, when they will have made their 
 summer shoots ; and as they will shoot 
 again, what may be called the autumn 
 shoot, the second clipping is necessary 
 towards the middle or latter end of Au- 
 gust, and they will not shoot again that 
 year. However, when it does not suit to 
 clip them but once in the summer, the 
 clipping should not be performed until 
 the beginning of August ; for, if cut sooner, 
 they will shoot again, and appear almost 
 as rough the remainder of the summer 
 and all winter as if they had not been 
 clipped. Very high hedges are both 
 troublesome and expensive to cut. The 
 clipping is sometimes performed by the 
 assistance of a high machine, scaffolding, 
 or stage, twenty or thirty feet high or 
 more,havingplatformsatdifferentheights 
 for the men to stand upon, the whole 
 made to move along upon wheels. It is 
 composed of four long poles for uprights, 
 well framed together, eight or ten feet 
 wide at bottom, narrowing gradually to 
 
HED 
 
 r 421 ] 
 
 HED 
 
 four or five at top, having a platform or 
 stage at every seven or eight feet high, 
 and one at the top of all ; and upon these 
 the man stands to work, each platform 
 having a rail, waist high, to keep the man 
 from falling, and a sort of ladder formed 
 on one side for the man to ascend, and 
 at bottom for low wheels to move it along. 
 Upon this machine a man may be em- 
 ployed on each stage or platform,trimming 
 the hedge with shears, and sometimes 
 with a garden hedge-bill fixed on a handle 
 five or six feet long, which is more ex- 
 peditious, though it will not make so neat 
 work as cutting with the shears. 
 
 A hedge is not only an imperfect screen, 
 but in other respects is worse than use- 
 less, since nothing can be trained to it, 
 and its roots exhaust the soil in their 
 neighbourhood very considerably. As the 
 south fence of a garden, it may be em- 
 ployed ; and hawthorn, in some respects, 
 is the worst shrub that could be made 
 use of. It is the nursery of the same 
 aphides, beetles, and caterpillars, that 
 feed upon the foliage of the apple and 
 pear, from whence they often spread to 
 the whole garden. Evergreen are better 
 than deciduous hedges, and more espe- 
 cially those of the holly, which is not so 
 slow a grower as is generally imagined. 
 
 In a cloudy day, in April or May, the 
 wind seems to be actually refrigerated in 
 passing through a thick hawthorn hedge ; 
 and this may be accounted for on the 
 same principle that cool air is obtained 
 in the houses of India by sprinkling 
 Dranches of trees with water in their 
 rerandas. Holly, laurel, and most ever- 
 greens, exhale but little moisture from 
 their leaves, except for about a month in 
 June ; consequently, in April and May, 
 when we most require warmth, and in 
 September and October, the leaves of 
 these, when fully exposed to the sun, 
 become heated to the touch to 85 or 90. 
 Added to this, hoar frost, or a deposition 
 of moisture of any kind, never attaches 
 so readily, or remains for so long a time, 
 upon the foliage of evergreens as upon 
 the sprays of deciduous shrubs ; conse- 
 quently, the refrigeratory power is greatly 
 diminished. When the garden is of con- 
 siderable ^extent, three or four acres and 
 upwards, it admits of cross-walls or fences 
 for an increase of training surface and 
 additional shelter. 
 
 Hedges should always be clipped into 
 a conical form, as the diminution of the 
 
 branches towards the top increases their 
 development at the bottom. 
 
 Furze makes one of the best and hand- 
 somest of hedges if kept regularly clipped. 
 Upon the formation of such a hedge, we 
 have the following remarks by Mr. McL, 
 of Hillsborough : The most ancient, 
 and perhaps the most simple of all fences, 
 are walls made of turf. These walls, 
 however, are much injured by the atmo- 
 sphere, and the rubbing and butting of 
 the cattle. To guard against this they 
 should be planted or sown with the LTlex 
 Europeans, or Furze. The roots of this 
 plant will soon penetrate the turf, and 
 tend to bind the wall. The plants not 
 only afford shelter as well as food for 
 the cattle, but add to the height of the 
 wall, and give it a formidable appearance. 
 When walls are made for this, the founda- 
 tion should be three feet wide, and taper- 
 ing to fifteen inches at top. As the 
 plants advance in growth, they should be 
 regularly trimmed with the shears : by 
 proper attention to this they will be pre- 
 vented from growing too tall and thin at 
 the bottom. If this is annually repeated, 
 the plants will be longer preserved in a 
 healthy and vigorous state : clipping has 
 also a good effect in checking the furze 
 from spreading over the field. A good 
 and substantial fence may thus be quickly 
 formed on a soil that will not produce a 
 biding fence of any other kind. 
 
 Sweet-briar (Eo'sa rubigino'sa) makes 
 a good hedge. Its heps may be sown in 
 the autumn, as soon as ripe, or, which is 
 better, in the month of March, having 
 kept them, in the mean time, mixed with, 
 sand. But it is far more convenient to 
 buy young plants, and to plant them a 
 foot apart early in the month of Novem- 
 ber. Let them grow as they like for the 
 first year, and cut them down to the 
 ground the second ; they will then spring 
 up and require no more care than occa- 
 sionally trimming with the pruning-knife 
 or shears to keep the hedge in shape. 
 When it gets naked to the bottom, it 
 must be again cut down. Gard. Chron. 
 
 HEDGE-HOG THISTLE. Ca'ctus (Echi- 
 noca'ctus}. 
 
 HEDGE HYSSOP. Gratl'ola. 
 
 HEDGE MUSTARD. Ery'sinwm. 
 
 HEDGE NETTLE. Sta'chys. 
 
 HEDWI'GIA, of Swartz. (Named after 
 Jrtn Hedywig, a botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Amy rids [Amyridacece]. Linn., S-Octan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
HED 
 
 [ 429 ] 
 
 HEI 
 
 The Amyritis are closely allied to the Orange 
 tribe. Beaume a sucrier, a substitute for Co- 
 paiva, is obtained from this Hadwigia. Stove 
 evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy 
 soil, and in a good heat ; sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to b5; winter, 50 to 
 55, 
 H.balsami'fera (balsam-yielding). 40. White. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1820. 
 HEDY'CHIUM. (From hedys, sweet, and 
 chion, snow; in reference to the sweet- 
 scented, snow-white flowers of H. ma'xi- 
 mum and corona' rium,the best two garden- 
 plants of the genus. Nat. ord., Ginger- 
 worts [Zingiberaceae]. Linn., 1-Monan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants. Division of the plant* 
 before fresh potting them ; loaro and peat, with a 
 portion of sand and dried cow-dung. They must 
 have plenty of water and light when growing. It 
 should be tried to give them their rest period by 
 keeping them cooler and drier in winter, and, if 
 well grown before, the advancing heat in spring 
 and summer will bring up the beautiful flowers. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85, with moist atmosphere 
 when growing, cooler and drier when flowering ; 
 winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 4. White. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 angustifo 1 Hum (narrow -leaved). 5. Scarlet. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 auranti' acurn (orange-coloured). 5. Orange. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 ca'meum (flesh-coloured). 4. Pink. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1815. 
 
 corona'rium (garland). 5. White. E. Ind. 1791. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 5. Pale red. E. Ind. 1818. 
 ' elli'pturum (oval). 5. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 flavefscens (yellowish). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 India. 1822. 
 ' fla'vum (yellow). 3. Yellow. July.Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 Gardneria'num ( Gardner's). 7, Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). 4j. White. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 3. White. June. Bengal. 
 
 1823. 
 
 heteroma'llum (variable-haired), 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Indies. 1822. 
 
 longifo'lium <long-leaved). 6. Eed. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 ma'ximum (largest). 8. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 specio'fyim (showy). 8. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823, 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 3, Yellow. June. India. 
 
 1810. 
 
 stenope'talum (narrow-petaled). 7. White. 
 
 April. India. 1830. 
 
 thyrsifo'rme (thyrse-formed). 4. White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 urophy'llum (tailed-leaved), 4. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. India. 1828. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). 3, Cream. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 HEDYSA'RUM. (A plant's name adopted 
 from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 11-Dia- 
 delphia -Decandria.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials in the open border, in 
 spring; perennials by division of the plant in 
 spring; common soil. The dwarfer ones are 
 pretty for mantling knolls and rock-works. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 H. carno'sum (fleshy). . Purple. July. Barbary. 
 1820. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 H. corona'rium (garland). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 Italy. 1596. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale). 3. Pale red. June. N. 
 
 Africa. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 II. alpi'num (alpine). 2. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 1798. 
 
 pedicela're (Jowg'-flower-stalked). Purple. 
 
 June. Siberia. 
 
 Alta'icum (Altain). 4. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 1818. 
 
 argophy'llum (white-leaved). Purple. June. 
 
 Altaia. 1827. 
 
 arge'nteum (silvery). Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 brachyse'mum (short-standarded). ij. Pur- 
 
 ple. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white). . Purple. May. Tauria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 hu'mile (humble). J. Purple. June. 
 
 Tauria. 1817. 
 
 Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). I. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 consangui'neum (closely-allied). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 creta'ceum (chalky). 1. Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1819. 
 
 elonga'tum (lengthened)* Purple. June. 
 
 Russia. 1823. 
 
 fructico'sum (shrubby). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1782. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). l. Purple. 
 
 June. Tauria. 1821. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (Iberian). . Purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 lasiocu'rpum (hairy-podded). 1. Purple. Si- 
 
 beria. 
 
 obscu'rum (obscure). . Purple. July. 
 
 Alps. 1640. 
 
 polymo'rphum (many-formed). Rose. June. 
 
 Altaia. 1828. 
 
 ro'seum (roseate). . Pink. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1803. 
 
 rutidoca'rpum (wrinkled-podded). $. Purple. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). . Cream. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1819. 
 
 Tau'ricum (Taurian). $. Pale purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1804. 
 
 va'rium (variable). 1. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 venu'stum (lovely). Purple. June. Altaia. 
 
 1828. 
 
 HEEL. When a cutting is taken off 
 with a small portion of the older wood 
 from which it sprang, that older portion 
 is called the heel. 
 
 HEI'MIA. (Named after Dr. Helm, 
 a German. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly- 
 thraceae]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Ly thrum.) 
 
 Heimia is the only Loosestrife with yellow 
 Sowers. Haif-hardy evergreen shrubs with yel- 
 
HEI 
 
 [423 ] 
 
 HEL 
 
 low flowers. Cuttings of short shoots m sandy 
 soil, under a hand-light, in May ; sandy loam and 
 a little peat. They require the protection of a 
 cold pit in winter, but would do against a conser- 
 vative wall, where they could be protected from 
 severe frost. 
 H. linaricefo'lia (linaria-leaved). &. S. Amer. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 5. S.Amer. 1826. 
 
 salicifft'lia (willow-leaved). 5. August. Mex- 
 
 ico. 1821. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 HEI'NSIA. (Named after M. Heinsius. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monandria. Allied 
 to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk 
 bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam, with a 
 little dried leaf- mould. Summer temp., 60 to 
 80 ; winter, 48 to 53. It would probably suc- 
 ceed grafted on Garde'niaflo'rida. 
 H.jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 4. White. 
 March. Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 HEISTE'RIA. Bois Perdrix. (Named 
 after L. Heister, a Swedish botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Olacads [Olacaceae]. Linn., 
 10-Decandria L-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Olax.) 
 
 This is the source of the Partridge-pea of Mar- 
 tinique, but not of the Partridge-wood, as has 
 been erroneously asserted. Stove evergreen tree. 
 Cuttings of firm young shoots in a brisk heat ; 
 sandy loam and a dash of peat. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. cocei'nca (scarlet)- 20. Scarlet. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 HE'LCIA. (From helcium, a horse- 
 collar ; in reference to the curious forma- 
 tion of the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Trichopilia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division of the plant ; shallow 
 basket, in fibry peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and 
 decayed wood. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; win- 
 ter, 50 to 60. 
 
 U.sanguinole'nta (bloody). Green, brown, white. 
 Guayaquil. 1843. 
 
 HELE'NIUM. (Named after the beau- 
 tiful Helena, cause of the Trojan war. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers. By division of the plant in spring; 
 common garden-soil. There are some annuals 
 and biennials, but not deserving cultivation. 
 H. aMtumna'le (autumnal). 3. September. N. 
 Amer. 1729. 
 
 canalicula'tum (channelled), 3, August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 Mexica'num (Mexican). 3. August. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 piibe'scens (downy), 3. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1776. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf), i. August. 1818. 
 
 undula'tum (waved-feaued), 3. September. 
 
 California. 1830. 
 
 HELIA'NTHEMUM. Sun Eose. (From 
 helios, the sun, and anthemon, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Hock-roses [Cistacese]. Linn., 
 
 If gardeners would turn their attention to 
 these Rock-roses, and cross them judiciously, 
 they might expect in time to produce a race 
 \ ; ich would rival the Verbenas. Annuals, by 
 seeds in the open border, in April. A few of 
 the best shrubby ones are rather tender, and 
 young plants might be saved in a cold pit. 
 Shrubby evergreens, by inserting little pieces of 
 ripened and half-ripened shoots with the leaves 
 attached, in June, in sandy soil, in a shady place, 
 under a hand-light. Few things can surpass the 
 beauty of these plants when trailing over stones, 
 and banks, and rock-works, in spring and sum- 
 mer. In such positions, the tenderest merely re- 
 quire, at times, an evergreen branch placed over 
 them in winter; sandy loam, with a little peat, 
 suits them well. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 H. 2Egypti'acum (Egyptian). $. White, June. 
 Egypt. 1764. 
 
 eriocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). J. yellow. 
 
 Spain. 1817. 
 
 gutta'tum (spotted-flowered). J. Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). J. Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 Nilo'ticum (Nile). . Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1817- 
 -- ma'jus (larger). 1. Yellow. Europe. 1817. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-like). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1823. 
 
 puncta'tum (dotted). J. Yellow. July. South. 
 
 France. 1816. 
 
 salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1759- 
 
 sangui'neum (bloody-stemmed). 4 Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). . Yellow. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PEEENNIALS. 
 H. Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. Yellow. June. N. 
 Amer. 1799- 
 
 Carolinia'num (Carolina). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1823. 
 
 globularicefo'lium (globular-leaved). . Yellow. 
 
 June. Portugal. 1826. 
 
 rosmarinifo'livm (rosemary-leaved). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow. June. Canada. 1823. 
 
 tubera'ria (tuberaria). f . Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1752. 
 
 EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 H. acumina'tum (long-pointed), . Yellow. Junei 
 Nke. 1820. 
 
 alpe'stre (rock). . Yellow. June. Germany. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). J. Yellow* 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 ca'num (hoary), f. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1772. 
 
 confu'sum (confused). . White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 cro'ceum (copper-coloured). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1800. 
 
 dicho'tomum (twin-branched). 1, Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 grandiflo'rtim (large-flowered). 1. Yellow* 
 
 June. Italy. 1800. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). *. White, South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
[424] 
 
 HEL 
 
 H.hijssopifo'Uum (hyssop-leaved). . Yellow. May. 
 Italy 
 
 cu'preum (copper-coloured). 
 
 May. Naples. 
 
 Copper, 
 
 multiplex (double-lowered). . Copper. 
 
 May. Italy. 
 
 croca'tum (saffron-coloured). . Copper. 
 
 June. Europe. 
 
 Ita'licum (Italian). 1. Yellow. August. Italy. 
 
 1799. 
 
 Laga'scce (Lagasca's). . Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 leptophy 1 Hum (fine-leaved). 1. Yellow. Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining-feaued). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 1826. 
 
 maera'nthum (large-flowered). 1. White, yel- 
 
 low. July. 
 
 multiplex (double-lowered). 1. White, 
 
 yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 marifo'lium (marum-leaved). . Yellow. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 Mi'lleri (Miller's), $. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 muta'bile (changeable). |. Red, yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1829. 
 
 nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 nummula'rium (money wort-/aued). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1752. 
 
 obova'tum (reversed-egg-feaued). 1. Yellow. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 (Ela'ndicum ((Eland), f . Yellow. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1816. 
 
 origanifo'lium (marjoram-leaved). . Yellow. 
 
 Spain. 1795. 
 
 ova 1 turn (egg-leaved). . Yellow. Geneva. 1818. 
 
 penicilla'tum (pencilled). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1817. 
 
 pllo'sum (hairy). 1$. White. July. South 
 
 France. 1831. 
 
 polifo'lium (polium-leaved). J. White. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying- down). J. Yellow. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 pulche'llum (neat). $. Yellow. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 pulverule'r.tum (powdered). f . White. June. 
 
 France. 
 
 rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). $. Red. June. 
 
 Spain. 1800. 
 
 ro'seum (roseate) . J. Pink. June. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1815. 
 
 mu'ltiplex (double-lowered). . Pink. 
 
 June. 1815. 
 
 strami'neum (straw-coloured). . Straw. Eu- 
 
 mu'ltiplex (double-flowered), . Striped. Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 sulphu'reum (sulphur-coloured). Pale yellow. 
 
 Spain. 1/95 
 
 Surreja'num (Surrey) 
 England. 
 
 J. Yellow. August. 
 
 Tau'rioum (Taurian). 1. Yellow. June. Tauria. 
 
 tomento'sum (trAtte-downed). f . Yellow. July. 
 
 - venu'stum (beautiful). J. Red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 flo're-plefno (double-flowered). J. Red. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 viola'aeum (\iolet-calyxed). 1. White. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 vulga're (common-dicar/). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pfe'nttTO (double-lowered), i. Yellow. 
 
 June. 
 
 EVEttGEEEN SHRUBS. 
 
 3. Yellow. 
 
 H.Algane'nse (Algarve). 
 
 Portugal. 1800. 
 Apenni'num (Apennine). 
 
 July. 
 White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1731. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded-stt/mfed). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 P'/)-re//e'ri(Barrelier's). ]. Yellow. July. Italy. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Canarie'nse (Canary). l. Yellow. June. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1790. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white-feared). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). . Red. June. 
 
 cheiranthoi'des (stock-like). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1818. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 cine'reum (grey). 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 conft'rtum (close-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Teneriffe. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Barbary. 1818. 
 
 diversifo'lium (various -leaved). Flame. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 elli'pticum. (oval-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). l. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 farino'sum (mealy). White. June. Spain. 
 
 formo'sum (beautiful). 4. Yellow. Portugal. 
 
 1780. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green- leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1815. 
 
 glomera'tum (round-Aeaded). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 fiulimifo'lium (sea-purslane-leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1656. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy-calyxed). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1759. 
 
 involucra'tum (involucred). 3. Yellow. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 juniperl'num (juniper-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 Kahi'ricum (Kahirian). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Egypt. 1820. 
 
 lae've (smooth). I. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 lavandulcEfo'lium (lavender-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. South France. 1817- 
 
 libano'tis (rosemary-Jeaed). 1. Yellow. South 
 
 Europe. 1762. 
 
 ligno'sum (woody). $. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1806. 
 
 linea're (narrow-fenced). 1. White. June. 
 
 South Europe 1818. 
 
 Li'ppii (Lippius's). 1. Yellow. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 lunula'tum (crescent-feared; . 4. Yeiiow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 marjoranifo'lium (marjoram-leaved). ' . Yel- 
 
 Yellow. June. 
 
 low, white. June. 
 
 microphy'llum (small-leaved). J. 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 mo'lle (soft). 1J. Yellow. July. Spain, 1817. 
 
 muta'bile ro'seum (rosy-changeable). . Red. 
 
 July. South Europe 
 
 ocymoi'des (basil-like). 3. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 Yellow. July. 
 
 1800. 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 racemo'sum (raceraed). 1. White. July. South 
 Europe. 1S20. 
 
HEL 
 
 [ 425 ] 
 
 HEL 
 
 U.rugo'sum (wrinkled). 3. Yellow. June. For- I 
 tugal. 1800. 
 
 scabro'sum (rough). 3. Yellow. Portugal. 17/5. 
 
 squama'tum (scaly). 1. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1815. 
 
 stri'ctum (upright). 1. White. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 thymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). l. Yellow, July. 
 
 Spain. 1658. 
 
 vmbella'tum (umbel-flowered), 3. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1731. 
 ere'ctum (straight-stemmed). White. June. 
 
 South Europe. 
 subdecu'mbens (leaning). White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Red, white. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). . White. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 HELIA'NTHUS. Sunflower. (From helios, 
 the sun, and anthos, a flower; in reference 
 to the opinion that the flowers turn round 
 after the sun. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- 
 acese]. IAmi.,ld-Syngenesia %-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, all yellow-flowered ; 
 well fitted for the back of flower- borders and the 
 front of shrubberies, where such modes of plant- 
 ing prevail. The annuals, such as the common 
 Sunflower, should be sown in a slight hotbed, and 
 afterwards transplanted ; the perennials must be 
 divided in the spring ; common, good soil ; a few 
 of the tenderest want a little protection in very 
 cold and wet winters. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 H. a'nnuus (annual. Common). 6. July. S. Amer. 
 15Q6. 
 
 I'ndicus (dwarf '-Indian) . 3. July. Egypt. 1785. 
 
 ova'tus (egg- leaved). 4. Mexico. 1S2Q. 
 
 petiola'ris (/cmg-leaf-stalked). 3. September. 
 
 Arkansas. 1826. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). 5. August. Jorulla. 1833. 
 
 tubcefo'rmis (tube-formed). 5. July. Mexico. 
 
 1799- 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 H. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. September. 
 N. Amer. 1799. 
 
 alti'ssimus (tallest). 8. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark-red-eyed). 3. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1732. 
 
 cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). 3. August. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 decape 1 talus (ten-petaled). 6. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1759. 
 
 diffu'sus (spreading). 3. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 divarica'tus (straggling). 6. N. Amer. 1/5Q. 
 
 exce'lsus (lofty). 8. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 gigunte'us (gigantic). 10. N. Amer. 1714. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 3. September. 
 
 leetiflo'rus (lively-flowered). 3. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1810. 
 
 lenticula'ris (pea-shaped). 1827. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow - leaved). 2. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 Hus (long-leaved). 6. Georgia. 1812. 
 
 macrophy' lius (large-leaved). 6. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Missu'ricus (Missouri). 3. Missouri. 1821. 
 
 tnofllis (soft). 4. August. N. Amer. 1805. 
 
 multifio'rus, (many-flowered). 6. N. Amer. 
 
 1597. 
 
 ple'n (double.flowered). 6. N. Amer. 
 
 1797- 
 
 (small.flowered). 3. July. Mexico. 
 1820. 
 
 H.pa'tens (spreading). 3. August. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 2. August. Louisi- 
 
 ana. 1824. 
 
 prostra'tus (prostrated). 2. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Trailer. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 4. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 strumo'sus (swollen). 8. N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 trachelifo'lius (trachelium-leaved). 6. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 triloba'tus (three -lobed). 3. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 tubero'sus (tuberous. Jerusalem Artichoke). 
 
 8. September. Brazil. 1617. 
 
 villo'sus (shaggy). 3. August. N. Amer. 1820. 
 See JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE and SUNFLOTVEE. 
 
 HELICHRY'SUM. (From helios, the sun, 
 and chrysos, gold ; referring to the beauty 
 of the flowers. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua. Allied to Aphelexis.) 
 
 Many may be raised from seed ; others, such 
 as hardy and greenhouse herbaceous, by division 
 and cuttings in spring, in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-glass ; evergreen shrubs from the Cape, if 
 small side-shoots are taken off when getting firm 
 at their base, will strike freely in sandy, peaty 
 soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, three of 
 the former to one of the latter. Temp, for 
 greenhouse kinds, winter, 40 to 45. Stee'chas 
 is the hardiest shrubby kind, flourishing in a 
 sheltered place in dry, calcareous soil. Angusti- 
 fo'lium, conge'stium, and fru'ticans are the 
 next in point of hardiness, and probably would do 
 on a conservative wall. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. July. 
 Van Diemen's Land. 1835. 
 
 bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Pale yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Holland. 1/99- 
 
 involu'cro-a' Ibido (whitish-involucred). 3. 
 
 Yellow. July. 1833. 
 
 robu'stum (robust). White, yellow. July. 
 
 Swan River. 1839. 
 
 specta'bile (showy). 2. Orange. June. Swan 
 
 River. 1840. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. arena'rium (sand). 1. Yellow. August. 
 Europe. 1739- 
 
 candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Caspian. 1823. 
 
 macra'nthum (large-flowered). Blush. Swan 
 
 River. 1837. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy). 4. White. Yellow. July. 
 
 Swan River. 1837. 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 H.angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 August. Naples. Half-hardy. 
 
 co'nicum (conical). 2. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 rupe'stre (rock-inhabiting). Yellow. June. 
 
 Naples. 1830. 
 
 Stee'chas (common-shrub). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Europe. 1629. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. apicula'tum (small-pointed). 1$. Yellow. 
 Van Diemen's Land. 1804. 
 
 argefnteum (silvery). 2. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 cri'spum (curled). 6. Pink. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1809. 
 
 cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June* 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. l/so. 
 
HEL 
 
 [ 426 3 
 
 HEL 
 
 fl.cymo'suni (cymed) i. Yellow. June. Africa. 
 1731. 
 
 dealba'tum (whitened). l. White. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1812. 
 
 ~- odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Yellow. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1691. 
 
 ru'tilans (shining-flowered). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). Yellow. N. Hol- 
 land. 1838. 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 H.acumina'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White. 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 affi'ne (related). l. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 arWreum (tree -like). 6. White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1770. 
 
 ^ cephalo'tes (large-hei&ed). 4. Pink. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 178Q. 
 
 conge'stum (close- headed). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/91. 
 
 crassifo'lium( thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 dasycfnthum (thick-flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 diosmaefd'lium (diosma-leaved). l. White. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 divarica'tum (spreading). 3. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). l. Pink. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1779- 
 
 fu'lgidum (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1781. 
 
 helianthemifo'lium (helianthemum-leaved). 1 . 
 
 White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 177 4 - 
 
 lasiocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). 3. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 orieuta'le (eastern). l. Yellow. June. Africa. 
 
 1629. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). 2. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 pa'tulum (spreading). 3. White. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1771- 
 
 ri'gidum (stiS-leaved). l. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1801. 
 
 vesti'tum (clothed). 2. White. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 HELICO'NIA. (From helicon, a Mil, 
 consecrated to the Muses; in reference 
 to the affinity of this genus to Musa. 
 Nat. ord., Musads [Musacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The fleshy roots of H.psittaco'rum are eatable. 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots ; strong, rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90, with plenty of moisture ; winter, 50" 
 to 60. 
 
 H. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, crimson. 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 Braxilie'nsis (Brazilian). 8. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 dealba'ta (whited). 3. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy-flowered), 5. Orange. S, 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 4. Madagascar. 1818. 
 
 psittaeo'rum (parrot-Sea&ed). 4. Orange. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1797. 
 
 ~pulv&rule'nta (dusted-teawed). 2. Greenish- 
 scarlet. July. S.Amu. 1830. 
 
 H.Swurtzia'na (Swartz's). 4. Yellow. July. 
 Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 HELIOCA'RPUS. (From helios, the sun, 
 and karpos, a fruit; in reference to the 
 fringes on the cells, or carpels, of the 
 fruit. Nat. ord, Lindenblooms [Tiliaceas]. 
 Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Sparmannia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. America'nus (American). 16. Purple. Vera 
 Cruz. 1733. 
 
 HELIO'PHILA. (From helios, the sun, 
 and phileo, to love ; referring to the sunny 
 aspect where they delight to grow. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifers [BrassicaceseJ. Linn., 15- 
 Tetr adynamia.) 
 
 All from the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals, by 
 seed in a warm, dry border, in April, or, better 
 still, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March, 
 and transplant in May. The under-shrubs re- 
 quire the greenhouse, or cold, dry pit, to winter 
 them in, and are propagated by cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-glass. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 H. cleomoi'des (cleome-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 1802. 
 
 linear if o'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 1819. 
 
 platysi'liqua (broad - podded). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. 1774. 
 
 scopa'ria (broom-like). 1. Red. June. 1802. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. amplexicau 1 Us (stem-clasping). J. White, 
 purple. July. 17/4. 
 
 Araboi'des (Arabis-like). f. Brown. June. 
 
 1768. 
 
 coronopif o'lia (buckhorn-leaved). l. Violet. 
 
 July. 1778. 
 
 crithmif o'lia (samphire-leaved). . Violet. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading), f. White. June. 1818. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-leaved). 1. Brown. June. 1819. 
 
 disse'cta (deeply-cut). 1. Blue. June. 1792. 
 
 7>mw'ta(leafleted). 1. White. June. 1792. 
 
 fasnicula'cea (fennel-like). l. Purple. June. 
 
 1774. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. White. June. 1819. 
 
 pe'ndula (weeping). l. Yellow, white. July. 
 
 1792. 
 
 pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. 1768. 
 
 stri'cta (erect), f. Blue. June. 1823. 
 
 tri'fida (three-cut), j. Purple. June. 1819. 
 
 HELIO'PSIS. (From helios, the sun, 
 and opsis, like; the appearance of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste'r- 
 aceae]. Linn., \S-Syngenesia%-8uperjlua. 
 Allied to Zinnia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers. By seed and division; common soil; 
 treatment similar to that for Helianthus. 
 H. cane'nsis (hoary). 2. August. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 l&'vls (smooth). 6. August. N. Amer. 1714. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 5. August. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 HELIOTRO'PIUM. Turnsole. (From 
 
HEL 
 
 [427 ] 
 
 HE1I 
 
 helios, the snn, and trope, twining ; in 
 reference to the curled or twining of the 
 flower - branch. Nat, ord., Ehretiads 
 [Ehretiacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, sown in open border, in April ; 
 tender annuals and biennials, in hotbed, and 
 transplanted; biennials to be kept on by cuttings; 
 shrubs, by cuttings at any time, but best in spring 
 and autumn: at the first period give a little 
 bottom-heat, at the latter period place them under 
 glass, and shade ; rich, light soil. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 H. brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. White. Nepaui. 
 
 1824. Biennial. 
 Coromandeli'num (Coromandel). . White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1732. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. JEgypti'acum (Egyptian). White. June. 
 Egypt. 1842. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). $. White. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 commuta'tum (changed). $. White. Au- 
 
 gust. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 Europa'um (European), f. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1562. 
 
 oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). f. White. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 obova'tum (reversed-egg-/eaued). . Brown. 
 
 May. Nepaui. 1825. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREEN 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 H, corymlo'sum (corymbed). 4. Lilac. July. 
 Peru. 1800. 
 
 Tiu'mile (humble). 1. White. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1/52. Stove. 
 
 inca'num (hoary). 2. White. June. Peru. 1844. 
 
 linifo'lium (flax-leaved). l. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 Marocca'num (Morocco). I. White. June. 
 
 Morocco. 1823. 
 
 undula'tum (waved-leaved). . Lilac, brown. 
 
 July. N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUB. 
 H. Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 2. Lilac. July. 
 
 Peru. 1757. 
 
 HELLE'BORUS. Hellebore. (From 
 heleim, to kill, and bora, food ; referring 
 to its poisonous quality. Nat. ord., Crow- 
 foots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Poly- 
 andria Q-Polygynia. Allied to Eranthis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials; by seeds, and 
 by division of the plant in spring ; common soil, 
 in a shady place. 
 
 H. a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Purple. March. 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 eu'preus (copper-coloured- flowered). Copper. 
 
 January. 1838. 
 
 dumeto'rum (thicket). l. Green. March. 181/. 
 
 fas'tidus (foetid. Beards-foot), ij. Green. 
 
 March. England. 
 
 grave 1 olens (strong-scented), Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. 1838. 
 
 tividus (livid-three-leaved). 1. Purple. March, 
 
 Corsica. 1710. 
 
 integrilo'bus (entire-lobed). 1 . Purple, 
 
 February. Cornea. I/IO. 
 
 H.ni'ger (black. Christmas-Rose). 1. Pink. 
 
 Austria. 15Q6. 
 angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink. 
 
 March. Austria. 1596. 
 
 odo'rus (sweet-scented). i. Green. March. 
 
 Hungary. 1817. 
 
 Oly'mpicus (Olympian). 2. Green. February. 
 
 India. 1840. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 1, Dark. February. 
 
 India. 1839. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). l. Purple, green. 
 
 March. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 verna'lis (spring). . White. March. 
 
 Austria. 1596. 
 
 HELLE'NIA. (Named after C. N. Hel- 
 lenius, professor at Abo. Nat. ord., Gin- 
 gerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn., 1-Mo- 
 nandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Alpinia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, with white flowers ; 
 division in spring; rich, sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 
 55. Treatment similar to Hedychium. 
 H. abno'rmis (irregular). 10. June. China. 1824. 
 
 ceeru'lea (blue-berried). 4. N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. China. 1825. 
 
 HELMET FLOWER. Corya'nlhes. 
 
 HELO'NIAS. (A diminutive of helos, a 
 marsh; small marsh-plants. Nat. ord., 
 Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hex- 
 andria S-Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceou* perennials, from North 
 America. By seeds, and dividing 1 the roots in 
 spring ; sandy, fibry loam and peat, and requiring 
 a moist, somewhat shaded situation. 
 H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White. 
 May. 1823. 
 
 bulla'ta (boss-garnished). 1. Purple. April 
 
 1/58. 
 
 erythrospe'rma (red-seeded). . White. June. 
 
 17/0. 
 
 HEMEROCA'LLIS. Day Lily. (From 
 hemero, a day, and hallos, beauty. Nat. 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 H. di'stichfi (two-rowed). 2. Orange. May. 
 
 China. 1798. 
 fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1596. 
 
 fu'lva (tawny). 4. Tawny. July. Levant. 1596. 
 flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 4. Cop- 
 per. July. 
 
 _ _ variega'ta (striped-leaved). 4. Copper. 
 
 July. 
 
 gi'ami'nea (grassy-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 Ste6o'WH(Siebold's). Pink. September. Japan. 
 
 1833. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Yellow. July. 
 
 HEMIA'NDRA. (From hemi, half, and 
 aner, a man ; in reference to the absence 
 of the two upper stamens, being half 
 their number. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip- 
 worts [Lamiacesej. Linn., I4.-J)idynamia 
 l-Gymnospermia. Allied to Prostanthera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of half-ripened ahcots in sand, 
 
HEM 
 
 [428 ] 
 
 HER 
 
 under a bell-glass, in April ; loam and peat, 
 lightened with sand and pieces of charcoal. Sum- 
 mer temp., 85 to 75 ; winter, 38 to 45. 
 H. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). May. 1840. 
 
 emargina'ta (notch-ended). White, pink. 
 
 May. 1840. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). May. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). May. 1837. 
 
 HEMICU'DIA. (From hemi, half, and 
 kleio, to shut ; referring to the appearance 
 of the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro- 
 teacese]. Linn., 4c-Tetrandria Ti-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Dryandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 when callused at the base, assisted with a mild 
 bottom-heat ; a little fibry loam, but chiefly peat, 
 with a few chips of sandstone and charcoal, and 
 well-drained. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 H.Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Yellow. June. 
 Lucky Bay. 1824. 
 
 HEMIDI'CTYON. (From hemi, half, and 
 di/dyon, a net. Nat. ord., Poly pods [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia 1- 
 miices.) 
 
 A stove Fern. Division in spring ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 8.0; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. margina'tum (bordered). Brown. S. Amer. 
 
 HEMIGE'NIA. (From hemi, half, and 
 genea, to beget ; referring to the absence 
 of the two upper stamens, being half 
 their number. Nat. ord., Labiates [La- 
 miacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-Gym- 
 nospermia. Allied to Hemiandra.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 short young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45; re- 
 quires good drainage. 
 
 H. purpu'rea (purple-flowered"). 
 N. S. Wales. 1824. 
 
 Purple. April. 
 
 HEMIGO'NIUM. (From hemi, half, and 
 (fonu, angle. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo- 
 diacese] . Linn., 24^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.} 
 
 Herbaceous stove Fern. Divisions in spring ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 j win- 
 ter, 45 to 55. 
 
 H. cadu'cum (naked). Brown, yellow. May. 
 W. Ind. 
 
 HEMI'MERIS. (From hemi, half, and 
 meris, a part ; referring to the appearance 
 of the flowers as if in two halves. Nat. 
 ord.,Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 
 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Alonsoa.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80: 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 H. monta'na (mountain), 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 July. Cape of 
 
 HEMIONI'TES. (From hemionos, a mule; 
 supposed to be barren. Nat. ord., Poly-. 
 
 pods [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2<L-Crypto- 
 gamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the 
 roots; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85; winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 H. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Brown, yellow. July. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-teased). $. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). Brown, yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 HEMITE'LIA. (From hemi, half, and 
 mitella, a mitre; shape of root-stock. 
 Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptogamia I-Filices.) 
 
 A stove Fern, from Jamaica, requiring similar 
 treatment to Hermionites. 
 H. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. Brown, yellow. 1843. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Brown, yellow. 
 
 1824. 
 
 HEMLOCK. Coni'um. 
 
 HEMLOCK SPEUCE. Pi'nvs Canade'nsis. 
 
 HEMP AGRIMONY. Eupato'rium canna- 
 bi'num. 
 
 HEN-AND-CHICKENS. See DAISY. 
 
 HENBANE. Hyoscy'amits. 
 
 HE'NFKEYA. (Named after Arthur 
 Heiifrey, Esq., a distinguished botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Dicliptera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-p'.ass, in a brisk bot- 
 tom-heat ; turfy loam and fibry peat ; keep a high, 
 moist temperature after shifting. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90; winter, 55 to 60. 
 H. sca'ndens (climbing). White. May. Sierra 
 Leone. 1845. 
 
 HENNA-PLANT. Lawso'nia ine'rmis. 
 
 HEPA'TICA. (From hepaticos, relating 
 to the liver ; referring to the lobed leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculacese], 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria G-Polygynia. 
 
 Hardy herbactvns perennials; seeds and division 
 of the plant, or roots, in spring ; sandy loam, 
 with the addition of a little peat or leaf-mould. 
 H. acutilo'ba (acute-lobed). . Blue. March. 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Americu'na (common. American). . Blue. 
 
 March. N. Amer. 1800. 
 a'lba (white-flowered). $. White. March. 
 
 N. Amer. 1835. 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). J. Red. March. 
 
 N. Amer. 1835. 
 
 angulo'sa (angled). . Blue. March. N. Amer. 
 
 trilo'ba (?wioM-three-lobed). J. Pink. 
 
 April. England. 
 
 Of America'na and trilo'ba there are many 
 varieties, 
 
 HEKACLE'UM. Cow Parsnip. (From 
 heracles, a plant consecrated to Hercules. 
 Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia.) 
 
 Strong, coarse plants, adapted forrough ground, 
 
HER 
 
 [429] 
 
 HE 11 
 
 hanks of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. H. gigan- 
 te'um is the best for these purposes. All the 
 species are hardy biennials or herbaceous per- 
 euuials, and white flowered. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PLANTS are those peren- 
 nials which lose their stems annually, 
 whilst the roots continue alive in the 
 earth. 
 
 HERBARY was a department of the 
 garden formerly much more cultivated 
 than at present, when the more potent 
 medicinal plants of hotter climates are 
 so easily procurable. The following is a 
 list of the tenants of the herhary, the 
 appropriate cultivation of which will be 
 found under their particular titles: 
 Angelica, Balm, Basil, Blessed Thistle, 
 Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamomile, 
 Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, Laven- 
 der, Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, 
 Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Purslane, Rue, 
 Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, Tansey, Tar- 
 ragon, Thyme, Wormwood. 
 
 HERBE'RTIA. (Named after Dr. Her- 
 bert, Dean of Manchester, a distinguished 
 investigator of bulbous plants. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadel- 
 phia I-Triandria. Allied to Cypella.) 
 
 Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and offsets 
 in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; should 
 be kept in a cold pit in winter, or protected in a 
 dry border. 
 H. caeru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. April. Texas. 1842. 
 
 Drummondia'na (Drummond's). Violet. 
 
 April. Texas. 1842. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). |. Blue, purple. July. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). Yellow, June. Brazil. 1830. 
 HERB-BENNET. Ge'um. 
 HERB-GRACE. See RUE. 
 
 HERB PARIS. Pa'ris. 
 
 HERB ROBERT. Gera'nium Robcrtia'- 
 ntftn. 
 
 HERCULES' CLUB. Zantho'xylum cla'va 
 He'rculis. 
 
 HERITIE'RA. Looking - glass plant. 
 (Named after L'Heritier, a French bota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Stercullads [Sterculi- 
 aceae]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia 10-Decandria. 
 Allied to Sterculia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings 'of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in brisk bot- 
 tom-heat; sandy, rich loam and a little peat; 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 H. litora'lis (shore). 20. Red. E. Ind. 1780. 
 -mi'nor (smaller). 12. Mauritius. 1842. 
 
 HERMA'NNIA. (Named after Paul Her- 
 mann, & botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriads 
 [Byttneriacece]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 
 Z-Pentandria. Allied to Mahernia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, with yellow flowers, except where 
 
 jtherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young shoota 
 n sandy soil, in spring, under a glass ; sandy 
 oam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 
 
 H. alm'fo'lia (alder-leaved). 7. March. 1728. 
 
 althasifo'lia (mallow-leaved). 2$. April. 1728. 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Orange. May. 1820. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. August. 1791. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. May. 1821. 
 
 diosmcefo'lia (diosma-leaved). April. 1/94. 
 
 fla'mmea (flame-flowered"). 3. Orange. De- 
 
 cember. 1794. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 2. 1822. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. June. 1822. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1791. 
 
 hispi'dula (slightly-bristled). March. 1824. 
 
 holoseri'cea (velvet-leaved). 2. June. 1792. 
 
 fiyssopifo'Ka (hyssop-leaved). 7- Straw. May. 
 
 1725. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved}. 2. June. 1816. 
 
 infla'ta (swollen). 3. Tawny. September. 
 
 S. Amer. 1829. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 2. May. 1794. 
 
 lavandulafo'lia (lavender-leaved). 1$. June. 
 
 1/32. 
 
 mi'cans (glittering). 2. 1790. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered;. 3. April. 1791. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. May. 1780. 
 
 plica'ta (plaited-teaued). 3. November. 17/4. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). l. May. 1792. 
 
 pulverule'nta (powdered). 2. June. 1820. 
 
 sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. April. 1789. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. 1752. 
 
 trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 1789- 
 
 triphy' lla (three-leaved). 2. June. 1819. 
 
 HERMI'NIUM. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria, 
 Allied to Gymnadenia.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, inhabiting dry, chalky 
 banks. Divisions of the roots ; chalky loam and 
 fibry peat ; some hardy enough for a shady border, 
 and others requiring the greenhouse. 
 H. alpi'num (alpine). White. May. Switzer- 
 land. 1824. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-team?), f. Yellowish-green. 
 
 March. N. W. Africa. 1830. 
 
 conge'stum (crowded-flowered). Green. No- 
 
 vember. Madeira. 
 
 mono'rchis (one - bulbed). Green. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 HERNA'NDIA. Jack-in-a-box. (Named 
 after F. Hernandez, M.D., a Spanish bo- 
 tanist. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thyme- 
 lacece]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 3-Triandria. 
 Allied to Inocarpus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in brisk bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, 50 to 60. 
 H. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 50. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 ovi'gera (egg-bearing). 50. E. Ind. 
 
 sono'ra (sounding). 50. E. Ind. l6g3. 
 
 HERON'S BILL. Ero'dium. 
 HERPE'STES. (From herpestes, a creep- 
 ing thing ; in reference to the creeping 
 
HER 
 
 t430] 
 
 HET 
 
 stems. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophula- 
 riacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angio- 
 spermia. Allied to Gratiola.) 
 
 Aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; rich, 
 loamy soil. H. cuneifo'lia is har*Jy ; the other 
 two require pans or tubs of water in a store. 
 H. cuneifo'lia ( wedge-leaved). J. Blue. August. 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Monnie'ria (Monnier's). . Light blue. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1772. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. August. 1824. 
 
 HESPERA'NTHA. Evening Flower. (From 
 hesperoSfthe evening, and anthos, a flower, 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae] . Linn., 3-Tri- 
 andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.) 
 
 Small bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Offsets; sandy loam and peat ; requiring the pro- 
 tection of a cold pit in winter. 
 H. angu'sta (narrow-feawed). . White. May. 
 
 cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). A. Violet. April. 
 
 1787. 
 falca'ta (sickle-tensed). . Violet. May. 1787. 
 
 radia'ta (radiated). . Violet. May. 1794. 
 HE'SPERIS. Eocket. (From hesperos, 
 
 the evening star ; rockets being sweeter 
 towards the evening. Nat. ord., Crucifers 
 [Brassicacea?]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 Annuals and biennials sow in open border, in 
 March and April; perennials, division of the root, 
 and giving them fresh soil ; the best time for this 
 is after they have finished flowering and fresh 
 growth has commenced ; light, rich soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 H.pulche'lla(next). 1. Red. July. Levant. 1327. 
 
 pygma'a (dwarf). Purple. June. Syria. 1828. 
 
 ramosi'ssima (branchiest). A. Red. July. 
 
 Algiers. 1819. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 H. ela'ta (tall). 4. Pink. June. Europe. 1824. 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. May. Si- 
 beria. 1821. 
 
 grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. White, pur- 
 
 pie. July. 1820. 
 
 heteropky'lla (various-leaved). 4. Red. May. 
 
 Italy. 1823. 
 
 laeinia'ta (fringed). l. Purple. May. South 
 
 France. 1816. 
 
 runcina'ta (irregular-lobed). l. White, pur- 
 
 ple. June. Hungary. 1804. 
 bitumino'sa (clammy). 1$. White, pur- 
 ple. June. 
 
 trfstis (sad), l. Purple. May. Austria. 1629. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. a'prica^xposed). $. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 exce'lsa (lofty). 3. White. May. 1828. 
 
 matrona'lis (matronly). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 Europe. 1597. 
 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 4, White. 
 
 June. Europe. 1759. 
 
 a'lbo-ple'na (double- white-lowered). 2. 
 
 White. June. Europe. 1597. 
 
 folnflo'ra (leaf-flowered). 2. Green. 
 
 June. Europe. 1597. 
 
 horte'nsis (garden). Purple. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1759. 
 
 purpu'reo'ple'na (double-purple). Bed. 
 
 June. Europe. 1597. 
 
 H. matrona'lis SiWrica (Siberian). 3. Purple. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1 800. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). Pink. Jtme. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta (v&neg&tcd-doteble-flowered'). 
 
 2. White, red. June. Europe. 1597. 
 
 repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1821. 
 
 tpecio'sa (showy). $. Rose, purple. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. 
 
 HESPEROSCO'RDUM. (Literally, the 
 onion of the west; from hesperos, the 
 evening, and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria \-Monogynla. Allied to Allium.) 
 
 Seeds or offsets in spring; sandy loam; require 
 a little protection in winter. 
 H. hyaci'nthinum (hyacinth-like). 1. Blue. 
 July. 1826. 
 
 la'cteum (milk-white). 1. White. July, 
 
 Cailfornia. 1833. 
 
 HE'SSEA. (A genus of little Cape 
 bulbs, named after M, Hess, a mission- 
 ary ; found in all our books, but the living 
 plants remain still tojbe introduced.) 
 
 HETERANTHE'RA. '(From heteros, va- 
 riable, and aner, anther Nat. ord., 
 Pontederads [Pontederacese]. Linn., 3- 
 Triandria \-Monoygnia.} 
 
 Water perennials, allied to Lilies. Limo'sa will 
 thrive in a pond or stream ; the others require 
 tubs in the greenhouse and stove; division; rich 
 loam. 
 H. acu'ta (acute). White. June. Virginia. 1812. 
 
 limo'sa (bog). Blue. July. N.Amer. 1822. 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved). Blue. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1824. 
 
 HETEROCHaa'TA. (From heteros, variable, 
 and chaite, a bristle; referring to the 
 flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua. Allied to Erigeron.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring; deep, sandy loam. 
 H. pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico. 
 1827. 
 
 HETEROMO'RPHA. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and morpha, form; referring to 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Api- 
 acese.] Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots under a bell-glass, in sand ; sandy loam. 
 Winter temp. ,35 to 45. 
 
 H. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Yellow. August. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 HETERO'NOMA. (From heteros, vari- 
 able, and nome, distribution; referring 
 to the leaves. Nat. ord., Melastomads 
 [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Ehexia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. CBttings 
 of young shoots in spring, in sandy peat, under a 
 bell-glass, and then placed in bottom-heat; sandt 
 peat, and pieces of charcoal and sandstone, witfc 
 
HET 
 
 431 ] 
 
 HIB 
 
 good drainaee. Summer teinp., 60 to 80; win- 
 ter, 48 to 55. 
 
 H. diversifo'lium (various-leaved). 2. Ked. June. 
 1830. 
 
 subtripline'rvium (under- three-nerved). White. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 HETEEO'PTEBYS. (From heteros, various, 
 and pteron, a wing; referring to the 
 wings of the seed-vessels being of differ- 
 ent forms. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal- 
 pighiacese]. Linn., LQ-Decandria 3-Tri- 
 gynia. Allied to Banisteria.) 
 
 Stove climbers, except ni'tida, which is a shrub. 
 Cuttings of firm young shoots in silver sand, over 
 sandy peat, and plunged in bottom-heat, in April ; 
 sandy peat and loam, with pieces of charcoal, 
 and thorough drainage. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H. casru'lea (blue). 10. Blue. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Orange. Brazil. 
 
 1793. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Blue. Mexico. 
 1824. 
 
 niftida (glossy). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1809. 
 
 undula'ta (wavy-teaaed). July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1838. 
 
 HETEROSPE'BMOTI. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Sow in the open border in April, 
 or in a slight hotbed in March ; seedlings to be 
 transplanted. 
 
 H. pinna' turn (leafleted). 2. Yellow. August. 
 New Spain. 1799. 
 
 HETEEOTHE'CA. (From heteros, various, 
 and theca, a covering; referring to the 
 flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceae], Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi- 
 sions of the plant in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 H. sca'bra (rough). Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 HETERO'TRICHUM. (From heteros, va- 
 rious, and thrix, hair; referring to the 
 disposition of the hairs on the leaves, &c. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat, in spring ; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 H.ma'crodon (long-toothed). 7. White. Sep- 
 tember. S. Arner. 1848. 
 
 nVveum (snowy). White. May. St. Domingo. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pa'tens (spreading). Blush. May. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1825. 
 
 HETJ'CHERA, (Named after Professor 
 Heucher, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions of the 
 plant any time m spring ; common gwden.oil. 
 
 H.Ameiica'na (American). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 N, Amer. 1606. 
 '-cylindra'cea (cylindric-panjcted). 2. Green. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth-). 1. Pink. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 3. Purple. May. Virginia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 M enzie'sii (Menzies'). White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Pink, violet, June. N 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 Richardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. Green. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy), f. Violet. May. Canada. 1812. 
 
 HEWA'RDIA. (Named after Mr.Heward. 
 Nat. ord.,Polypods [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 
 2-Cryptogamia I-Filices.) 
 
 A stove Fern ; divisions in spring ; peat and 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 48 to 55. 
 
 H. adiantoi'des (maiden - hair - like). Brown. 
 June. Guiana. 
 
 HEXACE'NTEIS. (From hex, six, and. 
 centron, a spur; alluding to two of its 
 stamens having one spur each, and two 
 of them two spurs each. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Thunbergia.) 
 
 Stove climbing evergreen shrub, and one of the 
 best. Cuttings of side-shoots under glass. Loam, 
 peat, sand, and leaf-mould in equal parts. Young 
 shoots pruned back after flowering. Temperature 
 not less than 55 in winter. In summer it can be 
 scarcely too hot. A damp air suits it. 
 H. Mysore'nsis (Mysore). 8. Yellow. June. 
 Mysore. 1854. 
 
 There is a variety with a crimson border to the 
 limb of the corolla. 
 
 HEY'NEA. (Named after Dr. Heyne, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Meliads 
 [Meliacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Trichilia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cuttings 
 of well-ripened young shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy, rich loam and 
 a little peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 
 55. 
 H. quinque'juga (five-paired). 20. Java. 1816. 
 
 tri'juga (three-paired). 20. September. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1812. 
 
 HIBBE'RTIA. (Named by G. Hibbert, a 
 distinguished promoter of botany. Nat. 
 ord., Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 
 13 - Polyandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to 
 Candollea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 flowers, from New Holland, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in spring ; sandy 
 loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 Volu'bilis is an elegant twiner, and grossularia- 
 fo'lia makes either a creeper or a trailer ; it has 
 a fine effect suspended from a basket ; does beau- 
 tifully for hanging down the sidea of a rock-work 
 
HIB 
 
 [432] 
 
 HIB 
 
 //. cistlfo'Ha fcistus-leaved). I. June. 126. 
 
 Cwwm'ngAa'mt (Cunningham's). 2. July. 1832. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 6. 1814. Twiner. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). 2. May. 1823. 
 
 grossulariaf(/lia (gooseberry - leaved). 6. 
 
 May. 1816. Trailer. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1821. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1824. 
 
 peduncula'ta (/ow^-leaf-stalked). 2. June. 
 
 1821. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 3. May. 1842. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-leaved). 3. July. 1823. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 3. July. 1822. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 8. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. Twiner. 
 
 HIBI'SCUS. (Virgil's name for the 
 Marsh Mallow. Nat. ord., Malloivworts 
 [Malvaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy annuals sow in open border, in the be- 
 ginning of April ; tender annuals sow in hotbed 
 seedlings to have out-door or greenhouse treat- 
 ment ; hardy herbaceous require dividing in spring, 
 and a moist situation to grow in ; hardy shrubs 
 require an open situation fully exposed to the sun, 
 by seeds, and double ones by layers, by cuttings of 
 ripe shoots under a hand-light, in autumn, and 
 kept on all the winter, and also by grafting. Green- 
 house and stove species are propagated by young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, the stove 
 kinds also requiring bottom-heat, and the green- 
 house kinds liking a little, too, after they have 
 stood a week in the cutting-pots ; peat and loam ; 
 usual greenhouse and stove temperatures. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. Africa'nus (African). 2. White. June. Africa. 
 1826. 
 
 Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). May. Swan River. 
 
 1841. 
 
 trio'nwn (three-coloured. Bladder-ke'tmia). 
 
 2. Yellow, brown. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 H. digita'lus (finger-leaved). 2. White, red. Au- 
 gust. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 Keria'nus (Ker's). 2. White, red. Au- 
 gust. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 longifio'rus (long-flowered). Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 radio.' tw (rayed). 2. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1790. 
 
 tetraphy'ltus (four-leaved). 1|. Yellow. July. 
 
 * Bengal. 1818. 
 
 vitifo'lius (vine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Flame. 
 July. Georgia. 1816. Half-hardy. 
 
 inca'nus (hoary). 3. Yellow. September. 
 
 Carolina. 1806. 
 
 milita'ris (military). 3. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1804. 
 
 moscheu'tus (mallow-rose). 4. White, pink. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 3. Pink. August. N. 
 
 x Amer. 1759. 
 
 pentaca'rpus (five-fruited). 3. Lilac, red. 
 
 August. Venice. 1752. 
 
 >rofseus (rose-coloured). 4. Pink. August. 
 France. 1827. ' 
 
 tca'ber (rough). 2. Yellow. August. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1810. 
 
 H. specio'sus (showy). 2. Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 
 1804. 
 
 Syri'acus (Syrian). 8. Purple. August. Syria. 
 
 1596. Deciduous shrub. 
 
 a'lbus (vtliite-flowered). 8. White. 
 
 a'lbus-ple'nus (double- white). 8. White. 
 
 August. 
 margina'tus (border-leaved). 8. Purple, 
 
 white. August. Syria. 
 purpu'reus (purple-flowered). 8. Purple. 
 
 August. 
 
 purpu'reo-ple'nus (double-purple). 8. 
 
 Purple. August. 
 
 ru'ber (red-flowered). 8. Red. August. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated-yZoz^ered). 8. 
 
 Striped. August. 
 
 Virgi'nicus (Virginian). 2. Red. August. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1/98. 
 
 Wra'yce (Mrs. Wray's). 10. Purple. October. 
 
 Swan River. 183Q. Deciduous shrub. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 H. gossypi'nus (cotton-like). 4. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 grossula'rite (gooseberry-leaved). 4. Blush. 
 
 June. Swan River. 
 
 heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 6. White, 
 
 red. August. N. S. Wales. 1803. 
 
 multi'fidus (many-parted- Jeawed). 2. Azure. 
 
 September. N. Holland. 1837- Deciduous. 
 
 Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 3. Yellow. 
 
 August. N.S.Wales. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C. 
 H. abelmo'schus (musk-akro). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. India. 1640. 
 
 JEthio'picus (Ethiopian). 15. Purple. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 bifurca'tus (two-forked). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 Borbo'nicus (Bourbon). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 Camero'ni (Cameron's). 1. Rosy. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1838. 
 
 fu'lgens (brilliant). Red. August. Mada- 
 gascar. 1843. 
 
 cancetla'tus (latticed). S. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1817. 
 
 colli'nus (hill-inhabiting). 4. Yellow, brown. 
 
 January. 1836. 
 
 crini'tus (long-li&ireA). 3. Yellow, red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Prome. 1828. Herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 diversifo'lius (various-leaved). 6. Yellow. June. 
 E. Ind. 1798. 
 
 fe'rox (nerce-stinging). 5. Yellow. May. New 
 
 Grenada. 1844. 
 
 ferrugi'neus (rusty). 15. Scarlet. Madagascar. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ficu'lneus (fig-like). 4. Yellow, purple. June. 
 Ceylon. 1732. 
 
 furca'tus (forked-calyxed). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous per- 
 ennial. 
 
 Jerroldia'nus (Mr. Jerrold's). 6. Crimson. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1843. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 la'mpas (lamp). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 lila'cinus (lilac- flowered). 6. Lilac. N. Hoi- 
 
 land. 1836. 
 
 liliiflo'rus (lily-flowered). 10. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Mauritius. 1828. 
 
 Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 3. Purple. December. 
 
 India. 1828. 
 
 Macleaya'nus (MacLeay*s). Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1827. 
 
 Jtfo'nAo*(Manihot). 3. Yellow. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1712. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
HIC 
 
 HIE 
 
 H. muta'bilis (changeable). IS.White. November. 
 E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 peduncula'tus (/on#-leaf-stalked). 2. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 pentaspa'rmus (five-seeded). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 phceni'ceus (purple-cowered). 8. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/96. 
 
 pulche'llus (beautiful). 3. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 rhomb ifu'lius (diamond-leaved). 4. Purple. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ro'sa-Malaba'rica (Malabar-rose). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 
 
 ro'sa-Sine'nsis (Chinese-rose). 10. Red, July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/31. 
 
 ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh). 10. Flesh. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1/31. 
 
 fia'va-plt'nu (double -yellowish). 10. Yel- 
 low. July. E. Ind. 
 
 lu'tea (double-yellow). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 ru' bra-pie' no, (double-red). 10. Red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 variega'ta-ple'na (double-variegated). 10. 
 
 Striped. July. E. Ind. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1S28. 
 
 Telfai'riae (Mrs. Telfair's). 2. Rose. July. 
 
 Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 *n'/oiws(three-lobed). 2. Yellow. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 tu&ulo'sus (tubular). 2. Yellow. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1/96. 
 
 ~- veluti'nus (velvet). 6. White. July. Timor. 
 1818. 
 
 HICKORY. Ca'rya. 
 
 HIDE-BOUND, tiee BAP.K-BOUND. 
 
 HIERA'CIUM:. Hawkweed. (A name 
 from Pliny for eye-salve ; referring to the 
 ancient employment of the juice. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19- 
 Synyenesia 1-JEqtialis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one excep- 
 tion, and all yellow-flowered, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. The dwarf ones fitted for the 
 front of borders, rock-works, and alpine grounds. 
 Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; light, 
 rich loam. Frutico'xum is a greenhouse shrub; 
 cuttings will strike in sandy soil, either under a 
 bell-glass or a hand-light, during the summer; 
 sandy loam suits it, with a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 35 to 40. 
 H.alpe'stre (alpine). . J%ly. Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 alpi'num (mountain). . July. Britain. 
 
 amplexicau'le (stein-clasping). l. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1739. 
 
 pulmonarioi' des (lungwort-like). 1J. July. 
 Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 ancfttisa/o'/mm(bugloss-leaved). 1. July. Italy. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ongustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. May. Switz- 
 
 erland. 1828. 
 
 avranti'acum (orange). l. Orange. June. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 fla' vum (yellow), li. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 auri'cula(umbel-e*rtd). Ij. July. England. 
 
 bi'fidum (twice-cut). i. June. Hungary. 
 
 bracteola'tum (bracted). 14. August. Europe. 
 
 calca'reum (chalky). $. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). 2. July. Canada. 
 
 1800. 
 28 
 
 H. cerinthoi'des (honey wort-like). Ij. August. 
 Scotland. 
 
 cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 2. July. Crete. 1824. 
 
 colli'num (hill). 2. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. July. 1817. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). $ July. Hungary,, 
 
 1820. 
 
 cro'ceum (saffron). 1. June. Siberia. 181 Sj 
 
 cydonicEfo'lium (quince-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 France. 1816. 
 
 cymo'sum (cymed). 1. May. Europe. 1730. 
 
 dtnticula'tum (small-toothed). 1. July. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 echioi'des (viper's bugloss-like). f . July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1802. 
 
 elonga'tum (lengthened). 1. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 eriopho'rum (wool-bearing). I.August. South 
 
 Europe. 1817. 
 
 eriophy'llum (woolly-leaved). 1^. June. 
 
 fascicula'turn (bundled). 5. July. Canada. 
 
 fagella're (twiggy). 1. May. 1816. 
 
 Florenti'num (Florentine). 2. July. Germany. 
 
 1791- 
 
 folio'sum (leafy). 2. July. Hungary. 1805. 
 frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. July. Madeira. 
 
 1785. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 glabra'tum (smooth). . July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 tubulo'sum (tubulous). . July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819- 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 1^. June. Siberia. 1798. 
 
 Goc/iwo'^XGochnati's). 1. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 Grono'vii (Gronovius's). 1. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1798. 
 
 Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. July. Britain. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. August. 
 
 Woods. 
 
 Hoppea'num (Hoppe's). ^. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 hu'mile (humble). J. July. Germany. 1S04. 
 brachia'tum (brachiate). i. June. Switz- 
 erland. 1819- 
 
 inca'num (hoary). 2. July. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). l. Pink. June. 
 
 Carniola. 1815. 
 
 inci'sum (cut-leaved), i- July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 inuloi'des (inula-like). 4. August. Scotland. 
 
 Ka'lmii (Kalm's). lj. August. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1794. 
 
 lizviga'tum (smooth). 2. August. 1804. 
 
 Lau'so'ni (Lawson's). *. June. Britain. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1^. July. 1821. 
 
 mucula'tum (spotted-/eoed). lj. August. 
 
 mo'lle (soft-leaved), li- August. Scotland. 
 
 ova 1 turn (egg-teaued). i- July. Switzerland. 
 
 palle'scens (pzle). 1. July. Hungary. IMS. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). lj. June. Canada. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pi'ctum (painted). lj. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 piloce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 piloseltifo'rme (mouse-ear-lifc*). i. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 porrifo'lium (leek-leaved). 1. July. Austria. 
 
 1640. 
 
 preemv'rsum (bitten-/eaed). 1. June. Switx- 
 
 rrland. 1818. 
 
 prenant hoi'des (prenanthu-like). 2, July. 
 
 France. 1819- 
 
 prunellatfo'lium (self-heal-leaved). 4. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1820. 
 
HIG 
 
 [434] 
 
 HIP 
 
 H. pulmonarioi'des (lungwort-like). 1. July. 
 
 France. 1819. 
 
 ~- pulmona'rium (lungwort). l. July. Scotland. 
 .-pusi'llum (small), i- July. Labrador. 1800. 
 
 racemo'sum (racemed). 2. July. Hungary. 1810. 
 
 rarno'sum (-branchy). 2. August. Hungary. 
 
 1805 
 
 re'pens (creeping). l. July. Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). 2. June. Britain. 
 -- angustifo'Uum (narrow-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 -- pi'ctum (painted). 2. June. Britain. 
 
 rotunda' turn (round-leaved). 3. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1817- 
 
 rupe'stre (rock). J. June. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 saxa' tile (rock). 1. July. Austria. 1801. 
 
 Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). l. June. 
 
 Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 speciosi'saimum (showiest). 1|. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1821. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 1&. June. 1818. 
 
 staticifo'lium (thrift-leaved). 1^. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1804. 
 
 Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). . July. Switz- 
 
 erland. 1819. 
 
 stoloni'ferum (runner-growing). 1. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 succiscefo 1 Hum (lopped-leaved). 1, June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 sylva'ticum (wood). l. August. Britain. 
 
 tricnce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. August. Britain. 
 
 undula'tum (waved). l. July. Spain. 1778. 
 
 veno'sum (veiny). . July. N. Amer. 1/90. 
 
 verbascifo'lium (mullein-leaved). 1, May. 
 
 South .Europe. 1732. 
 
 verrucula'tum (warted) . 1. July. 1821. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Scotland. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 2. July. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 HIGGI'NSIA. (Named after Don 
 gins, a Spanish -American officer. Nat. 
 ord., Cincho.na.ds [ Cinch onaceee]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Hernilia.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38 to 
 45 ; will thrive out of doors in summer. 
 H. Mexica'na (Mexican). Yellow. June. Mex- 
 ico. 1840. 
 
 HI'LLIA. (Named after Sir John Hill, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinch onaoese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1- 
 Mofiogynia. Allied to Cinchona,) 
 
 ^ Stove evergreens, with white flowers. Cuttings 
 in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and peat. Summer temp,, 60 to 85; win- 
 ter, 48 to 55. 
 H. longiflo'ra (long-flowered). l. March. W. 
 
 Ind. 1789. 
 tetra'ndra (four-stamened) . Ij. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1/93. 
 
 HI'NDSIA. (Named after E. JB. Hinds, 
 A promoter of botany. Nat. ord., Cincho- 
 nads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 \-Monogynia. Allied to Kondeletia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Brazil. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in. sand, under a bell- 
 
 glass, in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 H. longiflo'ra (long-flowered), 2. Blue. Au- 
 gust. 1841. 
 
 a'lba (\vhite-fiowered). 2. White. May. 
 
 1845. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. May. 
 
 1844. 
 
 HIPPEA'STEUM. Equestrian Star. (From 
 hippeus, a knight, and astron, a star ; re- 
 ferring to one of the species, eque'stre. 
 Nat. ord., AmaryUids [Amaryllidacese], 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Habranthus.) 
 
 This genus of bulbs has no affinity with Ama- 
 ryllis, with which the species are often confounded. 
 Offsets; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. 
 Temp., 60 to 80 when growing ; 40 to 60 
 when at rest. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 H. Banksia'num (Banks's). Pink. October. 1840. 
 
 Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 2. Purple, white. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 purpu'reum (Forbes's purple). 2. Pur- 
 ple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 1. Dark red. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1658. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japan). Yellow. July. Japan. 
 
 linea'tum (lined), g. April. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 pudi'cum (modest). 1. Pink. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 Slateria'na (Slater's). Ked. March. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1844. 
 
 STOVE. 
 H. ambi'guum (ambiguous). White and red. 
 
 June. Peru. 
 longiflo'rum (long- flowered). Whitish 
 
 and purple. June. Lima. 1836. 
 
 ano'malum (anomalous). Crimson, green. S. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 au'ricum (courtly). l. Green, crimson. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1810. 
 
 glaucophy' Hum (milky - green - leaved). 
 
 Crimson, green. 
 
 platype'talum (broad-petaled). 2. Crimson, 
 
 green. August. Brazil. 1824. 
 barba'tum (bearded -tube}. White, green. 
 Surinam. 
 
 breviflu'rum (short-flowered). 3. White, red. 
 
 April. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 bulbulo'sum (many-bulbed). Orange. Brazil. 
 
 1810. 
 
 acuminu'tum (pointe<i-petaled). Orange. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 i crocu'tum (saffron-coloured). 1. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1815. 
 
 fu'lgidum (shining). 1. Light orange. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 igne'scens (fiery). Red, orange. Brazil. 
 
 ru'tilum (refulgent). 1. Orange, scarlet. 
 
 Annl. Brazil. 
 
 calyptra'tum (hooded). l. Green, red. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 eque'stre (equestrian). 1. Orange, green. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1710. 
 
 _ ma'jor (larger). 2. Orange, green. Au- 
 gust. W. Irid. 1/10. 
 
 semiple'num (half-double). 2. Orange, 
 
 green. August. Cuba. 1809. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). Numerous cross-breed 
 
 varieties. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). 2, Striped. Au- 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1821. --* 
 
HIP 
 
 [ 435 J 
 
 HOE 
 
 S. kermcsi'num (carmine). June. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 minia'tuni. (vermilion). 1. Vermilion. June. 
 
 Peru. 1H25. 
 
 Organe'nse (Organ Mountain). Crimson, 
 
 white. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 compre'ssum (flattened). Red, white. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 psittaci'num (parrot). 2. Green, scarlet. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 ~ re'gium (queen's. Mexican Lily). 2. Scar- 
 let. May. Mexico. 1725. 
 
 reticula'tum (netted- veined). 1. Scarlet. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1777- 
 
 striatifo'lium (w/itYe-striped-leaved). 1. 
 
 Purple. August. Brazil. 1815. 
 
 retine'rma (netted-nerved). 2. Scarlet. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1822. 
 Solandriflo'rum (Solander - flowered). l. 
 
 White, green. May. Guiana. 183Q. 
 stria' turn (streaked 'flowered). Green, 
 
 white. 
 
 stylo'sum (long-styled). 1. Red. April. 
 
 Maranham. 1821. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable). 1. Red, white. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 vitta'tum (striped-flowered). White, red. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). White, red, 
 
 green. 
 
 HI'PPION. (From hippice, the name 
 of a herb from Pliny, which, he said, if 
 put into a horse's mouth, makes him in- 
 sensible to hunger or thirst. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianworts [Gentianacess], Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove biennials. Sown in a hotbed, in spring, 
 or the end of summer, and carefully kept in stoves 
 and greenhouses during the winter, they will 
 bloom early the following season. 
 H. hyssopifo'Uum (hyssop -leaved). 1. Tawny. 
 July. E. Irid. 1825. 
 
 verticilla 1 turn (whorled). 1 J. White. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 visco'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1781. 
 
 HIPPOBKO'MA. (From hi^ipos, a horse, 
 and bromos, poison. Nat. ord., 8oapworts 
 [Sapindacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings, suckers, and division of the roots ; sandy 
 loam, peat, and decayed, but dry, cow-dung. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 If forced on in spring, they will bloom in the 
 greenhouse. The plants are poisonous even to 
 the touch, and should, therefore, be carefully 
 handled. 
 H. bremflo'rum, (short-flowered). July. S. Amer. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). May. W. Ind. 
 
 1752. 
 
 HrppocRE'pig. Horse - shoe Vetch. 
 (From hippos, a horse, and crepis, a shoe ; 
 referring to the form of the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., leguminous Plants [Fabaceffl]. 
 Linn., II-IHadolphia 4-Deconrfria.) 
 
 Hardy pea-blossomed, yellow-flowered plants. 
 The annuals merely require sowing in the open 
 border, in March or April ; the herbaceous trailers 
 require dividing at a similar period. Balea'rica is 
 the only bhrub it resftmbles, and requires similar 
 
 treatment to the Coronilla, needing a cold pit or 
 a greenhouse in winter. 
 
 H. Bulea'rica (Balearic). 2. May. Minorca. 
 1776. Shrub. 
 
 como'su (tufted). . April. England. Per- 
 
 ennial trailer. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). . May. Italy. 1819. 
 
 Perennial trailer. 
 
 Helvetica (Swiss-tufted). $. May. Switzer. 
 
 land. 1819. Perennial trailer. 
 
 multiailiquo'sa (many -podded). 1. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. Annual. 
 HIPPO'PHAE. Sea Buckthorn. (From 
 hippos, a horse, and phao, to kill. Nat. 
 ord., Oleasters [Elseagnacese]. Linn. ,22- 
 Dicecia 4>-Tetrandria. Allied to Sliep- 
 herdia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers, suckers, cut- 
 tings of the roots, and seeds ; common soil. 
 These are first-rate shrubs for the sea-coast, for 
 fixing sands along with ca'rex and other grasses. 
 H. rftamnoi'des (rhamnus - like). 12. May. 
 
 England. 
 -- angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. May. 
 
 South England. 
 -- Sibi'riea (Siberian). April. Siberia. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 8. Nepaul. 1822. 
 HHLE'A. (Named after De La Hire, 
 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Malpighiads 
 [Malpighiaceee], Linn., W-Dccandria 
 
 Stove climbers. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and fibry peat, with a little 
 freestone or charcoal. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; 
 winter, 50 to 60. 
 H. glauce'scens (milky-green). Yellow. 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 10. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 10. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 8. Yellow. Guinea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 reclina'ta (leaning). 10. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 HOE. This is the implement which 
 
 should be most frequently in the gar- 
 dener's hand, for the surface of the soil 
 scarcely can he too frequently stirred. 
 The handles should never be made of 
 heavy wood, for this wearies the hand, 
 and is altogether a useless weight thrown 
 upon the workman. It is merely the 
 lever, and every ounce needlessly given 
 to this diminishes, without any necessity, 
 the available moving power. The best 
 woods for handles are birch or deal. 
 
 For earthing-up plants, broad blades 
 to hoes are very admissible, and they 
 may, without objection, have a breadth 
 of nine inches ; but for loosening tha 
 soil and destroying weeds, they should 
 never extend to beyond a breadth of six 
 inches, and the work will be done best 
 by one two inches narrower. The iron 
 plate of which they are formed should be 
 well steeled, and not more than one-six- 
 
HOE 
 
 [436 ] 
 
 HOL 
 
 teenth of an inch thick. The weight 
 necessary should be thrown by the work- 
 man's arm and body upon the handle; 
 and the thicker the blade, the greater is 
 the pressure required to make it pene- 
 trate the soil. It should be set on the 
 handle at an angle of 68", as this brings 
 its edge at a good cutting angle with the 
 surface of the soil, and the workman soon 
 learns at what point most effectively to 
 throw his weight, and holds the handle 
 further from, or nearer to, the blade, ac- 
 cordingly as he is a tall or short man. 
 Mr. Barnes, of Bicton Gardens, employs 
 nine sized hoes, the smallest having a 
 blade not more than one-fourth of an 
 inch broad, and the largest ten inches. 
 The smallest are used for potted plants 
 and seed-beds, and those from two inches 
 and a half to four inches wide are used 
 for thinning and hoeing among crops 
 generally. These have all handles vary- 
 ing in length from eight inches and a 
 half to eighteen inches, all the neck or 
 upper part formed of iron, for the smaller 
 sizes not thicker than a large pencil, and 
 that part which has to be grasped by the 
 workman is only six inches long, and 
 formed either of willow or some other 
 soft, light wood, which is best to the feel 
 of the hand. Each labourer works with 
 one in each hand, to cut right and left. 
 The blade is made thin, and with a little 
 foresight and activity it is astonishing 
 how much ground can be got over in a 
 short time. 
 
 Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made with 
 a crane neck, as in the accompanying 
 sketch No. 1. The blades broader than 
 four inches Mr. Barnes has made like a 
 Dutch hoe, No. 2. 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 The crane neck allows the blade to 
 pass freely under the foliage of any crop 
 where the*earth requires loosening ; and 
 the blade works itself clean, allowing the 
 earth to pass through, as there is no 
 place for it to lodge and clog up as in 
 the old-fashioned hoe, to clean which, 
 t?hen used of a dewy morning, causes 
 the loss of much time. 
 
 The thrust, or Dutch hoe, consists 
 of a plate of iron attached somewhat 
 
 obliquely to the end of a handle by a 
 DOW, used only for killing weeds or loosen- 
 ng ground which is to be afterwards 
 raked. As a man can draw more than 
 can push, most heavy work will be 
 easiest done by the draw-hoe. 
 
 In the island of Guernsey a very effec- 
 tive weeding-prong is used, something in 
 the shape of a hammer, the head flattened 
 into a chisel an inch wide, and the fork 
 the same. The whole length of this 
 prong is nine inches, and it is attached to 
 a staff five feet long. Such an imple- 
 ment is light and easy to use, it requires 
 no stooping, and will tear up the deepest- 
 rooted weeds. 
 
 HOITMANSE'GGIA. (Named after J. C. 
 Hoffmanseyg. Nat. or A., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Stove, yellow, pea-blossomed evergreens. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat ; 
 also division of the plant in spring ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 
 H.falca'ria(sic\i}e-leaved), 2. July. Chili. 1806. 
 prostra'ta (trailing). July. Lima. 
 
 HOHENBE'RGIA. (Named after M. 
 Hohenberg, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Bromelworts [Bromeliaceee]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bil- 
 bergia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers, and di- 
 viding the plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85, with plenty of moisture ; winter, 50 
 to 55, and rather dry. When heat and moisture 
 are applied in the spring, the flower-stems will 
 shortly appear, if the plant was well exposed to 
 the sun in summer, and water gradually withheld 
 in autumn. 
 
 H. strobila'cea (coned). Yellow. May. S.Amer. 
 1842. 
 
 HOI'TZIA. (From hoitzil, its Peruvian 
 name. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoni- 
 acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Ipomopsis.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass; fibry peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 4 5. 
 H. caru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. June. 1824. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1824. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. Pale red. June, 
 
 1825. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. Scarlet. 1824. 
 HOLAKRHE'NA. (From holos, entire, and 
 
 arrhen, a male ; referring to the anthers. 
 Nat. ord., .Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Alstonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, as 
 fresh growth has commenced, in sand, under a. 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loanj. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 85. 
 H. villo>sa (shaggy), E. Ind. 1820. 
 
HOL 
 
 [437] 
 
 HOL 
 
 HOLBO'LLIA. (Named after F. L. 
 Holboll, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, 
 Copenhagen. Nat. ord., Lardizabalads 
 [Lardizabalacese]. Linn., 21-Monoeda 
 6-Hexandria. Allied to Akebia.) 
 
 Greenhouse climbers, from Nepaul, valued for 
 the fragrance of their dull flowers. Their fruit 
 is eaten in India. Cuttings of half-ripened young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; open, sandy 
 loam, with a little peat ; will stand in a cool green- 
 house, in winter, and probably would twine up 
 the wires of a conservative wall in summer. 
 H. acumina'ta (pointed- leafleted}. Purplish. 
 February. 1846. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Purple. March. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Green. March. 
 
 1845. 
 
 HOG-NUT. Ca'rya porci'na. 
 
 HOG-PLUM. Spo'ndias. 
 
 HOLLY. (I'lex aquifo'lium.) Of this 
 hardy evergreen shrub there are eight 
 varieties: 1, Silver-edged; 2, Golden- 
 edged ; 3, Thick-leaved ; 4, Prickly ; 5, 
 Yellow-leaved; 6, Variegated; 7, Spotted ; 
 8, Eecurved. 
 
 The holly will not thrive in any poor, 
 light, sandy soil, or in a swampy situation, 
 "but likes a strong, deep, dry, loamy soil. 
 If grown as single ornamental shrubs 
 they should not be overshadowed by 
 other trees ; and if the land is manured, 
 so much the better. As to pruning it, 
 vith a view to make it grow fast, the less 
 you do of that the better. All that is 
 necessary is to encourage the leader, 
 "by stopping any laterals that try to in- 
 terfere with it. 
 
 The most expeditious way of making 
 holly-hedges is to procure large pi ants from 
 'some nursery; but, with the smallest ex- 
 pense and more time, the following maybe 
 recommended : Gather a sufficient quan- 
 tity of berries when ripe ; then dig a hole 
 three or four feet deep, and throw the 
 berries in, crushing and mixing them 
 "with some fine soil at the same time; 
 close the hole with the soil taken out, 
 'and throw some litter, or other covering, 
 over the whole, to prevent the wet or frost 
 "penetrating. Take them up and sow them 
 in March. They will make nice little 
 plants the first season ; and, by trans- 
 planting the stronger ones, you will have 
 fine plants in about three years. 
 
 Large hollies are best moved about the 
 third week in August. With a small cord 
 tie up the lower branches, then mark a 
 tjircle two feet from the bole of the tree, 
 'and another circle two feet beyond the 
 first; the space between the two circles 
 must have all the soil dug deeply out of 
 
 it ; whilst this is going on, let another 
 labourer be digging a hole larger than 
 the ball of the tree will require, making 
 it rather deeper ; fill in some of the best 
 soil, chopped fine, and mix it with water 
 till it forms a puddle of the consistence 
 of thick paint. Gradually undermine 
 the ball below the roots till it stands quite 
 loose; then wrap some garden -mats 
 round, and tie the ball firmly together 
 with a strong rope ; then wrap the stem 
 round as near the soil as possible with 
 some old carpet or sacking; tie to the 
 stem at that part a stout pole eight or 
 nine feet long ; then lower the tree gently 
 down, and let as many men as are neces- 
 sary to carry it take hold of the pole, and 
 remove the tree to its place, letting it 
 down gently into the hole amongst the 
 puddle, taking care that it is not below, 
 but rather above, the general level ; fill 
 in good soil round the ball after the tree 
 is set upright, and the mats, ties, &c., 
 removed. Mix this soil with water till it 
 is a puddle like the bottom ; secure the 
 tree with props, to prevent the winds 
 from shaking it. 
 
 The best time for cutting hollies is 
 early in the spring, about the end of 
 February, before they have begun to 
 shoot. Never clip them with shears, but 
 cut them in with a sharp knife. 
 
 HOLLYHOCK. (Althae'a ro'sea.) By 
 Cuttings. These are made from the 
 young shoots that rise from the base of 
 the strong flower- stems. They may be 
 formed of the tops only, or, if the young 
 shoots are long, they may be cut into 
 lengths of two joints each, removing 
 the lower leaf, and shortening in the 
 upper one. To cause them to send 
 forth roots, a gentle hotbed should be 
 made either of well-fermented dung, 
 tanner's old bark, or fresh-fallen leaves. 
 As soon as the heat is moderated, place 
 the frame upon it, and a covering of dry 
 saw-dust upon the bed within the frame 
 to the depth of five inches. Then pre- 
 pare the cuttings, put them round the 
 edge of pots filled with moist, sandy loam, 
 press the earth close to the bottom of 
 each cutting, and fill up the holes with a 
 little more soil. Then plunge them 
 nearly up to the rim in the saw dust, but 
 give no water, because they are very full 
 of sap, and would damp off immediately. 
 Shade closely and give no air, excepting 
 a little at the back to let out the steam 
 'or an hour in the morning. In six 
 * 
 
HOL 
 
 [438 ] 
 
 HOL 
 
 weeks they will begin to show signs of 
 growth, and should then have a little 
 water given without wetting the leaves. 
 When roots are formed, pot them off into 
 small pots, place them ia a cold frame 
 kept close, and shaded for a week or two. 
 Then gradually inure them to bear the 
 full sun, and give plenty of air, and mode- 
 rate but constant supplies of water. They 
 are then ready for planting out. The 
 best time to perform this is in early 
 spring, but it may be done also in August, 
 so as to have them rooted before the 
 winter sets in. 
 
 By Division. Large, strong plants, 
 with numerous shoots, may be taken up 
 as soon as they have done flowering, and 
 be divided with a strong knife. Care 
 must be taken that each division has' a 
 good share of roots, and at least one 
 shoot to it. Plant these divisions in a 
 bed in a shady part of the garden, but 
 not under the drip of trees. They may 
 remain here till March, and then are 
 ready to plant out in the place where 
 they are to flower. 
 
 By Seed. Save seed from the most 
 double and best coloured flowers. Clean 
 it from the husks, and keep it in a dry 
 drawer, or in a bag hung up in a dry 
 room. Sow early in March in shallow 
 wide pans, in a gentle heat. When the 
 seedlings are so large as to be readily 
 handled, transplant them either into 
 boxes three inches apart, or prepare a 
 bed of rich earth in a frame without 
 heat, and plant them out in it at the same 
 distance from each other. As soon as 
 the weather will permit, make a sufli- 
 ciently large piece of ground very rich 
 with well-decomposed hotbed dung, in a 
 dry, open part of the garden. Take the 
 plants up carefully with a garden trowel, 
 keeping as much earth as possible to 
 each. Carry them, a few at a time, in a 
 basket, to the prepared ground, and plant 
 them out in rows two feet apart, and one 
 foot between each plant. There they 
 may remain till they flower. Then mark 
 such as are well shaped and bright co- 
 loured; cut them down, and plant them 
 in the place where they are to flower next 
 season, giving a name to each. Write in 
 a book kept for the purpose a description 
 of each, both of shape and colour. 
 Single and badly-shaped flowers throw 
 away at once. 
 
 Soil. They nrast have a dry, deep 
 Boil, enriched with plenty of manure. If 
 
 the situation is damp, they will die off 
 in the winter, unless well drained, and 
 the bed elevated above the natural level. 
 Summer Culture. When the plants 
 begin to grow in the spring, give them a 
 mulching about two inches thick, with 
 some light littery manure. This will 
 protect the roots from the drying winds, 
 and strengthen the flower-shoots. Place 
 tall, strong stakes to them in good time, 
 and as they advance in growth, tie the 
 shoots separately to the stakes regularly, 
 but not too tightly, and leave room for 
 the stems to swell. During dry weather, 
 give, once a week, a thorough good 
 watering. If the flowers are intended 
 for exhibition in spikes, cut oif their ex- 
 treme ends. This will cause the flowers 
 to form a fine pyramid of bloom, and make 
 them open more equally and much larger. 
 Winter Culture. Cut down the flower- 
 stem as early as possible after the bloom 
 is over, and the seed is ripened. Dig the 
 ground between the plants, leaving it 
 moderately rough to mellow with tha 
 weather, adding a dressing of well-de- 
 composed manure. Before the severe 
 frosts are likely to set in, give a mulching 
 of light, half-decayed dung, closing it 
 round the plants. This will keep the 
 roots warm through the frosty weather, 
 and will enrich the ground as it decays. 
 Insects. The green fly will, in dry 
 seasons, attack the leaves and young 
 shoots. (See APHIS.) Slugs will also 
 attack the young shoots. They must be 
 diligently sought for and destroyed, or, if 
 very numerous, give the ground a water- 
 ing with clear lime-water occasionally. 
 In new ground, a brown grub is sometimes 
 very destructive by eating off the young 
 sJboots just level with the ground. No- 
 thing will kill these except hand-picking, 
 the soil must be stirred with the hand, 
 and the insects found and destroyed. 
 
 Diseases. Sometimes they die off sud- 
 denly, the consequence of a too rich or 
 too damp soil. Whenever a plant is 
 struck with this disease it should be in- 
 stantly removed. If it has any young, 
 healthy shoots, they may be taken off and 
 put in as cuttings. The place must have 
 the soil removed for a foot square, fresh 
 soil put in* and a new healthy plant in- 
 serted. 
 
 HOLMSKIO'LDIA. (Named after 21 
 Holmskiold, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates, orLipworts [Lamiacese}. Linn., 
 %-Angiospermia.) 
 
HOM 
 
 439 ] 
 
 HOB 
 
 Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of young shoots just get- 
 ting firm at the base, in sandy soil, under glass, 
 aad in heat ; sandy peat, and light, fibry loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 50 to 60. 
 H. sangui'nea, (bloody). 4. 1796. Shrub. 
 sca'ndens (climbing). May. 1824. Climber. 
 
 HOMALONE'MA. (From homalos, regu- 
 lar, and nema, a filament; in reference 
 to the regularity of the numerous sta- 
 mens. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 
 21-Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to 
 Kichardia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets from 
 the roots, and dividing the plant; rich, open 
 loam, Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 H. corda'ta (heart- leav ed). White. June, China. 
 1820. 
 
 HONESTY. Luna'rla. 
 
 HONEY-BEBBY. Mellco'cCCt. 
 
 HONEY-DEW. See EXTBAVASATED SAP. 
 
 HONEY-IXOWEB. Melia! nthus. 
 
 HONEY-GAELIC. Nectarosco'rdum. 
 
 HONEY-LOCUST. Gledi'tschia trica'nthos. 
 
 HONEYSUCKLE. Caprifo'lium. 
 
 HONEYWOET. Ceri'nthe. 
 
 HOOP-PETTICOAT. Narci'ssus bulboco'- 
 dium. 
 
 HOOP-ASH. Ce'ltis crassifo'lia. 
 
 HOP. Hu'mulus. 
 
 HOP-HOBNBEAM. Phologo'phora. 
 
 HOBEHOUND. Marru'bium. 
 
 HOBKE'LLA. (Named after J. Horkel, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Roseworts 
 [Kosaceee], Linn., W-Decandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Potentilla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divid- 
 ing the plant in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 H. conge'sta (crowded-flowered). 2. White. 
 August. California. 1826. 
 
 HOEMI'NUJH. (From hormao, to excite ; 
 its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lip- 
 worts [Lamiacesej. Linn., l^-Didynamia 
 I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Monarda.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the- 
 plant, and seeds in spring ; requires a dry situa- 
 tion, or a damp winter will injure it. 
 H . Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. June, 
 Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 HOBN. See ANIMAL MATTEES. 
 HOBNBEAM. Carpi' mis. 
 HOBN-OF-PLENTY. Fe'dict. 
 HOEN-POPPY. Olau'cium. 
 
 HOESE-CHESTNUT. ^E'scuhtS. 
 
 HOESE-EADISH. (Cochlea'ria Armo- 
 ra'cia.) Delights in a deep, rich soil, 
 tanks of a ditch, &c. Should the ground 
 require manure, it should he dug in at 
 the depth at which the sets are intended 
 to he planted. It is propagated by sets, 
 provided by cutting the main root and 
 
 I offsets into lengths of two inches. The 
 j tops, or crowns of the roots, form the 
 | best, those taken from the centre never 
 becoming so soon fit for use, or of so 
 nne a growth. Each set should have at 
 least two eyes; for without one they re- 
 fuse to vegetate at all. For a supply of 
 the crowns, any inferior piece of ground, 
 planted with sets six inches apart and 
 six deep, will furnish from one to five 
 tops each, and may be collected for 
 several successive years with little more 
 trouble than keeping them clear of 
 weeds ; but the times for planting are in. 
 October and February. 
 
 Insert the sets fn rows eighteen inches 
 apart each way. The ground trenched 
 between two and three feet deep, the cut- 
 tings being placed along the bottom of 
 the trench, and the soil turned from the 
 next one over them. The earth ought 
 to lie lightly over the sets; therefore 
 treading on the beds should be carefully 
 avoided. The shoots make their appear- 
 ance in May or June, or earlier if the 
 sets were planted in autumn. 
 
 Remove the leaves as they decay in 
 autumn, the ground being also hoed and 
 raked over at the same season, which 
 may be repeated in the following spaing. 
 
 In the succeeding autumn they merely 
 require to be hoed as before, and may be 
 taken up as wanted. By having three 
 beds devoted to this root, one will always 
 be lying fallow and improving ; of which 
 period advantage should be taken to ap- 
 ply any requisite manure. 
 
 Taking up, To take them up, a trench, 
 is dug along the outside row down to the 
 bottom of the roots, which, when the bed 
 is continued in one place, may. be cut off 
 level to the original stool, and the earth 
 from the next row then turned over them, 
 to the requisite depth ; and so in rotation 
 to the end of the plantation. By this 
 mode a bed will continue in perfection 
 for five or six years, after which a fresh 
 plantation is usually necessary. But the 
 best practice is to take the crop up en- 
 tirely, and to form a plantation annually; 
 for it not only causes the roots to be 
 finer, hut also affords the opportunity of 
 changing the site. If this mode is fol- 
 lowed care must be taken to raise every 
 lateral root; for almost the smallest will 
 vegetate if left in the ground. 
 
 HOESE-EADISH TEEE. Mori'nga. 
 
 HOBSE-SHOE VETCH. Hippocre'pis. 
 
 HOESE-THISTLE. Ci'rsium 
 
HOS 
 
 C440 ] 
 
 HOT 
 
 HOSA'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Hosack, 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-Dia- 
 delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Ononis.) 
 
 Hardy plants, with yellow flowers, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Suitable for front of borders 
 and rock-works ; speeds and division of the plants 
 in spring; cuttings of perennials in summer, 
 under a hand-light. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 H. subpinna'ta (rather-leafleted). June. Chili. 
 1836. 
 
 Wrangelia'na (Wrangel's). June. California. 
 
 1836. 
 
 HEKBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. bi'color (two-coloured). . Yellow and white. 
 August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). June. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 4. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). . August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 Purshia'na (Pursh's). J. July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). 3. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 HOSE IN HOSE is a form of double 
 flowers when one corolla is inserted 
 within the other, as is frequently the case 
 with the primrose. 
 
 HO'STA. (Named after N. T. Host, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Verbenas 
 [Verbenaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Lantana.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers, from 
 Mexico. Cuttings in sand under a glass, in bot- 
 tom heat, in spring; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 H, cceru'lea (sky-blue). 6. July. 1733. 
 
 latlfo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. July. 1824. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 6. July. 1826. 
 
 HOTBED is a bed of earth, or other 
 material, usually covered by a glazed 
 frame, and heated artificially, and em- 
 ployed either for forcing certain vege- 
 tables, for raising seedlings, or for strik- 
 ing cuttings. It is heated either by dung, 
 or leaves, or tan in a state of fermenta- 
 tion, or by hot water. 
 
 Hotbed ofStaUe Dung : Preparation of 
 Dung. We will commence with the dung 
 fresh at the stable door : the first thing is 
 to throw it into a close body to " sweat." 
 Those amateurs who have plenty, and to 
 spare, will do well to shake it over loosely, 
 and reject a portion of the mere drop- 
 pings ; for these take the most purifying, 
 and, moreover, engender an over-power- 
 ful, and sometimes unmanageable heat, 
 which, in unpractised hands, is capable of 
 much mischief. The main bulk of the 
 material thus thrown together will, in a 
 week or so, become exceedingly hot, and 
 
 must then be turned completely inside 
 out ; and, in so doing, every lock or patch 
 which adheres together must be divided. 
 Water will now be requisite, and must be 
 regularly applied as the work proceeds, 
 rendering every portion equally moist. 
 After the mass has lain for about four 
 days longer, it is well to administer a li- 
 beral amount of water on the top; this 
 will wash out at the bottom of the heap 
 much of its gross impurities. In a few 
 more days it must be again turned inside 
 out, using water if dry in any portion, 
 and after laying nearly a week it should 
 be almost fit for use ; but it is well to give 
 it even another turn. If any tree-leaves, 
 strawy materials, &c., or any simple ve- 
 getable matter is to be added to the mass, 
 it may be added at the last turning but 
 one. The heap ought now to be " sweet," 
 and such may be readily ascertained even 
 by unpractised persons; for a handful 
 drawn from the very interior, and applied 
 to the nostrils, will not only be devoid 
 of impure smell, but actually possess a 
 somewhat agreeable scent, similar to the 
 smell of mushrooms. 
 
 Beds. All things will now be in readi- 
 ness for building the bed, and one ne- 
 cessary point is to select a spot perfectly 
 dry beneath, or rendered so. It must, 
 moreover, be thoroughly exposed to a 
 whole day's sun ; but the more it is shel- 
 tered sideways the better, as starving 
 winds, by operating too suddenly in low- 
 ering the temperature, cause a great 
 waste of material as well as labour. The 
 ground plan of the bed, or ground sur- 
 face, should be nearly level. A good 
 builder, however, will be able to rear a 
 substantial bed on an incline; and such 
 is not a bad plan, so forming the slope as 
 to have the front, or south side, several 
 inches below the back; the front being 
 with the ground level, the back raised 
 above it. By such means there will be 
 as great a depth of dung at front as back, 
 which is not the case when the base is 
 level; for then, unluckily, through the 
 incline necessary for the surface of the 
 glass, the dung at back is generally much 
 deeper than the front, at which latter 
 point most heat is wanted. Good gar- 
 deners not unfrequently use a portion of 
 weaker material at the back, such as lit- 
 tery stuff, containing little power as to 
 heat. It is well, also, to fill most of the 
 interior of the bed, after building it half 
 a yard in height, with any half-decayed 
 
HOT 
 
 [441 ] 
 
 HOT 
 
 materials, such as half-worn linings, fresh 
 leaves, &c. This will, in general, secure 
 it from the danger of burning, whilst it 
 will also add to the permanency of the 
 bed. 
 
 For winter-forcing a bed should be at 
 least four feet high at the back if five 
 feet, all the better ; and as soon as built 
 let some littery manure be placed round 
 the sides, in order to prevent the wind 
 searching it. As soon as the heat is well 
 up, or in about four days from the build- 
 ing of it, the whole bed should have 
 a thorough watering. It is now well to 
 close it until the heat is well up again, 
 when a second and lighter watering may 
 be applied; and now it will be ready for 
 the hills of soil any time. 
 
 In making the hills of soil for the 
 plants, in forcing melons or cucumbers, 
 make a hollow in the centre of each ligbt, 
 half the depth of the bed. In the bottom 
 of this, place nearly a barrowful of brick- 
 bats, on this some half-rotten dung, and 
 finally a flat square of turf, on which the 
 hillock is placed. It is almost impossible 
 for the roots of the plants to "scorch" 
 with this precaution. 
 
 As the heat declines, linings, or, as 
 they might be more properly called, coat- 
 ings, are made use of, which consist of 
 hot fermenting dung laid from eighteen 
 to twenty-four inches, in proportion to 
 the coldness of the season, &c., all round 
 the bed to the whole of its height ; and if 
 founded in a trench, one equally deep 
 must be dug for the coating, it being of 
 importance to renew the heat as much as 
 possible throughout its whole mass. If, 
 after a while, the temperature again de- 
 clines, the old coating must be taken 
 away, and a similar one of hot dung ap- 
 plied in its place. As the spring advances, 
 the warmth of the sun will compensate 
 for the decline of that of the bed ; but as 
 the nights are generally yet cold, either 
 a moderate coating, about nine or ten 
 inches thick, is required, or the mowings 
 of grass, or even litter, may be laid round 
 the sides with advantage. 
 
 Various structures have been suggested, 
 whereby the heat only of fermenting dung 
 is employed, and its steam is prevented 
 from penetrating within fhe frame. One 
 of the best of these structures is the fol- 
 lowing, proposed by Mr. West : 
 
 D D, chamber in which the dung is 
 placed, three and a half feet deep, sur- 
 rounded by nine-inch brickwork. One 
 
 half of this is filled longitudinally with 
 dung at the commencement, which, if 
 
 kept close shut up, will last twelve or 
 eighteen days, according to the quality 
 of the dung. As the .heat declines, the 
 other side is filled, and the temperature 
 is further sustained by additions to the 
 top of both as the mass settles. "When 
 this united heat becomes insufficient, the 
 side first filled being cleared, the old 
 manure must be mixed with some fresh, 
 and replaced, this being repeated alter- 
 nately to either heap as often as neces- 
 sary. A A, are the doors, two of which 
 are on each side for the admission of the 
 dung. They are two and a half feet 
 square, fitted into grooves at the bottom, 
 and fastened by means of a pin and 
 staple at the top. B B, are small areas 
 sunk in front, surrounded by a curb of 
 wood ; G G G, are bars passed longitudi- 
 nally as a guide and support in packing 
 the dung; c, represents a bar of cast-iron, 
 two inches wide, and three quarters of an 
 inch thick, placed on the edge of which 
 there is a row, a foot asunder, across the 
 chamber, to support a layer of small 
 wood branches and leaves, H, for the pur- 
 pose of sustaining the soil, K, in the 
 upper chamber; E E, represents the ori- 
 fices, of which there are a series all 
 round the pit, communicating with the 
 flue F F F, which surrounds the beds ; the 
 exterior wall of this flue is built with 
 bricks laid flat, the inner one of bricks 
 set on edge. The flue is two inches wide, 
 and, for the sake of strength, bricks are 
 passed occasionally from side to side as 
 ties. The top of the flue, and the internal 
 part of the wall, which rises at the back 
 and front to the level the earth is 
 meant to stand, are covered with tiles, 
 over the joints of which slips of slate, 
 bedded in mortar, are laid, to prevent the 
 escape of the steam of the dung ; i, re- 
 presents one of two plugs, which stop 
 holes left to regulate the heat and steam 
 
H0T 
 
 [442] 
 
 HOU 
 
 as may be necessary. The outer wall 
 supports the lights. For the conve- 
 nience of fixing the dung, it is best to 
 fill half of the chamber at the com- 
 mencement, before the branches, mould, 
 <fcc., are put in. 
 
 Hot-Water Beds. If hot water be the 
 source of heat, the following sketch of 
 the bed and frame employed by Mr. 
 Mitchell, at Worsley, is about the best 
 that can be employed. The objects kept 
 in view when it was constructed, were 
 1st. A circulation of air without loss of h eat. 
 2nd. A supply of moisture at command, 
 proportionable to the temperature. 3rd. 
 A desirable amount of bottom-heat. 4th. 
 A supply of external air (when necessary) 
 without producing a cold draught. 
 
 The method by which the first of these 
 is accomplished will be understood by 
 referring to the section, in which a is the 
 flow-pipes, b b I the return-pipes in the 
 chamber A. It is evident that, as the 
 air in the chamber becomes heated, it 
 will escape upwards by the opening c, 
 and the cold air from the passage B will 
 rush in to supply its place; but the 
 ascending current of heated air, coming 
 in contact with the glass, is cooled, de- 
 scends, and entering the passages, passes 
 into the chamber A, where it is again 
 
 heated; and thus a constant circulation 
 is pro'duced. In order to obtain the 
 second object, to some extent are combined 
 the tank-and-pipe systems. The flow- 
 pipe a is put half its diameter into the 
 channel c, which, when filled with water 
 (or so far as is necessary), gives off a 
 vapour, exactly proportionable to the 
 heat of the pipe and pit. 
 
 The third requisition is produced by 
 the surrounding atmosphere and heating 
 materials. The fourth is accomplished 
 simply by lowering the upper sash ; the 
 cold air thus entering at the top only, 
 falls directly into the passage B, and 
 passes through the hot chamber be- 
 
 fore coming in contact with the plants. 
 When the heat in the chamber is 95, in 
 the open space over the bed it is 71 ; in 
 the bottom of the passage only 60 ; and 
 in the mould in the bed it is 80. The 
 amount of vapour is regulated with the 
 greatest facility, even from the smallest 
 quantity to the greatest density. Gard. 
 Chron. 
 
 HOTHOUSE. See STOVE. 
 
 HOTTENTOT BREAD. Diosco'rea. 
 
 HOTTENTOT CHEEKY. Cassi'ne Mauro- 
 ce'nia. 
 
 HOTTENTOT FIG. Hesembrya'nthemum 
 edu'le. 
 
 HOTTO'NIA. Water Violet. (Named 
 after P. Holton, a Dutch botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Primeworts [Primulacess]. Linn., 
 5-Pcntandria \-MonogyniaS) 
 
 A hardy aquatic or marsh plant. Divisions in 
 spring ; ponds or ditches. 
 H, pulu'stris (marsh"), 1. Flesh. August. England. 
 
 HOT WALL is a hollow wall, the interior 
 air being so heated by flues or hot water 
 as to keep the bricks of which its faces 
 are composed so warm as to promote the 
 ripening of the wood and fruit trained 
 against them. See WALL (Fhted). 
 
 HOT WATER, as a source of heat for 
 gardening purposes, is preferable to any 
 other for large structures. In these it 
 is less expensive, and in all it is more 
 manageable and less troublesome than 
 any other. See GREENHOUSE, HOTBED, 
 and STOVE. 
 
 HOULLE'TIA. (Named after M.Houllet, 
 a French gardener. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandrict 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Stanhopea.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant; peat, 
 broken pots, charcoal, and rotten wood; plants 
 elevated above the pot, or in a shallow basket. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 50 to 60. 
 H. Brocklehurstia'na (Mr. Brocklehum's). 2. 
 Brown, yellow. June. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 vittu'ta (striped). 1. Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 HOUND'S TONGUE. Cynoylo 1 ssum. 
 
 HOUSELEEK. Sempervi'vitm. 
 
 HOUSTO'NIA. ( Named in honour of Dr. 
 W. Houston, an English botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Ginchonads [Cinchonacese] . Linn., 
 4,-Tctrandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and 
 peat ; beautiful for small beds and rock-worka. 
 This genus, should be added to Bouvardia. 
 H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. June. 1823. 
 
 ceeru'lea (blue). . Blue. June. 1/85. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Whitish. July!/ 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). J. Scarlet. 
 
HOU 
 
 [ 443 
 
 HUE 
 
 H.purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 serpyllifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). ^. White. 
 
 July. 1826. 
 
 tene'lla (tender,. Purple. May. 1812. 
 HOUTTUY'NIA. (Named after Dr. 
 
 Houttuyn, of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., 
 Sanrurads [Saururacese]. Linn., 3-Tri- 
 andria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous greenhouse marsh -plant, from 
 Japan, with yellowish-green flowers. Seeds, or 
 dividing the plant in spring ; peat and loam, kept 
 moist, and the plant a little shaded. Winter, 
 temp., 40 to 50. H. corda'ta is really Poly'go- 
 num cuspida'tum. 
 H.fa'tida (foetid). 4. July. 1800. 
 
 HO'VEA. (Named after A. P. Hove, a 
 Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., W-Monadel- 
 phia 6-Decandria. Allied to Lalage.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land, with purple flowers, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds, which should be sown in a 
 hotbed, and moistened in warm water before sow- 
 ing ; cuttings of young side-shoots in April or 
 May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a 
 close frame ; sandy peat with a very little fibry 
 loam, and pieces of charcoal and freestone, or 
 small places of pounded bricks. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48, with plenty of air ; in summer they 
 hould b a little shaded from bright sunshine. 
 H. Ce'lsii (Cei's). 4. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 2. February. 1837. 
 
 elli'ptica (ova\-leaved). 3. April. 1817- 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 3. April. 1844. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head -leaved). 3. May. 1805. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1820. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-/ee<i). 3. July. 1796. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. July. 1805. 
 
 Mangle'sii (Captain Mangles'). I. January. 
 
 1837. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 4. May. 1824. 
 
 panno'sa (ragged). 3 May. 1824. 
 
 pu'ngens (pungent). Blue. 1837. 
 jno'jar(lanrer). Blue. Alay. 1841. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 3. June. 1820. 
 
 racemulo'sa (spikeleted). 2. May. 1842. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 3. Blue. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 tple'ndens (shining). 2. Blue. March. 1843. 
 
 trispe'rma (three-seeded). Vermilion. May, 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. Lilac. April. 1829. 
 
 HOYE'NIA. (Named after D. Hoven, a 
 Dutch senator. Nat. ord., Mhamnads 
 [Rhamnaceee]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Alaternus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flow- 
 ers. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under 
 a glass; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. H. du'lcis has stood against a 
 wall in the Horticultural and Kew Gardens, with 
 a little protection. 
 
 H. du'lcis (sweet). 8. July. Japan. 1812. 
 inmquali* (unequal). 10. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 HOY'A. Honey Plant. (Named after 
 Mr. Hoy, once gardener at Sion House. 
 Nat. ord., As<iepiads [Asclepiadacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Pentandria %-Digynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings inserted in 
 
 almost any open soil, and plunged in a moist 
 heat, root quickly ; even the leaves will root, and 
 soon produce a plant ; peat and loam, with a con- 
 siderable portion of little pieces of pounded bricks 
 and lime-rubbish. They nourish best in the tem- 
 perature of the stove, and full exposure to the 
 sun ; but in winter they should be kept rather 
 dry, and in the temperature of a warm green- 
 house 45, 50, or even lower. 
 H. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Brownish- 
 purple. September. Java. 1848. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). White. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 be>lla (beautiful). l. White, purple. Taung 
 
 Kola. 1847. 
 
 campanula! to, (beVL- flowered). Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Java. 1845, 
 
 carno'sa (fleshy-teaued). 10. Pinkish-white. 
 
 July. Asia. 1802. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved) . 10. 
 
 Pink. July. 
 
 cinnamonifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 10. Pale 
 
 green. July. Java. 184". 
 
 coria'cea (leathery). 2. White, yellow. August. 
 
 Manilla. 1838. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 10. China. 1817. 
 
 fratetma (brotherly). Brown. July. Java. 1851. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 1848. 
 
 fu'sca (dark brown). Brownish. Sylhet. 183/ 
 
 imperia'lis (imperial). 20. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Borneo. 1847- 
 
 lacuno'sa (furrowed). 3. Greenish - yellow. 
 
 March. Java; 1854. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Pinkish-yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 pa'llida (p&le). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 parasi'tica (parasitical). Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 Po'tsii (Pots's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 trine'rvis (three-nerved). 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 The last two are probably varieties of JET. car- 
 no'sa. Feate'rna is brother to coria'cea. 
 
 HUDSO'NIA. (Named after W. Hudson, 
 F.K.S., author of the Flora Anglica. Nat. 
 ord., Hock-roses [Gistacese], Linn., 11- 
 Dodecandria l-Monogynia. Allied to He- 
 lianthemum.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens, from North America, 
 with yellow flowers. Generally by layers in spring 
 and autumn, and cuttings in sand, during *um- 
 ner, under a hand-licrht ; sandy peat, and a moist 
 situation. They require a little protection in win- 
 ter, and may b2 placed in a pit. Unlike any other 
 group of the order, the foliage more resembles a 
 Heath than a Cistus. 
 H. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June, 1805. 
 
 Nuttit'llii (Nuttall's,. 1. July. 
 
 tomento'su (downy). 1. May. 1826. 
 
 HUE'ENIA. (Named after J. Huermus t 
 a collector of Cape plants. Nat. ord., As- 
 clepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 landria Z-Digynia. Allied to Stapelia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Cuttings in spring, well dried be- 
 fore inserting, or dividing the plant after flower- 
 ing; sandy loam, and a little peat, leaf-mould, 
 and lime-rubbish ; plenty of water when growing 
 and flowering, but dry, or nearly so, during the 
 winter. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 45 
 to 50. 
 
 H. barba'ta (bearded), i. White- striped. Au- 
 gust. 1795. 
 
HUG 
 
 444 ] 
 
 HUR 
 
 H. clavi'gera (club-bearing), . Yellow-striped 
 September. 1795. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). $. 
 
 hu'milis (humble), . Yellow-striped. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1/95. 
 
 lentigino'sa (freckled). . Yellow-striped. 1/95 
 
 ocella'ta (eyed). $. Yellow-striped. September 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). . Pink-striped. August, 
 
 1793. 
 
 venu'sta (graceful). . Yellow-striped. June, 
 
 1795. 
 
 HUGE'LIA. (Named after Baron Hug el 
 of Vienna. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Pole- 
 laomacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Gilia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from California. Seeds sown in 
 open border, in March ; common garden-soil. 
 H. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). J. Blue. June 
 1833. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). . Blue. June. 1833. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly), g. Light blue. July. 1847- 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. 1833. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). . Blue. June. 1833. 
 HUMA'TA. (Probably from humatus, in- 
 terred; the stems being deep in the 
 earth. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodia- 
 cese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 1-f'ilices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. Di- 
 vision ; peat and loam. See FERNS. 
 H. angusta'ta (narrow). April. Singapore. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Samaria. 
 
 pectina't a (comb-like). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 peda'ta (double-lobed). May. E. Ind. 
 
 HUMBLE PLANT. Mimo'sapu'dica. 
 
 HU'MEA. (Named after Lady Hume. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring ; 
 prick out and grow under glass; place out of 
 doors in the heat of the summer ; house in good 
 time in the autumn; shift into larger pots as 
 wanted, and transfer to its blooming-pots in 
 April, or plant out in good, rich soil in May. 
 Single plants in a sheltered corner have a fine 
 effect. 
 
 H. e'legans (elegant). 6. Red. July. N. S. Wales. 
 1800. 
 
 HU'MTTLUS. The Hop. (From /mwtts,the 
 ground; creeping on the ground if not 
 supported. Nat. ord., Hempworts [Canna- 
 binacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.} 
 
 Hardy perennial twiner. Seeds and divisions in 
 
 r'ng ; deep, loamy soil. It is useful for summer 
 le, as it grows very quick. 
 
 H. lu'pulus (common. Hop). 15. Yellow. July. 
 Britain. 
 
 variega'tus (striped- Jeaved). 15. Yellow. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 HU'MUS. When the putrefaction of 
 dead plants is completed, there remains 
 a soft, black mass, known as vegetable 
 mould, or humus. One hundred parts of 
 the humus of wheat straw have of ex- 
 tractive, or apotheme, rather more than 
 twenty-six parts, and the residue is lime. 
 
 peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, and 
 carbonaceous matter. This apotheme is 
 identical with the humic acid of Liebig, 
 the ulmic acid of Braconnot, and the geic 
 acid of Berzelius. It contains carbon, 
 46.6; hydrogen, 20.0; oxygen, 33.4. It 
 was once believed, indeed, is still believed 
 by a few men of science, that this apo- 
 theme is the immediate fertilizing com- 
 ponent of organic manures, being soluble 
 under some circumstances, and entering 
 at once into the roots of plants, dissolved 
 in the moisture of the soil. But every 
 relative research of more modern che- 
 mistry is against this conclusion ; and it 
 is now tolerably certain, that a chief nu- 
 tritive portion of vegetable manures is 
 their carbon converted into carbonic acid, 
 absorbed either in solution with the 
 earth's moisture, or in gaseous form by 
 the roots. 
 
 HuNGAKiANLoTUS.AfywpA^a thermdlis. 
 
 HUNNEMA'NNIA. (Named after J. Hun- 
 nemann, a botanical agent. Nat. ord., Pop- 
 py worts [Papaveraceas]. Linn., 13-Poly- 
 andria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds in 
 spring ; rich soil ; will bloom the second year in 
 greenhouse treatment, or may be kept over the 
 winter in a dry, cold pit. 
 
 H.fumarieefo'lia (fumaria-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 Mexico. 1827- 
 
 HUNTLE'YA. (Named after the Eev. 
 Mr. Huntley, a zealous collector of plants. 
 Nat. ord,, Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 
 20-Oynandria l-Monandria. Allied to Zy- 
 gopetalum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Slips of shoots, and dividing the 
 plant ; fibry peat, &c. ; grown in a high, moist 
 temperature. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 
 55 to 60. 
 
 H. melea'gris (Guinea-hen). 1. Yellow, brown. 
 July. S. Amer. 1836. 
 
 sessilifln'ra (stalkless-flowered). Violet. Guiana. 
 
 1835. 
 
 viola 'cea (violet - coloured). Violet. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1837. 
 
 HU'KA. Sand-box-tree. (The native 
 name. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphor- 
 cea}]. Linn., 21-Moncecia Il-Monadel- 
 phia. Allied to Hippomane.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with whitish-yellow flow- 
 _.s. Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young shoots 
 under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, and in heat ; rich 
 oam and peat. Summer temp., 60to 80 ; winter, 
 50 to 55. 
 
 H. crefpitans (rattling. Equal-toothed). 13. S. 
 Amer. 1733. 
 
 stre'pens (sounding, Unequal-toothed^. 12. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 HUBBLE s of iron are the most eligible 
 modes of fencing, whether for perma- 
 
HUS 
 
 [ 445 ] 
 
 HYB 
 
 aency or temporary purposes. They are 
 invisible at a short distance, elegant, and 
 durable. See BAILING. 
 
 HUSKY. The dung for a hotbed, when 
 too dry, is said to be husky. 
 
 Huicm'NSiA. (Named after Miss 
 Hutchins, an accomplished Irish crypto- 
 gamist. Nat. ord., Cructfers [Brassica- 
 cese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to 
 Lepidium.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds in April, in dry situations. 
 Herbaceous perennials, by seed and divisions in 
 spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sum- 
 mer ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould, 
 and dry situations, such as banks or rock-work. 
 
 HAKDY ANNUALS. 
 H. petra'a (rock). }. White. April. England. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). $. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1823. 
 
 HAKDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 H. alpi'na (alpine). *. White. May. South 
 Europe. 1775. 
 
 brevi'styla (short-styled). White. May. Syria. 
 
 1825. 
 
 calyci'na (/arg'e-calyxed). $. White. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
 cepecefo'lia (cepese-leaved). *. Pink. June. 
 
 Carinthia. 1824. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). June. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). $. White, pur- 
 
 ple. June, South Europe. 1759- 
 
 stylo'sa (/ong-styled). . White, pink. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 HYACI'NTHUS. The Hyacinth. (In 
 mythology, a beautiful boy, who, after 
 being killed, was transformed into this 
 flower. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has 
 died down in summer ; light, rich, sandy loam, 
 with a little leaf-mould. A valuable bulb for 
 forcing. Best florists' kinds grown out of doors, 
 should be taken up after the foliage is withered, 
 kept in shelves and drawers until the end of au- 
 tumn, and then planted and protected from severe 
 frost in winter, and frost and heavy rains in 
 spring, by an awning. For a brilliant out-door 
 display, where the kinds are not so valuable, the 
 roots may remain in the ground many years if 
 top-dressed, and the balbs are not too near each 
 other. When grown in pots, these should be 
 deeper than usual, in proportion to the diameter- 
 nine inches are not too much. The compost we 
 have found most suitable for them in pots is a 
 "good loam, three-fourths, and decayed cow-dung, 
 'two years old, one-fourth. In October they ought 
 to be potted, and immediately plunged in tan or 
 .ashes, quite overhead, at least two inches. In 
 potting, make the soil very firm under the bulb, 
 to prevent the roots going directly down too soon. 
 In a month after potting and plunging, a few 
 may be brought into heat, and forced to flower 
 .about Christmas ; and others may be brought in, 
 month after month, to supply flowers till May. 
 To grow them in water, glasses with a hollow cup 
 at the top, to hold the bulb, are used. It is not 
 good to begin too soon with glasses. December 
 is quite early enough. After being kept for a few 
 <l*ya in slightly-damped sand, they should be 
 
 placed in their glasses. At first the water should 
 only just touch the base of the bulbs, and the 
 glasses should be kept in a dark closet until the 
 roots have attained the length of an inch. Two 
 drops of spirit of hartshorn may be added to the 
 water in each glass when the bulbs are growing, 
 and whenever the water is changed. Dark-coloured 
 glass is always to be preferred, as the absence of 
 light is natural to all roots. By keeping the 
 glasses in a dark closet until the roots are full an 
 inch long, the hyacinths will not get top-heavy, 
 but the roots, being in advance of the leaves, will 
 preserve the plant balanced erect. The bloom 
 will also be finer, as the roots will be in a state to 
 nourish the leaves before these are prematurely 
 advanced. A piece of charcoal put into each glass 
 feeds the plant, andprevents putridity in the water. 
 H. amethy'stinus (amethyst- colour). |. Blue. 
 April. South Europe. 1759. 
 
 bruma'lis (winter), f . Various. February. 
 
 orienta'lis (oriental). f . Blue. March. Le- 
 
 vant. 1596. 
 
 a'lbus (white). |. White. March. 1596. 
 
 fla'vus (yellow), f. Yellow. March. 1596. 
 
 multiplex (double), f . Variegated. April. 
 
 1596. 
 
 ru'ber (red), f. Red. March. 1596. 
 
 semiple'nus (semi-double). Variegated. 
 
 March. 15Q6. 
 
 spica'tus (large-spiked). $. Blush. February. 
 
 Zante. 1826. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). Green. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 177*. 
 
 HYBANTHE'RA. (From hylos, a curve, 
 and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag; 
 referring to the curve in the gouty anthers. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacesej. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to 
 Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous climber. Divisions of the 
 plant ; cuttings, when growth commences ; sandy 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; win- 
 ter, 50 to 55. 
 
 H. cordifo'lia (heart -shaped -leaved). Green, 
 yellow. May. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 HYBRIDIZING, or CROSS - BREEDING, 
 though not quite identical, have with the 
 gardener similar objects, viz., either im- 
 proving the beauty of his flowers, or the 
 flavour and prolificacy of his fruits and 
 culinary products. Hybridizing, strictly 
 speaking, is obtaining a progeny between 
 two different species, by fertilizing the 
 stigma of one with the pollen of another; 
 and cross -breeding is obtaining a progeny 
 between varieties of the same species. 
 The progeny of hybrids cannot produce 
 seed; but cross-breds are fertile. Our 
 own observations, and those of others, 
 justify the following statements, as afford- 
 ing some guide to the raiser of varieties: 
 
 1. The seed-vessel is not altered in 
 appearance by impregnation from another 
 plant ; therefore, no hasty conclusion of 
 failure is justified by that want of change. 
 
 2. The colour of the future seed, not 
 
HYD 
 
 [440] 
 
 HYD 
 
 of that first hybridized, seems to he most 
 influenced by the male plant, if its seeds 
 and flowers are darker than those of the 
 female. Capt. Thurtell, from his experi- 
 ments on the pelargonium, found the 
 colour and the spot of the petals to be 
 more influenced by the male than by the 
 female parent. Indeed, all experience 
 proves that the progeny usually, though 
 not invariably, most resembles in colour 
 the male parent. 
 
 8. Large stature and robustness are 
 transmitted to the offspring by either 
 parent ; but Mr. Knight generally found 
 the most robust female parent produced 
 the finest offspring. 
 
 4. Capt. Thurtell, from lengthened 
 observation and experiment, has ascer- 
 tained that the form of the petals follows 
 most closely that of the female parent. 
 
 5. Mr. Knight says that the largest 
 seed from the finest fruit that has ripened 
 earliest and most perfectly should always 
 be selected. In stone-fruit, if two kernels 
 are in one stone, these give birth to in- 
 ferior plants. 
 
 6. The most successful mode of ob- 
 taining good and very distinct varieties 
 is to employ the pollen from a male 
 .flower grown on another plant than that 
 bearing the female parent. To avoid 
 previous and undesired impregnation, the 
 anthers in the female parent, if they are 
 produced in the same flower with the 
 pistils, must be removed by a sharp- 
 pointed pair of scissors, and the flower 
 in closed in a gauze bag, to exclude insects, 
 until the desired pollen is ripe. Another 
 effectual mode of avoiding undesired im- 
 pregnation is bringing the female parent 
 into flower a little earlier than its con- 
 genors, and removing the anthers as 
 above described : the stigma will remain 
 a long time vigorous if unimpregnated. 
 
 7. When double flowers are desired, if 
 a double flower should chance to have a 
 fertile anther or two, these should be 
 employed for fertilization, as their off- 
 spring are almost sure to be very double. 
 
 HYDKA'NGEA. (From hyd-or, water, 
 and aygeion, a vessel; referring to the 
 cup-form of the capsule, or seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., Hydranycads [Hydrangeaceaj], 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria %-Diyynia.') 
 
 Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division of 
 the roots, cuttings of the ripened shoots, and 
 flourishig best in moist, sheltered places. Hvr- 
 te'nsis, the common garden Hydrangea, though a 
 little more tender, stands the winter well in the 
 southern parts of the island, and though cut 
 
 down in most winters in the neighbourhood of 
 London, yet, if a slight protection of mulching 
 is thrown over the roots, the stems will rise 
 strongly, and bloom well after Midsummer, if 
 care be taken to remove all the weaker ones, just 
 as is done with a Fuchsia stool. This species 
 makes, also, fine ornaments in pots, and may be 
 propagated at almost any time ; the young side- 
 shoots, when two or three inches in length, in- 
 serted in sandy soil and in heat, striking in a 
 few days, while the old stems will strike anywhere, 
 but require their time. To grow it well requires 
 light, rich compost, well drained, and abundance 
 of water. The flower generally appears first of a 
 greenish colour, becoming of a pale rose ; but in 
 some districts the colour becomes a beautiful 
 blue. Notwithstanding all the experiments that 
 have been made, there is still a little doubt as to 
 the cause that produces the change. When iron 
 fiiings and a solution of alum are used, in some 
 soils the blue colour is produced, while the same 
 means will not produce it in others; and other 
 soils will almost invariably produce this blue 
 colour without any peculiar matter whatever 
 being added. The loams at Kenwood, at Hamp- 
 stead Heath, and Stanmore Heath, and the peats 
 at Wimbledon, as well as some bogs near Edin- 
 burgh, are famous for producing this bine in the 
 Hydrangea. When trying artificially with iron 
 filings and alum-water, we have had different 
 colours on the same plant. This variation is 
 merely temporary it cannot be propagated like 
 a variety : a cutting from a blue plant will pro- 
 duce a rose one, unless the peculiar treatment be 
 continued. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 H. Belzo'nii (Belzoni's). 3. Blue. Japan. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). 3. Blue, white. July. 
 
 Japan. 1843. 
 
 caru'lea ('olue-flowered). 3. Blue, white. 
 
 June. Isle of Nepau. 1844. 
 
 etella'ta (starry -flowered), 3, Pink. July. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 HARDY. 
 H. arbor e'scens (tree-like). 6. White. July. 
 
 Virginia. 1736. 
 di'scolor(two-colouTed-leaved). 6. White, 
 
 green. August. N. Amer. 
 
 eorda'ta (heart-leaved). White. July. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1806. 
 
 heteroma'lla (various - surfaced - leaved). 4. 
 
 White. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 horte'nsis( garden). 3. Pink. May. China. 1740. 
 
 ni'vea (snow- white- leaved). 5. White. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1786. 
 
 glabe'lla, (smoothish-leaved). 5. White, 
 
 green. July. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 4. White. July. 
 
 Florida. 1803. 
 
 HYDKA'STIS. Yellow Boot. (From hydor, 
 water; referring to the marshy places 
 where it grows. Nat ord., Crowfoots [Ra- 
 nunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Adonis.) 
 
 Kardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 root ; loam and peat ; moist situation. 
 H. Canade'nsis (Canadian). . Green. May. N. 
 Amer. 1759- 
 
 HYDRO'LEA. (From hydor, water, and 
 elaia, oil; referring to the marshy ha- 
 bitat and oily feel of the leaves. Nat. ord. x 
 
HYD 
 
 C 
 
 HYO 
 
 Hydrophyte [Hydrophylaceas]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 2-Diyynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions, cut- 
 tings, and seeds; spino'sa is a small aquatic, grow- 
 ing best in peat and loam; quadrlva'luis is also 
 found in boggy places. 
 
 H. quadriva'iois (four-divided). Pale blue. July. 
 Carolina. 1824. 
 
 spino'sa (thorny). 1. Blue. S. Amer. 1791. 
 
 HYDEOME'STUS. (From Jiydor, water, 
 and mestos, half; referring to the plant 
 living in water during the rainy season. 
 N&t.ord.iAcanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 
 I4:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots any time in spring and summer, in sandy 
 soil, and bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 H. macula'tus (spotted). 2, Yellow. May. 
 Mexico. 1842. 
 
 HYDEOPE'LTIS. ( From hydor, water, and 
 pelte, a shield ; referring to the floating 
 shield-like leaves. Nat. ord., Watershidds 
 [Cabomhacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 6- 
 Polygynia.) 
 
 A very neat little hardy water-plant, well worth 
 growing by the edges of an aquarium, round a 
 mass of water-lilies, its nearest allies. Division ; 
 marshy soil ; should be protected in winter. 
 H.purpu'rea (purple). Red. July. N. Amer. 1798. 
 
 HYDKOPHY'iATna. Water-leaf. (From 
 hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. 
 cx&.tHydrophyls [Hydrophylacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to No- 
 nophila.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame- 
 rica. Divisions and suckers ; rich loam and peat ; 
 in marshy situations. 
 
 H. appendicula'tum (appendaged-caty*e<Z). |. 
 Blue. May. 1812. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). . White. May. 1759. 
 
 Virgi'nicum ( Virginian). . Blue. June. 1739. 
 HYDBOTJE'NIA. (From %dor, water, and 
 
 tainia, a band ; referring to a triangular 
 band in the flower secreting a liquid. 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Tri- 
 andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Beatonia.) 
 A pretty half-hardy bulb, with the aspect of a 
 Tigndia, and flowers like a Fritillaria. Seeds, 
 sown when ripe, or kept, and given a little heat in 
 the spring ; division of the offsets ; light, rich, 
 sandy loam ; taken up, and kept after the foliage 
 is decayed, and planted out the following spring. 
 If left in the ground, and covered to protect from 
 rains and frosts, the plants will be stronger than 
 
 ie bulbs were kept dry all the winter. 
 H. loba'ta QobeA-flowered) . ij. Yellow, purple. 
 
 , May. Lima. 1843. 
 
 tnelea'zris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Yellow. July. 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 HYGROMETER. An instrument for as- 
 certaining the quantity of moisture in the 
 air. Everything that swells by moisture, 
 and contracts by dryness, is capable of 
 
 being formed into one. Every gardener, 
 who has taken a cool bunch of grapes 
 into a hothouse well-supplied with mois- 
 ture, would, in the grapes almost instantly 
 being covered with dew, see the principle 
 upon which the hygrometer acts. The 
 colder the grapes, the warmer the house, 
 the more the vapour contained in it, the 
 sooner would the dew be formed, and the 
 more plentiful its depositure. Pouring 
 cold water into a glass tumbler, in similar 
 circumstances, will be attended with, a si- 
 milar result : dew will be deposited on the 
 outside of the glass ; because, in either 
 case, the cold body condenses the vapour 
 in its neighbourhood ; and this is what is 
 called the dew point, being that tempera- 
 ture at which moisture is deposited from 
 the surrounding atmosphere upon any 
 object of that particular temperature. The 
 drip in frames, greenhouses, &c., is simi- 
 larly caused. The thermometer is the best 
 instrument for showing the temperature ; 
 and by taking two similar ones, covering 
 their bulbs with a fold of muslin or silk, 
 keeping one dry and the other wet, with 
 a thread of flos-silk acting as a syphon 
 from a 'vessel of water, the greater the 
 difference of temperature indicated by 
 the moist and dry thermometer, the 
 greater the deficiency of atmospheric 
 moisture. The nearer the temperature 
 of the moist and dry bulb, the nearer is 
 the air to being saturated with moisture. 
 To obtain more perfect details Daniel's 
 Hygrometer is the best instrument. It is 
 represented in the following figure. It 
 consists of two hol- 
 low glass balls con- 
 taining ether, and 
 communicating by 
 the glass tube 
 which rests on the 
 support. The ball 
 which forms the 
 termination of the 
 longer leg is of 
 black glass, in or- 
 der that the forma- 
 tion of clew on its 
 surface may be the 
 more perceptible. 
 It includes the bulb 
 of a delicate thermometer dipping in the 
 ether, its scale being inclosed in the tube 
 above the ball; and whatever change 
 takes place in the temperature of the 
 ether is indicated by this thermometer. 
 The other ball is covered with zraslua. 
 
HYG 
 
 [448 ] 
 
 HYM 
 
 In making an observation it is first ne 
 cessary to note down the temperature o 
 the air ; next turn the instrument, si 
 that when the muslin-covered ball is heli 
 in the hand, the ether may escape into tin 
 blackened ball; and it should also be 
 held till the included thermometer rise 
 a few degrees above the temperature o 
 the air, when it should be replaced on the 
 support. Then drop, or gently pour, s 
 little ether on the muslin. The evapora 
 tion of this extremely volatile substanci 
 produces cold ; and attention must be in 
 stantly directed to the black glass bal 
 and included thermometer. The lattei 
 will be seen falling rapidly ; and at lengtl 
 a ring of dew will appear at the line 
 which runs across the black ball quickly 
 if the air is very moist, slowly, if the air is 
 dry. If the air is very dry, no moisture 
 wiil be thus deposited till the thermo 
 meter falls to 10, 20, or 30 below the 
 temperature of the air. But at whatever 
 temperature the dew forms, that tempe- 
 rature should be noted as the dew-point 
 and the difference between it and the 
 temperature of the air, at the time, is the 
 degree of dryness according to the indi- 
 cations of this hygrometer. Thus, in a 
 moderately dry day, let it be supposed 
 that the temperature of the air is 65 in 
 the shade, and that the muslin requires 
 to be kept moist, before dew is formed, 
 till the blackened ball containing the 
 ether has its temperature reduced to 50, 
 as indicated by the included thermo- 
 meter, there are then said to be 15 of 
 dryness. Again, supposing the tempe- 
 rature is 85, and the dew-point found, as 
 before, to be 70, the degree of dryness is 
 still expressed by 15; but the quantity 
 of moisture diffused in the air is, not- 
 withstanding, somewhat greater in the 
 latter case than in the former. If 1000 
 represent complete saturation, the quan- 
 tity of moisture, when the temperature is 
 65 and the dew-point 50, will be 609 ; 
 but when the temperature is 85 and the 
 dew-point 70 C , the moisture will be repre- 
 sented by 623 ; these numbers being as- 
 certained by tables prepared for the pur- 
 pose. The difference, however, in such a 
 case is so small, it is not worth taking 
 into account in a horticultural point of 
 view. But as these numbers can only be 
 ascertained by calculation, it is more con- 
 venient to reckon by the degrees of dry- 
 ness, bearing in mind that the dryness of 
 the air is indicated by the difference be- 
 
 tween the temperature of the air and of 
 the dew-point. Thus, if the ring of dew is 
 formed as soon as ether is applied, and 
 only 1 difference is observable, the air is 
 nearly saturated; if the difference is 5 
 to 10 the dryness is very moderate; 
 while 15 to 20 of difference indicate 
 excessive dryness, and beyond this the 
 air is parching. Gard. Chron. 
 
 HYGRO'PHILA. (From hygros, moist, 
 and phileo, to love; referring to the 
 habitat of the plant. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthaceoe], Linn., 14-Didynomta 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from the East Indies. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 
 45 to 55. 
 H. longifo'lia (long-leaved). Purple. June. 1821. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). 1820. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Violet. June. 1822. 
 
 HYLE SINUS PINIPERDA. A species of 
 beetle, which preys upon the pith of young 
 shoots of sickly or recently-felled Scotch 
 and spruce- firs. It is not very injurious 
 in this country. 
 
 HYLOTONIA KOS.ZE. A saw-fly, which 
 injures rose-trees seriously, by puncturing 
 in rows their young shoots, and depositing 
 its eggs in the holes. The best remedy 
 is spreading a cloth beneath the trees in 
 the evening, and killing the insects 
 shaken down upon it. 
 
 HYMENIE'A. Locust-tree. (From Hy- 
 men, the god of marriage ; referring to 
 he leaflets being joined. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Bau- 
 linia.) 
 
 Fine, close-grained, hard wood ; and the resins 
 Anime and Copal are produced by these stove 
 evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 n spring, inserted firmly in sand covered with a 
 jell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and rich loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 H. Candollia'na (Decandolle's). 30. White. 
 Acalpulco. 1824. 
 
 Cou'rbaril (Courbaril). 40. Yellow, purple. 
 
 W. Ind. 1688. 
 
 verruco'sa (warty-podded). 20. White. Ma- 
 
 dagascar. 1808. 
 
 HYMENANTHE'RA. (From hymen, a 
 
 membrane, and anthera, an anther, or 
 
 ollen-bag. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Vio- 
 
 acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Jkfono- 
 
 gynia. Allied to Alsodeia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 oung shoots, getting a little firm, in spring, in 
 and, over peat, and well drained, under a bell- 
 lass; sandy peat, with a third of fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 H, denta'ta (toothed-teawed). 6. Yellow. May, 
 N, Holland. 1824. 
 
HYM 
 
 [ 449 ] 
 
 HYP 
 
 HYHENOCA'LLIS. (From hymen, a 
 membrane, and kalos, beautiful ; referring 
 to the membranous cup inside the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli- 
 dacese]. Linn., 6-HexandriaI-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Pancratium.) 
 
 They have all white flowers, and much resemble 
 Pancratiums. Their seeds differ in being large 
 and green, the seeds of Pancratium having a 
 black, brittle skin. Offsets; rich, sandy loam. 
 See AMAR-J'LLIS. 
 
 HAKDY BULBS. 
 
 H. adna'ta (adhering-teawed). May. S. Amer. 
 1758. 
 
 -' acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). May. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 litora'lis (sea-shore). May. S. Amer. 1/58. 
 
 Drya'ndri (l)ryander's). 2. May. 
 
 rota'ta (\vheel-crowned). 1. August. Mobile. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Staple'sii (Staples's). June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 GKEENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 H. bistuba'ta (double-tubed). 14. April. Mexico. 
 1844. 
 
 Caroliniu'na (Carolina). 2. June. Carolina. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 Panamc'nsis (Panama). May. Panama. 1844. 
 
 Skinneria'na (Skinner's). March. Guatimala. 
 
 1843. 
 
 STOVE BULBS. 
 H. amae'na (handsome). 1. August. Guiana. 1/QO. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-/eued). 1. August. W. Ind. 
 
 angu'sta (nurvow-leaved). l. July. S. Amer. 
 
 Caribee'a (Caribean). lj. July. W. Ind. 1730. 
 
 Caymane'nsis (Cayman). August. Cayman. 
 
 1823. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). ]. July. S. Amer. 
 
 expa'nsa (expanded). 2. May. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 1. July. W. Ind. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 2. August. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 Hnrrisia'na (Harris's). June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Mexico,' na( Mexican). 1. August. Mexico. 1732. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). June. S.Amer. 1820. 
 
 pa'tenn (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 18'22. 
 
 peda 1 Us (long-leaf -staXkeA). May. Brazil. 1815. 
 
 pediu'le (long-flower-stalked). 3. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1$. July. W. Ind. 175Q. 
 
 tenuiflo'ra (thin-flowered). August. 
 
 undula'ta (wavy-/eawd). I. July. S.Amer. 
 
 HYMENODI'CTYON. (From hymen, a 
 membrane, and diktyon, a net ; the en- 
 velope of the seeds being a net like 
 membrane. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Luculia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies, 
 with greenish-yellow flowers. For culture, see 
 CINCHO'NA. 
 H. exceflsum (tall). 30. July. 1820. 
 
 thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 15. June. 
 
 1810. 
 
 HYMENOPHY'LLUM. Filmy-leaf Fern. 
 (From hymen, a membrane, and phyilon, 
 aleaf. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceae] . 
 Linn., 24,-Cryptoyamia l-Filice*.) 
 
 Ferns, all with brownish-yellow spores, except 
 where otherwise mentioaed. By spores, and 
 
 dividing the roots ; peat and loam ; should be 
 rather cramped for room. See FKENS. 
 
 HAKDY. 
 
 H. Tunbridge'nse (Tunbridge). . Brown. June. 
 Britain. 
 
 Wilso'ni (Wilson's). . Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 H. dilata'tum (swollen). August. New Zealand. 
 
 flexuo'sum (zigzag). April. New Zealand. 
 
 ni'tens (shining). May. New Zealand. 
 
 sanguinole'ntum (bloody). May. New Zea- 
 
 land. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 H. biva'lve (two-valved). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 fimbria'tum (fringed). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy). May. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 polya'nthum (many-flowered). W. Ind. 1824. 
 HYOSCY'AMUS. Henbane. (From hyos, 
 
 a hog, and kyamos, a bean ; fruit eaten by 
 swine. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solana- 
 ceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Datura.) 
 
 The annual, by seed in the open, dry border, 
 towards the end of March ; the shrubby kinds, by- 
 cuttings under a bell-glass, in April ; or under a 
 hand-light in a shady place, in summer. Sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould ; when planted 
 out of doors, young plants must be reared for 
 saving through the winter in a cold pit or green- 
 house. There are many other species besides the- 
 following ; but they are mere weeds. 
 //. Camera'rii (Camerarius's). Yellow, purple. 
 July. South Europe. Hardy annual. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). 1$, Yellow. December. 
 
 Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 dato'ra (datora). \\. Yellow. May, Egypt. 
 1829. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 HYPE'COUM. (From hypecheo, to rat- 
 tle; referring to the seeds in the pods. 
 Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fumariacese], 
 Linn., &-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in 
 the open border, in March. 
 H. ere'ctum (erect). $. May. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 pefndulum (hanging-down). . June. South 
 
 France. 1640. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 HYPE'RICUM. St. John's Wort. (The 
 Yperikon of Dioscorides ; said to be from. 
 yper, on account of, and ereike, heath ; 
 from its growing in similar places. Nat. 
 ord., Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 18- 
 Polyadelphia Z-Polyandria.) 
 
 All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. The hardier ones flourish in common 
 and sandy loam, and the more tender in loam and" 
 peat. Annuals, sow in the open border, in March ; 
 herbaceous, sow, and divide the plants in spring ; 
 shrubs are easily divided, as they stole freely, and 
 also by seeds ; greenhouse and frame kinds, by 
 divisions, but chiefly by cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, under glass ; most of them, if protected 
 in winter, would grow against a wall. For exposed 
 places the following are the best shrubby ones : 
 Eta'twr, hirci'num, calyci'num, Kulmia'nutn, and 
 proli'ficum. 
 
HYP 
 
 [ 450 ] 
 
 HYP 
 
 HARDY BIENNIAL. 
 H. tfmplex (simple). 1. July. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C. 
 H. Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). 2. June. Egypt. 
 1787. 
 
 Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 1. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1817- 
 
 Balea'ricuui (Balearic). 1&. May. Majorca. 
 
 17/4. 
 
 Canarie'nse (Canary). 2. August. Canaries. 
 
 1699. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). 3. June. China. 1753. 
 
 Co'chin-Chine'nse (Cochin-Chinese). 3. Red. 
 
 July. China. 1821. 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart - leaved). 2. Nepaul. 
 
 1825. Half-hardy. 
 
 co'ris (coris-leaved). 1. June. Levant. 1640. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 empetrifo'lium (empetrum-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. Half-hardy. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June. Spain. 
 
 1821. Half-hardy. 
 
 fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 3. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1779. Deciduous. 
 
 folio'sum (s/nm#-leafy). 3. August. Azores. 
 
 17/8. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777- 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). 3. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1718. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Persia. 1812. 
 
 oblongifo'lium (.o'olong -leaved). 1. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 H. axilla'refa'Killa.ry-Jlowered'). 2. July. Georgia. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 calyci'num (/arge-calyxed). 1. July. Ireland. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 5. July. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 fasciculaf turn (fascicled). 1. July. Carolina. 
 
 1811. 
 frondo'sum (leafy). 5. July. N.Amer. 1806. 
 
 galioi'des (galium-like-Zenoed). 2. August. N. 
 
 Amer. Evergreen. 
 
 Ge'bleri (Gebler's). July. Altai. 182Q. 
 
 glau'cum (milky- green). lj. August. N.Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Mrci'num (goat-scented). 3. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 mi'nus (smaller). 2. August. South Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Katmia'numCK.&lm's). 2. June. N. Amer. 1759- 
 
 nummula'rium (moneywort-heaved). 1. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1823. Trailer. 
 
 Oly'mvicum (Olympian). 4. August. Levant. 
 
 1706. Evergreen. 
 
 pa'tulum (spreading). I. June. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 proWficum (prolific). 4. July. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 puncta'tum (dotted). l. June. N.Amer. 1823. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). . July. Le- 
 
 vant. 1688. Evergreen. 
 
 Ura'lum (Urala). 1. July. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 H. amee'num (pleasing). 4. July. Carolina. 1802. 
 
 angulo'sum (vMgled-tooth-Jlowercd). 2. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 a'scyron (St. Peter* s-wort). 2. June. Siberia. 
 
 1774. 
 
 ascyroi'des (ascyron-like), 2. June. N, Amer. 
 
 1312. 
 
 H. attenua'tum (thin-leaved'). l* July Dahuria, 
 1822. 
 
 bar ba' turn (bearded). 2. July. Scotland. 
 Cala'bricum (Calabrian). l. August. 
 
 Calabria. 1816. 
 
 Canade' n$e (Canadian). I.August. N.Amer. 
 
 1770. 
 
 cilla'tum (hair-fringed-./?OM>ered). 2. July. Le- 
 
 vant. 1739. 
 
 cri'spurn (curly-leaved'). 1. July. Greece. IfiSS. 
 
 denta'tum (toothed). 2. August. Mediterranean. 
 
 1820. 
 
 dolabrifo'rme (hatched-formed). 2. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). l. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 fimhria'tum (fringed). 2. July. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 Jiyssopifo'lium (hyssop-leaved). 1. July, South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 involu'tum (rolled-inward-^owererf). 1. July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japanese). l. July. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 macroca'rpum (large-podded). August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1828. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). l. July. Britain. 
 
 myrtifu'lium (myrtle-leaved). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 Nepaule'nse (Nepaul). l. September. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. 
 
 nudijlu'rum (naked-flowered). l. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 perfoliatum (stem-pierced-^eayed^. 1. July. 
 
 Italy. 1785. 
 
 ungiistifo'lium (narrow-leaved). l. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 perfora'tum (perforated), ij. July. Britain. 
 
 prucu'mbens (lying-down). ^. August. N. 
 
 Amer. J.822. 
 
 pusi'llum (small). . July. N.S.Wales. 1818. 
 
 Half hardy. 
 
 pyr ami ida 1 turn (pyramidal). 2. July. Canada. 
 
 1759. 
 
 quadra' ngulum (square-sfa/fted). 1^. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 quinquene 1 rvium (five-nerved). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1759. 
 
 tomento' sum (woolly). 1. August. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1648. 
 
 tripline'rve (three-nerved). 14. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1821. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). l. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Virgi'nicum (Virginian). l. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 HYPH^'NE. (From hyphaino, to en- 
 twine ; referring to the fibres of the fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Latania.) 
 
 This is the Doom Palm, and the Gingerbread- 
 tree of Egypt, the bark having the appearance of 
 that cake. Stove palm. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam. 
 H. coria'cea (leather-leaved), 20. Egypt. 1824. 
 
 HYPOCALY r MMA.(From hypo, under, and 
 kalymma, a veil; referring to the calyx 
 falling off like a veil or cape, on account 
 of the cohesion of the points, or apex. 
 Nat.ord., Myrtleblooms[M.yrt&ce8z'] .Linn, 
 12-Icosandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia* 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; loam and peat, with a little silver sandaud 
 pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
HYP 
 
 [ 451 ] 
 
 IBE 
 
 H. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White 
 May. 1843. 
 
 robu'stum (robust). 1. Rose. May. 1843. 
 
 sua've (sweet-scented). Purple. May. 1844 
 
 HYPOCALY'PTUS. (From hypo, under, 
 and kalypto, to veil ; referring to the two 
 bractelets under the flo%er. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabace8e].Linn.,16-afo- 
 nadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Loddi- 
 gesia. ) 
 
 A very old evergreen greenhouse plant, once 
 called a Crotolaria, and one of the best of that 
 section. Cuttings of young side-shoots in April, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Win- 
 ter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 //. oicoraVMs(reversed-egg-/eaed). l. Purple. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 HYPODE'RRIS. (From hypo, under, and 
 derris, a skin. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo- 
 diacese]. Jjiwn.,24;-Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 A stove Fern. See FEENS. 
 H. Bro'wnii (Brown's). 2. Brown. May. Trinidad. 
 
 HYPOE'STES. (From hypo, under, and 
 estcs, covering ; referring to the bractes 
 covering the calyx. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthacese]. Linn., %-Diandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Dicliptera.) 
 
 Stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 DECIDUOUS. 
 H. Co'chin-Chine'nsis (Cochin- China). White. 
 
 July. China. Climber. 
 *- purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May, China. 
 
 1822. Herbaceous. 
 
 EVERGREEN. 
 
 H.fasttto'sa (sumptuous). 2. Red. June. E. Ind. 
 1818. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 1&. White. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 se'rpens (creeping). $. July. Australia. 1820. 
 
 HYPOLE'PIS. (From hyp?., under, and 
 lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Poiypoas [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryptogamia l-Fi- 
 lices.) 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores. The first two require 
 the stove, and the others a warm greenhouse. 
 See FERNS. 
 H. aculea'ta (sharp-pointed). August. Jamaica. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). 5. Augusi. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 rugulo'sa (rather-rough). September. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1844. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1824. 
 
 HYPO'XIS. (From hypo, beneath, and 
 oxys, sharp; referring to the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Hypoxids [Hypoxidaceae]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Very pretty little bulbs, with the bulb solid, j 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, and with yellow I 
 flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. They 
 are little known either to botanists or gardeners. 
 Division of the plant in spring, and division ol the 
 roots; peat and loam. Temperature, according 
 
 as the species is hardy, or requiring the green- 
 house or stove. 
 
 HARDY. 
 H.ere'cta (upright). . June. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 serra'ta (sa.\v-leaved). l. June. 1788. 
 
 veratrifo'lia (veratrum-leaved). 2. June. 1778. 
 
 STOVE. 
 H.gra'cilis (slender). ^. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 Sello'wii (Sellow's). June. Buenos Ayres. 1827. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 H. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 4. June. Carolina. 
 1822. 
 
 e'legans (elegant), f. White, blue. May. 1752. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow. Natal. 1854. 
 
 obli'qua (odd-sided-Zeawed). . July. 1795. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt). . June. 1816. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). $. April. N.Holland. 1824. 
 
 ramo'sa (branchy-stemmed). June. 1828. 
 
 soboli'fera (shoot-bearing). . August. 1774. 
 
 stella? ta (star-lowered!), j. White, blue. May. 
 
 1752. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). |. June. 1774. 
 
 HYSSO'PUS. Hyssop. (Tssopus of Dios- 
 corides, but certainly not the same plant. 
 Nat. ord., Llpworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 
 I-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Hardy, blue - flowered evergreens. Sow in 
 March or April ; propagate by dividing the plant 
 at the same time, or in September ; also, by stout 
 cuttings at a similar period ; the varieties are pro- 
 pagated by cuttings, and, if rare, require a hand- 
 "ight over them ; dry, light soil. The plant is not 
 only aromatic, but the flowers are beautiful. 
 H. di'scolor (two-coloured). June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 officinal lis (common. Shop). 2. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1548. 
 
 angustfo'lius (narrow-leared). July. Cau- 
 casus. 
 
 vane'scens (hoarv). June. Switzerland. 
 1819. 
 
 flo're-ru'bro (red-flowered). 2. Bed. July. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated-feayed). !& July- 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 septemcrena' tus (seven -scolloped). June. 
 
 Egypt. 1829. 
 
 septemfi'dtis (seven-cleft). June. Egypt. 1827. 
 
 I. 
 
 IBE'RIS. Candy Tuft. (From Iberia, the 
 ancient name of "Spain, where the species 
 abounds. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi- 
 caceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied 
 to Thlaspi.) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise spe- 
 cified. Annuals and biennials, by seeds in March 
 and April ; most of the annuals, and especially 
 the umbella'ta group, are very hardy, and if sown 
 in autumn will generally stand the winter, and 
 bloom in April and May in consequence. The 
 shrubby evergreen group, by seeds, but chiefly by 
 cuttings after flowering, under a hand-light, in a 
 shady corner, in summer. I. sempervi'rens may 
 be taken as a type of this group, and whether in 
 a clump, by the side of borders, or hanging over 
 knolls and rock-works, its masses of white flowers 
 are really beautiful. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 I. cilia'ta (hair-fringed-teat?ed). J. June. Pro- 
 vence. 1802. Biennial. 
 
ICE 
 
 [ 452 ] 
 
 ICE 
 
 J. corona'ria (crown-cowering'). 1. July. 1836. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 1. June. France. 
 
 1823. Biennial. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. June. Crete. 1806. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). J. May. Caucasus. 1802. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). . Purple. June. 1/82. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). June. N. Amer. 1836. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN. 
 /. Gibralta'rica (Gibraltar). 1. Whitish-pink. 
 May. Gibraltar. 1732. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 J. confe'rta (crowded). . June. Spain. 1827. 
 
 contra'cta (contracted). . May. Spain. 1824. 
 
 corifo'lia (coris-leaved). &. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1739. 
 
 Garrexia'na (Garrex's). . May. Piedmont. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). . Pale violet. June. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). May. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 3- May. South Europe. 1739. 
 
 semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 1. May. 
 
 Sicily. 1679. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen), f. May.Candia.1731 . 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 2. Tenorea'na (Tenore's). %. Pale purple. June. 
 Naples. 1802. 
 
 ICE. Mr. Beaton finds that the cheapest 
 and most effectual mode of preserving 
 this is in what he terms an Iceberg, and 
 it is thus constructed : Choose a natural 
 hollow for the sight of the iceberg, where 
 the bank on one side is steep, and let the 
 outside of the cone, when it is finished, 
 be at six feet from the bottom of the bank. 
 Some such space is necessary between 
 the bank and the ice, to get rid of any 
 rain or snow water that may run down 
 the bank before it gets to the ice. At the 
 bottom of the bank, and half way up, 
 pots are to be let into the ground in pairs, 
 four feet apart, and braced together with 
 a strong piece of timber set across, as 
 builders do their scaffolding ; letplanksfor 
 wheeling on be made into a long trough, 
 inclining from the top of the bank, and 
 resting on those cross pieces; the bottom 
 of the trough being carried out to near 
 the intended centre of the cone, and far 
 above it ; and the ice should be broken 
 on a platform of boards at the top of the 
 bank, and poured down the inclined 
 trough. The broken ice should be spread 
 a little by some one as it falls from the 
 spout, care being taken that the cone is 
 "brought up regularly ; and when the ice 
 reaches the height of the bottom of the 
 spout, the planks are to be re-arranged, 
 so as to allow room for throwing off the 
 ice as fast as it comes down; and, finally, 
 when the cone is finished into a sharp 
 point, the whole must be left till theirs/ 
 
 frost after mild or thawing weather. The 
 outside of the iceberg lias then melted a 
 little; but on the first hard frosty night 
 the whole is frozen over again, and the 
 outside of the cone is then as if it were 
 one solid face of lagged ice; and now is 
 the time to thatch it entirely over with 
 good long straw, about the same thick- 
 ness as you would a wheat or barley 
 stack, and no more, provided you have 
 cheaper materials to give it a good thick 
 covering afterwards. At Shrubland Park 
 they use large quantities of leaves, and 
 nothing else, over the straw; these are 
 thrown on at intervals, so that the leaves 
 do not heat by putting too many on at 
 once. The depth of covering over the 
 straw is sometimes twice as much as in 
 other seasons, according to the quantity 
 of leaves on hand ; but two feet in thick- 
 ness does not preserve the ice better than 
 one foot. The ice is never uncovered by 
 high winds blowing off the leaves, though 
 nothing is put upon them to keep them 
 down. 
 
 Perfect exemption from wet or damp 
 is necessary for the bottom of an iceberg ; 
 and a few pieces of rough wood, put upon 
 such a place, and covered with brush- 
 wood about a foot, and that again covered 
 with six inches of straw, is sufficient. 
 The brushwood and straw are soon com- 
 pressed into a few inches by the weight 
 of the ice ; and as the ice melts, the 
 water passes through, without hinderance, 
 into cross, open drains at the bottom. 
 When ice is required, the thatch is 
 opened at the bottom, each time, the ice 
 cut out with a pickaxe, and the thatch 
 replaced. 
 
 If an Ice-house is built, Mr. Cobbett's 
 plan, as follows, is the Fi ?- * 
 best: Fig. 1 a is the ,*'rn f * 
 centre of a circle, the 
 diameter of which is ten 
 feet, and at this centre * a "* 
 you put up a post to \ *.,* 2 
 stand fifteen feet above , * ^ 
 the level of the ground, ' * * v 
 which post ought to be about ten inches 
 through at the bottom, and not much 
 smaller at the top. Great care must 
 be taken that this post be perfectly 
 perpendicular, for if not, the whole 
 building will be awry ; b b are fifteen 
 posts, nine feet high, and six inches 
 through at the bottom, without much 
 tapering towards the top. These posts 
 stand about two feet anart, reckoning 
 
 .*./" 
 
ICE 
 
 T 453 '! 
 
 ICH 
 
 from centre of post to centre of post, 
 which leaves between each two a space of 
 eighteen inches ; c c c are fifty-four 
 posts, five feet high, and five inches 
 through at the bottom, without much 
 tapering towards the top. These posts 
 etand about two feet apart from centre 
 of post to centre of post, which leaves 
 between each two a space of nineteen 
 inches. The space between these two 
 rows of post is about four feet in width, 
 and is to contain a wall of straw : e is a 
 passage through this wall ; d is the out- 
 side door of the passage ; / is the inside 
 door; and the inner circle, of which a is 
 the centre, is the place in which the ice 
 is to be deposited. The wall is to be 
 made of straw, wheat straw, or rye straw, 
 with no rubbish in it, and made very 
 smooth by the hand as it is put in. Lay 
 it in very closely and very smoothly, so 
 that if the wall were cut across, as at 
 
 g g in Fig.* 2 (which Fig. 2 represents 
 the whole building cut down through the 
 middle, omitting the centre post), the 
 ends of the straw would present a com- 
 pact wall. It requires something to 
 keep the straw from bulging out between 
 the posts ; little stakes as big as your 
 wrist will answer this purpose. Drive 
 them into the ground, and fasten at the 
 top to the plates, which are pieces of 
 wood that go all round both the circles, 
 and are nailed upon the tops of the posts. 
 Their main business is to receive and 
 sustain the lower ends of the rafters, as 
 at m m and n n in Fig. 2. From s to m 
 there need be only about half as many 
 as from m to n. The roof is forty-five 
 degrees pitch, as the carpenters call it 
 If it were even sharper it would be none 
 the worse. There will be about thirty 
 ends of rafters to lodge on the plate as 
 at m, and these cannot all be fastened to 
 the top of the centre post rising up from 
 a. The plate which goes along on the 
 tops of the row of posts, b b b, must be 
 put on in a somewhat sloping form 
 
 itherwise there would be a sort of hip 
 "ormed by the rafters. The best way to 
 put on such deep thatch is to have a 
 strong man to tie for the thatcher. The 
 
 thatch is to be of clean, sound, and well- 
 prepared wheat or rye straw, four feet 
 thick, as at h h in Fig. 2. The bed for 
 the ice is the circle of which a is the 
 centre. Begin by laying on the ground 
 round logs, eight inches through or there- 
 abouts, and placing them across the area, 
 leaving spaces between them of about a 
 foot. Then, cross ways on these, poles 
 about four inches through, placed at six 
 inches apart. Then, crossways on them, 
 rods as thick as your finger, placed at an 
 inch apart. Then, again, small, clean, 
 dry, last winter-cut twigs, to the thick- 
 ness of about two inches, or, instead of 
 these twigs, good, clean, strong rushes, 
 free from grass and moss, and from rub- 
 bish of all sorts. Upon this bed the ice 
 is put, broken, and beaten down together 
 in the usual manner. As we have seen, 
 there is a passage, e; two feet wide is 
 enough for this passage, so that you may 
 have two doors, and the inner door open. 
 This inner door may be of hurdle-work 
 and straw, and covered on one of the sides 
 with sheep-skins with the wool on, so as 
 to keep out the external air. The outer 
 door, which must lock, must be of wood, 
 made to shut very closely, and covered, 
 besides, with skins like the other. At 
 times of great danger from heat or from, 
 wet, the whole of the passage may be 
 filled with straw. The door, Fig. 3, 
 should face the north, or between north 
 and east. As to the size of the ice-house, 
 that must of course depend upon the 
 quantity of ice that you may choose to 
 have. A cubic foot of ice will, when 
 broken up, fill much more than a Win- 
 chester bushel. 
 
 ICE-PLANT. Mest'mbrya'nthemum crys- 
 talli'num. 
 
 ICHNOCA'RPUS. ( From ichnos, a vestige, 
 and karpos, a fruit ; in reference to the 
 slender seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Dogbanes 
 
ICI 
 
 [ 454] 
 
 ILL 
 
 [Apocynaceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandr'a 1 
 Monofjynia. Allied to Apocynum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots in April, in sand, and in heat. Summei 
 temp,, 60 15 to 80 ; winter, 50 ; peat and loam. 
 I.frut&scens (shrubby). JO. Purple. July 
 E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 I'CICA. (The native name in Guiana 
 Nat. ord.,Amyrids [Amyridaceae]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Mottoyynia. Allied to 
 Bursera. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen balsam, producing trees with 
 white flowers, and all but one natives of Guiana 
 Cuttings of ripened young shoots in stroni; heat, 
 in sand, and under a bell-glass; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., ou to 80; winter, 50 to 55. 
 /. alti'ssima (highest). 100. 1822. 
 
 deca'ndru (ten-stamened). 40. 1825. 
 
 enneu'ndra (ntne-stamened). 20. 1822. 
 
 Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 50. 1823. 
 
 heterophy'llu (various-leaved;. 50. 1826. 
 
 TacanzA'/'cu('facamahac). 30. Trinidad. 1810. 
 
 I'LEX. The Holly. (From the re 
 semblance of the leaves to the Ilex of 
 Virgil, Que'rcus i'hx. Nat. ord., Holbj- 
 worts [Aquifoliacese], linn., k-Tetrun- 
 dria 3 Tetrat/y nia.) 
 
 All white-flowered but one. By seed, which 
 should be kept in the rot-heap for a twelvemonth 
 after gathering, Irequently turned in the mean 
 time, to rot the pulp, and then sown in beds. 
 The varieties by grafting and budding the first 
 in March, and the second in July ; by cuttings of 
 the ripened summer shoots in autumn, on a north 
 border, and covered with hand -glasses; soil, sandy 
 loam, in any place free from stagnant water. See 
 HOLLY. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 I. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. Caro- 
 lina. 1806. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. July. China. 1814. 
 
 Magetla'nicu (Magellan). Magellan. 183s. 
 
 Halt-hardy. 
 
 Pera'do (Perado). 10. Pink. May. Madeira, 
 
 1/60. 
 ~ serra'ta, (saw-edged-teaued). Japan. 1840. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 I. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. July. W. 
 Ind. I8o6. 
 
 Paraguaye'nsis (Paraguay lea}. 15. Para- 
 guay. 1823. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 5. May. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1818. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 /. aquifo'lium (prickly-leaved. Common). 20. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 o'Mo mnrgina'tum (white -edged). 12. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 ''* pi'ctum (white-painted. Milkmaid). 
 
 20. April. Britain. 
 Altadare'nse (High-Clere). 20. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 ~~ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 au'reo margina'tum (gold - edged) l 
 
 May. Britain. 
 au'reo pi'ctum (gcU* 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 I. aquifo'lium eilia'tum (hair-fringed-fea&erf). 
 
 20. May. Britain. 
 eilia'tum mi'nus (small - hair - fringed- 
 
 leaved). 20. May. Britain. 
 crassifa'lium (thick-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 cii'spum (curled - leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 fe'rox (fierce. Hedgehog). 12. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 fe'rox arge'ntcum (silvery - fierce). 20. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 fe'rox au'reum (golden -fierce). May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fla'num (yellow). 15. May. Britain. 
 
 fru'ctu a'lbo (white-berried). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-berried). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 fru'ctu ni'gro (black-berried). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 latifo'lium (broad -leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 luurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 marg im'tum (thick - margined - leaved) , 
 
 20. May. Britain. 
 me'dio pi'ctum (middle-painted). 10. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 plutyphy'llum (broad- leaved). May. Eu- 
 rope. 1844. 
 recu'rvum (bent-back-/ewed). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 sene'scens (aged-s/nneZess). 20. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). 20. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 Balea'rica (Balearic). 10. May. Minorca. 1815. 
 
 Cancrie'nsis (Canary Island). 16. May. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1820. 
 
 cassi'ne (cassine). 12. August. 'Carolina. 1700. 
 
 Dahoo'n (Uahoon). 6. May. Carolina. 1726. 
 
 dipyre'na (two-seeded). 12. May. North 
 
 India. 1840. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. Japan. 3840. 
 
 laxtflo'ra (loose-flowered). 20. May. Carolina. 
 
 1811. 
 
 opa'ca (opaque). 30. May. Carolina. 1/44. 
 
 recu'rva (bent-back). 6. May. 
 
 vomit o'ria (emetic). 10. July. Florida. 1/00. 
 
 ILLE'CEBRUM. Knot Grass. (From 
 'llecebra, a charmer ; referring to the 
 pretty little annuals giving a charm to 
 >vaste places. Nat. ord., Knotworts [II- 
 iecebracese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo- 
 oyynla.) 
 
 All white-flowered, and all propagated by seed ; 
 
 common soil, though vert icillu' turn likes a little 
 
 moist peat. The greenhouse and stove perennials 
 
 merely require the extra heat, and may also be 
 
 ropagated by division in the spring. 
 
 . diffu'sum (spreading). 1. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1817. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 glomera'tum (clustered). . June. Brazil. 
 
 1820. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 gomphrenoi'des (gomphrena-liKe;. . June. 
 
 Peru. 1810. Stove annual. 
 
 verticilla'tum (whorled). . July. England. 
 
 Hardy trailing annual, 
 
 IMJ'CIUM. Aniseed-tree. (From illicio, 
 
ILL 
 
 [455 ] 
 
 IMP 
 
 to allure; referring to the perfume. Nat. 
 ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 
 13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia. Allied to 
 Drirnys.) 
 
 The fruit of anisa'tum has the flavour of anise, 
 being used as a spice in Chinese cookery ; and 
 the seed of religio'sum is burnt as incense in their 
 temples. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 of the young ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in summer ; by layers, from a stool in a 
 cold pit, where they generally remain two years 
 before being removed; sandy loam and peat; 
 require the protection of the cold pit or green- 
 house in winter, though Floridu'num has sto d 
 out in many places with but a slight protection in 
 severe weather. 
 
 J. anisa'tum (anise-scented). 6. Red. Slay. 
 Japan. 1790. 
 
 Floridu'num (red. Florida). 8. Red. May. 
 
 Florida. 1/66. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 6. Yellow. 
 May. Florida. 1790. 
 
 religio'sum(lio\y). 4. Yellow, green. March. 
 
 Japan. 1842. 
 
 ILLTJPIE-TREE. Ba'ssia. 
 IHANTOPHY'LLTJM. (From imas, a leather 
 thong, and phyllon, a leaf; alluding to 
 shape and substance of the foliage. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceffi]. Linn., 
 Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse bulb. For culture, see CLI'VIA. 
 We think Cli'via no' Mils should be here included 
 as Imantophy'llum Aito'ni. 
 
 I. minia'tum (brick-coloured). 1. Red. February. 
 Natal. 1854. 
 
 IMBRICA'RIA. (From imbrico, to cover 
 like tiles on a roof; referring to the 
 divisions of the calyx. Nat. ord., 8apo- 
 tads [Sapotacese]. Linn., Q-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Mimusops.) 
 
 Stove trees, which produce fruit similar to an 
 orange. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in strong, moist heat ; sandy loam and peat. 
 J. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). White. Isle of Bour- 
 bon. 1820. 
 
 IMBEICATED. Leaves, sepals, &c., are 
 said to be imbricated when one laps over 
 the next, and so in succession, like the 
 tiles of a house, as in the leaves of the 
 common Heath, or Ling, Eri'ca vulga'ris. 
 IMPA'TIENS. Balsam. (From impatiens ; 
 referring to the elasticity of the valves of 
 the seed-pod, which discharge the seeds 
 when ripe, or when touched. Nat. ord., 
 Balsams [Balsamacese], Linn., 5-P<?n- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy annuals and biennials, by seed in the 
 open border, in April. Scapiflo'ra, a bulb, re- 
 quires stove heat, and to be kept almost dry in 
 winter. Greenhouse annuals and biennials merely 
 require to be sown in a hotbed in March, and 
 planted out as half-hardy and tender annuals. 
 All these may be kept over the winter by taking 
 off cuttings in the beginning of autumn, which 
 would bloom in the house early in the spring 
 See BALSAMS. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 r . biflo'ra (two-flowered). Orange. June. N.Amer. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 China. 1827. 
 
 di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Nepaul. 1820. 
 fu'lva (yellow). 3. Dark yellow. June. N. 
 Amer. Aquatic. 
 
 macrochi'la (long lipped). 8. Pale purple. 
 
 August. India. 1839. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNLVLS. 
 . ca'ndida (white). 6. White. May. Himalayas. 
 183Q. Biennial. 
 
 cocci' nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1808. 
 
 eornu'ta (horned). 2. Red. August. Cey- 
 
 lon. 1826. 
 
 Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 2$. White. Ceylon. 
 
 1852. 
 
 fasciculu'ta (fascicle-cowered). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 Ceylon. 1851. 
 
 horte'nsis (common. Garden). 3. Red. Sep- 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 1596. 
 
 latifo'lia (bread-leaved). 1. Pale red- Au 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 longico'rnu (long-horned). May. E. Ind. 
 
 na'tans (floating). 2. Red. July. E. 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 macrophy'lla (long-leaved. Ceylon}. 2. Red 
 
 and orange. Ceylon. 
 
 Mastersia'na (Mr. Masters's). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Khooseea Hills. 1837- 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1837. Biennial. 
 
 platypc'tala (bro&A-petaled). l. Rose. June. 
 
 India. 1844. 
 
 eVmna (handsonje). l. Purple. July. 
 
 Bombay. 1850. 
 
 re 1 pens (creeping). lj. Yellow. June. Ceylon. 
 
 1848. 
 
 scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). |. Lilac. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1835. Bulb. 
 
 trico'rnis (three-horned). 6. Yellow-spotted. 
 
 June. India. 1839. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 J. bi'fida (two-cleft). . Red. August. Japan. 1820. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). *. Red. August. Cape 
 
 ' of Good Hope. 1318. 
 
 Chine'nsis (China). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 12. Purple. 
 
 August. India. 1839- 
 
 - Jerdo'nia: (Mrs. Jerdon's). |. Green, red, 
 
 and yellow. June. Neilgherries. 185. 
 
 Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). J. Red. 
 
 August. Madagascar. 1820. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). $. Red. August. E. Ind. 
 
 Mysore'nsis (Mysore). . Red. August. 
 
 Mysore, 1820. 
 
 - ro'sea (rose-coloured). 6. Rose. July. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1839. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale red, Au- 
 
 gust. Ceylon. 1818. 
 
 tripe'tala (three-petaled). 1. Bed. AugTUfc 
 
 Nepaul. 1625. 
 
 IMPATIENT. A plant is said to be im- 
 patient of heat or cold when it is speedily 
 injured by a slight excess of cither one 
 or the other. 
 
 IMPREGNATION. No seed ever attains 
 the power of germinating, unless the 
 
INA 
 
 [ 456 ] 
 
 IND 
 
 pollen from the stamens in the same, or 
 some nearly-allied flower, has reached 
 and impregnated its pistils. In favour- 
 able seasons, when genial warmth and 
 gentle winds prevail, impregnation is 
 readily effected by the plant's own provi- 
 sion. The pollen is never shed from the 
 anther of the stamen until the stigma of 
 the pistil is fully developed, and this 
 soon withers after the contact. 
 
 Insects aid in effecting this impregna- 
 tion, and in frames, hothouses, &c., from 
 whence they are almost totally excluded, 
 other artificial means might be adopted 
 "with success to render flowers fertile that 
 had hitherto failed in producing seed. 
 Thus the gardener always finds the ad- 
 vantage of using the camel-hair pencil to 
 apply pollen to the stigmas of his forced 
 melons, cherries, and peaches. See HY- 
 BRIDIZING. 
 
 INARCHING, or Grafting by approach, 
 differs from grafting only in having the 
 scion still attached to its parent stem 
 whilst the process of union with the stock 
 is proceeding. It is the most certain 
 mode of multiplying an individual that 
 roots or grafts with difficulty, but is at- 
 tended with the inconvenience that both 
 the stock and the parent of the scion 
 must be neighbours. 
 
 Having the stocks properly placed, 
 make the most convenient branches ap- 
 proach the stock, and mark in the body 
 of the branches the parts where they 
 will most easily join to the stock, and in 
 those parts of each branch, pare away 
 the bark and part of the wood two or 
 three inches in length, and in the same 
 manner pare the stock in the proper 
 place for the junction of the graft ; then 
 make a slit upward in the branch so 
 as to form a sort of tongue, and make a 
 slit downward in the stock to admit it ; 
 let the parts be then joined, slipping the 
 tongue of the graft into the slit of the 
 stock, making the whole join in an exact 
 manner, and tie them closely together 
 with bass, and afterwards cover the whole 
 with a due quantity of clay, or wax. 
 After this let a stout stake be fixed for 
 the support of each graft, and so fas- 
 tened as to prevent its being disjoined 
 from the stock by the wind. 
 
 The operation being performed in 
 spring, let the grafts remain in that posi- 
 tion about four months, when they will 
 "be united, and they may then be sepa- 
 rated from the mother-tree. In doing j 
 
 his be careful to perform it with a steady 
 land, so as not to loosen or break out 
 the graft, sloping it off downwards close 
 to the stock ; and the head of the stock 
 cu' J.own close to the graft, and all the 
 old clay and bandage cleared away and 
 replaced with new, to remain a few weeks 
 ionger. Observe, however, that if the 
 grafts are not firmly united with the 
 stock, let them remain another year till 
 autumn, before you separate the grafts 
 from the parent tree. Instead of ap- 
 proach-grafting in the usual manner, it 
 is sometimes convenient to detach shoots 
 of the kinds to be propagated from the 
 plants on which they grew, and inarch 
 them upon the single plant, leaving a 
 piece at the bottom of each shoot suffi- 
 ciently long to thrust into a phial, which 
 must be kept constantly supplied with 
 water. 
 
 INDIAN BAY. Lau'rus Tndica. 
 
 INDIAN BLUE. Nympha'a cya'nca. 
 
 INDIAN CRESS. (Tropce'>jlum.) See 
 NASTU'RTIUM. 
 
 INDIAN FIG. Opu'ntia. 
 
 INDIAN GRASS. Aru'ndo. 
 
 INDIAN HAWTHORN. Eaphio'lepis. 
 
 INDIAN HEMP. Apo'cynumcanjia'binum. 
 
 INDIAN LOTUS. Nympha'a lo'lus. 
 
 INDIAN MULBERRY. Mori'nda. 
 
 INDIAN PHYSIC. Magno'lia auricula' ta. 
 
 INDIAN PINK. Dia'nthits Chlnc'nsis. 
 
 INDIAN SHOT. Ca'nna I'ndica. 
 
 INDIGENOUS. Native, or naturally pro- 
 duced. Thus, the Crab-tree is indige- 
 nous to England. 
 
 INDIGO'FERA. (From indigs, a blue 
 dye, and fero, to bear. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Dto- 
 delphia &-Decandria.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, in hotbed, in spring, 
 potted and treated as tender and half-hardy an- 
 nuals ; shrubby plants, by cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm, iu summer, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and a litth: bottom-heat, especially the 
 tropical species ; sandy loam and peat, equal parts. 
 Red spider is their chief enemy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 I. echina'ta (hedgehog). Red. June. E. Ind. 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 Blood. June. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . B 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 sarmento'sa (twiggy), 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 $. Purple. 
 1786. 
 
 July. Cape 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 I.diphy'lla (two-leaved). $. Purple, 
 
 July. 
 July. 
 
 Africa. 1816. 
 
 enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 4. Purple. 
 
 E. Ind. 1776. Trailer. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 1. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Trailer. 
 
ING 
 
 [ 457 ] 
 
 INT 
 
 I. glanduio'sa (glanded). 1. Purple. July. E. 
 lud. 1820. 
 
 lateri'H-i .(brick-coloured). 1. Purple. Guinea. 
 
 i sOt). Trailer. 
 
 Leschenau'ltii (Leschenault's). I. Purple. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 linifo'liu (flax-leaved). 1. Bed. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1/92. Trailer. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved), . Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1. Red. May. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 I. bifio'ra (two-flowered). Purple. May. E. Ind. 
 1826. 
 
 cesru'leu (sky-blue). Blue. June. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 elli'ptica (o\a.l-leaved). Red. July. Bengal. 
 
 1820. 
 
 f, -a' grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1816. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). . Dark purple. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1823. 
 
 leptostn'chya (slender-spiked). 3. Purple. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 nnicrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Red. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1824. 
 
 pulche'lla (handsome). Red. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 tincto'ria (East Indian. Dyer's). 3. Pink. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 vwlu'cea (violet-coloured). 5, Pale rose. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). l. Purple. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 I. alopecuroi'des (alopecurus-like). Rose. April. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 umce'na (pleasing). ). Purple. March. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 arge'nteu (silver-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1776. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Nepaul. 1816. 
 
 anstra'lis (southern). 4. Pink. April. N. 
 
 S.Wales. 1790. 
 
 ca'ndicans (white-leaved). l. Red. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 coria'cea (leathery-/eyed). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape ot Good Hope. 17/4. 
 
 cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). Rose. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 deco'ra (graceful). Pink. July. China. 1840. 
 
 dinarica'ta (straggling). 3. Red. July. 
 
 filifu'lia (thread-kaved). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 filifo'rmis (thread-like). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1822. 
 ^frute'scens (shruhhy). 3, Purple. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. Pink. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 lotoi'des (lotus-like). 3. Red. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rose. May. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 nu'da (naked), l. Purple. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 n'gida (stiff). 2. Red. July. E.Ind. 18)6. 
 -*jwtosa^(spiny). i. Purple. June. Arabia. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). 8 . Rosy, lilac. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1825. 
 
 I'NGA. (The name in South America. 
 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Moncecia. Allied 
 to Acacia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 getting firm, in spring and summer, in sandy 
 peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 
 45 to 55. Pulche'rrima has large clusters of 
 long crimson stamens. To succeed well with it, 
 and in a small plant, give it a fair heat in eura- 
 mer, and plenty of moisture ; but keep it cool 
 and rather dry for several months in winter. 
 /. affi'nis (kindred). 20. Pink. Brazil. 1800. 
 
 ano'mala. (anomalous). 10. Red. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1729. 
 
 Bourgo'ni (Bourgon's). 20. Pink.Guiana.1752. 
 
 como'sa (tufted). 30. Pink. Jamaica. 1818, 
 
 Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). White. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 cycloca'rpa (circle - podded). 60. White. 
 
 Caraccas. 1826. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet). 20. Pink. E.Ind. 1800. 
 
 fce'tida (foetid). 20. Pink. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 fastuo'sa (splendid). Red. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 FenVllei (Fenillee's). 8. White. Lima. 1824. 
 
 Harri'sii (Harris's). Crimson. February. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Housto'ni (Houston's). 10. Purple. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1729. 
 
 Hymenoi'dez (Hymenia-like). 20. Pink. 
 
 Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 Jirtnga (Jiringa). White. Malacca. 1828. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Purple. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1768. 
 
 lauri'na (laurel - leaved). 20. White. S. 
 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 margina'ta (margined). 20. Pink. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 melli'fera (honeyed). White. Arabia. 1826. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 20. Pink. Cu- 
 
 mana. 1817. 
 
 pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple. Soldier Wood). 6. Pur- 
 
 pie. April. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 Sa'man (Saman). 60. Jamaica. 1826. 
 
 seti'fera (bristle-bearing). 20. Pink. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). White. March. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1825. 
 
 stipula'ris (stipuled). Cayenne. 1831. 
 
 terge'mina (three-paired). 20. Pink. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). 30. Para. 1820. 
 
 INOCA'RPUS. Otaheite Chestnut. (From 
 is, a fibre, and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Daphnads [Thymelacese]. Linn., W-Dc- 
 candria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Her- 
 nandia.) 
 
 The kernels are roasted and eaten in the islands 
 as we use chestnuts. Stove evergreen tree. Cut- 
 tings of the ripened shoots in sand, and in heat ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 I. edu'lis (eatable). 20. White. July. South 
 Sea Islands. 1/93. 
 
 INOCULATION. Same as Budding. 
 
 INOCULATING GRASS. See TURF. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE. A species is often 
 named intermediate, because possessing 
 the different characteristics of two others. 
 
 A hothouse is intermediate when kept 
 
INU 
 
 [458 ] 
 
 IPO 
 
 at a temperature higher than that usua 
 in a greenhouse, and lower than that 
 usual in a stove. 
 
 I'NULA. (A word of doubtful origin 
 said to he a corruption of helenium. Nat 
 ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19 
 Si/ngenesia 1-JEqualis.) 
 
 'I'nula hele'nium or Elecampane, furnishes the 
 Yin d'Aulnee of the French. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennials, with yellow flowers. The annuals no 
 being worth cultivating, are omitted. Seeds, or 
 divisions of the roots ; common garden-soil. They 
 are interesting, though rather rough-looking. 
 J. ca!yci'na(iarge-ca.\yx.ed'). l. July. Sicily. 1827 
 
 ensifo'lia ^sword-leaved). J. August. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1/93. 
 Germa'nica ( German). 4. July. Germany. 1759 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). June. Caucasus. 1831. 
 
 glandulo'su (glanded). 2. August. Georgia 
 
 1804. 
 
 grandifiu'ra (large-flowered). 2. July. Cau 
 
 casus. 1810. 
 
 Mrta (hairy). 1. July- Austria. 1759. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. July. Podolia. 1813. 
 
 Maria'na (Maryland). 1. July. N. Atner. 1742. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 2. July. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). l. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1/59. 
 
 o'culus Chri'sti (Ghrist's-eye). l. July. 
 
 Austria. 1^59. 
 
 odo'ra (fragrant).' l. July. South Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 quadridenta'ta (four -toothed -powered). 1. 
 
 August. Spain. 1820. 
 
 so*a'ft7is(rock). g. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1$. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1758. 
 
 trUo'ba (three-lobed). July. Sinai. 1837. 
 
 Vailla'ntii (Variant's). 2. September. 
 
 France. 1739. 
 
 verbasdfo'lia (mullein-leaved). 1J. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy), l. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 
 lo 'CHROMA. (From ion, violet, and 
 chroma, colour ; referring to the purple 
 colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Night- 
 shades [Solanaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Afonogynia. Allied to Habrothamnus.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 getting a little firm, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass 
 in summer ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 I. calyd'na (/ar#e-calyxed). Green. Guiana. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Saragina. 
 
 tubulo'su (tubular). Purple. August. Yangana. 
 
 - loufDiuM. (From ion, violet, and 
 eidos, resembling. Nat. ord., ^ioletworts 
 [Violaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to our Violets.) 
 
 The South American species possess much of the 
 qualities of, and are substituted for, Ipecacuanha. 
 Herbaceous plants, flowering in June, by division 
 and seed ; under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. All the fol- 
 lowing require greenhouse culture, except stri'c- 
 tum, which is a stove plant. 
 
 I. Cape'nse (Cape). U White. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 I. pnlygalcBfo'lium (polygala-leaved). I. Green 
 yellow. S. Amer. 1797. 
 
 Sprengelia'num (Sprengel's). 1. Whhr. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 1818. 
 
 stri'ctum (upright). . White. W. Inrt. 
 
 1824. 
 
 IONO'PSIS. (From ion, violet, and opsis, 
 like. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orckidacesej. 
 Linn., 20- Gynandria L-JWonandria. Allied 
 to Burlingtonia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see BT;E.LINGTO'NIA. 
 I. pulche'lla (handsome). Violet. July. Meri. a 
 
 utricularioi'des (utricularia-like). . White, 
 
 purple. October. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 IPECACUANHA. Cephae'lis ipecacuanha . 
 
 IPOIOS'A. (From ips, bindweed, and 
 homoios, similar. Nat. ord., Bindicei* 
 [Convolvulacea}]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed ; perennials, by 
 seed and cuttings of the short side-shoots, in 
 sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a good 
 bottom-heat; bulbous and tuberous, by division, 
 and by cuttings of the young shoots, as they 
 com ence growing; the bulbs and tuberous 
 ones, especially the hardier ones, are used for hcr- 
 bn-eous grafting, merely making a cleft, and slip- 
 shoot into the place, claying over, 
 
 ring the young s 
 ind plunging in 
 
 and plunging in a hotbed ; stout, short stems, 
 with roots of Sello'ivii, are frequently used for 
 grafting the more tender sorts; peat and loam. 
 T mp. for stove kinds, 60 to 85 in summer ; 50 
 to 60 in winter. The crimson Horsfa'Uice requires 
 a good heat. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 /. calesti'na (sky-W?<e). Blue. August. 1840. 
 
 Twiner. 
 filicau'lis (thread-stalked). Yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/78. 
 
 murica'ta (point-covered). 8. Blue, purple. 
 
 August. E. Ind. 1777. 
 
 tridenta'ta (three - toothed). 10. Yellow. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 HARDY TWINERS. 
 I. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. White, July. N. 
 Amer. 1776. 
 
 laeuno'sa (pitted). 10. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1640. Deciduous. 
 
 pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). 12. White, pur- 
 
 ple. June. N. Amer. 1732. Deciduous. 
 
 sagittifo'lia (arrow-head-leaved). 3. Rose. 
 
 July. Carolina. 1819. Deciduous. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. Flesh. July. Siberia. 
 
 1779. Deciduous. 
 
 sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 6. White. July. 
 
 Florida. 1813. Evergreen. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TWINERS. 
 I. arma'ta (armed). 6. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 1824. Biennial. 
 
 cra'ssipes (thick-flower-stalked). 3. Purple. 
 
 August. S. Africa. 1842. 
 
 macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 10. White. Au- 
 
 gust, Georgia. 1815. Tuber. 
 
 ru'bra (red). Red, purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1815. 
 
 pe'ndula (hanging-down). 10. Pink. July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1805. Evergreen. 
 
 quina'ta (five-leafle.ted). Violet. July. Mexico 
 
 Sello'wii (Sellow's). 10. 1831. Deciduous. 
 
IPO 
 
 459 ] 
 
 IEI 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINEES. 
 /. Aito'ni (Alton's). 10. Pale purple. June. 
 
 batatoi'des (batatas-like). 6. Purple, crimson. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 campanula' ta (beU.~Jlowered) . 8. Purple, 
 
 white. August. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Caroli'na (Carolina). 10. Purple. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1732. 
 
 ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 3. Purple. November. 
 Buenos Ayres. 1840. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 4. Red. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1823. 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Pink. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 ochra'cea (yellowish). Yellow. August. 
 
 Guinea. 1826. 
 
 pes-ti' gridis (tiger's-foot). 6. Red. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1732. 
 
 pilo'sa (long-haired). 4. Pink. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1815. 
 
 ru'bro-cceru'leii (reddish-blue). 8. Blue, red. 
 
 September. Mexico. ] 823, 
 
 Schiedia'na (Schiede's). Blue. October. 
 
 seto'sa (bristly). 9- Purple. August. Brazil. 
 
 solanifo'lia (nightshade-leaved). 8. Pink. 
 
 July. America. 17^9. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-flowered). 8. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. S.Amer. 1792. 
 
 STOVE EVEEGBEEN TWINEES. 
 /. acumina'ta (sharp - pointed). 6. Purple. 
 July. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 albive'nia (white-veined). Yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. Algoa Bay. 1824. 
 
 Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Buenos Ayres. 1826. 
 
 Cai'rica (Cairo). 8. Red. July. Egypt. 1680. 
 
 chrysoi'des (golden). 4. Yellow. July. China. 
 
 1817. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 10. Purple. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1816. 
 
 grandiflo'ra, (large-flowered). 8. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 1802. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). White, red. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Horsfa'lliee (Mrs. Horsfall's). 20. Rose-co- 
 
 loured. October. E. Ind. 1833. 
 jala'pa (jalap). 10. Red. August. America. 
 1/33. Tuber. 
 
 Lea'rii (Mr. Lear's). 30. Dark red. September. 
 
 Ceylon. 1839. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 10. Blue. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 pes-ca'prcE (goat's-foot). Purple. June. India. 
 
 1//6. Creeper. 
 
 poly a'nthes (auricula-flowered). 20. Yellow. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 pudibu'nda (blushing), b". Rose-coloured. 
 
 August. St. Vincent. 1822. 
 
 pulche'llu (pretty). 20. Purple. December. 
 
 Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 pu'rga (purgative). Crimson. August. Mexico. 
 
 repa'nda (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. July. 
 
 o. Amer. 1793. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). 4. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. Creeper. 
 
 tepia'ria (hedge). 8. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1817* 
 
 stipula'cea (stipuled). 6. Purple. September. 
 
 E.Ind. 1805. Creeper. 
 
 I. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 10. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1731. Tuber. 
 uniflo'ra (one -flowered). August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1731. 
 
 Turpe'thum (Turpeth). 5. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1752. 
 
 Tweedie'i (Mr. Tweedie's). 6. Reddish-purple. 
 
 July. Parana. 1838. 
 
 tyria'nthina (purple). Purple. October. Mexico. 
 
 umbella'tafambelled). Scarlet. June. S.Amer. 
 
 1739. 
 
 vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 10. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 IPUHO'PSIS. (From ipo t to strike for- 
 cibly, and opsis, sight. Nat. ord., Phlox* 
 worts [Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Navarretia.) 
 
 A beautiful hardy plant, once known as Gi'lia 
 pulche'lla. Must be treated as a biennial; it is 
 most impatient of wet, and yet it must not be al- 
 lowed to get dry ; sow in beginning of August, and 
 if sown thinly round the edges of a pot, it will be 
 better than having to transplant the seedlings, as 
 they are touchy things to shift as well as to water. 
 For a six-inch pot, three or four plants may be 
 left; but it is best not to thin too much until 
 spring, for fear of winter deaths. The greatest 
 care is necessary during winter to keep the plants 
 in an airy situation in a cool greenhouse, as the 
 least extra moisture, either near the neck of the 
 plant, or from drip, will send it off. Soil, fibry 
 loam and turfy peat, with pieces of charcoal and 
 broken potsherds, so as to make the soil open, 
 covering it with finer material on the top, to pre- 
 vent drying too rapidly. If thus attended to, the 
 plants will bloom at Midsummer, or earlier ; but, 
 generally, all the better if not till within ten 
 months of the seed being sown. 
 I. e'legans (elegant). Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 I'PSEA. (Not explained. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 
 1-Monandria. Allied to Paxtonia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Rough peat and a little fibry 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 55. 
 J. specio'sa (showy). May. Ceylon. 1840. 
 
 IEESI'NE. ( From eiros, wool; referring 
 to the woolly aspect of the branches. 
 Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaxanthacese]. 
 Linn., 22-Z>io?cia 8-Pentandria. Allied to 
 Gomphrena.) 
 
 Half-hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered peren- 
 nials. Division in spring, and by saving and sow- 
 ing the seeds in a gentle hotbed ; nandy loam, 
 leaf-mould, and a little peat. If saved over, must 
 be protected in a cold pit or frame during the 
 winter. 
 
 I. celosioi'des (celosia-like). l. July. S.Amer. 
 1733. 
 
 diffti'sa (straggling). l. July. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 3. July. Antilles. 1820. Annual. 
 
 elonga'ta(}ong-leaved). 2. July. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 flave'scens (pale yellow). I.July. S.Amer. 1824. 
 I'EIS. (From iris, the eye ; referring to 
 
 the variety and beauty of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-2H- 
 andria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A beautiful hardy family of summer-flowering 
 plants, though most of the bulbous species will,. 
 
IRI 
 
 [ 460 ] 
 
 IEI 
 
 by forcing, flower early in spring. Herbaceous 
 species, by suckers from the root, and division of 
 their fleshy rhizomes. Bulbous ones, by offsets ; 
 and all by seeds. Rich, loamy soil suits the her- 
 baceous ; but the others should have a good pro- 
 portion of sand, leaf-mould, and peat. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 I. clandesti'na (secret). May. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 coelesti'na (sky-blue). l. Blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1824. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). . Pale blue. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1830. 
 
 defle'xa (bent-down). lj. Lilac. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1833. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 /. ala'ta (winged), . Blue. June. Algiers. 1801. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. Blue. April. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1796. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian). . Blue, yellow. May. 
 
 Persia. 1629. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), ij. Light blue. 
 
 May. Dauria. 1796. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). . Green, blue. March. 
 
 Levant. 1597- 
 
 xi'phium (xiphium). 1. Blue, yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1596. 
 
 xiphiol'des (xiphium-like). 1$. Blue, yellow. 
 
 June. Spain. 1571. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 J. acu'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 amce'na (delicate). 1. Blue. May. 1821. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). $. Yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1802. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 2.Yel!ow. June. Germany.1826. 
 
 bi' color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, purple. May. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). l. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 
 biglu'mis (two-grlumed). . Blue. April. Si- 
 
 beria. 1811. 
 
 Blondo'vii (Blondow's). Blue. April. Altai. 
 
 1832. 
 
 Bohe'mica (Bohemian). 1. Blue. May. Bo- 
 
 hemia. 1825. 
 
 Boltonia'na (Bolton's). 2. Blue. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 brachycu'spis (short -pointed). l. Purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). . Yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1821. 
 
 Chinefnsis (Chinese). 1, Pale blue. China. 1792. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). . Pale blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/56. 
 
 cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Orange. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 curtope'tala (short- petaled). 1 J. Yellow, blue. 
 
 May. 1823. 
 
 deserto'rum (desert). l. Blue. July. Russia. 
 
 1811. 
 
 dichtftoma (forked). 1. Light blue. August. 
 
 Dauria. 1784. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 ensa'ta (sword-shaped-?eae<f). l. Blue, pur- 
 
 ple. June. Austria. 1787- 
 
 flave'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1818. 
 flavi'ssim a (yellowest). |. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1814. 
 
 flexuo'sa. (zigzag), 2. White. May. Germany. 
 1810. 
 
 Florenti'na (Florentine). 2. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. isg6. 
 mi'nor (less). 14. Grey. May. Gardens. 
 
 fcetidi'ssima (most-foetid. Stinking Gladwyri). 
 
 l. Livid. June. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-feared). 1$. Livid. 
 
 Juno. Britain. 
 
 I.fra'grans (sweet-scented). Blue, white, purple, 
 June. India. 183g. 
 
 furca'ta (forked). 4. Blue. March. Tauria. 1822. 
 
 Germa'nica (German). 3. Blue. May. Germany. 
 
 1573. 
 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 May. Gardens. 
 
 grami'nea (gr&ss-leaved). f. Striped. June. 
 
 Austria. 1597. 
 
 Guldensta'dtii (Guldenstadt's). 2. Yellow. 
 
 April. Siberia. 1757. 
 
 halo'phila (salt-loving). 3. Blue. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1780. 
 
 Hooke'ri( Hooker's). l. Purple. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 Hu'mei (Sir A. Hume's). 2. Blue. April. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1822. 
 
 Jiii'milis (low). 1. Blue. April. Caucasus. 1812. 
 
 Hunga'rica (Hungarian). 1. Violet. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1815. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 14. Red. May. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 imbrica'ta (itubiiczted-bracted). 2. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 Icemga'ta (smooth). Blue. May. Siberia. 1836. 
 
 li'vida (livid). 14. Livid. April. Levant. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 longifo'lin (long-leaved). . Greenish. Apiil. 
 
 Naples. 1829. 
 
 longispa'tha (long-spathed). 3. Purple. July 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
 lu'rida (dingy). 2. Brown. April. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1758. 
 
 lute'scens (clayey). . Yellow. April. Germany. 
 
 1748. 
 
 Mowm'e'ri(Monnier's). . Yellow. May. Greece. 
 
 1820. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected). 2. Pale blue. May. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1^. Blue. April. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1823. 
 
 Nertchi 1 nskia, (Nertchinsk). . Blue. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1831. 
 
 no'tha (bastard). l. Blue. May. Italy. 1820. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. May. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. Light yellow. 
 
 July. Levant. 1757. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. June. J821. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light blue. May. 
 
 China. 1790. 
 
 Paa'su(Pallas's). 2. Blue. May. Tartary. 1820. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 3. Pale blue. May. Turkey. 1596. 
 
 plicu'ta (plaited). 2. White, blue. June. 1S2I. 
 
 prisma'tica (prismatic). 1. Purple. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 pseu'do-a'corus (bastard acorus). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 pa'llida fla'va (pale yellow). 3. Pale yel- 
 low. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Purple. May. Austria. 
 
 1596. 
 
 a'lba (white-lowered). . White. May. 
 
 _ a iib a cceru'lea (white and blue). . White, 
 
 blue. May. 
 ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). . Blue. May. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). $. Blue. March. Iberia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Ruthenica (Russian). 1. Blue. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1804. 
 
 sambuci'na (elder-scented). 3. Light blue. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1658. 
 
 scario'sa (membranous). 1. Blue. May. 
 
 Russia. 1826. 
 
 seto'sa (bristle-pointed). ]. Blue, purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1844. 
 
IRE 
 
 L 461 ] 
 
 ISM 
 
 I.Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. Light blue. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1596. 
 flo're-u'lbo (white-flowering). 2$. White. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1596. 
 flo'rc-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Purple. 
 
 May. Gardens. 
 
 so'rdida (dirty). l. White. May. 181Q. 
 
 spatliula'tu (spathulate-yZoM>em?). ! Pale 
 
 blue. June. Germany. 1759. 
 
 spu'ria (spurious). If. Pale blue. May. 
 
 Siberia. 175Q. 
 
 squa'lens (daubed). 2. Striped. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1/68. 
 
 steno'gyne (narrow-stigmaed). lj. Yellow. 
 
 June. 18J9. 
 
 stylo'sa (Jre-styled).Blue. May. Corfu. 1844. 
 
 sub-biflo'ra (sub-two-flowered). l. Violet. 
 
 July. Portugal. 1596. 
 
 Susia'na (Susian). 2. Striped. April. Le- 
 
 vant. 1596. 
 
 Swe'rtii (Swert's). l. White. May. 181Q. 
 
 Tange'rica (Tangier). Yellow. June. Tan- 
 
 giers. 1820. 
 
 Tuu'rica (Taurian). Yellow. June. Tauria. 
 
 1827. 
 
 te'nnx (tough). Purple. July. California. 1826. 
 
 ti-identa'ta (three-toothed), ij. Blue. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 1821. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 2. Striped. May. 
 
 Hungary. i597. 
 
 ventrico'su (swollen). 1. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Dauriu. 1800. 
 
 ne'rna (spring) . l. Purple. April. Virginia. 
 
 1748. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). 1. Variegated. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 viola' cea (violet-coloured). . Violet. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 - vire'scens (greenish). 1. Yellow. May. 1820. 
 -- Virgi'nica( Virginian). 1. Blue. June. JN. 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 IRISH HEATH. Memie'sia polifo'lia. 
 
 IKON-TREE. Sidvrode'ndrtm* 
 
 IKONWORT. Sideri'tis. 
 
 IRON WOOD. Sidero'xylon and Metro - 
 side'ros. 
 
 IRRIGATION. Experience shows that 
 there is in the kitchen-garden scarcely a 
 crop that is not benefited by a much more 
 abundant supply of water than can be 
 obtained usually ; and we can bear testi- 
 mony to the correctness of Mr. Knight's 
 conclusion, not limiting, however, our 
 approval of such abundant watering to 
 late crops of peas, bat to all, as well as 
 beans, spinach, and the entire eabbrfge 
 tribe. Kidney beans and potatoes are 
 not benefited by such an abundance of 
 water. " The quantity of water," says 
 Mr. Knight, " which may be given with 
 advantage to plants of almost every kind, 
 during warm and bright weather, is, I 
 believe, very much greater than any gar- 
 dener who lias not seen the result will 
 be inclined to suppose possible ; and it 
 is greater than I myself could have be- 
 
 lieved upon any other evidence than that 
 of actual experience. My garden, in 
 common with many others, is supplied 
 with water by springs, which rise in a 
 more elevated situation ; and this cir- 
 i cumstance afforded me the means of 
 j making a small pond, from which I can 
 j cause the water to flow out over every part 
 j throughout the summer ; and I cause a 
 I stream to flow down the rows of celery, 
 ! and along the rows of brocoli and other 
 plants, which are planted out in summer, 
 with very great advantage. But the most 
 extensive and beneficial use which I make 
 of the power to irrigate my garden by 
 the means above-mentioned, is in supply- 
 ing my late crops of peas abundantly 
 with water, by which the ill effects of 
 mildew are almost wholly prevented, and 
 my table is most abundantly supplied 
 with very excellent peas through the 
 month of October." 
 
 ISA'NTHUS. (From isos, equal, and 
 anthos, a flower; referring to the regula- 
 rity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lipworls 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Dldynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty 
 j linrder, or in a, little heat, in March, and trans- 
 I planted. 
 
 j 1. ctKru'lws (blue). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 1818. 
 
 ISE'RTIA. (Named after P. E. Isert, 
 1 a German surgeon. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 j [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 6-Hexaudria 1- 
 i Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in ?andy soil, 
 in a hotbed, in spring or summer ; peat and loam, 
 | \vith a little charcoal and silver sand. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55. 
 /. cocci'neu (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. July. Guinea. 
 1820. 
 
 ISME'LIA. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- 
 acese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- Superflua. ) 
 
 This should be united to Chrysanthemum. 
 Half-hardy evergreeen shrub. Seeds in spring, 
 in a gentle hotbed; cuttings of firm young side- 
 shoots in summer ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 35 to 40. 
 
 /. Madere'nsis (Madeira). 2. Straw. May. 
 Madeira. 1834. 
 
 ISME'NE. Peruvian Daffodil. (After 
 Ismene, the daughter of CEdipus and 
 Jocasta. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- 
 lidaceae]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Choretis.) 
 
 "Absolute rest in winter is essential to this 
 
 genus." They should be planted out in a border 
 
 in April, and taken up when the frost cuts the 
 
 I leaves; deep, sandy soil suits them best. Offsets. 
 
ISO 
 
 [462] 
 
 1TE 
 
 J. Ama'nciKS (Amancees). 2. Yellow. June. 
 Peru. 1804. 
 
 calathi'num (cup-flowered). 2j. White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1800. 
 
 defiefxa (turned-down). Yellow. June. 
 
 Kni'ghtii (Knight's). 2. White. March, 
 
 Florida. 1836. 
 
 Maclea'na (M'Lean's). 2. White. June. 
 
 Lima. 1837. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 2. White. June. Brazil. 
 
 1800. 
 
 proli'fera (proliferous). Yellow. June. Peru. 
 1836. 
 
 vire'scens (greenish). l. Greenish-white. 
 
 July. Cusco. 1840. 
 
 Isocm'iiUS. (From isos, equal, and 
 cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria i-Monan 
 dria. Allied to Coalogyne.) 
 
 Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section 
 of Ccelogyne. 
 
 I. carnosaflo'rus (fleshy-flowered). l. Purple 
 November.- Honduras. 1841. 
 
 fusifo'rmis (spindle-rooted). . Yellow. July 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). . Green : 
 
 yellow. May. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Peru. 1840. 
 
 ISOLD 'MA. (From isos, equal, and 
 loma, an edge; referring to tbe edges oi 
 the fronds. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo- 
 diacese] . Linn., Z-Cryptogamia l-Filiccs.} 
 
 Stove Ferns. See FERNS. 
 I. divefrgens (wide-spread). Brown, yellow. July. 
 Malacca. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly). Brown. July. E. Ind. 
 
 ISO'MEEIS. (From isos, equal, and 
 mem, a part; referring to the petals, with 
 the stamens and pistils, which are of 
 equal length. Nat. ord., Capparids [Cap- 
 paridacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Cleome.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings of the ripe 
 young shoots, in autumn; sandy loam and a little 
 leaf-mould. The flowers are anything but sweet. 
 JT, arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. Yellow. May. Ca- 
 lifornia. 1839. 
 
 ISONA'NDRA. Gutta Percha-tree. (From 
 isos, equal, and ander, the male organ, or 
 stamen ; referring to an equal number of 
 fertile and barren stamens. Nat. ord., 
 Sapotads [Sapotacea}]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bumelia.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, supposed to be propagated 
 by cuttings, requiring stove treatment, and light 
 oil, consisting of sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 /. gu'tta (guttajjerc/m). Borneo. 1847. 
 
 ISOPLE'XIS. (From isos, equal, and 
 pleco, to plait ; the upper plait or segment 
 of the flower being of equal length with 
 the lip. Nat. ord., Fiyicorts [Scrophula- 
 riacess]. Linn., ll-Didynam-ut Z-Angio- 
 spermia. Allied to the Foxglove.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cut* 
 
 tings of half-ripened short shoots in spring, ha 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and rough 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., -40 to 45. 
 I. Canarie>nsis (Canary). 4. Yellow. June. 
 Canaries. 1698. 
 
 sce'ptrum (sceptre). 2. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 
 ISOPO'GON. (From isos, equal, and 
 pogon, a beard; referring to the beard- 
 like fringes on all parts of the inflores- 
 cence. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. 
 Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Protea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of ripe youne; shoots, with most 
 ' of the leaves left, inserted firmly in silver sand, 
 over sandy loam and peat, and covered with a 
 bell-glass or hand-light, and kept in the shade ; 
 when the cuttings are callusing at the bottom, 
 they may be pushed on by giving them a little 
 mild bottom-heat, but not before; fibry loam 
 three parts, fihry peat one part, charcoal, broken 
 freestone, and broken crocks one part; good 
 drainage ; watering must be given with great at- 
 tention, as much dryness or much moisture are 
 alike ruinous. Summer temp., 50 to 75; winter, 
 35 to 45. In summer, if the plants are out of 
 doors, the sun should not strike freely on the 
 sides of the pot. 
 
 /. anemonifo 1 lius (anemone-leaved). 5. Yellow. 
 July. 1791- 
 
 Bn'xteri ; (Baxter's). 2. Rose. April. 1831. 
 
 co'rniger (horned). 
 
 divarica'tus (spreading). 3. Pale. May. 1824. 
 
 forma'sus (handsome). 4. Rose. April. 1805. 
 
 longifo'Uus (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. April. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Loudo'ni (London's). 4. Purple. June. 1830. 
 
 ro'seits (rose-coloured). Rose. 1840. 
 
 sca'ber (rough-/eaued). 3. Lilac. April. 1842. 
 
 spatula 1 ris (spatulate-Jeayerf). Purple. 
 linea'ris (narrow). 2. Purple. September. 
 
 1830. 
 
 sphceroce'phalus (round-headed). 4. Yellow. 
 
 March. 
 
 ISO'TOMA. We have not separated this 
 genus from Lobelia. 
 
 ISO'TROPIS. (From isos, equal, and 
 tropos, turned; referring, probably, to 
 the distinctly-forked veins in the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., IQ-D.ecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Oxylobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots, when getting a little firm, in sand, 
 over sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass, in 
 June ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam, pieces 
 of charcoal, and broken crocks; drainage and 
 watering must be particularly attended to. Win- 
 ier temp., 40 to 48; summer, a shady place, or 
 i cold pit, where the plant partly, and the pot 
 wholly, are sheltered from the sun's rays. 
 I. striu'ta (streaked-flowered). 1. Orange. June. 
 Swan River. 1838. 
 
 I'TEA. (The Greek name for the 
 Willow, applied to this genus on account 
 of its rapid growth in damp soil. Nat. 
 ovd.,,Escalloniads [Escalloniaceae], Linn., 
 
IVY 
 
 [ 4C3 ] 
 
 IXO 
 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Es- 
 callonia.) 
 
 A hardy deciduous shrub. Seed and suckers 
 in spring; layers in summer; moist, sandy 
 peat. 
 
 I. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 6. White. July. N. 
 Amer. 1774. 
 
 IVY. He'dera. 
 
 I'XIA. (From ixia, bird-lime; in re- 
 ference to the clammy juice. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridacesej. Linn., 3-Triandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. The true Ixias are known from Spara'xis 
 by not haying, like it, a jagged sheath ; from 
 Babia'na, in having a dry seed-pod instead of a 
 berry ; and from Trito'nia, by having the stamens 
 inserted at the bottom of the petals instead of 
 in the tube of the flower. They will all grow in 
 rough peat ; the strong ones require very little 
 sand, and the smaller ones want one-third sand 
 in the compost. They succeed well in a warm 
 border, if sheltered from hard frosts, and not al- 
 lowed to get dry when they are in growth. By 
 seeds sown in a little heat, in spring ; also by off- 
 sets ; sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould. 
 When done flowering, they may be kept in or out 
 of the pots, after the leaves get withered, without 
 any water, until fresh growth commences. They 
 will generally require to be potted in October, 
 and should then be placed in a cold pit, and pro- 
 tected from frost, and cojd, heavy rains, and 
 taken to the greenhouse or window, after roots 
 are plentifully formed. Many will do very well if 
 planted in sandy soil and leaf-mould, about four 
 inches deep, in a dry, raised border, and protected 
 there from severe frost and heavy rains by litter, 
 and any material that will throw off the water. 
 J. am ce'na (delicate). 1. Red. April. 1822. 
 
 arista'ta (awned). 1. Pink. April. 1800. 
 
 au'lica (courtly). 2. Pink. April. 1774. 
 
 capilla'ris (capillary). 1$. Violet. April. 1774. 
 
 capita'ta (headed). 2. W'hite, blue. May. 1780. 
 
 columella'ris (pillar). $. Variegated. August. 
 
 1790. 
 
 co'nicu (conical). 1. Orange. April. 1757. 
 
 crateroi'des (crater-like). . Dark yellow. 
 
 May. 1778. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-leaved'). 1. Blue. April. 1787. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). |. Red. April. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). l. White. June. 1757. 
 
 incama'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. 
 
 May. 1757. 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 1757. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag-stalked). 2. Pink. April. 1757. 
 
 furca'ta (forked). . Pink. April. 1800. 
 
 hy'brida (spurious). 1. White. June. 1757. 
 
 incama'ta (flesh-coloured). |. Flesh. May 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered).li. White. April.' 
 
 1779. 
 
 hnea'ris (narrow- leaved). $. White. May. 1796. 
 
 macula't a (spotted). 1. White, brown. April. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (cream-coloured). 1. Purple, 
 
 yellow. May. 1780. 
 
 monade'lpha (monadelphous). . Blue. May. 
 
 1/92. 
 cu'rta (short). J. Orange. April. 1792. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-ahaped). i. Red. April. 17&0. 
 
 #a'to (spreadingvfowerai). i. Purple. April. 
 
 retu'sa (abrupt). 1, Light yellow. April. 1793. 
 
 J.scilla'ris (squill-flowered). !. Variegated, 
 January. 1787. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), l. Green. May. 
 
 IXO'DIA. (From ixodes, viscid ; in re- 
 ference to the viscid secretions on the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], 
 Linn., 19-Syngenesia L-JEqualis. Allied 
 to Ammobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots, getting hard at their base, in May, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a close 
 frame or pit ; sandy peat, and a little fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 50. 
 
 I. achilleoi'des (milfoil-like). 2. White. June. 
 N.Holland. 1803. 
 
 IXIOLI'IIION. (From ixia, and leirion, 
 a lily ; literally, Ixia-like Lily. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Bra- 
 voa.) 
 
 Extremely rare, pretty, hardy bulbs, Dr. Her- 
 bert being the only person who recently possessed 
 them in this country. His own plant of I. mon- 
 ta'num was the first specimen he saw in flower, 
 and that in May, 1846, as he told us. It had a 
 spiked inflorescence, while that of I. Tata'ricum 
 is terminal; both have sky-blue flowers. Mon- 
 ta'num has been taken by some to be the "lily of 
 the field." Seeds, and offsets of the bulbs, which 
 are not at all particular as to soil. 
 J. monta'num (mountain). 1. Blue. June. Syria. 
 1844. 
 
 Tata'ricum (Tartar). 1. Blue. Tartary. 
 
 IXO'KA. (Named after an Eastern 
 heathen god, Iswara,to which the flowers 
 are offered. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-flfono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and fibry peat, with pieces of 
 charcoal, and broken bricks or pots. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 50 to 60. Most stove 
 plants delight in bottom-heat, where it can be 
 given to them when growing and preparing for 
 blooming, but none more so than this genus, as 
 it is next to impossible to get it in its most 
 splendid condition without such aids. Of all 
 means of bottom-heat, this, like the Cape Jas- 
 mines and others, delights in that produced from 
 sweet, fermenting dung and leaves ; and if so 
 given, the insects that attack it the scale, the 
 red-spider, and sometimes the mealy bug will 
 be kept away. If this method is not resorted to, 
 the plants will require frequent sponging with 
 soap-water. 
 
 I. arbo'rea (tree-like). 3. Scarlet. August. E. 
 Ind. 1800. 
 
 Bandhu'ka (Bandhooka). 3. Scarlet. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 barba'ta (bearded;. 12. White. July* E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 bla'nd* (gentle). 4. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1768. 
 
 cocci'nea supe'rba (scarlet-superb). 4. Scar- 
 
 let, August. Java. 1846. 
 
JAB 
 
 [464] 
 
 JAM 
 
 J. croca'ta (saffron-coloured). S. Orange. Au- 
 gust. China. 1822. 
 
 cunsifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 3. White. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 fla'ua (yellow). 3. Scarlet. July. E.Ind. 182J. 
 fu'lgene (shining). 5. Orange. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1814- 
 
 Griffifthii (Griffith's). 4. Bed, yellow. July. 
 
 Singapore. 1845, 
 
 incaraa'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Moluccas. 1822. 
 
 Java'nica (Javanese). 3. Orange. June. 
 
 Java. 1846. 
 
 lanceola'ria (spear-head-feaed). 6. Greenish- 
 
 white. Aprfl. E.Ind. 1847- 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. Oream, rose. 
 
 May. Madagascar. 1844. 
 
 olova'ta (reversed-egg-/eaof). Crimson. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1810. 
 parvrfto'ra (small-flowered). White. August. 
 
 . Ind. 1800. 
 -ro'*ea(rosy). 4. Rose. July. Bengal. 1819. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow leaved). Orange. Bor- 
 
 neo. 1847. 
 
 iC'ssilis (stalk [ess-flotcered). 4. White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 stri'ct a (upright). 3. Scarlet. July. Mo- 
 
 luccas. 1690. 
 
 undula'ta (wavy-leaved). White. June. E, 
 
 Inci. 1818. 
 
 J. 
 
 JABORO'SA. (From Jalorose, the Ara- 
 oic for the Mandrake, an allied plant. 
 Nat.ord.,JVJ<//is/MJrdes[Solanace8e]. Linn., 
 b-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant 
 in sprmg; seeds in spring; and cuttings of the 
 young shoots under a hand-light ; light, sandy 
 loam. 
 
 J. integrtfo'lia (entire-leaved), f . White. Au- 
 gust. Buenos Ayres. Hardy. 
 
 runcina'ta (runcinate). . Green, yellow. 
 
 Plata. 1831. Greenhouse. 
 
 JACAKA'NDA. (The Brazilian name. 
 Nat. ord., Bignoniads Bignoniacese]. 
 Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, over 
 sandy peat, and placed in bottom-heat, well 
 shaded, or covered with a bell-glass ; sandy peat, 
 fibry loam, with charcoal, to keep the soil open. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 45 to 50. In 
 summer give plenty of water, but keep them cool 
 and dryish in winter. 
 
 J. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 10. Blue. July. Ba- 
 hamas. 1824. 
 
 Brazilia'na (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1820. 
 
 filicifo'lia (fern-leaved). 25. Blue. W. Ind. 
 1800. 
 
 mimostfo'lia (mimosa-leaved). 10. Blue. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 15. Blue. 1825. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Purple. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 JACA, or JACK-TREE. Artoca'rpus in- 
 tregrifo'lia. 
 
 JACK-IN-A-BOX. Herna'ndia. 
 
 JACKSO'NIA. (Named after G. Jackson, 
 librarian to A. B.Lambert, Esq. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacea]. Linn., 
 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Burtonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with one excep- 
 tion, all from Australia, and all, but that one, 
 yellow-flowered. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in April ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 45. Seopa'ria might be 
 tried against a wall. 
 /. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). 
 
 flQributnda (many-flowered). 
 
 ftircellafta (fork-branclied) . 1 814. 
 ! grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. 1898. 
 | ho'rridn (horrid). 3. AprM. 1826. 
 i ligustnfo'lia (privet-leaved). White, May. 
 
 Nepaul. 183Q. 
 
 ; reticnla'ta (netted). 2. June. 1820. 
 ! seopa'ria (broom-like). 2. July. 1808. 
 
 spino'sa (spinous). 2. July. 1808. 
 
 Sternbergla'na (Sternberg's). April. 1837- 
 
 thesioVdes (thesium-like). April. 1820. 
 
 JACOBJE'A LILY. Hippea'gtrum Jomio- 
 si'ssimutn. 
 
 JACOB'S LADDEK. Polemo'nium caru'- 
 leum. 
 
 JACQUEMO'KTIA. (Named after Victor 
 Jacquemont, a natural historian. Nat. 
 ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceajj. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Ipomaea.) 
 
 Blue-flowered evergreen twiners; cane'scens 
 requiring a moderately warm greenhouse, and trio- 
 la'cea a Rtove. Cuttings of small side-shoots in 
 April or May, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, 
 and placed in a sweet bottom-heat; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 J. cane'scens (hoary). August. Mexico, 1845. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). August. E. Ind. 1808. 
 JACQUI'NIA. (Named after the cele- 
 brated botanist, Jacquin. Nat. ord., Ar- 
 disiads [MyrsinaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to Theo- 
 phrasta.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed ; cutting* 
 of ripened shoots in summer, and in a moist 
 bottom-heat, in sand, covered with a bell-glass ; 
 sandy peat, with a very little fibry loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 5S b to 65. They 
 require a highish temperature at all times. 
 J. nrbo'rea (tree-like). 10. White. July. W. 
 Ind. 1829. 
 
 armilla'ria (bracelet). 6. White. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1768. 
 
 auranti'oea (orange). 4. Orange. June. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. 1796. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow -leaved). 1. Red. June. 
 
 W.Ind. 1823. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large -fruited). 6. Orange. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved), 3. White. S. 
 
 Amer. 1729. 
 
 JALAP. Exogo'nium pu'rga. 
 JAMAICA EBONY. Bry'a e'benus. 
 JAMAICA MILEWOOD. Bro'simutn /?'- 
 rium. 
 
JAM 
 
 [465 ] 
 
 JAS 
 
 JAMAICA PEPPER. Pime'nta vulga'ris. 
 
 JAMAICA REDWOOD. Gordo'nia h<cma- 
 to'xylon. 
 
 JAMAICA ROSE. Meria'nia. 
 
 JAMBO'SA. (From schamber, the native 
 name. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myr- 
 tacese]. Linn., I2-Icosandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Eugenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from the East Indies, except 
 austra'lis, which is a greenhouse evergreen. Cut- 
 tings of th,e shoots getting firm, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., for stove shrubs, 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 
 .55. 
 
 J. ucuminu'ta (pointed-leaved). Green. May. 
 1816. 
 
 amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 10. White. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 a'quea (watery). 20. White. 1820. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1800. 
 
 laurifo'li'i (hay-leaved). White. May. 1824. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large -fruited). 20. White. 
 
 May. 1822. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. 1820. 
 
 Malacce'nsis (Malay Apple-tree). 25. Scarlet. 
 
 July. 1/68. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. 17wS. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leaved). White. May. 1822. 
 
 veno'sa (veined). White. May. Madagascar. 
 
 1824. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 25. Green, yellow. 
 
 April. 1768. 
 
 JAMESO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Jame- 
 son, professor of botany at Quito. Nut 
 ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceflo]. Linii. 3 
 24- Cryptoyamia l-Filices. ) 
 
 A greenhouse Fern. Sec J?SRNg. 
 /. imbricu'ta (imbricated). Urovni. May. 
 
 JAPAN CEHAK. Cryptome'ria. 
 
 JAPAN EARTH. Aca'cia cate'chu bark. 
 
 JAPAN VARNISH-TREE. Ehu's verni- 
 ci'feru. 
 
 JAPANESE YEW. Cephnlota'xus. 
 
 JANI'PHA. (Its Brazilian name is 
 Janipdba. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu- 
 phorbiaeese]. Linn., 2l~Monoecia 1- 
 Monadclpliia. ) 
 
 Should be united to Manihot. Stove evergreen 
 shrubs, with brown flowers. Seeds in a sweet 
 hotbed; cuttings of young shoots getting firm, 
 in a strong bottom-heat, in sandy peat, and 
 covered with a bell-glass ; peat and loam, sand, 
 with a little charcoal. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 /. asculifo'lia (horse-chestnut-leaved). 3. Spain. 
 1826. 
 
 angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1829. 
 fa'tida (foetid). 3. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Ltefli'ngii (Lading's). 3. July. Carthagena. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Ma'nihot (Cassava). S.July. S. Amer. 1739- 
 
 JASJ'ONE. Sheep's Scabious. (An 
 ancient name used by Theophrastus. 
 Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanuiaceej. 
 Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except monta'na, 
 and all with blue flowers. Seeds, divisions, and 
 cuttings under a hand-light, in spring. They re- 
 quire a sheltered place in winter, and like sandy 
 soil, with a little peat or leaf-mould. 
 J.folio'sa (leafy). 1. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). $. July. France. 1824. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. June. Britain. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). 1. July. France. 1787. 
 
 JASMI'NUM. Jasmine. (From Ysmyn, 
 the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Jasmin- 
 worts [Jasminacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise 
 stated. The stove and greenhouse species, by 
 cuttings in sand, in a little peat; the hardy 
 species, by suckers, layers, and cuttings under a 
 hand-light. A bud of the variegated plants of 
 officina'lis wiil frequently communicate the pro- 
 perty to the whole of the plant ; peat and loam, 
 for the house species ; good, common soil for the 
 hardy; revolu'tum and proli'ferum require a 
 little protection in winter. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &C. 
 J. affi'ne (related). June. Himalayas. 1843. 
 
 Shrub. 
 fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. Shrub. 
 
 hctcrophy'llum (variable-leaved). 14. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1020. Shrub. 
 
 hu'mile (low). 3. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. lOsfi. Deciduous. 
 
 njfictiui'Lc (c.ummon. Shop). 15. July. E. 
 
 3:;d. 1548. 
 fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 15. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). 15. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 flo'ribus ple'nis (double-flowered). 15. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &C. 
 J.pubi'gerum (down-bearing). 10. Yellow. 
 June. Nepaul. 1827. Evergreen. 
 
 Ree'vesii (Reeves's). Yellow. September. 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 J. acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 10. June. 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Azo'ricum (Azorian). 5. July. Madeira. 1/24. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). 8. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. Shrub. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). 3. August. Capo 
 
 of Good Hope. 177* 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 3. Norfolk Island. 1791- 
 
 grundiflo'rum (large-flowered). 15. July. 
 
 India. 1629. 
 
 lanceolu'rium (spear - bead - leaved). Sylhet. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ligustrifu'lium (privet-leaved). May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1839. Shrub. 
 
 nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 December. China. 1844. Deciduous. 
 
 odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 3. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1656. 
 
 suliuia'tuin (awl - shaped - leaned). Yellow. 
 
 September. China. 1842. Shrub. 
 
 turtuu'tium (twisted) 6. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 J. angiMtifo'livm (narrow.leaved). 10. E. Ind. 
 1816. 
 
 StB 
 
JAT 
 
 [ 460 j 
 
 JUG 
 
 J. arbore'scens (tree-like). 12. E. Ind. 1824 
 Shrub. 
 
 Ir actea' turn (targ'e-bracted). 30. April. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 4. 1812. 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 cauda'tum (J<wi--tailed). 10. May. Sylhet. 
 
 1838. Deciduous. 
 
 dianthifo' Hum (dianthus-leaved). May. De- 
 
 ciduous. 
 
 flefxile (flexible). 10. April. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. June. E. Ind. 1759- 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 20. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1819- Twiner. 
 
 laurifo'lium (bay-leaved). 4. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1319. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many-flowered). May. Shrub. 
 
 panicula 'turn (panicled). 6. January. China. 
 
 1818. 
 
 reeolu'tum (rolled-back-^owCT'ed). 12. Yel- 
 
 low. June. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 Sa'mbac (Zambaek). 6. E. Ind. 1665. Twiner. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowering), 6. E. 
 
 Ind. 1700. 
 
 trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 6. E. Ind. 
 
 1730. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. August, E, Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). 3. June. 
 
 South Seas. 1800. 
 
 syringifo'lium (lilac-leaved). April. E. Ind. 
 
 1838. 
 
 trine'rve (three-nerved). 20. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 undula'tum (wavy). 5. January. China. 1819. 
 
 JA'TROPHA. (From iatros, physician, 
 and trophe, food ; referring to its medi- 
 cinal qualities. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts 
 [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 21-M oncecia 
 IQ-Jbfonadelphia.) 
 
 Cassava bread and tapioca are made from the 
 loots, although the juice is an acrid poison. Stove 
 evergreen shrubs, except herba'cea. Sometimes 
 by seed, in sandy peat, in a hotbed ; cuttings of 
 Toung firm shoots in sandy soil, in a brisk bottom- 
 lieat ; let the bottom of the cutting be dried be- 
 fore inserting ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 H. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4- Scarlet. Cuba. 1824, 
 
 intege'rrima (most-entire. Spicy -leaved}. 3. 
 
 Scarlet. June. Cuba. 1809. 
 
 multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. Green. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1696. 
 
 panduroefo'lia (fiddle-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Cuba. 1800. 
 
 pnda'grioa (gouty-stalked). ]J. Orange, red. 
 
 Santa Martha. 1847. 
 
 JEFFERSO'NIA. (Named in honour of 
 T. Jefferson, president of the United 
 States of North America. Nat. ord., 
 JBerberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Diphyl- 
 leja.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and division 
 of the plant, in spring ; common, sandy garden- 
 soil . 
 
 J. diphy'lla (two-leaved). 4. White. May. N. 
 Amer. 1792. 
 
 JEESEY THISTLE. Centau'rea isna'rdi. 
 
 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (ffelia'nthus 
 tubero'sits), flourishes most in a rich. 
 
 light soil, with an open exposure. Plant 
 middle-sized tubers, or cuttings of the 
 large ones, one or two eyes being pre- 
 served in each. Plant towards the end of 
 March, though it may be performed in. 
 February, or even preferably in October. 
 
 Insert by the dibble in rows three feet 
 apart each way, and four inches deep. 
 The only attention necessary is an occa- 
 sional hoeing to loosen the surface, a 
 little of the earth being drawn up about 
 the stems. Early in August cut the stems 
 off about their middle, to admit more 
 freely the air and light, and in other re- 
 spects to be beneficial to the tubers. 
 
 They may be taken up as wanted dur- 
 ing September, and in October, or as 
 soon as the stems have withered entirely, 
 for preservation in sand for winter's use. 
 They should be raised as completely as 
 possible ; for the smallest piece of tuber 
 will vegetate and appear in spring. It 
 is for this reason that they are often al- 
 lotted some remote corner of the garden ; 
 buttheir culinary merits certainly demand 
 a more favourable treatment. 
 
 JERUSALEM SAGE. Plilo'mis frutico'sa* 
 
 JERUSALEM THORN. Parkinso'nia acu- 
 lea'ta. 
 
 JET D'EAU. See FOUNTAIN. 
 
 JEW'S APPLE. Sola'num melonge'na. 
 
 JOB'S TEARS. Co'ix. 
 
 JOLLI'ITA AFRICA'NA. See TELFAI'BIA 
 PEDA'TA. 
 
 JONE'SIA. (Named after Sir W.Jones* 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 7-Heptandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Amherstia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, in a brisk heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 J. Aso'ca (Asoca). 20. Orange. E. Ind. 1796, 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Orange. E. Ind. 1820t 
 
 JONQUILL. Narci'ssusjonqui'lla, 
 
 JOSSI'NIA. See MY'RTUS. 
 
 JOVE'S FRUIT. Lau'rus diospy'ros. 
 
 JUANULLO'A. (Named after two Spa- 
 niards, Don G. Juan and Don Ulloa, 
 Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacess], Al- 
 lied to Lycium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with orange flowers. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat j 
 rough peat ; and a moist, high temperature, in a 
 stove. Parasi'tica is considered a parasitical 
 plant in its native country. 
 /. auranti'aca (orange). June. S. Amer. 1840. 
 
 parasi'tica (parasitic). 3. May. Peru. 1840. 
 
 JUDAS-TREE. Ce'rcis. 
 Ju' CUBANS. Walnut. (From Jovis, the 
 heathen god, and <jlans t a nut. Nat. ord.. 
 
JUJ 
 
 L i 
 
 JUS 
 
 Juglands [Juglandacese]. Linn., 21-If< 
 ncecia Q-Enneandria.} 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, all blossoming in Apri 
 Nuts sown when gathered, or preserved until th 
 following spring, in order to keep them from ver 
 inin ; also grafting and budding the more rar 
 species and varieties. In budding, the small, a 
 most inconspicuous buds at the base of the year' 
 shoot are to be chosen ; deep, loamy soil. In sue 
 soils the nut should be inserted where the tree i 
 to grow; in all poor soils it is better to be trans 
 planted, so as to cut the tap-root, and cause th 
 roots to feed more among the good surface-soil. 
 J. cine'rea (prey. Butter Nat}. 30. N. Amer. 1656 
 
 fraxinifft'lia (ash-leaved). 40. N. Amer. 
 
 ni'gra (black)- 30. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 pteroca'rpa (winged-fruited). 40. N. Amer 
 
 re' gia (common. Royal). 50. Persia. 1562. 
 
 Incinla'ta (cut- leaned). 50. Persia. 
 
 ma'xima (largest-fruited). 50. Persia. 
 
 pe'ndulu (weeping). 
 
 sero'tinn (lute-vegetating). 50. Persia 
 
 te'nera (thin-shelled). 50. Persia. 
 
 JUJUBE. Zi'zyphusju'juba. 
 
 JULUS. Snake millipede. J. terrestri 
 has about 200 legs. Lead colour. Scaly 
 like the woodlouse. Is said to eat the 
 roots of the pansy. 
 
 J. pulchellus. Ochreous colour, with 
 crimson spots down its sides. Legs, aboui 
 170. Is said to attack roots of beans 
 cabbages, peas, and scarlet beans. 
 
 J. complanatus. Lilac colour. Sixty 
 legs, Is said to eat potato-tubers. Pul- 
 chellus is also found in the fruit of the 
 strawberry; but in every instance we 
 doubt whether the plant in which the 
 millipede is found has not first been 
 injured by slugs, or some other cause, 
 so that decay has commenced. 
 
 JULY-FLOWER. Pmso'pis juliflo'ra. 
 
 JUNI'PEBUS. Juniper. (From the 
 Celtic juniperus, rough. Nat. ord., Coni- 
 fers [Pinacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13 
 Monadelphia. ) 
 
 Seeds, which will retain their vitality for years, 
 and when sown, seldom vegetate under a twelve- 
 month, and sometimes nearer two years ; cuttings 
 in the end of summer, in a shady border, in sandy, 
 firm soil, and covered with band-glasses ; sandy 
 loam. The berries of the common juniper are 
 used for flavouring gin. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 J. Barbade'nsis (Barbadoes Cedar}. 20. Florida. 
 1811. 
 
 Bermudiu'na (Bermuda Cedar). 20. May. 
 
 Bermudas. 1683. 
 - Cape'nsis (Cape). May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 fla'ccida, (weak). May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Mexicans (Mexican). May. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 tetmgo'na (four-angled). May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 J. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. May. China. 1804. 
 
 commu'nis (common). 5. May. Britain. 
 Canade'nris (Canadian). 20. May. Ca- 
 nada. 1820. 
 
 nu'na (dwarf). 2. May. Siberia. 
 
 J. commu'nis oblo'nga (obloug./rttiYed). June. 
 
 oblo'nga pe'ndula (oblong-weeping). 5. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 Sue'cica (Swedish). 12. May. North Europe. 
 
 Craco'ma (Cracow). 4. May. Poland. 1820. 
 
 Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. July. Dauria. 1791. 
 
 drupa'cea (drupe-fruited). 4. May. Syria. 1820. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 20. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). May. China. 1814. 
 
 hemisphee'rica (half- globe - headed). May. 
 
 Mount Etna. 1844. 
 
 Herma'nni (Hermann's). May. 
 
 Ly'cia (Lycian). 10. May. South Europe. 1759. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). May. Greece. 
 
 Neoborace'nsis (Naumburg). May. 
 
 oblu'nera (oblong). May. America. 1829. 
 
 oxyce'drus (sharp-cedar). 15. May. Spain. 1739. 
 
 Phasni'cea (Phoenician). 20. May. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 16S3. 
 
 recu'rna (bent-back). 4. May. Nepaul. 1817. 
 
 religio'sa (religious). May. 
 
 sabi'na (common savin). 4. May. South Europe. 
 
 1548. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine), ij. May. Britain. 
 
 cuprcssifo'lia (cypress-leaved). 4. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1548. 
 fu'liis vanega'tis (variegated-leaved). 4. 
 
 May. Europe. 
 
 prostra'tit (prostrate), f. May. N.Amer. 
 
 tamariacifo'lia (tamarisk - leaved). 4. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1562. 
 
 variega'ta( variegated). 5. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Smi'thii (Smith's). May. Nepaul. 
 
 squama' ta (scaly). 4. May. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 thuri'fera (incense-bearing). 10. May. Spain. 
 
 1572. 
 
 uvi'fera (grape bearing). Cape Horn. 
 
 Virginia' na (Virginian. Red Cedar). 30. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1664. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). May. Carolina. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 12. May. N'. Amer. 1800. 
 
 JUPITER'S BEARD. Antliy'llis ba'rba- 
 To'vis. 
 
 JUPITER'S EYE and JUPITER'S BEARD. 
 Sempervi'vum tecto'rum. 
 
 JURI'NEA. (Derivation not explained. 
 "Tat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 D-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Ser- 
 atula.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple 
 owers. Seeds and division of the plant in spring ; 
 ommon soil. 
 
 . specta'bilis (showy). June. Europe. 1837. 
 subacau'lis (short-stemmed). June. Caucasus. 
 1837. 
 
 JUSSIEU'A. (Named after the celebrated 
 otanical family of Jussieu. Nat. ord., 
 Jnatjrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 10-Dc- 
 andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lud- 
 igia.) 
 
 All stove aqua'ics except grandiflo'ra, which 
 elongs to the g eena ;use. and frutt'scens, which 
 a shrub, and all yellow-flowered. Cuttings, di- 
 sions, and seeds; loamy toil, in basins of water. 
 frute'scens (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1J. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Carolina. 1812. 
 octo'fida (eight-cleft). Yellow. July, 
 
JUS 
 
 [468] 
 
 J. oefowa'Jm(eight.valved). Yellow. July. S. i 
 Am.er. 
 
 pilo'sa (downy). Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1829- 
 
 reveres (creeping). 1. Yellow. August. VV. 
 
 Ind. 1817. 
 
 tea/bra (rough). 4. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. 
 
 su/rutico'sa (half-shrubby). 1&. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. India. 1808. 
 
 Swartzia'na(S\v&rto's). Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1826. 
 
 mllo'sa (shaggy). Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 JOSTI'CIA. (Named after J. Justice, a 
 celebrated Scotch horticulturist. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-Dian- 
 drial-Monogynia. Allied to Eranthemum. ) 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, and 
 to be treated as tender and half-hardy annuals ; 
 many of them, and all the shrubs and herbaceous 
 species, are easily propagated by cuttings, old 
 snoots, and young side-shoots, striking very soon 
 in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, most of the 
 leaves beiriK allowed to remain. As they are fast 
 growers, where room is at all valuable, young ones 
 should be grown, and the old ones thrown away 
 every year ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 85 ; winter, 48 to 55. The following are a few 
 of the best: Cocci'nea, ca'rnea, cnma'ta, for- 
 mo'sa, lu'cida, salvieeflo'ra, and specio'sa. 
 
 STOVE ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL. 
 J. eiliafris (hair-fringed). 1. White, July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1780. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUB. 
 J. pa'tula (spreading). White. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 J. coma'ta (tufted). 2. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1795 
 
 eeAun'd<?s(echium-like). 1. Red. April. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Red. May. E.Ind 
 
 1812. 
 
 gutta'ta (targe-spotted). l. Yellow. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 nemoro'sa (grove). 2. Purple. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1795. 
 
 pectora'lis (pectoral-iafoam). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1787- 
 reflexiflo' ra (bent-back-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 /. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 ama'bilis (lovely). Red. S. Amer. 
 
 bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple: July. 
 
 Caraccas. 1323. 
 
 caly'tricha (beautiful-haired). 2. Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Caracasu'na (Caraccas). 5. Violet. May. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1822. Trailer. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. August. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1827. 
 
 Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 Carthagena. 1/92. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. February. S. 
 Amer. 1770. 
 
 euspida'ta (spine-pointed). 1$. July. Arabia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ecbo'Hwn (expelling). 3. Blue. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1759. 
 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Purple. May. 1818. 
 funtt'ta (forked). 5. Violet. April. Peru. 1795. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 genievla'tu (jointed). 2, Purple. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 18-20. 
 
 /. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawed), 3. Red. April. 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 lythospermifo'liu (grom well-leaved). 3. Purple* 
 
 April. Peru. 1/96. Trailer. 
 
 lu'cida (shining./eaoed). 3. Scarlet. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1/95. 
 
 Macdone'lliai (Mrs. McDoneli's). Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). 2. Purple. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 nasu'ta (large-snouted). 2. White. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1790. 
 
 nodo'sa (knotted). Red. August. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 8. Crimson. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1780. 
 
 lu'rido sangui'nea (lurid -blood '-leaved). 8. 
 
 Crimson. July. E. Ind. 1/80. 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Guiana. 1821. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf;. . April. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 rumosi'ssima (most-branchy). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 Roxburghid'na( Roxburgh's) . l.Pink. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 sulvixflo'ra (sage-flowered). 4. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 4. Purple. August. E.Ind. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ,tyrs(/2o'ra(thyrse-flowered). 8. Scarlet. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 variega'ta (striped-/<wem2). 2. Red. May. 
 
 Guiana. 1825. 
 
 ventrico'sa (swollen). White, red. June. China. 
 
 1826. 
 
 vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 K. 
 
 KADSU'RA. (The Japanese name. 
 Nat. ord., Kudsitrads [Schizandraceas]. 
 Linn., 22-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.) 
 
 A trailing half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of 
 halt-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in heat, in May ; peat and loam. 
 K. Japo'nica (Japan), White. June. Japan. 1846. 
 
 KJEMPFE'RIA. Galangale. (Named after 
 Kcsmpfer, a German naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Ginyerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn.,l-M0w 
 nandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Curcuma.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 plant as fresh growth commences ; sandy loam, 
 fibry peat, and leaf-mould. Temp., 45 to 55 
 when at rest ; from 60 to 85 when growing. 
 K. e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Pegu. 182S 
 
 gala'nga (galanga). 1. White, purple. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1728. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). l.Blue. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 ovalifu'lia (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Ma- 
 
 lacca. 1822. 
 
 rotu'nda (round-rooted'), 1. Red, white. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1/64. 
 
 KAGENE'CKIA. (Named after Count 
 Kageneck, a patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Roseworts [Kosacese]. Linn., 12-Itosan- 
 dria 2-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trees, from Chili, with 
 white flowers. Cutting* of rather ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; probably, also, by graft- 
 ing OB some rosaceous plant, as the Hawthorn ; 
 
KAL 
 
 KEN 
 
 Joum, with a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 35 
 to 45. Cratacgoi des has stood for years against a 
 conservative wall in the Chiswick Gardens, and 
 produced fruit there in 183/. The male flowers 
 are in clusters ; the female flowers are solitary. 
 K. cratcegoi'des (hawthorn-like). 60. 1831. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 30. June, 1830. 
 
 KALANKO'E. (From the Chinese name 
 of one of the species. Nat. ord., House- 
 leeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 
 ^-Tetragyma. Allied to Kochea.) 
 
 Stove succulent evergreens. Cuttings dried at 
 their base soon root in sandy loam, in a little heat ; 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80, and 
 abundance of water when growing and flowering. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 55, and almost dry. 
 K. acutiflu'ra (pointed-flowered). 2. White. Au- 
 gust. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 Mgypti'aca. (Egyptian). 2.Yellow. July. Egypt. 
 
 1820. 
 
 'Ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved'). 2. Yellow. July. 
 China. 'l820. 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1793. 
 
 lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1781. 
 
 rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 ,9paWwfa7a(spatulate). 2. Yellow. July. China. 
 1820. 
 
 va'rians (variable). Yellow. July. E.Ind. 
 KALE. See BORECOLE. 
 
 KA'LMIA. (Named after Peter Kalm, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Heath- 
 worts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandna 
 1-Monoggnia. Allied to Azalea.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens, all from North America, and 
 all red-flosvered, except where specified. By cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sandy peat, in a shady 
 place, under hand-lights ; by layers made at the 
 end of summer; by seeds sown ; n shallow pans 
 filled with sandy peat, and kept close in a frame 
 until the seedlings are up, pricked off when fin- 
 gerable, kept close again, and gradually inured 
 to the open air ; sandy peat-soil is best, though 
 the.7 often thrive well in sandy loam and leaf- 
 mould ; good for forcing. 
 K. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. June. 1736. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 2. 
 
 June. 
 
 mi'nima (least). 2. June. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. June. 
 
 ova' ta (egg-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 2. June. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 3. June. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. June. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 2. White,red. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 glau'ca (milky- green). 2. Purple. April. 1767. 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary - leaved). 2. 
 
 April. 1812. 
 
 fttrsu'ia (hairy). J. August. 1786, 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 8. June. 1734. 
 
 KALOSA'NTHES. Asynonymeof Kochea, 
 and now erroneously applied to Cra'ssula 
 tocci'nca and its varieties. See KO'CHEA. 
 
 KANGURU VINE. Ci'ssus anta'rclicus. 
 
 KABELI'NIA. (Derivation not explained. 
 .Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?] . Linn., 
 IQ.Syngenesia 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Divisions of the plant ia tie 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 K. Ca'spia (Caspian). Purple. August. Caspia. 
 
 KAULFU'SSIA. .(Named after F. Kaul- 
 fuss, M.D. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- 
 acese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia2-Superflua.} 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the flower-border, in 
 April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and trans- 
 planted afterwards. The last method is the best. 
 K. aesculifo'lia (chestnut-leaved). Brown, yellow. 
 June. Isle of Leyte. 
 
 amelloi'des (amellus-like). 1. Blue. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1819- 
 
 KELP is the ash remaining after sea- 
 weed is burnt, and has been used with 
 great advantage as a manure to potatoes, 
 brocoli, and other species of cabbage- 
 worts. Jt is composed of carbonate of 
 soda, and iodide and bromide of potas- 
 sium, carbon, sulphates of lime and 
 magnesia, and other matters of trivial 
 importance. See GREEN MANURE. 
 
 KENNE'DYA. (Named after Mr. Ken- 
 nedy, of the firm of Lee and Kennedy, 
 nurserymen. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Unn^n-Diadclphia 
 '3-Decandria. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of short side-shoots getting firm, 
 in April and May, in sand, over sandy peat, under 
 a bell-glass, kept close for a fortnight, and then 
 put into a little extra heat ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48, and most of them like 
 a little shade in summer. All the species, also, 
 may be easily propagated by seeds, which, after 
 being soaked in warm water for a few hours, may 
 be sown in sandy soil, and placed in a hotbed. 
 K. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. June. 1803. 
 
 Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Blue. April. 
 
 1803. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable-leaved), 4. 1824. 
 
 inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. June. 1824. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Purple. 1835. 
 
 Marrya'ttcc (Mrs. Marryatt's). 4. Scarlet. 
 
 April. 1834. 
 
 monophy'lla (simple-leaved). 10. Purple. May. 
 
 1790. 
 
 longiracemo'sa (long-racemed). 3. Pink. 
 
 1828. 
 
 ni'gricans (d&rk-corollaed). 3. Purple, green. 
 
 March. 1832. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. Purple, June. 1816. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. 1824. 
 
 prostra'tu (prostrate). 4. Scarlet. April. 1790. 
 mi'nor (smaller). Red. June. 1836. 
 
 rubicu'nda (red). 10. Dark red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1788. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1824. 
 
 SterWngii (Stirling's). 3. Scarlet. May. 1834. 
 
 KENTROPHY'LLUM. (From kentron, a 
 spine, and phyllon, a leaf; literally, spine- 
 leaved. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoe]. 
 Linn., l9-8yngenesia 3-Frustranea.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, except arbore'scens, which ifc 
 a half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed in April, but 
 better still in a hotbed, in March, and trans- 
 planted in May. Cuttings of the young shoots of 
 
KEN 
 
 [ 470 ] 
 
 KID 
 
 arbore'scens under a hand-light, in spring; com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 K. arbore'scens (shrubby). 6. Yellow. August. 
 Spain. 1731. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White. June. Candia. 
 
 1/31. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). 2. Yellow. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Gymno'cladus. 
 
 KE'RBIA. (Named after M. Kerr, once 
 superintendent of the Botanic Garden, 
 Ceylon. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Kosacese]. 
 Linu., 12-Icosandria 3-Trigynia. Allied 
 to Spiraea.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers, 
 from Japan, formerly called Corcho'rusJapo'nicus. 
 Cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light; 
 layers, and division of the plant ; common loam. 
 K. Japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Blooms through 
 summer. 1700. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. June. 
 
 1700. 
 
 KIDKEY BEAN. Phase'olus vulga'ris. 
 
 Varieties. There are three kinds the 
 Runners, or twining varieties ; the Dwarfs ; 
 and the Skinless, or Mange-tout. These 
 last, and the runners, are those most 
 commonly cultivated, being eaten pod and 
 seed together, whilst of others only the 
 seeds are eaten. 
 
 Runners. Large Running White, While 
 Long Pod, Dutch Case Knife, Long White, 
 or Large White Sugar. A good hearer, and 
 one of the hest for late use. 
 
 Sabre. Seeds white. This is, perhaps, 
 the hest of all, being a good bearer, an.! 
 its pods of great length and size. This 
 sort grows very high. 
 
 Prudhomme, or Prodommet. Seeds grey- 
 ish, oval, and small. There is a yellow 
 variety of this. 
 
 Prague, or Red Pea. Seeds round, of 
 violet colour. A moderate bearer, and late. 
 
 Prague Bicolor. Similar to the last, seed 
 alittle larger. A good bearer, but very late. 
 
 Sophie. Like the Prague, but seeds 
 whiter and larger. A moderate bearer, 
 and late. 
 
 Small White French Runner. White 
 seeds, oblong, and very thin. It is a good 
 bearer, but is too tender to ripen its seeds 
 in this country, except under a wall in a 
 very warm situation. 
 
 Lima. Seeds very large, thick, and of a 
 dirty white ; pods large, short, slightly 
 rough, and wrinkled. Prolific, and the 
 seeds are very mealy ; but in this climate 
 a crop can only be obtained by forward- 
 ing the plants in a hotbed, and planting 
 them out singly in May. It is eaten both 
 
 n a green state and shelled. It grows 
 high. 
 
 Venetian Sugar. Kesembling Lima, 
 the principal difference consisting in the 
 seeds being flatter, larger, and speckled 
 with red. An abundant bearer, but must 
 be used young. 
 
 Pale Turkey, or Scarlet Runner. Of this 
 there are two varieties distinct from the 
 common Haricot, one with scarlet, the 
 other with white flowers ; the latter is 
 preferable for culinary purposes on ac- 
 count of its greater mealiness and thinner 
 skin. There is also a third variety with 
 two-coloured flowers, but it is not supe- 
 rior to either of the above. A good 
 bearer, but not very early. 
 
 Dwarf. Dwarf White Dutch, Dutch 
 Long Pod, or Early Dwarf Dutch. Pods 
 long, narrow, and excellent when green ; 
 seeds white, small, a little compressed. 
 Not very early in this country. 
 
 Early White, or Brewer's White. Seeds 
 white, narrow, rather long, and cylin- 
 drical. It is very dwarf, early, good for 
 forcing, equally suited for eating green, 
 and when the seeds are ripe. 
 
 Dwarf White Sans - parchemin forms 
 thick? bushy plants. Good whilst green ; 
 stringless till three parts grown, and ex- 
 cellent when ripe. 
 
 Dwarf American White. Pod short, of 
 a strong and branching habit, sometimes 
 climbing a little, but generally dwarf, and 
 not requiring support; very prolific; its 
 short, swollen pod a little hooked, strongly 
 coloured with reddish-brown, particularly 
 at the two extremities; this is not in the 
 least stringy. 
 
 Of the Haricot Suisse there are many 
 varieties, of which the principal are the 
 White, the Grey, and the Red. 
 
 Dwarf Slack- Spotted. Grown particu- 
 larly in the Maine. The Mohawk from 
 the United States. 
 
 Dwarf Red-Speckled, Fulner's Spotted 
 Dwarf, and Long-Spotted French. These 
 have peculiar characters, according to 
 the length and form of their seeds. They 
 are all excellent in a green state, for 
 which they are chiefly used. 
 
 Dwarf Negro. Used in a green state ; 
 this rivals the Swiss varieties. This is 
 one of the best for general use, and an 
 abundant bearer. 
 
 Haricot Noir de JBelgiquf. Is perfectly 
 dwarf, and is the earliest which we are 
 yet acquainted with. Its pods, although 
 rather pale, are very good in a young state. 
 
KID 
 
 KID 
 
 Crimson Runner. Highly esteemed for 
 stewing when ripe ; seeds red, flat, and 
 small. 
 
 Flat Yellow Canada. The most dwarf 
 and one of the earliest skinless, anc 
 therefore either good when young, or 
 when full grown; seeds nearly round 
 pale yellow, very good when dried. A 
 good bearer. 
 
 Polish Beans. A prolific sort, excellent 
 cither fresh-shelled or dried; seeds ra- 
 ther large, roundish, and sulphur-co- 
 loured. There is a sub-variety of it with 
 clear, bronze-coloured seeds, which also 
 appears to be good. A good bearer, and 
 early. Gard. Ckron. 
 
 Soil and Situation. A very light, mel- 
 low, well-drained loam. For the early and 
 late crops, a sheltered border must al 
 ways be allotted, or in a single row about 
 a foot from a south fence, otherwise the 
 situation cannot be too open. 
 
 Sowing commences with the year. They 
 may be sown towards the end of January 
 in pots, and placed upon the flue of the 
 hothouse, or in rows in the mould of a 
 hotbed, for production in March, to be 
 repeated once every three weeks in 
 similar situations in February and 
 .March, for supplying the table during 
 April j a small sowing may be made, if 
 line open weather, under a frame without 
 heat, for removal into a sheltered border 
 early in May. The chief requisite for 
 success in the hothouse is to have them 
 near the glass ; to keep them well wa- 
 tered; the air moist, and ventilated as 
 much as the season permits. 
 
 During May, and thence until the first 
 week in August, sowings may be madn 
 once every three weeks. In September, 
 forcing recommences, at first merely un- 
 der frames without, bottom-heat ; October, 
 and thence to the close of the year, in 
 hotbeds, &c., as in January. Sowing, 
 when a removal is intended, should al- 
 ways be made in pots, the plants being 
 less retarded, as the roots are less injured, 
 than when the seed is inserted in patches 
 or rows in the earth of the bed. It is a 
 good practice, likewise, to repeat each 
 sowing in the frames without heat after 
 the lapse of a week, as the first will often 
 fail, when a second, although after so 
 short a lapse of time, will perfectly suc- 
 ceed. In every instance the seed is bu- 
 ried one and a half or two inches deep. 
 The rows of the main crops to be two feet 
 apart, the seed being inserted either in 
 
 drills or by the dibble, four inches apart ; 
 the plants, however, to be thinned to 
 twice that distance. If a vacancy occurs, 
 it may always be filled by plants which, 
 have been carefully removed by the 
 trowel from where they stood too thick. 
 The seed insei'ted during the hottest pe- 
 riod of summer should be either soaked 
 in water for five or six hours, laid in 
 damp mould for a day or two, or the 
 drills be well watered previously to sowing. 
 The pods of both kinds are always to 
 be gathered while young ; by thus doing, 
 and care being had not to injure the 
 stems in detaching them, the plants are 
 rendered prolific and long lived. 
 
 Forcing. The hotbed must be of mo- 
 derate size, and covered with earth nine 
 inches thick. When the heat has become 
 regular, the, seed may be inserted in 
 drills a foot apart, and the plants allowed 
 to stand sis. inches asunder in the rows. 
 Air must be admitted as freely as to the 
 melon. The same precautions are like- 
 wise necessary as to keeping up the tem- 
 perature, taking the chill off the water, 
 &c., as for that plant. When the seed 
 begins to sprout, the mould should be 
 kept regularly moistened; and when 
 grown up, water may be given mode- 
 rately three times a week. The tempe- 
 rature should never be less than 60, nor 
 higher than 75. 
 
 Those sown under frames in March for 
 transplanting into a border, when two or 
 three inches in height, must, in a like 
 manner, be hardened gradually for the 
 exposure, by the plentiful admission of 
 air, and the total removal of the glasses 
 during fine days. If any are raised in 
 pots in the hothouse, they must be pre- 
 pared similarly for the removal, by set- 
 ting them outside in fine days, and there 
 watering them with cold water. 
 
 If the season is too ungenial to re- 
 move them even to a warm border, the 
 plants are often inserted in patches, to 
 lave the protection of frames or hand- 
 ights at night, or as the weather demands. 
 
 Runners. As these are more tender, 
 and the seed is more apt to decay, than 
 hose of the dwarfs, no open-ground crop 
 must be inserted before early in May, to 
 be continued at intervals of four weeks 
 hrough June and July, which will insure 
 a supply from the middle of this last 
 month until October. 
 
 They are so prolific and such perma- 
 nent bearers, that three open -ground 
 
KIE 
 
 [ 472 ] 
 
 KNI 
 
 sowings of a size proportionate to the 
 consumption, will, in almost every in- 
 stance, be sufficient. 
 
 They are inserted in drills, either 
 singly, three feet apart, or in pairs ten or 
 twelve inches asunder, and each pair four 
 feet distant from its neighbour. The seed 
 is buried two inches deep, and four apart 
 in the rows, the plants being thinned to 
 twice that distance. 
 
 If grown in single rows, a row of poles 
 must be set on the south side of each ; 
 .being fixed firmly in the ground, they 
 may be kept together by having a light 
 pole tied horizontally along their tops, 
 or a post being fixed at each end of a 
 row, united by a cross bar at their tops : 
 a string may be passed from this to each 
 of the plants. If the rows are in pairs, a 
 row of poles must be placed on each side, 
 so fixed in the ground that their sum- 
 mits cross, and are tied together. 
 
 If the runners are nipped off as fast as 
 they appear, the plants become bushy, 
 and are nearly as prolific as if allowed to 
 climb. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Forty or fifty plants 
 of the dwarf kinds, or thirty of the run- 
 ners, will be sufficient for a moderate- 
 sized family. They must be raised pur- 
 posely in May, or a like number from the 
 crop in that month left ungathered from ; 
 for the first pods always produce the 
 finest seeds, and ripen perfectly. In au- 
 tumn, as soon as the plants decay, they 
 must be pulled up, thoroughly dried, and 
 stored in the pods. 
 
 KIELME'YEKA. (Named after a German 
 patron of botany. Nat.ord., Theads [Tern- 
 stromiacese] . Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 
 75 ; winter, 45 to 55. 
 K. exce'lsa (tall). 60. White. July. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 KIRGANE'UA. (Derived from the Ma- 
 labar name. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu- 
 phorbiacese]. Linn., 21-Monoecia lO-Jfo- 
 nadelphia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in a strong, moist 
 tottom-heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 K. e'legans (elegant). 6. July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 KITCHEN-GARDEN. 
 
 Situation. A gentle declination to- 
 wards the south, with a point to the east, 
 is the most favourable aspect; to the 
 north-es.st the least so : in short, any 
 
 point to the south is to be preferred to 
 one verging towards the north. A high 
 wall should inclose it to the north and 
 east, gradually lowering to the south and 
 west. If, however, a plantation or build- 
 ing on the east side, at some distance, 
 shelter it from the piercing winds which 
 blow from that quarter, and yet are at 
 such a distance as not to intercept the 
 rays of the rising sun, it is 'much to be 
 preferred to heightening the wall. It is a 
 still greater desideratum to have a si- 
 milar shelter, or that of a hill on the 
 south-west and north-west points. The 
 garden is best situated at a moderate 
 elevation; the summit of a hill or the 
 bottom of a valley is equally to be avoided. 
 It is a fact not very difficult of explana- 
 tion, that low-lying ones are the most 
 liable to suffer from blights and severe 
 frosts ; those much above the level of the 
 sea are obviously most exposed to incle- 
 ment winds. 
 
 Size. To determine the appropriate 
 size of a kitchen-garden is impossible. 
 It ought to be proportionate to the size 
 of the family, their partiality for vege- 
 tables, and the fertility of the soil. 
 
 It may serve as some criterion to state, 
 that the management of a kitchen -gar den 
 occupying the space of an acre affords 
 ample employment for a gardener, who 
 will also require an assistant at the bu- 
 siest periods of the year. In general, a 
 family of four persons, exclusive of ser- 
 vants, requires a full rood of open kitchen- 
 garden. 
 
 KLEINHO'VIA. (Named after Mr. Klein - 
 hoff, a Dutch botanist. Nat.ord., Byttne- 
 riads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadcl- 
 phia 7 -JDodecandria. Allied to Theobroma.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to Q0; winter, 
 50 to 60. 
 
 K. ho'spita (stranger). 20. Pink. Constant. Mo- 
 luccas. 1800. 
 
 KNI'GHTIA. (Named a.fterJ.A.Knighh 
 late president of the London Horticul- 
 tural Society. Nat. ord., Proteads [Prote- 
 aceee]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Grevillea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots, with all the leaves on, except a few at the 
 base of the cutting, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, and removed in a few weeks into a mild 
 bottom-heat ; peat, with a little sandy loam, and 
 a few broken potsherds. Winter temp., 35 to 4.6. 
 In summer the pots should be shaded. 
 K. exce'lsa (lofty). 10. Flesh. New Zealand. 18*1, 
 
 KNIGHT'S STAR. Hippea'strum. 
 
KNO 
 
 [473 ] 
 
 KUII 
 
 KNOL-KOHL, or KOHL-RUBI (Bra'ssica 
 cau'lo-ra'pa), the Turnip-stemmed Cab- 
 bage. It is sometimes called, also, the 
 Cape Cabbage. The stem is thick, rises 
 about eight inches out of the ground, is 
 swollen into a globular form, very like 
 a large Swedish turnip growing above 
 ground, and is crowned with leaves, 
 slightly scolloped on the edges, undu- 
 lated, and milky-green, like those of the 
 turnip we have mentioned. There are 
 several varieties of it; but the green- 
 stemmed and the purple- stemmed (espe- 
 cially the latter) are to be preferred. 
 
 It is sweeter, more nutritious, and more 
 solid than either the Cabbage or White 
 Turnip; will produce a greater weight 
 per acre than the turnip, and prefers a 
 heavier soil than that root ; is hardier, and 
 keeps better than any other bulb ; and 
 imparts very little of that flavour, either 
 to milk or butter, known as turnipy. So 
 much relished is it both by cows and 
 sheep, that they will leave either turnips 
 or cabbages to partake of it. Hares and 
 rabbits are so fond of it, that where they 
 abound, Knol-kohl can scarcely be grown. 
 It is excellent when boiled for table. 
 Sow in the first week of March, and 
 plant out in June in rows four feet apart, 
 if the soil is fertile, but only three feet 
 if the soil is less productive, and three 
 feet from plant to plant in the rows. 
 The plants must have the chief part 
 of their stems left uncovered by the 
 soil. Two pounds of seed produce enough 
 plants for an acre. It is an excellent 
 crop for cleaning the soil, as the width 
 between the plants and rows enables the 
 'hoe to be efficiently used, and during a 
 lengthened period. When blanks occur, 
 these may be filled up from the seed-bed 
 with fresh plants. The produce is from 
 eighteen to twenty tons, and upwards, 
 per acre. The bulbs may be kept sound 
 and nutritious until very late in the 
 spring, even much later than the Swedish 
 turnip. 
 
 KNO'XIA. (Named after R. Knox, a 
 traveller, long resident in Ceylon. Nat. 
 ord., Cinchonads [Cinch onacecej. Linn., 
 4^-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in April or May ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 
 
 K. exse'rta (outside-s^awenerf). White. June. 
 Ceylon. 1828. 
 
 la'vis (smooth). Pink. July. Bengal. 1818. 
 
 Sumatre-nsis (Sumatran). White. July. E. 
 
 lad. 1818. 
 
 K. te'res (cylindrical-stemmed). White. July. 
 E. lad. 1820. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon), 4. White. July. Cey- 
 
 lon. 1826. 
 
 KOELREUTE'RIA. (Named after Koel. 
 renter, a celebrated German botanist, the 
 father of hybridizing plants. Nat. ord., 
 Soapworts [Sapindacese], Linn., 8-Oc- 
 tandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 Hardy deciduous tree. Cuttings of the root ; 
 cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light; 
 seeds in spring; layers in the end of summer; 
 common soil, in a sheltered situation ; beautiful 
 in its leaves, flowers, fruit, and the mode of 
 growing, as it gets old. 
 
 K. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July. 
 China. 1/63. 
 
 KOHL-RABI or RUBI. See KNOL-KOHL. 
 
 KCE'NIGA. See GLY'CE. 
 
 KO'PSIA. (Named after Professor Kops. 
 Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ Apocynacese] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Cerbera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in sand, 
 over sandy soil, and in bottom-heat; peat and 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85: winter, 
 50 to 60. 
 K. frutico'sa (shrubby). Red. May. Pegu. 1818. 
 
 KRAHE'RIA. (Named after the two 
 Kramers, German botanists. Nat. ord., 
 Milkworts [Polygalacesa]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamla 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 This is the intensely-astringent called Rhatany- 
 root in South America. Stove evergreen shrub. 
 Cuttings in s;ind, under a glass, in heat ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 to 90; 
 winter, 48 to 60. 
 
 K, paucifiit'ra (few-flowered). 4. Red. Mexico. 
 1824. 
 
 KREYSI'GIA. (Named after Kreysig, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melanths 
 [Melanthacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Uvularia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division of 
 the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam ; requires 
 the protection of a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse, 
 in winter. 
 
 K. multifio'ra (many-flowered). 1. Rose. June. 
 N. S. Wales. 1823. 
 
 KU'HNIA. (Named after Adam Kuhn, 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-8yngenesia 
 l-JEqualis. Allied to Liatris.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring ; 
 sandy loam. Pretty little plants ; the tenderest re- 
 quire a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 K. Crito'nia (Critonia). 1$. White. July. N. 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 Eupatorioi'des (Eupatorium-like). 1$. White. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
KUN 
 
 [474 ] 
 
 LAC 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 K. linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Brazil. 1829- 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary -leaved). White. 
 July. Cuba. 1828. 
 
 KU'NTHIA. (Named after C. 8. Kunth, 
 a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmacese]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 6- 
 Hexandria. Allied to Areca.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds, in hotbed ; rich loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter. 55 to 60. 
 K. monta'na (mountain). 10. Grenada. 1S2Q. 
 
 KY'DIA. ( Named after Col. Kyd, first 
 director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. 
 Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese], 
 Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7 ' -Dodecandria. 
 Allied to Dombeya.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and fihry loam, 
 well-drained. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 
 50 to 60. 
 
 K. calyci'na (/ar#e-calyxed), 30. E. Ind. 1818. 
 frate'rna (brotherly). 40. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 LABEL. Many are the forms and sub- 
 stances employed in making labels for 
 plants. For general use they should em- 
 brace among their good qualities cheap- 
 ness, durability, facility of being written 
 upon, and legibility. We have before us 
 specimens in zinc, porcelain, and gutta 
 percha; but most of them are deficient in 
 some one or more of the desirable quali- 
 ties. The least objectionable are those 
 of zinc, made by Mr. S. Rooke, jun., 
 7, Whittall-street, Birmingham, and may 
 be had at prices varying from 15s. to 40s. 
 per 1000. They are written upon with 
 an ink of which the recipe has been 
 given in The Cottage Gardener ; but the 
 letters are indelible, so that when a label 
 has been written upon it cannot be em- 
 ployed for a second plant. This makes 
 us prefer a small piece of deal, planed 
 smooth, painted white, and written upon 
 with a lead pencil. If fastened to the 
 
 plant by a shred of thin lead the label 
 retains any desired position. When re- 
 quired for a seed-bed, a small stake is to 
 
 be driven into the ground, and from it 
 the label to be suspended. 
 
 LABICH^'A. ( Named after M. Labiche, 
 a French officer. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 
 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Cassia.) 
 
 Yellow-blossomed greenhouse evergreen shrubs, 
 from Swan River. Cuttinprs of half-ripened shoots 
 in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 L. bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 3. April. 1843. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea&ed). 4. April. 1837. 
 
 LA'BLAB. (The Arabic name of the 
 convolvulus ; referring to the twining 
 habit. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., \7-DiadeIphia 4-Jte- 
 candria. Allied to Dolichos.) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove deciduous climbers and 
 twiners. By cuttings of young shoots in spring, 
 in sandy soil, and in a little heat; peat and loam. 
 Temperature, what is usual for greenhouse and 
 stove. 
 
 L. pere'nnans (lasting. White China], 8. White. 
 July. China. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 vulga'ris'(common). 8. Violet. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1794. Stove. 
 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Au- 
 gust. E. Ind. 1800. 
 purpu'rea (purple). July. E. Ind. 1790- 
 
 There are also several annuals. 
 
 LABRADOR TEA. Le'dum. 
 
 LABURNUM. Cy'tisus labu'rmim. 
 
 LABYRINTH is an arrangement of walks, 
 inclosed by hedges or shrubberies, so 
 intricate as to be very difficult to escape 
 from. From the twelfth century to the 
 end of the seventeenth they were a very 
 favourite portion of English pleasure- 
 ground; but they are now more judi- 
 ciously banished. 
 
 LACUNA. (One of the names of Helen. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].. Linn., 
 2Q-Gynandria I-Monandria. Allied to 
 G-ovenia.) 
 
 Divisions in spring, or after blooming; turfy 
 peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and 
 broken crocks ; fixed to a block, and that built 
 above the surface of a pot, and packed with the 
 above material, or grown in a shallow, open bas- 
 ket. Summer temp., 60 to 90, and moist; win- 
 ter, 55 to 60, and dry. 
 
 L. bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Greenish-yellow. 
 May. Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 LACE -BARK. Lnge'tta. 
 
 LACHENA'UA. (Named after M. de la 
 Chenal, a botanical author. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyiports [Liliaeea?]. ~Linn.,Q-Ifexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Triteleja.) 
 
 All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, except glau'ca. Offsets at potting period, 
 and seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy peat, with 
 a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45, and 
 dry, or the bulbs may be kept in drawers or bags. 
 They are very beautiful little plants, and grow 
 
LAC 
 
 LAC 
 
 freely under the abovt, conditions, potting them 
 whenever growth commences, and watering *o 
 long as the leaves are green, but no longer ; when 
 the.pots are full of roots they stand gentle forcing. 
 The small species require sand round their bulbs, 
 whether in the border or pots. 
 L. angui'nea (serpent). 1. White. April. 1825. 
 
 angustifo'lia (^grrow -leaved). 1. White. 
 
 April. 1793. 
 
 bifo'lia (two-leaved). $. Pink. April. 1813. 
 
 contamina'ta (contaminated). . Pink. 
 
 March. 1774. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). . Yellow. May. 1790. 
 
 fra' grans (sweet-scented). 1. White, red. 
 
 April. 1798. 
 
 glau'ea (milky-green). Purple, red. May. 
 
 Persia. 1825. 
 
 glaud'na (milkyish-green). 1. Green, white. 
 
 May. 1795. 
 
 hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). . White, red. 
 
 May. 1812. 
 
 isope'tala (equal-petaled). f. White, purple. 
 
 May. 1801. 
 
 lanccefo'iia (spear-head-leaved). $. White, 
 
 green. May. 1818. 
 
 liliiflo'ra (lily-flowered). . White. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 lu'cida (glossy-leaved). $. Pink. April. 1798. 
 
 lute'ola (yellowish). 1. Yellow, red. March. 
 
 1774. 
 
 macula' ta (spotted-leaved). 1. Yellow, 
 
 red. March. 1774. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). $. Blue. November. 
 
 1825. 
 
 nervo'sa (nerved-leaved). |. Pink. June. 
 
 1810. 
 
 orchioi'des (orchis-like). 1. Green, white. 
 
 March. 1/52. 
 
 pa'Mda (pale-flowered). . Pale blue. May. 
 
 1782. 
 
 carule'scens (bluish). . Bluish. Sep- 
 tember. 1782. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). . Pale blue. 1782. 
 
 pa'tulu (spreadin^-flowered). f. White, pink. 
 
 April. 1795. 
 
 pe'ndula (weeping). |. Rad, yellow. April. 
 
 1789- ' 
 
 macula'ta (spotted - leaved). . Red, 
 
 yellow. April. 1789. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). , Purple. May. 1824. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). . Purple. April, 1826. 
 
 purpu'reo-caru'lea (purplish-blue). 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. April. 1789. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). 4. White. June. 1825. 
 
 pustula'ta (blistered). 1. Purple, green. 
 
 February. 17<*0. 
 
 quadri' color (four-coloured). 1. Scarlet, yel- 
 
 low. March. 1774. 
 
 colora'ta (coloured-leaved). $. Scarlet, 
 
 yellow. April. 1774. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 1J. White, green. 
 
 May. 1811. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. May. 1800. 
 
 ru'bida (red-dotf fid-flowered), f. Red. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1803. 
 
 sero'tina (late), f. Pink. August. 1820. 
 
 sessiliflu'ra (stalkless- flowered). 4. Red. 
 
 May. 1804. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 April. 1774. 
 
 uni 1 color (one-coloured). . Pink. May. 1886. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). White, blue. March. 
 
 1795. 
 
 viola'ceu (violet). 1. Violet. March. 1795. 
 
 LACHN&'A. (From lachne, down; re- 
 
 ferring to the downy clothing of the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thy- 
 melacesej. _ Linn., 8-Oclandria \~Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Gnidia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and all but one white-flowered. Cut- 
 tings of short young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in spring ; sandy peat, with a little fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. In summer, a 
 sheltered, somewhat shady place. 
 L. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. May. 1800. 
 
 conglomera'ta (clustered). 2. June. 1/73. 
 
 eriocc'phala (woolly-headed). 2. June. 1/93. 
 
 glau'ea (milky-green). 2. June. 1SOO. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 2. Purple. April. 
 
 1800. 
 
 LACHNA'NTHES. (From lachne, down, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Blood- 
 roots [Hsemodoracese]. Linn., 3-Trian- 
 dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Anigo- 
 zanthos.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. The red 
 colour found in the roots is used in dyeing in 
 North America. Livision of the roots in spring; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 40. 
 L. tincto'ria (dyer's). l. Pink. July. N, Amer. 
 1812. 
 
 LACKEY MOTH. Clisioca'mpa. 
 
 LACTU'CA. Lettuce. ( From Zac, milk ; 
 referring to the milky juice. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 yenesia 1-^Equalis.) 
 
 Of the numerous species none need be men- 
 tioned but the common lettuce, which is a hardy 
 annual. 
 L. sati'va (cultivated). 4. Yellow. June. 1562. 
 
 Varieties. There are the Cos and the 
 Cabbage ; the first more grovni in sum- 
 mer than in winter; the second at all 
 seasons, but more usually in winter, on 
 account of their superior hardihood. 
 The Cilicias are of a nature intermediate 
 the two. When young, the Cabbage 
 varieties are, in general, sweeter than 
 those of the Cos at the same a^e ; but of 
 a full growth this is reversed. Hence the 
 latter are preferred for salads, and the 
 former for soups. The Cabbage varieties 
 succeed better in a hotbed than the Cos. 
 
 Cos Varieties. Brighton, Silver, Black- 
 seeded Green, Spotted, or Leopard, Eailj 
 Egyptian, Green and Brown Cilicia, Green, 
 Lop, White, or Versailles, White Paris 
 Cove, the finest summer kind ; Greer 
 Paris Cove, rather hardier; Buih Cos, and 
 Brown Cos. 
 
 Cabbage Varieties. Drum - headedv 
 Princes, Brown Dutch and Common 
 White Dutch, both good for winter; 
 Tennis Ball, or Button, good lor winter; 
 Large White, Hardy Green, or Capuchin, 
 good for winter; Imperial Grand Ad- 
 
LAC 
 
 [476 ] 
 
 oiirable, Prussian, Large Roman, Malta, 
 for summer ; Neapolitan, for summer. 
 
 Soil. Lettuces thrive best in a ligbt, 
 very rich soil, with a dry substratum. 
 For the first and last crops of the year a 
 warm, sheltered situation is required; 
 but for the Midsummer ones, a border 
 that is shaded during mid-day. 
 
 Sowing. The first sowing in a frame 
 on a warm border, or slender hotbed, at 
 the close of January, or early in February ; 
 at the close of this last month a larger 
 one in any open situation, and smaller 
 repeated once every three weeks, until 
 the end of July, for summer and autumn 
 use, to be continued at similar intervals 
 until the close of September, for winter 
 and early spring. Sow moderately thin, 
 each variety separate. 
 
 Pricking out. When the plants are 
 About a month old, or two inches in 
 height, thin them to three or four inches 
 apart, and prick out those removed at 
 similar distances. Those from the sow- 
 ings in January and February in frames, 
 and thence until August, in any open 
 situation. Those of the August sowing 
 must be divided into two portions ; the 
 largest being selected and planted in an 
 open compartment for late autumn use, 
 and the smaller on a warm border for 
 winter and early spring. 
 
 Plant out, finally, in rows a foot apart 
 each way. At the time of every removal, 
 whether of pricking out or planting, water 
 .must be given moderately, and until the 
 plants are rooted. It may be remarked, 
 that transplanted lettuces never attain 
 so fine a growth as those left where sown, 
 nor become so soon fit for use; those 
 which are planted out at once to remain 
 being better in these respects than those 
 pricked out previous to final planting. 
 The varying in their time of becoming 
 fit for use, however, is of advantage, as 
 by these means a more perfect succession 
 is obtained. Those which are planted to 
 withstand the winter, which they easily 
 do if sheltered with hoops and matting 
 during severe weather, and continue in 
 a fit state for use, are best planted on 
 ridges, as a protection from excessive 
 wet, from which they always suffer. In 
 every stage of growth they must be kept 
 well watered, and the earth around them 
 frequently stirred, for the extirpation of 
 slugs and snails. No vegetable is more 
 'benefited than the lettuce by the applica- 
 iion ; occasionally, of liquid-manure. To 
 
 check the Cos plants running to seed before 
 the heart is perfectly blanched, it is a good 
 practice, at the time of tying them up, 
 to cut out the centre bud of each with a 
 sharp knife. 
 
 Frame Crops. The plants raised from 
 the September sowing may be divided as 
 directed for those of August; but, in 
 addition, some of the Cos varieties may 
 be planted on a warm border, to have the 
 shelter of frames and hand-glasses. Somo 
 of the strongest of these may, in succes- 
 sion during November, December, and 
 January, be planted in a moderate hotbed, 
 being removed with as little injury as 
 possible to the roots, to bring them for- 
 ward for immediate use. Whilst in frames 
 they require much attention. Being 
 watered and shaded until established, 
 they must afterwards have as much light 
 and air admitted as possible, as well as a 
 regular supply of moisture. 
 
 At night the additional shelter of mat- 
 ting, and in severe weather an increased 
 covering, must be afforded. The day 
 temperature should never exceed 80 ; 
 nor fall below 65. The plants may be' 
 set in rows about six inches apart ; but 
 of those which are merely sheltering 
 during the winter, on the return of mild 
 weather, at the beginning of March or 
 April, every second one must be carefully 
 removed, and planted in a warm border 
 at the usual open-ground distance. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some of the finest 
 and most perfect plants of each variety 
 that have survived the winter, or from 
 the forwardest sowing of the year, should 
 be selected. The seed from any that 
 have run up prematurely cannot be de- 
 pended upon. If two varieties flower 
 near each other, only mongrel varieties 
 will be obtained. Each stem is to be 
 tied to a stake as a support against 
 tempestuous weather. The branches 
 must be gathered as the seed ripens upon 
 them. It must be thoroughly dried be- 
 fore it is stored. 
 
 LADY-BIRD. Coccine'lla. 
 
 LADY'S FERN. Lastra'a thely'pteri". 
 
 LADY'S LACES. Aru'ndo. 
 
 LADY'S MANTLE. Alchemi'lla. 
 
 LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripe' dium. 
 
 LADY'S SMOCK. Carda'mine. 
 
 LADY'S TRESSES. Neo'ttia spira'lit and 
 Sjira'nihes. 
 
 LE'LLA. (Lalia was a Vestal virgin ; 
 alluding to the delicacy of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Orcltids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 
LAP 
 
 [477] 
 
 LAG 
 
 SQ-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Epidendium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped 
 old moss, and charcoal, raised above the surface 
 of a pot, filled with drainage, or a block of wood 
 firmly laid across. Treatment similar to Cattleya. 
 L. acumina'ta (pointed-lipped). 2. Pinkish- 
 white. June. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 a'lbida (whitish). Yellowish-white. Oaxaca. 
 
 1838. 
 _ viola'cea (violet-lipped). White, violet. 
 
 a'nceps (two-edged-scoi/oped). l. Rose, 
 
 purple. December. Mexico. 
 
 Barkeria'na (Barker's). lj. Purple. 
 
 December. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 autumna'lis (autumnal). 3. Rosy. Septem- 
 
 ber. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 carule'scens (bluish). Costa Rica. 1838. 
 
 ca'ndida (white-y?o/ered). White. June. 
 
 Bolanos. 1840. 
 
 cinnabari'na (scarlet-J?otwered). 2. Reddish. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 erythrobu'lbon (red-bulbed). Brazil. 1843. 
 
 epidendroi'des (epidendrum-like). Purple, 
 
 crimson. July. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1841. 
 furfura'cea (scurfy-stalked). l. Rose. No- 
 vember. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Xalapa. 
 
 Linde'nii (Linden's). Pale rose. June. Cuba. 
 
 maja'lis (May -flowering), f . Pink, purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 pedunculu'ris (ton#-flower-stalked). Violet. 
 
 Mexico. 1841. 
 
 Pm-i'rnt (Perrin's). Lilac. September. Brazil. 
 
 1831. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). Pink. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 rube'scens (blushing). $. Cream, pink. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 rupe'stris (rocky). Violet. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 supe'rbiens (gorgeous-flowered). 1. Pink, 
 
 crimson. November. Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 LAFOE'NSIA. (Named in honour of 
 the Duke of Lafoens, president of the 
 Lisbon Academy f Science. Nat. ord., 
 Loosestrifes [Lythracese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to La- 
 gerstroemia.) 
 
 A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood 
 in autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 
 60 to 55, and kept rather dry. Prune freely in 
 winter. 
 L. microphy'lla (small-leaved). Brazil. 1847. 
 
 LAGA'SCA. (Named after D. M. La- 
 yasca, professor of botany at Madrid. 
 Nat. ord.,Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 
 l-Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.) 
 
 Stove annual. Raised in a hotbed, several 
 times potted there, and bloomed in summer, in 
 a greenhouse or plant tove. 
 L. mo'llia (toft). 8, White. July. S.Amer. 1815. 
 
 LAGEHA'RIA. Bottle Gourd. (From 
 lagena, a bottle ; referring to the shape 
 of the fruit of some species. Nat. ord., 
 Cucurbits [Cucurbitace]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncccia IQ-Mnadelphia. Allied to Cu- 
 cumber.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from the East Indies, and yel- 
 low-flowered, except where otherwise specified. 
 Seeds in a hotbed, and either fruited there, or 
 hardened off and cultivated out of doors, under 
 hand-lights, against palings and other fences; 
 rich, light soil. For culture, see CUCUMBER. 
 L. idola'trica (idolatrous. Pear-fruited). White. 
 
 vitta'ta (banded). White. June. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 10. August. 15Q7. 
 
 clava'ta (club-shaped). 10. August. 1597. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). 10. August. 1597. 
 
 courgou'rda (courgourde). 10. August. 
 
 1597- 
 turbina'ta (top-shaped). 10. August. 1597. 
 
 LAGENO'PHORA. (From lagenos, a bot- 
 tle, and phoros, to bear ; referring to the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia 3-Frus- 
 tranea. Allied to Brachycome.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division in 
 spring ; light soil ; a cool greenhouse, or a dry, 
 cold pit in winter. 
 
 L. Fo'rsteri (Forster's). Yellow and purple. New 
 Zealand. 1837. 
 
 LAGERSTRCE'MIA. (Named after M\ 
 Lagersircem, a German. Nat. ord., Loose- 
 strifes [Lythracese], Linn.,13-Po/t/andna 
 \-Monogynia. ) 
 
 Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in spring, 
 under a bell-glass, and cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in autumn, in strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60 to 90, with plenty of mois- 
 ture, both at the root, and also at the top, except 
 when in flower. Winter temp., 55 to 60, and 
 dryish, after being pruned in autumn. The green- 
 house species require only warm greenhouse tem- 
 peratures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 L.Tndica a'lba (Indian-white). 12. White. Ait. 
 
 gust. China. 1816. 
 ro'sea (rosy). 12. Rose. August. China.. 
 
 1825. 
 
 specitfsa (showy). Rose. August. China. 1826. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 L. e'legans (elegant). 10. Rose, yellow. August. 
 E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 grandifto'ra (large- flowered). 12. Red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 6. Flesh. July. E.Ind. 175K 
 
 parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 12. White. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 regi'nee (queen's). 12. Red. E.Ind. 17Q2. 
 
 LAGE'TTA. Lace Bark. (Its Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela- 
 cece]. Linn., Q-Octandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the 
 beautiful Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and 
 in bottom-heat, in April or May ; peat and fibry 
 loam. Summer temp. , 60 to 80; winter, 45 to 5&. 
 L. lintta'ria (linen). 6. White. Jamaica. 179. 
 
 LAGUNA'RIA. (From its resemblance 
 to Lugunaea^ an allied genus. Nat. ord., 
 Malhwworts [Malvaceae]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia S-Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings of 
 
LAL 
 
 [478 ] 
 
 LAN 
 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45. 
 
 L. cuneifo'rmis (wedge-team?). 15. Red. June. 
 Australia. 
 
 lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. June. Swan River. 1832. 
 
 Paterso'nii (Paterson's). 20. Pale red. June. 
 
 Norfolk Island. 1/92. 
 
 LA'LAGE. (Named after Lalage, a gay 
 witty dame immortalized by Horace 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas] 
 Linn., \Q-Monadeiphia Q-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Platylobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of the young shoots when thcj 
 are getting firm ; seeds in a slight, sweet hotbed 
 and seedlings gradually hardened ; sandy peat 
 with a little fibry loam, broken crocks, and char- 
 coal, and extra draining ; in summer, a very airy 
 greenhouse. Winter temp., not below 45. 
 L. #oi'<?tf/0'#a(Hovea-leaved). 2. Yellow, orange 
 March. 1841. 
 
 ornafta (gay). 2. VTellow, purple. April. 1830. 
 
 LAMBE'RTIA. (Named after the late 
 Mr. Lambert, a distinguished patron of 
 botany. Nat. or^Proteads [Proteaceas] 
 Linn., 4=-Tetrandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Hakea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, before fresh 
 growth commences, in the spring, in sand, over 
 sandy peat, in pots nearly filled with drainage, 
 and covered with a bell-glass, and kept close and 
 cool until the base of the cutting swells, when a 
 little bottom-heat may be applied ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat, well-drained, and mixed with 
 rough pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 L. echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. July. 1824. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome). 4. Red. July. 1/88. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Red. July. 1826, 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Orange. 
 
 ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1836. 
 
 propi'nqua (related), 1830. 
 
 LAMB'S LETTUCE. See COEN SALAD. 
 
 LAMOUHOU'XIA. (Named after J. V. 
 ?*. Lamouroux, a naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Fig worts [Scrophulariacea}]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Bartsia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet - 
 flowered, from Mexico. For culture, see ANGE- 
 LO'NIA. 
 L. cordn'ta (heart-shaped-teayerf). l. 1846. 
 
 multi'fida (m&ny-cleft-leaved). 14. 1846. 
 LAMPWICK. Phlo 'mis lychni'tis. 
 LANCE-WOOD. Guatte'ria. 
 
 LAND -DITCHING. See DRAINING. 
 
 LANDRA. Rapha'nus la'ndra. 
 
 LANDSCAPE GARDENING, as its name 
 intimates, is the composition of beautiful 
 scenery, so that all artifice is concealed 
 by the blending of trees, shrubs, ground, 
 and water; thus forming vistas as gratify- 
 ing as those which occur naturally. Admi- 
 ration for such scenery is an innate 
 
 quality of the human mind; and success- 
 fully to imitate such scenery requires 
 judgment as well as taste. It is not pos- 
 sible, without a heavy outlay, to introduce 
 j any desired species of landscape b'eaufcy 
 upon a given plot of ground. There is 
 the beauty of the level surface, quite un- 
 attainable without such outlay, upon & 
 surface which is abrupt and broken. The 
 beauty of the clay districts is not other- 
 wise to be secured upon those of the 
 chalk ; neither on light uplands can be 
 arranged the dense beauties of well- 
 watered, alluvial vales. " Consult the 
 genius of the place " is an axiom which 
 has been derided, but which is dictated 
 by the soundest sense. 
 
 Under this general head we have not 
 space to enter fully into details ; but 
 some of these will be found, under their 
 appropriate titles, in other pages, and 
 chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whately, who 
 has published more correct views upon 
 the art of tastefully arranging grounds 
 than most men who have written upon 
 the subject. 
 
 LANKESTE'RIA. (Named after Dr. E. 
 Lankester, a distinguished botanist. Nat. 
 or&., Acanthads [Acanthacea3]. Linn. ,14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Eranthemum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Sierra Leone. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat, 
 in sprine ; peat and loam, well drained. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 48 to 58. 
 L. langiflit'ra (long-flowered). Yellow. April. 
 
 pari)//2o'> < a(8mall-flowered).Yello\v. April. 1844. 
 
 LANTA'NA. (An ancient name for Vibur- 
 num. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenaeese]. 
 Linn., l-L-Didynumia 2-Anf/iospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the short 
 side-shoots, two inches in length, taken off close 
 to the old wood, when fresh growth commences, in 
 spring; fibry loam and a little peat; Sellovia'ne, 
 requires sandy peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85; 
 winter, 45 to 55. 
 
 L. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Red. June. W. Ind. 
 1692. 
 
 Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 3, White. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. -Scarlet. June. S. Amer, 
 
 1824. 
 
 cro'cea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 Mspida (bristly). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Red. June. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Pink. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1690. 
 
 lavandula'cea (lavender-like). 3. Red. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 melissifo'lia (balm-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1732. 
 
 mo'lUs (soft). 4. Red, white. July. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many- flowered). 1834. 
 
LAP 
 
 L 479 ] 
 
 LAS 
 
 L. nivea muta'bilis (snowy-changeable-coloured), j 
 5. Yellow, rose. May. 
 
 odora'tti (scented). 2. White. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1758. 
 
 pilo'sn (downy). 3. Purple. July. Cuba. 1823. 
 
 purpu'wt (purple). 2. Purple. July. S. Amer. 
 
 IS'20. 
 
 ra' !nt't(nmg\\-leaved). 3. Purple. W. Ind. 1803. 
 
 culviafo'/la (sage-leaved). 3. Red. June. Cape 
 
 of 'r.uiil Hope. 1823. 
 Sellout i'-t't (Sellow's). 1. Rose. April. Monte 
 
 Vid.'o. 182S. 
 / / -f;eol<i't(i (spear - head - leaved). Deep 
 
 rose. July. Monte Video. 1838. 
 
 s'.ri'ct'i (erect). 3. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 trifo'Ha vthree-leaved). 3. Purple. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1/33. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 3. Violet. July. S, Amer. 1818. 
 
 LAPAGE'RIA. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Phllesiads [Phile- 
 siacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 A fine hardy herbaceous twiner, like a Simlax, 
 with large, rosy flowers, like Bomarea. 
 L. ro'sea (rose-flowered). Patagonia. 1847 or 1848. 
 
 LAPLA'CEA. (Named after Laplace, the 
 distinguished philosopher. Nat. ord., 
 Theads [Ternstrb'miacese]. Linn., lo-Poly- 
 andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bonnetia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of half- ripened 
 shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 Tieat and fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 
 <50 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 L. semiserra'ta (half-saw-edged-/eed). 2. White. 
 September. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 LA'EIX. The Larch. See PI'NUS. 
 
 LARKSPUR. Delphi' nium. 
 
 LA'RREA. (Named after a Spaniard of 
 that name. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo- 
 phyllaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono- 
 yyiua. Allied to Zygophyllum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South America, 
 with yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 summer; peat and fibry loam, with silver sand, 
 and pieces of broken pot, and charcoal, to keep 
 the soil open. Winter temp., 40 to 48 ; summer, 
 in a shaded position. 
 L. divnrica'ta (straggling). 2. July 1829. 
 
 ni'tida (shining-leaved). 2. June. 18^'9. 
 
 LARVA. The name by which an insect 
 is described when in the state between 
 the egg and the chrysalis form. The 
 larva of a butterfly or moth is commonly 
 known as a caterpillar ; of a fly or beetle, 
 as a maggot or (/rub. 
 
 LASERWORT. Tka'psia laserpe'tii. 
 
 LASIA'NDRA. (From lasios, woolly, and 
 aner, an anther; woolly stamened. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceae] . Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Orf- 
 beckia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with purple flowers. 
 Cuttings of young half-ripened shoots in ummer, 
 in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; Jumpy, rough 
 
 compost, consisting of sandy peat, fibry loam, 
 silver sand, broken pots, and charcoal. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 
 L. arge'ntea (silvery. leaved}. 5. July. Rio Ja- 
 neiro. 1816. 
 
 Fontanesia'na (Des Fontaines'). 6. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 })etiula'ta (/owe--leaf-stalked), 5. June. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 LASIOPE'TALUM. (From lasios, woolly, 
 and petalon, a petal, or flower-leaf. Nat. 
 ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, in April or May ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, well drained, and carefully watered ; 
 either stagnant moisture or a sour soil destroys 
 them. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 L.ferrugi'neum (rusty). 4. White. June. 1791. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 5. Pale green. 
 
 May. 1825. 
 
 LASIOSPE'RMUM. (From lasios, woolly, 
 and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese], Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1- 
 JEqualis. Allied to Santolina.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with 
 yellow flowers. Division in spring, and cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ; 
 common garden-soil. Most of them require the 
 protection of a cold pit in winter. The Italian 
 species are most hardy. 
 
 L. anthemoi'des (anthemis-like). . August. Italy. 
 1729. 
 
 crithmifo'lium (samphire-leaved). . August. 
 
 Macedonia. 1817. 
 
 eriospe'rmum (woolly- seeded). 1. August. 
 
 Italy. 1816. 
 
 peduncula're (long- flower-stalked), f. July. 
 
 Italy. 1798. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). 3- August. Greece. 1816. 
 
 LASTHE'NIA. (Derivation not explained, 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas], Linn., 
 19-Synyenesia %-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in 
 October, and plants protected by boughs of ever- 
 greens during the winter ; or BOW in March and 
 April in the open border. 
 
 L. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. May. California. 
 1834. 
 
 glabru'ta (smooth). 1|. May. California. 1834. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 1. May. Chili. 1633. 
 
 LASTRJE'A. (Derivation unexplained. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacece]. Linn., 
 24:-Cryptof/umia l-Filices.) 
 
 For culture, see FERNS. They have all yellowish 
 spores. 
 
 HARDY. 
 L. aeulea'ta (common-prickly). 2. June. Britain. 
 
 cristu'ta (teener-crested). 4. July. Britain. 
 
 dilala'tit (enlarged-crested'). 2. June. Britain. 
 fi'lix-rnas (male-fern). 3. Britain- 
 
 - Guldia'na tGoldin's). July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 intermt'dia (intermediate). June. N. Amer. 
 
 1837. 
 
 margina' Us (border-spore^. 2. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1772. 
 
 Novebornce'nsis (N T ei7 York). !$, Jly N. 
 
 Amer, 1822. 
 
IAT 
 
 [ 480 ] 
 
 LAT 
 
 L. oredpteris (mountain-fern). 3. July. Britain. 
 
 recu'rva (bent-back). July. Britain. 
 
 spinulo'sa (crested-prickly). 1. June. Britain. 
 
 thely'pteris (lady-fern). 1. July. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. decompo'sita (decomposed). . July. N. Hol- 
 land. 1825. 
 
 deeu'rrens (running-down). June. China. 1840. 
 
 STOVE. 
 L. appendiculafta (appendaged). July. K. Ind. 
 
 asce'ndens (rising). August. 
 
 atra'ta (blackish). June. E. Ind. 
 
 attenua'ta (thin). June. Isle of Samaria. 1839. 
 
 chryso'loba (golden-lobed). July. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 conte'rmina (bordering). W. Ind. 1835. 
 
 ebu'rnea (ivory). July. Nepaul. 1841. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Madeira. 1/99- 
 
 erioca'rpa (woolly-spored). June. E. Ind. 
 
 exi'gua (little). July. Isle of Luzon. 
 falfiicula'ta (sickle-like). July. S. Amer. 
 
 indioi'sa (undivided). July. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 invfsa (unseen). 2. July. Jamaica. 1830. 
 
 la'tfi (broad). June. Isle of Luzon. 1834. 
 
 June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1839. 
 
 maeroca'rpa (larRa-spored). August. E. Ind. 
 
 1827. 
 
 mambranifo'lla. (membrane - fronded). June. 
 
 Isle of Lu*on. 1844. 
 
 miftttjV^a (mF.ny-paired). July. E. Ind. 1839- 
 
 pa'tertK (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1/84. 
 
 patenti'ssinw. (very-spreading). August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1825. 
 
 yolyphy'lla (many-fronded). August. India. 
 
 "Presliafnu, (Presl's). June. India. 
 
 pn^L'nqua (allied). July. Isle of Luzon. 
 -7- jmbti'snens (downy). July. Jamaica.. 
 
 semicorda'ta (half - heart - shape,. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 stfrra (saw-like). 2. July. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 afinilis (like). July. Malacca. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). June. Isle of Luzon . 
 
 Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). August. India. 
 
 venu'sta (handsome). August. India. 1825. 
 
 verruco'sa (warty). June. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 vestVta (clothed). July. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. July. Jamaica. 1844. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). July. Malacca. 1839. 
 LATA'NIA. Bourbon Palm. (The Bour- 
 
 bon name is Latanier. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mcna- 
 delphia.) 
 
 Stove palms, with greenish- white flowers. Seeds 
 in a hotbed ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 
 60 to 90 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 L. Borbo>nica (common-Bourbon). 20. Bourbon. 
 1816. 
 
 glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 15. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 15. Mauritius. 1788. 
 
 LATERALS, or Side-Shoots, are those 
 which spring from the sides of the main 
 branches, and are thus described in con- 
 tradistinction to the terminal or leading 
 shoots of the branches : The laterals on 
 the lower branches, like those branches 
 themselves, are usually longer as they 
 approach the base of the tree, because 
 they extend to obtain the benefit of the 
 light kept from them by the bmnches 
 
 above. If unable thus to extend, ;ts in 
 the case of inner trees of those planted 
 in clumps, the laterals die, and occasion 
 the nakedness of their trunks. If the- 
 terminal shoot of a branch be cut away, 
 the laterals increase more in length, not 
 only because more sap is thus afforded 
 them, but because an extra effort is made 
 to advance into the desired degree of light. 
 
 LA'THYRUS. (From la, to add to, and 
 thouros, an irritant; to increase excite- 
 ment, the supposed qualities of the seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., \l-Diadelphia 4^-Dccandria.) 
 
 Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring; 
 perennials, by division at the same time, or cut- 
 tings of the younp: shoots under a bll-glass; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. amphicafrpus (double-fruited). l. Pink. 
 June. Levant. 1680. 
 
 angula'tus (angular-seeded). 1. Red. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1683. 
 
 leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 setifo'lius (bristle-leaved). 1. Bed. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1739. 
 
 rphafricus (round-seeded). 1. Crimson. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1801. 
 HARDY CLIMBING ANNUALS. 
 L.ala'tus (winged). 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1823. 
 
 a'nnuus (annual). 4. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1621. 
 
 auricula' tus (eared). 4. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 ci'cera (flat-podded). 2. Red. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1633. 
 
 cornu'tus (horned). 3. Purple. July. 1818. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy-podded). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 It a! li CHS (Italian). 3. Pink. August. Italy. 
 
 Lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. July. Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 odora'tus (fragrant. Sweet Pea). 4. Va- 
 
 riegated. July. Sicily. 1700. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. July. Crete. 
 
 suti'vus (cultivated. Chickling Vetch). 3. 
 
 White. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 Tingita'nus (Tangier). 4. Dark purple; 
 
 July. Barbary. 1680. 
 
 tu'midus (swollen). 1. Red. July. Pied- 
 
 mont. 1817- 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &C. 
 L. Alta'icus (Altaic). Altai. 1832. Herbaceous 
 perennial. 
 
 Armitagea'nus (Armitage's). 10. Purple, 
 
 blue. May. Brazil. 1824. Shrub. 
 
 Califo'rnicus (Californian). 4. Purple. June- 
 
 California. 1826. 
 
 decaphy'llus (ten-leaved). 4. Red, lilac. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 grandifto'rus (large-flowered). 4. Rose. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1814. 
 
 heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 4. Fletb. 
 
 Auguit. Europe. 1731. 
 
 incu'rmu (cvuieA-podded). a. Bine. July. 
 
 Rttuia. 1808, 
 
LAU 
 
 [481 ] 
 
 LAV 
 
 L. interme'diua (intermediate). 4. Reel. Au 
 gust. North Europe. 1820. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved. Everlasting Sweet 
 
 Pea). Pink. August. England. 
 
 Macrae'i (MacRae's). 3. Purple, white. Oc 
 
 tober. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Magella'nicus (Magellan). 3. Purple, blue 
 
 May. Cape Horr.. 1744. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Purple, red 
 
 July. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 tnyrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 3. Red. May 
 
 Philadelphia. 1822. 
 
 neroo'sus (nerved). 3. Blue. June. Mont 
 
 Video. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 4. Pale purple. June 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). 3. Purple. July 
 
 Siberia. 1795. 
 
 polymo'rphus (multiform). 3. Pale purple 
 
 July. Missouri. 1824. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). 3. Yellow. Britain. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 3. Purple, blue. May 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1843. Greenhouse ever- 
 green shrub. 
 
 purpu'reo ccerule'scens (purplish-blue). 10 
 
 Purple, blue. August. Brazil. 1836 
 Twiner. 
 
 ro'sews (rosy). 2. Red. July. Iberia. 1822 
 
 rotundifo'lius (round - leaved). J. Rose, 
 
 July. Tauria. 1822. 
 
 stipula'ceus (/arg-e-stipuled). 3. Purple, 
 
 July. New York. 1816. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood. Everlasting Pea). 3. 
 
 Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 tomento'sus (woolly). 3. Lilac. June, 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1839. 
 
 tubero'sus (tuberous). 2. Red. July. Hol- 
 
 land. 1596. 
 
 veno'sus (veiny). 4, White, red. June. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 LAUEEL. Lau'rus. 
 
 LAUKEL CHERRY. Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'- 
 rasus. 
 
 LAURESTI'NUS. Vibu'rnum ti'nus. 
 
 LAU'RUS. Laurel. (From the Celtic 
 blaur, or laur, green. Nat. ord., Laurels 
 [Lauracere]. Linn., 9-Enneandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 The Bay (Lau'rus no'bilis) represents this large 
 order. They are all more or less aromatic, and 
 produce camphor, cinnamon, nutmegs, cassia, and 
 other fruits and products in commerce. Few of 
 the best of these, even no'bilis, the Sweet Bay, 
 will flourish in the north of the Island without 
 protection. It and its allies, the Sassafras, Ben- 
 zoin, &c., are propagated by cuttings under hand- 
 lights, in the end of summer ; by layers, by pieces 
 of the roots, and by seeds, which generally require 
 to bn m the rot-heap a season before vegetating ; 
 common soil, if good and dry, suits them. The 
 stove and greenhouse species by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and potted off in sandy peat 
 and fibry loam, and the usual temperature of 
 these compartments. Many, however, would do 
 better planted against a conservative wall, heated 
 and protected in winter. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 L. tMtiva'Ks (summer). 6; Yellow. April. N. 
 Amer. 1775. 
 
 albida (whitish-termed). 10. Yellow. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1824. 
 01 
 
 L. Be'nzoiv (Benzoin). 8. Yeiiow, green. April* 
 N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 15. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 gla'bra (Smooth). Yellow, green. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 obtu'sa (blunt-fcae<i). 15. Yellow, 
 
 green. April. Carolina. -1805. 
 pube'scens (downy). 15. Yeiiow, green. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 Catesbia'na (Catesby's). 10. White. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1820. 
 
 diospy'rus (Jove's-fruit). 6. Green, yellow. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 geniculu'ta- (jointed). 6. Yellow. April. N 
 
 Amer. 1759. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. aggrega'ta (crowded-./7oM;ered). 3. Green. 
 yejlow. China. 1821. 
 
 bulla'ta (blistered. African Oak). Green. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Yellow, green. 
 
 Canaries. 1815. 
 
 foe'tens (strong-smelling). 20. Green, yellow. 
 Madeira. 1760. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian-Bay). 20. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. Madeira. 1765. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 L. chloro'xylon (green-wood. Cogwood - tree) 
 60. Green, white. W. Ind. 1778. 
 
 coria'cea (leather-teamed). 50. White. W. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 40. White. Cayenne. 
 
 1800. 
 
 exaltn'ta (lofty). 60. White, yellow. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1800. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 40. Yellow, 
 
 green. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 ni'nea (snow-white). 1820. 
 
 pa! tens (spreading). 15. White, yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 pendula (weeping). 40. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 salicifo'lia ( willow-leaved). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 April. W, Ind. 1826. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 40. Yellow, green. E 
 
 Ind. 1800. 
 
 thrysiflo'ra (thryse-flowered). 30. Yellow, 
 
 green. Madagascar. 1810. 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. no'bilis (noble. Bay). 15. Yellow, white* 
 April. South Europe. 156]. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-teaued). 20. Yellow, 
 
 white. May. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. Yel- 
 low, white. May. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow, white. 
 
 May. Asia. Half-hardy. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. Yellow* 
 
 white, April. 
 
 undula'ta (wavy-teawed). 4. Yellow, 
 
 white. April. 
 
 varlegu'ta (variegated-tecwed). 20. Yel- 
 low, white. May. 
 
 rega'lis (royal). California. 1847. 
 
 LAVA'NDULA. Lavender. (From lavo, 
 o wash ; referring to lavender-water, 
 ord., Lipworts or Labiates [Lamia- 
 ere]. Linn., l-Didynamia \-Gymno- 
 oermia.') 
 
 Cuttings of large pieces, in spring and autumn, 
 rmly inserted in the ground ; but small, young* 
 hoots in spring, under a hand-light, nictke the 
 
LAV 
 
 C 482 
 
 LAX 
 
 atatest plants; sandy loam suits them best. 
 Those that require the protection of a pit or cool 
 greenhouse are propagated in a similar manner, 
 and require the same soil. The flowers of the 
 common lavender (L. spi'ca) are ready for drying 
 or distilling at the end of June. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 L. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Lilac. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1568. 
 'spi'ca (common-lavender-apike). 2. Lilac. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1568. 
 
 ate'cAas (stsechas). l. Lilac. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1568. 
 
 ve'ra (true). Blue. July. South Europe. 1568. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). l. Lilac. 
 July. Canaries. 1699. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed-leaved), l. Lilac. August. 
 
 ' South Europe. 1597. 
 
 multi'fida (many-cleft). !. Lilac. August. 
 
 South Europe. 15Q7- Biennial. 
 
 pinna! ta (leafleted). l. Lilac. June. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1/77- 
 yube'scens (downy). Lilac. June. !8l6. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). 1 J. Purple. June. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1777. 
 
 LAVA'TERA. (Named after the two 
 Lavaters, Swiss naturalists. Nat. ord., 
 Mallowworts [Malvacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Monadelphia S-Polyandria.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, in common garden-soil, 
 by seed in spring ; herbaceous, by division, and 
 cuttings at the same time ; shrubby, by cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; light, sandy 
 loam suits them all. The frame and cool green- 
 house species merely require the protection of 
 these departments in winter. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 L. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 5. Pink. July. 
 Teneriffe. 1820. 
 
 Africa'na (African). 5. Pink. June. Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 6. Pink. June. Algiers. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 Portugal. 1748. 
 
 mari'tima(se&-side). 2. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1597. 
 
 mi'cans (glittering). 3. Purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1796. 
 
 <yibia (Olbia). 3. Red, purple. August. 
 
 Provence. 15/0. 
 
 phasni'cea( fine-red). 5. Pink. June. Canaries. 
 
 1816. 
 
 pseu'do-o'lbia (bastard-olbia). 5. Red. June. 
 
 1817. 
 
 trilo'ba (three-lobed). 3. Light purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1759. 
 
 unguiculu'ta (clawed). 6. Lilac. August. 
 
 Samos. 1807. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 L. Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 6. Purple. June. 
 Naples. 1818. Hardy. 
 
 plebe'ia (vulgar). 2. Pale. September. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 Thuringi'aca (Thuringian). 4. Light blue. 
 
 August. Germany. 1731. Hardy. 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 L. ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple. August. 
 Naples. 1824. 
 
 arbo'rea (tree-maMnv). 6. Purple. August. 
 
 Britain. Biennial. 
 
 L. austra'Ks (southern). 2. Purple. August. 
 South Europe. 1820. 
 
 bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Red. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1819. Biennial. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 4. Light blue. July, 
 
 Candia. 1723. 
 fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1818. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ear>ed). 2. "Purple. 
 
 August. Europe. 1817- 
 
 punctu'ta (dotted-stalked). 2. Pale. August. 
 
 Italy. 1800. 
 
 Salvitelle'nsis (Salvitella). 6. Pink. July. 
 
 1831. Biennial. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple. August. Portu- 
 
 gal. 1817. 
 
 trime'stris (three-monthly). 2. Flesh. June. 
 
 Spain. 1633. 
 
 LAVENDEB. Lav&'ndula. 
 
 LAVENDER COTTON. Santoli'na. 
 
 LAVRA'DIA. (Named after the Marquis 
 of Lavradio. Nat. ord., Sauvageads [Sau- 
 vagesiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Sauvage'sia, Lavra'dia, and Luxembu'rgia, 
 compose this small order, which is intermediate 
 between Violetworts and Frankeniads. Stove 
 evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in heat; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60 to 
 80; winter, 48 to 55. 
 L. monta'na (mountain). 1. Purple. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 LAWN is a surface of turf in the vicinity 
 of the house, requiring to be kept smooth 
 by the regular application of the roller 
 and scythe. When first constructed, 
 after the ground has been dug over as 
 level as may be, it must be rolled, the 
 hollows filled up, and this repeated until 
 a level surface of earth is obtained. It 
 must then be slightly pointed over with 
 a fork, and the turf laid, or the grass- 
 seed sown. For directions to lay the 
 turf, see TURFING; and for the proper 
 grasses, if seed is employed, see GRASSES. 
 
 In very dry weather all lawns should 
 be watered, and, if a little guano and 
 muriate of lime be dissolved in the water, 
 it will keep the surface gently moist, and 
 the turf green, even in dry weather. 
 
 LAWSO'NIA. (Named after Isaac Law- 
 son, M.D., author of " A Voyage to 
 Carolina." Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly- 
 thraceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Grislea.) 
 
 Stove trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 strong heat ; sandy peat and turfy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 L. a'lba (white). White. 1752. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. 1820. 
 
 LAXMA'NNIA. (Named after E. Lax- 
 mann, a Siberian traveller. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyworts [Liliaceoe]. ~Linn.,6-Hexandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Aphyllanthes.) 
 
LAY 
 
 LEA 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New 
 Holland. Divisions ; loam and peat ; require a 
 cold pit or cool greenhouse during winter. 
 L. gra'cilis (slender). . Purple, white. June. 
 
 1824. 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, brown. 
 
 LAYER. The following excellent com- 
 bination of practice and science is from 
 Dr. Lindley's " Theory of Horticulture:" 
 A layer is a branch bent into the earth, 
 and half cut through at the bend, the 
 free portion of the wound being called " a 
 tongue." It is, in fact, a cutting only 
 partially separated from its parent. The 
 object of the gardener is to induce the 
 layer to emit roots into the earth at the 
 tongue. With this 1 view he twists the 
 shoot half round, so as to injure the 
 wood- vessels ; he heads it back, so that 
 only a bud or two appears above ground, 
 and when much nicety is requisite, he 
 places a handful of silver-sand round the 
 tongued part; then, pressing the earth 
 down with his foot, so as to secure the 
 layer, he leaves it without farther care. 
 The intention of both tonguing and 
 twisting is to prevent the return of sap 
 from the layer into the main stem, while 
 a small quantity is allowed to rise out of 
 Ae latter into the former ; the effect of 
 ihis being to compel the returning sap to 
 organize itself externally as roots, instead 
 of passing downwards below the bark as 
 wood. The bending back is to assist in 
 this object by preventing the expenditure 
 of sap in the formation, or rather, com- 
 pletion of leaves, and the silver-sand is 
 to secure the drainage so necessary to 
 cuttings. 
 
 In most cases this is sufficient ; but it 
 must be obvious, that the exact manner 
 in which the layering is effected is un- 
 important, and that it may be varied 
 according to circumstances. Thus, Mr. 
 James Munro describes a successful 
 method of layering brittle - branched 
 plants by simply slitting the shoot at the 
 bend, and inserting a stone at that place; 
 (Gardeners Magazine, ix. 302;) and Mr. 
 Knight found that, in cases of difficult 
 rooting, the process is facilitated by ring- 
 ing the shoot just below the tongue about 
 Midsummer, when the leaves upon the 
 layers had acquired their full growth ; 
 (Hart. Trans, i. 256 ;) by which means 
 he prevented the passage of the return- 
 ing sap further downwards than the 
 point intended for the emission of roots. 
 It will sometimes happen that a branch 
 of a plant cannot be conveniently bent 
 
 downwards into the earth ; in such cases, 
 . the earth may be ele- 
 
 \ ' r vated to the branch by 
 \ f various contrivances, as is 
 \iv / commonly done by the 
 Chinese. When this is 
 done, no other care is 
 necessary than that re- 
 quired for layers, except 
 to keep the earth sur- 
 rounding the branch stea- 
 dily moist. See figure. 
 
 LAYING-IN is a gar- 
 dener's term for training 
 the branches of espaliers 
 and wall-trees. Laying -in-by-the-heels is 
 his mode of describing a plant's having 
 its roots roughly buried in the soil for 
 some temporary purpose. 
 
 LAZY-BEDS are beds dug for the growth 
 of potatoes, the sets being then placed in 
 rows on the surface, and covered by the 
 soil dug out of narrow, deep alleys be- 
 tween the beds. 
 
 LEADWOET. Plumba'go. 
 LEAF-MOULD. This is formed of leaves 
 kept moist and in a heap, frequently 
 turned over, until completely decayed, 
 and reduced to a dark brown, moist 
 powder. It usually takes two years to 
 complete this process. An excess of 
 water delays the decaying, and either 
 lime or gas ammoniacal liquor promotes 
 it; but then few potted plants are bene- 
 fited by any such excess of either of these 
 additions. 
 
 LEATHEBWOOD. Di'rca. 
 LEAVES are highly vascular organs, 
 in -which are performed some of the most 
 important functions of a plant. They 
 are very general, but not absolutely ne- 
 cessary organs, since the branches some- 
 times perform their offices. Such plants, 
 however, as naturally possess them, are 
 destroyed, or greatly injured, by being 
 deprived of them. 
 
 The duration of a leaf is, in general, for 
 a year only, though in some plants they 
 survive for twice or thrice that period. 
 These organs are generally of a green 
 colour. Light seems to have a powerful 
 influence in causing this, since, if kept 
 in the dark, they become of a pale 
 yellow, or even white hue, unless un- 
 combined hydrogen is present, in which 
 case they retain their verdure though 
 light be absent. Hence their blanching 
 would seem to arise from their being 
 unable to obtain this gas iincler ordinary 
 
LEA 
 
 I 
 
 circumstances, except when light is 
 present. Now, the only source from which 
 they can obtain hydrogen is by decom- 
 posing water; and how light assists in 
 the decomposition, may, perhaps, be ex- 
 plained by the dis-oxygenizingpowerwith 
 which it is gifted. The violet rays of the 
 spectrum, and those just beyond them, 
 have this power in the greatest degree; 
 and Sennebier has ascertained by experi- 
 ment, that those rays have the greatest 
 influence in producing the green colour 
 of plants. 
 
 "When leaves are of any other hue than 
 green they are said to be coloured. This 
 variegation is often considered to be a 
 symptom either of tenderness or debility ; 
 and it is certain, when the leaves of a 
 plant become generally white, that that 
 individual is seldom long-lived. Mr. 
 Knight, however, has demonstrated that 
 variegation is not a certain indication of 
 a deficiency of hardihood. 
 
 The functions of the leaves appear to 
 be a combination of those of the lungs 
 and stomach of animals ; they not only 
 modify the food brought to them i'rom the 
 roots, so as to fit it for increasing the size 
 of the parent plant, but they also ahsorb 
 nourishment from the atmosphere. The 
 sap, after elaboration in these organs, 
 differs in every plant, though, as far as 
 experiments have been tried, it appears 
 to be nearly the same in all vegetables 
 when it first reaches them. The power of 
 a leaf to generate sap is in proportion to 
 its area of surface, exposure to the light, 
 and congenial situation. 
 
 The transpiration of plants decreases 
 with that of the temperature to which 
 they are exposed, as well as with the pe- 
 riod of their growth. This explains why 
 the gardener finds that his plants do not 
 require so much water in cold weather, 
 nor during the time that elapses between 
 the fall of their blossoms and the ripen- 
 ing of their seed. During this period 
 they do not transpire more than one-half 
 so much as during the period preceding 
 and attending upon their blooming. 
 
 The transpiration takes place from the 
 upper surface of the leaves. Hence arises 
 the benefit which plants derive in rooms, 
 greenhouses, and other confined inclo- 
 sures, by keeping these surfaces cleansed 
 with the sponge and syringe. Some 
 plants are particularly sensitive to injury 
 from any check to their transpiration, 
 among which are the tea-scented roses ; 
 
 4 ] LED 
 
 and it thence arises that they cannot now 
 be cultivated in nursery gardens near 
 London, whe,re they once flourished when 
 that metropolis was less extensive. It 
 must be remembered, however, in using 
 the sponge and syringe, that the under 
 side of leaves is also an absorbing sur- 
 face, benefited by being kept clean, and 
 by the application of moisture. 
 
 During the day leaves absorb car- 
 bonic acid gas, which they decompose, 
 retaining its carbon, and emitting the 
 greater part of the oxygen that enters into 
 its composition. In the night this opera- 
 tion is, in a certain measure, reversed, a 
 small quantity of oxygen being absorbed 
 from the atmosphere, and a yet smaller 
 proportion of carbonic acid emitted. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas in small proportions 
 is essential to the existence of leaves ; yet 
 it only benefits them when present in 
 quantities not exceeding one-twelfth of 
 the bulk of the atmosphere in which they 
 are vegetating, though one-twenty fifth 
 is a still more favourable proportion ; and 
 as hotbeds, heated by fermenting matters, 
 have the air within their frames rapidly 
 contaminated to a much greater extent 
 than the proportions above named, thence 
 arises the injury to the plants they con- 
 tain from a too long neglected ventilation. 
 The leaves turn yellow from the excess of 
 acid, which they are unable to digest, and 
 which consequently effects that change 
 of colour which also occurs in autumn. 
 
 LECANO'PTEEIS. (From lefcane, a basin, 
 and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiaceee]. Linn., 24^-Cryplogamia 1-JF'i- 
 lices.) 
 
 A fine stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 L. carno'sa (fleshy-/eaed). Yellow. May. Java. 
 
 LECHEKAU'LTIA. See LESCHEKAU'LTIA. 
 
 LEDEBOU'RIA. (Named after M.Lcde- 
 lour, a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 worts [Liliacea?.]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Bessera.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb, not to be confounded with 
 Ledebu'ria, a name given to an umbel-bearirig 
 penus. Offsets; sandy loam, with a little peat; 
 bulbs protected from cold and wet in winter. 
 L. hyaci'nthlna (hyacinth-like). ^.Greenish-white. 
 E. Ind. 1832. 
 
 LEDON GUM. Ci'slus le'don. 
 
 LEDOCA'RPUM. (From Icdon, the Cistus, 
 and karpos, a fruit; fruit like that of the 
 Cistus. Nat. ord., Oxallds [Oxalidacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in sandy loam, 
 under u bell-glass ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 
LED 
 
 [ 485 ] 
 
 LEO 
 
 L. peduncula'ris (ton/r-flower-slalked). 1, Yellow. 
 August. Chili. 1825. 
 
 LE'DUM. Labrador Tea. ( From ledon, the 
 Greek name of Cistus. Nat. ord., Heath- 
 worts [Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Bhododen- 
 dron.) 
 
 Hardy, evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Lay- 
 ers ; peat, with a little sand. Very pretty for bor- 
 dering Rhododendrons. 
 L. Canade'nse (Canadian). 1$. April. Canada. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. April. N.Amer. 
 
 1/63. 
 
 palu'stre (marsh). 2. April. Europe. 1762. 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). . April. Hud- 
 son's Bay. 1762. 
 
 LEE-CHEE. Nephe'lium Litchi'. 
 
 LEEK. (A'llium po'rrum.) The leek is 
 a hardy biennial; for although it attains 
 perfection in size and for culinary pur- 
 poses the first year, it does not run to 
 seed until the second, the perfecting of 
 which it often survives. The whole plant 
 is eaten, being employed in soups, &c., 
 and boiled and eaten with meat. 
 
 Varieties. The Musselburgh and the 
 large London Leek, which are by far the 
 best ; the Scotch, or Flag, which is larger 
 and hardier ; and the Flanders. 
 
 Sowing. Sow first in the end of Fe- 
 bruary a small crop for transplanting in 
 June and July, as well as in part to re- 
 main where sown ; again, for the main 
 crop, in the course of March or early in 
 April; and lastly, towards the close of 
 April or beginning of May, for late trans- 
 planting. Sow in drills, some to remain 
 after thinning ; the leek, however, is much 
 benefited by transplanting. 
 
 Cultivation. When the plants are three 
 or four inches in height, hoe and thin to 
 two or three inches apart; water, also, 
 in dry weather, will strengthen and for- 
 ward them for transplanting, when six or 
 eight inches high. They must be taken 
 away regularly from the seed-bed, the 
 ground being well watered previously, if 
 not soft and easily yielding. When thinned 
 out they may be left to remain in the 
 seed-bed six inches asunder, as they do 
 not grow so large as the transplanted 
 ones, which must be set by the dibble in 
 rows ten inches apart each way, nearly 
 down to the leaves, that the neck, by being 
 covered with the earth, may be blanched ; 
 water in abundance at the time of plant- 
 ing, and shorten the long, weak leaves, 
 but leave the roots as uninjured as pos- 
 sible. By this treatment, and by cutting 
 off the tops of the leaves about once a 
 
 month, as new ones are produced, the 
 neck swells to a much larger size. The 
 several sowings above directed will yield 
 a supply from August until the following 
 May, when they advance to seed. A por- 
 tion should be always taken up and laid 
 in sand previous to the ground being 
 locked up by continued frost ; but they 
 will not keep many days in this situation. 
 LEIA'NTHUS. (From leios, smooth, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Gentianworts 
 [Gentianaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Lisianthus.) 
 
 Stove plants. Seeds, sown carefully in a pot, 
 placed in a hotbed ; cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam ; a good heat when growing, cool and 
 airy when blooming. General temperature, from 
 55 to 80. 
 
 L. longifo'liua (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Jamaica. 1844. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 nigre'scens (black-jfowered). 14. Blackish. 
 
 August. Guatemala. 1842. Biennial. 
 
 umbeUa'tus (umbel-flowered). 20. Green, yel- 
 
 low. May. Jamaica. 1843. Evergreen tree. 
 
 LEIOPHY'LLUM. (From lews, smooth, 
 and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Heathworts 
 [Ericaceae] . Linn., IQ-Decandria L-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Ledum.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings and layers ; 
 peaty soil. See AMMY'RSINE. 
 L. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). White. April. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 LEMON. See CI'TEUS. 
 
 LEMO'NIA. (Named after Sir O. Lemon, 
 M.P. Nat. ord., Eueworts [Kutaceee]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Monnieria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 L. spectafbilis (beautiful). Deep rose. Septem* 
 ber. Cuba. 183Q. 
 
 LENNE'A. (Named after M. Lenne, a. 
 foreign landscape-gardener. Nat. ord.", 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 n-Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to 
 Robinia.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Young shoot* 
 in spring, or ripened shoots towards autumn, 
 under a hand-light. Must have similar protection 
 and treatment to the Geni'sta Canarie'nsis. 
 L. Robinoi'des (Robinia-like). Crimson. April. 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 LEOCHI'LUS. (From leios t smooth, and 
 cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacesej. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- 
 dria. Allied to Oncidium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring; fibry peat, 
 sphagnum, and crocks, and cultivated in shallow 
 baskets, suspended from the roof of a moist or- 
 chid-house. Winter temp.. 55 to 6u ; sur 
 60 to 90. 
 
LEO 
 
 [ 486 ] 
 
 LEP 
 
 L. carina'tns (keeled). Orangp. Xalapa. 1842. 
 
 cochlan'ris (spoon-lipped). Yellow. Dominica. 
 
 1842. 
 
 sanguimile'ntus (bloody). Crimson. La Guayra. 
 
 1842. 
 
 LEONO'TIS. Lion's Ear. (From Icon, 
 a lion, and ous, an ear ; some resemblance 
 in the flower. Nat. orct., Labiates [Lami- 
 acese]. Linn., i4^-Didynamia \-Gymno- 
 spermia. Allied to Phlomis.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in hotbed, and young plants 
 then treated as tender annuals ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Common greenhouse and 
 plant-stove treatment. Herbaceous species, by 
 seeds, and division of the plant. 
 L. cardi'acn (cordial). 3. Red. June. Britain. 
 crt'spus (curled-leaved). 2 Red. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1658. 
 villo'sus (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1820, 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Orange. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 la'cerus (torn). 3. Pink. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 lana'tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1/5-2. 
 
 leonu'rus (lion's-tail). 3. Scarlet. November. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 nepetcefo'lia (catmint-leaved). 3. Orange. 
 September. E. Ind. 1/78. 
 
 ova'fa (e%%-leaved). l. Orange. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1813. 
 
 Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 
 
 1759. 
 
 LEONTOPO'DIUM:. Lion's Foot. (From 
 leon, a lion, and pous, a foot ; resem- 
 blance of the flower-heads. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to An- 
 tennaria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sion of the roots in spring ; common soil. 
 L. Helve' ticum (Swiss). 4. Yellow. June. 
 Austria. 1776. 
 
 LEONU'RUS. See LEONO'TIS. 
 
 LEOPARD'S BANE. Doro'nicum. 
 
 LEOPOLDI'NIA. (Named after the late 
 Empress of Brazil. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [PalmacefBJ. Linn., 21-M.onoscia 6- 
 Jfexandria.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Sum- 
 jner temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 55 to 60. 
 L.pu'lchra (beautiful). 60. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 LEPECHI'NIA. ( Named after Lepechin, 
 a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates 
 or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to 
 Sphacele.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 plant in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a hand-light, in spring and 
 summer; loam and a little peat. Spica't'.t re- 
 quires a little protection in winter. 
 L. chenopodifo'lia (chenopodium-leaved). . Red. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1818. 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1800. 
 
 LEPIDA'GATHIS. (From lepis, a scale, 
 and agathis, a ball ; referring to the 
 bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- 
 ceas]. Linn., \k-Didynamia%-Angwsper- 
 mia. Allied to Geissomeria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 getting a little firm, in May, in sandy soil, in 
 bottom-heat ; fibry, sandy loam, and a little peat 
 and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 winter, 45 to 58. 
 L. arista' ta (crested). 2. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 LEpfDiuM. See CRESS and MUSTARD. 
 
 LEPI'SMIUM. (From lapis, a scale ; re- 
 ferring to the small scales at the crena- 
 tures. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Kipsaiis.) 
 
 Greenhouse fleshy-leaved plants. For culture 
 see CE'REOS. 
 
 It. commu'ne (common). Rose, white. Septem- 
 ber. 1836. 
 
 myosu'rus (mouse- tail- like). 4. Yellow, 
 
 white. July. 1837- 
 
 parado'xurn (paradoxical). 3. 1846. 
 
 LEPTA'NDRA. See VERO'NICA. 
 
 LEPTA'NTHUS. (From leptos, slender, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Pontcde- 
 rads [Pontederacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 
 A hardy perennial marsh-plant. Offsets ; 
 properly an aquatic, but will flourish in a moist 
 place and boggy soil. 
 
 L. grami'neus (grassy). 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 Anier. 1823. 
 
 LEPTOCA'LLIS. See IPOM^'A. 
 
 LEPTO'CERAS. (From leptos, slender, 
 and keras, a horn ; referring to the form 
 and substance of the column. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn., ZQ-Gynan- 
 dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids, from Swan 
 River. Division in spring ; fibry peat, well 
 drained, with a little leaf-mould and sand. Win- 
 ter temp., 45 to 50. 
 L.fimbria'ta (fringed). Yellow. May. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong). Yellow. May. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-like). Yellow. May. 
 LEPTODE'RMIS. (From leptos, slender, 
 
 and derma, the skin; referring to the 
 thin bark. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacesa]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened young shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam. Winter temp., 45 to 48. 
 L. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaaed). 3. Yellow. 
 June. Nepaul. 1842. 
 
 LEPTOGRA'MMA. (From lepto$, slender, 
 and gramma, writing; referring to the 
 form of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceaej. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptoyamict l-Fiiices.) 
 
LEP 
 
 [ 487 ] 
 
 LES 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. 
 See FERNS. 
 
 L. asplenioi'des (asplenium-like). June. Ja- 
 maica. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). June. Brazil. 
 
 polypodioi'des(polypQdium-\ike'). June. Brazil. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. July. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 LEPTOME'RIA. (From leptos, slender, 
 and meris, a part; referring to the slender 
 and almost leafless shoots. Nat. ord., 
 Sandalworts [Santalaceae]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms, 
 from New Holland. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40 
 to 48. 
 . a'cida (acid). 1. 1823. 
 
 Billardie'ri (Labillardi^re's). 1. 1823. 
 LEPTO'SIPHON. (From leptos, slender, 
 
 and siphon, a tube ; alluding to the tube 
 of the flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts 
 [Polemoniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 i-Jtfonogynim.} 
 
 Hardy annuals, from California. Sown in the 
 borders at the end of March ; sandy loam suits 
 them ; but they will do better still if assisted with 
 leaf-mould or peat soil, 
 L. androsa' ceus (androsace-like). 1. Blue, white. 
 
 August. 1833. 
 ' densiflo'rus (clustered-flowered). g. Purple. 
 
 June. 1833. 
 coro'lla a'lha (white-corollaed). f . White. 
 
 June. 1833. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). l. Blue, 
 
 yellow. September. 18:33. 
 
 hi' tens (yellow), li. Deep yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1833. 
 
 pa'llidus (pale). l. Pale yellow. Sep- 
 tember. 1833. 
 
 parviflo'rus (small-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 
 September. 1833. 
 
 LEPTOSPE'EMUM. (From leptos, slen- 
 der, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tleUuoms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosan- 
 dria \-Monoyyniq. Allied to Metrosi- 
 deros.) 
 
 New Holland, greenhouse, evergreen plants, 
 with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; 
 uttings of young shoots, getting firm, in May, in 
 well-drained pots, in sand, under a glass; loam 
 two parts, peat one part, sand and charcoal half a 
 part. Winter temp., 38 to 48. Some, such as 
 lani'gerum and grandiflo'rum, would do well on 
 conservative walls. 
 L. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). 3. June. 1/95. 
 
 attenuu'tum (thin). 5. June. 1795. 
 
 bacca'tum (berry-fruited). 3. June. 1790. 
 
 emargina'tuTn (notch-leaved,). 5. June. 1818. 
 
 ftave'scens (yellowish). 5. June. 1/87. 
 
 flexuo'sum (zigzag). 10. June. 1823. 
 
 ~ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 5. June. 1810. 
 
 juniperi'num (juniper-leaved). 2. June. 1790. 
 
 lani'gerum (woolly). 5. June. 1774. 
 
 multicau'le (many-stemmed). 4. June. 1S24. 
 
 obli'quum (twatoA-leaved) . June. 1800. 
 
 pe'ndulum (weeping). 4. July. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). S.June. N.S.Wales. 1818. 
 
 squarru'sum (spreading). 4. July. 
 
 tltymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). 5. June. 1824. 
 
 trUocula're (three-relied). 2. June. 1800. 
 
 LEPTOSTE'LMA. See ERI'GERON MA'XI- 
 MUM. 
 
 LEPTO'TES. (From leptos, slender; re- 
 ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Brassavola.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions in spring ; fibry peat, 
 potsherds, and old moss chopped, with the pot 
 nearly filled with drainage. Summer temp., 60 
 to 85; winter, 55 to 6u. 
 
 L. bi'color (two-coloured). $. White, red. April. 
 Brazil. 1831. 
 
 gtoco/;/iv7/tt(miIky-green-leaved). White, 
 
 purple. February. Organ Mountains. 1838. 
 
 co'ncoloi-' (one-coloured). White. February. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 LESCHENAU'LTIA. (Named after M. 
 Leschenault, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Goodcniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of the points of young shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and as soon as struck, potted 
 and grown in an open compost of turty peat, 
 fibry loam, silver sand, and pieces of broken pots 
 and charcoal, the pots being well drained. Winter 
 temp., 38 to 45, with plenty of air when possible. 
 A shady position in summer. 
 L. arcua^ta, (bowed-branched'). 1, Yellow. Au- 
 gust. 1844. 
 bilo'ba (two-lobed). 1. Blue. June. 1840. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome). 1. Scarlet. June. 1824. 
 
 oblu'ta (flattened -round -lobed). 1. Orange. 
 
 June. 1824. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). l. Scarlet. June. 1844. 
 
 LESPEDE'ZA. (Named after Lespedez, 
 once governor of Florida. Nat. ord., Le- 
 yuminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to Des- 
 ra odium.) 
 
 North American plants, except where otherwise 
 specified. Annuals, by seed, in a sandy, peaty 
 border ; perennials, by the same means in spring, 
 and division of the roots ; shrubs, cuttings either 
 of young or ripened wood in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy, fibry peat. Eriocu'rpa requires the 
 greenhouse, and glamera'ta must be used as a 
 tender annual. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 L. glomera'ta (crowded). 3. Purple. July. E. 
 Ind. 1819- Stove. 
 
 SfM'ei(Stuve's). ). Purple. July. 1824. Hardy. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 L. eri oc a'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Violet. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1819. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Purple. July. 1739. 
 
 Deciduous shrub. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 L. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale purple. 
 June. 1800. 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. White. July. 
 
 1789. 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). $. Purple. July. 1810. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 villo'sa. (shaggy). White. July. 1819- 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1739- 
 dwe'rgens (diverging). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 4800. 
 
LES 
 
 [488 ] 
 
 LEU 
 
 X. viola'cea reticula'ta (netted). 2. Purple. 
 
 1816. 
 SKssilifln'ra (stalkless-flowered). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 
 LESSE'RTIA. (Named after the French 
 'botanist, Baron Delessert. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadclphia l-Decandria. Allied to Swain- 
 sonia. ) 
 
 All natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Shrubby 
 kinds, by seed in spring, and cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat ; an- 
 nuals, by seeds ; and perennials, by seeds and di- 
 vision in spring ; the seedlings should be potted 
 off, when a few inches in height, into light, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 L, tomento'sa (downy). . Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 vesica'ria (bladder -podded). Purple. June. 1825. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. 1828. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 L. pere'nnans (lasting). 1. Red. August. 1776. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). Purple. June. 1753. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L, brachysta'chya (short-spiked). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1826. 
 falcifo'rmis (sickle-formed). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1826. 
 frntico'sa (shrubby). 1. Purple. July. 1826. 
 
 pu'lchra (pretty). l. Red. May. 1817- 
 
 LETTSO'MIA. (Named after J. O. Lett- 
 som, a British physician and naturalist. 
 Nat.ord.,Z%eads [Ternstromiacese] . Linn., 
 IB-Polyandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Freziera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm, in April or May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat; 
 *and\', fibryloam, and sandy, turfy peat. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 to 60. 
 L. tomento'sa (woolly). 4. White. Peru. 1823. 
 
 LETTUCE. Lactu'ca. 
 
 LEUCADE'NDRON. (From leukos, white, 
 and dendron, a tree; the white-leaved 
 Silver-trees of the Cape colonists. Nat. 
 ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dloecia ^-Tetrandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flow- 
 ers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of 
 the ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a 
 glass, and kept cool until tKfc base of the cutting 
 has callused, when extra heat may be applied ; 
 iibry loam and sandy peat, with a few rough 
 pieces of charcoal, to keep the compobt open. 
 Winter temp, 38 to 45. 
 L. cf'mulum (rival). 3. July. 1739. 
 
 angusta'tum (narrowed). 3, June. 1820. 
 
 arge'nteum (silver-tree). F5. August, 1693. 
 
 cauda'tum (tailed). 3. May. 1800. 
 
 cinefrtum (grey). S. July. 1774. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). 3. May. 1818. 
 ~ conci'nnum (neat). 3. 1800. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. May. 1774. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. April. 1790. 
 
 deco'rum (decorous). 3. 1790. 
 fln'ridum (florid). 3. April. 1795; 
 
 pla'brum (smooth). 3. May. )'81'0. 
 
 -L. grandiflo'rum (larfre-flowered). 3. April. 178Q. 
 
 imlmca! turn (imbricated). 4. 1/PO. 
 
 infle'xum (bent-in). 3. April. 1800. 
 
 Levisa'nus (Lewis's). 4. April. 1/74. 
 
 linifo'lium (flax-leaved). 4. May. 
 
 margina'tum (bordered). 3. May. 1800. 
 
 ova'le (oval-leaved'). 3. May. 1818. 
 
 plumo'sum (feather-/7owered). 4. July. 1774. 
 
 retu'sum (bent-back). 3. May. 1810. 
 
 sali'gnum (\v\\\Q\\-leaved). 3. May. 1774 
 
 seri'ccwot (silky). 3. May. 1817. 
 
 tjmMM/YM/n(spatulate). 3. May. 1818. 
 
 squarro'slim (spreading). 3. 1824. 
 
 stri'ctum (upright). 3. June. 1795. 
 
 veno'sum (veiny). 3. May. 1816. 
 
 LEUCHTENBE'RGIA. (Named after Prince 
 Leuchtenburg. N at. ord.., Indian Figs [Cac- 
 tacese] .Linn.,12-7cosanrfnal -Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see 
 C A'CT u s Echinoca'ctus. 
 L. pri'ncipis (noble). 1 .Yellow. June, Mexico.1847. 
 
 LEUCOCA'RPUS. (From leukos, white, and 
 carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro- 
 phulariacese]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia2-An~ 
 giospermia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy annual. Seed in autumn ; division 
 and cuttings in spring ; requires a little protec- 
 tion in winter ; loam, leaf-mould, peat, and a little 
 sand. 
 
 L. alu'tus (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. Vera 
 Cruz. 1830. 
 
 LEUCOCO'RYNE. (From leukos, white, 
 and koryne, a cluh ; referring to the ste- 
 rile anthers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia- 
 cese]. Linn., 3 - Triandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Brodisea.) 
 
 Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs, from Chili, re- 
 quiring the same treatment as Ixias. 
 L. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 1. White. 1825. 
 
 ixioi'des (ixia-like). Lilac. October. 1821. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. August. 
 
 1826. 
 
 LEUCO'JUM. Snowflake. (From leukos t 
 white, and ion, a violet ; referring to the 
 colour and fragrance of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord.,Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 
 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ga- 
 lanthus.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; sandy loam. 
 See ERINO'SMA. 
 L. <KstV Hum (summer). 1$. White. May. England. 
 
 pulehe'llum (ne&t). 1|. White. April. 
 
 LEUCOPO'GON. ( From leukos, white, and 
 pogon, a heard ; referring to the hairs on 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epa- 
 cridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Lissanthe.) 
 
 This is " the native currant " of settlers in New 
 Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland, white-flow- 
 cring, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots, getting a little firm in May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both fibry, with 
 ilver sand, and nodules of charcoal to keep the 
 compost open ; drainage and watering must ba 
 carefully attended to. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 
LETT 
 
 [489 ] 
 
 LIA 
 
 L. amplericau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. 1815. 
 
 colli'nus (hill). 3. May. 1824. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 6. 1815. 
 
 juniper oi'des (juniper-like). 3. May. 1804. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear-head-teawed). 12. May. 1790. 
 
 obova'tus (reverse-egg-/eawed). 1, June. 1824. 
 
 polystn'chys (many-spiked). 2. June. 1826. 
 
 Ri'chei (Riche's). 6. June. 1822. 
 
 seti'gera (bristly). 2. 1824. 
 
 stria' tus (channelled). 3. June. 1823. 
 
 verticilla'tus (whorled). 1 837. 
 
 virga'tus (twiggy). 2. June. 1824. 
 
 LEUCOSPE'RMUM. (From leukos, white, 
 and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Proteads 
 [Proteacee]. Linn., 4-Tetrandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Protea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flow- 
 ers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of 
 ripe young shoots, with the leaves left on, except 
 those close to the base of the cutting, firmly in 
 sand, and covered with a bell-glass, kept cool, and 
 care taken to prevent damping ; light, sandy, fibry 
 loam, with a little peat, nodules of charcoal, free- 
 stone, and brick. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 L. attenua'tum (thin). 3. June. 1820. 
 
 ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. August. 17QO. 
 
 furmo'sum (handsome). 4. July. 1784. 
 
 grandifto'rum (large-flowered) 4. June. 1800. 
 
 linea're (narrow-feauerf). 4. July. 1774. 
 
 me'dium (middle-sized). 3. July. 17Q4. 
 
 pa'rile (matched). 2. August. 178Q. 
 
 pa'tulum (spreading). 2.. August. 1823. 
 
 spathula'tum (spatulate) 2. June. 1825. 
 
 tomento'sum (.cottony}. 2. June. 178Q. 
 
 LEUCOSTE'MMA. Synonyme of Elichry- 
 sum. 
 
 LEUCO'THOE. Synonyme of Andromeda. 
 
 LEU'ZEA. ( Named tfterDe Leuze. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [ Asteraceas] . Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Ser- 
 ramla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, wkh purple 
 flowers. Seeds, and divisions of the plant in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 L. Altn'lca (Altaian). $. August. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 austr/i'lis (southern). 1. August. N.Hol- 
 
 land. 1821. 
 
 carthumoi'des (carthamus-like). 2, August. 
 
 Siberia. 1816. 
 
 fonif/era (cone-bearing), f. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 tali' no, (salt). 1. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 LEVI'STICUM. (From levo, to assuage; 
 
 said to relieve flatulency. Nat. ord., 
 Umbellifers [Apiacem]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandrial-Monoyynia. Allied to Angelica.) 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sions of the plant in spring ; common soil. 
 L. officinafle (shop). 6. Pale yellow. June. 
 Italy. 15Q6. 
 
 LEWI'SIA. (Named after Captain Lewis, 
 the traveller. Nat. ord., Ficoids [Mesem- 
 bryacese]. Linn., IS.Polyandria \-Mono- 
 gynia,) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di- 
 Yidmg the roots in spring; light, sandy loam, 
 with brick-rubbish. 
 L. redivi'va (revived). J. Rose. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 LEYSSE'EA. (Named after T. W. Leys- 
 ser, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synge* 
 nesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, orange-flowered, and 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, except cupillifo'lia. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, over 
 sandy peat, in summer; peat and loam, both 
 rough and sandy. 
 
 L. capillifo'lia (hair-leaved). . Yellow. June* 
 Barbary. 1822. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Ij. August. 1816. 
 
 gnaphalni' des (gnaphalium-like). 2. August. 
 
 1774. 
 
 pnlifo'lia (polium-leaved). 1$. August. 1820. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. 1815. 
 
 LEYCESTE'EIA. (Named after W.Leys- 
 ser, once chief justice at Bengal. Nat, 
 ord., Caprifoils [Caprifoliacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Symphoricarpus.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds in spring; 
 cuttings of young, short shoots in spring, under 8 
 glass, and older shoots in autumn, under a hand- 
 light ; light, sandy soil ; will require a few ever- 
 green boughs over it in a very hard winter. 
 L.formo'sa (handsome). 4. White, purple. 
 August. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 LHO'TSKYA. (Named after Dr. John 
 Lhotsky, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Fringe-myrtles [Cbamselauciaceffi]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Calytrix.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, when the base is a little 
 firm, in sand, and under a glass; loam, and a 
 little peat and sand. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 L. acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). Pale yellow. June. 
 
 viola' cea (violet-coloured). Violet. June. 1843. 
 
 LI'ABUM. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 W-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to 
 Andromachia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ; 
 sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 80"; winter, 48 to 55. 
 L. Bro'wnei (Brown's). Yellow. June. Jamaica. 
 1768. 
 
 LIA'TEIS. (Derivation not known. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 19-Syngencsia 1-JEqualis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and 
 peat; those from Carolina require protection iu 
 winter. 
 L. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 2. Pink. August. 
 
 borea'lis (northern). 1$. Pink. August. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). 3. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Carolina. 1825. 
 
 cyli'ndrica (cylindric-/?ow)crcd). 4. Pink. 
 
 September. 1811. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 4. Purple. September; 
 
 1787. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1$. Purple. September. 
 
 Carolina. 1818. 
 
 graminifo'lin (grass-leaved). 3. Pink. August* 
 
LIB 
 
 [ 490 ] 
 
 LI a 
 
 L. heteropJiy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Purple. 
 July. 1790. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1823. 
 
 odorati'ssimu (sweetest-scented). 3. Purple. 
 
 September. Carolina. 1/86. 
 
 paniculn'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1826. 
 
 pilo'su. (hairy -leaved}. l. Purple. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1783. 
 
 propi'nqua (related). 2. Purple. August. 1838. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. September. 
 
 pycnostu'chya (dense-spiked). 3. Purple. 
 
 September. 1732. 
 
 scario'sa (membranous). 4. Purple. July. 1739. 
 
 sphceroi'dea (globular-cupped). 3. Purple. 
 
 September. 1817. 
 
 squarro'sn (spreading). 3. Purple. July. 1732. 
 
 spica'ta (/ow#-spiked). 6. Purple. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1732. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). l. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Carolina. 1820. 
 
 turbina'ta (top-form). 2. Purple. September. 
 
 1823. 
 
 LIBE'RTIA. (Named after M. A. Libert, 
 a Belgian lady and botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 16 - Mona- 
 delphia 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Pea- 
 cock Iris.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, with white flowers, thriving 
 well in a front, outside border, if light soil. Di- 
 vision of the roots, and sowing the seed, in spring ; 
 loam and peat. 
 L. formo'sa (handsome). l. May. Chili. 1831. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Jj. April. New 
 
 Zealand. 1822. 
 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). l. April. N.Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 1. April. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 LIBOCE'DEUS. See THU'JA. 
 
 LICHTENSTEI'NIA. (Named after Von 
 Lichtenstein, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pcntandria \-Monogynia.~) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, with blue 
 flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds, 
 and division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam, 
 with a little leaf-mould; require a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 L. laniga'ta (smoothed). 1. 1824. 
 
 undula'ta Iw&ved-leaved). 1. July, 1814. 
 
 LICUA'LA. (From the native name. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Corypha.) 
 
 Stove Palms, from the East Indies. Seeds in 
 strong hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 60 to 80 ; winter, 60. 
 
 L.pelta'ta (shield-leafed). 6. White, yellow. 
 1825. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 6. White, green. 1802. 
 
 LIDBE'CKIA. (Named after E. G. Lid- 
 lecky a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceee]. Lion., IQ-Si/n- 
 fjenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Lasthenia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 
 flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened short shoots in April, in sandy 
 peat, under a bell-glass ; peat, with a little fibry 
 
 of half-ripened short shoots in April, in sandy 
 th a little fibry 
 loam, and a few pieces of charcoal and silver-sand. 
 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 L. lohn'ta (lobed). 2. May. 1800. 
 
 pectma'ta (comb-leaved). 2. May. 1744. 
 
 LIEBI'GIA. (Named after Liebig, the 
 celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord., 
 Oesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 ^Eschynanthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the herba- 
 ceous-like shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring 
 and summer ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a 
 little dried dung. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 L. specio'sa (showy). l. White, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Java. 1845. 
 
 LIFTING is sometimes used as meaning 
 the same as transplanting, and at others 
 merely means passing the spade under a 
 plant, and, by raising it up, disturbing its 
 roots to check its luxuriance. 
 
 LIGATURES, twisted very tightly round 
 the small branches of trees, and the 
 stems of plants, to check the return of 
 their sap, and thus promote their fruit- 
 fulness, and the size of the fruit, are 
 much to be preferred to ringing, or other 
 removals of the bark, which cause wounds 
 and canker. Ligatures should be removed 
 as soon as the fruit is ripened. 
 
 LIGHT has a most powerful influence 
 over the health and life of a plant, from 
 the moment its leaves pierce through 
 the surface of the soil. If absent, they 
 become yellow, or even white, unless un- 
 corabined hydrogen be present, in which 
 case they retain their verdure. It de- 
 serves notice, that it has been proved by 
 the experiments of Dr. Hope and others, 
 that light from artificial sources may be 
 concentrated so as to enable plants to 
 absorb oxygen, and perfect those elabo- 
 rations on which their green colour de- 
 pends; and the light of the moon has 
 a like influence. A similar concen- 
 trated light will make the Pimpernel and 
 other flowers, which close until sunrise, 
 open their petals, and rouse from their 
 rest; a fact which gives another reason 
 why plants in rooms frequented at night 
 become weak and exhausted sooner than 
 those which remain as nature dictates, 
 unexcited by light. A deiiciency of light 
 decreases the decomposing power of the 
 leaves. For this reason the best glass 
 should always be employed in the sashes 
 of the hothouse, conservatory, and other 
 structures of the forcing department. 
 
LIG 
 
 [491 ] 
 
 LIL 
 
 But the benefit sought for is frustrated 
 if that glass be not constantly well 
 cleansed. The best glass, if dirty, 
 allows fewer rays of light to pass through 
 than inferior glass if kept bright. 
 Solar light is essential to the ripen- 
 ing of all fruit : it will not ripen in the 
 dark ; and the greater the light's inten- 
 sity, and the longer its daily endurance, 
 the sweete 1 - and the higher is the fruit's 
 flavour. No fruits are so luscious as 
 those grown within the tropics, and the 
 fruits of the temperate zone are excel- 
 lent in proportion to the brightness of 
 its seasons. That light is essential in 
 causing the colour of the leaves and 
 other parts of plants has been noticed 
 already ; and it aids the ripening process 
 of fruit in a similar manner, to convert 
 their acid and mucilaginous constituents 
 into sugar. How light operates in pro- 
 moting this and other decompositions 
 which are effected by the vegetable organs 
 is, at present, a mystery ; but so it is ; 
 and the gardener promotes its access as 
 much as lies within his power, by re- 
 moving overshadowing leaves, by em- 
 ploying the best glass in his hothouses, 
 and by having their interior whitened; 
 for white surfaces reflect all the rays of 
 light back upon the object those surfaces 
 inclose. 
 
 LIGHTFOO'TIA. (Named after the Rev. 
 J. lAghtfoot, a Scotch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Bellworts [Campanulacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca- 
 narina.) 
 
 Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, containing a little peat, under a glass ; 
 iibry loam and sandy peat; pots well drained. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 L. Lo<Wzy?'su'(Loddige's). f. July. 1822. 
 
 oxycoccoi'des (oxycoccos-like). . July. 1787. 
 
 subula'ta(snvil-leaved). $. August. 1/87. 
 LIGULA'RIA. (From ligula, a strap ; 
 
 referring to the florets. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 2-8uperflua. Allied to Arnica.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers, and blooming in June. Seeds, divisions, 
 and cuttings of the young shoots under a hand- 
 light, in a shady corner; sandy loam, with a 
 little leaf-mould. 
 L. Alta'ica ( Altaian). Altaia. 1837. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1784. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Siberia. 1818. 
 
 thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-^owered). Altaia. 1837. 
 LIGU'STRUM. Privet. (From ligulare, 
 
 to tie ; referring to the use made of the 
 flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Oliveworts 
 
 [Oleaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono- 
 gyjiia.} 
 
 Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by 
 cuttings of the young shoots in sandy loam ; 
 seeds may also be sown, either when ripe, or 
 placed in a rot-heap for a number of months pre- 
 viously. The common kinds are useful for fence", 
 and will grow under trees where scarcely anything 
 else would live; lu'cidum and its variety, and 
 vesti'tum, require a little protection in exposed 
 places. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 L. Japn'nicum (Japanese). June. Japan. 1845. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). 8. June. China. 1794. 
 florittu'ndum (profuse-flowered). 8. July. 
 
 China. 1794. 
 
 vesti'tum (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 vulga're chloroca'rpum (common- green-ber- 
 
 ried). 8. June. Britain. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen). 8. June. Italy. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 L. spica'tum (spike-cowered). 8. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. 
 
 vulga're (common). 10. June. Britain. 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 leucoea'rpum (white-berried). 8. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated). 8. June. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 xanthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Au- 
 gust. Italy. 
 
 LILAC. See SYRI'NGA. 
 
 LI'LIUM. The Lily. (From the Celtic 
 li, white. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Uili&cedz]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Offsets from the bulbs; also seeds, and, in 
 some cases, small stem-bulbs ; in general, light, 
 rich, sandy loam ; some, however, as those from 
 America and Japan, like the addition of some 
 fibry peat, and the latter are generally the better 
 for a cold pit treatment in winter, though they 
 will do in a bed well-drained. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). 2. 
 
 Dark red. July. Japan. 1835. 
 macula' turn (spotted). Orange, red. Au- 
 gust. Japan. 
 
 coru'scans (glittering). 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 exi'mium (splendid). 4. White. July. Japan. 
 
 gigante'um (gigantic). 10. White. July. 
 
 Himalaya. 1852. 
 
 lancifo'lium (spear-leaved). White. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 . ro'seum (rosy). White, pink. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 ro'seum (rose-coloured). 12. Purple. April. 
 
 Missooree. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 2. Orange. August. 
 
 Japan. 1833. 
 . a'lbum (white-jZotrered). 3. White. July. 
 
 Japan. 1833. 
 Kai'mpferi (Ksempfer's). 3. Rose, 
 
 purple. July. Japan. 1833. 
 puncta'tum (spotted-./?ou>ered). 3. 
 
 White-spotted. July. Japan. 1835. 
 ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Rose. July. 
 
 Japan. 1833. 
 
 testa'ceum (light brown). 3. Pale orange, 
 
 red-spotted. June. Japan. 1841. 
 
 Thompsonia'num (Dr. Thompson's). 3. Rose. 
 
 April. NuBsooree. 1843. 
 
LIL 
 
 [492 ] 
 
 LIL 
 
 L, Thunbergia'num (Thunberg's). J. Orange, 
 scarlet. July. Japan. 1835. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). Crimson. July. 1830. 
 
 Wallichia'num (Wallich's). 5. Greenish- 
 
 white. October. Nepaul. 1850. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 L. Andi'num (Andes). 4. Scarlet. July. N. 
 Amer. 1819. 
 
 auranti'acum (light orange). Orange. July. 
 
 Japan. 1835. 
 - auru'ntium (orange). 3. Dark orange. June. 
 
 Italy. 1835. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Dark 
 
 orange. June. 
 
 mi'nus (small). 2. Orange. June. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated-teawed). 2. Dark 
 
 orange. June. 
 
 Buschia'num (Busch's). 1. Orange. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1829. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). 4. Light orange. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 ru'brum (red- flowered). 4. Orange. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white). 3. White. June. Levant. 
 
 15Q6. 
 
 puncta'tum (spotted-^ou'ered). 4. White, 
 
 purple. June. Nepaul. 1835. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 4. White. June. 
 stria'tum (channelled-yfowered) . 4. White. 
 
 June. 
 variega'tum (variegated). 4. White. June. 
 
 Carolinia'num (Carolina). 2. Orange. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 Catesbee'i (Catesby's). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 China. 180(5. 
 
 Chalcedo'nicum (Chalcedonian). 4. Scarlet. 
 
 July. Levant. 1796. 
 
 co'ncolor (one- coloured). 2. Red. July. China. 
 
 1806. 
 
 cro'ceum (saffron). 3. Yellow. July. 1596. 
 
 exce'lsum (tall). Striped. July. Japan. 
 
 gla'brum (smooth). 4. Orange. June. 1595. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japan). 2. White. July. China. 
 
 1804. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved. Bulbiferous). 2. 
 
 Orange. July. Europe. 1820. 
 
 longifo'liurn (long-leaved). White. May. 
 
 China. 1820. 
 
 ma'rtagon (martagon). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Germany. 1596. 
 
 a'l&o-ple'no (double-white). 3. White. 
 
 July. Germany. 
 
 dorsipunctu' turn (spotted-backed). 3. 
 
 Purple. June. 
 ela'tum (tall). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 - ocella're (eyed). 3. Lilac. June. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale). 3. Lilac. June. 
 
 perpurpu'reum (deep purple). 3. Dark 
 
 purple. June. 
 
 petiola're (petioled). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 3. Orange. June. 
 
 Germany. 1596. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 sepa'lis-albis (white-sepaled). 2. White. 
 
 July. Germany. 
 sepa'lis-plu'rimis (double-flowered). 3. 
 
 Purple. July. Gardens. 
 
 monade'lphum (monadelphous). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 Nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 3. White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 penduliflo'rum (pendulous-flowered). 1. Cop- 
 
 per-coloured. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 peregri'num (straggling). 4. White. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 L. Philade'lphicum (Philadelphian). 5. Scarlet. 
 July. N. Amer. 1757. 
 
 pompo'nium (scarlet-pompone). 2. Red. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1659. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Red. 
 
 June. 
 
 pulche'llum (pretty). Scarlet. Dahuria. 1829. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. July. Dahuria. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Dark orange. 
 
 July. Pyrenees. 1596. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 sangui'neum (blood-coloured). Orange, red. 
 
 July. 
 
 Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 specta'bile (showy). 2. Light orange. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1754. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 tigri'num (tiger-spotted). 6. Orange. July. 
 
 China. 1804. 
 
 LI'UUM CA'NDIDUM. Common Whito 
 Lily. 
 
 Propagation. By offsets. When the 
 old bulbs have several small ones formed 
 around them, take them up in September, 
 divide them into single bulbs, replant the 
 large flowering-bulbs immediately into 
 fresh, rich earth, where they are to flower. 
 The small bulbs plant in a bed of the 
 same kind of soil, in some corner by 
 themselves ; let them remain here for 
 two years, then take them up, select the 
 large bulbs, and plant them where they 
 are to flower, taking care to enrich the 
 earth with well-decomposed manure. The 
 small ones may be replanted again till 
 they are the same size, and should then 
 be taken up and planted in the borders 
 to bloom. 
 
 The Soil should be well drained, and 
 fresh, maiden loam, made rich with a 
 good coating of manure, and dug over 
 two or three times previously to the 
 planting season. 
 
 Winter Culture. When the stools of 
 bulbs have become large, they will have 
 exhausted the soil, and it will be advisa- 
 ble to take them up, divide them, then 
 dig holes, taking away the old exhausted 
 soil, and put at the bottom of each hole 
 a shovelful of rotten dung ; fill up with 
 fresh earth, and plant immediately three 
 strong bulbs in each hole, covering them 
 about three inches deep. The best time 
 to do this is in September, and the rea- 
 son for planting immediately is because 
 these bulbs will not bear exposure to the 
 air without injury. By this treatment 
 they will flower well the next season, but 
 much finer the second. 
 
 Insects. The most troublesome are 
 
LIL 
 
 [493 ] 
 
 LIL 
 
 the WIREWORM and the common GARDEN- 
 SLUG, which see. Whenever a leaf is 
 observed to droop, the grub will be found 
 to be the cause. Gently remove the 
 earth near the drooping leaf, and the 
 enemy will be discovered at work. 
 
 Diseases. The canker sometimes at- 
 tacks the bulbs. This disease arises 
 from too much moisture in the soil. 
 This must be corrected by draining. All 
 cankered bulbs should be taken up and 
 thrown away, to prevent the contagion 
 from becoming general. 
 
 LI'LIUM MA'RTAGON. Martagon, or 
 Turk's-cap Lily. The propagation of all 
 the varieties of this species is the same 
 as described above for L. ca'ndidum. 
 The soil, however, should be liberally 
 mixed with sand. Some species, such as 
 L. co'ncolor and L. supe'rbum, require a 
 considerable quantity of sandy peat 
 mixing amongst the soil. 
 
 LI'LIUM TIGRI'NUM, Tiger Lily; and 
 L. BULBI'FERUM or AURA'NTIUM, the Orange 
 Lily, produce at the axils of the leaves of 
 the flower-stem a considerable number of 
 small embryo bulbs. These afford a 
 ready way of propagating them. Gather 
 the bulbs as soon as they part readily 
 from the stem ; prepare a bed for them, 
 by digging it over, and adding some well- 
 rotted dung. Plant them in rows across 
 the bed at three inches apart in the row, 
 and nine inches from row to row. Let 
 them remain in this bed for two or three 
 years, then take them up, sort the bulbs 
 into two sizes, plant the largest in a bed 
 of rich earth, six inches apart in the row, 
 and a foot between each row. Several of 
 them will flower weakly the first year, 
 tut stronger the second, and will then be 
 large enough to take their place amongst 
 the old strong bulbs. The smaller-sized 
 bulbs should be planted again rather 
 thickly, and will afford a second crop of 
 flowering bulbs the second year. The 
 other points of summer and winter cul- 
 ture are similar to those required by L. 
 ca'ndidum, excepting in one particular. 
 As the flower- stems advance in growth, 
 they put forth a number of young roots 
 from the stem above the bull); when that 
 is perceived, place round each stem some 
 rough, hard pieces of dung for these roots 
 to strike into; this will encourage the 
 flower-stems to grow strongly, and flower 
 finely, besides increasing very much the 
 siz of the bulbs below. 
 
 LI'LIUM LANCIFO'LIUM and its varieties, 
 
 puncta'tum and specio'snm. This is the 
 finest of all the genus. The petals turn 
 buck, like those of the L. ma'rtagon. It 
 throws out roots above the bulbs like 
 L. tigri'num, but does not produce in- 
 cipient bulbs in the axils of the leaves, 
 like the latter species, and must, there- 
 fore, be propagated like L. ca'ndidum, by 
 offsets. This fine species, in the southern 
 parts of Britain, is hardy enough to bear 
 cultivating in the open air, like the rest 
 of the genus ; but it is worthy of being 
 cultivated in pots to bloom in the green- 
 house, everywhere in this country, 
 flowering in June and July, when the 
 generality of the usual inhabitants are 
 enjoying the open air. To cultivate it for 
 that purpose, pot the larger bulbs in 
 eleven-inch pots. If bulbs are plentiful, 
 put three in each pot. Do this early in 
 March, and use a rich, sandy compost. 
 Place them in' a pit or frame sheltered 
 from frost, by covering with mats, giving 
 plenty of air in mild weather, but very 
 little water. Grow them as slowly as 
 possible, so that they may have a large 
 strength of roots to cause a strong growth. 
 When the frosts are over, plunge them 
 in a bed of old tan till the greenhouse is 
 thinned of its plants, and then bring 
 them into their place ; put pans under 
 the pots, and a mulching of dung on the 
 surface of the soil. Water freely, and 
 give plenty of air. The culture in the 
 air is the same as is required by L. ca'n- 
 didum, with the addition of a covering of 
 dry ashes over the bulbs in winter. 
 
 LILY. Li'lium. 
 
 LILY- HYACINTH. Sci'llali'lia-hyaci' nthus. 
 
 LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. ( Convalla'ria ma- 
 ja'lis.) We know a garden where no one 
 can flower the lily-of-the-valley well, and 
 we also know places where it flowers in 
 the greatest abundance without any care 
 whatever. We have seen it growing 
 naturally by the acre, in a shady wood, 
 the soil being mere sand, enriched by the 
 fallen leaves ; we have dug it out in that 
 wood, and found all the roots within three 
 inches of the surface. We have also 
 seen it flower abundantly on a south bor- 
 der, in a rich kitchen-garden soil. Where 
 it refuses to succeed we would make a 
 bed for it on the north side of a wall ; 
 dig out the natural soil a foot deep, and 
 drain the bottom ; then fill up the bed 
 with a compost of light, sandy earth and 
 rotten leaves, half of each ; press it down 
 gently when within two inches of the top ; 
 
UL 
 
 [494] 
 
 LIM 
 
 then lay the roots regularly, four inches 
 apart, all over this surface, and then cover 
 them two inches deep, and give them a 
 good watering with a rose-pot ; and, after 
 that, we would cover the whole with an 
 inch of quite rotten leaves, and water 
 them once a week the foil owing summer. 
 February, or early in March, is the best 
 time to plant them ; and the third season 
 they are in full perfection, and will last 
 for ten or a dozen years. 
 
 Forcing.- Pot them in thirty-two-sized 
 pots, filled to within three and a half 
 inches of the rim with rich loam, upon 
 which the roots are closely placed, and 
 then covered about two inches in thick- 
 ness with equal parts of leaf-mould and 
 sand ; they are then well watered, so as 
 to settle the mould about the roots ; 
 place them on a shelf near the glass, 
 in a moist stove or forcing-house, the 
 temperature of which may range from 
 65 to 75, and take care that the soil 
 does not become dry. When they are 
 so far advanced that the plants show 
 their heads of flowers, remove them into 
 a warm greenhouse, still placing them 
 near the glass, until, as they advance in 
 growth, they are withdrawn by degrees 
 into a shaded part of the house, from 
 whence they are removed to the drawing- 
 room as required, their places to be im- 
 mediately filled with others, which are 
 similarly treated, and thus an ample 
 succession will be kept up. Care and 
 attention are requisite in lifting and se- 
 lecting the plants for forcing ; they re- 
 quire a minute examination to distinguish 
 those that will flower from those that will 
 not, the only difference being that the 
 buds of the former are more round and 
 short than those of the latter. ^-Florists' 
 Journ. 
 
 LILY-PINK. Aphylla'nthes. 
 
 LILY-THORN. Catesba'a. 
 
 LIME. Ci'trus hme'tta. 
 
 LIMK is valuable as a manure, for some 
 one or more of its salts enter into the 
 composition of every vegetable. But it 
 is not the lime of every district that is 
 suitable for the purpose. Some specimens 
 contain a very large proportion of mag- 
 nesia, which, absorbing carbonic acid 
 very slowly, remains in a caustic state, to 
 the injury of the roots of the plants, 
 and the diminution of benefit from the 
 carbonic acid evolved by the decomposing 
 constituents of the soil. Neither can 
 the gardener apply it to all his soils with 
 
 advantage. Thus, peat and bog earth 
 are beneficial to the plants grown upon 
 them by their containing Gallic and 
 other acids, which lime removes. To 
 garden-soil of the usual staple about fifty 
 bushels of lime per acre is a sufficient 
 quantity. If the soil be clayey the quan- 
 tity may be doubled. A very excellent 
 manure is formed by mixing one bushel 
 of salt with every two bushels of lime. 
 Lime cannot be applied to the soil too 
 fresh from the kiln ; for if allowed to 
 absorb carbonic acid from the air, it is 
 rapidly converted into chalk. 
 
 When crops are devastated by the slug, 
 dress them, some evening, so as to render 
 the surface of the soil quite white, with 
 caustic lime, during the promise of a 
 few days' dry weather. It is instant 
 destruction to every slug it falls upon ; 
 and those that it misses are destroyed 
 by their coming in contact with it when 
 moving in search of food. 
 
 Lime-rubbish is the old mortar and 
 plaster obtained when brick - buildings 
 are pulled down. It is an excellent ma- 
 nure, abounding with the salts of potash 
 and lime. It should be reduced to pow- 
 der before spreading and digging in. 
 
 LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Ti'lia. 
 
 LIME-LOOPER MOTH. Geometra. 
 
 LIME-WATER. To forty gallons of clean 
 water, half an hour before using, put one 
 peck of fresh-slaked lime. As soon as 
 it is clear it is fit for use. 
 
 A watering-pot containing four gallons 
 will water a bed of four feet by thirty 
 feet, or rows of cauliflowers, cabbages, 
 &c., of double the length. 
 
 LIMNA'NTHES. (From limne, a marsh, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. orcl., Indian 
 Cresses [Tropseolacese]. Linn., 10-Decan- 
 drla \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy trailing annuals, from California. Seeds 
 in April, in a moist and shady situation. 
 L. a'tbn (white). . White. July. 1843. 
 
 Douglafsii (Douglas's). 1. Yellow. July. 1833. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). . Pink. July. 1833. 
 
 LIMNO'CHABIS. (From limne, a marsh, 
 and diairo, to delight in ; water-plants. 
 Nat. ord., Butomads [Butomaceas]. Linn., 
 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynw. ) 
 
 Stove, perennial, yellow - flowered aquatics, 
 from Brazil. Divisions, runners, and seeds ; tuba 
 or cisterns, in a stove, or the shallow part of an 
 aquarium. Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 
 55 to 60. 
 L. HnmWldtii (Humboldt's). 1$. May. 1831. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 1. July. 1822. 
 
 LIMO'NIA. (From limoun, the Arabia 
 
LIM 
 
 [ 495 ] 
 
 LIN 
 
 name of the citron. Nat. ord., Citron- 
 worts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., IQ-Decan- 
 
 dria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed, and seedlings grafted the same season, with 
 the most desired varieties ; cuttings of any shoots, 
 young or ripened, in spring or summer, in saudy 
 'soil, under glass, and in a few weeks plunged in 
 bottom-heat; peat, loam, dried cow-dung, and a 
 few pieces of charcoal. For crenula'ta, winter 
 temp., 35 to 45 ; summer, 60 to 80 ; the others 
 v. ill succeed against a wall, in the south of Eng- 
 land, protected in winter; and in other districts 
 they require a greenhouse. 
 L. austra'lis (southern). 25. N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 citrifo'lia (orange-leaved). 4. China. 1800. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped-/ea?;e<i). 4. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 6. China. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. China. 1800. Climber. 
 LIMOSE'LLA. Mudwort. (Trom limus, 
 
 mud; where it grows. Nat. ord., Figivorts 
 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 
 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Sibthorpia.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a marsh, or near a 
 pond or rivulet. 
 L. aqua'tica (water). . Flesh. August. Britain. 
 
 LINA'NTHUS. (From linon, flax, and 
 a-nthoSj a flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts 
 [Polemoniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- 
 MonogyniaJ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border, in 
 spring. 
 
 L- dicho'tomus (forked - branched}. l. Pink. 
 California. 1838. 
 
 LINA'KIA. Toadflax. (From linon, flax ; 
 referring to the resemblance of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. 
 Linn., 14:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Al- 
 lied to Antirrhinum. ) 
 
 All by seed at the end of March, and the per- 
 ennials also by division, and cuttings of the young- 
 shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; light, 
 sandy loam suits them all. A few like a cold pit 
 in winter ; they are good rock-work plants. 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 L. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. July. Austria. 1750. 
 
 biparti'ta (two-parted). . Purple. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1815. 
 
 circina'ta (curled-leaved), f. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Africa. 1833. Evergreen. 
 
 Dalma'tica (Dalmatian). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Levant. 1731. Evergreen. 
 fru'ticans (sprouting). 1. Yellow. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1822. Evergreen. 
 
 origanifo'lia (marjoram-leaved). 1. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. South Europe. 1785. 
 
 reticula'ta (net-flowered). 1$. Purple. June. 
 
 Algiers. 1788. 
 
 scopa'ria (broom). 1. Yellow. June. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1816. Evergreen. 
 
 triornitho'phora (three-birds-bearing). 1. Pur- 
 
 pie. August. Portugal. 1710. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy), i. Blue. July. Spain. 1786. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. acuti'loba (acute-lobed). i. Purple. August. 
 Siberia. 1825. 
 
 tequitri'loba (equal-three-lobed). J. Purple. 
 
 June. Sardinia. 1829. 
 
 L. cymbala'ria (cymbalaria). . Violet. May. 
 
 England. 
 a'lba (white). . White. June. Gardens. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-teoved). $. Violet. 
 
 June. Gardens. 
 
 pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). . Purple. August. Py- 
 
 renees. 1800. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). . Pale. August. Naples. 
 
 1820. 
 
 saxa'tilis(Tock). J. Yellow. August. Spain. 1819. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. galioi'des (galium-like). 2. Blue. July. South 
 Europe. 
 
 genistaefu'lia (broom-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Austria. 1704. 
 
 hcterophy 1 lla (variable-leaved). 1. Yellow, 
 
 brown. July. N.Africa. 1825. 
 
 hi'ans (gaping). 1. Yellow. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1818. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1820. 
 
 macrou'ra (long-tailed). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Crimea. 1822. 
 
 margina'ta (margined). Yellowish. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1820. 
 
 Monspessula'na (Montpelier). 3. Blue. July. 
 
 France. 
 a'lba (white). 3. White. July. 
 
 pro'cera (tall). 4. Pale blue. July. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1648. 
 
 silenifo'lia (silene-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1819. 
 
 tri'stis (dark). 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1727. 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. August. Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 veno'sa (veined). Yellow, brown. May. India. 
 
 183Q. 
 
 vulga'ris pelo'ria (common peloria). 1. Yellow. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 14. Yellow, purple. 
 July. Egypt. 1771. 
 
 alsinifo'lia (alsine-leaved). . Blue. June. 
 
 Corsica. 1824. 
 
 amethy'stina (amethystine). 1. Blue, yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1728. 
 
 arena'ria (sand) . Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 arve'nsis (corn). 1. Purple, blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1749. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Violet. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). . Yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 Chalepe'nsis (Aleppo). 1. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1680. 
 
 cirrho'sa (tendriled). $. Pale blue. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1771. 
 
 creta'cea (chalky). 1. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 dcalba'ta (whited). . Yellow. August. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1820. 
 
 delphinioi'des (larkspur-like). l. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Russia. 1838. 
 
 diffu'su (spreading). . July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 elatinoi'des (elatine-like). *. Yellow. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1821. 
 
 fla'va (yellow), . Yellow. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1820. 
 
 glanduli'fera (glanded). Purple. May. 1830. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy-teaued). 1. Purple. August. Spain. 
 
 1/59. 
 
LIN 
 
 [496] 
 
 LIK 
 
 L. lanfgera (uroolly). *. Yellow. July. Portugal. 
 1818. 
 
 Lose'lii (Load's). I. Blue. July. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 multicau'lis (many-stalked). 1$. White. June 
 
 Levant. 1728. 
 
 Pelinseria'na (Pelisser's). 1. Violet. August, 
 
 South Europe. 1640. 
 
 purpuru'scens (purplish). l. Purple. June, 
 South Europe. 1829. Biennial. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. June. Py- 
 
 renees. 1821. 
 
 rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 1. Blue. June. South 
 
 France. 1826. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). 1. Purple. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1816. 
 
 spa'rtea (broom-like). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Spain. 1772. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). |. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1818. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 1. Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Sicily. 1596. 
 
 vcrsi'colttr (various-coloured), 1. Purple, yel- 
 
 low. August. France. 17/7. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). . Blue. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1817. 
 
 visctfaa (clammy). 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1786. 
 LIKCO'NIA. (A commemorative name. 
 
 Nat. ord., Bruniads [Bruniaceae], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria2-Digynia. Allied to Brunia.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flow- 
 ers, from Cape of Good Hope. For culture, see 
 DIO'SMA. 
 
 L. alopecuroi'dea (fox-tail-like). 2. May. 1816. 
 
 cuspida'tu (pointed- leaved). 2. May. 1825. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. May. 1825. 
 LINDLE'YA. (Named after Professor 
 
 Lwdlcy. Nat. brd., Roseworts [Kosacese] . 
 Linn., ,12-lcosandria 2-Pentagynia. Allied 
 to Quillaja.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. By seeds ; ripe cuttings 
 under a glass, in bottom-heat, and grafting on the 
 Hawthorn. The same generic name is applied to 
 very different plants, among the Theads and Su- 
 myds. 
 
 L. mespiloi'des (medlar-like). 12. White. July. 
 Oaxaca. 1843. ' 
 
 LINDS#/A. (Named after M. Lindsay, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices.) 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores. For culture, see 
 FEENS. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 L. adiantoi'des (maiden-hair-like). July. Isle of 
 Luzon. 1840. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). July. Isle of Luzon. 1842. 
 
 cultru'tra( knife-shaped). July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1840. 
 
 decompo'sita (decomposed). July. Malacca. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). July. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 /atea'ta (sickle-shaped ).f. May. Trinidad. 1810. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guianan). May. Guiana. 1845. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). July. E. Ind. 
 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped-teaed). July. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1826. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff/. 1. July. Malacca. 1839. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). July. Malacca. 1839. 
 
 te'nera (tender). Malacca. 
 
 trapczafo'rmis (diamond-shaped). 1. May. S. < 
 
 Amer. 1819. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. linea'ris (nmow-leavcd). j. May. N. Holland. 
 1820. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 1. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). J. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 
 LING, or LING-HEATHEB. Callu'na vul- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 LININGS, or, as they might be more 
 properly called, Coatings, are applications 
 of fermenting dung to renew the heat in 
 hotbeds made of dung. See HOTBED. 
 
 LINN^E'A. ( Named after Linnaus. Nat. 
 ord., Capri/oils [Caprifoliacea?]. Linn., 
 l^-IUdynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Abelia. ) 
 
 Hardy trailer. Plants are easily obtained from 
 its trailing-rooted stems. It should, whether in 
 the front of a border or in a good sized pot, be 
 grown solely in peat or heath-soil, kept shady and 
 moist. 
 L. borea'lis (northern). $. Flesh. June. Scotland. 
 
 LINO'SYRIS. (Derivation not given. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Chrysocoma.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring ; common soil. 
 L, divarica'ta (spreading). Yellow. July. Australia. 
 
 LI'NUM. Flax. (From linon, flax. Nat. 
 
 A., Flax worts [Linacess]. Linn.,5-Pe- 
 tandria 5-Pentagynia.} 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in April ; perennials, by seed, but princi- 
 pally by divisions in spring, and cuttings of young 
 shoots under a hand-light ; hardy shrubs, by cut- 
 tings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in summer ; 
 greenhouse shrubs, cuttings in sand, under a bell- 
 a;lass ; for the latter, peat and loam. Winter 
 temp., 38 to 45. Many, however, such as arbo'- 
 reum, salsuloi'des, Tau'ricum, &c., will thrive in 
 the border, in the climate of London, with but 
 ttle protection. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). Yellow. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1771- 
 
 Africa' nurn (African). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/71- 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). 2. Yellow. May. Candia. 1788. 
 
 Cumi'ngi (Cuming's). g. White. July. Chili. 
 
 1830. 
 
 quadrifu'lium (four-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. ' 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 suffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 1. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. Spain. 1759. 
 
 tri'gynum (three-styled). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1799. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 L. au'reum (golden). . Yellow. June. Hun- 
 gary. 1820. 
 
 Berendie'ri (Berendier's). 2. Yellow, orange. 
 
 September. Bijar. 1835. Half-hardy. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). l. Yellow, blue. 
 
 June. Morocco. 1820. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. JuJy. 
 
 Missouri. 1807. 
 
LIO 
 
 [497] 
 
 LIQ 
 
 June. 
 
 . 1836. 
 Austria. 
 
 ,. stri'ctum (erect). 1. Yellow. June. South 
 Europe- 1759. Biennial. 
 
 usitati' ssimum (most-common. Common Flax}. 
 
 1$. Blue. June. Britain. 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. salsoloi'des (salsola-like). 1. Pink. June. 
 South Europe. 1810. 
 
 Tau'ricum (Taurian). l. Yellow. 
 
 Tauria. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 L. atrrc'ste (field). 2. Lilac. Portugal 
 
 alpi'num (alpine). $. Blue. July. 
 
 1739. 
 a'lbum (white). White. July. Gardens. 
 
 A Ita'icum (Altaic). 1. Blue. July. Altai. 
 
 1829. 
 
 A'nglicum (English). 2. Blue. June. England. 
 a'lbum (white -flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. Gardens. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. 
 
 July. England. 
 
 ascyrifo'lium (ascyrum-leaved). 1. 
 
 June. Portugal. 1800. 
 
 Austri'acum (Austrian). 1. Blue. 
 
 Austria. 1775. 
 
 campanula' turn (be\l-flu<ered), $. Yellow. 
 
 July. Europe. 1/95. 
 
 capita' turn (rownd-headed). 1 
 
 Austria. 1816. 
 
 Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 1. Yellow. 
 
 Dahuria. 1816. 
 
 decu'mbens (lyiner-down). 1.4. Red. 
 
 N.Africa. 381". 
 
 di/u'xum (spreading), k- Blue - June. 1823. 
 
 fiu'aitm (yellow). 2- Yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 '793. 
 
 grandr/lo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Crimson. 
 
 June. North Africa. 1820. 
 
 7ilrsu'tum (hairy). l. Blue. July. Austria. 
 
 1759. 
 
 hypericifoflium (St. John's- wort-leaved). l. 
 
 Purple. June. Caucasus. 1807. 
 
 Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 3. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 margina'tum (?r/a"/e-margined). 1$. Blue. 
 
 June. 1810. 
 
 LION'S FOOT. Leontopo'dium. 
 
 LION'S TAIL. Leono'tis leonu'rus. 
 
 LIPA'RIA. (From liparos, unctuous ; 
 referring to the shining leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 
 \l-Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to 
 Priestley a.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with orange flowers, 
 from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, but care taken ' 
 to prevent damping; fibry loam and turfy peal, 
 with sand and a little charcoal ; watering and drain- 
 ing carefully attended to. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 L. pa'rva (small). 2. March. 184S. 
 
 sphce'rica (globe-flowered'). 4. July. 1704. 
 
 LI'PARIS. (From liparos, unctuous ; 
 referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Or- 
 Purple, j chids [Orchidaceae]. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria 
 White. 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Fibry peat, sphagnum, charcoal, 
 and broken pots, in shallow, open baskets. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 55 to 60. There 
 are some hardy terrestrial species not worth culti- 
 vating. 
 
 L. a'nceps (two-edged). Yellowish-green. China. 
 1837. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Green, brown. May. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). E. Ind. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty-lipped). Green. January. 
 Penang. 1848. 
 
 ftave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Bourbon. 
 
 folio'sa (leafy). $. Green. September. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1823. 
 
 prio'chilus (saw-lipped). Orange. July. China. 
 
 1830. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. Bourbon. 
 
 Walke'rice (Mrs. Walker's). . Purple. Ceylon. 
 
 LIPO'STOMA. (From leipo, to fall off, and 
 stoma, mouth ; referring to the lid of the 
 capsule. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho- 
 
 June. 
 
 Yellow. June 
 June. 
 June 
 
 mari'timum (sea). 2. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 Rlexica'num (Mexican). June. Mexico. 1S38. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 mono'gynum (united-styled). 2. White. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1817- 
 
 Narbone'nse (Narbonne). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 South France. 1759- Half-hardy. 
 
 nervo'sum (nerved). l. Blue. June. Hungary. 
 
 1822. 
 
 nodijlo'ntm (knotted-flowered). . White. 
 
 May. Italy. 1759. 
 
 palle'scens (palish). 1. Lilac. January. Si- 
 
 beria. 1831. 
 
 refle'xum (bent-back-Zewed). 1$. Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1/77. 
 
 Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Blue. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1775. 
 
 squamulo'sum (scaly). 1 4. Blue. July. Tauria. 
 
 1819. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 1$, Pink. June. 
 
 Europe. 1759. 
 
 mscn'sum (clammy). 2. Purple, July. 1818. 
 
 Virginiu'num (Virginian), l. Yellow. July. 
 
 " N. Amer. 1807. 
 
 LION'S EAR. 
 33 
 
 Leono'tis. 
 
 nacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandrial-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Pentas.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailer. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat; turfy loam 
 and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60to 80 ; winu r, 
 50 to 55. 
 
 L. campanuliflo'ra (bell-flowered). . Blue. .T ;ly. 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 LIQUID A'MBAR. (From liquidus, liq- id, . 
 and ambar, amber; referring to the g:im 
 called liquid storax produced by so ne 
 species. Nat. ord., Liquidambars [Al; in- 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings, but layers 
 chiefly ; also by imported seeds, which should not 
 be taken out of the catkins until they are to be 
 sown ; if exposed to sun or fire-heat, the catkins 
 crack, and the seeds easily shake out. They often 
 require a year to send up their seedlings ; moist, 
 loamy soil. 
 L.imbe'rbe (beardless. Oriental). 6. March. 
 
 Levant. 1759. 
 styraci'flua (storax-flowing. Sweet Gum). 60. 
 
 March. N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 LIQUID-MANUBE is the most advan 
 
LIQ 
 
 [ 498 ] 
 
 LIS 
 
 tageous form in which fertilizers can be 
 applied by the gardener to his crops. It 
 is the most economical, most prompt, and 
 most efficient mode. The manure is pre- 
 sented to the roots in one of the only 
 forms in which the roots can imbibe 
 food, and the manure is spread regularly 
 through the texture of the soil. If, in- 
 stead of digging-in stable-manure, each 
 crop was watered occasionally 'with liquid- 
 manure, the produce would be finer and 
 more abundant. 
 
 " I have often employed with decided 
 effect, in my own garden, for vines, peach, 
 and standard apple-trees, liquid -manure, 
 prepared either by mixing one part by 
 weight of cow-dung with four parts of 
 water, or the collected drainage of the 
 stable and cow-house. It has been found 
 advantageous to plants cultivated in 
 stoves to apply even a liquid-manure, 
 composed of six quarts of soot to a hogs- 
 head of water ; and although this is a 
 very unchemical mixture, yet it has been 
 found by Mr. Robertson to be peculiarly 
 grate/ul and nourishing to pines, causing 
 them to assume an unusually deep, healthy 
 green; and, for stoved mulberry, vine, 
 peach, and other plants, the late Mr. 
 Knight, of Downton, employed a liquid- 
 manure, composed of one part of the 
 dung of domestic poultry and fotir to ten 
 parts of water, with the most excellent 
 result." Johnson on Fertilizers. 
 
 Guano Liquid- Manure. Ten gallons 
 of water will readily dissolve, or keep 
 suspended in a state of minute division, 
 about SOlbs. weight of guano. "When 
 applied to plants not more than five 
 ounces should be added to that quantity 
 of water. If it be made stronger, it in- 
 jures or kills the plants to which it is 
 applied. 
 
 Sheep's-dung, if employed for making 
 liquid-manure, should be a peck to thirty 
 gallons. 
 
 'When cow-dung is used, boiling water 
 should be first poured upon it, as it is apt 
 to be full of destructive larvee. 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia, and any other 
 salt of ammonia, must not be used more 
 than a quarter of an ounce to each gallon. 
 
 The rule applicable to all these liquid- 
 manures is Give it weak and often. 
 
 LIQUORICE. Glycyrrhi'za. 
 
 LIKIODE'KDKON. Tulip-tree. (From 
 lirion, a lily, and dcndron, a tree. Nat. 
 ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 
 lu-Polyandria Q-Polygynia.} 
 
 | Hardy deciduous tree, with yellow and red 
 j flowers, from North America. Generally by seeds, 
 ! which, if sown in the autumn, usually come ur 
 j the succeeding spring, but if sown in spring, 
 
 generally remain a year in the ground ; varieties 
 j by layers, grafting, and budding; deep, rich, 
 
 loamy soil. 
 
 L. tulipi'fera (tulip.'uearing). 60. June. 1663. 
 
 obtusifo'iia (blunt-leaved). 60. June. 
 
 1G63. 
 
 LISIA'NTHUS. See LISYA'NTHUS. 
 
 LISSA'NTHE. (From lissos, smooth, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Epacrids 
 i [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 | Monogynia. Allied to Leucopogon.) 
 
 ' Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with whits 
 flowers, except verticitla'ta, and all from New 
 Holland. Cuttings of the points of shoots ia April 
 and May, in sand, under a bell-glass; chiefly 
 sandy, fibry peat. Temp., 40 to 45, when resting 
 and flowering ; a higher temperature and a closer 
 atmosphere, when making their wood, after 
 flowering and pruning. 
 L. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. June. 1825. 
 
 Dnpimoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. June. 1818. 
 
 sa'pida (savoury). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 stctla'ta (starry). April. 183(J. 
 
 slrigo'sa (bristly). 3. June. 1824. 
 
 -subula'ta (awl-shapfd). 2. May. 1823. 
 
 verticilla' ta (whoried) . Purple. April. 
 
 LISSOCHI'LUS. (From lissos, smooth, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat, ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Cyrtopera.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring, when fresh 
 growth commences and potting takes place ; fibry 
 peat, a little fibry loam, dried leaf-mould, and 
 plenty of drainage. Summer temp., 60 to 90 C ; 
 winter, 55 to 60. 
 
 L. lu'teus (yellow). l. Yellow. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 parvijlo'rus (small-flowered). 1. Pale red. 
 
 December. Algoa Bay. 1822. 
 
 ro'seus (rosy). Rose. February. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1841. 
 
 speclo'sus (showy). 2. Yellow. June Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 streptope' talus (twisted-petaled). Yellow. 
 
 December. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 LISTS, for fastening trees against Avails, 
 are usually merely shreds of woollen cloth 
 cut into lengths, varying from two to four 
 inches. Strips of very thin sheet-lead 
 are preferable, as not harbouring insects. 
 Wires and twine have been recommended 
 to tie the branches to the walls : but 
 the process is tedious, and cuts are in- 
 flicted, inducing gum ttiid canker. Shreds 
 of a black, blue, or red colour look best, 
 harmonizing with that of the leaves. If 
 old lists are re-employed, they should be 
 previously boiled, to destroy the larvae of 
 insects. 
 
 LISYA'NTHUS. (From lysis, the termi- 
 nation of a disease, and anl/ws, a ilower; 
 referring to its intense bitterness, Nat. 
 
LIT 
 
 [ 499 ] 
 
 LIT 
 
 ord,, G r en^an7f7orfe[Gentianacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Seeds in spring, in a hotbed, and cuttings of 
 shrubby kinds in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 
 winter, 50 to 55. Russellia'nus, if not propa- 
 gated by cuttings, may be considered a biennial ; 
 young plants raised in heat one year, and safely 
 kept over the winter in a cool stove or a warm 
 greenhouse, and potted in spring, will bloom 
 beautifully in summer. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 L. acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). 6. Yellow. 
 July. Peru. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 aMtus (winged). 1*. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Trinidad. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Green. May. S. Amer. 
 
 Russellia'nus (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1835. Biennial. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 L. glaucifo'lius (milky-green-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). Red. June. New 
 
 Grenada. 18*6. Trailer. 
 
 umbella'tus (umbelled). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 LITHOSPE'RMUM. Gromwell. (From 
 lithos, a stone, and sperma, a seed. Nat. 
 ord., Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Echium.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in common gar- 
 den-soil, in April ; perennials, by division, seed, 
 and cuttings of young shoots ; shrubby species, 
 by cuttings, and by seeds ; indeed, all of thern 
 will soon multiply themselves by seeds in suitably 
 places ; sca'brum and di'stichum will require pro- 
 tection in winter, and a little heath-soil joined to 
 the loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 
 L. dispe'rmum (two-seeded). J. Blue. June. 
 Siberia. 1/99. 
 
 linca'tum (lined), l. Purple. July. Greece. 
 
 1826. Biennial. 
 
 tenuijli.'rum (slender-flowered). $. Blue. 
 
 May. Egypt. 1/96. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 -L. grarninifo'tium (grass-leaved). 8$. Blue. 
 May. Italy. 1825. 
 
 prostra'tum (lying-flat). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 France. 1825. Trailer. 
 
 rosmarinifo'iium (rosemary -leaved). l. 
 
 Blue. September. Italy. 1833. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. cme'seens (hoary), f. Orange. May. N. 
 Amer. 1847. 
 
 di'stichum (two-rowed). l. Yellow, white. 
 
 May. Cuba. 1806. Half-hardy. 
 
 Jrutzcosum (shrubby). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 oouth Europe. 1683. 
 
 - offioma'le (shop). 2. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 lattfo'livm (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 2. Yellow. June. Le- 
 
 vant. 1713. 
 
 purpu'reo-cemfleum (purplish-blue). 1. Pur- 
 
 ple. May. England. 
 
 L, sca'brum (rough). l. White. September. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 strigo'sum (bristly). 1. Blue. July. Tauria. 
 
 18-20. 
 
 tincto'rium (dyer's). 1$. Blue. July. South 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. South 
 
 France. 1817. 
 
 LITHRE'A. (From lythron, black blood; 
 referring to the juice staining black. 
 Nat. ord., Anacards or Terebinths [Ana- 
 cardiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Tri- 
 yynia. Allied to Khus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. See BHUS for cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 L. cau'stica (caustic). 40. Pale yellow. Chili. 1832. 
 
 LITOBRO'CHIA. (A commemorative 
 name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., %^-Cryptoya',nia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 
 L. aculea'ta (prickly-stemmed'). 10. Brown. 
 August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 a'mpla (large). Brown, pale yellow. May. 
 
 auri'ta (eared). Brown, yellow. July. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 -Dawato'oi'des (Davallia-like). Yellow. May. 
 
 decu'rrens (running-down). Brown, yellow. 
 
 Julv. Brazil. 
 
 denticula'ta (toothed). 2. Brown. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Hesnkea'na(H&uke'&). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 intermc'dia (intermediate). Brown, yellow. 
 
 June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 leptophy'Ua (slender-leaved). 2. Brown. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 macro'ptera (large-winged). Brown, yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 
 
 peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 podophy'lla (duck'e-foot). Brown, yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 
 
 poli'tu (polished). 6. Brown, yellow, ilay. 
 
 Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 spinulo'sa (spiny). Brown, pale yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). Brown, pale yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 
 
 vespertillo'nis (bat-winged'). 3. Brown. May. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 LITME'A. (Named after the Duke of 
 Litta, near Milan. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Agave.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers ; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 L.geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). 15. Green. 
 July. America. 1810. 
 
 LITTO'NM. (In honour of Dr. 8. Lit- 
 ton, professor of botany, Dublin. Nat 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6- 
 He.xandria 1-Monogynia. .) 
 
 A stove bulb. Onsets, Light garden-soil. 
 
LIV 
 
 [ 500 ] 
 
 LOB 
 
 Orange. April. 
 
 L. modefsta (unassuming). 2$ 
 S. Africa. 1853. 
 
 LIVERY. Soil that is dug or moved 
 fjbout whilst wet is liable to set close 
 together like mortar, and is said to be 
 livery, or like liver. 
 
 LIVISTO'XIA. (Named after P. Murray, 
 of Livingston, near Edinbui'gh. Nat. 
 ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Corypha.) 
 
 Greenhouse Palms, from New Holland. Seeds 
 in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp,, 
 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 60. 
 L. hu'milis (humble). 6. 1824. 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. 1824. 
 
 LLOY'DIA. (Named after Mr. Lloyd, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts 
 [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Calochortus.) 
 
 Hardy biennial. Division of the bulbs in 
 spring ; a dry, sandy loam, in front of a border 
 of flowers. 
 
 L. stria 1 'ta (streaked). White-striped. May. 
 Siberia. l?8p. 
 
 LOAM is a very indefinite term, almost 
 every cultivator of the soil associating it 
 with a different explanation. In some 
 parts of England clay is so called, and 
 in others it is employed to designate 
 brick-earth! As usually employed, it 
 really is only synonymous with the word 
 soil; for it has to be qualified by the 
 terms turfy, sandy, clayey, and chalky, 
 just as turf, sand, clay, or chalk predo- 
 minates. Hazel loam is a rich, friable 
 soil, having a dark brown, or hazel co- 
 lour, owing to the predominance of de- 
 caying vegetable matters. 
 
 In this work we use the term loam to 
 describe a soil that is easily worked at 
 any season, being sufficiently retentive, 
 yet not too retentive, of water. Maiden 
 loam is iised often among gardeners to 
 describe the fat earth forming the top 
 spit of pasture-ground, and used by them 
 for composts: that with a yellowish- 
 brown colour is most preferred. Sandy 
 loams are the easiest worked, and yield 
 the earliest produce ; chalky loams, if the 
 chalk does not abound too much, are 
 early and fertile; in fact, no soil will 
 continue fertile without calcareous mat- 
 ter ; and clayey loams are bad to work, 
 either in wet or dry weather, being wet 
 and sticky in the one case, and hard and 
 cracking in the other. Fine late crops, 
 however, are produced from such soils, 
 especially when the surface is moved to 
 prevent cracking in hot weather. 
 
 LOA'SA. (Meaning unknown; proba- 
 
 bly a commemorative name* Nat. ord./ 
 Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., IQ-Polya- 
 delphia %-Polyandria.) 
 
 Curious flowers, that would be ?ery interesting, 
 were it not for the poisonous, stinging property 
 possessed by the leaves. The annoyance and 
 danger combined have limited their culture. 
 They will all fare the better by being raised ia 
 a gentle hotbed in April, though most of them 
 will flower freely if sown in a warm place the end 
 of that month ; but in a cold autumn they would 
 be cut down in their prime ; light soil. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 L. aflba (white). 1. White. July. Chili. 1831. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 1825. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 2. Yellow. July. Lima. 1830. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822, 
 
 pa' tula (spreading). 1. Yellow. July. Chili. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Pla'cei (Place's). 4. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 1$. Yellow. June. Chili. 
 
 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS. 
 L. lateri'tia(rt&). 20. Red. May. Tucuman. 1835. 
 
 Pentla'ndii (Mr. Pentland's). 4. Orange. 
 
 August. Peru. 1840. 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L, inca'na (hoary). 2. White. October. Peru. 
 1820. 
 
 In'eida (bright-footed) , White. June. 
 
 LOAVING. See HEADING. 
 
 LOBE'LIA. (Named after M. Label, 
 a botanist, physician to James I. Nat. 
 ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaeese], Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds of hardy kinds in open border, in April 5 
 greenhouse annuals and biennials, by seed ia 
 hotbed, in April; herbaceous kinds, whether 
 hardy or requiring protection, by dividing the 
 roots or suckers in spring, after growth has com- 
 menced ; shrubby kinds, by small cuttings of the 
 young shoots ; indeed, all of them may be so 
 propagated ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little 
 peat suit the tenderest kinds, and for the strong- 
 growing, herbaceous sorts, such as sple'ndens and 
 cardina'lis, it is scarcely possible to make the 
 soil too rich by top-dressings of rotten dung ; the 
 soil itself should be light. The finest of the 
 species must be kept in a cold pit or greenhouse 
 during the winter ; lacu'stris has been grown in 
 peat and gravel, in a pot, plunged in a cistern or 
 slowly-running stream. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. a'nceps (two-edged). $. Blue. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 campanula 1 ta (\tz\\-flowered). $. Blue. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 Cliffortia'na (Clifford's). l. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 fenestru'lis (windowed). . Blue. July. 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 semila'ta (saw-edged). $. Blue. June. Spain, 
 
 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 L. bi'color (two-coloured). . Pale blue. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. flwk blue, July. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1801. 
 
LOB 
 
 [ 501 ] 
 
 LOB 
 
 L. Laure'ntia (Laureatian). . Blue. July. 
 Italy. 1778. 
 
 - si'mplex (simnle-stalked). . Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1794. Biennial. 
 
 GKEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 L. ala'ta (winged-stalked). 1. Blue. June. N. 
 Holland. 1804. 
 
 argu'ta (sharp-notched). 2. Blue. Septem- 
 
 her. Chili. 1824. 
 
 bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). . Blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 Bridge'sii (Mr. Bridges'). 4. Pink. June. 
 
 Chili.' 1836. 
 
 cceru'lea (blue). l. Blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 campanuloi'des (campanula-like). . White. 
 
 June. China. 1820. 
 
 cardlna'lis (cardinal-^oz^er). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 July. Virginia. 1620. 
 
 Cavanillesia'na (Cavanilles'). 3- Red. June. 
 
 Spain. 1825. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). . Blue. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 crena'ta, (scolloped-feauerf). i. Blue. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/94. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). J. Blue. Octo- 
 
 ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 1. Blue. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Blue. August. Swan 
 
 River. 1818. 
 
 eri'nus (erinus). . Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/52. 
 
 - compa'cta (compact). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 -- compa'cta a 1 Ida (white-compact). $, 
 White. June. Gardens. 1847. 
 
 - grundiflo'ra (large-flowered). $. Blue. 
 
 June. Gardens. 1841. 
 
 - lu'cida (shining). Blue, white. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 fu'lgens (shining). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 
 
 1809. 
 -- Marrya'ttee (Mrs. Marryatt's). 3. Crim- 
 
 son, purple. May, 1847- 
 -- multiflu'ra (many-flowered). 4. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 1847. 
 -- pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 1847. 
 
 heterophy 1 lla (various-leaved). 2. Blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. Van Diemen's Land. 1837. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 3. Slug. June. Swan 
 
 River. 1840. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). . Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 i'gnea (fiery). 4. Flame. June. Chili. 1838. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). . Pink. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 -~Krau'ssii (Krauss's). 1J. Blue. January. 
 Dominica. 1828. 
 
 minima (least). l-12th. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). Purple. June. Dominica. 1828. 
 
 mucrona'ta (spme-pointed-teaoed). 3. Bright 
 
 crimson. August. Chili. 1831. 
 
 multifto'ra (many-flowered). Purple. June. 
 
 Swan River. 1838. 
 
 ;>ednc/a'*a(/onff-flower-8talked). 1. Blue. 
 
 October. N. S. Wklefi. 1819- 
 
 /?erttct/o'/ia ( P each-leaved}i> 1. Purple. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1824. Stove'.* 
 
 -pube>scem (downy). 4. Blue. September. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1780. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish), j. Blue. 
 
 N. S. Wales. J809. 
 
 July. 
 
 L. pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. Sep- 
 tember. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 rugulo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Blue. June. New 
 
 Zealand. 1826. 
 
 senecioi'des (senecio-like) . 1. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 seta'cea (short- bristled). . Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Si'msii (Sims's). 1. Blue. October. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1819- 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 3. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1814. 
 
 Texe'nsis (Texian). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1345. 
 
 thapsoi'dea (mullein-like). 6. Rosy-purple. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1843. 
 
 Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1. Blue. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 trique'tra (triangular). 1. Blue. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Blue. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1821. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. assu'rgens (rising). 3. Scarlet. August. W. 
 Ind. 1787. 
 
 Begoniqfo'lia (Begonia-leaved). $. Pale blue. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 decu'rrens (running-down). 3. Purple. J*:ly. 
 
 Chili. 1826. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). 14. Orange. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1828. 
 
 heteroma'lla (diversely-haired). Blue. 1829. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-teawrf). . Blue. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). $. White. May. New 
 
 Zealand. 1829. 
 
 odora'ta (fragrant). . White. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1832. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). l. Blue. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1782. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. Val- 
 
 paraiso. 1825. Stove. 
 
 robu'sla (robust). 3. Blue. August. Hayti. 
 
 1830. Stove. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L, amce'na (pleasing). 3. Blue. July. N. 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 caele'stris (heavenly). 2. Blue. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1831. 
 
 colora'ta (coloured- leaved). 5. Orange. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1832. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). 2$. Blue. September. 
 
 New Carolina. 1840. 
 
 Ka'lmii (Kalm's). 1. Blue. July. Carolina. 
 
 1820. 
 
 lacu'stris (lake). Pale blue. July. Britain. 
 
 tfMa'Mi(Nuttall's). i.Blue. July. N. Ainer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 paludo'sa (marsh). Pale blue. July. N.Amer. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 4$. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Valparaiso. 1829- 
 
 pubetrula (mossy), i. Pale blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 glabe'lla (smoothish). 4. Purple, blue. 
 
 July. Louisiana. 1832. 
 
 ramo'na (branching). 2. Dark blue. August. 
 
 Swan River. 1838. 
 
 syphyli'tica (syphilitic). 2. Light blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. Virginia. 1665. 
 a'lba (white). 3. White. August. 
 
 tene'lln (delicate). *. Purple, violet. May. 
 
 Sicily. 1821. 
 
LOB 
 
 502 ] 
 
 LON 
 
 LOBL.OLLY-BAY. Gordo'nia lasia'nthus. 
 
 LOCUST-TEEB. Hymcna'a. 
 
 LODDIGE'SIA. (Named after Conrad 
 Loddige, the founder of the well-known 
 nursery at Hackney. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Mona- 
 delphia G-Decandria. Allied to Hypoca- 
 lyptus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points 
 of the shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy peat and a little loam. Whiter 
 temp., 40 to 48; a cool place in summer. 
 L. oxalidifo'lia (oxalis-leaved). l. Pale purple. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. 
 
 LoDOfcEA. (Named after Laodice, the 
 daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Nat. 
 ord.,P/ms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 22-Dieecia 
 12-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat ; 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 90, with 
 lauch moisture in the atmosphere: winter. 58 
 to 60. 
 
 L.SeycJiella'rum (Seychelles). SO. Seychelles 
 Islands. 
 
 LOOA'NIA. (Named after J. Logan, a 
 distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Lofju- 
 niads [Loganiaceoe J . Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 \-Monogyma. Allied to Fagreea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from 
 New Holland. Stiff side-shoots, getting well 
 ripened at the base, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, in summer; sandy loam and fibry peat, 
 kept more open still by pieces of charcoal. Win- 
 ter temp.. 38 to 45. In summer the pots pro- 
 tected from strong sunshine. 
 L. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. April. 1/97. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. 1816. 
 
 revolu'ta (rolled-back-feawed). 2. 1826. 
 
 LCESE'LIA. Sec HOI'TZIA. 
 
 LOGWOOD. Hamato'xylon. 
 
 LOMAGRA'MMA. (From loma, an edge, 
 and gramma, writing; referring to the 
 appearance and position of the spore 
 or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacess]. Linn., %-Cryp- 
 togamia l-Filices.) ' 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 
 L. pterioi'des (brake-like). Brown. May. Isle 
 of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 LOMA'RIA. (From loma, an edge ; re- 
 ferring to the position of the spore or 
 seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia 
 l-Filices.) 
 
 All brown-spored. See FERNS. 
 
 HARDY. 
 L. spi'eant (spiked), i. June. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 L. alpi'na (alpine). Falkland Isles. 1843. 
 
 anta'rctica (antarctic). Magellan. 1813. 
 
 attenua'ta (thin), i. August. 1838. 
 
 falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 2. Jul^. Van Die- 
 
 men's Land. 1823. 
 
 L. Frasefri (Eraser's). New Zealand. 1843. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). J. Sep* 
 
 tember. N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 Mag-ella'nica (Magellan). Falkland Isles. 1843. 
 
 nu'da (naked). 2. June. Van Dieiaen's Land. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Paterso'ni (Paterson's). *. September. N. 
 
 Holland. 1830. 
 
 pro'cera (tall). 3. July. New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 STOVE. 
 L. Borya'na (Bory's). 
 
 CMle'nsis (Chilian). Chili. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). Brazil. 
 
 fluuia'tilis (floating). 
 
 Gillie'sii (Gillies'). Brazil. 1841. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W. IncU 
 
 1810. 
 
 onocleoi'des (onoclea-like). July. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. 
 
 sorbifo'lia (sorb-leaved). August. W. Ind. 
 
 " 1793. 
 
 vesii'ta (clothed). Isle of Luzon. 
 LOMA'TIA. (From loma, an edge; re- 
 ferring to the winged edge of the seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 
 -Tetrandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Telopea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots early in spring, or late in summer, in sand, 
 under a l>ell-gl*ss ; sandy peat, with a little loam. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 40. 
 L. dtiiiti'ta (toothed). 3. Chili. 1824. 
 
 ilic-fu'l-a (holly-leaved). 3. July. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 sitaifo'lia (silaum-Icaved). 2. Orange. July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1792. 
 
 tlncto'na (dyer's). 2. N. Holland. 1S22. 
 
 LCXCIII'TJS. (From lonclie, a lanco ; 
 the sliape of the leaves, or fronds. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypotliaceas]. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia 1-Fiiices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores, from the Tro- 
 pics? Some species are now joined to Lito 
 brockia. See FERNS. 
 
 Li cnir'i'ia (eared). July. S. America. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). July. S. Africa. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). July. Mauritius. 
 
 LONCHOCA'RPUS. (From lonche, alance, 
 and carpos t a fruit ; shape of seed-poet. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee], 
 Linn., 17-Diadelpkia 4^-Dccandria. Allied 
 to Dalbergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers, ex- 
 cept where specified otherwise. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a sweet bottom-heat, in May; tnrfy loam and 
 fibr,y peat, with sand ami charcoal io keep it open, 
 though pressed firmly together. Summer temp., 
 60 to 85 : winter, 55 to 60. 
 L. Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 20. Red. St. 
 Domingo. 1820. 
 
 laiifo'livs (broad-leaved) . 20. W. Ind. 180S. 
 
 macro jrfty'llvs (large-leaved). 40. S. Auicr. 
 
 1S18. 
 
 pube'scens (Jowny). 25. Purple. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 pyxida'rius (box). 20. Cuba. 1S20. 
 
 ru'seus (rosy). 16. Red. S.Amer. 1/00. 
 
 se'pium (hedge). 30. S. Am*r. 1820. 
 
 seri'ceus (silky). 20. W. Ind. 1S6. 
 
 viola' ecus (violet). 12. Carthage. 1759. 
 
LON 
 
 [ 503 ] 
 
 LOP 
 
 LONDON PKIDE. Saxi'fraga umbro'sa. 
 
 LONI'CERA. (Named after Adam Loni- 
 fcr, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Capri- 
 coils [Caprifoliaeese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 drla l-Monogynia. Allied to Caprifolium.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and 
 layers in the autumn ; with all the succulent, 
 pithy-stemmed kinds, the latter mode is the best, 
 as cuttings are apt to rot; when planted they 
 should have a shady, sheltered situation ; good, 
 loamy soil. 
 
 L. alpi'gena (alpine). 6. Yellow. April. South 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Yellow. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1810. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. North India. 184/. 
 
 cxru'lea (blue-berried). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1629. 
 
 Canade'nsis( Canadian). Yellow. May. Canada. 
 
 1812. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 10. April. Europe. 
 
 cUia'ta (hair-fringed). 4. White, red. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 a'lba (white-berried). 4. White, red. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, crimson. 
 
 June. E. lad. 1844. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Himalaya. 1843. 
 
 fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 15. Orange. July. Japan. 
 
 1806. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). 6. Orange. April. Iberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Yellow. April. 
 
 Hudson's Bay. 1824. 
 
 Ledebnu'rii (Ledebour's). 3. Yellow, red. 
 
 June. California. 1833. 
 
 microphy'tta (small-leaved). 4. Siberia. 1818, 
 
 ni'gra (black). 4. Pale yellow. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1597. 
 
 campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 16. Yellow. June. Iberia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 puni'ceus (crimson). Crimson. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. White. Pyrenees. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 10. Pink. April. 
 
 Russia. 1752. 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 10. White. 
 
 May. Pyrenees. 1/39. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. April. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 rubriflo'ra (red-flowered). 10. Red. April. 
 
 Russia. 1752. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 4. Yellow. April. Canada. 
 
 1820. 
 
 scylo'steum (fly). 8. Yellow. June. England. 
 leucoca'rpiim (white-berried). 8. Yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 melanoca'rpiim (black-berried). 8. Yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 tttmthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Yel- 
 low. June. Britain. 
 LOOKING-GLASS PLANT. Heritie'ra. 
 LOOSESTRIFE. Lysima'chia. 
 LOPE'ZIA. (Named after J. Lopez, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Onagrads 
 
 | ("Onagraeefle]. Linn., \-Monandria 1- 
 I Monoyyiiia. Allied to Cirecea.) 
 
 Annuals, from Mexico, all of which thrive the 
 better it' sown on a light hotbed in the middle of 
 March, and are transplanted in the middle of 
 ' May ; light soil. 
 
 L. cordu'ta (heart-teawed). li. Purple. August. 
 1821. 
 
 corona' ta (coroneted). l. Red. August. 1805. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). l. Red. August. 1796. 
 
 liuea'ta (streaked-/eaued). 3. Iv/se. February. 
 
 183Q. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). $. Red. August. 1824. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). l. Red. August. 1792. 
 
 LOPHA'NTHUS. (From lophos, a crest, 
 and anthos, a flower; referring to the 
 middle lobe of the flower. Nat. ord., La- 
 biates, or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 
 14^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to 
 Mentha.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame- 
 rica. Seeds sown in April ; cuttings of the young 
 shoots at the same time, in a shady place, in 'sandy 
 soil, under a hand-light ; division of the plant in 
 spring ; good garden-soil. 
 L. anisa'tus (anise-scented). 3. Blue. July. J828. 
 
 Nepetoi'des (Nepeta-like;. 5. Yellow, white. 
 
 July. 1692. 
 
 scrophularioi'des(Rgvroit-like). 5. Pink. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 urticcefu'lius (nettle-leaved).2.Blue. July.l82fi. 
 LOPHI'OLA. (A diminutive of lophos, a 
 
 crest; referring to the crested sepals, or 
 flower-leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- 
 acese]. Linn., Q-ffexandna I-Monoyynia. 
 Allied to Wachendorfia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 roots in autumn or spring ; peaty soil, in a damp, 
 shady situation. 
 
 L. au'rea (golden-flowered). l. Yellow. June. 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 LOPHI'RA. (From lophos, & crest; re- 
 ferring to two of the sepals finally ex- 
 panding into crested wings. Nat. ord., 
 Lophirada [Lophiracese]. Linn., 12-Ico- 
 sandria 1-Monoyynia.} 
 
 This is the Scrubby Oak of Sierra Leone, a 
 handsome tree, with panicled yellow flowers. End- 
 licher founded the order on it because it is " allied 
 to nothing yet known." A tropical evergreen 
 shrub ; cuttings of firm young wood in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60 to 90; 
 winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 L. Africti'na (African). 10. Yellow. June. Sierm 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 LOPHOSPE'RMUM. (From laphos, a crest, 
 and spcrma, a seed; the seeds are fur- 
 nished with a crested wing. Nat. ord., 
 Fiijworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Beautiful evergreen climbers, requiring the 
 greenhouse or cold frame in winter, growing 
 against poles, fences, &c., during summer ; pro- 
 pagated by preserving the fleshy roots in dry 
 
LOQ 
 
 [504 ] 
 
 LOT 
 
 earth in winter; by seed sown in a hotbed, in 
 March and April, and cuttings of young shoots 
 taken in August, inserted in sandy soil, and placed 
 in a cool frame, or under a hand-light, and shaded ; 
 rich, sandy loam. 
 
 L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-bloody). 10. Dark 
 purple. June. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 erube'scens (blushing). 10. Rosy. August. 
 
 Jalapa. 1830. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple, violet. 
 
 Mexico. 1834. 
 
 LOQTJAT, or JAPAN QUINCE. (Eriolo'trya 
 Japo'nica.) It ripens its fruit with a mo- 
 derate amount of heat in this country. 
 Some varieties are said to succeed on 
 the open wall; but it must be in such 
 mild localities as the warmer parts of 
 Devon or Cornwall. The temperature of 
 the peach-house or what is sometimes 
 called the intermediate-house will, how- 
 ever, suit it ; and as to wintering, it re- 
 quires little more than the exclusion of 
 frost. As the growth of this, for dessert 
 purposes, has never been, as far as we 
 are aware, systemized in this country, 
 we can only offer a few general hints as 
 to its culture. It has been affirmed that 
 it succeeds best grafted on the quince, 
 and it is very probable ; for it belongs to 
 the same natural order, Appleworts, in 
 addition to which, individuals from the 
 genera Pyrus, Arnelanchier, Mespilus, and 
 even the Photi'nia serrula'ta, being itself 
 an evergreen, present most likely stocks. 
 
 Grafting is recommended, in order to 
 check its excessively robust character; 
 for in its natural growth it would be too 
 coarse for ordinary hothouses. Grafting, 
 therefore, or any of the expedients re- 
 sorted to in pear culture, may be had re- 
 course to. It may be readily propagated 
 from seed, and doubtless by cuttings, and 
 will grow in any ordinary soil. We would, 
 however, use no manurial matters, but 
 simply peat and strong loam, the latter 
 predominating. 
 
 LORD ANSON'S PEA. La'thyrus Magel- 
 la'nictis. 
 
 LORE'YA. (Named after M. Zorey. a 
 botanist, author of the Flora of Burgundy. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in April, in sand, over sandy peat, and that extra 
 well drained ; sandy peat, a little fibry loam, and 
 pieces of charcoal and broken freestone. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55. 
 L. arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. White. July. 
 Guiana. 1822. 
 
 LOTE. Zi'zyphus lo'tus. 
 
 LO'TUS. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (From the 
 
 lotus of Theophrastus, which is Zi'zyphus 
 lo'tus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese]. Linn., 17 ' -Diadelphia ^-Decan- 
 dria. Allied to Trifolium.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed at the beginning of April ; a 
 very few require the assistance of a gentle hotbed, 
 and transplanting afterwards ; herbaceous and 
 semi-shrubby, low- trailing plants, by division, 
 and cuttings in summer under a hand-light, in a 
 shady place. These are very useful for banks and 
 rock-works. Greenhouse and frame kinds, by cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light or frame ; light, sandy soil for all. 
 
 STOVE ANNUAL. 
 
 L. I'ndicus (Indian). 1. July. E. Ind. 1793. 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 L. arge'nteus (silvery). . June. 1827. 
 
 angustifof lius (narrow -leaved). . July. 
 
 1827. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). Pink. July. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1800. 
 
 glau'cus (milky-preen). 1 . June. Madeira. 1/77- 
 
 sessilifo'lius (stalldess-leaved). 1. July. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. anthylloi'des (anthyllis-like). |. Dark purple. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 1. Dark brown. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1820. 
 
 Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1$. June. Levant. 1680. 
 
 Gebe'lia (mountain}. 1. May. Aleppo. 1816. 
 
 Jacoba'us (St. James's Island). 2. Dark brown. 
 
 July. Cape de Verd Islands. 1/14. 
 lu'teus (yz\\o\\ -flowered). 2. July. 
 
 spectaf bills (showy). 2, Teneriffe. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. angusti'ssimus (narrowest-podded). 1. May. 
 Britain. 
 
 .dra'zeus( Arabian ).$. Pink. July. Arabia. 17/3. 
 
 arena'rius (sand). . April. Teneriffe. 1831. 
 
 cilia'tus (hair-fringed). . July. Sicily. 1812. 
 
 Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). J. White, red. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1800. 
 
 cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1752. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). J. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 Dioseo'ridis(DioscQii&es'). I.June. Nice. 1653. 
 
 edu'tis (eatable). . July. Italy. 1759- 
 
 glabe 1 rrimus (very smooth). . White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1812. 
 
 odora'tus (sweet-scented). 1$. June. Barbary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 peregri'nus (spreading). $. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1713. 
 
 pusi'llus (small). J. July. South Europe. 18)6. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 L, cornicula'tus (small-horned). l. June. Britain. 
 
 alpi'nus (alpine). . June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). . July. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). . August. South 
 
 Europe. 1812. 
 
 depre'ssus (depressed). July. Hungary. 1819. 
 flexuo'sus (zigzag). $. July. Europe. 1810' 
 
 Forste'ri (Forster's). . July. Britain. 
 
 ma'jtir (greater). l. June. Britain. 
 villo'sus (shaggy). J. June. Switzerland. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). *. June. Crete. 1821. 
 
 peduncul>i'tus(long-aQV>er~ataHLed). 1. July 
 
 Spain. 1814. 
 
LOU 
 
 [ 505 ] 
 
 LUB 
 
 L. Portosancta'nus (Porto Santo). July. Porto 
 Santo. 178Q. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). . July. South 
 
 France. 1S16. 
 
 tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved).July.Europe.l837. 
 
 tefnuis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 uligino'sus (bog). June. Europe. 1836. 
 
 LOUSE. See APHIS. 
 
 LOUSEWORT. Pedicula'ris. 
 
 LOVE-APPLE, or TOMATO. Lycope'rsicum 
 escule'ntum. 
 
 Varieties. Of the Red the Common 
 Large, Small, Pear - shaped, Cherry - 
 shaped. Of the Yellow the Large Yel- 
 low, Small or Cherry Yellow. 
 
 Soil. Eich, light, and on a dry sub- 
 soil. Sea-weed may be applied with ad- 
 vantage to the border on which it is 
 grown, as may kelp, or common salt in 
 small quantities. The situation must be 
 sheltered. 
 
 Sowing. Sow at the close of March or 
 early in April in a hotbed or stove. The 
 hotbed must be of a moderate durability, 
 earthed about six inches deep. In a hot- 
 house, sow in pots or boxes set on the 
 flues, or round the edges of the pits. 
 
 In whatever situation, sow thin, and 
 not buried more than a quarter of an 
 inch. The plants, when two or three 
 inches high, must be thinned to three 
 inches apart, and those removed pricked 
 at the same distances, in a similar bed 
 to that from which they were removed ; 
 shade and water freely in every stage of 
 their growth; for if, from the want of 
 this, a due exposure to the light, or any 
 other cause, they become weak, they sel- 
 dom are productive. Plant out in the open 
 air early in June; prepare them for this, 
 until at length they can endure the tem- 
 perature of the greenhouse, where they 
 may be kept until finally moved. But, 
 before that time arrives, another thinning 
 will be requisite; those in the hotbed to 
 six inches apart, and those in the stove, 
 oach plant separate into tolerable-sized 
 pots. They are to be finally planted five 
 feet apart beneath a south paling or wall, 
 to which their branches must be trained ; 
 for if allowed to trail on the ground the 
 fruit scarcely ever ripens, and never is in 
 perfection. Water and shade during 
 midday must be afforded until they are 
 established ; and if the nights are cold 
 during the first week or two, the shelter 
 of a hand-glass, or even of a garden-pot, 
 is advantageous. 
 
 The training may commence as soon 
 as the branches are a foot long, and con- 
 
 tinued throughout their growth. In case 
 of a want of space of wall or paling, 
 they may be trained with stakes as espa- 
 liers. Throughout the summer clear 
 away all lateral shoots, as well as thin 
 the leaves, so as to expose the fruit to 
 the full influence of the sun. 
 
 The berries begin to ripen about the 
 middle of August, and continue to do so 
 until October, or the arrival of the first 
 frosts, which always destroy the plants. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some of the forwardest 
 berries must be left until perfectly ripe. 
 It must be separated from the pulp by 
 washing, as directed for the Cucumber. 
 
 LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING. Amara'nthus cau- 
 da'tus. 
 
 LOVE-TREE. Ce'rcifi siliqua'strum. 
 
 LOWE 'A. (Named after Rev. Mr. Lowe, 
 travelling Bachelor of the University of 
 Cambridge. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Ro- 
 sacese]. Linn., I2-Icosundria 3-Trigyuia. 
 Allied to the Eose.) 
 
 Half-hardy deciduous plant, very shy and diffi- 
 cult to manage ; a little protection in severe win- 
 ters ; seeds, and cuttings of the half-ripened 
 wood ; fibry peat, and open, sandy loam. 
 L. berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). l. Yellow, 
 purple. June. Persia. 1790. 
 
 LOXOGRA'MMA. (From loxos, slanting, 
 and gramma, writing ; referring to the 
 spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2&- Cryptogam I a 
 1-FHices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 
 L. lauceola'ta(speaLr-hend-lcaved'). Yellow. May. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 LOZOTENIA BOSARIA is a small moth, 
 of which the caterpillar feeds upon the 
 leaves of the rose-tree. Mr. Curtis says, 
 that " the eggs are laid in the summer 
 or autumn, and hatch with the opening 
 leaves ; and the little caterpillar begins 
 at once to form a residence by drawing 
 two or more leaflets together, on which 
 it feeds. This operation soon points out 
 where the caterpillar is ; and the best 
 method which we know of getting rid of 
 it is hand-picking, which should be prac- 
 tised as soon as the operation of the 
 caterpillar becomes visible." 
 
 LUBI'NIA. (Named after M. St.Liibin,* 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Primeworls 
 [Primulaceaj]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Trientalis.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in May, and seeds sown in a 
 slight hotbed ; loam and peat, with sand to keep 
 it open ; requires the protection of a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 
 L. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Purple. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
LUC 
 
 [ 506 ] 
 
 LUP 
 
 LUCU'LTA. (From lucnli swa, the na- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria J.-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Hymenodictyon.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Nepaul. Cuttings 
 of the young shoots getting a little firm, about 
 Midsummer, in sand, over sandy peat, well- 
 drained, and covered with a bell-gi."us, set in a 
 close pit or frame, and in a fortnight supplied 
 with a little bottom-heat; peat ar.u loam, both 
 fibry, with sand and pieces of charcoal to keep it 
 open. As soon as established as a little plant, 
 which it will be by the following spring, to be 
 transferred at once to a good large pot ; a conser- 
 vatory-bed, however, is the place where it flou- 
 rishes and shows off to the best advantage, 
 blooming in the autumn, winter, and spring 
 months. It should also be tried against a con- 
 servative wall. 
 L. grati'ssima (most- welcome). 9. Red. 1823. 
 
 Pincia'na (Pince's). 5. White. 1843. 
 LUCU'MA. (The Peruvian name. Nat. 
 
 ord., Sapolads [Sapotacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Sa- 
 pota.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of the ripe shoots in sand, uncLr a bell- 
 glass, and in heat; rich, fibry, sandy ; nm. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 65"-*. 
 L. Bonpla'ndia (Bonpland's). 40. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 mammo'sa (nip pled). 50. S.Amer. 1739. 
 
 obova'ta (revers.ed-egg-/ei'e^). 40. Peru. 1822. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 40. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 LU'DIA. (From ludo, to sport; refer- 
 ring to the various forms of leaf of L. 
 heterophy'lla. Nat. ord., Bixads [Bixaceee]. 
 Linn., 19-Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Al- 
 lied to Proclda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow Sowers, 
 from Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoot;-, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottorn-heat ; 
 fibry loam, with a little peat, and dried cow- 
 dunpr. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 
 to 55. 
 L. heterophy'lla. (various-leaved). 4. July. 182". 
 
 sessz7(/?o'ra(stalkless-fiowered). 4. July. 181:0. 
 
 LUHE'A. (Named after Luke, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms 
 [Tiliacese]. Linn., IQ-Polyadclphia 2- 
 Polyandria. Allied to Sparrnannia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots, two inches in length, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and plunged in bottom-heat; fibry 
 peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; 
 winter, 48 to 55. 
 
 L. Caraccasa'na (Caraccasian). Caraccas. 1847. 
 Shrub. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Rosy. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. Climber. 
 LufsiA. (Name not explained. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orcbidacere]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Yanda.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Detaching the side-shoots; a 
 block of wood covered with moss, or elevated 
 above a pot, with sphagnum, peat, crocks, &c. 
 Temperature, 60 to 00, when, growing in sum- 
 
 mer, with a moist atmosphere : 50 to 68 in win- 
 ter, and flry ; 00 to Q0 in spring, and rather dry, 
 to start the flower-buds, kept cooler afterwards, 
 and excited again when the flowering is over. 
 L. alpi'na (alpine). Green, purple. April. Sylhct. 
 
 1S8J. 
 
 LUMNI'TZERA. (Named after L-umnitzer, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Myrola- 
 lans [Combretacere]. Linn., ]A-Didyna- 
 mia %-Gymnospermia, Allied to Poivrea.) 
 
 Stove avmnl and herbaceous plants. One of 
 the latter : well-worth cultivating ; seed, division 
 of the pla^ , and by cuttings of the young shoots 
 in spring ; requires a warm greenhouse or a cool 
 stove; sar !y loam. 
 
 L. teiuiijlo'ra (slender-flowered). 1. Pale pur- 
 ple. July. E. Ind. 1703. 
 
 LUNA'RIA. Moomvort, or Honesty. 
 (From luna, the moon; referring to the 
 shape of the seed-vessels. Nat. ord., 
 Crucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 15-2V- 
 tradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy plants, natives of Germany, and flower- 
 ir.g in May; 6ceds and divisions in sp- : : ,. Com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 L. biefnnis (biennial). 4. Light pur,.:e. 1570. 
 
 Bieniiial. 
 
 -- albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 3. White. 1570c 
 redivi'vu (revived). 3. Liorhr purple. 15g6. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 LUNGV/ORX. Pulmona'r'ia. 
 
 LUPI'NUS. Lupine. (From lupus, a 
 vrolf ; devastates laud, as the wolf does 
 .he fold; literally, destroyer. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [FaLacece]. Linn., 
 }.G-j\lonadelphia G-Decandria.) 
 
 They are generally arranged into annuals, per- 
 ennials, and frame evergreen rhvubs; bi;': they 
 all produce seed so freelj-, that it is easiest to 
 propagate them by that means, only the ever- 
 greens, instead of being sown in the open ground, 
 should have the assistance of a gentle hotbed 
 to rear them before planting them out. If such 
 hinds as muta, 1 bills and Ontiksha'nkii are sown 
 in August, and kept in pots all the \vinter in r. 
 pit, they make splendid specimens on a lawn the 
 following summer. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 . Blue. September. California. 1833. 
 
 arbo'reus (tree). 6. Yellow. July. 1793. 
 
 arbu'stus (shrub). l. Pale purple. July. 
 
 California. 1826. Herbn us. 
 
 arve'nsis (field). 1^. Lilac, /ipril. Peru. 
 
 1843. Biennial. 
 
 limacula'tus (twin-spotted). IUue. Septem- 
 
 ber. Texas. 1835. Herbaceous. 
 
 canalicula'tus (channelled). ' 4. Blue. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1828. 
 
 Cruilcslia'nkii (Cruikshrxyk'c). 5. Variegated. 
 
 July. Pern. 1829. 
 
 ica'nrw(hoary-/iej-*^c'a). Pale lilac. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. 
 ,',/y.s- (Mexican;. >. Blue. February. 
 Mexico. 1819- Biennial. 
 
 -- multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Blue. July. 
 Monte Video. 1810. 
 
 muta'liilis (changeable). 5. Blue, yelloc?. July. 
 
 Bogota. 1819. 
 
LUP 
 
 [ 507 ] 
 
 LYC 
 
 L. pulche'llus (pretty). 3. Blue, purple. July. 
 Mexico. 1828. 
 
 tomento'sus (Mic/c-downed). 6. Pink, white. 
 
 July. Peru. 1825. 
 
 wersi'ralor (party-coloured). 2. Pink, blue. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. ajfi'nis (related). . Deep blue. June. Call- 
 fornia. 1848. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 3. White. July. Levant. 1596. 
 
 angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Spain. 16S6. 
 
 Ba'rkeri (Mr. Barker's). 3. Blue, pink. July. 
 
 Mexico. 183Q. 
 
 bi 'color (two-coloured). . Pale blue. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 bracteola'ris (bracted). l. Blue. July, ilonte 
 
 Video. 1820. 
 
 dcnsiflo'rus (dense-flowered). |. White, pink. 
 
 July. California. 1833. 
 
 Ehrenbef'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 Mexico, 1843. Biennial. 
 
 e'leguns (elegant). 2. Violet, rose. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1831. 
 
 exalta'tus (tall). 1332. 
 
 Hartwc'gii (Mr. Hartweg's). 3. Blue, pink. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 hirsu'tus '(hairy). 2. Blue. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1629. 
 
 hirsuti' ssimus (most-hairy). 2. Eed. July. Ca- 
 
 lifornia. 1838. 
 
 leptoeu'rpus (slender-fruited). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. Biennial. 
 
 Icptophy'llus (slender-leaved). 2. Blue, lilac. 
 
 July. California. 1833. 
 
 linifo'lius (flax- leaved}. 2. Blue. July. Monte 
 
 Video. 1799- 
 
 lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1596. 
 
 micra'nthus (small-flowered). $. Purple, blue. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 microca'rpus (small-podded). !. Blue. April. 
 
 Chili. 1821. 
 
 na'nus (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. California. 1833. 
 
 pilo'sus (shaggy). 3. Fleah. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1710. 
 
 pub&scens (downy). 2. Violet, blue. June. 
 
 Quito. 1844. Biennial. 
 
 pusi'llus (little). . Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1817. 
 
 ramosi'ssimus (much-branched). 3. Crimson, 
 
 blue. Chimborazo, 
 
 Texe'nsis (Texan). l. Blue. June. Santa Fe. 
 
 Te'rmis (Tennis). 3. White. June. Egypt. 
 
 1802. 
 
 va'rius (variable). 3. Blue, white. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 L. argcfnteus (silvery). White. June. N. Amer. 
 1826. 
 
 a'ridus (dry). 1. Purple, blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 182/. 
 
 grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Aiaer. 
 
 laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Blue, pink. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1826. 
 
 hitifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Blue. Jury. Ca- 
 
 li fornia. 1834. 
 
 le'pidut (pretty). 4. Blue, pink. August. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1826. 
 
 leuewhy'llus (white-leaved). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Ajuar. 1326. 
 
 UtoraHw (lu>re). i. Blue, pink. July. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1625. 
 
 lu'cidus (shining-leaved). 2. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 L. macrophy'llus (lar^e-lcaved). 4. Blue. July*. 
 California. l 834. 
 
 Nootkate'nsis (Nootka Sound). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Nootka Sound. 1794. 
 
 orna'tus (ornamented). 2. Blue, pink. May. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 pere'nnis (swzooM-percnnial). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1658. 
 
 plumo'sus (feathery). 3. Blue. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1820. 
 
 polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 4. Blue. June. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 albiflo'rus (white-flowered). 4. White. 
 
 July. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, purple. April. 
 
 California. 1831. 
 
 Sabinia'nus (Sabine's). 3. Yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 seri'ceus (silky). 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 subcarno'sus (fleshyish-tearW). 1. Blue, white. 
 
 July. Texas. 1835. 
 
 tri'stis (sa.d-coloured) . 4. Pale brown. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 villo'sics (shaggy). . Pink. July. Carolina. 178/. 
 
 LUXEMBE'RGIA. (Named after the 
 Duke of Luxemberg. Nat. ovd. , Sauvaqeads 
 [Sauvagesiacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 
 8-Polyandria. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered, from 
 Brazil. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a ^ en ^ e bottom-heat; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 C to 75 ; winter, 
 48 to 55. They require a constant liberal supply 
 of moisture. 
 L. cilio'sa (hair-fringed-teamO. 4. June. 1841. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. May. 
 
 LYCA'STE. (Named after a beautiful 
 woman of Sicily. Nat.ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Mo- 
 nandria. Allied to Maxillaiia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as growth 
 is comsisnclng ; open baskets, in sphagnum, fibry 
 peat, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60 
 to 90 ; winter, 50 to 60. 
 
 L. aroma'tica (aromatic). Orange. May. Mexico. 
 1828. 
 
 retu'sa (bent-back-##perf). l. Yellow. 
 
 May. Brazil. 
 
 Barringto'niee (Barrington's). Yellow, brown. 
 
 April. Jamaica. 1790. 
 
 cili'i'ta (hair- fringed). July. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 Colle'yi (Collej's). Brown. July. Demerara. 
 
 1830. 
 
 costa'ta (ribbed). Peru. 1842. 
 
 mni'^a (hairy). 1. Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 Guatemala. 1840. 
 
 cruefnta < bloody). 1. Orange, crimson. March. 
 
 Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 De'ppii (Deppe's). 1. Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 Xalapa. 1828. 
 
 fulve'scens (tawny). 2. Brown, orange. Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). 2. Greenish. August. 
 
 Guayaquil. 1848. 
 
 Harriso'niae (Mrs. Harrison's). 1&. Cream, 
 
 purple. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 a'lba (white). 1$. White. August. Brazil. 
 
 1840. 
 
 la'nipes (woolly-flower-stalked). Purple, preen. 
 
 Guayaquil. 1848. 
 
 pla'na (flat- flowered). Greenish. October. 
 
 Bolivia. 1B11. 
 
LYC 
 
 [ 508 ] 
 
 LYC 
 
 ti< macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Green, brown, 
 white. December. Mexico. 183". 
 
 Ski'nneri (Skinner's). 1. White, crimson. Oc- 
 
 tober. Guatimala. 1842. 
 
 a'lba (white). White. October. Guatimala. 
 
 1841. 
 
 tetrago'na. (four-angled), f. Greenish. Brazil. 
 
 1842. 
 
 tyrianthi'nn (bright violet). Bright violet. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. 
 
 LY'CHNIS. (From lychnos, a lamp ; re- 
 ferring to the brilliancy of the flowers. 
 '.Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese]. 
 linn., 10-Decandria L-Pentagynia.} 
 
 The hardy herbaceous are chiefly cultivated ; 
 seed, division, and cuttings under a hand-light of 
 the young shoots, as growth commences, in spring. 
 Small side-shoots may be obtained from flowering 
 stems, but they do not answer so well ; rich, sandy 
 loam. They require dividing often in spring, and 
 fresh soil to grow in. Grandifio'ra requires pro- 
 tection in a cold pit in winter; double flowers re- 
 quire more attention in changing the soil than 
 single ones. 
 
 TENDER KINDS. 
 L. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l. Red. July. 
 
 China. 1/74. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 muta'bilis (changeable). Pink. June. Andes. 
 
 1844. Stove evergreen. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 L. CCE'II ro'sa (rose of heaven). 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 Levant. 1713. 
 
 Niccee'nsis (Nicean). 3. White, red. June. 
 
 Nice. 1796. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. alpi'na (alpine). . Pink. April. Scotland. 
 
 ape'tala (petal-less). 1$. White. June. Lap- 
 land. 1810. 
 
 pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1817- 
 
 Chalcedo'nica (Chalcedonian). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Russia. 1593. 
 
 n'lba (white). 2. White. June. Russia. 
 
 jlft're-a'llto-ple'no (double-white-flower- 
 ed). 2. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 ' flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Scarlet. 
 
 June. Russia. 
 
 corona'ria (crowned). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 a'lba (white). 3. White. July. 
 
 ple'na (double). 1A. Red. July. 
 
 ru'ltra (red). Red. July. 
 
 Co'rsiat (Corsican).iJ. Red. June. Corsica. 1818. 
 
 diu'rna (day-/OM>ermg-). 2. Purple. June. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 plo'na (double). 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 flo's-Ju'ois (flower-of-Jove). l. Red. July. 
 
 Germany. 1726. 
 
 flo's-cu'culi (cuckoo-flower). l. Pink. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). lj. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 ple'na (double). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 fu'lgens (shining). 1$. Scarlet. June. Siberia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Helve'tica (Swiss-a/pme). . Red. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1814. 
 
 Its'ta (joyful). . Flesh. Portugal. 1778. 
 
 negle'tita (neglected). . White. June. 
 '-Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). . White. June. Py- 
 renees. 1819. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). . White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 wesperti'na (evening -flowering). 2. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 L. vesperti'na mu'ltiplex (double). White. June. 
 ro'sea (rosy). White, red. June. Britain. 
 
 visca'ria (clammy). 1. Pink. May. Britain. 
 ple'na (double). 1. Red. May. Britain. 
 
 LY'CIUM. Box Thorn. (From lychion> 
 an ancient name of no meaning. Nat 
 ord., Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn., 5- 
 Pcntandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Juan- 
 ulloa.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn or spring, 
 under a hand-light; common, sandy loam. The 
 tender kinds require protection. They are mostly 
 of a free, rambling, half-climbing character ; and 
 Europee'um and its congeners are thus well-fitted 
 for covering arbours, unsightly walls, &c. ; A'frum 
 does well on a conservatory wall, and its fruit is 
 pretty, and it blooms very freely. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. Carol inia'num (Carolina). 4. Blue. July. 
 Carolina. 1806*. Hardy shrub. 
 
 cine'reum (ash-coloured). 5. Violet. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse 
 shrub. 
 
 ho'rridum (horrid. Very prickly'). 3. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 17Q1. Green- 
 house shrub. 
 
 te'nue (slender). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS. 
 
 L. A'frum (African Tea Tree). 10. Violet. .June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1712. Tree. 
 
 Ba'rbarum (Barbary). 12. Violet. June. 
 
 Barbary. 1696. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China. 
 ^-EuropcE'um (European). 12. Pink. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1730. 
 
 chrysoca'rpum (yellow-fruited). 12, May. 
 
 sphairoca'rpum (round-fruited). 12. May. 
 
 fuchsioi'des (fuchsia-like). 5. Scarlet, yel- 
 low. June. Azoques. 1843. 
 
 lanceola 1 turn (spear-head-Jeaued). 12. Pink. 
 
 June. South Europe. 
 
 microphy'llum (small-leaved). 4. Violet. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 179*'- 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). 4. Violet. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. Shrub. 
 
 Ruthe'nicum (Russian). 6. White. Siberia. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Ca'spicurn (Caspian). July. Caspian 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Sha'wii (Shaw's). 8. Pink. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1700. Greenhouse climber. 
 
 tetra'ndrum (four-stamened). 4. Violet. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 Trewia'num (Trew's). 15. Purple. June. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 turbina'tum (top-shaped). 12. Violet. June. 
 
 China. 1709. 
 
 LYCOPE'RSICON. Love-apple, or To- 
 mato. (From lykos, a wolf, and pcrsicon, 
 a peach. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- 
 iiacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria I-Mono- 
 gynia.) See LOVE-APPLE. 
 
 All annuals, except Peruvia'num, and natives 
 of South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in March, 
 potted once or twice, and planted out in May; 
 escule'ntum generally against walls or palings, in 
 order that the fruit may be ripened for sauce and 
 soups ; rich soil ; the plant must be well thinned 
 and stopped above the fruit. To have the fruit 
 is the object. 
 
LYC 
 
 [ 500 ] 
 
 LIT 
 
 i. cerasifo'rme (cherry-shaped). 3. Green. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 lu'teum (yellow -fruited). 3. Green. 
 
 July. 1596. 
 
 commuta'tum (changed). 3. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 escule'ntum (eatable). 3. Green. July. 1596. 
 chrysoca'rpum (yellow - fruited). 3. 
 
 Green. July. 1596. 
 erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). 3. Green. 
 
 July. 1596. 
 leucoca'rpum (white-fruited). 3. Green. 
 
 July. 1596. 
 
 HMm6o'Wtfi(Humboldt's). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1822. 
 
 Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 1823. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 vrocu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Cream. July. 
 1/00. 
 
 pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1823. 
 
 LYCOPO'DIUM. Club Moss. (From 
 tykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot ; the roots 
 having a resemblance to that animal's 
 paw. Nat. ord., Lycopods [Lycopodinese]. 
 Linn., ^-Cryptogamia 3-Lycopodinece.) 
 
 These flourish best in a greenhouse or conser- 
 vatory. They may be grown in pots, but do best 
 as a carpet over the surface of the beds or borders. 
 They are easily propagated by cuttings in the 
 spring. L. apo'dum, apothe'cium, circina'tum, 
 corda'tum, cen'sium, denticula'tum, lepidophy't- 
 lum, stoloni'ferum, and umbro'sum may be pro- 
 pagated by division at the same season. They 
 require a plentiful supply of moisture, and a 
 turfy loam for their soil, though they will grow 
 in any light loam. L. cae'sium and Helve'ticum 
 turn brown if exposed to much light. 
 L. apo'dum (stemless). . N.Amer. 181Q. 
 
 Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). $. Brazil. 
 
 circina'tum (circular). . E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-shaped-fcaved). 1. 1838. 
 
 ccE'sium (blue). . China. 1845. 
 arbo'reum (tree-like). 
 
 denticula'tum (toothed). $. Switzerland. 1/79. 
 
 dicfto'tomum (two-ranked), 
 flabula're (slender). 
 
 Galeo'tti (Galeott's). 
 
 lepidophy' Hum (scale-leaved). This is very 
 
 small, very rare, and requires stove heat. 
 
 plumo'sum (feathery). . 
 
 Scho'ttu (Schott's). 
 
 stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Brazil. 1831. 
 
 Wildeno'vii (Wildenow's). 
 
 LYCO'RIS. (The name of a woman in 
 Koman history. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese], Linn., G-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Valotta. ) 
 
 Hardy bulbs, from China. Au'rea is a pretty 
 bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep, sandy- 
 soiled border ; but, as it grows all the winter, it is 
 best kept in a pot. Radiu'ta is ashy bloomer, For 
 culture, see AMARY'LHS. 
 L. au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August. 1777. 
 
 radia'ta (rayed). l. Pink. June. 1758. 
 
 atrami'nea (straw-coloured -flowered). Striped. 
 
 June. 1847. 
 
 LYGO'DIUM. Snake's Tongue. (From 
 lygodes, flexible ; referring to the twining 
 habit. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., ZbCryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove climbing Ferns. See FERNS. 
 
 L. arlicula'tum (jointed). Brown, yellow. May. 
 New Zealand. 1344. 
 
 circina'tum (curled). 6. Brown. August. E, 
 
 Jnd. 1823. 
 
 flexuo'sum (zigzag). Brown, yellow. May. E, 
 
 Ind. 1834. 
 
 hasta'lum (halbert-shaped). 6. Brown. August. 
 
 Maranhatta. 1S20. 
 
 Japo'nicum (Japanese). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Japan. 1830. 
 
 Mexica'num (Mexican). Brown. Mexico. 1831. 
 
 paltna'tum (hand-shaped). 6. Brown. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 polymo'rphum (many-form). 6. Brown. Au- 
 
 gust. 8. Amer. 1820. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Brown. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 venu'stum (pleasing). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 1845. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). 6. Brown. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 LYO'NIA. (Named, by Nuttall, after 
 J. Lyon, an American collector of plants. 
 Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria L-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Andromeda.) 
 
 Hardy white-flowered evergreens, from North. 
 America. Chiefly by layers, in a damp, peat 
 border ; also by seeds in sandy peat, best under 
 hand-lights, and sparingly covered ; sandy peat, 
 and cool situation. Several species of Andromeda 
 should be moved to this genus. 
 L. caprecefo'lia (tendril-leaved). 3. July. 1812. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. June. 1/34. 
 
 frondo'sa (leafy). 3. May. 1806. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered) . 2. July. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicied). 3. May. 1/48. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 30. July. 1774. 
 
 LYO'NSIA. (Named after J. Lyons, 
 who first taught botany to Sir Joseph. 
 Banks. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna- 
 cesel. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Monogynia 
 Allied to Parsonsia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a close 
 frame, in April ; sandy peat, with a little fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 L. strami'nea (straw-coloured). 6. Striped. June. 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 LYPE'EIA. (From lyperos, sad ; from 
 the dulness of some of the flowers. Nat. 
 OY&., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 
 Ik-JDidynamia %-Ayiospcrmia. Allied to 
 Manulea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good 
 Hope. By seed in a slight hotbed, in March and 
 April, and cuttings of young shoots in spring and 
 autumn, in sandy soil, under a hand-glass ; sandy 
 lo'un ; the protection of a cold pit or greenhouse 
 in winter. Eri'nus Lychni'dea and tri'stis should 
 be added to this genus. 
 
 L. arge'ntea (silvery). 1$. White. August. 1801 > 
 Annual. 
 
 fra'grarw (fragrant). $. White, purple. June. 
 
 1776. 
 
 peduncula'ta (/on^-flower- stalked). 1J. White. 
 
 Aueust. 1/90. 
 
 pinnuti'fida (leaflet-like-fcawed). g. Purple. 
 
 July. 1840. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1816. 
 
LYS 
 
 [ 510 ] 
 
 MAC 
 
 LYSIMA'CHIA. Loosestrife. (From 
 'lysis', concluding, and mache, strife; sup- 
 posed soothing qualities. Nat. ord., 
 Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandriii 1 - Man ogy nin.) 
 
 All yellow -flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Division in spring, and catlings of 
 the young shoots under a hand-light, in sandy 
 loam, in a shady corner. There are a few annuals 
 and biennials not worth culture. 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Dark purple. 
 August. Levant. 1820. Herbaceous. 
 
 ca'ndida (white). 1. White. June. China. 1846. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 macula 1 ta (spotted). . June. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 . affi'nis (related). 2J. July. 
 
 angustifo 1 lia (narrow-leaved). l. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 Azo'rica (Azorean). \. June. Azores. 1831. 
 
 cnpita'ta (headed), 1. June. N. Amer. 1813. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. N. Amer. 1/32. 
 
 epfie'merum (transient). 2. White. - 
 
 Spain. 1730. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 1^. July. N. Amer* 1806. 
 
 Lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). 1. White. July. 
 
 North of India. 1810. 
 
 longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2. July. N.Amer. 1/98. 
 
 nummula'ria (moneywort-like). 5. June. 
 
 Britain. Evergreen. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). l. July. N.Holland. 1658. 
 
 quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1794. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 1&. July. N.Amer. 1781. 
 
 thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse^flowered). 1$. June. Eng- 
 
 land. Aquatic. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. July. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 LYSINE'MA. (From lysis, freeing, and 
 uema, a filament. The stamens not ad- 
 hering to the sides of the corolla, as is 
 usual in this Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epa- 
 cridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 ;rynia. Allied to Epacris.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 tand. Cuttings of the young shoots, getting firm 
 at the base, short shoots, a couple of inches in 
 length, are the best, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in the beginning of summer ; rough, sandy peat, 
 with pieces of charcoal, broken bricks, and free- 
 stone, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40 to 
 45. 
 L. attenua'tum (thin). 2. White. February. 1812. 
 
 conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 3. March. 1824. 
 
 lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 2. Pink. March. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pentape'talum (nve-petaleV. 2. Pink. March. 
 
 1823. 
 
 pu'ngens (pungent). 2. White. March. 1804. 
 ru'brum (red). 2. Red. March. 1804. 
 
 LYSIONO'TUS. (From lysis, freeing, 
 and notos, the back ; seed-vessel opening 
 from the back. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneracese]. Linn., I-Didynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Agalmyla.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seeds in light, sandy soil, 
 in a hotbed, in spring ; division ot the plant at 
 the same time ; peat and loam. Summer temp. 
 60 to 75; winter, 45 to 50. 
 
 L. longifio'rus (long-flowered). Criiasca. No- 
 yember. Java. 
 
 LY'THRUM. (From lythron, black- 
 blood; the prevailing purple colour of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly 
 thraceae]. Linn., ll-JDodecandria l-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 All purple-flowered, except linea're- Seeds of 
 annuals, in the common border, in spring ; per- 
 ennials, by division at the same time. Ala' turn 
 is an old resident of the greenhouse, propagated 
 by division and cuttings of the young shoots, or 
 the points of old ones, and forms a fair bed of 
 purple for the flower-garden in summer, requiring 
 the greenhouse or cold frame in winter. The fol- 
 lowing are all hardy herbaceous, except al'atum, 
 just mentioned, and Gree'fferi, which is a hardy 
 annual. 
 L. ala'tum (wing-stalked). 3. July. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Gree'fferi (Grseffer's). 1$. July. Italy. 1800. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-Zeaoed). July. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1800. 
 
 linea're (narrow-leaved). l. White. Julv. 
 
 N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 salica'ria (willow-like). 4. July. Britain. 
 
 (omento'sum (woolly). 2. July. Caucasus. 1828. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 3. July. Austria. 1775. 
 
 M. 
 
 MA'BA. (From the native name. Nat. 
 ord., Ebenads [Eberiacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 6-Hexaudria. Allied to Diospyros.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in May, under a glass, in sand, 
 over fibry peat, and a very slight bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 M. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 1$. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 1810. Stove. 
 
 lauri'na (laurel-like). 3. July. N. Hol!and f 
 
 1824. 
 
 MACBRI'DEA. (Named after Dr. Mac- 
 bride, of S. Carolina. Nat. ord., Labiates^ 
 orLipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., \4L-Dldy- 
 namia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to Me- 
 littis.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm at their base, in May ; loam 
 and a little sandy peat, well-drained. 
 M.pu'lchra (pretty). Bed-striped. July. Ca- 
 rolina. 1804. 
 
 MACHERA'NTHEEA. (From maJtaira t a 
 bent sword, and anthera, an anther; al- 
 luding to the shape of that part of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 cece]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.') 
 A tender biennial, but hardy enough for the 
 border in summer. 
 
 M. tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 New Mexico. 1851. 
 
 MACLEA'NIA. (Named after John 
 Mactean, Esq., of Lima, a British mer- 
 chant, and a distinguished patron of bo- 
 tany. Nat. ord., Cranberries [Vaccinia- 
 
MAC 
 
 MAD 
 
 cesej. Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Thibaudia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings under a 
 hund-light or bell-glass of the points of the 
 shoots, when getting firm at their base, in sand, 
 and kept close in a cold pit, a little air left tmdCT 
 the glass, if placed in a slight hotbed; s;;n(!y 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. ungula'tu (angled). 3. Red, yellow. June. 
 Peru. 1842. 
 
 corda'ta(hea.rt-leaved). Orange. Mexico. 1848. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Red. May. 
 
 Peru. 1844. 
 
 MAGLEA'YA. ( Named after A. Macleay, 
 a British naturalist. Nat. ord., Poppy- 
 worts [Papaveracese] . Linn., \\-Dodccan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bocconia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. By seeds, and dividing the 
 roots in spring ; rich soii. 
 
 M. corda'ta (heart-Zeawerf). 6. Red, yellow. June. 
 China. 1/95. 
 
 MACLU'RA. (Named after W. Macluru, 
 a North American geologist. Nat. ord., 
 Morads [Moraceae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 
 <L-Tetrandria. Allied to Broussonetia.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in heat ; 
 auranti'uea by cuttings of the root and layers ; 
 soil, peat and loam. Although auranti'uea, is 
 hardy, it requires a warm situation. 
 M. aurunti'aca (Os,s*e-orange). 20. N. Amer. 
 1818. Hardy deciduous. 
 
 Plumit'ri (Planner's). 20. W. Ind. 1804. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 20. W. Ind. 1739 . Stove 
 
 evergreen. 
 
 MACRADE'NIA. (From makros, long, 
 and aden, a gland ; referring to the long 
 process of the pollen-masses. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidaceaej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria l-Monandria. Allied to Notylia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division when growth is com- 
 mencing; fibry peat, charcoal, and broken pots 
 and sphagnum ; the plants raised above the pot 
 requiring a strong, moist heat in the orchard- 
 house when growth is proceeding, and cooler and 
 drier when resting. 
 
 JJf. lute'scens (clay-coloured). . Olive. Novem- 
 ber. Trinidad. 1821. 
 
 MACRA'NTHUS. (From makros, long, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Abrus.) 
 
 The seed-pods are used in Cochin China as a 
 vegetable, cooked like kidney-beans. Hardy 
 climbing annual ; by seeds in a hotbed, hardened 
 off, and then grown out of doors, or in a green- 
 house ; rich loam, and a little peat. 
 M. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). White. 
 June. Cochin China. 1826. 
 
 (From makros, long, 
 and kneme, a leg ; referring to the flower- 
 stalks. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cindio- 
 naceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Monot/y- 
 nia. Allied to Portlandia.) 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and fibry loam, well drained. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M . Jamaice'nse (Jamaica) . 14. White. Jamaica. 
 
 1S06. 
 tincto'rium (dyeing). 30. Red. September. 
 
 Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 MACROMEDIA. (From makros, long, and 
 mem, a part; referring to the unusual 
 length of the stamens. Nat. ord., Bo- 
 rageworts [Boraginacese], Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring the pro- 
 tection of a cold pit in winter ; seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 M. exse'rta (projecting-stamened). 3. Yellow. 
 September. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 MACRO' STYLIS. (From waAros,long, and 
 stylis, a style, or female organ. Nat. ord., 
 Rueworts [Rutacese]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria 
 I-Monoyynia. Allied to Agathosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots getting 
 firm, in April or May, in sand, under a bell-giass, 
 and kept in a close place, but without bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam, but most of the 
 former. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. barba'ta (bearded). 2. White. May. 1810. 
 
 barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Lilac. April. 1826. 
 
 corda'tn (heart- leaved). Lilac. April. 1S23. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 17/4. 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eam). 2. Pur- 
 ple. May. 1774. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong- leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 May. 1774. 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). Lilac. April. 1821. 
 
 MACRO'TROPIS. (From macros, tyng, and 
 tropis, a keel ; referring to the length and 
 name of the lower part of a pea-flower. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Sophora.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from China. Cut- 
 tings of small side-shoots, taken off in spring, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds sown in a slight 
 hotbed, and potted off when up ; peat and loam, 
 in equal divisions. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M.fce'tida (fetid). 6. Yellow. April. 1820. 
 inodo'ra (scentless). White. April. 182!. 
 
 MADAGASCAR NUTMEG. Ayathophy'lhnn. 
 
 MADAGASCAR POTATO. Sola'num aitgui'vi. 
 
 MAD-APPLE. Sola'num insa'num. 
 
 MADDER. Ru'bia. 
 
 MA'DIA. (The Chilian name of M. 
 sati'va. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- 
 ceae]. Linn., 19-Syngencsia %-Stiperflua. 
 Allied to Sphenogyne. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed, -in 
 March or April, and afterwards transplanted or 
 sown in the middle of May, on a warm border, 
 where they are to bloom ; any garden-soil, ii not 
 fully exposed to the midday sun, for then there 
 will be no danger of a rusty appearance. 
 M. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. September. 
 California. 1847. 
 
MAD 
 
 512 ] 
 
 MAH 
 
 M. e'legans (elegant). 14. yellow. August. 
 North West America. 1831. 
 
 auti'oa (cultivated). Yellow. July. Chili. 1794. 
 
 MADWORT. Aly'ssum. 
 
 M^S'SA. (From maas, the Arabic name 
 of one of the species. Nat. ord., Ar- 
 disiads [Myrsinaceaej. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Ardisia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white blossoms, 
 from the East Indies. By seeds, which are a 
 considerable time in vegetating; by cuttings of 
 the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 
 85. 
 If. arpe'ntea (silvery). 5. April. 1818. 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 5. November. 1817. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 12. June. 1818. 
 
 nemora'lis (wood). 5. March. 1830. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 MAGNO'LIA. (Named after Professor 
 Magnol, of Montpelier. Nat. ord., Mag- 
 noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., I3-Poly- 
 andria G-Polyyyiiia.) 
 
 A noble genus, all white-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Propagated by seeds, 
 layers, grafting, and budding; and each of these 
 modes best suits different kinds. Seeds of most 
 of the American kinds are easily procured thence, 
 and from France, where, in their clearer sky, the 
 trees thrive better, and ripen their seeds, which 
 they seldom do with us. The seeds should be 
 sown in a hotbed, in spring, and a little patience 
 should be exercised until the seedlings make their 
 appearance, when they must be successively pot- 
 fced, and kept several years in a cold pit in winter. 
 Though the most vigorous plants are thus raised, 
 yet, as they are long in blooming, preference is 
 usually given to plants raised from layers of all 
 the stronger-growing kinds. These are generally 
 laid down in the autumn, and the best part of 
 two years generally elapses before they are fit to 
 be moved, when they should be potted, and kept 
 in a pit until well established. No one should 
 purchase a young plant, except in a pot, as the 
 few, but large, fleshy roots are easily injured. 
 Some of the more succulent-stemmed kinds, with 
 large pith, can neither be easily layered nor 
 grafted such as tripe' tala and macrophy'lla. For 
 these seedlings are the best, and the seed ripens 
 freely in different parts of France. Most of the 
 varieties and the weaker species may be budded, 
 and grafted, and inarched on the stronger-growing, 
 more easily-reared kinds. Obova'ta and acumi- 
 na'ta are much used for this purpose. In most 
 cases it requires a considerable time to effect the 
 union. In many cases, where inarching is re- 
 sorted to, two years must elapse before the 
 separation can be effected safely. The tenderer 
 Chinese and Asiatic species require, in general, 
 protection in winter; the former a cold pit or 
 greenhouse, the latter a wall, &c. They are pro- 
 pagated by layers, and also by cuttings, as well 
 as seeds. The cuttings should be of ripe shoots, 
 and inserted in sand, under a glass. Many kinds, 
 however, will propagate by the herbaceous-like 
 young shoots ; but more attention to shading, &c., 
 is required. All delight, when planted out, in a 
 deep, sandy soil, quite dry, and enriched with 
 peat and a little leaf-mould. Glau'ca, however, 
 generally thrives best in a peaty soil rather re- 
 tentive of moisture, 
 
 HALF-HA.RDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 30. March. China. 
 1789- 
 
 o6oa7a(reversed-egg-teaved). 6. Pur- 
 ple. July. China. 1790. 
 
 di'scolor (two - coloured). 6. Purple, 
 
 white. May. 1790. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 M.fusca'ta (brown-stalked). 3. Brown. April. 
 
 China. 1789- 
 anoncefo'lia (anona-leaved).S. Bed. June. 
 
 China. 1789. 
 
 cdorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. July. 
 
 Java. 1829. Stove. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 20. August. 
 Carolina. 1/34. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. July. 
 
 Paris. 1825. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 20. June. N. Amer. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval). 20. August. Carolina. 
 
 1734. 
 
 Exonie'nsis (Exeter). 20. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 -ferrugi'nea (rusty). 20. August. N.Araer. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). 20. Au- 
 gust. Carolina. 1/34. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-teacerf). 20. Au- 
 gust. Carolina. 1734. 
 
 pree'cox (early). 20. August. N. Amer. 
 
 rotundifo'lld (round-leaved). 20. Au- 
 gust. N. Amer. 
 
 Ko'bus (Kobus). Purple, white. July. Japan. 
 
 1804. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 M. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 60. Yellow, 
 
 green. June. N. Amer. 1736. 
 Cando'llii (De Candolle's). 60. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1736. 
 mu'xima (largest-teawed). 60. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
 auricula'ta (ear-beared). 40. April. Carolina. 
 
 1/86. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). 40. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1801. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 20. July. N. Amer, 
 
 1683. 
 Burchellia'na (Burchell's-doMe). 20. 
 
 June. 
 Gordonia'na (Gordon's- double}. 20. 
 
 June. 1/50. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Purple. April. Japan. 1804. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 30. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple. April. Japan. 1/90. 
 
 pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 20. May. Carolina. 
 
 1811. 
 
 tripe' tala (three-petaled) ? 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1752. 
 
 MAGPIE MOTH. See ABRAXAS. 
 
 MAHE'RNIA. (An anagram of Her- 
 mannia an allied genus. Nat. ord., Bytt- 
 neriads [Byttneriacea3]. Linn., IQ-Mo- 
 nadelphia 2-Pentandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, about two feet 
 high, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, an inch or two in length, in sandy 
 soil, under a glass any time in summer ; fibry 
 loam and sandy peat, with lumps of charcoal and 
 broken pots, intermixed when grown in pots. 
 In summer they will do in the flower-garden, and, 
 did the flowers look up a little more, they would 
 
MAH 
 
 C 513 ] 
 
 MAL 
 
 be very interesting; from their habit they are 
 
 seen to best advantage in a pot. 
 
 M. glnbra'ta (smooth). Yellow. June. 1789. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. June. 1812. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. May. 
 
 1731. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). Yellow, white. July. 1792. 
 
 oxalidifo'lia (oxalis-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 
 1817- 
 
 pulche>lla (ne&t). Reddish. July. 1792. 
 
 vernica'ta (varnished). Vermilion. July. 1816. 
 
 verticllla'ta (whorled). Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 vesica'ria (bladdery). Yellow. June. 1818. 
 MAHOGANY-TREE. Swiete'nia. 
 MAHO'NIA. A synonyme of Berberis. 
 MAHU'KEA. (The native name. Nat. 
 
 ord., Theads [Ternstromiacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Monadelphia Q-Polyandria. Allied to 
 Stuartia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mode- 
 rate bottom-heat, any time in summer; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Wnter temp., 50 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 &I. palu'stris ( marsh). 15. Purple. May. Trini- 
 dad. 1820. 
 
 MAIDEN-HAIR. Passiflo'ra adia'ntum, 
 and Adia'ntum capi'llus Vene'ris, <fec. 
 
 MAIDEN-HAIR-TREE. Salisbu'ria adi- 
 antifo'lia. 
 
 MAIDEN PLUM. Comocla'dia. 
 
 MAIDEN TREE is a seedling tree which 
 has not been grafted. 
 
 The time which elapses before seed- 
 lings attain a bearing age is very various. 
 The pear requires from twelve to eighteen 
 years ; the apple, five to thirteen ; plum 
 and cherry, four to five ; vine, three to 
 four; raspberry, two; and the straw- 
 berry, one. 
 
 MAI'RIA. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia l-JBqwUix. Allied to Aster.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plants, from Cape of 
 Good Hope ; seeds, and division in spring ; re- 
 quiring the protection of a dry, cold pit in winter ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat. 
 M. crenu'ta (scolloped- leaved). Lilac. April. 1820. 
 
 taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 MAJE'TA. (The native name. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese]. 
 Linn., W-J)ecandrial-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Medinilla.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting a little firm, in sandy soil, and in 
 bottom-heat, in April and May ; peat and loam, 
 with a little charcoal and brick-rubbish. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 M. <?tane'sw(Guianan). 2. White. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 MAJORA'NA. See ORI'GANUM. 
 MALABAR LEAF. Cinnamo'mum Mala- 
 "ba'thrvm. 
 MALABAR NIGHTSHADE. Base'lla. 
 
 MALABAR ROSE. Hibi'scus ro'sa Jfefa- 
 laba'rica. 
 
 MALOCHODE'NDRON. See STUA'RTIA. 
 
 MALA'XIS. (From mala'xis, delicate ; 
 referring to the whole plant. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%- 
 nandria \-Monandria. Allied to Catypso. ) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, growing in sandy peat, and 
 in moist places ; division of the roots. 
 M. paludn'sa (marh). . Yellow, green. July. 
 England. Hardy. 
 
 Partho'ni (Parthon's). Green. June. Brazil. 
 
 188. Stove. 
 
 MALAY APPLE. Jambo'sa Malacce'nsis. 
 
 MALCO'LMIA. (Named after W. Mal- 
 colm, mentioned by Ray. Nat. ord., 
 Crucifers [Brassicace]. Linn., 15-Te- 
 tradynamia. Allied to Hesperis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, blooming in June, if gown 
 early in April ; but a succession may be kept up 
 by sowing in the three fcUowing months ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. Arenn'n*, Chi' a, incrassa'ta, 
 and mari'tima are the handsomest. 
 JH. Africa'na (African), f. Purple. Africa. 1744. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). Violet. Algiers. 1804. 
 
 Chi' a (Chian. Dwarf -branching). 1. Purple. 
 
 Chio. 1732. 
 
 ero'sa (gnawed-teaved). . Portugal. 1818. 
 
 incrassa'ta (tiiick-leaf-stulked). Purple. Te- 
 
 nedos. 1820. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). Purple. Caraccas. 
 
 1837. 
 
 ~ la'oera (torn-leaved). White, yellow. South 
 Europe. 1780. 
 
 la'xa (loose). 2. Purple. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 litto'rea (shore). 1. White, yeJlow. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). J. Purple. Cyprus. 1820. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). . Violet. South Europe. 
 
 1713. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). $. Lilac. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 runcinu'ta (runcinate). Purple. Caraccas. 183". 
 
 taruxacifu'lia (dandelion-leaved). 4. Purple. 
 
 Siberia. 1795. 
 
 MALE FERN. Aspi'diumfi'lix-ma's. 
 
 MALESHE'RBIA. (Named after a French 
 patron of botany. Nat. ord., Crownworts 
 [Malesherbiaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse annuals, from Chili. Seedg sown 
 in a hotbed, in March, seedlings pricked off, 
 potted, and flowered in the greenhouse; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam, with a little very reduced 
 Leaf-mould. 
 M.fasciculat'a (fascicled). White. July. 1832. 
 
 ftu'milis (humble). . White. 1831. 
 
 lineanfo'lia (narrow-leaved). 14. Purple, 
 
 blue. September, 1831. 
 
 thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). Yellow. July. 
 
 1832. 
 
 MALLOW. Ma'lva. 
 
 MALLOW ROSE. Hibi'scus moscheu'fos. 
 MA'LOPE. (From malos, soft, or tender ; 
 referring to the texture of the leaves. 
 t.ord.,Ma/&MMor/s [Malvaceae]. Linn, 
 16-Monadelphia -Polyandria. ) 
 2L 
 
MAL 
 
 31AM 
 
 Hardy annuals, with purple flowers, from Bar- 
 bary. Seeds sown under a glass, in March, or in 
 the open border towards the end of April ; ear- 
 lier, if the ground is sandy and early. 
 M . malacni' des (mallow-like). 1. June. 1710. 
 sinua'ta (\va.vj-edged). July. 1/10. 
 
 tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. July. 1808. 
 
 MALPI'GHIA. Barbadoes Cherry. 
 (Named after Professor M<i!pii/7>i, of Pisa. 
 Nat. ord., Malpighiarls [Mapighiaceee]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Triyynia. Allied 
 to Galpbimia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots almost ripe, but with leaves attached, 
 except at the joint cut through, in sand, under 
 a beil-glass, and in bottom heat, in summer; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50 to 
 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. aquifo'tla (holly-leaved). 7. Pink. August. 
 S. Arner. 1/59. 
 
 b iflo'ra (two-flow ert-d). 10. Pale red. Julr. 
 
 S. Amer. 1310. 
 
 cocci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Pink. S. Amer. 
 
 1733. 
 
 gla'bra (smooih-leancd). iG. Rose. May. 
 
 W. lad. 1755. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). Rose. Cam peachy. 17*2. 
 
 macrophy 'lla (large-leaved). Red, pink. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy -leaved}. 6. Pink. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 punicifo'lia (pomegranate- leaved). 12. Rose. 
 
 W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 MA'LVA. Mallow. (From walacho, to 
 soften; referring to their emollient qua- 
 lities. Nat. ord., Mallowwurts [Malva- 
 ceae]. Linn., IQ-Monade/phia Q-Polyan- 
 dria. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border in 
 April ; perennial herbaceous, such as Monroa'na, 
 &c., by seeds under a hand-lisrht, by division in 
 spring, and by cuttings of the young shoots under 
 a hand-light; stove and greenhouse species, by 
 cuttings, generally inserted in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light; these last are best grown in rich, 
 fibry loam and peat, and require merely the com- 
 mon treatment suitable to greenhouse and stove. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 M. angulu'ta (angled). 1. Purple. July. 1830. 
 
 campanuloi'des (campanula-like). . Blush. 
 
 October. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 purpura'ta (purpled). 1^. Pale red. July. 
 
 Chili. 1825. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 If. amas'na (pleasing). 3. Purple. April. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 179(5. 
 
 aspe'rrima (roughest). 3. Red. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 balsa'mica (balsamic). 4. Pink. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 bryontfo'lia (bryony-leaved). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/31. 
 
 campanula 1 ta (^M-fiowrred). 1. Pink, lilac. 
 
 July. Chili, mg. 
 
 - Capc'nsis (Cape). 10. Red, white. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/13. 
 
 C'tjiita'ta (headed). 2. Ked. April. Peru. 1708. 
 
 Jru'grans (fragrant). 3. Scarlet. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1759. 
 
 M. la'ctea (milk-coloured). 4. White. January. 
 Mexico. 1780. 
 
 minia'ta (red). 4. Red veins. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1698. 
 
 retu'sa (bent-back leaved), 4. Pink. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1803. 
 
 stri'cfa (erect). 3. White. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1805. 
 
 r tridactyli'tes (three-fingered). 3. Pink. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M. Dominge'nsis (Domingo). 2. Yellow. July. 
 St. Domingo. 1824. 
 
 tricuspida'ta (three-spined). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1726. Biennial. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. Borbfi'nica (Bourbon). 4. Yellow. July. 
 Mauritius. 1816. 
 
 coccl'nea (scarlet). 5. Lilac. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1835. 
 
 conci'nnn (neat). 5. Lilac. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1835. 
 
 aca'bra (rough-stemmed). 4. Yellow. June. 
 Peru. 1/98. 
 
 scopa'rm (broom-like). 6. Yellow. Apri!. 
 
 Peru. 1/82. 
 
 spica'ta (simple- spiked). 2. Gran-re. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1726. 
 
 tumento'sa (woolly). 3. Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 M. rri'sna (curled). 5. White. June. Syria. 15/3. 
 
 ht'rida (shining). Pink. June. 
 
 Maurltia'na (Mauritania). 6. Pink. Juli. 
 
 South Europe. 1/68. 
 
 Mulle'rii (Muller's). Sardinia. 1332. B.iennial. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M. #emi'ng-n(Henning'5). 3. White, red. June. 
 Russia. 1820. 
 
 involur.ro) 'ta (involucrated). l. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 It a'licn( Italian). 3. Purple. August. Italy. 
 
 1 829. 
 
 lateri'tia (brick-coloured). . Red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Buenos Ayres. 1840. 
 
 Monroa'na (Monro's). 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Columbia. 1828. 
 
 Mort'nii (Moveni's). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1820,, 
 
 inoacha'tit, (musk). 2. Fiesh. June. Britain. 
 undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July. 
 
 MALVAVI'SCUS. (From nutlva, the Mal- 
 low, and viscus, glue ; referring to the 
 mucilage with which it abounds. Nat. 
 ord., Mallowworts [Malvacetej. Linn., 
 \Q.MonadelpMa S-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of the some- 
 what stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in heat ; but the bell-glass must le 
 elevated at night, to prevent damping; fibry 
 peat, and sandy, lumpy loam. Winter temp., 
 SO ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. urbn'reus (tree). 12. Scarlet. W. Ind. 1/14. 
 
 mn 'I/is (soft). 12. Scarlet. August. Mexico, 17^0. 
 
 pilu'sus (shaggy). 12. Red. October. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1780. 
 
 MAMME'A. Mammee-tree. (The na- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusia- 
 eej]. Linn., l^-Po^'audria \-Mdnogynia. 
 Allied to Marcinia.) 
 
MAM 
 
 [ 515 ] 
 
 MAM 
 
 Cultivated in the West Indies and South] Winter temp., 40 to 48; does little good ac * 
 
 pot-plant, but is splendid when planted out and 
 
 America for its fruit, called the Mammee Apple, 
 or Wild Apricot, said to rival the Mangosteen. 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of the hulf-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bel!-^>lass, and in bottom-heat ; fiery, sandy 
 loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 M. Africa 1 na (African). 60. July. Africa. 1823. 
 America'iui (American). 60. S. Amer. 1/30. 
 
 MAMMILLA 'RIA. A section of the 
 CA'CTUS, which see. 
 
 Dwarf plants, composed of an assem- 
 blage of tubercles, somewhat resembling 
 the teats of animals; these are generally 
 terminated with bunches of hairy bristles, 
 and between them the flowers appear. 
 To grow them successfully, they should 
 be fresh dressed, or repotted, in sandy 
 loam and peat, with a iair portion of 
 brick rubbish and cow-dung, old and 
 dried, in April or May; afterwards kept 
 in a temperature of from 7;") to 90, with 
 plenty of atmospheric moisture, but little 
 or no water given to the roots until they 
 are rooting freeiy; then water may be 
 given, and the stimulus to growth con- 
 tinued for two or three months, when 
 moisture must be gradually withdrawn, 
 even when the sun heat is allowed to re- 
 main in as great a degree to consolidate 
 the tissues ; and in the end of autumn 
 the atmosphere must be gradually cooled, 
 to enable the plants to stand dry, and in 
 a dry atmosphere, and a temperature cf 
 from 45 to 50 during the winter. No 
 shade will be required, unless just after 
 potting, before fresh growth is made. 
 Those who try them in windows may 
 easily give them the above treatment by 
 placing them in a close box or pit for two 
 months in summer. Easily propagated 
 by offsets and protuberances. Their 
 greatest enemy is the red spider ; plenty 
 of syringing when growing in summer, 
 and steaming with sulphur from a hot- 
 water plate at other times, is the best 
 remedy. Water somewhat liberally in 
 summer, when in flower and growing ; 
 little or none must be given at other 
 times. 
 
 MANDARIN ORANGE. Ci'trus no'bilis. 
 
 MANDEVI'LLA. (Named after H. J. 
 Mandevillc, Esq., our minister at Buenos 
 Ayres. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna- 
 cea?]. Linn., 5-Penlandna 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Echites.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climber. Generally by 
 cuttings of the small, stiff side-shoots, when about 
 three inches in lengttf, taken off close to the old 
 wood, and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, I 
 
 allowed room in a greenhouse or conservatory, 
 
 where fine climbers are prized. 
 
 M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 20. White. 
 
 June. Buenos Ayres. 1837. 
 MANE 'TTIA. ( Named after X. Manetti, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Morwyynia. Allied to Bouvardia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. In a cool green- 
 house they thrive only in summer ; cuttings of 
 young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; 
 
 i_: i_ _ / * _ i f . . ",. . , 
 
 s cocci' nea also by division of the 
 ' 
 
 such kinds a 
 
 fleshy, tubercled-like roots as 'growth is com- 
 mencing ; sandy peat arid fibry loam. Winter 
 temp , 45 to 50; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. Li'color (two-coloured). 3. Scarlet, yellow. 
 March. Rio Janeiro. 1843. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. June. Guiana. 
 
 1806. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth-surfaced). 5. Scarlet. Au- 
 
 eust. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Lygi'stum (Lygistuin). 20. Pink. March. 
 
 Cuba. 1822. 
 
 sple'ndens (splendid). Crimson. May. Ca- 
 
 raceas. 1840. 
 
 uniflo'ru (one-flowered). 3. Rose. Novem- 
 
 ber. St. Martha. 1844. 
 
 MANGI'FERA. Mango-tree. (From 
 mango, the Hindoo name of the fruit, 
 and fero, to bear. Nat. ord., Anacards 
 [Anacardiaceae]. Linn., 2'3-Polyoamia 1- 
 
 .Mon&cia.) 
 
 The Mango is the most esteemed fruit in India, 
 having a grateful perfumed flavour. Stove ever- 
 green trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of 
 the nearly ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and 
 in heat; peat and ricli loam. Winter temp., 50 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 M.fas'tida (fetid). 20. Red. 
 
 M. l'ndica( Indian). 
 
 1824. 
 White. July. 
 
 l6gO. 
 
 opposthfo'liu (opposite-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 1823. 
 
 MA3IESTRA. The larva of the Bright- 
 line-brown-eye, or Pot-herb Moth (Mu- 
 mestra oleracea), may be found early iu 
 December, beneath the surface of the 
 earth, undergoing its transformations. 
 This caterpillar is one of the most de- 
 structive cf our garden enemies, feeding 
 on the stem, just under the surface, of 
 cabbages, but more especially brocoli, 
 lettuces, and some other garden produce 
 during the autumn. It is of a livid yel- 
 lowish-brown colour, darkly striped on 
 the back and sides, and with a white 
 stripe nearly over the feet, which are 
 light brown. It has black dots between 
 the dark stripes. When young, and some- 
 times even when fully grown, it has a 
 green ground colour. The moth comes 
 forth in the summer. It measures one 
 and a half inch across the fore-wings, 
 which are nearly of a uniform chestnut 
 
MAM 
 
 [ 516 ] 
 
 MAN 
 
 colour, but slightly clouded, and with a 
 whitish irregular line near the outer edge, 
 with an orange-coloured, kidney-shaped 
 
 spot near it, and a roundish dark spot 
 near the centre. The under-wings are 
 dusky-white, with the veins and a cre- 
 scent-shaped spot in the centre all dusky. 
 Mamestra brass'ica. During the latter 
 part of the evenings of May and June, a 
 middle-sized, brown moth may be seen 
 very often flying in our gardens, and 
 visiting our beds of cabbages and lettuces, 
 of which its caterpillars are most destruc- 
 tive. This is the Cabbage Moth (Mamestra 
 brassica, and Noctua brassica of some 
 naturalists). It measures about one inch 
 andthree quarters acrossthe opened fore- 
 wings, which are dusky-brown, clouded 
 with darker shades, and marked with 
 pairs of dark spots on their front edge ; 
 from these spots proceed the streaks 
 which mark the wings across ; there are 
 various spots on the wings, some yellowish, 
 and those in the middle surrounded with 
 white, the kidney-shaped one with a 
 whitish-grey crescent round it, and black- 
 ish beyond; the wings have a grey, yel- 
 lowish-striped fringe, and near this, at the 
 point farthest from the body, they have a 
 row of black, triangular marks ; the hind- 
 wings are light brownish-grey, with dark 
 veins ; the body and head are of various 
 shades of blackish-grey, with a darker 
 stripe of the same colour down the centre 
 of the back. During the day this moth 
 rests on the shady sides of the stems of 
 trees, or the branches of hedge -row 
 "bushes, and even by the side of clods on 
 the soil. 
 
 The caterpillar is green, variously 
 marked with grey or black, with a dark 
 stripe down the back, and a dirty-yellow 
 one down each side; the spiracles (breath- 
 iug-holes) are white, surrounded with 
 black, and close above the yellow stripe. 
 The caterpillar is found in July, August, 
 and September, feeding upon the hearts 
 of cabbages and lettuces. The only re- 
 
 medies are destroying the moths when- 
 ever seen, and hand-picking the cater- 
 pillars. The latter bury themselves in 
 the ground, and remain in the pupa or 
 chrysalis state all the winter. The Cot- 
 tage Gardener. 
 
 MANGLE'SIA. (Named after Captain 
 Mangles, and his brother, Robert Mangles, 
 Esq., of Sunning Hill, distinguished pa- 
 trons of botany. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro- 
 teaceee]. IAun.,4:-Tetrandrial-Monoyynia t 
 Allied to Grevillea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River. 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and 
 in heat, after the base of the cutting begins to 
 swell ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 35 to 45. 
 M. glabra'ta (smooth). 5. White. May. 1838. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple. May. 183Q. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). Purple. May. 
 
 MANGO GINGER. Curcu'ma ama'da. 
 
 MANGOSTEEN. Garci'nia. 
 
 MANGO-TREE. See MANGI'FERA. 
 
 MANGROVE. Rhizo'phora. 
 
 MANICA'RIA. (From manica, a glove, rs- 
 ferring to the spathe, or rolling leaf which 
 surrounds the flower-stem. Nat. ord., 
 Palms [Palmacesej. Linn., %IMoncecia 
 9'Enneandria.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong heat, in a hot- 
 bed ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55 to Stf ; 
 summer, 65 to 80. 
 
 SI. sacci'fera (bag-bearing). 30. S. America. 
 1823. 
 
 MA'NIHOT. (The Brazilian name of 
 the root. Nat.ord., Spurge worts [Euphor- 
 biacese]. IArm.,2l-Moncecia7-Heptandria. 
 Allied to Jatropha.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, except digit a' fa, which 
 only requires a greenhouse; all the species placed 
 under Jani'pha should be restored to this genus. 
 For culture, see JANI'PHA and JA'TKOPHA. 
 M. digita'ta (finger-tewed). Blue, green. July. 
 Australia. 1820. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Brown, green. July. Brazil. 
 
 1822. 
 
 sinua'ta (wavy-erfg-ed). Brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Blue, brown. June. 
 
 Brazil. 18*22. 
 
 MANNA. Allui'gi. 
 
 MANNA ASH. O'rnus rotundifo'lia. 
 
 MANTI'SIA. Opera Girls. (Named after 
 an insect, Mantis, to which the flowers 
 have been compared. Nat. ord., Ginger- 
 ivorts [Zingiberacese]. IAnn.,I-Monandria 
 l-Moiwgynia. Allied to Ginger.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous evergreens, from the East In- 
 dies. Division of the roots, as growth commences ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. saltato'ria (dancing). 1. Purple. July. 1808. 
 - spathuititn (spatulate). 1. Blue. Juue. 1823. 
 
MAN 
 
 [ -517 J 
 
 MAN 
 
 MANU'LEA. (From manus, the hand ; 
 from a faint resemblance in the divisions 
 of the flower. Nat. ord., Fiyworts [Scro- 
 phulariacese]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia 2-An- 
 giospermia. Allied to Chsenostoma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Several species are taken from this genus 
 and added to Lyperia. Seeds, sown in spring, in 
 a slight hotbed ; cuttings of the young shoots, 
 firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, but 
 without bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat, and 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 M. cheira'nthus (wallflower). 1. Orange. August. 
 1/95. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-teat^). . Red. July. 1816. 
 
 ru'bra (red). l. Red. June. 1/90. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. September. 1/74. 
 
 MANURES are either animal, vegetable, 
 or mineral. They directly assist the growth 
 of plants, by entering into their compo- 
 sition, by absorbing and retaining mois- 
 ture from the atmosphere, by absorbing 
 tbe gases of the atmosphere, and by sti- 
 mulating the vascular system of the plants. 
 Manures indirectly assist vegetation, by 
 killing predatory vermin and weeds, by 
 promoting the decomposition of stubborn 
 organic remains in the soil, and by pro- 
 tecting plants from violent changes of 
 temperature. 
 
 All these properties seldom, if ever, 
 occur in one species of manure ; but each 
 is usually particularized by possessing 
 one or more in a superior degree. That 
 is the most generally applicable manure 
 which is composed of matters essential 
 to the growth of plants: the chief of 
 these are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; 
 therefore all animal and vegetable sub- 
 stances are excellent manures. It would 
 evidently be of great benefit if every 
 plant could be manured with the decaying 
 parts of its own species. This rule mighl 
 be so far followed as that the stems oi 
 potatoes, peas, &c., could be dug respect 
 ively into the compartments where those 
 crops are intended to be grown in th 
 following year; but such manure requires 
 the addition of ammoniacal salts. 
 
 Some manures ameliorate a soil by ab 
 sorbing moisture from the atmosphere 
 This property is, at least, as beneficial to 
 ground that is aluminous as to that which 
 is siliceous ; for it is equally useless t< 
 either during periods of plentiful rain 
 but in the drought of summer, when 
 moisture is much wanting to plants, it i 
 beneficial to both ; in very dry seasons i 
 is even of greater importance to claye; 
 than to light soils ; for vegetation on th 
 former suffers more from long-continuei 
 
 rought thtm on the latter, the surface of 
 he clayey soil becoming caked and im- 
 lervious to air, the only grand source of 
 ompensatory moisture that is available 
 o the languishing plants, and which is 
 nore open to those which grow on light, 
 and, consequently, more pervious soils. 
 
 The following table of the comparative 
 
 absorbent powers of many manures is 
 
 xtracted chiefly from An Essay on the 
 
 Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr. Cuth- 
 
 >ert Johnson : 
 
 Horse-dung evaporated previously to 
 Iryness, at a temperature of 100, ab- 
 orbed during an exposure of three hours 
 ,o air saturated with moisture at 62, 145 
 mrts ; putrefied tanners' bark, under 
 similar circumstances (66), 145 parts; 
 unputrefied tanners' bark, 115 parts ; cow- 
 lung, 130 parts; pig-dung, 120; sheep- 
 dung, 81; pigeon-dung, 50; refuse marine 
 salt (60), 49|; soot (68), 36; burnt 
 clay, 29 ; the richest soil (in one hour), 
 23 ; coal-ashes, 14; lime (part carbonate), 
 11 ; crushed rock-salt, 10 ; gypsum, 9 ; 
 lialk, 4. 
 
 The absorbing power of a manure is 
 much influenced by the state in which it 
 is presented to the atmosphere. In a 
 finely-divided state mere capillary attrac- 
 tion assists it ; hence the importance of 
 keeping the soil frequently stirred by 
 hoeing, &c. But a mere mass of cotton, 
 by means of capillary attraction, will ab- 
 sorb moisture from the air ; yet it parts 
 with it at a very slight elevation of tem- 
 perature. It is of importance, therefore, 
 to ascertain which are the manures that 
 not only absorb but retain moisture 
 powerfully. The following results of our 
 experiments throw some light on this 
 point : 
 
 Pig-dung evaporated to dryness at a 
 temperature of 106, and then moistened 
 with six parts of water, required for 
 being reduced to dryness again, at the 
 above temperature, 135 minutes ; horse- 
 dung under similar circumstances, 90; 
 common salt, 75 ; soot, 75 ; rich soil, 32 ; 
 chalk, 29 ; poor soil (siliceous), 23 ; gyp- 
 sum, 18. 
 
 These experiments point oat a criterion 
 by which we easily ascertain the com- 
 parative richness of any two given soils 
 or manures : the most fertile will be 
 most absorbent and retentive. 
 
 Some manures increase the growth and 
 vigour of plants by stimulating their 
 absorbent and assimilating organs. Tu* 
 
MAN 
 
 t 
 
 MAK 
 
 stimulating powers of excrementitious J principle that putrescent substances 
 manures arise from the salts of ammonia 
 they contain. 
 
 Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted 
 by solutions of muriate of ammonia (sal- 
 nmmonmc), carbonate of ammonia (vola- 
 tile salt), and acetate of ammonia. Night 
 soil, one of the most beneficial of 
 manures, surpasses all others in the 
 abundance of its ammoniacal constituents 
 in the proportion of three to one. It 
 may be observed, that the nearer any 
 animal approaches to man in the nature 
 of its food, the more fertilizing is the 
 manure it affords. We have no doubt 
 that a languishing plant one, for ex- 
 ample, that has been kept very long with 
 its roots out of the earth, as an orange- 
 tree recently imported from Italy might 
 be most rapidly recovered, if its stem 
 and branches were steeped in a tepid, 
 weak solution of carbonate of ammonia ; 
 and when planted, an uncorked phial of 
 the solution were suspended to one of 
 the branches, to impregnate the atmo- 
 sphere slightly with its stimulating fumes. 
 
 Manures are also of benefit to plants 
 by affording some of the gases of the 
 atmosphere to their roots in a concen- 
 trated form. A soil, when first turned 
 Tip by the spade or plough, has generally 
 a red tint, of various intensity, which, by 
 a few hours' exposure to the air, subsides 
 into a grey or black hue. The first colour 
 appears to arise from the oxide of iron 
 which all soils contain, being in the state 
 of the red or protoxide; by absorbing 
 more oxygen during the exposure, it is 
 converted into the black or peroxide. 
 Hence one of the benefits of frequently 
 stirring soils; the roots of incumbent 
 plants abstract the extra dose of oxygen, 
 and reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal- 
 ashes, in common with all carbonaceous 
 matters, have the power of strongly at- 
 tracting oxygen. Every gardener may 
 have observed how rapidly a bright spade 
 of iron left foul with coal-ashes becomes 
 covered with rust or red oxide. 
 
 Manures assist plants by destroying 
 predatory vermin and weeds. This is not 
 a property of animal and vegetable ma- 
 nures they foster both those enemies of 
 our crops. Salt and lime are very efficient 
 destroyers of slugs, snails, grubs, &c. 
 
 Stable -mamire, and all decomposing 
 animal and vegetable substances, have a 
 tendency to promote the decay of stub- 
 born organic remains in the soil, on the 
 
 hasten the process of putrefaction in 
 other organic bodies with which they 
 come in contact. Salt, in a small pro- 
 portion, has been demonstrated by Sir 
 J. Pringle to be gifted with a similar sep- 
 tic property; and that lime rapidly breaks 
 down the texture of organized matters is 
 well known. 
 
 There is no doubt that rich soils, or 
 those abounding in animal and vegetable 
 remains, are less liable to change in tem- 
 perature with that of the incumbent 
 atmosphere than those of a poorer con- 
 stitution. This partly arises from the 
 colour of the soils. Some manures, as 
 salt, protect plants from suffering by 
 sudden reductions of temperature, by 
 entering into their system, stimulating 
 and rendering them more vigorous, im- 
 pregnating their sap, and, consequently, 
 rendering it less liable to be congealed. 
 
 MAPLE. A'cer. 
 
 MAHANHAO NUTS. BerthoUe'tia. 
 
 MARA'NTA. Arrow-root. (Named after 
 B. Maranti, an Italian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Marants [Marantaceae]. Linn., 1- 
 Monandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Canna.) 
 
 A kind of arrow-root is obtained from the rhi- 
 zomes, or fleshy roots, of some of the species. 
 Stove evergreen's ; division of the roots in spring ; 
 rich, sandy loam, with nodules of peat. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. July. 
 \V. Ind. 1820. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured), f. White. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). J. White. April. 
 
 S. Amer. 1828. 
 
 Knea'ta (white-ttned-leaved). 1. 1848. 
 ro' sea (rosy-lined-/eerf). 1. 1848. 
 
 Matacce'nsis (Malacca). 2. Green, white. 
 
 December. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted-/eaued). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Guiana. 1803. 
 
 Tou'chat (Touchat). 8. Red. July. E. Ind, 
 
 1819- 
 
 varieg/i'ta (variegated). 1. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 MAEA'TTIA. (Named after J. F. Mn- 
 ratti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Danceaworts [DanseaceaeJ. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptoyamia 1-Filices. Allied to Ferns.) 
 Stove evergreens. Division in spring, or by 
 spore-like seeds ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 
 55 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. ala'ta (winged). l. Brown. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1/93. 
 
 cicuteefo'tia (cicuta-leaved). Brown, yellow. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. 
 
 e'legan.i (elegant). 8. Brown, yellow. Nor- 
 
 folk Ishmd. 
 
 Ite'vis (smooth). 2. Brown, yellow; Jamaica, 
 
 1793. 
 
MAE 
 
 [ 519] 
 
 MAE 
 
 MARGINS of streams and other waters 
 must always accord with the pleasure- 
 grounds in which they are placed. Art, 
 therefore, must imitate each in its proper 
 place, not always by a studious picturesque 
 arrangement of the marginal accompani- 
 ments in each case, hut by excavating 
 the groundwork, planting the trees and 
 shrubs, and leaving the rest to the motion 
 of the waves of the water. After the 
 effects of one winter, stones or gravel 
 may be deposited in spots suitable for 
 stony or gravelly shores. 
 
 MARGYRICA'RPUS. (From margaron, a 
 pearl, and karpos, a seed-vessel ; referring 
 to the pearly succulent fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., 
 2 Diaiidria l-Mcnogynia. Allied to 
 Cliffortia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in April or May, in sand, under a hell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, with 
 pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 48 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. seto'sus (bristly). 2. Green. Peru. 1829. 
 
 MARIA 'LIA. See TOVO'MITA. 
 
 MARIA'NTHUS. (From Marian, Mary, 
 and anthos, a flower; dedicated to the 
 Virgin Mary. Nat. ord., Pltlosporads 
 [Pittosporacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous climbers. Cuttings of 
 young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glasw, in 
 May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with potsherds and 
 charcoal, to keep the soil rather open. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 M. can-u'leo-puncta'tus (orange -blue- spotted). 
 4. Blue. April. Swan River. 1840. 
 
 frutico'sus (shrubby). Swan River. 1841. 
 
 MA'RICA. (From maraino, to flag ; re- 
 ferring to the ephemeral nature of the 
 flowers, which last hardly a day. Nat. 
 ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 \-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.) 
 
 Marica has been long known, therefore we 
 retain it ; but the true name is Cipu'ra. Herba- 
 ceous evergreens. By seed, sown in a slight hot- 
 bed in spring ; by offsets, in abundance," though 
 seed ripens very freely ; sandy loam, peat, and 
 leaf-mould; they require the protection of a 
 greenhouse or a cold pit in winter. 
 M. ceeru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. May. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 c<Ele>stis (sky-blue). 3. Blue. Brazil. 182Q. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow, blue. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1830. 
 
 longifo'tia (lon^-leaved). Striped. August. 
 
 Brazil. 18:10. 
 
 Martinice'nsis (Martinico). 2. Yellow. Mar- 
 
 tinico. 1/8-2. 
 
 Northiana (North's). 4. Yellow. June. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1/89. 
 
 paludo'sa (marsh). 1. White. July. Guiana. 
 
 1/92. 
 
 Sali'ni (Captain Sabine's). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. St. Thomas. 1822. 
 
 MARIGOLD. Cale'ndula ojfidna'lis. 
 
 Varieties. Single, Common double, 
 Largest very double, Double lemon- 
 coloured, Great Childing, Small Childing. 
 The single-flowered, and those which 
 have the darkest orange colour, possess 
 the most flavour. 
 
 Soil. Light, dry, poor, and unshaded. 
 In rich ground they grow larger, but 
 lose much of their flavour. 
 
 Sow anytime from the close of February 
 until June; or in autumn, during Sep- 
 tember. If left to themselves, they multi- 
 ply from the self sown seed. Sow in 
 drills, ten inches apart ; the plants to he 
 left where raised, being thinned to ten or 
 twelve inches asunder; but when the 
 seedlings are two orthree inches in height, 
 they maybe removed into rows at similar 
 distances as above. Water must be given 
 moderately every other day in dry weather 
 until established. 
 
 Gathering. The flowers, which the 
 spring-raised plants will produce in the 
 June of the same year, but those of au- 
 tumn not until that of the following one, 
 will be fit to gather for keeping in July, 
 when they are fully expanded, as Avell as 
 for use when required. Before storing, 
 they must be dried perfectly. 
 
 MARIGOLD (GREAT CAPE). Cale'ndula 
 hy'brida. 
 
 MARI'LA. (From marile, live embers, 
 or sparks ; referring to pellucid clots on 
 the leaves, or yellow fringe round the 
 seed-pod. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstrcmi- 
 acefle]. Linn., 13-Polyandria b-Penta- 
 gyniu. Allied to Mahurea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots, 
 when short, and getting firm at their base ; sandy 
 peat and loam, well-drained, and open. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 M.rucerno'sa (racemed). 12. Yellow, green. 
 August. W. Ind. 1827. 
 
 MARJORAM. (Ori'ganum.) O.majora'na, 
 Sweet or Summer Marjoram. O. hera- 
 deo'ticum, Winter Marjoram. O. oni'trs, 
 Common or Pot Marjoram. 
 
 Soil. Light, dry, and moderately fer- 
 tile. The situation cannot be too open. 
 
 Propagation. The Sweet Marjoram is 
 propagated solely by seeds ; the others 
 by seed, as well as by parting their roots, 
 and slips of their branches. Sow from 
 the end of February, if open weather, to 
 the commencement of June; but the 
 early part of April is best. Portions of 
 the rooted plants, slips, &c., may be 
 planted from February until May, aud 
 duiing September aud October. 
 
[ 520 ] 
 
 MAR 
 
 Sow in drills, sis inches apart, the 
 seed being buried not more than a quarter 
 of an inch deep. When the seedlings 
 are two or three inches high, thin to six 
 inches, and those removed may be pricked 
 in rows at a similar distance. Those of 
 the annual species (O. majora'na) are to 
 remain ; but those of the perennials, to 
 he finally removed during September, 
 water being given at every removal, and 
 Jmtil the plants are established. 
 
 Plant slips, &c., in rows ten or twelve 
 inches apart, where they are to remain ; 
 they must be watered moderately every 
 evening, and shaded during the day until 
 they have taken root. In October the 
 decayed parts of the perennials are cut 
 away, and some soil from the alleys 
 scatered over the bed about half-an-iuch 
 in depth, the surface of the earth between 
 the stools being previously stirred gently. 
 The tops and leaves of all the species 
 are gathered when green, in summer and 
 autumn, for use, in soups, &c. ; and a 
 store of the branches are cut and dried 
 in July or August, just before the flowers 
 open for winter's supply. 
 
 Seed. If a plant or two are left un- 
 gathered from of the Pot Marjoram, the 
 seed ripens in the course of the autumn. 
 Eut the others seldom ripen their seed 
 in this country ; consequently it is usually 
 obtained from the south of France or 
 Italy. 
 
 Forcing. "When the green tops are 
 much in request, a small quantity of seed 
 of the Summer Marjoram is sown in 
 January or February, in a moderate 
 hotbed. 
 
 MARKET-GARDENER, one who grows 
 garden produce for sale. 
 
 MARL is a compound of chalk (carbo- 
 nate of lime) with either siliceous sand 
 or alumina. In the first instance it is a 
 siliceous marl, best applied to heavy soils ; 
 and in the latter a clayey marl, adapted 
 for light lands. Slaty and shell-marls 
 are varieties of the siliceous. The rela- 
 tive proportions of the constituents vary 
 indefinitely, the chalk amounting to from 
 15 to 75 per cent. The quantity applied 
 per acre must also vary greatly, according 
 to the object to be attained. To render 
 a light soil more tenacious, 100 tons per 
 acre of clayey marl are not too much ; 
 neither is the same quantity of siliceous 
 marl an excess, if applied to a heavy soil 
 to render it more friable. 
 
 MARKING FRUIT. Anaca'rdium. 
 
 MA'RLEA. (From marlija, the Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., Alanyiads [Alangi- 
 aceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Nyssa.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots, 
 or rather, short, stubby side-shoots, taken off 
 with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat and loam, 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 M, Begonieefo'lia (Begonia-leaved). 4. Yellow. 
 China. 
 
 MARRU'BIUM. Horehound. (From 
 the Hebrew marrob, bitter juice. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots in spring ; by slips, in a shady place, or 
 shaded for a time, and by seeds ; common garden- 
 soil. 
 
 M. aty'ssum (alyssum). ij. Purple. July. Spain. 
 1597. 
 
 candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. White. July. 
 
 Levant. 1732'. 
 
 catarieefo' Hum (catmint-leaved). l. Purple. 
 
 July. Levant. 1819. 
 
 leonuroi'des (leonorus-like). l. Purple. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 propi'nquum (related). White. June. 1836. 
 
 vulga're (common). 2. White. July. Britain. 
 lana'tum (woolly). White. August. Britain. 
 
 MARSDE'NIA. (Named after W. Mars- 
 den, author of a History of Sumatra. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacese], 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; flave'scens is a pretty 
 climber. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April or May, and a very slight bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould or peat. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 55; summer, 60 to 75, 
 M. ere'cta (upright). 2. White. July. Syria. 1597- 
 
 flave'scens (yellowish). 20. Yellowish. August' 
 
 N. Holland. 1830. 
 
 macula'ta (spoiled- leaved). 20. Green, pur- 
 
 ple. June. New Grenada. 1834. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1816. 
 
 tenaci'ssima (toughest). Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1806. 
 
 MARSCHA'LLIA. (Named after H. Mar- 
 schall, a botanical author. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 1-^Equalis.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plants, with purplish 
 flowers, from Carolina- Division of the plants in 
 spring, or slips of the shoots in sandy soil, under 
 a hand-light, in April and May; common, sandy 
 loam ; angustifo'lia likes the addition of peat ; 
 they require a dry, elevated place in winter, and 
 the protection of an evergreen bough, or a cold, 
 dry pit, with plenty of air. 
 M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. J800. 
 
 caespito'sa (tufted). 1. Purple, white. July. 
 
 Texas. 1837. 
 
 lanceola'ta(jipeatr-}\ea({-leaved). 1^. June. 1812. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). !. June. 1806. 
 
 MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Coma'rum. 
 MARSH MALLOW. Althan'a. 
 
MAR 
 
 C621] 
 
 MAT 
 
 MARSH MARIGOLD. Ca'ltha. 
 
 MARTAGON. Li' Hum ma'rtagon. 
 
 MARTY 'NIA. (Named after Dr. Martyn, 
 once professor of botany at Cambridge. 
 Nat. ord., Pedaliuds [Pedaliacese] . Linu., 
 l-Didynamia %-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Pedalium.) 
 
 Greenhouse annuals. Seeds, sown in a strong 
 but sweet bottom-heat, in March ; plants pricked 
 off as soon as they can be handled, kept close and 
 warm, and, when increasing in size, shifted and 
 hardened off by degrees, to enable them to bloom 
 in a cool stove or a warm greenhouse. 
 if. Craniola'ria (Craniolarian). White-spotted 
 July. S.Amer. 1830. 
 
 dia'ndra (two-anthered). 14. Red. July 
 
 New Spain. 1731. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Crimson. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1781. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 14.. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 probosci' dea (proboscis-like), j. Light blue. 
 
 July. America. 1738. 
 
 MARVEL OF PERU. Mira'bilis. 
 
 MASDEVA'LLIA. (Named after J. Mas- 
 devall, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria l-Monandria. Allied to Octomeria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring ; peat, sphag- 
 num, rotten wood, and charcoal ; plants elevated 
 above the pots or baskets. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 M. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. April. Pamplona, 
 fenestra'ta (windowed). 4- Brownish-red. May. 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). J. Brownish- 
 
 yellow. November. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 infra'cfa (broken). Whitish-yellow. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1835. 
 
 triangula'ris (three-angled). Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Merida. 
 
 tubulo'sa (pipe-like). White. July. Merida. 
 
 MASSO'NIA. (Named after F. Masson, 
 a botanical traveller in South Africa. Nat. 
 ord., Lilyworts [LiliaceoB], Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria 1-Monogynia. AlliedtoLachenalia.) 
 Very small bulbs, with white flowers, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Seeds or offsets, in spring ; 
 sandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould.; 
 grown in a pit, or in a warm border, the bulbs 
 being taken up when ripened, and kept in bags or 
 drawers; if in pots, kept dry until vegetation 
 commences. 
 M . ca'ndida (white). 4. April. 
 
 echina'ta (pnc'uly-leaved). . May. 1790. 
 
 grandiflo-ra (large-flowered). $. October. 1725. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4- March. 1/75. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. March. 
 
 sca-'bra (rough). $. February. i;go. 
 
 undula'ta(wwy-leaved). 4. April. 1791. 
 
 viola' cea (violet). 4. May. 1800. 
 
 MAT. See BASS. 
 
 MATHI'OLA. Stock Gilliflower. (Named 
 after P. Mathioli, an Italian botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 
 I5-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 The annuals, such as the Ten-week Stocks, ma> 
 be sown from March to May for summer decora- 
 tion, and in August and September, to stand ove* 
 the winter for spring early flowering. For the 
 latter purpose, none beat the Intermediate, Queens, 
 Bromptons, and other biennials. Sow in June, 
 plant in sheltered places, and in pots, to be kept 
 in cold pits, and turned out early in spring. Seeds 
 are recommended to be saved from the neighbour- 
 hood of double flowers, which we consider of no 
 importance. The only true theory to get double 
 flowers is to leave few seeds on a plant, and give 
 it very high cultivation, and as much sunshine as 
 
 Eossible. For fine flowering, all these prefer rich, 
 ght soil. The best of them may be successfully 
 preserved by cuttings under a hand-light, and then 
 kept in a cold pit in winter. The shrubby green- 
 house kinds are easily propagated by cuttings, and 
 delight in a rich, sandy soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 M. acau'lis (stemless). |. Red. June. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 a'nnua (annual. Ten-week Stock). 2. Various. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1731. 
 
 a'lba (white). 14. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 'fio're-plt'no (double-flowered). 14. Red. 
 
 July. 
 
 Gree'ca (Grecian. Wallflower-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 August. South Europe. 
 
 li'vida (livid). Livid, purple. July. Egypt. 1920. 
 
 longipe'tula (long-petaled). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 June. Bagdad. 1818. 
 
 parvijlo'ra (small-flowered). 4- Purple. July. 
 
 Morocco. 1799- 
 
 tricuspida't a (three- pointed- leaved). 4- Purple. 
 
 July. Barbary. 1739. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 M. coronopj/b'/j'a (buckhorn -leaved). J. Purple. 
 June. Sicily. 1819. 
 
 fenestra'lis (window). 1. Purple. July. Crete. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 Si'cufa (Sicilian). 14. Lilac. July. Sicily. 1835. 
 
 timpUcicau'-lis (single-stemmed). 2. "Purple. 
 
 July. 
 n'lba (white). 2. White. July. 
 
 sinua'tu (scollop-leaved). 1. Dingy red. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 Tata'rica ( Tartarian). 1. Red, yellow. July. 
 
 Tartary. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 M. glafjra'ta (smooth). 2. White. August. 
 fio're-plt^no (double-flowered). 2. White, 
 
 purple. August. 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. August. 
 
 inca'na (hoary. Queen's Stock). 1. Purple. 
 
 August. England. 
 
 a'lba (white- branching). 1. August. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet. Brompton Stock), l. 
 
 Scarlet. August. England. 
 
 multiplex (double). 1. Variegated. August, 
 
 England. 
 
 Madere'nsis (Madeira). Violet. May. 
 
 odorati' 'ssima (sweetest- scented). 2. Livid. 
 
 June. Persia. 1795. 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Livid. June. 
 Crimea. 1823. 
 
 tortuo'sa (twisted). Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 tri'stis (fork-flowered). 14. Livid. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1768. 
 
 MATO'NIA. (Named after the late Dr. 
 Maton. Nat. ord., Ferns [ Polypodiacea?] . 
 Linn., %>L-Crypto'jamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. 
 
MAU 
 
 [ 522 ] 
 
 MAX 
 
 .V zcctina'ta (comb-like-/rowd). Yellow. May. 
 Mount Ophir. 1839 
 
 MAURA'NDYA. (Named after Professor 
 Maurandy, of Carthagena. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn.,14-Dirfy- 
 iiamia 2-Anyiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Mexico. 
 Seeds sown in a slight hothed, in spring; and cut- 
 tings of shoots in sandy soil, in spring or autumn ; 
 rich, sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ; 
 will flourish in a cool greenhouse, and in summer 
 on wires, and fences, and pillars in the open air. 
 SI. antirrhiniflo'ra (snapdragon - flowered). 10. 
 Purple. July. 1844. 
 
 Barclaya'na (Barclay's). 10. Blue, white. July, j 
 
 u'lba '(white-lowered). 10. White. Year. 
 
 1842. 
 
 semperfio'rens (ever-flowering). 10. Pur- 
 ple. July. 1796. 
 
 MAU'RIA. (Named after A. Mauri, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anacards or 
 Terebinths [Anacardiacete]. Linn., 21- 
 Honceda 7-Octandria. Allied to Duvaua.) 
 Stove evergreen trees, with pinkish flowers, from 
 Peru. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat, under a 
 hand-glass ; common loam and a little peat ; usual 
 stove treatment. 
 M. heterophi/'lla (variously-leaved). 20. 1822. 
 
 simpliciji'lia (plain-leaved). 20. 1822. 
 MAURI'TIA. (Named after Prince Mau- 
 rice, of Nassau. Nat.ord.,Pa/ms [Palma- 
 cese]. Linn., 22-Ditecia Q-Hexandria.} 
 
 Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; rich, 
 fibry, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55; summer, 
 60 to 90. 
 M. arma'ta farmed). 40. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag-s/n'/red). 40. White, green. 
 
 Surinam. 1816. 
 
 vini'fera (wine-bearing). 40. Maranham. 1823. 
 
 MAXILLA'RIA. (From maxillae, the jaws 
 of an insect ; referring to a resemblance 
 of the columns and labellum. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%na- 
 dria I-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions of the plant in spring ; 
 fastened on wood covered with sphagnum, or 
 raised in baskets filled with sphagnum, old wood, 
 turfy peat, and charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 
 65; summer, 60 to 90. Dry in winter; moist 
 when growing. 
 M. a'lba (white). White. W. Ind. 
 
 aroma 1 tica (aromatic). 1. Yellow. May. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea ( dark purple) 1. Dark purple. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). Dark red. July. 
 
 au'reo-fu'lva (golden brown). 1. Golden brown. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1836. 
 
 barba'ta (bearded). Yellow. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Barringto'nics (Barrington's). l. Yellow, 
 
 brown. April. Jamaica. 1/90. 
 - ca'ndida (whitened). White. April. Brazil. 
 
 1840. 
 ' citri'na (citron - coloured). Yellow. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 conca'va (concave). June. Guatimala. 1844. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Brazil. 1836. 
 
 M. crista'ta (cvesteft-lipped). . White, purple. 
 July. Trinidad. 
 
 cro'cea (saffron). . Saffron. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). White, pink. 1841. 
 
 De'ppii (Deppe's). Yellow, green. June. 
 
 Xalapa. 1828. 
 
 galea'ta (helmeted). Orange. September. 
 
 Xalapa. 1828. 
 
 grami'nea (grass./mued). Yellow, red. De- 
 
 merara. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, yellow. 
 
 August. Merida. 
 
 Harriso' nice (Mrs. Harrison's). 1^. Yellow, 
 
 red. Brazil. 
 
 O'tta (white). White. April. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 
 
 jugo'sa (ridged). Crimson, yellow. Brazil. 3842. 
 
 lu'teo-a'lba (yellowish-white). Yellow, white. 
 
 June. Merida. 
 
 Lyo'nil (Mr., Lyon's). Purple, brown. Mexico. 
 
 1845. 
 
 Macltu'il (Mac Leay's). White, maroon. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 marginu'ta (bordered). Dark yellow. June. 
 
 Merida. 
 
 melea'gris (Guinea-fowl). Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (pale yellow), f . Yellowish. July. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 omi7/jog r /(/s4'a(bird's-tongue). White. Mexico. 
 
 1842. 
 
 pullidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 1, Yellow. St. 
 
 Vincent. 1826. 
 
 pnlmifo'lia (palm-leaved). White. Jamaica. 
 
 Parke'ri (Parker's), g. Buff, white. April. 
 
 Demerara. 1826. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). |. Orange, red. December. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 ma'ior (larger). Yellow, white. December. 
 
 Brazil. 1S3?. 
 
 platanthSra (flat-anthered). Green, white. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 psittaci'na. C parrot-like). 1 . Red, yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 puncta'ta (spotted)4.White-spotted. October. 
 a'lba (white). White-spotted. October. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple- spotted. 
 
 October. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). . Buff, yellow. June. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1826. 
 
 .RoWs.^'nn'fRollisson's). . Yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. iS36. 
 
 Sfapelioi'des (Stapelia like), i- Orange. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1837- 
 
 Stee'lii (Steel's). S, Yellow-spotted. July. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. 
 
 tenuifo'liu (slender-leaved). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 June. Vera Cruz. 1837. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). Purple, green, white. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 triangulu'ris (three-angled). Brown, crimson. 
 
 Guatimala, 
 
 vi'ridis (green). . Green. May. Brazil. 
 
 vitelli'na (yolk-of-eggr-coloured). <fc. Orange. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 Warrea'na (Warre's). 2. White, purple. 
 
 August. Brazil. 182Q. 
 
 xa'nthina (yellow). Yellow. Organ Mountains. 
 
 MAXIMILIA'NA. (Named after Prince 
 Maximilian. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma- 
 ceee]. Linn., ZS-Polygamia 1-Monoscia. 
 Allied to Cocos.) 
 
MAY 
 
 [ 523 ] 
 
 Stove Palms. Seeds, in a hotbed ; rich, sandv 
 loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 If. rtSgiu (royal). 60. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 MAY. Crata'giis oxyca'iitha. 
 
 MAY-APPLE. Podophy'llinn pella'tum. 
 
 MAYTE'NUS. (From maiten, the Chi- 
 lian name. Nat. ord., Spindle-trees [Ce 
 lastracege]. Linn., 23 -Polygamia 2- 
 Dicecia. Allied to Celastrus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttinjrs of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in 
 May ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 
 35 to 45. 
 M. bon'rin (boaria). 10. White. Chili. 1822. 
 
 Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Chili, 1829. 
 
 octago'nus (eigb.t-anjr.le-sfrTOwied). 6. White, 
 
 October. Peru. 176. 
 
 M. verticilla'tas (whorled). 6. White. October. 
 Peru. 1821. 
 
 MAZE. See LABYRINTH. 
 
 MA'ZUS. (From mazos, a teat ; refer- 
 ring to the tubercles in the opening or 
 mouth of the flower. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynnmia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Dodartia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in hotbed, in March ; 
 seedlings hardened off, and transferred to the 
 open ground in May. 
 M, putni'lio (dwarf). ^. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land 1823. 
 rugo'siiK (wrinkly). $. Yellow. July. China. 
 1780. 
 
 MEADOW-RUE. Tkall'ctnmi. 
 
 MEADOW-SAFFRON. Co'lchicum. 
 
 MEADOW-SWEET. Spira'a ulnw'ria. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 CORN MEASURE. 
 
 4 Gills ...... 1 Pint . containing . 34f Cubic Inches. 
 
 2 Pints ...... 1 Quart 69 
 
 4 Quarts 1 Gallon ..... 277^ 
 
 2 Gallons 
 4 Pecks . 
 
 4 Bushels 
 8 Bushels 
 
 5 Quarters 
 
 1 Peck 554| 
 
 1 Bushel ..... 2218 
 
 1 Sack ...... 5$ Cubic Feet 
 
 1 Quarter 10| 
 
 1 Load 514 
 
 TIMBER MEASURE. 
 
 A load of 2 inch plank 240 square feet, 
 
 3 200 ' 
 3* 170 
 
 4 150 
 
 A load of timber, unhewn, is 40 cub. ft. 
 squared, 50 
 
 1 inch plank 600 sq. ft. 
 If 400 
 
 2 300 
 
 LAND MEASURE. 
 
 The English statute acre contains 4840 i arpent is an Englisli acre, and three- 
 square yards : the Scotch, 5760 ; the Irish, j fourths of a rood. The Strasburg acre is 
 7840 ; the Devonshire, customary, 4000; \ nearly half an English acre ; the Prus- 
 the Cornish, 5760 ; the Lancashire, 7840 ; sian morgenis not quite three-fourths of 
 the Cheshire and Staffordshire, 10,240 ; an acre, 
 the Wiltshire tenantry, 3630. The French 
 
 LONG MEASURE. 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Inches 
 
 Feet . 
 Feet. 
 Yards 
 
 Foot. 
 Yard. 
 Fathom. 
 Pole. 
 
 40 Poles . 
 8 Furlongs 
 3 Miles . 
 
 69i Miles . 
 
 1 Furlong. 
 1 Mile. 
 1 League. 
 1 Degree. 
 
 SQUARE MEASURE. 
 
 Inches. 
 144 
 1.296 
 39,204 
 3,568,160 
 6,272,640 
 
 Feet. 
 1 
 
 9 
 272$ 
 10,890 
 
 43,560 
 
 Yards. 
 1 
 
 1210 4 
 4840 
 
 Poles, Rods, 
 or Perches. 
 I 
 40 
 160 
 
 Roods. 
 
 i 
 
 Acre. 
 1 
 
 30 Acres are 1 Yard of Land. 
 
 100 Acres are 1 Hide of Land. 
 
 640 Acres are 1 Sauare Mile. 
 
MEA 
 
 [ 524 ] 
 
 MED 
 
 CUBIC MEASURE. 
 
 1728 Cubic Inches make .... 
 
 27 -Feet 
 
 40 of Rough Timber 
 50 of H\3\vn do. 
 
 108 
 
 128 . . 
 
 1 Cubic Foot. 
 1 Yard. 
 
 1 Load. 
 
 Stack of Wood. 
 Cord. 
 
 HEAPED MEASURES. 
 
 Our market-gardeners, and retailers | sale of heaped measure, or by any mul- 
 
 3 tiple or aliquot part thereof, filled in all 
 parts -as nearly to the level of the brim 
 as the size and shape of the articles will 
 admit ; but nothing herein shall prevent 
 the sale by weight of any article hereto- 
 
 of fruit, potatoes, &C M generally vend 
 their commodities as if the Act of Par- 
 liament, $ and 6 Will. IV. c. 63. did not 
 exist. By this statute selling by heaped 
 measure is forbidden under a penalty of 
 
 not more than 40s. for every such sale. 
 Section 8 provides that, as some articles 
 heretofore sold by heaped measure are 
 incapable of being stricken, and may not 
 inconveniently be sold by weight, it is 
 enacted, that all such articles may hence- 
 forth be sold -by a bushel-measure, cor- 
 responding in shape with the bushel pre- 
 scribed by the 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, for the 
 
 WOOD 
 
 English Measure. Wood-fuel is as- 
 sized into shids, billets, faggots, fall- 
 wood, and cord- wood. A shid is of fall- 
 wood and cord-wood. 
 
 A shid is to be four feet long, and ac- 
 cording as they are marked and notched, 
 their proportion must be in the girth 
 viz., if they have but one notch, they 
 must be sixteen inches in the girth ; if 
 two notches, twenty-three inches ; if three 
 notches, twenty-eight inches; if four 
 notches, thirty-three inches ; and if five 
 notches, thirty-eight inches about. 
 
 JBillets are to be three feet long, of 
 which there should be three sorts, 
 namely, a single cask, and a cask of two. 
 The first is seven inches, the second ten 
 
 MEASUKE 
 
 1000 Billets of Wood = 
 10 Cwt. of Wood 
 1 Cord of Wood 
 100 ffis. of Wood 
 
 MECONO'PSIS. (From mekon, the poppy, 
 and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Poppyworts 
 [Papaveracese]. Linn., l'3-Polyandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the 
 plant in spring, and seeds (which ripen freely), at 
 the same time ; rich, sandy soil. 
 Jtf. Cn'mbrica( Welsh). 1. Yellow. June, England. 
 
 crassifo'iia (thick-leaved). 1. Orange, red. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 
 diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. Yellow. June. 
 
 Western United States. 1854. 
 
 fore sold by heaped measure. The 5 Geo. 
 IV. c. 74, thus referred to, enacts, by 
 section 7, that for potatoes, fruit, <fcc., the 
 bushel shall be made round, with a plain 
 and even bottom, be nineteen inches 
 and a half from outside to outside, and 
 capable of containing 801fo. weight of 
 water. 
 
 inches, and the third fourteen inches 
 about. They are sold by the hundred of 
 five score. 
 
 Faggots are to be three feet long, and, 
 at the band, of twenty-four inches about, 
 besides the knot; of such faggots fifty 
 go to the load. 
 
 Savins and Spray-wood are sold by 
 the hundred, which are accounted a load. 
 Cord-wood is the bigger sort of fire-wood; 
 and it is measured by a cord or line, 
 whereof there are two measures that of 
 fourteen feet in length, three feet in 
 breadth, and three feet in height ; the 
 other is eight feet in length, four feet in 
 height, and four feet in breadth. 
 
 OF WOOD. 
 
 = 1 Cord. 
 
 = 1 Cord. 
 
 = i Chaldron of Coals. 
 
 = 1 Quintal of Wood. 
 
 M. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Orange, rod. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2f . Blue. June, 
 
 Sikkim Himalaya. 
 
 MEDE'OLA. (Named after Medea, the 
 sorceress. Nat. ord., Parids [Trilliaceae]. 
 Linn., 6-HeXandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to 
 Trillium.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in 
 spring ; rich, sandy soil. 
 
 M. Virgi'nica (Virginian). $. Yellow. June. 
 Virginia. 1759. 
 
MED 
 
 [ 525] 
 
 MED 
 
 MEDIAN APPLE, or CITRON. Ci'trus 
 Me' diva. 
 
 MEDICA'GO. Medick. (From medike^ 
 a name from Dioscorides. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Tri- 
 folium.) 
 
 Hardy, and all yellow-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Annuals, by seeds, in open 
 border, in April ; perennials, by seeds, division of 
 the plant, and slips under a hand-light ; shrubs, 
 by cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUB. 
 M. arbo'rea (tree. Moon-trefoil). 8. May. 15Q6. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 M. Carstie'nsis(Ca.rs,t}. 1. July. Carinthia. 1789. 
 
 creta'cea (chalky). 4. July. Tauria. 1805. 
 
 falca'ta (sickle-podded). 2. July. England. 
 
 glojnera'ta (clustered). 1. June. Italy. 1817. 
 
 glutinu'sa (sticky). 1. June. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 mari'na (sea). 1. July. South Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 procu'mbens (trailing). 1. June. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1818. 
 
 prostra'ta (lying-down), f. June. Hungary. 
 
 1793. 
 
 snti'va (cultivated). 2. Violet. June. England. 
 versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Yellow, 
 
 blue. June. Britain. 
 
 suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 2. Violet, yellow. 
 
 June. Pyrenees. 1.820. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 M. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. July. 1802. 
 
 brachyca'rpa. (short-podded). . June. Trifliz. 
 
 1823. 
 
 cdncella'tu (latticed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 Catalo'nica (Catalonian). $. July. Catalonia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1686." 
 
 corona' to. (crowned). 1. June. South Europe. 
 
 1660. 
 
 discifn'rmis (disc-formed). . July. South 
 
 France. 1822. 
 
 echi'nua (hedgehog;. . July. South France. 
 
 1818. 
 
 /^Mo'sa (ziezag). . July. Italy. 1810. 
 
 Gera' rdi (Gerard's). 1. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Hornemannia'na (Hornemann's). June. 
 
 Morocco. 1818. 
 
 intertt'xta (interwoven). 1. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1629. 
 
 lacinia'ta (jaggeri-feaued). $. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 lafvis (smooth). . July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 lappa'cea (burdock-like). . July. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1810. 
 
 lupuli'na (hop-like). 1. June. Britain. 
 
 potysta'chya (many-spined). Switzerland. 
 
 Willdeno'im (Wildenow's). ^. Europe 
 
 macnla'ta (spotted). 1^. May. England. 
 - ntarginu'ta (bordered). 1. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1816. 
 
 mniecu'i-pa (moss-fruited). A. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1816. 
 
 mnlli'ssima (softest). ^. July. Spain. 1818. 
 
 murica'ta (point-covered). 1. June. England. 
 
 orbicula'ris (round-podded). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1688. 
 
 pree'coz (early). . July. Provence. 1820 
 
 refuta (upright). 1. July. Barhary. 18)0. 
 
 rupe'stns (rock). 1. June. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 M. Sibi'rlca (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 spheeroculrpa (round-fruited), i. July. Italy. 
 
 1818. 
 
 spimilo'su (small-spined). . July. South 
 
 France. 1 820. 
 
 stria'ta (channelled). $. July. South Prance. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Tenorea'n a (Grenada), f. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 tentaeula'ta (tentaculated). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 turbinu'ta (top-shaped). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1680. 
 
 MEDINI'LLA. (Named after J. de Medi- 
 nillay Pineda, governor of the Marianne 
 Islands. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melas- 
 tomacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with rosy flowers. Cut- 
 tings of stumpy side-shoots root the safest, though 
 cuttings of the young shoots root freely, when 
 damping is avoided, in sand, with a little peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a bottom-heat; peat 
 and loam, fibry and sandy. Winter temp., 46 to 
 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. erythrophy'lla (red -leaved). 2. August. 
 Khopseea. 1837. 
 
 Javane'nsis (Javanese). 4. December. Java. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Sieboldia'na (Siebold's). 3$. Rose. April. 
 
 Moluccas. 
 
 specio'sa (ahowy). 4. July. Java. 1845. 
 MEDLAR. Mf'spUus Germa'nica. 
 Varieties. Blake's Large ; Dutch, 
 
 largest fruit; Nottingham, small, but 
 best flavoured ; Stoneless, inferior, but 
 keeps longer than others. 
 
 Propagation : by Seed. This is a 
 tedious mode, the seed usually lying two 
 years before it germinates. Sow, im- 
 mediately the fruit containing the seed 
 decays, in common, light soil. Water 
 the seedlings frequently in dry weather; 
 thin them to two feet apart ; and when 
 four or five years old they will be fit for 
 final planting. 
 
 By Layers. This may be done in 
 February and M arch , m akin g use of shoots 
 of the previous year. They will have 
 rooted by the autumn. 
 
 Grafting and Budding may be done on 
 the White Thorn; but the Pear is A 
 better stock for the Medlar. 
 
 Soil. A well-drained, but retentive 
 loam suits it best. 
 
 Planting, Pruning, &c. See the direc- 
 tions given for the PEAR. 
 
 Storing. The fruit ought not to be 
 gathered until November, for if the gather- 
 ing is made before th fruitis fully matured, 
 it shrivels without ripening in its decay. 
 Spread them singly upon sand, the calyx, 
 or open side downwards, and dipping the 
 stalk end in a strong brine of common 
 salt and water, which is said to check the 
 occurrence of mouldiness. - 
 
MED 
 
 [526 ] 
 
 MEL 
 
 MEDTJSA'S-HEAD. IZitpho'rbia ca'put 
 
 MEGACLI'NIUH, (From megas, large, 
 and kline, a bed ; referring to tlie axis, or 
 rachis, on which the flowers are borne. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceeeJ. Linn., 
 2Q-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied to 
 (jirrhopetalum . ) 
 
 Stove orchids, from Sierra Leone. Division of 
 the plant in sprin? ; shallow baskets in sphagmim, 
 rotten wood, charcoal, and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 60; summer, o'0 to 90. 
 M.falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. Yellow, red. 
 
 March. 18-24. 
 -- rnu'jus (large). Yellow, red. March. 1 833. 
 
 ma'zimum (largest). 1. Yellow, preen. 1836. 
 
 veluti'num (velvety). Purple. Yellow. 1845. 
 
 MELALEU'CA. (From melas, black, aud 
 leu/cos, white ; referring to the colours of 
 the old and young bark. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 18- 
 Polyadelphia %-Polyandria.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, from New Holland, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the 
 shoots in May, as they are getting firm at their 
 base, and not more than three inches in length, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, most of 
 the latter, with a fair portion of sand, and nodules 
 of charcoal. Winter temp., 38 to 45. Many 
 are about as hardy as a myrtle, and will stand 
 against a conservative wull with a little protection. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. leucade'ndron (white Cajeput-tree). 15. White. 
 E. Ind. 1/96. 
 
 mi' nor (smaller Cujeput). White. E.Ind. 1800. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 M. acero'sa (sharp-pointed). Purple. June. 
 
 cullistemu'nea (beautiful-staraened). Purple, 
 
 rose. June. 
 
 calyci'na (Jr#e-calyxed). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 N- Amer. 1803. 
 
 decussa'ta (decussate-teawetf). 4. Lilac, Au- 
 
 gust. 1803. 
 
 de'nsa (thickly-/ertt>^). 2. Purple. 1803. 
 
 diosmeefo'lia (diosma-leaved). 4. Reddish. 
 
 June. 1794- 
 
 dumo'sa (bushy). 2. 
 
 erube'scens(h\ui>h\ng-stamened). Yellow. June. 
 
 fu'lgens (splendid). 6. Scarlet. August. 1803. 
 
 genistifo'lia (broom-leaved). 4. lied. 1/93. 
 
 gra'ndis (grand). 4. 
 
 Huge'lii ( Hugel's). 1832. 
 
 hj/pericifu'lia (St. John's-wort-leaved). 3. 
 
 Scarlet. July. 1/92. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1817. 
 
 juniperoi'des (juniper-like). 3. Stripei. June. 
 
 1830. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-teored). 4. Ju> 1817. 
 
 pa/udo'sa (marsh). 6. Red. August. 1803. 
 
 pulche'lla(n?*.t). 2. Purple. July. 18*3. 
 
 ru'dula (file-like). Pink. May. 
 
 sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1803. 
 
 seria'ta (row-ranged). Rose. June. 
 
 spino'sn (spiny). Yellow. June. 
 
 squn'mea((. \\y-catyxed). 4. Lilac- June. 1805. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreau)ug). 2. White. 1794. 
 
 stria'ta (chaimelled-/eaed). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 1803. 
 
 styphetoi'des (styphelia - like), 4. White. 
 
 June. I7y3 
 
 M. tetragn'na (four-angled). 4. 1820. 
 
 thymifo'Hu (thyme-leaved). 2. Purple. Augurt, 
 
 1792. 
 
 trichophy'tla (hair-leaved). Pink. May. 
 
 trine'rniii (three-nerved). 3. 1816. 
 
 virgu'ia (twiggy). 2. 1818. 
 
 MELANORRH/E'A. (From melas, black, 
 and r!tco, to flow ; referring to the juice 
 becoming black varnish. Nat. ord., 
 Anacards [Anacavdiaeeae]. Linn., 23- 
 Polygaania 2-Dicscia.} 
 
 The black poisonous varnish of Martaban is the 
 produce of this tree, the Theet-see, or Kheu of 
 India. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots, with the leaves on, in sand, under a glass, 
 and in heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. usiUi'l/miima ur.ost iuck.1. Black Varnish- tree), 
 loo. lied. E. Ind. 1829. 
 
 MELA'NTHIUM. (From melas, black, 
 and anthos, a flower ; referring to .the 
 dusky blossoms. Nat. ord., Mclanths 
 [Melatithacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 3- 
 Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.) 
 
 The Melanths are ali more or less poisonous. 
 Half-hardy bulbs, requi -ing tiie greenhouse or cold 
 pit in winter, or the ouii>s to be kept dry and at 
 rest; propagated by offsets and seeds; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 
 M. Cape' use (Cape), f . Yellow. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1768. 
 
 cilla'ta (hair-fringed). . Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. ISlO. 
 
 grami'neum (grassy). 1. White. May. 
 
 Madagore. 1823. 
 
 ju'nceum (rush-termed) . . Pink. Septem- 
 
 ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1780. 
 - phalangioi'des (phalangium-like). I. W r hite. 
 June. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 secu'ndum (side-flowering). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 Si'n'ricum (Siberian). 1. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 trique'trurn (three-sided). White, purple. 
 
 April. N. Amer. 1847. 
 
 uniflo'rum (one-flowered). |. White, yellow. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 MELA'STOMA. (From melas, black, and 
 stoma, a mouth ; the eatable berries 
 stain the mouth a dark purple. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomads [Melastomaceaa]. Linn., 
 I0-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Osbeckia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the shoots in 
 sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and 
 loam, sandy and lumpy. Winter temp., 45 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. affi'nis (related). 4. Purple. E.Ind. 1810. 
 
 Afzeliu'na(A.faQliu.&'s). 1^. Red. Sierra Leone 
 
 1824. 
 
 a'spera (rough). 6. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 Ba'-nlisii (Sir J. Bank>'). l. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 ca'ndida (white). 4. Purple. China. 1824. 
 
 corymbv'sa (corymbed). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1/92. 
 
 cymo'sa (cymed). 2. Purple. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1792. 
 
 ecosta'ta (ribless). 4. Purple. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1/93. 
 
MEL 
 
 [ 527 J 
 
 MEL 
 
 SI. elcnga'ta (elongated). 1. Purple. May. 
 Sierra Leone. 1823. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large - fruited). 6. Purple. 
 
 June. China. 1/93. 
 
 Malnlxi'thricii (Malabar). 6. Purple. June. 
 E Ind. 1/93. 
 
 pulvernle'ntwn (powdered). Red. March. 
 
 Sumatra. 1823. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloody). 6.. Purple. September. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 MELHA'NIA. (After Mount Melhan, in 
 Arabia Felix, where the first of them was 
 discovered. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Bytt- 
 jieriaceffi]. Linn., IG-Monadelphia 2- 
 Pentandria. Allied to Astrapeea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of the half-ripened shoots in sandy peat, in 
 a little bottom-heat, and under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 ppat and a little loam. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. Burche'llii (BurchelPs). 15. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 erythro'xylon (red-wood). 15, July. St. 
 
 Helena. 1/72. 
 
 melano 1 xylon (black-wood). 2. July. St. 
 
 Helena. 
 
 ME'LTA. Bead-tree. (Melia, the 
 Manna Ash ; referring to the resemblance 
 of the leaves. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me- 
 liaceffi], Linn., 10-Dccandria \-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 Seeds and cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-gla^s, and in a mild bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Azedaru'ch and nun* 
 tra'lis will stand against a wall in the south of 
 the islar.d. The monks formerly strung the fruit 
 as beads. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 M. austra'lis (southern). Lilac. N.Holland. 1810. 
 
 Azedara'fih (Azedarach). 45. Blue. July. 
 
 Syria. 1656. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. Azadira'chta (Azadirac'nta). 60. White. 
 July. E. Ind. 175Q. 
 
 compa'sita (compound-teamed). 20. White, 
 
 red. July. E. Ind. 18?0. 
 
 exae'lsa (lofty). 40. White. July E. Ind. 181Q. 
 
 Guince'nsis (Guinea). 30. Wlt..'., red. July. 
 
 Guinea. 1824. 
 
 robu'sta (robust). 30. White, red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 supe'rba (superb). 20. White, red. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 MELIA'NTHUS. Honey Flower. (From 
 mel, honey, and antlws, a flower; the 
 tubes contain a copious supply of honey- 
 like juice. Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zygo- 
 phyllaceee]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria l-Mo- 
 itogynia.) 
 
 The natives obtain horey for food by shaking 
 the branches of Melia'nthim ma'jor when in blos- 
 som. Evergreens, from the Cupe of Good Hope. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light ; rich, sandy soil ; require the protec- 
 t'.on of a greenhouse, cold pit, or a conservative 
 wall in winter. 
 M como'sits (tufted). 3. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 ma'jor i, "renter). 10. Brown. June. l68S. 
 
 t.'.i'nor ( smaller). 2. Brown. June. 1696. 
 
 MELI'CHRUS. (From melichros, honey- 
 coloured ; referring to glands on the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida- 
 ceae]. Linn., 5-Pentundria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Styphelia.) 
 
 Greenhouse scarlet-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. Cuttings of the shoots when two 
 inches long, and a littie hard at their base ; side- 
 cuttings, after pruning down, are the best ; sandy 
 peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 M. me'dius (middle). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 rota'ta (wheel-shaped). lj. June. 1824. 
 
 MELICO'CCA. Honey-berry. (From 
 mel, honey, and coccos, a berry ; referring 
 to the sweetness of tbe fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Soapworls [Sapindacese]. Linn., 8-Oc- 
 tandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pie- 
 rardia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 48 to 60; summer, 60 
 to 80. 
 
 M. bi'juga (two-paired). 16. Yellow. Antilles. 
 1778. 
 
 oliveefo'rmis (olive- shaped). 20. Yellow. 
 
 Grenada. 1824. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 20. St. Domingo. 
 
 1820. 
 
 trVjuga (three-paired). 20. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 MELI'COPE. (From me!, honey, and 
 hope, an incision ; referring to the nec- 
 tary of notched glands. Nat. ord., Rue- 
 worts [Rutaceae]. Linn., S-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; santly 
 loam, with a little peat and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 M. terna'ta (three-leafleted). 6. White. New 
 Zealand. 1822. 
 
 MELI'CYTUS. (From meli, honey, and 
 cytos, a cavity ; referring to the cavity at 
 the bottom of the stamens. Nat. ord., 
 Blxads [Flacourtiacese] . Linn., 22 -Dicecia 
 6~Hexandria. Allied to Flacourtia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; sandy peat, and a little loam. Winter 
 temp., 38 to 45. 
 
 M. ramiflo'rus (branch-flowered). 6. White. 
 New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 MELILO'TUS. Melilot. (From meli, 
 honey, and lotus, the honey-lotus. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacew]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied 
 to Trifolium.) 
 
 Seed in common soil ; arko'rea, by seed and by 
 cuttings, does best in a sheltered place, and is 
 deserving of more cultivation. 
 
 M. arAo'mt(tree). 15. White. July. Turfcpy. 1820. 
 
 leucu'ntha (white-flowered). 4, White. July. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow. 
 
 July. Daburia. 1824. 
 
MEL 
 
 528 ] 
 
 MEL 
 
 MELI'SSA. Balm. (From mdissa, a 
 bee ; literally, a bee-flower. Nat. ord. 
 Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., \k-Didy 
 tiamia \-Gymnospermia.} 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing thi 
 roots in spring ; common garden-soil. See BALM 
 jjf. Creftica (Cretan). White, purple. June 
 
 Candia. 15Q6. 
 officimi'lis (shop). 1. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 variega'ta (striped-leaved). 1. White 
 
 June. Gardens. 
 vitlo'sa (shaggy). White. August 
 
 Italy. 1573. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). |. Purple 
 
 June. Corsica. 1829. 
 
 polyu'nthos (many -flowered). 1. White 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 Pyrcna'ica (Pyrenean). 1. White, purple 
 
 July. Pyrenees. 1800. 
 
 MELI'TTTS. Bastard Balm. (The 
 same derivation as Melissa. Nat. ord. 
 Labiates [Lamiacese], Liun., lDidy- 
 namia 1-Gymnospermia.} 
 
 Same culture as BALM. 
 M. melissophy'llum (balm-leaved). t. Flesh. 
 
 May. England. 
 alpi'na (alpine), f . Flesh. May 
 
 land. 
 grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White, 
 
 yellow. May. England. 
 
 MELOCA'CTUS, or MELON-SHAPED CAC- 
 TUS, a sectional genus of Cactus, differing 
 from Echinocactus in having the flowers 
 produced on a head covered with dense, 
 woolly, and hristly hairs, called a tomen- 
 tum, while those of Echinocactus issue 
 from the bare ribs, or angles. Treatment 
 similar to that for Mammillaria. Suckers 
 and offsets; loam, peat, and lime-rubbish. 
 
 MELODI'NUS. (From melon, an apple, 
 and dineo, to turn round ; referring to 
 the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Dog- 
 banes [Apocynaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 2-Digynia. Allied to Carissa.) 
 
 The fruit of this and some other allied genera 
 are eatable, but not of much merit. Stove ever- 
 green twiners, with white flowers, blooming in 
 July. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam, 
 with a little sand. Winter temp., 50 to 6oj 
 summer, 6S a to 85. 
 
 M. mono'gynus (one-pistiled). 10. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 parvifo'lius (small-leaved). E. Ind. 1/75. 
 
 sca'ndens( climbing). J5. New Caledonia. 1775. 
 
 undulatus (waved-teawd). E. Ind. 
 MELOLONTHA. Every one knows the 
 
 common May-bug, or Cockchafer (Melo- 
 lonthavulgttris} ; a drawing and a descrip- 
 tion of its grub are given at page 15, 
 vol. v., of The Cottage Gardener. This 
 grub very closely resembles that of ano- 
 ther species, M. horlicola, Garden Beetle 
 
 entomologists. The latter beetle (Ibid, 
 ii., 171) is found in June and July, 
 among the petals of white roses. It is 
 nearly half an inch long, and rather less 
 than a quarter of an inch broad. Its 
 wing-cases are reddish-brown, shining, 
 and shorter than the body; the body and 
 head are dark green, and the antennae 
 reddish, having at their ends a dark- 
 green club. It also feeds on the leaves 
 of apples, pears, and roses, gnawing them 
 full of small holes, and even transferring 
 its attacks to the young fruit of the 
 apple. During the latter part of July 
 the female retires into the earth for the 
 purpose of there depositing her eggs, 
 from which the grubs speedily are pro- 
 duced, and feed upon the roots of plants, 
 especially of grass. The only mode of 
 reducing the number of these beetles is 
 by searching for them during the even- 
 ing, when, if detected, they stiffen their 
 outstretched legs, and feign death ; but 
 in the day they fly about swiftly, and are 
 captured with great difficulty. It is said 
 that when grass suffers from the grubs 
 of either of these beetles, they may be 
 extirpated by watering with the arumo- 
 niacal liquor from gas-works. 
 
 ME'LON. (Cu'cumis me'lo.) 
 
 Varieties. These are so numerous, 
 that we must be very severe in our selec- 
 tion, confining ourselves to such as are 
 most generally useful in Britain ; and 
 :hese we must classify according to their 
 habits'. 
 
 Cantaloups, the Eocks, the Green- 
 fleshed, the Valentia, or Winter, and the 
 with their various hybrids. 
 Amongst the Cantaloups we have both 
 round and oblong, plain and netted, the 
 Orange, the Montagnes, &c. In the 
 Hocks we have the Small Scarlet-fleshed, . 
 he Black, the Large, and the Early, 
 fee. In the Green-flesh class we may 
 ioint to the Beech-wood, which may al- 
 nost be considered the type of this sec- 
 ion, the Small Green-fleshed Egyptian, 
 )f exquisite flavour, and thin rind ; 
 hese, with the 'various varieties known 
 >y the name of Snow's, Terry's, the Keiv- 
 green-flesh, &c. These are the most 
 
 melons, being hardy, 
 not liable to rot or 
 
 generally useful 
 ree-setters, and 
 tanker. 
 
 Next we may advert to the Winter 
 Melons, a class which will keep a long 
 ime after they are cut ; and the Valentia. 
 
 or Brackenclock Phylhpertha of some ] may be placed amongst this division. 
 
MEL 
 
 [ 529 ] 
 
 MEL 
 
 Lastly, are the Persians, with their use- 
 ful hybrids. The types of these Persian 
 hybrids are, principally, the Ispahan, the 
 Dampsha, the Germek, and the Hoo- 
 sainee. 
 
 Propagation : by Seed. Most prac 
 tical men prefer old seed to new, as run- 
 ning less to bine. A bottom-heat of 
 from 75 to 85 is essential ; and when 
 the seedlings are up, and just before the 
 second set of leaves begin to appear, the 
 young plants may be potted into five-inch 
 pots, two in a pot, in a soil of three parts 
 strong loam, enriched with manure. A 
 temperature of 70 Q to 80 must be se- 
 cured to them, and the pots should be 
 plunged. As soon as the central shoot 
 begins to sprout fron between the seed- 
 leaves it may be pinched off; and this, 
 if other points be right, will cause the 
 protrusion of a pair, or more, of shoots, 
 more fruitful in character, and these are 
 enough as "leaders." In about a fort- 
 night afterwards they will he fit for the 
 fruitiog-bed. 
 
 By Cuttings. This mode of culture 
 has been recommended by some, as serv- 
 ing to restrict that excessive luxuriance 
 which is frequently inimical to fertile 
 blossoming. Under proper culture the 
 plan answers; but, on the whole, the 
 needling plan is the better. It is, how- 
 ever, a certain mode of perpetuating 
 choice kinds, and as such should not be 
 lost sight of. Healthy, free-growing, yet 
 short-jointed shoots, should be selected, 
 and the usual bottom-heat and atmo- 
 . spheric temperature must be secured ; 
 in addition to this, there must be a 
 liberal amount of atmospheric moisture, 
 and the close treatment, with shading, 
 incidental to the growth of cuttings. 
 When established, the plants will need 
 no " stopping;" and they require a more 
 generous soil when finally planted. 
 
 Subsequent Culture. The melon is 
 fruited by a variety of modes, but in all 
 a certain amount of bottom-heat, as well 
 as atmospheric, is absolutely necessary. 
 The bottom heat should never descend 
 below 70, nor range above 90, whilst 
 an atmosphere not below 65, nor above 
 80, will be most suitable, permitting, 
 however, a rise of eight or ten degrees 
 from sunshine. In no situation can the 
 melon endure shade. 
 
 Culture in the Dung-bed. (For prepa- 
 ration of this see HOTBED.) The earliest 
 melons are generally sown about the 
 34 
 
 middle of January, in a seed-bed spc** 
 cially prepared. Great caution is ne- 
 cessary ; and when the plants are up, 
 and the two seed-leaves fully developed, 
 they may be planted out singly in five- 
 inch pots, in rich soil. About this time 
 the ridging-out bed must be got up for 
 their reception, and this must be com- 
 posed of materials perfectly sweet. Ee- 
 gular ventilation and frequent waterings 
 will soon render the air within perfectly 
 sweet ; and then the hills of soil may 
 be introduced ; in doing which it is 
 good practice to form hollows two-thirds 
 the depth of the bed, and to fill them to 
 the ordinary surface with brickbats or 
 rubble, laying a turf with the grass 
 downwards on the top. and on this the 
 hillocks may be placed. The young 
 plants will, by this time, have produced 
 three or four shoots each, and it is ad- 
 visable to retain two of the best on each. 
 They may now be ridged out, and must 
 afterwards be occasionally watered when 
 dry ; watering, according to the weather, 
 also the sides of the frame and the un- 
 covered dung almost daily. Henceforth, 
 regular linings must be supplied, and 
 those often turned and watered ; main- 
 taining steadily the temperatures, and 
 taking care that the bottom-heat in no 
 part of the interior exceeds 90. As 
 strong linings will be requisite at this 
 early period, much water will be neces- 
 sary twice or thrice a-week, round the 
 insides of the frames, and next to the 
 linings, to prevent burning. As soon 
 as the plants begin to spread, the re- 
 maining soil must be added ; each light 
 requiring, in the whole, from two to 
 three barrowsful. The surface of the 
 bed must be formed convex, the plants 
 occupying the highest point. Two plants 
 are enough for each light, and a shoot 
 may be led to each angle of the light, 
 and then the main shoots, taking the 
 whole light, will form the letter X, the 
 centre of the letter indicating the ridging- 
 out point. As soon as each of these 
 shoots reaches to within from six to nine 
 nches of the frame side, it must be 
 pinched, and the laterals forced out by 
 :his pinching will produce blossoms, 
 some males, others females ; the former 
 generally preponderating. 
 
 The female blossoms must be care- 
 fully "set"' or impregnated daily, choosing 
 about two o'clock, p.m., for the operation, 
 when the farina will be dry. As soon tu 
 
MEL 
 
 [ 530 ] 
 
 MEL 
 
 from three to four fruit are secured on 
 each plant, and these are as large as a 
 pigeon's egg, all the blossoms must be 
 kept cut away, male and female, as they 
 appear. Each axillary shoot with a fruit 
 must be pinched or stopped three or four 
 eyes beyond the fruit ; and frequent 
 stopping practised with all the other por- 
 tions, removing at all times coarse shoots 
 which threaten to overpower the bearing 
 portions. The chief object should be 
 to expose as much healthy foliage as 
 possible, and that connected with bear- 
 ing portions, to the light, not suffering 
 late-formed leaves to overshadow the 
 older healthy leaves. Still, the sides of 
 the frame must be occasionally watered ; 
 and when the fruit is as large as a hen's 
 egg, a liberal watering of liquid-manure 
 may be given, avoiding, however, wetting 
 the collars of the plants at all times. Ven- 
 tilation must be daily had, but much 
 caution is necessary ; good linings must 
 be maintained, in order to support the 
 necessary temperature with ventilation. 
 By these means, fine, ripe Cantaloups or 
 Beechwoods may be cut by the middle of 
 May. We may add that the root-watering 
 may require to be repeated, but water 
 must be entirely withheld a week or two 
 before they commence ripening, and an 
 extra amount of ventilation used during 
 the ripening period. 
 
 The main features of their culture in 
 houses or pits, or on trellises, are precisely 
 the same, except that, having a greater 
 depth of soil, and more room to ramble, a 
 much greater length of main shoot may be 
 allowed before stopping. In whatever situ- 
 ation, about 80 of bottom-heat, and an 
 average of 75 atmospheric, will be found 
 to suit them best, except that in propor- 
 tion as the sun-light increases they will 
 readily bear an increase of from 5 Q to 
 10, both to the roots and branches. 
 
 Bed. Although a common hotbed is 
 generally used for this plant, yet a pit is 
 more economical of heat, and, by enabling 
 a more regular temperature to be sus- 
 tained, renders the fruit in greater per- 
 fection. The pit is a rectangular frame 
 or bin, built of nine-inch brick-work, and 
 enclosed by a glass case of the necessary 
 dimensions. Mr. Smith, gardener to A. 
 Keith, Esq., of Ravelstone, N.B., has 
 suggested a mode of building a pit which 
 renders the renewal of the heat in it 
 easy; and, as the committee appointed 
 to examine it report, is the means of con- 
 
 siderable saving compared with the com- 
 mon mode of forming an open bed. But 
 the facility with which linings may be 
 applied is its best feature. 
 
 The accompanying sketch will at once 
 show the form of the pit and Mr. Smith's 
 mode of applying the linings. A is the 
 pit, the side of which, a a, instead of 
 being a continuous piece of brick-work, 
 are merely rows of pillars six feet apart; 
 
 and the brick-work of the frame, b b, is 
 supported by bars of iron reaching from 
 pillar to pillar. An outer wall, c c, is 
 constructed at two and a half feet dis- 
 tance from the pillars on each side ; thus 
 two bins are formed in which the linings 
 are inserted, as is found necessary, and 
 are kept close covered with thick boards ; 
 d represents the lights, which thus are 
 formed without any wooden frames. For 
 other modes of construction, see HOTBED, 
 PITS, &c. If a common hotbed is em- 
 ployed, fifteen barrow-loads of dung is 
 the usual allowance to each light, which 
 make it about six inches higher than is 
 allowed for the cucumber bed of largest 
 dimensions. 
 
 If a melon-house be employed, the fol- 
 lowing is the form and mode adopted by 
 Mr. Fleming : 
 
 " The house is twenty-eight feet long, 
 and fifteen wide, and is heated by means 
 of a saddle boiler, with four-inch pipes 
 passing round the outside of the pit, 
 which pipes are fitted with cast-iron 
 troughs, for holding water to regulate the 
 moisture of the atmosphere. Beneath 
 the pit is an arched chamber, a, along 
 the front of which runs the flue, 6, im- 
 parting a slight degree of heat to the 
 soil above, and also serving to heat a 
 series of arches, c, which run along be- 
 neath the path, and are entered from a 
 house iii front, d, and which are used for 
 
MEL 
 
 [ 531 ] 
 
 MEN 
 
 forcing rhubarb, &c., in the winter." 
 Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 Culture of the Persian kinds. These 
 are much more tender than the ordinary 
 green-fleshed melons ; they will not en- 
 dure so low a temperature, and neither 
 will they thrive in so moist an atmosphere. 
 A high authority, speaking of the Persian 
 melons, has thus observed : " They are 
 found to require a very high temperature, 
 a dry atmosphere, and an extremely 
 bumid soil, while they are at the same 
 time impatient of an undue supply of 
 moisture, which causes spottings and 
 decay long before the fruit is ripe." 
 
 We are informed that in Persia, where 
 the melon grows in the open fields, that 
 the ground where they are cultivated is 
 crossed in various ways by streams, be- 
 tween which the melons are placed on 
 raised beds highly manured. It would 
 seem, therefore, that in order to excel in 
 their culture, the following may be taken 
 as maxims : 1st. The brightest of glass 
 is requisite, to admit every ray possible 
 of the sunlight. 2nd. A very high at- 
 mospheric temperature must be sus- 
 tained, and especially in order that the 
 cultivator may be enabled to ventilate 
 freely, to prevent the accumulation of 
 damp. 3rd. A rich soil, dry in its upper 
 surface, but rather moist beneath. It is 
 urged by those who have been successful 
 in their culture, that they should be 
 trained on trellises ; and there is no 
 doubt the opinion is correct. They may, 
 however, be trained against the back 
 walls of stoves, or grown in large pots, 
 to which in due time a dish of water 
 may be affixed, and the shoots trained 
 on portable trellises. 
 
 We will conclude with a few general 
 remarks. The foliage of melons, of 
 whatever kind, should never be ruffled or 
 disturbed ; training and stopping, there- 
 fore, must be attended to in due time. 
 Melons should not be encouraged to be- 
 come luxuriant until a crop of fruit com- 
 mences swelling ; after this it is almost 
 impossible to encourage them too much. 
 Again, they should never be watered in- 
 discriminately overhead, after the man- 
 ner of cucumbers, unless it be some of 
 the ordinary green-flesh kinds, during 
 periods of continued heat and a dry at- 
 mosphere. 
 
 Diseases. These are few properly so 
 called except the gum and canker, and 
 those are mostly engendered by wounds 
 
 or bruises on gross subjects, producing a 
 sort of vegetable gangrene. When such 
 occurs, it is a good plan to place a slate, 
 tile, or piece of glass beneath the affected 
 part, and to pile a mixture of quick-lime 
 three parts, and charcoal-dust one part, in 
 a hillock around and above the wound, 
 changing the same whenit becomes damp. 
 
 Insects. See ACAEUS, APHIS, and 
 THRIPS. 
 
 MELON PUMPKIN. Curcu'bita metope' po. 
 
 MELON THISTLE. Meloca'ctus. 
 
 MELON TUBK'S-CAP. Meloca'ctus com- 
 mu'nis. 
 
 MEME'CYLON. (Dioscorides' name for 
 the fruit of the Arbutus. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 
 S-Octandria \-Monogynia. AlKed to 
 Mouriria.) 
 
 The berries of M. edu'le are eatable, but not 
 very good. Stove evergreens. Cuttings of shoot 
 in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat, 
 with a good portion of sand, and pieces of char- 
 coal. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 
 M. angula'tum (angled). 3. Purple. May. 
 Mauritius. 1 826. 
 
 capitella'tum (small-headed). 4. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1796. 
 
 edu'le (eatable). 10. Purple. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 gra'nde (large). Blue. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 MENASTE'LMA. (From mene, the moon, 
 and stelma, a crown ; referring to the 
 shape of the heads of flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiads [AsclepiadaceseJ. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots when three inches long, taken off close to 
 the stem, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 M. parvifln'rum (small-flowered). 6. Green, 
 white. W. Ind. 
 
 MENIO'CUS. (From mene, the moon, 
 and okkos, the eye; referring to the shape 
 of the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Crudfers 
 [BrassicaceseJ. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. 
 Allied to Aubretia.) 
 
 A hardy annual. Seed in April, in common soil. 
 M. linifo'lius (flax-leaved). . White. June. 
 Caucasus. 181 Q. 
 
 MENI'SCIUM. (From meniskos, a cres- 
 cent; referring to the shape of the spore, 
 or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., %-L-Cryptoya.inia 1- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FKRNS. 
 M. cuspida'tum (sharp-poiuted). May. Isle of 
 Luzon. 
 
 patu'stre (marsh). 4. May. W. Ind. 
 
 proli'ferum (proliferous). May. E. Ii,d. 1820. 
 
 ret icula' turn (netted). J. May. Martinique. 
 
 1793. 
 
MEN 
 
 [ .532 ] 
 
 MEB 
 
 A". sorMfn'Hum (sorb-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 triphy'ltum (three-leaved). 1. June. E. Incl. 
 
 1828. 
 
 MENISPE'EMUM. Moonseed. (From 
 mene, the moon, and sperma, a seed. 
 Nat. ord., Menispermads [Menisperma- 
 eesej. Linn., Zl-Dicecia LO-Decandria. 
 Allied to Cocculus.) 
 
 Chiefly hardy deciduous twining plants. Divi- 
 sion of the roots ; cuttings in spring under a hand- 
 light, and by seeds sown at the same time; com- 
 ipon garden-soil. 
 
 M. amari'ssimum (most-bitter). Yellow. E.Ind. 
 1804. Stove evergreen climber. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. IfiQl. 
 
 laba'tnm (lobe-leaved). Green, yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 10. Purple. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 MENONVI'LLEA. (Named after T. da 
 Menonville, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-2V 
 tradynamia.') 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds; common garden-soil. 
 M. filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Greenish-white. 
 August. Chili. 1836. 
 
 ME'NTHA. Mint. (Mentha is the 
 Latin name of the herb. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 
 \4t-Dldynamia l-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Division of 
 the plant or roots in spring and autumn the first 
 period is the best in stiff, clayey soils ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 M. arve'nsis (field). f. August. Britain. 
 
 balsu'mea (balsam-scented). l. July. Italy. 
 
 1804. 
 
 ~- bla'nda (mild). 2. White. September. Ne- 
 paul. 1824. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 glahra'ta (smoothed). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 citra'ta (citron-scented). July. Britain. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 1. July. Germany. L8l6. 
 
 glithrti'ta (smoothed). 1. July. Egypt. 1802. 
 
 inva'na (hoary), ). July. Greece. 1/90. 
 
 lavandula'cea (lavender-/eae</). 1. July. 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 piperi'ta (pepper). 2. August. England. 
 
 pulffgium (penn-yroyal). 3. August. Britain. 
 
 Requie'ni (Requien's). . Liiac. August. 
 
 Corsica. 182Q. 
 
 sallci'na (willow-leaved). Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 sua'vift (sweet). Red. July. France. 
 
 vifridis (green. Spear}. 2. August. Britain. 
 cri'spa (curled). 2. July. ISjy. 
 
 MENTZE'LTA. (Named after G. Mentzel 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Loasa-di 
 [Loasacese]. Linn., I2-Icosatidria I- 
 Monoqynix. Allied to Bartonia.) 
 
 Easily raised from seed, and stipila'ta from 
 shoots insaad, uuuer a glass, iu heat j sandy loam 
 and peat. 
 
 M. a'spera (rou?h). 2. Yellow. July. America. 
 1733. Hardy annual. 
 
 stipita'ta (stalked -flowered). 2. Yellow. 
 
 October. Mexico. 1835. Hardy her- 
 baceous perennial. 
 
 MENYA'NTHES. Buck Bean. (From, 
 men, a month, and antkos, a flower; the 
 time of duration. Nat. ord., Gentian- 
 
 rts [Gentianacose]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria \-Monogynia. Allied to Villarsia.) 
 
 Hardy perennial aquatics. Division of the 
 plant, and by seed in spring; moist situation. 
 M. trifulia'ta (three-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 Britain. 
 
 America 1 na (American). 1. Pale red. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 MENZIE'SIA. ( Named after A. Menzies, 
 surgeon and naturalist to the expedition 
 under Vancouver. Nat. ord., Heathicorts 
 [Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria l-Mono- 
 (jynia. Allied to Andromeda.) 
 
 Chip fly by layers early in autumn, and by cut- 
 tings uuder a hand-light ; sandy peat, with alittle 
 loam. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 M, ere'cta (upright). 1. Red. April. Siberia. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). . Brcvvn. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 gliibul'i'ris (globular-flower fd). %. Bro-.vu. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. empeMfo'rmis (empetrum-iike;. Purple. 
 June. N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Dark 
 
 purple. 
 
 r-fio're-a'lbo (white - flowered). White. 
 
 June. Ireland. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 na'nu (dwarf). ^. Purple. July. Ireland. 
 
 pu'llida (pole-flowering) . 2. Purple. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 tax'ifo'iia (yew-leaved). Purple. June. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 MERCURY. (Chenopo'dium bo'nus Hen- 
 ri' cus.) This perennial plant is known by 
 the various names of Angular-leaved 
 Groosefoot, English Mercury, or Allgood, 
 Good Henry, Good King Henry, and 
 Wild Spinach. In many parts of Lin- 
 colnshire, as about Boston, it is cultivated 
 to use as spinach ; the young shoots are 
 also peeled, boiled, and eaten as asparagus. 
 Sow the seed in March but in October 
 is better in a well -manured bed, pre- 
 pared as for asparagus ; in the middle of 
 September plant the seedlings, during 
 rainy weather, in a similar bed, in rows 
 a foot apart each way. Hoe frequently, 
 and use the shoots or tops as required. 
 Dress the beds with manure the same as 
 for asparagus ; they will continue in pro- 
 duction many years. 
 
HER 
 
 [ 533 ] 
 
 MES 
 
 This must not be mistaken for Mercu- 
 ria'lis, or Mercury, one of our common 
 hedge-weeds ; for this is poisonous. Mer- 
 curia'lis is a dioecious plant, and belongs 
 to the Nat. ord., Spurgeworts; but the 
 C'henopo'dium belongs to the Nat. ord., 
 Chenopods, and to the Linnsean class and 
 order Pentandria Mouogynia. 
 
 MERENDE'RA. (This should have been 
 added to Bulbocodium.) 
 
 M, Caucn'sica (Caucasian), i. Purple. Au- 
 gust. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 MERODON NARCISSI. Narcissus Fly. 
 The bulbs of the daffodil and of other 
 species of the narcissus frequently refuse 
 to vegetate ; and the usual cause is, that 
 their interiors have been eaten by the 
 grab of this two-winged fly. This disap- 
 pointment may be avoided if these bulbs 
 are examined before being planted. 
 
 In the month of November, says Mr. 
 Curtis, one or two large, roundish holes 
 are sometimes found on the outsides of 
 the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus. 
 The bulbs are more or less decayed 
 within, where a maggot will generally be 
 found, which, by feeding in the heart 
 during the summer and autumn months, 
 has been the sole author of the mischief. 
 This larva is somewhat like the flesh- 
 maggot, and not unlike a hot, only that 
 it is not jagged with spines, and instead 
 of being whitish, its natural colour, is 
 changed to brown by its living amongst 
 the slimy matter which has been dis- 
 charged from its own body, causing the 
 gradual rotting of the bulb. Towards 
 the end of November the maggot is 
 transformed into a pupa, to accomplish 
 which it eats its way out of the bulb near 
 the roots, and buries itself in the sur- 
 rounding earth. The pupae are dull 
 brown, egg-shaped, rough, and strongly 
 wrinkled. In this state they remain until 
 the following spring, when the flies issue 
 from them. Their eggs are then de- 
 posited, but upon what part of the plant 
 they are laid has not been observed, but 
 probably upon the bulb near the base of 
 the leaves. April seems to be the month 
 when most of the flies hatch ; and they 
 have been compared to small humble- 
 bees, from the disposition of the colours, 
 which are, for the most part, yellow, 
 orange, and black; but they certainly 
 bear a greater resemblance to some of 
 the bot-flies. From bees, they are readily 
 distinguished by having only two wings, 
 
 the horns and proboscis are totally dif- 
 ferent, and they have no stings. 
 
 MESEMBRYA'NTHEMUM. Fig-Marigold. 
 (From mesembria, mid-day, and anthemnn, 
 a flower; referring to the flowers opening 
 better on sunny days. Nat. ord., Ficoids 
 [Mesembryacese]. linn,, IZ-Icosandria 
 Z-Di pentayynia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent plants, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. 
 All by seeds, and most of them by cuttings, dried 
 at the base, before inserting them in sandy soil, 
 peat, loam, lime-rubbish, and old cow-dung, well- 
 drained. Winter temp., 38 to 45. Well suited 
 for window-plants and rough rock-work, out of 
 doors, in summer. Seeds should be sown in a 
 hotbed, and plants gradually hardened off before 
 planting out. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 M. cadn'cum (deciduous). 1. Pink. July. 1""4. 
 
 calendula'ceum(mairigo\A-f}uwered). jj. Yel- 
 
 low. August. 1819. 
 
 Culifo'rnicum (Californian). Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. California. 1847. 
 
 cryslalli'num (crystalline. Ice Plant), White. 
 
 July. Greece. 17/5. 
 
 gsniculiflo'rum (joint-flowering). 1. White. 
 
 August. 1/27. 
 
 plu'bra (smooth), f. Yellow. Ausrust. 1/87. 
 
 heiianthoi'dea (sunflower-like). |. Yellow. 
 
 September. 1774- 
 
 pilo'sum (shaggy), f. Yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 pinnati'fidum (leaf-cleft). 1 . Yellow. July. 17/4. 
 
 pomeridiu'num (afternoon). l.Yellow. July. 1//4. 
 Andre'wsii (Andrew's). 1. Yellow. Julv. 
 
 pube'rulum (rather-downy). White. 1829. Bi- 
 
 ennial. 
 
 pyropce'um (flame-coloured). Rose, white. June. 
 ro'seurn (rosy). Rose, white. June. 
 
 tnpo'lium (aster-teao<?d)- i- Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1700. Biennial. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 M.abbret'ia' turn (short-jointed). . N.Holland. 
 1825. 
 
 acimicifn' >-me (scimitar-formed). . Pink. 17 14,. 
 lo'itgHin (long). 4- Pink. August. 
 
 cequilatera'le (equal-sided). |. Pink. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1/91. 
 
 attenuu'tum (thin). . White. July. 1821. 
 
 austru'le (southern). $. Yellow. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 1/33, 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). . Pink. July. 1/05. 
 
 ca/yci'num (to-calyxr-d). J. White. July. 1819- 
 
 cu'ndens (glittering). $. White. June. 1820. 
 viri'diits (greener). White. September. 
 
 clavella'tum (small-club-teawed). k- Pink. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 azgrega'tum (crowded-feave<f). . Pink. 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1803. 
 mi 'HUS (smaller). $. Pink. N.Holland. 
 
 J810. 
 
 critfiKitn'hum (thick-leaved).|.Pink. June. 1727. 
 
 dtf'Aite(weak), i. 1824. 
 
 de'nxum (Am*e-kearded). |. Pink. June. 1732. 
 
 edu'le (eatable. Hottentot Fig). . Pink. July. 
 
 i6yo. 
 
 filament^' sum (thready). \. Pink. May. 1732. 
 
 florlbu'ndum (bundie-flowered). 4- Pink. Juiy. 
 
 1704. 
 
 furfu'r?uin(\)Txnny-tin%ged). J. Blush. 1830. 
 
 geinina'tum (twin), a Pink. 1/92. 
 
 glauce'acfins (milky-greenish). $. rink. July. 
 
 1804. 
 
MES 
 
 [ 53; j 
 
 MES 
 
 M.hirte'llum (dwarf-bristly). .Pink. August. 1792 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). . Purple, July. 1/04 
 platype'tulum (broad-petaled). . Purple 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 hispifo'lium (bristly-leaved). 4. White. July 
 
 1821. 
 
 ro'neum (rosy). $. Pink. July. 1818 
 
 la'cerum (jagged). %. Pink. July. 1811. 
 
 laeoiga'tum ("polished). . Pink. June. 1802 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). . Pink. July. 1774 
 
 rigidicau'le (stiff-stemmed). . Pink. May. 1319 
 
 Ro'ssi (Ross's). f. Pink. Van Diemen's Land 
 
 1820. 
 
 rubricau'le (red-stalked). . Pale purple. June 
 
 1802. 
 
 de'nsius (denser). 4. Pink. 1818. 
 
 subni'rens (greenish). . Pink. 1818. 
 
 rubroci'nctum (red-bordered). . Pink. 1811 
 
 compre'ssum (compressed). . Pii.k. Au- 
 
 gust. 
 te'nerum (tender). J. Pink. August. 
 
 snrmento'sum (twiggy). \\. Red. April. 1805 
 
 Scho'llii (Scholl's). I. Pink. May. 1810. 
 
 serrula'tum (sw-leaved). %. Pink. November, 
 
 1795. 
 viri'dius (greener). . Pink. November 
 
 si'mile (similar). 1. 'Pink. 18IQ. 
 
 stria 1 turn (channelled-om^). f. Pink. July, 
 
 1727. 
 
 pa'/lens (pale). J. White. July. 
 
 subhi'spidum (slightly-bristly). |. Purple. 
 
 July. 1704. 
 
 subula'tum (aw\-leaved. Daisy-flowered). $ 
 
 Pink. 1768. 
 
 tor qua' turn (torqued). J. Pink. August. 1820 
 
 va'lidum (strong). . Pink. May. 1824. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 3. Pink. March. 1793 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 M. acumina'tum (pointed-teamed). 2. White. Au- 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 acuta'ngulum (acute-angled). l. White. 1821. 
 
 acu'tum(great-&cute-leaued).^.Red. July.i/ys. 
 
 adsce'ndens (ascending-^on-g-we). f. Yellow. 
 
 September. 1805. 
 
 adu'ncum (hook-leaved). 1. Pink. February. 
 
 1795. 
 
 agni'num (lamp). . Yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 ei'ectiu'sculum (more-erect- leaved). . 
 
 Yellow. May. 1824. 
 mi'nus (less). . Yellow. May. 1824. 
 
 albicau'le (white-stemmed). 1. White, August. 
 
 1824. 
 
 a'lbidum (whitish). . Yellow. July. 1714. 
 
 albino'tum (white-marked). . Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1823. 
 
 albipuncta! turn (white-dotted). . September. 
 
 aloi'des (aloe-like). . Yellow. 1819. 
 
 anato'micum (skeleton- leaved). |. White. 
 
 September. 1803. 
 fra'gile (brittle). |. White. 1803. 
 
 a'nceps (two-edged). 1^. Pink. June. 1811. 
 pa'llidum (pale). 1^. Pale pink. June. 1819. 
 
 angu'stum (narrow-tongued). i. Yellow. July. 
 
 1790. 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). *. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1790. 
 pa'tlidum (pale). . Yellow. July. 1790. 
 
 a'sperum (rough). 1^. 1818. 
 
 ccerule'scens (bluish). lj. 1820. 
 
 c.ura'ntium (orange). 1^. Orange. July. 1793. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. 1750. 
 
 bellidiflofrum (daisy-flowered). 5. lied, white. 
 
 July. 1717. 
 
 subula'tum (awl-shaped-teared). L Red. 
 
 July. I/I/. 
 
 Red. 
 
 M, bcltidiflo'rum vi'ride (/;ert-green). 
 
 July. 1717. 
 
 i bibractea'tum (double -bracted). $. Yellow. 
 July. 1803. 
 
 bicolo'rum (two-coloured). l. Orange. July. 
 
 1732. 
 
 -- mi'nus (smaller). . Orange. July. 
 -- pu'tulum (spreading). 1. Orange. July. 
 
 bidentu'tum (two-toothed). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 1818. 
 -- rna'j us (larger), ij. Yellow. August. 1818. 
 
 bijldum (two-deft). ^. Yellow. November. 1/95. 
 
 bigibbera'tum (two-bunched). $ Ytilow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 bla'ndum (mild). 1^. White. June. 1810. 
 
 orachia'tum (forked). 1^. Yellow, July. 1774 
 
 bructea'tum (bracted). 1^. Yellow. August. 
 
 1/74. 
 
 brcvicuu'le (short-stemmed). J. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 1820. 
 
 brevifo' Hum (short-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1777. 
 
 bulbo'sum (bulbous-rooted). $. Pink. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 calami fo'r me (reed-shaped). 1. White. August. 
 
 1717. 
 
 canalicula 1 turn (small-channel-/eaued).2,Pink. 
 
 August. 1794. 
 
 cani'num (dog). ^. Yellow. September. 17JJ. 
 
 ca'num (hoary). $. Yellow. 1/95. 
 
 capital turn (headed). 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1717. 
 
 -- rami'gerum (branchy). 1. Pale yellow. 
 August. 1816. 
 
 cari'nans fkeeling). ^. 1818. 
 
 ctiule'scens (stemmed-delta-leaved), 1 j. Pink. 
 
 June. 1731. 
 
 clandesti'num (secret). ^. White. June. 
 
 1822. 
 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). H. Scarlet. July. 1696. 
 -- acu'tius&mtcr-calyxed), l^.Scanet. July. 
 -- mi'nus (smaller). l. Scarlet. July. 
 
 compa'ctum (compact). ^. Yellow. November. 
 
 1780. 
 
 compre'ssum (compressed). l. Red. August. 
 
 1792. 
 
 confe'rturn (crowded-teaued). lj. Pink. Sep 
 
 tember. 1805. 
 
 conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Red. September. 
 
 1806. 
 
 coralli'num (coral). 1. Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). . Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 cornicula'tum (small-horned). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. 1732. 
 
 - isophy'llurn (equal-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. 1732. 
 
 coru'srans (glittering). 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1812. 
 
 crassicau'le (thick-stemmed), i. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1815. 
 
 crassuloi'des (crassula-like). 4. Pink. July.1819. 
 
 crucia'tum (crosa-leaved). . Yellow. May. 1792. 
 
 cuttra'tum (prunirig-knife-/eaed). ^. Yellow. 
 
 September. 1820. 
 
 cu'rtum (short-sheathed). H. White. 
 -- ma'jus (larger). 1^. White. 
 
 - mi'nus (smaller). 1^. White. 
 
 - puli'tum (polished). Ij. White. 
 
 curvifo'lium (curved-leaved). 1. Pink. October. 
 
 1792. 
 
 curviflo'rum (curved-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. 1818. 
 
 cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). . Red. May. 1792. 
 
 cymbifo'lium (boat-leaved). 1. Yellow. 1822, 
 
 cymbifn'rme (boat - shaped). 1^. Yellow. 
 
 '1792. 
 
ME 3 
 
 [ 535 ] 
 
 MES 
 
 Pale yellow. August. 
 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 White. August. 1774. 
 Pale 
 
 M, decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale red. July. 
 1759. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 defle'xum (bent-down). 1. Pink. August. 1774. 
 
 defolia'tum (leafless). 2. July. 1820. 
 
 deltai'deum (delta-teamed). 1. P.nk. May. 1731. 
 
 denticula 1 turn (small-toothed). 3. Yellow. 
 
 April. 1793. 
 
 -- cundidi'ssimum (whitest). ^. Yellow. April. 
 -- glau'cum (milky-green). ?. Yellow. April. 
 
 - depre'ssurn (depressed-ow#Me). 2- Yellow. 
 
 October. 1795. 
 -- li'vidujn (livid), *. Yellow. October. 1819- 
 
 diffo'rme (irregular). 5. Yellow. August. 17^2. 
 
 dilata'tum (dilated). 3. White. July.. 1H20. 
 
 diminu'tum (diminished). . Red. April. 1/89. 
 -- caulinula 1 turn (small-stemmed). . Red. 
 
 April. 1789. 
 
 diversifo'lium (various -leaved). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. 1726. 
 
 - a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 
 -- brenifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pale yel- 
 
 low. August. 
 -- glau'cum (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 1726. 
 -- Ite'te-vi'rens (bright green). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow. August. 
 
 dolabrifo'rme (hatchet-formed). . Yellow. 
 
 June. 1705. 
 
 du'bium (doubtful). 1. 
 
 1800. 
 
 echina'tum (hedgehog). 
 
 1774. 
 -- a'lbum (white). . 
 
 elongu'tum (elongated - tuberous). 1. 
 
 yellow. May. 1793. 
 -- fusifo'rme (fusiform). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. 1793. 
 -- mi'nus (smaller). 1. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 1793. 
 
 emargina'tum (notch -/lowered"). 2. Pink. 
 
 July. 1732. 
 
 ermi'num (ermine). |. Yellow. May. 1824. 
 
 expu'nsum (expanded-/eaued). . Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1/05. 
 
 fulca'tum (sickle- leaved}. 1. Pink. July. 1727 
 
 falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped). 
 
 1805. 
 
 fastigia' turn (peaked). l. 
 
 1794. 
 - -- refle'xum (bent-back). 
 
 1/92. 
 
 --feli'num (cat). $. Yellow. September. 1730. 
 filiulifo'rme (button-shaped). . 1795. 
 ficifo'rme (fig-like). ^. July. 1819. 
 filicau'le (thread-stalked). 1^. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1800. 
 fi'ssum (cleft-leaved). $. 1776. 
 
 flu' mm (yellow). . Yellow. August. 1820. 
 
 fltStile (pliant). l|. Pink. August. 1820. 
 
 flexifu'lium (pliant-leaved). l. Pink. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1820. 
 
 -- Ice'te-vi'rens (lively- green). l. Pink. 
 October. 1818. 
 
 flexuo'sum (zigzag). l. White. July. 1795. 
 
 folio'sum (leafy). 3. Pink. September 1802 
 
 forfica'tum (scissor-teami). l. Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1758. 
 formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Crimson. August. 
 
 1820. 
 
 fra' grans (fragrant). J. Yellow. 
 fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Tawny. July. 1820. 
 
 gibbo'sum (swollen). $. Red. February. 
 
 1730. 
 
 Pink. July. 
 White. August. 
 . White. August. 
 
 M. gladia'tum (j9r/>/e-sworded). 2. Pink. July. 
 1792. 
 
 glaucVnum (milkyish-erreen). 1^. Pink. July. 
 cru'ssum (thick-leaned). l|. Pink. July. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green-/ewed). 1A. Oranee. 
 
 June. 1696. 
 
 glomera'tum (clustered). l. Pink. July. 1732. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). l. Red. September. 1794. 
 graci'lius (slenderer). 1. Red. September. 
 
 grandiflu'rum (large-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 Juiy. 1824. 
 
 granifo'rme (grain-shaped). J. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1727. 
 
 Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. Brown. March. 
 
 1/93. 
 
 heterope'tulum (various-petaled). 2. Pink. 
 
 June. 1794, 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). . Yellow. 
 
 1/95. 
 
 horizonta'le (horizontal-^eayed). 2. Straw. 
 
 July. 1795. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). J. Yellow. 
 
 Vmbricans (imbricating). 2. Fink. July. 1818. 
 
 imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. White. July. 17y2. 
 
 me'dium (intermediate). 3. White. July. 
 
 vi'ride (green). 3. White. July. 
 
 ineequa'te (unequal-ca/jwed). 1. Orange. July. 
 
 1716. 
 
 inclau'dens (encompassed). l. Pink. June. 
 
 1805. 
 
 mco'mptum (untrimmed).. White. July. 1819. 
 
 inconnpi'cuum (inconspicuous), i. Red. Julv. 
 
 1823. 
 
 incu'rnum (curled-in). lj. Pink. July. 1802. 
 densifo'lium (dense-leaved). l. Pink. 
 
 June. 1809. 
 dila'ta-is (spreading-Aree/ed). ij. Pink. 
 
 June. 
 
 pa'llidus (pale). 1^. Pink. June. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). 14. Pink. June. 
 
 infle'xum (bent-in). 1. Pink. June. 181p. 
 
 insti'tium (grafted). 1. Purple. September. 
 
 1790. 
 fln'vo-cro'ceum (yrllow and saffron). 1. 
 
 Yellow. September. 18 1 6. 
 mi'nus (smaller). . Yellow. September. 
 
 into'nsum (unshaved). . Pink. July. 1824. 
 a'lbum (white). ^. Pink. July. 1824. 
 
 ju'nceum (rush- leaved). 1. Pink. September. 
 
 1800. 
 
 les've (smooth-white-wood). 1^- August. 17/4. 
 
 lauceolu'tum (spear-head-/ea<;ed). '$. M'hite. 
 
 August. 1/95. 
 ro'seum (rosy). . Pink. May. 1813. 
 
 la'tum (bro&d-tongued). J. Yellow. July. 16'20. 
 
 bre've (short). . Yellow. July. 1802. 
 
 lepta'leon (slender). l- Pink. August. 18iy. 
 
 lineola'tum (small-lined). 4. Pink. August. 
 
 1819. 
 
 lai've (smooth). . July. 181Q. 
 
 mi'nus (smaller). . July. 181Q. 
 
 ni'tens (shining). \. August. 181Q. 
 
 lingucefo'rme (tongue-shaped). ^. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1732. 
 
 assu'rgens (rising) $. Yellow. July. 1819. 
 
 prostra'tum (lying-flat). ^. Yellow. July. 
 
 ruft'scens (reddish). A. Yellow. July. 
 
 1732. 
 
 subcrucia' turn (slightly-crossed). $. Yel- 
 low. 1820. 
 
 longispi'nulum (long-spined). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 September. 1820. 
 
 lo'ngum (long-tongued), f . Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1725. 
 
 angu'stius (narrower). 2- Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
MES 
 
 [ 53G- ] 
 
 MES 
 
 2. Yellow 
 
 ff. lo'ngum atfo'llens (elevating). 
 
 September. 1819- 
 
 denli'ne (sloping). |. Yellow. September 
 
 depre'usum (depressed), g. Yellow. Sep 
 
 tember. 
 
 purpurn 1 scens (purplish), f. Yellow 
 
 September. 1819. 
 
 unca'tum (hooked), f. Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. 1819. 
 
 Inra'tum (strap-shaped). $. White. July. 1819 
 
 lu'reum (stra.p-stalked'). 1. Pale yellow. Sup- 
 
 tember. 1732. 
 
 conge'sturn (crowded). 1. Pale yellow, 
 
 September. 1805. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining) . Yellow. September. 1732, 
 
 luna' turn (crescent-leaned). 1. Pink. July. 1812, 
 
 tupi'num (wolf), i- Yellow. 
 
 lutt'ulum (yellowish). .. Pale yellow. June, 
 
 1820. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow). l. Pale yellow. June. 1824, 
 
 macula 1 turn (spotted-stalked). l. Scarlet. 1732. 
 
 magnipunctii'tum (large-dotted). 5. Yellow, 
 
 1822. 
 unciu'le (inch-flowered). $. Yellow. '822, 
 
 margina'tum (white-edged). 1. White. May, 
 
 1793. 
 
 ma'ximum (largest-moon-teat-ed). l. Pink. 
 
 September. 1787. 
 
 me'dium (intermediate). . Yellow. June. 
 
 mi'cans (glittering). 1^. Scarlet. 1/04. 
 
 microphy'lium (small -leav.ed). ^. Pink. May. 
 
 1795. 
 
 mi nirnum (smallest). \. Pale yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1796. 
 
 minu'tum (minute). . Pink. October. 1/95. 
 
 mo' lie (soft-leaved). 1. Pink. October. 17/4. 
 
 monilifo'rme (bracelet-shaped). A. White. 
 
 May. 1791. 
 
 mucronu'tum (spine-pointed). ^. Pink. 1794. 
 
 'rme (sword-shaped). 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 ranifo' 
 July. 1821. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many- flowered). 3. White. 
 
 August. 1/92. 
 
 -- mi'nus (smaller). 3. White. August. 
 -- ni 'tens (shining). 3. 
 -- pa' tens (spreading). 3. White. August. 
 
 1820. 
 -- ru'brum (red). 3. Red. August. 
 
 murica 1 turn (point-covered-c/eMa-/euz>ed). lj. 
 
 Pink. May. 1731. 
 -- mi'nus (small). l. Pink. May. 
 
 muri'num (mouse), . Yellow. September. 
 
 1/90. 
 
 musculi'num (little-mouse). &. Fellow. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 mustelli'num (weasel). |. Yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 mutu'bilt (changeable), l. Pink. August. 1792. 
 
 ni'tidum (bright). 2. Yellow. August. 1790. 
 
 no'bile (noble), . Yellow. July. 182?. 
 
 noctiflo'rum (night-flowering). 2. White. July. 
 
 1714. 
 
 -- ela'tum (tall). 3. Scarlet. July. 1714. 
 -- strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. 
 
 July. 1732. 
 
 nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered). 1. September. 
 
 1739. 
 
 nucifo'rme (nut-shaped). l. 1790. 
 
 obcone'llum (small-conical), i. White. June. 
 
 1786. 
 
 obcorde'Uum (small-reversed-egg-shaped). . 
 
 White. June. 1/96. 
 
 olili'quum .(twisted). 1. Purple. August. 1819. 
 
 obsubula'tum (small-awl-shaped). 1. White. 
 
 1796. 
 
 Qbiu'sum (blunt-cloven). $, Pale red. March. 
 
 1792, 
 
 M, octophy'llum (eight-leaved). . Yellow. No- 
 vember. 1819. 
 
 longiu' 'scutum (rather-longer-teawed). ^. 
 
 Vellow. November. 1774. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). ^. Red. November. 1774. 
 
 parvifio'rum (small-flowered). &. Purple. 
 
 August. 1800. 
 
 parvifo'l-uin (small-leaved). ^. White. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 pa'tu(um( spread in?), l^- Pink. October. 1811. 
 
 pei-fuli't'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. 1/H. 
 
 monaca'nthum (one-spined). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. 
 
 pervi'ride (very-green). 4. Red. February. 
 
 1792. 
 
 pisifo'rme (pea-shaped). ^. White. 1796, 
 
 polya'nthon (many-flowered). 1. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. 1803. 
 
 polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 1819. 
 
 prcepi'ngue (very-fat), i. Yellow. September. 
 
 1792. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 April. 1820. 
 
 produ'ctum (prolonged-efy,red). ! Rose. 
 
 May. 1822. 
 
 pnbe'scens (downy). |. Red. February. 1792. 
 
 /;z#/om/b'rwe(d agger-shaped). 1. Pale yelluw. 
 
 August. 1714. 
 
 bie'nne (biennial). 1. Pale yellow. Au- 
 gust. 1714. 
 
 ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink. Au- 
 gust. 1714. 
 
 purpu'reum (purpfe). 1. Purple. Au- 
 gust. 1714. 
 
 pulche'llum (pretty). . Pink. April. 17^3. 
 renolu 1 turn (rolled-back). ^. Pink. Aptii. 
 
 puluerule'nturn (powdery). ^. Pink. May. 
 
 1792. 
 
 puncta'tum \ds>ited-awl-l;aved'). ^. Red. July. 
 
 1793. 
 
 purpu'reo-a'lbum (purplish-white). $. White. 
 
 August. 1824. 
 
 pustuta'tum (blistered). |. Yellow. August. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pygmce'um (pisrmy). ^. Pink. 1805. 
 
 quadri'fidum (four-cleft). \. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. 1795. 
 
 nidia'tum (rayed). ^- Ked. September. 1732. 
 
 ramulo'sum (branchy), . Yellow. June. 1/Oi. 
 
 re'ctum (straight). "|. White. July. 1810. 
 
 relaxa'tum (relaxed). 1. Pink. July. 1815. 
 
 retrufle'xum (bent-back), i. Pink. July. 1724. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiif). 1^. White. August, i/93. 
 
 robu'stum (robust). . Yellow. 1795. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy), f. Pink. July. 1/95. 
 u'ibum (white-lowered), f. White. July, 
 
 1819. 
 
 lineu're (n&rrovf-leavedj. |. White. July. 
 
 1819. 
 
 roste'llum (little-beaked). 4. White, pink. 
 
 June. 1820. 
 
 rostra' turn (beaked). J. Yellow. April. 1732. 
 
 Sa'lmii (Salm's). |. Yellow. October. 1818. 
 angustifo'tivm (narrow-leaved). 1 . Yellow. 
 
 October. 1823. 
 
 semicrucia'tum (half-crossed). 1. Yellow. 
 
 October. 1818. 
 
 salmo'nium (salmon-coloured). 3. W T hite. 
 
 September. 1819. 
 
 sca'brum (rough). l. Pink. July. 1731. 
 purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1731. 
 sculpra'tum (flrec/i-knife-shaped). 4. Yellow. 
 
 September. 1714. 
 
MES 
 
 [ 537 ] 
 
 MI-IT 
 
 If. scapifgerum (scape-bearing). . Fellow. 
 August. 1723. 
 
 semicyli'ndricum (half-cylindric). 2- Yellow. 
 
 June. 1732. 
 
 serr a' turn (s&\\ -keeled). 2. Pink. June. 1707. 
 specio'sum (showy). 1$. Scarlet. July. 1793. 
 
 specta'bile (striking). 1. Crimson. June. 1787- 
 
 spinifo'rme (thorn-shaped;. 1. Pink, fcep- 
 
 tember. 1/93. 
 
 sulxidu' ncum (rather-hooked). 1. Pink. 
 
 September. 
 
 spinn'sum (thorny). 1^ Pink. July. 1714. 
 
 spinuli'ferum (spinule-beuring). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow. August. 1/94 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). l. White. July. l/l6. 
 
 sttlla'tum (starry -bearded). f. Piuk. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1716. 
 
 stelli'gerum (star-bearing), f . Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1793. 
 
 stipula'ceum (stipuled). l. Pink. May. 1723. 
 
 stri'ctum (erect). 3. Yellow. 1795. 
 
 subcompre'siium (sub-compressed). 14. Purple. 
 
 July. 1823. 
 mi'nus (smaller). 1. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 subglobo'sum (sub-globular). 1, Red. Au- 
 
 gust. 1795. 
 
 sulca'turn (furrowed). 3. White. August. 1819- 
 
 surre'ctum (very-erect). 1. Yellow. October. 
 
 18)9. 
 
 bremfo'lium (short-leaved). -J. Yellow. 
 
 October. 1819- 
 
 tauri'num (bullVAor*). |. Yellow. Octo- 
 
 ber. 1795. 
 
 tene'llum (delicate-per/o/m^). 1$. White. 
 
 August. 1792. 
 
 te'nue (slender). 1. 1819. 
 
 tenuifla'rum (slender-flowered). 2. Pink. 
 
 September. 1820. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 1. Scarlet. 
 
 July. 1700. 
 ere'ctum (erect). l. Scarlet. July. 
 
 teretifo'lium (round-leaved). . Pink. June. 
 
 179*. 
 
 teretiu 'scutum (rather-rounder). . Pink. 1794. 
 
 testu'ceum (tile-coloured). 3. Orange. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 testicula're (testicular). . White. October. 
 
 1774. 
 
 tiffri'num (tiger). . Yellow. October. 1790. 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisted-leaved). %, Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 1705. 
 
 tricolo'rum (three-coloured). 1. Yellow, red. 
 
 October. 1794. 
 
 truncate.' Hum (small-truncated). $. Pale 
 
 yellow. July. 1795. 
 
 tubero'sum (tuberous-routed). 3. Orange. 
 
 April. 1714. 
 
 - mi'nus (smaller), li. Orange. August. 
 
 1/14. 
 
 tumi'dulum (rather-swollen). 3. Pink. March. 
 
 1802. 
 mi'nus (smaller). 3. Pinlc. March. 1820. 
 
 umbella 1 turn (umbelled). 3. White. July. 1727. 
 ano'maluffi (anomalous). 3. White. July. 
 
 umbellijlo'rum (umbel-flowered). !. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 vagina'tum (sheathed). l. White. July. 1802. 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 July. 
 
 varia'bi/e (variable). 1^. Yellow. July. 179(5. 
 lee'vius (smoother) li. Yellow. July. 17f8. 
 
 va'rinns (varying). l. Pale yellow. July". l/'OO. 
 
 verrucula' turn (small-warted). l. Yellow. 
 
 May. 1/31. 
 
 Canilofliii (l)e Candolle's). 14. Vellow. 
 
 May, 
 
 M. versi'color (changeable-coloured). Pink. June. 
 1795. 
 
 willo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. 1759. 
 
 violu'ceum (violet). 2. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 vi'rens (upright-green). . Pink. June. 1821. 
 
 vi'ride (green-per/o/iate). 1. Pale purple. July. 
 
 1792. 
 
 vulpi'num(to\). $, Yellow. September. 1/95. 
 
 ME'SPILUS. Medlar. (From mesas, half, 
 and pilos, a ball ; referring to the shape 
 of the medlar fruit. Nat. ord., Appleworts 
 [Pomacecej. Linn., 12-Icosandria2-Di- 
 pentagynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers. By 
 seeds, which germinate the second season, after 
 being sown when the fruit is ripe ; by layers, and 
 uncertainly by cuttintis, but chiefly by grafting or 
 budding on the Hawthorn, &c. ; good, rich, loamy 
 soil. See MEDLAK. 
 M. Germa'nica (German. Common). 12. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 -- dijfu'sa (spreading). 12. June. Europe. 
 -- stri'cta (upright). 12. June. Europe. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 -- sylve'stris (wood). Europe. 
 
 loba'tu (lobed-leaved). 15. May. 
 
 ME'SUA. (Named after Mesue, an Ara- 
 bian botanist. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clu- 
 siacea 1 ]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7-Dode- 
 candria. Allied to Calophyllum.) 
 
 The sweet-scented flowers of Me'sun fe'rrea 
 are sold in all the Indian bazaars, by the name of 
 Nagksur, and are as much esteemed as orange 
 flowers are with us. Stove evergreen tree. Seeds 
 in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and 
 with a little bottom-heat; loam and peat. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. fe'rrea (iron-wooded). 40. White. July. E. 
 Ind. 1837. 
 
 METALA'SIA. (From meta, a change, 
 lasios, hairy ; referring to the older leaves 
 losing their downy covering. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good 
 Hope, and with white flowers, except where other- 
 wise stated. Cuttings in spring, in sandy peat ; 
 sandy peat, loam, and charcoal nodules, to keep 
 the soil open. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. au'reu. (golden). Yellow. June. 1816. 
 
 (b'>e'rgens (widely-parted). 2. July. 18l6. 
 
 fastigia'ta (peaked). 3. June. 1812. 
 
 mitcrona'ta (pointed). 2. June. 1824. 
 
 muricu'ta (point-covered). 2. June. 1824. 
 
 phylicoi'des (phvlica-like). June. ISlfi. 
 
 pu'ngenii (stinging)- June. 1815. 
 
 f eriphiui'dus (seriphium-like). 3. Yellow. 1S25. 
 
 METROSIDE'HOS. (From metru. heart- 
 wood, and sidcros, iron ; referring to the 
 hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Myrtle- 
 blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 \-Monogynia. Allied to Callisternon.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small young 
 side-shoots in April, in sand, under a be.il glass, in 
 a close pit. or frame, but without heat ; peat and 
 loam, tqual proportions, with a little white earn! 
 
MET 
 
 [ 538 ] 
 
 MIC 
 
 and sifted, broken crocks. Winter temp., 35 to 
 45. Most of them should be tried on a conser- 
 vative wall. 
 
 M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. Yellow. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 a'spern (rough). Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 cupita'ta (headed). 5. Pink. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 corifo'lia (coris-leaved). 4. White. N. Holland. 
 
 glomuli'fera (hepped-flowered). 15. Yellow, 
 
 green. May. N. S. Wales. 1805. 
 
 robu'sta (robust). 80. Scarlet. June. New 
 
 Zealand. 1845. 
 
 ve'ra (true. Iron-wood'). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 April. E. Ind. 181Q. 
 
 METTEENI'CHIA. (In honour of the 
 Austrian Prince Metternich-Winneburg. 
 Nat. ord., Nightshades [ Solanacese] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-fyTonogynia.) 
 
 An evergreen stove shrub. For culture, see cul- 
 ture of the evergreen species of LISYA'NTHUS. 
 M. pri'ncipis (princely). 3. White. August. Brazil. 
 1854. 
 
 MEXICAN LILY. Hlppea' strum re'gium. 
 
 MEXICAN POPPY, dryemo'ne. 
 
 MEXICAN TEA. Psora'lea Mexica'na. 
 
 MEXICAN THISTLE. Erythrol&'na. 
 
 MEXICAN TIGER-FLOWER. Tigri'diapa- 
 vo'nia. 
 
 MICE. Various plans have been sug- 
 gested to preserve peas and beans when 
 sown from the ravages of mice. We be- 
 lieve we have tried them all. Dipping the 
 seeds in oil, and then rolling them in 
 powered resin; putting small pieces of 
 furze in the drills and over the rows after 
 the seed has been sown, but before co- 
 vering with the earth were both par- 
 tially successful ; but the mode attended 
 with the most complete safety has always 
 been that of covering the surface of the 
 soil over the rows, to the depth of full 
 an inch, and six inches wide, with finely- 
 sifted coal-ashes. The mice will not 
 scratch through this; and it has the ad- 
 ditional advantage, by its black colour 
 absorbing the solar heat, of promoting 
 the early vegetation of the crop. 
 
 MEZE'REON. Da'phne Meze'reum. 
 
 MICHAELMAS DAISY. A'ster. 
 
 MICHAU'XIA. (Named after A.Michaux, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Bellworts 
 [Campanulacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.) 
 
 Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ; in 
 damp situations they are apt to fog off in winter ; 
 a dry, elevated situation is the best remedy ; 
 even there, in very severe weather, an evergreen 
 branch stuck beside them will be an advantage. 
 M. campanuloi'des (campanula- like). 4. Pale 
 red. July. Levant. 1787. 
 
 deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 3. Light blue. July. 
 
 Persia. 182Q. 
 
 Iteviga'ta (smooth stemmed). 3. White. July. 
 
 Persia. 1827. 
 
 MICHE'LIA. (Named after P. A. Ml. 
 cheli, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Mag~ 
 noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 13-Pc%- 
 andrla 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 
 48 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. Champa 1 ca. (Champaca). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 1779. 
 
 MICO'NIA. (Named after D. Micon, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Melastomads 
 [Melastomaceaej. Linn., 10-Decandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Blakea.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-gl\ss, and in 
 heat ; sandy peat and loam, with a few bits of 
 cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp., 48 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. acinode'ndron (acinodendron). 6. Purple. 
 Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 an gust a' t a (narrow). 5. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). -20. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 impetiola'ris (stalkless-/eat>ed). 4. W. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 leeviza'ta (smooth). 6. W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 Itmgifa'lia (long-leaved). 4. Guiana. 1817. 
 
 purpura'ticens (purplish-6em'ed). 4. Guiana. 
 
 1817. 
 
 rube'fscens (ruddy). 6. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 tenuifn'lia (fine-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 2. Jamaica. 1815. 
 
 trine 1 rnia (three- nerved). 4. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1795. 
 
 MICRA'NTHEMUM. (From mikros, small, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. oyd.,Figworts 
 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 
 l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand- 
 light ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy 
 peat, and a little loam ; requires a pit or a dry, 
 sheltered place in winter. 
 
 M. orbicula 1 turn (round-leaved). $. White. May. 
 Carolina. 1826. 
 
 MICROLE'PIA. (From mikros, small, 
 and lepts, a scale ; the appearance of the 
 spoi'e, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., MrGryptogamia 
 1-Fihccs.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FEUNS. 
 M. ala'ta (winged). April. Jamaica. 
 
 cristu'ta (crested). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 pinna' t't (leafleted). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 rhomboi'dea (diamond -shaped). April. N, 
 
 Holland. 1836. 
 
 tricho'strica (hairy-spiked). April. Samaria. 
 
 MICEOLI'CIA. (From mikros, small, and 
 alikia, stature ; dwarf plants. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomads [MelastomacesB]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Rhexia.) 
 
 Stove plants, with purple flowers, in June. 
 Seeds, divisions in spring, and cuttings of small 
 young shoots of recu'rvu, under a bell-glass, in 
 
MIC 
 
 [ 039 ] 
 
 Mia 
 
 heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal and a 
 few fibry lumps of loam. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. biva'lms (two-valved). $. Trinidad. 1822. An- 
 nual. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Guiana. 1825. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 recu'rna (curled-back). 1. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 MICROLO'MA. (From mikros, small, and 
 loma, a fringe ; flowers fringed. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to As- 
 clepias.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Stiff little shoots, but young, as 
 cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close 
 pit, in May; sandy loam, a iiitle fibry peat, and 
 dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40 to 50. 
 J". linea're (narrow- leaved). 3. White. July. 1823. 
 
 sagitta'tum (arrow- leaved). Green, purple. 
 
 July. 1775. 
 
 MICROME'RIA. (From mikros, small, 
 and meris, a part ; referring to the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacee]. Linn., 
 \-Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied 
 to Melissa.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, ex- 
 cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings under 
 hand lights, in sandy soil, in a shady place, in 
 May ; common garden, light soil ; a high, shel- 
 tered position, or the protection of a cold pit, in 
 winter. 
 
 M, approxima'ta (close -leaved}. June. Medi- 
 terranean. 1822. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. 
 
 Grce'ca (Grecian), f . June. Greece. 1759. 
 dcnsiflu'ra (thickly-flowered). June. South 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 Julia'na (St. Julian's). *. Pale red. July. 
 
 Mediterranean. 15Q6. 
 hlrsu'ta (hairy). June. Sicily. 1822. 
 
 mttrifo'lin (cat- thyme-leaved). 1. Blue. Spain. 
 
 1800. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-teaoed). 2. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1/83. 
 
 Teneri'ffoB (Teneriffe). 1. May. Teneriffe. 
 
 va'riu (various). July. Canaries. 1806. 
 
 MICROPE'RA. (From mikros, small, 
 and pera, a pouch ; the pouch-like label- 
 lum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monan- 
 dria. Allied to Saccolabium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. The ground species require to 
 be grown in loose, open soil, in a pot ; the others 
 in a shallow basket, or on a moss-covered block 
 of wood. Winter temp., 55 ; summer, 60 to 86. 
 
 TERRESTRIAL, OR GROUND. 
 M. Ba'nksii (Banks'). New Zealand. 
 
 me'dia (middle-sized). 2. Pale green, white. 
 
 King Geortre's Sound. 1823. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Pale green, 
 
 white. September. Port Jackson. 1828. 
 
 EPIPHYTAL. 
 X. pa'llida (pale). Pale yellow. Sylhet. 
 
 MICROSPE'RMA. (From micros, small, 
 and sperma, a seed ; the seeds being very 
 
 minute. Nat. ord., Loasads [Loasacese]. 
 Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandtia.) 
 
 Greenhouse annuals. To be cultivated like the 
 Chinese Primrose. See PKI'MDLA. 
 
 M. Bartonioi'des (Bartonia-like). . Lemon. Au> 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1849. 
 loba'tu (lobed). 
 
 MIGNONETTE. Rese'da odora'ta. 
 
 Soil. Light loam, well drained, and 
 manured with leaf-mould. 
 
 Sowing in the open ground, from the 
 end of Apiil to the beginning of July, 
 will produce a sure succession of blooms 
 through the year. If allowed to seed, 
 and the soil suits it, mignonette will con- 
 tinue to propagate itself. If not allowed 
 to ripen its seed, the same plants will 
 bloom for two or more seasons, being a 
 perennial in its native country. 
 
 For Pot- Culture and the production of 
 flowers to succeed those of the open- 
 ground plants, and to bloom in winter, 
 sow once in August, and again in Sep- 
 tember. The soil as above, well drained, 
 and pressed into 5-inch pots; cover the 
 seed a fourth of an inch. Thin the 
 seedlings to three in a pot. Water spar- 
 ingly. When mignonette is deficient of 
 perfume, it is because the temperature is 
 too low. 
 
 Tree-Miff nonette. About the end of 
 April is the best time to sow seeds for 
 this purpose; and as the little tree of 
 mignonette will be expected to last in 
 good health for half a dozen years at 
 least, lay a good foundation to begin with. 
 A rich compost of mellow loam, and one- 
 third very rotten cow-dung, with a little 
 sand; and to keep this from getting too 
 close, a handful of dry lime-mortar added 
 to each pot of 6 inch diameter, and so in 
 proportion for larger or smaller pots ; the 
 mortar to be in lumps of the size of peas. 
 Bones, charcoal, or even powdered crocks 
 would answer the same purpose, only the 
 mignonette is so much sweeter from the 
 lime-rubbish or dry mortar. Cow-dung 
 being very liable to turn sour, the mortar 
 is a better corrector of this than even the 
 charcoal. Take as many 3 -inch pots as 
 you want plants ; drain them with pieces 
 of mortar, and over that a little of the 
 roughest of your compost ; fill up nearly 
 level with the top of the pot, and place 
 three seeds in the very middle of each 
 pot, and nine or ten seeds all over the 
 surface ; if you just cover them with earth 
 it is enough, and press them down very 
 tight. Water them, and put them up in 
 
Mia 
 
 MIL 
 
 tlie window, or greenhouse, and if the 
 seeds are good they will be up in less 
 than ten days; give them abundance of 
 air, and no forcing. When the day is at 
 all fine, put them outside the window 
 from ten to three in the afternoon. They 
 will not stand much water; a gentle 
 shower with a rose wouM suit them very 
 well, and the best time to give it them is 
 in the morning, when you turn them out 
 side, as they will have time to drain and 
 dry properly before you take them in for 
 the night. If the three seeds in the 
 centre come up, the weakest of the three 
 must be pulled out as soon as you can 
 get hold of it ; the rest to be thinned one 
 half. The reason for sowing so many 
 seeds in one pot, and for thus thinning 
 them out afterwards, is to make sure of 
 one good plant ; if the middle one turns 
 out to be so, that must be selected ; but 
 if not, you must choose the strongest and 
 most promising from among the rest; 
 yet be in no great hurry to pull them all 
 out but one ; as long as three or four 
 have room, leave them. When you have 
 fixed on the one that is to form the future 
 tree, place a neat little stick down by the 
 side of it, a foot long, and pushed down 
 to the bottom of the pot. When the 
 plant is two inches long, tie it loosely to 
 this stick with a piece of worsted thread. 
 Keep tying it as regularly as it grows, 
 and when it reaches the top of the stick 
 give it a longer one, that is, if you wish 
 a long stem. Some people grow them 
 up to three, or even four, feet and more. 
 Suppose we say only a foot high for a 
 couple of them, as they must all go in 
 pairs; eighteen inches for the next 
 couple, and two feet for a third lot ; you 
 would then be better able to judge which 
 size would suit your window best ; and as 
 soon and as often as side-branches issue 
 forth from the stem of your tree, you 
 must stop them at the second joint. 
 Some people, who do not know the value 
 of leaves, cut off the side-shoots close to 
 the stem at once ; but the substance of 
 the stems and trunks of all trees, and 
 mignonette-trees among the rest, is first 
 formed by the leaves. In the second 
 year you will cut off more than the half 
 of these side-spurs, beginning at the 
 bottom, ajid only taking off a pair at a 
 time, and in ten days or a fortnight 
 another couple, and so on progressively. 
 There must be no flowers the first 
 season, at least as long as there are 
 
 some out in the borders. After the 
 middle of October you may let your 
 trees bloom all the winter, but before 
 that nip them off as fast as they appear. 
 When the first little pots are full of roots, 
 say about Midsummer, shift the plants 
 into 5-inch pots, which is the next largest 
 size; and if they have done well they 
 may want another shift by the end of 
 July, but never shift them after the 
 middle of August, because, if we should 
 have a cold autumn, they would not fill 
 the pots with strong, healthy roots. 
 
 MIKA'NIA. (Named after J. Mikan, 
 professor of botany at Prague. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngene&ia l~JEqualis. Allied to Eupa- 
 toriura.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, 
 blooming in August, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a beli-glass, and in heat; rich, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 48 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 80. 
 
 M. uma'ra (bitter). 6. Guiana. 1813. 
 
 Gua'co (Guaco). 6. Pale blue. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 opi'fera (opium-bearing). 6. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. N. Amer. 1/U. 
 
 suave'ulens (sweet-scented] 1 . 6. S.Amer. 1823 
 
 MILDEW, whether on the stems of the 
 wheat, or on the leaves of the chry- 
 santhemum, pea, rose, or peach, appears 
 in the form of minute fungi, the roots of 
 which penetrate the pores of the epi- 
 dermis, rob the plant of its juices, and 
 interrupt its respiration. There seems 
 to be every reason to believe that the 
 fungus is communicated to the plants 
 from the soil. Every specimen of these 
 fungi emits annually myriads of minute 
 seeds, and these are wafted over the soil 
 by every wind, vegetating and reproducing 
 seed, if they have happened to be de- 
 posited in a favourable place, or remain- 
 ing until the following spring without 
 germinating. These fungi have the 
 power of spreading also by stooling, or 
 throwing out offsets. They are never 
 absent from a soil, and at some period 
 of its growth are annually to be found 
 jpon the plants liable to their inroads. 
 They are more observed in cold, damp, 
 muggy seasons, because such seasons are 
 peculiarly favourable to the growth of all 
 'ungi. The best of all cures is afforded 
 by the application of flowers of sulphur 
 n some form, either by dusting the 
 sulphur over the parts affected, or a 
 sulphur paint, for which a recipe is 
 given at page 233; merely clay, water, and 
 
MIL 
 
 [ 541 ] 
 
 HIM 
 
 flowers of sulphur, however, are sufficient, [ 
 arid not so injurious to leaves. Ure do 
 rosE, Puccinia rosff, and Cladosporium 
 herbarum are the mildew fungi of the 
 rose-tree ; Oidium erysipltoides, of the 
 peach-tree; Oidinm Tuckeri, of the vine ; 
 Glccosporium concentrintm, of the cabbage ; 
 and Erysiphe communis, of the pea. Of 
 course there are many others. 
 
 The most important point for subduing 
 the mildew fungus is to apply the sulphur 
 immediately it appears. To prevent its 
 occurrence, nothing is so effectual as 
 keeping the roots and the leaves equally 
 active by a due amount of warmth and 
 moisture. 
 
 MILFOIL. AchiUe'a. 
 
 MILK- VETCH. Astra 'gains. 
 
 MILK-WOOD. Bro'simum spu'rium. 
 
 MILKWOHT. Poly'yula. 
 
 MI'LLA. (Named after J. Milla, a 
 gardener to the Spanish court. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacea;]- Linn., Q-Hexandria 
 I-JIonoyynia. Allied to Caloscordium.) 
 
 Half-hardy little bulbs, with white flowers, which 
 succeed in a deep, front border of light soil; off- 
 sets when in a dormant state. 
 JM. hiflo'ra (two-flowered). l. May. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered), f . February. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1832. 
 
 MILLINGTO'NIA. (Named after Sir T. 
 Millington, professor of botany at Oxford. 
 Nat. ord., Bianoaiads [Bignoniacese]. 
 Linn., l-Didynamia 2 Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-gla*s, and in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 48 
 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. simplicifo' lia (simple-leaved). 20. Yellow. 
 E, Ind. 1828, 
 
 MILLIPEDE. See JULUS. 
 
 MILTO'NIA. (Named afterthe.Z?arZ Fitz- 
 william. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. 
 Linn., 20-Gynandria i-Monandria. Allied 
 to Brassia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, from Brazil, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Divisions in spring; shallow 
 baskets in moss, sphHjrisum, &e., or lixed to a 
 block of wood, and then this block fastened 
 across the top, inside of a pot. Winter temp., 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 M. bi'cnlor (two-coloured). White, red. 183Q. 
 
 ca'ndida (white-lip'ped). 2. Yellow and brown. 
 
 March. 1830. 
 fl-uwe' saens (ye\\o\\i*l)-Hpped). 2. White, 
 
 yellow. June. 1837. 
 grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). ' 2. Brown, 
 
 white. December. 1837. 
 
 Clowe'sii(Rev. J. Clowes's). 1 . Yellow, brown. 
 
 1840. 
 pn'llida (pale). Yellow, brown. 183Q. 
 
 cunea'ta (weAfe- lipped). 1. Yellow, purple. 
 
 March. 1843. 
 
 jla'va. (yellow-flowered), Yellow. July. 1843. 
 
 M. /fart<TMsM(Karwinski's). 3. Yellow, brown. 
 August. Mexico. 183Q. 
 
 odorn'ta (sweet-scented). 1843. 
 
 Russeliiu'na (Duke of Bedford's). Brown, 
 
 lilac. December. Rio Janeiro. IH35. 
 
 stella'ta (star-flowered). White. February. 
 
 1839. 
 
 spectu,' bills (showy). 1. White, violet. July. 
 
 1835. 
 
 a' t ro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Rio Janeiro. 
 
 color a 1 ta (/*?'g7i-coloured). Rose. 1838. 
 
 MIME'TES. (From mimos, a mimic; 
 referring to its resemblance to allied 
 genera. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. 
 Linn., 4^-Tctrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Leucospermum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripened shoots 
 towards autumn, or in the spring, before Srtrsa 
 growth commences, in sand, under a glass, but 
 without 'bottom-heat, at least until a swelling 
 takes place at their base ; peal and a little loam. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 M. capitula'ta (small-headed). Red. June. 18??. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded-teaoed). 2. Purple. l?y. 
 
 divarica'ta (spreading). 2^. White. July. 1795. 
 
 Harto'gii (Hartoge'sy. 5. July. 1824. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 3$. Red. July. 1/74. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 1. Purple. July. 1802. 
 
 pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 3%. Red. July. 18)8. 
 
 purpu'ren (purple). 2. Purple. November. I/8U. 
 
 vacciniifo'lia (whortleberry-leaved). 3. 1800. 
 MIMO'SA. (From mimos, a mimic ; 
 
 referring to the irritability of the leaves, 
 as if imitating animal sensibility. Nat. 
 or&.,Leguminoua Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 23-Polygamia 1 Moncecia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, except pudi'ca, commonVy 
 called the Sensitive Plant, which is an annual, 
 and vi'ou, which is herbaceous. Seeds sown in 
 a hotbed, in the spring ; cuttings also of younir 
 shoots, getting rather firm at the base, in sandy 
 soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a 
 little peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 
 60 to 85. The foliage of most is beautifully 
 leafleted, and many species more or less sensitive 
 to the touch ; most of them furnish fine examples 
 of what is termed sleep in plants, as the leaflet* 
 fold together at night. 
 
 M. angula'ta (zngleA-branched), White. June. 
 Brazil. 1826. 
 
 Barclaua'na (Barclay's). 1. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 ca'sta (chaste). 2. Pale yellow, July. S. Amer. 
 
 1741. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). White. June. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty), 1. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Cumana. 1824. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). Rose. April. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1825. 
 
 lalispino'sn (broad-spined). 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 marginu'tu (bordered). Pink. Mexico. 
 
 ubtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. lied. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1816. 
 
 polydu'ctyla (many-fingered). 1$. Purple. 
 
 June. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 pudibu'ndu (blushing). 2. Pale red. Bahia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pudi'ca (chaste. Humble-plant). 1. White. 
 
 June, Brazil. 1638. 
 
MIM 
 
 542 ] 
 
 MIS 
 
 II. rubricau'Ks (red-stalked). 3. Pale yellow 
 June. E. Ind. 1799. 
 
 sensiti'vu (sensitive). 14. Pink. June. Brazil 
 
 1648. 
 
 strigo'sa (bristled). 1. Purple. June. S.Amer 
 1818. 
 
 Uraguc'nsis (Uraguay). 2. Red. June. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1840. 
 
 in'xcida (clammy). 2. Red. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 ui'ou (lively), l^. Purple. August. Jamaica 
 
 1739. 
 
 MI'MULUS. Monkey-Flower. (From 
 mimo, an ape ; in reference to the ringeril 
 or gaping mouth of the flower. Nat. ord. 
 Fiy worts [Scrophulariace]. Linn., 14 
 Didyitamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions, 
 cuttings, and seeds. A few, like ro'seus, require 
 the protection of a pit in winter ; but where that 
 is not available, seeds of them, sown in March or 
 April, will bloom in summer and autumn. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 M.Jluribu'ndus (bundle-flowered), f. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 parviflo'rus (saiall-nowered). i. Yellow. Chili. 
 
 1824. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 M. lana'tus (woolly). l. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 18*6. 
 
 ro'seus (rosy) . 1. Rose. August. California. 1831. 
 
 tri 1 color (three-coloured). Pink, crimson. June. 
 
 California. 1848. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 3f. ala'tus (winged). 1. Light blue. July. N. 
 Amer. 1783. 
 
 cardina'lis (cardinal -like). 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 California. 1835. 
 
 glabra'tus (smoothed). Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 gutta'tus (spotted-;?oM>ered). 14. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Lewi'sii (Lewis's). J. Pale purple. August. 
 
 Missouri. 1824. 
 
 lu'teus (yellow.) |. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826. 
 rivula'ris (rivulet). f . Yellow. July. Chili. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Younga'nus (Mr. Young's), f. Yellow- 
 spotted. July. Chili. 1*33. 
 
 moschu'tus (musk-plant). |. Yellow. August. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 propi'nquus (related), j. Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Amer, 1827. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). 1. Light blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1759. 
 
 - variega'tus (variegated). 1. White, rosy. June. 
 Chili. 1831. 
 
 MIMU'SOPS. (From mimo. an ape, and 
 ops, a face ; fancied resemblance of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Sapotods [Sapotacere] . 
 Jjinn.,8 Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Uassia.) 
 
 Mimu'sops Ele'ngi is an Indian fruit-tree ; and 
 the sweetish gum of the M. Ka'ki is eaten by the 
 natives. Stove, white-flowered evergreen trees, 
 from the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 hoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; sandy 
 loam and leaf-mouid. Winter temp., 48 to 55 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 M. Elt'ngi (Elengi). 15. 17Q5. 
 
 hf.xa'ndva (six-stamened). 10, 1804, 
 
 Ka'ki (Kaki). 10. 1/0.6. 
 
 MI'NA. (Named after F . X. Mina, a 
 Mexican minister. JS at. ord., Bindweeds 
 [Convolvulaceee], Linn., 5-Pentundria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomasa.) 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Seeds sown in a hotber!, 
 in spring, potted and re-potted, and hardened off 
 for flowering in the greenhouse ; sandy loam, peae, 
 and leaf-mould. 
 
 M. loba'ta (lobed). 6. Red, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 1841. 
 
 MINT. See ME'NTHA. 
 
 MIRA'BILIS. Marvel of Peru. (From 
 mirabilis, wonderful ; as everything was 
 at first considered that came from 
 America. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagy- 
 nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mi>no- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in spring, and plants hardened 
 off by degrees to stand in the open border ; by 
 their fusiform (carrot-shaped) roots, taken up and 
 preserved in sand or dry moss during the winter ; 
 rich, sandy loam. May be managed similarly to a 
 Dahlia. 
 
 M. dicho'toma (forked). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 1640. 
 
 hy'bridn (hybrid). 2. White. July. 1313. 
 
 jala 1 pa (jalap). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 15[)(i. 
 
 a'/Aa (white). 2.White. July. W. Ind. 15^6. 
 
 fla'na (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1596. 
 ru'tiro-a'lba (red and white). 2. Red, 
 
 white. July. W. Ind. 1596. 
 ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). 2. Red, 
 
 yellow. July. W. Ind. 15Q6. 
 
 longifln'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1759. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. August, 
 
 Germany. 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). 2. fink. Au- 
 gust. Germany. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). l. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 MIRBE'LIA. (Named after C. F. J?. 
 
 Mirbel, a physiological botanist of Paris. 
 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia, Allied 
 
 to Pultensea.) 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 
 Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in May, under 
 
 a bell-glass, and in sand, over well-drained, sandy 
 )eat ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibry 
 oam and charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 M. Bn'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Yellow. 1825. 
 
 dilata'ta (wide-tewed). 3. Yellow. July. 1 803. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 2. Purple. March. 
 
 1838. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 JJ//"i.vra'n(Mcisner's). 2. Reddish-purple. Mav. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). 2. Yeilow. June. 182i, 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 3. Yellow. June. 1/92. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. June. 182*. 
 
 MISTLETOE. ( Vi'scitm a'lbnm.) Name 
 derived from the Saxon for the same 
 >!ant, Misfdla. The best months for 
 owing it are February and March. Make 
 
MIT 
 
 MIX 
 
 two cuts in the shape of the letter V, on 
 the under-side of the branch of an apple- 
 tree. Make the cuts quite down to the 
 wood of the branch ; raise the tongue of 
 bark made by the cuts, but not so as to 
 break it, and put underneath one or two 
 seeds freshly squeezed from the Mistletoe 
 berry. Let the tongue back into its place, 
 and the process is completed. If the 
 seed is good, the seedlings, not unlike 
 cucumber plants, soon appear. They re- 
 main attached to the branch, and do not 
 seem to injure the tree. 
 
 Open the bark underneath the branch 
 to receive the seed, because it is thus 
 preserved from an accumulation of rain 
 water, and is shaded from the sun. 
 
 The Mistletoe may also be propagated 
 by grafts ; and it is said that it will suc- 
 ceed upon any tree. It is certainly found 
 upon the pine in Germany ; but we ques- 
 tion very much whether it would live 
 upon the walnut. It will grow, yet with 
 difficulty, upon the oak; but it readily 
 takes upon the apple, pear, poplar, and 
 willow. Mr. Beaton says (Gard. Mag. 
 iii. 207, N. S.), the first weeks of May are 
 best for grafting the Mistletoe, and it 
 should never be inserted less than five 
 nor more than ten feet from the ground. 
 Make an incision in the bark of the tree, 
 and insert into it a thin slice of Mistletoe, 
 having a bud and one leaf at the end. 
 Grafts larger than half an inch in 
 diameter require a notch to be cut out of 
 the branch, the incision to receive the 
 scion being made below this notch, and 
 a shoulder left on the scion to rest on 
 the notch, as in crown-grafting. Budding 
 the Mistletoe may also be practised in 
 the middle of May. Mr. Beaton says it 
 is only a modification of grafting, a heel 
 of wood being retained below the bud 
 for insertion. 
 
 MITCHE'LIA. (Named after Dr. Mit- 
 chell, of Virginia. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [CinchonaceseJ. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monoygnia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous creeper. Division, cuttings 
 under a hand-light, and layering the running 
 stems ; sandy, fibry peat, either in a sheltered 
 American border, or in a pot protected like the 
 generality of alpine plants. 
 M. re'pens (creeping). $. White. June. N. Amer. 
 1731. 
 
 MITE. See ACARUS. 
 
 MITE'LLA. (The diminutive of mitra, 
 R mitre; referring to the shape of the 
 seed-pods. Nat.ord.,a;i/h/0es [Saxifra- 
 
 . Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Di 
 Allied to Heuchera. ) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials, 
 from North America. Division of the roots in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. Pretty for border 
 or rock-work. 
 M. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. May. 1812. 
 
 diphy'lla (two-leaved). . April. 1731. 
 
 nu'da (naked-stemmed). . July. 1758. 
 
 pmtu'ndru (five-stamened). 4. Yellow. June. 
 
 1827. 
 
 prostra'ta (lying-down). $. May. 1818. 
 
 tri'fida (three-clef t-petaled). . May. 1827. 
 
 MITEACA'EPITM. (From mitra, a mitre, 
 and karpos, & fruit. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacesej. Linn., -Tetrandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Eichardsonia.) 
 
 Stove annuals, with white flowers. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, in March, potted and hardened off to 
 bloom in the stove and greenhouse during the 
 summer. 
 M.Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1. July. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). . July. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 stylu'sum (long-styled), 1. August. Manilla. 
 
 181Q. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). $. July. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 MITRA 'RIA. (From mitra, a mitre; 
 referring to the seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Columnea.) 
 
 Evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer ; 
 better-ripened shoots under a hand-light, in a 
 shady place. A beautiful spring plant for the 
 greenhouse, and supposed to be hardy enough for 
 all sheltered places out of doors ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. 
 
 M. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. San Carlo 
 de Chiloe. 1848. 
 
 MIXTURE or SOILS is one of the most 
 ready and cheapest modes of improving 
 their staple, and thus rendering them 
 more fertile ; and upon the subject we have 
 nothing to add to the following excellent 
 remarks of Mr. Cuthbert Johnson : 
 
 " I have witnessed, even in soils to all 
 appearance similar in composition, some 
 very extraordinary results from their 
 mere mixture. Thus, in the gravelly 
 soils of Spring Park, near Croydon, the 
 ground is often excavated to a depth of 
 many feet, through strata of barren gravel 
 and red sand, for the purpose of obtain- 
 ing the white or silver sand which exists 
 beneath them. When this fine sand is re- 
 moved, the gravel and red sand are thrown 
 back into the pit, the ground merely 
 levelled, and then either let to cottagers 
 for gardens, or planted with forest trees. 
 In either case the effect is remark able 
 all kinds of either fir or deciduous trees 
 will now vegetate with increased luxuri- 
 
MIX 
 
 L 544 ] 
 
 MOI 
 
 ance ; and in the cottage-gardens thus 
 formed, several species of vegetables, 
 such as beans and potatoes, will produce 
 very excellent crops, in the very soils in 
 which they would have perished previous to 
 their mixture. The permanent advantage of 
 mixing soils, too, is not confined to merely 
 those entirely of an earthy composition : 
 earths which contain inert organic matter, 
 such as peat or moss earth, are highly 
 valuable additions to some soils. Thus, 
 peat earth was successfully added to the 
 sandy soils of Merionethshire by Sir 
 Eobert Vaughan. The Cheshire farmers 
 add a mixture of moss and calcareous 
 earth to their tight- bound earths, the 
 effect of which they describe as having ' a 
 loosening operation ; ' that is, it renders 
 the soil of their strong clays less tena- 
 cious, and, consequently, promotes the 
 ready access of the moisture and gases 
 of the atmosphere to the roots. The 
 cultivator sometimes -deludes himself 
 with the conclusion that applying sand, 
 or marl, or clay, to a poor soil, merely 
 serves to freshen it for a time, and that 
 the effects of such applications are ap- 
 parent for only a limited period. Some 
 comparative experiments, however, which 
 were made sixteen years since, on some 
 poor, hungry heath -land, in Norfolk, have 
 up to this time served to demonstrate 
 the error of such a conclusion. In these 
 experiments the ground was marled 
 with twenty cubic yards only per acre, 
 and the same compost; it was then 
 planted with a proper mixture of forest 
 trees, and by the side of it a portion of 
 the heath, in a state of nature, was also 
 planted with the same mixture of de- 
 ciduous and fir-trees. 
 
 " Sixteen years have annually served to 
 demonstrate, by the luxuriance of the 
 marled wood, the permanent effect pro- 
 duced by a mixture of soils. The growth 
 of the trees has been there rapid and 
 permanent; but on the adjoining soil 
 the trees have been stunted in their 
 growth, miserable in appearance, and 
 profitless to their owner. 
 
 "Another, but the least commonly prac- 
 tised mode of improving the staple of a 
 soil by earthy addition, is claying; a 
 system of fertilising, the good effects of 
 which are much less immediately apparent 
 than chalking, and hence one of the 
 chief causes of its disuse. It requires 
 some little time to elapse, and some 
 stirring of the soil, before the clay is so 
 
 well mixed with a sandy soil as to produce 
 that general increased attraction and re- 
 tentive power for the atmospheric mois- 
 ture, which ever constitutes the chief 
 good result of claying poor scils. Clay 
 must be, moreover, applied in rather 
 larger proportions to the soil than chalk ; 
 for not only is its application rarely re- 
 quired as a direct food for plants for the 
 mere alumina which it contains, since 
 this earth enters into the composition of 
 plants in very small proportion, but there 
 is also another reason for a more liberal 
 addition of clay being required, which is 
 thp impure state in which the alumina 
 exists in what are commonly called clay 
 soils." Farm Encyc. 
 
 MODE'CCA. (The Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Papayads [Papayacesel. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 5-Pentandria. Alhecl to Carica.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbing plants, resembling; 
 Passion-flowers, from the East Indies. Cuttings 
 of young shoots in May, in sandy soil, under a 
 bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 55; summer, 60 to 75. 
 M . tritoba'ta (three-lobed). 10. August. 181, 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 10. August. 1822. 
 
 MODI'OLA. (From modiolus, the nave 
 of a wheel ; referring to the formation of 
 the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Mallowworts 
 [Malvaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polygynia. Allied to the Mallow.) 
 
 Seeds in spring ; division of the two herbaceous 
 kinds at the same time, and by cuttings of 
 the young shoots under a hand-light; common, 
 sandy loam. The herbaceous require a dry, 
 sheltered place, or the protection of a cold pit 
 during the winter. 
 
 M. Carotinia'na (Carolina). Red. June. N, Amer. 
 1723. Hardy annual. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). Red. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1815. Half-hardy herbaceous. 
 
 prostra'ta (lying-flat). Scarlet." May. Brazil. 
 
 1806. Half-hardy herbaceous. 
 
 MOEKHI'NGIA. (Named after P. Mdcr- 
 hing, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese'j. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Arenaria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from south ef 
 Europe. Division of the plant in spring ; com- 
 mon, sandy soil, and dry, elevated positions ; 
 suited for steep rock-works. 
 M. musco'sa (mossy). . Purple. June. 17/5. 
 
 sed//o'/ia(sedum-leaved). . White, red. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 MO'HRIA. (Named after M. Mohr, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., 2-i-Cryptogamia 1-Fi- 
 lices.) 
 
 Greenhouse Fern. See FERNS. 
 M. thun'fraga (frankincense). Brown, yellow. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1842. 
 MOIST STOVE. A stove with a moist 
 atmosphere. See SIOYE. 
 
MOL 
 
 L 545 ] 
 
 MON 
 
 MOLDAVIAN PALM. Dracoce'phalum 
 Molda'vicum. 
 
 MOLDENHAU'ERA. (Named after 7. J. 
 Moldenhauer, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Ley uminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 S \vartzia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 75. 
 
 M. floribu'nda (many-flowered). Yellow. May. 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 MOLE CRICKET. One of the ^ most 
 curious, and often most destructive to 
 our kitchen-garden crops of all the sub- 
 terranean vermin, is the Mole-cricket, 
 known, in different parts of England, by 
 the various names of Earth-crab, Jarr- 
 worm, Churr-worrn, and Efe-churr. It 
 is the Gryllotalpa vulgaris and Europcea 
 of some naturalists, and the Gryllus 
 gryllotalpa of others. It rarely appears 
 upon the surface of the soil, but makes 
 burrows, like the mole, and destroys all 
 roots which interrupt him in forming 
 these passages. When full-grown, it is 
 nearly two inches long, and four lines 
 broad ; colour, dark brown ; antennae, 
 bristle-shaped, and in front of its black 
 eyes ; thorax, hairy ; wings, broad, large, 
 and triangular when fully opened ; abdo- 
 men, nine or ten-jointed, furnished at the 
 end with two hairy, awl-shaped filaments. 
 The two fore-feet are broad, like those of 
 the mole, and similarly intended for dig- 
 ging. The female hollows out a place, 
 about half a foot from the surface, in the 
 month of June, and lays her eggs in a 
 heap, from two to three hundred. They 
 are shining yellowish-brown, and like 
 grains of millet. The young, which are 
 hatched in July or August, greatly re- 
 semble black ants, and feed, like tbe old 
 ones, on the tender roots of grass, corn, 
 and various culinary vegetables. They 
 betray their presence under the earth by 
 the withered decay of culinary vegetables 
 in the garden. In October and November 
 they bury themselves deeper in the earth, 
 as a protection from cold, and come again 
 to the surface in the warmer days in 
 March. Their presence is discovered by 
 their throwing up the earth like moles. 
 The surest of remedies is destroying 
 the brood in June or July. Gardeners 
 know, from experience, where the nest of 
 the Mole-cricket is situated ; they dig it 
 out with their spades, and destroy hun- 
 
 dreds in the egg state with little trouble.. 
 Kollar. 
 
 MO'LTKIA. ( Named after Count Moll fee, 
 a Danish noble. Nat. ord., Borageworte 
 [BoraginaceffiJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Echium.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring ; rich, sandy loam. 
 M. c#r7e(blue). 1. Blue. April. Persia. 1829. 
 
 MOLUCCE'LLA. Molucca Balm. (From 
 Molucca, where the plants were supposed 
 to be natives. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lami- 
 acese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 1-Gymno- 
 spermia. Allied to Phlomis.) 
 
 Hardy plants, with purple flowers, flowering in 
 July. Tubero'sa, by dividing the tubers in spring 
 and Autumn. This, and also the others, which are 
 annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; potted, 
 hardened off, and transferred to the flower-border 
 iu the middle of May ; sandy loam. 
 M. laSnis (smooth). l. Syria. 1570. 
 
 Marruftia' strum (Marrubiastrum). 1. Syria. 
 
 J820. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted), 2. Tartary. 1/96. 
 MO'LY. A' Ilium mo'ly. 
 
 MONA'RDA. ( Named after N. Monardez, 
 a physician of Seville. Nat. ord., Labiates 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Salvia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, all but arista' ta 
 natives of North America. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; co ximon soil. 
 
 M. amplexicau'lis (stem-embraced). 2. White, 
 pink. June. 1850. 
 
 arista' ta (awned). 2. Yellow. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 Bradburia'na (Bradbury's). Pale red. June. 
 
 clinopo'dia (basil-teaoed). 2. Purple, white. 
 
 July. 1771. 
 
 di'dyma (twin. Oswego-tea). 3. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1752. 
 
 fistula's a (hollow-stalked). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 1656. 
 flo 're-macula 'to (spotted -flowered). 3. 
 
 Rose-spotted. June. 1832. 
 mo' His (soft). 2. Lilac. July. 1656. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 14. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 punctu'ta (dotted). 2. Yellow, brown. Au- 
 
 gust. 1714. 
 
 Russetlia'na ( Russell's). 2. White. Septem- 
 
 ber. 1823. 
 
 MONARDE'LLA. (A diminutive of Mo- 
 narda. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipworts 
 [Lamiaceoe]. Linn., \-Didynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Origanum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring ; common, sandy soil, with a little 
 peat or leaf-mould. 
 
 M.undula'ta (wavy), f. Violet. June. Cali- 
 fornia. 1848. 
 
 MONE'TIA. (Named after Monet de la 
 March, a French botanist, Nat. ord., 
 Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceaj]. Linn., 4- 
 Tetrandria 1-Monogyma, Allied to Pri- 
 nos.) 
 
MON 
 
 C 546 ] 
 
 MOO 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and a little fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 48 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 3f. Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). 3. Green. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1758. 
 
 MONEYWORT. Lysima'chia ntimmula'ria. 
 MONKEY-BREAD. Adanso'nia. 
 
 MONKEY-FLOWER. Mi'midllS. 
 
 MONK'S HOOD. AconVtum. 
 
 MONNI'NA. (Named after Monnino, 
 Count de Flora Blanca, a Spanish patron 
 of botany. Nat. ord., Milkicorts [Poly- 
 galacese]. Linn., Yt-DiaddphiaS-Qctan- 
 
 dria. Allied to Muraltia.) 
 
 The bark of the root is used in Peru for soap, 
 and the Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty of 
 their hair to the use of it. Greenhouse evergreen 
 hf u.\;s. Seeds in March, in a gentle hotbed ; 
 cuttings of young side-shoots in April, under a j 
 bell-glass, and kept close, but damp prevented ; ' 
 .sandy peat ,and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45. 
 
 tf. crotalarioi'des (crotalaria-like). 2. Purple. 
 August. 1840. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 12. Violet and 
 
 white. June. Peru. 1830. 
 
 MONOCHI'LUS. (From monos, one, and 
 cheilos, a lip ; the formation of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 
 l-Didynamia 2-Aiigiospermia. Allied to 
 Verbena.) 
 
 Stove tuber. Division of the tubers when in a 
 dormant state ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and 
 leaf-mould. Temp, when growing, 55 to 75?. 
 M. Gloxinifo'lius ( Gloxinia-leaved). 1838. 
 
 MONOGRA'MMA. (From monos, one, and 
 gramma, writing ; referring to the spore, 
 or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 diaceae]. ~Linu.,24;~Cryptogamia l-Filices.} 
 
 Stove Ferns, from the West Indies, with 
 brownish-yellow spores. See FERNS. 
 M.furca'ta (forked-teamed). June. 1825. 
 
 grami'nea (grass-leaved). June. 1830. 
 
 trichoi'dea (hair-like). June. 
 
 MONOLO'PIA. (From monolopus, one 
 covering ; referring to the flower-cover- 
 ing. .Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., 19~Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied 
 to Chrysanthemum.) 
 
 A pretty, hardy annual, once called Hele'nium 
 Dougla'sii. Seeds in mellow soil, in April. 
 N. ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. Cali- 
 fornia. 1834. 
 
 MONOME'RIA. (From monos, one, and 
 meris, a part. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynctndria l-Monan- 
 drla. Allied to Bulbophyllum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring or autumn ; 
 fibry peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 60; summer, 60 to 90. 
 M. barba'ta (bearded). Spotted. India. 1841. 
 : ni'tida (shining). Mexico. 1841. 
 
 MONO'PSIS. (From monos. one. and 
 
 opsis, a face ; the flowers being more re- 
 gular than is usual in the Nat. ord., Lo- 
 bcliads [LobeliaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 A pretty little annual, once called Lobe'lia 
 spe'cuium. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; plants 
 pricked off, hardened off, and transferred to the 
 open border at the end of May. 
 M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). . Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 MONO'TOCA. (From mon-os, one, and 
 
 tokos, a birth ; the fruit, which is eatable, 
 
 having only one seed. N&t.ord.,J2pficri(/s 
 
 [EpacridaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 
 Moiioq>/nia. Allied to Leucopogon.) 
 
 Greenhouse white-flowered evergreens, from 
 New South Wales. Cuttings of the points of 
 young shoots in sand, over sandy soil, and covered 
 with a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat, and a 
 little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. a'llia (white). 6. June. 1824. 
 
 elli'piic/t (oval- leaved). 8. June. 1802. 
 
 tinea' fa (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1804. 
 
 scopu'riu (broom). 5. June. 1825. 
 
 MONSO'NIA. (Named after Lady A. 
 Monson. Nat, ord., Cranesbills [Gerani- 
 acese]. IAnn.,I6-MonadclpJiia 1-Dode.can- 
 dria. Allied to Geranium.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except ovu't'a, 
 which is biennial. All from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, and 
 transplanted; cuttings in spring and autumn, 
 under a haud-light; division and cuttings of the 
 roots in summer and autumn ; sandy loam, and a 
 little peat and leaf-mould j a cold pit or green- 
 house in winter. 
 M. loba'ta (lobed-teawecZ). 1. Purple. May. 177*. 
 
 ovn'ta (egs-leaved). 1. White. August. 1/74. 
 
 pilo'sa (towtf-haired). 1. White. July. 1778. 
 . Co 1 life (Colly's). 1. Pale red. July. 1820. 
 
 specio'xa ; showy). 1. Red. May. 1774. 
 pa'luda (pale). 1. Pale red. May. 
 
 MONTBRE'TTIA. (In honour of M. 
 Montoret. Nat. ord., Irids [IridaceteJ. 
 Linn., 16-Monadelphia I-Triandria.) 
 
 A little Ixia-looking bulb, with yellow flowers, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets; sandy 
 loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ; if not pro- 
 tected on a warm border, should be kept during 
 winter in a cold pit. 
 M. flexuo'sa (zigzag). May. 1803. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). May. 1825. 
 
 MONTEZU'MA. (Named after a king of 
 Mexico. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Stercu- 
 liacese]. Linn., ] Q-Monadelphia 1-Dods- 
 candria. Allied to Cheirostemon.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots, pet- 
 ting firm, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and lumpy peat. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 M. speciosi'ssima (showiest). 30. Red. Mexico. 
 1827. 
 
 MOON-SEED. Menispe'rmum. 
 MOON-TREFOIL. Medica'go arbo'rea, 
 MOONWOET. Botry 'chium. 
 
MOB 
 
 MOB 
 
 (Named after R. Moore, an 
 English botanist. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri- 
 daceffi] . Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Iris.) 
 
 These pretty bulbs, all from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, except where otherwise mentioned, require 
 the same treatment as I'XIA, which see. 
 M. angu'sta (narrow-Jeaued). f. L ; lac.May. 1/90. 
 
 barbi'gera (bearded). \. Purple. May. 687. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow, dark. June. 
 
 bitumino'sa (bituminous). 1. Yellow. May. 1787- 
 
 catenula'ta (cha.in-dotted). 1. White, blue. 
 
 May. Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 Ci7ia7a(hair-/frui'ed).$. Yellow. September. 1587. 
 
 colli'na (hill). 2. Purple. May. 1768. 
 
 cri'sva (curled). . Blue. May. 1803. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 4. Fulvous. May. 1/92. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). ). Vermilion. May. 1825. 
 
 exaltn'ta (tall). 3. Vermilion. May. 1768. 
 
 fia'ccida (limp). l. Vermilion. May. 1810. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Yellow. May. 1803. 
 
 iridioi'des (iris-like). ^. White, brown. July. 
 
 1758. 
 
 linea'tu (narrow-team?)' 1. Vermilion. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered) . . Yellow. May . 1811. 
 
 longifu'Ha (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. 1808. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Vermilion. May. 1 799- 
 
 minu'ta (small). $. Blue. June. 1825. 
 
 odo'ra (sweet-scented). 2. Lilac. May. 1799. 
 
 papitlona'cea (butterfly). 3. Variegated. May. 
 
 1795. 
 
 pluma'ria (feathered). 1. Yellow. May. 1835. 
 ~- polysta'chya (many-spiked). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). 2. Vermilion. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ramo'sa (branched). 3. Yellow. May. 1789. 
 
 seta'cea (bristly). . Yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 sisyri'nchium (sisyrinchium). . Blue. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1597- Hardy. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). l. Yellow. May. 1785. 
 
 Tenoriafna (Tenore's). 1. Purple. May. Na- 
 
 ples. 1824. Hardy. 
 
 tri'stis (dull-coloured). 1. Blue. June. 1763. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Purple. May. 1825. 
 
 visc'i'ria (clammy). 1. Lilac. May. 1800. 
 MOKETON-BAY CHESTNUT. Castanospe'r- 
 
 mitrn. 
 
 MORICA'NDIA. (Named after S. Mo- 
 ricand, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Cruci/ers [Brassicacea3]. Linn., 15-Te- 
 Iradynamia.) 
 
 Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for 
 cut flowers in winter. Seed sown in the open 
 border, in April. 
 
 JH. arve'nsis (field. Cabbage - flowered]. 1$. 
 Violet. July. Europe. 1739. Biennial. 
 
 hesperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Egypt. 1837- Annual. 
 
 MORI'NA. (Named after L. Morin, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Teasel worts 
 [Dipsacacese], Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo~ 
 noyynia ) 
 
 Strong, half-hardy, herbaceous plants, suited 
 for borders in summer. Seed in a slight hotbed, 
 in April, and hardened off 10 suit a cool green- 
 bouse or sheltered borders ; also by divisions, if 
 the plant is saved over the winter. 
 Jtf. longifu'lia (Ions-leaved). 3. Purple. Julr 
 . lad. 183y. 
 
 M.Pe'rsica (Persian). 3. Red, white. July, 
 
 Persia. 1740. 
 
 MORI'NDA. (From a corruption of 
 
 Morus Indlcus, Indian Mulberry ; in re- 
 
 j ference to its fruit. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 
 [Cinchonaeefle]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1- 
 
 Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings of shoots nearly stopped growing, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and in a nice 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 48 to 58 ; summer, 70 to 80. 
 M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. E. 
 Ind. 1816. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted). 6. May. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1793. 
 
 jusminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pale buff. April. 
 
 Point Jackson. 1823. 
 
 Royo'c (Royoc). 10. August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 tincto'rin (dyer's). June. Otaheite. 1826. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). June. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 MOEI'NGA. Horse-radish-tree. (From 
 moringo, the Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Moringads [Mormgacese]. Linn., IQ-De 
 candria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 The roots are used in India for horse-radish. 
 Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered trees, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in April or 
 May ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 M. a'ptera (wingless). 15. May. 183S- 
 
 polygo'na (many-angle-/rwi7ed). 15. April. 1822. 
 
 pterygospe'rma (winged-seeded). 20. 1759. 
 
 MOBI'SIA. (Named after ProfessorMoris. 
 Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 
 J 5-Tetradynamia. ) 
 
 Seed own where it is to remain ; cuttings under 
 
 a hand-light, in summer, and division ia spring; 
 
 a pretty little thing for a knoll, or for rock-work. 
 
 M. hypoga'a (//m'-burying) ? . Yellow. May, 
 
 Sardinia. 1833. 
 
 MORISO'NIA. (Named after Professor 
 Morison, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Capparids 
 [Capparidaceffi]. Linn., \Q-Monaddphia 
 8-Polyandria. Allied to Cratoeva.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 
 shoots early in spring, under a glass, in sandy 
 soil and bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50 to 56 ; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. America'na (American). 15. White. W. Ind. 
 1824. 
 
 MORMO'DES. (From mormo, a goblin; 
 referring to the strange appearance of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 2f}-Gynandria l-Munan- 
 dria. Allied to Catasetum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off; 
 roup:h peat, moss, and crocks, in shuliow baskets, 
 or raised well above a pot. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60; bummer, 60 to 90. 
 
 M. aroma' ticum (aromatic). J. Pink. July. Mexico. 
 1833. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple), f. Purple 
 
 red. October, South Main. 1834. 
 
MOB 
 
 [ 548 ] 
 
 MUL 
 
 Jf. buccina'tor (trumpet) .Yellowish-green. April. 
 La Guayra. 1835. 
 
 Car to'ni (Carton's). 1. Straw. July. Santa 
 
 Martha. 
 
 citri'num (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1837- 
 
 linea'tum (streaked). 1. Yellow, crimson. 
 
 March. Guatimala. 1836. 
 
 luxaftum (dislocated). 1. Straw. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1842. 
 
 pardi'num (panther). Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Oaxaca. 1837. 
 
 uni'color (one-coloured). Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 ro'seo-n'lbum (rose and white). White, rose. 
 
 Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Green. 
 
 August. Guatimala. 1838. 
 
 MO'RNA. Named after Morna, one of 
 Ossian's heroines. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1- 
 ^qualis. Allied to Podolopsis.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants, with yellow flowers, from 
 Swan River. Ni'tida, an evergreen, may be pro- 
 pagated by cuttings under a bell-glass ; and both 
 are easily raised from seed, sown either in Sep- 
 tember or March; but in both cases the plants 
 must be kept in light soil, and well drained, or 
 they will damp off. The autumn-sown ones will 
 bloom in the greenhouse early in spring and 
 summer ; the spring-sown ones late in summer, 
 and the beginning of autumn. If it is desirable 
 to try them out of doors, they should not be 
 planted out far north of London until the middle 
 of June. 
 M. ni'tida (beautiful). 2. February. 1835. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy). l. July. 1836. 
 MORONO'BEA. (From moronobo, the na- 
 tive name. Nat. ord, Guttifers [Clusiacese]. 
 Liun., I8-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 
 shoots, with all the leaves except those at the 
 lower joint, in sand, in heat, and under a bell- 
 
 ?lass ; sandy loam, and lumpy, dried leaf-mould. 
 ViHter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. cocci'nea (scarlet-cowered). 40. Guiana. 1825. 
 MO'EUS. Mulberry. (From w?or, the 
 Celtic for black ; referring to the colour 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., Morads [Moraceae] . 
 Linn., 2L-Moncecia k-Tetrandria.) 
 
 Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in fact, 
 you can scarcely fail to propagate the Mulberry, 
 as pieces of the roots, branches, and even the 
 stem, if stuck into the ground in a deciduous 
 state, will grow more easily than a gooseberry- 
 cutting; deep, sandy, or calcareous loam. Of the 
 hardy kinds, ni'gra is the hardiest, grown chiefly 
 for its fruit. A'lba is more tender, grown chiefly 
 for its leaves for feeding the silkworm. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TREES. 
 K.J'ndica (Indian). 20. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 20. Mauritius. 1828. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, &C. 
 J/. a'lba (white). 30. June. China. 15Q6. 
 
 Colnmba'ssa (Columba). 
 
 It a'lica( Italian). 20. June. Italy. 1817- 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 39. June. 
 
 China, 
 
 membrana'cea (membranous). 
 
 Mvrettia'na (Moretti's). June. 
 
 M. alba nerno'sa (nerved). June. China. 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. China. 
 
 Rnmu'na (Roman,). 
 
 rn'sea (rose-like). 20. June. China. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 20. 
 
 ea'lcar-ga'lli (cock-spur). N. S. Wales. 1830. 
 
 Everpreen. 
 
 Const antinopolita'na (Constantinople). 15. 
 
 June. Turkey. 1818. 
 
 ni'gra (common-black). 20. June. Italy. 1548. 
 lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 30. June. 
 
 ru'bra (red). 10. June. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 sen,' bra (rough). 20. June. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 20. June. Tartary. 1/81. 
 MULBERRY (M. ni'gra} CULTURE. Pro- 
 pagation : by Cuttings. In former days 
 this operation was much circumscribed, 
 being limited to the cuttings of the young 
 shoots, as in currants. Truncheons of 
 considerable size may, and, indeed, ought 
 to be used. These strike with facility by 
 ordinary means, especially in the de- 
 ciduous state, and put in the soil in the 
 autumn, leaving only a bud or two ex- 
 posed. 
 
 If Truncheons of some size are used, 
 let them be taken from the tree in the 
 beginning of February; and being in- 
 serted a foot deep, in a situation where 
 neither direct sunshine nor wind can 
 freely penetrate, envelope their stems 
 above the ground -level with moss, all 
 but the upper pair of buds, in order to 
 prevent evaporation. 
 
 By Layers. The shoots of the previous 
 year are generally selected for this pur- 
 pose, and may be either slit or ringed, 
 although they will root without. _ This 
 being performed in November, or in Fe- 
 bruary, the young plants will be ready to 
 be removed from the parent plant in 
 twelve months, when they may be placed 
 in the nursery for two years, by which 
 time they will be fit for their permanent 
 situations, care being taken to train 
 them to stems, as ordinary standard 
 fruit-trees. 
 
 By Grafting. Ordinary grafting, as in 
 the apple, is not a very safe mode ; but 
 inarching, or grafting by approach, is 
 quite eligible. This is performed exactly 
 as in other trees, and will produce strong 
 plants in a short time. 
 
 By Seeds. This practice is seldom re- 
 sorted to, but may prove interesting to 
 some. The seed being washed from the 
 pulp as soon as ripe, and dried, may be 
 preserved through the winter in dry sand, 
 and sowed in the succeeding February. 
 A slight bottom-heat will facilitate the 
 progress of the seedlings ; but they may 
 be safely reared without, by affording a 
 
MCS 
 
 [ 549 ] 
 
 MOT 
 
 regular but not excessive supply of mois 
 ture, with a partial deprivation of light 
 for awhile. They will need the ordinary 
 routine of transplanting, &c., afterwards. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. In 
 the standard state little or nothing can be 
 done ; but those trained on walls or fences 
 must have some assistance. It must be 
 kept in view, that the mulberry produces 
 fruit both on short-jointed young wood 
 and on spurs, and that fruit must not 
 be looked for from luxuriant shoots. The 
 summer's dressing must consist in thin- 
 ning-out and stopping the grosser shoots 
 in crowded situations, observing a regu- 
 larity in their distances for the admission 
 of sunlight. We would advise much stop- 
 ping in preference to much disbudding, 
 as such parts may form a nucleous for 
 future spurs ; and if they turn out barren, 
 it will be easy to remove them totally in 
 the succeeding year. The mulberry, when 
 trained, will extend a great way ; and re- 
 gular training, as the shoots extend, must 
 be practised. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. Some 
 pruning is occasionally of benefit, even to 
 standard treej, but it can be merely thin- 
 ning out cross-shoots on those parts of 
 the tree which are too crowded. The 
 shady side of the tree, too, may be kept 
 thinner than the suniiy side ; and watery 
 spray springing from the branches in the 
 interior may be removed. Those trained 
 must have superfluous shoots and barren 
 snags or spurs removed ; but no shorten- 
 ing back is necessary. 
 
 Soil. Any ordinary garden or field- 
 soil will do for them, if not too clayey ; 
 for they rather prefer an upland or mel- 
 low soil, which should be of a generous 
 character, but not enriched with manures 
 until they get rather old and cease pro- 
 ducing luxuriant wood, when a rich, mel- 
 low compost, as top-dressing occasionally, 
 will much benefit them. 
 
 Forcing. The mulberry bears forcing 
 excellently, and will ripen its fruit early 
 in June. It will bear a very high tempe- 
 rature. It may also be grown of a dwarf 
 size in pots, and be thus forced. 
 
 MOSCHA'RIA. (From moschos, musk; a 
 musk-smelling plant. Nat. ord., Com- 
 pnx'ites [Asteracese]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 
 I-jKqttalis.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 April ; seedlings harden off, and transplant in 
 oncn borders, in May. 
 M. pinnati'fida(leaifiet-cvii-leaved). i. July. Chili. 
 
 MOSCHO'SMA. (From moschos, musk, 
 and osme, smell. Nat. ord., Labiates 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Ocymum.) 
 
 Tender annual. Seeds in a hotbed, in begin- 
 ning of April ; seedlings potted and grown in 
 greenhouse in summer, or placed in the open 
 border in June, in a sheltered situation ; light, 
 rich, sandy soil. 
 
 M, ocymoi'des (ocymum-like). 1$. White. Au- 
 gust. 1823. 
 
 Moss is useful to the gardener for 
 packing round the roots of plants; and 
 even some bulbous roots and orchids are 
 cultivated in it ; but when it infests the 
 trunks of trees, or our lawns, it is one of 
 the gardener's pests. 
 
 Mossy lawns are on a soil which is 
 unable to support a green sward of grass. 
 When soil is exhausted, grasses begin to 
 die off, and their place is taken by moss- 
 The obvious mode, then, of proceeding, 
 is to give the lawn a good top-dressing in 
 winter, either of malt-dust, or nitrate of 
 soda, or soot, or any manure containing 
 an abundance of alkali. The gardener 
 finds the growth of moss arrested by 
 frequent raking in wet weather, or by the 
 application of pounded oyster-shells ; but 
 these are mere palliatives, and not reme- 
 dies. Make your grass healthy, and it 
 will soon smother the moss. 
 
 The most effectual, most salutary, and 
 least disagreeable remedy for moss on 
 trees is of trivial expense, and which a 
 gardener need but try upon one indi- 
 vidual to insure its adoption. It is with 
 a hard scrubbing-brush, dipped in a 
 strong brine of common salt as often as 
 necessary, to insure each portion of the 
 bark being moistened with it, to scrub the 
 trunks and branches of his trees at least 
 every second year. It most effectually 
 destroys insects of all kinds, and moss ; 
 and the stimulating influence of the 
 application, and the friction, are produc- 
 tive of the most beneficial effects. The 
 expense is not so much as that of dress- 
 ing the trunks with a solution of lime, 
 which, however efficient in the destruction 
 of moss, is not so in the removal of in- 
 sects, and is highly injurious to the treos, 
 by filling up the respiratory pores of the 
 epidermis, and is decidedly a promoter of 
 canker. 
 
 On yravel walks, a strong solution of 
 sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has 
 been found the most effectual destroyer of 
 moss. 
 
 MOTH. Verba'scum Ualla'ria- 
 
MOT 
 
 [ 550 ] 
 
 MUL 
 
 MOTHERWORT. Leono'tis. 
 
 MOTHS of most kinds are the parents 
 ef caterpillars preying upon some plant 
 under the gardener's care, and should be 
 destroyed whenever discovered. 
 
 MOTTLED UMBRE-MOTH. Geome'tra, 
 
 MOULDINESS is the common term ap- 
 plied to that crop of fungi which appears 
 on moist, putrescent vegetable matters. 
 These fungi are Mucores> and are effectu- 
 ally destroyed whenever common salt 
 or sulphur can he applied. 
 
 MOUNTAIN ASH. Py'rus aucupa'ria. 
 
 MOUNTAIN EBONY. Bauhi'nin. 
 
 MOUSE-EAR. Siera'cium stoloni'fenim. 
 
 MOUSE THORN. Centan'reamyaca'ntha. 
 
 MOWING is, next to digging, the most 
 laborious of the gardener's employments, 
 and requires much praeticej as well as 
 an extremely sharp scythe, before he 
 can attain to the art of shaving the lawn 
 or grass-plot smoothly and equally. A 
 mowing machine has been invented by 
 Mr. Budding and others* and is repre- 
 sented in this outline. It cuts, collects, 
 and rolls the grass at the same time, and 
 is better than the scythe for mossy lawns. 
 
 Mowing is most easily performed whilst 
 the blades of grass are wet, as they then 
 cling to the scythe, and are consequently 
 erect against its cutting edge. The 
 operation, therefore, should be performed 
 early in the morning, before the dew has 
 evaporated, or whilst the grass is wet 
 from rain or artificial watering. See 
 SCYTHE. 
 
 MUCU'NA. Cow-itch. (The Brazilian 
 name. Nat. ord., Leynminoug Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., IT-'Diadslpkia 4-Zte- 
 candria. Allied to Erythrina.) 
 
 The hairs on the seed*pods of M. pru'riens is 
 the Cow-itch. Stove climbers, with purple flowers, 
 which open in July. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sandy soil, under glass, in heat ; rich, 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 55; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 M. alti'ssima (tallest). 50. Martinico. 1779. 
 
 n'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 10. . Ind. 1820. 
 
 pru'riens (common-stinging). 12. E, Ind. 
 
 MUDAR PLANT. Calo'tropis giga'ntea. 
 
 MUDDING, or PUDDLING, is clipping the 
 roots of trees, shrubs, and seedlings in a 
 thin mud or puddle, and retaining them 
 there until again planted, whenever they 
 are removed. It is one of the best aids 
 to success, and should be universally 
 adopted ; for it is a rule without exception, 
 that the less the roots of a plant are 
 injured,, and the moister they are kept 
 during its removal, the less does it suffer 
 by the transplanting. The best of all 
 muds for the purpose is formed of three 
 pounds of garden-soil, one ounce of salt, 
 eight ounces of soot, and one gallon of 
 water. 
 
 MULBERRY. Mo'rus. 
 
 MULCHING is placing mnlch, or long, 
 moist stable-litter, upon the surface of 
 the soil over the roots of newly-planted 
 trees and shrubs. The best mode is to 
 form a trench about six inches deep, to 
 put in the mulch, and cover it with the 
 earth. This prevents the mulch being 
 dried or scattered by the winds, and is 
 more neat than exposing it on the sur- 
 face. Mulching keeps the moisture froaa 
 evaporating, and prevents frost pene- 
 trating to the roots, straw being one of 
 .the worst conductors of heat. When 
 rapid growth is desirable, the mulch 
 should be kept on the surface, and re- 
 moved at times in bright sunshine, that 
 the soil may be heated ; for, if deeply 
 mulched, the leaves may be enjoying the 
 climate of India, and the roots be nearly 
 as cold as if in Siberia. 
 
 MULE, or HYBRID, is a plant raised 
 from seed generated by parents of dis- 
 tinct species, and consequently unfertile. 
 See HYBRIDIZING. 
 
 MULGE'DIUM. (Derivation not known. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngencsia 2-8uperftua. Allied to Hie- 
 racium.) 
 
 A hardy herbaceous and a good rock-plant. 
 Seeds and divisions in spring; dry, sandy soil. 
 Jtf. macrorlii'xum (large-rooted). |. Blue. Sep- 
 tember. Cashmere. 1844. 
 
 MULLEIN. Verba's'cum. 
 
 MU'LLERA. (Named after 0. F. Muller, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leyumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Mona- 
 delphiad-Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temn,, 50 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 
 M. monilifo'rmis (necklace-formed-/>o<Wed). 6. 
 Yellow. Guiana. 1792, 
 
MUN 
 
 [ 551 ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 MU'NDIA. (From mundus, neat; the 
 appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., 
 Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Dladelphia 3-Octandria. Allied to Mu- 
 raltia.) 
 
 The fruit is eatable. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings 
 of stiff young side-shoots in May, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a close, cold pit or frame ; 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 M. spino'sa (spiny). 3. White. March. 1/80. 
 
 angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 3. Purple. 
 
 March. 1800. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Lilac. Fe- 
 bruary. 1800. 
 
 MUNTI'NGIA. (Named after A. Mun- 
 tiny, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Lin- 
 dcnblooms [Tiliaceoe]. Linn., 13 Pulyan- 
 drla 1-Monoyyiria. Allied to Aristotelia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, known as the Calabu'ra 
 in South America. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat; sandv, 
 fibrv loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48 
 to 58; summer, 6t to 85. 
 M. cdlubu'ra (calabura). 3. White. June. Ja- 
 maica. 1690. 
 
 MURA'LTIA. (Named after J. V.Murtilt, 
 a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Milkivorts 
 [Polygalaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelplua 3- 
 Octandria. Allied to Polygala.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, all but one purple- 
 flowered, and all from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Cuttings of short young shoots in sandy peat, 
 under a glass; chiefly peat earth, with a good 
 portion of sand. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. dlopecuroi'des (foxtail-like). 3. June. 1800 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed leaved). 3. May. 1824. 
 
 diffu'su (straggling). 3. 1SOO. 
 
 filifo'rmis (thread-form-rafAed). ij. Au- 
 
 gust. 1812. 
 
 Heiste'ria (Heister's). 6. January. 1787. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 1. June. 1819. 
 
 juniper ifo'tia (juniper-leaved). 3. June. 1&10. 
 
 linophy'lla (flax-leaved). 3. June. 1816. 
 
 macro'ceras (large-horned). 3. 1812. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). 1^. 1800. 
 
 mi'xta (mixed). 3. 1791. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 3. May. 1820. 
 
 - stipula'ceu (stipuled). 3. Red. June. 1801. 
 
 vii-ga'ta (twiggy). 3. 1812. 
 
 MU'RICE. See BYRSO'NIMA. 
 
 MUREA'YA. (Named after Professor 
 Murray, editor of Linnseus's works. Nat. 
 ord.,Citronworis [Aurantiaceae], Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cookia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of shoots, getting firm at 
 their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 bottom-heat of about Q0. Winter temp., 50 to 
 65 ; summer, 6 > to 85. 
 RI. exo'ticu (exotic). 10. August. 177' 
 
 panicula'ta(pamicled). 20. July. 1823. 
 
 MURUOU'YA. (The native name. Nat. 
 ord., Ptissionwort* [Passifloracese]. Linn., 
 IG-Monadt'lp/ufi %-Pentandriu. ) 
 
 For ail practical purposes they may be con 
 
 sidered as Passion-flowers. Stove evergreen 
 climbers, from the West Indies. Cuttings of th 
 young shoots in spring, in sand, and then placing 
 them in a sweet hotbed ; peat one part, loam, fibry 
 and sandy, one part, with a little leaf-mould and 
 broken crocks. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M. ocella'ta (small-eyed). 12. Scarlet. July. 1730. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 15. Purple. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 MU'SA. Plantain-tree. (From mauz, 
 the Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Musaas 
 [Musacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 The fruit of the Musads is called Bananas and 
 Plantains. Stove evergreens. Chiefly by suckers ; 
 rich, loamy soil, with abundance of water when 
 growing freely. Winter temp., 55 to 60; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 90, with plenty of atmospheric mois- 
 ture. Cavendi'shii, frofn fruiting at a small size, 
 is the most valuable. 
 
 M. Cavendi'shii (Cavendish's). 4. Scarlet. China. 
 182Q. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. China. 
 
 1/92. 
 
 glnu'mi (milky-green). 10. Pink. E.Ind. 1824. 
 
 maculd'ta (spotted). 10. Pink. Mauritius. 1818. 
 
 Nepaie'nsis (Nepaul). 6. Yellow. February. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 orna'ta (ornamented). 5. Orange. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 paradisi'aca (paradise. Plantain). 20. Pink. 
 
 November. Tropics. 1690. 
 
 rosa'cea (rosy). 15. Pink. March. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1805. 
 
 supie'ntum (wise-men's. Banana). 20. Pink. 
 
 June. Tropics. 172Q. 
 
 supe'rba (superb). 14. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 zebri'na (zebra). 10. Purple. E.Ind. 1820i 
 BANANA AND PLANTAIN CULTURE. Pro- 
 pagation. Sir J. Paxton has suggested,, 
 that immediately the fruit is cut from 
 the old plants, these be taken out of 
 their tubs, partially disrooted, and placed 
 in pots to produce suckers, which they 
 will do readily, especially if plunged in a 
 bottom-heat of about 85 P . These suckers 
 are removed into smaller pots, and culti- 
 vated from pot to pot, and thence to the 
 tul>, in which they are fruited. 
 
 Soil. The soil must be exceedingly 
 rich, and by no means adhesive; rather 
 of a light character, and well-drained, in 
 order that eopious supplies of water may 
 be given. 
 
 Culture. A lively heat is the great 
 essential, with a liberal amount of atmo- 
 spheric moisture. A thermometer ranging 
 from 7v) to 90 during the bright part of 
 the year, and from 60 to 70 during 
 the duller portion, will be requisite. 
 
 Suckers will produce fruit within the 
 year; and if one be approaching too 
 close on the heels of another in ripening; 
 the whole spadix of trait of the one may 
 
MU3 
 
 [ DO* ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 be cut off, with a portion of the stem 
 just where the upper tier of fruit b 
 ripening, and suspended in a dry and 
 airy room, after the manner of late 
 grapes. Sir J. Pax ton observes, that " he 
 has had capital fruit from a spadix two 
 months after it was cut." The produce of 
 one plant will weigh from 15 to 30 pounds. 
 MUSCA'KI. Grape Hyacinth. (From 
 moschoB, musk ; the smell of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceffi]. Linn. 
 fi-Hexandria lL-Mcmogynia. Allied to 
 Hyacinth us.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. For culture, nee HYA.CI'NTHTTS. 
 M. botryni'iies (botrys-like). $. Blue. April. 
 
 Italy. 1596. 
 a' I bum (white). $, White. April. 
 
 Italy. J596. 
 pa'llidum (pale). . PA!C blue. April 
 
 Italy. 1596. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Brown, purple. 
 
 May. Crimea. 1822. 
 
 commnta'tum (darA-purple). . Blue. Italy. 
 
 1836. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). $. Blue. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1506. 
 
 mon&tro'sum (monstrous). $. Pale blue. 
 
 April. South Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). |. Purple, green. 
 
 May. Persia. 1825. 
 
 macroca'rpum (large-fruited). $. Green, 
 
 yellow. April. Levant. 15g6. 
 
 moscha'tum (musky). J. Blue, yellow. April. 
 
 Levant. 1596. 
 
 pa' liens (pallid). $. Pale blue. May. 
 
 Crimea. 1822. 
 
 parviflo'nim (small-flowered). Blue. April. 
 
 Sicilv. 1827. 
 
 /?e<MneM/aVe(tong-flower-stalked). . Blue. 
 
 April. 
 
 rucemo'sum (racemed). $. Blue. April. 
 
 Europe. 1780. 
 
 mi'nus (smaller). . Blue. April. Eu- 
 rope. 1/80. 
 
 MUSHROOM. Aga'ricus campe'stris. 
 
 Mushroom-beds, for winter production, 
 should be formed in August, and once in 
 two months after, of dry materials, such 
 as four or five barrowsful of horse-drop- 
 pings, which have been saved for the 
 purpose, four or five barrowsful of road- 
 sweepings, and four or five barrowsful of 
 dry, husky dung from the stable dung- 
 heap. Let these be all well turned over 
 three or four times to sweeten in some 
 dry place. If the mixture should be 
 found too dry to ferment sufficiently, then 
 sprinkle it with a little water at the time 
 of its being turned over. Shake it and 
 mix it well together. The quantity of 
 materials depends on the size of the beds 
 required. The place where the beds are 
 to be made should be dry at bottom. 
 The materials being in good condition, 
 proceed to make up your bed as solid and 
 
 firm as it can be beat together with the 
 fork, whether in ridges or half ridges, or 
 whatever shape may be thought most 
 convenient. Let the outside be beaten 
 smooth and well with a shovel or spade. 
 Then insert a stick to prove the tempe- 
 rature of the bed by. In about ten days 
 after the bed has been made it will be fit 
 for spawning, if all has gone on well, and 
 the heat be found about that of cows' 
 milk; but if the heat be too great, defer it 
 for another week, and shake open the bed 
 a little to let off the rank heat. If too 
 cold, add a little fresh materials, and work 
 it up well together. Before putting in 
 the spawn make the beds firm, smooth, 
 and even; then open holes with the hand 
 about an inch below the surface, and 
 eight inches apart every way. Place in 
 each hole a moderate-sized lump or hand- 
 ful of bits of spawn, and cover it over 
 again with the same dry materials of the 
 bed. If there is no fear of the bed being 
 too hot, it may be covered over at the 
 same time, about an inch and a half 
 thick, with good turfy loam, rather dry, 
 and run through a sieve first. When all 
 is regularly covered over, sprinkle the 
 whole with water from a fine rose water- 
 pot, and pat the whole surface down level, 
 leaving it as smooth as a fresh-plastered 
 wall. Let it remain to dry off, giving 
 plenty of air to dry it off the quicker. 
 After this, the bed should have a covering 
 of anything like mouldy hay, such as tops 
 and bottoms from the hay-rick, or hay- 
 bands untwisted, or the like. Cover up 
 according to the heat of the beds. If 
 you have any doubt whether it is too hot, 
 let the covering be light ; and at all times 
 the short mulch, when gathering the 
 mushrooms, should be cleared off from 
 the bed's surface, or it will exhaust the 
 bed by the encouragement it gives to the 
 spawn to run out. A little additional 
 itter may be added as required, so as to 
 jeep the beds in regular and uniform 
 searing, and gentle applications of tepid 
 iquid-manure will be found of great 
 9enefit to those beds that have been well 
 gathered from. Where the convenience 
 of hot-water pipes, or other artificial 
 means, can be commanded for mushroom 
 ulture, so that the right temperature can 
 be at all times maintained, no kind cf lit- 
 ;er-covering need be applied. Mushroom- 
 aeds are always best made under cover, and 
 even a cart-shed can be very easily con- 
 erted into an excellent mushroom-house, 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 553 ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 Warm and gentle moisture has much, to 
 do with the growth of the mushrooms ; 
 therefore, if the shed is covered in with 
 slate or tiles, the space between the 
 rafters inside should be well stuffed with 
 straw of any kind, which can *be fastened 
 up by nailing cross strips of boards from 
 rafter to rafter. Then, after the bed 
 is made, spawned, and finished, the front 
 of the shed may be stopped up with thick 
 and well-thatched hurdles, which would 
 be warmer and better than any other thin 
 permanent enclosure. These hurdles 
 can be readily opened whenever light is 
 wanting, either to examine the beds, or 
 to cover, or to uncover, or to collect, the 
 mushrooms It is also convenient to be 
 able to open the house opposite where 
 you wish, either to get in fresh materials 
 to make a new bed with, or to take out 
 an old one. If the length of the shed 
 be from 21 to 30 feet, it should give a 
 large supply of mushrooms during the 
 winter and spring months. The beds 
 should be made along the back of the 
 house. 
 
 Previously to making up the beds, a 
 board about nine inches high should be 
 placed as a frontage-board, from three to 
 four feet distant from the wall, which is 
 a good width for the bottom of the bed. 
 This front board may be supported up- 
 right by driving three or four short stakes 
 into the floor. The bed may be from 
 two to three feet high at the back, sloping 
 down to nine inches in front, which will 
 give a very convenient width to reach 
 over for all necessary purposes. Have 
 the materials ready to make the 'first bed 
 about the last week in August. Let this 
 occupy one-third of the length of the 
 shed. Make up another of the same 
 size about the last week in October, and 
 the remaining third about the 1st of Ja- 
 nuary. 
 
 In four or five weeks after spawning, 
 in spring and autumn, the bed should 
 begin to produce, but not until much 
 later in summer and winter ; and if kept 
 dry and warm, it will continue to do so 
 for several months. 
 
 A gathering may take place two or 
 three times a week, according to the pro- 
 ductiveness of the bed. It sometimes 
 happens that beds will not come into 
 production for five or six months ; they 
 should not, therefore, be impatiently de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Watering. In autumn, the bed will 
 
 not require water until the first crop is 
 gathered, but it is then to be repeated 
 after every gathering; a sprinkling only 
 is necessary. In spring and summer, 
 during dry weather, the same, course is 
 to be pursued. As excessive or unequal 
 moisture is studiously to be avoided, the 
 best mode of applying the water is to 
 pour it through a rose-pan on to a thin 
 layer of hay, which has previously been 
 spread over the bed, and thus allow it to 
 percolate by degrees. In winter, water- 
 ings are not allowable ; to keep the 
 mould moist, hot fermenting mulch may 
 be put on outside the covering. If the 
 bed is in the open ground, on a warm 
 day succeeding to wet weather, it may be 
 left uncovered for not more than two or 
 three hours. During excessive rains, the 
 additional covering of mats, &c., must 
 be afforded ; and, on the other hand, if 
 a moderate, warm shower occurs during 
 summer, after excessive droughts, it may 
 be fully admitted, by taking off the co- 
 vering. 
 
 Mode of Gathering. In gathering, the 
 covering being carefully turned off, only 
 such are to be taken as are half an inch 
 or more in diameter before they become 
 flat, but are compact and firm. Old 
 mushrooms, especially, should be rejected 
 for the table, as it is found that some 
 which are innoxious when young become 
 dangerous when tending to decay ; they 
 also then lose much of their flavour. 
 
 Each mushroom is detached by a gentle 
 twist completely to the root; a knife 
 must never be employed, for the stumps 
 left in the ground decay, arid become the 
 nursery of maggots, which are liable to 
 infect the succeeding crop. 
 
 Other Modes of Cultivation. Some 
 gardeners merely vary from the preceding 
 by building entirely of dung, without any 
 layers of earth. Many gardeners grow 
 mushrooms in the same bed with their 
 melons and cucumbers. The spawn is 
 inserted in the mould, and on the hills 
 of the beds, as soon as the burning heat 
 is passed. In September or October, 
 when the bines of the plants decay, the 
 bed is carefully cleaned, the glasses put 
 on and kept close, and when the earth 
 becomes dry, water is frequently but 
 moderately given, as well as every gentle 
 shower admitted when necessary. A gen- 
 tle heat is thus caused, and the produce 
 is often extraordinarily abundant, fre- 
 quently two bushels, from a frame ten 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 554] 
 
 MUS 
 
 feet by six, and mushrooms have been 
 produced two pounds in weight. 
 
 Hampers or boxes containing about 
 four inches depth of fresh, dry stable- 
 dung, or, in preference, of a mixture of 
 three barrow-loads of horse-dung, and 
 one perfectly dry cow-dung, well pressed 
 in, may be set in some situation where 
 neither damp nor frost can enter. After 
 two or three days, or as soon as heat is 
 generated, the spawn may be inserted ; a 
 mushroom brick is to be broken into 
 three equal parts, and each fragment to 
 be laid four inches asunder on the sur- 
 face of the dung ; after six days, an inch 
 and a half depth of fresh dung to be 
 beaten down as before. In the course of 
 a fortnight, or as soon as it is found that 
 that the spawn has run nearly through 
 the whole of the dung, fine earth must 
 be applied two inches and a half thick, 
 and the surface made level. In five or 
 six weeks the mushrooms will begin to 
 come up, and if the mould appear dry, 
 may then be gently watered, the water 
 being slightly heated. Each box will 
 continue in production six or eight weeks. 
 
 Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the 
 Emperor of Russia, introduced a house 
 
 purposely constructed for the growth of 
 the mushroom. The house is found of 
 great use in storing brocoli during the 
 winter. It is usually built against the 
 back wall of a forcing-house, as in the 
 annexed plan ; but if built unconnected 
 with another building, the only necessary 
 alteration is to have a hipped instead of 
 a lean-to roof. The outside wall, o H, 
 should be eight feet and a half high for 
 
 four heights, the width ten- feet within 
 the walls, which is most convenient, as it 
 admits shelves three feet and a half wide 
 on each side, and a space up the middle 
 three feet wide, for a double flue, arid 
 wall upon it. 
 
 When the outside of the house is 
 finished, a floor or ceiling is made over 
 it, as high as the top of the outside walls, 
 of boards one inch thick, and plastered 
 on the upper side, e e, with road-sand, 
 well wrought together, an inch thick ; 
 square trunks,/, being left in the ceiling, 
 nine inches in diameter, up the middle 
 of the house, at six feet apart, with slides, 
 s, to ventilate with when necessary. 
 
 Two single brick walls, v v, each five 
 bricks high, are then to be erected at 
 three feet and a half from the outside 
 walls, to hold up the sides of the floor- 
 beds, a a, and form at the same time one 
 side of the air flues. Upon these walls, 
 v v, are to be laid planks four inches and 
 a half wide, and three inches thick, in 
 which are to be mortised the standards, 
 k /c, which support the shelves: These 
 standards to be three inches and a half 
 square, and four feet and a half asunder, 
 fastened at the top, k A, into the ceiling. 
 The cross bearers, i i, i i, which support 
 the shelves, o o, must be mortised into 
 the bearers and into the walls; the first 
 set of bearers being two feet from the 
 floor, and each succeeding one to be at 
 the same distance from the one- below it. 
 The shelves, o e, are to be of boards one 
 inch and a half thick, each shelf having 
 a ledge in front, of boards one inch 
 thick and eight inches deep, to support 
 the front of the beds, fastened outside 
 the standards. The flue to commence at 
 the end of the house next the door, and 
 running the whole length, to return back 
 parallel, and communicate with the chim- 
 ney; the walls of the insides to be the 
 height of four bricks laid flat,and six inches 
 wide ; this will allow a cavity, t, on each 
 side betwixt the flues, two inches wide, to 
 admit the heat from their sides into the 
 house. The middle cavity, x y, should 
 be covered with tiles, leaving a space of 
 one inch betwixt each. The top of the 
 flue, including the covering, should not 
 be higher than the walls that form the 
 fronts of the floor-beds. The wall itself 
 is covered with three rows of tiles, the 
 centre one covering the cavity, x y, as 
 before mentioned ; the outside cavities, 
 1 1, are left uncovered. 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 555 ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 As the compost, the formation of the 
 beds, &c., are very different from the 
 common practice, we will give Mr. Old- 
 aker's directions. The compost employed 
 is fresh horse -dung, which has been 
 subject neither to wet nor fermentation, 
 cleared of the long straw, but one-fourth 
 of the short litter allowed to remain, with 
 one fourth of dry turf-mould, or other 
 fresh earth. 
 
 The beds are to be made by placing a 
 layer of tbe above compost, three inches 
 thick, on the shelves and floor, which 
 must be beaten as close as possible with 
 a flat mallet, fresh layers being added and 
 consolidated until the bed is seven inches 
 thick, and its surface as level as possible. 
 If the beds are thicker, the fermentation 
 caused will be too powerful ; or if much 
 less, the heat will be insufficient for the 
 nourishment of the spawn. As soon as 
 the beds intimate a warmth of 80 or 90, 
 they are to be beaten a second time, to 
 render them still more solid, and holes 
 made with a dibble, three inches in di- 
 ameter and nine apart, through the com- 
 post, in every part of the beds ; these 
 prevent too great a degree of heat arising 
 and causing rottenness. 
 
 If the beds do not attain a proper heat 
 in four or five days after being put to- 
 gether, another layer, two inches thick, 
 must be added. If this does not increase 
 the heat, part of the beds must be re- 
 moved, and fresh horse-droppings mixed 
 with the remainder. The spawn is to be 
 inserted in three or four days after mak- 
 ing the holes, when the thermometer in- 
 dicates the desired degree of heat, the 
 irisides of the holes are dry ; and while 
 the heat is on tbe decline, every hole is 
 to be filled, either with lumps or frag- 
 ments of spawn, well beaten in, and the 
 surface made level. 
 
 In a fortnight, if the spawn is vegetat- 
 ing freely, and the beds are required 
 for immediate production, they may be 
 earthed over; but those for succession 
 left unearthed, three or four weeks in 
 summer, and four or five in winter. If 
 the spawn is introduced in hot weather, 
 air must be admitted as freely as possible 
 until the spawn has spread itself through 
 the beds. 
 
 The soil employed should be maiden 
 earth, with turf well reduced; neither 
 too dry nor too wet, otherwise it will not 
 be capable of being beaten solid. It must 
 be laid regularly over the beds two inches 
 
 thick. From the time of earthing, the 
 room is to be kept at a temperature of 
 50 or 55. If higher, it will weaken or 
 destroy the spawn ; if lower, it will vege- 
 tate slowly ; and if watered in that state, 
 numbers of mushroom swill be prevented 
 attaining perfection. Water must be ap- 
 plied with extreme caution, being nearly 
 as warm as new milk, and sprinkled over 
 the beds with a syringe or small watering- 
 pot. Cold water destroys both the crop 
 and the beds. If suffered to become dry, 
 it is better to give several light than one 
 heavy watering. 
 
 Beds thus managed will bear for se- 
 veral months ; and a constant supply of 
 mushrooms kept up by earthing but one 
 bed or more every two or three months. 
 
 If, when in full production, the mush- 
 rooms become long-stemmed and weak, 
 the temperature is certainly too high, 
 and air must be proportionately admitted. 
 As the beds decline, to renovate them 
 the earth must be taken off clean, and if 
 the dung is decayed they must be re- 
 formed, any good spawn being preserved 
 that may appear; but if the beds are dry, 
 solid, and full of good spawn, a fresh 
 layer of compost, three or four inches 
 thick, must be added, mixed a little with 
 the old, and beaten solid as before. 
 
 Mushrooms may be grown in a cellar, 
 or other vaulted place, with equal suc- 
 cess, and not unfrequently with a greater 
 advantage, the same rules being adopted ; 
 but no fire is necessary, and less water. 
 
 Spawn : where to be found. Spawn is 
 constituted of masses of white fibres, 
 arising from the seeds of mushrooms 
 that have fallen into situations suitable 
 for their germination, from which it is to 
 be obtained : such places are stable dung- 
 hills, dungy horse-rides in stable-yards, 
 horse mill-tracks, dry spongy composts : 
 the droppings of hard-fed horses also 
 produce it in greater abundance than the 
 dung of any other animal, and more 
 sparingly under sheds, where horses, 
 oxen, or sheep have been kept. The 
 dung of the two latter affords it in greater 
 perfection than that of grass-fed horses. 
 It has also been found in pigeons' dung ; 
 but the most certain mode of obtaining it 
 is to open the ground about mushrooms 
 growing in pastures, though it is said not 
 to be so productive. 
 
 Time of Collecting. July, August, and 
 September, it being reckoned in the 
 greatest perfection in this last month. It 
 
MUS 
 
 MUS 
 
 may be found, however, and should he 
 collected, when it appears in the spring. 
 It generally occurs spread through the 
 texture of cakes, or lumps of dry, rotted 
 dung. Put it in a heap under a dry shed; 
 and a current of air, passing through the 
 shed, is of great utility. If kept dry, 
 spawn may he preserved three or four 
 years ; if damp, it will either vegetate be- 
 fore being planted or putrefy. 
 
 Spawn must not be so far advanced in 
 vegetation as to appear in threads or 
 fibres; for, when in this state, it is no 
 longer applicable to a mushroom-bed ; it 
 may produce a mushroom if left to itself, 
 but otherwise is useless. Spawn proper 
 for inserting in a bed should have the 
 appearance of indistinct white mould. 
 
 May be raised. Spawn is capable of 
 being raised artificially. The following 
 is the manner: Two barrow-loads of 
 cow -dung, not grass-feel, one load of 
 sheep's-dung, and one of horses', well- 
 dried and broken so small as to pass 
 through a coarse sieve, are well mixed, 
 and laid in a conical heap during March, 
 in a dry shed, being well trod as it is 
 formed, to check its heating excessively. 
 This heap is covered with hot dung, four 
 inches thick, or only with mats if the 
 shed is warm; for here, as in all the 
 stages of growth, the heat should only 
 range between 55 and 60. In about a 
 month the heap is examined; and if the 
 spawn has not begun to run, which is 
 shown by indistinct white fibres pervad- 
 ing its texture, another covering, of equal 
 thickness to the first, is applied over the 
 old one ; in another month it will indu- 
 bitably make its appearance. The time 
 varies from three to ten weeks. 
 
 May be increased. If a small quantity 
 of spawn only can be collected, it may 
 be increased in the following methods, 
 the first of which is chiefly recommend- 
 able on account of its simplicity and fa- 
 cility of adoption : 
 
 Small pieces of the spawn may be 
 planted a foot asunder, just beneath the 
 surface of the mould of a cucumber-bed 
 constructed in the spring. In about two 
 months the surface of the spawn will as- 
 sume a mouldy appearance ; it may then 
 be taken up, with thf3 earth adhering to it, 
 and when dried stored as before directed. 
 
 The second mode is variously prac- 
 tised. In the course of May a heap of 
 the droppings of cows, sheep, and horses, 
 or any one or two of them, without the 
 
 admixture of any undecornposed straw, 
 is to be collected, and one-fifth of road- 
 scraping with one-twentieth of coal-ashes 
 added, the whole being mixed together 
 with as much of the drainings from a 
 dunghill as will make it of the consist- 
 ency of mortar. Being well incorporated, 
 it is then to be spread in a dry, sheltered, 
 airy place, on a smooth surface, and 
 beaten flat with a spade. When become 
 of the consistency of clay, it is to be cut 
 into slabs about eight inches square, a 
 hole punched half through the middle of 
 each, and piled to dry, an opening being 
 left between every two bricks. When 
 perfectly dry, a fragment of the spawn is 
 to be buried in the hole previously made: 
 it will shortly spread through the whole 
 texture of the slabs, if kept in a warm, dry 
 place, when each may be broken into 
 four pieces, and when quite dry laid on 
 shelves separate, and not in heaps, 
 otherwise a bed will be formed for the 
 spawn to run in. Mr. Wales recommends 
 the composition to consist of three-parts 
 horse-dung without litter, two of rotten 
 tree-leaves, two of cow -dung, one of 
 rotten tanner's bark, and one of sheep's 
 dung, mixed to the consistency of mortar, 
 and moulded in small frames like those 
 used by brick-makers, six inches long, 
 four broad, and three deep. Three holes 
 to be made half through the bricks, an 
 inch apart, with a blunt dibble, for the 
 reception of the spawn. They should 
 be put on boards for the convenience of 
 moving abroad during fine days, as they 
 must be made perfectly dry, which they 
 often appear to be on the outside when 
 they are far otherwise internally. Before 
 they are perfectly dry they require great 
 care in handling and turning, from their 
 aptitude to break ; but in about three 
 weeks, if dry weather, when perfectly 
 dried, they become quite firm. To per- 
 vade them with the spawn, a layer of 
 fresh horse-litter, which has laid in a 
 heap to sweeten, as for a hotbed, must be 
 formed, six inches thick, in a dry shed. 
 On this a course of the bricks is to be 
 laid, and their holes completely filled 
 with spawn ; and, as the bricks are laid 
 in rows upon each other, the upper side 
 of each is to be scattered over with som<* 
 of the same. The bricks are not placed 
 so as to touch, so that the heat and 
 steam of the dung may circulate equally 
 and freely. The heap is to terminata 
 with a single brick, and when completed 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 507 ] 
 
 MYA 
 
 covered with a layer, six inches thick, of 
 hot dung, to he reinforced with an ad- 
 ditional three inches after a lapse of two 
 weeks. The spawn will generally have 
 thoroughly run through the bricks after 
 another fortnight. If, however, upon 
 examination, this is not found to he the 
 case, they must remain for ten days 
 longer. The hricks heing allowed to dry 
 for a few days hefore they are stored, 
 'svill then keep for many years. 
 
 Mr. Oldaker recommends the hricks to 
 be made of fresh horse-droppings, mixed 
 with short litter, to which must be added 
 one-third of cow-dung, and a small por- 
 tion of earth, to cement them together. 
 The spawn to he inserted when they are 
 half dry. 
 
 Quantity required. One bushel of 
 spawn is required for a bed five feet by 
 ten ; two bushels for one double that 
 length ; and so on in proportion. 
 
 MUSK-AKHO. Hibi'scus abelmo' schus. 
 
 MUSK-FLO WEE. Mi'mulus moscha'tus. 
 
 MUSSJE'NDA. The Cingalese name of 
 M.f rondo' sa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo- 
 nogytiia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, in 
 heat, under a glass, in May; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 50; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M. cocci' nea (scarlet). 20. Red. August. Trini- 
 dad. 1825. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). Orange. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1827. 
 
 frondo'sa (leafy). 8. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 1814. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 6. Orange. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Orange. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 182/. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 6. Red. August. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1820. 
 
 MUSTARD (Sina'pis a'lba~) succeeds best 
 in a fine, rich, mouldy loam. In early 
 spring, and late in autumn, the situation 
 should be sheltered, and, during the 
 height of summer, shaded from the 
 meridian sun. 
 
 Sowing, for salading, may be through- 
 out the year. From the beginning of 
 November to the same period of March, 
 in a gentle hotbed, or in the corner of a 
 stove. From the close of February to 
 the close of April it may be sown in the 
 open ground, on a warm, sheltered bor- 
 der, and from thence to the middle of 
 September in a shady one. For salad- 
 ing, sow in flat-bottomed drills, about a 
 quarter of an inch deep, and six inches 
 apart. The seed cannot well be sown too 
 thick. The earth which covers the seed 
 
 should be very fine. Water must be 
 given in dry weather, as a due supply of 
 moisture is the chief inducement to a 
 quick vegetation. The sowings are to be 
 performed once or twice in a fortnight, 
 according to the demand. Cress (Le- 
 pi'dium sfili'vum} is the most constant 
 accompaniment of this salad-herb; and 
 as the mode of cultivation for each is the 
 same, it is only necessary to remark that, 
 as cress is rather slower in vegetating 
 than mustard, it must, for the obtain- 
 ing them in perfection at the same 
 time, be sown five or six days earlier. 
 Cut for use whilst young, and before the 
 rough leaves appear. 
 
 To obtain Seed, sow thin. When the 
 seedlings have attained four leaves, thin 
 them to eight or nine inches apart. If 
 dry weather occurs at the time of flower- 
 ing, water may be applied with great 
 advantage to their roots. The plants 
 flower in June, and are fit for cutting 
 when their pods are brown. They must 
 be thoroughly dried before threshing and 
 storing. 
 
 Forcing. For forcing, sow in boxes or 
 pans, even if a hotbed is appropriated to 
 the purpose. Pans of rotten tan are to 
 be preferred to pots or boxes of mould ; 
 but whichever is employed, the seed must 
 be sown thick, and other directions at- 
 tended to, as for the open-ground crops. 
 The hotbed need only be moderate. 
 
 MUTI'SIA. (Named after C. Mutis, a 
 South American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia2-Super/lua. Allied to Barnadesia. ) 
 
 Stove climbers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 gentle bottom-heat. Common stove temp. M. 
 iutifo'lia should be tried against a wall. 
 M. arachnoi'dea (cobweb-like). 6. Red. July. 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 10. S. Amer. 1832. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Valparaiso. 1832. 
 
 MY'AGRUM. (From myia, a fly, and 
 agra, capture ; referring to the clammi- 
 ness of the plant. Nat. ord., Crucifers 
 [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. 
 Allied to Isatis.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in open border, in April. 
 M. perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). . Pale 
 yellow. June. France. 1648. 
 
 MYA'NTHUS. Flywort. (From myia, 
 a fly, and anthos, a flower; its appearance 
 when dried. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 ceffi]. IAnn.,2Q-Gyn<tndria l-Monandria.) 
 
 Flowers of M. barba'tus and Moniicha'ntlius 
 vi'ridis have been produced on a spike of Catu- 
 
MYC 
 
 [ 558 ] 
 
 MYR 
 
 seftum, showing the uncertainty of the laws on 
 which genera and species are founded in Orchids. 
 Catuse'tum being the older name, Monachanthus 
 and Myanthus have been united to it. See CATA- 
 SE'TUM. 
 
 MYCARA'NTHES. (An orchid, allied to 
 Eria. Same derivation as Myanthus. For 
 culture, see CATASE'TUM.) 
 
 M. obli'qua (twisted- leaoed). White. Singapore. 
 1840. 
 
 MYGI'NDA. (Named after C. Mygind, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Spindle- 
 trees [Celastraceoe]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 
 3-Tetragynia. Allied to Elfieodendron.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, all white-flowered but one. 
 M. myrtifij'lia is hardy ; propagated by cuttings 
 O! the ripi:aed shouts m sitnd, under ahaiid-light, 
 in autumn ; the others require stove-treatment, 
 and are propagated by ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in heat ; loam and peat, sandy and 
 fibry. 
 
 M. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 4. Martinique. 
 18-26. 
 
 latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 4. April. W. Ind. 
 
 1795. 
 
 myrtifu'tia (myrtle-leaved). 4. June. N. 
 
 Anier. 1818. 
 
 Rhaco'mn (Rhacoma). 4. Jamaica. 1798. 
 
 uragu'ga (diuretic). 4. Purple. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1790. 
 
 MYLOCA'RYUM. Buckwheat-tree. (From 
 myle, a mill, and karyon, a nut ; having 
 four-winged seeds. Nat. ord., Cyrilluds 
 [Cyrillacese]. Linn., 10 - Decandria, 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam 
 and dried leaf-mould ; sheltered, dry, warm bor- 
 der, or the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 M. ligustri'num (privet-like). 6. White. May. 
 Georgia. 
 
 MYO'PORUM. (From myo, to shut, and 
 poros, a pore, or opening ; referring to 
 the transparent spots on the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Myoporads [Myoporacese]. Linn., 
 l<i-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from New South Wales. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots, getting firm at their base, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in April; loam and peat, fibry 
 and sandy, with pieces of charcoal intermixed. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48. M. parvifo'lium and 
 others would, no doubt, succeed against a wall, 
 where protection could be given in winter. 
 M. acumina'tum (pointcd-feawrf). 3. 1812. 
 
 crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved). 1$. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1822. 
 
 diffu'surn (spreading) . 3. April. 
 
 elli'pticum (oval-fcaoed). 2. February. 1789. 
 
 insula're (island). 3. February. 1800. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 2. 1823. 
 
 oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 3. 1803. 
 
 parvifo'lium (small-leaved). 1803. 
 
 terra' turn (sa.w-leaDed), 6, White, purple. 
 
 May. 
 
 tubercula'tum (tubercled). 3. 1803. 
 
 MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. (From 
 
 mys, a mouse, and otis, an ear; resem 
 blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Borage- 
 worts [Boraginaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria Y-Monogynia,) 
 
 Seed for annuals, and also for the perennial 
 herbaceous species ; most of the latter freely, by 
 dividing the root in spring; the scarcer ones by 
 cuttings in a shady place, in summer, under a 
 hand-light ; moist places, by the side of ditches 
 and ponds, suit most of them. M . palu'stris is 
 the true Forget-me-not. It, as well as others, 
 may be treated like alpine plants in winter, and 
 have a saucer of water below the pot in summer, 
 when they will bloom long and well. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M. alpe'stris (alpine). . Blue. July. Swit- 
 zerland. 1818. 
 
 Azo'ric't (Azorean). 1. Dark blue. August. 
 
 Azores. 1846. 
 
 azu'rea (light blue). Blue. June. Corvo. 1842. 
 
 ceespitu'sa (tufted). f . Blue. June. Britain. 
 marrocu'lyx (large- calysed). |. Blue. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). $. Blue. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). . Blue. July. Europe. 1800. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 1. Blue, yellow. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). 1. Pale blue. June. Britain. 
 
 rupi'cola (rock). Blue. Scotland. 
 
 spnrsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). l. Blue. 
 
 May. South France. 1822. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 M. aroe'nsis a'ltia (white-corn-field). . White. 
 June. Britain. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). Blue. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 Califo'rnica (Californian). 1$. White. Au- 
 
 gust. California. 1837. 
 
 clava'ta (c\\ib-leaved). Blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 1829. 
 
 colli'na (hill). *. Blue. May. Britain. 
 
 commuta'ta (changed). Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 litora'lis (sea-shore). Blue, yellow. April. 
 
 Caspian Sea. 1836. 
 
 peduncula'ris (long - flowered - stalked). l. 
 
 Blue. June. Astracan. 1824. 
 
 ungula'ta (clawed). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 MY'RCIA. (A name of Venus. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtlellooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Myr- 
 tus.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 stubby young shoots, getting a little firm at their 
 base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild 
 bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat and fibry loam, 
 with charcoal nodules to keep it open. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 M. a'cris (sharp-flavoured). 20. June. W. Ind. 
 1759. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted). 4. May. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 coriu'cea (leathery - leaved'). 4. Carribean 
 
 Isles. 1759. 
 
 crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). May. Guiana. 
 
 1780. 
 
 pimentoi'des (allspice-like). 20. May. W. Ind. 
 
 pseu'do-mi'ni (false-mini). May. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 soro'ria (sister). 5. May. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 12, May. Hispaniola. 1828. 
 
 MYRIA'CHS. (From myrios, a myriad, 
 
MYR 
 
 [ 559 ] 
 
 MYR 
 
 and aktin, a sunbeam ; referring to the 
 florets. Nat.ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua. Allied 
 to Bellis.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Seeds in spring, in a 
 gentle heat ; division of the plant as growth com- 
 mences ; sandy loam ; the protection of a cold 
 pit will generally be necessary in winter. 
 M. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). White. June. Persia. 
 1836. 
 
 MYKIADE'NUS. (From myrios,a. myriad, 
 and uden, a gland ; the leaves are thickly 
 beset with glands. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 
 4:-Deeandria.) 
 
 Stove biennial. Seeds sown at the end of Au- 
 gust in a hotbed ; seedlings potted off, and kept 
 over the winter in a medium temperature of 50, 
 and rather dry, and potted again in spring, will 
 flower in the beginning of summer ; sown in 
 spring in a hotbed, and similarly treated, they 
 will bloom towards autumn ; light, rich, sandy 
 soil. 
 
 M. tetraphy'llus (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 MYRI'CA. Candleberry Myrtle. (From 
 myrio, to flow; inhabiting the banks of 
 rivers. Nat. ord., Galeworts [Myricacese]. 
 Linn., 22-Dicetia k-Tetrandria.) 
 
 The berries of M, ceri'fera yield a large pro- 
 portion of wax, of which candles are made ; hence 
 the name. Greenhouse kinds, by cuttings under 
 glass, in a shady place, in autumn and spring, 
 but without bottom-heat; peat, moist and sandy, 
 Hardy kinds, by seeds sown as soon as ripe, by 
 layers, by cuttings, and by suckers and division. 
 The ga'le is one of our hardiest plants, and is 
 used for many purposes, such as placing itfi leafy, 
 dried twigs among clothes to give them an agree- 
 able scent, and keep away moths, and to banish 
 vermin from beds. The berries put into beer 
 render it as intoxicating as those of the Co'cculus 
 1'vdicus, and, when distilled while they are fresh, 
 they yield an essential oil. All like rather moist, 
 sandy peat. 
 
 HARDY SHRUBS. 
 
 Jf. ceri'fera (wax-bearing). 8. May. N. Amer. 
 1699. Deciduous. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1730. Evergreen. 
 
 ga'le (iw?*-gale). 4. May. Britain. De- 
 
 ciduous. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVEKGP.EJIN SRTIUJT.S. 
 M. tscule'nta (eatable-ierrird). 20. May. Ne- 
 paul. J817. 
 
 torsu'ta (hairy). June. Cftpe of Good Hope. 
 
 ilaeica'na (Mexic.xn). 8. February. Mexico. 
 
 1823. 
 
 quercifo'lia (oak-leavtd). 3. June. Caps of 
 
 Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 MYRICA'RIA. (From myrike, the Greek 
 name of the Tamarisk. Nat. ord., T<ana- 
 rinks [Tamaiicaceaf}]. Lirm., IG-Monn- 
 dolphin 5-Oclandria. ) 
 
 Hardy, pink-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in spring or autumn, in 
 eandy soil, under a bell-glass ; or, if under a hand- 
 light, all the better; sandy loam and leaf-mould, 
 and ill cue better for a little peat. 
 
 If. Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Dahuria. 1816. 
 
 Germu'nica (German). 8. July. Germany. 15&2- 
 
 MYRIOPHY'LLUM. Water-Milfoil. (From 
 myrios, a myriad, and phyllon, a leaf. 
 Nat. ord., Hippurids [Haloragacese], 
 Linn.. 2l-Moncecia Q-Polyandria. Allied 
 to Hippuris.) 
 
 Hardy perennial, British water-plants, suitable 
 for the margins of lakes, ponds, &c. Chiefly by 
 division ; ponds and ditches ; interesting little 
 aquatics. 
 M. alterniflo'rum (alternate-flowered). 1. July. 
 
 pectina'tum (comb-leaved). Rose. July. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 1. Red. July. 
 
 verticillu' turn (whorled). 1. Green. July. 
 
 MYRI'STICA. Nutmeg. (From myris- 
 ticos, sweet-smelling. Nat. ord., Nutmegs 
 [MyristicaceaeJ. Linn., 22-Z>icta 13- 
 Monadelphia . ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoot* 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp,, 
 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 M.fu'tua (tasteless). 30. Green, white. Suri- 
 nam. 1812. 
 
 moseha'ta (musky. True Nutmeg). 30. Pale 
 
 yellow. E. Ind. 1795. 
 
 tebifera (wax-bearing). 10. Yellow, green. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 MYRO'DIA. (From myron, fragrant 
 
 balsam, and odme, smell. Nat. ord., Sttr- 
 
 ' culiads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn., 16-Moa- 
 
 1 delphia S-Polyandria. Allied to Helic- 
 
 teres. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat; 
 rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55; summer. 
 60 to 85. 
 
 M . turbina'ta (top-shaped-ea^ared). 6. White. 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 MYROSPE 'RMUM. ( From myron, myrrh , 
 or aromatic balsam, and sperma, a seed ; 
 the seeds yield a strong- smelling resin. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to Soph or a.) 
 
 This is the genus which produces the Balsam of 
 Tolu and Balsam of Peru, used in perfumery and 
 in the preparation of lozenges. Stove evergreen 
 trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 in summer, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; lop.m and peat, with an addition of silver 
 hand and icaf-mould. Wmter temp., 55; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 85. 
 
 M- frute'Ncen? (shrubby). 10. Rose. May. Ca- 
 raccas. 1824. 
 
 (P>iTu-bnlsam-'bKaring). 40. Whit. 
 Peru. 1&24. 
 
 (downy). 40. White. Carthagena. 
 
 Tolui'fcruia (Tolu-bearing). 40. Cream. S. 
 Amer. 1/33. 
 
 MY'F.TIHIS. Myrrh. (From mymih^ 
 myrrh, or perfumed balsam. Nut. ord., 
 UmbeUiJiv* [Apiacece]. Linn., 5-Pcnta&- 
 dria 3-/>/</y/ua. Allied to Scandix.) 
 
MYR 
 
 [ 560 ] 
 
 NAI 
 
 This is the British Myrrh, formerly used in 
 various ways. Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, dividing 
 at the root, and slips inserted early in spring in a 
 shady place ; common garden-soil. 
 M. odora'tn (sweet-scented). 24. White. May. 
 Britain. 
 
 MY'RSINE. (The ancient name of 
 myrrh. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsina- 
 cece]. Linn., 2'3-Polygamia 2-Diaecia. 
 Allied to Ardisia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of stubby 
 shoots before they are quite ripe, in sand, 
 under a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 
 M. Africa'na (African). 4. Brown. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1691. 
 
 retu'sa (bent-back-teuced). 2. White, 
 
 green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/88. 
 
 bifa'ria (two-rowed- leaved). 20. White, pink. 
 
 January. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Cmzry- Island). 30. Whitish. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1820. 
 
 capitella'ta (small-headed). 30. Green. Janu- 
 
 ary. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 coria'cKa (leathery). 8. December. Jamaica. 
 
 1770. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1826. 
 
 melano'phleos (black-paper). 3. White, green. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/83. 
 
 mi'tis (mild). 6. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1692. 
 
 Sama'ru (Samara). 3. White, green. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 177<>- 
 
 semiserra'ta (half-saw-erf^ed). 30. Pink. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 subspinu'sa (slightly-spined). 20. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 varia' bills (variable). 3. July. N. S. Wales. 1824. 
 MYRSIPHY'LLUM. (From myrsine, myrrh, 
 
 euadphyllon, a leaf; aromatic leaves. Nat. 
 ord., the Asparagus section of Lilyworts 
 [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous twiners, with greenish- 
 white flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. Division 
 of the root in spring ; sandy loam and dried leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 M. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 6. July. 1752. 
 
 asparugoi'des (asparagus-like). 6. June. 1/02. 
 
 MY'RTUS. The Myrtle. (From myron, 
 signifying perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtle - 
 blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 ~L-J\fonogyitia.) 
 
 The French perfume called Eau d'Ange is ob- 
 tained from the distilled water of myrtle-flowers ; 
 and myrtle-berries and flower-buds are eutcn in 
 Italy for pepper. Evergreens, and all white- 
 flowered but two. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a glass ; sandy loam and a 
 little peat or leaf-mould, or very old, rather dry 
 cow-dunsr. Winter temp., 38 to 45. The stove 
 kinds merely require a higher temperature. The 
 varieties of I'omrnu' ids are propagated by cuttings, 
 or by grafting and budding on the commoner 
 kinds. In the south of England the myrtle flou- 
 rishes against a wall; but north of London, in 
 such a position, it requires protection in winter. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 N bifln'ra (two- flowered). 10. May. Jamaica. 1759. 
 
 buxl/o'lia (box-leaved). 6. Isle of Bourbon. 1826, 
 
 M. dvmo'sa (bushy). 3. June. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Gre'gii (Greg's). 6. Dominica. 1776. 
 
 mespiloi'des (medlar- like). 50. Isle of Bourbon. 
 
 1826. 
 
 obscu'ra (doubtful). 6. July. Maranham. 1823. 
 
 orbicula'ta (round-leaned). 6. Mauritius. 182.-*, 
 
 virgulto'sa (twiggy). 6. July. Jamaica. 178/. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 M. nflt'nis (kindred). 6. Purple. June. China. 1823. 
 
 bulla'tu (b\istered-leaved). 18. White. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 commu'nis (common). 6. June. South Europe. 
 
 1597. 
 
 Bee'tica (Bsetic). 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Be'lgica (broad-leaned-Dutch). 6. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1597- 
 
 flo're-ple' no (double-flowered). 6. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1597- 
 
 Ita'lica (Italian). 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 6. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1597. 
 
 macula 1 ta (spotted). 6. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1597. 
 
 mucrona'ta (pointed-teaued). 2. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1597- 
 
 Roma'na (Roman). 6. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1597. 
 
 Tarenti'nu (Tarentine). 6. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1597- 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 6. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1597- 
 
 me;s^wzoi'^5(melastoma-like). 15. Moreton 
 
 Bay. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 5. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 tumento'sa (woolly-leaved). 6. Purple. June. 
 
 China. 1776. 
 
 trine'rvis (three-nerved). 5. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 NAGE'LIA. (Named after Nageli, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Apple.worts [Po- 
 maceffi]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di-penta- 
 gynia. Allied to Cotoneaster.) 
 
 A genus founded on COTONEA'STER DENTICC- 
 LA'TA, which see. 
 
 NAILS for training wall-trees are hest 
 made of cast iron, being the cheapest, 
 stoutest, and most enduring. Before using 
 they should be heated almost to redness, 
 and then be thrown into cold linseed- oil. 
 When dry, they have a varnish upon 
 them which preserves them from rusting, 
 and prevents the mortar of the wall stick- 
 ing to them so corrosively as it does if 
 they are un-oiled. In drawing old nails 
 from walls, the mortar is not so much 
 disturbed if the nails are driven in a 
 little further before they are extracted. 
 Old nails may be renovated by being 
 heated to redness, and then thrown into 
 water: this removes from them the 
 mortar, and then they may be again 
 heated and put into oil as before directed. 
 The cast-iron nails used by gardeners 
 are known to the ironmonger as wall- 
 
NAM 
 
 C 501 ] 
 
 NAB 
 
 nails, and are described as 2$, 3, 4, and 
 5tb. wall-nails, accordingly as 1,000 of 
 them are of those weights. Nails, in most 
 
 ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceee], Linn., 
 6-Hexandria 1-Monogyniu. ) 
 This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Rhododen- 
 
 cases, require to be driven only a very ] dron, has so multiplied from seeds, that it is ut- 
 little way into the mortar, and walls then 
 do not become defaced by them for many 
 years. In all summer nailing of peach- 
 trees, roses, &c., the point only requires 
 to be driven in, so that the nail may be 
 easily withdrawn by the fingers. 
 
 NA'MA. (From nama, a stream of water; 
 the natural place of growth. Nat. ord., 
 Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria2-Digynia. Allied to Hydrolea.) 
 
 Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March and April, 
 and bloomed in the greenhouse, after being hard- 
 ened ; divisions and cuttings of the plant in 
 spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with sand and 
 charcoal to keep it open. Common stove and 
 greenhouse temperature. 
 N. Jamuicc'nsis (Jamaica). White, blue. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1812. Stove annual. 
 undula'ta (waved-tenwerf). l. Violet. June. 
 Mexico. 1826. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 NANDI'NA. (From nandin, the Japanese 
 name. Nat. ord., Bcrberids [Berberida- 
 cese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 2-Digynia. Al- 
 lied to Leontice.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, and 
 cot hurried ; loam and sandy peat ; a sheltered 
 place, a cold pit, or a greenhouse in winter. An 
 interesting plant, with white petals, yellow an- 
 thers, and red fruit. 
 
 A r . dome'stica (domestic). 6. White. July. China. 
 1804. 
 
 NAPOLEO'NA. (Named after Napoleon 
 Buonaparte. Nat. ord.,Napoleonworts['Bel- 
 visiacese]. Affinity a disputed point among 
 botanists. Dr. Lindley has it in the 
 Myrtle alliance, next to the Mangroves. 
 See its History in The Cottaye Gardener.} 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots, two to four inches long, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat, giving air 
 at night, to prevent damping ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 
 60 to Q0, and moist. 
 
 2V. imperiu'lis (imperial). 6. Apricot, crimson. 
 May. Sierra Leone. 1844. 
 
 NAPOLEON'S WEEPING WILLOW. Sa'lix 
 Napoleo'iia. 
 
 NAKAVE'LIA. (Fom narawal, its Cinga- 
 lese name. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Kanun- 
 culacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Poly- 
 yynia. Allied to Atragene.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50 to 
 60; summer, 6o 3 to 85. 
 2V. Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. Yellow. Ceylon. I/ 
 
 NAECI'SSUS. (Name of a youth, said to 
 have been changed into this flower. Nat. 
 
 terly impossible to make out what are, and what 
 are not, true species. Salisbury and Haworth 
 gave generic names to the different groups ; but 
 their definitions have broken down. For all prac- 
 tical purposes, the whole may be included under 
 the old name Narcissus. Seeds, but chiefly by 
 offsets from the bulbs, which, in most kinds, are 
 freely produced ; rich, sandy loam, with a little 
 leaf-mould. Those to be forced early should be 
 removed out of the ground as soon as the leaves 
 decay , and be kept dry and cool until potting- time, 
 in autumn. 
 N. A'jax (Ajax). 1. Yellow. March. 
 
 a'tbicuns (whitening). Pale yellow. March. 
 
 1/89. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 1. White, yellow. April. 
 ple'nus (double-orawg-e. Phoenix). 1. Sul- 
 phur. April. 
 
 angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. 
 
 ajoer^i'coro'wa(open-crowiied). Yellow, orange. 
 
 April. N. Africa. 
 
 aura'ntius (orange). 1. Yellow. March. l6'->9. 
 ple'nus lu'teus (double-yellow). 1. Yellow. 
 
 March. 1629. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White, yellow. April. 
 
 Spain. 1629. 
 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. White. March. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 H'frons (two-faced). 1. Yellow. March. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 bulboco'dium (bulbous. Hoop-petaled). $. 
 
 Yellow. April. Portugal. 1829. 
 
 ca'pax (capacious). $. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 ceri'nus( wax-coloured). 1. White. April. 
 
 ce'rnuus (pate-drooping). . Crimson, white. 
 
 March. Spain. 
 
 caro'na. ple'na (full-crowned) 1 . Crimson, 
 
 white. March. Spain. 
 
 citri'nns (citron-coloured). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 compre'ssua (fat-stalked). 
 March. Spain. 
 
 Lilac, yellow. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). . Sulphur. April. 
 
 1820. 
 
 conspi'cuus (conspicuous). . Yellow. May. 
 
 crenula'tus (scolloped- petaled). 1. White. April. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Cy'pri (Cyprian). 1. White, yellow. March- 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
 -- coro'na ple'na (full-crowned). 1. White, 
 yellow. March. 
 
 defi'ciens (deficient). White. South Europe. 
 
 Diome'des (Diomedes'). 
 
 du'bins (doubtful). White. April. France. 
 fistulo'sus (hollow-staged). 2. White, yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 floribu'ndus (many-flowered) . l4.White,yellow. 
 
 March. Spain. 
 
 galanthifu'lius (snowdrop-leaved), f. White. 
 
 Muy. 
 
 gra'ciiis (slender), ij. Yellow. April. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 Hawo'i-tliia (Haworth's). 1. Yellow. April. 170. 
 -- ple'nus sulphu'rtus (double-sulphur). 1. 
 
 Sulphur. April, lb'29. 
 
 hemina'lis (Ifsser-curled-cup)-l . Yellow.March. 
 
 incompura'bilis (incomparable). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. Portugal. 1629. 
 
 infla'tus (swollen). * Yellow. March. 
 
 2 o 
 
NAR 
 
 [ 562] 
 
 NAS 
 
 AT. infla'tus m?nor (lesser). 
 
 March. Spain. 1696. 
 
 infundibulu'ris (tunnel-cowered). . Yellow. 
 
 March. 
 
 inter jt'ctus (interjected). 1. Yellow. April.1810. 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate). 14. Pale yellow. 
 
 March. Pyrenees. 
 
 Ita'licus (Italian). 1. Pale yellow. March. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 ple'nus (double). 1. Cream. March. Italy. 
 
 semiple'mus (semi-double). 1. Cream.Italy. 
 
 jonqui'lla (jonquil). J. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Spain. 1596. 
 flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). 1. YeHow. 
 
 April. Spain. 1596. 
 
 junctfo'lius (rush-leaved), Yellow. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved-oran^e). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 lobula'tus (small -lobed). $. Yellow. March. 
 
 lorifo'lius (strap-leaved. Two-coloured). 1. 
 
 Yellow. March. 
 u'nceps (two-edged. Two-coloured). 1. 
 
 Yellow. March. 1800. 
 bre'viflos (short-flowered. Two-colowed). 
 
 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 lu'na (moon). 1. White. April. 
 
 Macle'aii (Mac Leay's). $. Cream. March. 
 Smyrna. 18)5. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 1. Yellow. March. Spain 1620,. 
 
 m a 1 ximus (largest). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 mi' nor (smaller). . Yellow. March. Spain. '62Q. 
 
 monta'nus (mountain). 1. White. April. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 moscha'tus (musky). 1. White. April. England. 
 
 multiflo'rus (a#-many-flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 
 April. 
 au'reus (go!den-ny-j?ou>ered). 1, 
 
 low. April. 
 -- negle'ctus (neglected). White, yellow 
 
 Naples. 1830. 
 
 ni'veus (snowy). 1. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 nu'kilis (noble). I. Yellow. April, 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 1, YelUnv. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1/89- 
 
 obscl'ssus (cut-off). 1. Yellow. May, Spain. 
 
 obsole'tus (obsolete). 1. White. August. 
 
 Spain. 1819. 
 
 obvalla'ris (trenched-round). 1. Yellow. 
 
 March, Spain. 
 
 odo'rus (sweet-scented). I. Yellovr. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1629. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 1. White. April. Levant. 
 
 papyra'ceus (paper). 1, White. Bfarch. 
 jasmi'neus (jasmine-like). 1. White. April. 
 
 patella 1 ria (basin-jZuu'ered). 1. White. May. 
 
 England. 
 exse'rtus (drawn-out). 1. White. May. 
 
 England. 
 ple'nus (double). 1 .White. May. England. 
 
 pa'tulus (spreading. White Musk). 1. White. 
 
 , March. Spain. 
 
 a'lbeus (whitish. Norfolk). 1. White. 
 
 March. Spain. 
 'poe'tiws (poet's). l.White.May. South Europe. 
 
 prlmuli'nus (cowslip-CMppe<i).l.Yellow.March. 
 
 propi'nquus (allied). 1, Yellow. March. Spain. 
 
 ~~ pscu'do-Narci'ssus (bastard Narcissus. Dnjfo- 
 dil). 1. Pale yellow. March. England. 
 
 pleni'asimus (most-double;. I. Yellow. 
 
 March. 
 
 pie' mis (double). 1. Yellow. March. 
 
 ScoMciu (Scotch). l Yeihv, May. 
 
 Scotland, 
 
 Pale sulphur, f N. pulche'llus .(pretty). 1. Yellow. April. Spain. 
 I pu'milus (dwarfish). $. Yellow. March. Spain. 
 
 flit're-ple'no (double-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 March. Gardens. 
 
 pusi'llus (small. Jonquil), $. Yellow. April.181 8. 
 ple'nus (double. Queen Anne's Jonquil). 
 
 . Yellow. April. 1810. 
 
 Que'ltia (Qeltian). 
 
 recu'rvus (curled-back-/eawd;. 1. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 rwgw/ofiM^wrinkled-cttp).!. Yellow.April. 1818. 
 
 Sabi'm (Sabine's). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 semiparti'tus (cloven-ewpped), 1. Sulphur. 
 
 March. 
 
 serra'tus (saw-edged). 3 Pale yellow. March. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pale yellow. March. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 gi'milis (similar. Jonquil). . Yellow. April. 
 
 spu'rius (bastard). 1. Yellow. March. England. 
 
 sttlta'ris (starry -sepuled). 1. White, crimson. 
 
 May. 1629. 
 
 stria'tulus (small-channelled). $. Yellow.April. 
 
 Taze'tta (Tazetta. Polyanthus). 1. White. 
 
 March. Spain. 1759. 
 
 Telamo'nius (Telamon's). 1. Yellow. April. 
 grandiple'nus (large-double). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. 
 ple'nus (double. Daffodil). 1. Yellow.April. 
 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Lilac, white. May. 1/89. 
 
 tereticau'lis (round-stalked). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 March. Spain. 
 
 tortuo'sus (twisted-pefated). 1$. White. April. 
 
 Spain. 1629. 
 
 Trewia'nus (Trew's). 1$. White, yellow. 
 
 March. Spain. 
 
 tria'ndrus (three-stamened). f . White. April* 
 
 Portugal. 1629. 
 
 tri'tobus (three-lobed-Jon?z7). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 March. 
 
 viridifto'rus (green-flowered). $. Green. Sep- 
 
 tember. Barbary. 1629. 
 
 NAECISSUS FLY. Merodon Narcissi. 
 
 NARTHE'CIUM. (From narthex, a rod ; 
 referring to the flower-stems. Nat. ord., 
 Rushes [Juncaceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandna 
 \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, Iris-like rushes, adapted for 
 mixed borders of herbaceous plants. Divisions 
 of the plant in spring; a cool border, and supplied 
 with sandy peat, or sand and leaf-mould. 
 N. America'num (American). $. Yellow. July. 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 ossi'fragum (bone-breaking), $, Yellow- 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 NASTU'RTIUM. (From nasus, the nose, 
 and tortus, tormented; referring to the 
 hot, acrid smell. Nat. ord., Crucifers 
 [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. 
 Allied to the Wallflower.) 
 
 Simple-looking plants, of no great beauty. We 
 introduce the genus to correct the common error 
 of calling the Indian Cress (Tropee'olum) Nastur- 
 tiums. Hardy aquatics, with yellow flowers ; 
 seeds and division of the plant in common soil ; 
 but none are worth growing for their beauty. 
 N. a'nceps (two-edged-pod). 1. July. Britain. 
 
 ere'ctum (upright). June. Siberia. 1837. 
 
 na'tany (floating). 4. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
NAT 
 
 [ 563 ] 
 
 NEM 
 
 NATIVE OAK. Casuari'na. 
 
 NAU'CLEA. (From naus, a ship, and 
 kleio, to inclose ; the half-capsule, or 
 seed-pod, in the form of a ship's hull. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. 
 Lirtn., 5-Pentaridria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Cinchona.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from the East Indies ; cut- 
 tings of half-ripe shoots in sandy loam, under a 
 glass, in heat; loam, Band, and peat. Usual 
 stove temperatures. 
 N. A'dinaiMinz). White. July. China. 1804. 
 
 Cuda'mha (Cadamba). 20. Orange. 
 cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 40. Yellow. 
 
 mncriiphy'lla. (large-leaved) , Yellow. 1820. 
 
 urientu'lis (eastern). 30. Yellow. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 10. Purple. 
 
 undulu'ta (waved-leaved). 20. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 NAVARRE r TTiA.(Named after a Spaniard. 
 Nat. ord., Pldoxworts [Polemoniaceas]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia, Allied 
 to Ipomopsis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from California, blue-flowered, 
 and blooming in June, except where otherwise 
 mentioned; sow in March in open border. 
 N. cotulaefo'lia (cotula-leaved). . VVhite. 1833. 
 
 eryngioi'des (eryngium-like). Chili. 1833. 
 
 interte'xta (interwoven). l. J833. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). . 1833. 
 
 pu'ngens (prickly-tecwed). 1$. 1826. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 1. August. Santa 
 
 Cruz. 18-17. 
 
 NAVELWORT. Coly'ledon. 
 
 NAVET, or NAVEW. (Bra'ssica na'pus.} 
 The Colesat, or Rape. 
 
 NEAPOLITAN VIOLET. Vl'ola odora'ta 
 pa'llida ple'na. 
 
 NECTARINE. (Pe'rsica l&'vis.) The 
 following are the best varieties, and all 
 require a south-aspect wall. We add the 
 months in which the fruit ripens. Hard- 
 wick Seedling, August', Elruge, August; 
 Violet hdtive, August, September ; Late 
 Newingtoii, September, October; Pitmas- 
 ton Orange, September. For culture, see 
 PEACH. 
 
 NECTAROSCO'RDUM. Honey Garlic. 
 (From nectar, honey, and skorodon, garlic ; 
 referring to honey pores in the flower of 
 this onion-like flower. Nat. ord.,Amaryl- 
 Jids[Amaryllidace8e]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Allium.) 
 
 A very curious hardy bulb, growing in shady 
 woods in Sicily, with a flower-scape three to four 
 feet long, bearing pendulous flowers. Offsets 
 from the bulbs ; common, sandy soil. 
 N. Si'culum (Sicilian). Purple, green, white. 
 -June. Sicily. 1832. 
 
 NEGRO FLY. Atha'lia. 
 
 NEGU'NDO. Box Elder. (Derivation 
 is not known. Nat. ord., Maples [Acera- 
 ceffi]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria. 
 Allied to the Maple.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers, from 
 North America. Layers and seeds, which should 
 be sown in autumn as soon as gathered ; deep, 
 moist, sandy loam. A short-lived tree, suitable 
 for shrubberies and lawns. 
 N.fr<ucinifo'lium (ash-leaved-wajoJe). 40. May. 
 
 cri'spum (curled-leaved). 30. May. 1688. 
 
 violu'ceum (purple). 30. May. 
 
 NE'JA. (Probably the Mexican name. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracesj]. Linn., 
 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 A half-hardy herbaceous Asterwort, flowering 
 in a bed or border from May to October. Seeds, 
 divisions; common soil ; protection in a pit in 
 winter. 
 
 N, gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. Mexico. 1828. 
 NELI'TRIS. (From ne, not, and elytron, 
 a seed-case ; referring to the berry having 
 no partitions. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms 
 [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Mo~ 
 noyynia. Allied to the Pomegranate.) 
 
 Stove white -flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened short shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a gentle heat, in April or May ; 
 fibry loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand, and a little 
 charcoal to keep all open. Winter temp., 45 to 
 50; summer, 60 to 85. 
 2V.Jam6ose'Wa(Jambosella). 10. Society I. 1810. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). May. Moluccas. 1820. 
 
 NELU'MBIUM. Water Bean. (From 
 nelumbo, the Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Water-beans [Nelumbiaceae]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 These handsome plants are natives of still waters. 
 The nuts of all the species are eatable and whole- 
 some; and the North American Indians eat the 
 root-stocks of lu'teum, which are not unlike the 
 sweet potato. Division of the root, either just 
 before, but better just after, growth has com- 
 menced, and better still by seeds ; fresh warm 
 water must often be supplied when the plants are 
 growing, removing some out of the tub, and 
 placing more in ; w,hen at rest, the soil, rich loam, 
 may be allowed to get quite dry. Temp., when 
 at rest, 48 to 55; when growing and approaching 
 flowering, 70 to 95. 
 N Ca'spicum (Caspian). Pink. Caspian Sea. 1822. 
 
 flave'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. June. Egypt. 
 
 1847- 
 
 Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). Pale blue. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. 
 lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 speno'xum (showy). Pink. July. India. 1787. 
 ro'seum (rose-coloured). 3. Rose. June. 
 
 India. 
 
 Tama'ra (Tamara). Pink. Malabar. 1818. 
 
 NEMATA'NTHUS. (From nt'w, a thread, 
 and anthos, a flower; the flowers of 
 lo'ngipes hanging down from long, thread- 
 like foot-stalks. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneracese]. Linn., I^-Didynamia 2- 
 Aiigiospermia. Allied to Gesnera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber, of considerable beauty, 
 easily managed, still easier to increase, and offer- 
 ing strong inducements to the cross-breeder. Cut- 
 tings in sandy soil, kept rather dry ; leaves, also, 
 
NEM 
 
 [ 5G4 ] 
 
 NEO 
 
 will strike ; sandy peat nd turfy loam, with char- 
 coal and dried cow-dun*. Winter temp., 45 to 
 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 N. chlorone'mii (green-./? lamented). 1$. Scarlet. 
 July. Organ Mountains. 1841. 
 
 ione'ma (violet -stemmed). Deep crimson. 
 
 Tropical America. 1848. 
 
 lo'ngipes (long-flower-stalked). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 December. Brazil. 1841. 
 NEME'SIA. (Name of a plant in Dios- 
 corides. Nat. ord., Fif/worts [Scroplm- 
 lariacese]. Linn., \-Didynamia 2-Anyio- 
 spermia. Allied to Herairneris.) 
 
 Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds 
 own in a slight hotbed in spring, and transplanted 
 in May or June, or sown in Mav ; the perennials, 
 also, by divisions in spring, and by cuttings under 
 a hand-light in summer ; sandy loam ; a cold pit, 
 and dry in winter. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 2V. bico'rnis (two-horned). 2. Purple. July. 1774. 
 
 floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 linea'ris(n&now -leaved). 1. Rose. April. 1822. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 N. chamcedrifo'lia (chamaedrys -leaved). 2. Purple. 
 June. 1787. 
 
 fos'tcns (stinking). 2. Purple. June. 1798. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. May. 18i6. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 NEMOPA'NTHES. (From nemos, a prove, 
 and anthos, a flower; it being generally 
 found in groves. Nat. ord., f lolly worts 
 [Aquifoliaceae]. Linn., 2%-Poly<jamia 2- 
 Dicecia. Allied to Prinos.) 
 
 An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright- 
 growing shrub, very little known in England, out 
 very desirable. It was called 1'lex Canade'nsis 
 and Pri'nos lu'cida. The flowers are small and 
 white ; but the berries are large, beautiful crimson, 
 and very ornamental. Layers in autumn ; seeds 
 then, and in spring ; common shrubbery soil, but 
 it will do better with an addition of sandy peat or 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 N. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. May. N. Amer. 
 1812. 
 
 NEMO'PHILA. (From nemos, a grove, 
 and phileo, to love ; from their place of 
 growth. Nat. ord., Hydrophyls [Hydro- 
 ] . Linn., 5-l J entandria \-Mono- 
 
 Like all the Californian annuals, well-adapted 
 to be sown in September ; the seedlings to stand 
 over the winter, and be protected at times with 
 evergreen boughs, to flower where sown, or to be 
 raised in patches, and thus transplanted in spring ; 
 sown thickly in March, on a rough, rich soil, 
 consisting of leaf-mould, rotten dung, and coarse 
 loam, laid on a hard bottom, protected by glass or 
 inats, and transferred to the flower-garden in 
 April and May. Sown in April and May, in the 
 open border, they will flower most of the summer. 
 A few grown in pots will ornament a house or 
 window in winter and spring. A rich, light soil 
 suits them best, and a moist, shady situation. In 
 watering, avoid wetting the collar of the plant. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 N. atoma'nu (speckled). . White, purple. 
 August. California. 1836. 
 
 N. auri'ta (ti&T-leaved). l. Purple. June. 
 California. 1831. 
 
 insi'gnis (showy). l. Blue. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 macula' ta (blotched-flowered), . White, pur- 
 
 ple. June. California. 1848. 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 2V. discoida'lis (disk- shaped). Purple. June. N. 
 Amer. 1813. 
 
 panicnla'ta (panicled). J. Pale blue. May. 
 
 N.Amer. 1813. 
 
 parviflo'rn (small-flowered). Blue. N.Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 phaceliot'des (phacelia-like). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 NEO'TTIA. (From neottia, a hird's-nest ; 
 referring to the interlacing of the nume- 
 rous roots. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cenej. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria. 
 Allied to Lister a.) 
 
 Ground orchids. Even the hardy kinds are in- 
 teresting ; division in spring ; sandy peat, loatn, 
 and charcoal. Temp., for stove kinds, winter, 50' 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 2V. astiva'lis (summer). . White. September. 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 autumnu'lis (autumnal). . White. Sep. 
 
 tember. Eiir-.j..*. I8u0. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping-fli>wered). 1. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1796- 
 
 ni'dus a' vis (bird's-ncst). 1. Brown. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 N. austra'lia (southern), f . Ked. N. Holland. 
 1823. 
 
 plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. Red. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 N. aphy'lFa (leafless), l. Red. Pink. June. 
 Trinidad. 1826. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White. February. 
 
 Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). 2. Green. July. W. Ind. i/90. 
 
 glandtdo'sa (glanded). Green, white. Jauu. 
 
 ary. W. Ind. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, green. 
 
 April. St. Vincent. 1829. 
 
 macra'ntha (long-flowered). White. March. 
 
 W. Ind. 1827. 
 
 orcJiiui'des (orchis- like). Rose. November. 
 
 Jamaica. 1826. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 2. Green. April. Trinidad. 
 
 1805. 
 
 pudi'ca (modest). . Pink. November. China. 
 
 1819. 
 
 NEOTTO'PTERIS. (~Fromneottia, a hird's- 
 nest, tmdpteris, a fern; founded on the 
 Bird's-nest, or Spleenwort Fern. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-1- 
 Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores, requiring rather 
 shaded situations. See FKRNS. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 N.stipita' I a (long-stalked). May. E.Indies. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). June. N.Holland. 1822. 
 
 STOVE. 
 N. Greni'llei (Greville's). May. E. Ind. 
 
 museefu'lia (musa-leaved). May. E. Ind. 
 
 philii'tidis (hart's-tongue). May. E. lad. 
 
NEP 
 
 [ 565 ] 
 
 NEP 
 
 NSPE'NTHES. Pitcher Plant. (From 
 nepenthes, grief-assuaging; its supposed 
 medicinal quality. Nat. ord., Nepenths 
 [Nepenthaceae], Linn., 22-JDicecia 13- 
 Motiadelphia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds, when they 
 can he obtained, which require a strong, moist 
 heat to vegetate them in ; but chiefly by little off- 
 sets, which come from near the base of the shoots ; 
 very fibry peat, old sphagnum, charcoal, and 
 broken potsherds, particularly well-drained ; the 
 pot to be then plunged in moss, and at all times 
 supplied, less or more, with bottom-heat and abun- 
 dance of moisture. Where there are tank* or 
 beds heated by hot water, one chief element to 
 successful culture is obtained. Even in winter the 
 bottom-heat should not he lower than 75. Win- 
 ter temp., 60 to 65 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 N. a'lbo margin'i'ta (white -margined). Singa- 
 pore. 1848. 
 
 ampulla' 'cea (bottle-like). Green. June. Ma- 
 
 niila. 1840. 
 
 distilliitu'ria (distilling. Chinese). 6. Green, 
 
 yellow. China. 1780.. 
 
 Hook'ria'na (Sir W. J. Hooker's). 20. Sara- 
 
 wak. 1847. 
 
 ICE' vis (smooth). Java. 1848. 
 
 Lindleya'nu (Ur. Lindley's). 8. Purple. Borneo. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Loddise'sii (Loddige's). Borneo. 1847. 
 
 phylla 1 mphora (pitcher-leaved). 6. Green, 
 
 yellow. July. China. 1820. 
 
 Rajftesia'na (Sir Stamford Raffles'). Yellow, 
 
 brown. September. Singapore. 1845. 
 
 NEPE'TA. Cat Mint. (Named from 
 Nepct, a town in Tuscany. Nat. ovd., 
 Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., ll-Didy- 
 namirt 1 Gymnospcrmia. Allied to 1 'raco- 
 cepbalum.) 
 
 A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, compre- 
 hending a few ornamental, with a large number 
 of weeds; the latter we have omitted. The 
 Ground Ivy, Nepe'ta gle'chomn, is still held in 
 high ^estimation as a pectoral medicine in some 
 parts of the country, and also several others of 
 this order. Seeds, sown in spring, but chiefly by 
 dividing the plants in the spring as growth com- 
 mences ; also, in rare kinds, by cuttings in sum- 
 mer, under a hand-light ; light, sandy soil ; some 
 of the more trailing kinds do well for rock-work. 
 N. amethy'stina (amethystine). l. Blue. July. 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 reeru'lea (blue). l. Blue. May. 1777. 
 
 Croa'ticti (Croatian). !. White. " July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1821. 
 
 difu'na (spreading). 1$. Purple. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1824. 
 
 grandifiu'ra (large-flowered), d. Blue. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 181/. 
 
 grave'alens (heavy-smelling). l. Purple. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1804. 
 
 hederu'cea (ivy-like. Common'). I. Blue. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 ' ro'tsea (rosy). ^. Rose. May. England. 
 
 vuriega't'i (vanegated-teawed). $. Blue. 
 
 May. England. 
 
 hirsu'ta( hairy;. 2. Pink. May. Hungary. 
 
 unbricieta (imbricated). 2. .Blue. Julv. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 latifo'/ia (nroad-leaved). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1816. 
 
 N.longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Violet. Julv. 
 Persia. 1802. 
 
 macron' > a (long-tailed). 4. White, purple. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 marifd'lia . (marum-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Spain. 1800. 
 
 marrw^ioi'^A^horehound-like). 1$. Red. July. 
 
 multibractea 1 tu uianv-bracted). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Algiers. "lS17. 
 
 Mussi'ni (Mussin's). 2. Violet. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1804. 
 
 Nepete'lla (small Nepeta). 1, Bed. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1/58. 
 
 Panno'nicu (Hungarian). 4. Red. Septem- 
 
 ber. Hungary. 1683. 
 
 scordo'tis (scordotis). !. Blue. July. N, 
 
 Africa. 1817. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1304. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1$. Blue. July.181/. 
 
 teucriifu' lia (teucrium-leavad). 1^. Purple. 
 
 July. Armenia. 1S16. 
 
 tubei'o'sa (tuberous-looted). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 Spain. 1CS3. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 2. Blue. August. Spain. 
 
 1/23. 
 
 NEPHE'UTJM. (An ancient name for 
 Burdock : applied in reference to the 
 similarity of the heads of the flowers 
 and seeds. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin- 
 daceje]. Linn., ti-Octandria l-Monoyt/niu. 
 Allied to Cupania.) 
 
 Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a 
 hotbed in spring ; layers and cuttings of hall'- 
 ripened shoots in sanely soil, under a ueli-g'.ass; 
 sandy loam and dried leaf-mould. Winter teuip., 
 ta to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 N. Lit'Jd' (Lee Chee). 15. White. Mav. China. 
 1786. 
 
 Longu'na (Longan). 20. White. May. China, 
 
 I7s6. 
 
 vertici-'la'ta (whorled). 6. White, red. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 NEPHRO'DIUM. (From nephros, a kid- 
 ney; the shape of the spore-cases. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceie]. Linn., ;M- 
 Cryptugamia 1-Filices.) See FEKNS. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 2V. aculea'tum (eommow-prickly). 2. Brown. 
 June. Britain. 
 
 aeros^'cAoi'<fes(acrostichum-like). 14. Brown. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 
 
 angula're (angular). . Brown. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1819. 
 
 Baro'mez (Baromez). Yellow. Tartary. !82t. 
 
 cristu'tum (/mre/'-crested). 1^. Brown. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 fi'lix-ina's (male fern). 3. Brown. June. 
 Britain. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). . Brown. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 'Goldia'num (Goidie's). 2. Brown. August. 
 N. Amer. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). 2. Brown. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 Lancastrie'nse (Lancaster). i'ellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 18^3. 
 
 lohn'tum (lobed). 2. JJrown. June. England. 
 
 lunchi'tis (lonchitis). j. Jlrown. May. Britain. 
 usptSrriina (very rou^h). 1. Brcwn. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 
 
NEP 
 
 [ 566 ] 
 
 NER 
 
 JV. margina'le (marginal-s/7or<?d). 2. Brown 
 June. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 Noveborace'nse (New York). 14. Brown 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 obtu'&um (blunt-/rortded). Yellow. June 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 oreo'pteris (oreopteris). 3. Brown. July. Britain 
 
 spinulo'sum (crested-prickly), 1. Brown. June 
 
 Britain. 
 ~ thely'pteris (lady fern) . 1 . Brown. July.Britain 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 N. coria'ceum (leathery). 1. Brown. June 
 
 Van Dlemen's Land. 1821. 
 
 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 1. Brown 
 
 July. New Zealand. 
 
 decompo'situm (decomposed). 4, Brown 
 
 June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 drepa'num (sickle-like). 2. Brown. July 
 
 Madeira. 1837. 
 
 elongaftum (elongated). 2. Brown. July 
 
 Madeira. 1/79. 
 
 IcBtevi'rens (lively-green). 3. Brown. Madeira 
 
 lu'cens (shining:). 1. Brown. August. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1831. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). |. Brown. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 uni'tum (joined). 2. Brown. August. N 
 
 Holland. 1793. 
 
 STOVE. 
 2V. abru'ptum (abrupt). Yellow. July.Isle of Luzon 
 
 uugefscens (increasing). Yellow. June. Cuba 
 
 1841. 
 
 auricula' turn (eared). A. Brown. July. E 
 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 B/w'met(Blume's). Yellow. July. E.Ind. 1840. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). Brown, yellow. May. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 caudicuWtum (tailed). Yellow. July. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). J. Brown. July, 
 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 crini'tum (huired). 1. Brown. August, 
 
 Mauritius. 1831. 
 
 Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 3. Yellow. February. 
 
 Malacca. 1839. 
 
 edu'le (eatable-roofed). Yellow. July. Nepaul. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). Yellow. July. Isle 
 
 of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 hippocre'pis (horse-shoe). 2. Brown. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Isle of Luzon. 1842. 
 
 mo'lle (soft). 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 2. Brown. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 parasi'ticum (parasitical). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 penni'gerum (winged). 6. Yellow. January. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 platyphy'llum (flat-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Brown. Brazil. 
 
 propi'nquum (related). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1793. 
 pube'scens (downy). Brown.July.Jamaica.1817. 
 
 pu'ngeus (stinging). 1. Yellow. January. W.Ind. 
 
 sc'rra (saw-like). 2. Brown. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1819. 
 
 simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). Yellow. E. 
 
 Ind. 1840. 
 
 te'rminans (ending). Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 tubero'sum (tuberous). 1$. Yellow. January. 
 
 \Vi Ind* 
 
 N. villo'sum (shaggy). 8. Brown. July. W. 
 Ind. 1793. 
 
 NEPHRO'LEPIS. (From nephros, a kid- 
 ney, and lepis, a scale ; referring to the 
 covering of the seed, or spore -cases. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacece]. Linn., 
 Z-Cryplvgamia l-FUices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FERNS. 
 N. acuminu'ta (pointed). June. W. Ind. 
 
 biserra'ta (double-saw-edg^j. June. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 ensifit'/ia (sword-leaved). June. India. 
 
 hirsu'tula (small-haired). June. Malacca. 
 
 Obliteru'tu (obliterated). June. N. Holland. 18:^9. 
 
 pJuduta (drooping). June. W. lud. 
 
 puix-tulu'ta (small-dotted). June. W. Ind. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). June. W.Ind. 
 
 trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like). June. 
 
 Isle of Luzon. 
 
 tube.ro' so, (tuberous-rooted). 2. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). June. W.Ind. 
 NEPTU'NIA. (After Neptune, the my- 
 thological deity of the sea ; a water-plant. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacen?]. 
 Linn., 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia. Allied 
 to Desman thus.) 
 
 Stove water-plant, with pinnated, sensitive 
 leaves like a Mimosa; seeds in strong heat; cut- 
 tings and divisions. Winter temp., 50 to 60 
 summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 N. ple'na (full). White, yellow. August. Mexico. 
 1733. 
 
 NERI'NE. (The daughter of Nerius. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexand/ia ]-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Brunsvigia.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. The 
 Guernsey lily is a Nerine, and, like it, all the 
 species flower in the autumn some before the 
 jrowth of the leaves, and others with the leaves 
 coming up. Like the Amaryllis, they grow from 
 September to May, and delight in strong, yellow 
 oam ; a vigorous growth of the leaves is requisite 
 o cause them to flower the following auiumn. 
 Alany attempts have been made to cross them 
 with Amaryllis and other allied families without 
 success ; but they produce fine crosses among 
 hemselves. Seeds sown in heat, in spring, or as 
 oon as ripe, but chiefly by offsets from the bulbs ; 
 ich, sandy loara, with a little peat ; deeply planted, 
 ind a dry situation in winter ; or protected in a 
 old pit or greenhouse, and kept dry until vege- 
 ation commences. 
 N. coru'scu (glittering). 1. Scarlet. July. 1809. 
 
 curvifu'lia (curve-leaved). 1. Purple.Jiily.1777. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Pink. September. 1795. 
 
 hu'milis (low). 2. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 putc/ie'lla (pretty). 2. Pink. July. 1820. 
 
 ru'sea (rosy), f. Pink. July. 1818. 
 
 Sarnie'nsis (Guernsey Lily). \. K e d. Sep 
 
 tember. Japan. 1059. 
 undula'ta (waved -powered), f. Pink. May. 
 
 China. 1767. 
 
 --tv?nu's/a (beautiful). 1. Scarlet. June. 1806. 
 
 NE'RIUM. Oleander. (From ncros, 
 
 moist ; referring to their native places of 
 
 growth. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna- 
 
 esej. Linn., 5-Pentandria J -MoHogynia* \ 
 
NES 
 
 [ 567 ] 
 
 NEW 
 
 Notwithstanding the beauty of the Oleander, 
 it is one of the most virulent of vegetable poisons. 
 Beautiful greenhouse plants, but which require a 
 higher temperature to start them in the spring. 
 Cuttings of shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and kept warm ; cuttings a little older 
 do well in phials of water, also kept warm; peat 
 and loam, enriched with cow-dung and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 35 to 48; summer, 60 
 to 75. The shoots made this season should 
 bloom the next, if well ripened. 
 2V. odo'rum (sweet-scented). 6. Pale red. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1683. 
 ca'rneum (fleshy). 6. Pink. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1683. 
 ple'num (double-/u'ered). 5. Pale red. 
 
 July. E. Ind. J683. 
 
 olea'nder (oleander). 8. Red. August. South 
 
 Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 a'lburn (white -flowered). 8. White. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 7. Red. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1814. 
 
 * variega'tum (variegated). 8. Striped. 
 
 August. South Europe. 
 
 thyrsi flu 1 rum (thyrse-flowered). 5. Pink. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1830. 
 
 NES&'A. (The name of a sea-nymph. 
 Nat.ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese]. Linn., 
 11-Dodecandria L-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Heimia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions in spring, 
 as fresh growth commences; cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a hell-glass; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 N. triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Blue. August. 
 Mauritius. 1802. 
 
 NETOU'XIA. (Named after M. Netoux, a 
 German author. Nat. ord., Nightshades 
 [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Nicotiana.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ; 
 cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, in summer ; 
 rich, sandy loam. 
 
 N.formo'sa (handsome). |. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 1826. 
 
 NETTING is employed to prevent the 
 radiation of heat from walls, and the 
 rude access of wind to trees grown upon 
 them, as well as to prevent the ravages of 
 birds. 
 
 Netting is a very effectual preventive of 
 cooling, for reasons which will be stated 
 when considering Screens generally ; and 
 in connexion with that, it may be ob- 
 served, that it is not altogether immate- 
 rial of what substance netting is formed. 
 Worsted is to be preferred, not only be- 
 cause it is the most durable, but because it 
 is the best preventive of a wall's cooling. 
 We have found the thermometer under 
 a hemp net sink, during the night, from 
 2 to 4 lower than that under a net of 
 worsted, the meshes being small and ot 
 equal size in both nets. This can only be 
 
 because worsted is known to be a worse 
 conductor of heat than hemp; and, not 
 absorbing moisture so easily, is not so 
 liable to the cold always produced by its 
 drying. Netting will also exclude flies 
 and other winged insects from the fruit 
 against walls, although the meshes are 
 more than large enough to permit their 
 passage. Why this is the case is not very 
 apparent ; but the netting is equally effi- 
 cient in keeping similar insects from in- 
 truding into rooms if there are no cross 
 lights. If there are windows on different 
 sides of the room, and it is to be pre- 
 sumed, therefore, also in a green or hoU 
 house, nets would not be so efficient. 
 
 One hundred square yards of netting, 
 according to some merchants' mode of 
 measuring, will not cover more than fifty 
 square yards of wall, for they stretch the 
 net, first longitudinally, and then laterally, 
 when making their measurement, and not 
 in both directions at once, as the gar- 
 dener must when covering his trees. Dis- 
 appointment, therefore, should be avoided, 
 when ordering new nets, by stating the 
 size of the surface which has to be co- 
 vered. This may be done without any 
 fear of imposition. 
 
 Mr. Eichardson, net-maker, New Road, 
 London, informs us, that one cwt. of old 
 mackarel-net, weighed when quite dry, 
 will cover eight hundred square yards; 
 and one cwt. of old herring -net (smaller 
 meshes) will cover six hundred square 
 yards. Mr. Hulme, of Knutsford, has 
 sent us various specimens of his nets and 
 open canvass for inspection some made 
 of woollen and others of hemp : the last 
 does not shrink after being wetted like the 
 woollen. Mr. J. Haythorn, of Nottingham, 
 has also sent us specimens of his excel- 
 lent hexagonal netting. 
 
 NETTLE-TEEE. Ce'ltis. 
 
 NEW JEESEY TEA. Ceano'thus Ame- 
 rica'nus. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND SPINACH (Tetragon ia 
 expa'nsa) is much admired as a substitute 
 for summer spinach, being of more deli- 
 cate flavour, and continues available the 
 whole summer. 
 
 Sow, at the latter end of March, in the 
 seed-vessel, as gathered in the preceding 
 autumn, in a pot, and placed in a melon - 
 frame. The seedlings to be pricked while 
 small singly into pots, to be kept under a 
 frame without bottom-heat until the third 
 week in May, or until the danger of iVost 
 is past Plant in rows, in a rich, light 
 
NIC 
 
 [ 568 
 
 NIG 
 
 soil, at three or four feet apart each way. 
 Twenty plants will afford an abundant 
 supply daily for a large family. 
 
 In five or six weeks after planting, the 
 young shoots may be gathered, these 
 being pinched off. They are productive 
 until a late period of the year, as they 
 survive the frosts that kill nasturtiums 
 and potatoes. 
 
 To obtain Seed. A. plantation must be 
 made on a poorer soil, or kept stunted 
 and dry in pots, as ice-plants are when 
 seed is required of them. 
 
 NiCKER-TREE. Guilandi'nct. 
 
 NICOTIA'NA. Tobacco. (Named after 
 Nicot, a French ambassador in Portugal, 
 who first obtained seeds from a Dutch 
 merchant. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- 
 na,ce&i~\.IAmi.,5-Pentaiidrial-Mo>iogynia.) 
 
 Tobacco was first introduced either from To- 
 bago, in the West Indies, or Tobasco, in Mexico 
 hence the name. Shrubby and perennial kinds 
 require the warm greenhouse in winter, and may 
 be propagated by divisions and cuttings, and also 
 freely by seeds ; all the annuals are raised by seed 
 sown in a hotbed, in March or April; seedlings 
 pricked off, potted, and transplanted in rich soil 
 towards the end of May, when the ornamental 
 ones will adorn the flower-border, and the useful 
 ones, such as tnba'cum and mucrophy 1 'Ha, will 
 yield their large leaves for fumigating purposes ; 
 glau'ca makes a fine appearance against a wall. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 If. ala'ta (winged). 2. Pink. September. N. Amer. 
 1829. 
 
 angusttfo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pink. August. 
 
 Chili. 1819- 
 
 Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 4. Rose. July. Brazil. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pink. August. China. 
 
 18)9. 
 
 dilatn'tu (spread). 3. Pink. August. 1820. 
 fra'grans (sweet-scented). 3. White. Isle of 
 
 Pines. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 4. Scarlet. August. Peru. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-Jw^erZ-fiowered). 3. White. 
 
 August. Buenos Ay res. 1832. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. July. 
 
 America. 
 
 micru'ntha (small-flowered). 1. Green, white. 
 
 July. 
 
 multiiiu'luis (many-valved). 2. White. July. 
 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). J. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Nepule'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Rose. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1829. 
 
 noci/?o'?' (night-flowering). 2. Pink. August. 
 
 Chili. 1826. 
 
 petiolu'ta (/ong--leaf-stalked). 4. Rose. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1829. 
 
 pluml/itginifu'lia (plumbago-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 May. America. 1816. 
 
 ooad-toa'/BM-(four-valved). 1. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 rotundifo' lia (round-leaved). 2. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Swan River. 1837. 
 
 sangul'nea (crimson). 4. Crimson. July. 
 
 South Brazil. 1829. 
 
 N. taba'cum (tobacco). 4. Pink. July. America. 
 
 1570. 
 a'lipes (wing-stalked). 4. Pink. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1570. 
 attenua'tu (thin). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 graci'lipes (slender-stalked). 4. Pink. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1570. 
 li'ngua (tongue- leaved). 4. Pink. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1750. 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 7- Pink. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1570. 
 palh'scens (pale). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 15/0. 
 sero'tina (late). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 Ve'rdan (Verdan). 4. Pink. July. S, Amer. 
 
 15/0. 
 
 visco'sn (clammy). 3. Pink. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Ybarre'nais ( Ybarra). 2. Pink. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 N. frutico'xa (shrubby). 4. Pink. July. China, 
 1699, Evergreen. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-grt en). 20. Yellow. August, 
 
 Buenos Avres. 1827. Evergreen. 
 
 undulu'ta(\va.ve-leavfd). 2. White. July. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1800. 
 
 vincceflu'ru (vinca-flowered). 2. White. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 NIEREMBE'RGIA. (Named after J. E. 
 Nierembery, a Spanish Jesuit. Nat. ord., 
 Nightshades [Solanaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Petunia.) 
 
 Pretty half-hardy plants for flower-beds. Cut- 
 tings root freely under a hand-light in summer, if 
 kept shaded; and very freely in deep pits, in au- 
 tumn, without shading, if the glass is from 
 eighteen to twenty-four inches from the cuttings; 
 and most freely in a slight hotbed in spring, from 
 plants commencing to grow after being kept ra- 
 ther cool over the winter. Sandy loam and a little 
 peat, and, when quick growth is wanted, a little 
 cow-dung; kept in a cool greenhouse, or a dry, 
 cold pit in winter, where frost can be excluded ; 
 the soil in winter should be poor, and kept rather 
 dry ; propagated, also, easily by sowing in a slight 
 hotbed in March and April, potting and turning 
 out the seedlings into the flower-garden in the 
 middle of May. 
 
 N. arista' ta (awned-leaved) . . White, purple. 
 July. Panama. 1832. Annual. 
 
 calyci'nn ~ (liirge-ca.lyx.ed). f. White. July. 
 
 Uruguay. 1834. Herbaceous. 
 
 filicau'lis [thread-stemmed). 1. Lilac. May. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1832. Herbaceous. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender;. White, purple. July. 
 
 Uraeruay. 1831. Herbaceous. 
 
 linariafo'lia (toadflax-leaved). . Whitish. 
 
 July. Uraguay. 1831. Evergreen. 
 
 NIGE'LLA. Fennel-Flower. ( From nicfer, 
 black ', the colour of the seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria 5-Pentagyn'ui. Allied to Aqui- 
 legia. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open ground any 
 time afrer the middle of March. 
 N. arintn'ta (avvned). 2. Blue. August. Athens. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 curnicula'tu (smaii-horced). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
NIG 
 
 [ 569 ] 
 
 NIS 
 
 N. damasce'na (damask). l. Lilac, blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. 
 flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). l. Lilac, 
 
 blue. July. South Europe. 15/0. 
 
 Hispu'nica (Spanish). l. Brown, white. July. 
 
 Spain. 1629. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). l. Yellow. July.Syria.l699. 
 
 satl'va (cultivated). l- Yellow. July. 
 
 Egypt. 1548. 
 
 citri'nu (citron-coloured-seerferf). 1^. Pale 
 
 blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). l^.Pale blue. July. Crete. 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 1. Pale blue. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 NIGHTSHADE. Sola'num. 
 
 NIGHT-SOIL. See DUNG. 
 
 NIGHT TEMPERATURE in hothouses, 
 greenhouses, and frames should always 
 average from 10 to 20 lower than the 
 temperature in which the plants are 
 grown during the day. It is in the night 
 that the individual functions are reno- 
 vated by a temporary repose, and if left to 
 the dictates of healthy nature, the sap, 
 like the blood, rises at night with a much 
 diminished velocity. That plants do 
 become exhausted by too unremitting 
 excitement, is proved to every gardener 
 who has peach-houses under his rule; for 
 if the greatest care be not taken to ripen 
 the wood by exposure to the air and light 
 during the summer, no peach-tree will 
 be fruitful if forced during a second suc- 
 cessive winter, but will require a much 
 more increased temperature than at first 
 to excite it even to any advance in vege- 
 tation. 
 
 The experiments of Harting and Mun- 
 ter upon vines growing in the open air, 
 and those of Dr. Lindley upon vines in 
 a hothouse, coincide in testifying that 
 this tree grows most during the less light 
 and cooler hours of the twenty-four; 
 but the hours of total darkness were the 
 period when the vine grew slowest. This, 
 observes Dr. Lindley, seems to show 
 the danger of employing a high night 
 temperature, which forces such plants 
 into growing fast at a time when nature 
 bids them repose. 
 
 That the elevation of temperature at 
 night does hurtfully excite plants is 
 proved by the fact, that the branch of a 
 vine, kept at that period of the day in 
 temperature not higher than 50, inhales 
 from one-sixteenth to one-tenth less 
 oxygen than a similar branch of the 
 same vein, during the same night, in a 
 temperature of 75=. The exhalation of 
 moisture and carbonic acid is also pro 
 portionably increased by the higher tem- 
 perature. 
 
 NI'PA. (The Moluccan name. Nat. 
 ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo- 
 ncecia 10-Monadclpliia. ) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds in :i strong, moist heat, not 
 giving too much moisture to the seed at first ; 
 rich loam. Winter temp., 60 to 65; summer, 
 60 to 90, and moist atmosphere. 
 N.fru'ticans (shrubby). 10. White. E.Ind. 1822. 
 
 NIPELE'A. (From niphos, snow ; snow- 
 white flowers. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneracere]. Linn., l-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Achimenes.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous, white-flowered perennials. 
 Divisions of tiie roots, as growth commences, in 
 the sprint; sandy loam and peat, enriched with 
 leaf-mould or rotten cow-dung. Temp, when at 
 rest, 40 to 45 ; when starting and potted, 55 to 
 70; when growing. 60 to 75; when flowering, 
 rather less; until after flowering they are allowed 
 to become nearly dry, when a low temperature 
 suits them. 
 
 N. a'lbo-linea'ta (white-lined-teaf). |. Sep- 
 tember. New Grenada. 1844. 
 
 oblo'nga (oblong). . September. Guatimala. 
 
 1841. 
 
 ru'bra (red-hatred). . November. 1846. 
 NIPHO'BOLUS. (From niphobohis, 
 
 covered with snow ; referring to the white 
 covering of the spore^cases. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryp- 
 toyamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS. 
 N. acrostichoi'des (acrostichum-like). September. 
 Isle of Luzon. 
 
 adna'scens (stem-leaf-pressed). . May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1894- 
 
 a'lhicuns (whitish). 1. July. Ceylon. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). August. Malacca. 
 
 co'nfluens (running-together). . May. N. 
 
 Holland. 18-20. 
 
 costa'tus (ribbed-teaced). July. Ceylon. 1824. 
 
 flocculo'sus (woolly-tufted). August. Manilla. 
 
 1841. 
 
 gla'ber (smooth). July. Malacca. 
 
 linen' re (narrow -leaved). . May. Japan. 1822. 
 
 li'ngua (tongue-like). . May. Japan. 181/. 
 
 nummularifo'lius (moon wort-leaved). May. 
 
 Isle of Luzon. 
 
 pertu'sus (bored). . May. China. 1821. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). . May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). . September. China. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). July. E.Ind. 
 
 i>ph<Kr<ice'phulus (round-headed). July. Ma- 
 
 lacca. 
 
 va'rius (variable). July. Malacca. 1845. 
 
 NISSO'LIA. (Named after W, Ni$sole t 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Legtimi* 
 nous Plaiils [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 Dia- 
 dclpliia 4:-Decandria. Allied to Amicia.) 
 
 Cuttings of short, stubby, half-ripened shoots 
 in spring and summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 N. glabru'ta (polished). 6. White. 1823. 
 
 micro'ptera (small-winged). 10. White. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1820. 
 
 Robiniasfu'lm (Robiuia- leaved). 6. St. Vin- 
 
 cent. 1824. 
 
NIT 
 
 [570 ] 
 
 NOT 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 Jf. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Rio Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 fruticofsa (shrubby). 15. Yellow. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1/65. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 15. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 retvfsa (abrupt-ended-teo/teted). 6. S. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 NITRATES. See SALTS. 
 
 NlTTA-TREE. Pa'fkia. 
 
 NIVE'NIA. (Named after J. Niven, a 
 botanical collector. Nat. ord., Proteads 
 [Proteaceee]. Linn., -Tetrandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Protea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope, bearing, in July, purple flowers. 
 Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of younar, stiff, 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May, and without bottom-heat ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 N. lago'pus (hare's-foot). 4. 1810. 
 
 see? pt rum (sceptre-like). 2. 1790. 
 
 spiithuld'ta (spathulate-/earf). 2$. 1790. 
 
 spied ta (spiked). 2$. 17*6. 
 
 NOHL-KOHL. See KNOHL-KOHL. 
 
 NOISE 'TTIA. (Named after L. G. Noi- 
 sette, a French nurseryman. Nat. ord., 
 Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn., 5 Pen- 
 tatidria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Viola.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 April, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 N. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Cream. Cayenne. 
 1824. 
 
 NOLA'NA. (From no/a, a little bell; 
 the form of the flowers. Nat. ord., No- 
 lanads [Nolanaceae 
 dria l-Monoffynia.) 
 
 Hardy trailing annuals, all blue-flowered but 
 one. Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring; seed- 
 lings transplanted in M.iy, or sown in May 
 wliere they are to prow. A border where the soil 
 is rather stiff answers well for sowing all such 
 plants in March, provided you can cover them with 
 a little finer soil, and lay a glass frame over them, 
 until they are fairly up, when they may be pro- 
 tected with a few branches, and then be removed 
 in large patches. 
 
 If. atriplicifo'lia (atriplex-leaved). $.. White, 
 yellow. July. Peru. 1834. 
 
 grandiflit'ra (large-flowered), i. July. Chili. 
 
 1829. 
 
 parado'xa (paradoxical). 1^. August. Chili. 1825. 
 
 prostra'ta (trailing). $. August. Peru. l/6l. 
 
 tens'/ la (slender). $. August. Chili. 1824. 
 
 NOLI'NA. (Named after P. G. Nolin, 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 3- 
 Trigynia. Allied to Albuca.) 
 
 An interesting, hardy, peat-border bulb. Off- 
 gets and cuttings ; sandy, moist peat. 
 If. Georgia'na (Georgian). 2. White. July. 
 Georgia. 1812. 
 
 NONATE'LIA. (From the South Ame 
 rican name. Nat. ord., Clnchonads [Cin- 
 chonaceaB]. Linn., 5 Pentandria l-Mo- 
 nojynia. Allied to Guettardia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, with white flowers, except 
 lu'tea. Cuttings of firm shoots in summer, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist, sweet 
 bottom-heat; sandv loam and fibry peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 70 to 90. 
 N. lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 officina'lis (shop). 4. June. Cayenne. 1827., 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 3. June. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 viola'i:ea (violet-berried). 4. June. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 NORA'NTEA. (From its Guianan name. 
 Nat. ord., Margraviads [Margraviacese]. 
 Linn., I3-Polyundria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, remarkable 
 for their singular bractes. Culture same as for 
 Nonatelia. 
 N. Brasilie'nsis (Brazil), 4. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 4. Violet. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 I'ndica. (Indian). White. Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 NORDMA'NNIA. (In honour of M. Nord- 
 mann, a continental botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Daphnads [Thymelaeese], Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \_-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plant ; by division in early 
 autumn or early spring ; light loam. 
 
 IV. cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-leaved). J. Blue. 
 April. 18*6. 
 
 NORLAND? CRESS. See AMERICAN 
 CRESS. 
 
 NORWAY SPRUCE. Pi'nus exce'lsa. 
 
 NOTEL^'A. (From notos, south, and 
 elaia, the olive ; literally, the Australian 
 Olive. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria \-Afonogynia.} 
 
 All the species in thU order will graft on each 
 other, as the Lilac on the Ash, the Olive on the 
 Privet and Phillyrea, and so forth. Greenhouse, 
 white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of firm, side, stubby shoots in April, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, without bottom-heat; 
 peat and loam, with a little sand and charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 50. 
 N. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. April. 17QO, 
 
 ovu'ta (egg-teed). 2 June. 1824. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted-teawerf). 3. June. 1826. 
 
 NOTHOCL^E'NA. (From nothus, spurious, 
 and chlaina, a cloak ; some of the species 
 appearing to have an involucre. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Crypto- 
 yamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, all but one with brown spores. 
 See FERNS. 
 N. argyrosti'gma (silver-dotted). July. E. Ind. 
 
 de'nsa (dense). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 di'stans (distant). J. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 Ecklonia'na (Ecklon's). . August. 1838. 
 
 lanugino'sa( woolly). J. August. Madeira. 1778. 
 
 lenti'gera (pe&-spored). May. S. Amer. 18-22. 
 
 Maru'ntce (Maranta's). f . July. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy). . White. July. Mexico. 
 
 pt/os(?//oi'des(pilosella-like)4.July.E.Ind.l82J. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). . August. N.Holland. 
 
 ru'fa (reddish). Mav- S. Amer. 1841. 
 
 sinua'ta (vtnvy-edged), Peru. 1831. 
 
 te'neru (tender- textured), fa. Mendoza. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). May. Mexico. 1841. 
 
NOT 
 
 [ 571 ] 
 
 NYM 
 
 If. trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like\ June. Ja- 
 maica. 1844. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 NOTY'LIA. (From notot, the back, and 
 tylos, a hump; referring to a singular 
 lump on the column. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese}. Linn., "20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Cirrhsea.) 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see CIRKH^K'A. 
 2V. Barke'ri (Barker's). Straw. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 incu'rna (curled-in). Pale straw. Trinidad. 
 
 laxijio'ra (loose-flowered). . Pale yellow. Para. 
 
 I83Q. 
 
 micra'ntha (small- flowered). Pale green. 
 
 Demerara. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). $. Yellow, green. Trinidad. 
 
 1822. 
 
 te>nuis (slender). Pale straw. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 NU'PHAR. (From neufar, the Arabic 
 for water-lily. Nat. ord., W ater -lilies [Nym- 
 phaeacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1 -Mo- 
 noyynia.) 
 
 A beautiful family of hardy, yellow- flowered 
 water-plants. Seeds merely thrown in the pond 
 where it is desired to grow them, and divisions of 
 the roots. 
 N. u'dvena (stranger). July. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 Kalmia'na (Kami's). July. Canada. 1807. 
 
 lu'tea (common-yellow) . June. Britain. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf-yellow). July. Scotland. 
 
 sag7^/c/fta(arrow-leaved). July. N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 NURSERY, or EESEEVE GARDEN, is a 
 garden, or portion of a garden, devoted 
 to the rearing of trees, shrubs, and hardy 
 pi ants, during their early stages of growth, 
 before they are desired for the fruit or 
 pleasure-grounds. 
 
 NURSERYMAN is one who raises fruit 
 and ornamental trees and plants for sale. 
 
 NUTMEG. Myri'stica. 
 
 NUITA'LLIA. (Named in honour of Pro- 
 fessor Nultall, of Cambridge. It is a true 
 Mallow, and should be united to Malva.) 
 
 The species are handsome peat-border plants, 
 requiring a slight protection from frost and damp 
 in winter. Seeds in spring ; cuttings in summer, 
 of some ; division of the fusiform roots in spring, 
 of others ; sandy loam and peat. 
 N.cerasifo'rmis (bird-cherry-like). 2. (Jreenish- 
 white. February. California. 1848. 
 
 cordu'ta (heart-leaved). Pink. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1835. 
 
 digita'ta (finger- leaned). 3. .Purple. August. 
 
 N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 grandiflora (large-flowered). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 malvenflu'ra (mallow-flowered). 1^. Purple. 
 
 August. Texas. 1838. 
 
 papavera'cea (poppy-flowered). 3. Red, purple. 
 
 August. Louisiana. 1833. 
 
 peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 3. Purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1824. 
 
 NUT-TIIEE. Co'rylus. 
 
 NUY'TSIA. Fire-tree. (Called after T. 
 Nuyts, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., Lo- 
 ranths [Loranthacea;]. Linn., Q-Htx- 
 andria 1-Munogynia.) 
 
 Very handsome shrubs, from Swan River, with 
 such abundance of bright orange-coloured blos- 
 soms, that the colonists at King George's Sound 
 compare it to a tree on fire ; and it is also singular 
 as being the only plant in this order of parasites 
 which grows on the ground. Seeds ; cuttings of 
 firm side-shoots in May, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and placed in a cold frame ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 N.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 15. Orange. 
 1837. 
 
 ligustri'na (privet-like). Orange. 1837. 
 
 NYCTA'NTHES. (From nyctos, night, and 
 anthos, a flower ; the flowers open in the 
 evening. Nat. ord., Jasmineworts [Jas- 
 minacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogy- 
 nla. Allied to Jasminum.) 
 
 This is the Hursingar of India, whose blossoms 
 perfume the air at night, and cover the ground in 
 the morning, when they are gathered and worn as 
 necklaces, or in the hair of the native women. 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, kept 
 open by sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60; summer, 70 to 90. A moist atmosphere 
 when growing. 
 
 N. a'rbor tri'stis (tree-of-sadness). 18. White. 
 E. Ind. 1781. 
 
 NYMPH.TS'A. Water-Lily. (From nympfie, 
 a water-nymph. Nat. ord., Water-lilies 
 [NymphseaceaeJ. Linn., 13-Potyandria 1- 
 Monoyynia.) 
 
 All most beautiful water-plants ; all like-a rich, 
 loamy soil, and plenty of water above it. Propa- 
 gated by seeds, dividing the roots in some, and 
 separating the tuber-like bottoms of others. The 
 stove kinds should be kept cooler and drier in 
 winter, and receive fresh soil before starting them 
 in spring. They much delight in a supply of fresh- 
 heated wat-er when growing, and then the atmo- 
 sphere can be scarcely too hot and moist. Temp, 
 for stove kinds, winter, 48 to 55; summer,, 70 
 to 90. 
 
 HARDY. 
 N. a'lbn (white). White. June. -Britain. 
 
 Canadt'nsis (Canadian). White. June. 
 
 Canada. 1820. 
 
 ni'tida (shimog-cup-flowered). White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1809- 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. l/bb". 
 
 pygmce'a (pigmy). White. July. China. 1805. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 N. Amazn'num (Amazon). Yellow. Jamaica. 
 
 biradia'cit (two-rayed). July. 1846. 
 
 renifo'rtnis (kidney-shaped). White. July. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1823. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 N. a'mpla (\zrge-leaved). White. July. Jamaica. 
 1801. 
 
 bla'ndu (charming). White. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1820 
 
 ceeru'lea (blue). Blue. July. Egypt. 1799. 
 
 cya'nea(Indian-b\ue). Blue. July. E. Ind. 1809. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed-leaved). White. September. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1845. 
 
 Dcijonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's). Scarlet. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). White. July. . lad. 
 
NTS ' 
 
 [ 572 ] 
 
 ODO 
 
 ft. Jlegavu (elegant). Bluish-whVe. June. New 
 Mexico 1850. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). Blue. Australia. 1852. 
 
 io'tus (Egyptian-lotus). Pink. July. Egypt. 
 
 180-J. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). White. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 pube'scens ^downv. Indian L'ttus). White. 
 
 June. E. Ind. isou. 
 
 ru'bra (red). Red. July. E. Ind. 1803. 
 rn'aea (rosy). Pink. July. E. Ind. 1S03. 
 
 scutifo'lia (shield -leaved). Blue. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1792. 
 
 stella'tri(stairred-Jiowered). Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1801. 
 
 therrr.u' Us (warm-hath. Hungarian Lotus). 
 
 White. July. Hungary. 1*00. 
 
 versi'color (various -coloured)". Pink, white. 
 
 August. Bengal. Ib07. 
 
 NY'SSA. Tupelo tree. (From Nyssa, a 
 water-nymph so called. Nat. ord., Afan- 
 giads [Alangiaceas]. ii\nxi.,23-Po/t/gamia 
 2-Dicecia. ) 
 
 All the kinds described are referable to three 
 species, bijio'ra, ca'ndwnns, and nUln'sa. They 
 are deciduous, green-flowered natives of the 
 southern states of North America, where they 
 attain the size of large trees, growing in watery 
 places. They succeed best in peat swamps, and 
 are highly deserving of cultivation, on account, of 
 their leaves dying off of an intensely deep scarlet ; 
 they are propagated from American seeds, also ra- 
 ther freely by layers; low, damp, moist situations 
 suit them best. We are not aware that any seeds 
 have been produced in England, as the male va- 
 rieties only have bloomed, so far as we know. 
 2V. biflo'ra (two-flowered. Mountain). 6. May.1/30. 
 
 cn'ndiuuns (whitish. Ogechee Lime). 20.1806. 
 
 grnndidcntu'ta (large-toothed). May. 1735. 
 - villo'sa (shaggy. Sour Gum). 10. May. 1824. 
 
 0. 
 
 OAK. Qite'rais. 
 
 OBERO'NIA. Indian and African orcliicls, 
 only interesting to botanists. 
 
 O'CHNA. (From ochne, the wild pear- 
 tree; resemblance of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Ochnads [Ochnacese], Linn., 13-Po- 
 lyandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, all but one yellow-flowered. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in summer, under 
 a bell-glass, in sand, and in bottom-heat. ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam, with pieces of broken char- 
 coal and crocks to keep the soil open. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 urbafrea (tree). 20. Cape of Good Hope. 1832. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rf-a (dark purple). 4. Purple. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 hi'cida (bright). 6. E. Ind. 181p. 
 
 Mauritia'na (Mauritian). S.Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 8. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1615. 
 
 obtusu'tu (blunted). 4. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 OCHRA'NTHE. (From ochros, pale yellow, 
 and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord., Cunoniads 
 [Cunoniacesej. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 3- 
 Triyyiiia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers; cuttings ol 
 
 ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil 
 sandy, fibry loam. A cool greenhouse or a cold 
 pit in winter. 
 
 0. argifta (sharp). Yellow. March. China. 
 1820. 
 
 OCHRO'MA. (From ochros, pale; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Sler 
 culiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona- 
 delphia 2-Pentagynia. Allied to Ckei- 
 rostemon.) 
 
 The wood of 0. lago'pus is so light that it is 
 used in the West Indies for corks. Stove, white- 
 flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby, 
 side, half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in heat; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 55 to 60; summer, 60 to 85, 
 0. Ingo'pus (hare's-foot). 40. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 tomento'na (woolly-leaved). 20. S. Amcr. 
 
 1816. 
 
 OCIIRO'SIA. (From ochros, pale yellow. 
 Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ Apocv naceee] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Munoyynia. Allied to 
 Cerbera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots ; treatment similar to Ochroma. 
 0. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Cream. Bour- 
 bon. 1828. 
 
 O'CYMUM. Basil. (From ozo, smell ; 
 the powerful odour of the plant. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates [Lamiacere]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. ) 
 
 All but one are white-flowered ; and most of 
 them require to be treated as tender and half- 
 hardy annuals. To be sown in a slight hotbed, 
 and transplanted afterwards; the border kind* 
 sown where they are to STOW, in warm places and 
 light, rich soil, late in May. See BA'SIL. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C. 
 0. Bojt'ri (Bcjar's). 2. Madagascar. 1825. 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 filamento'surn (thready). 2. September* 
 
 Africa. 1802. 
 
 grati'ssimum (most agreeable). 2. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1751. 
 
 menthoi'des (mint-like). 1. Annual. 
 
 iiiontu'num (mountain), jj. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1825. Annual. 
 
 ta'nctum (holy). 1. Purple. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 0. basi'iicum (c-omwion-basil). 1. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1548. 
 
 glahra'tum (smooth). July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 pilo'sum (soft-haired). 1. July. 
 
 thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse -flowered). 1$. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 bif color (two-coloured). 2. October. Abys- 
 
 sinia. 1842. Deciduous shrub. 
 
 mifnimum (least). . July. Chili. 15/3. 
 
 ODONTOGLO'SSUM. (From odous, a 
 tooth, and glossa, a tongue ; tooth-like 
 processes on the lip, or labellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [OrchidaceaeJ. Linn., ^0- 
 Gynaiidria \-Monandria. Allied to On- 
 cidium.) 
 
 Stuve orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs; 
 
ODO 
 
 [ 573 ] 
 
 CENO 
 
 fastened to a block of wood, and then the block 
 fastened across the mouth of a pot, with fibry 
 peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round it. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 65 to Q0. 
 0. angusta'tum (narrow-ieui'erf). White, purple. 
 Merida. 
 
 f>i'co/or (two-coloured). Violet, yellow. Peru. 
 
 Bictone'nse (Bicton). Lilac, green. April. 
 
 Guatimala. 1837- 
 a'lbum (white-lipped). Brown, white. 
 
 April. Guatimala. 1843. 
 ru'brum (red-lipped). Brown, red. April. 
 
 Oaxaca. 1843. 
 
 bremfo'lium (short-leaved). Purple. Loxa. 
 
 cn'ndidum (white). Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 Cervanttt'sii (Cervantes')- ! White, yellow. 
 
 June. Oaxaca. 1845. 
 
 eitro'smum (lemon-scented). 1. White, rose. 
 
 March. Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 Clowe'sii (Clowes's). Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 ceerule'scens (bluish). White, blue. May. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 constri'ctum (constrained). Yellow, brown, 
 
 green. January. La Guayra. 1841. 
 
 ma'jus (larger). Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 La Guayra. 1843. 
 
 cor da' turn (\\eATt-lipped). 1. Greenish-yellow, 
 
 brown. January. Mexico. 1837- 
 
 cri'spum (curled). Yellow, purple. May. 
 
 Colombia. 1844. 
 
 cristn'tum (crested). Brown-spotted. Peru. 
 
 cusjnda'tum (sharp-pointed-teui'ed). Green, 
 
 brown. May. 
 
 densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). Yellow, red. 
 
 March. Tanja. 
 
 Egerto'ni (Egerton's). White. April. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1840. 
 
 Ehrmbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Guatimala. 1842. 
 
 epidendroi'des (epidendrum- like). Yellow, 
 
 purple. November. New Grenada. 
 
 Galeottia'num (Galeotti's). White. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 QKiesbrcghtiatnum (Ghies>.reghf.'s). Mexico. 
 
 gra'nde (magnificent). 1. Cream, brown. Muxch. 
 
 Mexico. 18<9. 
 
 lube'llo-u'lbum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow, 
 
 white. December. Guatimala. 
 
 Ha'llii( Hall's). Yellow, purple. November. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 kasta'tnm (halbert-like). Green, red. Mexico. 
 
 hastilu 1 bium (halbert-lipped). 1. White, yel- 
 
 low, brown. August. Guatimala. 1848. 
 
 Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Brown, yellow, orange. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 lee've (smooth- lipped). White, yellow, brown. 
 
 June. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 la'cerum (torn). Yellow, brown. Peru. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). Peru. 
 
 lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow-purple). Yellow, 
 
 purple. February. Quindia. 
 
 macula'tum (spotted). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 May. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 maxilla're (jaw-bone). Flesh, red, yellow. 
 
 September. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 membrana'cewn (membrane -shettthed)* j. 
 
 White, brown. May. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 mya'nthum (fly-flowered). Peru. 
 
 nebulo'surn (clouded). Mexico. 
 
 odoru'tum (sweet-scented). Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Sierra Nevada. 
 
 pnrdi'num (panther-like). Yellow.brown. Peru. 
 
 purviflo 1 rum (small-flowered). Dark purple, 
 
 white. August. Mexico. 
 
 pulcht'IUtm (pretty). 1. White, yellow. June. 
 
 Guatimala. lb3g. 
 
 0. retu/sum (bent-back). Deep yellow. March. 
 Peru. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. Peru. 
 
 Rn'llia: (Lady Rolle's). July. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 ro'seurn (rosy). Rose. Peru. 
 
 Ro'ssii( Ross's). Yellow.brown, white. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 stella' turn (starry -flowered). White, green. 
 
 April. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Warne'ri (Warner's). $. Yellow, crimson. 
 
 April. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 purpura'tum (purplish). . Purple, 
 
 yellow. May. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 ODONTOLO'MA. (From odous, a tooth, 
 and loma, an edge ; fronds or leaves 
 tooth-notched. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryptogam'va 1- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. See 
 FKRNS. 
 0. Bori/a'num (Bory's). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 pul<:he'Uum (neat). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 teuuifo'tium (slender-leaved). May. E. Ind. 
 CEcEo'cLADES. (From oikeo, to in- 
 
 liabit, and klados, a branch. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%- 
 nandria \-Monandria. Allied to An- 
 griecum.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Divisions, by separating a newly, 
 formed shoot ; block of wood, or shallow baskets, 
 in sphagnum and fibry turf, and suspended from 
 thereof of a house. Winter temp., 50 to 60, 
 and dryish atmosphere ; summer, 70 to 90, dry 
 before lowering, moist afterwards. 
 Q>f<ilca'ta (sickle-shaped). $. White. April. 
 China. 1815. 
 
 (ENOCA'RPUS. (From oinos, wine, and 
 karpos, a fruit ; yields palm-wine and oil. 
 Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds, but generally suckers ; 
 rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60 ; summer, 
 60 to 90. 
 (E. Bata'na (Batana). 40. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 (ENOTHE'EA. Evening Primrose. (From 
 oinos, wine, and Ihera, imbibing; tho 
 roots of bie'nids supposed to be an in- 
 centive to drinking wine. Nat. ord., 
 Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., S-Odan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in April ; also in the autumn, to stand 
 over the winter, and bloom early ; perennials, 
 by seeds also, by divisions of the plants in 
 spring, and the more rare and tender by cuttings 
 or the young shoots under a hand-light, in early 
 summer. See GODE'TIA for some species some- 
 times included in this geruis. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 (E. acau'lis (stemless). White. July. Chili. 
 
 , 1821. Herbaceous. 
 
 cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 14. Yel- 
 
 low. July. Chili. 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). . Yellow. 
 
 August. Texas. 1833. Herbaceous.v 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Peru. 1733. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
CENO 
 
 [ 574] 
 
 OLD 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 (E.anifsa'loba (unequal - lobed). 3. White. 
 June.- Chilue. 1828. 
 
 ctespito'aa (tutted). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 Frase'ri( Eraser's). 1$. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-Jeaoed). I. Yel- 
 low. July. Gardens. 
 
 frutiettm (shrubby). 3. Yellow. August. 
 N. Amer. 1737. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1813. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 1$. Yellow. July. 
 
 India. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Auier. 1812. 
 
 variega'ta (\KriegAteA-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. 1833. 
 
 hy>tirida (hybrid). 1. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1813. 
 
 maorocu'rpa (large - fruited). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 Missourie'nsis (Missouri). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 mrvo'sa (large-nerved). 2. Yellow. July. 1S27. 
 
 Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). White. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 p&'llida (pale). l. White, red. June. 
 
 America. 1826. 
 
 pvfmila (dwarf). . Yellow. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1757. 
 
 pustlla (small), i- Yellow. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Sfillo'wii (Sellow's). Montevideo. 1831. 
 
 ssr^uia'ta (small-toothed). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 . N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 serrtina (lite-flowering). 1J. Yellow. Sep. 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 specWsa (*howy). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 'ma'jor (larger). 6. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 taraxacifo'Ha (dandelion-leaved). . White. 
 
 June. Peru. 1825. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled-/>odded). l. Yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 (E. a'lbicnns (whitish). 2. Whitish. June. Peru. 
 1823. 
 
 atbicau'lis (white-stalked). . White. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Yellow. July. N.Araer. 
 
 1629. 
 
 bi'frons (two-faced). 1$. Purple. August. 
 
 Texas. 1835. 
 
 crucia'ta (cross-lowered). 3. Yellow. July. 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 ero'sa (jagged). 2. Citron-coloured. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1 828. 
 
 globula'ris (globular). 3. Yellow. July. 1824.! 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N.Amer.! 
 
 1820. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. Yellow. August. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 17/6. 
 
 me'dia (iatermediate). 2. Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 noctu'rna (night-smelling), 2. Yellow. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1790. 
 
 pubefscens (downy). 1. White. July. S.Amer. 
 
 182&. 
 
 CB. sallcifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1816. 
 
 stria'tn (streaked). Yellow. July. 1822. 
 
 villo'na (shaggy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 (E. amce'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. July. N.Amer. 
 1825. 
 
 clava'ta (club-/eat>ed). 1. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 California. 1827. 
 
 densiflo'ra (close-flowered). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 California. 1830. 
 
 Lindle'yii (Lindley's). lj. Purple. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaned). 1^. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 quudrwu' Ineru (four-wounded). l- Pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 sinua'ta (scolloped-/eawtd). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1770. 
 
 mi'nima (smallest). . Yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 1$. Yellow. June. 1822. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). l. Purple. August. 
 
 Chili. 1828. 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed). ^. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 1826. 
 
 virga'ta (rod-shaped). l. Purple, white. July, 
 
 Peru. 1823. 
 
 OFFSETS are- side bulbs produced by 
 some bulbous roots, and by which the 
 species can be propagated. Whatever 
 checks the upward growth of the parent 
 plant, as an early breaking down of the 
 stem, compels the sap. to find other 
 organs for its reception, and, conse- 
 quently, promotes the production of off- 
 sets. " The practice," says Dr. Lindley, 
 "of scarring the centre of bulbs, the 
 heads of echino-cacti, and such plants, 
 and the crown of the stem of species like 
 Littte'a yeminiflo'ra, in all which cases 
 suckers are the result, is explicable on 
 the foregoing principle." 
 
 OGECHEE LIME. Ny'ssa ca'ndicans. 
 
 OIL NUT. Hamilto'nia. 
 
 OIL PALM. Ela'is. 
 
 O'LAX. (From olax, furrowed ; flowers 
 partially furrowed, or imbricated. Nat. 
 ord., Oliveworts [Oleacea?]. Linn., 3- 
 Triandria I-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, from 
 the East Indies. Cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy peat, 
 fibry loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 0. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 8. December. 1820. 
 
 sea' ndens (climbing). 8. December. 1820. 
 
 OLDENLA'NDIA. (Named after H. B. 
 Oldenland, a Danish plant-collector. Nat. 
 
OLD 
 
 [ 575 ] 
 
 OMP 
 
 on!., Cinchonads [Cinchonacete]. Linn., 
 -Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Allied to 
 Hedyotis.) 
 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots of Deppia'na 
 in April, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 
 60 to 85. The annuals sow in a gentle hotbed, 
 in March ; prick out the seedlings in the bed, and 
 move them to the open border, after gradually 
 hardening them, at the end of May* 
 0. Cape'nuis (Cape). White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1824. Annual. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1739. Annual. 
 
 Deppia'na (Deppe's). 1. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1835. Stove evergreen. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). . White. July. E 
 
 Ind. 1792. 
 
 OLD-MAN'S BEARD. Geropo'gon. 
 
 O'LEA. Olive. (From elaia, the olive. 
 Nat, ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese], Linn., 
 2-J)iandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea, 
 Ash, Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens, 
 all white-flowered, except O, fra' grans. Cuttings 
 of ripened shoots in spring, in sand, under a 
 hand-light, in a close frame or pit ; also, when 
 procurable, by seeds and grafting ; loam and peat, 
 of an open, fihry character. Winter temp., 38 
 to 48. 0. sati'va has stood for years against 
 south walls near London. The scent offra'grans 
 is sufficient to perfume a large conservatory ; 
 where only one of the genus can be grown, this 
 should be fixed upon. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 O. America'na (American). 6, June. N. Amer. 
 1758. 
 
 arbn'reu (tree). 20. August. 1825. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 5. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1/30. 
 
 undula'ta (wave -leaved). 6. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1730. 
 
 exce'lsu (tall). 15. May. Madeira. 1784. 
 
 fra' grans (fragrant). 4. Yellow. July. China. 
 
 1771. 
 
 olea'sttr (oleaster. Wild Olive). 5. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1821. 
 
 panicuta'ta (panicled). 10. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1S25. 
 
 sati'na (cultivated). August. South Europe. 1570. 
 
 buxifo'iia (box-leaved). 15. July. South Europe. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty -leaved). 15. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 
 
 latifo'tiu (broad-leaved). 15. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 15. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted-/eaed). 15. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 verruco'sa (warted). 6. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1814. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 O. dioi'ca (dioecious). 30. March. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 la'ncea (spear-head-/eoed). 20. August. Isle 
 
 of France. 1819. 
 
 rotnt'st* (robust). June. Sylhet. 1824. 
 
 Roxburghia'na (Dr. Roxburgh's), 15. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 OLEANDER. Ne'rium. 
 OLEA'NDRA. (The genus is founded 
 on neriifo'rmisy or oleander like. Nat. 
 
 ord., F-erns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FKBNS. 
 O. articula'ta (jointed). June. India. 1887. 
 
 Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 neriifo'rmis (oleander-like). May. E. Ind. 
 
 nodo'sa (knotty). May. S Amer. 1840. 
 
 WaUVchii (Wallich's). May. Nepaul. 
 
 OLEASTER, or WILD OLIVE. Elcua'ymis. 
 
 OLFE'RSIA. (Named after Offers, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 diacese]. L,inn.,24t~Cryptogamia,l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See 
 FERISS. 
 0. a'podum (stemless). June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Blumeu'num (Blume's). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 calleefo'lium (calla-leaved). August. Java. 1840. 
 
 cerm'na (st&g- horned). May. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 confo'rme (conformed). August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1841. 
 
 C r orco,'de'sis(Corcovado). May. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. W. Ind. 1841. 
 
 obtusifu'lium (blunt -leaved). June. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 scolopendnfo'lium (scolopendrium - leaved). 
 
 August. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 ti'mplex (simple). 1. July. Jamaica. 1/93. 
 
 squamo'sum (scaly). July. W. Ind. 
 
 visco'sum (clammy). August. W. Ind. 1826. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Jamaica. Ib43. 
 
 OLIBANUM. Husuw'llia. 
 
 OLIVE. O'lea. 
 
 OLIVE-BARK-TREE. Bu'dda. 
 
 OLIVE-WOOD. Elaode' ndron. 
 
 OMALA'NTHUS. (From homalos, smooth, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Spurge- 
 worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 2l-Mo- 
 ncecia IQ-Decandria. Allied to Hippo- 
 mane.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm shoot* 
 in sand, in heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 0, populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 6. White. August. 
 N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 OMIME PLANT. Plecta'nthrus. 
 
 OMPHALO'BIITM. (From omphalos, the 
 navel, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Cona- 
 rads [Conaracea]. Linn., 10-Decandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 The beautiful zebra- wood of the cabinet-makers 
 is that of 0. Africa'num. Stove evergreen shrubs, 
 with pale red flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60| 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 0. Africa'num (African). 8. Guinea. 1822. 
 Fndicum (Indian). 8. Ceylon. 
 
 OMPHALO'DES. Venus's Navelwort. 
 (From omphales, the navel, and eidos,\ike; 
 referring to the seed. Nat. ord., Borago- 
 worts [Boraginaceae], Linn., &-Pentan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds of annuals in open border, in March, and 
 once or twice more during the summer; the per- 
 ennials, by division. O. ve'rna is a beauiitul 
 
ONC 
 
 [ 576 ] 
 
 ONC 
 
 plant in the recesses of rock-works, in shady 
 corners, thriving as well in shade as the interest- 
 ing Periwinkles. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 O. interme'dia (intermediate). Blue. April. Arabia. 
 1836. Biennial. 
 
 linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. White. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1748. 
 
 litora'lis (shore). 1. White. July. France. 1826. 
 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Bohemia. 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 0. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White. July. 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 myosotoi'des (mouse-ear-like), l. Brush. Sep- 
 
 tember. Russia. 1838. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). 2. White. May. Portugal. 
 
 1812. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2$. Blue. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ve'rna (spring). . Llur. March. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1633. 
 
 ONCI'DIUM. (From ogkos, a tumour ; re- 
 ferring to excrescences on the base of the 
 lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 ehidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monan- 
 dria. Allied to Odontoglossum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is commenc- 
 ing in spring ; very shallow baskets suit all the 
 krgest-leaved kinds, or they may be fastened to a 
 block of wood, that fastened across the mouth of 
 a pot, the pot filled loosely with pieces of wood 
 and charcoal, to insure perfect drainage, and then 
 rotten wood, sphagnum, and fibry peat laid round 
 the lower part of the plants, provided the base of 
 the leaves is not covered. Hardy kinds, as flexu- 
 o'sum, re-quire more packing; small, tender kinds 
 must be carefully treated, to prevent damping, 
 especially when not growing. Winter temp., 58 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 O. ulti'ssimum (tallest). 4. Yellow, brown, March. 
 Panama. 1793. 
 
 ami'ctum (frilled). 1. Yellow, brown-blotched. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 amplia'tum (broad-lipped). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 March. America. 1832. 
 
 ma'jor (larger-lowered). . Yellow. March. 
 
 Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 asce'ndens (ascending). Yellow. April. Guati- 
 
 mala. 183/. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). 1^. Yellow. April. Brazil. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Burke' r I (Barker's). 1. Yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Batemitnia'num (Bateman's). Yellow. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Bau'eri (Bauer's). Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 bicallo'sum (two-warted). 1. Orange, brown. 
 
 July. Panama. 1842. 
 
 bi 'color (two-coloured-flowered). $. Yellow. 
 
 September. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 bicornu'tum (two-horned), l. Yellow-spotted. 
 
 June. Rio Janeiro. 1830. 
 
 bifo'lium (two-leaved). J. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Montevideo. 1811. 
 
 p'i'llidum (pale-3/etaw). J. Pale yellow, 
 
 July. Monte Video. 1832. 
 
 brachiiphy'llum (short-leaved). Yellow, brown. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 ea'ndidum (white). White, yellow. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 cturina'tum (keeled). Brown, yellow. August, 
 
 Xalapa. 1838. 
 
 0. Carthaginefnse (Carthaginian). 4. Olive. May. 
 Carthage. 1/91. 
 
 Cebolle'ti (Cebollet's). 1. Yellow. April. W. 
 
 Ind. 1825. 
 
 cilia' turn (fringed-lippcd). . Yellow, red. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 citri'num (lemon-coloured;. 5. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Trinidad. 
 
 co'ncotor (one-coloured), f . Lemon. May. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1839. 
 
 confrago'sum (uneven). Straw. July. Mexico. 
 
 1835. 
 
 corni'gerum (horn-bearing). J. Yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 cri'spum (curled-petaled). 3. Orange. June. 
 lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. May. Organ 
 
 Mountains. 1838. 
 
 cucullu' turn (hooded). Red, purple. February. 
 
 Quindia. 
 
 cut r turn (curtailed). Brown, yellow. 1846. 
 
 dcltui'denm (ttuaiga^u-ltppeef). 1. Yellow. 
 
 October. Luna. 1836. 
 
 Devonia'num(Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Yellow, 
 
 brown. January. Guatimala. 1836. 
 
 divarica'tum (spreading). l. Yellow, orange, 
 
 brown. December. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 cu'preum (copper-coloured). l. Yellow, cop- 
 
 per. December. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 excava'tum (hollowed). .Yellow. May. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1840. 
 
 falcipe'ttilum (sickle-petaled). Brown. August. 
 Merida. 
 
 fimbria'tum(fr\n%ed-flowered). Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 flabelli'ferum (fan-bearing). Brown, purple. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 flexuo'sum (zigzag). l. Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 ma'jor (larger-lowered). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 183Q. 
 
 Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 1. Scarlet, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Organ Mountains. 1837. 
 
 Forke'lii (Forkel's). Yellow, crimson. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 gutta'tum (spotted). Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 fu'lgens (brilliant). Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 ma 1 jus (larger). Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 Harrisonia'num. (Harrison's). 1. Yellow- 
 
 spotted. October. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 hasta'turn (h&Vnert-lipped). Brown, yellow. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Herwhma'nni (Henchman's). Pale rose. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1839- 
 
 Mans (gaping-^owered). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 Huntia'num (Hunt's). Yellow, red. September. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 incu'rvum (curled-back). Bluish-white. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 interme'dium (intermediate). 2. Orange.March. 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 la cerum (cut-lipped). l. Yellow. April. Pa- 
 
 nama. 1844. 
 
 Lancea'num (Lance's). 1|. Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Surinam. 1834. 
 
 ___ ma'jus (larger). Green, purple. August. 
 
 Guiana. 1836. 
 
 Lemonia'num (Sir C. Lemon's), f . Yellow- 
 
 spotted. March. Havannah. 1SS6. 
 
 leucochi'tum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow, brown. 
 
 August. Guatimala. 1835. 
 
 Linde'nii (Linden's). May. Guatimala. 1840. 
 
ONC 
 
 [577] 
 
 ONE 
 
 O. linguifo'rme (tongue-shaped). Yellow, rose. 
 July. Merida. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved), 3. Yellow, brown. 
 
 March. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 luna'tum (crescent-lipped). 1. Orange. June. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. 
 
 lu'ridum (lurid). 2. Olive, brown. March. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1822. 
 gutta'tum (speckled). 2. Yellow, red. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1837. 
 purpura'tum (purple-stained). 2. Crimson, 
 
 purple-speckled. September. 
 
 macranthe'rum (large-anthered). ^. Green, 
 
 purple. March. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 microchi'lum (small-lipped). Yellow, crimson. 
 
 September. Guatimala. 1838. 
 
 mono'ceras (one-horned). 2. Yellow. January. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1839. 
 
 nu'num (dwarf). White. La Guayra. 1842. 
 
 ncbulo'sum (cloudy). Yellow, brown. Guati- 
 
 mala. 
 
 nu'dum (naked). Yellow, crimson. July. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1834. 
 
 oblonga'tum. (oblong-leaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 Guatimala. 1844. 
 
 onu'stum (loaded). 2. Yellow. October. Peru. 
 
 1848. 
 
 ornithorhy'nchon (bird's-bill). 2. Pink, white. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1826. 
 pa'ttidum (pale-flowered). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 December. Guatimala. 1835. 
 pachyphy'llum (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow, 
 
 red. January. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 papi'lio (butterfly-p/an*). l. Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 limba'tum (bordered). l. Crimson, 
 
 brown, yellow. October. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 pectora'le (breast-plate). Brown, crimson. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 pelica'num (pelican-Aea/red). Yellow. October. 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 pe'ndulum (drooping-flowered) . Brown, yellow. 
 
 September. Guatimala. 1840. 
 
 pergame'neum (parchment). Yellow. August. 
 
 Guatimala. 1839. 
 
 phymatochi'lum (long-lipped). 2. White, yel- 
 
 low. April. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 Pinellia'num (Pinelli's). Brown, red. Brazil. 
 
 1841. 
 
 pu'bes (downy). 1. Green, red. April. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ftave'scens (yellowish). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 October. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 pulche'llum (neat). $. White-spotted. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 pw/uma7m (cushion-like). 8. Yellow, brown. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). $. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 pa'ltidum (pale). $. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. 
 
 rani'ferum (frog-bearing). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 ma 1 jus (larger-flowered). J. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Brazil. 
 
 refle'xum (bent -back). Yellow. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Mexico. 1838. 
 ma'jus (larger). Rose. March. Honduras. 
 
 1839. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale). Pale rose. March. Hon- 
 duras. 1839. 
 
 Russellia'num (Russell's). 1. Purple, green. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1835. 
 
 sangui'neum (crinuon- blotched), Crimson, red. 
 
 La Guayra. 
 37 
 
 0. sphacela'tum (scorched). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 February. Mexico. 1838. 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow, 
 
 brown. February. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 spilo'pterum (spotted -winged). 2 Brown, 
 
 yellow. February. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 strami'neum (straw-coloured). Straw, crimson. 
 
 VeraCruz. 1837. 
 
 sua've (sweet-scented). Yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1835. 
 
 Sutto'ni (Sutton's). Brown, yellow. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1842. 
 
 Tayleu'rii (Tayleur's). 2. Brown. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 te'nue (slender). f . Yellow, brown-spotted. 
 
 August. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 tetrape'talum(fo\ir-y>eta,led). 1. Yellow, brown. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured-flowered). 1$. Yellow, 
 
 white. April. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 trique'trum (triangular -leaved). $. White, 
 
 purple. September. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 trulli'ferum (trowel-lipped). Brown, yellow. 
 
 September. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 unguiculu'tum (null-bearing). 3. Yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 unico'rne (one-horned). Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 uniflo'rum (one-flowered). . Brown, yellow. 
 
 November. Organ Mountains. 1841. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 viperi'num (poisonous). Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). Yellow, brown. December. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Wentworthia'num (Earl FitzwilUam's). Yel- 
 
 low, crimson. March. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Wra'yee (Mrs. Wray's). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 Guatimala. 1838. 
 
 ONE - SHIFT SYSTEM OF POTTING is 
 giving a plant in a pot one large shift, in- 
 stead of frequent small ones. Thus, in- 
 stead of moving a plant successively 
 from a three to a five-inch pot, thence to 
 a seven or an eight, and thence again to 
 a ten or a twelve, allowing the roots to 
 become matted at the sides of the pot, 
 or merely to reach there, according as 
 flowering or growing is the object aimed 
 at, the plant is moved at once from a 
 three, four, or five-inch pot into one of 
 eight, twelve, or sixteen inches in di- 
 ameter. It is seldom that a cutting, or a 
 seedling, or a very small plant, is at once 
 moved into a large one, as during its very 
 small state it can be more safely, easily, 
 and economically attended to in a small 
 pot. The one-shift system requires room 
 for its adoption. Striking individual, ra- 
 ther than mere general results are its 
 characteristics; and, therefore, where a 
 constant show of bloom and considerable 
 variety in a small space are chiefly de- 
 sired, it should only be sparingly adopted. 
 The chief object aimed at is rapidity of 
 growth, and thus obtaining a beautiful 
 specimen in a much shorter period than 
 
 if 
 
ONE 
 
 5T8 ] 
 
 ONE 
 
 could easily be realized by the snccession- 
 shift system. By the one-shift system 
 we obtain a vigorous growth; but yet, 
 from being in a pot, luxuriance may be so 
 controlled as not to interfere with the 
 flowering. In fact, with the extra care 
 and trouble involved, we obtain the ad- 
 vantage without the disadvantages of the 
 planting-out system. For the one-shift 
 system, as well as in every other case 
 where a fine specimen is desired, a young 
 plant must be commenced with that has 
 never had its roots matted round the pot. 
 Such a plant will soon overtake one four 
 times its size, but which has several 
 times densely filled its pot with roots. 
 
 The freely-growing plants, and whose 
 existence is short, are the best to com- 
 mence with. Many of them are best 
 managed upon this system. Wherever 
 rapidity and strength of growth are an 
 object, annuals intended to flower in pots, 
 after being once pricked off into small 
 pots or preparatory beds, and thus estab- 
 lished, can scarcely be too soon after- 
 wards transferred to their blooming pots. 
 Where double flowers, as in the Balsam, 
 or swelling-off part of the flower, as the 
 receptacle in the case of the Cockscomb, 
 are wished for, then different methods 
 may be adopted to secure a desired end. 
 With such hard-wooded plants as Heaths 
 and Epacrises the most striking results 
 are obtained by the one-shift system; 
 but as greater care is necessary to success 
 with such plants, we would advise young 
 beginners to try some of the above soft- 
 wooded plants in the first place, and to 
 keep in view, for all the cases they may 
 try, whether the plants are soft-wooded 
 or hard. 
 
 In common with other modes of pot- 
 ting, the pots should be sound, fairly 
 burned, dry, and either new or thoroughly 
 clean, outside and inside. Secondly, 
 good drainage always essential must 
 here form a chief element of success. 
 In all plants intended to remain in the 
 same pot for years, it cannot be too par- 
 ticularly attended to. Green moss, or 
 chopped wheat-straw, strewed over the 
 drainage, is a good thing for preventing 
 the earthy particles above being washed 
 into- and choking it up. Broken charcoal, 
 from whence the dust has been extracted, 
 is alsa very useful for this purpose. In- 
 deed, larger piece* of charcoal may con- 
 stitute the chief part of the drainage, 
 which will be Lighter than most things 
 
 that could be used a matter of con- 
 siderable importance. On this account 
 alone it is valuable for mixing with the 
 compost to keep it open, independently 
 of any chemical properties it may possess. 
 Thirdly, soil. This, whatever may be its 
 constituents, should be rough and lumpy; 
 the bulk, in general cases, consisting of 
 pieces from the size of peas up to that 
 of beans and walnuts ; and in cases of 
 larger pots, a few pieces may be as large 
 as hens' eggs. In such compost the 
 plants will grow rapidly ; and even in the 
 case of Heaths, &c., they will maintain a 
 healthy appearance for years. Should 
 much of the compost be in larger pieces, 
 the plant will not at all be greatly in- 
 jured for the first season, or more, nor 
 yet as long as the roots are contented to 
 crawl around the surface of the lumps; 
 but when they have reached the side of 
 the pot, and necessity leads them to 
 penetrate the large pieces, a declining 
 appearance is apt to present itself. Hence 
 the complaints against the system, that 
 though plants grow vigorously at first, 
 they were short-lived. Such large shifts, 
 in the fine-sifted soil of old, could not 
 succeed, unless in potted specimens that 
 received more care than can, in general, 
 be given to plants. Using huge lumps 
 of loam or peat would tend to produce 
 a similar evil, though from causes ap- 
 parently different. The middle course 
 is the safe one ; but with rough soil, it is 
 necessary to surface with a little that is 
 finer, that the air may not enter too 
 freely. Fourthly. A pi ant never thrives 
 well when the surface of the ball is sunk 
 several inches below the rim of the pot; 
 and there is something uncouth in ob- 
 serving the centre of the ball sticking 
 up in the centre of the pot, like a mole- 
 hill. In all cases, therefore, but espe- 
 cially where it is intended for a plant to- 
 continue for years, the compost should 
 be pressed firmly before the young plant 
 is set in the centre of the pot ; and as, 
 nevertheless, it will gradually sink a little, 
 the surface of the old soil may just be a 
 little below the rim of the pot. If the 
 roots are the least matted, they should 
 now be gently disentangled, and packed 
 carefully with the hand in layers, putting 
 the finest of the rough soil over the* 
 young rootlets, and the coarser towards 
 the outside, next the side of the pot, 
 and squeezing all rather firmly together 
 with the hand, taking care, however, that 
 
ONI 
 
 [879 J 
 
 OKI 
 
 the soil is in that happy medium that 
 may be termed neither dry nor wet, and 
 yet sufficiently heated to occasion no im- 
 mediate check by cold. Fifthly. Water- 
 ing is the most important of all points, 
 and, where it cannot be properly attended 
 to, the one-shift system should not be 
 attempted. For some time you must 
 merely water as far as the roots extend 
 the unappropriated soil must not be 
 soaked, or it will become sour and un- 
 healthy for the roots even before they 
 get to it. No regular routine dash or 
 dribble from the water-pot will do with 
 the one-shift system. Sixthly. Tempera- 
 ture. On this system, for some time 
 after potting, the plants should have from 
 5 to 10 more heat than they otherwise 
 would require, and a close atmosphere 
 until fresh growth is proceeding freely. 
 A dash from the syringe frequently, in hot 
 days, will be of great importance. Every 
 incitement to growth must thus be given; 
 and, when that has been accomplished, 
 then air must be freely imparted, and a 
 drier atmosphere maintained, that the 
 fresh wood so freely made may be 
 thoroughly matured. Seventhly. Time 
 of Potting. Upon this system, in the 
 case of all lasting plants intended to he 
 our companions for years, this should 
 take place in spring and early summer, 
 in order, first, that growth may be quickly 
 made, and then maturation of the wood 
 be effected before the dark days come, 
 when, in the generality of cases, the low 
 temperature of winter will give them the 
 rest they require before breaking and 
 flowering vigorously and profusely the 
 following season. 
 
 ONION. A'llium ce'pa. 
 
 Soil, rich, open, and well drained, in a 
 situation entirely free from trees ; if the 
 soil be poor, abundance of dung should 
 be applied in the preceding autumn or 
 winter. Sea-sand, particularly if the 
 ground is at all tenacious, is advantage- 
 ously employed ; coal-ashes, and espe- 
 cially soot, are applied with particular 
 benefit In digging over the ground, 
 small spits only should be- turned over 
 at a time, that the texture may be well 
 broken and pulverized. 
 
 Varieties. 1, Silver - skinned Onion, 
 hardiest; 2, Early Silver -skinned; 3, 
 True Portugal ; 4, Spanish ; 5, Strasburg; 
 6, Deptford (largest in England); 7, 
 Globe (white or red), best; 8, James's 
 Keeping Onion j 9, Pale Bed ; 10, Yel- 
 
 low; 11, Blood-red; 12, Tripoli; 13, 
 Two-bladed; 14, Lisbon. 
 
 Sow for the main crop during March. 
 Main crops may even be inserted as late 
 as the beginning of April, and at its 
 close a small sowing to draw young in 
 summer, and for small bulbs to pickle ; 
 again in July and early in August, for 
 salads in autumn ; and finally in the last 
 week of August, or early in September, 
 to stand the winter, for spring and begin- 
 ning of summer. Sow thinly in drills, 
 eight inches apart. An ounce of seed is 
 sufficient for a rood of ground, especially 
 for the main crops, as they should never 
 be allowed to grow to a size fit for salads 
 without thinning. The beds should be 
 about four feet wide, for the convenience 
 of cultivation. 
 
 Cultivation. In about six weeks after 
 sowing, the plants will be of sufficient 
 size to allow the first thinning and small 
 hoeing, by which they are to be set out 
 about two inches apart. If this is per- 
 formed in dry weather it will keep the 
 beds free from weeds for six weeks longer, 
 when they must be hoed a second time, 
 and thinned to four inches apart ; and 
 now, where they have failed, the vacancies 
 may be filled up by transplanting there 
 some of those thinned out. The best 
 time for doing this is in the evening, and 
 water must be given for several successive 
 nights. In transplanting, the root only 
 is to be inserted, and no part of the stem 
 buried. No plant is more benefited by 
 liquid^nanure being given twice a week. 
 After the lapse of another month they 
 must be thoroughly gone over for the last 
 time, and the plants thinned to six inches 
 asunder. After this they require only 
 occasionally the stirring of the surface, 
 which the hoe effects. In order to pre- 
 vent their running too much to blade, it 
 is a good practice, in July, before the tips 
 change to a yellow hue, to bend the stems 
 down flat upon the bed, which not only 
 prevents it, but causes the bulbs to be- 
 come much larger than they otherwise 
 would. The bend should be made about 
 two inches up the neck. 
 
 Storing. About the close of August 
 the onions will have arrived at their full 
 growth, which may be known by the 
 withering of the foliage, by the shrinking 
 of the necks, and by the ease with which 
 they may be pulled up. As soon as these 
 symptoms appear, they must be taken up, 
 the bed being frequently looked overj 
 
ONI 
 
 [580] 
 
 ONO 
 
 for if the whole crop is waited for, the 
 forwardest, especially in moist situations 
 or seasons, are apt again to strike root. 
 
 Spread on mats in the sun, frequently 
 turn, and remove under shelter at night. 
 In two or three weeks, when the roots 
 and blades are perfectly withered, and the 
 bulbs become firm, they are fit for storing, 
 being housed in dry weather, and care- 
 fully preserved from bruising. Previously 
 to doing this, all soil and refuse must be 
 removed from them ; for these are apt to 
 induce decay : to prevent this as much as 
 possible, all faulty ones should be rejected. 
 Inthestore-housetheymustbelaidasthin 
 as may be, or hung up in ropes, and looked 
 over at least once a month. To preserve 
 some from sprouting, for late use, it is 
 useful to sear the roots and the summits 
 with a hot iron, care being taken not to 
 scorch the bulb. 
 
 Additional Modes of Cultivation. For 
 the winter-standing crop the only addi- 
 tional directions necessary are to tread in 
 the seed regularly before raking, if the 
 soil, as it ought to be, is dry and light. 
 They must be kept constantly clear of 
 weeds, as well as of the fallen leaves of 
 trees, but they need not be thinned. Early 
 in spring they are to be transplanted for 
 bulbing. Sow in May. Cultivate the 
 plants as in the other crops ; and in Octo- 
 ber the bulbs, being of the size of nuts, 
 are to be taken up, dried, and housed, as 
 directed for the full-grown bulbs. About 
 the middle of the following March they 
 must be planted out in rows, six inches 
 apart each way, and cultivated the same 
 as the other crops. If sown earlier than 
 May they run to seed when transplanted. 
 Another mode, nearly as efficacious, is to 
 sow in the latter part of August, to stand 
 the winter, and in March, early or late, 
 according to the forward growth of the 
 seedlings, to be planted out in rows at 
 the before-directed distance, and culti- 
 vated as usual. 
 
 In Portugal they sow in a moderate 
 hotbed during November or December, 
 in a warm situation, with a few inches of 
 mould upon it ; and the plants are pro- 
 tected from frost by hoops and mats. In 
 April or May, when of tbe size of a swan's 
 quill, they are transplanted into a light, 
 rich loam, well manured with old-rotten 
 dung, to bulb. Transplanting alone is of 
 great benefit. 
 
 To save Seed, some old onions must be 
 planted early in March, the finest and 
 
 firmest bulbs being selected, and planted 
 in rows ten inches apart each way, either 
 in drills or by a blunt-ended dibble, the 
 soil to be rather poorer, if it differs at all 
 from that in which they are cultivated for 
 bulbing. They must be buried so deep 
 that the mould just covers the crown. 
 If grown in large quantities, a path must 
 be left two feet wide between every three 
 or four rows, to allow the necessary cul- 
 tivation. They must be kept thoroughly 
 clear from weeds, and, when in flower, 
 have stakes driven at intervals of five or 
 six feet on each side of every two rows, 
 to which a string is to be fastened through- 
 out the whole length, a tew inches below 
 the heads, to serve as a support, and pre- 
 vent their being broken down. The seeds 
 are ripe in August, which is intimated by 
 the husks becoming brownish ; the heads 
 must then be immediately cut, otherwise 
 the receptacles will open and shed their 
 contents. Being spread on cloths in the 
 sun, they soon become perfectly dry, 
 when the seed may be rubbed out, cleaned 
 of the chaff, and, after remaining another 
 day or two, finally stored. It is of the 
 utmost consequence to employ seed of 
 not more than one year old, otherwise 
 scarcely one in fifty will vegetate. 
 The goodness of seed may be easily dis- 
 covered by forcing a little of it in a hot- 
 bed or warm water a day before it is 
 employed ; a small white point will soon 
 protrude if it is fertile. 
 
 ONION-FLY. See ANTHOMYIA and Eu- 
 MERUS. 
 
 ONISCUS. 0. aselhis, O. armadillo. 
 Woodlice. The first is most easily dis- 
 tinguished from the second by its not 
 rolling up in a globular form when at rest. 
 They are found in old, dry dunghills, 
 cucumber-frames, &c., and they are in- 
 jurious to many plants, fruits, &c., by 
 gnawing off the outer skin. Gas-lime 
 will expel them from their haunts, and 
 two boards or tiles kept one-eighth of an 
 inch apart form an excellent trap. 
 
 ONOBRO'MA. (From onos, the ass, and 
 broma, food. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teracese] . Linn., 1 Q-Syngenesia 1-^Bqualis. 
 Allied to Carthamus.) 
 
 Cuttings, and divisions, and seeds of peren- 
 nials ; annuals, bv seed ; common soil ; arbore's- 
 cens requires the protection of a cool greenhouse 
 in winter. 
 0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1731. Evergreen. 
 caru'leum (blue). 1. Bluet June. Spain. 
 1640. Herbaceous. 
 
ONO 
 
 C 581 ] 
 
 ONO 
 
 0. cynaroi'des (cynara-like), 2. White. June, 
 Caucasus. 1820. Herbaceous. 
 
 glau'eum (milky-green). 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1817. Annual. 
 
 leucocau'lon (white-stemmed). 1. White. 
 
 June. Greece. 1800. Herbaceous. 
 
 ONOBRY'CHIS. Saintfoin. (From ones, 
 the ass, and brycho, to gnaw ; favourite 
 food of the ass. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., I7-Diadelphia 
 4~Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Best by seeds in spring, where they are to re- 
 main and bloom, as all move badly. Sandy, deep 
 loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 0. ca'put-ga'lli (cock's-head). 14. Flesh. July. 
 France. 1731. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 0. arena'ria (sand). J. Red. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Carpathia. 1818. 
 
 confe'rta (crowded). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Iberia. 1817. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). 1. Red. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. Evergreen. 
 
 crini'ta (haired). Lilac. June. Levant. 1837. 
 
 echina'ta (hedgehog). Flesh. June. Calabria. 
 
 1831. 
 
 Fontane'sii (Fontaine's). Red. July. Tunis. 
 
 1820. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 1. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1816. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Pale red. July. 
 
 Podolia. 1820. 
 
 Michau'xii (Michaux's). Pale red. July. 
 
 Levant. 1820. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). . Purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1817. 
 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 petrafa (rock). 1. White, red. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . Purple. July. 
 
 Iberia. ISIQ, 
 
 Ptolema'ica (Ptolemais). 1. Yellow. Egypt. 
 
 1816. 
 
 radia'ta (rayed). l. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Lilac, yellow. South 
 
 Europe. 1790. 
 
 supi'na (supine), g. Pale red. Switzerland. 
 
 I8ig. 
 
 Tanai'tica (Tanais). 1. Purple. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1817> 
 
 ONOCLE'A. (Onocleia was the Greek 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., %4:-Cryptogamia 1- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Hardy Ferns. See FBBNS. 
 0. obtusiloba'ta (blunt -lobed). 1. Brown. 
 July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 sensi'bilis (sensitive). 14. Brown. August. 
 
 Virginia. 1799- 
 
 ONO'NIS. Eestharrow. (From onos, 
 an ass, and onemi, to delight; the ass 
 delights to browse on the herbage. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba.ceee']. Linn., 
 16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to 
 Anthyllis.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds in April, in sandy, deep soil ; 
 perennials and creeping shrubs, by division in 
 spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sand, 
 
 in summer ; deep, sandy loam for most of them. 
 Hardy under-shrub kinds, if of a creeping na- 
 ture, answer well for rock-works. The tenderer 
 species require a cold pit or a cool greenhouse in 
 winter, and most of these like a little peat added 
 to the sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Red. June. Barbary. 
 1826. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). J. Yellow. July. France. 1819. 
 /Irragone'nsis(Arragonese). 1^. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 capita 1 ta (round-headed). }. Yellow. August. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Pink. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1680. 
 tnicropAy'//a(small-leafleted). 4. Purple, 
 
 red. June. Arragon. 
 
 procu'rrens (procurrent). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. Pink. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1570. 
 arista' ta (bearded). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 tribractea'ta (three-bracted). Ij. Pink. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 tridenta'ta (three-toothed). l. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1752. 
 
 TENDER PERENNIALS. 
 
 0. angusti'ssima (narrowest -leaved*). . Pink. 
 June. Spain. 1825. 
 
 cuspida'ta (pointed-/eaued). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Algiers. 1818. 
 
 emargina'ta(notcheA-leaved). Mauritius. 1825. 
 falca'ta (sickle-podded). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). . Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 Bispa'nica (Spanish). l. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 17Q9 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 1$. July. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Te 
 
 neriffe. 1816. 
 
 peduncula'ris (;owg--flower-stalked). 1. White, 
 
 rose. April. Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 1. Purple, yellow. Barbary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ramosi'ssirna (branchiest). $. Yellow. July, 
 
 Sicily. 1819. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 0. a'lba (white). 1. White. July. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 A'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. September. 
 
 Naples. 1834. Biennial. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). . Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1818. 
 
 brachyca'rpa (short-podded). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 breviflo'ra (short-flowered). . Yellow. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). $. Purple. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 Denha'rdtii (Denhardt's). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Naples. 1832. Biennial. 
 
 difu'sa (spreading). . Purple. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 fae'tida (foetid). . Pink. June. Morocco. 1818. 
 
 geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). . Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1817. 
 
 minuti'ssima (smallest). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 France. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 oligophy'Ha (few-leaved). 14. White. July. 
 
 Naples. 1823. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 14. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 ONOPO'RDON. Cotton Thistle. (From 
 onoSj an ass, and perdo, to consume ; 
 
ONO 
 
 t 582] 
 
 OPH 
 
 eaten by the animal. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syt>genesia 
 I-jE quails. Allied to the Thistle.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, the seeds of which merely 
 require sowing in the commonest soil, either in 
 the autumn or early spring. 
 0. acau'lon (stemless). . White. July. Pyrenees. 
 1739. 
 
 Ara'bicum (Arabian). 8. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1686. 
 
 cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 10. White. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 7. Purple. July. Greece. 1816. 
 
 Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 6. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 macraca'nt/ium(long-spined'). 6. Purple. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1/Q8. Annual. 
 
 Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). $. White. August. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 uniflo'rum (one-flowered). . White. July. 
 
 Spain. 1826. 
 
 visco'sum (clammy). 7. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 ONO'SMA. (From onos, an ass, and osme, 
 smell; said to be grateful to the animal. 
 Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynla. Allied 
 to Echium.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, yellow-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Small, pretty plants 
 for mounds, rock-work, and old walls, where, if 
 once established, they will maintain themselves 
 by seeds ; seeds aud divisions ; sandy loam and 
 sandy peat, and thin layers of decomposed vege- 
 table matter; a few tender kinds require a cold 
 frame, and trine'rvium a warm greenhouse in the 
 winter. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 0. ri'gidum (stiff). 1. July. Tauria. 1826. 
 
 rupe'stre (rock). . May. Iberia. 1819. 
 
 trine'rvium (three-nerved). 1. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 0. divarica'tum (spreading). 1. May. Caucasus 
 1818. 
 
 echioi'des (echium-like). 1. White. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1683. 
 
 arena'rium (sand). 1. June. Hungary. 
 
 1 804. 
 
 gigante'um (giant). 3. April. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 Gmeh'ni (Gmelin's). 1. Striped. June. Altai. 
 
 1829. 
 
 montu'num (mountain). March. Levant. 1827. 
 - orienta'le (eastern). . May. Levant. 1752. 
 polyphy'llum (many- leaved). 1. July. Tauria, 
 
 1829. 
 . seri'ceum (silky-teoved). 4. June. Iberia. 1752. 
 
 simplicl'ssimum (simplest). 1. April. Siberia. 
 
 1768. 
 
 stellula'tum (small-starred), i- April, Hungary. 
 
 1819. 
 
 ONOSMO'DITJM. (From onosma, the last 
 genus, and eidos, like. Nat. ord., Borage - 
 worts [Boraginaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Echium.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous North American perennials, 
 flowering in June; thriving in sandy loam, and 
 propagated by seeds and division. 
 0. hi'spidum (bristly). 1. Yellow. 1759. 
 
 mo'lle (soft). *. White. 1812. 
 
 ONY'CHIUM. (From onyx, a claw ; 
 of the lobes of the fronds. Nat.ord.,.Fmjs 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See 
 FERNS. 
 0. auru'tum (golden). July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). July. Nepaul. 1844. 
 OPERA GIRLS. Manti'sia. 
 OPERCULA'RIA. (From operculum, a lid ; 
 
 shape of calyx. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Pomax.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous, white-flowered peren- 
 nials. Seeds in spring, in a mild hotbed ; division 
 of some of the plants as growth commences ; 
 cuttings of the young shoots, best when several 
 inches long ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat, 
 and dried pieces of leaf-mould, and a few pieces 
 of charcoal; a dry, cold pit or greenhouse in 
 winter. 
 
 0. a'spera (rough-seeded). 1. June. N. Holland. 
 1790. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 1. July. N. Holland. 1/90. 
 
 ocymifo'lia (basil-leaved). J.July. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 sessi7d/2oVa(8talkless-flowered). ^. June, Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 OPHE'LIA. (From opheleia, serviceable; 
 medicinal. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gen- 
 tianacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria2-Diyynia. 
 Allied to the Gentian.) 
 
 A pretty little annual, with starry pink flowers. 
 Seeds sown under a glass frame in the beginning 
 of April, and planted out in the open border at 
 the beginning of May. 
 
 0. purpura'scens (purplish). . May. E. lud. 
 1836. 
 
 OPHIOPO'GON. (From ophis, a serpent, 
 and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord., Lilyworls 
 [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Convallaria.) 
 
 Herbaceous, white-flowered perennials, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Division of the plant 
 at the roots, in spring, as vegetation is commenc- 
 ing ; also by seed ; sandy loam and a little peat ; 
 requires the protection of a cold pit, or a very dry, 
 sheltered place in winter. 
 
 O. interme'd&us (intermediate), August. Nepaul. 
 1824. 
 
 Jabu'ran ( Jaburan) . 1. July. Japan. 1830. 
 
 Japo'nicus (Japan) . 1J. Lilac, yellow. June. 
 
 Japan. 17&4. 
 
 prn'lifer (proliferous). l^.July. Penang. 1844. 
 
 spic&'tus (spiked). 1. Violet. October. Nepaul. 
 
 1821. 
 
 OPHIO'XYLON. (From ophis, a serpent, 
 and xylon, wood ; referring to its twisted 
 roots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. 
 Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-Diceda. Allied to 
 Carissa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Division of the creeping stems ; 
 rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 0. &erpenti'num (serpentine). 3, White. May, 
 E. Ind. I6go. 
 
OPH 
 
 [ 588] 
 
 OPU 
 
 O'PHEYS. (From ophrys, eyebrows ; re- 
 ferring to the fringe of the inner sepals. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria l-Monandria.} 
 
 Elegant little pround-orchids, chiefly -natives of 
 England, but difficult to keep alive under cultiva- 
 tion. Division of the tuberous-like roots ; also, 
 most of the hardy ones by seed, which should be 
 sown as soon as ripe, or permitted to sow itself by 
 falling on loose, damp moss, whence it may be 
 moved, and finally planted after growth has taken 
 place. Api'fera prefers rich, heavy soil ; most of 
 the others, sandy, chalky loam, and a little peat. 
 Considering their interesting; appearance, they 
 well deserve a frame or cold pitfrom amateurs, so 
 that they might receive similar attention to small 
 alpines. 
 
 HALF-HAKDY. 
 
 O. arani'fera-limba'ta (bordered-spider-bearing). 
 1. Brown. April. Rome. 1826. 
 
 atra'ta (dark). J. Green, brown. May. Gib- 
 
 raltar. 1825. 
 fe'rrum-equi'num (horse -shoe), f. Brown, 
 
 rose. April. Corfu. 
 fuciflo'ra (drone-flowered), f. Green, brown, 
 
 pink. Zante. 
 
 fu'sca (brown). |. Brown. June.Gibraltar.1825. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow), j. Yellow. April. Spain. 1818. 
 
 sco'lopax (woodcock)..Purple.May. Italy. 1825. 
 
 tenthredini'fera (saw-fly-bearing), g. Yellow, 
 
 brown. April. Barbary. 1815. 
 mi'nor (smaller). . Yellow, brown. 
 
 April. N. Africa. 1824. 
 
 HAEDY. 
 0. api'/eTO(bee-bearing).|.Purple.June.England. 
 
 arachni'tes (cobweb). |. Brown.June.England. 
 
 arachnoi'dea (spider-like). Brown, rose. April 
 
 Italy. 1805. 
 
 arani'fera (spider-bearing). .' Green. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-frinared). Brown, white. April. 
 
 Italy. 1826. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). |. White, purple. June. 
 
 Crimea. 1844. 
 
 exaUa'ta (lofty). Rose.brown. April.Italy.1825. 
 fuci'fera (drone-bearing). J. Purple, green. 
 
 June. England. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red, yellow. 
 
 April. Italy. 1828. 
 
 musci'fera (fly-bearing). |. Purple. May. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 spe'culum (looking-glass) . Brown, black. 
 
 April. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 tabani'fera (dun-fly-bearing). . Chocolate, 
 
 rose. April. Clarentia. 
 
 OPOEA'NTHUS. (From opora, autumn* 
 and wnthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryl- 
 lids [Amaryllidaeese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Sternbergia.) 
 
 A hardy, free-flowering bulb, very useful for 
 mixed borders, flowering close to the ground in 
 the autunm. For culture, see AMARY'LLIS. 
 0. lu'teus (yellow), and lu'teus angustifo' liu (nar- 
 row-leaved). *. Yellow. September 
 South Europe." 15Q6. 
 
 OPTJ'NTIA, Indian Fig. (A Latin name 
 of which the derivation is not applicable 
 to the species now placed under it. Nat 
 ord., Indian Fiys [Cactacese], Linn, 12 
 .Icosandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, with yellow 
 owers, when not otherwise mentioned. Cuttings, 
 y taking pieces off at the joints, and drying 
 hem a little before inserting them in sandy loam, 
 nd giving them a brisk bottom-heat. The great 
 oint is to give them a high temperature and a 
 
 moist atmosphere when growing in summer, say 
 rom 65 to 85 or 90; to reduce the moisture 
 gradually as autumn approaches, but not the 
 emperature, until autumn is on the wane ; and 
 hen to keep them in a low temperature (40 or 
 iO), and dry during the winter ; sandy loam, fibry 
 ieat, each one part; lime-rubbish, cow-dung, and 
 :harcoal, one-third part each. Vulga'ris has stood 
 
 .n dry situations out of doors near London, and 
 
 has been unhurt when planted at the foot of a 
 vail, and wet excluded during winter. All species 
 
 of which we know nothing but the names have 
 jeen omitted. 
 
 0. a'lbicans (whitish-spmed). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). Chili. 1836. 
 
 America'na (American). S.Amer. 1835. 
 
 AmycleB'a (Amyclean). Naples. 1825. 
 
 nrticula'ta (jointed). June. 1836. 
 auranti'aca (orange-cowered). 3. Orange, 
 
 yellow. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Bonpla'ndi (Bonpland's). July. Brazil. 1816. 
 Brasilit'nsis (Brazilian). 25. July. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 cochinilli'fera (cochineal-bearing). 5. Red. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1688. 
 
 corruga'ta (wrinkled). Chili. 1824. 
 
 cra'ssa (thick-/o6Q. 2. Mexico. 1817- 
 
 Curasm'vica (Curassoa). 6. June. Curassoa. 
 
 1690. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). 3. 
 
 lo'nga (long), b. June. Curassoa. 1690. 
 
 cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Scarlet. Peru. 1799- 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1830. 
 
 decumn'na (great-oblong). 10. S.Amer. 1768. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 4-June.Mexico.1835. 
 
 ddef eta (dejected). Havannah. 1836. 
 
 dicho'toma (two-rowed). Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 .D7/e'mz(Dillenius's). 5. September. 1810. 
 
 ela'tior (t&ller-black-spined). 6. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1/31. 
 
 exte'nsa (outspread). Lilac, yellow. 1824. 
 
 exuvia'ta (cast-forth). June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 fe'rox (fierce). 3. S.Amer. 1817- 
 
 fi'cus 1'ndica (Indian fig). 2. June.S.Amer.l731 . 
 -folio'sa (leafy). S.Amer. 1805. 
 fru'gilis (brittle). 2. N. Amer. 1814. 
 -glomera'ta(rom&-neaded), Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Hernande'zii (Hernandez's). Variegated. 
 
 Mexico. 1827- 
 
 ho'rrida( horrid). July. S.Amer. 1795. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. 1820. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). July. S. Amer. 1796. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). 2, July, S. 
 
 Amer. 1796. 
 
 leucaca'ntha (white-flowered). White. S. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 leuco'tricha (white-'haired). 4. White. Ger- 
 
 many. 1836. 
 
 longispi'na (long-spined). Brazil. 1829. 
 
 ma'xima (larg-esi). 10. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 me'dia (middle-many-spmed). N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 megaca'ntha (laTge-*pined). Mexico. 1835. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico. 1885. 
 
 Missourie'nsis (Missouri). June. N. Amer. 1814. 
 
 monaca'ntha (single-spined). 1. S.Amer. 1816. 
 
 myriaca'nthn (myriad-spined). Mexico. 1830. 
 
 ni'gricans (blackish-s/nraed). 3. Fink. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1/95. 
 
 nopali'llo (small nopal). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Otto'nis (Otto's). June. Brazil. 1830. 
 
OEA 
 
 [ 584] 
 
 OEC 
 
 0. pa'nula (least). Chili. 1825. 
 
 platyaca'ntha (broad-spined). 1814. 
 
 polya'ntha (many-flowered). 3. S. Amer. 1811. 
 
 polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. N. Amer. 1814. 
 ^pseu'do-tu'na (false-tuna). 1811. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 pulmna'ta (powdered). June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). . S. Amer. 1805. 
 
 ramuli'fera (branched). June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 re'ptaris (creeping). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). Rose. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 rubefscens (red-stemmed). Brazil. 1828. 
 
 seni'lis (old-man). 1837- 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1. Chili. 1827. 
 
 spinau'rea (golden-spined). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 20. July. Jamaica. 1732. 
 
 spinuli'fera (small-spine-bearing). Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Stape'litB (Stapelia-like). June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 swdme'nms (few-spined). 2. J81Q. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Chili. 1827- 
 
 tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 triaca'ntha (three-spined). 2. S. Amer. 
 
 tubercula'ta (warted). 1. America. 1818. 
 
 tu'na (tuna). 3. July. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 2. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 
 OEACH. (A'triplex horte'nsis.) This 
 is cooked and eaten in the same manner 
 as spinach, to which it is much preferred 
 by many persons, although it belongs to 
 a tribe whose wholesomeness is very sus- 
 picious. 
 
 Soil. It flourishes best in a rich, moist 
 soil, and in an open compartment. 
 
 Sow about the end of September, and 
 again in the spring for succession, in 
 drills six inches apart. When the seed- 
 lings are about an inch high, thin to six 
 inches asunder, and those removed may 
 "be planted out at the same distance in a 
 similar situation, and watered occasion- 
 ally until established. For early produc- 
 tion sow in a moderate hotbed at the 
 same time as those in the natural ground. 
 The leaves must be gathered for use 
 whilst young, otherwise they become 
 stringy and worthless. 
 
 To save Seed. Some plants of the 
 spring sowing must be left ungathered 
 from, and thinned to about eight inches 
 apart. The seeds ripen about the end 
 of August, when the plants must be 
 pulled up, and, when perfectly dry, the 
 seed rubbed out for use. 
 
 ORANGE. (Ci'trus aura'ntium") . See 
 CI'TRUS. 
 
 ORANGE THORN. Citrioba'tus. 
 ORCHARD is an enclosure devoted to 
 the cultivation of hardy fruit-trees. With 
 respect to the situation and aspect for an 
 orchard, avoid very low, damp situations 
 as much as the nature of the place will 
 admit ; for in very wet soils no fruit-trees 
 will prosper, nor the fruit be fine ; but a 
 
 moderately low situation, free from co- 
 pious wet, may be more eligible than an 
 elevated ground, as being less exposed 
 to tempestuous winds ; though a situa- 
 tion having a small declivity is very de- 
 sirable, especially if its aspect incline 
 towards the east, south-east, or south, 
 which are rather more eligible than a 
 westerly aspect ; but a north aspect is 
 the worst of all for an orchard, unless 
 particularly compensated by the peculiar 
 temperament or good quality of the soil. 
 Any common field or pasture that pro- 
 duces good crops of corn, grass, or 
 kitchen-garden vegetables is suitable for 
 an orchard ; if it should prove of a loamy 
 nature, it will be a particular advantage. 
 Any soil, however, of a good quality, not 
 too light and dry, nor too heavy, stub- 
 born, or wet, but of a medium nature, 
 friable and open, with not less than one- 
 spade deep of good staple, will be proper. 
 Drain thoroughly, and trench before 
 planting. Plant in October, or, at the 
 latest, in November. Trees will succeed 
 if planted later; but those are the best 
 months. Plant on stations (See STA- 
 TIONS) ; and the following is a good se- 
 lection : Of Apples, plant for Kitchen 
 use Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling, 
 Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow's Seedling, 
 Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Found- 
 ling, Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthornden, 
 Herefordshire Pearmain, King of Pip- 
 pins, and John Apple. For Dessert: 
 Early Harvest, Early Eed Margaret, 
 Kerry Pippin, Early Nonpareil, Pit- 
 maston, Pearson's Plate, Kibston Pip- 
 pin, Boss Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil, 
 Lamb-Abbey Pearmain, Stunner Pip- 
 pin, and Court Pendu Plat, Of Cherries : 
 Early Purple Griotte, Early May Duke, 
 Black Eagle, Elton, Bigarreau, Florence, 
 Late Duke, Morello, and Buttner's Oc- 
 tober Morello. Of Plums: Precoce de 
 Tours, Morocco, Orleans, Drap d'Or, 
 Greengage, Eoyal Hative, Eeine Claude 
 Violette, Coe's Golden Drop, St. Martin's 
 Quetsche, Washington, Jefferson, Wine- 
 sour, Magnum Bonum, St. Catherine* 
 and Ixworth Imperatrice. In the pre- 
 ceding lists we have named the varieties 
 in their order of ripening ; but in this of 
 Pears the months named are those in 
 which the fruit is ripe. July, Doyenne 
 d'Ete. August, Benoist. Sept., Williams' 
 Bon Chretien, Beurre d'Amalis, Jalousie 
 de Fontenay Vender. Oct., Duchesse 
 d'Orleans, Marie Louise, Fondante d'Au- 
 
ORC 
 
 [585] 
 
 ORC 
 
 tomne. Nov., Beurre Bosc, Thompson's, 
 Doyenne Gris, Urbaniste. Dec., Hacon's 
 Incomparable, Triomphe de Jodoigne. 
 Jan., Beurre Langelier, Knight's Monarch. 
 Feb., Inconnue Van MODS, Susette de 
 Bavay,Duchesse de Mars. March, Beurre 
 Bretonneau. April, Fortunee Parmen- 
 tier, Bergamottee d'Esperen. 
 
 ORCHARD HOUSE. This is the name 
 applied by Mr. Rivers, nurseryman, Saw- 
 bridgeworth, to cheap glazed structures, 
 in which he grows hardy fruits in pots, 
 and planted in the borders. 
 
 We have found ^hat such a green- 
 house, without any heating apparatus, is 
 most useful, not only for growing Grapes, 
 Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, but 
 early Peas, Radishes, Strawberries, Let- 
 tuces, small Salading, and Potatoes. 
 Such a structure is the following, de- 
 scribed by Mr. Pavers, in his highly use- 
 ful work, " The Orchard House." 
 
 We will suppose that an orchard house 
 thirty feet long is required. A ground 
 plan, thirty feetlong and twelve feet wide, 
 must be marked out, ten posts or studs 
 of good yellow deal, four inches by three, 
 and nine feet in length, or if larch poles, 
 sixteen inches in girth, can be procured, 
 they are quite equal in durability ; these 
 latter must be cut in two, and the flat 
 sides placed outwards; these posts, or 
 studs, whether larch or deal, must be 
 fixed two feet in the ground firmly, and 
 the ground ends must be charred two 
 feet four inches from the bottom, which 
 adds much to their durability : it will 
 thus be seen that this, the back line of 
 studs, will stand seven feet in height 
 clear from the surface. For the front 
 wall, ten studs, four feet long, must be 
 inserted in the ground one and a half 
 feet, so that they stand two feet six inches 
 clear from the surface ; on these studs, 
 hoth at front and back, must be nailed a 
 plate four inches by two and a half, on 
 which the rafters are to rest; the studs 
 are thus far arranged in two lines. Now, 
 then, for the rafters : these must be four- 
 teen feet long, and four inches by two in 
 thickness, placed with the narrow sur- 
 face upwards, to spare the trouble of 
 " ploughing," to make the rebate for the 
 glass, which is great labour and waste of 
 material. On the upper side of each 
 rafter, exactly in the centre, must be 
 nailed a slip of half-inch board, three- 
 quarters of an inch wide ; this will leave 
 half an inch and one-eighth on each side 
 
 for the glass to rest on not too much 
 when the width of the glass is given. 
 We have thus the rafters so far prepared 
 for glazing, but not yet fitted on the 
 plates at top and bottom : they must 
 never be morticed, but let in at top by 
 cutting out a piece, and sloped off at 
 bottom. 
 
 To receive the glass at the top of the 
 rafters, a piece of three-quarterinch deal 
 board, six inches wide, must be nailed 
 along the top to the end of each rafter, 
 so as to be even with the surface, and in 
 this should be a groove to receive the 
 upper end of each piece of glass ; at the 
 bottom, a piece of board, one inch thick 
 and six inches wide, must be let in for 
 the glass to rest on, and to carry off the 
 water. We have thus so far a sloping- 
 roof, seven feet three inches (with the 
 plate) high at back, and two Ifeet nine 
 inches high in front; but the glass is not 
 yet in. The most economical glass is 
 sixteen-ounce British sheet, which can be 
 bought at 2d. or 3d. per foot, and the 
 best size twenty inches by twelve ; put- 
 tying the laps, as it prevents breakage by 
 frost; placing it cross-wise, so that the 
 rafters must be about twenty inches asun- 
 der. On and outside the back studs, half- 
 inch boards must be nailed, well seasoned, 
 so that they do not shrink too much ; 
 these must be painted white. In the 
 back wall, sliding shutters, two feet six 
 inches by one foot, in grooves, must be 
 fixed, for complete ventilation ; two close 
 to the roof, and two about eighteen inches 
 from it. 
 
 The front must have, also, half-inch 
 boards nailed on outside the studs ; one 
 of them, the upper one, to be on hinges, 
 so as to let down the whole length of the 
 house ; these, when all open in hot wea- 
 ther, ventilate thoroughly. To add to 
 this (and it is all required in summer), 
 the boards will shrink and let in air : a 
 fierce sunlight is thus admitted by the 
 large glass, and abundance of air, in 
 which all fruit-trees thrive to admiration. 
 So much for the timber and glass ; but 
 when one sees that to walk along the 
 centre of the building, which is about 
 four feet nine inches in height, a per- 
 son must be of very diminutive stature, 
 the inquiry arises, How is head-room 
 to be made? How simple is the an- 
 swer ! Make a trench two feet six inches 
 wide, and two feet deep, in the centre of 
 the ground plan ; this will leave a border 
 
OEC 
 
 [586 ] 
 
 ORC 
 
 on each side four feet nine inches wide. 
 The bottom of this trench forms the foot- 
 path ; its sides must be supported with 
 boards, or with four-inch brick-work. 
 Now, as everything defends on these 
 borders for there, must be no benches 
 and no shelves care must be taken to 
 make their surface loose and open : loose 
 materials, such as coarse cinders, lime- 
 rubbish from old walls, or bricks broken 
 into pieces in size from a nut to a wal- 
 nut, may be laid on them about four 
 inches deep; they may then be forked 
 over to about nine inches in depth, well 
 mixing the above materials with the soil ; 
 you thus have two borders not too far 
 from the glass, and on which your orchard 
 frill thrive admirably. It will appear 
 odd to read about trees thriving on in- 
 stead of in a border; but when explained 
 that this is to be an orchard in pots, it 
 will not seem so contrary to our usual 
 garden-culture. 
 
 OECHIDS are divisible into two classes, 
 the Epiphytes, or those growing upon 
 trees, and Terrestrial, or ground-orchids, 
 which grow upon the earth. The two 
 classes require some difference as to the 
 mode in which they are grown, a differ- 
 ence pointed out in this work under each 
 genusinits alphabetical order. At present 
 we shall confine ourselves to such general 
 directions as are applicable to the cultiva- 
 tion of both classes of Orchids requiring 
 Stove treatment. 
 
 Howe for Orchids. As they require 
 great light, the house ought to be so 
 placed as to catch all the rays of light 
 from the sun. A span roofed one will 
 do so, or to the greatest degree; and 
 so low in the angle, that the plants, 
 whether in pots or baskets, or on logs 
 of wood, will all be near to the glass. 
 We find the best aspect is for the roof 
 to fall due east and west ; then the length- 
 way of the house will, of course, be 
 north and south. By this means the 
 heat and light of the sun are more equal- 
 ised. In the cold mornings of early 
 spring the sun will sooner give light and 
 heat on the east side, and will be at noon 
 in such a position that his beams will be 
 slanting to the angle of the roof, whilst 
 in the afternoon his power to give light 
 and heat will be considerably prolonged. 
 Every plant in this house will thus have 
 its due share of Jight and heat. During 
 the hot months of May, June, July, and 
 August, the shade or blind can be l$t 
 
 down on the morning side of the house, 
 drawn up at noon, and let down on the 
 afternoon side just as the sun shines ; 
 thus giving the plants all the light possi- 
 ble, and at the same time protecting them 
 from the burning rays of the sun. There 
 need not be any upright glass at the sides 
 or ends of the house. The walls ought 
 to rise high enough to allow a comfort- 
 able walk and head-room. The rafters 
 and lights ought to be fixed, and to give 
 air a few openings may be easily con- 
 trived in the highest part of the house, 
 and a few sliding panels near the floor in 
 the walls. This cold air ought to flow in 
 over the hot pipes, and to become heated 
 before it comes in contact with the plants. 
 In summer, when there is no heat in the 
 pipes, the external air is naturally so 
 warm that no injury will accrue to the 
 plants by admitting it into the house 
 without being artificially heated. It is 
 almost absolutely necessary to have more 
 than one house. However small the col- 
 lection may be, there will be some that 
 require more heat than the others. The 
 orchids of South Am erica will flourish far 
 better in a house of moderate temperature 
 than in a house highly heated. This 
 house we would distinguish by the name 
 of " the Mexican house." The orchids, 
 natives of Java, Borneo, Singapore, the 
 Philippine Islands, and the hot jungles 
 of Hindostan, require, on the other hand, 
 a much higher temperature, and close, 
 moist atmosphere. The house for these 
 plants we would designate "the East 
 Indian House." By having two houses 
 a considerable number of advantages 
 will be secured. The Indian tribes, as 
 soon as they have made there growth for 
 the year, where there are two houses, may 
 be removed into the cooler or Mexican 
 house ; and that removal or change of 
 temperature will harden theii: .pseudo- 
 bulbs, and concentrate the sap, Causing 
 them thereby to become more healthy, 
 robust, and free to flower. Should any 
 of the South American species require 
 a little more heat, they could be conve- 
 niently removed into the Indian house to 
 make their growth. The cooler house will 
 also be useful to place any of the Indian 
 species in when in flower, which change 
 will considerably prolong their season of 
 blooming. The two houses may join 
 each other, divided by a partition either 
 of brick or glass. We should prefer 
 glass, as being neater, and showing off 
 
OEC 
 
 [ 587 ] 
 
 ORC 
 
 the plants, in both houses, to greater ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Heating. As these plants require, 
 during the seasons of growth, a larger 
 amount of moisture than most other 
 plants, the plan to effect this is to heat 
 the houses with hot water pipes, laid in 
 tanks. The water in these taut ; should 
 be deep enough to cover the pip s about 
 an inch with water. The tar'>s need 
 not be more than ten inches wi; e, inside 
 measure. The diameter of tue pipes 
 should be three inches and a half. At 
 some convenient place there ought to be 
 a tap to let off the water out of the tanks. 
 This ought to be done frequently, in order 
 to obtain a sweet moisture. If the water 
 be allowed to remain in the tanks for a 
 length of time it becomes foul, and then, 
 when lasted, sends forth a disagreeable 
 smell, v lich is very unhealthy both to 
 plants and persons. In winter, when 
 the plants are, or ought to be, mostly at 
 rest, they require a drier atmosphere. 
 In order to induce this, the tanks ought 
 to be emptied during the winter months, 
 from the middle of October to the middle 
 of February. Should the plants appear 
 to shrivel too much, the pipes may be 
 occasionally syringed early in the morn- 
 ings of fine days. The number of pipes 
 and tanks required depends, of course, 
 upon the size of the houses. The large 
 house at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine- 
 Apple Place, has four tanks in it; the 
 width of the house is eighteen feet. 
 Two of those tanks are open, that is, 
 have no cover, and are placed tinder a 
 platform formed with large, thick slates, 
 spaces being left between each to allow 
 the moisture to ascend amongst the 
 plants. The other tanks have covers to 
 them, with holes to let out the moisture. 
 These 1. "'es have brass lids to them, so 
 that the ^.->isture can be confined as cir- 
 cumstances require. Now, this answers 
 the purpose well during the months of 
 spring; but we have too much moisture 
 during winter, so that the plants grow 
 more than they flower. Supposing, then, 
 a house eighteen feet wide requires four 
 tanks, a house fourteen feet will require 
 three ; nine feet, two ; and less than that, 
 only one. The return-pipes may run 
 under the tanks to the boiler, or, if the ; 
 tanks are placed so near the floor that 
 the return-pipes cannot be placed under, 
 they may be arranged to run on one side. 
 The best kind of boiler we know is one 
 
 formed of several round pipes, connected 
 at each end by a square one. From this 
 square pipe the hot water rises into the 
 tanks, and the return-pipes bring the 
 water back to it to be reheated. Mr. 
 Taylor, the hothouse builder at Kensal 
 New Town, is in the habit of putting up 
 these boilers, and they answer admirably. 
 
 Shelves. In any convenient part of 
 the house where a shelf can be put so 
 near the glass as to allow plants in pots 
 to be placed upon it, it is desirable to 
 have them. We have always found small 
 plants in pots, that have made a good 
 start, do well in such a situation. The 
 plants, however, should not be too near 
 the glass. The extremity of the leaves 
 should be at least nine inches from it. 
 The shelves, also, should not be placed 
 where the water that overflows or runs 
 through the pots will drop upon any plants . 
 
 Stages. The arrangement of these will 
 depend upon the width of the house. If 
 the house is wide enough to allow a walk 
 all round it, and a walk in the centre, 
 there will be two stages. The centre 
 walk should be elevated as high as pos- 
 sible, to allow head-room for the manager 
 and visitors to walk comfortably. This ele- 
 vated walk is of considerable use, affording 
 a good opportunity to watch the progress 
 and state of the plants, and to observe 
 when they require watering, repotting, 
 and cleaning from insects. An example 
 of this arrangement may be seen in the 
 orchid-house at Kew. 
 
 Shelves of the Stage. Every shelf 
 ought to be a shallow cistern to hold 
 water. Blue slate is the best material to 
 form each shelf on the stage. The up- 
 right slate forming the sides of each 
 ought to be elevated at least two inches, 
 and made water-tight. These cistern- 
 shelves may either be filled with small, 
 pebbly gravel, all the sand or other bind- 
 ing material being washed out of it, to 
 prevent its setting hard, or they may be 
 left empty, and shallow pots turned up- 
 side down, just high enough to allow the 
 plants to stand clear of the water ; for it 
 is intended that these cistern-shelves 
 should be, during summer, kept full of 
 water. These shelves of the stage must 
 be as near the glass as the size of the 
 plant will allow. Several advantages to 
 the health of the orchids accrue from this 
 arrangement. The most important is a 
 constant supply of moisture to the air, at 
 a time when the heat of summer renders 
 
ORC 
 
 [ 588 ] 
 
 ORC 
 
 the application of heat to the tanks un- 
 advisable. Another advantage is the pre- 
 vention of the attacks of insects, such as 
 woodlice and slugs. These destructives 
 cannot travel through water ; and as the 
 plants stand, as it were, upon a number 
 of little islands, they are protected both 
 day and night from these devouring ene- 
 mies. Care, however, must be taken 
 that the citadel itself does not harbour 
 them. The cockroach and woodlouse 
 often secrete themselves during the day 
 amongst the rough pieces of turf and 
 broken pots used as drainage. If there 
 is any suspicion that these enemies are 
 in these secret places, they must be dili- 
 gently sought for, by visiting the houses 
 with a bull's-eye lantern by night, and 
 catching them at their depredations. 
 Pursue them with all your diligence. 
 Should the tender roots, or flower-shoots, 
 still appear to be eaten occasionally, take 
 the severe measure of turning the plants 
 out of the pots, and search for the 
 vermin amongst the peat and potsherds, 
 and when they are once entirely got rid 
 of, take care to place the plants so that 
 their leaves do not come in contact with 
 anything that will form a bridge for the 
 insects to travel on. 
 
 Hanging up Plants on Loys or in 
 Baskets. Large-headed nails, or hooks, 
 may be driven into the rafters, or strong 
 iron rods, well painted, may be suspended 
 along the roof over the walks, and strong 
 iron hooks, shaped like the letter S, 
 placed at proper distances to hang up 
 the various kinds of plants that require 
 such situations. "We recommend the 
 situation for these to be over the walks, 
 to prevent the water, when applied upon 
 the plants, falling on the stages or shelves. 
 
 Where these plants are numerous, it is 
 advisable to devote a part of the house 
 to them. Underneath would be a con- 
 venient situation for a cistern to contain 
 the rain water that falls upon the roof 
 the best of all water for watering purposes. 
 
 Cistern. This is almost indispensable. 
 The one in the orchid-house at Messrs. 
 Henderson's is formed with slate one inch 
 thick. The great use is the heating the 
 water for syringing and watering pur- 
 poses. Another u^ and an important 
 one too, is for dippmg the blocks with 
 the plants on them ; also to dip the 
 Stanho'peas, Gongo'ras, and other plants 
 in baskets. When those plants begin to 
 grow in the spring they require a good 
 
 steeping, and the cistern offers a proper 
 place for that purpose. Two or three 
 hours will not be too much to steep them. 
 The peat during the time of rest becomes 
 dry and hard, and requires this wetting 
 to soften it, especially if the plants are 
 to be shifted into new baskets. 
 
 As orchids require frequent syringing, 
 sometimes twice or thrice a day, we have 
 made use of pots garden-pots, in fact, 
 without holes. These are placed round 
 the house, near the hot-water pipes, at a 
 small distance, about six or nine feet 
 apart. Our readers that are in the habit 
 of syringing will immediately perceive 
 the great saving of time and labour by 
 having these pots so handy. Instead of 
 having the water to carry in garden 
 watering-pans, these pots, being kept 
 constantly full of warm water, are always 
 ready. 
 
 Syringing in Winter. During the dark 
 days of winter the operation of syringing 
 requires considerable judgment. A large 
 number of orchids will be at rest, re- 
 quiring but little water, especially those. 
 in pots. Others, on logs, must be syringed 
 on such mornings as the sun is likely to 
 shine. There are, however, a few plants, 
 even in pots, that are much benefited 
 by the free use of the syringe at all 
 seasons of the year. Huntle'ya viola'cea 
 and H. melea'gris are two plants much 
 improved by this mode of treatment; 
 and the reason they are so improved is 
 evident enough, when we consider the 
 situation in which they grow naturally. 
 Dr. Schomburgh found them growing on 
 moist rocks, near to a cataract, on a river 
 (Essequibo, we believe) inBritish Guiana. 
 
 All the Indian tribes that have no 
 pseudo-bulbs require more syringing in 
 winter than those that have such reser- 
 voirs of vegetable life to sustain them. 
 The generic or family names of such as 
 we mean are Ae'rides, Angr&'ciim, Pha- 
 Iteno'psis, Renanthe'ra, Saccola'bium, Sar- 
 ca'nthus, and Va'nda. All these have a 
 simple stem, clothed with leaves. If 
 exposed to a Ligh, dry heat, the leaves 
 and stems will shrivel much more than 
 is beneficial to their health ; therefore, 
 whenever a shrivelling is perceived, let 
 them have a gentle syringing, thoroughly 
 wetting the whole plant. This will re- 
 vive them, and keep them fresh and 
 healthy. 
 
 Syringing in Spring and Summer. It is 
 during these two growing seasons that 
 
OKC 
 
 [589] 
 
 OKC 
 
 the syringe is most beneficial, and then 
 they should be deluged almost with 
 showers from the syringe, taking the 
 precaution to allow them to become dry 
 once a day. They are sure to become 
 dry enough during the night. Let the 
 water from the syringe be milk-warm 
 rain water, and let it fall gently upon 
 theplants, thus imitating natural showers 
 of rain as much as possible. We have 
 found the plants much refreshed in 
 summer by a gentle syringing, when it 
 was actually raining out of doors. In 
 truth, if such a thing could be managed, 
 we should be glad to expose them, during 
 the gentle, warm showers of April, to the 
 rain that falls from the clouds. We are 
 quite sure it would do them good. It is, 
 however, the plants on logs that benefit 
 most by the use of the syringe, both in 
 winter and summer. Of course, they 
 require the most when they are making 
 fresh roots and growths ; but even when 
 at rest they must be syringed occasionally, 
 to prevent the roots and pseudo-bulbs 
 from shrinking too much. In that state, 
 the finest-rosed syringe must be used, to 
 prevent so much water falling upon the 
 plants (if any) below. 
 
 During the seasons when the syringe 
 is used most freely, should any of the 
 plants have perfected their growth, and 
 consequently require less water, place 
 such in a corner of the house by them- 
 selves, and syringe them less frequently. 
 Towards the end of summer the whole 
 of the plants ought to be perfecting 
 their growths, excepting the Indian ones 
 above-mentioned and the Huntle'yas. 
 These grow, more or less, all the year, 
 but others must have an entire rest; 
 therefore, cease syringing so much as 
 soon as you think there is a fulness and 
 ripeness about the pseudo-bulbs, showing 
 that they have made the growth for the 
 year. If you continue syringing as much 
 as ever, there is danger of starting them 
 again into growing prematurely, and then 
 you will have weak, puny shoots, and in- 
 jure both the flowering and growth for 
 the ensuing season. It is impossible to 
 give any particular time when to cease 
 syringing, or watering at the root with a 
 garden-pot; experience and observation 
 must guide the cultivator. In general, 
 we may say the quantity of water, whether 
 applied with the garden-pot or syringe, 
 ought to be considerably lessened towards 
 the end of summer that is, about the 
 
 end of August. The pseudo-bulbs ought 
 to be then fully formed ; and, whenever 
 that is the case, they require much less 
 water. By the middle of October the 
 water ought to be entirely withheld, ex- 
 cepting just enough to prevent the plants 
 from shrivelling. 
 
 Shading. We use a kind of canvass 
 called " bunting." It is thin and open in 
 the mesh, yet just close enough to pre- 
 vent the rays of the sun striking through 
 the glass, and injuring the flowers and 
 leaves. We shall try to describe how it 
 is applied. First, a pole about two inches 
 in diameter, of the length of the house, 
 or rather longer, is made of deal, and 
 quite round. At one end a kind of wheel 
 is fixed, of larger diameter than the pole 
 (about one-third). On each side of this 
 wheel a round board is nailed, projecting 
 beyond it about three inches. These 
 boards are about three quarters of an 
 inch thick; and are bevelled off from the 
 inside. When this is done, it forms a 
 groove. This is intended to receive the 
 cord, it being nailed to the wheel. The 
 canvass is then nailed to the long pole, it 
 having first been sewn together of the size 
 of the house. The pole, with the canvass 
 attached to it, is then laid upon the house, 
 a flat piece of wood 2 inches wide, and 
 a quarter of an inch thick, is nailed to 
 the highest point of the house, and the 
 canvass is tightly stretched and nailed to 
 the flat piece of wood, using some narrow 
 woollen lists, stretched along it previously 
 to driving in the tacks. This prevents, 
 in a great measure, the canvass from 
 tearing off with the winds. Then, taking 
 hold of the cord now wrapped round the 
 wheel, and pulling at it, the wheel turns 
 round, and, of course, the pole also ; the 
 canvass wraps round it, and, at last, is 
 rolled up at the top ; the cord is then 
 fastened to a long kind of button, and there 
 remains till shade is required. The cord is 
 then unfolded, and the pole let gradually 
 down to the bottom, where some pieces 
 of wood stop it from going off the house, 
 or tearing away the canvass from the 
 top. It may be made to last longer, by 
 having weather-boards fixed on the top of 
 the house to receive the canvass when 
 rolled up under it, thus sheltering it from 
 the rain, which is the great cause of its 
 decay. Care must be taken, when it is 
 rolled up, that it is perfectly dry. During 
 the dark, short days of winter, when the 
 sun has not power to injure the plants, 
 
ORC 
 
 590] 
 
 ORC 
 
 the blind may be stored away in some 
 dry shed or room till the days lengthen, 
 and the sunshine becomes dangerous to 
 the well-being of the plants. 
 
 The proper amount of Heat, Moisture, 
 and Air the Plants require at all times of 
 the year. The power of heating should 
 be more than is required in ordinary win- 
 ters, in order to be prepared for those 
 very severe ones that sometimes occur. 
 It is always easy enough to give less heat 
 in moderate weather by having less lire 
 applied under the boiler. The degrees 
 of heat required we shall now give for 
 all the year. 
 
 INDIAN 
 HOUSE. 
 
 FAHRENHEIT. 
 
 Day with 
 Sun. 
 
 Day 
 without 
 Sun. 
 
 Night. 
 
 Morn. 
 
 
 75 
 85 or 90 
 70 
 65 
 
 70 
 75 
 60 
 55 
 
 70 
 
 11 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 65 
 55 
 50 
 
 60 
 65 
 60 
 55 
 
 60 
 60 
 50 
 50 
 
 55 
 60 
 55 
 50 
 
 55 
 55 
 50 
 45 
 
 
 
 Winter 
 
 MEXICAN 
 HOUSE. 
 
 
 
 Winter 
 
 Our readers will perceive that the 
 lowest temperature at all seasons is in 
 the morning; that is,, before the fires are 
 stirred. The heat in the mornings in 
 summer will depend upon the heat of 
 the atmosphere out of doors ; the rest of 
 the day may be regulated by giving air. 
 The principle of having a lower tempera- 
 ture during the night is perfectly natural. 
 The variations even in tropical countries, 
 in that respect, are great. 
 
 Watering with the Garden-pot. As a 
 general rule, let it be- laid down never to 
 water an orchid except it requires it ; 
 therefore, in commencing to water, ob- 
 serve each plant well, but quickly, and 
 water accordingly. An orchid requires 
 watering when it is growing and dry. 
 The quantity to be given depends, again, 
 upon the stage of its growth. If the 
 young shoots and new roots are just be- 
 ginning only to make their appearance, 
 they require a very moderate quantity ; 
 but, as then the plant ought to ba re- 
 potted, and the new, fresh compost is, or 
 should be, moist of itself, the water must 
 be. withheld until the surface, at least, feels 
 quite- dry to the touch. Again, the water 
 should be applied at a small distance from 
 
 the young shoots, which ought never to 
 be saturated, or even wetted, especially 
 either in the dark, cloudy days of winter 
 or of early spring. In summer, when 
 the heat is increased, the sun shining, 
 and air given, the operator need not be 
 so nice, as the extra water will soon 
 evaporate, and dry up even from the young 
 and tender shoots. When the young 
 shoots begin to form pseudo-bulbs, the 
 quantity of water may be increased, care 
 being taken that it does not lodge in the 
 leafy sheaths which surround the green 
 or young bulbs, especially of Cattle' y as. 
 We have often seen a year's growth de- 
 stroyed by allowing the water to lodge in 
 those tender parts. The way to remedy 
 this is with a sharp knife, or a small 
 pair of scissors, to slit open to the bottom 
 the sheaths that hold the water; but 
 this is an operation that must be done 
 very carefully, without injuring the young 
 pseudo-bulb, or the cure will be as bad as 
 the disease; for, if you wound a pseudo- 
 bulb, ten to one it will perish. As soon 
 as these sheaths turn yellow, and not 
 before, they may be entirely removed 
 safely. When in that state they will 
 easily part from the bulb without injuring 
 it, if carefully pulled off. When the 
 growths are young, whether the water is 
 applied with the rose or spout alone, it 
 will generally be quite sufficient to wet 
 the earth or compost only round near 
 the edge of each pot. If the water is 
 poured indiscriminately all over the sur- 
 face of the compost, especially in the 
 early season of the year, the consequence 
 will be to endanger the young shoots. At 
 that season, and in that state, if the water 
 is slushed upon the plants, it will cause 
 several, if not all of the tender young 
 growths to perish ; but as those growths 
 begin to approach their usual size, and 
 the warm, long, sunshiny days prevail, 
 that is the critical or very time orchids 
 require an abundance of water. 
 
 Giving Air. The method we recom- 
 mend to give air by is with wooden 
 shutters, let into the wall at intervals of 
 four feet between each, on each side of 
 the house. The wooden shutters, or 
 doors, should be 2 feet long by 15 inches 
 broad. A frame of wood ought to be 
 fitted into the opening in the wall, to 
 hang the shutters on. These should 
 swing on the centre with two iron pins, 
 so that when they open they will be hori- 
 zontal, and let the air into the house 
 
OEC 
 
 [591] 
 
 OEC 
 
 plentifully. When less air is required 
 every other aperture need only be opened 
 or the shutters may be propped only hall 
 open. "When they are opened, the fresh 
 air \vill rush in, and, meeting with the 
 pipes in its progress, will be partiallj 
 heated and softened before it comes in 
 contact with the plants a point wortf 
 attending to. For nine months in the 
 year this way of giving air to the Indian 
 house will be found all that is wanted 
 During the three hot months of summer, 
 it will be necessary to give some air a1 
 the highest part of the roof. The ridge 
 of the house should be made flat, about 
 nine inches broad, and parts of it made 
 moveable, to lift np with an iron rod 
 whenever the heat of the internal air 
 exceeds the proper degree. This is the 
 guide on all occasions and all seasons. 
 When the heat is too much, give air. 
 
 It will be found that the Mexican 
 house requires more frequently to have 
 air given to it than the other, because 
 the plants in it do not require so much 
 heat. To know, at all times, when to 
 give air, have a copy of the table of heat 
 for the orchid-house copied, and hung up 
 in a convenient place to refer to. 
 
 Besting. To know when the bulbs are 
 in a proper state to go to rest may be, to 
 our readers, of some consequence. They 
 ought to be strong, and, if expected to 
 flower, at least three feet high, stout, and 
 firm, quite to the apex. All the leaves 
 ought to turn yellow, and drop off in the 
 same manner as any other annually leaf- 
 shedding plant ; and all this ought to take 
 place early in autumn. As soon as it 
 does so, remove the plant, or plants, into 
 a drier and cooler house, and keep them 
 there until the buds at the bottom of each 
 pseudo-bulb begin to appear. 
 
 Cleansing the Leaves. Take down the 
 plant from its high position; if the moss 
 or peat, whichever it may happen to be 
 growing in, is dry, give it a good soaking 
 in the cistern, the water of which is at a 
 temperature of 70. Whilst it is soaking, 
 all dead leaves are to be carefully re- 
 moved, and every part of the plant tho- 
 roughly washed with a sponge. If the 
 leaves are thick and leathery, the sponge 
 is ta be rubbed over them several times 
 with a heavy hand. In fact, it might be 
 called a good scrubbing; being careful, 
 of course, not to injure it. For more 
 tender leaves, we have, very lately, used 
 jBomething else. We observed that the 
 
 sponge, though used ever so lightly on 
 these tender, thin leaves, injured them 
 slightly. Happening to observe a piece 
 of thick leather, such as soldiers' belts 
 are made of, it was taken and wrapped 
 round the end of a small stick, fastening 
 it firmly to it with some small copper 
 wire, leaving half an inch of it projecting 
 beyond the stick; it had then the ap- 
 pearance of a brush made of leather. 
 With this instrument the leaves were 
 washed, and it was so soft and pliable 
 that it did not injure the youngest or ten- 
 derest leaf, yet effectually washed the 
 dust and dirt off from the leaves. This 
 washing not only clears off the parasites 
 and any other obstruction, but also de- 
 stroys insects, particularly the red spider 
 and black thrip, two of the most perni- 
 cious enemies to orchids. Let every part 
 of the plants be well cleansed leaves, 
 stems, and pseudo-bulbs. Not only will 
 the plants .look better, -but they will be 
 greatly benefited in their health. 
 
 Potting. Generally , speaking the 
 months of January, February, and March 
 are the proper times ; but as there is no 
 rule without exceptions, some orchids re- 
 quire potting at all seasons of the year. 
 The beginner may know when to pot his 
 plants by this observation : Whenever 
 they are determined to grow, they must 
 be potted. The only precaution neces- 
 sary to observe, in the dark seasons, will 
 be to use the stuff you pot them in (for 
 it can hardly be called soil) in a mode- 
 rately dry state, and give no water except- 
 ing a sprinkling to settle the compost. 
 
 In the first place, have ready a quan- 
 tity of broken pots or potsherds of several 
 sizes; next, procure some good turfy peat, 
 knock it into pieces with a heavy hammer, 
 crushing the finer soil entirely out of it ; 
 then pass it through a fine sieve, and 
 what remains in the sieve is the best stuff 
 for orchids: it is light, open, and porous. 
 Next, have some charcoal at hand, broken 
 nto pieces no larger than a hen's egg, 
 nor smaller than a hazel nut. Another 
 article, and you will have all you need 
 or pots and baskets ; this is white bog- 
 moss, or sphagnum, which should be par- 
 tially chopped with a sharp hatchet, and 
 the dust also sifted out of it We have a 
 great abhorrence for anything close or 
 ine about orchids, excepting terrestrial 
 ones. 
 
 Having all in readiness, take your 
 lant, turn it out of the pot carefully, be 
 
ORC 
 
 [ 592] 
 
 ORC 
 
 mindful of the roots, and bruise or injure 
 them as little as possible. Perhaps some 
 roots will be found adhering very firmly 
 to the sides of the pot, to part them from 
 \vhich we have used a long, thin-bladed 
 knife, thrusting it carefully down between 
 the root and the pot. In very bad cases 
 we have found it necessary to break the 
 pot ; but this must be done very gently, or 
 the very act of breaking may destroy the 
 roots. The plant being cleared from the 
 pot, shake away all the old compost; then 
 examine the roots closely, and cut off all 
 the dead ones. This is a convenient op- 
 portunity, also, to look after insects, espe- 
 cially the white scale, the most pernicious 
 of all vermin to orchids, excepting, per- 
 haps, the black thrip. With a brush 
 clean them all off, and wash the whole 
 plant with strong soap-water. Your plant 
 is now ready for potting. Choose a pot 
 of the proper size : generally speaking, 
 orchids, to grow them well, take larger 
 pots in proportion to their size than any 
 other class of plants. Let your pots be 
 perfectly clean both inside and out. Lay 
 a large piece of potsherd over the hole at 
 the bottom of the pot ; then place some 
 rather smaller pieces of the same, and 
 over these the smallest ones. Altogether 
 the pot ought to be three-parts filled with 
 this drainage. This point is of the utmost 
 importance, for if the plants are not su- 
 perlatively well -drained they will not 
 thrive long or satisfactorily. Over this 
 drainage place a thin layer of charcoal, 
 and then a layer of the turfy peat, mix- 
 ing with it some broken pots and char- 
 coal. Introduce the plant now, and spread 
 the roots, if many, all over the surface of 
 the compost, working it amongst them, 
 gradually filling it in till the pot is full, 
 and keeping the body of the plant well 
 up ; raise the compost up about two or 
 three inches above the level of the edge 
 of the pot in proportion to its width. A 
 small pot need not have the plant above 
 one inch raised, a middling plant two 
 inches, and for the largest-sized plant 
 three inches will be sufficient. The whole 
 of the plant, pseudo-bulbs and all, ex- 
 cepting the roots, ought to stand clear up 
 above the compost. It will be loose and 
 ready to tumble over if of such kinds as 
 Cattle'yas or Dendro'biums ; to prevent 
 which, thrust into the compost some 
 stout sticks, and tie each pseudo-bulb to 
 each stick firmly. These will secure the 
 plant, and give it a neat, tidy appearance 
 
 Orchids in Baskets. A. considerable 
 number of species require baskets, be- 
 cause the flower-stems are pendent, and, 
 consequently, naturally require a position 
 to allow the flowers to grow down. In 
 "act, some send the flower-stems perpen- 
 dicularly down through the soil or com- 
 )ost. Now, if these are grown in pots, 
 he flower-stems run down into the soil, 
 and there perish. It is true they have 
 >een grown in pots on a hillock built up 
 six inches or a foot above the rim of the 
 pot, and then part of the flower-stems 
 manage to find their way to the outside 
 of the little mound ; but a considerable 
 number descend straight downwards, and 
 soon rot for want of air and light. By 
 growing them in baskets this evil is pre- 
 vented, and every raceme (bunch) of 
 lowers arrives at perfection. 
 
 The baskets should be of a size suit- 
 able for small plants small ones re- 
 quiring only small baskets, middling 
 ones the middle-sized, and large ones 
 n proportion. The way to basket the 
 plants is this: Have the peat or com- 
 post prepared exactly as for potting 
 above-mentioned; cover the bottom of 
 the basket with a thin layer of moss 
 green would do, though we prefer white, 
 or sphagnum. This moss is to prevent 
 the peat from dropping through the 
 openings between the rods forming the 
 bottom. Then place a portion of peat 
 upon the moss. In the next place, pre- 
 pare the plant by taking it out of the old 
 basket or pot, or perhaps off from a log. 
 Do this as carefully as possible, without 
 injuring the living roots. If the old peat, 
 in which it has been growing, perhaps, 
 for years, is very hard, and the living 
 roots are so firmly attached to it that they 
 cannot be detached without breaking 
 them, take the plant and put it into the 
 cistern, and let it remain there till the 
 peat is thoroughly soaked. Take it out, 
 and setitin some convenient place to drain 
 off the water. If this is done a full week 
 before you intend to re-basket the plant, 
 it will be all the easier to do ; the object 
 being to soften the peat so as to be able to 
 pick away, with a small-pointed stick, as 
 much of the old peat as possible. Exa- 
 mine, also, the pseudo-bulbs and leaves, 
 and clean them thoroughly from dirt and 
 insects. Prune away all dead roots, and 
 then the plant will be ready to be put in 
 its new habitation. Place it in the middle 
 of the basket, and fill in all round it with 
 
ORC 
 
 [ 593 ] 
 
 ORC 
 
 the new compost. Set the basket then on 
 the floor, and, with the syringe held pretty 
 close to the peat, give it a good watering, 
 forcing the water out of the syringe pretty 
 strongly : this will be found to make the 
 compost firm, so that future waterings 
 will not wash it off the basket on to the 
 floor, or plants underneath. One thing 
 we would especially guard our readers 
 against, and that is, having the baskets 
 made deep. Some may have an idea that 
 if the plants have a large lot of stuff to 
 grow in they will thrive better, and pro- 
 duce more flowers ; but this is a mistaken 
 notion. The roots of orchids of this class 
 run on the surface, or, at least, very 
 closely beneath it ; in truth, if the air is 
 properly surcharged with moisture, the 
 roots will prefer running out of the com- 
 post. Frequently the long roots of Stan- 
 ho'peas, that push strongly, and run 
 along the surface of the compost, send 
 forth fibres, not into the compost, but, 
 strange to say, upwards into the conge- 
 nial air, gathering, as it were, aerial food 
 to support and feed the plant they belong 
 to. This proves satisfactorily enough 
 that deep baskets are no advantage even 
 to the growth of the plant, but to the 
 flower-stems of some kinds of Stanhopeas 
 they are certainly injurious. We say some 
 kinds, such as Stanho'pea insi'gnis and its 
 varieties, 8. tiyri'na and its varieties, and 
 all that have, like these, short and few- 
 flowered racemes. Such kinds as 8. ocu- 
 /a7d, Wa'rdii, and quadrico'rnis, which 
 have long flower-stems, may find their 
 way through a deep basket, but would do 
 so easier and safer through a shallow one. 
 Pots. The kind we use and prefer 
 may be described as a shallow, wide pot, 
 the proportions of which are as two, 
 three, and five ; that is, two inches wide 
 at the bottom, three inches deep, and 
 five inches wide at the top, all inside 
 measure. Larger pots to be in the same 
 proportions. Small ones need only have 
 one hole at the bottom ; but it should be 
 larger than those generally made. For 
 the two-inch-wide pots at the bottom, the 
 hole ought to be three quarters of an 
 inch in diameter, the great object being 
 to allow the escape of water quickly. 
 Larger pots must have three holes, each 
 of the same diameter. Hard-burnt ones 
 must be avoided for these plants, as well 
 as for any other. The reason why we 
 prefer these wide, shallow pots is, that 
 the roots of orchids are, generally speak- 
 38 
 
 ing, either on the surface or very near it; 
 besides, a large proportionate surface is 
 exposed to the benefit of air and moisture, 
 both of which are beneficial to the roots 
 of an epiphyte. Terrestrial orchids, 
 whose roots descend deeper, will be 
 better in the ordinary-shaped pot. 
 
 Baskets. Various materials and forms 
 have been used in this necessary article. 
 The first probably was made of common, 
 iron wire, painted green, and the form 
 round, deep, and with a flat bottom. This 
 material is almost entirely disused, for, 
 although the paint for a time prevented 
 them from rusting, the great moisture 
 and heat soon decomposed the paint, 
 and then the wire became oxydized, or 
 rusty, and is then very injurious to the 
 roots, as well as being unsightly. Those 
 made with copper wire are much better, 
 lasting longer, and are not so injurious 
 to the plants. The only objection we 
 know of is the expense. Where that is 
 no consideration, we should have no great 
 objection to their adoption. Baskets have 
 also been made of earthenware ; but, if 
 there was no other objection, their great 
 weight would be sufficient to set them 
 aside as bad. We have tried all these, 
 and have come to the conclusion that 
 baskets made of wooden rods are the 
 best for this purpose. We mentioned 
 before, that the most ornamental are 
 made of the corrugated or rough-barked 
 maple rods ; but, as these are not always 
 to be met with, hazel rods may be used, 
 and make excellent baskets. The way 
 we make them is simple enough. First, 
 the rods are sawn into proper lengths. 
 The smallest we use are about the thick- 
 ness of a man's middle finger. With 
 this size, the smallest baskets are made. 
 These are seven inches wide, and thre-.- 
 rods deep. In this size, small Stan- 
 ho'peas, and small plants of Ae'rides. 
 Saccola'biums, Vn'nda*, Gongo'ras,&c.,a.e 
 grown. For larger plants, larger baskets 
 are made, and thicker rods used. Th< 
 largest we ever had occasion to make wa 
 for a fine plant of Ae'rides odom'ta. This 
 plant is four feet high, and two and a 
 half feet through. The rods used for it 
 are nearly as thick as a moderate-sized 
 man's wrist. The basket is two feet 
 square, which is the shape we prefer, as 
 being the most simple and easiest made. 
 When the rods are sawn into lengths, the 
 ends are pared smooth with a knife; then 
 small holes are bored through each, one 
 2 Q 
 
ORC 
 
 [ 594 ] 
 
 ORC 
 
 at each end, as near it as possible with- 
 out splitting. The instrument used to 
 bore the holes with is a very small steel 
 rod, about six inches long, with a wooden 
 handle ; it is filed to a point at the end 
 intended to bore the hole with. We find 
 it convenient to have two or three, for a 
 reason we shall state presently. After a 
 certain number of rods are cut and 
 smoothened, they are taken to a place 
 where there is a small, clear, red fire ; 
 the sharp end of one of the borers is put 
 into it about one inch. As soon as that 
 is red hot, the other is put in, the heated 
 one drawn and thrust into the rod very 
 near the end, and held there as long as it 
 continues to burn its way without much 
 pressure. If too much force is used, 
 the wood will be apt to split. As soon, 
 therefore, as the instrument ceases to 
 burn its way through, it is replaced in 
 the fire. The other by this time will be 
 red also ; this is then taken out of the 
 fire, and applied to the hole. This ope- 
 ration is thus performed with each bore 
 alternately till the hole is made through 
 the rod. The description of this opera- 
 tion takes up considerably more time 
 than the operation itself. It is quickly 
 and easily done, as any of our readers 
 may prove on trial. After as many rods 
 are bored as may be wanted at one time, 
 the next thing is to put them together. 
 The articles necessary for this are some 
 copper wire and a few flat-headed copper 
 nails. Each basket will require four 
 lengths of wire, the length of each to be 
 in proportion to the size of the basket 
 they are intended for. They should be 
 long enough to meet at least eight inches 
 above the top of the smaller sized baskets, 
 and from a foot to eighteen inches above 
 the larger ones. At the end of each 
 piece of wire make a loop so large that 
 it will not draw through the holes ; then 
 lay the first two rods, and upon them, 
 for the smallest basket, lay three others; 
 nail these three to the two outside rods, 
 thus forming a sort of raft, to use a 
 nautical term for want of a better ; turn 
 this over, and underneath it put two 
 other rods, to form the other two sides 
 of the basket; then draw the four 
 pieces of wire through the holes at each 
 corner, the looped end being under 
 neath. Continue to lay a pair of rods 
 alternately, drawing the wire through 
 each till the basket is of the required 
 depth. The smallest size, three rods 
 
 deep ; the two next, four deep, and so on. 
 When that is done, make four small 
 pointed pegs, and drive them into each 
 hole at the four corners. This will fasten 
 the rods in their places, and prevent them 
 from everstarting upwards ; then draw the 
 wires together at the top, twisting each 
 pair over each other, and fasten them with 
 a piece of fine wire. Your basket is now 
 complete and ready for use. 
 
 Loys. None are so good as the wood 
 of the Acacia, commonly so called, but 
 which really is the Bobi'nia pseu'do- 
 aca'cia. Its wood is firm, and does not 
 soon decay. The next best is the oak. 
 In all eases we strongly recommend the 
 removal of the bark; our objection to 
 retaining it being, that it only serves as a 
 hiding-place for wood-lice, small snails, 
 and other destructive insects, besides re- 
 taining in winter too great a quantity of 
 moisture. The wood should be procured 
 a year before it is used, and then the bark 
 will come off very easily. We except cork 
 wood, which we think very good when it 
 can be procured readily for this purpose ; 
 and the bark of cork suits the orchids 
 well, and, unlike the others, does not rot 
 so soon, and, consequently, has not the 
 objection to its use of being a receptacle 
 for vermin. The best wood for baskets 
 is the rough-barked, common maple. The 
 branches of this tree make the hand- 
 somest baskets ; but as it is not so plenti- 
 ful as the hazel, the latter is the sort we 
 recommend. Some object to baskets of 
 this description on account of their soon 
 perishing. This we consider no objec- 
 tion at all, but rather an advantage ; 
 for as soon as the basket is decayed 
 the plant has grown so large that it re- 
 quires a new one, and the rotten sticks 
 of which the old basket is made are more 
 easily broken and removed than sounder 
 "ones. 
 
 O'RCHIS. (From orchis, testiculate ; re- 
 ferring to the two oblong, bulb-like roots 
 of many of the species. Nat. ord., Or- 
 ,chids [Orchidacese]. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria 
 1 - Mo n andria. 
 
 Chiefly an European genus of ground-orchids. 
 Seeds, as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division of 
 the tuberous roots, thouerh they do not relish 
 transplanting well ; it should be done when the 
 plants are in a dormant state. The British spe- 
 cies are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in pas- 
 tures where calcareous matter abounds. The 
 exotic kinds like an addition of fibry peat. The 
 tender ones, in fact all, when cultivated, should 
 be treated as alpines ; those found in rich pastures 
 require a moister situation. 
 
OKI 
 
 C 595 ] 
 
 OKN 
 
 0. acwnina'ta (pointed-cowered). 1 . Purple. May. 
 Barbary. 1815. 
 
 corio'phora (hug-bearing). 1. Brown. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 folio'sa ( leafy -spiked}. 1. Purple. May. Madeira. 
 fusce'scens (drying-brown}. I.Yellowish. June. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 1831. 
 
 globo'sa (round - spiked). f . Purple. June. 
 
 Austria. 1792. 
 
 Ibe'ricu (Iberian). White. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1819. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1 . Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered) . Purple. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1820. 
 
 longibr acted' to. (long-bracted). l. Purple. 
 
 May. Sicily. 1818. 
 
 longico'rnis (long-horned), f . Purple. May. 
 
 Barbary. 1815. 
 
 ma'cra (lean). Pale purple. May. Britain. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted). l Flesh. June. Britain. 
 
 ma'scula (male-earty). 1. Purple. May. Britain. 
 
 milita'ris (military). 1. Purple. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1826. 
 ve'ra (true). Purple. May.Switzeriand. 1825. 
 
 mo'rio (buffoon), f . Purple. May. Britain. 
 
 papiliona'cea (butterfly). l. Purple. April. 
 
 Rome. 1788. 
 
 provincia'lis (province), f. Purple, yellow. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), f. Purple. 
 
 July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 pseu' do-sambu' cina (false-elder-smeftmg-). f. 
 
 Purple. April. Italy. 1828. 
 
 lute'scens (pale yellow), f. Yellow. June. 
 
 Italy. 1828. 
 
 quadripuncta' to, (four-spotted), f . Purple. 
 
 April. Italy. 1828. 
 
 sacca'ta (pouched). jJ.Purple.April. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 sambu'cina (elder-scented), f . Yellow. April. 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 specta' bills (showy). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1801. 
 
 tephrosa'nthos (ash-coloured-flowered). l. 
 
 Purple. April. England. 
 
 densiflo'rum (crowded- spiked). 1. Purple, 
 
 white. May. Europe. 
 
 undula'ta (wavy). 1. Pale purple. December. 
 
 Sicily. 1818. 
 
 undulatifo' lia (wavy-leaved). Pale purple. Jlay. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ustula'ta (scorched). 5. Purple. May. England. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated), f. Pale purple. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1818. 
 
 OKI'GANUM. Marjoram. (From oros, 
 mountain, and ganos,joy ; referring to the 
 natural places of growth. Nat. ord., La- 
 biates [Lamiaceee]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 
 1- Gymn ospermia. ) 
 
 The following are all hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Seeds, division of the roots, and cuttings ; 
 sandy soil. See MAHJORAM. 
 O.Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July. 
 Epypt. 1731. 
 
 crassifo'iium (thick-leaved). Purplish. June. 
 
 Levant. 
 
 dicta'mnus (dittany of Crete), i. Pink. July. 
 
 Candia. 1551. 
 
 heraclea'ticum (bastard - winter - sweet). 1 . 
 
 White. August. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 horte'nsis (garden). Purplish. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1573. 
 
 ma'ru (mastic). 1. Pink. June. Palestine, 
 
 neroo'svm (large-nerved.). Pink. June. Egypt. 
 
 1823. 
 
 norma'te (normal). 1. Blue, June.Nepaul.181Q. 
 
 0. Oni'tes(Omtet). 1. Whitish. August. Mediter 
 ranean. 175Q. 
 
 Sipy'leum (Mount Sipylus). 1. Pink. August* 
 
 Levant. 1699. 
 
 stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Pedolia. 1828. 
 
 Towrrae/o'r^Tournefort's). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 Arnogos. 1788. 
 
 vulga're (common). 2. Pink. August. Britain. 
 flo're - a' Ibo (white-flowered), l. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 hu'mile (dwarf). 1. Purple. June. Asia.1818. 
 
 prisma' ticum (prism - shaped). White. 
 
 July. Mediterranean. 
 
 vi'rens (green). 1. Purple. June. Portugal. 
 
 ORMO'SIA. Bead-tree. (From orwos, a 
 necklace ; referring to the seeds of O. 
 cocci'nea, which are scarlet, with a dark 
 spot, which are strung for necklaces. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monogyma. Allied 
 to Sophora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy, fibry peat, 
 and a little loam. Winter temp., 48 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 0. cocci'nea (scarlet-seeded). 10. July. Guiana. 
 1823. 
 
 dasyca'rpu (thick-fruited). 10. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 ORXITHI'DIUM. One of the many weeds 
 among air-plants. 
 
 ORNITHO'GALUM. Star of Bethlehem. 
 (From ornis, a bird, and gain, milk. Nat. 
 ord. Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered, where 
 not otherwise specified. Offsets ; sandy loam and 
 a little leaf-mould for the hardy. kinds; a little 
 peat added for those that require a cold pit in 
 winter. If the latter are planted out in a dry 
 border, the border must be protected from wet 
 and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken up, and 
 kept in drawers or bags where nro frost will reach 
 them. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 0. bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing), . April. Russia. 
 1821. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). . July. Austria. 1505. 
 
 divarica'tum (spreading). 2. July. California. 
 
 1841. 
 
 e'xscapum (stemless). . May. Italy. 1824. 
 fimbri't'tum (fringed). . February. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 margma'tum (white-edged). }. Greenish- 
 
 white. March. Asia. 1843. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). $. May. Italy. 1824.' 
 
 Narbune'nse (Narbonne). l. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope 1810. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). $. June. Britain. 
 
 pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. June. Spain. 1752. 
 
 Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Green. June. 
 
 Ensrland. 
 
 stachyoi'des (stachys-like). 2J. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 May. South Europe. 17/1. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbelled). l. May. England. 
 
 TENDER BULBS. 
 0. ailia'ceum (onion-like).i.September.Chili.I821. 
 
 Ara'bicum (Arabian). lj. May. Egypt. 1629. 
 
 au'reum (golden), f . Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
ORN 
 
 [596 ] 
 
 OKO 
 
 O. barla'tttm (bearded). I.June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1795. 
 
 Be'rgii (Bergius). White, green. March. 1816 
 
 biflo'rum (twin-flowered). l. April. Peru. 1832. 
 
 bifo'lium (two-leaved), j. August. Chili. 1831. 
 
 brachy'stachys (short-spiked). March. Dahuria. 
 
 1821. 
 
 cauda'tum (tailed). 3. White, green. May 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 chloroleu'cum (greenish-white). 1. July. Val 
 
 paraiso. 1834. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair- fringed). . April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. 
 
 coarcta'tum (compressed-jftwered). l. White, 
 
 green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. 
 
 eonci'nnum (neat), f. May. Portugal. 1797. 
 
 co'nicum (conical), i. White, green. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 eorymbo'sum (corymbed). 14. White, green. 
 
 May. Chili. 1823. 
 
 crenula'tum (scolloped). $. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. ]816. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 3. March. Egypt. 1804. 
 
 fiuvi'ssimum (yellowest). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1804. 
 fusca'tum (dull). A. Grey. June. Cape of Good 
 1820. 
 
 geminiflojrum (twin-flowered). 1. Greenish- 
 
 white. Luna. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). . June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 ixioi'des (ixia-like). . May. California. 1796. 
 juncifo'lium (rush-leaved), f. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1794. 
 
 la'cteum (milk-white). 1. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. 
 
 /aft/o'Kuw(broad-leaved).lJ.June. Egypt.l62Q. 
 
 longibractea'tum (long-bracted). . May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1817. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). . May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 minia'tum (red-stained). Yellow. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 na'num (dwarf). $. Greenish-white. March. 
 
 Berbeck. 1843. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy). . May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1774. 
 
 nota'tum (firoM/n-marked). July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1825. 
 
 odora'tum (sweet-scented). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-shaped). 1. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 pilo'sum (shaggy). 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1826. 
 
 polyphy'llum (many -leaved). . June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 rupe'stre (rock). . May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1795. 
 
 secu'ndum (side- flowering). $. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 squi'lla (squill-like). S.May. South Europe.1829. 
 
 suave' olens (sweet-scented). . June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 tene'llum (delicate). . June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1819. 
 
 thyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1757. 
 
 fiavefscens (yellowish). lj. Yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 tri'gynum (three-styled). White, green. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 uni/o'lium (one-leaved). A. Green. June. Gib- 
 
 raltar, 1805. 
 
 OBNITHO'PUS. Bird's-foot. (From ornis, 
 a bird, and pous, a foot ; referring to the 
 claw-like seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leyuminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 ' -Diadelphia 
 4:-Decandria.) 
 
 Low-growing, yellow, pea-blossomed, hardy an- 
 nuals. Seed, sown in the garden-border in March. 
 0. du'rum (hard). 4. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 ebractea'tum (bracteless) , . July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1700. 
 
 perpusi'llus-nodo'sus (very-small-knotted). . 
 
 White, red. May. France. 
 
 repa'ndum(vt*vy -leaved) 4. July. Barbary.1805. 
 
 scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). . July. South 
 
 Europe. 1506. 
 
 O'RNUS. Flowering Asb. (Fromomnos,. 
 ancient name of the Ash ; applied on ac- 
 count of the resemblance and affinity. 
 Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 
 %-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Fraxinus.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous trees. Seeds, 
 gathered in October, placed in the rot-heap, 
 mixed with earth, turned in winter, and sown in 
 March ; budding and grafting on the common. 
 Ash. From the juice distilled from some species 
 the manna of commerce is produced. 
 0. America'na (American). 30. May. N.Amer.1820. 
 
 Europce'a (European). 20. May. Italy. 1730. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 30.Nepaul.1822. 
 
 ro/wndi/b'/ia(round-leaved).l6.May Italy. 1697- 
 
 stria'ta (channelled). 30. April. N. Amer. 1818. 
 O'KOBUS. Bitter Vetch. (From oro, 
 
 to excite, and bous, an ox; nourishing 
 food. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 baeeffi]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia k-Decan- 
 dria. Allied to Vicia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except saxa'tilis. 
 Seeds; division of the plant in spring; sandy, 
 deep loam. 
 
 O. a'lbus (white-./?0M>eraf). 1. White. April. 
 Austria. 1/94. 
 
 alpe'stris (rock). 2. Purple. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1817. 
 
 America'nus (American). Pale purple. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1731. 
 
 angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 April. Siberia. 176(5. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rew (dark purple). 1. Purple* 
 
 May. Algiers. 1826. 
 
 aura'nfius (orange). l. Yellow. June. 
 
 Iberia. 1818. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). l. White, blue. May. 
 
 France. 18! 6. 
 
 cocci'neut (scarlet). l.Scarlet. April. VeraCruz. 
 unijv'gus (paired). 1. Scarlet. April* 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 divarica' 'tus (spreading), f. Purple. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1816. 
 
 erefctus (erect). 1. Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Fische'ri( Fischer's). Purple. April. Siberia. 
 formo'sus (beautiful). |. Purple. June. Cau- 
 casus. 1818. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. Red. May. Thrace. 1822. 
 
 hu'milit (humble). . Purple. July. Da- 
 
 huria. 1825. 
 
 Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Blue. June. Lucania. 1830. 
 
 la'cteus (milk-white). 14. White. April. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
GET 
 
 C 
 
 OSS 
 
 (smooth). 1$. Yellow. June. 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 lathyroi'des ( lathy rus -like). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1758. 
 
 laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Violet. June. 
 
 Candia. 1820. 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). Lilac. June. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1827. 
 
 lu'teus (yellow). 1$. Lilac, yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1759. 
 
 multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 2. Pale red. 
 
 July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 ni'ger (black). 3. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 2. Yellow, 
 
 white. June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 palle'scens (palish). 1. White. April. Tauria. 
 
 1823. 
 
 j0aMci/7o'rus(few-flowered) . 1 .Purple. June. 1 820. 
 
 pififo'rmis (pea-formed). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1822. 
 
 Pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1699. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Purple. July. France. 
 
 1820. Annual. 
 
 essilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 
 Tauria. 1823. 
 
 stipula'ceus (stipuled). 6. Purple. May.N.Amer. 
 
 sylva'ticus (wood). 2. Crimson, purple. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 tcnuifo'lius (fine-leaved). . Purple. June. 
 
 Europe. 1810. 
 
 Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 1. Yellow, 
 
 purple. June. Hungary. 1821. 
 
 tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Italy. 1821. 
 
 vafrius (various). l. Yellow, red. April. 
 
 Italy. 1759. 
 
 Vene'tus (Venetian). 1. Purple. April.Germany. 
 
 veno'sus (veiny). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 ve'rnus (spring). l.Purple.March. Europe. 1629. 
 ca'rncus (flesh-coloured). 1 . Flesh. March. 
 
 vicioi'des (vetch-like). 1. Yellow. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1819. 
 
 ORTHO' SIPHON. (From orthos, straight, 
 and siphon, a tube ; referring to the tube 
 of the flower. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia- 
 eese]. Linn.,l4-Z)irfynamia \-Oymnosper- 
 mia. Allied to Ocymum.) 
 
 Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the 
 young shoots, when growth is commencing ; cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots of the evergreens ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat ; common stove and 
 greenhouse treatment. 
 
 O. a'tperus (rough). White. May. E. Ind. 1827. 
 Stove herbaceous. 
 
 incu'rvus (bent-in). 1. Pale scarlet. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1839. Stove evergreen. 
 
 rubicu'ndut (ruddy). Purple. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 virga'tus (twiggy). Blue. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 ORTBRosA'NTHUs.(From orthros, morn- 
 ing, and anthos, a flower ; flowers expand 
 early in the day. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri- 
 daceffi]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 3-Trian- 
 dria. Allied to Sisyrinchium.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and 
 division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould ; a cold pit in winter, to exclude the 
 frost. 
 
 0. multiflofms (many-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 OSAGE APPLE. Maclu'ra. 
 
 OSBE'CKIA. (Named after P. Osbeck, 
 a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Melas- 
 tomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 8-Oc- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Melas* 
 toma.) 
 
 Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy 
 loam, fibry peat, a little dried cow -dung, ana 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 48 to 58; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 0. cane'scens (hoary). 1838. 
 
 glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pink. July. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1818. 
 
 Nepale'nsisalbiflo'ra (Nepaul- white-flowered). 
 
 l. White. August. Nepaul. 1829. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 0. angustifo'Iia (narrow-leaved). 2. Rose. May. 
 Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 C7ime'nst*(Chinese).2.PurpIe.July.China.lS18. 
 
 glomera'ta albiflo'ra (crowded-white-flowered). 
 
 I*. White. January. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). l. Purple. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 1. Rose. April. 
 
 Ceylon. 1815. 
 
 stella'ta (starred). 1. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). S. Lilac. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Ceylon. 1799. 
 
 OSIER. Sa'lix vimina'lis. 
 
 OSMI'TES. (From osme, perfume; 
 smells like camphor. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 
 S-Frustranea. Allied to Relhania.) 
 
 Greenhonse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May, and without bottom-heat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. 
 0. bellidia' strum, (bellidiastrum). I. June. 1816. 
 
 cumphori'na (camphor-scented). 1$. May. 1/94. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed;. 14. May. 1820. 
 
 OSMU'NDA. (The name of a Celtic 
 deity. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Hardy brown-spored Ferns, except Preslia'na. 
 See FERNS. 
 
 0. cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 2. June. N. 
 Amer. 1772. 
 
 Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1772. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. 1827. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 interru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. N.Amer. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 2$. 1831. 
 
 Preslia'na (Presl's). June. Isle of Luzon. Stove. 
 
 rega'lis (royal). 2. July. Britain. 
 
 spectii'bUis (showy). 2. July. N.Amer. 1811. 
 OSS^'A. (Named after Ossa, curator 
 
 of the Havannah Botanic Garden. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceffi], 
 Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Miconia.) 
 
OST 
 
 [ 598 ] 
 
 OXA 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young, 
 side, stubby shoots, or the points of main ones, 
 when a little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and loam ; com- 
 mon plant-stove treatment. 
 
 O. purpura'scew (purplish). 3. Purple. March. 
 Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 OSTEO'MELES. (From osteon, bone, and 
 melon, apple ; the fruit. Nat. ord., Apple- 
 worts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 %-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Mespilus.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen tree. For culture, see MEDLAK. 
 O.ferrugi'nea (rusty). July. 1847. 
 
 OSTEOSPE'RMUM. (From osteon, a bone, 
 and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., ~L9-Syngenesia 
 -Necessaria. Allied to Calendula.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of small, 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in April or May ; sandy loam and a little fibry 
 peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 O. cceru'leum (blue- flowered). 3. Blue. July. 1774. 
 
 calendula' ceum (marigold-like). 2. July. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. August. 1822. 
 
 ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 4. July. 1816. 
 
 inca'num (hoary). 3. August. 1815. 
 
 monili'ferum (necklace-bearing). 3. July. 1714. 
 
 O'STRYA. Hop Hornbeam. (From 
 ostryos, a scale ; scaly catkins. Nat. ord., 
 Mastworts [Corylacese]. Linn., 21- Mo- 
 ncecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to the Horn- 
 beam.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, whic-h, if sown 
 in the spring, the season after being gathered in 
 the autumn, and kept in a rot-heap during winter, 
 will make their appearance the year following ; 
 layers, cuttings, and grafting on the common 
 Hornbeam; good, deep, moist soil. 
 0. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 20. April.N.Amer.l622. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 20. May. Italy. 1724. 
 
 OSWEGO TEA. Mona'rda di'dyma. 
 
 OSY'EIS. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos, 
 a branch; referring to the numerous 
 pliant branches. Nat. ord., Sandalworts 
 [Santalacese]. Linn., 22-Dioccia 3-Tri- 
 andria. Allied to Santalium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots under a hand-light in spring; 
 sandy loam ; requires the protection of a cold pit 
 in winter, or a conservative wall. 
 0. a'lba (white). 3. White. South Europe. 1/39. 
 
 OTAHEITE CHESTNUT. Inoca'rpusedu'lis. 
 
 OTAHEITE MYRTLE. Securine'ga ni'tida. 
 
 OTHO'NNA. Kagwort. (From othone, 
 linen ; referring to the soft, downy cloth- 
 ing of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 4- 
 Necessaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered plants, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds in a mild hotbed, in spring ; 
 annuals may be hardened off afterwards ; peren- 
 nials, by division of the plant ; tuberous-rooted, 
 
 by dividing them ; shrubs, by cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ; 
 sandy loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 
 ANNUAL. 
 0. tage'tes (marigold-teaued). 1. May. 1823. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 0. limfo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. July. 1824. 
 
 pm/m'Ja (leafleted). 3. May. 175Q. 
 
 pinnati'fida (leaflet-like). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 0. bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. May. 1774. 
 filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). l. April. 1791. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). August. 1842. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 0. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 3. Mav. 
 1692. 
 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. July. 1723. 
 
 -4Mma's?#(Athanasia-like). 3. January. 1795. 
 
 chcirifo'lia (wallflower -leaved). l. May. 
 
 Barbary. 1752. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. August. 
 
 1731. 
 
 denticula'ta (tooth-/eaw<?eZ). 2. June. 1774. 
 
 digita'ta (finger-leaved). 1$. July. 1824. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. May. 1812. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. June. 1789. 
 
 tenui'ssima (finest-leaved). 1^. May. 1/59. 
 
 virgi'nea (virgin-like). 3. October. Africa. 
 
 1821. 
 
 OTO'PTERA. (From oz/s, an ear, and 
 pteron, a wing ; referring to an ear -like 
 .process on the wing-petals. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 17 -Diadelpfiia A-Decandria. Allied to 
 Dolichos.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climber ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, 
 fibry loam and lumpy peat, with nodules of char- 
 coal intermixed. 
 
 0. Burche'llii (Burchell's). Purple. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 O'XALIS. Wood Sorrel. (From oxys, 
 acid ; the acid taste of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Oxalids [Oxalidaceae]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria 4i-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Natives of Cape of Good Hope, except where 
 otherwise stated. Hardy annuals, seed in open 
 border, in April, in a shady place ; perennials, by 
 division and by seeds ; tuberous and bulbous ones, 
 by offsets ; the tender ones succeed in a cool 
 temperature in winter, if dry, and frost excluded ; 
 shrubby species, by seeds and cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and grown in sandy loam 
 and fibry peat; all the bulbous kinds the least 
 tender should be kept dry in winter, and the 
 shrubby have the greenhouse. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 0, cornicula'ta (small-horned). 3. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Britain. 
 
 Dille'nii (Dillenius's).2. Copper. America.1/98. 
 flo'rida (florid). 2. Yellow. America. 
 
 1798. 
 
 Icemga'ta (smooth). . Purple. June. 1818. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). . Palered. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 
 
 ~-sensiti'va (sensitive). $. Yellow. July. China. 
 1844. Store, 
 
OXA 
 
 [599 ] 
 
 OXA 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 0. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Ainer. 181 6. 
 
 tri'cta (upright). 1, ' Yellow. July. N. 
 Amer. 1608. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 O. a' Ilia (white-flowered), f. White. May. 
 America. 1836. 
 
 Americu'na (American). $. White. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 viola 'cea (violet-coloured). \. Violet. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1772. 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 0. Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). . Golden. Sep- 
 tember. Chili. 1831. 
 
 di'sco/or(two-colourt;d). Violet, crimson. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle flowered). l. Red. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 tasm'dr(downy-stamened). l. Pink. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Martia'na (Martin's). Yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1829. St,,ve. 
 
 na'tans (floating). . White. October. 1795. 
 
 Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. May. Chili. 1840. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 pere'nnans (perennial). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 
 
 re'pens (creeping-stalked). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 1793. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). . Rose. March. Chili. 1826. 
 
 ru'bro-cl'ncta (red-edged). 1. Yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Guatimala. 1841. 
 
 Si'msii (Sims's). $, Crimson. April. Chili. 
 
 1822. 
 
 wViica(city). White. August. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 0. ambi'gua (ambiguous). . White. October. 
 1790. 
 
 arcua'ta (bowed). . Violet. September. 1795- 
 
 asini'na (ass's-eared). . Yellow. Novem- 
 
 ber. 1792. 
 
 bi'fida (doven-leaved). f . Violet. September. 
 
 1791. 
 
 bipuncta'ta (two-spotted). J. Lilac. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1825. 
 
 Bo'wiei (Bowie's). . Crimson. October. 1823. 
 
 Brasitie'nsis (Brazilian). $. Rose. October. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Burma'nni (Burmann's). ^. Purple. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 1. Purple. March. 1821. 
 
 capri'na (goat's-/oo)- 5. Flesh. August. 1/57. 
 
 carno'sa (fleshy). . Yellow. October. Chili. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). . Yellow. March. 17&7- 
 
 cilia'ris (hair- fringed -leaved). &. Purple. 
 
 October. 1/93. 
 
 Commerso'nii (Commerson's). $. Yellow. 
 
 October. Brazil. 
 
 compre'ssa (compressed). $. Yellow. De- 
 
 cember. 1794. 
 
 convefxula (small-convex). . Pink. June. 
 
 178Q. 
 
 crena'ta, (scolloped - petaled). 3. Yellow. 
 
 September. Lima. 1829. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). . White. October. 1793. 
 
 cruenta ta (bloodied). A. Purple. October. 
 
 1826. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedpe-peta/ed). . Yellow, white. 
 
 July. 1822. 
 - cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). J. White. April. 
 
 0. cu'prea (copper-coloured), i. Copper. May. 
 1822. 
 
 Darwalliu'na (Darwall's). J. Pale crimson. 
 
 July. 
 
 denta'tu (toothed). . Flesh. October. 1793. 
 
 De'ppei (Deppe's). 5. Red. March. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). $. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 1818. 
 
 dive'rgens (wide-spaced). $. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 182Q. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). . White. June. 1791* 
 amce'na (tine-red). . Copper. Sep- 
 tember. 1810. 
 
 fabcefo'lia (bean-leaved). J. Red. October. 
 
 1/94. 
 
 Ja'llax (deceptive). 5. Yellow. September. 
 
 1825. 
 
 femigiiiti'ta (rusty). ^. Yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 filicuu'lis (thread-stemmed). |. Violet. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1815. 
 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). . Pink. June. 1822. 
 
 ftabeliifo'lia (fan-leaved). ^. Yellow, red. 
 
 August. 1789. 
 
 fln'ccida (feeble). J. White, red. September. 
 
 1812. 
 
 fla'va (yellow). J. Yellow. March. 1775. 
 fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). . Yel- 
 low. March. 
 
 fn'lgida (fulgid). ^. Crimson. October. 1820. 
 
 furca'ta (fork-leaved). |. Red. September. 
 
 1823. 
 
 fuscu'ta (brown-spotted j. %. Yellow. May. 
 
 1795. 
 
 genicula'ta (kneed). ^. Yellow. October. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). ^.- Purple. May. 1/95. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). . White. October. 
 
 1822. 
 
 hi' rta (hairy -stalked). %. Lilac. October. 1787- 
 
 hirtt'lla (small-hairy). ^. Red. March. 1823. 
 
 inmrna'tu (flesh). ^. Flesh. May. 1739. 
 
 laburnifo'lia (laburnum-teayed). ^. Yellow.- 
 
 September. 1793. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly-leaved). . White. October. 
 
 1/91. 
 
 lancecefo'lia (spear-head-lcaved). ^. Yellow. 
 
 October. 1795. 
 
 lasiope'tala (downy-petaled). J. Pink. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1841. 
 
 lateriflo'ra (lateral-flowered). ^. Purple. March. 
 
 1824. 
 
 la'xulu (loose). . White. November. 1820. 
 
 le'pida (pretty), i- White. May. 1823. 
 
 lepori'na (hare's-eared). $. White. October. 
 
 1795. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow- leaved). J. Violet. October. 
 
 1795. 
 
 K'mda (livid), i- Flesh. October. 1793. 
 
 loba'ta (\obed). *. Yellow. October. 1823. 
 
 lupinifo'lia (lupine-leaved). ^. Yellow. Sep 
 
 temher. 1791. 
 
 lute'ola (yellowisn). $. Yellow. May. 1823. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). ^. Yellow. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 macro'stylis (large-styled), f. Purple. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1793. 
 
 margina'ta (green-edged), }. White. No- 
 
 vember. 1812. 
 
 Mauritia'na (Mauritian). $. Pale rose. Sep- 
 
 tember. Isle of France. 1810. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion). . Vermilion. May. 
 
 1819. 
 
 monophy'lla (one- leaved). $. Yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1774. 
 
 multiflo'ra. (many-flowered). . LiJac. Fe- 
 
 bruary. 1789. 
 
OXA 
 
 [ 600 ] 
 
 OXY 
 
 0. obtu'sa (blunt-leaned). $. White. Septem- 
 ber. 1812. 
 
 papillona'ce a (butterfly). $. Variegated. Brazil. 
 
 1819. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 4. Yellow. October. 
 
 1790. 
 
 pen/a;%'a (five-leaved). 4. Pink. June. 1800. 
 
 Pio'ttte (Piotta's). . Orange. June. 1816. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 4. Pale purple. 
 
 May. 1791. 
 <~puIche'Ua (pretty). . White. October. 1795. 
 
 pUHcta'ta (dotted). $. Purple. May. 
 
 purpura'ta (purplish). Pale purple. Oc- 
 tober. 1822. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). . Purple. October. 1812. 
 -reclina'ta (reclining). 4. Pink. October. 1795. 
 
 repta'trix (creeping-roofed). ^. Flesh. No- 
 
 vember. 1795. 
 
 rigi'dula (stiffish). 4. White. September. 1822. 
 
 rosa'cea (rosyish). 4. Pink. October. 1/93. 
 
 rostrafta (beaked). 4. Purple, violet. Oc- 
 
 tober. 1795. 
 
 rube'lla (branching- small -red). 4. Pink. 
 
 October. 1791. 
 
 ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). . Red, yellow. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloodj-leaved). $. Yellow. No- 
 
 vember. 1795. 
 
 secu'nda (side-flowering). 4. Lilac. October. 
 
 1790. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). *. Yellow. May. 1794. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). . Purple. October. 1690. 
 
 strumo'sa (swollen-styled). 4. White. De- 
 
 cember. 1821. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). . Pale yellow. 
 
 October. 1795. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). White. February. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate). J. Lilac. May. 1793. 
 
 te'nera (tender). $. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 1826. 
 
 tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). $. Purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 ~- tenuifo'lia (fine -leaved). 4. White, red. 
 October. 1790. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). . White, red. 
 
 November. 1794. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. Pink. Novem- 
 
 ber. 1790. 
 
 undula'ta (wave-teawed). 4. Lilac. October. 
 
 1795. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable). $. White, red. No- 
 
 vember. 1795. 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). . White. 
 
 November. 1790. 
 Si'msii (Sims's). *. White. November. 
 
 1790. 
 
 veno'sa (veiny). 4- Violet, yellow. October. 
 
 1823. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). $. Crimson. 
 
 February. 1774. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 0. Barrelie'ri (Barretter's). 14. Pale red. Sep- 
 tember. Caraccas. 1824. Stove. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). $. Yellow. August. 
 
 China. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 1. Yellow. December. 
 Rio Janeiro. 1817. Stove. 
 
 PJMJme'n(Plumier'). 2. Yellow. S.Amer. 
 
 1823. Stove. 
 
 O'xAus DE'PPEI CULTURE. Plant 
 bulbs of this in pots at the beginning of 
 March, and shelter in a cold pit or green- 
 house. When all fear of frost is passed, 
 plant them in a light soil, and in a 
 
 southern aspect, about twelve inches 
 apart each way; or the bulbs may be 
 kept out of the ground altogether until 
 the middle of April, and then be planted 
 at once in the open soil. It should be 
 trenched, and a little manure turned in 
 with the bottom spit, as for other tap- 
 rooted crops. The scaly bulbs, from which 
 it is propagated, grow in a cluster round 
 the crown of the root. The only cultiva- 
 tion required is to keep the crop free 
 from weeds, and to water plentifully in 
 dry weather; otherwise, if the roots are 
 allowed to become dry, they split upon 
 the occurrence of moist weather. Protect 
 from early frosts,in October or November, 
 by a mat covering. 
 
 About ten roots are enough for a dish. 
 They are very useful as a vegetable from 
 early in October to the end of December. 
 An infei'ior kind has often been substituted 
 for it, viz., the O'xalis Jacquinia'na; but 
 this is distinguished by having pink 
 flowers. In Belgium, the leaves, being 
 gratefully acid, are used for the same 
 purposes as sorrel, and the flowers are 
 mixed with other salad-herbs. 
 
 As it is not a very common vegetahle, 
 it may be useful to state, as an improved 
 mode of cooking, that after peeling the 
 tubers, and cleaning out their hollow 
 centres, they must be well boiled in rich 
 stock (gravy), skimming off the fat, and 
 then be served up hot, with a sauce made 
 of a little butter heated until brown, with 
 a spoonful of flour, and a little of the 
 stock. 
 
 OX-EYE. Buphtha'lmum. 
 
 OX-EYE DAISY. Chrysanthemum leu- 
 ca'nthemum. 
 
 OX-LIP. Pri'mula ela'tior. 
 
 OXYA'NTHUS. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 anthos, a flower ; referring to the sharp- 
 toothed calyx and corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Gar- 
 denia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from 
 Sierra Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a little 
 firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, 
 in May; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little dried 
 cow-dung. Winter temp., 45 to 55; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 0. hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. July. 1812. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). 3. July. 1789. 
 
 tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 3. July. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). July. Cuba. 
 
 1839. 
 
 OXY'BAPHUS. Umbrellawort. (From 
 oxys, acid, and baphe, dyer's colour ; re- 
 ferring to the coloured juice of the roots. 
 
OXY 
 
 C 601 3 
 
 OXY 
 
 Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctaginacese]. 
 Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to the Marvel of Peru.) 
 
 All purple-flowered, except where otherwise 
 stated. Seeds in May, in the open border, but 
 better in mild hotbed, in March, and planted out 
 in the end of April ; also, by division of the plant 
 in spring ; sandy loam ; they all require dry places, 
 and protection from severe frost in winter. 
 O. aggrega'tus (aggregate). 1. Pink. New 
 Spain. 1811. 
 
 angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 1. August. 
 
 Louisiana. 1812. 
 
 Cerounte'sii (Cervantes'). 2. June. Mexico 
 
 1823. 
 
 Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. Lilac. September. 
 
 Chili. -1832. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. August. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1818. 
 
 expa'nsus (expanded). 2. July. Peru. 181Q. 
 
 glabrifu'lius (smooth-leaved). 3. July. New 
 
 Spain. 1811. 
 
 hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. August. Louisiana. 1S12. 
 
 nyctagi'neus (nocturnal). 1. August. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1823. 
 
 ova'tus (egg-leaved). 2. August. Peru. 1820. 
 
 pilo'sus (shaggy). 1. August. Missouri. 1812. 
 
 visco'sus (clammy). 6. July. Peru. 1793. 
 OXYCO'CCUS. Cranberry. (From oxys, 
 
 acid, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord., 
 Cranberries [Vacciniacese]. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria "L-Monoyy nia.) 
 
 Hardy, pink-flowered evergreens. Seeds, but 
 generally by dividing the plants, by layering the 
 shoots, by merely placing sandy peat around them, 
 and by cutting off the points of shoot, and insert- 
 ing themin sandy peat, under a hand-light, in sum- 
 mer. Marshy, peaty soil, such as a bed surrounded 
 with water. The Cranberry, however, has been 
 grown successfully in a bed on a north border, 
 without any water round it, and the produce was 
 good and plentiful. Macroca 1 rpus produces the 
 largest fruit. See AMERICAN CRANBERRY. 
 O. ere'ctus (upright). May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 macrocu'rpus (large-fruited), f. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1760. 
 variega'tus (variegated-Jeawed). f . May. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). . May. Britain. 
 
 OXYGO'NIUM. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 yonu, an angle ; referring to the divisions 
 of the leaf, or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., %-Cryptogamia 
 1-Filices. ) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns, from the East 
 Indies. See FERNS. 
 O. alismtefo'lium (alisma-leaved). April. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). June. 1842. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-shaped). May. 1842. 
 
 vitteefo'rme (band-like). June. 1840. 
 
 OXYLO'BIUM. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 lobus, a pod ; the seed-pods ending in a 
 sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Podolobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from New Holland. Seeds sown in a mild hotbed 
 n April, after being soaked in warm water ; cut- 
 tings of young shoots, not too firm, in sand, under 
 
 a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat, a few 
 bits of fibry loam, a greater quantity of charcoal, 
 broken crocks, &c., and abundant drainage. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 arbnre'scens (tree-like). 6. May. 1805. 
 
 cupita'tum (rownrf-headed). 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 3. June. 1807. 
 
 dilata'tum (spread). 1840. 
 
 etli'pticum (ov&l-leaned). 3. July. 1805. 
 
 ferrugi'neum (rusty). 2. May. 1820. 
 
 Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). 1845. 
 
 obova'tum (reversed-egg-shaped). 2. March. 
 
 1840 
 
 obtusifo'lium (blunt- leaved). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 May. 1824. 
 
 pamiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1840. 
 
 Pultene'ce (Pulteney's). 2. Dark orange. 
 
 March. 1824. 
 
 retu'sum (jagged-/eaiv?d). 2. Orange. May. 
 
 1823. 
 
 spino'sum (spiny). 2. May. 1825. 
 
 OXYPE'TALUM. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 petalon, a petal; petals sharp-pointed. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to 
 Asclepias.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, from Brazil. Cuttings 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 0. appendicula' turn (appendaged). 6. Yellow. 
 1823. 
 
 Ba'ntcsii (Banks's). Cream. June. 1826. 
 
 so/aMoi'desfsolanum-like). 3. Purplish-scar- 
 
 let. 1847. 
 
 OXYKA'MPHIS. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 rhamphos, a beak ; shape of the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., ll-Diadelphia l-Decandria. Allied 
 to Desmodium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of younpr 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; and seeds sown 
 in spring ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat and 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40 to 50. 
 0. macro'styla (long-styled). 4. Purple, crimson. 
 October. Saharanpoor. 1837. 
 
 OXY'SPOKA. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 spora, a seed, which is here awned at both 
 ends. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melasto- 
 macese]. Linn., 8-Octandrial-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Rhexia.) 
 
 Store evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom- 
 heat, in April ; sandy peat, fibry loam, and nodules 
 of charcoal. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 
 0. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Red. June. Nepaul* 
 1826. 
 
 OXYSTE'LMA. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 stelma, a crown; referring to the acute 
 little leaves accompanying the flower- 
 bead, or crown. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [As- 
 -lepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Di- 
 t/ynia. Allied to Eustegia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 
OXY 
 
 [ 602] 
 
 bottom-heat, in May ; ? nndy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 6u J ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 0. escule'ntum (eatable). 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 OXY'TKOPIS. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 tropis, a keel; the keel-petal ends in a 
 sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., YI -Diaddphia 4,-De- 
 candria. Allied to Astragalus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from Siberia, 
 except where otherwise stated. Chiefly by seeds, 
 sown where the plants are intended to remain, as 
 they do not transplant well ; though, also, by di- 
 
 viding the plants in spring, and by cuttings of 
 young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady place, 
 in summer ; dry, sandy loam. 
 
 0. ambi'gua (ambiguous). . Purple. June. 1817- 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery). Pale. June. 1827. 
 
 argyrophy'lla (silvery-leaved). Purple. 1831. 
 
 breviro'stra (short-beaked). $. Blue. August. 
 
 1802. 
 
 cceru'lea (blue). Blue. June. 1827. 
 
 campe'stris (field). . Pale yellow. June. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 ca'ndicans (whitish). Pale. June. 1827. 
 
 cya'nea (azure. Caucasian). z. Blue. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 dealba'ta (whited). . Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. 
 
 defle'xa (bent-down). . Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 dicho'ptera (doubly -winged). . Blue, June. 
 
 1815. 
 
 Fische'ri (Fischer's). J. Blue. July. Altai. 1817- 
 
 fioribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Purple. May. 
 
 1827. 
 
 fce'tida (foetid). . Pale yellow. July. Switzer- 
 land. 181Q. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). . Purple. July. Dahuria. 1823. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). . Red. June. 1820. 
 
 lepto'ptera (narrow-winged). . Blue. 
 
 June. 1818. 
 
 Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Missouri. 1811. 
 
 leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). . Red. July. 1818. 
 
 longicu'spis (long-pointed). Purple. June. 182/. 
 
 longiro'stra (long-beaked). $ Purple. 1820. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). . Pale yellow. 
 
 July. 1819- 
 
 monta'na (mountain). J. Purple, yellow. 
 
 Austria. 1581. 
 
 myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). . Purple, white. 
 July. 1818. 
 
 o^p%'//a(sharp-leaved). . Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). . Pale yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 pilo'sa (long-haired). . Pale yellow. July. 1732 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). . Blue, white. July.1820. 
 
 seto'sa (bristly). Purple. June. 1828. 
 
 Songa'rica (Songarian). i. Violet. June. Altai. 
 
 1824. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphury). . Cream. July. 1820. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). Purple. May. 1820, 
 
 te'nella (tender). Blue. June. 1828. 
 
 - uncu'ta (hooked). . White. July. Aleppo. I/ 
 
 0ra/e'nsis(Uralian). . Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 verticillu'ris(vthoTl-leaved). . Blue, white. 
 
 July. 18ig. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). White. July. Switzerland 
 
 1817. 
 
 OXYU'RA A synonyme of a low, yellow- 
 flowering, composite, hardy annual, from 
 California, first named by Endlicher 
 Tolla'tia. Sow in April in common soil. 
 
 OYEDJE'A. (From the Peruvian name. 
 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], Lion., 
 19-Sy)igcnesia Frustranea.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub; same culture as 
 for Buphthaltnium. 
 
 0, buphthalmoi'des (ox-eye-like). Yellow, Sep- 
 tember. Peru. 1848. 
 
 OYSTER-PLANT. Pulmona'ria mari'tlma. 
 
 OZOTHA'MNUS. (From ozos, a branch, 
 and thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 1- JE 'quails. Allied to Helichrysum.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowerc f evergreens, from 
 Van Diemen's Land. Cuttings oT young shoots in 
 sand, with a little peat in it, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring or summer; loam and peat. Require the 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 0. cine'reus (grey). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 ferrugi'neus (rusty). 1. July. 1822. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 1822. 
 
 P. 
 
 PACHYPHY'LLUM. (From pachys, thick, 
 and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orcnidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Brassia and Max- 
 ill aria.) 
 
 Cuttings of the young shoots any time during 
 spring and summer, drying them at the base, and 
 inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam, a little 
 brick-rubbish, and dried cow-dung; little water 
 and plenty of light are required in winter. See 
 ORCHIDS. 
 
 P. procu'mbens (lying-down). Green, blue. May. 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 PACHYPO'DIUM. (From pachys, thick, 
 and podion, a foot; referring to the stalks 
 of the flowers. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- 
 cynacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 f/ynia. Allied to Nerium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, with white and red flowers. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in spring, base dried before insert- 
 ing in dryish, sandy soil ; sandy loam, a little 
 brick-rubbish and peat, but little water in winter. 
 \Vinter temp., 40 to 45. Propagated also by a 
 division of the fleshy, tuber-like roots. 
 P. succule'ntum (succulent). 1. May. 1823. 
 
 tubero'sum (tuberous). 1. August. 1813. 
 
 PACHYSA'KDRA. (From pachys, thick, 
 and aner, a stamen. Nat. ord., Spurge- 
 tvorts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 21-Jfb- 
 ncccia k-Tetrandria. Allied to Buxus.) 
 
 Division and suckers ; common, sandy loam. 
 The stove under-shrub, by cuttings in a little 
 heat, but otherwise requiring no particular treat- 
 ment. The herbaceous, by division in spring; 
 sandy loam and peat. 
 
 P. coria'cea (leathery-/ewerf). 4. White. June. 
 Nepaul. 1822. Stove evergreen. 
 
 procu'mbens (trailing). $. White. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 P^DE'RIA. (From pcederos, opal; re- 
 ferring to its transparent berries. Nat. 
 
P.EO 
 
 [ 603 ] 
 
 PAL 
 
 ord., Oinchonads [Cinch onacese]. Linn., 
 6-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in 
 summer, in a little bottom-heat, under a glass ; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48 to 
 5 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. fce'tida (stinking). 6. Purple. China. 1806- 
 
 P^O'NIA. Pseony. .(Named after Paeon, 
 a physician, who first used it medicinally. 
 Nat. ord., Crowfoots [RanunculaceasJ. 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Seeds for raising varieties, sown in September, 
 in a cold pit, will appear some the first, and others 
 the second, spring. Herbaceous kinds, by divi- 
 sion of the roots. Tree, or Moutan, by division ; 
 by grafting on the herbaceous roots ; by cuttings 
 of the young shoots in spring, under a glass, and 
 in a little heat ; by layers and suckers ; by layer- 
 ing young shoots, after ringing round each bud, 
 so that each bud forms a plant ; deep, good loam. 
 The Moutans require a little protection in spring ; 
 do well for forcing, and for the borders of large, 
 cool conservatories, where the temperature is not 
 kept high in winter. 
 
 HARDY SHRUBS. 
 P. Mou'tan (Chinese-tree}. 3. Purple. May. China. 
 
 1789. 
 a'lbida-ple'na (double-white). 2. White. 
 
 May. China. 
 
 Anne'slei (Annesley's).3.Pink.May.China. 
 
 - a'tro-purf)u'rea(da.r\i-p\iTp]e-fiowered). 4. 
 
 Purple. April. China. Ib46. 
 Ba'nksii (Banks's). 3. Purple. May. China. 
 
 1794. 
 ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh-coloured). 2. 
 
 Flesh. May. China. 
 globo'sa(g\obu]a.T-flawered). 3. White, 
 
 purple. April. Shanghae. 1845. 
 Wa'cm(lilac-coloured^. 3. Lilac. April. 
 
 China. 1845. 
 Hu'mei (Sir Abercrombie Hume's). 2. 
 
 Purple. May. China. 1817- 
 papai-era'ceu (poppy-like). 3. White. May. 
 
 China. 178Q. 
 parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 3. Pale rose. 
 
 April. Shanghae. 1845. 
 
 pi 1 eta (paintedV 3. Pale and deep-rose- 
 striped. April. Canton. 1845. 
 Rawe'sii (Rawes's). 2. Pale pink. May. 
 
 China. 1820. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 3. Pink. May. China. 
 
 ro'sea-ple'na (double-rose). 2. Red. May. 
 
 China. 1804. 
 ro'sea-se' mi-pie' na (semi-double-rose). 2. 
 
 Red. May. China. 1794. 
 salmo'nea (salmon-coloured). 3. Pale 
 
 salmon. April. China. 1846. 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. May. China. 
 
 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1548. 
 
 ca'ndida (white). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia. 
 
 -fe'sta (pleasant). 2. White, pink. June. 
 
 fra'gruns (fragrant). 2. Red. May. China. 
 
 1805. 
 Hu'mei (Hume's double-crimson). 2. Red. 
 
 May. China. 1808. 
 Po'ttsii (Potts's). 3. Crimson. June. China. 
 
 1822. 
 Reeoe'sii ( Reeves Wo M fite). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 P. albiflo'ra rube' seem (ruddy), 2. Pink. May, 
 Siberia. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. White. May. Si- 
 beria. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Flesh. May. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 uniflo'ra (single-flowered). 2. Pink. May. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 vest a' Us (virgin). 2. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 Whitle'ji (Whitley's double - white). 2. 
 
 Blush. May. China. 1808. 
 
 ano'mala (anomalous). l. Crimson. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1788. 
 
 arieti'na (ram). 2. Purple. Levant. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Rose. June. 
 
 Oxonie'nsis (Oxford). 2. Pale blush. June. 
 
 Bro'wnii (Brown's). Red. May. N.Amer. 1826. 
 
 coralli'na (coralline). 3. Crimson. May. England. 
 
 Co'rsica (Corsican). Purple. June. Corsica. 
 
 Cre'ticu (Cretan). 2. White. May. Crete. 
 
 de'cora (comely). 2. Purple. May. Turkey. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 2. Purple. May. Crimea. 
 
 Pa//'6'(Pallas's). 2. Purple.May.Crimea. 
 
 hu 1 mills (dwarf). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1633. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Red. May. Siberia. 
 
 loba't'i (lobed). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1821. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 1. Purple. Mav. Siberia. 
 
 qfficina'lis (shop). 3. Red. May. Europe. 1548. 
 
 a'lbicans (whitening). 3. White. May. 
 
 anemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered), 3. 
 
 Pink. May. 1830. 
 
 Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Crimson. Oxford. 
 
 bla'nda (bland). 3. White. May. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. May. 
 
 multipe'tala (many-petaled). 3. Crimson. 
 
 May. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 3. Red. May. 
 
 ru'bra (double-red). 3. Red. May. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 3. Crimson. 
 
 June. 
 
 parado'xa (paradoxical). 2. Purple. May.Levant. 
 
 compa'cta (compact). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 fimbria'ta (rfrm/We-fringed).2.Purple.May. 
 
 Grevi'llii (Greville's). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 peregri'na (straggling). 2. Dark purple. 
 
 May. 
 
 pu'bens (downy). 2. Red. May. 
 
 Reenesia'na (Reeves's). 3. Crimson. May.China. 
 
 Ru'ssi (Russ's). 2. Crimson. May. Sicily. 
 
 simpliciflo'ra (simple-flowered). Red. May. 
 
 Levant. 
 
 tenuifo'liu (fine-leaved). lj. Red. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1765. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). l. Red. 
 
 May. Russia. 1831. 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Crimson. 
 
 June. 
 
 triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 3. Purple. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1790. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Red. May. South 
 
 Europe. 181 6. 
 
 Witmannia'na (Witmann's). 2. Greenish- 
 
 yellow. May. Abcharia. 1842. 
 
 PAINTED CUP. Castille'ja. 
 
 PAINTED GRASS. Aru'ndo. 
 
 PALAFO'XIA. (Named after Palafox, 
 a Spanish general. Nat. ord., Composite* 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia I- 
 JEqualis. Allied to Stevia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, with white flowers. 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of the young 
 shoots in spring; sandy loam. A cool green- 
 house or cold pit in winter for linea'ris. 
 
PAL 
 
 [ 604] 
 
 PAN 
 
 P. fastigia'ta (tapering). August. N. Amer. 
 1823. Hardy. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Mexico. 
 
 1821. Greenhouse. 
 
 PALE-BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. Geo- 
 metra. 
 
 PALICOU'REA. (Named after Le Pali- 
 cour, of Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Allied to Psycotria. ) 
 
 Some of the species are used for killing rats 
 and mice in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings in spring, in sand, under a glass, in a 
 .gentle hotbed ; sandy loam and peat. 
 F.apica'ta (crowned-fruited). 4. Yellow. July. 
 Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Orange. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 pave'tta (pavetta-like). 2. White. August. 
 
 VV. Ind. 1821. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 3. Yellow. August.Caraccas.1820. 
 PALIU'RUS. Christ's Thorn. (Name 
 
 of a plant used by Dioscorides. Nat. 
 ord., Rkamnads [Shamnaceas]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Zizyphus.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, with greenish-yellow 
 flowers. Suckers, which come freely; layers, and 
 cuttings, and seeds. Virga'tus is an elegant 
 jthrub. The other, from its abundance in Judea, 
 is supposed to be the plant from which our Sa- 
 viour's crown of thorns was made; common 
 garden-soil. 
 
 P. aculea'tus (sharp-thorned). 4. June. South 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 virga'tus (twiggy). 6. August. Nepaul. 1817. 
 
 PALMA CHEISTI. Ri'cinus. 
 
 PALM OIL. Elee'is. 
 
 PAN^E'TIA FD'LVA. A very pretty yellow- 
 flowered annual, which we believe has 
 never been introduced, described from 
 dry specimens by Dr. Lindley, in his 
 pamphlet on Swan River Plants. Seeds 
 in moderate hotbed, in March, planted 
 out in May ; sandy, rich soil. 
 
 PA'NEX. (From pan, all, and akos, 
 remedy ; referring to the stimulant drug, 
 Ginseng, to which miraculous virtue is 
 Ascribed by the Chinese. Nat. ord., Ivy- 
 worts [Araliacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 
 2-Diaicia.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light, 
 in spring and summer; sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. Of all the species the following are most 
 worth notice : 
 
 P.conchifo'lium (shell-leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 Guiana. 1820. Stove evergreen. 
 
 ho'rridum (horrid). White. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 Hardy deciduous. 
 
 quinquefo'tium (Ginseng. Five-leaved). lj. 
 
 Light yellow. June. N. Amer. 1740. 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 PANCKA'TIUM. (From pan, all, and 
 foatys, potent ; supposed medicinal qua- 
 lities. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli- 
 
 dace^e]. Linn., 6-ffexandria l-Monogy- 
 nia. Allied to Hymenocallis.) 
 
 Handsome bulbs, and white-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for new 
 varieties, as well as for perpetuating the older ; 
 chiefly by offset-bulbs ; sandy loam, fibry peat, 
 and rotten cow-dung. Temp, for stove kinds, 
 winter, 50; summer, 60 to 90. Even the hardy 
 require a little protection in severe weather. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 P. CaroHnia'num (Carolina) .2. June. Carolina. 1 759 . 
 7%'neMw(Illyrian).l4.May.SoutliEurope.l6l5. 
 
 mari'timum(*ea.). 2. June. South Europe. 15/9. 
 
 rota'tum (wheel-crowned). 1. August. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1803. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 P. acutifo'lium (sharp -leaved). 2. June. Mexico. 
 1824. 
 
 Americu'num (American). 2. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1&20. 
 
 amce'num (handsome). 2. June. Guiana. 1/90- 
 
 ungu'stum (narrow-leaved). 1$. June. 
 
 biflo'rum (two-flowered). I.June. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 Canarie'nse (Canary). 1^. June. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 Caribee'um (Caribean). 1$. June. W. Ind. 1730. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). l. June. S. Amer. 
 
 declinu'tum (leaning). 2. June. W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 di'stichum (two-ranked). 1$. June. S. Amer. 
 
 expu'nsum (expanded). 2. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 1. May. W. Ind. 1819- 
 
 Gwtane'nsef Guiana). 2. November. Guiana.l 815. 
 
 hyfmtle (humble). Yellow. 
 
 litoru'le (sea-side). 2. June. S. Amer. 1/58. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Mexica'num (Mexican). 1 .August-Mexico. 1/32. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-leaved). 1. June. W. Ind. 
 
 plica'tum (plaited). July. Macao. 1827- 
 
 specio'sum (showy). l. July. W. Ind. 1759. 
 
 undula'tum (w&\e-leaved). 1. June. S. Amer. 
 
 verecu'ndum (ruddy). 1$. July. E. Ind. 1776. 
 
 Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 1. June. Ceylon. 1752. 
 
 PANDA'NUS. Screw-Pine. (From pan- 
 dang, the Malay name. Nat. ord., Screw- 
 Pines [Pandanacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 
 \-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. 
 Chiefly by suckers ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. amaryllifo'lius (amaryllis-leaved). 20. E.Ind. 
 1820. 
 
 candela'brum (candlestick). 60. Guinea. 1826. 
 
 edit' Us (eatable). Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Isle of France. 1826. 
 fascieula'ris (fascicled). 20. E.Ind. 1822. 
 furca'tus (forked). E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 8. Mauritius. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 integrifo'lius (entire-leaved). E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 la:' vis (smooth). China. 1823. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 longifo'li us (long-leaved). E.Ind. 1829. 
 
 margina'tus (margined). E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 murica'tus (point-covered). Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 odorati'ssimus (sweetest-scented). 20. . Ind. 
 
 1771. 
 
 pygmee'us (dwarf). January. Mauritius. 1830. 
 
 refle'xus (bent-back). E.Ind. 1818. 
 
 se'ssilis (stalkless). E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 spira'lis (spiral). 20. N.S.Wales. 1805. 
 
 u' tilis (useful. Red-spined). 20. I. of Bourbon. 
 
PAN 
 
 [605 ] 
 
 PAN 
 
 PANICLE is a loose bunch of flowers, 
 as in the Oat (Ave'na), and London 
 Pride (SaxVfraga). 
 
 PANNING is forming a pan or basin in 
 the soil round the stem of a tree or 
 shrub, in which to pour water. 
 
 PANSY. (Ti'ola tri'color.) The native 
 situation of the wild Pansy is generally 
 in fields of growing corn, where it is par- 
 tially shaded from the wind and the heat 
 of the midday sun. To grow the Pansy 
 for the purpose of exhibition, the situa- 
 tion for the. plants should also be one 
 sheltered from all cutting winds, as these 
 are very destructive, often injuring, and 
 even killing, the plants close to the soil, 
 by twisting them about. The situation 
 should be open to the free circulation of 
 the air, and exposed to the morning sun, 
 but protected from the full influence of 
 the midday sun, which injures the colour 
 of the blooms. The plants should be 
 placed together in beds made for the 
 purpose. The situation should be cool 
 and moist, but thoroughly drained ; for 
 although the Pansy requires considerable 
 moisture during the blooming season, 
 and through the summer months, yet it is 
 very impatient of superabundant mois- 
 ture, and the plants will be found never 
 to do well when the soil becomes in any 
 degree sodden. 
 
 The Soil should be rich and tolerably 
 light. Decayed cucumber-bed dung is 
 the best manure, and the soil a light, 
 hazel loam, with a good portion of de- 
 cayed turf from pasture land, thoroughly 
 intermixed by frequent stirring and dig- 
 ging, and to three barrow-loads of this 
 soil add one of the cucumber-bed manure 
 two years old. Manure-water, particu- 
 larly guano-water, applied during the 
 blooming season, is very beneficial. 
 
 The Plants should be carefully selected 
 for the purpose of producing blooms for 
 exhibition, as it will be always found that 
 when they have flowered well through one 
 season, they never produce so fine blooms 
 the second. Those who intend to grow 
 the Pansy for exhibition should select 
 young plants well established from 
 cuttings for the purpose. For the 
 spring exhibitions in May and June, 
 select plants struck the previous autumn, 
 in August and September ; and for the 
 autumn exhibitions in September, select 
 plants struck early in the spring; and 
 after these have produced their blooms, 
 save them for store plants, to produce 
 
 cuttings, always having a constant sue- 
 cession of young plants for the purpose 
 of blooming. 
 
 Propagation. The young side-shootsr 
 are to be prepared for cuttings, as the 
 old, hollow stems seldom strike freely, 
 and do not grow so strong for spring 
 blooming. Take off a sufficient quantity 
 of these side -shoots in August, or the 
 beginning of September, and for autumn- 
 blooming in April and May; these insert 
 either under hand-glasses, or in pots 
 placed in a cool frame in some good, light 
 compost, mixed with a good quantity of 
 silver-sand, taking care to keep them 
 moderately moist, and shading them from 
 hot suns. 
 
 The Disease to which the Pansy is moat 
 subject is a withering away suddenly, as 
 if struck by something at the root. This 
 disease has received various names, as 
 root-rot, decline, &c. ; but both cause and 
 remedy are unknown. Old plants are 
 much more subject to it than young ones r 
 and it appears to be most prevalent during 
 hot and dry seasons. When a plant is 
 thus struck, which is indicated by a 
 withering of the foliage, if it be a rare, 
 and choice kind, immediately take all 
 the cuttings you can get, and strike them, 
 as almost invariably the old plants die. 
 Strong, stimulating manures are produc- 
 tive of this disease. As a preventive 
 keep the surface of the soil frequently 
 stirred. 
 
 Insects. The worst foes of the Pansy 
 are the slug and the snail. To destroy 
 and keep away these vermin, water the 
 bed late of an evening, in moist weather, 
 with lime-water, and sprinkle the surface 
 pretty thickly with fresh wood-ashes. 
 See AGROMYZA. 
 
 Box for exhibiting Blooms. Dr. Lind- 
 ley says, that the best-constructed box 
 for exhibiting twenty-four Heart's-ease is 
 made of deal, of the following dimensions : 
 twenty inches long, one wide, and five 
 inches deep; the lid made to unhinge; 
 a sheet of zinc fitted inside, resting upon 
 a rim ; four rows of six holes each cut in 
 the zinc at three inches apart; under 
 each hole a zinc tube soldered to the 
 plate, and intended to contain the water j 
 the apertures to admit the flower made 
 in the form of a key-hole, as it will ad- 
 mit part of the calyx, and keep the 
 flower in a flat position. The outside 
 may be painted green ; but the zinc plate 
 should be painted of a dead white. 
 
PAN 
 
 [606 ] 
 
 PAE 
 
 PANSY FLY. Agromyza. 
 
 PANTILES. See BRICKS. 
 
 PAPA'VER. Poppy. (From papa, pap, 
 or thick milk; referring to the juice. Nat. 
 ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 
 liS-polyandria \-Monoyynia.~) 
 
 Seeds in March and April, where the plants are 
 to remain ; division of the roots of the perennial 
 ones; light, rich, sandy soil. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 P. alpi'num (alpine), f. White. July. Austria. 
 1759. 
 
 bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Red. May. Siberia. 
 
 1817- 
 
 cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). 1. Saffron. May. 
 
 Altai. 182Q. 
 
 nudicau'le (naked-stalked). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1730. 
 glabra'tum (smooth). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 lu'teum (yellow-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1/30. 
 radica'tum (rooted). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Norway. 1800. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 3. Red. May. Armenia. 
 
 1714. 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1714. 
 mncula'tum (spotted). 3. Scarlet. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1/14. 
 
 Pe'rsicum (Persian). l. Brick. June. Persia. 
 
 1830. 
 
 pilo'sum (long-hairy). Red. 2. 
 
 Pyrenu'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 puni'ceum (red). 1. Red. June. Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 , ru'bro-auranti'acum (red-orange), f. Red. 
 July. Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. amce'num (lovely). 14. Vermilion. North 
 India. 1830. 
 
 arena'rium (sand). 1. Red. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1828. 
 
 argemo'ne (argemone). l. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Armeni'acum (Armenian). l. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Armenia. 1815. 
 
 Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). l. Red. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1813. 
 
 commuta'tum (changeable). I. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1839. 
 
 du'bium (doubtful). 2. Scarlet. June. Britain. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). White. June. 
 
 Tauria. 
 floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered), ij. Scarlet. 
 
 June. Levant. 1815. Biennial. 
 fu'gax (short-lived). Pale carmine. June. 
 
 Persia. 1827. 
 
 ho'rridum (horrid). 2. Red. July. N. Hol- 
 
 l and. 1825. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). l. Scarlet. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 Ixmga'tum (smooth-leaved). 14. Red. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 Roubles' i (Roubieus's). 1. Red. June. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1823. 
 
 seti'gerum (bristly). 2. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 somni'ferum (sleep-causing). 4. White. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 a'lfio -ple'num (double- white-seeded). 6. 
 Variegated. July, Britaia. 
 
 P. somni'ferum a'lbum (white-seeded). 5. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 fimbria'tum (fringed). 4. Variegated. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 ni'grum (black-seeded). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ru'bro -ple'num (double-red). 5. Varie- 
 
 gated. July. Britain. 
 
 variega'tum( variegated). 4. Variegated. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 tri'lobum (three-lobed). 2. Red. June. 
 
 Holland. 1818. 
 
 PAPAW-TREE. Ca'rica. 
 
 PAPER LIGHTS were never much em- 
 ployed, and, since the introduction of 
 Whitney's and other compositions for 
 rendering cloth semi-transparent, are 
 still less likely to be employed. Cartridge 
 paper is the best for the purpose. It 
 should be damped before it is nailed 
 upon the frame, because when dry it 
 becomes taut. It may then be painted 
 over with boiled linseed oil, in which a 
 little white lead has been incorporated. 
 In nailing on the paper, a strip of tape 
 should be placed between the heads of 
 the tacks and the paper, to check the 
 tearing to which the paper is so subject. 
 
 PAPER MULBERRY. Broussone'tia pa- 
 pyra'cea. 
 
 PAPHI'NIA. (Paphia, a surname of 
 Venus. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. 
 Linn., 20 Gynandria 1 -Monandria. Allied 
 to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division, and cuttings of shoots ; 
 fibry peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, in shallow 
 baskets. See ORCHIDS. 
 
 P. crista'ta (crested). White, purple. July. 
 Trinidad. 1843. 
 
 PAPY'RUS. (From babeer, pronounced 
 papeer, Syrian; hence papyrus, paper of 
 the Egyptians. Nat. ord., Sedges [Cy- 
 peracese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; 
 rich, heavy loam, in a tub of water, and in a high 
 stove temperature. 
 
 P. antiquo'rum (ancient). 10. August. Egypt. 
 1803. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 7. July. W. Ind. 1820, 
 
 laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 7. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1822. 
 
 odora'tus (sweet-scented). 10. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1819. 
 
 PARAGUAY TEA. I'lex Paraguay e'nsis* 
 PARASITIC PLANTS are such as derive 
 their nourishment from other living 
 plants by rooting into their sap-vessels 
 Examples are the Mistletoe andDodde 
 which attach themselves to the stem* 
 and branches of some plants ; the Hypo- 
 cistus and the Orobanche, or Broom 
 Kape, affix themselves to the roots of 
 
PAB 
 
 [ 607 ] 
 
 PAK 
 
 others. The minute fungi which consti- 
 tute the mildew are also parasites. There 
 is some doubt whether the Ivy is at all 
 parasitical ; but whether it derives nourish- 
 ment or not from trees, it certainly checks 
 the respiration, and prevents the free 
 access of light and air to those upon 
 which it attaches. The orchidaceous 
 plants which grow upon dead wood as 
 readily as upon living timber are not 
 parasites. 
 
 PARASTRA'NTHUS. (From parastrepho, 
 to invert, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the inverted position of the flowers. 
 Nat.ord.,i0&eZiarfs [Lobeliaceee], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to the 
 Lobelia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Seeds and cuttings of the 
 young shoots in spring and autumn; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould. A cool greenhouse or cold pit in 
 winter ; the flower-border in summer. 
 P. si' mplex (simple-stalked}. %. Yellow. June. 17/4. 
 
 unidenta'ta (one-toothed). $. Blue. July. 1794. 
 
 variifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 1812. 
 
 PAEDA'NTHUS. (From pardos, a leo- 
 pard, and anthos, a flower; referring to 
 the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Irids 
 [Iridaceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono- 
 yynia. Allied to Aristea.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous, orange-flowered perennials. 
 Seeds or divisions in spring ; rich, sandy loam ; 
 a sheltered border in winter. 
 P. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. June. China, 1759. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 2. June. Nepaul. 1523. 
 
 PAREIRA BRAVA HOOT. Cissa'mpelos. 
 
 PARINA'RIUM. (From parinari, the 
 Guianan name. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans 
 [Chrysobalanaceae]. Linn., 7-Heptandria 
 l-3fonogynia.) 
 
 The rough-skinned or grey plum is the pro- 
 duce of P. exce'hum. Stove evergreens. Cuttings 
 of ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a glass, in 
 bottom-heat; sandy loam and dried leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. campe'stre (field). 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 exce'Lsum (tall). 60. White. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 macruphy'Uum (large-leaved). 3. White. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 PARING and BURNING are never to be 
 practised by the gardener, except for the 
 purpose of charring the turf, and render- 
 ing porous the soil cut from the banks of 
 clayey ditches. When this is carefully 
 done, a serviceable dressing is obtained. 
 .But paring and burning, as a general 
 practice, is extremely wasteful ; and, 
 though it may give a good crop immedi- 
 ately afterwards, never fails, by speedy 
 exhaustion, to demonstrate how great 
 has been the dispersion of carbonaceous' 
 matter. 
 
 PARIVO'A. (The name in Guiana. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaeese], 
 Linn., 17-&iadclphia 4,-Decandria. Allied 
 to Amherstia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in spring, in a 
 hotbed; loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 30. Purple. 
 Guiana. 1821. 
 
 PARK, in the modern acceptation of the 
 word, is an extensive adorned inclosure 
 surrounding the house and gardens, and 
 affording pasturage either to deer or 
 cattle. But a park, strictly and legally, 
 is a large extent of a man's own ground 
 inclosed and privileged for wild beasts of 
 chase by prescription or by royal grant. 
 
 PARKE'RIA. (Named after C. S. Parker, 
 its discoverer. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacece]. Linn., 24 - Cryptogamia 1- 
 Filices,} 
 
 Stove Ferns. See FERNS. 
 
 P. am>sfr'e#oi'd<?s(acrostichum-like). Pale yellow. 
 July. N. Amer. 1827, 
 
 Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Brown. May .Trinidad. 
 
 1834. 
 
 pteroi'des (pteris-like). $. Brown. August. 
 
 Essequibo. 1825. 
 
 PA'RKIA. Nitta-tree. (Named after 
 Mungo Park, the African traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 16 - Monadelphia 6 - Decandria. 
 Allied to Mimosa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with crimson flowers, 
 from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass, in May ; 
 sandy peat and loam. Winter temp., 48 to 50; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. Africa'na (African). 30. March. 1822. 
 
 uniglobo'sa (one-globed-Jlowered). 30. March. 
 
 1822. 
 
 PARKINSO'NIA. (Named after J. Par- 
 kinson, a botanical author. Nat. ord.j 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Gymnocladus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds, when obtainable ; 
 cuttings of half-ripened shoots, treated like Parkia. 
 P. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 1739. 
 PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus. 
 (Named after Mount Parnassus, where, 
 from the elegance of these plants, they 
 were fabulously said to have first sprang. 
 Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 
 5- Pentandria 3-Tetragyn ia. ) 
 
 P. palu'stris is one of our prettiest British 
 marsh plants. Hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered 
 perennials. Seeds and divisions in spring ; shady, 
 marshy places. 
 
 P. asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). *. July. N. Amer. 
 1812. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). J. May. N. Amr. 1802. 
 
PAR 
 
 [ 608 ] 
 
 PAK 
 
 P. palu'stris (marsh). . July. Britain. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4 June. N. Araer. 
 
 1920. 
 
 speeio'sa (showy). . July. N. Amer. 
 
 PARO'CHETUS. (From para, near, and 
 ochelos, a brook ; its habitat. Nat. prd., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 17-Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to 
 Goodia.) 
 
 Half-hardy, evergreen, Neptulese creepers. 
 Division in spring; cuttings under a hand-light, 
 in summer ; loam and leaf-mould. The protection 
 of a cold pit in winter. 
 P. commu'nis (common). Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). Lilac. June. 1827. 
 
 PARROT-BEAK PLANT. Clia'nthus. 
 
 PARRO'TIA. (Named after M. Parrot. 
 Nat. ord., Witch-Hazels [Hamamelida- 
 ceae]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 2-Digynia. 
 Allied to Forthergilla.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm, in sand, under a glass, in 
 spring; peat and loam. Should be tried in a 
 greenhouse of a medium temperature. 
 P. Pe'rsica (Persian). 10. Persia. 1848. 
 
 PA'RRYA. (Named after Captain Parry, 
 the arctic navigator. Nat. ord., Cruel- 
 fers [Brassicaceaej. Linn., 16-Tetrady- 
 namia. Allied to Arabis. ) 
 
 Require a greenhouse in winter. Seeds ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 P. a'rctica (arctic). . Purple. Melville Island. 
 1820. Annual. 
 
 intege'rrima (very-en tire-leaved). . Rose, 
 
 purple. April. Siberia, 1829. Evergreen. 
 
 PARSLEY. (Petroseli'num sali'vum.) 
 There are two varieties, the Common 
 Plain-leaved and the Curly-leaved. 
 
 Sow annually, once in February, and 
 again in the end of June. Sow mode- 
 rately thick, in narrow drills barely a 
 quarter of an inch deep, twelve inches 
 apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single 
 one round the edge of a bed, the soil 
 being raked level, and the stones imme- 
 diately over the seed gathered off. The 
 plants make their appearance in from 
 two to six weeks. When two or three 
 inches high, they may be gathered from 
 as required. In early June, when they 
 make a show for seed, the stems should 
 be cut down close to the bottom, and 
 again in September, if they have ac- 
 quired a straggling, rank growth. This 
 will cause them to shoot afresh, and 
 acquire a strong growth before the ar- 
 rival of severe weather. On the ap- 
 proach of frost, if protection is afforded 
 to the plants by means of haulm or 
 reed panels, so supported as not to 
 touch them, it will preserve them in a 
 
 much better state for use in winter and 
 spring. But a still more effectual plan 
 is to take up some of the strongest 
 and best-curled plants in September, and 
 plant them in pots, two or three plants 
 in each, using a rich soil. If these be 
 placed in a pit or greenhouse, and abun- 
 dance of liquid-manure given, they will 
 be very superiorly productive throughout 
 the winter. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Allow some of the 
 plants to run up in June; they should 
 not, however, be allowed to stand nearer 
 than eighteen inches to each other. The 
 seed ripens in early autumn, and, when 
 perfectly dry, may be beaten out and 
 stored. Soot is an excellent manure for 
 parsley, and preserves it from root-can- 
 ker, the only disease affecting it. 
 
 PARSNIP. (Pastina'ca sati'va.) The 
 two varieties, Hollow-crowned and Guern- 
 sey, are nearly alike. 
 
 Soil. A rich, dry, sandy loam, and the 
 deeper the better. The most inimical to 
 it is gravel or clay. Trench the ground 
 two spades deep, a little manure being 
 turned in with the bottom spit. In the 
 Isle of Guernsey, which has long been 
 celebrated for the fineness of its parsnips, 
 sea-weed is the manure chiefly employed. 
 Of dung, that of pigeons is the best. 
 Decayed leaves are also very favourable 
 to its growth. The situation cannot be 
 too open. 
 
 Sow from the end of February to the 
 beginning of April, but the earlier the 
 better. It has been recommended, in 
 field cultivation, to sow them in Septem- 
 ber ; in the garden, when sown at this 
 season, they also obtain a finer size, but 
 many of them run to seed. In the Isle 
 of Guernsey they regulate their time of 
 sowing according to the soil : in the most 
 favourable soils they sow in January, or, 
 if the soil is wet or stiff, they do not insert 
 the seed until the latter end of March. 
 
 Sow in drills ten inches apart, and 
 half an inch deep; the compartment 
 being laid out in beds not more than 
 four feet wide, for the convenience of 
 weeding, &c. When the seedlings are two 
 or three inches high, thin to ten inches 
 apart, and remove the weeds both by 
 hand and small hoeing. The beds re- 
 quire to be frequently looked over, to 
 remove all seedlings that may spring up 
 afresh, as well as to be frequently hoed 
 until the plants so cover the ground as 
 to render it impracticable. 
 
PAR 
 
 [609 ] 
 
 PAS 
 
 The roots may be taken up as wanted 
 in September, but they do not attain ma- 
 turity till October, which is intimated by 
 the decay of the leaves. 
 
 In November, part of the crop may be 
 taken up, and, the tops being cut close 
 off, layed in alternate layers with sand, 
 for use in frosty weather. The remainder 
 may be left in the ground, and taken up 
 as required, as they are never injured by 
 the most intense frost, but, on the con- 
 trary, are rendered sweeter. In February 
 or March, however, any remaining must 
 be taken up, otherwise they will vegetate. 
 Being preserved in sand, they continue 
 good until the end of April or May. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some of the finest 
 roots are best allowed to remain where 
 grown ; or else, being taken up in Fe- 
 bruary, planted in a situation open, but 
 sheltered from violent winds. If of ne- 
 cessity some of those are employed which 
 have been preserved in sand, such should 
 be selected as have not had their tops cut 
 off very close. 
 
 In dry weather water plentifully twice 
 a week. At the end of August the seed is 
 usually ripe; the umbels may then be cut, 
 and when thoroughly dried on cloths, the 
 seed beaten out and stored. 
 
 Seed should never be employed that is 
 more than a twelvemonth old. 
 
 PARTERRE is synonymous with our 
 English name Flower Garden. 
 
 PARTING the roots is a mode of propa- 
 gation available with some plants ; and 
 where a large increase of an individual 
 specimen by this mode is desired, its 
 flower-stems should be removed as fast 
 as they are produced. This makes the 
 plant stool, for whatever prevents the 
 formation of seed, promotes the de- 
 velopment of root. 
 
 PARTRIDGE PEA. Heiste'ria. 
 
 PASCA'LIA. (Named after Dr. Pascal, 
 professor at Parma. Nat.ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. IAnn.,I9-Syngenesia 2-Su- 
 perflua. Allied to Heliopsis.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Division in spring; 
 cuttings under a hand-light, in summer ; should 
 have a dry, warm spot, or the protection of a 
 frame, in winter. 
 
 P. glau'ca (milky-green). l. Yellow. July. Chili. 
 1799- 
 
 PASQUE-FLOWER. Ane'mone pulsati'lla. 
 
 PASSERI'NA. Sparrowwort. (From passer, 
 a sparrow ; referring to the beaked seeds. 
 Nat.ord.,Z>op/t/mrfs[Thj-melace8e].Linn., 
 8-Octandria L-Monogynia. Allied to Dais.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, white-flowered, and 
 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, except where other* 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of the young shoots, 
 half-ripe, in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; 
 sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48 ; summer, a rather shady 
 place after the wood is ripe. P.filifo'rmis might 
 be tried against a conservative wall. 
 P. cilia'ta (hair- fringed). 2. May. 1818. 
 
 empetrifo'lia (empetrum-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Spain. 1834. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. May. 1810. 
 filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 1. July. 1752. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. May. 1789.. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1$. July. South Europe. 1759. 
 
 la'xa (loose). |. June. 1804. 
 
 linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. May. 1820- 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 2. May. 1817- 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. May. 1787. 
 
 Stelle'ri (Steller's). June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered), f. July. 
 
 Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 3. May. 1817* 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). $ May. 1759 
 PASSIFLO'RA. Passion-Flower. (From 
 
 passio, suffering, and flos, a flower ; re- 
 ferring to the filaments, or rays, and other 
 parts, being likened to the circumstances 
 of Christ's crucifixion. Nat. ord., Pas- 
 sion worts [Passifloracese]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 2-Pentandria.} 
 
 Cuttings of young wood, in almost any stage 
 during summer, in sand, under a bell-glass or 
 hand-light ; peat and loam, Cceru'lea and its va- 
 rieties are the hardiest. It not only flowers freely, 
 but ripens fruit against a wall round London. 
 Incarna'ta is a pretty thing, of semi-herbaceous 
 habit, which has also, in a few cases, been tried 
 against a wall. The shoots of the cceru'lea group 
 might easily be wrapped together, and defended in 
 winter by a mat. The fruit of many is very plea- 
 sant and refreshing to most palates. The edu'lis 
 fruits very freely in a stove, but the flower has no 
 great beauty ; it fruited a number of years with 
 us in a cool conservatory, but it died at last. We 
 found it hardier than the newest one, Billo'ttii. 
 The quadrangula'ris, to be fruited, must be 
 grown in a good, light situation, in a warm stove, 
 and be artificially impregnated. SeeGa.A.KA.m 'LLA. 
 
 HALF-HARDY CLIMBERS. 
 P. cceru'lea (common-blue). 30. White, blue. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1699. 
 glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 20. 
 
 Blue. August. Brazil. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 30. Pink. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1629. 
 
 STOVE CLIMBERS. 
 
 P. acti'nia (sea-anemone-like). 10. Whitish. No 
 vember. Organ Mountains. 1842. 
 
 ala'ta (winged-stalked}. 20. Green, blue, red.. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1772. 
 
 a'lba (white). White. August. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 ama'bilw (lovely). 10. Scarlet, white. May. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Striped. August. 
 
 Saint Lucia. 1823. 
 
 Wlo'ttii (Bellotti's). White, pink. July. 1848. 
 
 Buonapu'rtea (Buonaparte's). Red, blue, white. 
 
 June. 
 
 Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 15. Pink. June. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 1821. 
 
 Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). Copper. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White, blue. August. 
 
 China. Greenhouse. 
 
 2s 
 
PAS 
 
 C 610 ] 
 
 PAU 
 
 P. rilia'ta (hair-fringed). 6. Pink. August. Ja- 
 maica. 1783. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September. 
 
 Guiana. 1820, 
 
 cvnea'ta (wedged). 10. July. Caraccas. 18lo. 
 
 cu'prea (copper.coloured). 20. Orange. July. 
 
 Bahama Islands. 1724. 
 
 diffo'rmis (deformed). Green, black. Sep- 
 
 tember. Santa Martha. 1844. 
 
 -edu'Ks (eatable). 30. White. July. W. Ind. 
 filamento'sa (thready). 20. White, blue. Au- 
 gust. America. 1817- 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 6. White. August. 1823. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 15. Yellowish. 
 
 St. Domingo. 1817. 
 
 hispi'dula (bristly). Yellow, white. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 Jeermesi'na (crimson). 20. Crimson. July. 1831. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Red, violet. 
 
 August. W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 ligula'ris (strap-shaped). 20. Green, purple. 
 
 September. Peru. 181Q. 
 
 Loudo'ni( London's). 20. Purple. 1838. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. May. America. 1714. 
 
 malifo'rmis (apple-formed). 20. Green, red. 
 
 September. W. Ind. 1731. 
 
 Medu'soea (Medusa). Yellow, orange. Guatimala. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Middletonia'na (Middleton's). 6. Rose, blue. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1837. 
 
 Moorea'na (Mr. Moore's). 20. Whitish. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1837. 
 
 nigelliflo'ra (nigella-flowered). 10, White, 
 
 green. September. Buenos Ayres. 1835. 
 
 oblonga'ta (oblon?). 10. Apetal. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1816. 
 
 ony 'china (Lieutenant Sulivan's}. 10. Pur- 
 
 plish. November. Buenos Ayres. 1827, 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 20. Yellow, green. Augi'st 
 
 St. Domingo. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-shaped). 12.White. Brazil.1817, 
 
 penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). 20. Green 
 
 May. Jamaica. 184Q. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Crimson. July 
 Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 pJiaeni'cea (crimson). 20. Crimson. September 
 
 1831. 
 
 pictura'ta (painted). 15. Red. September 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 quadrangula'ris (square-stoZAred). 20. Green 
 
 blue. August. Jamaica. 1763. 
 
 yacemo'sa(racemed). 20. Scarlet. June. Brazil 
 
 1815. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 8. White. June 
 
 Antilles. 1779- 
 
 ru 1 bra (red-fruited). 15. Red. June. W. Ind 
 
 1831. 
 
 stlpula'ta (stipuled). White. August. Cayenne 
 
 1779. 
 
 tilieefo'lia (lime- tree-leaved). 10. Green, red 
 
 blue. July. Peru. 1823. 
 
 Twetonane'wsz'srrucuman). 10. White, green 
 
 July. Chili. 1836. 
 
 PASTINA'CA. Parsnip. (From pasti 
 num, a dibble ; referring to the shape o 
 the root. Nat. ord., Umbellifer? [Apia 
 cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 See PARSNIP, the only cultivated species. 
 
 PATAGO'NULA. (From Patagonia, it 
 native country. Nat ord., Verbenas [Ver 
 benacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Mono 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under 
 glass, in "May; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 .Inter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 . America'na (American). 20. White. July. S. 
 Amer. 1732. 
 
 PATERSO'NIA. (Named after Col. W. 
 ^uterson, a botanist. Nat. ord., Irids 
 Iridaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 1- 
 Triandria. Allied to Watsonia.) 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New 
 outh Wales, and blue-flowered, except where 
 therwise mentioned. For culture, see I'ais. 
 . glabra'ta (smooth). lj, Purple. June. 1814. 
 
 glau'ca (milky- green). 1. June. 1820. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly.) 1. June. 1824. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. 1818. 
 
 longisca'pa (long-stalked). l. June. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 1. Purple. June. 1816. 
 
 occidentals (western). 1. June. 1824. 
 
 pyr-nicR'a (dwarf). May. 
 
 sapphiri'na (sapphire). 1. Blay. 1837. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). l- June. 1803. 
 
 PATRI'NIA. (Named after M.Patrin, a 
 Siberian traveller. Nat. ord., Valerian- 
 vorts [ Valerianacese] . Linn., 4-Tefrau- 
 dria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy biennials, except heterophy'lla, and all 
 vellow-flowered. Seed in March, in light soil. 
 
 . heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May China. 
 1837. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 interme'dia(intermediate).l .June.Siberia.1820. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 1. May. Siberia. 1801. 
 
 scabioscefo'lia (scabious-leaved). 1. June. Da- 
 
 huria. 1817- 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia. 1751. 
 
 PAULLI'NIA. (Named after S. Paullii, a 
 Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts 
 r Sapindacese]. Linn., 8-Ocfandria 3-Tri- 
 gynia. Allied to Sapindus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Cut- 
 tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in bottom-heat ; loam and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. bipinna'ta (doubly-leafleted). 20. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 16. Carthagena. 
 
 1818. 
 
 cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 18. Caraccas. 1822. 
 
 Cupa'nia (Cupani's). 20. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 20. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 16. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 16. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 20.Cayenne. 1825. 
 
 vesperti'llio (bat). 20. St. Christopher. 1823. 
 
 PATJLO'WNIA. (Named after the heredi- 
 tary princess of the Netherlands, daughter 
 to the Emperor of Kussia. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [ScrophulariacesB], Linn., 14-Di- 
 dynamia 2-Jngiospermia.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots, when a little firm, 
 under a hand-light. It is a deciduous tree, with 
 beautiful foliage, and quick growing, somewhat 
 resembling a Catalpa, and said to be hardy, and 
 has not only stood the winter, but flowered in. 
 England, though with us it has been killed nearly 
 to the ground every season ; deep, good loam ; 
 might stand better if starved in summer. 
 P, imperia'lis (imperial), 30, Lilac, June. Japan, 
 1840, 
 
PAY 
 
 [ 611 ] 
 
 PEA 
 
 PAVE'TTA. (The East Indian name 
 Nat. ord., Cinclionads . [Ciuchonaceas] 
 Linn., ^-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Ixora.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings pi 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp. 
 45 to 48 ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 P. areno'sa (sandy-leaved). 3. June. China. 1/99 
 
 Ca'ffra (Caffrarian). 3. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 3. September. E. Ind. 1791. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). August. E. Ind. Ib24. 
 
 PA'VIA. ( Named after P. Paw, a Dutch 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapinda 
 ceae]. Linn., 1-Heptandria L-Monogynia. 
 Allied to jEsculus.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, very like the 
 Horse Chestnut. Seeds, layers, and grafting on the 
 Horse Chestnut. The weeping one and others look 
 interesting when grafted at a good height; deep, 
 sandy loam. 
 
 P. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 30. White. California. 
 1838. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 16. Red. 1820. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Red, yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 fla'va (yellow). 20. Yellow. May. N". Amer. 1764. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). North of India. 1844. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. Red, yellow. 
 
 May. 1826. 
 
 macrostu'chya (large-spiked). 6. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected). 20. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 1823. 
 
 ru'bra (red-flowered'). 6. Scarlet. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1711. 
 argu'ta (short-notched). 4. Red. Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 3. Red. May. N. Amer. 
 
 hu'milis pe'ndula (weeping-dwarf). Red. 
 
 sublticinia'ta (slightly-cut-ieaoerf)* 6. Red. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 PAVO'NIA. (Named after J. Pavon, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Mallowworts 
 [Malvaceae], Linn., IQ-Monadelphia $-Po- 
 lyandria. Allied to the Mallow.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat; sandy loam. Stove temperature. 
 The following are the only two worth culture : 
 P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. St.Domingo.18l6. 
 
 malacophy 1 lla (soft-leaved). 3. Red. August. 
 
 Bahia. 1823. 
 
 PAXTO'NIA. (Named after Sir J. Paxton, 
 the celebrated gardener to the Duke of 
 Devonshire. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- 
 cese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria I-Monandria. 
 Allied to Spathoglottis.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division in spring; turfy peat 
 and fibry ioam, with a little charcoal and silver 
 sund. See ORCHIDS. 
 !\ ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. July. Philippines. 1837. 
 
 PEA. (Pi'sum sali'vum.) There are 
 many varieties, but a great sameness 
 about those of the early kinds. One good 
 \ triety is all that is required in a small 
 
 garden; and for one combining all the 
 good qualities of a pea the Early Con- 
 queror, 3 feet high, is the best. The Early 
 Warwick, Prince Albert, Danecroft Rival, 
 Shilling's Grotto, &c., are also all good, 
 well-known peas, where variety is required. 
 The best varieties to succeed are tho 
 Blue Scimitar, 2f to 3 feet high ; Cham- 
 pion of England, a first-rate pea, 4 to 5 
 feet high ; Reliance Marrow, 6 to 7 feet 
 high ; British Queen, 6 to 7 feet high ; 
 Bishop's new Long-pod Dwarf; all of 
 which are first-rate peas to succeed each 
 other from May till November. There 
 are many other good varieties, such as 
 the Auvergne,^ to 5 feet high; Spanish 
 Dwarf, 1 to 2 feet high ; Banksian Blue, 
 
 2 to 3 feet high ; Rinywood Marrow, 4 to 
 
 5 feet high ; Blue Imperial, 3 feet high ; 
 Blue Surprise, 4 to 5 feet high; Wood- 
 ford Marrow, 3 feet high ; Knights Tall 
 Marrow, 7 to 8 feet high ; Knight's Dwarj 
 Green, 3 feet high ; Tall Green, 6 to 7 
 feet high ; Mammoth Tall Green Marrow, 
 
 6 to 7 feet high ; Dwarf Green Marrow, 
 
 3 feet high ; and Hair's Dwarf Green 
 Mammoth, 4 feet high. 
 
 One quart of an early variety of pea is 
 quite sufficient for sowing a row 100 feet 
 in length ; half a pint less sown in the 
 same distance of the blue varieties, and 
 one pint of the large and tall kinds,-are 
 sufficient where the soil is rich, well pul- 
 verized, and pretty free from slugs, &c. 
 
 Soil. A soil moderately rich and open 
 is best, rather inclining to strong for the 
 lofty growers and main crops, but for the 
 early and late ones, light and dry. Dwarf 
 varieties will grow on poorer and lighter 
 soils than the others. 
 
 Early Peas. The best mode of obtain- 
 ing these is according to the following 
 plan, suggested by Mr. Bishop, gardener 
 :o C. Baldwin, Esq., of Camberwell: 
 
 In the last week of January, cut some 
 turf in strips of three inches in width, 
 ;he length depending on the width of the 
 lotbed in which they are to be placed. 
 Lay the pieces of turf in the frame, grass 
 downwards, close together ; then make in 
 ,he centre of each piece of turf, by press- 
 ng it with the edge of a board, a drill, in 
 which sow the peas, which soon come up ; 
 and then take the lights entirely off in the 
 day-time unless very cold, and shut them 
 lown at night. Keep them close till the 
 Beginning of March. When the peas are 
 ;o be planted in the border, lift the box 
 entirely off, and the strips of turf, in 
 
PEA 
 
 C 612 ] 
 
 PEA 
 
 which the peas will he well rooted, and 
 place them on a hand- harrow, and take 
 them to the border for planting, which 
 do in a drill cut so deep that they shall 
 be about an inch lower than they were in 
 the box. It may be necessary to protect 
 them from frost and cool winds at first, 
 and this may be done by patting some 
 short sticks along the rows, and laying 
 some long litter or cuttings of evergreens 
 over them. Gard. C/iron. 
 
 Sowing. In January they may be sown 
 in sheltered borders, and larger supplies 
 in an open compartment, and thence con- 
 tinued throughout February and until the 
 end of May once every two or three weeks. 
 
 For the first production in the follow- 
 ing year, a small sowing may be made at 
 the close of October, and repeated about 
 the middle of November and December, 
 though it often happens that these are 
 scarcely a week forwarder than those in- 
 serted in the following February. 
 
 Sow in drills, or by the dibble in rows, 
 at a distance proportionate to the height 
 to which the variety grows, as well as ac- 
 cording to the season; Dwarfs at two feet, 
 for the early and late crops, but three 
 feet for the main ones; Marrowfats at 
 three and a half or four and a half; 
 Knight's Marrowfats and other gigantic 
 varieties at six or eight. Peas not in- 
 tended to be supported require the least 
 room. At the early and late sowings the 
 seed should be buried an inch deep, but 
 for the main crops an inch and a half. 
 With respect to the distances, it may be 
 inserted in the row, of the Dwarfs, two in 
 an inch ; Blues and other middle-sized 
 varieties for the main crops, three in two 
 inches ; the tall and Knight's Marrowfat, 
 as well as others of similar stature, full 
 an inch apart. The best mode is to sow in 
 single rows, ranging north and south, 
 and the sticks alternately on each side 
 of the row. If the rows range east and 
 west, put the sticks on the south side. 
 
 When the summer sowings are made, 
 if dry weather is prevalent, the seed 
 should be soaked in water for two or 
 three hours previous, and the drills well 
 watered. 
 
 When the plants have advanced to a 
 height of two or three inches, they are 
 to be hoed, and earth drawn around their 
 stems. This should be done twice or 
 three times gradually as they ascend, 
 previous to the sticks being placed. It 
 should be performed in dry weather; for 
 
 the winter-standing crops it should be 
 especially attended to, as it protects them, 
 greatly from frost. 
 
 Sticking is not required until the plants 
 show their tendrils. If, during the time 
 of blossoming or swelling of the fruit, 
 continued drought should occur, water 
 may very beneficially be applied, it being 
 poured between the rows, if they are in 
 pairs, or otherwise in a shallow trench, 
 on one side of each. Watering the leaves 
 is rather injurious. Failures in the rows 
 of the earliest crops may be rectified by 
 transplanting. This is best performed 
 in March : the plants thus removed must 
 be watered until they have taken root, 
 and also shaded if the weather is hot. It 
 is a good practice to nip off the top of the 
 leading shoots of the early and late crops 
 as soon as they are in blossom, as it 
 greatly accelerates the setting and matu- 
 rity of the fruit. Too much care cannot 
 be taken, when the pods are gathered, 
 not to injure the stems. We know, from 
 lengthened experience, that if the pods 
 are cut off with scissors, the plants pro- 
 duce one-fourth more than when roughly 
 gathered from. 
 
 The more regularly the plants are ga- 
 thered from, the longer they continue in 
 production, as the later pods never attain 
 maturity if the earlier ones are allowed 
 to grow old before they are gathered. In 
 very severe weather, the winter-standing 
 crops require the shelter of litter or other 
 light covering, supported as much as 
 possible from the plants by means of 
 branches; ropes or twisted straw-bands 
 are good for this purpose, to be fixed 
 along each side of the rows with wooden 
 pins driven into the ground. Whichever 
 mode of shelter is adopted, it must be 
 always removed in mild weather, other- 
 wise the plants will be spindled and ren- 
 dered weaker. 
 
 To obtain Seed, leave some rows that 
 are in production during July, or sow 
 purposely in March. Care must be taken, 
 however, that no two varieties are in 
 blossom near each other at the same 
 time. The plants intended for seed ought 
 never to be gathered from. When in 
 blossom, all plants which do not appear 
 to belong to the variety among which 
 they are growing should be removed. 
 They are fit for harvesting as soon as the 
 pods become brownish and dry. When 
 perfectly free from moisture, they should 
 be beaten out, otherwise, if hot, showery 
 
PEA 
 
 C 01* 3 
 
 PEA 
 
 weather occurs, they will open and shed 
 their seed. 
 
 Forcing commences in December, in 
 the early part of which month they may 
 be sown in a hotbed to remain, or thick 
 to transplant, during the succeeding 
 month, into others for production. These 
 may be repeated in January, and the 
 transplanting takes place in February. It 
 is also a common practice to sow in a 
 warm border during October, and the 
 plants being cultivated as a natural 
 ground crop, are removed into a hotbed 
 during January. 
 
 The hotbed must be moderate, and 
 earthed equally over the depth of six or 
 eight inches with light, fresh mould not 
 particularly rich. The seed must be 
 buried one inch and a half deep. The 
 frame, which is required to be two feet 
 and a hal high behind, and one and a 
 half in front, ought to be put on three 
 or four days before the crop is sown, that 
 the steam and heat may abate. Seed may 
 likewise be sown at the above times in 
 pots or pans, and placed round the binns 
 of the stove. At the close of September, 
 also, some peas may be sown in pots, and 
 sunk in the earth of any open compart- 
 ment ; when the frost commences, to be 
 removed into the greenhouse. A border 
 of fresh earth being made in the front of 
 it early in December, the plants are re- 
 moved into it, in rows two feet asunder, 
 or, still better, in pairs, with ten inches 
 interval, and two feet and a half between 
 each pair. These will come into produc- 
 tion about the middle of March. 
 
 In every instance, as stated above, the 
 rows should be two feet, the seed or 
 plants being set an inch asunder. The 
 plants are ready for moving when an inch 
 or two high. They must be shaded and 
 gently watered until they have taken root. 
 Preserve as much earth about their roots 
 at the time of removal as possible. 
 
 Transplanted peas are most produc- 
 tive, and run the least to straw in the 
 forcing frames. Air must be admitted 
 as freely as circumstances permit, the 
 same precautions being necessary as for 
 Cucumbers. Water must be given at 
 first sparingly, otherwise decay or super- 
 luxuriance will be occasioned ; but when 
 they are in blossom, and during the suc- 
 ceeding stages of growth, it may be ap- 
 plied oftener and more abundantly, as it 
 is necessary for the setting and swelling 
 of the fruit. 
 
 The shading during hot days, and 
 covering at night, must also be particu- 
 larly attended to. From three to five 
 months elapse between the times of sow- 
 ing and production, according to the 
 fineness of the season, length of the 
 days, &c. 
 
 The temperature may be uniformly 
 kept up throughout their growth, having 
 50 for the minimum at night, and 70 
 for their maximum by day. 
 
 PEACH. Pe'rsica vulga'ris. 
 
 Select Varieties in the order of their 
 ripening. Those in italics are good forc- 
 ing peaches. Acton Scot,Pourpre Hative, 
 Grosse Mignonne, Eed Magdalen, Boyal 
 George, Noblesse, Bellegarde, or Galande, 
 Late Admirable, Walburton Admirable. 
 
 Propagation : Budding. This is per- 
 formed during July. (See BUDDING.) 
 Some persons plant the stock against the 
 wall in its permanent situation, and bud 
 it there ; but peaches are principally 
 budded in the nursery. The bud is in- 
 troduced at about six inches from the 
 ground. It remains dormant until the 
 succeeding spring, when the head of the 
 stock is cut off close above the bud, and 
 the wound pared off particularly neat, in 
 order that the returning sap may heal 
 and skin it over. It is a good practice to 
 apply some white lead, or a similar mate- 
 rial, in order to exclude the air and 
 moisture. During this summer the young 
 bud will produce a shoot of some two 
 or three feet in length, and this is headed 
 back in the succeeding spring to about 
 five or six eyes, thus leaving about five or 
 six inches of the base of the shoot. The 
 bud generally produced laterals during 
 the first summer, especially towards 
 the upper end ; and the point where these 
 commence branching generally dictates 
 the point to which they are cut back. In 
 the summer following they will produce 
 four or five shoots, which must be care- 
 fully trained, and kept totally free from 
 insects, and in the succeeding autumn 
 the tree is fit for removal to a wall. 
 Plants with one shoot, or of the season 
 next after the budding, are termed by 
 our nurserymen maidens; but in the suc- 
 ceeding summer they are termed trained 
 trees. There is no better stock for general 
 peach-budding than the Plum, a kind 
 called the Muscle being very generally 
 used. Some persons advocate the use of 
 either Almond stocks or Peaches raised 
 from the stone; but it is scarcely safe to 
 
PEA 
 
 [ 614 J 
 
 PEA 
 
 j-ecommomd the practice. The Ameri- 
 cans, to he sure, raise many of their 
 orchards from the stone ; but they have a 
 very different climate to deal with, and 
 we hear, moreover, many complaints of 
 the short-lived character of their trees. 
 The peach stones may either be sown on 
 heat to expedite them, or otherwise. 
 They should be cleansed and dried at 
 the ripening period, and may be sown 
 late in the autumn, care being taken to 
 preserve them from the mice. The seed- 
 lings must be carefully transplanted like 
 other shrubs; those raised on heat in 
 pots, and those in the open ground to 
 the nursery immediately after one sum- 
 mer's growth, unless sowed to remain. 
 Their pruning must be performed as 
 other stocks, and their subsequent cul- 
 ture similar. 
 
 $oi/.s, c. The selection of a proper 
 soil, and the securing a sound ; 
 subsoil, are of as much importance with 
 the peach as with the vine. Three-fourths 
 of the trees in this kingdom have been 
 ruined by borders too deep, too damp, 
 and too rich. Unless proper means be 
 taken to ripen the wood, all other labours 
 are vain. The first step in root culture is 
 to examine the subsoil; if this is not 
 sound and dry, it must at once be tho- 
 roughly drained. As to depth of soil, we 
 do not exceed two feet, and nobody has 
 had greater success for many years. How 
 much, however, that depth is above the 
 ground-level must depend on the charac- 
 ter of the locality : if a low and damp 
 district, we would have nearly half the 
 volume of the soil above the front walk ; 
 if a very dry and elevated spot, not more 
 than a third. The latitude of the place 
 should also have an influence ; and in 
 many parts of Scotland and the north of 
 Ireland we should raise nearly the whole 
 border above the ordinary level. No soil 
 is fitter than a good, sound, hazel loam ; 
 but, whatever be the colour, it is abso- 
 lutely essential that it be of a texture 
 slightly adhesive. We introduce no ma- 
 nure with such a soil, but generally mix 
 with it about one-third of ordinary dark, 
 light garden-soil, adding about one-sixth 
 of ordinary tree or shrub leaves with the 
 whole. We generally make an artificial 
 subsoil, planting on what we term " pre- 
 pared stations." _ The site being drained, 
 and the excavations formed, brick-bats, 
 or any imperishable rubbish, is strewed 
 over the bottom, and then covered with 
 
 cinders ; the latter have a couple of 
 barrows of half-decayed ^ leaves spread 
 over them. This comprises the whole 
 of our preparations. As for manures, we 
 top-dress systematically every year ia 
 31 ay : this forms an essential accompa- 
 niment of the shallow border system. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. 
 Protection to the blossoms is the first 
 thing in early spring. (See PROTECTION.) 
 The next point is disbudding. Healthy 
 trees are sure to produce a host of little 
 shoots, which must not be retained. Dis- 
 budding is best performed by degrees, 
 and about three periods two or three 
 weeks apart suffice. At the first, which 
 should be when the young shoots are 
 from two to three inches in length, those 
 shoots only need be removed which pro- 
 ject nearly at right angles from the wail; 
 as, also, those which shoot between the 
 wall and the branch. Nothing can jus- 
 tify the reservation of any of these but 
 bare spaces of walling ; such should be 
 covered, even if by shoots of inferior 
 character. At the second disbudding a 
 sort of "singling out" may be practised. 
 At the third thinning a clever selection 
 should be made, and in doing so we 
 would direct especial attention to the 
 preservation of the lowest-placed young 
 shoots all over the tree, for on these 
 mainly depends the supply of succes- 
 sional wood. By the fan mode of train- 
 ing, which is at least equal to any other 
 mode, acute angles, of course, are formed 
 by every two branches when they meec. 
 The lowest shoot in this angle, then,mu>;i: 
 be carefully preserved, and if overtopping 
 the next shoot a-head, it may at once bo 
 pinched. Our practice is to turn next to 
 all the extreme points, and to set the 
 leading shoot free. It is of no use suf- 
 fering any side-shoots to compete wita 
 the leading ones ; therefore, all within 
 four or five inches may be stripped away, 
 or, if doubtful, pinched. And now a 
 regular thinning or disbudding must La 
 carried out between the bole and the ex- 
 tremities of the branches ; and the only 
 requisite is not to suffer, if possible, two 
 young shoots to proceed side by side 
 from any given point. Thus, training 
 from any young shoot at the base, we 
 would not reserve another nearer than 
 four or five inches up any given line, and 
 so on, all over the tree. One thing may 
 be observed ; if the operator is at any 
 time doubtful about a young shoot, let 
 
PEA 
 
 [615] 
 
 PEA 
 
 him merely pinch the point instead 
 of totally removing it; at the finish- 
 ing disbudding he will perceive whether 
 it may be entirely stripped away. Dis- 
 budding should be completed a little 
 before Midsummer. During this period 
 the fruit must be thinned, if too thick, 
 and this may be done at three different 
 periods ; the first, when the fruit is as 
 large as a marble, when all malforma- 
 tions, and those crowded behind the 
 shoots, may be taken away. The re- 
 maining, if too thick, must be singled 
 out, leaving none in pairs or touching 
 each other. At this period, they may 
 average three inches apart all over the 
 tree. In about three weeks, another 
 slight thinning may be made, taking away 
 a few where crowded ; and now the re- 
 mainder may be reserved until the ston- 
 ing is nearly completed, which will be in 
 the course of July, when all not wanted 
 may be plucked away. It is difficult to 
 give any set rule as to distance, so much 
 depends on the powers of the trees ; from 
 six to eight inches apart, finally, may be 
 considered a fair crop. Water should be 
 liberally supplied during their swelling, 
 if the weather is dry. All gross shoots, 
 or robbers, should be pinched when 
 about six inches in length, throughout 
 all the growing season. 
 
 Culture during the Eest Period Do not 
 brush off the foliage of peaches in the 
 autumn ; the practice is not only unsci- 
 entific, but really absurd. If the sum- 
 mer's management has been right, the 
 pruning will be but a small affair. It 
 consists of thinning out the shoots which 
 had escaped notice in summer, and short- 
 ening back as much of the point of each 
 shoot as appears immature : this is rea- 
 dily told by its colour and general cha- 
 racter. These things done, the trees 
 must be neatly trained, and such should 
 be completed by the beginning of Febru- 
 ary, about which time we cover ours to 
 retard the blossom-bud. Before cover- 
 ing them we apply a sulphur-paint, as a 
 preventive of the red spider. This is 
 simply sulphur beat up in soap-water, 
 four ounces of soft soap to a gallon, add- 
 ing nearly as much sulphur as it will 
 carry, and plenty of clay to give it a body. 
 This is applied in all directions, between 
 the shoots, with a painter's brush. In 
 order to soften the colour, it is well to 
 add plenty of soot to the mixture. 
 
 Diseases. -The Gum is the principal ; 
 
 and as & gumming habit is readily in- 
 duced by wounds, especially if the tree 
 be growing in a deep and rich soil, great 
 care must be exercised at all times not to 
 wound them. Eich soils, also, must be 
 avoided, and manurial matters applied, 
 for the most part, on the surface. The 
 Idildew is a great annoyance to some 
 cultivators. Sulphur is the best remedy, 
 and an avoidance of extremes of wet and 
 dry at the root the best preventive. Blis- 
 tered leaves are said to be caused by cold 
 at the germinating period ; but this we 
 much doubt. It probably arises from 
 imperfect ripening of the wood in the 
 preceding season, caused by ungenial 
 soil and ill-training ; indeed, it would 
 not be difficult to trace three-fourths of 
 the evils to which the peach is liable to 
 ill-conditioned wood. 
 
 Insects. See APHIS and ACARUS. 
 
 Forcing: Form of House. The best 
 form for a peach-house is that thus de- 
 scribed by the late T. E. Knight, Esq. : 
 
 As the lights, to be moved to the re- 
 quired extent with facility, must neces- 
 sarily be short, the back wall of the house 
 must scarcely extend nine feet in height, 
 and this height raises the rafters suffi- 
 ciently high to permit the tallest person 
 to walk with perfect convenience under 
 them. The lights are divided in the 
 middle at the point A, and the lower are 
 made to slide down to the D, and the 
 upper to the point A. The flue, or hot- 
 water pipe, enters on the east or west 
 end as most convenient, and passes 
 within six inches of the east and west 
 wall, but not within less than two feet of 
 the low front wall, and it returns in a 
 parallel line through the middle of the 
 house, in the direction either east or 
 west, and goes out at the point at which 
 it entered. The house takes two rows of 
 peach or nectarine trees, one of which is 
 trained on trellises, with intervals be- 
 tween for the gardener to pass, parallel 
 with the dotted line c. These trees must 
 be planted between the flue and the 
 
PEA 
 
 [ 616] 
 
 PEA 
 
 front wall, and the other row near the 
 back wall, against which they are to be 
 trained. 
 
 If early varieties be planted in the 
 front, and the earliest where the flue first 
 enters, these being trained immediately 
 over the flue, and at a small distance 
 above it, will ripen first; and if the lower 
 lights be drawn down in fine weather to 
 the point B, every part of the fruit on the 
 trees, which are trained nearly horizon- 
 tally along the dotted line c, will receive 
 the full influence of the sun. The upper 
 lights must be moved as usual by cords 
 and pulleys, and if these be let down to 
 the point A, after the fruit in the front 
 tree is gathered, every part of the trees 
 on the back wall will be fully exposed to 
 the sun, at any period of the spring and 
 summer after the middle of April, with- 
 out the intervention of the glass. A 
 single fireplace will be sufficient for a 
 house fifty feet long, and the foregoing 
 plan, and dimensions will be found to 
 combine more advantages than can ever 
 be obtained in a higher or wider house. 
 Both the walls and the flue must stand 
 on arches, to permit the roots of the trees 
 to extend themselves in every direction 
 beyond the limits of the walls, for what- 
 ever be the more remote causes of mil- 
 dew, the immediate cause generally ap- 
 pears to be want of moisture beneath the 
 soil, combined with excess of moisture or 
 dampness above it. A bar of wood must 
 extend from B to D, opposite the middle 
 of each lower light, to support it when 
 drawn down. Knight's Select Papers. 
 
 The soil, culture, and pruning are the 
 same as required for those trees grown 
 on walls. 
 
 Forcing in Pots is a very excellent 
 mode, and enables the peach to be thus 
 grown in establishments where there is 
 no regular peach-house. Pot a three- 
 years'-old tree in a twelve-inch pot, cut- 
 ting it back to four buds, and shift every 
 year until it has attained an eighteen- 
 inch pot, a size which need never be ex- 
 ceeded. Let the soil be turfy, and mixed 
 with decaying wood from the bottom of 
 an old wood stock. 
 
 Commencing Forcing and Temperature. 
 The best and most successful direc- 
 tions on these points are the following, 
 given byMr.W.Hutchinson, gardener at 
 Eatington Park. He says : " Bring the 
 trees into the house in mild weather 
 during November, a little earlier or later 
 
 according to the state of the weather ; do 
 not start them all, however, at once ; the 
 last lot need not be put in until the 1st 
 of January. Any later than this would 
 not answer, as the weather, if clear, is 
 then hot through the day ; commence 
 forcing them at 55 at night, allowing the 
 thermometer to fall to 50 in the morn- 
 ing, if ^old , but if tbe weather is mild, 
 never iu fall below 55, and from tbat to 
 60, is the usual temperature kept up 
 throughout the period of forcing during 
 the night. During the day I make up for 
 low night temperature, when I have the 
 chance, by sun heat. Do not be fas- 
 tidious about a few degrees: to get it 
 high enough is the main point, say from 
 70 to 85 and 90, until the fruit is 
 stoned ; then keep them very hot during 
 the day, viz., from 95 to 105, and some- 
 times even as high as 110. Of course a 
 great deal of moisture is required with 
 this high temperature. Syringe over-head 
 twice a day, and sometimes oftener when 
 the air is dry, and you will scarcely ever 
 be troubled with either green fly or red 
 spider. Watering at the root must be 
 carefully attended to ; very little is wanted 
 until the trees get covered with leaves, 
 but after the fruit is stoned they should 
 be watered plentifully. Of course the 
 watering must be gradually withdrawn as 
 the fruit approaches maturity, in order to 
 increase their flavour." Gard. Chron. 
 
 When the blossoms are well opened, 
 impregnation should be aided by applying 
 the pollen with a camel's-hair pencil. 
 
 One essential for securing vigorous 
 production in the peach-house is to have 
 the roots of the trees well nourished. 
 If these are not duly supplied with mois- 
 ture and food during the time the fruit is 
 setting and swelling, a failure of the crop 
 is inevitable. To secure such a supply, 
 it is a most effectual treatment to give 
 the border a top-dressing, at the close of 
 February, of charred turf. Liquid-ma- 
 nure and water, of course, must be given 
 also, as the dryness of the soil and ap- 
 pearance of the trees indicate is necessary. 
 
 Standards. In Essex we have grown 
 the peach successfully, both as a standard 
 and as an espalier, in a garden sloping 
 to the south, and well protected from the 
 east and strong westerly winds. 
 
 PEAK. Py'rus commu'nis. 
 
 Superior Dessert kinds, arranged in the 
 order of ripening. 1, Citron des Carmes; 
 2, Jargonelle; 3, Delice d'Hardenpont ; 
 
PEA 
 
 [617] 
 
 PEA 
 
 4, Dunmore; 5, Marie Louise; 6, Louis 
 Bonne of Jersey; 7, Fondn,ute d'Au- 
 tomne; 8, Beurre d'Amalis; 9, Beurre 
 Diel ; 10, Althorpe Crassanne; 11, Winter 
 Nelis; 12, Passe Colmar-, 13, Hacon's 
 Incomparable; 14, Thompson's; 15, 
 Knight's Monarch ; 1 6, Glout Morceau ; 
 1 7, Beurre d'Aremberg ; 1 8, Easter Beurre ; 
 19, Soldat Laboureur ; 20, Josephine de 
 Malines; 21, Ne plus Meuris; 22, Beurre 
 Kance. 
 
 Kitchen Pears in the order of their 
 ripening. 1, Bezi d'Heri ; 2, Summer 
 Compote ; 3, Catillac; 4, Bellissime d'Hi- 
 rer; 5, Uvedale's St. Germain. 
 
 Useful and profitable Orchard Pears. 
 l,Beurre de Capiaumont; 2, Beurre Diel ; 
 3, Louis Bonne of Jersey, Williams's Bon 
 Chretien; 4, Jargonelle; 5, Swan's-egg; 
 6, Moorfowl's-egg. Those living north 
 and south of the centre of England must 
 inake allowance accordingly. 
 
 Of Dessert Pears, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 
 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, will succeed well, if ne- 
 cessary, as espaliers, pyramids, &c. ; that 
 is to say, they will do "very well without a 
 wall. Of course, the orchard pears may 
 be added to this section, if necessary. 
 Nos. 5, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 
 should have a wall, if possible. Nos. 11, 
 12, 17, 21, deserve a south aspect. 
 
 Propagation. Grafting is the usual 
 mode ; and for this purpose two distinct 
 kinds of stocks are used the one called 
 the free stock, or wild seedlings, the 
 other the quince. The first is the most 
 proper for the orchard pear, as this pro- 
 duces much larger trees; the latter is 
 best adapted, in general, for espaliers, 
 walls, and pyramidal trees in gardens. 
 
 Budding is done precisely as for other 
 fruits, and for the same purposes as graft- 
 ing. By this course, however, one year, 
 or nearly so, may be considered as lost, 
 in point of time. 
 
 Seed is resorted to, either to produce 
 stocks, or to raise new kinds. The seeds 
 should be washed from the pulp when 
 the fruit is fully ripe, dried and pre- 
 served as other seeds, and sown in the 
 February following. Care must be taken 
 to preserve the seed from mice whilst 
 germinating. Those who wish to expe- 
 dite the process, for the sake of gaining 
 time, with fancy seedlings, may sow and 
 rear the young plants in a moderate bot- 
 tom-warmth, sowing in January or Fe- 
 bruary, potting off the plants when up, 
 and hardening them off by the beginning 
 
 of June, when they may be planted out 
 in a warm spot. The best way to prove 
 such seedlings is to graft them on a good 
 bearing old tree, on a quince stock, if 
 possible ; they will thus fruit in half the 
 time. Our nurserymen, who rear im- 
 mense quantities for stocks, bury the 
 pears in a pit in autumn, and take them 
 up in the February following to sow, mix- 
 ing abundance of sand with the mass, to 
 separate the seeds from the pulp; the 
 whole is then sown together. 
 
 Soil. The pear delights in a sound 
 loam, rather inclining to clayey than 
 sandy. It will, however, grow freely in 
 sandy loams ; but the fruit is very apt to 
 crack, or become otherwise disfigured, 
 through their impatience of drought. 
 Any ordinary soil of a souud texture will 
 do for their culture ; and if what is termed 
 " in good heart," no manures are neces- 
 sary. For standard trees in orchards, the 
 soil should be at least two feet deep ; but 
 for espaliers, walls, pyramids, &c., half a 
 yard may suffice, if sound. A dry subsoil 
 is particularly necessary, especially for 
 garden pears. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. 
 The chief point is to keep down watery 
 spray, which is generally produced in 
 abundance. Caution must be exercised 
 in not doing this too early, or the em- 
 bryo blossom-buds may be driven into- 
 growth. Our practice is to commence 
 by disbudding; this is generally in the 
 beginning of May. All gross foreright 
 shoots are stripped away, and several of 
 the more luxuriant shoots, where too 
 thick. In a few weeks the shoots begin 
 to lengthen considerably, and their cha- 
 racter, as to fruitfulness, is in some 
 degree determinable. Very few of our 
 pears bear on wood of the previous year, 
 but a great many shoots plainly show 
 betimes that their tendencies are towards 
 fructification ; such should, by all means, 
 be encouraged. About Midsummer, a 
 selection may be made ; most of those 
 which look browner than the rest, and 
 are shorter jointed, must be reserved ; 
 and much of the paler, longer- jointed, 
 and more succulent-looking spray may 
 be cut or pinched back, leaving about 
 four inches at the base. Those reserved 
 we tie down to the older branches, some- 
 times in a reverse position indeed, just 
 as they happen to lay. In about a 
 month or so from this operation we pinch 
 the points from all growing shoots, or 
 
PEA 
 
 [ 618 ] 
 
 PEL 
 
 Sce'p- 
 
 tmm Caroli'num is a giant among them, and one 
 of the most beautiful. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 Red. July. Switz- 
 Dark red, July. 
 . Yellow. July. 
 
 nearly so. This is generally done about j PEDICULA'RIS. Lousewort. (From 
 the middle of August, and has a tendency > pedicutus, a louse ; supposed effect on 
 to cause the wood to become highly so- ! sheep eating it. Nat. ord., Fiyworts 
 lidified, and thus induces fruitMness. ; [Scrophulariaceas]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 
 After this period, the only care is to [ '2-Angiospermia. Allied to Melamphis.) 
 pinch the points Of all succulent spray j Seeds and cuttings. Loam and peat ; the^great 
 which may arise. j ~ 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. When j 
 the summer culture of the pear is pro- 
 perly attended to, but little is left for the i P. adsce'ndens (ascending). 
 winter primer. Nevertheless, there is J 
 still something to do. Some shoots will : 
 have escaped the summer dresser, and 
 many "snags" must be cut entirely o 
 Most of those which had been pinched j 
 back to three inches at Midsummer, or 
 after, must be pruned closely off. 
 stump or spur must be left, unless a 
 blank space occur; as these, by Avhat 
 used to be termed spurring back, only 
 produced their like again. These snags 
 removed, the young shoots tied or nailed 
 down must be examined, and all consi- 
 dered superfluous cut away. Those re- 
 served must be tied down on the old 
 stems, or nailed between them, and little 
 more is necessary until the growing 
 period returns. 
 
 Storing. The conditions requisite for 
 keeping pears are a rather cool room, and 
 one that is dry. It is well known, how- 
 ever, that several of our superior pears 
 require a certain amount of warmth when 
 near the period of use, to give them their 
 proper flavour. We, therefore, in advis- 
 ing a somewhat cool room, refer to one 
 of the most important objects connected 
 with the dessert-table the providing a 
 long and continuous succession. Still it 
 has been generally found, that in propor- 
 tion as any given kind has been kept past 
 its natural period, it has, in like propor- 
 tion, lost flavour, as, also, that buttery 
 texture for which a. ripe pear is so much 
 esteemed. What is the best temperature 
 Is not quite certain ; it probably differs 
 somewhat in different kinds. We should 
 say 55 to 60; not more than the latter; 
 probably, a condition of air similar to a 
 fine, mild, October day. 
 
 Diseases. (See CANKER.) They are 
 also liable to decay at the points of the 
 
 erland. 1819- 
 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1, 
 
 Switzerland 1819. 
 
 Cunade'nsis (Canadian). 
 
 N. Amer. 1780. 
 
 como'sa (tufted). 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775. 
 
 compu'cta (close~7ieaded). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1815. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827 
 
 incurna'ta (flesh-coloured), f. Pink. June. 
 
 Austria. 1/Q6. 
 
 Oe'deri (Odder). Yellow. July. NorthEurope. 
 
 1827. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1826. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 7?roAosci'd<?a(nosed).Purple.June.Siberia.l827. 
 
 ro'sea (.rosy). Rose. July. SouthEurope. 1825. 
 
 ru'bens (ruddy). Bed. May. Dahuria. 1827. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 stria 1 ta (channelled). Yellow, crimson. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1826. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). 1. Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. euphrasioi'des (eyebright-like). l. Purple. 
 Siberia. 181 6. 
 
 fla'mmea (flame), l. Yellow, scarlet. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1775. 
 foUij'sa (leafy). 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1785. 
 
 gyrofle'xa (circular). . Purple. July. Switz- 
 
 erland. 1819. 
 
 mo'llis (soft-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1850. 
 
 myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Dahuria. 1816. 
 
 recu'tita (circumcised), f . Purple. June. 
 
 1 . Purple. July. 
 
 Austria. 1787- 
 resvpina'ta (lying-back). 
 Siberia. 181 6. 
 
 rostra'ta (beaked). 4. Purple. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 sce'ptrum Caroli'num (Charles's-sceptre). 5. 
 
 Yellow. July. Sweden. 1793. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous) . 1 . Yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1799. 
 
 uncina'ta (hook-^?otfercd). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1815. 
 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. Rose, July. Austria. 
 
 1790. 
 
 PELARGO'NIUSI. Stork's-bill. (From 
 , a stork ; referring to the beak- 
 
 le formation of the ripe seed-pod. Nat. 
 ord., Cranesbills [Geraniaceafj. Linn,, 
 IQ.Monadelphia ^-Heplandria.} 
 
 Insecu.-See ACITOB, Aranozus, and ^852d? G d H <*"' <"<" 
 
 generally arises from the roots entering 
 improper subsoils. 
 
 bELANDRTA. 
 
 ITH. 
 PEAT PLANTS. 
 
 , GEEENHOUSE BIENNIALS AKD ANNUALS. 
 
 See BOG EARTH. j p> anemonifofKum (anemone-leaved), 14. Pink. 
 
 See AMERICAN PLAXTS. i July. 
 
PEL 
 
 PEL 
 
 P. Canarie'nse (Canary). l. White, red. Au- 
 gust. Canaries. 1802. 
 
 caucalifo'Uum (caucalis-lcaved). f . Pink, 
 
 July. 1812. 
 
 coriandrifo'lium (coriander-leaved). 1. White, 
 
 red. June. 1724. 
 
 huniifu'sum (trailing). . Red. June. 1801. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 senecioi'des (groundsel-like). J. White. June. 
 
 1775. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 P. alchemilloi'des (alcbemilla-like). . Pink. 
 June. 1653. 
 
 althceoi'des (marsh-mallow-like). . White. 
 
 May. 1724. 
 
 Andre'wsii (Andrews's). Blush. June. 1802. 
 
 bla'ndum (soft}. Blush. 1801. 
 
 cJuuiKBdrifo' Hum (chamsedrys-leaved). A. 
 White. Rfay. 1812. 
 
 Columbi'num (dove's-foot}. . Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 1795. 
 
 heracleifo'lhim (cow-parsnip-leaved), 4- Grey. 
 
 July. 1800. 
 
 la'cerum (torn-leaved). l. Pink. July. 1731. 
 
 lu'ridum (lurid). Straw. August. 1811. 
 
 multicau'le (many-stalked), f. Pale violet. 
 
 July. 1802. 
 
 aznothe'rcB (cenothera-like). 1. Rose. April. 1812. 
 
 ova'le (oval). l. Purple.. June. 1774. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Purple, red. 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 petroseli'num (parsley-like). Blush. July. 1802. 
 
 pulverule'ntum (powdery). 1. Grey, blood. 
 
 July. 1822. 
 
 recurvn'tum (curled-back). White. July. 1790. 
 
 sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 tabula/re (tabular) ,.Pale yellow. June. 1775. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 P. affi'ne (kindred). . Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 apiifo'lium (parsley-leaved). <}. White, red. 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 arista'fum (awned). . White, red. June. 1800. 
 
 asarifo'lium (asarum-leaved). . Dark purple. 
 
 December. 1821. 
 
 a'trum (dark brown}, . Dark brown .June. 1/93. 
 
 auricula 1 turn (e&r-leaved). . Pale red. May. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). . Flesh. July. 1790. 
 
 bubonifo'lium (bubon-leaved). . White, 
 
 purple. May. 1800. 
 
 cct'rneum (flesh-coloured). . Pink. May. 1812. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair-fringed). . Flesh. May. 1795. 
 
 conge'stum (crowded). . Lilac. June. 1821. 
 
 conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Crimson. July. 
 
 Africa. 1810. 
 
 coronillaefo'lium (coronilla-leaved). ?}. Brown , 
 
 June. 1795. 
 
 corydaliflo'rum (coryclalis-flowered). . Pale 
 
 yellow. May. 1821. 
 
 crassicnu'le (thick-stalked). |. White. July. 
 
 Africa. 1786. 
 
 depre'ssum (depressed). 5. Cream. May. 1812. 
 
 dioi'cum (dioecious). . Dark brown. June. 1795. 
 
 dipe'talum (two-petaled). J. Pale purple. 
 
 May. 1795. 
 
 echina'tum (prickly-stalked). 1. White, red. 
 
 June. 1/89. 
 - filipendulifo'lium (dropwort- leaved). . Green, 
 
 brown. July. 1812. 
 fissifo'lium (cloven-leaved). . White, red. 
 
 June. 1/95. 
 
 fia'vum (yellow. Carrot-leaved}. . Yellow, 
 
 brown. August. 1/24. 
 
 floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). A. White. 
 April. 1800. 
 
 P.folio'sumde&fy). . Yellow, red. May. 1800. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). ^. White, 
 
 red. May. 1800. 
 
 hirsu'tum (shaggy). . Pink. March. 1788. 
 
 incrassajtum (thickened). *. Pale rose/ May. 
 
 1801. 
 
 lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved*). $. Pink. May. 1800. 
 
 Leea'num (Lee's). . White. May. 1823. 
 
 linea're (n&rrow-petaled). $. Yellow. Jnne.1800. 
 
 lobu'tum (lobed. Cow - parsnip - leaved) . 1. 
 
 Yellow, brown. July. 1710. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). &. Yellor,-. May. 
 
 1812. 
 
 lo-gifo'lium (long-leaved). . Pink. May. 1312. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow), zj. Yellow. May. 1802. 
 
 melana'nthum (black-flowered). J. Dark brown. 
 
 May. 1790. 
 
 millefolia'tum (milfoil - leaved). J. Yellow, 
 
 brown. July. 
 
 multiradia'tum (many-rayed). 1. Dark brown. 
 
 May. 1820. 
 
 nervifo'lium (nerved-leaved). . Variegated. 
 
 June. 1812. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy). |. White. June. 1823. 
 
 nummularifo'lium (money wort -leaved). ^. 
 
 Yellow. June. 1801. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding), zj. Yellow. May. 17S8. 
 
 orobifo'lium (oro bus-leaved). . Blood. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). J. White. May. 1820. 
 
 oxalidifo'lium (\vood~sonel-leaved). $. Yellow. 
 
 June. 1801. 
 
 pa'ttens (pale-cowered). 5. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pelta'tum (shield-/ere^). 2. Purple. July. 1/01 . 
 variega'tum (variegated). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 1701. 
 
 pennifo'rme (wing-formed). . Yellow. May. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pi'ctum (painted). . White, red. April. 1SOO. 
 
 pilo'sum (long-haired). . Pink. June. 1801. 
 
 pulche'llum (neat). J. White. April. 1795. 
 
 puncta'tum (doited-flowered), A. Cream. May. 
 
 1794. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). . Purple. May. 1800. 
 
 radica'tum (large-rooted). . Yellow. June.1802. 
 
 ra'rf/a(raspberry-iewerf). 3. Yellow. June. 1774. 
 
 rapa'ceum (rape. Fumitory -flowered). 
 
 Purple. May. 1788. 
 
 refle'xum (bent-back-/eae^). *. White. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 reticula'tum (netted), f. Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 retu'sum (bitten). . Dark crimson. June. 1824. 
 
 revolu'tum (rolled-back). . Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). ^. Rose. April. 1792. 
 
 rumicifo'lium (dock-leaved), i. Yellow. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 schizope'talum (cut-petaled). 1. Yellow, brown. 
 
 June. 1821. 
 
 seto'sum (bristly). . Rose. May. 1821. 
 
 spathula'tum (spatula-^eowerf). %. Yellow. May. 
 
 1805. . 
 
 affi'ne (kindred). . Yellow. April. 1794. 
 
 tene'llum (slender). }. Yellow. June. 1802. 
 
 triphy'llum (three-leaved). 4. Flesh. May. 1812. 
 
 tri'ste (sad. Night-smelling). 1, Green, yellow. 
 
 July. 1632. 
 
 undula'tum (wavy-leaved}. . White. June. 
 
 1795. 
 
 undulaflo'rum (wavy-flowered). A. Black. June. 
 
 1821. 
 
 viciafn'lium (vetch-leaved), *. Pale rose. May. 
 
 1779- 
 
 violteflo'rum (violet-flowered). . White. May. 
 
 1810. 
 
 virgi'neum (virgin), zj. White, red. June. 1/95. 
 
PEL 
 
 [6203 
 
 PEL 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 P. abrotanifo'lium (southernwood-leaved). S.Red. 
 May. 1791. 
 
 acerifo'livm (maple-leaved). 3. Pale purple. 
 
 April. 1784, 
 
 aceto'sum (eorrel-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1710. 
 
 acugna'ticum (acunna). 3. Ked. June. 1818. 
 
 adult eri'num (counterfeit). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 1785. 
 
 alnifo'lium (alder-leaved). 2. Pink-veined. May. 
 
 alte'rnans (alternate. Parsley-leaved). 1. White, 
 
 purple. June. 1791. 
 
 ampli'ssimum (largest). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 a'nceps (two-edged). 4. Pink. June. 1788. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 angulo'sum (angled). 3. Purple. August. 1724. 
 
 a'rdens (burning). Red. June. 1807. 
 
 arma'tum (armed). Purple. May. 1789- 
 
 artemisieefo'lium (wormwood-leaved). White. 
 
 June. 1817. 
 
 a'sperum (rough). 3. Pink. August. 1/95. 
 
 ustragalifo'lium (astragalus-leaved). . White, 
 
 purple. July. 1788. 
 
 auslra'le (southern). . Rose. June. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1792. 
 
 balsa'meum (balsamic). 3. Pink. August. 1790. 
 
 Barringto'nii (Harrington's). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 Beavfortia'mim (Beaufort's). 3. Lilac. June. 
 
 BeUa'rdii (Bellard's). White. June. 
 
 Bentinckia'num (Bentinck's). 2. Scarlet. May. 
 
 betuli'num (birch-leaved'). 3. White, red. July. 
 
 1759. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). l. Purple, white. July. 
 
 1778. 
 
 llatta'rium (moth muleyne). 1$. Violet. July. 
 
 1720. 
 
 bulla'tum (blistered). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 cune'scens (hoary). White. July. 
 
 ca'num (hoary). !. Pale purple. August. 1820. 
 
 capita' turn (rotmd-headed. Rose-scented). 3. 
 
 Purple. June. 1690. 
 
 curduifo'lium (thistle-leaved). 3. Pale purple. 
 
 July. 1816. 
 
 carina'tum (keeled). . White, purple. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 carno'sum (flesh y-stalked). 1. Purple, white. 
 
 May. 1/24. 
 
 cfoatophy'llum (horn-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Africa. 1786. 
 
 citriodo'rum (citron-scented). 3. White. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 cochlea'titm (twisted-shell-teaveeO- 3. Purple. 
 
 May. 
 
 conduplicu'tum (double. Heart-leaved). 3. 
 
 Purple, white. May. 17/4. 
 
 consangui'neum (kindred). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 curda'tum (he&rt-leaved), S. Purple, white. 
 
 May. 1774. 
 
 coronopifo'lium (buckhorn-leaved). l. Pale 
 
 red. August. 1791. 
 
 cortuscefo'lium (cortusa- leaved). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 Atrica. 1786. 
 
 cotyle'donis (n&\el\vort-leaved). . White. 
 
 June. St. Helena. 1/65. 
 
 crena'tum (scolloped- /eaved). 2. July. 1800- 
 
 cri'spum (curl-leaved). 3. Purple. September. 
 
 1774. 
 
 a-ithmifo'lium (samphire-leaved). 1. White, 
 
 purple. May. 1/90. 
 
 cuculla'tum (hoodeA-leaved). 3. Purple. May, 
 
 1690. 
 
 grandiflo'ntm (large-flowered). 4. Pur- 
 
 pie. May. 1818. 
 
 ma'jor (greater. RoyalGeorge). 4. Purple. 
 
 May. 1812. 
 
 P. cuculla'tum striatiflo'rum (streaked flower- 
 ed). 4. Purple. May. 1810. 
 
 cuspidu'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White, red. 
 
 July. 
 
 cynosbatifo'lium (eglantine-leaved). 1$. Dark 
 
 red. June. 
 
 dasycau'lon (thick-stemmed). 1. White, purple. 
 
 September. 1/95. 
 
 deco'rum (comely). Lilac. July. 1825. 
 
 delphinifo'lium(la,rkspur-lea.ved).3. Pink. June. 
 
 denticula'tum (tooth-leaned). 3. Pink. June. 
 
 1789. 
 
 di'scipes (disk-stalked). 3. Africa. 1808. 
 
 diversifo'lium (different-leaved). 3. White, red. 
 
 July. 1794. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 2. White, purple. August. 1795. 
 
 ele'ctum (select). White. July. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 3. White, red. April. 1/95. 
 ma'jus (larger-flowered). 3. White, red. 
 
 June. 1/95. 
 
 mi'nus (&m&\\&r-fiowered). 3. White, red. 
 
 June. 1795. 
 
 erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). l. White. 
 
 April. 1794. 
 
 ^s/pM/a'iwm(unstipuled). S.Violet. July. 1779. 
 ~formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 2. White, red. 
 
 July. 1759. 
 
 Fothergi'llii (Fothergill's). 2. Scarlet. August. 
 purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 1810. 
 
 fra' grans (fragrant. Nutmeg). 2. Variegated. 
 
 July. 
 
 fu'lgidum (shining. Celandine-leaved). 1$. 
 
 Scarlet. May. 1723. 
 
 fusca'tum (clouded). 3. Purple, red. May. 1812. 
 
 gibbo'sum (swollen). l. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 1712. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green-/eat>2). 3. White, red. 
 
 July. 1/75. 
 
 glomera'tum (heaped). . White. July. 
 
 glutino'sum (sticky). 3. Pale rose. May. 1777. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White, red. 
 
 May. 1/94. 
 
 gra'tum (grateful. Citron-scented). 2. Pink. 
 
 June. 
 
 grae'otens(strong-srnelling. Rose-scented). 3. 
 
 Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated-/caved). S.Purple. 
 
 May. 
 
 grossularioi'des (gooseberry-like). 2. Pink. 
 
 June. 1/31. 
 
 /jej3ac(/b'^w j n(hepatica-leaved). Rose. July. 
 
 1/91. 
 
 Herffjann?/o'/mm(Hermannia- leaved). 3. Pink. 
 
 May. 
 
 hetero'gamum (dissimilar). 2. Pink. July. 1786. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). Rose. July. 1768. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. June. 1790- 
 
 holoseri'ceum (velvety). l. Dark purple. April. 
 
 1820. 
 
 liy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Lilac. July. 1732. 
 
 imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. Lilac, purple. 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 ina'sum (cut-leaved). 3. White, red. June. 179K 
 
 inodo'rum (scentless). . Pale purple. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1/96. Trailer. 
 
 i'nquinans (dyed-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1714. 
 
 teviga'tum (smooth. Three-leafleted). 3-White, 
 
 red. June. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-te0ed). White, pur- 
 
 pie. July. 1775. 
 
 late'ripes (side-stalked. Ivy-leaved). 2. Pale 
 
 purple. July. 1787. 
 
 . a'lbo margina'tum (white-margined) 2. 
 Pale red. August. 1787. 
 
PEL 
 
 [ 621 ] 
 
 PEL 
 
 P. late'ripes ro'seum (rose-coloured). 2. Red. 
 
 August. J787. 
 zcmu'tum (zoned), 2. Pale purple. August 
 
 1787. 
 
 later \' Hum (brick-coloured). l. Red.July.1800. 
 
 la'xum (\oose-panicled). 1. White. May. 1821. 
 
 leptope'talum (slender-petaled). 2. Red. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 litora'le (shore). Swan River. 1837. 
 
 longicau'le (long-stemmed). 1. Pale rose. June. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). Blush. July. 1/96. 
 
 mulveefo' Hum (mallow-leaved). 2. Pale red. 
 
 July. 1812. 
 
 micra'nthum (small-flowered). Scarlet. Sep- 
 
 tember. 
 
 mo'nstrum (monstrous). 2. Red. July. 1784. 
 
 myrrhifu'lium (myrrh-leaved). !. White, red. 
 
 June. 1696. 
 
 nigre'scens (dark). 4. Purple. May. 17/7. 
 
 no' t hum (spurious). 2. Pink. May. 
 
 obtusifn'iiurn (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 ndorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Pink. 
 
 July. 1724. 
 
 oxyphy'lliim (sharp-leaved). 2. White. August. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale-flowered). 3. Pink. June. 
 
 pupilionu'ceum (butterfly). 3. Pale white. June. 
 
 1/24. 
 
 patenti'ssimum (most-spreading). 3. Lilac, 
 
 white. June. 1820. 
 
 pa'tulum (spreading). 3. Pale blood. June. 1821. 
 
 pedicella'tum (/owg'-flower-stalked). 1. Green, 
 
 brown. July. 1822. 
 
 pe'ndulum (weeping). $. Red. May. Trailer. 
 
 penicilla'tum (pencilled). 3. White, red. July. 
 
 1794. 
 
 primuli'num (primrose-./?owJeraf). 1$. Violet. 
 
 July. 
 
 principi'sstE (princess's). 3. Dark pink. Au- 
 
 gust. 1820. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). l. Pink. June. 1800. 
 
 pustulo'sum (pimply). 3. White, pink. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 1774. 
 
 bipinnatPfidum (doubly - leafleted). 4. 
 
 Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 quina'tum (five-fingered). l.Pale yellow. May. 
 
 1/93. 
 
 quinquelo'bvm (five-lobed). 3. Red. July. 1820. 
 
 quinqucmi' Inerum (five-spotted). l. Dark 
 
 purple. July. 1796. 
 
 radia'tum (ray-/eaued). . Dark purple. July. 
 
 1/90. 
 
 renifo'rme (kidney-shaped). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 1791. 
 
 rubifo'lium (currant-leaved). 3. White. May. 
 
 1/98. 
 
 ri'gidum (stiff). Whitish. July. 
 
 ru'l)ens(re((-flowered). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 rubrori'nctum (red-edged). 3. Purple, white. 
 
 Mav. 17/4. 
 
 rugb'sum (wrinkly). 3. Pink, lilac. July. 1800. 
 
 saniculeefo'lium (sanicle-leaved). 3. Pale red. 
 
 July. 1806. 
 
 sca'brum(rQVi\\-wedge-leaved). 3. White, red. 
 
 June. 177. 
 
 sca'ndenn (climbing). 3. Rose. July. 1800. 
 
 scuta'tum (shield). White. August. 1701. 
 
 semitrilnha'tum (half-three-lobed). 3. Purple. 
 
 May. 1800. 
 
 soro'num (sister). 3. White, red. May. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 3. Purple. May. 1794. 
 
 spino'sum (thorny). 3. Pink. May'. 1/95. 
 
 spu'rium ispurious). 2. Violet May. 
 
 P. staphimgrioi'des (staves-acre-like). 14. Purple. 
 July. 1825. 
 
 stennpe'tulum (narrow-petaled). 1$. Scarlet. 
 
 June. 1800. 
 
 Synno'tii (Synnot's). $. Lilac. August. 1825. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 1768. 
 
 terna'tum (three-leafleted). 3. Pink. June. 1789. 
 
 tetrago'num (square-stalked). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 1774. 
 
 rariegu'tum (variegated). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 1774. 
 
 tomento'sum (downy). 3. White. June. 1/90. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). l. White, purple. 
 
 July. 1791. 
 
 tricuspidu' turn (three -pointed). 3. White, 
 
 purple. June. 1780. 
 
 triparti'tum (three-lobed-teawed). 3. Pale 
 
 yellow. June. 178Q. 
 
 unicolo'rum (one-coloured). 2. Crimson. June. 
 
 uniflo'rum (one-flowered). 3. June. 1800. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated-/ou,-ererf). 3. White, 
 
 red. June. 1812. 
 
 verbasciflo'rum (verbascum-flowered). 1^. Lilac. 
 
 July. 1811. 
 
 viscosi'ssimum (clammiest). 3. Lilac, white. 
 
 June. 1820. 
 
 vilifo'lium (vine-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1724. 
 
 Wutso'nii (Watson's). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 Wiildeno'vii (Wildenow's). 2. White -veiny. 
 
 June. 
 
 zona'le (girdle). 2. Scarlet. August. 1710. 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August. 
 
 1/10. 
 crystalll'num (crystalline). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 August. 1710. 
 mar gina' turn (Vtt7e-margined). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 August. 
 
 PELARGONIUM CULTURE. Propagation 
 by Seed is the only way to raise superior 
 varieties. The first and most important 
 of their qualities is form, the next is sub- 
 stance, the next size, and the last colour. 
 To these may he added hahit and truss. 
 Save seed only from such as possess al- 
 ready these points approaching to per- 
 fection. In alt attempts to hybridize, let 
 the one to bear the seed possess the pro- 
 perty of form. In order to obtain the 
 other properties wanting, cut off the an- 
 thers of the well-formed variety before 
 the pollen-cases shed their contents; and 
 the momentthe hybridizing is performed, 
 cover the flowers with a close-fitting cap 
 of fine muslin-net, to prevent insects 
 from carrying strange pollen to the 
 stigma dusted with pollen from such va- 
 rieties as have the desirable properties. 
 When the seed is ripe, gather it carefully, 
 and divest it of its arils, or feather-like 
 appendages, wrap it up in paper, and 
 keep it in a dry drawer, in a cool room, 
 till spring. Sow it early in March, and 
 place it in a gentle heat; a hotbed 
 that has been at work for a few weeks 
 will answer admirably. Sow in wide, 
 shallow pots, well-drained, in a light, rich 
 
PEL 
 
 [622 ] 
 
 PEL 
 
 compost, press the seed down gently, 
 and cover it about a quarter of an inch. 
 If the seed is good, it will quickly ger- 
 minate, and should then be removed 
 from the hotbed, and placed upon a shelf 
 in the greenhouse near to the glass. 
 Water very moderately, or the plants 
 will be apt to damp off. As soon as the 
 seedlings have made their second leaf, 
 pot them off singly into two-inch pots, in 
 a compost of loam and leaf-mould, in 
 equal parts, with a liberal addition of 
 river-sand, finely sifted. Replace them 
 on the shelf, and shade for a time from 
 hot sunshine. The seedlings will soon fill 
 these small pots with roots. They must 
 then be re-potted into a size larger pot, 
 and subsequently be treated in the same 
 way as such as have been propagated by 
 cuttings. Keep them close to the glass, 
 and give abundance of air on all favour- 
 able occasions. As soon as the weather 
 will permit, place them out of doors, upon 
 a bed of ashes of sufficient thickness to 
 prevent worms from entering the pots. 
 The situation should be an open one, the 
 grand object being to ripen the wood, and 
 induce a stocky or bushy habit, so as to 
 insure their flowering the following sea- 
 son. The size of pots to flower them in 
 need not be more than four and a half 
 inches. When there is a fear of autumnal 
 frosts, remove them into the greenhouse, 
 and place them on a shelf, at such a dis- 
 tance from the glass as will serve to keep 
 them dwarf and bushy. There is no need 
 to top them in the manner recommended 
 hereafter for plants raised from cuttings, 
 the object being not to make fine speci- 
 mens, but to get them to flower as quickly 
 as possible the spring following. 
 
 By Cuttings. Cuttings may be put in 
 and struck from March to August; the 
 general time, however, is when the 
 plants have done flowering, and require 
 cutting down to make bushy plants for 
 the nest season. This generally happens 
 from the end of June to the beginning of 
 August. 
 
 The best place to strike the cuttings in 
 is a well- constructed propagating-house ; 
 but, as every one has not such a conve- 
 nience, they may be very successfully 
 propagated in a frame set upon a spent 
 hotbed, first removing the soil, and re- 
 placing it upon a thick coat of coal-ashes, 
 to keep out the worms. Upon this coat 
 place another of dry sawdust, to plunge 
 the cutting-pots. This dry sawdust will 
 
 serve to absorb the moisture from the 
 earth in the pots and the necessary wa- 
 terings. The best soil is pure loam, 
 mixed with silver sand. The size of the 
 pots should neither be too large nor too 
 small five inches wide at the top is the 
 most proper. Some use small pots, and 
 only place one cutting in each. This, 
 where the cuttings are few and the con- 
 venience small, will be suitable enough. 
 It has this advantage, also, that the cut- 
 tings are, after being rooted, more con- 
 veniently repotted, without in the least 
 injuring the yeung and tender roots ; but 
 where the quantity to be increased is 
 large, the former method of putting 
 several cuttings in five-inch pots will bo 
 more convenient, and, with care, equally 
 as successful. Whichever method is 
 adopted, the pots must be well drained 
 with broken potsherds, the larger pieces 
 at the bottom, and smaller at the top. 
 Fill them to the top with the prepared 
 loam, which should be put through a ra- 
 ther coarse sieve to take out the stones, 
 roots of grain, and other extraneous 
 matter. It should not be pressed down 
 too hard, but made firm enough to hold 
 the cuttings fast. Another point is to use 
 it in a state neither wet nor dry. The 
 side-shoots which have not flowered, and 
 are not more than two inches long, make 
 the best cuttings. These should be cut 
 off close to the stem from whence they 
 spring with a sharp knife. Cut off the 
 bottom leaves close to the stem, leaving 
 only two of the uppermost. Place the 
 cuttings, after they are made, in a shady 
 situation, upon a dry board or slate, to dry 
 up the wound. This will take an hour on 
 a dry day, or two hours on a dull, cloudy 
 one. Then put them in the prepared 
 pots round the edge, inclining the leaves 
 inwards, so that they may not touch the 
 leaves of those in the contiguous pots 
 when they are placed in the frames, or 
 set upon the heated material in the pro- 
 pagating-house. When a pot is filled, 
 give it a gentle watering, and set it on 
 one side to dry up the moisture on the 
 leaves and surface of the soil. Then 
 plunge them in the frame, and shade 
 them carefully and effectually from the 
 sun, or even from the light. Reduce the 
 shade gradually, using it only during 
 bright sunshine. A little air may also be 
 given every day, by tilting up the lights 
 behind, if in a frame. The propagating- 
 house will only require air when the heat 
 
PEL 
 
 [ 623 ] 
 
 PEL 
 
 is too great, to reduce the temperature to 
 55 or 60. The cuttings must be fre- 
 quently examined, to see if roots fire 
 formed ; and as soon as they are an inch 
 long, pot them off immediately into the 
 smallest 60-pots, which are generally 
 about two inches diameter. A small ad- 
 dition of well - decomposed leaf -mould 
 may be mixed amongst the loam with ad- 
 vantage. When they are finished potting 
 off, give another gentle watering, and re- 
 place them in the frame or propagating- 
 house until fresh roots are formed ; renew 
 the shading, but disuse it as soon as it is 
 safe to do so, and then give plenty of air, 
 to prevent them being drawn up and 
 spindly. To cause them to become bushy 
 plants furnished with branches close to 
 the pot, nip off the top bud ; the lower 
 side buds will then break and push forth, 
 and these must be again stopped as soon 
 as they have made three leaves. The 
 plants will then be ready to receive a 
 second potting, and should be removed 
 into the open air. 
 
 The above remarks and directions, so 
 far as the cuttings are concerned, relate 
 only to the (as they are called) show va- 
 rieties. There is another class of pelar- 
 goniums, which are denominated fancy 
 yarieties. These are more difficult to in- 
 crease by cuttings. Place the cuttings in 
 shallow pans, one and a half inch only 
 deep, with a hole in the centre, in the 
 usual loam and sand, placing them on 
 a shelf in the propagating-house, or in 
 the frame, close to the glass, upon topsy- 
 turned pots. The cuttings are made very 
 short, with a portion of the old wood at 
 the bottom of each. Very little water is 
 given till the callosities are formed, when 
 it is given more freely, and then roots 
 make their appearance, when they are 
 immediately potted off, and the usual 
 treatment followed. 
 
 By Buds. Make a shallow pan ready 
 for them, by first putting in a portion of 
 pure loam and sand, then a covering of 
 pure sand alone, give a gentle watering 
 to settle it, and then prepare the buds. 
 Take a shoot of moderate strength, cut 
 off the leaves, but not quite close to the 
 stem, then cut off the two lowest buds, 
 leaving about a quarter of an inch of 
 wood below each bud. After that, split 
 the shoot containing the two buds down 
 the centre. If the two buds are not ex- 
 actly opposite, but one a little below the 
 other, the upper one must be shortened 
 
 below the bud to the proper length. The 
 upper cut should be very nearly close to 
 the bud. Make a sufficient number ready 
 at once to fill the pan or pot, and plant 
 them, using a short, blunt stick a degree 
 thicker than the bud -cutting. Insert 
 them so as only to leave the bud just 
 above the sand. Plant them close to, and 
 round the edge of the pan, placing the 
 cut side close against the pot, which will, 
 of course, place the bud side inwards. 
 Then fill up the holes with a little dry 
 sand, and water gently again. Place them, 
 either in a propagating-house, a shady 
 part of a stove near the glass roof, or in 
 a frame. Shade from bright sunshine in 
 whatever situation they are placed, and 
 water as required. The buds will soon 
 break and show leaves, shortly to be fol- 
 lowed by a shoot. 
 
 By Roots. Some kinds of Fancy Pelar- 
 goniums, and most of the Cape original 
 species, are difficult to increase by any of 
 the above methods. In such cases there 
 is left the mode of increase by cuttings 
 of the roots. This is almost certain of 
 success. Take an old plant, shake off 
 carefully all the soil, and cut the roots 
 into short pieces, retaining as many fibres 
 as possible to each. Put each root-cutting 
 singly into as small pots as they can be 
 got into, leaving the top just visible. 
 Place them in the house, or frame, ap- 
 propriated to propagation ; give a gentle 
 watering, and shade effectually. New 
 roots will soon push forth, and then 
 shoots will appear, generally in clusters. 
 When that takes place, reduce the shade, 
 to give colour to the leaves and strength 
 to the shoots. As these advance in 
 growth, thin them gradually, by slipping 
 one or two off at a time, till finally they 
 are reduced to one which is to form the 
 future plant. As soon as this shoot at- 
 tains the height of two or three inches, 
 nip off the top to cause side-shoots to 
 grow, and so form a neat, bushy plant. 
 
 General Culture : the House. Pelargo- 
 niums, like all other large families of 
 plants, require a house to themselves, and 
 one peculiarly adapted to produce fine 
 specimens. The span-roofed form is the 
 best, and for this satisfactory reason 
 that the plants in such a house grow on 
 all sides alike. The sides of the house 
 should be of glass, the side windows 
 should move up and down, to allow a 
 large circulation of air, and the top lights 
 should also be moveable, to let out the 
 
PEL 
 
 C 624] 
 
 PEN 
 
 tipper stratum of heated air. The plants 
 should be placed upon stages near to the 
 glass. These stages ought to be broad 
 enough to allow large specimens to stand 
 clear of each other upon them. The size 
 of the house will depend upon the means 
 of cultivation, and the number intended 
 to be grown. To exhibit collections of 
 ten or twelve in number, three or four 
 times during the season, the house should 
 be at least fifty feet long, and twenty 
 feet wide. This will allow a stage in the 
 centre ten feet wide, walks round it two 
 and a half feet wide, and a platform all 
 round two and a half feet broad. This 
 will leave the stage ten feet wide, and 
 forty feet long, which will be ample space 
 for three rows of twelve plants in each, 
 full-sized and well-grown specimens. On 
 the platforms next the frontlight smaller- 
 sized plants may be placed, to succeed 
 the others when they become unsightly 
 through the bloom being over. 
 
 The only heat wanted is just enough 
 to keep out the frost, and the best mode 
 of obtaining that heat is by hot water 
 circulating in cast-iron pipes. (See GKEEN- 
 HOUSE.) 
 
 Compost Procure from an old pasture, 
 where the grass is of a fine texture, as 
 much turf, three or four inches thick, as 
 will serve to pot the collection for one 
 year ; cast it into the compost-yard, and 
 have it immediately chopped up into 
 small pieces, and, as it is done, lay it up 
 in a long ridge, facing east and west, so 
 that the sun can shine upon each side 
 morning and evening. The ridge or bank 
 should not exceed two feet high, on a 
 base of three feet wide. The grassy sur- 
 face and green roots will soon begin to 
 ferment during the process of decompo 
 sition, and the gases arising will pene- 
 trate to every particle of soil, and mode- 
 rately enrich it, quite sufficient to grow 
 geraniums. Let it be turned over every 
 three months for a year, and then it will 
 be fit for use. Unless it be very heavy, or 
 of a close texture, it will not require any 
 addition. If too heavy, add sand to render 
 it of an open texture. 
 
 Culture of EstablishedPlants. Cutthem 
 down in July, leave them in a cold pit, 
 and in eight or ten days after being cut 
 down, and receiving moisture about the 
 tops rather than amomj the roots, the 
 pots may receive a fair watering as 
 much as will reach every good root. 
 "When the buds break, gradually give air. 
 
 When one inch in length or so, take the 
 plants to the potting-bench, shake the 
 soil from the roots, examine and prune 
 the roots a little, re-shift into similar, 
 or, what in general will answer better, 
 smaller-sized pots ; place them again in 
 the cold pit, and keep close until the fresh 
 roots are running in the new soil ; then 
 give air gradually, until at length you ex- 
 pose them entirely to the atmosphere, 
 steering clear, however, of cold rains and 
 anything like frost. Plants cut down in 
 June and July, if transferred to small 
 pots, will require to be placed in bloom- 
 ing-pots in the end of October. Those 
 cut down in the end of July, or during 
 August, will not want repotting until the 
 new year has brought lengthened sun- 
 shine ; and from these different succes- 
 sions of bloom may be expected. To 
 have it fine, cleanliness, air, light, room, 
 and a temperature seldom below 4.5, 
 must be leading considerations. Through 
 the winter, unless during sunshine, the 
 temperature should neverbe higher. After 
 a sunny day it may be from five to eight 
 degrees lower at night with impunity. In 
 the case of large plants, little stopping 
 will be required after repotting. Thin- 
 ning instead will often be necessary. 
 Hence old plants generally produce the 
 earliest bloom, as every general stopping 
 of the shoots, as well as every shift given, 
 retards the blooming period. 
 
 PELLITORY OF SPAIN. A'nthemis pyre' 
 thrum. 
 
 PELTA'RIA. (From pelte, a little buckler ; 
 referring to the shape of the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 
 Tetradynamia. Allied to Draba.) 
 
 Seeds ; division of the roots of allia'cea. Com- 
 mon soil. 
 
 P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 1. White. June. 
 Austria. 1601. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Syria. 1823, Hardy annual. 
 
 PEN-K'A. (Named after P. Pena, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Sarcocolads 
 [Penseacesej. Linn., k-Tetrandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and red-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots in 
 summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat 
 and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 P.fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). 1. June. 1822. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). Pink. June. 1824. 
 
 lateriflu'ra (side-flowering). 1. June. 1825. 
 
 murgina'ta (bordered). 1$. June. 1816. 
 
 mucrona'ta (pointed-/eooed). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 1787. 
 
 myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 2. June, 1816. 
 
PEN [ C: 
 
 P. sarcoco'lla (thick-necked). 1. June. 1825. 
 sfjuumo'su (scaly). 1. June. 1787. 
 
 PENNYROYAL. Me'ntha pnle'glum. 
 
 PENTADE'SMA. (From pente, five, and 
 desma, a bundle ; referring to the dispo- 
 sition of the stamens. Nat. ord., Gutli- 
 fers [Clusiaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 
 '2-Pulyandria. Allied to Garcinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60; 
 summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 P. butyra'cea (butter-and-t'illow-tree). 3U. No- 
 vember. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 PEXTA'PETES. (From pente, five, and 
 petalon, a petal ; five petals in the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Byttne.rinds [Byttneriacese]. 
 Linn., 16 - Monadelphia 7 - Dodecandria. 
 Allied to Dornbeya.) 
 
 Stove, scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in July- 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under'a 
 glass, in moist heat; also by seeds in a hotbed, in 
 spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Stove tem- 
 peratures. 
 P. ona'ta (egg-leai-cd). 2. New Spain. 1805. 
 
 phasni'cea (scarlet). 2. India. 1690. 
 
 PENTARA'PHIA. (From pente, five, and 
 r aphis, a needle ; alluding to the form of 
 the open calyx. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneracesej. Linn., \k-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. ) 
 
 A warm greenhouse plant. For cultivation, see 
 GE'SJNERA. 
 
 P. Cuie'r.sis (Cuban). 2. Scarlet. July. Cuba. 
 1854. 
 
 PE'NTAS. (From pente, five ; referring 
 to the number of petals and stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreens, from South Africa, with pink 
 flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, 
 in a hotbed; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 58; summer, 6() to 75. Propa- 
 gated in spring, in a hotbed, the plants so raised 
 Mill bloom freely in the greenhouse during the 
 summer. 
 
 P. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). l. May. 1842. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. May. 
 
 PENTLA'NDIA. (Named after J. P. Pent- 
 land, Esq., consul-general in Peru. Nat. 
 ord., AmaryUtds [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 
 Ci-Hexandna 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy Peruvian bulbs; offsets; sandy 
 ]o:im, peat, and leaf-mould ; require protection, or 
 jilting out of the ground in winter. 
 P. minia'ta (red-lead-coloured). 1. Red. Sep- 
 tember. 1836. 
 
 lucuno'sa (pitted). 1. Red. September. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Suliva'nica (Sulivan's). 1. Orange. March. 
 
 1839- 
 
 PENTSTE'MON. (From pente, five, and 
 stemon. a stamen ; four fertile and one 
 40 
 
 5 J PEN 
 
 abortive stamen. Nat. ord., Figicorts 
 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., \-Didyna- 
 mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Chelo'ne.) 
 Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants 
 will bloom in the flower-garden the same summer ; 
 division of the plant in spring, as growth com- 
 mences ; cuttings of the young shoots any time 
 in spring, summer, Or autumn, under a har.d- 
 lisiht, in snndy soil ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 Gentianoi'des and its varieties, cocci'nea and a'lbn, 
 require a little protection in winter, when north 
 of London ; a few fir-boughs and some moss 
 among the plants will generally be sufficient ; but, 
 to make sure, a few cuttings should be kept over 
 the winter in a cold pit. 
 
 HALF HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). l. Diuk 
 
 purple. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 azu'reum (blue -flowered). . Blue. June. 
 
 Mcxiro. 1848. 
 
 bacchnrifd tiiis (baccharis-leaved). l. Crimson. 
 
 August. Texas. 1851. 
 
 campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 1A. Lilac, 
 
 purple. June. Mexico. 1794. 
 
 Coboe'a (Cobcen-flowered). 2. Pale purple. 
 
 Texas. J835. 
 
 Gentianui'des (Gentian-like). 4. Purplish-blue. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 Harlwe'gii (Hartweg's). 2j. Double purple. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 dia'phanum (transparent). 2^. Rose. 
 
 Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 Ku'nthii (Kunth's). l. Purple. Mexico. H-25. 
 
 rninia'tus (vermilion). 1. Vermilion, rose. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 pulcht'llum (pretty). l. Lilac. June. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 rn'seum (rosy). l. Rose. Mexico. I??.T. 
 
 Wri'ghtii (Mr. Wright's). 2. Ko&e. June, 
 
 Texas. 1850. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. acumina'tum (pointed-team^). Purple, July. 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 a'lbidvm (whitish). g. White. July. Missouri. 
 
 1823. 
 
 angustifit'lium (narrow - leaved). 1^. Lilac, 
 
 purple. August. Louisiana. 1811. 
 
 argu'tum (neat). 3. Blue. Columbia. 1825. 
 
 attenua'tniu (wasted). Cream. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 breviflit'rum (short-flowered). 2. White, pink. 
 
 September. California. 
 
 confe'rtum (crowded-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 craasi/o'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 "N. Amer. 
 
 deu'stum \ blasted). 1. Cream. N. Amer. 182". 
 
 diffu'sum (spreading). 1^. Purple. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 digita'/is (foxglove-like). !, White. August. 
 
 Ai Kansas. 1824. 
 
 eriantht-'rum (woolly -anthered). ^. Purple. 
 
 Anuust. Louisiana. 181 1. 
 
 glabc'rrhaum (smoothest). 2. Blue. Columbia, 
 
 1835. 
 
 gla'bmm (smooth), li. Dark purple. August- 
 
 Lc.uisiana.* 18J1. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. Pale blue. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1827. 
 
 glau'cwn (milky- green). 1. Pale lilac. July. 
 
 N.Am<'7. ls'2/. 
 
 Gordo'ni (Gordon's). 1-i. Sky blue. June. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. " 1845. 
 
 2 s 
 
PEP 
 
 [ 626 ] 
 
 PER 
 
 .P. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue, August. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 grandifio'rum (large-flowered). Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). l. Red. July. 
 
 California. 1834. 
 
 hirsu'tum (narrow- leaved- hairy). 1. Bale 
 purple. August. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 Iceviga'tum (smooth). 2. Lilac. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1776. 
 
 - Machaya'num (Sir W. Mackay's). 1. Purple, 
 yellow. August. Ohio. 1834. 
 
 Murraya'num (Murray's. Scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 August. St. Felipe. 1835. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-leaved). 4. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 pro'cerum (tall). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer.1827. 
 
 pruino'sum (frosted). 1. Blue. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 ~pube'scens (broad-leaved- downy). l. Pale 
 
 purple. August. N.Amer. 1758. 
 ^Hichardso'nii (Richardson's). l. Dark purple. 
 
 July. Columbia. 1825. 
 
 Scott7m(Scouler'B). 3. Purple. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 - specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 - $taticcefo'lium(&t&t\ce-lea.ved). l. Lilac. June. 
 
 California. 1833. 
 *- triphy'llum (three-leaved). l. Pale red. July. 
 
 California. 1827. 
 
 venu'stum (graceful). 2. Purple. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 PEPPER. Pi'per. 
 
 PEPPERMINT. Me'ntha piperi'ta. 
 
 PEPPER VINE. Ampelo'psis bipinna'ta. 
 
 PEPPERWORT. Lepi'dium. 
 
 PEEENNIAL. A plant of any kind that 
 lives for more than two years. 
 
 PERE'SKIA. Barbadoes Gooseberry. 
 (Named after Piercsk, a French patron of 
 "botany. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Cactus.) 
 
 Stove succulents. Cuttings in sandy loam, in 
 leat, at almost any time; sandy loam, lime- 
 lubbish, and a little peat and old cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. aculea'ta (prickly). 5. White. October. W. 
 Ind. 1696. 
 
 Ble'o (Bleo). 5. Pale red. November. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Mexico. 1838, 
 
 grawd//?oVa(large-flowered).Red. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 grandispi'na (large-spined). Mexico. 1818. 
 
 longispi'na (long-spined). 4. S. Amer. 1808. 
 -Petita'che (Petitache). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 portulaceefo' lia (portulaca-leaved). 3. Purple. 
 W. Ind, 1820. 
 
 PEEGULA'RIA. (From pergula, trellis - 
 work ; referring to its quick climbing 
 growth. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- 
 dacese]. Linn., S-Pentanrfria 2-Digynia. 
 Allied to Stephanotis.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat; fibry loam, sandy peat, leaf-mould, and dry 
 cow-dung. Winter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 
 P. mi'nor (smaller). 8. Yellow, green. June. E. 
 Ind. 1790. 
 
 odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 15. Green. 
 
 June. E. Ind. 1/84. 
 
 sanguinole'nta (bloody). 6. Green, yellow, 
 
 July. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 PEEILO'MIA. (Erom peri, around, and 
 loma, a margin; referring to the mem- 
 branous border of the fruit. Nat. ord.,i- 
 biates [Lamiacese]. Linn., \-Didynamla 
 2-Angiuspermia. Allied to Scutellaria.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy 
 peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 P. oc^moi'des (basil-like). 3. Purple. August. Peru. 
 1829. 
 
 PEEI'PLOCA. (Erom periploke, an inter- 
 twining; referring to the habit of the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada- 
 cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.} 
 
 Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers and cuttings 
 under a glass, during summer and autumn. Any 
 good soil will do. Grce'ca will soon cover an ar- 
 bour or wall. The tender species are not worth 
 culture. 
 
 P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Purplish. 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 Gron'ca (Grecian). 10. Brown. July. Syria. 1597. 
 
 PERISTE'RIA. Dove Flower. (From 
 peristera, a dove ; dove-like appearance of 
 the column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- 
 dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monan- 
 dria. Allied to Acineta.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division, or separating the 
 pseudo-bulbs, as growth commences. See OB- 
 CHIOS. 
 
 P. Ba'rkeri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. June. Mesico. 
 1837. 
 
 ceri'na (waxen). 1. Yellow. June. Spanish 
 
 Main. 1835. 
 
 ela'ta (lofty. Dove-plant). 4. White. July. 
 
 Panama. 1826. 
 
 expa'nsa (broad). White. July. Panama. 1839. 
 fu'lva (tawny). 2. Tawny-brown spots. June. 
 
 Venezuela. 1842. 
 
 gutta'ta (spotted). . Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1837. 
 
 Humbo'ldti (Baron Humboldt's). 2. Red. 
 
 March. Peru. 1841. 
 
 lentigino'sa (speckled). Yellow. May. Guiana. 
 
 1837. 
 
 pe'ndula (weeping). 1. White-spotted. Sep- 
 
 tember. Panama. 
 
 Stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Yellow, brown. 
 
 May. Spanish Main. 1839. 
 
 PERfioiviA. See CLEO'ME. 
 
 PERIWINKLE. Vi'nca. 
 
 PERNE'TTYA. (Named after Don Per- 
 netty, author of " A Voyage to the Falk- 
 land Islands." Nat. ord., Heathworts 
 [Ericaceae], Linn., W-Decandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Gaultheria.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Seeds 
 and layers in spring; peat border; requires si- 
 milar treatment to the tenderer Azaleas and Rho- 
 dodendrons. 
 
PEE 
 
 [ 627 
 
 PET 
 
 P, angttstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Val- 
 divia. 1834. 
 
 Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). May. Mexico. 
 
 mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 6. May. Ma- 
 
 gellan. 1828. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 4. June. Magellan. 1825. 
 
 pilo'sa (downy). April. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 prostra'ta (prostrate). May. 
 
 PE'ESEA. Avocado or Alligator Pear. 
 (Name of a tree from Theophrastus. 
 Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracesej. Linn., 
 Q-Enneandria \-Monogynia.~) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Layers of ripened shoots 
 in autumn ; cuttings of firm shoots in May, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 P. grati'ssima (most grateful). 40. Green. W. 
 Ind. 1739. 
 
 PERSIAN SUN'S EYE. Tu'lipao'citlusso'lis. 
 
 PE'RSICA. Peach. (From Persia, its 
 supposed native place. Nat. ord., Almond- 
 worts [Amygdalaceas]. Linn., L2-Icosan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Should be united to Amygdalus. See NECTA- 
 SINE and PEACH. All bloom in April. 
 P. la'vis (smooth. Nectarine"). 15. Red. Persia. 
 1562. 
 
 vulga'ris (common. Peach}. 15. Red. Persia. 
 
 1562. 
 
 a'lba (white). 14. White. Persia. 
 
 compre'ssa (fiat-fruited), 15. Red. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. Red. 
 
 Persia. 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. 
 
 Persia. 
 /mWop*e'm>(double-fruited). 15. Red. 
 
 China. 1845. 
 
 Hispa'nica (Spanish). White. Spain. 1847- 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). White. 1842. 
 
 sangui'nea ple'na (double -red). 15. Red, 
 
 China. 1845. 
 
 PERU BALSAM- TKEE. Myrospe'rrmtm. 
 
 PERUVIAN BARK. Cincho'na. 
 
 PERUVIAN DAFFODIL. Isme'ne. 
 
 PERUVIAN MASTIC. Schi'nus. 
 
 PESOME'RIA. (From pipto-pesi, to fall, 
 and meros, a part ; the sepals fall off soon 
 after expansion. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Mo- 
 nandria. Allied to Bletia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division in spring ; sandy, fibry 
 peat, and a little fibry loam, well-drained, in pots ; 
 or in baskets, surrounded by the above, with an 
 addition of sphagnum moss. See ORCHIDS. 
 P. tetrago'na (four-cornered-stem). 2. Brown. 
 December. Mauritius. 1837. 
 
 PETALA'CTE. (From petalon, a petal, 
 ind acte, a ray. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superjlua. Allied to Antennaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of young side - shoots, 
 getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in May; sandy loam and fibry peat, with 
 pieces of charcoal, and well-drained pots. Winter 
 temp., 33 to 48. 
 
 P. bi'color (two-colonred). Purple, white, May. 
 
 1816. 
 
 corona 1 ta (crowned). White. May. 1816. 
 PERSOO'NIA. (Named after C. H. Per- 
 
 soon, a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetran- 
 dria l-]\onogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New South 
 Wales, yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in spring, and kept in a tem- 
 perate pit until roots are formed ; fibry loam and 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45; summer, 
 60 ; a little shaded. 
 P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1840. 
 
 chamce'pitys (ground-pine). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Fellow, red. June. 1823. 
 
 flexifo'lia (bent-leaved). 2. June. 1824. 
 
 Frase'ri (Fraser's). 
 
 heterophy'tla (various-leaved). Swan River. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. 1800. 
 
 juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. June. 1826. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-Jeaoed). 4. June. 1791. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. June. 1795. 
 
 lineu'ris (narrow- beared). 5. July. 1794. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). June. 1824. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 3. July. 1826. 
 
 myrtillai'df.s (myrtill us-like). White. 1837. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). . 1824. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). Orange. July. 1824. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 4. June. 1822. 
 
 pruino'sa (frosty). 3. June. 1824. 
 
 salici'na (willow-Jeaved). 7- Pink. July. 1795. 
 
 sca'ttra (scurfy). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 spai&Mta'ta (gpatulate-teaued). June. 1824. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). June. 1822. 
 
 PERYME'NIUM. (Meaning not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.') 
 
 Cuttings, taken from the points of shoots, or 
 the firm side-shoots ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 
 P. Barclay a' num (Barclay's), Copper. July. 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 
 PETALI'DIUM. (From petalon, a petal ; 
 referring to the conspicuous flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Kuellia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots in 
 April or May, in sandy loam, in a hotbed ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp,, 48 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like), 4, White, June. 
 
 India. 
 
 PETALOSTE'MON. (From petalon, a 
 petal, and stemon, a stamen ; stamens 
 joined to the bottom of the petals. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 16-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria. Allied to 
 Psoralia.) % 
 
 Hardy North American herbaceous perennials. 
 Division in spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat 
 or leaf-mould. 
 P. ca'ndidum (white). 1. White. July. 1811. 
 
 cn'rneum (flesh-coloured). . Flesh. July. 1811. 
 
 corymoo'sum (corymbed). 1$, White, August, 
 
 1811. 
 
PET 
 
 [ 628 ] 
 
 PHA 
 
 P. villo'sum (shaggy). Red. July. 1826. 
 
 viola 1 ceum (violet). 1. Violet. August. 1811. 
 PETIVE'KIA. (Named after J. Pet'iver, 
 
 an English naturalist. Nat. ord., Pctive- 
 riads [Petiveriacese]. ~Lmn.,7-Hepta>idria 
 i -Monoqyma . ) 
 
 Stove evergreen, West Indian, white-flowered 
 shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 43 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 2. June. 1/5Q. 
 
 octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. June. 1737. 
 PETRJE'A. (Named after Lord Petrc. 
 
 Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 
 I4:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Duranta.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of short, firm 
 side-shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat; rich, sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 60; summer, 60 to 90. 
 P. cre'cta (erect). 10. Blue. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkly). 10. Blue. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 Stupe'lia (Stupeliz-flowered) . 20. Lilac. June. 
 
 S. Amer. Twiner. 
 
 volu'bilis (twisting). 20. Purple. July. Vera 
 
 Cruz. 1733. Twiner. 
 
 PETROCA'LLIS. (From petros, a rock, 
 and kaloK, beautiful; pretty rock- plant. 
 Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 
 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Draba.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in spring, 
 cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, in summer; 
 sandy loam ; protect with an evergreen branch in 
 severe weather. 
 
 P. Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). . Pink. May. Pyre- 
 nees. 1759. 
 
 PETRO'PHILA. (From petros, a rock, or 
 stone, and phileo, to love ; referring to 
 their natural habitation. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 tcads [Proteaceae]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 
 I-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen, white - flowered, New 
 Holland shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in spring, 
 under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ; 
 fibry, rather tenacious loam, and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 
 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 5. July. 1820. 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 5. June. 1824. 
 
 glanduli'gera (gland-bearing). 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 
 
 juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). 
 
 peduncula a(/ow#-flower-stalked) 4. July. 1 824 . 
 
 pulche!lla(T\z*.i). 5. July. I/go. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 5. June. 1823. 
 
 teretifo'lia (round-leaved). 4. July. 1824. 
 
 tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. July. 1820. 
 
 PETTY- WHIN. Geni'sta A'nglica. 
 
 PETU'NGA. (Its Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Ginchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandna 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 P. Roxlurghta'na (Dr. Roxburgh's). 3. White. 
 May. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 PETU'NIA. (Frompeftw, Brazilian name 
 
 for tobacco, to which Petunia is allied. 
 Nat. ord., Nig hi shades [Solanacese]. Linn., 
 o-Pentandria 1 Monoyynia.} 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown 
 in a hotbed, in March ; seedlings pricked out, and 
 finally transplanted into the borders in May ; cut- 
 tings of the points of shoots, or small side-shoots, 
 in spring, in heat, and in summer and autumn 
 without heat, except being covered with glass ; 
 scarcely any of them will stand frost. It is best 
 to keep the plants in a cold, dry pit during the 
 winter; for growing, light, rich, sandy loam. 
 Temp., not below 38 in winter. 
 P. acumina'ta (pointed-teamf). 2. White. Julj. 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Buenos Ayres. 1832. 
 
 nyctaginiflo'ra (marvel-of-Peru-flowered). 4. 
 
 White. August. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 pliceni'cea (purple-flowered'). 2. Crimson, 
 
 purple. June. Buenos Ayres. 1831. 
 
 viola' cea (.violet-coloured). Rose, purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Buenos Ayres. 1831. 
 
 PEU'MUS. Same as Salpia'nthvs fra'- 
 grans. 
 
 PEYKOU'SIA, properly Ovieda. (Named 
 after La Peyroiise, the French navigator. 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3- 
 Trlandria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, 
 and blue-flowered, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. For culture, see IXIA. 
 P. aculeu'ta (prickly). $. Blue, yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 a'nceps (two-edged). . September. 1824. 
 
 corymho'sa (corvmbed). . May. 1791. 
 
 Fubri'cii (Fabricius's). . May. 1825. 
 
 fulcu'ta (sickle-leaved), i. May. 1825. 
 
 faxcicula'ta (fascicled), f May. 1825. 
 
 fissifo'lia (cleft-leaved). ^. Violet. August. 1809. 
 
 silenoi'des (catchfly-like). 4. Violet. June. 1822. 
 PIIA'CA. (Name of a plant mentioned 
 
 by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Yi -Diadelphia 
 i-Decandna. Allied to Astragalus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in a 
 little heat, in April, and seedlings planted out, 
 will bloom the same season ; many will do so if 
 sown in good places in the open air ; division of 
 the roots in spring; cuttings under a hand-light, 
 in summer; sandy loam. Cane'scens requires 
 protection from frost in winter. 
 P. alpi'na (alpine). 2. Pale yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 1759. 
 Duiiu'rica (Dahurian). Pale yellow. Da- 
 
 huria. 1820. 
 
 arenu'rin (sand). . Cream. July. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 astragu'lina (astragalus-like). 1. White, blue. 
 
 July. Scotland. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). . Pale purple. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1/79. 
 
 Bce'tica (Bsetic). 4. White. May. Spain. 1 640. 
 
 Cane'scens (hoary). 1, Pale rose. July. Val- 
 
 paraiso. 1831. 
 
 densifo'lia (crowded-leaved). 1. Red. July. 
 
 California. 1822. 
 
 exalta'ta (tall). 1. Yellow. July. Altai. 1828. 
 fri'gidu (cold). 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1705. 
 
PHA 
 
 [ 629 ] 
 
 PHA 
 
 P.gla'bra (smooth). 1. White. July.France. 1818. 
 
 Lappo'nica (Lapland). ^. Purple. July. 
 
 North Europe. 1816. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 oroboi'des (orobus-like). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Norway. 1820. 
 
 tr languid' ris (three-cornered). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1824. 
 
 PHACE 'LIA. (From phakelos, a bundle ; 
 the disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Kydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Eutoca.) 
 
 . Annuals, by seeds ; perennials, by seed and 
 division in April ; sandy, common garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. conge'sta (cro\\ded-rucemcd). l. Purple, 
 blue. June. Texas. 1835. 
 
 fimbriu'ta (fringed). Lilac, white. N. Arner. 
 
 tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 California. 1832. 
 
 vinifo'lia (vine-leaved). l. Light blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. Texas. 1834. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. A 1 Idea (Aldea). l. Pink. June. Peru. 1824. 
 
 lipinnati'fidu, (doubly-leafleted). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 cirdna'ta (rounded). l. Pink. June. Ma- 
 
 gellan. 1817. 
 
 PH^EDRANA'SSA. (From phaidros, gay, 
 aad anassa, queen. Nat. ord., Amo.ryllids 
 [Amaryllidacese], Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 I-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.) 
 
 Peruvian bulbs, requiring the protection of a 
 greenhouse, and succeed best in a strong-, yellow 
 loam, like Coburgia ; they rest in winter, or may 
 be made to rest in summer. For culture, see 
 COBU'KGIA. 
 
 P, chlora'cra (greenish-yellow). 1. Crimson, 
 green. December. 1844. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt). December. 1844. 
 PILENO'COMA. (From phainos, bloody, 
 
 and home, hair; colour of involucrurn. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to 
 Helichrysum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 young side-shoots, getting firm at the base, in 
 sand, over peat, in pots three-parts filled with 
 drainage, under a bell-glass, and kept near the 
 glass of a house or pit in summer ; sandy peat 
 and a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P. proli'fera (proliferous). 4. Crimson. Sep- 
 tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1789. 
 
 PHA'IUS. (From phaios, shining ; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Bletia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the pseudo-bulb- 
 lUce shoots, as growth commences, in spring; 
 grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 P. a'lbus (white). 2. White. July. Sylhet. 1836. 
 
 angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). Green. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1821. 
 
 bi'color '(two-coloured). 2. Maroon, white. 
 
 July. Ceylon. 
 
 callo'sus (thick- lipped}. Reddish-brown. 
 
 March. Java, 1848. 
 
 P. flu'mis (yellow). Yellow. India. 1837. 
 
 grandifo'lius (large-leaved). White, brown. 
 
 April. China. 1773. 
 
 interme'dius (intermediate). India. 1839. 
 
 macula' tus (spotted-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2. Orange, yel- 
 
 low. April. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 PHAL^NO'PSIS. Butterfly-Plant. (From 
 phalaina, a moth, and opsis, like ; the 
 appearance of these handsome flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria l~jonandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets or on blocks. 
 Pieces of offset shoots, kept dry at the base, for a. 
 clay or two, before setting them growing. See 
 OKCHIDS. 
 P. ama' bills (lovely). 13. White, pink. June. 
 
 Manilla. 1836. 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). White. Year. 
 
 Manilla. 1842. 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). White. 
 
 Year. Manilla. 183". 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, pink. 
 
 September. Java. 1847. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). l. Deep vermilion. Manilla. 1848. 
 
 PHA'LARIS. Canary Grass. (From 
 phalaros, shining; referring to the shining 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminaceoe]. 
 Linn., 3-Triandria 2-Digynia.} 
 
 P. Canarie'nsis produces the Canary-seeds of 
 commerce. Seeds ; common soil. 
 P. appendicula'ta (appendaged). 1. June. Egypt. 
 1820. 
 
 Canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. July. Britain. 
 
 commuta'ta (changed). 1. June. Italy. 1823. 
 
 PHALEROCA'KPUS. This hardy ever- 
 green creeper should have been added 
 toGaultheria. 
 
 P. serpyllifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). White. 
 April. N. Amer. 1815. 
 
 PHALOCA'LLIS. (From phaios, a cone, 
 hallos, beautiful ; beautifully cone-crested. 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacere]. Linn., 3- 
 Triandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Pby- 
 cella.) 
 
 Half-hardy Mexican bulb. The flower lasts 
 only a few hours in the morning. Seeds and off- 
 sets in spring ; requires a little protection from, 
 wet and cold in winter ; sandy loam and a little 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 P. plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1$. Lead-coloured. 
 July. Mexico. 183". 
 
 PHARBI'TIS. (From pharbe, colour; 
 deep and varied colours of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese], 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Ipomsea).* 
 
 For culture, see IPOM.S/A. 
 
 HARDY TWINING ANNUALS. 
 P. barba'ta (bearded). September. Virginia. I79? 
 
 barbi'gern (beard-bearing). Blue. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 hederu'cea (ivy-leaved). Blue. August. N. 
 
 Amer, 1729. 
 
PHA 
 
 [ 630] 
 
 PHI 
 
 GREENHOUSE TWINING ANNUALS. 
 P. cuspidu'ta (sharp-pointed). Purple. July. 
 Peru. 1/32. 
 
 Dille'nii (Dillenius's). Blue. June. Ethiopia. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 5. Blue. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 nW (nil). Blue. August. America. 1597- 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). Purple, violet. August, 
 
 India. 
 
 STOVE TWINING ANNUALS. 
 P. hi'spida (bristly). White, purple. August. 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 sca'bra (scurfy). White. September. 1823. 
 
 EVEBGEEEN TWINEKS. 
 
 P. catha'rtica (purgative). Blue, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Mexico. 1848. Stove. 
 
 carule'scens (blue). Pale blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Hardy. 
 
 Lea'rii (Lear's). Blue. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1835; Stove deciduous. 
 
 ostri'na (purple). 20. Purple^ July. Cuba. 
 
 1840. Stove. 
 
 tyrianthi'na (purple). Purple. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. Stove deciduous. 
 
 va'ria (variable). Blue, violet. September. 
 
 1816. Stove. 
 
 PHASE'OLUS. Kidney Bean. (From pha- 
 selus, a little boat ; fancied resemblance of 
 the pods. Nat. or A., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese] . Linn. 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria.} 
 For culture of annuals, see KIDNKY BEANS; 
 perennials, by division and cuttings, and usual 
 greenhouse or stove culture. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINEES. 
 P. Caraca'lla (Caracalla). l. Lilac. August. 
 
 India. 1690. 
 
 loba'tus (lobed-Zeawed). 6. Yellow. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1843. Evergreen. 
 
 specio'sMs(showy). 6. Scarlet. July. Orinoco.1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINEE. 
 P, sylve'stris(vtood). 6.Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINEES. 
 P. multlflo'rus (many-flowered). 12. Scarlet. July. 
 S. Amer. 1633. 
 
 ~ albiflo'rus (white-flowering). 12. White. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1633. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). 3. Dark purple. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1824. 
 
 w- vulga'ris (common). 1. White. July. India. 1597. 
 fascia'tm (banded-seeded). White. July. 
 
 India. 1597. 
 variega'tus (variegated-seeded). White. 
 
 July. India. 1597. 
 
 TWINING ANNUALS. 
 P. aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). 2. Pink. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 amce'nus (pleasing). 4. Red. July. Society 
 
 Islands. 1820. 
 
 chrysa'nthos (golden - flowered). 3 Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 speVrotts (angled-seeded). 4. Pale violet, 
 white. July. 
 
 heterophy'llus (variable-leaved). 4. Red. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 lathyroi'des (lathyrus-like). 2. -Scarlet. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1736. 
 
 microspe'rmus (small-seeded). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 June. Cuba. 1825. 
 
 se'mi-ere'ctus (half-erect). 2. Red. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1781. 
 
 toro'sus (uneven). 4. Violet. July. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 oiola'ceus (violet). 3. Violet. July. Africa. 1800. 
 
 , Red. July. S.Amer. 1818. 
 
 PHEASANT'S EYE ADONIS. Ado'nis au- 
 tumn a' Us. 
 
 PHEBA'LIUM. (From phibalc, a myrtle ; 
 the appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., 
 Rueworts [Kutacese]. Linn., I0-Decandria 
 \.-Monogynia. Allied to Crowea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, New 
 Holland shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, 
 or short, stumpy side-shoots, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in May ; sandy peat, with a third portion of 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 P. au'reum (golden). 6. May. 1823. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 10. May. 1825. 
 
 lachnoi'des (lachnsea-like). 3. May. 1824. 
 
 linea're (narrow-feared). 3. June. 1825. 
 
 salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 3. June. 18i5. 
 
 squamulo'sum (sealy). 2. May. 4824. 
 
 PH-TLADE'LPHUS, Syringa, or Mocjc 
 Orange. (Athenian name for a shrub. 
 Nat. ord., Syringas [Philadelphaceaej. 
 Linn., \1-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Deutzia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. Lay- 
 ers and suckers, and dividing the plant in spring ; 
 common soil; deep loam is best. Many of the 
 species would present a beautiful appearance if 
 grown as single dwarf specimen trees, with a 
 clean stem. 
 P. corona'rius (garland). 8. May. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). 8. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 8. 
 
 May. South Europe. 
 nu'nus (dwarf). 2. May. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 8. May. 
 
 floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 6. June. N. 
 Amer. 
 
 Gordoniu'nus (Gordon's). 10. July. N. Amer. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 6. June. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1811. 
 
 Mrsu'tus (hairy). 3. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 inodo'rus (scentless). 4. June. Carolina. 1738. 
 
 latifn'lius (broad-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 la'xus (loose-growing). 4. June. N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 6. June. N.Amer. 1739. 
 
 Mexicu'nus (Mexican). 2. June. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). 10. June. N.Amer. 
 
 tomento'sus (downy). 3. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. Himalaya. 
 
 vemtco'sus (warted). 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). 3. June. N. Amer. 
 
 PHILE'SIA. (From philesios, lovely. Nat. 
 ord., Sarsaparillas [Smilacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to La- 
 pageria.) 
 
 This evergreen is probably hardy. Prune after 
 it has bloomed early in the summer. Propagated 
 by cuttings. Peat and loam in equal proportions ; 
 requires to be kept moist, 
 
 P. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Pink. June. Val- 
 divia. 1853. 
 
 PHILIBE'ETIA. (Named of J. C. Phili- 
 bert, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Ascle- 
 piads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 2-J)igynia. Allied to Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove, yellowish - white flowered, evergreen 
 
PHI 
 
 [ 631 3 
 
 PHL 
 
 twiners, from Buenos Ayres. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and 
 kept in a cold pit until struck; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40 to 
 45 ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 P. gra'cilis (slender) . 6. June. 18.36. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). June. 1836. 
 
 PHILLY'BEA. (From phyllon, a leaf; li- 
 terally, a leafy plant, the flowers being 
 inconspicuous. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Ole- 
 aceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is the 
 best adapted for growing as dwarf standards. All 
 white-flowered, and natives of South of Europe. 
 Layers in autumn ; euttiags udeF a hand-lighjt ; 
 seeds, after being mixed with sil in the rot-heap ; j 
 good, common garden-soil. 
 P. angvstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. May. 1597- 
 
 ^tiraekta'ta (forked). 8. May. 15f7- 
 
 romarimyb'ft(rosemary-leaved). S.May. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Its'vis (smooth-leaved). 15. May. 159". 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/emT). 8. June. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. May. 1597. 
 ~ ligustrifo'lia (privet-leaved). 15. May. 1593. 
 
 me'dia (mediate). 15. May. 1597- 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 15. May. 1/97- 
 
 obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 15. May. 1597- 
 
 oleafo'lia (olive-leaved). 15. May. 1597. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 15. May. 1597- 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). June. 1597. 
 
 PHILODE'NDRON. (From philco, to Iove 5 
 and dendron, a tree ; referring to habit of 
 the plants growing on trees. Nat. ord., 
 Arads [Aracece]. Linn., 2l-Monoetia 3- 
 Triandria. Allied to Galaclium.) 
 
 Stove rambling -ever green s. Division of the 
 roots ; cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; rich, sandy 
 loam and fibry pieces of peat. Winter temp., 
 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. arbore'scens (tree-like). June. W. Ind. 1/5Q. 
 
 crassine'rvium( thick- ribbed). 20. Green, white. 
 
 December. Brazil. 1835. 
 fragranti'ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red, 
 
 white. March. Demerara. 1834. 
 grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. White. March. 
 
 Caraccas. 1803. 
 
 tripa'rtitum (three-parted). White. Caraccas. 
 
 1816. 
 
 PHTLOTHE'CA. (From philos, smooth, 
 and theke, a sheath ; smooth tube of sta- 
 mens. Nat. ord., Rueworls [Rutacese]. 
 Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Crowea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short 
 young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, 
 undr a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame in 
 May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. 
 
 P. austra'lis (southern). 2. Pale red. April. N. S. 
 Wales. 1822. 
 
 PHI'LYDRUM. (From phileo, to love, 
 and hydor, water. Nat. ord., Waterworts 
 [Philydracese]. Linn., 1-Monandria I- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in spring, in a warm 
 
 place, and moved to a colder when up ; sandy 
 loam and peat ; does best in the greenhouse. 
 P. lanugino'sum (woolly). 3. Yellow. June. China. 
 1801. 
 
 PHLEBO'DIUJM. (From phlebs, a vein. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn., 
 2-Cryptogamia I-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. See FERNS. 
 P. areola'tum (areolate). 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 3. Yellow. March. W. Ind. 
 
 1/42. 
 
 decuma'num (tall). 5-Yellow. May. Brazil.1818. 
 
 elonga'tum (lengthened). Brown. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1843. 
 
 lycopodioi'dcs (club-moss-like). $. Brown, 
 
 yellow. March. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). Brown, yellow. May. Hon- 
 
 duras. 1844. 
 
 percufssum (struck). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Braail. 1841. 
 
 pulvina'tum (cushioned). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 sporodoca'rpum (spore-fruited). 3. Brown,, 
 
 yellow. May. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 squamulo'sum (scaly). Brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 PHLOGACA'NTHUS. (From phlox, a flame, 
 and akanthus, the type of this Nat. 
 ord. of Acanthads [Acanthacese], the 
 flowers being flame-coloured. Linn., 2- 
 Diandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see Jus- 
 TI'CIA. 
 
 P. curviflo'rus (curved-flowered). 6. Red, yellow. 
 June. Sylhet. 1839. 
 
 gutta'tus (spotted). l. Yellow-spotted. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 thyrsiflo'rus (thyrse-flowered) . Orange. May. 
 
 E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 PHLO'MIS. (From phlogmos, a flame; 
 down used for wicks. Nat. ord., Lipworts 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14:-Didynamia 1- 
 Gymnospermia. Allied to Leonotis.) 
 
 Perennials, seeds, divisions, and slips planted 
 in spring and autumn ; shrubs, by cuttings and 
 slips, placed in the open air, in a shady place, or 
 under a hand-light ; shrubs requiring protection 
 in winter, by cuttings under hand-lights, in 
 summer ; all good, mellow, well-drained soil. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Cream. July. 
 Levant. 1596. Evergreen. 
 
 crini'ta (hair-iracfed). 2. Pale brown. June. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 /occo'sa (flocky). 2. Yellow. August. Egypt. 
 
 1828. Evergreen. 
 
 Nisso'lii (Nissole's). 2. Yellow. June. Le- 
 
 vant. 1757. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Pale brown. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 P. bi 'color (two-coloured). Yellow, purple. June. 
 Lybia. 1714. 
 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 Naples. 1823. 
 Creftica (Cretan). 3, Yellow. June. 
 
 Crete. 1820. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby. Jerusalem Sage). 3. 
 
 Yellow. June, Spain. 1596. 
 
PHL 
 
 [ 632 
 
 PHO 
 
 P.lta'Kca (Italian). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1661. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 1. Yellow. June. Candia.l696. 
 
 lychni'tes (lychnitis). 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1658. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1661. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June. Levant. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. agra'ria (field). Purplish. July. Siberia. 1830. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 Armeni'aca (Armenian). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1834. 
 
 Cashmeria'na (Cashmere). 2. Pale lilac. July. 
 
 Cashmere. 
 
 he'rba-ve'nti (wind-herb). 2. Red. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 
 lacinia'ta (jagged-teaed). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Levant. 1731. 
 
 lunarifo'lia (honesty-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Levant. 1818. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). 3. Brown. July. Ar- 
 
 menia. 1820. 
 
 Russellia'na (Russell's). 3. Brown. June. 
 
 Levant. 1821. 
 
 Sa'mia (Samian). 3. Purple. N.Africa. 1714. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). Purple. May. Himalayas. 1838. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. Purple. August. 
 
 Siberia. 175Q. 
 
 PHLO'X. (From phlox, flame; bril- 
 liancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Phlox- 
 worts [Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, natives of North Ame- 
 rica, except where otherwise mentioned. Divi- 
 sions, and cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady 
 place, in summer ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; 
 the low trailing ones are beautiful on knolls and 
 reek-works. Drummo'ndi by seed sown the first 
 week in April, in gentle heat. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 P. arista' ta (awned). $. White. April. Caro- 
 lina. 1828. 
 
 Florida'na (Florida). 1. Rose. April. 1S34. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 P. acumlna'ta (pointed-leaved). 4. Pale purple. 
 July. 1812. 
 
 acutifo'lia <acute-leaved). 4. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 1825. 
 
 Cnnade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Blue. April. 1825. 
 
 ca'rnea (fleshy). 1. Pink. August. 181 6. 
 
 Caroli'na (Carolina). 1. Pale purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Carolina. 1728. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). Pale purple. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1827. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Rose. April. 1825. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). 5. Red. August. 1826. 
 
 divaricu'ta (spreading). 1. Light blue. March. 
 
 1746. 
 
 Drwnmo'ndi (Drummond's). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Texas. 1835. Annual. 
 
 eZa'to (tall). 6. Lilac. September. 1828. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 4. Purple. August. 1824. 
 
 glake'rrima (smoothest). 3. Red. July. 1725. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 1. Lilac. June. 1830. 
 
 lee'ta (charming). 3. White. August. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted-stalked). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 1740. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 2. Purple. July. 1SOO. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy). $. White. April. 1820. 
 
 P. odora'ta (scented). Lilac. August. 
 
 ova' ta (egg-leaved). 1$. Purple. June. ITr 
 
 Listonia'nn ( Lad 
 
 Julv. 1816. 
 
 (Lady Listen's), l. Puruu 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Pink. August. 1/32. 
 u'lfja (white). 3. White. August. 1813. 
 
 penduliflo'ru (drooping). 3. Rose, purple. 
 
 October. 1823. 
 
 pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 1700. 
 amce'na (pleasing). . Pink. June. 1809. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). Flesh. May. lyj,~. 
 
 pyrnmidu'lis (pyramidal). 4. Flesn. July. 1800. 
 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. June. 
 
 coryrnbo'sa (corymbed). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 pendul'flo'ra (drooping-fiowered). 4. Pur- 
 ple. July. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping), i- Blue, purple. July. 1600. 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 1825. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). Lilac. August. 
 
 setu'cea (bristly). . Flesh. April. 1786. 
 
 SicArm'nm(Sickman's). White. August. 1826. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented;. 2. White. July. 
 
 1766. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. July. 
 
 1/66. 
 
 subula'ta (awl-leaved). . Dark purple. Mar. 
 
 1/86. 
 
 stiff rutico'sa (shrubby). l. Dark purple. 
 
 August. 1790. 
 
 tardiflo'ra (late-flowered). 2. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1825. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale lilac. Au- 
 
 gust. Carolina. 1816. 
 
 undula'ta (\\a\eA-leaved). 3. Purple.July.:759. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Virginia. "l812. 
 
 PHCE'NIX. Date Palm. (The Greek 
 name of the tree. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Dioscia 3-ZVi- 
 andria.) 
 
 Ductyli'fera requires a greenhouse, but all the 
 others a stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring, or 
 when procurable ; rich, rather stiff loam, or good, 
 fibry loam, with a fourth part of old cow-dung. 
 P. c / /is((stemless) .6.White,green.E.Ind.l8l6. 
 
 dactyli'fera (common. Date-bearing). 40. 
 
 White, green. Levant. 1597. 
 farini'fera(mealy). 28. White, green. E. Incl. 
 1800. 
 
 Leone'nsis (SierraLeone).30.SierraLeone.T823. 
 
 paludn'sa (marsh). 20. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 pygmce'a (pigmy). 6. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 reclina'ta (leaning). 10. White, green. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1792. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 14. Green. May. E. Ind. 1/63. 
 PHOLIDO'TA. Eattle - snake Orchid. 
 
 (From pholis, a scale, nnd ous (otis), an 
 ear; flowers arranged like an ear of wheat, 
 with scaly bractes, as the tail of thatsnake. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 
 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Coelogyne.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant; in a 
 pot. See ORCHIDS. 
 
 P. articula'ta (jointed). White, yellow. April. 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 CMnc'nsis (Chinese). 4. Whitish. May. China. 
 
 1844. 
 
 conchoi'dea (shell-like). Yellow. February. 
 
 Manilla. 1840. 
 
 undula'ta (waved-teaued). Pale red. April, 
 
 E. Ind. 1828. 
 
PHO 
 
 t 033 ] 
 
 PHY 
 
 Pno'miiuai. Flax Lily, or New Zea- 
 land Flax. (From phormos, a basket; 
 one of the uses made of the fibre. Nat. 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn., 6- 
 Jlexan dria \.-j\Ionotjij)t ia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions of the 
 root; rich, mellow loam. 
 
 P. te'nax (tough). 6. Green, white. August 
 New Zealand. 1798. 
 
 PHOTI'NIA. (From pkoleinos, shining ; 
 appearance of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 nippleworts [Pomacese], Linn., 12-Jco- 
 smidria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Erio 
 fcotrya.) 
 
 Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds 
 when procurable, treated as the haws of the 
 Rawthom; generally by budding on the Haw- 
 thorn as a stock ; rather tender for the open air 
 north of London, but deserve a wall, owing to 
 their beautiful foliage; and where, also, when 
 established, they would generally flower freely. 
 P. urbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). 10. July. Cali- 
 fornia. 1796. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). 10. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edge-/tmrrf). 10. May. China. 
 
 1604. 
 
 PHIIY'NIOI. (From phrynos, a frog; 
 because inhabiting marshes. Nat. ord. } 
 Marants [Marantacese]. Linn., \-Monan- 
 dria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Canna.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered, 
 where not otherwise specified. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed in spring, or division of the roots as fresh 
 growth commences ; rich loam and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. capita' turn (headed). 5. White, purple. July- 
 E. Ind. 1S07. 
 
 colora'tum (coloured). 2. Orange. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). 3. July. Surinam. 1828. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). I.July. Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 myro'sma (myrrh-scented). 2. Whice. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 obli'quum (twisted). l. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 *- Parkefri (Parker's). 2. July. Grenada. 1823. 
 
 ptirviflo'rnm (small-flowered). 4. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 srt-ng'wi / rtej<Hi(blood-coloured). 6. Red. February. 
 
 seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Kio 
 
 Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 1. July. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). March. Denici-ava. 1842. 
 
 PHYCE'LLA. (A diminutive of phycos, 
 Red Alkanet ; alluding to the colour of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaryllids 
 [Amaryllidaceas]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Habranthus.) 
 
 Half-hardy beautiful bulbs, whose old roots. 
 like those of the Tulip and Hyacinths, die yearly ; 
 and, therefore, may, like them, be taken up to 
 dry as soon as the leaves die. They flower in 
 summer after tlie leaves are fully grown; die, or 
 should die, in August, and remain dormant until 
 February; peat earth is poison to them; strong 
 loam suits them best, and a very dry bottom. 
 
 There is a munificent Phycella in Valparaiso not 
 yet introduced; red flowers, and golden tui.es or 
 bottoms. Seeds, and offset bulbs ; warm border, 
 protected from wet and cold during winter, or 
 sheltered from frost in cold pit or frame. 
 P. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Scarlet. April. Chili. 
 
 brevitu'bu (short-tubed). 1. Scarlet. Julv. 1836. 
 
 chlora'cra (yellow-green). Green, crimson. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 coru'sra (glittering). 1. Scarlet. September. 
 
 Coquimbo. 1825. 
 
 cyrtanthoi'des (cyrtanthus-like). $. Crimson. 
 
 June. Chili. 1824. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Red. June. Val- 
 
 paraiso. 1824. 
 
 Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 1. Red, yellow 
 
 June. Andes. 1825. 
 
 i'gnea (fiery). 1. Scarlet. April. Chili. 1824. 
 pu'lchrn (pretty). 1^. Red. October. 
 
 Valparaiso. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt). Peru. 1844. 
 
 PHY'LICA. (From phylUkos, leafy ; 
 abundance of evergreen leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Ehamnads ['Rhamnaceoe]. Linn., 
 6-Pentandria 1-Honoqynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Capo of Good 
 Hope, and all white-flowered, unless otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, in spring, and kept cool and shaded 
 from sunshine until they have struck ; sandy, 
 fiory peat, with nodules of freestone and char- 
 coal. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 P. bi'co'or (two-coloured). 2. June. 1817 
 
 capitn'ta (headed). 1. June. 1800. 
 
 cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 2. Yellow, green. June. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. June. 1731. 
 
 globn'su (globose). 3. June. JSOO. 
 
 irnbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. October. 1801. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). November. 1//4. 
 
 erinpho'ra (woolly). 3. November. 1/7-i. 
 
 />a^7/o'i-a(nippled). 3. Pale yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 pi'nea (pine-like). November 1774. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. July. 17SQ. 
 
 plumo'su (feathered). 2. April." 175Q. 
 
 rosmurinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 3. 1815. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. September. 1800. 
 
 PHYLLA'NTHUS. (From phyllon, a leaf, 
 and anthos, a flower ; flowers produced 
 on the edges of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Spurgeworts [EuphorbiaceseJ. Linn., 21- 
 Monoecia IQ-Monadelphia, ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, in 
 spring, and then flowered in stove and greenhouse 
 during the summer. Shrubby species, by cuttings 
 of the hard shoots in sandy soil, in heat; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat, with a little broken bricks, 
 charcoal, and dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 
 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 P.gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green, yellow. Au- 
 gust. E. Ind. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 Niru'ri (Niruri). . Green. July. E. Ind. 1693. 
 
 obova'tus (reversed-egg-^rtccrf). 2- July- N. 
 
 Amer. 1803. Hardy. 
 
 urina'ria (urinary). A. Green, vellotv. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 STOVE EVERGBEEN SHRUBS. 
 P. fraxinifo'lius (ash-leaved). 4. Green. August. 
 E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 5. America. 1771. 
 
PHY 
 
 C 634 ] 
 
 PHY 
 
 P.juglandifo'lim (walnut - leaved}. 2. Green, 
 yellow. August. 1818. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear- head-Jeaved). 3. Green, 
 
 yellow. Isle of Bourbon. 1822. 
 
 lu'cens (shining). 2. Green, yellow. August. 
 
 China. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 10. Green. August. 
 
 Caribbees. 1817. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). l. Green, yellow. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 3. Green. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1805. 
 
 reticula'tus (netted). 3. Red. August. E. Ind. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. E. Ind. 1822. Climber. 
 
 turbina'tus (top-shaped). 2. Green. July. China. 
 
 PHTLLA'KTHROijr. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and arthros, a joint; leaflets as if 
 jointed to the footstalks. -Nat. ord., Cres- 
 centiads {Creseentiaceae}. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Alliance, a 
 small order next to Bignoniads.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby side- 
 shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat, and a little leaf-mould and char- 
 coal. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 P. Bojeria'na(Rojer'a). 3. Rose. July. Mauritius. 
 1844. 
 
 PHYLLO'CLADUS. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and klados, a branch; branch-like 
 leafleted leaves. Nat. ord., Taxads 
 [Taxacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Mo- 
 nadelphia. Allied to Podocarpus.) 
 
 Greenhouse cone-bearing trees, from Van Die- 
 men's Land. Cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, in spring, and no artificial bottom- 
 heat until the cuttings swell at their base ; strong 
 loam. At Belfast, rhomboida'lis (Celery-topped, 
 or Adventure Bay Pine) bears the winter without 
 protection ; tric'homanoi'des would be equally 
 hardy in the south of Ireland and south-west of 
 England. Winter temp., 40 to 48; summer, 
 60 to 75. 
 P. rhomboida'lis (diamond-teamed). 40. 1825. 
 
 trichomanoi 'des (maiden-hair-like). 60. Yellow. 
 
 July. 1840. 
 
 PHYLLO'TA. ( From phyllon, a leaf, and 
 ous (otis), an ear; shape of leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fsibo.cess']. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia, Allied to 
 Aotus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, 
 introduced from New South Wales in 1824. 
 Cuttings of young shoots getting firm (the little 
 stubby side-shoots are best), in spring and sum- 
 mer, in sand, under a bell-glass; fibry, sandy 
 peat, and a few nodules of fibry loam, to keep the 
 plants stubby. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 P. aspe'ra (rough) ; como'sa (tufted) ; phyli- 
 coi'des (phylica-like) ; squarro'sa (spreading). 
 
 PHYSIC NUT. Ja'tropha. 
 
 PHYSIA'NTHUS. (From_p7w/sa, abladder, 
 and anthos, a flower; alluding to its 
 shape. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- 
 dacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 2-Digynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Seed sown in a hot- 
 bed in spring; cuttings of firm, stubby side. 
 
 shoots in, summer, in sandy soil, under a glass, 
 in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with plenty 
 of drainage. Winter temp., 48 to 60; summer, 
 60 to 85. Does well in a stove ; but we have had 
 it flowering beautifully, and producing its sin- 
 gular fruit, in a conservatory of medium tempera- 
 ture. A variety named a'lbicans undula'tus, from. 
 South America, lived for several years against a 
 wall in the Fulham nursery. 
 P. a'lbens (whitish-leaved). 20. White. August, 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. 
 
 PHYSOCHLAI'NA. (From physa, a blad- 
 der, and chlaina, an outer garment ; re- 
 ferring to the swollen calyx of some 
 species. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solaua- 
 cese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Common garden-soil. In- 
 creased by root division in autumn or early spring. 
 P. grmfr/?o'r (large-flowered). 1$. Green. May. 
 Thibet. 1850. 
 
 PHYSOSTE'GIA. (From physa, a blad- 
 der, and stege, a covering ; formation of 
 the calyx. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lami- 
 aceae]. Linn., 1^-Didynamla \-Gymno- 
 spermia. Allied to Melittis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a little 
 heat, early, and then most of the plants when 
 turned out in May will bloom the same season ; 
 divisions of the plants in spring ; and cuttings, 
 or j'oung shoots, under a hand-light, in sandy 
 soil, in summer ; sandy loam and a little leaf- 
 mould. 
 
 P. corda'ta (heart-teaued). Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 1824. 
 
 denticula'ta (toothed-beared) . Striped. August. 
 
 Carolina. 1/87. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated -flowered). 3. Pale 
 
 purple. September. Texas. 1833. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). Pink. July. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 trunca'ta (blunt - calyxed). l. Pale pink. 
 
 St. Felipe. 1834. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). Purple. August. Ca- 
 
 rolina. 1812. 
 
 Virginia'na (Virginian). l. Red. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1683. 
 
 a'lba (white). 3. White. August. 
 
 PHYSU'RUS. (From physa, a bladder, 
 and oura, a tail. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynaiidria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Ansectochilus.) 
 
 P. pi'ctus rivals the far-famed Ancectochilus in 
 the richness of its foliage. Stove orchids, in pots. 
 Division in spring. See ORCHIDS. 
 P. argefnteus (silvery-teawed). . White. June. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). ?. Java. 1847- 
 
 pi'ctus (painted). . White. June. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 Pre'slei ( Presley's). Yellow. February. Mara- 
 
 quita. 
 
 rariflo'rus (few-flowered). Yellow. March. Ca- 
 
 raccas. 
 
 PHYTED'MA. Eampion. (An ancient 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord., Eellworts 
 [Campanulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 l-Monoyynia. Allied to Campanula.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with two excep 
 tions. Seeds and divisions in spring; common, 
 light garden-soil. Pretty little things for rock- 
 works and the front of borders. 
 
PHY 
 
 [ 635 ] 
 
 PIE 
 
 P. letonicifo'lium (betony-leaved). 2. Pale blue. 
 June. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 campanuloi'des (campanula-like). 1. Blue. 
 
 July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 Sibthorpia'num (Sibthorp's). July. Mount 
 
 Olympus. 1804. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 2. Lilac. July. Hungary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Charme'lii (Charmeli's). 1. Blue. June. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1823. 
 
 como'sum (tufted). . Blue. June. Austria. 
 
 1752. Biennial. 
 
 globular if of Hum (globularia-leaved). . Blue. 
 
 June. South of France. 1820. 
 
 Halle'ri (Mailer's). . Violet. May. South of 
 
 France. 1822. 
 
 htnispTHs'ricum, (half-globed). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1/52. 
 
 hi'svidum (bristly). l.Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1825. 
 
 htt>tueli* thiUBfole). *. Blu*. Jn. Switzerland. 
 
 1985. 
 
 incequa'tum (levelled). 1. Blue. June. Austria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-feaL-ed). J. White. 
 
 June. Armenia. 1826. 
 
 limoniifo'lium (limonium-leaved). Switzerland. 
 
 1832. Evergreen. 
 
 Miche'lii (Micheli's). 4. Red. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1822. 
 
 ni'grum (black). . Red. July. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 orbicula're (round-headed). 1. Violet. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 _ . deci'piens (deceiving). Blue. July. Swit- 
 zerland. 1819. 
 
 gigante'um (gigantic). Blue. July. France. 
 
 1817. 
 
 pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). |. Blue. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 pulcMllum (pretty). 1836. 
 
 Scfteuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). . Blue. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1813. 
 
 scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved) . 1 . Blue. 
 
 July. Alps. 1819. 
 
 Si5i'newm(Siberian). l.Blue. July.Siberia.1817. 
 
 Siebe'ri (Sieber's). l.Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1826. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). 2. Blue. May. Europe.1597. 
 
 PHYTOLA'CCA. (From phyton, a plant, 
 and lacca, lac ; the crimson colour of the 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Phytolaccads [Phyto- 
 lacacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 5-Deca- 
 gynia.) 
 
 There are many tender species, but the follow, 
 ing hardy herbaceous ones are all that are deserv- 
 ing notice. Seeds and divisions in spring ; light, 
 sandy soil and leaf-mould. 
 P. acino'sa (kernel-like). North India. 1844. 
 
 deca'ndra (ten-stamened. Virginian Poke). 5. 
 
 White, green. August. S. Amer. 1/68. 
 
 PICK-AXE should have a handle three 
 feet and a half long, made of ash ; and 
 
 the points or edges of the head should 
 be of well-steeled iron. There are three 
 
 varieties : 1. The pick with two points,, 
 for loosening hard surfaces. 2. The pick- 
 axe, for cutting through roots of trees 
 when felling. 3. The mattock, with one 
 pointed and one flat edge, for loosening 
 surfaces and grubbing up roots. 
 
 Pico TEE. See CARNATION and PINK. 
 
 PIARA'NTHUS. (From piar, fatness, 
 and anthos, a flower; the flowers being 
 succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 2-Digynia.} 
 
 A true genus, but for practical gardening may 
 be .considered as Stapelia. Greenhouse wrer- 
 greens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings, 
 dried some days at their base before inserting- 
 them in sandy loam; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, 
 leat'-mold, and a little dried cow-dung. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 35; summer, 60 to 90; dry in. 
 winter. 
 P. a'ridus(dry). . Pale yellow. August. 1795. 
 
 Gussonea'nus (Gussone's). . Yellow, brown. 
 
 June. 1832. 
 
 incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June. 
 
 1793. 
 
 mammilla'ris (nippled). Brown. June. 17/4. 
 
 parvifto'rus (small- flowered). $. Yellow. 
 
 August. 1795. 
 
 pu'llus (dark). . Dark purple. August. 1774. 
 
 puncta'tus( dotted). . Dark purple. August. 
 
 1795. 
 
 PI'CEA. The Silver Fir, a true genus, 
 but by recent authors considered only as 
 a section of the Spruce tribe. See PI'NUS. 
 
 PICTE'TIA. (Named after A. Picket, a 
 physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 - Diadelphia 4- 
 Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, from 
 the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in bottom -heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 
 to 90. 
 P. arista'ta (awned). 4. June. 1816. 
 
 squamma'ta (scaled). 4. 1824. 
 
 PIEEA'EDIA. ( Named after Mr. Pierard, 
 of Kew. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin- 
 dacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Melicocca.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; loam 
 and peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55; sunyner, 
 60 to 80. 
 P. du' Ids (sweet). 20. Yellow. Sumatra. 1820. 
 
 PIERIS CRATjEGi. Hawthorn, or Black- 
 veined Butterfly. Is white, with black 
 ribs or veins on the wings. It is very 
 much like Pontia brassica. The cater- 
 pillar is dirty yellow, hairy, black-headed, 
 and a brown stripe down its sides. The 
 caterpillars moult several times, and they 
 are usually found on the apple-tree, where 
 both the yellow eggs and caterpillars may 
 
PIG 
 
 [ CSC ] 
 
 PIN 
 
 be found in June. The caterpillars draw 
 two or three leaves together with a web. 
 These should be sedulously sought for 
 and destroyed. 
 
 PIGEON PEA. Caja'nus. 
 
 PILEA'NTHUS. (From pilos, a cap, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Fringe-Myrtles 
 [Chamselauciacere]. Linn., 12-Icosan- 
 dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Calytrix.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short 
 young: shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, 
 and placed in a shady place in a cold pit ; sandy 
 loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 P. lima'cis (limax-like). 2. April. White. N. 
 Holland. 1824. 
 
 PILE WOET. Fie a 'ria . 
 
 PILU'MNA. (From pilns or pileos, a cap ; 
 shape of flowers. Nat ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Trichopilia.) 
 
 Stove orchi-ds. Division of plant, or taking off 
 of a shoot ; in pots. See ORCUIDS. 
 P.fra'grans (sweet-scented). White, yellow- 
 May. Popayan. 1843. 
 
 la'xa (loose-lowered), f. Purple, white, green. 
 
 October. Popayan. 1844. 
 
 PIMELE'A. From pimele, fat; referring 
 to the viscid matter on the leaves of some 
 species. Nat ord., Daphnads [Thyrne- 
 laeese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring; 
 cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy, fibry peat, with a third of fibry 
 loam, and pieces of charcoal, freestone, and 
 broken pots, to keep the soil open, in addition to 
 good drainage. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P. affi'nis (related). White. May. 
 
 decussu'ta (cross-branched). 2. Red. May. 
 
 1824. 
 
 diosm&fo'lia (diosma-leaved). 1. Rose. July. 
 
 1826. 
 
 graciliflo'ra (slender- calyxed}. 3. White. 
 
 June. 1830. 
 
 Henderso'ni (Henderson's). 2. Rose. July. 
 
 1837- 
 
 ki'spida (bristly-cowered). 2. Blush. May. 
 
 1830. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 2. W r hite. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Hnifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. May. 1793. 
 
 Hnoi'des (flax-like). 2. White. July. 1826. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. White. June. 
 
 183 1. 
 
 na'na (dwarf), f . White. June. 1839. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy -her baged). 6. White. 1833. 
 
 paludo'na (marsh). White. April. 1826. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. 1800. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). 3. White, pink. May. 
 
 1840. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. 1824. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 2. Blush. June. 1830. 
 
 PIME'KTA. Allspice-tree. (From pi- 
 mento, the Spanish name. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtlellooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12- 
 
 Icosandria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to 
 Myrtus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glas, and in a brisk bottom- 
 heat, in spring ; rich," sandy, fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, do to 85. 
 P. vutga'ris (common. Allspice). 30. White. 
 June. W. Ind. 1723. 
 
 PIMPERNEL. Anaga'llls. 
 
 PINASTER. Pl'iws pina'ster. 
 
 PINCHING is a term applied to crush- 
 ing, between the finger and thumb, the 
 leading bud of a shoot, so as to prevent 
 its increasing in length, and to force 
 more sap to the other buds. 
 
 PINCKNE'YA. (Named after Mr. Pinck- 
 ney, an American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchcnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria l-Honogynia. Allied to 13ou- 
 vardia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds; and cuttings 
 of ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy 
 peat. It hardly deserves the greenhouse, and is 
 rather tender for exposure, but would probably 
 flourish against a south wall in a shallow border 
 of loam and peat. 
 
 P. pu'bens (downy). 20. Red. June. Georgia. 
 1786. 
 
 PINE -APPLES. Anana'ssa. 
 
 Varieties. Queen : a free grower and 
 an excellent fruiter ; fit for the earliest 
 summer fruit, and excellent during Sep- 
 tember and October. Ripley Queen: a 
 very fine fruit, and by many preferred 
 to the first. St. Vincent, or Green Olive : 
 an excellent winter fruit. Black Jamaica : 
 the best winter pine; it is too often con- 
 founded with the Montserrat. Black 
 Antigua: a noble pyramidal fruit, with 
 large pips ; should be cut a little before 
 it is quite ripe. Brown Sugar-loaf ': large 
 and showy, with a very juicy flesh ; it is 
 said by some to swell tolerably well in 
 winter. White Providence : one of the 
 largest and noblest of pines; flavour 
 rather inferior. Trinidad: larpre and of 
 pyramidal shape ; flavour not first-rate. 
 Enville : noble - looking fruit; flavour 
 second-rate. 
 
 Culture. This usually commences in 
 February. Have the upper thirty inches 
 of the pit in which the pots are to be 
 plunged filled with fresh tan. Re-pot 
 your plants, using any turfy soil, even 
 from a road-side, well chopped to pieces 
 when dry, but by no means riddled. 
 Nevertheless, it is very good practice to 
 have a richer and mellower compost in a 
 more decomposed state on the potting 
 bench, such as the surface of an old 
 cucumber-bed, chopped when dry, dung, 
 
PIN 
 
 [037 
 
 rotten loaves, and loam altogether (but 
 most of the loam), and then passed 
 through a very coarse riddle, afterwards 
 adding one-sixth of charred sticks, or 
 rubbish, such as will pass readily through 
 a riddle of an inch mesh. 
 
 Use pots which would require but one 
 more shift : the size of the pot for the 
 final shift will determine this ; and pots 
 of about thirteen inches diameter will be 
 sufficiently large for any beginner to 
 fruit in. In potting, first place three or 
 four large crocks in such a way as 
 that at least three bold apertures be 
 formed, both for the escape of water and 
 the admission of gaseous matter from 
 below. Over this strew broken crocks 
 and charcoal lumps, large as horse-beans, 
 until the large crocks at the bottom are 
 just concealed. Then strew a layer of 
 the turfy lumps, out of which the loose 
 soil has been ejected by shaking in a 
 riddle. This done, the ball may at once 
 be inserted, first suffering such crocks as 
 are loose to dislodge themselves from the 
 old ball. Next, throw in another layer 
 of the turfy lumps all round the ball, 
 and on these strew a couple of inches of 
 the mixed compost in a mellow state; 
 then, with a blunt stick, give the whole a 
 slight pressure all round the ball, add 
 another layer of the turfy lumps, strewing 
 a little of the compost over them ; again 
 press with the stick; and now place a 
 final coating of the compost, nearly two 
 inches in depth, all over, and level with 
 the rim of the pot. Let there be no 
 tapping or thumping the bottom of the 
 pot on the bench. If the balls of the 
 pines about to be shifted are dry, water 
 them, at least three days before they are 
 to be shifted, with tepid manure-water, 
 in order to allow the moisture to equalise 
 itself, and the surplus to pass away. 
 Thus there will be no occasion for any 
 root-watering for nearly a month after 
 shifting. The plants may be plunged 
 immediately they are shifted; but let 
 them by no means be more than half 
 their depth in the tan. If any disrooting 
 has become really necessary, and the 
 sun shines bright, a little canvass shad- 
 ing will be a benefit for a couple of 
 hours each day; not, however, to ob- 
 struct light, but rather to prevent the 
 too rapid dispersion of atmospheric 
 moisture. 
 
 Stove. For the construction of this, 
 see HOTHOUSE and PIT. 
 
 April 
 
 
 ..64 
 
 
 May 
 June 
 July 
 
 .76 
 78 
 . . 80 
 
 .65 
 ..66 
 ..68 
 
 .. 10 ,, 
 .. JO 
 ..10 , 
 
 August 
 
 80 
 
 ..68 
 
 ..10 
 
 September 
 October 
 
 76 
 
 7S 
 
 ..63 
 ..62 
 
 .. 10 
 .. 8 
 
 November 
 December 
 
 70 
 .64 
 
 ..62 
 . . 60 , 
 
 , .. 8 
 , .. 6 
 
 1 PIN 
 
 Table of Temperature as to Artificial 
 Heat only. 
 
 Day. Night s SSi 
 
 January 64 deg. . 60 deg. . 6 deg. 
 
 February 66 ..60 .. 6 ,, 
 
 Tables of this kind must not be allowed 
 to guide the thermometer entirely. A 
 good cultivator will take notice of the 
 condition of his plants, and shape his 
 course accordingly. If they appear 
 "drawn," he should at once 'lower his 
 night heat, as also that on dull clays. 
 
 For bottom-heat, by adding 5 to every 
 one of the above artificial day tempera- 
 tures, we shall be as correct as by any 
 tedious detail. Thus July and August 
 should have a bottom-heat of 85, which 
 ought never to be exceeded in pine cul- 
 ture. If bottom-heat is supplied by a 
 tank or pipes heated by hot water, the 
 directions about renewing the tan are 
 not needed. 
 
 Monthly Culture. The plants being all 
 plunged in the new pit, trial sticks must 
 be put in, and a bottom-heat thermo- 
 meter by all means employed. The bot- 
 tom-heat here given is meant to apply to- 
 the heat at the bottom of the pot. Whilst 
 practitioners are driven to capricious fer- 
 menting materials as a source of bottom- 
 heat, an excess of heat will sometimes 
 become necessary Inside the bed, in order 
 to provide somewhat against sudden 
 declines. Let, then, the operator secure 
 the bottom-heat as per table at the bot- 
 tom of the pot, and all will be right. 
 
 If the heat rises above the desired 
 point, let water be instantly employed as 
 a cooler between the pots ; and if this 
 does not immediately check it sufficiently, 
 let the pots forthwith be rocked to and 
 fro in the bed, until a fair cavity is ob- 
 tained between the tan and the pot side ; 
 and when the heat has declined to the 
 desired pitch the cavity may be filled up 
 again. 
 
 Let atmospheric moisture be liberally 
 employed, especially from three o'clock 
 in the afternoon until eight or nine the 
 next morning. A slight syringing may 
 be applied on every afternoon about 
 
PIN 
 
 [ 638 ] 
 
 PIN 
 
 closing time, taking care that at this time 
 (February) it is dispersed on the follow- 
 ing morning by a liberal heat and a free 
 ventilation. Air must be given daily, if 
 only for an hour; during all moderate 
 weather a little may be given at 8 A.M. ; 
 increased, if necessary, about 11 A.M. ; 
 and taken entirely away about 3 P.M. 
 
 March. The sun will now be gaining 
 much power, and the amount of perspi- 
 ration from the foliage will be much 
 increased ; let, therefore, a correspond- 
 ing increase take place in the amount of 
 atmospheric moisture. Shading may be 
 employed for a couple of hours or so in 
 the middle of very sunny days with some 
 benefit. Syringing the surface of the 
 tan is an excellent plan. If the wind is 
 very cutting, be very cautious in the ad- 
 mission of air ; the front sashes may be 
 kept closed, and, if sunny, the shade 
 applied, merely letting a little of the sur- 
 plus heat escape at back. 
 
 April. In proportion to rapidity of 
 growth must be the admission of air. 
 With a little freedom in growth, accom- 
 panied by a free perspiration, the plants 
 will begin to require occasional waterings ; 
 indeed, the Queen section will have re- 
 quired it before March was out. With 
 regard to such as the Black Jamaica, the 
 case is widely diflerent ; it is astonishing 
 how long these pines will not only subsist 
 but thrive without water. Queens, En- 
 yilles, Providences, &c., will require it 
 thrice to their once, especially the Queens. 
 
 May. Atmospheric moisture must 
 continue to increase with increasing heat 
 and light. The syringe may now be 
 plied two or three times a week, always 
 choosing bright afternoons for its appli- 
 cation. The closing up, or reducing the 
 air, must now be deferred until four 
 o'clock P.M., and the giving of air must 
 take place proportionately sooner; in- 
 deed, such ought to be in April. If the 
 pines are vigorous, and plenty of atmo- 
 spheric moisture can be commanded, 
 discontinue shading at the end of April 
 or beginning of May, unless the roof be 
 of an exceedingly bright character, and 
 the squares of glass very large. Rather 
 let atmospheric moisture more abound, 
 accompanied by a freer ventilation still. 
 
 June. If the pines have done well, 
 their pots will be filled with fine roots by 
 the end of June, and shifting into the 
 frniting-pots will become necessary. We 
 will, however, pass on to the next month. 
 
 July. At whatever period the last 
 shifting occurs, the same routine of pot- 
 ting may be observed. We have nothing 
 new to say, except that as the size of the 
 pot increases, so may in proportion the 
 size of the lumps of turf, &c. The plung- 
 ing medium, if necessary, may be re- 
 newed ; but much caution must be exer- 
 cised at this period, when the solar heat 
 produces so much excitement. How- 
 ever, we advise that a foot or so of new 
 tan be trenched into the bottom of the 
 bed, and a little mixed with surface tan, 
 and this merely to promote durability 
 through the ensuing winter. Watch 
 daily their bottom-heat thermometer. 
 As before observed, if the plants re- 
 quire a watering, let it be three days 
 before the operation of shifting. 
 
 August. After the plants have been 
 shifted a fortnight or so, they will again 
 require the water-pot. Until the plants 
 are beginning to root in the new soil, 
 however, they may be kept moist enough 
 by copious syringings, damping also 
 the surface of the tan daily. All that is 
 further necessary is a most liberal venti- 
 lation from eight A.M. until past four P.M., 
 applying all the atmospheric moisture 
 possible the moment the house is closed, 
 and syringing just previous to closing. 
 
 September. The August advice will do 
 perfectly well for this month, except that 
 ventilation may even be more liberal still, 
 when the weather is fine, to put a check 
 on too rampant growth ; for, in order to 
 have fine " shows," the tissue of the 
 plant must become highly solidified. 
 
 October. The light will now begin to 
 decrease considerably, and both artificial 
 heat and atmospheric moisture must give 
 way in a proportionate degree. Still, 
 however, persist in permitting a consi- 
 derable increase of heat when the wea- 
 ther is bright. We need hardly say, 
 beware of burning at the root. The 
 advice applies to every month alike ; but 
 it requires a double amount of watchful- 
 ness for three weeks after disturbing the 
 fermenting material. 
 
 November. In proportion to the dul- 
 ness of this month, the heat and mois- 
 ture must decline. The tan-bed will 
 require some renewal in the early part of 
 this month, in order to go well through 
 the winter ; and if the tan is mellow, or 
 somewhat dry, let it be well watered with 
 tepid water, and then stirred deeply with 
 a pointed stake, as deep as the stake can 
 
PIN 
 
 [ 639 ] 
 
 PIN 
 
 go. The whole may then he cased over 
 up to, and rather ahove, the rim of the 
 pot, provided the hottom-heat has de- 
 clined sufficiently to hear it. This re- 
 newal must be watched, and water applied 
 to the tan if necessary. 
 
 December and January require a very 
 similar course of practice; much fire- 
 heat will at times be necessary, and all 
 possible means must be taken to coun- 
 teract dryness in the atmosphere. Sy- 
 ringing can seldom be permitted in these 
 two months, but sprinklings on the sur- 
 face of the tan, and once a week it may 
 be stirred up with a stake. Besides this, 
 the floor may be kept moist, evaporating 
 pans kept in continual requisition, and 
 even the walks sprinkled, if necessary, 
 if the weather become unusually severe, 
 rather give up five degrees on the ther- 
 mometer than continue a roasting fire 
 for several days. In emergencies of this 
 kind, the pines will take no harm at 55 ; 
 but not a degree below this should be 
 permitted. 
 
 February The temperature will now 
 begin to rise again slightly; growth re- 
 commences, and repotting succession 
 pines, and the renewal of bottom-heat is 
 needed, this brings us to the point from 
 which we commenced. 
 
 Insects. See ACABUS and Coccus. 
 
 PINE-TREE. Pi'mts. 
 
 PINEASTEE BEETLE. Bostrichus. 
 
 PINGUI'CULA. Butterwort. (From pin- 
 guis, fat; the greasiness of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Butterworts [Lentibulaceas]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.^) 
 
 Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshy, 
 boggy soil. North American species are the most 
 tender, requiring the treatment generally given to 
 alpines, with the addition of keeping water in the 
 saucer below the pot in which they are grown. 
 P. ede'ntula (toothless). 4. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 1823. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). . Blue. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 -r lu'tea (yellow). $. Yellow. June. Carolina. 1816. 
 
 orchidoi'des (orchis-like). . Purple. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1845. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). . Violet. May. Britain. 
 
 PINK. So little do the Pink, Picotee, 
 and Carnation differ in their botanical 
 characteristics, that they are all consi- 
 dered varieties of the Clove Pink (Dia'n- 
 thus caryophy'llus). Some think that the 
 Eed Pinks only are derived from this, 
 hut that the Pheasant's-eye Pinks are 
 the offspring of the Feathered Pink 
 (Dia'nthus pluma'rius}. As florists' 
 flowers they are very distinct. The 
 
 Carnation marks in flakes, or ribbons, of 
 colour, from centre to edge, and through 
 the edge ; and the more dense these rib- 
 bons, or stnpes, or flakes of colour are, 
 and the more distinct the white ground 
 between them, the better, and the more 
 equally divided, as to quantity, they are, 
 the better. As the petals are broader as 
 they approach the outer edge, so also are, 
 or should be, both the colour and the 
 white. They are divided into classes, 
 called Bizarres and Flakes; the former 
 having two colours of stripe besides the 
 white, the latter only one colour. These 
 Bizarres and Flakes are subdivided, there 
 being purple flakes, rose flakes, and 
 scarlet flakes ; and among the bizarres, 
 scarlet bizarres, which have scarlet 
 stripes, and a second colour, which is 
 considered better for a rich contrast of 
 black, and approaches to it; then pur- 
 ple bizarres, which have purple stripes, 
 with a light pink, or rose, or some other 
 colour, forming a contrast. The Picotee 
 has the colour only on the edge, and 
 broad or narrow, as the case may be, hut 
 ramifying towards the centre ; any mark 
 or spirt of colour that does not touch the 
 edge is a blemish. Some, therefore, are 
 only marked round the edge very dis- 
 tinctly, but as narrow as possible ; others 
 have a sort of feathering, narrow or 
 deep, as the case may be, but feathering 
 inwards from the edge ; the outer edge 
 solid, and the inner edge rough, or 
 feathery. The Pink is distinct from 
 both these. The lacing, as it were, of 
 a pink is rough outside and inside, with 
 a portion of white outside the lacing, 
 as if a band of colour had been laid on ; 
 besides this, there is colour at the hase 
 of every petal, and, perhaps, one-third of 
 the distance along the petal, so that it 
 forms an eye, or centre, of colour, which 
 is peculiar to itself, and which never 
 occurs in the Carnation or Picotee. A 
 Pink, without its lacing all round each 
 petal, and its narrow strip of white out- 
 side it, would be worthless as a show- 
 flower. The more distinct this lacing is, 
 the better; it should look like an even 
 piece of embroidery, just fairly within 
 the outer edge of the white. 
 
 The Pink may be propagated and cul- 
 tivated in every respect similarly to the 
 Carnation. Pipings of it are best made 
 at the end of May, or early in June. 
 
 Growing in Beds. By the middle of 
 August Pinks are all gone out of flower. 
 
PIN 
 
 [ 6AO ] 
 
 PIN 
 
 The old plants are of little use to the 
 florist, as they seldom produce the second 
 year first-rate bloom ; but for ornament- 
 ing the horder they are valuable. Ke- 
 inove them out of the bed ; trim of all 
 dead flower-stems; and plant them in 
 the borders of the garden rather deeper 
 than they have been before. They will 
 make fresh roots higher up the stems, 
 and form close compact bushes, pro- 
 ducing the next season abundance of 
 flowers. If it is intended to grow Pinks 
 again in the same bed, the soil ought to 
 be taken out a foot deep, and renewed 
 with fresh loam and very rotten stable- 
 dung, in the proportion of three of the 
 first to one of the latter, turning it over 
 frequently to thoroughly mix and sweeten 
 it. This should be done by the third 
 week of August. Eaise the bed six inches 
 above the soil around, and formed like 
 a pitched roof, 
 thus. The com- 
 post should be 
 at least a foot 
 deep. Plant in rows, the first week in 
 September, and twelve inches apart each 
 way. Sheltering in winter, frequent stir- 
 ring of the soil in spring, and mulching 
 with short, well-decayed stable manure 
 early in June, are the chief points of 
 after- culture. See CAENATION for other 
 points requiring attention. 
 
 PIN PILLAR. Opu'ntia Curassd vica. 
 
 PINNATE. A leaf is pinnate when 
 several leaflets grow from the sides of one 
 foot-stalk, as in the Pea, Acacia, &c. 
 
 PINNATIFID is when a leaf is cut across 
 from the edge towards the centre nerve 
 into several oblong parallel segments, as 
 in Ipomopsis, &c. 
 
 PI'NUS. Pine-tree. (A name from 
 Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Conifers 
 [Pinacere]. Linn., 21-Monceeia IQ-Mo- 
 nadelphia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Chiefly by seeds ; scarce ones by cuttings, 
 layers, inarching, and grafting; deep, rich loam 
 yields the quickest and finest timber for bulk ; a 
 more mountainous situation, where the soil is 
 neither so rich nor so deep, is supposed to yield 
 the most lasting timber. 
 
 Fins. (A'Ues.} 
 All hardy evergreens. 
 P. Ajone'sis (Ajona). Large tree. Siberia. 
 
 a'lba (white. Spruce). 50. May. N. Amer. 1/00. 
 nu'na (dwarf). May. 
 
 uma'bilis (lovely). 180. April. New California. 
 
 1831. 
 
 nroma'tica (aromatic). 100. Oregon. 
 
 lulsa'mea (balmo/ Gitead), 45.Mav. N. Amer. 
 
 1696. 
 
 P. bractea'ta (hracted). 120. California. 
 
 Brvnoniafna (Brown's). 75. Nepaul. 
 
 Canade'nsts (Canadian. Hemlock-spruce). 85, 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 Cephalu'nicu (Cephalonian). 60. May. Ce- 
 
 phalonia. 1824. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). Mountains of Mexico. 
 
 Dougla'sii( Douglas's). 170.May.N.Amer.l826, 
 
 exce'lsa (lofty). 150. May. North of Europe. 
 
 Carpa'tica, Clanbrasilia'na, giguute'a, 
 monstrti'sa, mucrona'ta, na'na, tenui- 
 fo'lia, vnriega'ta, and vimina'lis are all 
 varieties of exce'lsa. 
 falca'ta (sickle-leaved), 35. Oregon. 
 
 fi'rrna (solid). Mountains of Japan. 
 
 Fra'seri (Eraser's). 30. May.Pennsylvania.lSI 1. 
 
 nu'na (dwarf). 
 
 gra'ndis (great). 170. May .New California. 1 831 . 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 180. Oregon. 
 
 homo'lepis (equal-scaled). 25. Mountains of 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Jezae'nsis (Jezo. Spruce-fir). 55. Japan. 
 
 K/iu'trou< (Khutrow). 50. Himalayas. 
 
 lusioca'rpa (woolly-coned). North-west Amer.. 
 
 Meuzie'sii (Menzies'). 60. May. North-wey. 
 
 Amer. 1831. 
 
 Mertensia'na (Merten's). Island of Sitcha. 
 
 inicrophy 1 lla (small-leaved). ISO. Oregon. 
 
 Mori'nda (Morinda). 40. North India. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 180. Oregon. 
 
 ni'gra (black. Spruce). 60. May. N,Amer. 1700. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 65. N. Amer. 1831. 
 
 Nordmanniu'na (Nordmann's). 80. Crimea. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-cowed). Siberia. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern)/ 30. May. Levant. 1825. 
 
 pi'cea (pitchy). 160. May. Germany. 16U3. 
 Apolli'nis (Apollini). Greece. 
 
 leiocla'da (smooth-branched). Levant. 
 
 pi'chta (pitch). 50. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 Pi'ndrow (Pindrow). 100. May. Himalayas. 1837- 
 
 Pinsn'po (Pinsapo). 65. Spain. 1838. 
 
 poli' (a (neat). 50. Mountains of Japan. 
 
 religio'sa (sacred). 150. Mexico. 
 
 ru'bra (red. Spruce). 50. May. N. Amer. 17i- 
 viola' cea (violet). 
 
 a'rctica (arctic). 
 
 Schrenkiu'na (Schrenk's). Siberia. 
 
 Sitchft'nsis (Sitchan). Island of Sitcha. 
 
 trlgo'na (three-angled). 300. Oregon. 
 
 Tsu'ga (Tsugan). North of Japan. 
 na'na (dwarf). 
 
 Webbia'na (Webb's). 90. Himalayas. 1S22, 
 
 LARCHES. (La'rix.) 
 
 All hardy and deciduous. 
 P. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Northern Siberia. 
 
 Griffithia'na( Griffith's). 50. Nepaul. 
 
 Kamtscha'tika (Kamtschatka). 
 
 la'rix (larch). 100. Alps, 
 
 re' pens (creeping). 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 
 
 Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 
 
 lepto 'lapis (slender-scaled). North of Japan. 
 
 microcu'rpa (small-coned). 100. N. Amer. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 
 
 PINES. (Pi'nus.) 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS, 
 
 P. Apulce'nsis (Apulco). 50. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Ayacnhni'te (Ayacahnite). 100. Mexico. 1S40. 
 
 Canarte'nsis (Canary). 40. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 cembroi'des (cembra-like). 30. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 Devoniu'na (Dukeof Devonshire's). 80. Kexico. 
 
PIN 
 
 [641 ] 
 
 PIP 
 
 P. ./fti/o'/ia (thread-leaved). 60. Guatimala. 1830. 
 
 Gerardia'na (Gerard's). 60. Himalayas. 
 
 Gordonia'na (Gordon's). 80. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 Grenvi'llece (Lady Grenville's). 80. Mexico. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 40. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 leiophy'lla. (smooth-leaved). 80. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 Lindleya'na (Lindley's). Mexico. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 60. Nenaul. 1801. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 183Q. 
 
 Montezu'mce (Montezuma's). 40. Mexico. 
 
 accident a' Us (western). 80. St. Domingo. 
 
 ooca'ipa (egg-shaped-coned). 40. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 oocarpoi'des (oocarpa-like). Guatimala. 1839. 
 
 Oriza'le (Mount Orizala). 30. Orizala. 1815. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading-feaued). 65. Mexico. 1826. 
 stri'cta (straight). 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-coned). 
 
 pseu'do-stro'bus (false-coned). 70. Mexico. 1839- 
 
 Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1825. 
 
 Teoco'te (Teocote. Twisted). 100. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Wincesteria'na (Marquis of Winchester's). 80. 
 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 P. Ara'bica (Arabian). Palestine. 
 
 austru'tis (southern). 70. Florida. 1730. 
 
 Austri'aca(Austriain.Black). June. Austria. 1835. 
 
 Banksia'na (Banks's Scrub). 20. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1785. 
 
 Benthamia'na (Bentham's). 200. California. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Bru'tia (Calabrian). Calabria. 
 
 Bungea'na (Bunge's). North of China. 
 
 ce'mbra (cembra. Siberian). 25. May. Siberia. 
 
 1746. 
 pu'mila (dwarf). Siberia. 
 
 Chilmnlma'na (Chilmalm's). 46. North of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 commu'nis (common). 
 
 ru'bra (red). Scotland. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 
 
 edu'lis (eatable-seeded). North Mexico. 
 
 Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 100. Mexico. 
 
 exce'lsa (tall). 100. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 F inlay sonia'na (Finlayson's). Cochin China. 
 fle'xilis (pliant). New Mexico. 
 
 Fremontia'na(C&pt. Fremont's). 20. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Halepe'nsis (Aleppo.) 40. June. Levant. 1683. 
 mari'tima (maritime). 40. May. South of 
 
 Greece. 
 
 i'nops (Jersey. Poor). 30. May. N. Amer. 1739- 
 
 insi'gnis (remarkable). 60. California. 1833. 
 
 insula'ris (island). Philippines. 
 
 Koraie'nsis (Corean). 10. Corea. 
 
 Lambertia'na(L&mbert's). 200. N. Amer. 1827 
 hrevifo'lia (short-leaved). 
 
 lari'cio(Corsican. Larch). 80. May.Corsica.1814. 
 
 Llavea'na (La Llave's). 25. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-coned). 120. California. 
 
 Merku'sii (Merkus's). 100. Sumatra. 
 
 mi' tis (soft-leaved). 50. May. N. Amer. 1739. 
 
 monti'cola (mountain-top). California. 1831 
 
 Mu'gho (Mugho). May. Austria. 
 hu'milis (lowly). 
 
 obli'qua (twisted). 
 
 murica'ta (prickly-eoraed). 40. California. 1848t 
 
 osteospe'rma (scaly-seeded). New Mexico. 
 
 Pallasia'na (Pallas's). 70. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Japan. 1846. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian;-. South of Persia, 
 
 41 
 
 P. Pe'uce (Peucean). Mountains of Rumelia. 
 
 pina'ster (cluster. Pinaster). 60. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 Escare'na (Escaren's). 
 
 Lemonia'na (Sir C. Lemon's). 30. May. 
 
 mi'nor (less-coned). 60. May. France. 
 
 variega'ta ( variegated- Jeaued). May. 
 
 pi'nea (s<me-pine). 60. June. South Europe. 
 
 1548. 
 
 Creftica (Cretan). May. Crete. 
 
 fra'gilis (thin-shelled). 60. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 pondero'sa (weighty- wooded). 50.N.Amer.l828. 
 
 pumi'lio (dwarf). 20. May. Europe. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). 40. May. N. Amer. 1804. 
 
 Pyrewa'jca(Pyrenean). 50. May. Pyrenees. 1834. 
 
 radia'ta (radiated-sea/ed). 100. California. 
 
 resino'sa (resinous). 80. May. N. Amer. 1756. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 80. May. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 ru'dis (rude). Mexico. 
 
 Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 120. March. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1832. 
 
 sero'tina (late). 40. May. N. Amer. 1713. 
 
 strobifo'rmis (cone-shaped). 120. Mexico. 
 
 stro'bus (large-coned. Weymouth). 200. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1705, 
 
 a'lba (white). 100. May. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 100. April. 
 
 sylne'stris (wood. Scotch). 80. May. Scotland. 
 
 tee'da (frankincense). 80. May. Florida. 1713. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 80. Guatimala. 
 
 tubercula'ta (warted). 100. California. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable-two-and-three-leaved). 40. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1739- 
 
 PIP, in floriculture, is a single corolla 
 or flower, where several grow upon a 
 common stem, as in the Polyanthus and 
 Auricula. The pips thus growing to- 
 gether are described as a Truss. 
 
 PI'PER. Pepper. (From pepto, to di- 
 gest ; referring to the stimulating power. 
 Nat. ord., Pepperworts [Piperacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria 3-Triandrla.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened wood 
 under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in heat; also by 
 suckers from the bottom of the plant. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 80. The genus 
 contains the Pepper-plant and the Betle, of which 
 the leaf is chewed in India as much as tobacco is 
 in the west. 
 P. be'tle (betle). 6. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. July. W. Ind. 1821. 
 
 genicula'tum(swollen-jointea.).2.J&ma.icsi.l8%3. 
 
 gla'brum (smooth). 10. Campeachy. 1768. 
 
 glauce'scens (milky-green). 3. Peru. 1822. 
 
 laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 10. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1768. 
 
 lo'ngum (long). 6. June. E. Ind. 1788. 
 
 ni'grum (black). 6. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 tomento'sum (downy). 14. August. W.Ind. 1768. 
 
 trioi'cum (trioecious). 6. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 tubercula 1 turn (pimpled). 6. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. June. W.Ind. 1/48. 
 
 PIPERIDGE. The Barberry. 
 
 PIPES for heating horticultural struc- 
 tures are preferably made of cast iron, 
 painted black. Earthenware has been 
 recommended for the purpose ; but they 
 are so much more liable to breakage and 
 leakage, as to outweigh any original sav- 
 2 x 
 
PIP 
 
 [ 642] 
 
 PIS 
 
 ing in the cost. For draining, earthen 
 pipes with a bore an inch in diameter are 
 the hest. 
 
 TABLE of the quantity of pipe, four inches di- 
 ameter, which will heat one thousand cubic feet 
 of air per minute, any required number of de- 
 grees ; the temperature of the pipe being 200 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Temp, of 
 
 external 
 air. 
 
 Temperature at which the room ia 
 required to be kept. 
 
 Fahr. 
 Scale. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 45 
 
 126 
 119 
 112 
 
 50 
 
 150 
 142 
 135 
 
 556U 
 
 174200 
 166192 
 159 184 
 
 65 70 
 229259 
 
 220251 
 212242 
 
 75! 80 85 
 
 292'328 367 
 283318357 
 274 309 347 
 
 90 
 
 409 
 399 
 
 3b8 
 
 M 
 
 105 
 
 127 
 
 151 
 
 176 
 
 204 233 
 
 265 
 
 300 337 
 
 378 
 
 18 
 
 98 
 
 120 
 
 143 
 
 168 
 
 195 225 
 
 256 
 
 290 328 
 
 368 
 
 20 
 
 91 
 
 112 
 
 135 
 
 160 
 
 187216 
 
 247 
 
 281 318 
 
 358 
 
 22 
 
 83 105 
 
 128 
 
 152 
 
 179207 
 
 238 
 
 271 308 
 
 347 
 
 24 
 
 70 97 
 
 120 
 
 144 
 
 170 199 
 
 229 
 
 262298 
 
 337 
 
 t\ 26 
 
 69 
 
 90 
 
 112 
 
 136 
 
 162 190 
 
 220 
 
 253 288 
 
 3-27 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 82 
 
 104 
 
 1-28 
 
 154 181 
 
 211 
 
 243 279 
 
 317 
 
 30 
 
 54 
 
 75 
 
 97 
 
 120 
 
 145 173 
 
 202 
 
 234 269 
 
 307 
 
 ? 32 
 
 47 
 
 67 
 
 89 
 
 112 
 
 137 164 
 
 1Q3 
 
 225 259 
 
 296 
 
 a 34 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 81 
 
 104 
 
 129 155 
 
 184 
 
 215 240 
 
 2*6 
 
 S 36 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 73 
 
 96 
 
 120 147 
 
 1751206239 
 
 276 
 
 ) 38 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 66 
 
 88 
 
 112 138 166 
 
 196230 
 
 266 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 58 
 
 80 
 
 104 129 
 
 157 
 
 187220 
 
 255 
 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 72 
 
 95121 
 
 148 
 
 178210 
 
 245 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 87 112 
 
 139] Ids 200 
 
 235 
 
 46 
 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 79103 
 
 130 159 190 
 
 225 
 
 48 
 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 70 95 121 
 
 150 181 
 
 214 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 62 86112 
 
 140 171 
 
 204 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 54 77 103 131 l6l 194 
 
 To ascertain by the above table the 
 quantity of pipe which will heat one 
 thousand cubic feet of air per minute, 
 find, in the first column, the tempera 
 ture corresponding to that of the ex- 
 ternal air, and in one of the other co- 
 lumns find the temperature of the room ; 
 then, in this latter column, and on the 
 line which corresponds with the external 
 temperature, the required number of feet 
 of pipe will be found. 
 
 PIPEWOBT. Eriocau'lon. 
 
 PIPING, a mode of propagating the 
 Carnation, Picotee, and Pink, is only 
 another word for a cutting. Some per- 
 sons pull off the pipings from the plant, 
 and stick them in without more ado, but 
 this is a slovenly way ; besides, in pulling 
 off the pipings, the main stem of the 
 plant ia materially injured, and often de- 
 stroyed. The more correct way is, with a 
 sharp knife, to cut off the side shoot 
 close to the stem, without injuring it, 
 leaving a sufficient number of shoots to 
 preserve tbe health of the plant. Take 
 off one kind at once, making the proper 
 number or tally at the same time ; then 
 
 dress the pipings by cutting off the lower 
 leaves, leaving about four at the top. 
 These four leaves should not be muti- 
 lated or shortened, as they are the organs 
 to send down sap to form the roots. Put 
 the pipings in pots filled with light earth, 
 and a covering of sand upon it. Place them 
 in a frame with a little bottom-heat, wa- 
 tering gently when dry, and shading from 
 the sun until they are ripened. See CAB- 
 NATION. 
 
 PIPTA'NTHUS. (From pipto, to fall, and 
 anthos, a flower; short duration of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese], Linn., I0-J)ecandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Anagyris.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, which ripen 
 freely ; cuttings of ripe shoots under a hand-light ; 
 layers ; cuttings, also, of roots ; rich, sandy loam ; 
 should have the protection of a wall in exposed, 
 cold places, far north of London. 
 P. Nepalc'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Yellow. May. 
 Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 PIQUE'EIA. (Named after A. Piqneria, 
 a Spanish botanist, Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracea}]. Linn,, 1Q - Syngenesia 1- 
 JEqualis, ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, but chiefly 
 division in spring; common soil. 
 P. trine'rma (three-nerved). 2. White. July. 
 Mexico. 1798. 
 
 PISCI'DIA. Jamaica Dogwood. (From 
 piscis, a fish, and cado, to kill; the leaves, 
 twigs, and bark are used to stupefy fish. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacefe], 
 Linn, IG-Monadelphia Q-Decandtici. Al- 
 lied to Andira.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the 
 West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy, fihry loam. 
 Winter temp,, 48 Q to 60; summer, "60 to 85. 
 P. Cnrthitgine'nsis (Carthagena). 30. 1600. 
 erythri'na (red). 25. 1690. 
 
 PISTA'CIA. Pistachia-tree. (Altered 
 from its Arabic name, Foustag, Nat. ord., 
 Terebinths [Anacardiace.se]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 5 Pentandria. Allied to Schinus.) 
 
 P. Atla'ntica and lenti'scus yield the useful resin 
 called mastich. Seed nuts; layers and cuttings ; 
 rich, deep, sandy loam. Those from Barbary and 
 the South of Europe require the protection of a 
 greenhouse or a cold pit in winter ; and even the 
 hardiest kinds, though they have stood out at 
 Fulham and the Horticultural Society's Gardens, 
 will generally do best against a wall, when north 
 of London, unless the place is both sheltered from 
 the cold and exposed to the sun. 
 
 EVERGREEN TREES. 
 P. ienti'snus (mastich-tree). 15. May, South 
 
 Europe. 1654. 
 angustifo'lia (narrowrleared). 10, May, 
 
 South Europe. 166/. 
 Chi 1 a (Chian). May, Scio. 
 
pis 
 
 [643 ] 
 
 PIT 
 
 DECIDUOUS TREES. 
 f, Atlafntiea (Atlantic). 12. Barhavy. 1790. 
 
 mu'tica (beardless). Russia. 1344. 
 
 tereli'nthus (turpentine-tree). 20. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1656. 
 
 spheeroca'rpa (round-fruited). May. Ever 
 
 preen, 
 
 * (true). 20. May, Syria. 1770. 
 Narbonefnsis (Narbonne). 20. April. Nar- 
 
 bonne. 1752. 
 trifo'lia (three-lcafleted). 
 
 80. May. Syria. 
 
 Linn., 22-Dicecia 1- 
 
 PI'STIA. (From pistillum, the female 
 organ ; signifying the appearance of the 
 spathe inflorescence. Nat. ord., Duck- 
 weeds [Pistiaceas], 
 Monandria.} 
 
 Beautiful stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ; 
 rich, strong loan) ; a tub or tank in the plant- 
 stove or aquarium. 
 
 P. stratio'tes (water-soldier. Water Lettuce}. J. 
 Greenish. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 PISTORI'KTIA. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., JJoyseleeks [Crassulacece]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Decagynia. Allied 
 to Cotyledon.) 
 
 Hardy biennials. Seeds in any dry soil, ir> an 
 exposed place, or a rock-work, in April. 
 P. Hisptt'nica (Spanish). J. Red. June. Spain 1/96. 
 
 PI'SUM. The Pea. (From pis., the Celtic 
 name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Decan- 
 drin.} 
 
 Perennials, seeds and divisions ; annuals, seeds 
 sown according to the time the produce is w mted ; 
 rich, deep soil, where they will neither suffer from 
 damp nor drought. See PEA. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. Amen'ca'num (American). 1. Purple. S. Amer. 
 1800. 
 
 man'timum (sea). 1$. Purple. England. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 P. ai->;e'nse (field). 3. Red. South Europe. 
 
 ela'tuifl (tall). 5. Dark blue. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 Jomu'rdi (Jomardi's). 3". White. Egypt. 18;20. 
 
 su'i'vum (eomwon-cultivated). 3. White, 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 hu'mile (humble). 1. White. 
 
 macroca'rpum (large-podded). 4. White. 
 
 qnadra'tum (squared). 3. White. 
 
 aacohara' turn (sugared). 4. White. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbelled). 4. Purple. 
 
 Theba'icum (Jheban). 3. 1S25. 
 
 PIT in the Stove is the excavation, or 
 brick inclosure, in which i.s the tan, or 
 other material for plunging the pots ; and 
 for Forcing, itis a structure having a glass 
 roof, and differing from a hotbed and 
 frame on}y in being large, and with sides 
 fixed to the soil. (See HOTBED and ME- 
 LON for examples of various kinds of Pit.) 
 A Cold Pit is one where no artificial heat 
 is used, the protection the plants receive 
 being given solely by coverings. During 
 summer and spring, these pits, when not 
 
 plants by their walls. Either a Melon or 
 Cucumber Pit unheated, or an inclosure 
 made with turf walls, and covered with 
 the glass lights of a hotbed frame, an- 
 swer admirably as cold pits. 
 
 PITCAI'RNIA. (Named after Dr. Pit- 
 cairn. Nat. ord., Sromelworts [Bromelia- 
 cese]. Linn., S-Octandria ~\-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Tillandsia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Division, and by 
 suckers in spring, or when they can best be ob- 
 tained ; sandy, fibry peat, and good, mellow loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. a'lbiflos( white-flowered). 3. White. Sep. 
 tember. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet. Santa 
 
 Cruz. 1777- 
 
 bractea'ta (Jar#e-re<-bracted). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 April. W. Ind. 1799. 
 
 bromelicpfo'lia (pine-apple-leaved). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 June. Jamaica. 1781. 
 
 Chile'nsis ( Chili). 1. Scarlet. July. Chili. 1820. 
 
 courcta'ta (pressed-together). 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 Chili. 1852. 
 
 eckina'ta (echinated-^ouwerf)* Cream. Mexico. 
 
 January. 1852. 
 
 exsca'pa (stemless). Scarlet. July. New Gre- 
 
 nada. 1850. 
 
 fla'mmea (flame-eo/owred). 2. Flame. No- 
 
 vember. Rio Janeiro. 1825. 
 
 furfura'cea (scurfy).2.Red. July. S.Amer. 181 6. 
 
 hu'milis (low). 1. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), 2. Red. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 iridiflufra (iris-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. S. 
 
 * Amer. 1820. 
 
 Intifo'lia (bro;td-leaved). 
 
 W. Ind 1785. 
 
 longif'Ua (lone-leaved). ; 
 
 LT.'.I. 1852. 
 
 mqcrofHjflyx ( large-calyxevl). Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 18.52. 
 
 musca 11 (h..arv>. Red. December. St. Petera- 
 
 ri'ng''n,t (trapiu ). Crimson. Demerara. 
 
 s' ami net (Ions: stameneri). 2. Scarlet. Ja 
 
 num. s Amer. 182:1. 
 
 suuite' alms (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. Ju.\ 
 
 Br.izil. is-24. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-cowered). 2. Yellow. Au 
 
 t. W. Ind. 1797- 
 
 undula'ta (wavy). Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1843 
 
 undulatifo Ha (waved-leaved). 14. White. Ma 
 
 Brazil. 
 gignnte'a (gigantic). 5. White. February 
 
 PITCHER-LEAF. Nepe'nthes phylla'm 
 phora. 
 
 PITCHER-PLANT. Nepe'nthes dittillato'ria, 
 
 PiTTOspo'RUii. (From pilte, to tar or 
 pitch, and sporos, seed; seeds covered with 
 esinous pulp. Nat. ord., Pittosporad* 
 ^Pittosporacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Mouogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 ihoots in nand, under a bell-glass, in April, and 
 kept in a close frame, without bottom-heat ; sandy, 
 ' w nodules of fibry peat. Winter 
 
 2. Scarlet. August. 
 . Scarlet. December. 
 
 om an a ew noue , o ry p . 
 
 covered, v.'e still a great protection to j temp., 38 to 48; summer, 60 to 75. Tobi'ra 
 
PLA 
 
 [644] 
 
 PLA 
 
 s delightfully-scented flowers, 
 and both have stood against walls, 
 
 and undula'tum have 
 
 in the climate 
 
 of London, with a little protection 
 f. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. N. S. Wales. 1830. 
 
 bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Chocolate. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1842. 
 
 bracteola'tum (small-bracted). Norfolk Island. 
 
 1837. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). May. 1820. 
 
 coria'ceum (leathery-teaued). 8. Blue. May. 
 
 Madeira. 1783. 
 
 cornifo'lium (cornus-leaved). 3. Brown. May. 
 
 New Zealand. 1827. 
 ferrugi'neum (rusty-leaved). 6. Yellow. March. 
 
 Guinea. 17S7. 
 fia'aum (yellow-cowered). Yellow. February. 
 
 Australia. 
 
 fu'lvum (tawny-Jeafi!*). 3. Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 glabra'tum (smooth). 1&. Bright yellow. May. 
 
 Hong-Kong. 1845. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy-branched). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 Canaries. 1822. 
 
 ligustri/o' Hum (privet-leaved). 6. September. 
 
 N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 Mauritia'nnm (Mauritius). 8. Yellow. May. 
 
 Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 Ma'yii (May's). 3. 1845. 
 
 oleifo'tium (olive-leaved). N.Holland. 1823. 
 
 revolu'tum (curled back-teaoed). 6. Yellow. 
 
 March. N. Holland. 17Q5. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 4. May. N, Hol- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 
 Tobi'ra (Tobira). 12. White. May. Japan. 1804. 
 
 tomento 'sum (woolly-leaned). 6. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 undula'tum (waved-leaved). 10. White, green. 
 
 April. N. S. Wales. 1789- 
 variega'tum(va.riegvited-leaved). 5. White, 
 
 yellow. April. Gardens. 
 PLAGIOLOBIUM. (From plagios, trans- 
 verse, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., \7-Dia- 
 delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Hovea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, purple-flowered shrubs, 
 from New Holland. Cuttings of the points of 
 young shoots, or the small side-shoots, when two 
 inches in length, taken off close to the stem ; 
 sandy, fibry peat, with a few pieces of broken 
 pots, charcoal, and dried leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48; summer, 60 to 75. 
 P. chorozemcefo'lium (chorozema-leaved). 2. 
 March. 1824. 
 
 ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 2. March. 1824. 
 PLA'NERA. (Named after J. Planer, 
 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Elmworts 
 [Ulmacese]. Linn., 4-Tetrandria 3-Te- 
 tragynia. Allied to the Elm.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous trees. Layers, and grafting 
 on the elm ; common, rich loam. 
 P. carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). Green. April. 
 Siberia. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 12. Brown. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Green. April. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 Richa'rdi (Richard's). 12. Brown. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1/60. 
 
 PLANE-TUEE. Plata'nus. 
 
 PLANK PLANT. Bossiafa scolope'ndrium. 
 
 PLANTAIN. Mu'sa. 
 
 PLA'NTIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert 
 after Mr. Plant, nurseryman at Cheadle, 
 in commemoration of his success in cross- 
 breeding. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese], 
 Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Sisyrinchium.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. Seeds in spring, in a slight 
 hotbed; offsets; light, rich, sandy loam; bulbs 
 requiring to be taken up, or protected in a frame 
 during winter. 
 
 P.fla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1842. 
 
 PLANTING. The end of October is the 
 best time in the whole year to plant all 
 kinds of trees and bushes which cast 
 their leaves in winter, whether fruit-bear- 
 ing or ornamental ; but all the evergreen 
 American plants, as the Rhodode' ndron, 
 may be planted in October, as well as 
 in July, August, or September the right 
 months for getting in most evergreens. 
 For directions as to planting Fruit-trees, 
 the reader is referred to the article 
 STATIONS ; but much of the following 
 directions relative to planting ornamental 
 trees and shrubs is generally applicable. 
 Wherever they are to be placed, if the 
 soil is at all dry at the bottom, no matter 
 how poor it may be, it should be stirred 
 or trenched three feet deep. In the case 
 of single plants, where a pit or hole only 
 is required, the narrowest diameter ought 
 to be four feet, and if the bottom soil is 
 poor, it should be removed, and some good 
 added instead ; but loose soil of this 
 description will subside in time, and if 
 the plants are tied to stakes, as many 
 need be to keep them firm the first year 
 or two, the sinking of the soil from under 
 the roots may cause them to strain, or 
 otherwise injure them, by cracking and 
 letting in the dry winds to them. Ano- 
 ther evil is, that when trees thus planted 
 sink down gradually, additional soil is 
 placed over the roots to make the sur- 
 face level, and this is equivalent to plant- 
 ing too deep in the first instance, and 
 deep planting is always to be avoided. 
 Therefore the loose or new soil beneath 
 the roots ought to be gently pressed 
 down, and the pit filled up to near the 
 surface of the ground, or to within three 
 or four inches of it, so that, when the 
 tree or bush is planted, the surface of the 
 pit will appear a little mound, several 
 inches above the surrounding surface. 
 Plant fruit-trees shallow and on hard 
 bottoms, to prevent their getting too luxu- 
 
PLA 
 
 [ 645 ] 
 
 PLA. 
 
 riant; but in gardening for ornamental 
 plants, the more healthy and vigorous we 
 can grow them the more ornamental they 
 will be, unless, indeed, they are rather 
 tender for our climate. In that case shal- 
 low planting on a solid or unloosed bot- 
 tom suits them best, as they cannot grow 
 too strong, and the wood will therefore 
 ripen better. The shrub being taken up 
 with long, bare roots, and a host of small 
 fibres, and a considerable ball of soil at- 
 tached close up to the bole or bottom of 
 the plant, place this ball in the middle of 
 the prepared pit, and fill in the loose soil 
 under the strong roots, so that they may 
 lie in their natural position; and in doing 
 it, if the small fibres are pressed down 
 too much, loosen them back again, and 
 fill in any cavities under the bole or main 
 roots. When the roots, great and small, 
 each of them branching out in straight 
 lines, are as regular as they can be 
 placed, some of the lower ones will be 
 out of sight, but the majority are still 
 in view. Over those put a little better 
 soil, thus : take a spadeful, and throw it 
 past the stem of the plant on the roots 
 on the opposite side to you, so that the 
 soil runs along in the same direction as 
 the roots. If you throw it on the roots 
 next to you, it will run against their direc- 
 tion and turn back their small points, 
 which would be nearly as bad as the old 
 way of shaking the plant up and down 
 at this stage. When all the roots are 
 covered an inch or two, the watering-pot 
 must come, with a large rose to it, and 
 you must water all over the surface 
 heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This 
 watering is to do the business of the old 
 shaking settle the finer particles of the 
 soil about the roots. The rest of the soil, 
 to the depth of four or five inches, may 
 be thrown on anyhow, if the lumps are 
 broken small, so that the surface is pretty 
 smooth, and formed into a shallow basin 
 to hold the future waterings. A stout 
 stake, or stakes, according to the size of 
 the plant, should be driven down before 
 the earth is put over the roots, to keep 
 the plant from wind-waving. When large, 
 bushy evergreens are to be removed, their 
 branches must be tied up towards the 
 stem by passing a rope or strong cord 
 round them before commencing at the 
 roots. 
 
 PLASHING is a mode of repairing or 
 modifying a hedge by bending down a 
 portion of the shoots, cutting them half 
 
 through near the ground to render th em 
 more pliable, and twisting them amon g 
 the upright stems, so as to render the 
 whole more effective as a fence, and, at 
 the same time, preserve all the branches 
 alive. For this purpose, the branches to 
 be plashed, or bent down, must not be 
 cut more than half through, in order 
 that a sufficient portion of sap may rise 
 up from the root to keep alive the tipper 
 part of the branches. Where hedges 
 are properly formed and kept, they can 
 very seldom require to be thus maimed. 
 
 PLASTER OF PARIS. See G-Y'PSUM. 
 
 PLATANTHE'RA. (From platys, broad, 
 and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Chiefly hardy orchids. Seeds, chiefly sown as 
 soon as ripe, in loose, mossy, peaty soil ; peat 
 and loam, with a little chalk ; hardy ones kept as 
 alpines, in a frame, defended from heavy rains 
 and from severe frosts, and the atmosphere round 
 them moist, by watering the ground or moss on 
 which they stand. Several require the protec- 
 tion of a warm greenhouse. Hahena'ria bifo'lict 
 &ndfla'va have been added to this genus. 
 P. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Yellow, June. N. 
 Amer. 1796. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). Yellow. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 dilata'ta (spread). 1$. White. September. 
 
 Canada. 1823. 
 ^wz6ria'fa((fringed).Purple.June.Canada.l789. 
 
 herbi'ola (small-herb). Green. June, N. 
 
 Amer. 1789. 
 
 holope'tala (all-petaled). White. May. Ca- 
 
 nada. 1820. 
 
 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Green. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 hyperbn'rea (northern). Green. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1805. 
 
 inci'sa (cut). Pale yellow. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 psycho' des (butterfly-like). Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Susa'nncB (Susanna). Green, white. E. Ind. 
 
 1834. Stove. 
 
 PLA'TANUS. Plane-tree. (From platys, 
 broad ; the wide-spreading head of the 
 trees. Nat. ord., Planes [Platanacese], 
 Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, flowering in April. 
 Seeds in the autumn, and preserved until spring; 
 cuttings, also, in spring and autumn, but chiefly 
 and most quickly by layers in autumn and spring ; 
 deep, mellow loam. 
 P. accident a 1 lis (western). 70. NAmer. 1636. 
 
 au'rea variega'ta (golden-variegated- 
 
 leaved). 70. 1846. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 70. 1845. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). America. 
 
 1842. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Levant. 1548. 
 
 acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 70. Levant. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-/eaued). 20. Levant. 
 
 1739- 
 
 Hispa'nica (Spanish). 70. Spain. 
 
 lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 70. 1 845. 
 
 monstro'sa (monstrous). 70 1845. 
 
PLA 
 
 [646] 
 
 PLE 
 
 PLATYCE'RIUM. (From platys, broad, 
 and keras, a horn ; forhi of the fertile 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], 
 Linn., S^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.] 
 
 Stove Ferns. See FERNS. 
 
 P. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). g. Brown. August. 
 N. S. Wattes. 1808. 
 
 bifo'rme (two-shaped). 4. Brown, April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1842. 
 
 gra'Me (grand). Brown, July. Moreton 
 
 gay. 1828. 
 
 Stemma'ria (stemmaria); 1. Brown. May. 
 
 Guinea. 1822. 
 
 PLATYCHI'LUSI. This should be added 
 to (rompholobium. 
 
 P. Celsia'num (Cel's). 3. Yellow. N. Holland. 
 1820. 
 
 PLATYCO'DON. (From platys, broad, 
 and kodon, a bell ; form of flower. Nat. 
 ord., Bellworts [Campanulacece]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring, and eatings of young shoots in 
 summer, under a hand-light; sandy, mellow 
 loam. 
 P. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1782. 
 a'lba (white). 1. White. June. North 
 
 of China. 1845. 
 
 a'lba semiple'na (semi-double-white). 1. 
 
 White. June. China, 1845. 
 
 PLATYLO'BIUM. Flat Pea. (From 
 platys, broad, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 IG-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to 
 Hovea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland, 
 and orange-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds in spring, in a slight hotbed, 
 after placing them several hours in water, at a 
 temp, of 130; also by cuttings of the half- 
 ripened short shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in April ; fibry, sandy peat chiefly, with a very 
 little fibry loam, charcoal, and broken potsherds, 
 with pots extra well drained* Stagnant water, 
 especially in winter, destroys them. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48. 
 P.formo'sum (beautiful). 4. July. 1790. 
 
 M urraya'num (Murray's). 1. Yellow, red. 
 
 May. 1832. 
 
 obtusa'ngulum (obtuse-angled). 1. Yellow, 
 
 red. May. J832. 
 
 ova'tum (egg-leaved). 4. July. 1792. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July. 1/92. 
 
 triangula're (triangular-feawed). 4. July. 1805^ 
 PLATYLO'MA. (From platys^ broad, and 
 
 loma, an edge. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 diaceaj]. Linn.,2-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Fern. See FBBKS. 
 P. Andromedeefo'lia (Andromeda-teamf). May. 
 1840. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'red (dark purple), i. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1770. 
 
 Sro'wnii (Brown's). May. Australia. 
 
 calome'lanos (beautiful-dark). Mav. Cane of 
 
 Good Hope. 1843. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped;. 3. June. Mexico. 1842, 
 
 P. falca'ta (sickle- shaped). 1. May. N.Holland. 
 1823. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). May. Peru. 1838. 
 
 grandifo'Ha (large-leaved). 2. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), l. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 1824. 
 
 sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 3. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 1$. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 PLATYLO'PHUS. (From platys, broad, 
 and lophos, a crest ; seed-pod compressed 
 so as to seem winged. Nat. ord., Cunoniads 
 [Cunoniaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; 
 loam and peat. Winter temp,, 40 to 45 
 P. trifulin'ta (three-leafleted. White Ash}. White. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 PLATYPE'TALUM. (From platys, broad, 
 and petalum, a petal. Nat. ord., Crucifcrs 
 [Brassicacesej. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sions in spring; sandy peat, in a very sheltered 
 border, but better still treated as an alpine her- 
 baceous plant, by giving it rather a shady place 
 in summer, and protecting it from wet and cold 
 in winter. 
 
 P. puroura'scens (purplish), i. Purplish. May. 
 ' Melville Island. 1827. 
 
 PLATYSTE'MON. (From platys, broad, 
 and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Poppy- 
 worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyan- 
 dria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in 
 April ; common, rich, light soil. 
 P. Calif o'rnicus (Californian). 1 . August. Cali- 
 fornia; 1833. 
 
 leioca'rpus (smooth-fruited). 1. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1837. 
 PLATYSTI'GMA. (From platys, broad, 
 
 and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord., 
 
 Poppyworts [Papaveracese], Linn., 13- 
 
 Polyandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pla- 
 
 tystemon. ) 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Stfeds and 
 
 divisions in spring ; common, light soil; requires 
 
 a little protection in winter. 
 
 P.linea're (narrow-teaed), . Yellow, Cali- 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 PLEASURE-GROUND i3 a collective name 
 for that combination of parterres, lawns, 
 shrubberies, waters, afbburs, &c., which 
 are noticed individually in these pages. 
 One observation may be applied to all 
 let congruity preside over the whole. It 
 is a great fault to have any one of those 
 portions of the pleasure-ground in ex- 
 cess ; and let the whole be proportioned 
 to the residence. It is quite as objec- 
 tionable to be over-gardened as to be 
 over-housed. 
 
 PLECTRA'NTHUS. (From plcktron, a 
 
PLE 
 
 [647] 
 
 PLE 
 
 cock's spur, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Herbaceous, by seeds and divisions ; shrubs, at 
 times by seeds, but chiefly by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; rich, sandy soil will suit them 
 all. Temperature that of the greenhouse and 
 stove. There are many more species beside the 
 following :-" 
 
 P. inca'nus (hoary). 3. Blue. July. 1822. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 terna'tus (three-leafleted. Opime plant}. |. 
 
 Purple. August. Madagascar. 1821. 
 Stove herbaceous. 
 
 ternifo'livs (three-leaved). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 visco'sui (clammy). !. Blue. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1826. Stove evergreen. 
 PLECTEI'TIS. (From plektron, a cock's 
 Spur ; the flower being swollen in front. 
 Nat. ord., Valerianworts [ Valerianaceee]. 
 Linn., 3-Triandria \-Monogytria.} 
 
 Hardy North American annuals. Seeds in 
 April, in common garden-soil. 
 P. brachyste'mon (short-stamened). White. June. 
 1836. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded-lowered). 1. Hose. July. 
 
 1826. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller-/ "' ered)< 1. Rose. July. 
 
 1826. 
 
 PLECTRO'NIA. (From plektron, a cock's 
 spur ; the tree armed with large spines. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Chiococca.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold 
 frame; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48 . 
 
 P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 20. White, green- 
 Cape of Good Hope. 18:6. 
 
 PLEOE'LTIS. (From pleos, full, and 
 pelte, a shield ; referring to the covering 
 of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., Z-Cryp- 
 toyamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns, chiefly with brown spores. See 
 FERNS. 
 
 P. elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 
 1843. 
 
 ensifo'lia (sword-leaved) . May. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-headed). 1. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1812. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). $. May. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 nu'da (naked). $. May. Nepaul. 
 
 percu'ssa (stricken). Yellow. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 salicifo'iiu (willow-leaved). Yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 se'rpens (creeping). $. May. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 PLERO'MA. (From pleroma t fulness; 
 the cells of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomads [Melastomaceee]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria l-Monogynia* Allied to Os- 
 beckia.) 
 
 Stove Brazilian evergreen shrubs, chiefly with 
 purple flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened, or 
 
 rather, the short, stubby side-shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in summer, and plunged in 
 a little bottom-heat, lifting the edge of the hell- 
 glass at night, to prevent damping; sandy, fibry 
 peat, with a few nodules o f fibry loam, and pieces 
 of broken pots and charcoal, to keep the soil 
 open, and particularly well-drained. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. E'lcgnns 
 and several others do best in an intermediate 
 hous , -.iot so hot as a stove. It doe^ better in 
 the greenhouse than in the stove. 
 P- Benthamia'num (Bentham's).S. AueUxt. 1841. 
 -" c'leguns (elegani). 5. June. Organ Moun- 
 tains. 1844. 
 
 Jteteroma'llum (one-woolly-sided). 4. July. 1810. 
 
 Kunthia'num (Kunth's). Palish red. July. 184/. 
 
 vUto'sum (shagsy). 3. White. July. 1820. 
 
 vimi'neum (twiggy). 6. Ju.y. 18'21. 
 PLEURA'NDRA. (From plenron, a side, 
 
 and aner, an anther; the stamens ar- 
 ranged on one side of the pistil, giving 
 the centre of the flower a one sided ap- 
 pearance. Nat. ord.,Ditleniaii$ [Dilleni- 
 aceee]. Linn., 13 Polyundria 2-Diyynia. 
 Allied to Candollea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, New Holland, 
 evergreen shrubs ; all about two feet high, and 
 blooming in May. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; sandy, 
 fibry loam and fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal 
 mixed with the compost, with good drainage and 
 careful watering. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P, acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 1822. P. brae- 
 tea' tu (/ar#e-bracted). 1823. P. culyci'mt. 
 (/rg-e-calyxed). 1826. P. cneo'rutn (garland- 
 flower). June. 1824. P. ericcefu'lia (heath- 
 leaved). 1824. P. ni'tida (shining). 1823. P. 
 sca'bra (rough). 1824. P. stri'cta (elect). 
 1826. 
 
 PLETJROGRA'MMA. (From plcuron, a 
 side, and gramma, writing ; disposition of 
 the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord,, Ferns 
 [ Polypodiacese] . Linn,, %<L-Cryptogamia 
 l-Fllices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. See FEENS. 
 
 P. linea'ris (narrow-Jeauerf). Brown. June. 
 Jamaica. 1833. 
 
 PLEURO'GYNE. (From pleuron, a side, 
 and gyne, the female organ ; this issuing 
 from the side of the seed-vessel. Nat. 
 ord., Gentianworts [G-entianacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Gen- 
 tian.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; chalky loam, 
 and a small portion of peat. 
 P. rotu'ta (wheel-shaped-./?ou;ere0. |. Blue- 
 August. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 PLEUROTHA'LLIS. (From pleuron t a 
 side, and thallo, to bloom. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-%- 
 nandria l-Monogynia,) 
 
 Stove orchids, not possessing much beauty, 
 but are interesting, curious little plants. They 
 thrive best upon blocks of wood, with a small 
 portion of moss tied to the block. The best 
 form of the block ia a round oae, with the top 
 
PLO 
 
 [ 648 ] 
 
 PLU 
 
 cut sloping at an angle of 45, the plant to be 
 fixed on the sloping part. These blocks can then 
 be placed on the lower end, which should be cut 
 horizontally, to allow them to stand firmly in that 
 position. 
 
 P.aphtho'sa (wingless). Yellow. January. 
 Mexico. 183Q. 
 
 bicarina'ta (two-keeled). 
 
 circumple'xa (bound-round). Green. Febru- 
 
 ary. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 eflegans (elegant). Violet. New Grenada. 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). Purple. September. Peru. 
 fra'gilis (brittle;. Orange, yellow. May. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1841. 
 
 ge'lida (cold). Yellowish. May. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 1842. 
 
 Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Pale yellow. Mexico. 
 
 li'ngua (tongue-leaned). Purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1842. 
 
 lute'ola (yellowish-flowered). Yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1839. 
 
 margina'ta (margined). Purple. April. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1836. 
 
 muscoi'dea (moss-like). Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 oblongifo' lia (oblong-leaved). Red. Jamaica. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-/eed). Pale yellow. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 occu'lta (hidden-lowered). Brown. January. 
 
 Brazil. 1837- 
 
 ochreu'ta (reddish-yellow). Red, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 ophioce'phala (snake's-head). Yellow. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 pachygln'ssa (thick-tongued). Purple. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1837- 
 
 panduri'fera (fiddle-formed). Yellow. Brazil. 
 pectina'ta (comb-like). Green, purple. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Jamaica. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathery-Tooted). Green, purple. 
 
 Trinidad. 1840. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). Purple. Peru. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). Yellow, purple. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 recu'rva (curled-back-spiA-ed). Purple. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 restrepioi'des (restrepium-like). Purple, green. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 ro'seo puncta'ta (rosy-dotted). White, rose. 
 
 August. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 seria'ta (rowed). Yellow, green. May. Brazil. 
 
 1842. 
 
 sertularioi'des (sertularia-like). White. Ja- 
 
 maica. 
 
 sica'ria (dagger-shaped). Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Trinidad. 1841. 
 
 Smithia'na (Smith's). Green, purple. May. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1842. 
 
 stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Brown, yellow. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1837- 
 
 strupifo'lia (strap-leaved). Purple, white. 
 
 Year. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 te'res (round-stemmed). Cinnamon. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 tigri'na (tiger-spotted). Yellow, purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 tricarina'ta (three-keeled). Orange. Peru. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). Purple. May. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 vitta'ta (branded). Purple. April. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD. Ba'ccharis. 
 
 PLUM. Pru'nus dome'stica or insiti'tia. 
 
 Superior kinds. 1. Smith's Orleans ; 
 
 2. Greengage; 3. Precoce de Tours ; 4. 
 
 Washington ; 5. White Magnum Bonum ; 
 6. Imperatrice; 7. Denistoun's Superb; 
 8. Golden Drop ; 9. Early Favourite; 10. 
 Ickworth Imperatrice; 11. Cox's Late 
 Ked ; 12. Jefferson's ; 13. Heine Claude- 
 Violette; 14. Royal Hative; 15. Wine 
 Sour. Of these, Nos. 1, 3, and 9 are re- 
 markable for their earliness as table fruit. 
 Nos. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, for lateness as 
 table fruit. Nos. 4, 7, 12, 15, are adapted 
 for the kitchen. 
 
 Propagation : ly Grafting. The graft- 
 ing of the Plum is performed in precisely 
 the same manner as the Pear or the Ap- 
 ple, and at a similar period. The Brus- 
 sels stock is principally used by our nur- 
 serymen; but for such gross sorts as the 
 Washington, the Magnum Bonum, &c., 
 it is a question whether the Muscle stock 
 would not be fitter. We need not en- 
 large here on the process, which will be 
 found in detail under the head GRAFTING-. 
 
 Budding. The same may be said of 
 this process. See BUDDING. 
 
 Seed. This is resorted to in order to 
 procure new varieties ; and to accomplish 
 this, of course, seed from choice varieties 
 is obtained. The mode of sowing, rear- 
 ing, &c., will be found detailed in the 
 articles PEACH and PEAR. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. 
 As with the Peach, the Nectarine, Pear, 
 &c., so with the Plum. The first pro- 
 ceeding of the season is disbudding. 
 About the beginning of May the trees 
 burst forth into a great amount of spray, 
 and much of this will be ill-placed ; and, 
 indeed, if well-placed, much too crowded. 
 We are, of course, speaking of wall or 
 espalier trees, for there the most atten- 
 tion is requisite. A progressive disbud- 
 ding is best, the first consisting in merely 
 removing the foreright and back shoots, 
 unless, as observed with regard to the 
 other stone fruits, vacant spaces occur, 
 when an ill-placed shoot is better than 
 none. Shortly after this period, if the 
 trees be strong, gross shoots or robbers 
 will show themselves, which, when about 
 six inches long, should have the points 
 pinched off. In a few weeks more, ano- 
 ther disbudding will be expedient, and 
 by this time shoots of a proper character 
 for final reservation may be determined 
 on. The latter may be carefully tied or 
 trained as soon as convenient, and every 
 shoot of a doubtful character, in the 
 thinning out, may have the point pinched 
 off. The rest of the proceedings, indeed, 
 
PLU 
 
 [ 649 ] 
 
 POD 
 
 are so similar to the Peach, that it is 
 scarcely necessary to repeat them. 
 
 Culture during the Best Period. The 
 trees will require some pruning, and this 
 consists principally in thinning out, and 
 reducing the snags or stumps of shoots 
 pinched hack in the summer previous. 
 Our practice is to tie down on the old 
 wood, or otherwise train in, as much of 
 the shoot-jointed wood as possible, with- 
 out cramming it too thick ; for most of 
 this wood will become studded with blos- 
 som-spurs in the succeeding summer. 
 All that is not needed may be cut clear 
 away, as in the Pear ; and all useless 
 stumps also. Where wood is wanting to 
 furnish blanks, some of the leading shoots 
 may be shortened back a little ; and, in- 
 deed, any points may be shortened which 
 appear spongy and immature. The trees 
 may now be carefully trained or nailed 
 in, and, if necessary, receive any dressing 
 requisite for the insects. 
 
 Diseases and Insects. See PEACH. 
 
 PLUMBA'GO. Leadwort. (From plum- 
 lum, lead, or a disease of the eye so 
 called, to which a species of Plumba'yo 
 was applied. Nat. ord.,Leadworts [Plum- 
 baginacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo- 
 noyynia.) 
 
 Division of hardy herbaceous perennials, and 
 also seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender 
 kinds ; the side, stubby shoots do best, but shoots 
 at almost every age and size will strike freely in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and either 
 kept cool, or with a little bottom-heat, according 
 to the species. The tender species require the 
 greenhouse or the stove. Sandy loam, and a 
 little fibry peat and dried leaf-mould. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 P. Cape'nsis (Cape). 14. Blue. November. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 tri'stis (dark-lowered). lj. Brown. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1792. 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. Mexica'na (Mexican). White. July. Mexico. 
 1829. 
 
 rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). . Blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. S.Amer. 1826. Annual. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). lj. Red. May. E. Ind. 1777- 
 
 tca'ndens (climbing). 3. White. July, W. 
 
 Ind. 1699. Climber. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 2. White. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. Europce'a (European). 3. Blue. September. 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 
 Larpe'ntae (Lady Larpent's). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 China. 1845. Sir W. Hooker says this 
 ought to be known as Valora'dia plum- 
 baginui'des. 
 
 PLUMIE'RIA. (Named after Plumier, a 
 celebrated French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Dogbanes [Apocynaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Cerbera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-light, 
 and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55, and rather 
 dry ; summer, 60 to 85, with moist roots and 
 atmosphere. 
 
 P. acumina'ta (pointed-/eaed). 20. Red, yellow* 
 July. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 bi'color (two- coloured). 25. White, yellow. 
 
 August. S. Amer. 1815. 
 
 Blandfordia'na (Blandford's). 10. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 20. Flesh. July. 
 
 Peru. 1820. 
 
 Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Yellow and pink. 
 
 Guayaquil. July. 
 
 Ke'rii (Ker's). 15. Yellow.August.Mexico.1815. 
 
 Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. White. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1819. 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 10. White. July* 
 
 S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 Mille'ri (Miller's). 6. Flesh. July. W, Ind. 
 
 Northia'na (North's). 7. July. 8. Amer. 1820* 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt-beared). 10. White. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1733. 
 
 parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. July. W. 
 
 . *nd. 1813. J 
 
 pu'dica (chaste-cowered). 5. Yellow. July. ' fr<* *- 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. Peru. 1820, 
 
 ru'bra(red). 15. Red. July. Jamaica. 1 690. 
 
 *ubercula'ta (vtsated-stemmed). 6. White, Au- 
 
 gust. St. Domingo. 1812. 
 
 PODALY'RIA. (A classical name. Poda- 
 lirius was the son of JSsculapius. Nat 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 10-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Callistachys.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. The following, with two excep- 
 tions, are purple-flowered. Seeds in a hotbed, m 
 spring ; cuttings of stubby side- shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40 a 
 to 48. 
 P. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. White, red. April. 1789. 
 
 buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 1790. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 6, June. 1810. 
 
 myrtillifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. June. 1795* 
 
 oleeefo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. May. 1804. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 6. June. 1778. 
 
 PODOCA'RPUS. (From pous, a foot, and 
 karpos, a fruit; long footstalks. Nat. ord., 
 Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 2l-Monceda 
 W-Monadelphia. Allied to the Yew.) 
 
 Evergreen cone-bearers. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. Macrophy'lla, latifof- 
 lia, spinulo'sa, and nuci'fera have stood some 
 time against walls in the climate of London. They 
 are all good things for a winter garden. 
 P. Chili'na (Chilian). 40. Chili. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty-coloured). 40. New Zealand. 
 
 latifo'Ka (broad-leaved). 200. March. Pandua. 
 
 1828. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. July. Japan. 
 
 Nage'ia (Nageia). 40. Japan. 
 
 nuci'fera, (nut-bearing), 20. Jpn, 1832. 
 
POD 
 
 [650] 
 
 POI 
 
 P. gpinulo sa (rather-spiny). 20. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 sua'vis (oleander-leaved). 6.f. Scarlet. New 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 taxifn'lia (yew-leaved). 40. Peru. 1820. 
 
 Tota'rra (Totarra). 80. New Zealand. 
 
 Ya'cca (Yacca). 50. W. Ind. 1818. 
 POD-FERN. Elloboca'rpus. 
 PODOLE'PIS. (Fom potts, a foot, and 
 
 lepis, a scale; flower-stalks scaly. Nat. 
 ord.. Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Heli- 
 chrysum.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a 
 little heat, in spring ; division in spring, as growth 
 commences ; sandy loam, and a little leaf-mould 
 or peat ; the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 There are several species besides the following : 
 P.era'tilis (slender). 3. Pink. August. N. S. 
 Wales. 1826. 
 
 PODOLO'BIUM. (From poits, a foot, and 
 lobos, a pod ; the seed-pod on a foot-stalk 
 within the calyx. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gompholobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. Seeds, after being immersed for a 
 day in warm water, in a hotbed, in spring ; cut- 
 tings of the points of shoots, or small, stubby 
 side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April 
 or May; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little 
 charcoal and broken freestone. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 P. berberifo'lium (berberry-leaved). April. 183Q. 
 
 heterophy' Ihim (various-leaved). 3. June. 1824. 
 
 sca'ndens (c imbing). 3. April. 1824. 
 humifu' sum (trailing). 1. April. 1824. 
 
 stauruphy'llum (cross-leaved). 2. April. 1822. 
 
 triloba'tum (three-lobed). 2. April. 17Q1. 
 
 PODOPHY'LLUM. Duck's-foot. (Con- 
 tracted from anapodophy' Unm, or duck's- 
 foot-leaved. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun- 
 culacesej. Linn., 13-Polyandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Actea.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at the 
 root; moist, marshy peat, and a shady situation. 
 P. Emo'di (Emodi). May. California. 1845. 
 
 pelta'tum (shield - leaved. May Apple}. &. 
 
 White* May. N. Amer. 1664. 
 
 PODO'PTERTJS. (From pous, a foot, and 
 yteris, a wing ; the mode of growth. Nat. 
 ord., Buckwheats [Polygonaceaej. Linn., 
 Q-Hexandria 3-Trlgynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots under a glass, in sandy loam, in April ; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 P. Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 PODOSPE'RMUM. (From pous, a foot, and 
 sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 teraceffl]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesial-JEqualis. 
 Allied to Scorzonera.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered plants, blooming in 
 June. Biennials and annuals, by seeds in the 
 open border, in April ; perennials, by a similar 
 mode, and alfco by division of the roots in spring. 
 
 HARDY BIENKIALS. 
 
 P. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). South Europe. 
 1828. 
 
 lacinia'tum (jagged- leaped). 2. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 octangula're (eight-sided). 1. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Spain. 1816. Annual. 
 
 resedifo'lium (mignonette-leaved), l. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. calcitrapifo'lium (caltrop-leaved). 1. Levant. 
 1820. 
 
 ca'num (hoary). Russia. 1838, 
 
 coronopifu 1 Hum (buckhorn-leaved). I.N.Africa. 
 
 1818. 
 
 interme'dium (intermediate). Persia. 
 
 taraxacifu'tium (dandelion-leaved). I.Bohemia. 
 
 1820. 
 PCEDISCA ANGUSTIORANA. ApriCOt Moth. 
 
 As soon in May as one of the leaves of 
 a Peach, Nectarine, or Apricot is seen 
 rolled up, destroy the little caterpillar 
 within the roll, and watch for others, be- 
 cause the eggs of the moth from which 
 that caterpillar came continue to hatch 
 for several weeks. The moth is the Nar- 
 row-winged Pied Bar, Pcedisca augustio- 
 rana. The caterpillars appear during 
 May and June: they are about half an 
 inch long, are pale yellowish-green, and 
 with the head brownish-yellow. A few 
 bristles are scattered over the body. It 
 is a very active caterpillar, wriggling 
 about in most varied contortions when 
 disturbed, crawling with equal facility 
 backwards and forwards, and letting 
 itself down by a single thread from its 
 mouth. It passes into the state of a 
 brown, shining chrysalis, rolled up in the 
 same leaves, and from this the moth 
 comes forth in July. The moth is very 
 small, not longer than a fourth of an 
 inch. The fore-wings are reddish -brown, 
 in bands of various degrees of darkness. 
 The hind-wings are dusky. It deposits 
 its eggs, probably, upon the branches, 
 where they remain all the winter, and the 
 caterpillars are most frequently found 
 upon the Apricot. 
 
 POET'S CASSIA. Osy'ris. 
 
 POGO'GYNE. (From pogon, a beard, and 
 gyne, the female organ; fringe on the 
 style. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. 
 Linn., I4c-Didynamial-Gymnospermia. Al- 
 lied to Melissa.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Cultivated like Podospermum. 
 P. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). $. Pal* lilac. Au- 
 gust. California. 1836. 
 
 POINCIA'NA. Flower Fence. (Named 
 after Poinci, once governor of the An- 
 tilles. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 
POI 
 
 [651 1 
 
 POI 
 
 bacece] .Linn., ] Q-Decandria I-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Csesalpinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a brisk bot- 
 tom-heat, in spring; cuttings of stubby young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, 
 sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 60 to 60; 
 summer, 60 to 00. 
 P. ela'ta (tall). 15. Yellow. E. Ind. l/;8. 
 
 Gillie'sii (Gillies's). 4. Yellow. July. Mendoza. 
 
 1829. 
 
 insi'gnis (noble). 15. Copper. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 pulche'rrima (very fair). 10. Red, yellow. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1691. 
 
 re'gia (royal). Crimson. Madagascar. 1828. 
 
 POINSE'STIA. (Named after its disco- 
 verer, M. Poinsette. Nat. ord., Spurge- 
 worts [Euphorbiaceae] . Linn., 21-Mo- 
 noecia 1-Monandria. Allied to the Eu- 
 phorbia.) 
 
 Stove Mexican evergreen shrubs. Cuttings taken 
 off in spring, or when the old plant has done 
 flowering ; dried at the base after cutting to a 
 joint, and after several days inserted in sandy loam, 
 in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, and a little peat 
 and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50 to 60; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 85. When done flowering, they may 
 be kept dry, in a temperature of from 40 to 45, 
 if not above a period of two of three months. 
 P. pulche'rrima (fairest). 4. Scarlet. March. 1834. 
 
 a'lbida ( white- Aractfed). 4. White. De^ 
 
 cember. 1834. 
 
 POINTING-IN is mixing manure with the 
 top inch or two of the soil by means of 
 the point of a spade or fork. This is 
 done when roots, which ought not to be 
 disturbed, are near the surface. 
 
 POIEE'TIA. A stove evergreen climber, 
 really a Hovea. 
 P. sca'ndens (climbing). 6. March. Caraccas. 1823. 
 
 PoiSON-BuLB. Srunsvi'gia Cora'nica 
 and toxica'ria, and Gri'nwm Asia'ticum. 
 
 PoisoN-NuT. jStry'chnos mix-vo'mica. 
 
 PoiSON-OAK. Rhn's toxicode'ndron. 
 
 POISON-SUMACH, or POISON-WOOD, film's 
 venena'ta. 
 
 POISONOUS PLANTS. Gardeners should 
 be much more careful than they usually 
 are in handling the plants they cultivate, 
 for matty of them have deadly qualities. 
 M. Neumann, chief gardener of the Paris 
 Jardin des Plantes, says that pruning- 
 knives and hands washed in a tank after 
 they have been employed upon some of 
 the exotics will destroy the fish it con- 
 tains. Hippo' man ebiglandulo'sa, the Man- 
 chineel, the Tanyhin, Sa'pium lau'ro-ce'ra- 
 siis, and Camocia'dia denta'ta, are equally 
 deleterious to man. Gardeners who have 
 merely rubbed the leaves of the latter 
 between their fingers have had swollen 
 bodies and temporary blindness. Wounds 
 from priming-knives smeared with the 
 juices of such plants are like those from 
 poisoned arrows. 
 
 POISONS. Soils containing obnoxious 
 ingredients are certain introducers of 
 disease and premature death. An excess 
 of oxide of iron, as when the roots of the 
 apple and pear get into an irony-red 
 gravelly subsoil, always causes canker. 
 In tlio neighbourhood of copper-smelt- 
 ing furnaces, not only are cattle sub- 
 jected to swollen joints and other un- 
 usual diseases, causing decrepitude and 
 death, but the plants also around are 
 subject to sudden visitations, to irregular 
 growths, and to unwarned destruction ; 
 and a crop once vigorous will suddenly 
 wither as if swept over by a blast. There 
 is no doubt of this arising from the salts 
 of copper, which impregnate the soil 
 irregularly, as the winds may have borne 
 them sublimed from the furnaces, and 
 the experiments of Sennebier have shown 
 that of all salts those of copper are 
 the most fatal to plants. That they can 
 be poisoned, and by many of those sub- 
 stances, narcotic as well as corrosive, 
 which are fatal to animals, has been 
 shown by the experiments of M. F. 
 Marcet and others. 
 
 The metallic poisons being absorbed, 
 are conveyed to the different parts of 
 the plantj and alter or destroy its tissue. 
 The vegetable poisons, such as opium, 
 strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna, alco- 
 hol, and oxalic acid, which act fatally 
 Zn the nervous system of animals, 
 cause the death of plants. 
 
 The poisonous substance is absorbed 
 into the plant's system, and proves in- 
 jurious when merely applied to its 
 branches or stem, almost as much as if 
 placed in contact with the roots, tllcera- 
 tions and canker are exasperated if lime 
 be put upon the wounds, and when Dr. 
 Hales made a Golden llennet Apple 
 absorb a quart of camphorated spirits 
 of wine through one of its branches, one- 
 half of the tree was destroyed. 
 
 POI'VKEA. (Named after N. Poivrc, 
 a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Myrobolans 
 [Combretacea?]. Linn., IQ-JDecandria 
 L-Monogrjnia* Allied to Combretum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of short, 
 stubby side-shoots, as fresh growth commences, 
 in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and with a 
 little botrom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, 
 with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 85 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. Afze'lli (Afzelius's). 10. Scarlet. April. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1826. 
 barba'ta (bearded-plated). 10. White. M- 
 
 ranha. 1820. 
 
POL 
 
 [652] 
 
 POL 
 
 P. coeci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September. 
 Madagascar. 1818. 
 
 como'sa (tufted). 20. Purple. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1822. 
 
 deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 20. White. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 15. Scarlet. April. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1823. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Scarlet. April. 
 
 Isle of Bourbon. 1838. 
 
 POLANI'SIA. (From polys, many, and 
 anisos, unequal; many stamens of un- 
 equal lengths. Nat. ord., Cupparids 
 [Capparidaceae]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria 
 I-Monogynia. Allied to Cleome.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, flowering in June. Seeds in a 
 slight hotbed, under a glass frame, in March and 
 April, and pricked out and finally placed in the 
 open ground in the beginning of June. 
 P. Chelado'nii (Cheladon's). l. Rose. E. Ind. 
 1792. 
 
 dodeca'ndra (twelve-anthered). 1J. White. 
 
 E. Ind. 1795. 
 
 grave'olens (strong-smelling). l. Pinkish. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 uniglandulo'sa (single-glanded). 1. White, 
 
 red. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/30. 
 
 icostt'wdra(twenty-anthered). 1^. Yellow. 
 
 Ceylon. 1730. 
 
 POLEMO'NIUM. Greek Valerian. (From 
 polemos, war ; according to Pliny, a dis- 
 pute about its discovery led to warfare. 
 Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae], 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds ; but gene- 
 rally division of the plant; common garden-soil. 
 P. caeru'leum (blue). 2. Blue. June. Britain. 
 a'lbum (white). 2, White. June. Britain. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brown. 
 
 June. India. Biennial. 
 macula'tum (spotted). 2. Striped. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pili'ferum (hairy). Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated- leaved). 1. Blue. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 1$. Blue. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 hu'mile (lowly). Blue. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 la'cteum (milky-flowered). White. May. 1829. 
 
 Mexico.' num (Mexican). 1. Blue. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1817. 
 
 moscha'tum (musky). Black. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 pulche'rrimum (prettiest), f. Blue. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). $. Lilac, blue. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1758. 
 ma' jus (larger). 1. Dark blue. April. 
 
 Richardso'ni (Richardson's). Pale blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1800. 
 
 '-villo'sum (shaggy). Pale blue. August. Si- 
 beria. 1826. 
 
 POLIA/NTHES. Tuberose. ("From polls, 
 a city, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 its general use in city decoration. Nat. 
 ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Offset bulbs; old bulb* 
 are generally obtained from Italy every year, and 
 are planted in rich, sandy loam ; and when growth 
 has fairly commenced, they get the advantage of 
 a slight hotbed to forward them (but the bulb, 
 and not the top, should be kept warm), before 
 getting them ready for rooms or greenhouses. 
 P. gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1822. 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 3. White. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. White. 
 
 August. 
 
 POLY, or GERMANDER. Teu'crium. 
 
 POLYACHY'EUS. (From polys, many, 
 and achuron, chaff. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \-Syngenesla 
 1-jEqualis.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division and 
 cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy 
 soil; the protection of a cold frame, or some 
 analagous place, in winter. 
 P. Poppi'gii(Poppig's). Blue. June. Chili. 1830. 
 
 POLYA'NTHUS. This is a variety, but 
 a very permanent one, of the common 
 Primrose (Pri'mula vulya'ris). There 
 are many varieties, and their excellence 
 as florists' flowers may be determined by 
 the following rules: 
 
 The Pip. I. This should be perfectly 
 flat and round, slightly scolloped on the 
 edge, and three quarters of an inch in 
 diameter. 
 
 2. It should be divided in (five or) 
 six places, apparently forming (five or) 
 six flower-leaves, each indented in the 
 centre to make it a kind of heart-shaped 
 end; but the indentations must not 
 reach the yellow eye. 
 
 3. The indenture in the centre of the 
 apparent flower-leaves should be exactly 
 the same depth as the indenture formed 
 by the join of these flower-leaves, so that 
 it should not be known, by the form of 
 the flower, which is the actual division 
 and which is the indenture ; in other 
 words, which is the side and which the 
 centre of the flower-leaf; and all the 
 indentures should be as slight as possible, 
 to preserve the character. 
 
 4. The flower should be divided thus : 
 the yellow tube in the centre being 
 measured, the yellow eye, round the 
 tube, should be the same width as its 
 diameter; and the ground colour of the 
 flower should be the same width ; or 
 draw with the compasses, opened to a 
 sixteenth of an inch apart, a circle for 
 the tube or centre, open them to three- 
 sixteenths, and draw another circle for 
 the eye, then open them further to five- 
 sixteenths, and draw a third circle for 
 
POL 
 
 [653] 
 
 POL 
 
 the ground or dark colour. Beyond these 
 circles there is a yellow lacing, which 
 should reach round every flower- leaf to 
 the yellow eye, and down the centre of 
 every petal to the eye, and so much like 
 the edging that the flower should appear 
 to have (ten or) twelve similar petals. 
 The ends of these (ten or) twelve should 
 be blunted, and rounded like so many 
 semicircles, so that the outline of the 
 circle should be interrupted as little as 
 possible. 
 
 5. The tube (one-fifth the width of the 
 whole flower) should be nearly filled up 
 with the six anthers, which are techni- 
 cally called the thrum (have an elevated 
 edge, rendering it trumpet-eyed}, and the 
 flower should not exhibit the pistil. 
 
 6. The edging round and down the 
 centre of the petals formed by the di- 
 visions should be of even width all the 
 way, and uniformly of the same shade of 
 sulphur, lemon, or yellow as the eye, and 
 there must not be two shades of yellow 
 in the eye. 
 
 7. The ground colour may be just 
 what anybody likes best, but clear, well 
 defined, perfectly smooth at the edges in- 
 side next the eye, so as to form a circle, 
 and outside, next the lacing. A black or 
 a crimson ground, being scarce, is de- 
 sirable ; but the quality of the colour as 
 to clearness, rather than the colour itself, 
 constitutes the property. 
 
 The Plant. 1. The stem should be 
 strong, straight, elastic, and from four to 
 six inches in length. 
 
 2. The footstalks of the flower should 
 be of such length as to bring all the 
 flowers well together. 
 
 3. The truss should rise from the centre 
 of the foliage, comprise seven or more 
 flowers, and be neatly arranged to be seen 
 all at once. 
 
 4. The foliage should be dark green 
 short, broad, thick, and cover the pot well 
 but erect and clustering round, though 
 lower than the truss. 
 
 The Pair, or Collection. The pair, or 
 pan of more, should comprise flowers oi 
 different and distinct colours, either the 
 ground colour or the yellow of each being 
 sufficiently different from the rest to be 
 well distinguished. The whole should be 
 so near of a height as to range the heads 
 of bloom well together. The great fault of 
 the Polyanthus now, even among the besi 
 sorts, is that the divisions between the 
 petals are so wide as to make the flower 
 
 ook starry, whereas there should be no 
 more gap where the division is than is in 
 ;he indentation of the petal itself. 
 Glenny's Properties of Flowers, &c. 
 
 Culture. The Polyanthus may be cul- 
 tivated exactly as the Auricula. 
 
 POLYBO'TRYA. (From polys, many, and 
 botrys, a raceme ; the appearance of the 
 fertile or seed-bearing frond. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn, 24-Crypfo- 
 gamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 P. acumina'ta (pointed-teaued). July. W. Ind. 
 1831. 
 
 apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). July. I. of Luzon. 
 
 appendicula'ta (appendaged). July. W. Ind. 
 
 articula'ta (jointed). July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 cervi'na (hart's-tongue). f . April. Jamaica. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). July. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved), July. W. Ind. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). April. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 Osmundu'cea (Osmunda-like). July. Mexico. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edged). July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). July. W. Ind. 
 
 vivi'para (viviparous). J. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 POLY'GALA. Milkwort. (From polys, 
 much, and gala, milk; abundance of milky 
 juice. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Polygalaceae]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia 3-Octandria.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a peaty border ; herbaceous 
 perennials, seeds and divisions in similar soil, or 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould; hardy shrubs and 
 under-shrubs, as chamcebu'xis, by cuttings and 
 suckers, and which species, in particular, likes a 
 little chalk with the peat and leaf-mould ; tender 
 shrubs, by cuttings of the side-shoots, when 2J 
 inches long, taken off close to the stem, and in- 
 serted in sand, under a bell-glass ; for all these, 
 peat three parts, and loam one part. Many of 
 them, from their beauty and comparative hardi- 
 ness, should be tried aprainst conservative walls, 
 such as latifo'lia, myrtifo'lia grandifto'ra, spe- 
 cio'sa, &c. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. fastigia'ta (peaked). $. Red. June. N.Amer. 
 1824. 
 
 Monspeli'aca (Montpelier). . Blue. June. 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1739. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Stove. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. a'lba (white). White. June. Louisiana. 1827. 
 
 alpe'stris (alpine). Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 ama'ra (bitter). $. Blue. June. Europe. 1775. 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). Purple. June. Germany. 
 
 chamcebu'xis (bastard box). $. Yellow. May. 
 
 Austria. 1658. Evergreen. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). . Lilac, yellow. 
 
 June. Carolina. 1824. 
 
 ma'jor (larger. Austrian). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Austria. 173Q. 
 
 rube'lla (reddish), i. Pale red, June, N, Amer. 
 
 1828. 
 
POL 
 
 [654] 
 
 POL 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 P.attenua'ta (thin). 3. Purple. July, Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 Borboniafo'lia (Bbrbonia-leaved), 3, Purple. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1713. 
 
 .Burwa'wm (Burmann's). 3. Purple, June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 cordifa'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 Gurci'nii (Garcin's). 3. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 genistoi'des (broom-like). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Blue. May. New Zealand. 
 
 inter me 1 dia (intermediate). 3. Purple. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea?>erf). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l. Purple. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820, 
 
 ligula'ris (strap -leaved). l. Purple. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. *1820. 
 
 liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 4. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1/07. 
 
 r grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Purple. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 181?. 
 
 nummufa'ria (moneywort-leaved). 3. Purple. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 r- ma' jor (larger). 3. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 Si'mplex (simple-stemmed'). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816, 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 6. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1814. 
 
 teretifo'lia (cylindrical-leaved). 3. Purple. 
 
 August. Cape of Good Hope. 1/91- 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Purple. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 POLYGONA'TUM. Solomon's Seal. (From 
 polys, many, and gonu, a joint, or keee ; 
 numerous joints of the stem. Nat. ord., 
 Lilyworts [Liliaeeoe]. Linn. ,6 flewmdria 
 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Convallaria.) 
 
 Hardy, white^flowered, herbaceous perennial. 
 Seeds and divisions in spring; rjph, }ight soil. 
 Leptophy' Hum and oppositifo'liuni require pro- 
 tection in winter. 
 
 P. angustifo'lium (narrow -leaved). 1. May. 
 N.Amer. 1824. 
 
 brachia'tum (bracted). l. July, Switzer- 
 
 land. 1827, 
 
 canaliculaitum (channelled). 1. June. N. 
 
 Amer-, 1813. 
 
 hi'rtmn (hairy), i. May. N.Amer. 1S1Q. 
 
 Ifttifo'lium (broad-leaved), 3. May. Ger r 
 
 many. 1802, 
 
 leptqpky'llum (fine-leaved). 2. June. Ner 
 
 paul. 1816. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-lea,ved). 3, May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. June. Britain. 
 
 oppositifu'lium (opposite-leaved). 1. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 1. May 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 , May. N.Amer, 1812, 
 -r-verticilla'tum (whorled leaved). 1. May. 
 Scotland. 
 
 vulga're (common). 2. May. England. 
 flo're-ple'no (doubles-flowered). 2. June. 
 
 England. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1, June. England. 
 
 POLYGO'NUJE. (Erom polys, many, and 
 <7o?w,aknee; numerous joints of the stem. 
 Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. 
 Linn., Q-Octandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March 
 and April; herbaceous perennials, also by seeds, 
 as for annuals, and division of the roots : tender 
 annuals require the assistance of a hotbed before 
 transplanting in May ; greenhouse shrubs, by 
 cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, and grown 
 in fibry loam, with a little peat ; several of them, 
 such as adpre'ssum, which sends out very long- 
 shoots, should be tried against a wall. The fruit 
 f several, such as Tata'ricum and fagopy'rum, 
 are used for tarts. 
 
 GREENHOUSE, EVERGREENS AND 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. adpre'ssum (compressed). 2. Red. July. N. 
 Holland. 1822. 
 
 Bruno' nis (Brown's). . Pink. August. Nqytb. 
 
 of India. 1845. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Red. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1822. Herbaceous. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 1. Red. July. N.Holland. 
 
 1822. Herbaceous. 
 r herniarioi'des (herniaria-like). . July. Egypt. 
 
 1827. 
 T- tincto'rium (dyer's). 2. Red. July. China. 
 
 1776. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, 
 P. affi'ne (kindred), J. Red. June, Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 dlpi'num (alpine). 2. White. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1816. 
 
 amphi'bium (amphibious). J> Pink. July. 
 
 Britain. Aquatic. 
 -hirsu-'ium (hairy). 1. Red. July. Britain. 
 
 amplexicuu'le (stem-clasping). Red. July. 
 
 India. 1837. 
 
 barba'tum, (bearded). 2. White. July. China. 
 
 181Q. Trailer. 
 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 18)9. 
 
 e'le^aiis (elegant). 2. White, green. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. Trailer. 
 
 elli'pticum (o\a.\-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1807. 
 
 fflau'cum (milky-green). 1. J^. Amer. 
 
 l,axHiq'nni (Lasmann's), 1, White. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1800. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved), ij. Purple. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 seri'ceum (silky). , White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 seta' sum (bristly). 1, White. July. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1817. 
 
 r vapeiniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved). Pink. 
 July. Himalaya. 1845 Trailing evergreen. 
 
 Virginia! nnm (Virginian). 3. White. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 volca'nicum (volcanic). Mexico, 1831. Trail- 
 
 ing evergreen. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, 
 
 P. arena'rium (sand). 1. Purple, June f Hun- 
 gary. 18"7. Trailer. 
 
 *~ fagopy'rum (buckwheat),) 2. Pink, July. 
 England, 
 
POL 
 
 655 ] 
 
 POL 
 
 P.Jtoribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 ~ mi'te (mild. Water-pepper). 1. Red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. Aquatic. 
 
 onena7e(eastern).6.Red. August. E.Ind. 1/07. 
 a'lbum (white). 4. White. August. E 
 
 Ind. 1781. 
 
 Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red 
 
 July. N. Amer, 1800. 
 
 j9j-sie<m'oi'des(persiearia-like). l. Pink. July. 
 Mexico. 1816. 
 
 salsugi'neum (briny). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. Aquatic. 
 
 Senegate'nsis (Senegal). l. Red. July. Guinea. 
 
 1825. Aquatic. 
 
 POLYPO'DIUM. Polypody. (From polys, 
 many, and pous, a foot; numerous feet- 
 like divisions of the creeping stems. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia l-Filices. ) 
 
 Brown-spored Perns. See FEBNS. 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. alpe'stre (alpine) . $. July. 1820. 
 
 culca'reum (spur-branched). |. July. Britain. 
 
 oonne'ctile (connected). 1. June. Canada. 1823. 
 
 hexagono'pterum (sixrangled-winged). 1. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 phego'pteris (sun-fern), f . June. Britain. 
 - pustulii'tum (pimpled). 1. June. New Zealand. 
 
 18-20. Greenhouse. 
 
 Virginia' num (Virginian). 1. July. N. Amer. 
 
 vulga're (common). 1. July. Britain. 
 
 Ca'mbricum (Welsh). 1. July. Britain. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 P. angvstlfo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 -~ ayeala'tum (areolated). 1. Brazil, 1824. 
 
 aspn'rulum (roughish). August. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1842. 
 
 asplenifo'lium (spleenwort-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Martinico. 1790. 
 
 attenua'tum (thin). *. May. N, Holland. 1823. 
 
 au'reurn (gqlden). 3. March. W. Ind. 1742. 
 *~ auricula 1 turn (eared). 2. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 BMurdie'ri (La Billardiere's). 1. May. Van 
 
 Piemen's Land. 1823. 
 
 Cafhari'nee (St. Catherine's). I.Brazil. 1824. 
 
 conti'guum (adjoining). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1842. 
 
 crena'tum (scolIoped^l^.August.Jamaica.mS. 
 
 crussifu'Uwm (thick-leaved). 3. August, W. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 curva'tum (curved). 1. August. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 decuma'num (tall). 5. August. Brazil, 1819. 
 *- deflefxurn (bent-down). 2, July. 1830. 
 
 dissi'mile (unlike). 2. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 dine'rgens (spreading). June. W. Ind. 1841, 
 
 drepa'num (sickle). 1. Madeira. 
 
 drya'pteris (dryopterip). 1. July, Britain. 
 
 effu'sum (spreading). 3. November. Jamaica. 
 
 1769. 
 
 fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved), 2. August. Oa- 
 raccag. 1817. 
 
 Aasa'frn(nalbert-shaped). 2. July. Jamaica, 
 
 1S20. 
 
 heterophy'llum (variable - leaved). . July, 
 
 W. Ind. 1820, 
 
 inca'num (hoary). J. August. S. Amer. 1811. 
 
 inci'sum (cut). 1. July. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). 1$. September. 
 
 J<tmaiee'nse(J%m&ica). l^.June. Jamaica.1820. 
 
 juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 1^. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 P. lachnopo'dium (downy-footed). 4. June, Ja- 
 maica. 1843. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-headed). l.August.W.Ind, 
 1812. 
 
 la'tipes (broad-stalked). 1J. October. Brazil. 
 
 longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Brazil. 1819. 
 
 lycopodioi'des (club-moss-like), i. July, W 
 
 *Ind. 1793. 
 
 menisciifu'liwn (meniscium-leaved). July. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 neriifo'lium (nerium-leaved). July. Brazil. 1837. 
 -s- nu' fans (nodding). July. Malacca. 
 
 -^- obliqua'tum(t\viste(i). July. Isle of Luzon. 1841, 
 
 olwa'ceum (olive-like). 1. S, Amer. 
 
 Oti'tes (Otites). ^. October. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 Owarie'nse (Owarian). ^. Sierra Leone. 
 
 papillo'sum (nippled). April. Isle of Luzon, 
 
 paradi'sece (paradise). May. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 pectina'turn (comb-leaved). l. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 pAyftf'ttdis (hart's-tongue). 2. July, W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 phymato'des (warted). $. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 piloselloi'des (mouse-ear-like). ^. August. W. 
 
 lad. 1793. 
 
 plantagi'neum (plantain-like). 1. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1817. 
 
 plu'mula (feathered). 1. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 polya'nthum (many-flowered). Brazil. 1824. 
 
 proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Madeira, 
 
 pruina'tum (frosted- leaved). 2. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 quercifo 'Hum (oak-leaved). !. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 1824. 
 -T. rece'dens (receding). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 refru'ctum (broken). July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 1^. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). 2. May. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 salicifo'lium (willow leaved). ^. August. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 sa'nctum (holy). 1^. July. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Schku'rii (Schkur's). 1. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 scolopendrioi'des (scolopendrium - like). 1^. 
 
 May. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 stfrpens (creeping). |. W. Ind. 1816, 
 
 serrasfo'rme (saw-shaped). July. Isle of Luwra. 
 
 1841. 
 
 ser;w/artoi'des(ertularia-like), April, Malacca. 
 
 si'mile (similar). 2. 
 
 stigmo'sum (stigma-like). I.May. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 sudfalca'tum (slightlyrsickled). July, Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 1839. 
 
 subpetiola'tum (short - stalked), ?, May. 
 
 Mexico. 1845, 
 r- tainio'sum (banded). 2.. August, S. Amer, 1815. 
 
 tene'llum (slender). 1^. N. Holland. 1823. 
 n- tetrago'num (four-angled). June. Brasil, 1827. 
 
 trich,o'des(h^ir-like). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 -^ Jr/cAonan<>i'd<?s(trichoma.nes-like). 1. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 trifurca'tum (three-forked), |, July, W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 tubero>sum (tuberose). 2. All. W. Ind. 
 
 vacciniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved), . Sep- 
 
 tember. W. Ind. 
 
 POLYSPO'RA. (From polys, many, and 
 spora, seed ; many-seeded capsules. Nat. 
 ord., Teaworts [Ternstrorniacese]. Wnn., 
 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria, Allied to 
 Camellia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; also by graft- 
 ng, or budding, on the Game'llia Japo'nicctf 
 
POL 
 
 [656] 
 
 PON 
 
 sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. axilla'ris (axillary-cowered). 3. White. March. 
 E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 POLY'STICHUM, (From polys, many, and 
 stichus, a row ; numerous rows of spore- 
 cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacefe]. 
 Linn., 24^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 P. arista'tum (awned). I.July. Norfolk Island. 
 
 auricula'tum (eared). July. E. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Cape'nse (Cape). June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 coniifo'tium (hemlock-leaved). l. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1841. 
 
 denticulu'tum (toothed). July. Jamaica. 
 
 discre'tum. (parted). May. Nepaul. 
 
 drepu'num (sickle-/ronded). June. Madeira. 
 
 1822. 
 
 falcine'Uum (small-sickle). May. W. Ind. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). June. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). July. New Zealand. 1845. 
 
 mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 muni turn (armed). May. Jamaica. 183Q. 
 
 obtu'sum (blunt). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 proli'ferum (proliferous). July. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1823. 
 
 rhnmboi'deum (diamond-Zeawed). April. E. Ind. 
 
 specio'sum( showy). July. Nepaul. 
 
 vesti'tum (clothed). June. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1842. 
 
 POMADE 'RRIS. (From poma, a lid, and 
 derris, a skin ; the membranous covering 
 of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Rhamnads 
 [Rhamnacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs ; 
 yellow-flowered, except where otherwise stated. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots cut to a joint, 
 dried at the base, and inserted in sand, under a 
 glass ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 38 
 to 45. Elli'ptica, with the exception of having 
 creamy-like flowers, resembles the Ceano'thus 
 azu'reus, and no doubt would prove almost as 
 hardy against a wall. 
 P. acumina'ta (pointed-Jeawed). 80. June. 1816. 
 
 Andromedcefo'lia (Andromeda-leaved). 5. June, 
 
 1824. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 5. Whitish. April. 181 4 
 
 globulo'sa (globulose). 6. July. 1803. 
 
 lani'gera (woolly). 3. April. 1806. 
 
 ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. April. 1824. 
 
 ligustri'na (privet-like). White. June. 1826 
 
 viridiru'fa (greenish-brown). April. 1821. 
 
 Wendlandia'na (Wendland's). 6. April. 1810. 
 
 POMA'HIA.. (Named after Pomar, a 
 Spanish physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandrfa 
 1-Monogynia, Allied to Csesalpinia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a bit- 
 bed, in spring; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 May, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P. glandulo'sa (glanded). 6. Yellow. Hay. 
 New Spain. 1826. 
 
 PO'MAX. (From poma, a lid; the oper- 
 culurn, or covering of the seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese], 
 Linn., 4^-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Opercularia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. See OPERCULA'RIA. 
 P. hi'rta (hairy). 1. White, green. July. N. 
 Holland. 1826. 
 
 POMEGRANATE. Pu'nica. 
 
 POMPION. Cucu'rbita. 
 
 PONCELE'TIA. (Named after M. Pon- 
 celet, author of a treatise on Wheat. Nat. 
 ord., Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria "L-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Epacris.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see EPA'- 
 CRIS. 
 
 P. Sprengelioi'des (Sprengelia-like). 1. May. 
 N. S. Wales. 1826. 
 
 PONDS are reservoirs of water dug out 
 of the soil, and made retentive by pud- 
 dling with clay their bottoms and sides. 
 Puddling is necessary in almost all in- 
 stances, and the mode of proceeding is 
 thus detailed by Mr. Marnock, in the 
 United Gardeners' Journal. When the 
 excavation is formed, or partially so, the 
 bottom puddle near the outer edge is 
 formed, and upon this is raised the up- 
 right or side puddle ; and as this proceeds, 
 the ordinary clay or earth is raised at 
 the same time, by which means the up- 
 right puddle is retained in its place ; and 
 ultimately the sides, being formed in a 
 sloping direction, admit of being covered 
 with gravel or sand, and may be walked 
 upon, or stakes may be driven to a con- 
 siderable depth without reaching the 
 puddle, or in any way injuring it. This 
 can never be the case if the puddle, as is 
 sometimes done, be laid upon the sloping 
 side of the pond. The sides may slope 
 rapidly, or the reverse. If the slope be 
 considerable, sand or gravel, to give a 
 clean appearance, will be more likely to 
 be retained upon the facing ; plants car 
 be more easily fixed and cultivated ; gold- 
 fish, also, find in these shallow, gravellj 
 parts under the leaves of the plants suit- 
 able places to deposit their spawn, and 
 without this they are seldom found tc 
 breed. Ponds made in this way may be 
 of any convenient size, from a couple oi 
 yards upwards to as many acres. The 
 following is the section of a pond thus 
 formed ; 
 
 a indicates the surface of the ground a< 
 
PON 
 
 [6571 
 
 POP 
 
 the edge of the water ; 6, the puddle; c, 
 the facing to preserve the puddle from 
 injury ; d, the water ; e, the surface of 
 the latter ; and /, the ordinary bottom. 
 When a small pond of this kind is to he 
 made, and the extent of the surface is 
 determined upon and marked out, it will 
 then be necessary to form a second or 
 outer mark, indicating the space required 
 for the wall or side puddle, and about 
 three feet is the proper space to allow 
 for this ; the puddle requiring about two 
 feet, and the facing which requires to be 
 laid upon the puddle ought to be about a 
 foot more, making together three feet. 
 Ponds may be made very ornamental. 
 
 PON GA' MIA. (Pony am, its Malabar 
 name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., YI-Diadelphia k-De- 
 candria. Allied to Dalbergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers, all but 
 one white-flowered, and from the East Indies. 
 For culture, see DALBF/RGIA. 
 P. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 5. 1699. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. 1818. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 1824. Twiner. 
 
 pisci'dia (piscidia-like). 1818. 
 
 uligino'sa (marsh). W. Ind. 1824. Twiner. 
 
 PONTEDE'EIA. (Named after J.Ponte- 
 dera, professor of botany at Padua. Nat. 
 ord., Pontederiads [Pontederiacese], 
 Linn., 6-ffexandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Blue-flowered aquatics. Divisions of the roots ; 
 rich, strong, loamy soil, in a tub of water or an 
 aquarium. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 
 P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. N. 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 ceeru'lea (light blue). 2. July. N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 corda'ta (hea.it- leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1759. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head). 2. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1815. 
 
 STOVE AQUATICS. 
 P. azu'rea (sky-blue), f . July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). f . May. 
 
 Guiana. 1825. 
 
 dilata'ta (spreading). 2. July. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 /PONTIA. A genus of butterflies, of 
 which the following one is most ob- 
 noxious to the gardener : 
 
 P. brassicce (Large White Cabbage 
 Butterfly). The wings are white; the 
 upper with broad black tips ; and the fe- 
 male has two black spots on the middle. 
 The under side of the under wings is 
 light yellow. Breadth, when expanded, 
 two inches. It appears from May to 
 October. The caterpillar is bluish-green, 
 thinly haired, and sprinkled with black 
 dots, having a yellow stripe on the back, 
 and the same on the sides. These cater- 
 42 
 
 pillars are found, throughout the sum- 
 mer and autumn, on all the cabbage- 
 worts, on horse-radish, radishes, mus- 
 tard, and similar plants, as well as on 
 water- cresses. The pupae are yellowish- 
 green, with black dots, with a point on 
 the head, and five on the back. The best 
 way to destroy them is picking off and 
 killing the caterpillars, as well as the- 
 pupa?, as far as it is possible ; the latter 
 are found attached to adjacent trees, 
 hedges, and walls. But care must be 
 taken not to destroy those pupa? which 
 have a brown appearance ; because they 
 are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and 
 other allied parasites, which are the 
 great scourge of these caterpillars. 
 
 P. rapes (Small Cabbage Butterfly). 
 This butterfly resembles the foregoing, 
 but is one-half smaller ; and the black 
 tinge at the points of the upper wings is 
 fainter, and not visible on the outer edge. 
 The time of appearance is the same as of 
 the former. The caterpillar is of a dull 
 green, with fine white minute hairs, a 
 yellow stripe on the back, and yellow 
 spots on the sides, on a pale ground. In 
 some years it is very injurious to the 
 cabbage and turnip plants ; it also infests 
 mignonette, which it strips entirely of its 
 leaves. It is very difficult to be dis- 
 covered, from its colour. The pupa is 
 yellowish or greenish-grey, with three 
 yellow stripes. Kollar. 
 
 POPLAR. Po'pulus. 
 
 POPPY. Papa'ver. 
 
 PO'PULUS. Poplar. (From arbor-populi 
 of the Komans, or the tree of the public; 
 the Turin poplar much planted in their 
 cities. Nat. ord., Willowworts [Salica- 
 ceffl]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 7-Octandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should 
 be sown in moist soil, slightly covered, but 
 shaded as soon as the seeds drop from the trees ; 
 by cuttings of the ripened shoots ; also by layers 
 and suckers ; a deep, moist, loamy soil suits 
 them the best ; but they do not thrive well either 
 in a very dry place, or in places where there is 
 stagnant water. 
 P. alba (white. Abele-tree). 40. March. Britain. 
 
 angula'ta (angular. Carolina). 80. March. 
 
 Carolina. 1738. 
 
 balsami'fera (balsamic). 70. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1792. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 
 
 April. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). April. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. April. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 70. April. 
 
 Russia. 1825. 
 
 vimina'lis (twiggy). 40. April. Altai. 
 
 1826. 
 
 betulifo'lia (birch-leaved. Black American"). 
 
 40. March. N. Amer. 
 
 2u 
 
POR 
 
 [658] 
 
 POR 
 
 P. Canade 1 'mis (Canadian). March. Canada. 
 
 ca'ndicans (v/hhish-heart'leaved). 50, March. 
 
 N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 40. March. England. 
 acci-ifo'lia (maple-leaved). 
 
 JEgypti'ncn (Egyptian). Egypt. 
 
 Arembe'rgica (Aremberg). 1835. 
 
 Be'tgicd (Belgian). South Europe. 1835. 
 
 hv'brida (hybrid). 40. April. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ni'nea (snow-white). 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping- branched), 
 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal. Lombardy). 70. March. 
 
 Italy. 1758. 
 fae'm ina (female). March. Italy. 1838. 
 
 Gras>ca (Greek. Athenian). 40. March. Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1779. 
 
 grandidenta'ta (large-toothed). 70. March. 
 
 N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 40. March. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 70. March. 
 
 N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). April. 
 
 longifo'tia (long-leaved). April. America. 1843. 
 
 monili'fera (necklace-bearing). 70. May. 
 
 Canada. 1772. 
 Lindleyn.'nu (Lindley's waved-leaved). 
 
 April. Canada. 1/72. 
 variega'ta (variegated-Jeawerf). May. 
 
 ni'gra (black). 30. March. Britain. 
 salidfo'lia (willow-leaved). April. Floet- 
 
 becic. 1834. 
 
 vi'ridin (green -leaved). April. Britain. 
 
 pseu'do .bnlsami'fera (bastard-balsamic). April. 
 
 America. 1843. 
 
 tre'mulu (tremblinsr.^s^en). 50.March. Britain. 
 l&rigu'ta (smooth). 80. March. N.Amer. 
 
 1/60. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). April. 
 
 supi'na (lying-down). March. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tre'pida (trembling. American}. 30. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 tri'stis (sad). April. N.Amer. 1843. 
 
 PORA'NA. (From poreno, to travel ; the 
 twining stems extending far and wide. 
 Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacesej. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria,I-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Convolvulus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, East Indian, white-flowered 
 twiners. Seeds in a hotbed, and side, stubby, 
 short shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 65. 
 P. pan'icnla'ta (panicled). October. 1823. 
 
 volu'tiilis (twining). 50. July. 1820. 
 
 PORANTHE'RA. (From poros, a pore, or 
 opening, and anthera, an anther, or pol- 
 len-bag ; anthers opening by pores. Nat. 
 ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 3-Trigyniu.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots in sand." under a bell-glass, set in a close 
 frame, and shaded in May ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 P. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved), l. White. July. 
 N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 PORLIE'RA. (Named after P. A. Porlier, 
 a Spaniard, Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zy- 
 
 gophyllacesB]. Linn., 8-Oclandrid 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Melianthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which close 
 Defore rain ; hence called hygrome'trica. Cut- 
 :ings of firm shoots in spring, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P, hygrome'trica (hygrometric). 6. Peru. 1820. 
 
 PO'RPAX. (From porpctx, a button; 
 shape of pseudo- bulbs. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chids [Orchidacesej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Ixia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Divisions in spring, in pots. See 
 ORCHIDS. 
 P. reticula'ta (netted). Purple, red. E. Ind. 
 
 PORPHYRO'COMA. (From porphyra,-pnx- 
 ple, and Icoma, a head; flower-heads 
 purple. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- 
 ceffi]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia 2-Angio- 
 spermia. Allied to Aphelandra.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, in a hotbed ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teared). 1. Violet. 
 April. 1845. 
 
 PORTLA'NDIA. (Named afterthe Duchess 
 of Portland. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Eondeletia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Jamaica. Cuttings 
 of rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a brisk, sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam, 
 peat, and a little leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45 
 to 6l> ; summer, 60 to Q0. 
 P. cncci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. 1812. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. White. 1775. 
 
 PORTUGAL LAUREL. Ce'rasusLusita'nica. 
 
 PORTULA'CA. Purslane. (From porto, 
 to carry, and /ac, milk; milky juice. Nat. 
 ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn., 11- 
 Dodecandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Tali num.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border, at 
 the end of April; tender annuals, by seed in 
 hotbed, in spring, and afterwards flowering them, 
 in the greenhouse, as they require a very sheltered, 
 sunny spot to do much good in the open air ; 
 tuberous and shrubby greenhouse kinds, by cut- 
 tings and division of the roots ; rich, sandy loam 
 and peat, the loam being enriched with old leaf- 
 mould or cow-dung. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS. 
 P. Gillie'sii (Gillies'). . Red, pink. Mendoza. 
 1827- 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Chili. 1827- 
 
 Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. May. 
 
 Peru. 1820. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). Crimson, purple. May. 
 
 Chili. 183Q. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Thellusn'nii (Thelluson's). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1839. 
 
 lu 1 tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. 1847. 
 
 __ _ sple'ndens (shining). 1, Reddish-purple. 
 
 June. 
 
POS 
 
 [ 639 ] 
 
 POT 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 P. halimoi'des (halimus-like). $. Yellow. June. 
 Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 meridia'na (noonday). . Yellow. May. E. 
 
 Ind. l/gi. 
 
 parvifn'/ia (small-leaved). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1799. 
 
 jpi7o'sa(-haggy). $. Pink. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1690. 
 
 pusi'lla (weak). . Yellow. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. 
 
 quadri'fida (four-cleft). $. Yellow. August. 
 
 E. Jnd. 1773. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS. 
 P.folio'sa(leafy). J. Yellow. June. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 grandiflu'ra lu'tea (large yellow -flowered). 
 
 Yellow. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 Guine'nsis (Guinea). . Yellow. June. Guinea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucrated). \. Pink. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed), i. Yellow. June. 
 
 1822. 
 
 olera'cea (eatable), f . Yellow. July. Europe. 
 
 . 1582. 
 
 sati'va (cultivated). 1$. Yellow. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1652. 
 au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1652. 
 
 POSOQUE'EIA. (Posoqueri,ihe Guianan 
 name of longiflo'ra. Nat. ord., Cincho- 
 nads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 I-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove, white- flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, leaf- 
 mould, and a little peat. Winter temp., 48 to 
 60 j summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. gra'cilis (slender). 5. Guiana. 1825. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. September. Gui- 
 
 ana. 1826. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 versl' color (changeable-coloured). Pinky-white. 
 
 September. Cuba. 183Q. 
 
 POTATO. Solatium tubero'sum. 
 
 Soil A dry, friable, fresh, and mode- 
 rately rich soil is the best for every 
 variety of the potato. 
 
 The black - skinned and rough -red 
 thrive better than any other in moist, 
 strong, cold soils. If manure is abso- 
 lutely necessary, whatever may be the 
 one employed, it is better spread regu- 
 larly over the surface previous to digging 
 than put into the holes with the sets, or 
 spread in the trench when they are so 
 planted ; but, if possible, avoid manuring. 
 .Leaf-mould, or very decayed stable- dung, 
 is the best of all manures ; sea-weed is a 
 very beneficial addition to the soil ; and 
 r;o is salt. Coal-ashes and sea-sand are 
 applied with great benefit to retentive 
 soils. The situation must always be open. 
 
 Propagation. It is propagated in 
 general by the tubers, though the shoots 
 arising from thence, and layers of the 
 
 stalks, may be employed. New varieties 
 are raised from seed. 
 
 Planting in the open ground is best 
 done in October and November, and may 
 thence be continued until the end of 
 March. This last month is the latest in 
 which any considerable plantation should 
 be made. They will succeed if planted 
 in May, or even June ; yet it ought always 
 to be kept in mind that the earliest 
 planted, especially in dry soils, produce 
 the finest, healthiest, and most abundant 
 crops. 
 
 Sets. The next point for consideration 
 is the preparation of the sets. Some 
 gardeners recommend the largest pota- 
 toes to be planted whole ; others, that 
 they be sliced into pieces containing two 
 or three eyes ; a third set, to cut the 
 large tubers directly in half; a fourth, 
 the employment of the shoots only, 
 which are thrown out if potatoes are 
 kept in a warm, damp situation ; and a 
 fifth, that merely the parings be em- 
 ployed. Cuttings of the stalks, five or 
 six inches in length, or rooted suckers, 
 will be productive if planted, during 
 showery weather, in May or June ; and 
 during this last month, or early in July, 
 the potato may be propagated by layers, 
 which are formed by pegging down the 
 young stalks when about twelve inches 
 long, they being covered three inches 
 thick with mould at a joint. For the 
 main crops, moderate-sized whole pota- 
 toes are the best. 
 
 To obtain early crops where tubers are 
 rapidly formed, large sets must be em- 
 ployed. In these one or two eyes at 
 most should be allowed to remain. If 
 the sets are placed with their leading 
 buds upwards, few and very strong early 
 stems will be produced; but, if the 
 position is reversed, many weak and later 
 shoots will arise, and not only the earli- 
 ness but the quality of the produce be 
 depreciated. For the earliest crops there 
 are, likewise, several modes of assisting 
 the forward vegetation of the sets. These 
 should be prepared by removing every 
 eye but one or two ; and being placed in 
 a layer in a warm room, where air and 
 light can be freely admitted, with a cover- 
 ing of straw, chaif, or sand, they soon 
 emit shoots, which must be strengthened 
 by exposure to the air and light as much 
 as possible, by taking off the cover with- 
 out injuring them. During cold weather, 
 and at night, it must always be removed i 
 
POT 
 
 [ 660] 
 
 POT 
 
 the leaves soon become green and tole- 
 rably hardy. I nearly spring they are 
 planted out, the leaves being left just 
 above the surface, and a covering of 
 litter afforded every night until the 
 danger of frost is passed. 
 
 Planting. Insert them with the dibble, 
 in rows ; for the early crops twelve inches 
 apart each way, and for the main ones 
 eighteen inches ; the sets six inches 
 beneath the surface. The potato dibble 
 is the best instrument that can be em- 
 ployed, the earth being afterwards raked 
 or struck in with the spade, and the soil 
 not trampled upon, but planted as suffi- 
 cient is dug for receiving a row; for 
 the looser the soil the less does frost 
 penetrate, and the more readily does 
 superfluous moisture escape. 
 
 The compartment may be laid out 
 level and undivided if the soil is light ; 
 but if heavy soil is necessarily employed ; 
 it is best disposed in beds six or eight 
 feet wide. If the staple of the soil be 
 good throughout, the alleys may be two 
 feet wide, and dug deep, otherwise they 
 must be made broader, and only one spit 
 taken out, the earth removed being em- 
 ployed to raise the beds, which should 
 be in four parallel ridges, and the sets 
 inserted along their summits. 
 
 Hoeing. As soon as the plants are 
 well to be distinguished, they should be 
 perfectly freed from weeds, and of the 
 early crops the earth drawn round each 
 plant, so as to form a cup as a shelter 
 from the cold winds, which are their chief 
 enemy at that season; but the main 
 crops should not be earthed up, for earth- 
 ing up diminishes the crop one-fourth. 
 Throughout their growth they should be 
 kept perfectly clear of weeds. 
 
 It is very injurious to mow off the tops 
 of the plants. The foliage ought to be 
 kept as uninjured as possible, unless, as 
 sometimes occurs on fresh ground, the 
 plants are of gigantic luxuriance, and 
 even then the stems should be only 
 moderately shortened. It is, however, of 
 considerable advantage to remove the 
 fruit-stalks and immature flowers as soon 
 as they appear, unless the stems are very 
 luxuriant. A potato-plant continues to 
 form tubers until the flowers appear, after 
 which it is employed in ripening those 
 already formed. 
 
 The very earliest crops will be in pro- 
 duction in June, or, perhaps, towards the 
 end of May* and may thence be taken up 
 
 as wanted until October, at the close of 
 which month, or during November, they 
 may be entirely dug up and stored. In 
 storing, the best mode is to place them 
 in layers, alternately with dry coal-ashes, 
 earth, or sand, in a shed. The best in- 
 strument with which they can be dug up 
 is a three-flat-pronged fork, each row 
 being cleared regularly away. 
 
 The tubers should be sorted at the 
 time of taking them up ; for, as the 
 largest keep the best, they alone should 
 be stored, whilst the smaller ones are 
 first made use of. 
 
 Potatoes should not be stored until 
 perfectly dry, and must also be free from 
 earth, refuse, and wounded tubers. 
 
 To raise Varieties. A variety of the 
 potato is generally considered to con- 
 tinue about fourteen years in perfection, 
 after which period it gradually loses its 
 good qualities, becoming of inferior fla- 
 vour and unproductive; fresh varieties 
 must, therefore, be occasionally raised 
 from seed. The berries, or apples, of 
 the old stock, having hung in a warm 
 room throughout the winter, the seed 
 must be obtained from them by washing 
 away the pulp during February. The 
 seed is then thoroughly dried and kept 
 until April, when it is sown in drills 
 about a quarter of an inch deep, and six 
 inches apart, in a rich, light soil. The 
 plants are weeded, and earth drawn up 
 to their stems, when an inch in height ; 
 and as soon as the height has increased 
 to three inches, they are moved into a 
 similar soil, in rows sixteen inches apart 
 each way. Being finally taken up in the 
 course of October, they must be pre- 
 served untill the Mowing spring, to be 
 then replanted and treated as for store 
 crops. 
 
 The tubers of every seedling should be 
 kept separate, as scarcely two will be 
 of a similar habit and quality, whilst 
 many will be comparatively worthless, 
 and but few of particular excellence. If 
 the seed is obtained from a red potato 
 that flowered in the neighbourhood of a 
 white-tubered variety, the seedlings, in 
 all probability, will in part resemble both 
 their parents ; but seldom or never does 
 a seedling resemble exactly the original 
 stock. At all events, only such should 
 be preserved as are recommended by 
 their superior earliness, size, flavour, or 
 fertility. 
 
 The early varieties, if planted on little 
 
POT 
 
 [ 661 ] 
 
 POT 
 
 heaps of earth, with a stake in the mid- 
 die, and when the plants are about four 
 inches high, heing secured to the stakes 
 with shreds and nails, and the earth 
 washed away from the hases of the stems 
 by means of a strong current of water, so 
 that the fibrous roots only enter the soil, 
 %vill blossom and perfect seed. 
 
 Forcing. The season of forcing is 
 from the close of December to the middle 
 of February, in a hotbed, and at the close 
 of this lastmonth on a warm border, with 
 the temporary shelter of a frame. The 
 Iiotbed is only required to produce a 
 :noderate heat. The earth should be six 
 inches deep, and the sets planted in rows 
 six or eight inches apart, as the tubers 
 are not required to be large. The tem- 
 perature ought never to sink below 65, 
 nor rise above 80. 
 
 The rank steam arising from ferment- 
 ing dung is undoubtedly injurious to the 
 roots of potatoes; and to obviate this 
 they may be planted in narrow beds, and 
 the dung applied in trenches on each 
 -side; or all the earth from an old cucum- 
 ber or other hotbed being removed, and 
 an inch in depth of fresh being added, 
 put on the sets, and cover them with four 
 inches of mould. At the end of five 
 days the sides of the old dung may be 
 cut away in an inward slanting direction, 
 about fifteen inches from the perpendi- 
 cular, and strong linings of hot dung 
 applied. 
 
 If the tubers are desired to be brought 
 to maturity as speedily as possible, in- 
 stead of being planted in the earth of the 
 Lad, each set should be placed in a pot 
 about six inches in diameter, though the 
 produce in pots is smaller. But young 
 potatoes may be obtained in the winter, 
 by the following plan, without forcing : 
 Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in 
 a dry, rich border, in July, and again in 
 August, in rows two feet apart. They 
 wfll produce new potatoes in October, and 
 i n succession until April, if covered with 
 leaves or straw to exclude frost. If old 
 potatoes are placed in dry earth, in a 
 shed during August, they will emit young 
 tubers in December. 
 
 Preparation of Sets for Forcing. They 
 should be of the early varieties. To 
 assist their forward vegetation, plant a 
 single potato in each of the pots intended 
 ibr forcing during January. Then place 
 in the ground, and protect with litter 
 from the frost. This renders them very 
 
 excitable by heat; and, consequently, 
 when plunged in a hotbed, they vegetate 
 rapidly and generate tubers. The seed 
 potatoes are equally assisted, and with 
 less trouble, if placed in a cellar just in 
 contact with each other ; and as soon as 
 the germs are four inches long, they are 
 removed to the hotbed. 
 
 Management. More than one stem 
 should never be allowed, otherwise the 
 tubers are small, and not more numerous. 
 
 Water must be given whenever the soil 
 appears dry, and in quantity proportion- 
 ate to the temperature of the air. Lin- 
 ings must be applied as the temperature 
 declines, and air admitted as freely as 
 the temperature of the atmosphere will 
 allow. Coverings must be afforded with 
 the same regard to temperature. 
 
 From six to seven weeks usually elapse 
 between the time of planting and the fit- 
 ness of the tubers for use. 
 
 Potato Murrain. By the above name 
 was distinguished a moist gangrene 
 which first attacked, very generally, the 
 crop of England late in the summer of 
 1845. July and August were unusually 
 wet and cold, and early in August there 
 were sharp morning frosts. Immediately 
 after, the stems began to decay ; but the 
 weather continuing wet, instead of their 
 decay being dry, and attended with the 
 usual phenomena of their reduction to 
 mere woody fibre, the putrefaction was 
 moist, and the smell attendant upon it 
 precisely that evolved during the decay 
 of dead potato haulm partly underwater. 
 The stem decayed, whilst the fibres con- 
 necting the tubers with them were fresh 
 and juicy ; the putrefaction spread along 
 these ; the diseased sap, being absorbed 
 by their still immature and unusually 
 juicy tubers, imparted to them the gan- 
 grene ; the infection first being apparent 
 at the end nearest the connecting fibre, 
 spreading gradually throughout the bark 
 of the tuber, rendering it brown, like a 
 decayed apple, and, lastly, causing the 
 decay of its interior portion. Previously 
 to the final decay, the increased specific 
 gravity of the potato was remarkable, 
 amounting to one-third more than that 
 of a healthy tuber an increase caused 
 by its greater amount of water. When 
 boiled the potato became black ; but 
 when submitted to a dry heat of about 
 200, it rapidly lost moisture, and the 
 progress of the ulceration was retarded, 
 if not entirely stopped. 
 
POT 
 
 [ 662] 
 
 POT 
 
 The disease seems to be the result of 
 an excessive degree of wet and cold, at 
 that period of closing growth when all 
 bulbs and tubers require an increased 
 degree of dryness and warmth. If the 
 hyacinth, or tulip, or dahlia is sub- 
 mitted to similar unpropitious contin- 
 gencies, its bulbs or tubers similarly 
 decay. It is not a new disease, for to a 
 less extent it has been noticed before. 
 
 The best rules to obtain and preserve 
 sound potatoes, and a good crop, are 1. 
 Grow none but those which ripen by 
 August. 2. Plant whole, middle-sized 
 potatoes. 3. Plant on moderately light 
 soil, manured some months previously. 
 4. Apply no manure at the time of plant- 
 ing. 5. Plant in November in light, dry 
 soils, but not until February in wet soils. 
 6. Preserve your seed potatoes between 
 layers of earth until required. 7. Plant 
 as you dig ; that is, dig enough for one 
 row, and then plant it with the dibble, so 
 as to avoid trampling on the ground, 8. 
 Let the tops of the sets be six inches be- 
 low the surface. 9. Do not earth up the 
 stems. 10. Do not cut down the stems. 
 11. Take up the crop as soon as the 
 leaves begin to look yellow in July or 
 aarly August. 12. Store in a dry shed 
 between layers of earth, sand, or coal- 
 ashes. 
 
 POTATO, or UNDER -GKOUND ONION. 
 (All turn aggrega'tum.) Produces a cluster 
 of bulbs or offsets, in number from two 
 to twelve, and even more, uniformly be- 
 neath the surface of the soil. From be- 
 ing first introduced to public notice in 
 Scotland by Captain Burns, of Edinburgh, 
 it is there also known as the Bum Onion. 
 
 Varieties. There evidently appear to 
 be two varieties of this vegetable, one of 
 which bears bulbs on the summit of its 
 stems, like the Tree Onion, and the other 
 never throwing up flower-stems at all. 
 One variety is much larger than the other, 
 and this vegetates again as soon as ripe. 
 
 Both varieties are best propagated by 
 offsets of the root of moderate size, for if 
 those are employed which the one va- 
 riety produces on the summit of its stems, 
 they seldom do more than increase in 
 size the first year, but are prolific the 
 next; this also occurs if very small off- 
 sets of the root are employed. 
 
 Planting. They may be planted dur- 
 ing October or November, or as early in 
 the spring as the season will allow, but 
 not later than April. In the west of Eng- 
 
 land, assisted by their genial climate, 
 they plant on the shortest, and take up 
 on the longest day. They are either to 
 be inserted in drills, or by a blunt dibble, 
 eight inches apart each way, not buried 
 entirely, but the top of the offset just 
 level with the surface. Mr. Maher, gar- 
 dener at Arundel Castle, merely places 
 the sets on the surface, covering them 
 with leaf-mould, rotten dung, or other 
 light compost. The beds they are grown 
 in are better, not more than four feet 
 wide, for the convenience of cultivation. 
 
 The practice of earthing over them, 
 when the stems have grown up, is unna- 
 tural ; and by so doing the bulbs are 
 blanched, and prevented ripening per- 
 fectly, on which their keeping so much 
 depends. So far from following this plan, 
 Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, recommends 
 the earth always to be cleared away down 
 to the ring from whence the fibres spring, 
 as soon as the leaves have attained their 
 full size, and begin to be brown at the 
 top, so that a kind of basin is formed 
 round the bulb. As soon as they vege- 
 tate, they intimate the number of offsets 
 that will be produced by showing a shoot 
 for each. 
 
 They attain their full growth towards 
 the end of July, and become completely 
 ripe early in September; for immediate 
 use, they may be taken up as they ripen, 
 but for keeping, a little before they at- 
 tain perfect maturity. 
 
 POTENTI'LLA. Cinquefoil. ("From potens, 
 powerful ; supposed medicinal quality. 
 Nat. ord., Moseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria 3-Trigynia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Ca'ndicans and 
 lineari'lobn require protection in the winter; 
 seeds and division of the plant in spring; shrubs, 
 by cuttings of ripe wood in the autumn, or by 
 cuttings in summer, under a hand-light; good, 
 deep, sandy loam. All yellow-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. 
 P. arfsefl'ndens(ascending).l. June. Hungary. 1806. 
 
 agrimonioi' des (agrimony-like). &. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 181J. 
 
 a'lbn (white). . White. May. Wales. 
 
 alpe'stris (mountain). . Orange. July. Britain. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful. Three-toothed Himala- 
 
 yan), f. Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1851. 
 
 angitstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). . June. Siberia. 
 
 18-24. 
 
 anseri'na (goose- tansy}, f . July. Britain. 
 
 .Apenni'na (Apennine). . White. May. Apen- 
 
 nines. 1821. 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 1. June. Britain. 
 
 Astraca'nica (Astracan). I.July. Siberia. 1787. 
 
 a'tro-sangui'nea (dark -bloody)-, l. Purple. 
 
 July. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured), l. Yellow, red. March. 
 
 Nepaul. 1843. 
 
POT 
 
 [ 668 ] 
 
 POT 
 
 P. biflo'ra (two-floweredl. . June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 bifu'rca (forked-.'wed; J. June. Siberia. 1773. 
 subseri' cea ( rather-silky). . June. As- 
 
 tracan. 1827. 
 
 Bocco'ni (Bocci.u's). $. White. July. Apen- 
 
 nines. 1823. 
 
 CVzwade'rm'i- (Canadian).!. Jane. N. Amer.1800. 
 
 cu f ndieans(\vh\\\*\\-lrared).% .May. Mexico 1820. 
 
 caule'scens (stemmed). I. White. July. Austria. 
 
 1759. 
 
 chrysa'ntha (gold en - flowered). 1. Golden. 
 
 June. Siln-na. 1827. 
 
 Clusia'na (Cluxn '). . White, yellow. June. 
 
 Austria. 1H('6 
 
 colli'na (hill), l. June. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 confe'rta (cr<i\vd:-d-y?owered). 4- June. Altai. 
 
 1831. 
 
 cro'cea (saffron). 1. Copper. August. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1M6 
 
 dealba'ta (wliifeu il). 1. July. Altai. 
 
 deserto'rum (de-.-rt 1 . 1. June. Altai. 1830. 
 - diffu'sa (spread ins). 1. July. 1817- 
 
 ^fw'sa(loose-fl<>w ered). 1 .August. N.Amer.l 826. 
 
 Ege'dii (Eged's). 5. Way. Denmark. 1820. 
 
 filipe'ndula (dropwvtrt-iike). 1. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1823. 
 
 flagellu'ris (rod). |. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 furmo'sa (beautiful), 1>J- Purple. June. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1822. 
 
 yVag'a'ria (strawberry). . White. May. Britain. 
 
 fragifo'rmis (strawbcrry-lormed). 1. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. July. England. 
 Duhu'rica (l)ahurian). 2. August. Da- 
 
 huria. 1824. 
 
 tenui'loba (narrow-lobed). 1$. August. 
 
 N. Amer. Is] 1. 
 
 Gariepe'nsis (Gartep). White. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1837. 
 
 glandulo'sa(%la.i\ded). I.August. California. 1830. 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2 July. California 1835. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. June. Siberia. 
 
 1640. 
 
 Gunthe'ri (Gnnther's). 1. June. Europe. 1818. 
 
 Ht#pi'na(Hippiani's). l July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). . White. June. Ger- 
 
 many. 1820. 
 
 insi'gnis (showy). 4. July. Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 /ftteari'/o6a(narrow-lobed)4. July. Mexico. 18 >4. 
 
 Loddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. June. Siberia. 
 
 mucra'ntha (large-flowered). . May. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Missou'ricu (Missouri). 1. June. N.Amer. 18.'7 
 
 molli'ssima (softest-teamed). l. July. Europe. 
 
 1832. 
 
 Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). . April. France. 
 
 1680. 
 
 multi'fida (many-cleft-/eayed). . July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1759. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). . June. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). . White, red. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1816. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy-/eed). . Julv. Siberia. 1816. 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). $. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). . June. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 pectinn'tu (corah-leaved). l, July. N.Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 peda'tu (doubly-lobed). 1. June. Europe. 1819. 
 
 Pennsz//a'nica(Pr^iisyivanian). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/25. 
 
 pimpinelloi'dcs (burnet-like). ^. May. Levant. 
 
 1/58. 
 
 P. pulche'rrima (very fair). ^. May. N.Amer.I837. 
 
 rt'cta (upright). 1. June. South Europe. 1648. 
 - re'ptans (creepina;). ^. May. Britain. 
 fin're-ple'no (double-flowered;. ^. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 runega'ta (variegated- leaned). . July. 
 
 B itain. 
 
 Rickardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. July. N. 
 Amer. 18-.'6. 
 
 rnpe'stris (rock). 1. White June. England. 
 
 Rutlte'iiica (Russian). l. July. Siberia. 1/99. 
 
 seri'cra (MlUy-teed). ^. July. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 S'ei'rrsin'nu (Siever's). June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 speciii'm (>howy). 1. June. Crete. 1821. 
 
 stipula'ris (stipuled). I.July. Siberia. 1/27. 
 
 Thomn'fiii (Tiiomas's). . June. Italy. 1822. 
 
 tridtnta'ta (three-toothed-/eaued). i. White. 
 
 June. Scotland. 
 
 umbro'sa (shady). 4. White. May. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 uniflu'ra (one-flowered). 3. May. Dahuria. 1819. 
 
 we'r/m (spring). $. June. Britain. 
 
 verticil I a 1 ris (whorled-/eaued). ^. June. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 villo'xa (shaggy). . June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1. July. Dahuria. 1797- 
 
 POT-HEEB MOTH. Mamestra. 
 
 POT-HERBS. See HEEBARY. 
 
 PO'THOS. (The Cingalese name for one 
 species. Nat.ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese]. 
 Linn., k-Telrandria \.-M.ono(jynia. Allied 
 to Anthurium.) 
 
 The following are stove epiphytes; but there 
 are many more, and some evergreen trailers, not 
 worth notice. Dividing the roots in spring ; fibry 
 peat, fibry loam, rotten wood, and charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 P. angusta'ta (narrow). . May. Trinidad. 1823' 
 
 crassine'rtns (thick-nerved). 2- S. Amer. 1796' 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. May. W. Ind' 
 
 1794. 
 
 rubrine'rvia (red-nerved). 2. R.Amer. 1820. 
 
 POT-MAEIGOLD. Cale'ndula officindiis. 
 
 POTTING. In performing this opera- 
 tion the Pots are the first consideration, 
 and for information relative to these, see 
 FLOWER-POTS. 
 
 Time of Potting. This, when nece^- 
 sary, should generally be done after prun- 
 ing, and when fresh growth has taken 
 place. The reason for this is, that it is 
 advisable never to give more checks to a 
 plant at once than cannot be avoided. 
 The cutting down is a check, the repot- 
 ting or shifting is another. Therefore, 
 in both cases, we apply an extra stimulus 
 for a short time immediately after, by 
 keeping the plants closer and warmer. 
 
 State of the Soil. It should neither be 
 dry nor wet. If very dry, it will not pack 
 so well in the pot ; the water, if it passes 
 freely at all, will find chinks and crannies 
 for itself, and it will be long before the 
 general mass becomes sufficiently moist 
 to support a healthy vegetation. On the 
 other hand, if wet soil is used, it is apt 
 to pack too close ; frequent waterings are 
 
POT 
 
 [ 604 
 
 POT 
 
 apt to puddle it; the very closeness, even 
 when the drainage is all right, prevents 
 the air from penetrating. To know the 
 proper dryness, take a handful; if by 
 tightly squeezing it just holds together 
 slightly, it will do ; if it forms a compact 
 mass, so that it might he laid on the 
 potting-board without any risk of tum- 
 bling to pieces, it is too wet. It is not 
 necessary that the whole of the material 
 should be in a uniform state of moisture ; 
 for instance, we want some rough stuff 
 to place over the drainage, that may be 
 drier. The soil is rather fine ; and to 
 improve its mechanical texture we insert 
 little nodules of fibry loam or peat, little 
 or big, in proportion to the size of the 
 pot, and the smallness and largeness of 
 the shift given. These nodules, if not 
 too numerous, may be drier. So in the 
 case of a manure, which we may wish 
 to act both as a mechanical agent, and to 
 give out its nourishment not at once, but 
 for a long period. It should be old; but 
 it should be hard and dried. When rapid 
 action from manure is required, it should 
 be finely divided, and regularly mixed 
 with the soil, or used largely as a mulch- 
 ing or top-dressing. 
 
 The Soil should be rough and open. Ex- 
 ceptions there are, such as a covering for 
 small seeds, which must be fine ; in fact, 
 if just pressed into the appropriate soil, 
 a dusting of silver-sand scattered over, and 
 then a square of glass put over the pot, 
 it will answer better than the finest-sifted 
 soil. We would not use a sieve at all, 
 unless a very fine one to get rid of the 
 mere dusty portion ; and this should al- 
 ways be done before adding sand as a 
 lightening agent. The rule to follow, for 
 general purposes, is to use rough and 
 lumpy, fibry soil, in opposition to that 
 which is fine and sifted ; but let that 
 roughness consist in numbers of small 
 rather than a few of larger pieces, and 
 when the latter are used, let them be in 
 proportion to the size of the pot, and the 
 size of the shift given. For instance, for 
 a 4-inch pot, the largest pieces may range 
 from the size of peas to horse-beans ; for 
 an 8-inch pot, the largest pieces may be 
 like walnuts, but not many of that size ; 
 and for a 16-inch pot, a few pieces may 
 be as large as eggs, with every other size 
 downwards, and well packed with the 
 finer soil from which the mere dust has 
 been extracted. 
 
 Securing and Preparing suitable Soil. 
 
 Heath - soil, so necessary for hair-like 
 rooted plants, can only be procured from 
 upland commons where the heath natu- 
 rally grows. Loam of almost every quality 
 can be procured by taking the surface 
 turf from pasture and the sides of roads, 
 and building it in narrow ridges when 
 dry, and using it after being so built up 
 for six or twelve months. Failing these 
 sources, for all plants not requiring peat 
 earth, suitable soil may be obtained from 
 the sides of highways, and by skimming 
 off the flaky material from the tops of 
 ridges that have been trenched up for 
 some time in the kitchen-garden. In 
 using the latter, however, you must, in 
 general, be content with small shifts, as 
 you will not be able to get the soil rough 
 enough for large ones. The plants, not- 
 withstanding, will thrive beautifully, and 
 size for size will often yield more bloom 
 than if you had used large shifts and 
 larger pots. If the latter is your wish, 
 you may use pieces of charcoal, or, what 
 will answer extremely well, get a few 
 fibry sods taken off quite thin, dry them 
 over a furnace, or, what is better, char 
 the grassy sides by putting them on an 
 old spade or other iron, and then place 
 them over a fire ; allow the sods to be 
 exposed for a few days to sweeten ; and 
 then, if broken into small pieces, they 
 will not only be useful for placing over 
 the drainage, but also for mixing with 
 any, but chiefly fine soil to keep it open. 
 Where rough soil is wanted for large 
 shifts, it is best to pile the turf, when 
 dry, in narrow stacks, through which the 
 air may circulate, and yet the wet be ex- 
 cluded. In using such a heap, after the 
 time specified, there is little occasion to 
 turn it frequently afterwards, which would 
 be necessary in the case of other fresh 
 soil not so exposed ; for we must not 
 forget that every turning we give, while 
 it renders the soil more aerated and sweet, 
 renders it also more fine and dense, from 
 the decomposition of its fibre. Charcoal, 
 owing to its lightness, not to speak of its 
 chemical properties, is the best assistant 
 for rendering the soil porous ; and enough 
 of this may be got from every garden by 
 charring the rubbish. Failing that, how- 
 ever, broken brick, broken pots, and 
 lime-rubbish maybe used with advantage, 
 if there is nothing in the peculiar plant 
 to render one or all unsuitable. 
 
 Draining. A plant badly drained will 
 never show fine cultivation. Where worms 
 
POT 
 
 [665] 
 
 PEI 
 
 are likely to intrude, the convex side of 
 the potsherd should be placed over the 
 hole ; but for amateurs, nothing is better 
 than small caps of tin or zinc to cover 
 over the hole completely ; and in either 
 case, plenty of drainage placed over them, 
 the materials being smaller as it ascends. 
 For anything requiring nicety, there ought 
 to be at least one-inch drainage in a five- 
 inch pot, and so in proportion. The best 
 covering for the drainage is a sprinkling 
 of green moss, to separate the drainage 
 from the soil; over that some of the 
 rougher materials should be placed, and 
 then some of the finer, on which the 
 base of the ball should rest. 
 
 Pottiny or Shifting. The pots should 
 be new or thoroughly clean. No man 
 deserves to have a nice plant who would 
 place it in a dirty pot, and rarely will he 
 be rewarded with one. When he attempts 
 to shift again, it serves him right to find 
 that roots and soil alike are so sticking 
 to the sides of the pot, that he must 
 break the pot, or lacerate the roots. Be- 
 fore commencing operations, see that the 
 ball of the plant is moist from the centre 
 to the circumference. If not, you can never 
 moisten it afterwards without labour, 
 which may as well be spared. 2. If you 
 wish to rattle your plants on until a cer- 
 tain period, upon the successive shift 
 system, never allow the roots to mat 
 round the sides of the pot ; but reshift 
 as soon as they get there. 3. If the roots 
 should be a little matted, gently disen- 
 tangle them, even though in doing so 
 you get rid of a good quantity of the old 
 soil, and spread these roots out into 
 layers, packing them as you proceed with 
 soil of various degrees of fineness. 4. 
 The soil in general should be as high in 
 temperature, or nearly so, as the plant 
 enjoyed previously. Cold soil has injured 
 many a fine plant. We have said nothing 
 of cutting roots, because that chiefly ap- 
 plies to particular times and instances. 
 Generally, when after a period of rest, 
 fresh growth is to be induced. 
 
 Immediately -after-treatment. What- 
 ever system of potting has been adopted, 
 a greater excitement to growth than usual 
 should be given. If well watered pre- 
 viously to potting, and a largish shift 
 given, little water will be wanted at the 
 root for a time ; but that should be several 
 degrees warmer than usual; and fre- 
 quent syringings in bright weather should 
 be imparted, accompanied with shading, 
 
 if necessary. If a small shift was given, 
 water will be wanted more freely at the 
 root; and here, as well as in the other 
 case, a higher temperature should for a 
 time be maintained, until fresh growth 
 has freely commenced, when air and ex- 
 posure may be more freely given. See 
 ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM. 
 
 POTTING-OFF is the term applied to 
 moving into pots, singly, seedlings or 
 cuttings from where they have been 
 grown numerously together. 
 
 POTTLE. See BASKET. 
 
 POUPA'RTIA. (Called Bois de Poupart, 
 in the Isle of Bourbon. Nat. ord., Tere- 
 binths [Anacardiacesej. Linn., 10-Decan- 
 dria k-Pentagynia. Allied to Spondias.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. -BorAo'm'c(Bourbon). 40. Purple. Bourbon. 1825. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet. Otuheite-apple). 30. Yellowish. 
 
 Society Islands. 1793. 
 
 mangi'fera (mango-bearing). 30. White. S. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 PEA'TIA. (Named after M. Prat, a 
 French officer. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lo- 
 beliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a 
 slight hotbed, in spring ; dividing the plants ; 
 cuttings of the young shoots in sandy soil, any 
 time, but best in autumn and spring ; sandy loam, 
 and a little peat or leaf-mould; require a green* 
 house or cold pit in winter. Lo'belia Begonias- 
 fo'lia belongs to this genus. 
 P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1824. Trailer. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 PREPU'SA. (From prepousa, comely; 
 the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Gen. 
 tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus.) 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a hotbed, 
 in spring ; division of the plant at the same time. 
 Winter temp., 48 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 P. Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 1. White, crimson. 
 
 March. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 PRESTO'NIA. (Named after <7. Preston, 
 M.D. Nat. ord., Doybanes [Apocynacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Kynchospermum.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners, from 
 Brazil. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby side* 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in beat ; sandy 
 loam, and a little fibry peat or dried leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 48 to 58; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. glabra'ta (smoothed). 8. July. 1823. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 8. July. 1820. 
 
 PRICKLY CEDAR. Cyatho'desoxyce'drus. 
 PRICKING-OUT is transplanting seed- 
 lings from their seed-bed more thinly, 
 
PEI 
 
 [ 666 ] 
 
 PEI 
 
 that they may acquire more fibrous roots 
 and strength previously to their being 
 finally planted out 
 
 PRICKWOOD, or TIMBER. Euo'nymus 
 Europce'us and Co'rnvs sangni'nea. 
 
 PBIESTLE'YA. (Named after Dr. Priest- 
 ley. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba- 
 ce]. Linn., VI -Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. 
 Allied to Liparia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from New Holland, all about three feet high. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy loam andfibry peat, and 
 thoroughly well-drained, to assist which charcoal 
 and pieces of broken brick or sand-stone may be 
 mixed with the compost. Winter temp., 40 to 
 48. Such species as vesti'ta should be tried 
 against a wall. 
 P. axilla'ris (axillary-./?ott>emZ). June. 1S22. 
 
 capita 1 ta (headed-flowered). July. 1812. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval /*). 1825. 
 
 ericafo'lia (heath-leaved). June. 1812. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass- leaved). June. 1800. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy -stemmed). Auuust. 1792. 
 
 Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). July. 1820. 
 
 myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). June. 1823. 
 
 seri'cea (s\\\iy -leaned). June 1/94 
 
 te'res (round-stemmed). June. 1816. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). July. 1812. 
 
 umbelli'fera (umbelliferous). 'July. 1820. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). May. 1800. 
 
 villo'sa (woolly). June. 1J7-*- 
 PRI'MULA. Primrose. (From primus-' 
 
 the first; early flowering. Nat.ord., Prime- 
 worts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Seeds in April, in light, sandy border ; divisions 
 of the plant in March and April, or when the 
 plants have done flowering, or in the autumn. 
 Prce'nitens. or Sine'mis, and its varieties, gene- 
 rally by seed in a slight hotbed, in spring or the 
 beginning of autumn, according as the plants are 
 wanted to bloom cany in winter or the following: 
 spring. The Chinese double varieties (so useful 
 for nosesjays in winter), by cuttings after flower- 
 ing, in April or May, and by re-potting the small 
 plants of last year ; sandy loam and peat, enriched 
 with a little decayed cow-dung, and kept open 
 with small nodules of charcoal. These should 
 seldom be below 40 in winter, and the nearer 
 they range from 45 at night, and 50 and 55 
 during the day, the better they will bloora. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 P. mo' His (soft-lea-jgdj. Scarlet. April. Bootan. 
 
 prce'nitens (very glossy. Chinese), f. Pink. 
 
 May. China. 1820. 
 fimbria'ta u'ioa (fringed- white), f. White. 
 
 June. 1833. 
 .fimbria'ta ro'sea (fringed-rosy). 1. Hose. 
 
 June. 1833. 
 fio're-a'lbo (white-flowered). f. White. 
 
 May. China. 
 MteW-a'/6a(double-white).White. March. 
 
 China. 
 ple'na-ro'sea (doubk-rosy). Hose. March. 
 
 China. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorled). Yellow. March. Egypt. 
 
 1826. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. Allio'ni (Allioni's). . Red. April. France. 1818. 
 
 Alta'ica (Altaian). $. Red. April. Altai. ISlQ. 
 
 P. amas'na (pleasing). , Purple. April. Caucasus. 
 1823. 
 
 auri'cula (auricula). . Yellow. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1596. 
 
 culyca'ntha (coloured-calyxed). . Yellow. 
 
 April. Switzerland. 1590. 
 
 horte'nsis (garden). . Variegated. April. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 integefrrima (most-entire). . Variegated. 
 
 April. Switzerland. 1596. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). . Yellow. May. Switzer- 
 land. 1596. 
 
 lu'tea ple'na (double-yellow). . Yellow. 
 
 April. Gardens. 
 
 BaWi'su (Balbis's). $. Yellow. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 brevi'styla (short-styled). . Yellow. June. 
 
 France. 1818. 
 
 versi'color (party-coloured). 3. Yellow, 
 
 red. June. Fiance. 1818. 
 
 capita'ta (rowwrf-headed-mea/.v). f. Purple. 
 
 October. Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 Carnio'tica (Carniolan). 4. Purple. March. 
 
 Carniola. 1826. 
 
 cilia' ta (hair-fringed. Swiss). $. Red. April. 
 
 Switzerland. 1700. 
 
 cortusui'des (cortusa-like). 1. Red. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1794. 
 
 DfflMV/ca(Davunan).i.Red.May. Siberia.180'6. 
 
 de'cura (comely). ^. Pink. April. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 denticula'ta (toothed-leaved). $. Parple. May. 
 
 deniiftu'ra (toothed-fluweredj. 1. Red. June. 
 
 Siberia. H06. 
 
 ela'tior (taller. Ox.ip). 1. Yellow. May. Britain. 
 
 culyca'ntlia (colourr-.d-calyx^dj. Variegated. 
 April. Britain. 
 
 flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). ^. Brown, 
 
 crimson. April. Britain. 
 
 pnlyn'ntha (many-flow.-red). . Varie- 
 gated. April. Biiiain. 
 
 farino'sn (inealv). $. Red. June. Britain. 
 
 Finma'r>-hira (Fmmarck). 5. Violet. May. 
 Norway. 1798. 
 
 gigante'a (giant). J. Red. Jun-. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 glauce'scens (milk\ -green), i'iuk. June. Swit- 
 zerland 18jl6. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). ? Red. June. SouthEu- 
 rope. 18-24. 
 
 He/weV/ca(Helvetian).l.Red.June.Switzerland, 
 
 a'/Att (white), i. Whit.-. May. 
 
 irrfla'ta (inflated). . Yellow. May. Hungary. 
 1825. 
 
 integrifu'lia (entire-leaved). -4. Pink. June. 
 Pyrenees. 1/92. 
 
 involucra'ta (ruffed), i. White. April. Nofth 
 India. 1H45 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4-. Red. April. Pyre- 
 nees. 1820. 
 
 longiflu'ra (long-flowered). \. Red. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1825. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved), i- Red. April. Levant. 
 1/90. 
 
 longisca'pa (long-flower-stalked). Lilac. April. 
 
 Altai. 1837- 
 
 . marginu'ta (silver-edged). 4. Pink. April. Swit- 
 zerland. 1/77- 
 ma'jor (larger). Pink. April. 
 
 microca'lyx (small-calyxed). Red. May. Altai. 
 1838. 
 
 ?m'7m?ia( least) .. Red. April. SouthEurope.1819. 
 . Mistassi'nica (Lake Mistassins). ^. Red. June. 
 N.Amer. 1818. 
 
 Munro'i (Capt. Munro's). . White. May. 
 North India. 1845. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy) 4. Purple. April. Dahuria. 1790. 
 
PEI 
 
 [ 6G7 ] 
 
 PEO 
 
 P. ni'nea (snow-white). . White. April. Siberia. 
 
 Pa#u'ri(Palinur's). $. Yellow. April. Naples. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Pa#a'm(Pallas's). $. Yellow. June. Altai. 1823. 
 
 Perrinia'na (Perrein's). 4. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 Piedmonta'na (Piedmont). . Pink. May. 
 
 Piedmont. 1826. 
 
 pubefscens (downy). . Red. April. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 7?im'#a(weak). . Purple. June. N.Amer. 1822. 
 
 Sco'tica (Scotch). . Red. June. Scotland. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). . Red. May. Siberia 1818. 
 intege'rrima (very-entire). |. Rose, lilac. 
 
 April. Altai. 1833. Halt-hardy. 
 
 Sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 Si'msX (Sims's). . White. April. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1768. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). . Pink. April. Denmark. 1822. 
 
 Stua'rtii (Stuart's). |. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1845. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). . Yellow. April. 
 
 Italy. 1824. 
 
 trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-/eerf). . Purple. 
 
 April. South Europe- 
 
 venu'sta(nea.t).$. Purple .April. Hungary. 1833. 
 
 ve'ris (spring. Cowslip}. . Yellow. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 ru'bra (red). . Red. May. Britain. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy-leaved). $. Purple. April. 
 
 Switzerland, 1768. 
 
 msco'sa (clammy), i. Purple, April. Piedmont. 
 
 1/92. 
 
 vulga'ris (common. Primrose}. $. Yellow, 
 
 June. Britain. 
 a'lba (single-white). $. White. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 ple'na a'lba (double-white). $. White. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 ple'na a'tro-purpu'rea (double-dark-pur- 
 ple). . Purple. April. Britain. 
 ple'na ca'rnen (double-flesh-coloured). . 
 
 Flesh. April, Britain. 
 ple'na cu'prea (double-copper). . Copper. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 ple'na ru'bri (double-red). J. Red. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 ple'na sulphu'rca (double-brimstone). $. 
 
 Pale yellow. April. Britain. 
 ple'na viola'cea (double- violet). . Violet. 
 
 April. Britain. 
 
 polyu'ntha (nvtiiy-flowered. Polyanthus}. 
 
 PRI'NOS. Winter Berry. (The ancient 
 name of the Holly, which some of the 
 species resemble. Nat. orcl., Hullyworts 
 [Aquifoliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 All hardy and deciduous, except lu'cidus (which 
 is a hardy evergreen), and montu'nus, which is a 
 stove evergreen. All white-flowered. Hardy 
 kinds, seeds and layers ; stove kinds, by cuttings 
 of firm shoots in sand, under a bell glass ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 P. ambi'frteus (ambiguous). 4. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 a^oma'rms(atomed). 2. July. N.Amer. 1822. 
 
 coria'ceus (le&ther-leaved). 3. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 deci'dwus (deciduous). 4. June. Virginia. 1736. 
 
 du'bius ((doubtful). 12. July. N.Amer. 1736. 
 
 pla'ber (smooth). ]. July. Canada. 1759. 
 
 leemgn'tus (smooth). 4. June. N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear-head-teamf). 4. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1811. 
 
 lu'cidus (shining). 3. June, N.Amer. 1778. 
 
 P. monta'nus (mountain). 3. W. Ind. 1820. 
 verticilla'tut (whorled). 6. N.Amer. 1736 
 
 PRIVET. Ligu' strum. 
 
 PRO'CKIA. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Blxads [Flacourti- 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. Cru'cis (St. Cruz). 4. July. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 serra'ta (saw -leaned}. 6. July. Montserrat.1823. 
 
 theafo'rmis (tea-shaped). 6. July. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 PROLIFEROUS. (See DOUBLE FLOWER.) 
 The term is also applied to plants pro- 
 ducing many suckers. 
 
 PROMEKE'A. (Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Mo- 
 nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchids from Brazil, cultivated in baskets. 
 See ORCHIDS. 
 P. citn'na (citron-flowered). Yellow. May. 1838. 
 
 lentigino'sa (freckled). Green,purple.July.l843. 
 
 Roliisso'nii (Rollisson's). Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Green, yellow. 
 
 June. 1828. 
 
 -- ni'gra (black). Green, black. June. 1S35. 
 -- ru'bra (red). Green, red. June. 183Q. 
 
 xanthi'na (yellow -flowered). Yellow. August. 
 
 1843. 
 
 PRONA'YA. (Named after M. Pronay, 
 a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Pitto- 
 sporads [Pittosporacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Motiogynia. Allied to Sollya.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy loam 
 and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P. e'legans (elegant). 4. Blue. August. N. Hoi- 
 land. 1837. 
 
 PROPS are the supports required by 
 plants to sustain them in a desired posi- 
 tion. They must vary in height and 
 strength accordantly with the plant to 
 which they are applied, and should always 
 be as slight as is consistent with effi- 
 ciency. Nothing looks worse than a dis- 
 proportioned prop; indeed, it should be 
 concealed as much as possible. The props 
 for peas should be of the branches of 
 the hazel, or of frames and strings, which 
 we prefer ; for runner kidney beans, rods 
 of ash. For flowers, stout iron wire, 
 painted brown or dark green, is to be 
 preferred. Whenever wooden props are 
 used, the end thrust into the ground 
 should be previously charred ; if this 
 precaution be taken, and when, no longer 
 required, they are stored in a dry shed, 
 they will last for several seasons. Props 
 should be placed on the south sides of 
 the plants, as they incline in that direc- 
 j tion, as being most light. 
 
PEO 
 
 [ CG8 J 
 
 PRU 
 
 The fewest possible number of props ) 38 to 48. These have not been tried against a 
 
 is one of the evidences of good cultiva 
 tion and good taste. 
 
 PEOSO'PIS. (A name of a plant em- 
 ployed by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Des- 
 man thus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, when a little firm, taken off close to the 
 older stems, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a little bottom-heat; sandy loam, and sandy, fibry 
 peat. Winter temp., 45 to 55, and rather dry ; 
 summer, 60 to 85, and plenty of moisture at 
 root and top. Siliqua'strum stood several years 
 against a wall in the Horticultural Society's 
 Gardens. 
 
 P. Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White, green. 
 Cumana. 1822. 
 
 Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 30. Yellow. 
 
 green. St. Domingo. 1818. 
 
 du'lcis (sweet). 20. White, green. New Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 Juliflo'ra (July-flower). 30. White. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 siliqua'strum (silique-podded). 30. White. 
 
 Chiii. 182/. 
 
 PEOSTANTHE'EA. (From prostheke, ap- 
 pendage, and anthera, anther; connec- 
 tions of the anthers are spurred. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates [Lamiacece]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 21-Anyiospermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Frequently by seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 April ; generally by cuttings of the young shoots 
 in sandy soil ; sandy peat, with plenty of fibre in 
 it, and a portion of broken pots and charcoal 
 nodules mixed with it, and good drainage. Win- 
 ter temp., 38 to 48. Lasia'nthos stood some 
 years against a wall in the Gardens of the Horti- 
 cultural Society. 
 P. cceru'lea (blue-flowered'). 3. Blue. May. 1824. 
 
 denticula'ta (toothed). 4. July. 1824. 
 
 lasia'nthos (woolly-flowered), 3. Purple, lilac. 
 
 June. 1808. 
 
 prunelloi'des (prunella-like). Purple. April. 
 
 1826. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 5. Violet. June. 1820. 
 
 PEO'TEA. (From Proteus, a sea-god, 
 who could transform himself into any 
 shape ; referring to the diversity of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese] . 
 Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Hfonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened young shoots, 
 cut close to a joint, and the leaf there, and per- 
 haps the one above, removed, the rest allowed to 
 remain, inserted firmly in sand, over a little sandy 
 loam, the pots being three-parts filled with 
 drainage ; the pots, with their cuttings, may then 
 be set in a cold pit, and at such a distance from 
 the glass that shading will be little required ; the 
 glasses should also be frequently wedged up at 
 night to prevent damping; fibry loam, with a 
 good portion of sand, and about a fourth part 
 consisting of a mixture of charcoal, freestone, 
 broken pots, and a little peat. Winter temp., 
 
 wall, as they should be, with moveable lights, or 
 
 reed coverings, to be taken away in summer. 
 
 P. acau'lis (stemless). ij. Purple. July. 1802. 
 
 acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 1809- 
 
 amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). l. Purple. 
 
 February, 1802. 
 
 angusta'ta (narrow-teamed). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 canallcula'ta (channel-teaved). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 1800. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824. 
 
 corda'ta (heart- tea wed). ). Purple. April. 1790. 
 
 cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). l. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 1774. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). 4$. Purple. July. 1820. 
 formo'sa (handsome). 6. Red. May. 1789. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 8. White. May. 
 
 1787- 
 
 margina't a (bordered). 6. White. June. 
 
 1795. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Pale. June. 1819- 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Purple. August. 1806. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 5.Scarlet.August.l806. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 7. Green. 
 
 August. 1806. 
 
 lepidoca'rpon (scaly-fruited). 6. Purple. May. 
 
 1806. 
 
 liguleefo'lia (strap-leaved). 7. Purple. April. 1/98. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1798. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. White. May. 
 
 1824. 
 
 magni'fica (magnificent). 6. White. April. 1789. 
 
 melaleu'ca (black and white). 6. Purple. May. 
 
 1786. 
 
 melli'fera (honey-bearing). 6. Pale yellow. 
 
 September. 1774. 
 a'lba (white). 6. White. September. 1795. 
 
 mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. White. Sep. 
 
 tember. 1803. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. 1787. 
 
 neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 6. White. March. 
 
 1806. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt-teaued). 10. Red. March. 1786. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 revolu'ta (curled-back-feawed). l. Purple. 
 
 May. 1824. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. April. 1786. 
 
 turbiniflo'ra (top-shaped-flowered). . Pink. 
 
 April. 1803. 
 
 villi'fera (hair-bearing). 7.Purple. August.1800. 
 PEOTECTION. See SCEEENS. 
 PEUNE'LLA. Self-Heal. (Altered from 
 
 the German Die breaune, a disease of the 
 jaws; supposed medicinal qualities. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., l<i-Didy mamia l-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, 
 which is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the plant 
 in spring; ornamental for rock-works ana the 
 front of flower-borders. 
 
 P. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). . Blue. August. 
 Austria. 1596. 
 
 Marrya'ttfK (Mrs. Marryatt's). l. Purple. July. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). . Purple. July. America. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). <. Pink. July. Britain. 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). Violet. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 flo're-ple'np (double-flowered). $. Pink. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
PBU 
 
 [ 669 ] 
 
 PRU 
 
 P. vulga'ris hi'spida (bristly). Pale purple. July. 
 Europe. 
 
 pinnati'fida (deep - cut - leaved). Purple. 
 
 July. South Europe. 
 
 ru'fira (red). $. Red. July. Britain. 
 
 Webbia'na (Webb's). 1. Lilac. August. 
 
 PEUNING, as practised in the garden, 
 has for its object the regulation of the 
 branches to secure the due production of 
 blossom and maturity of fruit. If carried 
 to too great an extent that object is not 
 attained, for every tree requires a certain 
 amount of leaf-surface for the elabora- 
 tion of its sap ; and, therefore, if this be 
 reduced too much, blossom-buds are pro- 
 duced less abundantly, for leaves are 
 more necessary for the health of the 
 plant ; and by a wise provision, the parts 
 less requisite for individual vigour are 
 superseded by the parts more needed. 
 On the other hand, if the branches are 
 left too thick, they overshadow those be- 
 neath them, and so exclude the light as 
 to prevent that elaboration of the sap, 
 without which no blossom - buds are 
 formed, but an excessive production of 
 leaves, in the vain effort to attain, by an 
 enlarged surface, that elaboration which 
 a smaller surface would effect in a more 
 intense light. The appropriate pruning 
 is given when considering each species of 
 fruit trees, and here we must confine our- 
 selves to a few general remarks. The 
 season for pruning must be regulated, in 
 some degree, by the strength of the tree ; 
 for although, as a general rule, the opera- 
 tion should not take place until the fall 
 of the leaf indicates that vegetation has 
 ceased, yet if the tree be weak, it may be 
 often performed with advantage a little 
 earlier, but still so late in the autumn as 
 to prevent the protrusion of fresh shoots. 
 This reduction of the branches before 
 the tree has finished vegetating directs a 
 greater supply of sap to those remaining, 
 and stores up in them the supply for in- 
 creased growth next season. If the pro- 
 duction of spurs be the object of pruning 
 a branch, it should be pruned so as to 
 leave a stump ; because, as the sap sup- 
 plied to the branch will be concentrated 
 upon those buds remaining at its extre- 
 mity, these will be productive of shoots, 
 though otherwise they would have re- 
 mained dormant, it being the general 
 habit of plants first to develope and ma- 
 ture those parts that are farthest from 
 the roots. It is thus that the filbert is 
 induced to put forth an abundance of 
 young bearing wood, for its fruit is borne 
 
 on the annual shoots, and similar treat- 
 ment to a less severe extent is practised 
 upon wall-fruit. 
 
 The chief guide in pruning consists in 
 being well acquainted with the mode of 
 the bearing of the different sorts of trees, 
 and forming an early judgment of the 
 future events of shoots and branches, and 
 many other circumstances, for which 
 some principal rules may be given ; but 
 there are particular instances which can- 
 not be judged of but upon the spot, and 
 depend chiefly upon practice and obser- 
 vation. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots 
 all produce their fruit principally upon 
 the young wood of a year old ; that is, the 
 shoots produced this year bear the year 
 following; so that in all these trees a. 
 general supply of the best shoots of each 
 year must be everywhere preserved at 
 regular distances, from the very bottom 
 to the extremity of the tree on every 
 side ; but in winter-pruning, or general 
 shortening, less or more, according to the 
 strength of the different shoots, is neces- 
 sary, in order to promote their throwing 
 out, more effectually, a supply of young 
 wood the ensuing summer, in proper 
 place for training in for the succeeding- 
 year's bearing. 
 
 Vines produce their fruit always upon 
 the young wood-shoots of the same year, 
 arising from the eyes of the last year's 
 wood only ; and must, therefore, have a 
 general supply of the best regular shoots 
 of each year trained in, which, in winter- 
 pruning, must be shortened to a few eyes, 
 in order to force out shoots from their 
 lower parts, only properly situated to lay 
 in for bearing the following year. 
 
 Figs bear also only upon the young 
 wood of a year old, and a general supply 
 of it is, therefore, necessary every year; 
 but these shoots must at no time be 
 shortened, unless the ends are dead, be- 
 cause they always bear principally to- 
 wards the extreme part of the shoots r 
 which, if shortened, would take the bear- 
 ing or fruitful parts away ; besides, they 
 naturally throw out a sufficient supply of 
 shoots every year for future bearing, 
 without the precaution of shortening. 
 
 Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry trees 
 bear principally on spurs, arising in the 
 wood of from two or three to ten or 
 twenty years old, the same branches and 
 spurs continuing to bear a great number 
 of years ; so that, having once procured 
 a proper set of branches to form a spread- 
 
PEU 
 
 [670] 
 
 PSI 
 
 ing bead, no farther supply of wood is 
 wanted than some occasional shoots now 
 and then to supply the place of any worn- 
 out or dead branch. The above-men- 
 tioned spurs or fruit-buds are short, ro- 
 bust shoots of from about half an inch 
 to one or two inches long, arising na- 
 turally, first towards the extreme parts 
 of the branches of two or three years 
 old, and as the branch increases in 
 length, the number of fruit-buds increase 
 accordingly. 
 
 In pruning, always cut quite close, both 
 in the summer and winter- pruning. In 
 the summer- pruning, if attended to early, 
 while the shoots are quite young and 
 tender, they may be readily rubbed off 
 quite close with the thumb ; but when the 
 shoots become older and woody, as they 
 will not readily break, it must be done 
 with a knife, cutting them as close as 
 possible; and all winter-pruning must 
 always be performed with a knife. 
 
 Summer-pruning is a most necessary 
 operation. Young shoots require thin- 
 ning to preserve the beauty of the trees 
 and encourage the fruit ; and the sooner 
 it is performed the better. It is, there- 
 fore, advisable to begin this work in May, 
 or early in June, removing all superfluous 
 growths and ill-placed shoots, which may 
 be done with considerably more expedi- 
 tion and exactness than when the trees 
 have shot a considerable length. Where, 
 however, a tree is inclined to luxuriancy, 
 it is proper to retain as many of the re- 
 gular shoots as can be commodiously 
 trained in with any regularity, in order 
 to divide and exhaust the too abundant 
 sap. It will be necessary to review the 
 trees occasionally, in order to reform 
 such branches or shoots as may have 
 started from their places, or taken a 
 wrong direction; and according as any 
 fresh irregular shoots produced after the 
 general dressing may be displaced, or 
 as the already trained ones advance in 
 length, or project from the wall or espa- 
 lier, they should be trained in close. 
 
 In the winter-pruning, a general regu- 
 lation must be observed, both of the mo- 
 ther branches, and the supply of young 
 wood laid in the preceding summer ; and 
 the proper time for this work is any time 
 in open weather, from the fall of the leaf 
 in November, until March; but the 
 sooner the better. In performing this 
 work, it is proper to unnail or loosen a 
 chief part of the branches, particularly of 
 
 peaches, nectarines, apricots, vines, and 
 other trees requiring an annual supply of 
 young wood. 
 
 PEU'NUS. Plum. (From^rune, a plum. 
 Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese]. 
 Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, and 
 blooming in April. Seeds for varieties and stocks, 
 suckers for grafting: and budding ; deep, loamy 
 soil, if calcareous all the better. For the culti- 
 vated Plum, the Muscle and St. Julian stocks are 
 generally used. When dwarfs are desired, the 
 Myrobalan Plum is preferred. To obtain stocks 
 in trreat plenty, the long shoots from the stools of 
 last year's growth are laid down in the spring 
 their full length, and covered with soil; almost 
 every bud sends up a shoot, and roots are formed 
 nearly contemporaneously. In autumn, the shoot 
 laid down is cut off, and then cut into as many 
 pieces as there are young shoots and roots, See 
 PLUM. 
 P. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. 1820. 
 
 Coccomi'lla (Coccomilla). 20. Calabria. 1824. 
 
 divarica'ta (spreading). 10. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 dome'stica (domestic. Plum). 20. England. 
 
 armenioi'des (apricot-like. Drap d'Or). 20. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. 
 
 fo'lils variegn'tis (variegated-leaved). 20. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 20. 1846. 
 
 Myroba'lana (Myrobalan). 20. 
 
 pefndula (drooping). 1838. 
 
 Turone'nsis (Turin. Premier Swiss). 20. 
 
 Turin. 
 
 insiti'tia (grafted). 20. Britain. 
 
 flo 1 re-pie 1 no (double-flowered). 20. 
 
 fru'ctu lu'tea a'lba (yellowish -white- 
 fruited). 20. 
 
 fru'ctu ni'gro (black-fruited). 20. 
 
 fru'ctu ru'bro (red-fruited). 20. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). 4. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Mu'me (Mume). 2. Japan. 1841. 
 
 pubs'scens (downy). 1818. 
 
 spino'sn (spiny. Sloe-tree')' 15. Britain. 
 fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. Ta- 
 
 rascon. 
 foliis variega'tis (variegated-leaved) . 10. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 10. Britain. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. Britain. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-fruited). 10. Britain. 
 
 PSEUDO-BULB. By this term is de- 
 scribed the fleshy stem of the orchids ; 
 and the term is applicable as it resembles 
 a bulb more than a stem. 
 
 PSI'DIUM. Guava. (The Greek name 
 once applied to the Pomegranate. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Myrtus.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, getting a little firm at their base, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy, fibry loam and peat, with the addition of 
 leaf-mould and a little dried cow-dung, provided 
 the drainage is good and plentiful. Winter temp., 
 48 to 58; summer, 60 to 85. But several, such 
 as Cattleya'num, will not only live, but produce 
 their fruit in a greenhouse. The best Guavas we 
 have seen were produced on the back of a vinery, 
 from which the frost was little more than excluded 
 in winter. See GOAVA, 
 
PSI 
 
 [671] 
 
 PSY 
 
 P. Ara'ca (Araca). 4. May, Brazil. 1820. 
 
 euroma'ticum (aromatic). 5. Guiana. 1779. 
 
 Cattleya'num. (Catley's). 10. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Chine'nse (Chinese). May. China. 1828. 
 
 1'ndicum (Indian). 12. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 60. Jamaica. 1779. 
 
 myrtifo 1 Hum (myrtle-leaved). 6. April. 1820. 
 
 ni'grum (black-fruited). May. China. 
 
 oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). 10. 1817- 
 
 polyca'rpon (many-fruited). 3. May. Trini- 
 dad. 1810. 
 
 pomi'forum (apple-bearing). 10. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1692. 
 
 sapidi'sftimum (most-savoury). 10. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 2. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 pyri'ferum (pear-bearing). 10. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1656. 
 
 ru'brum (red- fruited}. May. China. 1820. 
 
 PSILA. See CARROT MAGGOT. 
 
 PSOEA'LEA. (From psoraleos, warted ; 
 the appearance of some of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied 
 to Amorpha.) 
 
 Herbaceous, by division, as fresh growth com- 
 mences ; shrubs, by cuttings of the half-ripened 
 shoots in April or May, in sand, under a glass ; 
 sandy peat, and sandy, fibryloam. Winter temp, 
 for these, 40 to 48. Glandulo'sa has stood in 
 the open air for a number of years near London. 
 There are some annuals and biennials, but not 
 worth cultivating. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. lupineflla (small lupin). 2, Purple. June. 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 macrosta'chya (long - spiked). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. California. 1833. 
 
 onolry'chis (gaintfoin-like). 3. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 orbicula'ris (round- leaved). . Purple. June. 
 
 California. 1835. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 P. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. Blue. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 arbo'rea (tree). 6. Bluish. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1814. 
 
 Muti'sii (Mutis's), Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1828. 
 
 odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. Pale blue. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1725. 
 
 Palesti'na (Palestine). 2. Violet. June. Le- 
 
 vant. 1771. Herbaceous. 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 6. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1690. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 2. Pale blue. August. 
 
 Lima. 1825. 
 
 ripens (creeping). 1. Blue. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 3. Violet. September. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 spica'ta (long -spiked). 4. Blue. April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 sta'chydis (stachys-teawd). 3. Brown. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 stria' ta (channelled). 3. Blue. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. White, blue. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 P. verruco'sa (warted). 3. Blue. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Blue. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 PSYLLA. The Chermes is allied to the 
 Aphis. P. pyri, Pear Chermes, appears 
 in May, not unlike a large Aphis, crim- 
 son-coloured, shaded with black. Mr. 
 Kollar says, when pairing is over, the 
 female lays her eggs in great numbers, 
 near each other, on the young leaves and 
 blossoms, or on the newly-formed fruit 
 and shoots. They are of a longish shape, 
 and yellow ; and without a magnifying 
 glass, they resemble the pollen of flowers. 
 They are called either nymphs or larvse 
 in this state, according to the extent 
 of their development; and, like their 
 parents, have their mouth in the breast. 
 After a few days, they change their skins, 
 and become darker, and somewhat red- 
 dish on the breast, and rather resemble 
 bugs than plant-lice, having the extreme 
 point of the body somewhat broad, and 
 beset with bristles. After changing their 
 skins, they quit the leaves, blossoms, 
 and fruit, and proceed more downwards 
 to the bearing wood and the shoots of 
 last year, on which they fix themselves 
 securely, one after the other, in rows, 
 and remain there till their last trans- 
 formation. 
 
 When the nymphs have moulted for 
 the last time, and have attained their 
 full size, the body swells out by degrees, 
 and becomes cylindrical. They then 
 leave their associates, and before they 
 lay aside their nymph-like covering, they 
 search out a leaf to which they fasten 
 themselves firmly, and appear as if they 
 were lifeless. After a few minutes, the 
 skin splits on the upper part of the 
 covering, and a winged insect proceeds 
 from it. It is of a pleasant green colour, 
 with red eyes and snow-white wings. It 
 very much resembles its parents in spring, 
 even in the colour. After a few days, 
 this Chermes has assumed the colours 
 of the perfect insect; the head, collar, 
 and thorax are of an orange colour, and 
 only the abdomen retains its green hue. 
 It now flies away from the place of its 
 birth to enjoy the open air. 
 
 P. mali (Apple Chermes). This, ac- 
 cording to the same author, appears in 
 June. In September, they pair, and lay 
 their eggs, which are white, and pointed 
 at both ends, a line and a half long, and 
 the fourth of a line thick, and become 
 
PSY 
 
 [ 672 ] 
 
 PTE 
 
 yellow before the young escapes. The 
 Apple Chermes lays its eggs in different 
 places of the twigs of an apple-tree ; 
 usually, however, in the furrows of the 
 knots, and sometimes in a very regular 
 manner. The larvse are scarcely escaped 
 from the egg in the open air, when they 
 hasten to the nearest hud, and hegin to 
 gnaw its scales. On the second day 
 after their birth, they cast their first skin, 
 after which they appear nearly of their 
 former shape and colour. The second 
 changing of the skin can sometimes be 
 scarcely seen at all, because the larva 
 not only puts out a thicker string with 
 the tubercle, but also an immense number 
 of very fine entangled threads or small 
 hairs, which it turns upwards over its 
 back, and with them entirely covers its 
 body and head. In sunshine, these 
 strings look transparent, as if they were 
 made of glass, and become of a greenish 
 variable colour. Under this screen the 
 Chermes are secured from every attack 
 of other insects ; for no ants, mites, or 
 bugs can disturb them in their fortifica- 
 tion, or consume them as their prey. 
 After changing the second skin, the 
 young assume a different colour and 
 form ; they now become light green all 
 over, the abdomen much broader than 
 the thorax, and on the side of the latter, 
 rudiments of the wings are distinctly 
 seen. The third time of changing the 
 skin comes on in about eight days, some- 
 times sooner and sometimes later, ac- 
 cording to the weather. After this skin, 
 the wing rudiments very distinctly make 
 their appearance, and become larger and 
 whiter the nearer the insect approaches 
 to the perfect state. The body is also of 
 a light green, and the larvaB have black 
 eyes, and blackish antennae. At last the 
 time arrives when the insect assumes the 
 perfect state ; it then retires to a part of 
 the leaf which it had selected, and after 
 having firmly fixed itself there, the back 
 splits open, and the beautiful-winged 
 Chermes appears from the nymph. The 
 back of the thorax is of a light green, 
 the abdomen is marked with yellow rings, 
 and the membranous wings with strong- 
 ly-marked, snow-white veins. 
 
 P. cratagi infests the camellia. 
 
 P.ficvs and P. rosce are respectively 
 on the fig and rose-trees. All the species 
 are destroyed by syringing with tobacco- 
 water until the insects are dead, and 
 then syringing with water only. See APHIS. 
 
 PTE 'LEA. Shrubby Trefoil. (From 
 ptao, to fly; winged fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacese] . Linn., 4- 
 Tetrandria \-J\fonogynia.) 
 
 Pinna'ta requires a greenhouse; cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a hand-glass ; sandy 
 loam and peat. Trifolia'ta and its variety are 
 hardy ; seed in April, and by layers in autumn ; 
 any common light soil. 
 
 P. pinna'ta (leafleted). 20. White. May. Nor- 
 folk Island. 1829. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 12. Green. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1704. 
 
 variega'ta ( variegated- Jeaved). 12. Green, 
 
 June. 1846. 
 
 PTELI'DIUM. (So named from its re- 
 semblance to Ptelea. Nat. ord., Spindle- 
 trees [Celastracese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85, 
 P. ona'tum (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish-white. 
 Madagascar. 1818. 
 
 PTE'EIS. Brake. (From pteron, a 
 wing ; the shape of the fronds, or leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi]. Linn., 
 %4;-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 All brown-spored. See FEBNS. 
 
 HAEDY. 
 P. aquili'na (eagle-like). 3. July. Britain. 
 
 argefntea (silvery). . July. Siberia. 1816, 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (purple). . August. N, 
 
 Amer. 1770. 
 
 cauda'ta (tailed). 2. October. N. Amer. l/77 
 
 peda'ta (double-lobed). . July. Virginia. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 P. argu'ta (sharp-notched). I. August. Ma- 
 deira. 1778. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. July. Candia. 1820. 
 
 escule'nta (eatable)- 3. August. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1815. 
 
 falcttta (sickle-shaped). 1. June. N. Hol- 
 land. 1820. 
 
 i'ntra-margina'lis (within-margined). 1 . Sep. 
 
 tember. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 Kingia'na (King's) . June. Norfolk Island. 1 831 , 
 
 latizo'na (broad-zoned). l. June. Moreton 
 
 Bay. 1831. 
 
 subverticilla'ta (slightly- whorled). 1. Mexico. 
 
 1831. 
 
 tre'mula (trembling). 3. July. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 umbro'sa (shady). 3. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 STOVE. 
 P. allnso'ms (allosorus-like). 1. 
 
 a'mpla (large). 6. July. 
 
 calome'lanos (neat-dark). f . September. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1830. 
 
 Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). 1 .July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. July. China. 1824. 
 
 colli'na (hill). . August. Brazil. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-shaped). 3. June. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped). 2. July. 182/. 
 
 di'scolor (two -coloured). 3.August.Brazil.l825. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 3. New Zealand. 1837. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 3. August. E. Ind. 1824. 
 felosma (heavy-smelling). 5.July.Jamaica.l822, 
 
PTE 
 
 PUE 
 
 P. ketcrop hi, 'lla (various-leaved). 4. July. Ja- 
 maica. 1820. 
 
 ta'ctea (milky). 1. November. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. Jub. Bourbon. 1810. 
 
 la'ta. (broad). 3^. June. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. August. \V. 
 
 Ind. 17/0. 
 
 Peruvia'nn (Peruvian). October. Peru. 1830. 
 --Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 2. July. S.Amer. 181P. 
 
 rotundifo'liu (round-leaved). l. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 1824. 
 
 sg7a^(arrow-shaped).3.June.S.Amer.l82C. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edged). l. August. India. 1770. 
 
 spinulo'sa (small-spined). l. September. 1834. 
 
 sulca'tu (furrowed). 5. June. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. June. 1838. 
 PTEBOCA'KPUS. (From pteron, a wing, 
 
 and harpos, a fruit ; seed-pods with wing- 
 like appendage. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [FahaceEe]. lArm^lG-Monadelphia 
 7-Dodecandria. Allied to Dalbergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- ripened, 
 stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 bottom-heat; rich, fibry loam. Winter temp., 
 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P.Bro'wnei (Brown's.. 10.White,red.W.Ind.l733. 
 
 Dalbergioi'des (Dalbergia-like). 10. Yellow. 
 
 E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 dra'co (dragon). 40. White. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 fla'mis (yellow). Yellow. April. China. 18-26. 
 
 I'ndicus (Indian). 30. White. E. Ind. 1813. 
 
 marsu'pium (pouched). 40. White. E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 10. White.S.Amer.1820. 
 
 Ro'hrii (Rohr's). 20. Guiana. 1816. 
 
 santalinoi'des (sandal- wood-like). 50. Yellow. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1/93. 
 
 santali'nus (red Saunder's -wood). 60. Yellow. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 scn'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. Caraccas. 
 
 1817. Climber. 
 
 Siebe'ri (Sieber's). 10. White ,red.Guinea.l824. 
 
 PTEROCA'KYA. (From pteron, a wing, 
 and caryon, a nut; winged fruit. Nat. 
 ord., Juglands [Juglandaceae]. Linn., 
 2l-Moncecia Q-J2nneandria. Allied to 
 Juglans.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous tree ; by layers of the young 
 shoots ; also by grafting on the Walnut ; deep, 
 moist soil in warm places ; in cold situations 
 shallow, poor soil will be best, that the wood may 
 not be stronger than the sun will ripen. 
 P. Caucu'sica (Caucasian). 40. April. N. Amer. 
 
 PTERODI'SCUS. (From pteron, a wing, 
 and discus, a dislc. Nat. ord., Pedaliads 
 [Pedaliacese]. Linn., \-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospcrmia. Allied to Martynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Seeds in spring 
 and autumn ; division ot" the plant, and cuttings 
 of young shoots under a bell-glass, in the begin 
 ning of spring and in the middle of autumn 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40 
 to 48 ; summer, 60 to /5. 
 P. specio'sus (showy-flowered). 2. Lilac, purple. 
 May. Africa. 1844. 
 
 PTERONETJ'RON. (From pteron, a wing 
 
 and neuron, a nerve ; winged seed-cord 
 
 Nat.ord., Crwrt/crs [Brassicacese]. Linn. 
 
 15~Tetradynamia. Allied to Gardamiue.) 
 
 43 
 
 Both species by seeds, and carno'sum by divi- 
 ions and cuttings in spring; light, sandy soil. 
 ?. carno'sum (fleshy-leaved). I. White. June. 
 Hungary, 1824. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 Gras'cum (Grecian). 4. White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1710. Hardy annual. 
 
 PTEROSPE'RMUM. (From;>fenw, a wing, 
 and sperma, a seed ; \vingedseeds. Nat. 
 ord.. Byttneriads [Byttueriaceae]. Linn., 
 [6-Manadelphia 1 -Dodecandria. Allied 
 to Astrapa3a.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby 
 side-shoots, cut close to the stem, in sand, and iu 
 ottom-heat ; sandy, fihry loam and lumpy pent, 
 with good drainage. Winter temp., to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 10. August. 1/90. 
 
 platan* fo' Hum (plane-leaved). 15. 1820. 
 
 semisagitta'titm (halr-arrow-/eawed). 10. 1820. 
 
 PTILO'TRICHUM. (From ptilon, a feather, 
 and thrix, a hair. Nat. ord., Cruc/fcrs 
 "Brassicacea3]. Linn., 16-Tetradynamia. 
 Allied to Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Cut- 
 tings in spring and summer; light, sandy soil; 
 
 noils and rock-works. 
 P. can.ffsr.ens (hoary). April. Siberia. 1828. 
 
 elonga'tum (lengthened). April. Altai. 1836. 
 PTERO'NIA. (From pteron, a wing; 
 
 .'eathery scales on the flower-receptacle. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 
 l ( J-Syngenesia I-JEqitalis. Allied to Chry- 
 socoma.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light; also by 
 seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, or in th 
 greenhouse, in summer; fibry loam and sandy 
 peat. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 P. cnmphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. June. 1//4. 
 - cchirui'ta (hedgehog-like). 2. July. 1818. 
 fasciculii'tn (bundle-Jeered). 2. June. 1818. 
 
 fiexit-au'lis (bending-stalked). 3. July. 1S12. 
 
 glomern'ta (crowded). 2. June. 1817- 
 
 oppoaitifu'iia (opposite-leaved). 4. July. 1//4. 
 
 pn'llvns (pale). 2. June. 1816. 
 
 scariu'sa (membranous). 2. July. 1815. 
 
 sirt'cta (upright). 3. May. 1774. 
 PTERO'PSIS. (From pteron, a wing ; 
 
 and apsis, like ; shape of the fronds, or 
 leaves. Nat.ord.,JFVm* [Polypodiacew]. 
 Linn., 24-Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 P.furca'ta (forked). Brown. June. Trinidad. 18 24. 
 
 PUCCOON. Sanyuina'ria. 
 
 PUDDLING. See MUDDING. 
 
 PUERA'RIA. (Named after M. Pucruri, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminors 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Jfonadel- 
 phia 6 Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen climb- 
 ers, from NP paul. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
PUL 
 
 [ 674 ] 
 
 PUR 
 
 P. tuber a* sa (tuberose). 3. 1806. 
 
 Walii'chii (Wallich's). 3. 1826. 
 
 PULMONA'HIA. Lungwort. (From pul- 
 
 vnonarius, diseased lungs ; referring to its 
 
 supposed efficacy in those diseases. Nat. 
 
 ord., Borage <worts [Boraginacese]. Linn., 
 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, Divisions in 
 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 
 P. angustif(t'lia (narrow-leaved). |. Violet. April. 
 Britain. 
 
 oblonga'ta (oblong). 1. Pink. May. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 asrw'raK light blue). 1 J.BIue.April. Poland. 1823. 
 
 Dafiu'rica (Dahurian). 1. Blue. May. Dahuria. 
 
 1812. 
 
 denticula' tn (small-toothed). f. Blue. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. May. 
 
 France. 1819. 
 
 margina'tn (bordered-leaved), 1. Blue. June. 
 
 Louisiana. 1813. 
 
 mari'tima (sea-side). Blue. July. Brtiain. 
 
 mo 'His (soft). 3- Blue. June. N. Amer. 1805. 
 
 officina'lis (shop). 1. Pink. April. England. 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 1. White. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 paniculn'tu (panicled). 1|. Blue. June. Hud- 
 
 son's Bay. 1/78. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Blue. July. Ca- 
 
 nada. 1827. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. May. Russia. 
 
 1S21. 
 
 sacchara'ta (sugared). 1. Pink. June. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.1801. 
 iubero'sa (tuberous). . Pink. May. Hungary. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). l. Blue. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1799. 
 
 PULTEMS'A. (Named after Dr. Pulteny. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Al- 
 lied to Gastrolobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from New Holland. Cuttings of the points of 
 shoots as growth is nearly finished, or, better 
 still, small side-shoots, when from two to three 
 inches long, in sand, in April, under a bell-glass ; 
 two parts of sandy, fibry peat to one part of fibry 
 loiun, with a little charcoal and good drainage. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48; summer, 60 to 7 5. 
 Plenty of air, and screened from the full sun dur- 
 ing the hottest period of the year. 
 P. arge'ntea (silvery). 1. April. 1824. 
 
 - arista'-ta (awned). l. May. 1824. 
 
 H'.tpfra (rough). l. June. 1824'. 
 
 l'il.o>t>a (two-lobed). 2. April. 1817. 
 
 in-achy' tropis ( short-keeled). l. Purple, orange. 
 
 April. 1838. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). \. April. 1822. 
 
 como'sa (rul'ted). l$. May. 1822. 
 
 curd'i'ta (sharp-hezrted-leeived'). May. 1832. 
 
 crassifo'lia (tbick-leaved). 2. May. 1824. 
 . CMnea'.(werla;e-^ewed). l. June. 1824. 
 
 Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. April. 1792. 
 
 dcnta'ta (tooth-brncted). 2. June. 182't. 
 
 echi'hula (small-prickled). l,i. April. 1823. 
 
 flu'xilis (yielding). 1^. May. 1801. 
 
 - - h ;inola' mpra (brightish). 1. May. 1S24. 
 
 - - ini'urvu'ta (bent-in). 2. May. 1823. 
 
 - - juniper? na (juniper-ft/ce). 14. June. 1824t 
 
 P. Knophy'Ua (flas-leaved). 2. April. 1759. 
 
 microphy'llu (small-leaved). 1. May. 1810. 
 
 mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. May. 1826. 
 
 oficorda'tu (reversed-ega-^a!>erf). 2. June. 1808. 
 
 oxalidifo' lid (oxalis-leaved). 2. April. 1826. 
 
 pedunr-ulu' to. (/on^-flower-stalked). May. 1820. 
 
 plumo'sa (feathery). 14. April. 1824. 
 
 polifit'lia (polium-leavecl). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 polygalifo'lia (poly j^al a- leaved). 2. May. 1817 
 
 procu'mkrns (lying-down). 4- April. 1823. 
 
 rucemulo'sa (small-racemed). 2. April. 1320. 
 
 relu'sa (abrupt-ended). 1. April. 17SQ. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2.May.lS24. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting). 1. 1845. 
 
 sca'bra (rough -leaved). 1^. April. 1803. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. June. 1825. 
 
 stipula'ris (stipuled). 2. April. 1792. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 2. June. 1803. 
 
 i7<^M7w^e//aVrt(slightly-umbelled). I.April. 1831. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). l. April. 181/. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 1. May. 1810. 
 
 vt-Hti'ta (clothed). 3. April. 1803. 
 
 mill' fern, (hair-bearing). 2. May. 1824. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. May. 17QO. 
 
 PU'NICA. Pomegranate. (From puni- 
 cens, scarlet; the colour of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord. Myrthblooms [Myrtacsse]. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria ].-MonogyniaS) 
 
 Deciduous trees, all blooming in August. Cut- 
 tings of the shoots and roots ; layers and grafting ; 
 any light, rich soil. It flourishes against a wall, 
 but in such places the twigs must be encouraged 
 to grow, or there will be few flowers. The double 
 kinds grafted on the single, and grown in rich 
 loam, become nice flowering plants, as the plants 
 do not prow so vigorously as on their own roots, 
 but flower much longer. Na'na requires the stove. 
 P. grana'tum (eomrnrm-grained). 18. Red. South 
 Europe. 1548. 
 
 alhe'scens( whitish). 10. Whitish. China. 
 
 albe'scens flo're-ple'no (double- whitish). 
 
 10. Whitish. 
 
 fla'num (yellow). 10. Yellow. 
 
 ru'brum flufre-ple'no (double - red - flow- 
 ered). 10. Red. South Europe. 
 na'na (dwarf). 5. Red. E. Ind. 1723. 
 
 PUNNET. See BASKET. 
 
 PU'KSHIA. (Named after F. Pursh, 
 writer on American plants. Nat. ord., 
 Rnseworls [Rosacere]. Linn.,12- Icosandria 
 I-Monoyynia. Allied to Agrimonia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in early sum- 
 mer ; also by seeds, treated as rose-seeds ; sandy, 
 poor soil. 
 
 P. trldsnta! to. (three-tooth-/eayerf). 2. Yellow. 
 N. Amer. 1826- 
 
 PURSLANE. (Portula'ca.) P. olera'cea, 
 Green, or Garden Purslane. P. sati'va, 
 Golden Purslane. 
 
 A light, rich soil they thrive in most, 
 and they must have a warm situation, as 
 a south border. Sow in February and 
 early in March, in a moderate hotbed, to 
 remain where sown ; and at the close of 
 March, and once monthly, during April, 
 May, and the summer months until the 
 end of August, in the open ground. 
 
PUT 
 
 PYB 
 
 Sow in drills six inches apart, very 
 thin, and not more thr.n a quarter of an 
 inch deep. Keep the seedlings clear of 
 weeds, and thin to six or eight inches 
 asunder. In dry weather water mode- 
 rately two or three times a week. 
 
 In general, they are ready for gather- 
 ing from in six weeks after sowing, the 
 youBg shoots heing made use of from two 
 to five inches in length, and the plants 
 "branch out again. 
 
 The hotbed crops require the air to be 
 admitted as freely as the weather per- 
 mits, the temperature ranging between 
 50 and 75. 
 
 To obtain Seed. A few of the earliest 
 border-raised plants must be left unga- 
 thered from, the strongest and largest 
 leaved being selected. They must be cut 
 immediately the seed is ripe, laid on a 
 cloth, and when perfectly dry, thrashed, 
 and the refuse is best separated by 
 means of a very fine sieve. 
 
 PURSLANE-TREE. Portulaca.'ria. 
 
 PUSCHKT'NIA. (Named after H. Pousch- 
 Jdn, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 ivorts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Hyacinth.) 
 
 Half- hardy bulb. Offset-bulbs ; deep, sandy 
 loam ; requires a little protection, or to be taken 
 up in winter. 
 
 P. scilloi'des fscilla-like) . Pale blue. Blav. 
 Siberia. 1819. 
 
 PUTTY is a compound of boiled linseed- 
 oil and whiting, but as it may be bought 
 in London at Italf-a-guinea per cwt., it is 
 scarcely worth while to make it. One 
 hundred weight is enough for puttying 
 about three hundred square feet of glass. 
 
 Old putty may be softened by applying 
 to it rags dipped in a saturated solution 
 of caustic potash, leaving them on for 
 twelve hours ; cr by rubbing a hot iron 
 along the putty. 
 
 If the gardener does make putty, the 
 whiting should be well dried, and then 
 pounded and sifted till it becomes a fine 
 powder, and is quite free from grit. The 
 whiting, a little warm, should be gradu- 
 ally added to the oil, and well-mixed by 
 means of a piece of stick, or a spatula. 
 'When it is sufficiently stiff, it should be 
 well worked with the hand on a table, 
 and afterwards beaten on a stone with a 
 wooden mallet till it becomes a soft, 
 smooth, tenacious mass. A ball of putty, 
 when left some days, becomes somewhat 
 hard, but may be easily softened by 
 beating^ 
 
 PU'YA. (Native name. Nat. ord., Sro- 
 melworts [Bromeliaceee], Linn., Hexan- 
 
 diia l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, except magni- 
 spa'tha, which is a stove epiphyte. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed, but chiefly by suckers; sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 P. Altenstti'nii (Altenstein's). White. Colombia. 
 1836. 
 
 gigante'a Ccigantic). Carmine, white. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1845. 
 
 ccei-u'lea (blue). Blue. June. Chili. 1S27. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 coarctu'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. May. Chili. 
 
 1822. 
 
 heteruphy'Ua (various-leaved). 1, Pink. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 magniajiu'tha (large-spathed). f . Green, white. 
 
 May. S.Amer. 1820. 
 
 pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Peru. 1822. 
 
 recurva'ta (curled-back). 1. White. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). Blue, red. June. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow. Chili. 
 
 1852. 
 
 PYCNO'STACHYS. (From pyknos, dense, 
 and stachys, a spike ; dense flower-spikes. 
 Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 
 14:-Didynamia I-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Stove annual. For culture, see O'CTMUM. 
 P. cceru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. August. Mada- 
 gascar. 1825. 
 
 PYRE 'THRUM. Feverfew. (From pyr, 
 fire; alluding to its acrid roots. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synge- 
 nesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Hardy kinds, divisions and seeds, and 
 common garden-soil; greenhouse kinds, by cut- 
 tings under a hand-light, in sandy, light soil; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and leaf-mould; half-shrubby 
 kinds, such as fcenicula'tum, will not only do 
 well in cold greenhouses, but will probably an- 
 swer for the bottom of conservative walls. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 P. Brwssone'ti (Broussonet's). 2. July. Cannrle*. 
 
 1817. 
 
 coronopifo'lium (buckhorn-!eaved).2.Ganarie. 
 
 divcrsifu'lium (variable-leaved). J. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. Herbaceous. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Canaries, ifififi. 
 
 g-}-ndi7?oV77j(large-flowered;.3.CaniiHes.l815. 
 
 specio'sum (shuw,)). 3. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 P. breviradia'tum (short- rayed). . Yellow. July. 
 1813. 
 
 eflegans (elegant). 1. July; Mount Baldo. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 Vndicum (Indian), f. Yellow. July.E.Ind. 1810. 
 
 inudo'rum (scentless). 1. August. Britain, 
 
 paroiflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. July. 1820. 
 
 pr&'cox (early). 1, June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 P. achilleeefo'liuiu (mil toil- leaved). 3* Yellow. 
 August. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 cljri'nuin (alpine). , July. Switzerland, 1/39. 
 
PYR 
 
 I 676 ] 
 
 PYR 
 
 P. alpi'num pubf'scens (downy), , July. Swit- 
 zerland. 181Q. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's)4. July.South Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). 3- Yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 Bocco'ni (Bocconi's). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 Caucu'sicum (Caucasian). . July- Caucasus. 
 
 1804. 
 
 ceratophylloi'des (hornwort-like). 1. June. 
 
 Piedmont. 1819- 
 
 cineraricefo' Hum (cineraria-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Dalmatia. 1 826. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 1. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1596. 
 
 Halle'ri( Mailer's). 1. June. Switzerland. 1819- 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). 1. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1821. 
 
 macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. July. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1803. 
 
 Mundia'num (Mundiana).l<|.July.France.l8l6. 
 
 mari'timum (sea). 1. August. Britain. 
 
 mafximum (largest). 1. July. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 millef olio! turn (thousand-leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1731. 
 
 palu'stre (marsh). 1. June. Armenia. 1820. 
 
 parthenifo'lium (parthenium-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 par/Ae'm'Mi(c0m7non-pe]litory).2.July.Britain. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. July. 
 
 pinati'fidum (deeply-cut-tewerf). 2. July. 1823. 
 
 uligino'sum (marsh). l^.August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 PY'KOLA. Winter-green. (From pyrus, 
 a pear-tree; resemblance of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Winter-greens [Pyrolaceae]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Galas.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in a shady, sandy peat-border. 
 P. asarifo'lia (asarium-leaved). $. Green, yellow. 
 N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 chlora'ntha (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yel- 
 
 low. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 convolu'ta (rolled-together). . Green, white, 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed-/eaed"). Yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval-team*). . White.N.Amer.1818. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). . White, red. England. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). $. Red. Britain. 
 
 occidentals (western). Yellow. N. Amer. 182". 
 
 rotundifo'lin (round-leaved). . White. Britain. 
 
 tecu'nda (side-flowering). . White. Britain. 
 
 uniflo'ra (single-flowered). J. White. Britain. 
 PYKOLI'RION. Flame Lily. (From 
 
 pyr, fire, and lirion, a lily. " Nat. crcl., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese], Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ha- 
 branthus.) 
 
 Very rare greenhouse bulbs, flowering about 
 Midsummer, before the leaves are full-grown, 
 and require rest from December to April. Off- 
 set-bulbs ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; a green- 
 house or a cold pit. 
 
 P. au'reum (golden). 1. Gold. June. Peru. 1833. 
 fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Peru. 
 
 PY'EUS. Pear-tree. (From peren, the 
 
 Celtic name of the pear. Nat. ord., Ap- 
 pleworts [Pomacese], Linn., 12-Icosan- 
 dria 1-Monoqynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for stocks 
 and new varieties ; as, also, in the case of the 
 timber-trees, for the continuance of the species ; 
 but for all particular sorts, by budding and graft- 
 ing upon wild pears, apples, quinces, and thorns, 
 according to the future effects required ; also by 
 suckers ; good garden-soil, and deep, loamy 
 soil for the wild varieties. See PEAK, APPLE, 
 and QUINCE. 
 
 P. ace'rba (sour). 20. April. Europe. 
 
 America'na (American). 15. May. Canada. 1782. 
 
 amygdalifo'rmis (almond-shaped). 15. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1810. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. I'ink. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1750. 
 
 arbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). 4. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1700. 
 
 intermedia (intermediate). May. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). l. May. 
 
 sero'tina (late). 4. June. 
 
 a'ria (white-beam-tree). 40. May. Britain. 
 
 acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 40. May. Europe. 
 
 bulla'ta (blistered-teoued). 30. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). 30. May. Crete. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 40. May. 
 
 Europe. 
 rugo'sa (wrinkled-teamf). 30. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 undula'ta (wavy-/eaoed). 30. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Astraca'nica (Astracan. Apple). 20. June. 
 
 Astracan. 1810. 
 
 aucupu'ria (fowler's. Mountain Ash). 30. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 fastigiu'ta (tapering). May. 
 
 fo'liis variegu'tis (variegated-leaved). 30. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 30. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 auricula' ta (eared). 20. May. Egypt. 1800-. 
 
 baccu'ta (berried). 15. Pink. April. Siberia.1/84. 
 
 chamceme'spilus (bastard quince). 8. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1683. 
 
 commu'nis (common. Pear). 20. April. England. 
 
 A'chras (Achras. Entire-leaved}. 20. April. 
 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. April. 
 
 fo'liis vuriega'tis (variegated-leaved). 20. 
 
 April. 
 
 fru'ctu variega'ta (variegated-fruited). 20> 
 
 April. 
 
 jaspi'den (striped-iarft). 20. April. 
 
 pyra'ster (pyraster. Saw-leaved). 20. 
 
 April. 
 
 sanguinole'nta (bloody). 20. April. 
 
 sati'va (cultivated). 20. April. 
 
 corona'ria (crown. Sweet-scented Crab}. 20. 
 
 Pink. May. Virginia. 1724, 
 
 erena'ta (scolloped). 15. May. Nepaul. 182& 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). May. 
 
 dioi'ca (dioecious). 10. April. 1818. 
 
 edu'lis (eatable). 10. April. France. 1816. 
 
 eleeagnifo'lia (elseagnus-leaved). 20. ApriL 
 
 Siberia. 1806. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 8. April. China. 
 
 1818. 
 
 grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 5. April. N. Amer. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 40. May. Sweden* 
 
 1789- 
 
 - anzustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). JO. May. 
 
QUA 
 
 L 677 
 
 QUE 
 
 P. intermedia latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. May 
 Denmark. 178Q. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 15. April. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woollyish). 25. April. Hungary. 
 
 ma'lus (apple-tree). 20. April. Britain. 
 
 melanoca'rpa (black-fruited). 4. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1700. 
 subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 4. May. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. April. N.Amer. 
 
 niva'lis (snowy -leaved). 6. April. Austria. 
 
 pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-leaved). 40. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 arbu'scula (little tree). May. Germany. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woollyish-teaced). 40. May. 
 
 England. 
 pe'ndula (drooping). May. England. 
 
 Polliie'ria (Pollver's). 15. May. Germany.1786. 
 
 pras'cox (early. Paradise}. 10. Blush. April. 
 
 Russia. 1784. 
 
 prunifo'lia (plum-leaved. Siberian Crab), 20. 
 
 Pink. May. Siberia. 1758. 
 
 pu'bens (downy). 5. May. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. May. Russia. 
 
 1780. 
 
 salvifo'lia (sage-leaved. Aurelian). 15. May. 
 
 France. 1806. 
 
 Sina'ica (Mount Sinai. Medlar}. 20. May. 
 
 Levant. 1820. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). May. China. 
 
 so'rbus (frwe-service). 30. May. England. 
 
 tnalifo'rm is (apple-shaped). 30. May. 
 pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 30. May. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy. Chinese Apple}. 20. May. 
 
 China. 1780. 
 
 spu'ria (spurious). 20. May. 1800. 
 pe'ndula (drooping). May. 
 
 sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 20. May.1818. 
 
 tomentu'sa (downy). 20. May. Europe. ]810. 
 
 tormina'lis (griping. Wild-service). 50. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 trilobn'ta (tnree-lobed). 20. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1810. 
 
 variola 1 'sa (variabk-teawerf). 50. May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1825. 
 
 vestl'ta (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUAKING GRASS. Bri'za. 
 
 QUA' LEA. (The name in Guiana. Nat. 
 ord., Vochyads [Vochyacese]. Linn., 1- 
 Monandria I-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Vochysia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. By seeds in a hotbed, 
 and cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer. 60 
 to 85. 
 Q. viola? cea (violet). Violet. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 QUAMO'CUT. (From kyamos, a kidney- 
 bean, and klitos, dwarf; resemblance of 
 habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvu- 
 lacese]. IArm.,5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Ipomasa], 
 
 Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points 
 and side-shoots of growing stems, the former 
 plan being adopted chiefly with annuals, and the 
 latter with perennials; the annuals being gene- 
 rally grown out of doors after the end of May, 
 and the perennials in the plant stove. 
 
 STOVE PERENHIAL TWINERS. 
 Q. globo'sa (globular). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1827. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 6. Scarlet. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. Evergreen. 
 
 longiflu'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June. 
 
 Cuba. 1803. Herbaceous. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). 6'. Scarlet. Mexico. 
 
 1826. Evergreen. 
 
 sangui'nea (bloody). 10. Crimson. July. 
 
 Santa Cruz. 1812. Evergreen. 
 
 STOVE ANNUAL TWINERS. 
 Q. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. August. S. 
 Amer. 1818. 
 
 digita'ta (hand-leaned). 10. Purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. W. Ind. 
 
 hederifo'lia (ivy-leaved). 10. Violet. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1773. 
 
 lute'ola (yellowish). 10. Orange, yellow. 
 
 August. Guatimala. 1759. 
 
 phosni'cea (crimson). Crimaon. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1806. 
 
 sero'tina (late-blooming). Orange. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Violet. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1752. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). Scarlet. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Sep. 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 QUA'SSIA. (From the name of a slave 
 (Quassi), who first used the bark as a 
 febrifuge. Nat. ord., Quassiads [Simaru- 
 bacese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monogy- 
 Hta.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well- 
 known Quassia-chips, used for poisoning fiies; 
 the bitter has also been substituted for hops, 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in heat ; sandy, rich loam and fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 65 to 90. 
 Q. ama'ra (bitter). 20. Red, June. Guiana. 1790. 
 
 QUENOUILLE is a fruit-tree with a cen- 
 tral stem, and its branches trained in 
 horizontal tiers, the lowest being the 
 longest, and the others gradually lessen- 
 ing in length as they do in age ; so that 
 the tree, like a spruce-fir, acquires a py- 
 ramidal form. 
 
 QUEECITRON. Que'rcus tincto'ria. 
 
 QUE'RCUS. The Oak. (From the 
 Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree. Nat. 
 ord., Mastworts [Corylacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree ; 
 or collected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in 
 a dry place, until the following March, when 
 they may be sown in rows, and covered half an 
 inch deep ; deep, loamy soil they like best. Par- 
 ticular varieties are kept up by grafting. 
 Q. te'gilops (segilops. Velonia). 20. Levant. 1731. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 
 
 agrifo'lia (scabby-leaved). May. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 a'lba (white). 60. May. N. Amer. 1724. 
 pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-teaed). 60. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1724. 
 repa'nda (w&vy-leaved). 60. May. N.Amer. 
 
QUE 
 
 [ GTS ] 
 
 QUI 
 
 0. amkVgua (ambiguous). 60. May. N.Amer. 
 
 Apenni'na (Apennine). 40. May. South Europe. 
 
 aqua'tica mari'lima (sea). 40. N. Amer. 
 nti'na (dwarf). 12. May. N.Amer. 1738. 
 
 austra'lis (southern^. May. Portugal. 1835. 
 
 Aa//o'/a(ballotta. Barbary). 60. May. Barbary. 
 
 calyci'na, (/nr^e-calyxed). May. Europe. 
 
 castaneeefo'lia (chestnut-leaved). 60. Crimea. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Casfella'na (Castile). May. Europe. 
 
 Catesb&i (Catesby's). 15. May. N.Amer. 1823. 
 
 ce'rris (bitter oak).50. May. South Europe. 1735. 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 40. May. Austria; 
 
 1824. 
 ca'na ma'jor (larger-hoary-teaued). May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 ca'na mi'nor (lesser-hoary-Zeaued). May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 Fulhame'nsis (Fulham). 80. May.Fulham. 
 
 pe'nduia (drooping). 50. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Ra'gnal (Ragnal). 50. May. Ragnal. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-feai>ed). 50. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 vulga'ris (common). 50. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1/35. 
 
 cocci'fera (kermes-bearing). 10. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 eocci'nea (scarlet). 50. May. N.Amer. 1691. 
 
 Coo'kii (Captain Cook's). Gibraltar. 1835. 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped). May. Portutral. 
 
 deatba'ta (whitened). May. Nepaul. 1828. 
 
 digita'ta (hand-leaved). April. Europe. 
 
 e'sculus (eatable. Italian). 40. May. South 
 
 Europe. 173Q. 
 
 expa'nsa (spreading). May. South Europe. 
 
 fagi'nea (beech-like). South Europe. 1824. 
 
 falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 80.May.N.Amer.l763. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). Japan. 1822. 
 
 Gramu'ntia (Grammont). 40. June. France. 
 
 1736. 
 
 haliphle'os (sea-side). April. France. 
 
 hernisphe'rit-a (half-globe). May. Mexico. 1816. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 i'lex (holly. Evergreen). 60. May. South 
 
 France. 1581. 
 cri'spa (curled-leaved), 60. May. South 
 
 France. 
 fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 60. 
 
 South France. 1/81. 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 60. 
 
 South France. 1581. 
 latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May, 
 
 France. 1781. 
 
 longifu'lia (long-leaved). 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 60. 
 
 South France. 1781. 
 variega'ta (variegated-/<w?erf). 
 
 tlicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. N. Amer. 
 
 imbricu'ta (tired). 40. June. N. Arner 
 
 infecto'ria (dying). Levant. >812. 
 
 insi'gnis (remarkable). 60, Mexico. 1846. 
 
 lanu'tn (vroolly.leaved). Nepaul. 1818 
 laurijo'lia (laurel-leaved), fio. Mav. 
 
 Amer. 1786. 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 60. May. N.Amer. 1/86. 
 
 lauri'nu (laurel-like). 30. Mexico. 1837- 
 
 Lezermia'na (Lezermi's). May. South Europe. 
 
 Lusita'nica ( Portuguese). 40. June. Portugal. 
 
 1824* 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 
 
 macroca'fpa (large-fruited). 40. N. Amer. 
 
 marftima (sea). May. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 May. 
 May. 
 South 
 
 May. 
 
 1800. 
 
 1786. 
 
 May. N. 
 
 Q. monta'na (mountam-cftesfnttO- 15. May, 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 myrtifo'lla (myrtle-leaved). 
 
 ni'gra (black). 20. May. N.Amer. 1739. 
 
 obtusi'lotia (blunt-lobed). 60. May. N. Amer, 
 
 1819. 
 
 olivcEfo'rmis (olive-shaped-/n7ffrf). 60. May. 
 
 N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 palu'stris( marsh). 60. May. N.Amer. 1800. 
 
 pedunrula'ta (common, /ong'-flower-stalked). 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 fastiffia'ta (tapering). 4. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 fo'liis variegn'tis (variegated-teaed). 40. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 Hodgi'nsii (Hodgin's). May. Britain. 
 
 pe'nduia (drooping). 70. May. Britain. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 60. May. Britain. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). May. Britain. 
 
 phe'Vos (willow. Cork-tree). N.Amer. 1723. 
 cine'rea (ash-coloured). 10. 31 ay. N.Amer. 
 
 1789. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 20. May. N.Amer. 
 
 latifu'lia. (broad-leaved). 60. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 mari'tima (sea). May. Virginia. 
 
 seri'cea (silky. Running). 2. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1/24. 
 syluu'ticu (wood). 60. May. N. Amer. 1723. 
 
 prasi'na (light-green). May. Spain. 1824. 
 
 pri'nus (prinus. Chestnut). 60. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1730. 
 acumina'ta (pointed-leaned). 80. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 monM'cola (mountain). 60. May. N.Amer, 
 
 1730. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). 90. N.Amer. 1720. 
 
 pu'inila (dwarf). 4. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 tornento'sa (downy-leaved). 70. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pseu'do-cocri'fera (false-kermes-bearing). 
 su' her ^ false-cork). 60. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Funtane'sii (Desfontaine's). 30, May. 
 
 Calabria. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 Pi/rena'ica ( Vyrenean). 4. May. Pyrenees. 1824. 
 
 Qaext'go (Quexipo). Spain. 1845. 
 
 n>fum&/& / /t(round-1eaved)JIune. Spain. 1818. 
 
 ru'bru (red. Champion). 40. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1739. 
 
 sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 60. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). April. Portugal. 1835. 
 
 Fu/ltenberge l nsis(F&[\uinbcr'y). Hanover. 
 
 1837. 
 
 mncrocn'rpa (large-fruited). 60. May. Britain. 
 pulie'scens (downy). 40. May. Britain. 
 
 Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). 60. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 su'iter (cork). 20. May. Spain. 158U 
 
 (tngustifo'liurn (narrow-leaved). 30. June. 
 
 dentn'tum (toothed-leaved). 50. June. 
 
 Intifu'lium (broad-leaved). 40. June. 
 
 tinctti'ria (dyer's). 70 May. N. Amer. 
 
 unguto'sa (angular-to^ed). 70. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 sinuo's'i (wavy-edged-/<?oed). 70. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 Turne'ri (Turner's). Levant. 18!2. 
 
 vi'rens (green). 40. May. N. Amer. 1730. 
 
 QUICKSET, the same as the Hawthorn, 
 or Whitethorn, Crataj'yus oxuaca'ntha. 
 See HEDGE. 
 
QUI 
 
 079 ] 
 
 BAD 
 
 QUILLA'JA. (From quillai, the Chilian 
 came. Nat. ord., Roscw^rts [Llosaceeej. 
 Linn., 10-Dccandrla k-Pentagynia. Al- 
 lied to Kageneckia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub, the bark of which is 
 used instead of soap. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sandy ioam, under a hand-light, and very likfly 
 by layers ; sandy, deep loam, and a sheltered place. 
 Q. sapona'ria (soap). White. April. Chili. 1332. 
 
 QUINA, QUINQUINA, or Quiso. Cincho'na. 
 
 QUINCE. Cydo'nia vulya' '//.;. 
 
 Varieties.- Common, Apple-shaped. 
 Pear-shaped, and Portugal. The last is 
 the best, and very distinct from the 
 others. C. Sine'nsis, the Chinese Quince, 
 has been fruited in this country, but it 
 requires a wall. The fruit is very dif- 
 ferent from that of either the Common 
 or Portugal Quinces ; it is cylindrical, 
 about six inches in length, and exceed- 
 ingly gritty. 
 
 Culture. The trees maybe raised from 
 seed sown in autumn, but there is no 
 certainty of having the same, or any- 
 good fruit from the seedlings. The 
 several varieties may bo propagated by 
 cuttings and layers ; also by suckers from 
 such trees as grow upon their own roots, 
 and by grafting and budding upon their 
 own or pear stocks. 
 
 Cuttings, layers, and suckers may be 
 planted in autumn, winter, or early 
 spring. Choose young wood for the cut- 
 tings and layers. They will be rooted by 
 next autumn; then transplanted into 
 nursery rows two feet asunder; plant the 
 suckers also at the same distance, and 
 train the whole for the purposes intended; 
 if for standards with a stem, to any de- 
 sired height, from three to six feet; then 
 encourage them to branch out at top, to 
 form a head ; and those designed as 
 dwarfs must be headed near the ground, 
 and trained accordingly, for espaliers or 
 dwarf standards. 
 
 When they have formed tolerable 
 heads, plant them out finally. Standard 
 quinces, designed as fruit-trees, may be 
 stationed in the garden or orchard, and 
 some by the sides of any water in bye 
 places, suffering the whole to take their 
 own natural growth ; and as espaliers, 
 they may be arranged with other mode- 
 rate-growing trees, about fifteen feet 
 apart. For other particulars of culture, 
 tee PEAR. 
 
 QUINCUNX is the form resulting from 
 planting in rows, with one plant opposite 
 the centre of each vacancy between two 
 
 plants in the row on each side of it, as in 
 this diagram : 
 
 QUISQTJA'US. (From quis, who, and 
 qualis, what kind ; when first named it 
 was doubtful to which class and order to 
 refer it. Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combre- 
 tacege]. Li\\n.,lQ-Decandi'ia \-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Combretum.) 
 
 Stove climbers. Cuttings of the young: shoot 8 
 when several inches in length, after the plant ha 8 
 been stumped in after-flowering, taking the cut- 
 tings oif with a heel, and inserting them in sand, 
 ut.der a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loiini, but most of the latter. Winter temp.,. 4ii 
 to 50 ; summer, 60 to 88. 
 Q. pla'bra (smooth). 20. Java. 1815. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 20. Orange, red. June. 
 
 Java. 1815. 
 
 pube'scejis (downy. 1 ) SO. Orange, red. Guinea. 
 
 S//><?'MS/s(Chinese). 10. Rose. July. Canton. 1841. 
 
 vWo'sa (shaggy). Pegu. 1818. 
 
 QUIVI'SIA. (Sois de Qnivi, of the Isle 
 of France. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meliacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Al- 
 lied to Melia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, and in a brisk bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 48 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 Q. helerophy'lla (various-kaved). 18. White. Isle 
 of France. 1822. 
 
 RACEME, a cluster. This is formed of 
 numerous, rather distant flowers, each on 
 its own stalk, but growing out of one 
 central stalk, as in a bunch of currants. 
 
 RADISH. Rapha'nus sati'vttz. 
 
 Spring Varieties. Long rooted: Long 
 White; called also the White Transpa- 
 rent, White Italian, and Naples Eadish. 
 White Russian. Twisted Radish of Mons. 
 Semi-long Scarlet. Rose-coloured Semi- 
 long. Scarlet, or Salmon, or Scarlet- 
 transparent Radish. Purple, formerly- 
 called exclusively the Short-topped. Red- 
 necked White. 
 
 Turnip-rooted : White Turnip. Early 
 White Turnip. Pink. Rose-coloured, Scar- 
 let and Crimson Turnip. Purple Turnip. 
 Yellow Turnip. New Yellow Short- topped. 
 
 Autumn and Winter Varieties. These 
 are all of the turnip-rooted kind, and are 
 in the order they follow in coming into 
 use: Yellow Turnip. Round Brown. 
 White Spanish. Oblong Brown. Black 
 
HAD 
 
 f 680 3 
 
 HAD 
 
 Spanish. Large Purple. Winter or Pur- 
 ple Spanish. 
 
 The soil, a light loam, and moderately 
 fertile, should be dug a full spade deep, 
 and well pulverized. Manures should 
 not be applied at the time of sowing. The 
 situation should always be open, but for 
 early and late crops warm and sheltered. 
 
 Sowing. For the earliest productions, 
 during December, January, and February, 
 in a hotbed; and in the open ground 
 once a month during winter, and every 
 fortnight during the other seasons of the 
 year. 
 
 In the open ground the seed is gene- 
 rally sown broadcast, and well raked in, 
 but in drills is much the most preferable 
 mpde. In either case it must be inserted 
 thin, and buried a quarter of an inch 
 deep. Thick sowing causes the tops to be 
 large, and the roots sticky. 
 
 If broadcast, the beds should be laid 
 out four or five feet wide, divided by al- 
 leys afoot in width, the earth from which 
 may be thrown out to raise the beds. 
 If drills are employed for the long- rooted, 
 they are required to be three inches 
 asunder, for the turnip-rooted four or 
 five, and for the Spanish, &c., six or eight. 
 
 When the seedlings are well up, and 
 advanced to five or six leaves, they are 
 ready for thinning; the spindle- rooted to 
 three inches apart, the turnip-rooted to 
 four, and the larger varieties to six. The 
 spaces, however, require to be rather in- 
 creased in moist, warm weather. In dry 
 weather they ought to be watered regu- 
 larly every night. The early and late 
 crops that have to withstand the attacks 
 of frost, &c., should be kept constantly 
 covered with dry straw or fern, to the 
 depth of about two inches, or with mat- 
 ting, supported by hooping until the 
 plants make their appearance, when the 
 covering must be removed every mild 
 day, but renewed towards evening, and 
 constantly during frosty or tempestuous 
 weather. 
 
 The bed should have a good watering 
 the morning before that on which they 
 are taken up, but none afterwards until 
 subsequent to the drawing. 
 
 To draw for Salads whilst with their 
 seed-leaves, sowings must be made once 
 a week. The management is precisely 
 that required for rape, mustard, <fec. 
 
 To obtain Seed, leave in April, or early 
 May, some of the most perfect plants of 
 a main crop. When in full vigour, they 
 
 must be taken up with as little injury as 
 possible to the roots and leaves, and 
 planted in rows, three feet asunder each 
 way, being inserted by the dibble com-- 
 pletly down to the leaves. Water must 
 be applied until they have taken root, 
 and occasionally throughout their growth, 
 especially when in flower. If practicable, 
 it is best to leave some plants where 
 raised. 
 
 To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish, 
 some seeds must be sown 'in March, or 
 some of the winter-standing crop left or 
 transplanted during that month. The 
 pods must be cut as soon as they become 
 of a brown hue, and well dried. 
 
 Two varieties must never be raised 
 near each other, and seed of the previous 
 year's raising should always be employed. 
 
 The seeds of the different varieties are 
 easily distinguished by an experienced 
 seedsman. Those of the long white 
 radish are small, flat, and pale ; of the 
 scarlet and purple long-rooted, large ; and 
 of the first very light-coloured, compared 
 with those of the latter; of the white 
 turnip, small, round, and brown: scarlet 
 turnip, rather larger, and somewhat 
 darker ; purple turnip, larger and brown, 
 being similar to the long rooted purple, 
 except in size. 
 
 Forcing. A moderate hotbed is re- 
 quired for this crop, of a length according 
 with that of the frame to be employed ; 
 the earth about eight inches deep, on the 
 surface of which the seed is to be sown 
 as soon as the violent heat is abated, and 
 an additional fourth of an inch sifted 
 over it. 
 
 The seedlings are in general up in less 
 than a week, and in six they will be ready 
 to draw. Throughout their growth air 
 must be admitted as freely as is allowable. 
 The glasses, however, must be closed on 
 the approach of evening, and mats or 
 other covering put on in proportion to 
 the severity of the season. When the 
 earth appears at all dry, a light watering 
 must be given at noon. 
 
 The plants must not stand nearer than 
 two inches to each other. The tempera- 
 ture required is from 50 to 70 ; and it 
 must be kept to this heat by moderate 
 linings as required. 
 
 If there be a deficiency of frames, 
 hoops and mats may be employed, a 
 frame of boards being formed round the 
 bed, light and air being admitted as 
 freely and as often as possible. If seed 
 
RAF 
 
 ] 
 
 RAM 
 
 is sown within a frame without any bot- 
 tom-heat, the plants will be two or three 
 weeks forwarder than if sown in the open 
 ground. 
 
 BA'FNIA. (Named after C. Rafn, a 
 Danish hotanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese] . Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 
 6-Decan.dria. Allied to Hovea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring; cut- 
 tings of firm side-shoots at the beginning of 
 summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam, kept rough by pieces of charcoal 
 and broken pots, and drainage well attended to. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 R. angula'ta (angular- branched). 2. May. 1816. 
 
 R. corda'ta (heart-teaed). 2. May. 1821. 
 
 cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. 1816. 
 
 elli'ptica (oval-teaued). 2. June. 1819. 
 
 filifu'lia (thread-leaved). 1. May. 1816. 
 
 la'ncea (spear-head-/eawed). 2. June. 1823. 
 
 oppo'sita (opposite-leaned). 2. June, 1824. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 3. June. 1784. Biennial. 
 
 BAGGED ROBIN. Ly'chnis Jlo's-cu'culi. 
 
 RAGS. See VEGETABLE MANURES. 
 
 RAGWORT. Otho'nna. 
 
 RAILING is of various forms, hut all, if 
 made of wood, are soon decayed if slight, 
 and are clumsy and inelegant if strong. 
 Iron railing is at once light, neat, and 
 enduring, and, like the following, may be 
 erected for about 2s. per yard. 
 
 .Ground XLie 
 
 RAKE. This implement is now much 
 less in use than formerly, when broad- 
 cast sowing was prevalent. Now the 
 broad hoe is quite as efficient in covering 
 drill-sown seed. The head of the rake 
 is best made of wood, and of this ash is 
 most desirable. If the head be of iron, 
 the teeth are continually becoming loose. 
 Rakes, with heads about six inches long, 
 are required for dressing flower-borders, 
 but for open ground-work the length may 
 he fifteen inches. The hoe and the rake 
 are sometimes attached to one handle ; 
 but it is a form liable to constant entan- 
 glement in the flower-garden, for which 
 it is designed. 
 
 RAMO'NDIA. (Named after L. Ramond, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneraceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Streptocarpus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; a 
 sheltered place, or kept in a pit, in winter, as an 
 alpine. 
 
 R. Pi/rena'ica (Pyrenean). i. Purple. May. 
 Pyrenees. 1/31. 
 
 RAMOON-TREE. Tro'phis. 
 
 RAMPION. Phyteu'ma and Cy'ph'ta phy- 
 teu'ma. 
 
 RAMPION. Campanula rapu'nculus. 
 
 The soil ought to be moderately moist; 
 but it must be light. A shady, rich bor- 
 der is most favourable. 
 
 Sow during March, April, and May, in 
 drills six inches apart; the plants from 
 sowings in the first two months soon run 
 up to seed. The plants are to remain 
 where sown ; though, in case of any 
 deficiency, those which are taken away 
 in thinning the crops may be transplanted 
 successfully, if removed to a border si- 
 milar to the seed-bed, and inserted with 
 the roots perpendicular, and without 
 pressing the mould too close about them. 
 The best time for the removal is of an 
 evening. 
 
 They are fit for thinning when about 
 two inches in height, and they must be 
 set at a distance of six inches apart. The 
 plants of the sowings during the two 
 first-mentioned months will be fit for use 
 at the close of August, or early in Sep- 
 tember, and continue through the au- 
 tumn. Those of the last one will con- 
 tinue good throughout the winter, and 
 until the following April. The soil 
 throughout their growth must be kept 
 moist by giving frequent waterings. 
 
 The root, for which it is cultivated, 
 either to be sliced together with its leaves 
 
BAN 
 
 [ C82 ] RAN 
 
 in salads, or eaten r.* the radish, as well 
 as to be boiled like asparagus, is most 
 palatable when drawn young, and eaten 
 fresh from the ground. 
 
 To obtain Seed, leave a few of the 
 winter-standing plants. These flower in 
 July and August, and ripen abundance 
 of seed in early autumn. Gather it be- 
 fore it begins to scatter, and dry 011 a 
 cloth before thrashing. 
 
 BA'NDIA. (Named after J. Hand, a 
 London botanist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [CinchonaceasJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Sf&nxftfynia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, and white-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of 
 the young shoots in spring and summer, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in a hotbed. Sandy, fibry loam 
 and fibry peat, with a few nodules of charcoal. 
 Temp., when at rest in winter, 45 to 50; when 
 growing in spring or summer, 60 to 80. 
 R. arma'ta (armed). 7. May. W. Ind. 1813. 
 
 Bowiea'na (Bowie's). Pale yellow. Brazil. 181 r,. 
 
 fascicula'ta (fascicled). 4. July. E. Ind. 182-1. 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. July. E.Ind. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 8. May. China. 1825. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. July. W. Ind. 17:13. 
 
 longijio'ra (long-flowered). 4. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 mucra'ntha (large-flowered). 5. Cream-coloured. 
 
 August. Sierra Leone. 15y6. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-teed). 6. May. New 
 
 Grenada. 1818. 
 
 oxypeftulu (sharp- petaled). Yellowish. May. 
 
 Saharanpoor. 1843. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. August. YT. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 5. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 6. July.Peru. 1820. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 5. July. China, ISIS. 
 
 RANTRY. The Mountain Ash. (Pg'rus 
 aucupa'ria.) 
 
 KANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot. (From rana, 
 a frog; some of the species inhabiting 
 marshy places. Nat. ord., Crowfoots 
 [Ranunculacese]. Linn., \3-Polyandda 
 6-Polyyynia.) 
 
 AH yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 specified. Annuals, seeds in common soil, in 
 March and April, though few are worth the 
 trouble, unless in a corner devoted to small native 
 and alpine plants. Perennials, by division of the 
 plant in spring. Aquatics, mostly natives, by 
 division, and giving them any soil in shallow 
 ponds or ditches ; tuberous-rooted, by division of 
 the roots in spring. Asia'iirus, the florists' Ra- 
 nunculus, and its many varieties, may be planted i 
 in stiff, rich loam, either in October or March ; if ! 
 the former, the beds will require to be protected 
 a little from heavy rains and from sharp frosts. 
 See treatment as a florist's flower. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 R. Chi'us (Scio). . June. Archipelago. 1827. 
 
 philono'tis (moisture-loving). . July. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 tessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 4. June, 
 
 N, Holland. 
 
 R, tri'lobus (rhree-lobed). . June. Greece. 1818, 
 
 tubrruulu'tus (pimpled). 1. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 uligino'sus (marsh). . June. Teneriffe. 1820. 
 
 ventrico'sus (swollen). . July. Brazil. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 
 R. obtusifo'Hus (blunt-leaved). 1. White. 7une. 
 England. 
 
 pa'ntothrix (all-hairy). White. June. Britain. 
 fln.ria'tilis (long-leaved. River). White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 polyphy'llus (many-leaved). $. April. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1819. Annual. 
 
 tripu'rtitus (three-parted). White. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HE TIB A; "OUS. 
 R. -era/?z'ot' / dt > s(geranium-likc').Ma. . ?>Iexico.l636. 
 
 lappa'ceus (burdock-like). I.June. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. 
 
 plebe'ius (common). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 R. filifo'rmis (thread-formed). 1. June. N. Amer. 
 1823. Creeper. 
 
 Lappo'nicus (Lapland). . May. Lapland. 1827. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 11. angula'tus (&\\\?A-stemmed). 1. Naples. 183 f -!. p 
 
 Asia'ticus (Asiatic. Common-garden). j. 
 
 Variegated. May. Levant. 1596. 
 sangui'neus (blood-coloured). . Scarlet. 
 
 May. Syria. 
 tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). |. White. 
 
 May. Greece. 
 
 bracten'tus (/or^e-bracted). May. Pyrenees. 
 
 flo're-ple'nn (double-flowered). May. 
 
 ochroteu'cus (whitish-yellow). Pale yel- 
 low. August. England. 
 
 Irevifo'llus (short-leaved). J. June. Naples. 
 
 1824. 
 
 lulla'tus flo' re-pie' nn (blistererl-/c/iefZ-double- 
 
 fli>wered). 1. May. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large -flowered). 1. May. 
 
 South Europe. )640. 
 
 charoiihy'llus (chervil-leaved). 1. May. Por- 
 
 tu-al. 
 
 cicuta'rius (cicuta-lilce). 1. May. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 cortusatfo'lius (cortusa- leaved). 1. May. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1826. 
 
 CJ-^JCMS (Cretan). 1. May. Candia. 1658. 
 mncrnphy 1 llus (large-leaved). 2. May. 
 
 Tenenfte. l65s. 
 
 fumarionfo'Uus (fumitory-leaved). 1. May. 
 
 Garga'nicus (Garganian). 4. August. Naples. 
 
 1832. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). . May. Archipelago. 1818. 
 
 gresafrius (flockina;). 1. May. Italy. 1817. 
 
 hy'bridus (hybrid), g. May. Austria. 1820. 
 
 Illy 'ricus (Illy rian). l. May. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 
 millefolia'tus (thousand-leaved). May. Sicily. 
 
 1820. 
 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). . April. 
 
 Naples. 1833. 
 
 Monspeli'acus (Montpelier). 1. May. South 
 
 France. 
 cuned'tus (wedge-/ewerf). 1. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 rotundifti'lius (round-leaved). 1. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 ozyspe'rmus (sharp-seeded). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 peda'tus (doubly-lobed). 1. May. Hungary. 
 
 1805. 
 
 scuta' tits (shield-tesred). . May. Hungary. 
 
 1817. 
 
[683 ] 
 
 RAN 
 
 . iho'ra {thorz.-I;idney-leuved). 3. May. Austria. [ 
 
 1/10. 
 tub cro'sus (tuberous). 1. June. Pyrenees. JS20. j 
 
 HAKDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 . aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). 1. White, j 
 May. Alps, Europe. IsgG. 
 orassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 1. White, i 
 May. Europe. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). . White. May. Europe. | 
 a'cris-plt'nus (acrid-double-flowered). 2. June. . 
 
 Britain. 
 
 alpe'stris (alpine). 3. White. July. Scotland, 
 amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White. 
 May. Pyrenees. 1633. 
 
 angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 
 
 siifo'l 
 
 May. 
 
 White. 
 
 apiifo'lius (api urn- leaved). 2. White, red. 
 
 June. Bonaria. 1816. 
 
 a'rcticus (northern). July. N. Amer. 1827- 
 auri'comus (golden-haired), ij. May. Britain. 
 Bonarie'nsit (Buenos Ayres). -'.-. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1817. 
 drevicau'lis (short-stalked). May. N.Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 Breynia'nus (Breynius's). June. Switzerland. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Bru'tius (Brutian). l&. May. Italy. 1823. 
 bupleuroi'des (hare's-ear-/eaued). 1. May. 
 
 Portugal. 1826. 
 -cardiophy'llus (heart -leaved). May. Canada. 
 
 1829. 
 Cassu'bicus (Cassubian). 2. June. Siberia. 
 
 1794. 
 Caicca'sirus (Caucasian). !. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 1. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1827. 
 crena'tus (scolloped). . White. June. Hun-; 
 
 gary. 1818. 
 cymbala'ria (beat^shaped). . June. Siberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 disse'ctus (cut-leaned). . June. Caucasus. 181S. 
 Eschscho'ltzii (Eshscholtz's). May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 fasciaulu'ris (bundled). 1. June. N.Amer. 
 fri'gidus (cold). . Pale yellow. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1827. 
 glabe'rritn-us (smoothest). 3Iay. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 glacia'lis.(\cy). . White. July. Lapland. 1775. 
 
 aconitoi'des (aconitum-leaved). . White. 
 
 July. 'Switzerland. 181p. 
 Goua'ni (Gouan's). 1. June. Pyrenees. 18SS. 
 grumi'neus (grassy), 1. May. Wales. 
 
 flo 1 re.pl e'no (double-flowering;). 1. May. 
 phcsnicifd' lius (phoene-leaved). 1. May. 
 
 Europe. 
 grandijlti'rus (large-flowered). . May. Cap pa- 
 
 docia. 
 
 hi'rtus (hairy). 1. June. New Zealand. 1820. 
 hi'sjiitlus (bristly). 1^. June. N.Amer. 1810. 
 hyperbo'reus (northern). $. June. North 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 isopyroi'des (isopyruni-like). . White. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 lu'cerus (torn). . White. May. South France. 
 
 1821. 
 lanugino'sus (woolly -leaved). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 K'ngua (tongue-tea^d). 2. July. Britain. 
 montu'nus (mountain), i. June. Lapland. 
 
 1775. 
 napeWfn'lius (napeUus-leaved). 1. July. Tur- 
 
 key. 182-2. 
 nemoro'svs (grove). I.June. Switzerland. 1810. 
 
 R, nemoro'sus paiicijlofrus (few- flowered). I. 
 June. Switzerland. 18 19. 
 
 nivn'lis (snowy). . July. Lapland. 1775. 
 
 Parnassifo'lius (Parnassia-leaved). ^. White. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1769. 
 
 pedati'fidus (doubly-lobe-cut). 1. April. Si- 
 
 beria. 1827. 
 
 plantagi'neus (plantain-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 May. Piedmont. ISIQ. . 
 
 platanifo'lius (plane-tree-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 June. Germany. 1/69. 
 
 -- flo're-ple'nti (double-flowered). 1. White. 
 May. Alps. 15Q6. 
 
 Pu'rshii (Pursh's). July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 pygi>i<'us(v\%my). %. April. Lapland. 1810. 
 
 Pt/rence'us (Pyrenean). 1. White. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1807- 
 
 -- bupleurifo'lius (bupleurum-leaved). ^. 
 White. June. Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 recurvu'tus (curled-back-seerfcd). June. N. 
 
 Amer. 18.27. 
 
 'i. July. 
 
 rhomboi'deus (diamond-/eaferf). April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 ru'fulus (reddish-haired). July. Portugal. 1825* 
 
 rui&fo'lius (rue-leaved). $. White. June. 
 
 Austria. 1759. 
 
 Sabi'ni (Sahine's). July. N.Amer. 1827. 
 
 salsugino'sus (salt). 1. April. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 Seguie'ri (Seguiei"s). J. White. June. Pied- 
 
 mont. 1819. 
 
 spica'tus vspike-//ou>erecJ). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 Algiers. 1850. 
 
 Steve'nii (Steven's). l. June. Volhinia. 1819. 
 
 tnmentn'sus (woolly). 1. June. N.Amer. 1820. 
 
 Vilta'rsi (Villars's). 1. June. South Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 KANIT'NCULUS (R. Asia'ticus) AS A 
 FLORIST'S FLOWER. 
 
 Varieties. These are very numerous 
 and annually increased. 
 
 Soil. This should be of a fine texture, 
 easily broken, and moderately light. It 
 should feel soft to the hand, and have a 
 little but a little sand amongst it. 
 The best is generally found near to rivers. 
 Let it be laid on a long heap, not too 
 thick, and turned over once a month for 
 a year. It will then be in good condition, 
 for use. Remove the old soil away from 
 the bed you intend for ranunculuses to 
 the depth, if the situation is dry, of 
 fifteen inches : if wet, ten inches will do. 
 Put in a layer of very rotten cow-dung, 
 two inches thick ; then bring the soil, 
 put in a layer of four inches, upon that 
 put a layer of rotten hotbed dung one 
 inch thick, and so proceed till the 
 bed is full, and raised two or three inches 
 above the surface. Let the bed be edged 
 with hoards or slates. Hoop it over, to 
 protect it from heavy rain, snows, and 
 hailstones. Turn it over, mixing the 
 materials together well, only take care 
 not to disturb the layer of cow-dung at 
 the bottom. Let this turning operation 
 
RAN 
 
 684] 
 
 EAN 
 
 be performed two or three times at in- 
 tervals of three or four weeks between, 
 finishing the last about the end of 
 January, so as to allow the bed to settle 
 by the planting time in February. 
 
 Planting. The best time for doing 
 this is between the 8th and 20th of Fe- 
 bruary. The soil of the bed ought to be 
 neither wet nor dry. To prove its state, 
 iako up a handful, gently squeeze it, and 
 let it fall about half a yard ; if it is in a 
 right condition, it will fall in pieces. 
 With a rake level the soil ; then, with a 
 triangular-shaped and rather small hoe, 
 or with the corner of a common hand- 
 hoe, draw a drill across the bed, two 
 inches deep ; draw the next five inches 
 distant from the first, and so on till the 
 whole bed is finished. Commence this 
 some fine morning, when there is a pros- 
 pect of the day continuing fine. When 
 the drills are all finished, sprinkle at the 
 bottom of each drill some fine sand ; 
 then bring out your ranunculus roots, 
 with a numbered label, made either of 
 lead, with the number stamped upon it, 
 or of wood, with each number written 
 wpon it with a black-lead-pencil upon a 
 coating of white-lead. Begin then to 
 plant the variety written in your book 
 opposite No. 1 ; take each root between 
 your finger and thumb, and place it at 
 the bottom of the drill, very gently press- 
 ing it down in the sand to about half the 
 length of the claws of each root. Having 
 placed the first to your mind, put the 
 next at four inches distance from it, and 
 so proceed till you have planted all the 
 first kind ; then thrust in the numbered 
 label, either with the number facing the 
 kind, or with its back to it. Both ways 
 are practised by florists, but we prefer 
 the number to face the variety it belongs 
 to. If our plan is followed the number 
 should be always put in first, the whole 
 of the variety planted, and then the 
 second number put in, and the second 
 land planted. Follow on in this manner 
 till the bed is filled. As soon as that is 
 completed, cover the roots just over the 
 crowns with some more of the fine sand : 
 this sand prevents the roots from getting 
 too wet, or moulding. Then with a rake 
 carefully level down the soil into the 
 drills. If your bed is not edged with 
 boards or slates (as recommended be- 
 fore), stretch a line on one side of the 
 bed, about four inches from the roots, 
 .and with the back of the spade pat the 
 
 soil on the side of the bed gently, to 
 make it firm; then chop down the edge of 
 the bed nearly perpendicularly. 
 
 After-culture. It is essential to the 
 success of this flower that the soil about 
 them should be close and firm, almost 
 approaching to hardness. If the bed 
 has been rightly prepared, and the flower 
 planted according to the instructions 
 given, all will be well. When the tops 
 begin to push through the soil, it will be 
 of the greatest importance to tread the 
 soil down very firm between the rows, 
 and if any symptoms of cracking in the 
 soil appear, the surface should be stirred 
 to prevent it. Protection from sharp 
 late frosts should be given, by covering 
 whenever such weather is likely to take 
 place, and it is equally beneficial to pro- 
 tect from heavy rains. Both are best 
 excluded by hoops extended across the 
 bed to support a covering of tarpaulin or 
 oil- cloth. During April and May, should 
 dry weather prevail, water may be cau- 
 tiously administered at intervals in an 
 evening, but only just so much as will 
 prevent the soil of the bed from cracking ; 
 or a little moss or old, spent tanners' 
 bark, &c., may be neatly placed between 
 the rows, which will retain the moisture 
 in the soil. The over-abundant applica- 
 tion of water is a very common error, 
 and one of the greatest evils. 
 
 The dying of leaves, in some instances, 
 evidently depends on a want of vigour, 
 or partial rot in the root; and, in some 
 few cases, it would appear to be caused 
 by large earthworms, forming their wide 
 tracks amid the roots of the plants, 
 nearly undermining them; but in the 
 great majority of cases it is produced 
 by injudicious watering. 
 
 During the expansion of the flower- 
 buds, and when they are fully blown, an 
 awning should be erected over the bed, 
 as in the case of tulips, that rain and 
 hot sun may be excluded; and gentle 
 watering every second or third evening 
 may be given, which will keep the bed 
 cool and moist, and promote the size of 
 the flower. As much air should be ad- 
 mitted as possible, that the flower-stems 
 be not drawn and weakened. 
 
 liaising Seedlings. Save seed only 
 from varieties distinguished for excellence 
 of form and colour. Sow in February, 
 and place the boxes in a cool greenhouse 
 or frame. Sow in boxes eighteen inches 
 by eleven inches, and four inches deep, 
 
RAP 
 
 [685 ] 
 
 RAP 
 
 full of loamy earth, and the surface 
 level. Sow the seeds about the eighth 
 of an inch apart ; cover them as thinly 
 as possible, and water with a fine rose ; 
 but place the boxes under glass, without 
 heat. The plants usually make their 
 appearance in about a month. Give air 
 day and night, except in severe frost; 
 then cover up with straw mats. With 
 such protection, the young plants will 
 endure the severest seasons. Put the 
 boxes in the open ground up to the 
 second week in May, and water daily 
 until the leaves begin to wither ; then 
 suffer the boxes to become quite dry ; 
 and in the middle of July take them up, 
 and preserve the roots in bags until 
 February, and then plant them as the 
 general stock. In the following June 
 they flower. 
 
 Taking up. The roots, in wet seasons, 
 should be taken up as soon as the leaves 
 turn yellow, as they are apt to sprout ; 
 but in dry seasons they may remain until 
 the leaves are brown. Take them up as 
 dry as the season will permit ; complete 
 the drying in a warm room, rather than 
 in the sun, and store them in a dry, cool 
 place. 
 
 Forcing. Select tubers which have 
 heen kept three or four months, or even 
 a year over the season of planting, these 
 being more easily excited than those 
 which have been only the usual time out 
 of the soil; plant them in pots about 
 the beginning of August; and, by bring- 
 ing these into the greenhouse at different 
 periods, a bloom is kept up from October 
 to February. 
 
 KAPE,OI- COLESEED. (Bra'ssicana'pus.} 
 Like mustard and other small salading, 
 it may be sown at any period of the year, 
 when in request, being allowed a separate 
 bed. It is cultivated as MUSTARD, which 
 see. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some plants of a 
 sowing made about the middle of July 
 must be thinned to eighteen inches apart: 
 they will survive the winter, and flower 
 in the May and June of the next year. 
 The seed, which is produced in great 
 abundance, ripens in July and August, 
 and must be cut as it docs so, and laid 
 upon cloths to dry. 
 
 RAPE (EDIBLE-ROOTED). This name 
 may be applied to a variety of the rape 
 mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of the 
 vice-presidents of the Horticultural So- 
 ciety. Its root is white and carrot-shaped, 
 
 about the size of the middle finger. It 
 is much more delicate in flavour than 
 the turnip, like which root it is cooked, 
 only that it is not peeled, but scraped, 
 its skin being remarkably thin. 
 
 Sowing. For the main crop, sow from 
 the middle of July to the end of August, 
 or even later. These will supply the 
 table until April ; and if wanted through- 
 out the year, a little may be sown in the 
 latter end of October, the plants from 
 which will be fit for use during April 
 and May ; the last crop to be sown from 
 the middle of January to the middle of 
 February, which will come in at the end 
 of May and during June. On a north 
 border, and if the soil is sandy and moist, 
 it is possible to have them sweet and 
 tender during the whole summer, to effect 
 which sow at the close of March and 
 May. 
 
 Cultivation. Thin and hoe as turnips. 
 In dry weather the beds must be watered 
 regularly. 
 
 Soil. One great advantage attending 
 the cultivation of this vegetable is, that 
 it requires no manure. Any soil that is 
 poor and light, especially if sandy, is 
 suitable to it. In rich, manured soil it 
 grows much larger, but not so sweet and 
 good. 
 
 To obtain Seed in February or March, 
 some of the finest roots are transplanted 
 to two feet asunder ; but it would, per- 
 haps, be a better practice to leave them 
 where grown. The seed must be cut as 
 soon as ripe, and treated as directed for 
 turnips, <fec. 
 
 EAPHA'NUS. Radish. (From ra, quickly, 
 nnd phainomai, to appear ; rapid germi- 
 nation of the seeds. Nat. ord., Orucifcrs 
 [Brassicacese]. Linn., 16-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds; rich, sandy soil; but 
 for standing: the winter it should be dry and poor. 
 Sec RADISH. 
 
 R. cauda'tus (tailed), ij. White, purple. July. 
 Java. 1815. 
 
 Ln'ndra (Landra). 3. Yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 suti'vus (cultivated). 3. White, purple. May, 
 
 China. 1548. 
 
 RAPHIO'LEPIS. Indian Hawthorn. 
 (From raphis, a needle, and lepis, a scale ;. 
 formation of the bractes. Nat. ord., Apple- 
 worts [Pomaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 %-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cratsegus.) 
 
 Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs' 
 from China. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sandy loam, in a sheltered place, under a hand- 
 light ; sandy loam and peat ; a sheltered place 
 against a wall, or protected in very cold places by 
 
HAS 
 
 [ 686 ] 
 
 HAS 
 
 a cold pit; most of them have stood at least 
 >. -veral seasons protected by a wall in the vicinity 
 of London. 
 R. I'mlica (India)i). White, pin!:. June. 1800. 
 
 />Aos?e'mon(brown-stam?ned). 4. Jui- 
 
 ru'bra (red). 15. Reddish. June. ISOt.i. 
 
 salicifo'lia, (willow-leaved). 3. June. Id20. 
 
 KASPAI'LIA. ( Nam ed after M. Easpa.il, 
 .1 French botanist. Nat. ord., Bruninds 
 [Bruniacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1 
 Jfonogynia. Allied to Brunia.) 
 
 Greenhonse evergreen. Cuttings of young, 
 stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a cold frame; sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 -;o to 48. 
 
 11. microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 Capeof Good Hope. 1804. 
 
 RASPBERRY. JRu'bus i 
 Varieties. The most useful are as 
 follows: 1. Red Antwerp; 2. Yellow 
 Antwerp ; 3. Fastolff, or Filby ; 4. Double- 
 bearing. Of these, Nos. 1 and 2 have 
 been for many years highly esteemed; 
 but 3 has, of late, in a great degree, super- 
 seded them, being larger and of at least 
 equal flavour, a great bearer, and pos- 
 sessing that desirable property in the 
 summer Raspberries of producing occa- 
 sionally fine autumnal fruit, which is 
 superior to that of the double-bearing 
 hinds. No. 4 is a decided autumn Rasp- 
 berry. Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, 
 as a new variety of this from America, 
 which is said to be very superior. Another 
 variety is a hybrid between the Raspberry 
 and Blackberry; this Mr. Rivers calls "the 
 Black," and states is good for preserving. 
 Propagation: by Suckers. Those who 
 <lesire to make anew plantation of Rasp- 
 berries will do well to obtain their 
 suckers from a healthy stock. We have 
 known new plantations made in cases of 
 emergency from a stock which had stood 
 too long in the ground, and of course 
 were lean, if not diseased. This lean- 
 ness was evidently transmitted to their 
 progeny, and, despite high manuring, a 
 rear or two was lost before they could 
 recover. Suckers, then, may be planted 
 any time between October and the mid- 
 dle of February, and they are drawn away 
 from the old plants by hand; a slight 
 pull will soon show which are those dis 
 posed to colonise. Deeply-dug ground is 
 requisite, and it should have a liberal 
 amount of half-rotten manure. Strong 
 suckers (drawn with a, ball of soil, if pos- 
 sible) may be planted three in a group, 
 at the end of September, four feet apart 
 from centre to centre ; and the rows, if 
 
 side by side, six feet apart. As soon as 
 the leaf drops, say the beginning of No- 
 vember, we would prime one strong cane 
 to three feet, a second to two feet, and & 
 third to within a couple or three inches 
 of the soil. By these means a nice little 
 crop may be taken the first year, and 
 good shoots reserved for the next. 
 
 From Seed, This is practised chiefly 
 with a view of raising new kinds ; and 
 the seed collected from superior berries, 
 v/hen thoroughly ripe, is washed from the 
 pulp and dried, then packed in \. 
 until spring. In the beginning of Fe- 
 bruary it must bo sown, and a gentle hot- 
 bed would hurry the process much. The 
 seedlings must be pricked out when three 
 inches high, and generous treatment, 
 must be continued ; and towards the 
 middle of May, having been hardened 
 off, they may be planted at once in their 
 final destination. All that is requisite 
 now is careful training, the keeping down 
 suckers and watery spray ; and when the 
 shoots are five feet long, the top may be 
 pinched to consolidate the wood. 
 
 Soil, When wild, being an inhabitant 
 of woods, a damp soil, somewhat reten- 
 tive of moisture, is found to suit it best. 
 We have generally known it most suc- 
 cessful in a darkish soil of an alluvium 
 character ; any of our loams, however, of 
 sound texture, will grow it in perfection, 
 but the soil should be tolerably deep. A 
 hot and loose sand, short of depth, is 
 the least suitable. To meet the increased 
 amount of perspiration from the leaf to 
 which the cultivated plant is liable in 
 sunny situations, extra provision in the 
 way 'of top dressing and mulching is 
 highly to be commended. 
 
 Culture duriitg the Growing Period. 
 Soon after tho canes begin to shoot iri 
 spring, a slight thinning- out is very bene- 
 ficial; this may take place about the be- 
 ginning of May. In a few weeks' time a 
 thinning of the suckers may take place, 
 for, in general, they produce a profusion, 
 and such draw on the resources of the 
 plant, and exhaust the soil. About four 
 or five may be left on each stool ; if they 
 are very gross, the moderate ones may 
 be left ; if weak, the strongest. 
 
 If they have not been mulched, it 
 should be done immediately. As soon 
 as the last fruit is gathered, the old bear- 
 ing shoots may be cut clean away, and 
 the young canes drawn a little closer to- 
 gether. When over five feet in height, 
 
EAT 
 
 [ 687 ] 
 
 BEN 
 
 the tops may be pinched ; this, however, 
 should not be done before the end of 
 August. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. As 
 soon as the leaves have all fallen, prun- 
 ing may take place, and our practice is 
 to leave four canes. These we cut at 
 different heights ; the tallest about four 
 feet; the next about nine inches lower, 
 and so on with the rest. By these means 
 the young spray is nicely divided, and 
 the plants fruit from bottom to top. The 
 canes are now neatly fastened, and a top- 
 dressing completes the rest period. All 
 useless suckers or canes are drawn away. 
 
 Training. The ear- 
 
 liest and finest are 
 obtained from canes 
 planted beneath a 
 south wall, and trained ^ \ \ ff y 
 against it in this form. <\ \\ J| // // 
 But in the open ground 
 the best mode of train- 
 ing is round small 
 hoops,thus. The worst 
 form is plaiting the 
 canes together; and 
 training in arches, or 
 other compact forms, 
 excluding the light 
 and warmth of the 
 sun, is little better. 
 
 Forcing. Rasp- 
 berries may be forced, 
 growing either in pots 
 or in the borders of 
 the house. They may 
 he also planted on the outside of a pit, 
 the bearing canes being introduced with- 
 inside, and trained to a trellis, whilst the 
 present year's shoots are left outside. 
 
 RATTLESNAKE FERN. Botry'ckium Vir- 
 (ji'nicum. 
 
 RAUWO'LFJA. (Named after L. Rau- 
 u-ol/, M.D., a botanical traveller. Nat. 
 ( rd., Dogbanes [Apocynacea?]. Linn., 5- 
 Pcntandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca- 
 rissa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a 
 heil-^lass, in the beginning of summer, and. in 
 bottom-heat ; ?andy, fibry loam, fibry peat, a little 
 dried leaf-mould, and pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 68. 
 JR. cane'scens (hoary). 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1759- 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 12. White. August. Spain. 1752. 
 
 spino'sn (thorny). Yellow. June. Peru. 1827. 
 
 ternifu'lia (three-leaved). 3. White. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly).3.WhUe.July.W.Ind.l823. 
 
 REATJMU'RIA. (Named after A* Eea:t- 
 
 mur, the French entomologist. Nat. ord., 
 Riiaumuriads [Eeaumuriacea?]. Linn., 
 1'3-Polyandria b-Peiituyynia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy, fibry loam, 
 fihry peat, and leaf-mould; dry soil in sheltered 
 places ; but generally requires a cold pit in winter^ 
 R. hypericoi'des(St. John's-wort-like). 2. Purplfc? 
 August. Syria 1800. 
 
 vermiculti'tu(worm-like-leaved). 1. Pink. June? 
 
 Sicily. 1828. 
 
 RED BAY. Lau'rus Caroline' mis. 
 
 RED CEDAR. Juni'perus Virginia 1 na. 
 
 RED GUM TREE. Eucaly'plus resin i'f era, 
 
 RED NIGHTSHADE. Eri'ca halieaca'ba, 
 
 RED SPIDER. See ACARUS. 
 
 REEVE'SIA. (Named after J. Reeves, 
 Esq., of Canton. Nat. ord., Sterculiads 
 [Sterculiacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 
 S-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibrjr 
 loam, and a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 4tT" 
 to 48. 
 
 R. thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-like-./?owered). 4. White? 
 January. China. 1826. 
 
 RELHA'NIA. (Named after R. JReUtan t 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2 
 Sitperjlua. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm 
 young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in. 
 a cool frame, in June ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. There are several spe- 
 cies beside the following : 
 R. squarro'sa (spreading). 1$. Yellow. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 RENANTHE'RA. (From ren, a kidney, 
 a,nd anthera, a pollen bag, or anther; 
 shape of anthers. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See OSCEIBS. 
 R. arachni'tes (spider-like;. 1. Brown, purple. 
 Japan. 1793. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet. Chinese Air-plan,'.}. 8. 
 
 Scarlet, orange. August. Cochin-China. 
 1816. 
 
 matuti'na (morning). 1. Brownish. December. 
 
 Java. 1846. 
 
 RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM of L eating 
 was first suggested, we believe, by i]r. 
 Rendle. nurseryman, of Ply 
 tank of iron or wood, twenty feet lo.;;.:, 
 five feet broad, and six inches deep, is 
 constructed in the centre of the house, 
 and surrounded by a walk, except at the 
 end, where the boiler is fixed for heating 
 it. The top of the tank is covered with largo 
 slabs of slate, cemented together, to pre- 
 vent the excessive escape of steam. Around 
 tliis is a frame sufficiently high to rot:sia 
 the bark, in which the pots are plunged. 
 
BEN 
 
 [ 688 
 
 BEQ 
 
 The boiler and tank are filled with water, 
 and this circulates, when the fire is lighted 
 under the former, by means of two pipes, 
 one from the top of the boiler, and the 
 other returning nearer to its bottom. 
 The expense of pipes, and the danger of 
 their freezing, are avoided ; the fire only 
 requires to be kept lighted for two hours 
 at night, and again for the same period 
 in the morning; the water, when once 
 heated, retaining its temperature for a 
 long time. In a small house, the appa- 
 ratus can be constructed for 5, and in 
 all for less than half the cost of hot- 
 water pipes. The saving in tan and la- 
 bour is also very great. In some places 
 tan costs 19s. per cart-load, and where it 
 is cheaper, the trouble and litter incident 
 to its employment, and the dangers of 
 loss from fungi and insects, of which it 
 is the peculiarly fertile foster-parent, 
 render it objectionable as a source of 
 heat; and whenever the tan has to be 
 renewed, the trouble and destruction of 
 plants are always great. 
 
 " In my new propagating house," says 
 Mr. Bendle, " the tank or cistern is placed 
 in the centre, with a walk surrounding it, 
 so as to enable the propagator with 
 greater ease to attend to the plants, &c. 
 
 " On the outside of the house is a fire- 
 shed, in which the boiler is fixed. The 
 tank, made of wood, one and a half or 
 two inches thick, which I find the cheap- 
 est material, (it also prevents the water 
 cooling so fast as it does either in stone 
 or iron,) may be lined with lead or zinc. 
 Exactly in the centre of the tank is a 
 partition, serving the double purpose of 
 causing the water to circulate, as well as 
 to support the edges of the slates, an 
 aperture being left in the partition, of 
 about two inches in breadth, to allow the 
 water a free passage. The flow-pipe enters 
 near the appendage of the tank, at the 
 mouth of which pipe a piece of perfo- 
 rated copper is placed, as also at the re- 
 turn-pipe, to prevent dirt and sediment 
 from finding their way into the boiler. After 
 everything is properly fixed, the tank is 
 filled with water, which, of course, at the 
 
 same time fills the boiler The tank 
 
 is about four inches deep. Across it, and 
 resting on its sides, are placed slate 
 stones about an inch and a half thick, cut 
 square at the edges. These are fastened 
 to each other by Boman cement, or Aber- 
 thaw lime, to prevent a superfluity of 
 steam from escaping into the house 
 
 Around the edges of the elates a piece- 
 of inch board, about nine inches deep, 
 should be placed to enclose the sawdust, 
 sand, moss, or other plunging material." 
 In the following sketch, for which, as 
 well as for the next, we are indebted to 
 Mr. Bendle, A is a transverse section of 
 Boger's conical boiler ; B is the fireplace ; 
 #, the tank ; c, the flow-pipe ; d, the pipe 
 by which the water returns to the boiler; 
 e, is the hole for the smoke, which, 
 joined to a flue,/, can be made either to 
 ascend the chimney at once, or to pass 
 round the house. 
 
 The next sketch is a Pinery, fitted up 
 with Mr. Bendle's tank. 
 
 It is described as " a very useful and 
 most desirable structure for the growth 
 of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall, 
 recommended by all garden architects in 
 preference to a solid wall the heat or 
 cold being not so readily conducted as 
 through a solid mass of masonry." Mr. 
 Bendle might have added, that hollow 
 walls are also much drier. Rendle't; 
 Treatise on the Tank System. See STOVE 
 and HOTBED. 
 
 BEKEA'LMIA. The following should be 
 added to Alpinia, instead of forming this 
 genus : 
 
 R. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l. White. April. 
 New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). l. White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 BEQUIE'NIA. (Named after M. Eequien, 
 
RES 
 
 [ 689] 
 
 RHA 
 
 a French botanist. Nat.ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \Q~Monadelpliia 
 fj-Decandria. Allied to Psoralea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy loam, fibry 
 peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50 
 to 60 ; summer, CO to 80. 
 R. obcordu'ta (reversed-heart-teaoed). 1 . July. 
 Senegal. 1825. 
 
 sphterospe'rma (round-seeded). I.April. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 EESE'DA. Mignonette. (From resedo,to 
 calm ; supposed virtue for external bruises. 
 Nat. ord., Weldworts [Resedaceffi]. Linn., 
 11-Dodecandria 3-Triyynia.) 
 
 All by seeds; the half-shrubby kinds also by 
 cuttings ; seeds must be sown at different times, ac- 
 cording as the bloom is wanted. The beginning and 
 middle of May is early enough to sow in the open 
 border. Though usually treated as annuals, most 
 of the Mignonettes may be grown as under-shrubs 
 or perennials, if they are prevented seeding freely, 
 and kept from frost'in winter. We have seen the 
 common Mignonette that had been kept in a pot 
 about eight years, and flowered freely every sea- 
 son. See MIGNONETTE. 
 
 M. Chine'nsis (China). 2. Yellow, green. June. 
 China. 1819. 
 
 odora'ta (scented-Mignonette}. 1. Green, red. 
 
 August. Italy. 1752. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 2. August. Egypt. 
 
 1752. 
 
 trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-fraoed). l. Yellow. 
 
 June. Natolia. 1836. 
 
 RESERVE GAEDEN. See NURSERY. 
 
 REST. That period when a plant is not 
 growing. 
 
 REST-HARROW. Ono'nis. 
 
 RESURRECTION PLANT. Anasta'tica. 
 
 RETANI'LLA. (The Peruvian name. 
 Nat.ord.,^/iamarfs [Rhamnacese]. Linn., 
 fy'Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Col- 
 letia.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in summer; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. The species from Peru requires a warm 
 greenhouse, and that from Chili the protection of 
 a cold pit in winter, or a very sheltered situation 
 out of doors, or against a wall. 
 Jl. ;jfte / <Jra(ephedra-like). 3. Cream. Chili. 1823. 
 
 obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-/eaed). 2. Yellow. 
 
 Peru. 1822. 
 
 RETARDING requires as much skill as 
 forcing, for as the latter requires the ap- 
 plication of all that is suitable to the pro- 
 motion of a plant's rapid healthy growth, 
 so retarding requires the withholding 
 from it of those contingencies. Thus to 
 retard growth, the lowest temperature, 
 and the least degree of light compatible 
 with healthy growth, must be secured ; 
 and to this end plants for succession are 
 often placed on the north side of a wall. 
 See SCREENS. 
 44 
 
 Then, again, as in the case of rasp- 
 berries and strawberries, plants are often 
 cut down in the spring, compelling them 
 to form fresh foliage and stems, and thus 
 be productive in the autumn instead of 
 the summer. 
 
 The vegetation of many bulbs may bo 
 prevented by merely keeping them dry, 
 and, indeed, the withholding the usual 
 supply of water, giving it only in dimi- 
 nished quantities, is necessary in all re- 
 tarding treatment. To secure the entire 
 resting of bulbs, and of such plants as 
 will bear so low a temperature, the at- 
 mosphere of the ice-house is effectual ; 
 and to this end it should have a few 
 shelves for the support of boxes or flower- 
 pots. Banks of earth ranging east and 
 west, and facing the north at a very acute 
 angle, are very useful in retarding the 
 early advance to seed in hot weather of 
 spinach, lettuces, &c. Espaliers ranging 
 similarly, and shaded during the whole of 
 March and the two following months, will 
 blossom later and more unfailingly than 
 trees more exposed to the sun in spring-. 
 Similar exclusion of heat and light re- 
 tards the ripening of picked fruit, and 
 if the air be excluded from them, or its 
 oxygen withdrawn, fruit will remain un- 
 ripened for weeks. To effect this, put a 
 paste formed of lime, sulphate of iron, 
 and water, at the bottom of a wide- 
 mouthed glass-bottle, then a layer of large 
 pebbles to keep the fruit from the paste, 
 then fill the bottle with peaches, apricots, 
 or plums, gathered a few days before they 
 are ripe, cork the bottle tight, and cover 
 the cork with melted resin. They have 
 been thus kept for a month, and summer 
 apples and pears for three months^ They 
 ripen when again exposed to the air. 
 
 RETINIPHY/LLUM. (From refine, resin, 
 and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet, 
 moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, 
 with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 R. secundiflo'rum (side-flowering). 10. White. 
 S. Amer. 1839. 
 
 RHA'MNUS. Buckthorn. (From rham, 
 a Celtic word, signifying a tuft of branches. 
 Nat.ord., jRAam/mrfs[ Rhamnacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove species, by cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, in summer, and in a cold or 
 close, warm pit respectively; sandy loam and 
 2 Y 
 
BHA 
 
 [600] 
 
 BHA 
 
 leaf-mould. Hardy species, by seeds, layers, and 
 cuttings, and more especially the latter mode with 
 all the evergreens, which should be taken off 
 in the autumn, and inserted in sandy soil, in a 
 shady border, with hand-lights over them ; good 
 garden-soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 R. amygda'liims (almond-like). 3. Yellow. June. 
 N. Africa. 
 
 celtifo'lius (celtis-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 crenulu'tus (scolloped). 8. Green, yellow. 
 
 April. Teneriffe. 1778. 
 
 integrifo 1 lius (entire-leaved). 3. Green. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1822. 
 
 prinoi'des (winter-berry-like). 10. Yellow. 
 
 June. Cape of (lood Hope. 1773- 
 
 tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. Green. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Thee'zans (Theezan. Tea). 2. Green. May. 
 
 China. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 R. Suriname'nuis (Surinam). 1. Green, yellow. 
 Surinam. 1820. 
 
 umbellH'tus(v.Enbelicd'). 6. Reddish. Mexico. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, 
 R. alnifo'lius (alder-leaved). 4. Green. May. 
 N. Arner. 1/78. 
 
 alpi'nus (alpine). 3. Green. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 15-2. 
 
 Carulinia'nus (Carolina). 4. Green. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1879. 
 
 catha'rticus (purging). 12: Green, yellow. 
 
 May. England. 
 
 Hydrie'nsis (Hydrian). 12. Green, yel- 
 low. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Da.mria. 1817. 
 
 erythro'xylon (red-wood). 6. Yellow, green. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 angusti'ssimum (narrowest-teawed). Cau- 
 casus. 
 
 fra'ngula (breaking. Alder). 10. White. 
 May. Britain. 
 
 angustifo'Ha (narrow-leaved). 10. White. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 franguloi'des (fran^ula-like). 4. Green. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 hy'bridus (hybrid). 12. Green. 
 
 infecto'rius (dyer's). 6. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1 683. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear -head-/eawed). 12. Green. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Green. July. 
 
 Azores. 1778. 
 
 macula'tus (spotted). 6. Green. July. 
 
 1845. 
 
 longifa'lius (long-leaved). 6. Green. 1823. 
 
 lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow. 
 
 November. Spain. 1752. 
 
 Arragone'nsis (Arragon). 6. Green, yel- 
 low. October. Arra(jon. 1752. 
 
 oleoi'des (olive-like). 4. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1752. 
 
 Palla'sii( Pallas's). Russia. 1838. 
 
 pu'milus (dwarf). 2. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Carniola. 1752. 
 
 PuraMa'nus ( Push's). 6. Greea. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 7Jtm'//ws(weak). l. May. Naple. 1823.. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 2. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1752. 
 
 saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Green, yellow. M*y. 
 
 Europe. 1/52. 
 
 JR. spathwlaifo'lius (spatula-leaved). Russia. 1838. 
 
 tincto'rius (dyer's). 5. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1820. 
 
 Faferah''MMs(Valentia). 2. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 virga'tus (twiggy). 8. Green. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 2. Green. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1758. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 R. alattfrnus (bastard- leaved -aHa-teTnvLs). 20 
 
 Green. May. South Europe. 1629. 
 angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 20. Green. 
 
 May. South Europe. 16^9. 
 .Buleu'rica( Balearic). 20. Green. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 fo'tiis-arge'nteis (silver-ecfced-leaved). 20. 
 
 Green. May. South Europe. 
 fu'liis-au'reis (golden-edgrd-leaved). 20. 
 
 Green. May. South Europe. 
 fo'liis-rnacuiu'tus (spotted-leaved). 20. 
 
 Green. May. South Europe. 
 Hitspa'nina (Spanish). 20. Green. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Numidia. 1820. 
 
 cardiora'rpus (heart-podded). 1832. 
 
 pubtfacens (downy). 4. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 France. 1817. 
 
 Wi'cklius (Wickle's). 6. 1839. 
 
 RHAPIDOSPO'RA. (From rhapis, a 
 needle, and sporos, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Acantkads [Acanthaceeej. Linn., 2-Z)i- 
 atidriu l-Monogi/nia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East 
 Indies. For culture, see JUSTI'CI A. 
 R. gla'bra (smooth). Rose, yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). Violet. June. 182/. 
 RHA'PIS. ( From rhupis, & needle ; the 
 
 sharp-pointed leaves. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1- 
 Moncecia. Allied to Chamserops.) 
 
 Greenhouse Palms. Suckers generally, and by 
 division at the roots ; rich, sandy loam ; most re- 
 quire the protection of the greenhouse ; but some 
 will probably succeed in warm situations out of 
 doors. 
 
 R. arundinu'cea (rftd-leawd). 6. Green. Sep- 
 tember. Carolina. 1765. 
 
 a'spera (rough). Green. May. South France. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaned). Green. May. South 
 
 France. 
 flabellifo'riuis (fan-shaped). 6. Green. Au 
 
 gust. China. 1774. 
 
 RHA.PO'NTICUM. (From rha, rhubarb, 
 and Ponticus, Pontus. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 
 3 Frustranea. Allied to Serratula.) 
 
 Hardy, purple-flowered, herbaceous perennials ; 
 seeds and divisions of the plant in spring; com- 
 
 on garden-soil. 
 
 R. Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. July. Switzerland. 
 1818. 
 
 pu'tchrvrn (pretty). Caucasus. 183/. 
 
 scario^sum (membranous), a$. Jly. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1640. 
 
 lyratum (ivre-leave^ 2. July. Switeer* 
 
 land. 1810. 
 
 vnifio'rum (one- flowered). lj, July. Siberia. 
 
 1796. 
 
BHE 
 
 C 
 
 EHO 
 
 EHEE'DIA. (Named after Rheedc, 
 author of the Hortus Malabaricus. Nat. 
 ord., Guttifers [Clusiacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria 3-Polygynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of shoots, rather 
 ripe, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist 
 bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry pCat. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 It. Jatia'nica (Javanese). Java. 1826. 
 
 EHE'UJI. Rhubarb. (From Eha, the 
 Eussian name of the river Wolga, near 
 which the Ehubarb was found. Nat. 
 ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. Linn., 
 -Enneandria 2-Trigynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring, 
 and division of the plant then, just as the buds 
 begin to swell ; deep, rich, loamy soil. See 
 
 JtUUBARB. 
 
 R. auslra'le (southern). 8. Purple. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 Austri'acum (Austrian). 5. White. May. 
 
 Austria. 1800. 
 
 Cu'spicum (Caspian). 6. White. May. Russia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 compa'ctum (compact). 3. White, green. 
 
 May. Tartary. 1758. 
 
 cri'spum (curled). 5. White. May 1800. 
 
 feuest rat turn (windowed). 6. White. May. 
 
 J780. 
 
 hy'bridum- (hybrid). 5. White, greeu. May. 
 
 Asia. 17/8. 
 
 leucorhi'zum (white-rooted). Striped. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding-/ou;ererf). 8. White. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 
 pulma'tum (hand-/e?;ed). 5. White, green. 
 
 June. Bucharia. 1763. 
 
 Rhapo'nticum (Rhapontic). 4. White, green. 
 
 May. Asia. 15J3. 
 
 ri'bes (currant- leaned}. 2. White, green. 
 
 May. Levant. 1/24. 
 
 Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 6. White. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1800. 
 
 Tata'ricum (Tartarian). 3. White, green. 
 
 May. Tartary. 1/93. 
 
 undula'tum (wave leaned). 4. White, green. 
 
 May. China. 1734. 
 
 RHE'XIA. (From rhexis, a rupture; 
 supposed cure for ruptures. Nat. ord., 
 Melasf-omads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous North American plants, 
 blooming in July. Division and cuttings under a 
 hiuid-light; peat and loam. Most of the peren- 
 nials will succeed in a peat-border. 
 R. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). $. White. 1812. 
 
 cHiu'sa (hair-fringed). 1. Purple. 1812. 
 
 Mnriu'na (Maryland), f. Purple. 175Q. 
 rwte'MM reddish), f. Pink. 1823. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). f. Purple. 175&. 
 
 KHINOPE'TALUAI. (From r/m, a nose, 
 and petalon, a petal ; base of the upper 
 sepal. Nat. ord., Ulyworts [Liliacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Fridllaria and Lilium.) 
 
 Hardy bulb. Division in spring; sandy, rich 
 loam. 
 
 R. Kareli'ni (Kareline's). Pale pink - spotted. 
 January. Ural. 1834. 
 
 (From rhipis, a fan, 
 andpteris, a fern ; formation of the fronds. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 
 2-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brownish - yellow - spored Ferns. See 
 FERNS. 
 R. bifurca'ta (two-forked). March. W. Ind. 
 
 faenicula'cea (fennel-leaved). March. W. Ind. 
 
 pelta'ta (shield-leaved). March. S. Amer. 
 
 triparti'ta (three-parted). March. Brazil. 
 
 EHI'PSALIS. (From rhips, a willow- 
 branch; referring to the flexible branches. 
 Nat. ord., Indian Figs [GactaceaeJ. Linn., 
 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings, dried at the 
 base for a few days before inserting in rough 
 gravel or brick-rubbish j sandy loam, brick- 
 rubbish, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40 to 
 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 R. brachia'ta (forked), f . Greenish-yellow. March. 
 Buenos Ayres. 1843. 
 
 Cassy'tha (Cassytha). 1. Yellow. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1758. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 1. White. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 mesembryanthoi'des (mesembryanthemum 
 
 like). 4. White. S. Amer. 1817- 
 
 parnsi'tica (parasitic). 1. Yellow. S. Amer. 1800. 
 
 spathula'ta (spathulate). Yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 EHIZO'PHORA. Mangrove. (From rhiza, 
 a root, and phoreo, to bear; the branches 
 send down roots like the Banyan-tree. 
 Nat. ord., Mangroves [Ehizophoraeese]. 
 Linn., \\-Dodecandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Not likely to be much cultivated until we ob- 
 tain salt-water aquariums in our large tropical 
 houses. The Mangrove nourishes in rich, loamy 
 soil, in thickets, by the side of the ocean, in tro- 
 pical latitudes, and possesses the striking feature 
 that the seeds vegetate while attached to the 
 plant, and send out a long radicle, which gene- 
 rally reaches the soft mud, while the top puts out 
 leaves; numbers of plants are thus joined to- 
 gether, something in the same way as the Banyan- 
 tree. 
 R. Ma'ngle (Mangle). 10. Pale yellow.E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 EHODA'NTHE. ( From rhodon, a rose, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites [As- 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Seeds, sown in September, 
 in a hotbed; and also in March, for plants to 
 bloom in spring and summer; sandy loam, and 
 leaf-mould, and fibry peat, to sow and prick off 
 in ; as the plants are put in their flowering pots, 
 use dried, rotten cow-dung and silver sand freely. 
 After the first potting, an airy place in the green- 
 house. 
 
 R. Mangle'sii (Captain Mangle'*), ij. Rose, 
 yellow. June. Swan River. 1832. 
 
 EHODDON, or EODDON-TREE. Py'rus 
 aucupa'ria. 
 
 EHODODE'NDRON. ( From rhodon, arose, 
 and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord.,Heathworts 
 
EHO 
 
 [ 692 ] 
 
 BHU 
 
 [Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Seed-s in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy 
 peat, and kept in a close, cool frame until the 
 seedlings are fit to be handled, when they should 
 be pricked off into similar soil, and gradually ex- 
 posed to sun and air ; layers, either in spring or 
 autumn ; cuttings of young shoots, when the base 
 close to the older wood is getting firm, inserted in 
 silver sand, and placed, at first, in a cold frame, 
 and afterwards in a little bottom-heat ; sandy 
 peat is the best; sandy, fibry loam and clayey 
 loam the next ; kitchen-garden soil, and soil of 
 any kind containing or resting upon calcareous 
 matter, the worst. The varieties of the arbo'reum, 
 campanula,' turn, &c., require a little protection to 
 have them in their beauty. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 R. Brookea'num (Rajah Brooke's). Reddish-sal- 
 mon. November. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Champi'onee (Mrs. Champion's). 7. Pink. April. 
 
 Hong-Kong. 1851. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 6. Bright red. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Java'nic-um (Javanese). 4. Orange, red. All 
 
 seasons. Java. 1847. 
 
 longiflo'rum (Ions- flowered). 8. Crimson. 
 
 Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Nilagi'ricum (Neilgherry). Hose, white. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 retu'sum (blunt-leaved). l. Scarlet. May. 
 
 Sumatra. 1818. 
 
 verticilla 1 turn (whorl- leaved). Reddish. Borneo. 
 
 1848. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 JR. anthopo'gon (bearded-cowered). 2. Purple. 
 May. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). 20. Scarlet. May. Nepanl.1820. 
 barha'tum (bearded). Red. April. Ne- 
 paul. 1837- 
 
 cinnamo' nicum (cinnamon). 20. Purple. 
 
 June. Nepaul. 1820. 
 ni'oeum (sno\vy-white). 20. White. March. 
 
 Nepaul. 1817. 
 Paxto'nil (Mr. Paxton's). Crimson. May. 
 
 Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 < Rollisso'nii (Mr. Rollisson's). Crim-on. 
 
 May. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). 20. Rose. April. Nepaul. 
 
 sangui'neum (blood-coloured). 20. Scarlet. 
 
 April. Nepaul. 1S1/. 
 
 campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 4. Pale pink. 
 
 May. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 cinnabari'num (cinnabar-flowered). 
 
 citri'num (citron-flowered). Lemon. May. Java. 
 
 1854. 
 
 Dalhou'sice (Lady Dalhousie's). 7. Yellowish- 
 
 white. March. Sikkim. 1850. 
 
 Gibso'nii( Gibson's). 5. White. May. Khooseea. 
 
 183?. Deciduous. 
 
 gluu'cum (milky-green- leaved). 1 . Pink. March. 
 
 Sikkim, Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 Lappo'ni^um (Lapland). . Crimson. April. 
 
 Lapland. 1825. 
 
 lepido'tum (scaly). |. Rose. Nepaul. 182Q. 
 
 Madde'ni (Major Madden's). 7- Blush. May. 
 
 Himalaya. 
 
 Metterni'chii (Metternich's). Pirrple. May. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy-leaved). Lilac. May. Sikkim, 
 
 Himalaya. 1850. 
 
 seto'sum (bristly). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 R, albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White. June. 
 N.Amer. 1835. 
 
 R. barba'tum (bearded-petftoterf). 3. Nepaul. 1829. 
 
 Califo'rnicum (Californian). Pink. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 
 
 Camtcha'ticum (Kamtschatka). Purple. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 1802. 
 
 Catawbie'nse (Catawba). 4. Purple, July. 
 
 N. Amer. 180Q. 
 
 Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 4. Purple. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. 
 
 April. 
 
 chamceci'stus (ground-cistus). . Pale purple. 
 
 May. Austria. 1786. 
 
 chrysa'nthum (yellow -flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 cilia'tum (fringed). Rose, white. March. Sik- 
 
 kim, Himalaya. 
 
 Dau'ricum (Daurian). 3. Purple. March. Si- 
 
 beria. 1780. 
 
 a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 3. Purple. 
 
 March. Siberia. 
 
 Fa'rrercB (Mrs. Farrer's). 3. Lilac. March. 
 
 China. 1820. 
 
 ferrugi'neum (rusty -leaved). l. Scarlet. June. 
 Switzerland. 1752. 
 
 a'lbum (white). 1. White. June. Pyre- 
 nees. 1830. 
 
 hy'bridum (Her6er's-hybrid). Pink. July. 
 
 hirsu'tum (hairy -leaved). l. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1656. 
 
 variega'tum (variegated-teafeed). 1. Scar- 
 let. June. 1800. 
 
 fla'vum (yellow). Yellowish. All seasons. 
 
 Jara. 1847. 
 
 ma'ximum (largest). 20. Pink. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1756. 
 a'lbum (white). 15. White. July. 
 
 Po'nticum (Pontic). 12. Purple. May. Gib- 
 
 raltar. 1763. 
 myrtifaf Hum (myrtle-leaved). 12. Purple. 
 
 May. Gibraltar. 1763. 
 obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). 4. Purple. May. 
 
 Armenia. 
 odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 puncta'tum (dotted- leaved). 4. Pink. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1786. 
 ma' jus (larger). 6. Pinlc. July. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 25. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 PMVs/m(Pursh's). White. July. Jersey. 1811. 
 
 rhodo'ra (red-flotvered). Red, purple. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1767, 
 
 KHODOSTO'MA. (From rftodon, a rose, 
 and stoma, a mouth ; the opening of the 
 tube of corolla. Nat. ord., Cinchonadx 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy, fibry loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 R. Gardenoi'des (Gardenia-like). White. April. 
 1845. 
 
 EHOPA'LA. See EOPA'LA. 
 
 KHUBARB. Rhe'iim rhapo'nticum, JR. hy'- 
 Iridum, JR. undula'tum, and R. palma'tum. 
 
 Varieties. There are several varieties, 
 of which the most preferable arc the 
 
KHU 
 
 [693 ] 
 
 EHU 
 
 Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria (best), and 
 Bucks, or Elford. 
 
 The Soil best suited to it is light, rich, 
 deep, unshaded, and moderately moist. 
 
 Sowing. It may be propagated by 
 cuttings, but usually by seed. Sow soon 
 after it is ripe, in September or October, 
 in drills three feet apart, and an inch 
 deep, the plants to remain where raised ; 
 for although they will bear removing, yet 
 it always checks and somewhat lessens 
 their growth. When they make their ap- 
 pearance in the spring, thin to six or 
 eight inches asunder, and let the surface 
 of the ground about them be loosened 
 with the hoe. At the close of summer, 
 when it can be determined which are the 
 strongest plants, finally thin to four feet, 
 or the Gigantic and Victoria to six. Break 
 down the flower-stems as often as they are 
 produced. In autumn remove the de- 
 cayed leaves, and point in a little well- 
 putrefied stable-dung, and earth up the 
 stools. In the spring, hoe the bed, and as 
 the stalks when blanched are much more 
 delicate in taste, require less sugar to be 
 rendered palatable, and are greatly im- 
 proved in appearance, dig a trench be- 
 tween the rows, and the earth from it 
 place about a foot thick over the stool. 
 This covering must be removed when the 
 cutting ceases, and the plants allowed to 
 grow at liberty. As the earth in wet sea- 
 sons is apt to induce decay, the covering 
 may be advantageously formed of coal- 
 ashes or drift-sand. Chimney-pots and 
 butter-firkins make good coverings for 
 blanching. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Two -year- old plants 
 often produce seed, but in their third 
 year always. It must be gathered as soon 
 as ripe, and great care taken that none is 
 scattered over the beds, for the plants 
 thence produced often spring up, and 
 greatly injure the old plants by growing 
 unobserved amongst them. 
 
 Forcing. Plant a single row three feet 
 apart in ground that has been trenched 
 two spades deep, and dressed with well- 
 putrefied dung at the time. The forcing 
 may commence in December ; first cover 
 either with sea-kale or common garden- 
 pots (twelves), but chimney-pots are still 
 better, the leaf-stalks becoming much 
 longer and finer, and envelope them with 
 fermenting dung. A frame is much less 
 objectionable, formed by driving stakes 
 into the ground on each side of the bed, 
 alternating with the plants. These are to 
 
 be three feet high above ground, and the 
 space between the two rows of stakes two 
 feet at the bottom, but approaching each 
 other, and fastened by cross pieces, so as 
 to be only fifteen inches apart at top. To 
 the sides and top stout lathes are fixed, 
 as in the accompanying sketch, to pre- 
 vent the dung falling upon the plants. 
 
 
 The dung may be either fresh, or that 
 which has already undergone fermenta- 
 tion, placed all round the frame eighteen 
 inches thick, and the top covered with 
 long litter. The temperature in the in- 
 terior should have a range from 55 to 
 60. If it rises higher, two or three 
 large holes made through the top soon 
 correct it. 
 
 Ehubarb may be forced without either 
 pots or frame, by merely covering the 
 plants six inches deep with light litter, 
 care being taken that the plants are not 
 injured. 
 
 Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to 
 place in the winter as many plants as 
 necessary in large, deep pots, each pot 
 receiving as many as it can contain, and 
 the interstices entirely filled up by fine, 
 sandy loam, washed in. The tops of the 
 roots are placed on a level with each 
 other, and about an inch below the sur- 
 face. These being covered with inverted 
 pots of the same size, may be placed in 
 a vinery or hotbed, and on the approach 
 of spring, any time after January, any 
 room or cellar will be sufficiently warm. 
 If copiously supplied with water, the 
 plants vegetate rapidly and vigorously, 
 and each pot will produce three succes- 
 sional cuttings, the first two being the 
 most plentiful. As soon as the third is 
 gathered, the roots may be changed, and 
 those removed replanted in the ground, 
 when they will attain sufficient strength 
 to be forced again in a year's time. If 
 not, it is of little consequence, for year- 
 old roots raised from cuttings, or even 
 seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently 
 strong for use. 
 
 Propagation by Division. Mr. Eogers, 
 a successful cultivator, says, that when 
 the rhubarb is propagated by the root, 
 care must be taken to retain a bud on 
 
EHU 
 
 [694] 
 
 RIB 
 
 the crown of each offset, together with 
 a small portion of the root itself, with, if 
 possible, some fibres attached to it. 
 These offsets may be taken from roots 
 of three or four years old without injury 
 to the plant. They may be planted where 
 they are intended to remain, at the same 
 distance and in the same manner as ad- 
 vised fr the seedlings. 
 
 Reu's. Sumach. (From rhudd, red ; 
 colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Anacnrds 
 [Anacardiacese]. Linn., b-Pentandrla 3- 
 Triyynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. By seeds, 
 layers, and cuttings of roots and shoots ; light, 
 fibry loam. We have omitted all the greenhouse 
 and stove species except Jaoa'nica, which requires 
 a greenhouse. 
 
 R. ame'la (amela). 40. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 aroma'ticti (aromatic). 8. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1773. 
 
 copalli'na (gum-copal). 6. Green, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 168-!. 
 
 iRucn'ntha (white-flowered). 4. Whitish. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 
 
 coria'ria (coriaria-/eoerf). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1640. 
 
 co'tinus (wild-olive). 6. Pale purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. lt)56. 
 
 diversifo'tia (various-leaved). Greenish-white. 
 
 June. California. 
 
 diversi'ltiba (various-loned). 6. White. June. 
 
 California. 1843. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 10. Red. July. N.Amer. 172G. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 8. Green, yellow. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1726. 
 cocci' nea (scarlet). 10. Red. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 dioi'cti (dioecious). 8. Greenish. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Java'nica (Javanese). 10. White. August. Java. 
 
 1/99. 
 
 oxyaca'ntha (hawthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow. 
 
 Barhary. 1823. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf. Poisonous}. 1. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. Creeper. 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 2. Green, 
 
 yellow. June. N. Amer. Climber. 
 volu'bilis (twining). 2. Green, yellow. 
 
 June. N. Amer. Climber. 
 vulga'ris (common). Green, yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. Creeper. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 6. Greenish- 
 
 yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 typhi'na (fever). 20. Green, yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1629. 
 arbore'scens (tree-like). 25. Green, vellow. 
 
 July. 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 6. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 undula'tu (waved-teared). 5. Whitish-yellow. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 18l6. 
 
 ve'rnix( varnish). 15. Green, yellow. July. N. 
 
 Amer. l/!3. 
 
 vernici'fera (varnish-bearing). 10. Green, yel- 
 
 low. Nepaul. 123. 
 
 EHYNCOGLO'SSUM. (From rhynchos, a 
 beak, and glossa, a tongue; form of the 
 
 lip of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts 
 [Gesneraceffi]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mo- 
 nofjynia. Allied to Didymocarpus.) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in hotbed, in 
 spring, and, after being potted off, flowered in the 
 plant stove or greenhouse ; peat and loam, with a 
 little silver sand and leaf-mould. 
 R. Zeyla'niffum (Ceylon). 1. Blue. July. Ceylon. 
 1844. 
 
 KHYNCOSPE'KMUM. (From rhynchos, a 
 beak, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria L-Monoyynia. Allied to Apocy- 
 num.) 
 
 An evergreen climber, requiring greenhouse 
 
 treatment, to be grown in loam and peat, and to be 
 
 propagated by cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand. 
 
 R. jusminoi'des (jasmine-like). 3. White. July. 
 
 Shanghai. 1846. 
 
 KHYTIDOPHY'LLUJI. (From rhytis, a 
 wrinkle, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., 
 Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to 
 Gloxinia.) 
 
 For culture, see GE'SNERA. 
 
 R. auricula' turn (eared). Red, yellow. Aueust. 
 Brazil. 1834. 
 
 RIBBON GRASS. Aru'ndo. 
 
 EI'BES. Currant. (From the Arabic 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord., Currant- 
 worts [Grossulariaceae]. Linn., 5-Pcn- 
 tandria \-Monoyynia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, except puncta'tum, 
 which requires shelter. Nearly all bloom in April. 
 Seeds, chiefly, for fresh varieties; cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in spring or autumn, in the open 
 ground ; good garden-soil. See CURRANT and 
 GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 R. acii-ula're (needle-spine**)- White. Siberia. 
 
 acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 5. Greenish- 
 
 yellow. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 albine'rvium (white-nerved). 4. Green. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 alpi'num (alpine). 3. Green. Britain. 
 bucci'jerum (berry-bearing). 3. Green. 
 
 Britain. 
 fo'liis-varifga'tis (variegated-leaved). 4. 
 
 Green. May. Britain. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 2. Green. 
 
 stefrile (barren). 3. Green. Britain. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). 4. Purple. 
 
 Siberia. 1826. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 8. Yellow. May. Missouri. 
 
 1812. 
 
 pra'cox (early). 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 sent'tinum (late). 8. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 villo'sum (shaggy-Zeawed), 8. Yellow. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 Carpa'thicum (Carpathian). 4. Green. Car- 
 
 pathia. 1818. 
 
 ce'reum (waxy-tea0ed). 2. White. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 cyno'sbati (dog-bramble). 4. Green. Canada. 
 
 1759- 
 
 fru'ctu-aeulea'tn (prickly - fruited). 4. 
 
 Purplish. Lake Huron. 
 
EIB 
 
 [695] 
 
 BIG 
 
 JZ. cgno'sbatifru'ctu-gla'bro (smooth-fruited). 4. 
 Whitish. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 diaca'ntha (twin-prickled). 4, Green, yellow. 
 
 May. Siberia. 1/81. 
 
 divarica'tum (straggling). 7. White, red. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 fla'mtm (yellow). 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. 
 flo'ridum (florid). 4. Yellow. N.Amer. 1729. 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. N.Amer. 
 
 glacia'le (frozen). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823. 
 glandulo'sum (glanded). 8. Green, yellow. 
 
 Peru. 1820. 
 
 Gordo'ni( Gordon's). 6. Yellow, red. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 
 
 18)2. 
 
 grossula'ria (rough-gooseberry). 4. Green. 
 
 England. 
 
 Besseria'na (Besser's). 4. White. Cracow. 
 
 bructea'ta (bracted). 4. Green, white. 
 
 Himaluya'nu (Himalayan). 4. Green, 
 
 white. March. Himalayas. 1838. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-berried). 4. Green, 
 
 white. 
 reclina'ta (reclined). 4. Green, white. 
 
 Germany. 1781. 
 spinosi'ssima (most-spiny). 4. Green, 
 
 white. Britain. 
 
 subine'rrnie (few-prickled). 4- Green,white. 
 
 u'va-cri'spa (smooth-berried). 4. Green, 
 
 white. Britain. 
 
 hetero'trichum (variable-haired). 2. Purple. 
 
 Altai. 1837. 
 
 -rHudsonia'nurn (Hudson's Bay}. 4. White. 
 Hudson's Bay. 
 
 lacu'stre (lake). 4.Yellow. green. N.Amer.1812. 
 echinu'tum (hedgehog). 1$. Greenish- 
 yellow. 
 
 macroca 'nthum (large-spined). 4. Green. May. 
 
 Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 5. Red. May. California. 
 
 1830. 
 
 microphy'llum (small-leaved). 5. Red. Metico. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 5. Green. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1822. 
 
 ni'grum (black). 5. Green. Britain. 
 
 ba'caa-ni'Hde (green-berried). 5. Russia. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 5. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy). 5. White. N.Amer. 1826. 
 
 opulifo'lium (guelder-rose-leaved). Russia. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 4. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Syria. 1824. 
 
 oxyacanthoi'des (hawthorn-like). 3. Green, 
 
 white. N.Amer. 1763. 
 
 petraSum (rock). 4. Red. May. England. 
 
 procu'mbens (trailing). . Purple. May. 
 
 Dahuria. 1804. 
 
 prostra'tum (prostrate). l. Yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Green, 
 
 yellow. N. Amer. 1812. 
 puncta'tum (dotted-fcaned). 3. Green, yellow. 
 
 Chili. 1826. Half-hardy. 
 
 resino'sum (resinous). 3. Yellow, green. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 ri'gens (stiff). 6. Green. N.Amer. 1819. 
 
 fu'brum (red). 4. Green. Britain. 
 
 a'lbum (white). 4. Green. Britain. 
 
 ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-Aemed). 4. 
 
 Green. Britain. 
 
 fo'iiis a'lbo (leaves white). 4. Green. 
 
 fo'iiis lu'teo (leaves yellow). 4. Green. 
 
 hnrte'nxe (garden). 4. Green. Britain. 
 
 Sibi'ricum (Siberian. Russian Currant). 
 
 6. Greenish-yellow. Russia. 
 
 R. ru'brum sylne'stre (wood). 4. Green. Britain. 
 
 variega'tum (striped-Aerried). 4. Green. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 sanffui'neum (bloody). 6. Blood. N.Amer. 1826. 
 a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 6. Dark red. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 glutino'sum (clammy). 6. Pale pink. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 malvu'ceum (mallow-like). 6. Dark pink. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 saxa'tite (rock). 4. Green. May. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 seto'sum (bristly). 4. Green, white. N. 
 
 Amer. 1810. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 4. Crimson. May. Ca- 
 
 lifornia. 1829. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked-cowered). 4. Green. England. 
 
 tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 6. Yellow. 
 
 N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried). 6. Yellow. 
 
 /)-tt'eM-i'gTo(blackish-berried). 6. Yellow. 
 
 tri'fidum (three-cleft-ca^ed). Quebec. 1824. 
 
 trVste (sad-coloured-Cowered). 3. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 viscosi'ssimum (very clammy). 4. Yellow. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 RICE PAPER is prepared from Aralia 
 papyri/era. 
 
 RICHA'KDIA. (Named after L. C* 
 Richard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Arads [Aradaceae]. Linn., 7-Heptandria 
 \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Better known as Ca'lla JEthio'pica, or the 
 Arum-plant. Greenhouse herbaceous perenniaU 
 Suckers and division of the plant in spring ; rich, 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 35 to 48; should be 
 kept dryish for a time before growing, so as to 
 get it to throw up its flowers. Thrives well in a 
 cistern in a greenhouse where there is abundance 
 of light, and in a stream of water during the 
 summer, the pots being plunged within it. 
 R, JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 8. Creamy. March. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 RICHARDSO'NIA. (Named after J5. 
 Richardson, an English botanist Nat 
 ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria ~L-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sandy soil, and in a moist bottom-heat; fibry 
 loam and peat, and a little sand and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 48 to 58 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 R.sca'bra (rough). 2. White. September. 
 Brazil. 1814. 
 
 RICHTE'A. (Named after Mr. Richie, 
 an African traveller. Nat. ord., Epacrid* 
 [Epacridacese]. Linn., IB-Polyandria 1- 
 Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, tind 
 in a mild, sweet bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat, 
 with a few nodules of fibry loam and charcoal* 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 88. 
 R.fra'grans (fragrant). 6. White. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1795. 
 
 RI'CINUS. Palma Christi. (From 
 rjciwtts, a tick; resemblance in the seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Spurgeioorts [Euphorbiacece], 
 Linn., 21-Monaecia 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Annuals *>y seeds in a hotbed ; shrubs by cut- 
 
EIC 
 
 [696 
 
 RIP 
 
 tings in a hotbed ; light, rich soil. The shrubby 
 kinds should have the addition of a little peat. 
 They are all too tender to do much good out of 
 doors. The following are all half-hardy annuals, 
 except li'vidus and ru'tilans : 
 R. commu'nis (common. Castor-oil Plant}. 6. 
 Green. July. E. Jnd. 1548. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed-capsuled). 6. Purple. In- 
 
 dia. 1758. 
 
 Kra'ppa (Krappa). White. August. 1827. 
 
 leucoca'rpus (white-capsuled). White. August. 
 
 1827. 
 
 li'vidus (livid- leaved}. 8. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 mucrophy'llus (large-leaved). White, red. 
 
 August. 1827. 
 
 ru'tilans (red-stalked}. Reddish-white. Au- 
 
 gust. 1827. Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 undula'tus (wavy-feared). Red, white. Au- 
 
 gust. 1827. 
 
 EICO'TIA. (Probably a commemorative 
 name. Nat.ord.,Cn/c/ers [Brassicacese]. 
 Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; light, sandy soil. 
 Good for belts, knolls, or rock-works. 
 It. luna'ria (moonwort-like). Lilac, purple. June. 
 Egypt. 1757. 
 
 RIDDLING. Another name for sifting. 
 
 EIDGING is digging the soil into paral- 
 - _ _ lei ridges in this form, so as to 
 Af\A eX p Ose jt thoroughly to the action 
 either of the atmosphere or of frost. 
 
 EIDGING-OUT. Planting out Cucumbers 
 and Pumpkins in the open-ground beds. 
 Eidging, however, should not be confined 
 to the winter, for in summer the extra ex- 
 posure to the air and heat is highly promo- 
 tive of vegetation : it impregnates the soil 
 with oxygen, promotes the decay of stub- 
 born vegetable remains, and disturbs 
 predatory vermin. Mr. Barnes says, " I 
 keep all ground, as soon as a crop is done 
 with, well trenched, burying all the re- 
 fuse I possibly can in a green state, cast- 
 ing the earth into rough ridges, tumbling 
 those ridges over with a strong fork on 
 frosty mornings in winter and spring, and 
 during hot sunny days in summer, con- 
 tinually changing the crops; keeping 
 the hoe at work at all seasons in suitable 
 weather, forking up all odd corners and 
 spare ground without loss of time. By 
 this* management, I find the ground is 
 always in good condition and never tired 
 by cropping, some judgment only being 
 exercised in applying such properties 
 again to the soil that have been taken 
 from it, or that are likely to be required 
 by the succeeding crop." 
 
 The most effectual mode of ridging is 
 thus described by Mr. Parkins : 
 
 Let <a, 6, c, d t represent a section of the 
 
 ground to be trenched two feet deep. In 
 the first place the ground is measured 
 
 out in longitudinal beds four feet wide; 
 this done, the top spit of the bed c is 
 laid on the bed g, and the second spit of 
 the bed c is laid on h. The first or top 
 spit of the bed / is then laid on h, so 
 that the top soil and subsoil are kept on. 
 separate and alternate beds, and may be 
 mixed, reversed, or returned as taken 
 out, at the will of the operator. By 
 this method the advantages are much 
 greater exposure of surface to the action 
 of the weather; the opportunity of in- 
 corporating with the soil any desirable 
 or obtainable manures, and at any desired 
 depth ; a thorough blending of the soil 
 to the depth of two or three feet ; and ifc 
 also facilitates the operation of draining 
 where necessary. It is needless to add, 
 that when the first thrown-out beds are 
 sufficiently pulverised, they are levelled 
 down, and others thrown out in the same 
 manner; #, h, t, represent the ridges 
 thrown out and left as rough as possible. 
 EIGIDE'LLA. (From rigidus, stiff; the 
 stiffness of the flower-stalk. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [IridaceaB]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Tigridia.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; also by 
 seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam and peat ; 
 bulbs require to be kept from frost and damp 
 during the winter. 
 
 R. fla'mmea (flame-coloured). 5. May. Mexico. 
 1839. 
 
 immacttla'ta (unspotted). 1 . Crimson. June. 
 
 Guatimala. 183Q. 
 
 ortha'ntha (straight-flowered). 1|. Crimson. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 EINGING is cutting away a belt of bark 
 quite down to the wood entirely round a 
 branch. This checks the return of the 
 sap, and aids to make that branch more 
 fruitful, and the fruit on it finer. We 
 have seen it done with the best effect 
 upon the pear and grape-vine. It should 
 be done just previously to the blossoms 
 opening. When first suggested it was 
 called the Ring of Pomona. See LIGA- 
 TURES. 
 
 EIPENING WOOD is one of the principal 
 objects to be aimed at for the production 
 of either flowers or fruit the following 
 year. To effect this, at the end of Au- 
 gust, or early in September, superfluous 
 
RIP 
 
 [ 697 ] 
 
 BOG 
 
 branches should be removed, and shoots 
 stopped, to concentrate the sap, and ex- 
 pose those retained to the full influence 
 of the sun. 
 
 EIPO'GONUM. (From ripos, flexible, 
 and gonos, a shoot. Nat. ord., Sarsapa- 
 rlllas [Smilacacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 1- Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, 
 from New Holland. Cuttings of side-shoots, when 
 three inches in length, taken off close to the 
 stem, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; fibry 
 loam, a little peat, sand, and charcoal, and well- 
 drained. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 R. a'lbum (white). 3. June. 1820. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. June. 1820. 
 
 EI'VEA. (Named after A. de la Rive, 
 a Genevan botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds 
 [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 i-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomsea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots, 
 and of the young shoots, several inches in length, 
 as they rise from the roots in spring; or grafting 
 on a free-growing Ipomaea; fibry loam and rough, 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 
 E. tilicefo'lia (lime-leaved). White. June. E. Ind. 
 1812. 
 
 EIVI'NA. (Named after A. Q.Rivinus, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Phytolac- 
 cads [Phytolaccaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetran- 
 dria 1-Afonogynia.) 
 
 Called rouge plants in the West Indies, where 
 the fruit is used as a cosmetic. Stove evergreens. 
 Seeds and cuttings. The flowers are of little 
 beauty ; but the racemes of ripe and ripening 
 fruit are very interesting; light soil. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 80. 
 R. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 2. Green. June. 
 Brazil. 1790. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1699. 
 cane'scens (hoary). 2. White. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 lae'nis (smooth). 2.Pink. May. W.Ind.I733. 
 
 lanceola'ta(apezr-hea.d-leuved). S.June. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1815. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1826. 
 
 octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. White. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/52. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1815. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas. 
 
 1830. 
 
 EOAN-TBEE. Py'rus aucapa'ria. 
 
 EOBE'KGIA. Should be added to CON- 
 NA'KTJS, which see. 
 JR. frute'scens (shrubby). 6. White. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 EOBI'NIA. (Named after J. Robin, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia 
 -Decandria. Cobbett's Locust-tree is 
 JBobi'nia pseu'do-aca'cia.) 
 
 Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North 
 America, where not otherwise stated. For tender 
 kinds, cuttings of young wood in sand, under a 
 
 glass. The Locust-tree, in all its varieties, by 
 seed sown in autumn, or preserved in the pods, 
 and sown in the spring ; by cuttings of the shoots ; 
 by cuttings of the roots ; by suckers and layers. 
 The finer varieties are generally grafted. The hi's~ 
 pida ro'sea, or Rose Acacia, is a fine object grafted 
 on the pseu'do-aca'cia standard high, in a shel- 
 tered place not much north of London. The finer 
 varieties of hi'spida ro'sea, in cold situations, de- 
 serve a place on a conservative wall, and would be 
 a nice companion to the Gly'cine Sine'nsis, &c. 
 R. Davu'rica (Dahurian).SO. May. Davuria. 1820. 
 
 du'biu (doubtful). 30. White, red. May. 
 
 Guinee'nsis( Guinea). 6. Guinea. 1822. Stove 
 
 evergreen. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly. Rose Acacia}. 10. Pink. July. 
 
 1743. 
 macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 10. Red. 
 
 May. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 
 
 ro'sea (upright. Rose). 10. Red. July. 
 
 pseu'do-aca'cia (common. Bastard Acacia). 40. 
 
 May. 1640. 
 ajorp/j/o'A'a(amorpha-leaved).3.White, 
 
 red. May. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 40. June. 
 
 flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). 40. Yellow. 
 
 May. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. May. 
 
 latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 30. May. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 30. Way. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leafleted). 30. May. 
 
 monstro'sa (monstrous). 30. White, recL 
 
 May. 
 
 pefndula (drooping). 30. Pink. May. 
 
 pro'cera (tall). 30. White, red. May. 
 
 sophortefo'lia (sophora -leaved). 30. White, 
 
 red. May. 
 
 specta 1 bills (showy) . 30. May. France. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 30. White, red. May. 
 
 tortuo'sa (twisted). 40. May. 
 
 umbraculi'fera (umbrella - bearing). 40. 
 
 May. 
 purpu'rea (purple). 15. Purple. July.1810. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 30. Purple. July. 1/97. 
 EOCAMBOLE (A.' Ilium scorodo'prasum) , 
 
 sometimes called Spanish Garlic, has its 
 bulbs or cloves growing in a cluster. The 
 stem bears many bulbs at its summit, 
 which, as well as those of the root, are 
 much milder than Garlic. 
 
 It is best propagated by the root 
 bulbs, those of the stem being slower in 
 production. Plant either in February, 
 March, or early in April, as well as 
 throughout the autumn, in drills, or by 
 the dibble, in rows six inches apart each 
 way, and usually two inches within the 
 ground, though the plants would thrive 
 better if grown on the surface, as recom- 
 mended for the Eschallot. In other, 
 respects they are cultivated as directed 
 for Garlic. A very small bed is sufficient 
 for the supply of the largest family. 
 
 EO'CHEA. (Named after La Roche, a 
 botanical author. Nat. ord., Houselceks 
 [Crassulacesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5- 
 Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.) 
 
ROC 
 
 ROD 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. For culture, seeCaA'ssuLA.. 
 
 R. albiflo'rn (white-flowred). White. July. 1800. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, scarlet. 
 
 June. 1810. 
 
 biconvr.'xn ( doubly-con vex).;J. White. Ju<y.lS23. 
 
 capita' tn (he*.l-:<l). White. July. 18:22. 
 
 cocci'nna (scarlet). I. Scarlet. July. 1710. 
 flit'i-e-a'lk'* (white-flowering). I. White. 
 
 July. 1311. 
 
 cymo's'i (cvraed). $. Red. August. 1800. 
 fulcn'ta (ickle-/<Med). 3. Scarlet. July. 1795. 
 
 fla!a (yellow). Yellow. June. 1802. 
 
 'janminea (j ismine-like). . White. April. 1815. 
 
 me'diu (rnrdiate). 1. R^d. June. 1810. 
 
 perfolin'tit (leaf-stem-pierced). 4. Scarlet. July. 
 
 1700. 
 
 al/tiflo'ra (white-flowering). 4. White. 
 
 Julv. 1SOO. 
 
 odorati'gtima (sweetest-scented). l.Piak. June. 
 
 1793- 
 
 versi'color (changeable-coloured). 2. White. 
 
 May. 1817. 
 
 ROCKET. He'speris. 
 
 ROCKET LARKSPUR. Delphi'nium oja'cls. 
 
 ROCK LYCHNIS. Visca'ria. 
 
 ROCK ROSE. Gi'stns. 
 
 ROCK-WORK is one of the most difficult 
 things to construct tastefully. If the 
 body of the rock is intended to be raised 
 much above the ground level, a quantity 
 of soil and rubbish should be carried 
 into the centre of the space. This soil, 
 besides serving to support the rock- work, 
 will also form a border for the plants to 
 grow in. Having at hand plenty of large, 
 rough stones, broken bricks, or stony 
 rubbish of any kind or colour, proceed 
 with these to imitate the form of natural 
 rock as nearly as possible. Rough, bold, 
 angular projections, and deeply-formed 
 chasms, are the principal features iu 
 natural scenery which please us most. 
 A rock, with a flat unbroken surface, whe- 
 ther horizontal or perpendicular, presents 
 too much sameness to be pleasing to the 
 eye; therefore, in imitating nature, the 
 projections should be varied and bold, 
 and unless raggedness and intricacy form 
 principal features in its composition, it 
 will lose much of its effect. If the rock- 
 work be on a large scale, it should not 
 be one continued line, but broken at in- 
 tervals, in one part lost beneath the sur- 
 face of the earth, and again rising in an- 
 other part and resuming its sinuous form. 
 
 So far there is little difference between 
 this and the common method of making 
 artificial rock. When, however, every 
 stone has been arranged to suit the eye, 
 the interstices between them are to be 
 filled up with any kind of rough mortar. 
 Of course, fissures, and similar places in- 
 
 tended for the plants which are to cover 
 the rock, must be left open, so that the 
 roots may penetrate to the soil beneath 
 the stones. The next operation is to 
 daub the whole mass over with Roman 
 cement. For this pui'pose the latter 
 should be mixed with water until it is of 
 the consistence of thick paint, in which 
 state it may be applied to the stones with 
 a large painter's brush. The spaces be- 
 tween the stones having been filled with 
 rough mortar prevents the cement from 
 being wasted. The thickness of the 
 latter on the stones need not be more 
 than the eighth of an inch : it will unite 
 the whole into one mass ; and rock-work 
 thus constructed is, beyond all com- 
 parison, far more natural than that made 
 in the usual way. It has none of that 
 disjointed appearance which usually ac- 
 companies rock-work made without ce- 
 ment. After a few mouths' exposure to 
 the weather, rock- work thus formed (if 
 skilfully made) cannot, without careful 
 examination, be distinguished from a 
 natural mass; it will soon cover all but 
 the most prominent parts. If the cement 
 be of a colour too light, which, for some 
 situations may be the case, a little lamp- 
 black or soot may be mixed with it. 
 Care must, however, be taken that no 
 substance which may make the cement 
 more porous is used, otherwise it will 
 peel from the stones after a hard frost. 
 For the benefit of those who are not ac- 
 customed to using cement, we may men- 
 tion that no more should be moistened 
 at once than can be used in a short time. 
 If the cement be good it will quickly 
 harden, and will then be in a manner 
 useless. 
 
 In making artificial rock for waterfalls , 
 or other constructions, where the cement 
 may be constantly exposed to the action 
 of the water, the best water-cement should 
 be u*ed. Any preparation that does not 
 quickly indurate under water will, in a 
 short time, be washed away, and leave 
 nothing but the bare stones. Wkatelcy. 
 
 RODRIGUE'ZIA. (Named after E. Bod- 
 rignez, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidaceos]. Linn., 20-%- 
 nandria L-Monandria. ) 
 
 Stove Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets. 
 See ORCHIDS. 
 R. Bi'rkeri (Barker's). 1. Green. January. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). Green. 
 
 lanceol'i'ta (spear - head - leaved). Yellow. 
 
 March. Trinidad. 1821. 
 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). . Pale green. 
 
ROD 
 
 [ 699 ] 
 
 ROO 
 
 It. planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 
 
 recu'rva (curled-back). f Yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 aecu'nda (side-flowering). . Red. July. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1820. 
 
 stenochi'la (narrow-lipped). Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. 1825. 
 
 ROEBUCK BEERY. JRn'bttsctiitmamo'rits. 
 
 ROE'LLA. (Named after C . Roelle, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Bcllworts 
 [Campanulaceae]. Linn., 5 . y entandriu 
 1 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants, and all but ne from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Decu'rrens from seed in a 
 gentle hotbed, in spring, planted out in early 
 summer ; musco'sa by division ; the rest, being 
 evergreen shrubs, by cuttings of the points of the 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 JR, cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 1. White, purple. July. 
 1774. 
 
 dectt'rrens (decurrent). 1. Blue. August. 1/8/. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 e'lcr.- < (elegant), f . Purple. February. 1836. 
 frui ia'sa (small-shrubby). Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 musco'sa (mossy). . Blue. August. 1802. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 peduncula'ta (long- flower -stalked). Blue. 
 
 June. 1827. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). J. White. July. 1787. 
 Be'rgii (Berg's). Blue. August. 18l6. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). White. August. 1821. 
 
 ROLLER. This is best made of cast- 
 iron, and may be had of four different 
 sizes, viz., with a diameter of sixteen, 
 eighteen, twenty -two, or twenty, four 
 inches. The roller is best used the day 
 after a fall of rain. 
 
 ROME'RIA. Named after J, Y. Homer, 
 a German botanist. Nat. orcl., Poppyworts 
 [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandrial- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Glaucium.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, ia 
 March or April. 
 R. hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. May. Britain. 
 
 refra'cta (refracted). 1. Violet. June. Tauria. 
 
 1823. 
 
 vermicula'ta (worm-like). Red. June. Persia. 
 
 1S29. 
 
 ROND: :'TIA. (Named after ' W. 
 Rondelet, a Frenchman. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchpnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points 
 of the shoots, getting slightly firm, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; the glass being 
 raised at night, and in dull weather, to prevent 
 damping ; fibry peat and fibry loam, with enough 
 of sand, broken pots, and charcoal to insure 
 openness in the soil. Winter temp., 48 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 R. America'na (American). 10. White. August. 
 W. Ind. 1752. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Red. New Gre- 
 
 nada. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 5. Yellow, July. Jamaica 1820. 
 
 R. hi'rta (hairy). 10. Pink. July. Jamaica. 1776. 
 
 laevigctta, (smooth-/eai>). 12. White. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1790. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. White. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long- flowered). Blue. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1842. 
 
 odora'ta (scented). 3. Red. July. W.Ind. 1836. 
 
 panicula'taip&mcled). 6. White. July 
 
 E. 
 Ja- 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 rocemo'sa(racemed). 6. White. July. 
 
 maica. 1820. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. April. Ha- 
 
 vannah. 1830. 
 
 -- ma'jor (large-lowered). 3. Scarlet. April. 
 Ha van nab.- 
 
 thyrsoi'dea (thyrsed). 5. White. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 18ig. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 6. White. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1819. 
 
 versi'color (changeable-coloured). 4. Pink. 
 
 March, yeraguas. 1838. 
 
 ROOTS are either annual, biennial, or 
 perennial; but in all roots, and under 
 any mode of management, the fibrous 
 parts (radiculse) are strictly annual; they 
 decay as winter approaches, and are pro- 
 duced with the returning vigour of their 
 parent in the spring. Hence the reason 
 that plants are transplanted with most 
 success during the season of their de- 
 cay; for, as the root almost exclusively 
 imbibes nourishment by the mouths of 
 these fibres, in proportion as they are 
 injured by the removal so is the plant 
 deprived of the means of support : that 
 sap which is employed in the formation 
 of new fibres would have served to in- 
 crease the size of other parts. 
 
 Roots always travel in the direction 
 where most food is to be obtained ; there- 
 fore, for carrots and parsnips, let a little 
 manure be turned in with the bottom spit 
 when the ground is trenched for them. 
 So, if it be desirable to prevent the roots 
 of any plant travelling in a certain direc- 
 tion, the soil on that side should be 
 excavated, and the cavity refilled with 
 sand, or some other unfertile earth, whilst 
 the soil on those sides of the plant whither 
 the roots are desired to tend should bo 
 made as fertile as is permissible with its 
 habits. 
 
 Whatever causes an excessive develop- 
 ment of root prevents the production of 
 seed; and vice versd, the production of 
 seed, especially in tuberous-rooted plants, 
 reduces the amount of root developed. 
 Thus, frequent transplanting the young 
 plants of tbe lettuce, brocoli, and cauli- 
 flower causes the production of numerous 
 fibrous roots, and is found effective in 
 preventing tbe mature plants advancing 
 early to seed. 
 
KOO 
 
 [ 700 
 
 EOS 
 
 The early varieties of the potato do not 
 naturally produce seed ; but if their 
 tubers are removed as soon as they are 
 formed, these early varieties blossom and 
 bear seed as freely as the latter kinds, a 
 fact suggesting many experiments to the 
 cultivator of shy -blooming tuberous- 
 rooted flowers. Again, if the blossoms 
 of these later varieties are plucked off as 
 they appear, the weight of tubers pro- 
 duced will be very materially increased. 
 
 EOOT-PKUNING, first adopted as a sys- 
 tematic practice by Mr. Errington, has 
 for its object a check to over-luxuriance. 
 This it does effectually, for such excess 
 of growth arises from the roots imbibing 
 too much, food. By pruning, and thus re- 
 ducing their number, therefore, we reduce 
 their imbibing power ; and it is found that 
 such pruning checks the production of 
 leaf-buds, and will cause any land of fruit- 
 tree to produce blossom-buds, provided 
 the tree is healthy, and that its barren- 
 ness arises from over-luxuriance. To 
 know what proportion of the roots to cut 
 away, we may suppose the trees thrown 
 into three classes. First, trees of mode- 
 rate luxuriance ; second, those which may 
 be termed robust ; third, those of gross 
 habit. To give a further idea, we would 
 say that the first class will make young 
 shoots, on an average, a foot in length; 
 those of the second two feet ; and the 
 third nearly, or quite, three feet: the 
 latter, indeed, frequently burst into latera] 
 or side-shoots from the young shoots of 
 the same season. 
 
 From the first class, therefore, we 
 advise the cutting away about a sixth 
 part of the roots ; from the second class 
 a fourth part ; and from the third class 
 a third part. It must be borne in mind 
 that the extremities of the roots alon 
 should be cut off, for while we advocate 
 this mutilation, we equally advocate the 
 preservation of the surface roots by every 
 possible means ; nay, more than that, we 
 recommend their encouragement by extra 
 appliances of manure to the surface-soil 
 EOPA'LA. (From roupala, the Guianan 
 name. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese] 
 linn., k-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Guiana 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell 
 glass, not hurried, but freed from damp,* an< 
 placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ; fibry 
 loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45 to 48 
 a rather sheltered place in summer. 
 
 R. denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 10. Green. June. 1802 
 me'dia (mediate). 10. May. 1823. 
 
 R. monta'na (mountain). Yellow. April. 1828. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). Pale yellow. 1821. 
 
 esst7/o'a(stalkless-leaved). 10. Green. 1803. 
 
 EO'PEKA. (Named after J. Roper, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Beancapers 
 Zygophyllacese], Linn., 8-Octandria 1- 
 Wonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 rom New Holland. Cuttings of the young shoots 
 n sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; also seeds 
 n a slight hotbed; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam, 
 nd a little rough charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 
 0. 
 
 I. auranti'aca (orange). August. 1837- 
 ~/o6a^i/o'/ta(fabago-leaved). June. 1822. 
 fruticulo'sa (sub-shrubby). 3. July, 1820. 
 
 EO'SA. Eose. (From the Celtic rhod, 
 
 d; prevailing colour. Nat. ord., JRosc- 
 vorts [Eosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 
 l-Polygynia.) 
 
 For culture, see ROSE. 
 
 R. acicula'ris (needle-prickled). 6. Blush. June. 
 Siberia. 1805. 
 
 a'lba (sing-te-white). 4. White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1597. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 5. Blush. June. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1683. 
 
 : globo'sa (globular-iern'ed) ; hellebo'rina, 
 
 (hellebore - like) ; hispide'lla (slightly - 
 bristly) ; lee' vis (smooth) ; lagena'ria (flask- 
 shaped-fterried) ; pilo'sula (dovrny -flower- 
 stalked) ; pimpincllifo' lia (pimpinella- 
 leaved) ; pyrifo'rmis (pear - shaped - ber- 
 ried) ; seto'sa (bristly - calyxed) ; sorbi- 
 ne'lla (sorb-like) ; wj-6iraa'<a (top-shaped- 
 berried). 
 
 anemonaflo'ra (anemone-flowered). 8. Pale 
 
 blush. June. China. 1846. 
 
 arve'nsis (field. White-dog). 8. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pale flesh. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Ayrshi'rea (Ayrshire). 20. White. August. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ba'nksice (Lady Banks'). 20. White. June, 
 
 China. 1807- 
 j K Vea(yellow).Palebuff.June.China.l807. 
 
 Bo'rreri (Borrer's). 6. Pale red. June. Britain. 
 
 bractea'ta (bracted. Macartney's). 2. White. 
 
 July. China. 1795. 
 
 scabriu'scula (tough-stemmed). 2. White. 
 
 July. China. 
 
 bracte'scens (small-bracted). 6. Pink. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 Bruno'nii (Brown's). 12. White. June. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1822. 
 
 cts'sia (grey). 6. Pink, white. July. Scotland. 
 cani'na (dog, or hip}. 8. Pale red. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 aciphy'lla (needle-leaved). 8. Pink. June, 
 
 Britain. 
 Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 8. Pink. June. 
 
 Egypt. 
 Borbonia'na (Bourbon). 8. Purple. June. 
 
 Bourbon. 
 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal). France. 
 
 g/ace / scens(milky-green).8.June. France. 
 
 Meratia'na (Herat's). 8. France. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). France. 
 
 ni'tens (shining-tea/feted). 8. June. 
 
 nu'da (naked). 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leafleted). 8. June. 
 
BOS 
 
 [ 701 ] 
 
 EOS 
 
 R.cani'na Schottia'na (Sehott's). 8. June. 
 Podolia. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading) . Germany. 
 
 surculo'sa (spriggy). 4. Pink. June. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 Caroli'ni (Carolina). 6. Crimson. June. N. 
 
 Atner. 1J26. 
 
 Cauca'sea (Caucasian). 20. Red. June. Iberia. 
 
 1798. 
 
 centifo'lia (hundred-leaved. Cabbage}. 3. Pink. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1596. 
 cristata (crested-calyxed). 3. Pink. June. 
 
 France. 1833. 
 musco's'i (mossy. Common Moss). 3. White, 
 
 red. June. 
 musco'sn-crista'ta(mos*y -crested). White, 
 
 red. June. France. 
 potnpo'nia (pompone. Proems). 2. White, 
 
 red. June. 
 
 einnamo'mea (cinnamon). 6. Pink. May. Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Red. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 damasce' na (damask). 3. Pink. June. Syria. 1573. 
 
 Dickso'ni (Dickson's). White. June. Ireland. 
 
 Donia'n'i (Don's). 4. Pink. June. Scotland. 
 hn'rrida (horrid-s/n/isd). 4. Pink. June. 
 
 ditmeto'rum (thicket). 5. Pink. June. England. 
 fe'rox (fierce). 3. Red. July. Caucasus. 1595. 
 ni'tens (shining). 4. Pale crimson. July. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Forste'ri (Forster's). 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 6. Red. June. New- 
 foundland. 
 
 fruteto'rum (coppice). 6. Pink. June. Vol- 
 hynia. 1818. 
 
 Ga'llica( French). 2. Pink. June. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1596. 
 
 A'gatha (Agatha). Purple. 
 
 inape'rta (unopened. Vilmorin Rose). 
 
 White, rose. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. 
 
 parnifo'lia (small-leaved). 1. Purple. 
 
 June. Europe. 
 pu'mila (dwarf. Wild-shop), . Red. June. 
 
 Austria. 1810. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy. Cretan). 2. Pale blush. 
 
 June. Candia. 1821. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 8. Pale pink. June. Britain. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 HibJrnica (Irish). 4. Blush. August. Ireland. | 
 
 Ibe'riea (Iberian). 6. Pink. June. Iberia. 1820. ' 
 
 I'ndica (Indian. China, or Monthly), 20. Red. 
 
 China. 1789. 
 
 earyophy'llea (clove-scented). 
 
 crue'nta (bloody). 
 
 longifo'lia(\ong-willow-lea.ved). 5. Pink. 
 
 June. China. 
 ni'vea (white-double-flowered). 3. White, 
 
 red. July. Gardens. 1831. 
 
 Noisettin'na (Noisette's). 3. Red. 
 
 OChroleu'ca (yellowish-white. Chinese). 
 
 2. Cream. June. China. 1824. 
 odurati' ssima (sweetest-scented. Chinese). 
 
 3. Pale pink. June. China. 1810. 
 
 panno'sa (ragged). Purple, rose. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Pink- July. China. 
 
 involucra'ta (involucred). 3. White. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1808. 
 
 involu'ta (curved-in-petaled). 2. Pale red. 
 
 June. Scotland. 
 
 -Kanttec/t7jea(Kamtschatka). 3. Red. July. 
 
 Kamtschatka. 1791. 
 
 KMkii (K\\i\i'*. Sweet-briar). 6. Pink. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1819. 
 
 R, Lawrencia'na (Miss Lawrence's). 1. Blush. 
 China. 1810. 
 
 Li'ndleyi (Dr. Lindley's. Carolina). Red. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 lu'cida (bright-teamed). 4. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1724. 
 
 lu'tea (si'nJe-yellow. Eglantine). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Germany. 1596. 
 
 puni'cea (scarlet. Austrian). 3. Yellow, 
 
 scarlet. June. Austria. 1596. 
 
 subru'bra (petals reddish above). 4. Yel- 
 low, red. June. 
 
 lute'scens (yellowish. American}. 4. Pale yel- 
 
 low. June. N. Amer. 1/80. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Red. Gosaing- 
 
 shan. 
 
 mo/ a'lis( May. Hog). 3. Pale red. May. Britain. 
 
 ?m"cra'Aa (small-flowered. Sweet-briar). Palo 
 
 red. June. Britain. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. White. July. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. Blush. Sep- 
 
 tember. China. 1828. 
 a'lba (white-lowered). 3. White. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 6. Red. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 Montezu'mee (Montezuma's). 3. Pale red. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 moscha'ta (musk). 12. White. August. Bom- 
 
 bay. 1596. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 12. Red. Jun.?. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
 BoM)'saM'^u(Boursault's). 12. Pink. June. 
 
 cornea (flesh). Red. June. China. 182'2. 
 
 Grevi'llei (Greville's. Seven-sisters). 20. 
 
 Purple. June. China. 1824. 
 Russellia'na (Russell'a). 
 
 myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). 1. White. May. 
 
 France. 1 820. 
 
 ni'tida (glossy- Jeawed). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1807. 
 
 oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 3. Red. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 flo're-pldno (double - flowered). Blush. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered. Carolina). 2. Flesh. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 pulche'lta (neat), a. Red. June. 1824. 
 
 ra'pa (turnip). 4. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 reoe'rsa (reversed). 5. White, pink. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 rubifo'lia (bramble-leaved). 6. Pale red. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 
 
 fenestra'lls (windowed). 4. Flesh. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 rubigino'sa (rusty Sweet-briar, or Eglantine). 
 
 5. Pink. June. Britain. Aculeati's- 
 sima (very prickly) ; flexuo'sa (flexible- 
 branched) ; grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 
 4. Lyo'nri (Lyon's); ma'jor (greater); 
 nemora'ls (grove); parnifo'lia (sraall- 
 leafleted) ; pu'bera (downy) ; rotundifo' 'lia 
 (round-leaved). Germany. Spinulifo'lia 
 (leaflets-spinuled);Mff6e//a'fa(umbelled). 
 Germany. Vaillantia'na (Vaillant's). 
 White. 
 
 rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 6. Red. Jane. South 
 
 Europe. 1814. 
 
 hispi'dula (br'atly-flower-stalked). Red. 
 
 June. 1822. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. June. Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 pinnati'ftda (leaflet-like-cut-sepated). Pur- 
 ple. June. Switzerland. 
 
 Redoute'a (Redoute's). 3. Pale red. June. 
 
 Sabi'ni (Sabine's). 8. Red. June. Britain. 
 gra'cilis (slender). White, red. Britain. 
 
EOS 
 
 [ 702 ] 
 
 EOS 
 
 11. sanguisorbifo'lia (burnet-leaved). 3. White. 
 June. 
 
 sarmenta'cea (twiggy). 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 semper flu' r ens (ever-blowing). 10. Crimson. 
 
 All. China. 1789. 
 
 sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. White. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1629. 
 
 Leschenuultia'na (Leschenault's). 60. 
 
 Violet. June. Neilgherry. 
 
 se'pium (hedge). Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 S/iera'rdi (Sherard's). 6. Pink. June. England. 
 
 Si'nica (three-leaned. China). 5. White. June. 
 
 China. 1759. 
 
 spinosi'ssima (spiniest. Scotch). 2. White, red. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented. American Sweet* 
 
 briar). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 sua'vis (sweet). 4. Purple. June. 1818. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur). 4. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1629. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 7. Red. June. England. 
 
 sy'stylu (clustered-styled). 6. Pink. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). 6. Red. June. 
 
 tomento'sa (Aowny-leaved-Dog). 6. Red, white. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 scabriu'scula (rather- rough) . 6. Pink. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 turbina'ta (top-shaped-ra^.rerf. Frankfort). 
 
 5. Rerl. June. Germany. l62Q. 
 
 Francofurta'na (Frankfort). 5. Rose, 
 
 purple. June. Frankfort. 
 
 Qrbessa'nea (double. Orbessean). 4. Rose- 
 
 coloured. June. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Red. June. Britain. 
 pomi'fera (apple-bearing). Red. June. 
 
 Europe. 
 resino'sa (resinous). Red. June. Ireland. 
 
 Wilso'ni (Wilson's). 3. Dark pink. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Woo'dsii (Wood's). 3. Pink. May. N. Amer. 
 
 EOSCO'EA. (Named after Mr, Boscoe, 
 the founder of the Liverpool Botanic 
 Garden. Nat. ord., Ginyerworts [Zingi- 
 beracese]. Linn., l-Monandria 1-Mono- 
 gyma.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one purple- 
 flowered, and all natives of Nepaul. Division in 
 spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 JR. capita'ta (headed). 1. July. 1819. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. 1821. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 1839- 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). I. July. 1820. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. July. 1820. 
 
 EOSE. Eo'sa. 
 
 Propagation. Most kinds of roses can 
 be propagated hy cuttings. By this 
 method we only obtain dwarfs; yet, as 
 many sorts do best on their own roots, 
 the China and Tea-scented for instance, 
 for these we must adopt cuttings. The 
 best time for making the cuttings is in 
 April. 
 
 Cuttings in Pots. The most convenient- 
 sized pots are five inches across; fill them 
 with moderately rich, light earth, press 
 it firmly down, then fill the pots quite up 
 
 to the rim with silver sand, or with finely- 
 sifted river sand ; give a gentle watering 
 from a fine-rosed watering-pot, then cut 
 the cuttings into lengths of about four 
 inches, remove all the leaves except those 
 belonging to the top buds, make the cut 
 very smooth across, just under the lowest 
 bud; the cutting is then ready to be 
 planted. Have a small stick about as 
 thick as a quill, and thrust it into the 
 soil just the depth of the cutting, so as 
 to leave the top bud out; close the earth 
 firmly to the bottom of the cutting with 
 the stick; place the cuttings close to the 
 edge of the pots, with the leaves of all 
 pointing inwards ; then close tip the 
 holes with a little of the sand, and 
 give a gentle watering. The best situa- 
 tion to place the pots in is a pit, with 
 hand-glasses over them. If you have 
 not that convenience, plunge the pots in 
 coal- ashes on a shady border, covering 
 them with hand-glasses. Shift into larger 
 pots as they require. 
 
 Cuttings in the Open Ground. Choose 
 a shady border, next a low wall or hedge 
 the latter to be close-clipped with the 
 garden-shears. Let the soil be well dug 
 and chopped small, and the surface raked 
 very fine ; then pour some water upon it, 
 and let it stand a day, to become mode- 
 rately dry again. Prepare the cuttings 
 as above directed, and always expose the 
 cuttings as little as possible to the sun 
 and air; they may be preserved fresh by 
 having a little damp moss or hay at hand 
 to cover them with as soon as they are 
 prepared. When a sufficient number 
 are ready, open a trench with a small 
 spade at the end of the border. Chop 
 the side of the trench furthest from you 
 straight down just a sufficient depth to 
 leave the topmost bud and leaf out of 
 the soil; then place the cuttings against 
 this uprightbank about threeinches apart. 
 When the row is filled with cuttings, with 
 your spade put the soil against the cut- 
 tings, and with your foot tread it firmly 
 to them. Take great care that the soil is 
 quite close and firm around each. Then 
 nil up level with the top of the row of 
 cuttings another portion of soil, until 
 there is a bank of earth six inches dis- 
 tant from the first row. Chop down the 
 outermost edge of the soil, so as to leave 
 another upright bank to set the second 
 row of cuttings against, and so proceed 
 from row to row, till you have filled the 
 space set apart for this purpose. Examine 
 
ROS 
 
 [ 708 ] 
 
 BOS 
 
 a few of them occasionally after about 
 six weeks, and if they are rooted, lift 
 them carefully with a trowel or small 
 spade, and either pot them or plant them 
 out in rows in a more open situation. By 
 the autumn following they will he nice 
 plants, and may be planted in the situa- 
 tion where they are to grow and flower. 
 
 By Suckers. Roses send up many 
 suckers annually, which may be taken up 
 in autumn, winter, or early spring, with 
 some rootlets attached; and the strongest 
 may be planted out finally, and the 
 weakest in the nursery for a year or two 
 longer. They will readily grow, and will 
 most of them produce flowers the follow- 
 ing summer. When rose-trees have grown 
 into large bunches, with many suckers, 
 the whole may be taken up and slipped, 
 or divided into separate plants. The 
 Moss and some others furnish suckers 
 but sparingly. 
 
 By Layers. To obtain shoots for lay- 
 ering, a quantity of rose-trees should be 
 planted for stools, which, being headed 
 down low, will throw out shoots abun- 
 dantly, near the ground, in summer, for 
 layering in autumn or winter following. 
 (See LAYERING.) They will be rooted 
 by next autumn, and fit for transplanta- 
 tion in nursery rows, though sometimes 
 the moss rose and some others require 
 two years before they are tolerably well 
 rooted ; but of these sorts you may also 
 try layers of the- shoots of the year, lay- 
 ered in summer, any time in June. They 
 will probably root a little the same season. 
 The layers of all the sorts, after being 
 properly rooted, should be taken up in 
 autumn and planted in the nursery, to 
 have one or two years' growth. 
 
 By Budding. See BUDDING and 
 GRAFTING. 
 
 Soil and Situation. The best soil is a 
 rather strong loam ; the deeper it is the 
 better. It should be well-drained. Such 
 land as will grow good wheat or good 
 hops will grow fine roses. Next, it should 
 be rich to grow them fine : if not already 
 so, it ought to have thoroughly decayed 
 dung added to it. A portion of super- 
 phosphate of lime (bones dissolved in oil 
 of vitriol) will be of great benefit to them 
 a manure that may be had of any re- 
 spectable manure-dealer. The rose-gar- 
 den ought to open to the south and east, 
 but be sheltered from the north and 
 north-west winds. Tall beech or horn- 
 beam hedges are the best shelter against 
 
 gales blowing from those points. Hoses 
 should not be planted so near trees as 
 to be overhung by them, as the drip 
 from the trees will prevent them from 
 thriving, and injure the flowers. 
 
 Planting. The best season is the early 
 part of November. They will succeed 
 tolerably even to the middle of March, 
 but not so well as in the autumn. If 
 you have to procure them from a distant 
 nursery, and they are some time out of 
 the ground, make a puddle of earth and 
 water of nearly the consistence of paint. 
 Dip the roots in this puddle, and plant 
 them immediately. Should the border 
 intended for the rose be long and nar- 
 row, plant the tallest standards in the 
 back row, the next size in the second, 
 and the half-standards in the third, and 
 the dwarfs in the front row. 
 
 Autumn Pruning : Summer Roses. 
 Provence, including the Moss Rose. 
 These require to be pruned to three or 
 four eyes, according to the strength of 
 the shoots. Damask. These require to 
 be pruned according to the strength of the 
 growth of the different varieties. Madam 
 Hardy, for instance, is a strong grower, 
 and ought to be left with shoots of six 
 eyes. White Damask. This species 
 should be pruned similarly to the Da- 
 mask. Gallica, or French. Some of 
 these are very strong growers, and must 
 be cut accordingly. Some shoots, in 
 good soil, will grow three or four feet 
 long. Those shoots are often pithy and 
 green, and ought to be cut clean out, and 
 the rest shortened to one foot or eighteen 
 inches, according to their strength. Hy- 
 brid, Provence. They grow naturally in 
 compact heads and many branches, and 
 should be pruned by thinning out about 
 one-third of the shoots, and shortening 
 the rest to six or eight eyes. Hybrid, 
 Chinese. The strong growers, Brennus 
 for instance, must be cut to eight or nine 
 eyes ; whilst the Beauty of Billard is a 
 weak grower, and thould be cut to two 
 or three eyes, and half the shoots en- 
 tii'ely cut away. Scotch. All that these 
 require is to have half of the shoots 
 thinned out, and those that are left cut 
 to half their length. Climbing. These 
 require a different mode of pnining to all 
 other roses. We shall describe it as the 
 spur system. Train in young shoots dur- 
 ing the summer ; in the autumn shorten 
 those shoots one-fourth of their length 
 that is, supposing the shoot is four 
 
ROS 
 
 t 704] 
 
 BOS 
 
 feet long, cut one foot of it off, and so 
 reduce it to three feet, and in the same 
 proportion for longer shoots. The shoots 
 will then, during the summer, produce 
 side-shoots ; these are the spurs. In the 
 month of March following, take the 
 shoots off the trellis walls or pillars, 
 prune the spurs into two or three eyes, 
 aud then tie or nail them up again neatly 
 to the supporters. 
 
 Autumn Pruning : Autumn Hoses. 
 Macartney. The Macartney rose itself 
 requires very little pruning ; but the 
 Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely, 
 shortening the strong shoots to eight or 
 nine eyes, and the weak ones to three 
 or four. Damask Perpetuals and Hybrid 
 Perpetuals are mostly weak growers, and 
 should be cut into four or five eyes, and 
 a third of the shoots cut clean away. 
 Bourbons and Noisettes are middling 
 growers,and should be pruned moderately ; 
 strong shoots to be cut to five or six eyes, 
 and the weak ones to three or four. 
 China and Tea-scented. Most of these 
 are rather tender; consequently, the wood 
 does not ripen to any length. They 
 should, therefore, be pruned close. It' 
 they are planted against a wall they may 
 be pruned longer, as the wood then be- 
 comes firmer and better ripened. Prune 
 those in the open air, both standards and 
 dwarfs, to two or three eyes, those on 
 walls to six or seven, in proportion to 
 their strength. 
 
 Summer Pruning. It often happens, 
 where the roses are growing in good 
 ground, that some of them produce 
 branches that grow so strong and fast as 
 to rob the rest of their due support. 
 These branches are what the French call 
 gourmands, which may be Englished 
 gluttons. Only stop these at first, and wait 
 until the autumn before you cut them 
 clean off. When the rose-trees throw 
 out a great number of shoots equally 
 strong, aud they appear to be crowded, 
 prune away about one-third of them, 
 but do not shorten any of the others, as 
 that will cause them to send out a quan- 
 tity of small, weak shoots, which will 
 injure the flowers the following season. 
 
 Hoses in Pots. Procure some pots that 
 are well cleaned, or, what is better still, 
 quite new ; and 24's are a very convenient 
 size to commence with. Worked roses 
 are preferable, for pot purposes, to those 
 grown on their own roots; therefore 
 select such as are dwarf standards only, 
 
 and worked close to the collar, so that 
 when the rose is potted the stem is 
 scarcely visible. Tea, China, and Bourbon, 
 or their hybrids, are better suited for 
 forcing and pot plants than Noisette and 
 Hybrid perpetuals ; the two last-named 
 class of roses growing to greater perfec- 
 tion in the open air. Amongst Tea Roses 
 select Saffrano, Devoniensis, Comte de 
 Paris, Nephetos, and Princess Clementine. 
 Mrs. Bosanquct, Duchess of Kent, with a 
 few others, amongst Chinas ; Souvenir de 
 MalmaisoHy Leveson Gower, and Dupetit 
 Thouars, amongst Bourbons. Of the 
 above Souvenir de Malmaison is unrivalled 
 as a pot rose. Having selected plants, 
 lose no time ; but before the roots have 
 got dry, pot them (having first pruned 
 the strong roots) in a mixture of half 
 yellow loam, and the rest old cow-dung, 
 leaf-mould, and sand in equal parts ; but 
 a greater proportion of loam may be 
 added with advantage, should the rose 
 to be potted be a Bourbon or Hybrid 
 perpetual. The plants being potted in 
 October, place them on ashes under a 
 north wall, in some sheltered part of the 
 garden, until the frosts compel to put 
 them in cold pits, keeping them, since 
 their being repotted, as dry as can be to 
 prevent growth, but not sufficiently so to 
 cause the plants to flag, or their roots to 
 get quite dry. Then, about the com- 
 mencement of December, prune all that 
 you intend bringing into the greenhouse 
 in the early part of January, for bloom- 
 ing in May and June, and stimulate 
 them gently by applying water at a 
 temperature a few degrees wanner than 
 the atmosphere of the pit where they 
 still are, so as when they are introduced 
 into the greenhouse at the commence- 
 I ment of January, at a medium tempera- 
 j ture of 45, they are just beginning to 
 i push strongly. About the commence- 
 ment of February a little more heat is 
 to be given, and weak liquid-manure is 
 applied about twice a week, which is 
 strengthened as the plants increase in 
 vigour and have their buds well set. 
 About this time syringing over-head with 
 lukewarm water, or steaming, may oc- 
 casionally be had recourse to, as it tends 
 to give strength to the plants, and keeps 
 away the aphis and other enemies. Lastly, 
 when the shoots are sufficiently long for 
 the purpose, they are to be gently brought 
 down to the sides of the pot, or staked 
 to such places as they are intended to 
 
EOS 
 
 [ 705 ] 
 
 BOY 
 
 occupy, so as when the plants are ready 
 for the show, these appliances may he 
 removed, and the plant still preserve a 
 round and uniform appearance. It is 
 necessary at all times, when the tem- 
 perature is at 50 or above, to give as 
 much air as possible ; and this may even 
 he done when a gentle fire is going. 
 
 Diseases. See EXTRAVASATED SAP, 
 GREEN CENTBE, and MILDEW. 
 
 Insects. See APHIS, ANISOPIA, and 
 
 TORTRIX. 
 
 ROSE ACACIA. Robi'nia hi'spida. 
 
 EOSE APPLE. Jambo'sa. 
 
 ROSE BAY. Epilo'bium angustifo'lium. 
 
 EOSE CAMPION. Ly'chnis. 
 
 ROSEMARY. Rosmari'nus officina'lis. 
 
 Varieties. There are three varieties 
 the green, golden-striped, and silver- 
 striped. The first is in general culti- 
 vation. 
 
 Soil. It thrives best on a poor, light 
 soil mixed with old mortar, or other 
 calcareous matters. In such, or when 
 the plants are self-raised on an old wall, 
 they will bear our severest winters; but 
 in a rich soil they lose much of their 
 aromatic nature, and perish in frost. 
 For the green variety, the situation may 
 be open ; but the other two, being tender, 
 require to be planted beneath a south 
 wall, or in pots, to be sheltered in winter. 
 
 Propagation is by cuttings and rooted 
 slips during any of the spring months, 
 or by layers in the summer; but the 
 finest plants are raised by seed. By layers 
 is the best mode of propagating the gold 
 and silver - striped varieties. Sow in 
 March, or early in April, in drills half an 
 inch deep and six inches apart. The 
 rooted slips, and the cuttings of the 
 young shoots, must be from five to seven 
 inches long, and planted in a shady 
 border, in rows eight or ten inches apart, 
 previously removing the leaves from the 
 lower two-thirds of their length. Layers 
 may be formed by cutting young branches 
 half through on their under -side, and 
 pegging them down an inch or two below 
 the surface: they become established 
 plants by autumn. Water must be ap- 
 plied abundantly at the time of planting, 
 and occasionally afterwards until estab- 
 lished. 
 
 ROSE OF HEAVEN. Ly'chnis coe'li-ro'sa. 
 
 ROSE OF JERICHO. Anasta'tica. 
 
 ROSE OF THE WOELD. Camellia Ja- 
 po'nica ro'sa-mu'ndi. 
 
 ROSE ROOT. Se'dum rhodi'ola. 
 45 
 
 ROSE SNOWBALL -TREE. 
 o'pulus ro'seum. 
 
 ROSMARI'NUS. Rosemary. (Frpm ros, 
 dew, and marinus, of the sea ; maritime- 
 plants. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Diandria 1- Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy evergreens, purple -flowered, and natives 
 
 of the south of Europe. See ROSEMARY. 
 
 JR. officina'lis (shop). 4. February. 1548. 
 
 fo'liis-arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 4. Mardi- 
 
 1548. 
 
 fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 12. Fe- 
 bruary. 1548. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 12. February. 
 
 1548. 
 
 ROTATION OF CROPS. There are three 
 circumstances to be regarded in regu- 
 lating the order in which crops should 
 follow each other: 1. Each crop should 
 be as dissimilar as possible from its pre- 
 decessor. 2. The exuvise of the preced- 
 ing crop should not be offensive to its 
 successor. 3. A spindle - rooted crop 
 should succeed a fibrous-rooted crop, or 
 vice versd. 
 
 RO'THIA. (Named after A. W. Roth, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Mona- 
 delphia 6-Decandria.) 
 
 Hardy trailing annual. Seeds in a warm border, 
 in April. 
 R. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). r 2. Sulphur. July, 
 
 ROUGE PLANT. Rivi'na tincto'ria. 
 
 ROXBU'RGHIA. (Named after Dr. 
 Roxburgh, once director of the Botani& 
 Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord., Roxburgh- 
 worls [Roxburghiacese]. Linn., S-Oct- 
 andria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove twining plants, with stems one hundred 
 fathoms long in the hottest parts of India, where 
 the roots are candied with sugar, and taken with 
 tea. Propagated generally by suckers; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould, and the usual 
 plant-stove temperature. 
 
 R. gloriosoi'des (gloriosa-like). 6. Pink, yellow. 
 July. 1803. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. August. 
 
 1836. 
 
 ROYAL BAY. Lau'rus no'bilis. 
 
 ROYE'NA. (Named after A. Van Roy en, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Ebenads 
 [Ebenaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 2- 
 Digynia. Allied to Dyospyros.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, all but one white-flowered. Cuttings 
 of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 40 to 48 ; summer, 60 to 76. 
 R. gla'bra (smooth). 4. September. 1731. 
 
 hirsu'ta (h&irj -leaved). 7 > Purple. July. 1752. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. June. 1816. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-/eocd). 4. May. 16QO. 
 ROY'LEA. (Named after ProfessorRoyle* 
 
RUB 
 
 [ 706 
 
 RUB 
 
 King's College, London. Nat. ord., La- 
 Hates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14-Z)i%- 
 namia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Bal- 
 lota.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, with a 
 bell-glass over them ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp. ,40 to 48. 
 R.e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July.Nepaul.l 824. 
 
 KD'BIA. Madder. (From ruber, red ; 
 the colour of the roots. Nat. ord., Stel- 
 lates [Galiacesej. Linn., k-Teirandria 
 \-Monogynia.~) 
 
 Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring, 
 under a hand-light, and peat and loam ; the others 
 are herbaceous plants, propagated by division of 
 the roots, and flourishing in any good garden- 
 soil; from tincto'rum madder is obtained. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 JZ. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yellow. 
 July. Spain. 1772. 
 
 sple'ndens (shining). 2. Yellow.July.Spain.1812. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 R. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), f . White. July. 
 Siberia. 1783. 
 
 tincto'rum (dyer's). 4. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 15Q6. 
 
 KU'BUS. Bramble. (From the Celtic 
 nib, red ; colour of the fruit of some of 
 the species. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosa- 
 cese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria3-Polyyynia.) 
 
 Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ; 
 also by seeds for species, and obtaining new varie- 
 ties ; also easily obtained by pegging down the 
 points of the shoots in the soil; deep 
 
 rich, 
 
 loamy soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 R. ape'talus (petalless). 6 Purple. July. Isle 
 
 of France. 1823. Stove. 
 
 Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 Molucca'nus (Moluccas). 3. Red. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. Pink. August. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 jnnna'tes (leafleted). 5. Pink. June. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1789. 
 
 refie'xus (bent-back). 3. Red. July. China.1817. 
 
 ro'ridus (dewy-g/anded). August. Madagas- 
 
 car. 1831. 
 
 roseefo'lius (rose-leaved). 3. August. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1811. 
 
 - corona'rius (garland). 3. August. Mau- 
 ritius. 1811. 
 
 rugo'sus (wrinkly). 3. Red. June. S.Amer.1819. 
 
 sanguinole'ntus (blood-red). 4. Red. Isle 
 
 of France. 1824. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 B. alru'pt'as (abrupt). 8. White. June. Britain. 
 
 carpinifo'tius (hornbeam-leaved). 10. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). S.White.June.Britain. 
 
 echina'tus (hedgehog). 8. White. June. Britain. 
 
 eglante'ria (eglantine). 3. White. May. N. 
 
 Holland. 1825. 
 
 Leightonia'nus (Leighton's).lO.July.England. 
 
 ie/e?'mi (Lejeune's). July. Channel Isles, 
 
 li'ngua (tongue -leaned). 10. July. England. 
 
 ra'dula (raspberry-like). 8. August. Britain. 
 -- ru'dis (rude). July. Britain. 
 
 -- Matrix (porcupine), July, Britain, 
 
 R, rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 10. North of 
 India. 1845. 
 
 villicau'lis (hairy-stemmed). July. England. 
 
 arge'nteus(f,\\\KTj-leaned) July. England. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). July. England. 
 
 sylva'ticus (wood). July. England. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). July. England. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 8. June. Britain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 R. acau'lis (stemless). Rose. June. N.Amer.1802. 
 
 a'rcticus (arctic). . Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 chamcemo'rus (cloud-berry). . White. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 stella'tus (starred). $. June. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 R. affi'nis (related). 8. White. July. Britain. 
 
 bracteo'sus (ftroad-bracted). 8. White. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 
 agre'stis (field). 6. White. June. Hungary.1820. 
 
 argu'tus (sharp-tooled). 3. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 a'sper (rough). 5. White. May. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 biflo'rus (two-flowered). May. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 cee'sius (grey. Dewberry), 2. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 ame'nsis (corn-field). 2. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 2. 
 
 White. June. Britain. 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 6. White. July. Eu- 
 
 ropean Alps. 18-20. 
 
 cordifo'tius (heart-leaved). 8. White. June. 
 
 Germany. 1816. 
 
 coryli/o'lius (hazel-leaved). 10. White. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ca'nus (hoary). 10. White. July. Britain. 
 
 glnndulo'sus (glandulous-petfated). 10. 
 
 White. July. Britain. 
 
 cuneifii'lius (wedge-leaved). 3. White, June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 di'stans (distant). 5. White. July. Nepaul.1818. 
 
 diversifo'iius (diverse-leaved). 8. White. Au- 
 
 gust. Britain. 
 
 dumeto'rum (thicket). 8. White. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 elli'pticus (o\a.l-leaved). White. Nepaul. 
 
 1827. Half-hardy. 
 fasti giu'tus (tapering). 8. White. July, Britain. 
 
 fi'ssus (cleft). 
 
 flagella'ris (rod). 6. White. June.N.Amer,l789. 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 12. 
 
 foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 6. White. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1818. 
 frutico'sus (shrubby. Common Bramble). 10<, 
 
 Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-colo\ired-lenfleted).10.J\ily* 
 
 Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 10. Rose. July. 
 
 Germany. 
 flo're-ro'seo-ple'no (double - pink - flow- 
 
 ered). 10. Pink. July. Britain. 
 faFliis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10. 
 
 Pink. July. Britain. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). lO.Pink.July.Britain. 
 
 leucoca'rpus (white-fruited). 10. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 -pompo'nius (pompone). 10. White, pink. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 Tuu'ricus (Taurian). 10. Pinkish. July. 
 
 fu'sco-a'ter (brownish-black). August, Britain, 
 
BUD 
 
 [ 707 ] 
 
 RUE 
 
 R.glandulo'sus (glanded). 10.JuIy.Germany.18l6. 
 
 hi'rtus (hairy). 10. August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 hi'spidus (bristly). 3. August. Canada. 1768. 
 
 ho'rridus (horrid). 6. June. Germany. 1817. 
 
 idee'us (raspberry). 5. May. Britain. 
 microphy'tlus (small-leaved). 3. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Kohle'ri (Kohler's). 8. August. Britain. 
 
 lacinia'tus (jag-leaved). 12. White, red. Au- 
 
 gust. 
 
 lanugino'sus (woolly). 10. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 leucosta? chys (white-spiked). 10. June. Britain. 
 
 Linkiu'nus (Link's). 10. August. Europe. 1821. 
 
 macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 8. June. Britain. 
 
 Me'nkii (Menk's). 8. July. Germany. 1816. 
 
 micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1 0. Red. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 ni'tldus (shining). 3. August: Britain. 
 
 Nutka'nus (Nootka-Sound). 4. August. N. 
 
 Amer. .1826. 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). 5. May. N.Amer. 1696. 
 
 odora'tus (sweet-scented). 7. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 pa'llidus (pale). August. Britain. 
 
 plica'tus (plaited). 10. August. Britain. 
 
 rhamnifo'lius (buckthorn-leaved). 10. Sep- 
 
 tember. Britain. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. June. Ger- 
 
 many. 1818. 
 
 sa'nctus (holy). 8. Pink. June. Palestine. 1S23. 
 
 saxa'tilis (stone). . June. Britain. 
 
 Schlechtenda'hln (Schlechtendahl's). 10. June. 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 Schleichfi'ri (Schleicher's). 8. June. Germany. 
 
 1818. 
 
 seto'sus (\nistlj-stemmed). 2. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 specta'bilis (showy). 4. Dark red. May. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1827. 
 
 Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 10. Pink. August. 
 
 Germany. 1823. 
 
 strigo'sus (short-bristled). 3. June. N. Amer. 
 
 suhgre'ctus (sub- upright). 4. August. Britain. 
 
 tilitefo'lius (lime-leaved). 6. June. Germany. 
 
 1819. 
 
 tomento'sus( woolly). 10. August. Germany. 1818. 
 
 triflo'rus (three-flowered). 3. June. Canada. 
 
 ulmifo'lius (elm-leaved). 10. August. Spain. 
 
 1823. 
 
 villo'sus (shaggy) : 3. August. N. Amer. 1777- 
 
 RUDBE'CKIA. (Named after O. Mud- 
 beck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Styn- 
 genesia 3-Frustranea.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered perennials, 
 from North America, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant in 
 spring ; common garden-soil ; napifo'lia requires 
 the protection of the cold pit in winter. 
 JR. amplexifo'lia (leaf-clasping). 3. July. 1793. 
 
 aspe'rrima (roughest). 3. Red, white. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1832. 
 
 columna'ris (columnar), 3. August. 1811. 
 pulche'rrima (most-beautiful). 3. Red- 
 dish-yellow. August. 1835. 
 
 digita'ta (h&nd- leaved). 6. August. 1759, 
 
 Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). Orange. Au- 
 
 gust. 1836. 
 fu'lgida (bright). 3. July. 1760. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 2. August. 1714. 
 
 iaciniata (jagged-Jeaoed). 6. August. 1640 
 ~ ieemga'ta (smooth). 3. July. 1812. 
 
 napi/o'lia (turnip-leaved), 2. July, New 
 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 R. pinna'ta (leafleted). 3. July. 1803. 
 
 ra'dula (raspberry-teaed). 2. August. 1825. 
 
 subtomento'sa (rather-downy). 3. August. 1802. 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed). 4. August. 1699. 
 
 EUDO'LPHIA. (Named after W, Ru- 
 dolph, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese}. Linn., 
 L7-Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. Allied to 
 Erythrina.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with scarlet flowers, 
 rom the West Indies. Young side-shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in a moist, sweet 
 jottom-heat ; fibry loam, sandy peat, and a 
 ittle charcoal. Winter temp., 48 to 60; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 80. 
 R. du'bia (doubtful). 6. 1815. 
 
 Portorice'nsis (Porto-Rico). June. 1820. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 6. 1826. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). July. 1820. 
 
 RUE, or HERB GEACE. (Mu'ta grave' o- 
 lens.) Thrives best in a poor, clayey 
 loam, mixed with calcareous rubbish, in 
 an open situation. It is propagated by 
 slips and cuttings as well as from seeds, 
 the first two modes being usually prac- 
 tised as being the most easy. It may be 
 planted or sown at any time during the 
 spring. The seed in drills six inches 
 apart, and a quarter of an inch deep. The 
 rooted slips, or cuttings, may be planted 
 on a poor, shady border, and watered 
 occasionally until taken root. In the 
 autumn the plants may be removed. 
 During their after-growth they must be 
 kept pruned in a shrubby form, and never 
 be allowed to produce seed. 
 
 RUE'LLIA. (Named after J. Euelle, a, 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthaceae]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia.) 
 
 All blue-flowered, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Cuttings of the young shoots in spring 
 or summer, in light, sandy soil, in a sweet hot- 
 bed ; fibry loam, leaf-mould, and peat. Winter 
 temp., 48 to 58; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 R. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. July. Carolina. 1765. 
 
 la'etea (milky).2.Pale violet.July.Mexico.1796. 
 
 stre'pena (rattling). 2. July. N.Amer. 1726. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 JR. ce'rnua (drooping). 1. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 fce'tida (foetid). 2. July. S. Amer. 
 
 formo'sa (handsome) . 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1808. 
 fu'lpida (bright). 2. Scarlet. July. W.Ind. 1804. 
 
 lila'cina (lilac). 3. Lilac. October. 1844. 
 
 longijio'ra (long-flowered). Purplish-lilac. Oc- 
 
 tober. 
 
 Inngifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. July. E.Ind. 1820. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. Rose. Au- 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 ocymoi'des (basil-like). 14. July. Mexico. 
 
 1815. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 1. June. Domingo. 1826. 
 
 Purdiea'na (Purdie's). Crimson. March. 1845. 
 
BUI 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 [ 708 
 
 RUS 
 
 R. austra'lis (southern). 2. July. N.Holland. 1824. 
 
 ciliatiflo'ra (hair-fringed-flowered). Purple, 
 
 blue. September. Buenos Ayres. 1838. 
 
 cilio'sa (hair-fringed). 1. July. Georgia. 1824. 
 
 clandesti'na (hidden). 2. July. Barbadoes.1728. 
 
 depe'ndens (hanging-down), l. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. August. E. Ind. 1834. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 1. July. E. Ind. 181". 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). S.Red.St.Martha. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. July. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1768. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 2. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 ntbricau'lis (red-stemmed). 1. July. Mexico. 
 
 1823. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). l.July.E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 tetrago'-na (four-cornered).2. June. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. July. Jamaica. 1752. 
 
 undula'ta (waved). 2. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). J. Violet. July. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 RUINS are a class of buildings beau- 
 tiful as objects, expressive as characters, 
 and peculiarly calculated to connect with 
 their appendages into elegant groups : 
 they may be accommodated with ease to 
 irregularity of ground, and their disorder 
 is improved by it ; they may be intimately 
 blended with trees and with thickets, and 
 the interruption is an advantage, for im- 
 perfection and obscurity are their proper- 
 ties, and to carry the imagination to some- 
 thing greater than is seen, their effect. 
 
 RUI'ZIA. (Named after H. Ruiz, co- 
 author with Pavon of the Flora Peruvi- 
 ans Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneria- 
 cese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia S-Poly- 
 gynia. Allied to Dombeya.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the Isle 
 of Bourbon. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots 
 in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, but 
 raised at night, and in a mild hotbed ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 JR. loba'ta (lobed-leaved). 6. 1816. 
 
 varia'bilis (variable-/med). 6. May. 17Q2. 
 
 EUNCINATE, or LION-TOOTHED, describes 
 the edge of a leaf cut into transverse 
 sharp-pointed segments, pointing back- 
 wards, as in the leaf of the Dandelion. 
 
 RUN. A plant advancing to seed is 
 said by gardeners to have run. Also, 
 when the dark colouring of a carnation, 
 or other flower, becomes confused or 
 clouded with its lighter ground colour, 
 they say it is a run flower. Abundance 
 of moisture and a rich soil promote the 
 development of leaves, and, consequently, 
 check running, or producing seed. A 
 suitably fertile soil also preserves the 
 colours of a flower pure and dist?.?2ot; 
 
 over-fertility or poverty of soil will equally 
 cause the colours to run. 
 
 Ru'scus. Butcher's Broom. (From 
 bruscus, derived from the Celtic beus, box, 
 and kelem, holly; Box Holly, or But- 
 cher's Broom. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Li- 
 liacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. Suckers, and dividing 
 the roots ; any common, rich soil. Andro'gynus 
 is a greenhouse evergreen climber, and, like the 
 rest of the Butcher's Brooms, retains the singu- 
 larity of producing its flowers and fruits on the 
 edges of the leaves. 
 
 R. aculea'tus (prickly). 1. Green. May. England. 
 la'xus (loose). 1. Green. April. Portugal. 
 - rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 1. Green. 
 
 March. 
 
 andro'gynus (hermaphrodite). 3. Green, 
 
 white. April. Canaries. 1713. 
 
 hypoglofssum (tfongwe-under-tongue). 1. Pale 
 
 yellow. May. Italy. 1590. 
 
 hypophy'llum (/ea/-under-leaf). 1. Green. 
 
 June. Italy. 1640. 
 
 -- trifolia'tus (three-leafleted). 2. Green. 
 Zante. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Green, white. May. 
 
 Madeira. 
 
 racemo'sus (racemed). 4. Green, yellow. April. 
 
 Portugal. 1814. 
 
 RUSH BROOM. Vimina'ria. 
 
 RUSSE'MA. (Named after Dr. Russel, 
 author of a " Natural History of Aleppo." 
 Nat. ord., Figiuorts [Scrophulariaceae]. 
 Linn., 14:-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.) 
 
 Stove, red-flowered evergreens, from Mexico. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; also frequently 
 by suckers. If a large branch is allowed to lie 
 along the ground in a warm, moist place, plenty 
 of plants will be made from its twigs rooting ; 
 sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 R. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. 1824. 
 
 ju'ncea (rushy-branched). 3. July. 1833. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. July. 1812. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 4. 1818. 
 RUST. A disease of the berries of the 
 
 grape. It appears in the form of a rough, 
 rusty appearance of their skins, which 
 have, in fact, become thick and hardened. 
 Some think it arises from the berries 
 being handled, or the hair of the head 
 touching them ; but the disease is often 
 too general to admit of this topical ex- 
 planation. We believe it to arise from 
 an over-heating and sudden reduction of 
 temperature of the vinery whilst the 
 grapes were young, and thus tending 
 to force them to a premature rapidity of 
 growth. Any excessive pressure upon 
 the cuticle, whether from within or with- 
 out, causes its thickening. 
 
 RUSTIC STRUCTURES are pleasing in 
 recluse portions of the pleasure-ground, 
 if this stvle be confined to the formation 
 
BUT 
 
 [ 709] 
 
 SAF 
 
 of either a seat or a cottage ; but it is 
 ridiculous, if complicated, and elegant 
 forms are constructed of rude materials. 
 Thus we have seen a flower-box, intended 
 to be Etruscan in its outlines, formed of 
 split hazel stakes a combination of the 
 rude and the refined, giving rise to sepa- 
 rate trains of ideas totally unassociable. 
 
 KU'TA. Rue. (From rus, to flow; 
 from some reputed medicinal virtue. Nat. 
 ord., Eueworts [RutaceseJ. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tan dria \-Mon ogynla. ) 
 
 Seeds in spring ; also by cuttings under a 
 hand-light in sandy soil, in a shady place, in 
 summer. They flourish best in a deep, sandy 
 loam, with limy rubbish mixed. See RUE. 
 R. albifltfra (white-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. Half-hardy. 
 grave 1 olens (strong-scented. Common Rue). 
 
 3. Yellow, green. August. South Europe. 
 
 1752. 
 
 RUY'SCHIA. (Named after F. Ituysch, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Maryraviads 
 [Margraviacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandrial- 
 Xlonogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in a hotbed ; fibry loam and 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 
 <;0 to 85. 
 
 R. Clusiafo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 4. Purple. May. 
 W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 RYA'N-SSA. (Named after Dr. Ryan. 
 Nat. ord., Passionworts [Passifloraceee]. 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, in summer, in a hotbed, and under a 
 bell-glass ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Usual 
 stove temperatures. 
 
 R. specio'sa (showy). 10. Cream. August. Tri- 
 nidad. 1823. 
 
 RYTIDOPHY'LLUM. 
 LUH. 
 
 See RHYTIDOPHY'L- 
 
 S. 
 
 SA'BAL. (Probably the South American 
 name of one of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Palms [Palmaceee]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Stove, green-flowered Palms. By suckers ; 
 light, rich loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60; 
 summer, 60 to 88. 
 S. Adanw'nia (Adanson's). 6. July. Florida. 1810. 
 
 Blackburnia'na (Blackburn's). 6. Tropics. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1825. 
 -palme'ttn (small palm). 6. Georgia. 1825. 
 
 umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). 6. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1825. 
 
 SABBA'TIA. (Named after L. Sabbati, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Gentian- 
 worts [ Gentian acese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, except panicula'ts, and all 
 
 from North America. Seeds in a shady, moist 
 border ; or if in pots, treated as alpines, having: 
 a saucer of water under them ; the perennial by 
 division in spring. 
 S. angula'ris (sMgleA-stemmed). . Purple. July. 
 
 calyco'sa (teo/y-calyxed).l . Darkred.July.181%2. 
 
 eA/oroi'fes(chlora.like). . Red. July. 1817. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. Rose. July. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. May. 
 
 1817. Perennial. 
 
 stella'ris (st&r-flowered). Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 1827. 
 
 SABI'CEA. (From sabisabi, the Indian 
 ' name. Nat. ord., Cinchunads [Gincho- 
 naceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Hamelia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with silver 
 sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 60; 
 summer, 60 to 88 
 S. a'spera (rough). Guinea. 1824. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 SA'CCHARUM. Sugar Cane. (From 
 soukar, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 3-2Via- 
 dria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly; 
 cuttings taken from shoots that start from the 
 joints; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 90, and moist atmosphere. 
 S. officina'rum (shop. Common Sugar Cane). 
 12. India. 1597- 
 
 SACCOLA'BIUM. (From saccus, a bag, 
 and labium, a lip ; bagged labellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria l-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See OECHIDS. 
 S. ampulla' ceum (flask-formed). . Rose. August. 
 Sylhet. 183Q. 
 
 Blu'mei (Blurne's). Violet, white. May. Java. 
 
 1835. 
 
 carina'tum (keeled). India. 1838. 
 
 compre'ssum (compressed). Cream-white. 
 
 Manilla. 
 
 densiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). Brown, white* 
 
 July. Manilla. 1838. 
 pa'llidum (pale). Manilla. 1837. 
 
 denticula'tum (toothed). J. Yellow, red. 
 
 Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 gemma'tum (budded). Purple.May.S< r-et, 1837. 
 
 gutta'tum (spotted-flowered). 1. \Vl.ite, rose* 
 
 April. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 ma'jus (l&rge-flowered). White, pink. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 1839. 
 
 macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). Variegated. 
 
 Philippines. 1840. 
 
 micrafnthum (small-flowered). Violet. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 minia'tum (vermilion). J. Vermilion. May. 
 
 Java. 1846. 
 
 ochra'ceum (pale-recldish-yellow). Yellow, 
 
 red. May. Ceylon. 1838. 
 
 preemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). White, lilac 
 
 May. Malabar. 1840. 
 
 SACRED BEAN. Nelu'mbium. 
 Oro'cus sati'vus. 
 
SAG 
 
 [ 710] 
 
 SAG 
 
 SAGE. Sa'lvia officina'lis. 
 
 Varieties. The Common Green ; 
 Wormwood; Green, with variegated 
 leaves; Red, with variegated leaves; 
 Painted, or Parti-coloured ; Spanish, or 
 Lavender-leaved ; and Ked. 
 
 Soil and Situation. A dry, moderately 
 fertile soil is best suited to their growth, 
 in a sheltered situation. 
 
 Propagation : ly Cuttings. These may 
 be either of the preceding or same 
 year's growth ; if of the first, plant in 
 April; if of the latter, not until the 
 close of May or middle of June. The 
 shoots of the same year are usually em- 
 ployed, as they more readily emit roots, 
 and assume a free growth. The out- 
 ward and most robust shoots should be 
 chosen, and cut from five to seven inches 
 in length. All but the top leaves being 
 removed, insert by the dibble almost 
 down to these, in rows six inches apart 
 each way, in a shady "border, and during 
 moist weather, otherwise water must be 
 given immediately, and repeated occa- 
 sionally, until they have taken root. 
 
 By Seed. Sow in April, in a bed of 
 rich, light earth, in drills a quarter of an 
 inch deep, and six inches apart. When 
 two or three inches high, thin the plants 
 to half a foot apart, and those removed 
 prick out at a similar distance. In the 
 autumn or succeeding spring, as the 
 plants are strong or weak, remove them 
 to their final stations. 
 
 After-Culture. -The decayed flower- 
 stalks, stunted branches, &c., remove in 
 early winter and spring, and the soil of 
 the heds slightly turn over. When the 
 plants have continued two or three years, 
 a little dry, well-putrefied dung may be 
 turned in during early spring. Attention 
 to the mode of gathering has an influence 
 in keeping the plants healthy and vigo- 
 rous. The tops ought never to be 
 cropped too close, so as to render the 
 branches naked or stumpy. 
 
 SAGE'NIA. (From $agu, the Malay 
 name of some Palms, which this genus 
 resembles in miniature. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24i-Oryptogumia 
 I-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brownish-yellow-spored Ferns, See 
 FERNS. 
 5. calca'rea (chalky). June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 coaduna'ta (united). 4. June. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). June. Ceylon. 
 platyphy'Ua (broad-leaved). 3. June. Ceylon. 
 
 1845. 
 
 SAGI'NA. (From sagina, fatness ; pre- 
 
 sumed nourishing qualities for sheep. 
 Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese], 
 Linn., ^-Tetrandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Insignificant weeds, except procu'mberts, one 
 of the prettiest of our alpine plants, which makes 
 a close carpet on the ground, speading far and 
 wide, and has starry, white flowers. It is not 
 more than half an inch high. 
 
 SAGITTA'KIA. Arrow-head. (From 
 sagitta, an arrow ; the leaves of some re- 
 semble an arrow-head. Nat. ord., Alis- 
 mads [Alismacese]. Linn., %\.-Moncccia 
 9-Polyandria.) 
 
 White-flowered aquatics. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; rich, loamy soil. The greenhouse and 
 stove kinds in an aquarium, or in vessels duly 
 supplied with water. 
 
 STOVE AQUATICS. 
 
 S. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 1. June. America. 
 1816. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1J. July. Es- 
 
 sequibo. 1827. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. July. China.1804. 
 
 GKEENHOUSE AQUATICS. 
 S. Donia'na (Don's). 1. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 grami'nea (gr^ss-leaved). l. July. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1812. 
 
 hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 1. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 lancifo'lia (spear-head-leaved), li. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1787. 
 
 obtu'sa (biunt-leaved}. 1. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. October. China. 1812. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 S.falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 1. July. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). I.July. N.Amer.1818. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 na'tans (floating). 1. July. -Carolina. 1812. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff -leaved). l. June. N. Amer. 1805. 
 
 sugittifo'lia (common arrow-leaved). 2. Juiy. 
 
 England. 
 flo're-plefno (double-flowered). l. July. 
 
 SAGO PALM. Sa'gus. 
 
 SAGRE'A. (Named after M. de la Sagra, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Melastomads 
 [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby 
 young side-shoots in spring ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, with a little charcoal, and sufficient 
 silver sand to keep the soil open, Winter temp., 
 43 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 88. The two follow- 
 ing are the best : 
 
 S. microphy'lta (small-leaved). 2. White. May. 
 Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 1. Red. April. 
 
 Guiana. 1793. 
 
 SA'GUS. Sago Palm. (From sagu, the 
 Malay name. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma- 
 cese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia G-Hexandria.) 
 
 Stove, green-flowered Palms. Suckers and 
 seeds; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60; 
 summer, 60 to 90, and moist atmosphere. 
 S. peduncula'ta (/o#-flower-stalked). 50. Ma- 
 dagascar. 1820. 
 
SAI 
 
 [ 711] 
 
 SAL 
 
 S. Ru'ffia (Ruffia). 60. Madagascar. 1820. 
 
 Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). 50. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 vini'fera (wine-bearing). 50. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascy'rum cru'x 
 A'ndrea. 
 
 ST. BARNABY'S THISTLE. Cenlan'rea 
 solstitia'lis. 
 
 SAINTFOIN. Onobry'chis. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S BREAD. Gerato'nia. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hype'ricum. 
 
 ST. MARTIN'S FLOWER, Alstromc',ia 
 flos-Marti'ni. 
 
 ST. PETER'S WORT. Hype'ricum Ascy'- 
 ron and Sympho'ria. 
 
 SALADING. See the following : Ame- 
 rican Cress, Beet Koot, Borage, Burnet. 
 Celeriac, Celery, Chervil, Corn Saladj 
 Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio, Gar- 
 den Eocket, Horse-radish, Lettuce, Mint, 
 Mustard, Onions, Purslane, Radishes, 
 Eape, Scurvy Grass, Succory, Water 
 Cress, Wood Sorrel. 
 
 SALEP. Orchis. 
 
 SALISBU'RIA. Maiden-hair-tree. (Named 
 after JR. A. Salisbury, an English hota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 
 Qli-Moncecia Q-Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous tree. Layers, which require 
 from one to two years to root, unless the soil be 
 kept moist about them; puttings of the well- 
 ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, and inserted 
 under hand-lights ; deep, sandy loam, and dry 
 sub-soil. This is a highly ornamental tree, pro- 
 ducing its male and female blossoms on different 
 trees ; and it is doubtful if the female plant fee in 
 this country. The readiest way to secure fruit 
 would be to graft female shoots on the male plant. 
 S. adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 20. April. 
 Japan. 1754. 
 
 SALI'SIA. (Named after the Countess 
 de Sails. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myr- 
 tacese]. Linn., I8-Polyadelphia 3-Trian- 
 dria. Allied to Leptospermum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting a little firm, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 
 38 to 48. 
 S, pulche'lla (pretty). Rose. May. Swan River. 
 
 SA'LTX. Willow. (From the Celtic sal, 
 near, and Us, water; place of growth. 
 Nat. ord., Willowworts [Salicaeese]. Linn., 
 %2-Dicecia 2-Diandria.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely re- 
 quire to be inserted in the soil in the autumn ; 
 moist soil, inclining to the marshy, suits them 
 best | very dwarf shrubs, propagating with more 
 difficulty, should be struck in summer under a 
 hand-light. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS. 
 S. Sonpiandia'na (Bonpland's). Mexico. 
 
 Oariepi'na (Gariepan). April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Htm6o/tfia'na(Hunaboldt's). 10. Peru. 1823. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 tetraspe'rma (four-seeded). 20, E. lad, 1796- 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 S. cine'rea (grey). 15. April. Britain. 
 
 venuWsa (veiny-leaved). 2. April. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 S. acumina'ta(pointed-leaved). 15. April. Britain, 
 
 acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 8. April. Caspia- 
 
 Sea. 1823. 
 
 Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt. 
 
 alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 a'lba (co/nmtm-white). 40. April. Britain. 
 
 cceru'lea (blue). 40. May. Britain. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-leaved). England. 
 
 albe'scens (whitish). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 alnifo'lia (alder- leaved). April. Europe. 1830. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful). 20. April. Britain. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 5. April. England. 
 
 undula'tu (w&vy-leaved). April. England. 
 
 Ammania'na (Ammann's). 20. May. Austria. 
 
 1821. 
 
 amygda'lina (almond-/eo<?d). 2. April. Britain. 
 
 Andersonia'na ( Anderson's). S.April. Scotland. 
 
 angusta'ta (narrow-leaved). 10. March. Penn- 
 
 sylvania. 1811. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April. Cas- 
 
 pian. 1825. 
 
 Ansonia'na ( Anson's). March. Switzerland. 1827. 
 
 aqua'tica (water). 10. April. Britain. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). 3. June. Scotland. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rea (dark-purple-6roncAed). April. 
 
 Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). May. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 auri'ta (eared). 2. April. England. 
 
 austra'lis (southerr'). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 Babylo'nica (Babylonian. Weeping). 30. May. 
 
 Levant. 1730. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-teot'ed). May. 
 
 Napoleo'na (Napoleon's). 16. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). June. England. 
 
 berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). May. Dauria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 betulifo'lia (birch -leaved). May. Scotland. 
 
 betuli'na (birch-like). 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 5. April. Britain. 
 
 Borreria'na (Borer's). 8. May. Scotland. 
 
 cce'sia (grey). 3. May. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 ca'ndida (white). 10. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 candi'dula (small-white). April. Europe. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). 
 
 ca'prea (goat. Great-round-leaved), 30. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 carina'ta (keel-leaved). 3. April. Scotland. 
 
 carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). April. Ger- 
 
 many. 1824. 
 
 cerasi/o'lia (cherry-leaved). April. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). April. Norway. 
 
 clethcefo'lia (cletha-leaved). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 confo'rmis (uniform-leaved). April. N. Amer. 
 
 coni'fera (cone-bearing). 10. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-leaved). G.April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). S. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 coria'ceu (leathery- teamed). S. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1895. 
 
 coru'scans (glittering). 3. April. Germany. 
 
 1818. 
 
 cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 2. March. Britain. 
 
 crussifo'lia (thick-leaved). April. 
 
 Crowea'na (Crowe's). 8. April. Scotland. 
 
 cydonitnfoflia (quince-leaved). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 - damasce'na(damwn-kawd).l2.April. Scotland. 
 
SAL 
 
 [712 ] 
 
 SAL 
 
 '. Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). April. Switzerland. 
 1820. 
 
 - Davallia'na (Davall's). 6. May. Scotland. 
 
 - deci'piens (deceptive). 8. May. England. 
 
 - decu'mbens (lying-down). May. Switzerland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 - Dicksonia'na (Dickson's). I.April. Scotland. 
 - di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 - Donia'na (Don's). 6. April. Scotland. 
 
 - du'ru (hardy). April. 
 
 - elceagnoi'des(e\&a%nva-leaved). 4. May, Eu- 
 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 - eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). April. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 -fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). Croatia. 
 -falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 4. April. N, Amer.1811. 
 -ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 12. April. Britain. 
 -Fmma'reAica(Finmark).10.April.Sweden.l825. 
 -fi'rma (firm-leaved). April. 
 -foliolo'sa(\e&fy). 6. April. Lapland. 1818. 
 
 - Forbesia'na (Forbes's). 6. April. Britain. 
 
 - Forbya'na (Forby's). 8. April, England. 
 formo'sa (elegant). Carinthia. 
 
 - Forsteria'na (Forster's). 10. April. Scotland. 
 -fra'gilis (brittle). 15. April. Britain. 
 fu'sca (brown). 2. May. Britain. 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery. Sand). 4. April. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 fae'tida (stinking). 1$. May. Britain. 
 
 incuba'cea (trailing). 4. May. England. 
 
 prostra'ta (lying-flat). 1. May. Britain. 
 
 re' pens (creeping). 2. May. Britain. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). May. Britain. 
 
 -fusca'ta (brown-stemmed). 2. April. N. Amer. 
 1811. 
 
 - gemina'ta (twin-catkined). March. Britain. 
 
 - glabra'ta (smooth). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 - glau'ca (milky-green). 2. July. Scotland. 
 
 - gri'sea (grizzly). 6. April. Pennsylvania. 1820. 
 
 - Grisonefnsis (Grison). 15. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 - grisophy'lla (grey-leaved). April. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 - hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 15. May. Lapland. 
 
 1780. 
 
 arbu'scul a (little-tree). 1. May. Switzer- 
 land. 1824. 
 
 malifo'lia (apple-leaved). 6. Britain, 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edged). 8. May. Lap- 
 land. 1810. 
 
 - he'll* (helix). 10. March. Britain. 
 
 - Helve 'tica (Swiss). 14. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 - herba'cea (herbaceous). . June. Britain. 
 
 - heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 - hippophaefo'lia (hippophag-leaved). April. Ger- 
 
 many. 1823. 
 
 - hi'rta (hairy-ftrancAed). 15. April. England. 
 
 - Hoffma'nnia (Hoffmann's). 30. May. England. 
 
 - holoseri'cea (velvety). 8. April. England. 
 
 - Houstonia'na (Houston's). 4. April. Virginia. 
 
 - hu'milis (lowly). 1$. April. 1820. 
 
 - inca'na (hoary). April. Austria. 1821. 
 
 - incane'sceru (whitish-fcaed). March. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 - Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 2. April. Austria. 1818. 
 
 - Kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). *. April. Carpathian. 
 
 1823. 
 
 - laeu'stris (lake). March. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 - Lambertia'na (Lambert's).lO.March.England. 
 
 - lana'ta (woolly). 2. May. Scotland. 
 
 - Lappo'num (Lapland.) 2. May. Lapland. 1812. 
 
 - latifo'lia (broad-leaved). March. 
 
 - lauri'na (laurel-like). 8. April. England. 
 
 - laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 12. April. Scotland. 
 
 S. leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 40. May. Europe, 
 1824. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-eaed). 4. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 li'vida (livid). 1. May. Lapland. 1820. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). April. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). 8. May. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 Lyo'nii (Lyon's). Switzerland. 
 
 macrostipula'cea (large-stipuled). May. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1824. 
 
 mespilifa'lia (medlar-leaved). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 Meyeria'na (Meyer's). 20. April. Sweden. 1822. 
 
 Michelia'na (Michel's). 15. April. 
 
 molli'ssima (softest). 20. April. Germany. 
 
 Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). May. Montpelier. 
 
 1825. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). May. Switzerland. 
 
 Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 3. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 muri'na (mouse-like). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). March. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 myricoi'des (gale-like). 8. April. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 myrsini'tes (myrsine-like). 3. May. Scotland. 
 
 m#r//ot'des(myrtle-like).2.May. Sweden.1/72. 
 
 erwo'sa(/ar#e-nerved). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 ni'gra (black). 20. May. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 ni'gricans (blackish). 10. April. England. 
 
 ni'tens (shining). 10. April. Scotland. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). May. N.Amer. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). April. Lapland. 181S. 
 
 oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. March. Britain. 
 
 pa'Uida(pzle). April. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 paludo'sa (marsh). April. Germany. 
 
 panno'sa(cloth-leaved) .April. Switzerland.! 824. 
 
 pa' tens (spreading). 4. April. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). April. Italy. 1818. 
 
 pedicella'ris (/ong-leaf-stalked). 3. March. N, 
 
 Amer. 1811. 
 
 Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1825. 
 
 penta'ndra (five-stamened). 15. April. Britain. 
 hermaphrodi'tica (hermaphrodite). 15. 
 
 March. Britain. 
 
 persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 
 
 petiola'ris (dar Ar-leaf- stalked). 10. April. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 petrce'a (rock). 7. April. Britain. 
 
 phillyreifo'lia (phillyrea- leaved). 5. April, 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 2. Labrador. 1811. 
 
 pola'ris (polar). 1. Lapland. 1820. 
 
 Pomera'nica (Pomeranian). 10. May. Po- 
 
 merania, 1822. 
 
 Pontedera'na (Pontedera's). 3. May. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1821. 
 
 prinoi'des (prinus-like). 10. March. N.Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . June. Scotland. 
 
 propi'nqua (nearly-related). 8. Britain. 
 
 Pro//o'o(Protea-leaved). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 
 prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 3. April. Scotland. 
 sty'lo-longio're (longer-styled). 3. April. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 8. March. England. 
 
 Purshia'na (Pursh's). May. N. Amer. 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees. 1823. 
 cilia' ta (hair-fringed). I.May. Pyrenees. 
 
 py7-i/o'/ta(pear-leaved).April.Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). May. Britain. 
 
 rm//w'sa (spreading-branched). April, Britain. 
 
 recurva'ta (curled-back-^owcred). 3. April. 
 
 N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 rcfltfxa (bent-back-ca/y*ed). March. 
 
SAL 
 
 [ 713 ] 
 
 SAL 
 
 S. reticula'ta (netted). . June. Britain. 
 
 retu'sa (blunt- leaved}. . May. South Europe. 
 
 1673. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 15. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 rivula'ris (river). May. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 rotunda 1 ta (round-teaeyd). 15. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 ru'bra(red. Osier). 8. April. England. 
 
 rupe'stris (silky-rock). 3. April. Scotland. 
 
 Russellia'na (Russell's). 40. April. England. 
 
 salvieefo'lia (sage-leaved). 
 
 Sehleicheria'na (Schleicher's). April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 Schraderia'na (Schrader's). 2. May. Germany. 
 
 1820. 
 
 septentriona'le (northern). April. Europe. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 2. May. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). . April. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1818. 
 
 Silesi'aca (Silesian). 6. May. Silesia. 1816. 
 
 Smithia'na (Smith's). 20. April. England. 
 
 so'rdida (mean). April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 spa^w?a'ta(spatulate).5. April. Germany. 1818. 
 
 spfiaceia'ta (withered-/jomed). 2. April. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 Starkea'na (Stark's). April. Europe. 1820. 
 
 stipula'ris (stipuled). 6. March. England. 
 
 stre'pi da (creaking). April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 Stuartia'na (Stuart's) 4. July. Scotland. 
 
 subalpi'na (subalpine). April. Switzerland.1820. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). 2. May. Britain. 
 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). 15. May. Scotland. 
 
 tetra'ndra (four-stamened). April. Europe. 
 
 tetra'pla (four-fold). 4. March. Scotland. 
 
 TreDim'nt(Treviranus's).April. Germany.1825. 
 
 tria'ndra (three-stamened). 30. July. Britain. 
 Hoppea'na (Hoppe's). 30. May. Austria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 tri'stis (dark-teawed). 4. April. N. Amer. i;65 
 
 ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 1. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1821. 
 
 undula'ta (waved-teaved). 30. April. England. 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea?;ed). 30. April. 
 
 England. 
 
 u'va-u'rsi (bearberry-like). . April. Labrador. 
 
 1811. 
 
 vacciniifo'lia (bilberry-leaved). 2. April. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 Vaude'nsis (Vaudois). 3. March. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). April. Europe. 1826. 
 
 versi'color (various-coloured). 2. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 
 
 Villarsia'na (Villars's). 6. April. France. 1818. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 2. April. Switzerland. 
 
 vimina'lis (twiggy. Common Osier). 12. April. 
 
 England. 
 
 vire'sccns (greenish-beared). S.April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy) . Ij. May. 
 
 vitelli'na (yellow-branched). 15. March. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 4. April. Alps, 
 
 Tyrol. 
 
 Weigelia'na (Weigel's). 10. Britain. 
 
 Willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). May. 
 
 Woolgaria'na(\Voo\s&r's). 12. April. England. 
 
 Wulfenia'na (Wulfen's). 6. May. Carinthia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 SA'LMEA. (Named after the Prince Salm 
 Dyck. Nat.ord., Composites [Asteracese]. 
 Linn., I9-Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to 
 Bidens.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of firm, 
 stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat; rich, fibry loam. Winter temp., 
 48 to 58 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. ewpao*ria(eupatorium-like). White. April. S 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1823. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Yellow. June. Vera 
 
 Cruz. 1820. 
 
 SALPIA'NTHUS. (From salpinx, a tube, 
 or trumpet, and anthos, a flower ; refer- 
 ring to the coloured calyx, which is tu- 
 bular in all the plants in this order. Nat. 
 ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagynacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to the 
 Marvel of Peru.) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 
 60 to 80. 
 
 S.fra'grans (sweet-scented). 20. White, orange. 
 May. Chili. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eaued^. 3. Purple. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1824. Stove evergreen. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). Variegated. June. 
 
 Cuba. 1830. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 (From salpinx, a tube, 
 and chlaina, a cloak; the covering of the 
 spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 diacese]. Linn., %-Cryptogamial-Filices.} 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 
 S. volu'bilis (twining). Yellow, brown. July.Brazil. 
 1842. 
 
 SALPICHEO'A. (From salpinx, a tube, 
 and chroa, colour; coloured tube. Nat. 
 ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 45 to 50. 
 S. elandulo'sa (glandulous). Yellow. July. Chili, 
 1844. 
 
 SALPIGLO'SSIS. (From salpinx, a tube, 
 and glossa, a tongue ; refers to the style 
 in the tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 1^-Didy- 
 namia %-Angiuspermia.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, from Chili; do best 
 when sown in autumn and spring, for early spring 
 and summer blooming. Strami'nea, sown in 
 spring in a gentle hotbed, will bloom freely in 
 summer and autumn in the greenhouse; rich, 
 light soil. 
 S. sinua'ta (scolloped). 1. Purple. August. 1824, 
 
 Biennial. 
 -- pi'cta (painted). 5. Variegated. May. is^. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 -- strami'nea (straw-coloured). l. Red, 
 white. July. 1824. Annual. 
 
 SALPIXA'NTHA. (From salpinx, a tube, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 14-Dirfynamia 2- 
 Angiospermia. Allied to Euellia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoot 
 in spring and summer, in sandy soil, in a hotbed; 
 
SAL 
 
 [ 714 J 
 
 SAL 
 
 loam and peat, with a little old dung, such as that 
 from a spent mushroom-bed. Winter temp., 48 
 to 55 ; summer. 60 to 85. 
 5. cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet, rose. September. 
 Jamaica. 1844. 
 
 SALSAFY. Tragopo'gon porrifo'Iius. 
 
 Soil. Light and moderately fertile. 
 At the time of sowing trench it, turning 
 in a little manure with the bottom-spit 
 only. 
 
 Sow in March and April, in an open 
 situation, in shallow drills, nine inches 
 asunder, scatter the seeds thinly, and 
 cover them half an inch deep. When the 
 plants are two or three inches high, thin 
 to ten inches asunder. During very dry 
 weather water occasionally very plenti- 
 fully, and if half an ounce of guano is 
 added to each gallon of water it will he 
 very heneficial. They will have large 
 roots by September or October, when 
 you begin taking them up for use ; and 
 in November, when the leaves begin to 
 decay, a quantity may be preserved in 
 sand for use in time of severe frost ; but 
 those left in the ground will not be in- 
 jured. In spring, when those remaining 
 in the ground begin to vegetate, the 
 shoots, when a few inches high, may he 
 cut for use as asparagus, being excellent 
 when quite young and tender. Suffer a few 
 plants to run up to stalk every spring to 
 produce seed. The best mode of cook- 
 ing the roots is to boil and mash them, 
 form them into cakes, and fry them in 
 butter. The flavour is that ' of oyster 
 patties. 
 
 SALTS. Saline manures are generally 
 beneficial, and often essential. They 
 ought to be put on in very small quanti- 
 ties, and frequently, during the time of 
 the plant's growth. 
 
 Common Salt. Chloride of sodium, ap- 
 plied in the spring at the rate of twenty 
 bushels per acre, has been found very 
 beneficial to asparagus, broad beans, let- 
 tuces, onions, carrots, parsnips, potatoes, 
 and beets. Indeed, its properties are so 
 generally useful, not only as promoting 
 fertility, but as destroying slugs, &c., that 
 it is a good plan to sow the whole garden 
 every March with this manure, at the 
 rate above specified. The flower-garden is 
 included in this recommendation; for 
 some of the best practical gardeners re- 
 commend it for the stock, hyacinth, ama- 
 ryllis, ixia, anemone, colchicum, narcis- 
 sus, ranunculus, &c.; and in the fruit- 
 garden it has been found beneficial to 
 almost every one of its tenants, especially 
 
 the cherry and apple. On lawns and 
 walks it helps to drive away worms, and 
 to destroy moss. 
 
 Ammonia. The salts of ammonia are 
 highly stimulating, and afford, by their 
 ready decomposition, abundant food to 
 plants. The dungs of animals are 
 fertilizing exactly in proportion to the 
 amount of ammonia in them. The only 
 care required is not to apply them too 
 abundantly. Half an ounce to each gal- 
 lon of water, given at the most twice a 
 week, is a good recipe for all the am- 
 moniacal salts. The ammoniacal gas 
 liquor, at the rate of one pint to two gal- 
 lons of water, is highly beneficial to all 
 plants grown for their leaves. 
 
 Chalk (Carbonate of Lime) may be 
 applied in large quantities, twenty or 
 thirty tons per acre, to render a light 
 siliceous soil more retentive, or a heavy 
 soil more open. Its basis, lime, enters 
 into the composition of most plants in 
 some state of combination. If the chalk 
 is to be burnt into lime before it is ap- 
 plied, care should be taken that it does 
 not contain, like some of the Yorkshire 
 chalks, a large proportion of carbonate of 
 magnesia. Magnesia remains long in a 
 caustic state, and has been found inju- 
 rious to the plants to which it has been 
 applied. 
 
 Chloride of Lime gradually gives out a 
 portion of its chlorine, and is converted 
 into muriate of lime, a salt absorbing 
 moisture from the air, which can hardly 
 exist in any soil, however light, without 
 keeping it moist ; and its nauseous odour 
 may be found to keep off" the attacks of 
 the fly and other vermin. A solution 
 containing one ounce in five gallons of 
 water is said to destroy the aphis and 
 the caterpillar, if poured over the trees 
 they infest. 
 
 Gas Lime is a hydro-sulphuret of lime, 
 with a little ammonia. It is an excellent 
 manure, especially to cabbages, turnips, 
 cauliflowers, and brocoli, dug in at the 
 time of planting or sowing. If sown over 
 the surface at the time of inserting the 
 crop, at the rate of twenty bushels per 
 acre, it will effectually drive away the 
 turnip-fly, slug, &c. 
 
 Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is sulphate 
 of lime. It has been found very useful 
 as a top-dressing to lawns, and dug in 
 i'or turnips and potatoes. Three hun- 
 dred weight per acre is abundance. 
 
 Nitrates of Potash (Saltpetre), and of 
 
SAL 
 
 E 716] 
 
 SAL 
 
 Soda (Cubic Petre), have been found! 
 beneficial to carrots, cabbages, and lawns. 
 One pound to a square rod of ground is 
 a sufficient quantity. Both these nitrates 
 have been found beneficial to potatoes in 
 Scotland. Mr. Murray says, that from 
 1810 down to the present time he has 
 been in the habit of watering pinks and 
 carnations with solutions of these two 
 nitrates, and the benefit has been uni- 
 form and eminent in promoting their 
 luxuriance. 
 
 They have also been given in solution 
 with great benefit to chrysanthemums, 
 lettuces, celery, fuchsias, and dahlias: 
 one pound to twelve gallons of water. 
 Nitrate of soda destroys slugs. 
 
 Phosphate of Lime. See BONES. 
 
 Super-Phosphate of Lime. Chrysan- 
 themums were much increased in vigour 
 when watered with a solution of this salt 
 in the Chiswick Garden, at the end of 
 July. It is thought, if the application 
 had been made earlier, the benefit would 
 have been still more marked. 
 
 SALT-TREE. Halimode'ndron. 
 
 SA'LVIA. Sage. (From salvo, to save ; 
 medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lipworts 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, seeds in the open bor- 
 der; herbaceous perennials, by division at the 
 roots in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings inserted 
 firmly in the ground in autumn or spring, like the 
 common Sage ; greenhouse and stove species, by 
 cuttings of the young shoots at all seasons except 
 winter, only the stove kinds like a little heat ; rich, 
 light, good soil. See CLARY and SAGE. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 S, lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eawed). 1. Blue. July. 
 W. Ind. 1813. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). 1. Blue. May. 
 
 Cuba. 1823. 
 
 rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). Blue. Peru. 
 
 1827. 
 
 tene'lla (slender). Blue. June. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS. 
 S. mhio'pis (Ethiopian). 3. White. May. Austria. 
 1570. 
 
 Byzanti'na (Turkey). 1. Blue. July. Turkey. 
 
 1825. 
 
 ceratophy'lla (buckhorn -leaved). 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Persia. 1699. 
 
 ceratophylloi'des (buckhorn -leaved-like). 
 
 Yellow. July. Egypt. 1771. 
 
 ero'sa (bitten-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Europe, 
 
 1817. Annual. 
 
 folio'sa (leafy), ij. Blue. All seasons. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Blue. May. 1801. Annual. 
 
 Hispa'nica (Spanish), li. Blue. July. Spain 
 
 1739. Annual. 
 
 hormi'num (horminum). 1^. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1696. Annual. 
 
 ru'bra (ted-topped). l. Red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 S. hormi'num viola'cea (purple-topped'). 1$. 
 Purple. June. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 nepetifo'lia (cat-mint-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Europe. 1823. Annual. 
 
 Nilo'tica (Nile). 1. Blue. July. Egypt. 1780. 
 
 phlomoi'des (phlomis-like). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 Spain. 1805. 
 
 plnna'ta (Icafleted). 1. Purple. July. Levant. 
 
 1731. 
 
 scla'rea (common. Clary). 4. White, purple. 
 
 August. South Europe. 1562. 
 
 (thorny -calyxed). 1. White. June. 
 Egypt. 1789- 
 
 Tingita'na (Tangier). 3. White. July. Barbary, 
 
 1796. 
 
 vi'ridis (green-topped). l. Blue. July. Italy. 
 
 1759. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 S. Africa'na (African). 2. Violet. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1734. 
 
 agglutina'ta (clammy). Scarlet. June. New 
 
 Spain. 1827. 
 
 amethy'stina (amethyst-coloured). 2. Blue. 
 
 August. Columbia. 1817- Stove. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. 
 
 auri'ta (enred-leaved). 2. Lilac, yellow. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 Canariefnsis (Canary). 4. Purple. July. Cana- 
 
 ries. 1697. 
 
 chamadryoi'des (germander-like). l. Blue, 
 
 July. Mexico. 1/95. 
 
 confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). 3. Red. 
 
 August. Rio Janeiro. 1838. Stove. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). . Violet. June. Crete. 1760. 
 
 denta'ta (tooth-leaved). . White. December. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 dolichosta'chya (long-spiked). 6. Scarlet. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 4. Cream. July. Mexico. 
 
 1820. 
 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 4. Scarlet. June. Peru. 
 
 1783. 
 
 fu'lgens( brilliant). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 
 18-29. 
 
 Gesnerogflo'ra (Gesnera-flowered). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 March. 1846. Stove. 
 
 involncra't'i (involucred). 2. Red. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1824 Stove. 
 
 lamiifo'lia (lamium-leaved). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1821. 
 
 occidentals (western). l. White. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1824. Stove. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. July. 
 
 Bagdad. 1804. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Violet. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1758. 
 
 pu'tens (spreading). 10. Blue. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 rosafo'lia (rose-leaved). Purple. July. Levant. 
 
 1827. 
 
 runcina'ta (runcinate-teaed). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 sca'bra (scaly). 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 3. Brown, red. 
 
 December. Peru. 1831. Stove. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S. amari'ssima (bitterest). 2. Blue. August. 
 Mexico. 1803. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. May, 
 
 Mexico. 1816. 
 
 ca'sia (grey). 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1813. 
 
 cocci'nea (sc&r\et-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July, 
 
 S. Amer. 1772. 
 
SAL 
 
 L 
 
 SAM 
 
 S. descrto'rum (desert). 24. Blue. October. Si- 
 beria. 1829. 
 
 Graha'mi (Graham's). 4. Purple, blue. Sep- 
 
 tember. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 2. White. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 Nu'bia (Nubian). 2.Blue. June. Abyssinia. 1784. 
 
 nubi'cola (cloudy). 3. Yellow. October. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1823. 
 
 oppositiflo'ra (opposite-flowered). Orange, red. 
 
 November. Peru. 1847. Stove. 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. Blue. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1822. 
 
 prts'cox (ea.rly-flowering). Purple. March. 
 
 Africa. 1826. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Scarlet. December. S. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 2i. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1825, 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). 2. Blue. July. Levant. 1827. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkled-/eawed). 2. White, red. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 sero'tina (laAe-flowering), 1^. Blue. August. 
 
 Ohio. 1803. 
 
 sple'ndens (splendid). 3. Scarlet. December. 
 
 Mexico. 1822. 
 
 tUiafo'Ka (lime-tree-leaved). 4. Blue. May. 
 
 Caraccas. 1793. Stove. 
 
 tubi'fera (tube-bearing). 3. Red. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 4. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 tubifo'rmis (tube-shaped). Scarlet. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. calyci'na (targ^-calyxed). 1. Pink. August. 
 Greece. 1823. 
 
 Hablixia'na (Habliz's). White, red. August. 
 
 Tauria. 1759. 
 
 interru'pta (interrupted-feared). 4. White. 
 
 July. Barbary. 1790. 
 
 lavanduleefo'lia (lavender-leaved). Blue.March. 
 
 Spain. 1597. 
 
 officina'lis (shop. Common). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1597. 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). I. Blue. June. 
 
 Spain. 1597. 
 variega'ta (variegated). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1597. 
 
 pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 Candia. 1699. 
 
 scorodonifo'lia (wood-sage-leaved. 2. White. 
 
 July. 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. arge'ntea (silvery). 3. Yellow.June.Crete.1759- 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 1 . Cream. June. 
 
 Austria. 1776- 
 
 azu'rea (azure). 6. Blue. August, N. 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 3. Blue. April. 
 
 Spain. 1821. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, white. June. 
 
 Barbary. 1793. 
 
 - - bractea'ta (fon^-bracted). 3. Purple. March. 
 Russia. 1821. 
 
 candidi'ssima (whitest).2.White.Armenia.l820. 
 
 canefscens (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 cardua'cea (thistle- Jeawed). l|. Purple. Cali- 
 
 fornia Proper. July. 
 
 clandesti'na (clandestine). j}, Blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 1739. 
 
 .nuttft'yida (many-cleft). *. Blue. April. 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 S. compre'ssa (compressed). 2. White. May. 
 E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1804. 
 
 dise'rmas (two-glumed). 2. White. July. 
 
 Syria. 1773. 
 
 Forsko'hlii (Forskohl's). 14. Blue. July. 
 
 Levant. 1800. 
 
 glutino'sa (glutinous). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 Germany. 1769. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 hi'ans (gaping). 1. Blue. June. Cashmere. 1839- 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 3. Blue. June. India. 1731. 
 
 limba'ta (bordered). Russia. 1838. 
 
 Linkia'na (Link's). Blue. July. Levant. 1823. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). l|. Blue. June, 
 
 Spain. 1819. 
 
 lyru'ta (lyre-teawed). 1 . Purplish. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 Jtf0orcro//ia'na(Moorcroft's).3.Paleblue.India. 
 
 napifo'lia (rape-leaved). 2. Dark blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 1776. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 2. Violet. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1780. 
 
 j9rafe / nsis(meadow). 4. Violet. May. England. 
 
 prunelloi'des (self-heal-like). $. Blue. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 pseu'dO'Cocci'nea (bastard-scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1797- 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. Blue. July. Py- 
 
 renees. 1824. 
 
 re'gla (regla). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1739. 
 
 scabiostefo 1 lia (scabious-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 sclareoi'des (clary-like). Violet. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1804. 
 
 Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1813. 
 
 Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Russia. 1320. 
 
 sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple, violet. Au- 
 
 gust. Germany. 1759- 
 
 Syri'aca (Syrian). l. White.July.Levant.1759- 
 
 tri'loba (three-lobed). 2. Red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 urticlfo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. June. 
 
 N.Amer. 1799- 
 
 verbascifo'lia (mullein-leaved). 3. White. 
 
 May. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 verbena? ca (vervain-like). 2. Violet. August, 
 
 Britain. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). l|. Blue. 
 
 September. Europe. 1820. 
 
 versi'color (parti-coloured). l. Blue, white. 
 
 July. Spain. 1822. 
 
 verticilla'ta (whorl-flowered). 3. Blue. Au 
 
 gLU'<-. Germany. 1628. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 4. White. September. 
 
 America. 1758. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). l. Violet. May. Italy. 1773. 
 
 SAMBU'CUS. Elder-tree. (From sam- 
 buca, a musical instrument, made of elder- 
 wood. Nat.ord.,(7apr?/oi/s [Caprifoliacese] * 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Hardv plants, and all white-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Generally by cut- 
 tings of ripened wood, either of one or several 
 years of age. Common, rich, light soil. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4.September.China.l823. 
 
 e'bulus (dwarf). 3. White, red. June. Britain. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). 2. White, pink. June. 
 
SAM 
 
 [ 717 ] 
 
 SAN 
 
 HARD? DECIDUOUS SHEUBS. 
 S. Canade'nsis (Canada). 6. July. N. Amer. 1761. 
 
 ni'gra (bl&ck- fruited). 15. June. Britain. 
 fo'liis-arge'nteis (white - variegated - 
 
 leaved). 25. June. Britain. 
 fo'liis-lu'teis (yellow~variegated*le&\'ed). 
 
 25. June. Britain. 
 lacinia'ta (cut. Parsley-leaved). 25. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 lacinia'ta au'rea (cut-yellow-sfriped). 25. 
 
 June. 1848. 
 leucoca'rpa (white-berried). 25. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 monstro'sa (monstrous-striped- barked). 
 
 25. June. Britain. 
 
 pulverule'ntatpowdered'). 10. June. Britain. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 25. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 vire'scens (greenish). 25. June. Britain. 
 
 pu'bens (downy). 6. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 rucemo'sa (racemed). 12. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 flaoe'scens (yellowish). 12. Yellow, 
 
 green Mav. South Europe. 1596. 
 purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. May. 
 
 South Europe. 1596. 
 
 SA'MOLUS. Brookweed. (From the 
 Celtic sau, salutary, -and mos, a pig; 
 meaning pigs'-food. Nat. ord., Prime- 
 worts [Primulaoess]. ~Limi.,5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Divi- 
 sion of the plant in spring; sandy loam and 
 peat. Valera'ndi is hardy; the others require to 
 be kept moist in the greenhouse or pit in winter. 
 S. campanuloi'des (campanula-like). 1. July. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 litora'lis (sea-side). 4. August. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1806. 
 
 Valera'ndi (Valerandi's). J. July. Britain. 
 
 SAMPHIEE. See GRI'THMUM. 
 
 SAMY'DA. (Greek name of the "birch, 
 which they resemble. Nat. ord., Samyds 
 [Samydacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut" 
 tings of shoots nearly ripe in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and placed in bottom-heat, in summer ; 
 fibry loam, and sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. glabra'ta (smooth). 6. August. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 macroca'rpa (large-fruited). July.Mexico.1826. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 5. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. June. W. Ind. 1/93. 
 
 serrvla'ta (toothed-leaved). S.July .W.Ind.1723. 
 SANDAL WOOD. Sa'ntalum. 
 
 SAND -BOX- TREE. Hu'ra. 
 
 SAND WOOD. Bremontie'ra ammo'xylon. 
 
 SANGUINA'RIA. Puccoon. (From san- 
 guis, blood; their red juice. Nat. ord., 
 Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13 
 Polyandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy, tuberous, white-flowered perennials, 
 from North America. Division of the roots, or 
 by seeds in spring ; light, loamy soil. 
 S. Canade'nsis ( Canadian. Bloodwort). $. March. 
 N. Amer. 1680. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). May. N. Amer. 
 
 SANGUISO'RBA. Btirnet. (From saw- 
 guis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; sup- 
 posed an active vulnerary. Nat. ord., 
 JRoseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., ^-Tetran- 
 dria 1-Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots, and by seeds in spring ; common garden- 
 soil. See SUBNET. 
 S. alpi'na (alpine). Yellow. June. Altai. 1837. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pink. July. Siberia, 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. August. 
 
 Canada. 1633. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Red. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1823. 
 
 Maurita'nica (Mauritanian). 4. Pink. July. 
 
 Algiers. 1810. 
 
 me'dia (middle). 4. Flesh. August. Ca- 
 
 nada. 1785. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected). 4. White. July. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 officina'lis (shop). 4. Purple. July. Britain. 
 auricula ta (eared). 4. Pink. July. Sicily. 
 
 prae'cox (ea.rly-flowering'). 3. Pink. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. Pink. July. 
 
 Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 SANSEVIE'RA. (Named after Sansevier, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts 
 [Liliaceaej. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Phormium.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, white-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Suckers in 
 spring, or when obtainable, and division of the 
 plant. Most of them require a plant-stove, or a 
 warm greenhouse, to grow them well, and these 
 tender ones must have little water when in a 
 comparatively dormant state in winter ; light, fibry 
 loam and vegetable mould. Ca'rnea is hardy. 
 S. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). . Flesh. April. 
 China. 1792. 
 
 ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). 1. E. Ind. 
 
 fulvoci'ncta (tawny-edged). 1. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. 
 
 grandicu'spis (large-pointed). 3. 
 
 Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Green. September. 
 
 Guinea. 1790. 
 
 Icetevi'rens (lively -green). 2. White, green. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly). 2. E. Ind. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. July. Africa. 1824. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Cape of Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 3. 1818. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. White, green. Sep- 
 
 tember. Ceylon. 1731. 
 
 SA'NTALUM. Sandal Wood. (From 
 the Persian sandul, signifying useful. 
 Nat. ord., Sandalworts [Santalaceee]. 
 Linn., 4k-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy, 
 fibry loam and peat, with nodules of charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. a'lbum (white-wooded). 10. Purple.E. Ind. 1304. 
 
 myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 4. Red. E. 
 
 Ind. 1804. 
 
 obtusifit'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Red. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 SANTOLI'NA. Lavender Cotton. (From 
 
SAN 
 
 718 ] 
 
 sanctu*, holy, and linum, flax ; refers to 
 fancied medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia l-^&qualis.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings 
 in autumn or spring, in a shady place ; common 
 soil. 
 S. alpi'na (alpine). July. South Europe. 1798. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). July. Spain. 1683. 
 
 chama-cyparVssus (ground-cypress). 2. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1573. 
 
 pectina'ta (c<imb-leaved). 2. July. Spain. 1822. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1683. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 1$. July, South 
 
 Europe. 1570. 
 
 vi'ridis (dar*-green).2.July.SouthEurope.!72/. 
 
 SANVITA'LIA. (Named after a Spaniard- 
 Nat, ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.? 
 19-jSyngenesia 2-tiuperflua.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 March, or in the open ground at the end of April. 
 A trailing annual, well-fitted for edgings. 
 S. procu'mbens (trailing), 1. Yellow. July. 
 Mexico. 1798. 
 
 SAOUARior SUWARROW.NUT. Caryo'car. 
 
 SAPONA'EIA. Soapwort. (From sopo, 
 soap ; the bruised leaves of 8. officinaJis 
 form a lather like soap. Nat. ord., Clove- 
 worts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn., IQ-Dc- 
 candria 2-Digynia. Allied to Silene.) 
 
 S. Cala'brica and ocymoi'des are two of the 
 prettiest flower-garden plants in this order. 
 Seeds of the annuals in open border, in April ; 
 division of the perennials, and cuttings of the 
 points of the shoots, in a sandy soil, under a 
 hand-light ; sandy loam, with a little peat or de- 
 cayed vegetable earth. Ocymoi'des and several 
 other trailing kinds are pretty hanging over knolls 
 or rock-works. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 S. Cala'brica (Calabrian), $. Rose. August. 
 
 Calabria. 1830. 
 
 cerastioi'des (cerabtium-like). . Pink. Russia. 
 1835. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. June. Tauria. 
 
 1817. Biennial. 
 
 orienta'lit (eastern). 1. Pink. July. Le- 
 
 vant. 1732. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1830. 
 
 po'rrigens (stretching). 1. Flesh. July. Le- 
 
 vant. 16 aO. 
 
 vacca'ria (cow-herb). 2. Bed. July. Germany. 
 
 1596. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 1. 1336. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. bellidifo'lia (dai*y-leaved). *. Red. July. 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 ceespito'sa (turfy).$. Red. July. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Red. May. Galatia. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow)4.Yellow.July.Switzerland.l804 
 
 ocymoi'des (basil-like). . Pink. June. 
 
 France. 1768. 
 
 officina'lis (shop). 2. Pink. July. England 
 hy'brida (hybrid). Pink. England. 
 
 j0rosfra'te(lying-flat).Rose.July.Pyrenees.l824 
 
 SAPPAN WOOD. Ceesalpi'nia sappa'n. 
 
 SARCA'NTHTJS. (From sarx, flesh, and 
 anthos, a flower ; substance of the flow- 
 ers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese], 
 Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. cro'ceus (saffron-coloured). Saffron. Manilla. 
 
 1837. 
 
 filifo'rmis (thread-like -leaved}. Brown, yellow. 
 July. E. Ind. 1842. 
 
 gutta'tus (spotted), i. White. April. Ro 
 
 Dacca. 1818. 
 
 oxyphy'llus (sharp-leaved). China. 1837- 
 
 pa'llidus (pale-cowered). White. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 panicula'tus (panicled). 2j. Yellow, brown. 
 
 China. 
 
 preemo'rsus (bitten). I. Green. E. Ind. 182-:. 
 
 rostra'tus (beaked). 1. Orange, brown. April. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 succi'sus (lopped-off) c 1. Green. June. 
 
 China. 1824. 
 
 teretifo'lius (cylindric-leaved) . l. Green, 
 
 brown. May. China. 181Q. 
 
 SARCOCAU'LON. This is a synonyme of 
 Monsonia. 
 
 The following species, all purple-flowered, and 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, should be added to 
 that genus: 
 S. Burma'nni (Burmann's), 1. May, 1800. 
 
 Heritie'ri (L'Heritier's). 1. May. 1790. 
 
 Paerso'u(Paterson's). 2. May. 1827- 
 
 SARCOCE'PHALUS. Guinea Peach. (From 
 sarx, flesh, and kephale, a head ; shape 
 and substance of the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, under a 
 glass. Stove evergreen, requiring a high, moist 
 temperature when growing; sandy loam, fibry 
 peat, with a little rough charcoal, and good 
 drainage. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 
 60 to 88. 
 
 S. escule'ntus (eatable). 15. Pink, July. Sierra 
 Leone. 1822. 
 
 SARCOCHI'LUS. (From sarx, flesh, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; fleshy labellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See OBCHIDS. 
 S. calce'olus (slippered). White. Manilla. 1844. 
 
 cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). White, orange. Ma- 
 
 nilla. 
 
 falca'tus (sickle-leaved). White. April. N. 
 Holland. 1821. 
 
 SARCOGLO'TTIS. (From sarx, flesh, and 
 glottis a tongue ; shape of the labellum. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to 
 Spiranthes.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. (See ORCHIDS.) 
 Some of the Neottias are by some botanists added 
 to this genus. 
 
 S. diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white, April. 
 Valparaiso. 1837. 
 
 SARCO'LOBUS. (From sarx, flesh, and 
 
SAE 
 
 710 ] 
 
 SAU 
 
 lotos, a pod; seed-vessel fleshy. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiads [ Asclepiadacese] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Per- 
 gularia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from the East Indies. 
 Cuttings of short, firm side-shoots any time in 
 summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and 
 in a brisk bottom-heat; fibry loam and peat, 
 with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf- 
 mould, and silver sand. Winter temp., 50 to 
 55; summer, 60 to 88. 
 S. carina'tus (keeled). 16. Green, yellow. 1823. 
 
 globo'sus (globe-fruited). 16. White. 1823. 
 
 SARCOSTE'MMA. (From sarar, flesh, and 
 stemma, a crown ; fleshy flower-head. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 2-Dlgynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-heat ; but care must be taken to raise 
 the glass often, to prevent damping ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam, a small portion of charcoal, leaf- 
 mould, and sand. Winter temp., 45 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 S. campanula' ta (bell-flowered). 6. Yellow, 
 brown. September. Peru. 1844. 
 
 Swartzia'num (Swartz's). 6, White. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1820. 
 
 vimina'le (twiggy). 6. White. July. E.Ind.1731. 
 
 SARRACE'NIA. Side-saddle Flower. 
 (Named after Dr. Sarrasin, a French 
 physician. Nat. ord., Sarraceniads [Sar- 
 raceniacese] . Linn., IB-Polyandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division in spring; fibry peat and 
 chopped sphagnum-moss ; a pit or frame will 
 be necessary for their cultivation, to keep them 
 from frost in winter, and to afford them a close, 
 humid atmosphere in summer. 
 S. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 2. Purple. June* 
 1829. 
 
 fia'oa (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. 1752. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). . Purple, green. April. 1829. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. 1640. 
 
 rw'6ra(red). 1. Purple. June. 1786. 
 
 variola'ris (pimpled). 1. Yellow. June. 1803. 
 
 SASSAFRAS. Lau'rus sa'ssafras. 
 
 SATIN WOOD. Chloro' xylon. 
 
 SATUEE'IA. Savory. (From the Ara- 
 bic sattar, applied to labiates. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn 
 1^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, sandy 
 loam. See SAVORY. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 S. horte'nsis (wwnmer-garden). l. Pink. July. 
 Italy. 1562. Annual. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). 4. White. July. Teneriffe. 1889. 
 
 monta'na (winder-mountain). 14. Purple. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1562. 
 
 rupefstris (rock). 1. Purple. June. Car- 
 
 niola. 1798. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 S< mu'tica (awncd). June. Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 nervo'sa (nerved), 1, Purple. Ionian Isles, 1820. 
 
 S. spino'sa (spiny). White. May. Crete. 1827. 
 
 thy'mbra (thymbra). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Candia. 1640. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. Naples. 1424. 
 
 SATY'RIUM. (From satyrus, a satyr; 
 supposed aphrodisiacal properties. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria \-Monandria.} 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, less difficult to cultivate than their allies. 
 We have flowered some of them planted out in 
 a cold frame with Ixias and other Cape Irids. 
 Division of the roots as fresh growth is commenc- 
 ing; fibry loam and turfy peat, well drained. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45 ; summer, 55 to 75. 
 S. au'reum (golden). Orange. August. 1842. 
 
 ca'ndidum (white). White. September. 1836. 
 
 ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). l. Pink.June.1797- 
 
 chrysosta'chyum (golden-spiked). Orange. 1836. 
 
 coriifo'lium (coris-leaved). l. Yellow. October. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cuculla'tum (hooded). |. Green. June. 1786. 
 
 ere'ctum (erect). lj. Yellow. February. 1838. 
 folio'sum (leafy). Purple. July. 1828. 
 
 papilla' sum (nippled). Rose, purple. 1836. 
 
 parvifto'rum (small-flowered). J.June. 1789. 
 
 pustula'tum (pimpled). 1. Purple. 1800. 
 
 SAUNDERS WOOD. Pteroca'rpus san- 
 lalVnus. 
 
 SAURAU'JA. (Named after Sauraujo, a 
 Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Dille- 
 niads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 12- Icosandria 
 3-Polygynia. Allied to Hibbertia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white - flowered trees and 
 shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in heat, in spring ; fibry loam and 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 
 60 to 80. 
 S. exce'lsa (tall). 50. Caraccas, 1820. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1844. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 30. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. 
 
 specta' bilis (showy). 10. July. Bolivia. 1833. 
 
 SAUROGLO'SSUM. (From saura, a lizard, 
 and glossa, a tongue ; resemblance to the 
 tongue of that reptile. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 S, ela'tum (tall). 14. White. April. Brazil. 1832. 
 
 SAUSSU'REA. (Named after H. B. de 
 Saussure, a Swiss botanist. Nat ord., 
 Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., L9-Syn- 
 yenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carlina.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, and purple- 
 blossomed, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 S. ala'ta (winged). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 atpi'na (alpine). . July. Britain. 
 
 ama'ra (bitter). 14. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). I, July. Switzerland. 
 
 1818, 
 
SAU 
 
 720 ] 
 
 SAX 
 
 5. di'scolor lapathifo'lia (lapathum-leaved). 1. 
 July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1820 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Caucasus. 1820 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). June. Siberia. 1827 
 
 liatroi'des (liatris-like). July. Siberia. 1827 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 2.Red. July. Siberia. 1827 
 
 pygmcR 1 (pigmy). 1. July. Austria. 1816 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 runcina'ta (runcinate). 2. Red. July. Siberia 
 
 1819. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Red. July 
 
 Siberia. 1796. 
 
 sa'lsa (salt). 1. Red. July. Caucasus. 1816 
 
 serra'ta (toothed-leaved). July. Europe. 1816 
 
 SAUVAGE'SIA. (Named after F. B. de 
 Sauvages, a French botanist. Nat. ord. 
 Sauvageads [Sauvagesiaceee]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia.} 
 
 Pretty, tender, violet-looking annuals. Seeds 
 in spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted, 
 and then flowered in the plant-stove or warm 
 greenhouse. 
 
 S. erecta (upright). 1, Pink. May. S. Amer 
 1820. 
 
 geminijRo'ra (twin-flowered). &. Purple, red 
 
 June. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 SAVANNAH FLOWEE. Echi'tes sulere'cta. 
 
 SAVIN. Juni'perus sabi'na. 
 
 SAVORY. Saturs'ia monta'na, Winter or 
 Perennial Savory. S. horle'nsis, Summer 
 or Annual Savory. 
 
 They may be sown in the open ground 
 at the latter end of March or in April, 
 in a light, rich soil ; thin the seedlings 
 moderately, and they may either remain 
 where sown, or may be transplanted. Of 
 the Winter Savory, when the seedlings 
 are about two inches high, it is eligible 
 to plant out a quantity of the strongest 
 in moist weather, in nursery rows, six 
 inches asunder, to remain till September 
 or spring following, then to be trans- 
 planted with balls where they are finally 
 to remain, in rows a foot asunder. When 
 designed to have the Winter or Summer 
 Savory remain where sown, the seeds 
 may be in shallow drills, either in beds, 
 or along the edge of any bed or border 
 l>y way of an edging. 
 
 By Slips. In the spring, or early 
 part of summer, the Winter Savory 
 may be increased by slips or cuttings of 
 the young shoots or branches, five or six 
 inches long ; plant them with a dibble, in 
 any shady border, in rows six inches 
 asunder, giving occasional waterings, and 
 they will be well rooted by September, 
 when they may be transplanted. 
 
 SAVOY. Bra'ssica olera'cea sabau'da. 
 
 Varieties. Yellow, for autumn; Dwarf 
 and Green, and two sub-varieties of these, 
 
 the Eound and the Oval ; Large Green, 
 very hardy. These for winter-standing 
 crops. 
 
 Sow at the close of February, the 
 plants of which are ready for pricking 
 out in April, and for final planting at the 
 end of May, for use in early autumn; 
 the sowing to be repeated about the 
 middle of March, the plants to be pricked 
 out in May, for planting in June, to sup- 
 ply the table in autumn and early winter. 
 The main crops must be sown in April 
 and early May, to prick out and plant, 
 after similar intervals, for production in 
 winter and spring. 
 
 Planting. The plants of the first crops 
 should be set out two feet apart each way, 
 but the winter. standing crops are better 
 at two feet by eighteen inches. Water 
 abundantly, if the weather is dry, until 
 the plants are well established. 
 
 To save Seed. Such plants must be 
 selected of the several varieties as are 
 most true to their particular character- 
 istics, and as are not the first to run. 
 These, in open weather, from early in 
 November to the close of February, plant 
 entirely up to the head, in rows two feet 
 and a half each way, each variety as far 
 from the other as possible. They ripen 
 their seed in July and August. 
 
 SAW-FLY. See ATHALIA and HYLOTONIA. 
 
 SAWS for garden -pruning must have a 
 double row of teeth, to obviate the ten- 
 dency to nip, or buckle, that the damp- 
 ness of green wood and the leverage of 
 the branch occasion. One with a very 
 narrow blade, and one with a handle six 
 'eet long, will be found convenient. The 
 ace of the wound made by a saw should 
 always be cut smooth with the knife, 
 otherwise the wet lodging on its rough 
 surface occasions decay. See BILL. 
 
 SAWWOET. Serra'tula. 
 
 SAXI'FEAGA. Saxifrage. (From sazum, 
 
 stone, and frango, to break ; supposed 
 
 )ower in that disease. Nat. ord., Saxi- 
 
 <rages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-Decan- 
 
 dria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Seeds, and especially divisions in spring, unless 
 or annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest will re- 
 >ay for a little leaf-mould or peat; suited best for 
 he fronts of borders, the stumps of trees, and 
 or knolls and rock-works. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 S. controve'rsa (contrary - turned). $. if ay. 
 
 South Europe. 1824. 
 
 ftagella'ris (rod-like). *. Yellow. June. 
 Greenland. 1851. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 hedera'cea (ivy-leaved), J. July. Levant. 1752. 
 
 irri'gua .(watered), 1. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
SAX 
 
 SAX 
 
 $. April. Norway. 1732. 
 
 fridacfy/i'tes(three-fingered). 4. April. Britain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 S. adsce'ndens (ascending). A. May. Pyrenees. 
 1752. 
 
 CBstiva'lis (summer). May. Altai. 1821. 
 
 affi'nis (kindred). . May. 
 
 aizoi'des (aizoon-like) . |. Yellow. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ai'zoon (aizoon). 1. June. Alps. 1731. 
 
 ajugcefo'lia (bugle-leaved). 1. June. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1770. 
 
 alti'fid a (deep-cleft) . 1 . 
 
 androsa'cea (androsace - leaved). 1. May. 
 
 Austria. 1792. 
 
 Aretioi'des (Aretia-like). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 argu'ta (sharp-notched). $. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 a'spera (rough). $. Cream. August. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1752. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). . Purple. May. 
 
 Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 bronchia'lis (throat). . Cream. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1819. 
 
 bryoi'des (bryum-like). 3. Cream. June, 
 
 Switzerland. 1/52. 
 
 bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). ^. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1819. 
 
 Burseria'na (Burser's). . Cream. April. 
 
 Carniola. 1826. 
 
 cce'sia(grey). . Pale yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1752. 
 
 ccespito'sa (turfy). ?. Cream. May. Wales. 
 
 ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). . May. Spain, 
 
 1804. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). . July. Scotland. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-iringed-/eaued). f . May. India. 
 
 1843. 
 
 condensa'ta (dense). $. May. Scotland. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Purple. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1779. 
 
 cotyledon (cotyledon). \. June. Alps, Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Purple. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1/65. 
 
 crusta'ta (shelly- edged). . June. Switzerland. 
 
 1800. 
 
 cunelfn'lia (wedge-leaved). . May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1768. 
 
 Davu'rica (Dahurian). . June. Siberia. 
 
 1809- 
 
 deei'piens (deceptive). J. May. Wales. 
 
 denuda'ta (stripped). . May. Scotland. 
 
 dtaperasiot'des(diapensia-like). . April. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1825. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). Ireland. 
 
 elonge'lla (longish-sa/*ed). 1. April. Scotland. 
 
 ero'sa (gnawed). 1. White, yellow. May. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1812. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. White, yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 exara'ta (engraved). . May. South Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 ferrugi'nea (rusty). ^. September. N. Amer. 
 
 geranioi'des (crane's-bill-like). J. April, Py- 
 
 renees. 1770. 
 
 ge'um (geum). l. June. Ireland. 
 
 crenu'ta (scolloped). 1. May. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 1. May. Ireland. 
 
 poli'ta (polished), l. May. Ireland. 
 
 granula'ta (grain-roofed). 1. May. Britain. 
 ple'na (double-lowered). 1. May. 
 
 HawoWAii (Haworth's), May, Europe. 
 
 5. hieracifo'lia (hawkweed-leaved). 1$. May; 
 Hungary. 1789. 
 
 hi'rculus (birculus). . Yellow, August. Eng- 
 
 land. 
 
 hirsu'ta, (hairy). 1. Flesh. May. Ireland. 
 sphaeroi'dea (globe-like). 1. Flesh. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 Jd'r ta (hairy). 1. June. Scotland. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). . June. Piedmont. 1810. 
 
 hypnoi'des (moss-like). . May. Britain. 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . . May. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 musco'sa (mossy). . May. Scotland. 
 
 pulche'lla (pretty). 4. May. Scotland. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). . May. Scotland. 
 
 ncttmyo'/m(incurved-leaved).3.May. Ireland. 
 
 inta'cta (untouched). 1. June. Tyrol. 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1, May. Alps. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. May. Alps. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 1. July. 1808. 
 
 leetevi'rens (lively-green). . May. Scotland. 
 
 Icefvis (smooth). $. August. Caucasus. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-oracled). ^. May. Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 oo tu'sa (blunt). . May. Europe. 1820. 
 
 leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). ^. May. Wales. 
 angusti'fida (narrow-cleft). 4- May. Wales. 
 
 leucantltemifu'lia (stock- leaved). J. J>une. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 ligula'ta (strap-^eaued). 4. White, red. May. 
 
 Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 lingula'ta (tongue-teafled). \\. June. Switser- 
 
 land. 1821. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 1$. June. Carniola. 
 
 1800. 
 
 moscha'ta (musky). . Lilac, yellow. May. Py- 
 
 renees. 
 
 muscoi'des (moss-like). . Pale yellow. May. 
 
 England. 1819. 
 
 muta'ta (changed). 4. Lilac, yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1779- 
 
 niva'lis (snowy). ^. June. Britain. 
 
 nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 4. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). J. Purple. 
 
 March. Britain. 
 
 paniculu'ta (panicled). 
 
 pedati'fida (double-lobe-cleft)4.May.Scotland. 
 
 Pedemo/i<a'a(Piedmontese). May. Piedmont. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). l. Greer., 
 
 yellow. May. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 2. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 pentada'ctylis (five-fingered). \. May. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1815. 
 
 platype'tala (broad-petaled). 1. June. Scotland. 
 
 pulche'l!a(pretty). 4. May. Germany. ISlfi. 
 
 pygmce'a (pigmy). . White, yellow. May. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 pyrolafo'lia (pyrola-leaved). J. May. N.Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 quinquc 1 fida (five-cleft) ^. April. Scotland. 
 
 retu'sa (liitten-off). J. Purple. May. Pied- 
 
 mont. 1826. 
 
 rinula'ris (brook). ^. June. Scotland. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. White, red. 
 
 May. Austria. 1596. 
 
 repn'nda (wavy-edged). 1. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1800. 
 
 sarmento'sa (trailiug). I.June. China. 1/71' 
 cuscutcefo'rmis (dodder-formed), i- June. 
 
 China. 1815. 
 
 Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. May. 1825. 
 
 edoi'de(sedom-like). i-Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 3 A 
 
SCA 
 
 [722 ] 
 
 SCH 
 
 S- semipubti'sctns (slightly-downy). 1 . Green, 
 yellow. May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). g. July. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked), g. Spotted. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 stella'ris (starry). 3. June. Britain. 
 
 dissi'milis( dissimilar), g. June. Scotland. 
 
 Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 1. May. Germany. 
 
 tene'lla (delicate), *. July. Corinthia. 1819. 
 
 te'nera (tender). |. Cream. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 thysano'des (coarse-fringed-feaued). g. April. 
 
 E. Ind. 1845. 
 
 tricuspida'ta (three-spined). May. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tridenta'tu (three-toothed), g. May. 
 
 umbro'sa (shady. London Pride). 1. Flesh. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted -powered). 1. May. Ire- 
 land. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). May. Ireland. 
 
 Virginie'nsis (Virginian).g.May. N.Amer. 1790. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy), g. May. 
 SCABIO'SA. Scabiousc (From sea fetes, the 
 
 itch ; said to cure the disorder. Nat. ord., 
 Teaselworts [Dipsacacese]. Linn., 4-Te- 
 trandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 S. arve'nsis flo're-u'lbo (field- white-flowered). 2. 
 White. July. Britain. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). l. Purple. June. Styria. 
 
 ' 1820. 
 
 Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1, White. June. 
 
 Prussia. 1819. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked). 1 . Pink. July. Sicily. 1804. 
 
 dipsacifo'lia (teasel-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 Germany. 1818. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 2. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Satee'di (Salced's). 1. White. June. Spain. 
 
 1823. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 2. Red. June. Hungary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 SC^EVA. Hawk Fly. Of this genus there 
 are several species, of which the most 
 common are 8. ribesii and 8. pyrastri. 
 Wherever aphides* are abundant, whether 
 on the cabbage, hop, or elsewhere, there 
 is a fleshy-green maggot. This is the 
 larva of a hawk-fly, and. should be left 
 undisturbed, as it is a voracious destroyer 
 of plant-lice. 
 
 SCLE'VOLA. (From sc&vu, the left hand ; 
 form of the corolla. Nat. ord., Goode- 
 mads [Goodeniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 drla \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the 
 tender species in heat; the greenhouse in a cold 
 pit, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and turfy peat : 
 the usual greenhouse and stove treatment. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. ivatfo'lia (iva-leaved). White. August. Trinidad. 
 1820. 
 
 Koni'gii (Konig's). 2. Pale red. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Tacca'da (Taccada). 2g. White. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S. alterna'ta (alternate-teamed). Purple. June. 
 Swan River. 1844. 
 
 ancTnisifo'lia (anchusa-leaved). Blue. May. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 attenua'ta (thin-leaved). 2. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Swan River. 1844. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved), 3. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. N. Holland. 1805. 
 
 cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). Ig. Blue. N. 
 
 Holland. 1824. 
 fascicula'ta (bundled). August. Swan River. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). 2. Lilac. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1827. 
 
 microca'rpa (small-fruited). Ig. Violet: July. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Blue. July. Swan 
 
 River. 1840. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1793. 
 
 SCALE. See Coccus. 
 
 SCALUON. See CiBOUL. 
 
 SCAMMONY. Convo'lvulus scavnmo'nia. 
 
 SCARES are but very inefficient protec- 
 tions for fruits, as birds soon sit on the 
 very branches which bear the maulkin. 
 To frighten them effectually, it is best to 
 employ boys for the short time scaring is 
 required. Over seed-beds a net is the 
 best protection ; but threads tightened 
 across the beds are very effectual. 
 
 SCARLET RUNNER. Phase'olus multi- 
 flo'rus. 
 
 SCHE'ERIA. (In honour of F. Schecr, 
 Esq. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. 
 Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial, closely allied to 
 Gloxinia. For culture, see ACHI'MENES. 
 S. Menca'na (Mexican). J. Purple. August. 
 Mexico. 1850. 
 
 There is a variety with light blue flowers. 
 
 SCHELHA'MMERA. (Named after O. O. 
 Schelhammer, a professor at Jena. Nat. 
 ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 
 6-ITexandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Uvu- 
 laria.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous per- 
 ennials, from New Holland. Divisions; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat ; a cool greenhouse or a cold 
 pit in winter. 
 S, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Ig. 1824. 
 
 undula'ta (vt&vy-leaved). g. June. 182i. 
 SCHELLO'LEPIS. (From skellos, distorted, 
 
 and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1- 
 Fillces.} 
 
 Stove, yellow-spored Indian Ferns. (SceFEBNS.) 
 There are two species, S. amae'na (lovely), and 
 verruco'sa (warted). 
 
 SCHI'NUS. (The Greek name for Pis- 
 ta'chia lenti'scus. Nat. ord., Terebinths 
 [Terebinthaceaej. Linn., 22-J9wecta 9- 
 Decandria.') 
 
 Greenhouse, green-flowered evergreens. Cut 
 
SGH 
 
 [ 723 ] 
 
 SCH 
 
 tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a mild heat, in spring: ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 45 ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 S. mo'lle (molle). 20. August. Peru. 1597. 
 
 to-e6mMi/o'/ta(terebinthus-leaved). 20. Brazil. 
 
 1829. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 8. June. Lima. J822. 
 
 SCHIVERE'CKIA. (Named after A.Schiu- 
 reck, a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Cru- 
 cifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetrady- 
 namia. Alliance near Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Divisions; common garden- 
 soil. 
 
 S. Podo'lica(PodLolizn). . Yellow. June. Podolia. 
 1821. 
 
 SCHIZJE'A. (From schizo, to cleave, or 
 cut; the appearance of the fan-like 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 24- Cryptogam! a 1-Filices.) 
 
 Brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 GKEENHOUSE FERNS. 
 S. bi'fida (twice-cut). $. June. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 pusi'lla (small). J. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 3. June. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 STOVE FERNS. 
 S. e'legans (elegant), f . June. Trinidad. 1819. 
 
 penicilla'ta (pencilled). f . June. S. Amer. )8l6. 
 
 propi'nqua (related). April. Malacca. 
 
 SCHIZA'NDRA. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and aner, the male organ ; split stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Kadsurads [Schizandracese], 
 Linn., 21-Moncecia 5-Pentandria.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and kept only a little higher than the 
 temperature of a cold pit or greenhouse ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little leaf -mould. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. This creeper lived several 
 years against the conservative wall at Chiswick. 
 S. cocci'nea (scarlet-./?otcered). Scarlet. June. 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 SCHIZA'NTHUS. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and anthos, a flower ; the petals cut into 
 fringes. Nat. ord., Figworls [Scrophulari- 
 acese]. Linn., %-JDiandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds in autumn, to be kept in a greenhouse, 
 for early blooming ; seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 March, for successive blooming in pots, and early 
 blooming out of doors ; seed in the open air in 
 the end of April, Beautiful annuals, fitted either 
 for pot or border culture ; rich, light, fibry loam ; 
 when kept over the winter, the soil should be 
 poor, and the plants near the glass. 
 S. cafndidus( whitish). 2. White. Coquimbo. 1843. 
 
 Graha'mi (Graham's). 2. Variegated. August.- 
 
 Chili. 1831. 
 
 Hooke'ri( Hooker's). 2. Rose, lilac. August. 
 
 Chili. 1828. 
 
 pinnati'fidus (leaflet-cut). 2. Various. May. 
 
 Coquimbo. 1841. 
 
 pinna'tus (leafleted). 2. White, purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Chili. 1822. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Crimson. July. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1831. 
 
 po'rrigens (spreading-staMred). 2. Crimson. 
 
 August. Chili. 1822. 
 
 retu'sus (bitten-off-peJated). 2. Variegated. 
 
 August, Chili. 1831. 
 
 SCHIZOCJE'NA. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and kainos, unusual. Nat. ord., Ferns 
 [Polypodiacese]. Linn., Z^-Cryplogamia 
 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove Fern. See FERNS. 
 
 S. Bruno'nis (Brown's). Brown, yellow. April. 
 Malacca. 
 
 SCHIZOLO'MA. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and loma, an edge ; edges of fronds. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 
 24^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Brownish-yellow-spored stove Ferns. See 
 FERNS. 
 S. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). May. Malacca. 
 
 heterophy 1 lla (various-leaved). May, Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 SCHIZOME'RIA. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and meros, a part; cut petals. Nat. ord., 
 Cunoiiiads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., 1O- 
 Decandria 2-J)igynia. Allied to Wein- 
 mannia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring ; loam and peat, with silver sand and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 S. ova'ta (egg -leaved). 8. White. N. Holland. 
 1825. 
 
 SCHIZOPE 'TALON. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord., Crucifers 
 [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, pricked out 
 into pots, and grown in an airy greenhouse, or 
 transplanted to the front of borders in May; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould ; if in a pot, add a 
 little peat. 
 
 S. Walke'ri (Walker's). 2. White. June. Chili. 
 1822. 
 
 SCHMIDE'LIA. (Named after C. C. 
 Schmidel, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Soapworts [Sapindaceffi]. Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandria l-Monogynia. Alliance near 
 Sapindus.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in the 
 beginning of summer, and placed in a mild bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and fihry peat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. comi'nia (cominia). 20. Jamaica. 1//8. 
 
 integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). Bourbon. 1804. 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). 8. W. Ind. 1828. 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 15. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 serra'tn (sa.w-leaved). 12. E. Ind. 1804. 
 SCHCE'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Sch&n, 
 
 a botanical artist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [ Aster ace]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua. Allied to Pteropogon and 
 Helichrysum.) 
 
 A tender annual. Sow end of March in 
 moderate heat ; transplant seedlings into small 
 pots in t-ame heat ; plant four or five in an eight- 
 inch pot ; gradually harden ; and when in flower 
 place in greenhouse. 
 
 S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved), 1. Pink May, 
 Swan River. 1846. 
 
SCH 
 
 [ 724] 
 
 SCI 
 
 SCHOMBU'EGKIA. (Named after 8ir B. 
 Schomburgk. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehid- 
 aceae]. ~Lirm.,2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. 
 Allied to Cattleya.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. cri'spa (curled- flowered}. 3. Yellow, brown, 
 pink. January. La Guayra. 1844. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered. Spread Eagle). 4. 
 
 Orange. August. Surinam. 1834. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). Deep red and pale rose. Sierra 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 tibi'cinis (cow-horn). 8. Pink, white. April. 
 
 Honduras. 1834. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Brown, 
 
 rose. May. Honduras. 1844. 
 
 undula'ta (vfnvy-petaled) . Purple. January. 
 
 La Guayra. 1843. 
 
 SCHO'TIA. (Named after B. F". Schot, 
 who travelled -with Jacquin. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Amherstia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen fchrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened, young, 
 stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam ; flowers chiefly at the end of 
 stiff young shoots. 
 S. ala'ta (winged). 5. Crimson. July. 1816. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple, white. June. 
 
 1810. 
 
 simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). Red. June. 
 
 1816. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 5. Scarlet. August. 1759- 
 
 stipula'ta (farg-e-stipuled;. 5. Crimson. July. 
 
 1794. 
 
 temarmdi/o'Ka (tamarind-leaved). 6. Crimson. 
 
 August. 1/95. 
 
 SCHO'UWIA. ( Named after J. F. Schouw, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Crucifers 
 [Brassicacese]. Linn., I5-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in 
 April. " 
 
 S. Ara'bica (Arabian). J. Purple. June. Arabia. 
 183 7 . 
 
 SCHRA'NKIA. (Named after F. P. 
 Schranh, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Linn., 
 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia. Allied to Mi- 
 mosa.) 
 
 The leaves yield to the touch like those of the 
 sensitive plant, Mimo'sa pudi'ca. Herbaceous 
 plants. Division of the roots in spring, and 
 cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Plant-stove and cool 
 greenhouse treatment. 
 
 S. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. Red. July. Vera 
 Cruz. 1733. Stove. 
 
 leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). Rose. July. 
 
 St. Domingo. 1837. Stove. 
 
 uncina'ta (hooked). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1789. Greenhouse. 
 
 SCHUBE'RTIA. (Named after M. Schu- 
 bert, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., As- 
 clepiads [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5-Pe- 
 tandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from Brazil. Cutting.* 
 of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in bottom-heat; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a 
 little charcoal and pounded bricks, with pots well 
 drained. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. July. 
 
 1837. 
 
 grave 1 olens (strong-scented). Pale yellow. 
 July. 1837. 
 
 SCHWEIGGE'RIA. (Named after Pro- 
 fessor Schweigger, a German botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Tioletworts [Violacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monoqynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots, 
 two or three inches in length, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in May, and in a sweet hotbed. Win- 
 ter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. May. Brazil- 
 1838. 
 
 SCIABA. S. pyri, Small Pear Midge. 
 8. Schmidbergeri, Large Pear Midge. 
 When a fallen pear is cut open, it is 
 often found core-eaten, and with a brown 
 powder marking the progress of the 
 assailant. This is caused by the larva 
 of these insects. The midges appear 
 early in July. The Small Pear Midge 
 has club-shaped halteres, the club dark 
 brown, and the stem whitish. When 
 alive, the abdomen is of a lead colour, 
 with black wings. The head and thorax 
 are black, as are also the antennae ; the 
 palpi are of a pale yellow, the feet whitish,, 
 and the tarsi black. 
 
 The Large Pear Midge appears about 
 the same time as the preceding. The 
 female is little more than a line long, 
 and half a line thick, also much larger 
 than the smaller pear midge ; the male is 
 more slender, and somewhat shorter. 
 The antennae are blackish, and not so 
 long as the body. The head is black and 
 shining, as is also the thorax ; the pro- 
 boscis ash-grey, the abdomen of ttie male 
 a deep black, that of the female browner, 
 with black wings; the anal point, how- 
 ever, is quite black, the feet ash-grey, 
 and the tarsi and wings black. They 
 both survive the winter, and deposit their 
 eggs in the blossom, when it opens in 
 early spring. The larva eats its way into 
 the core of the young fruit, and again 
 eats its way out at one side when the 
 time arrives for it to bury itself in the 
 ground, and pass into the chrysalis form. 
 Kollar. 
 
 SCI'LLA. Squill. (From skyllo, to 
 injure ; the bulbs said to be poisonous. 
 Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceee]. Linn., 
 Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Offset* ; light, sandy soil. 
 
SCI 
 
 [ 725 ] 
 
 SCI 
 
 TENDER BULBS. 
 
 B. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). $. Pink. January. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1811. 
 
 hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). . Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Madeira. 1585. 
 
 Maurita'nica (Mauritian). . Blue. April. 
 
 Mauritius. 1819. 
 
 plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1. Lead. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 S. amas'na (pleasing). $. Blue. March. Levant. 
 1596. 
 
 omee'nM/a (pretty). J. Blue. June. Russia. 1822. 
 
 autumna'lis (autumnal). . Pink. August. 
 
 England. 
 
 -- a'lba (white). *. White. August. 
 -- ma'jor (larger). 4 Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). Lilac. May. 
 
 bifo'lia (two-leaved). . Blue. March. England. 
 -- a'lba (white). *. White. March. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 -- ru'bra (red). . Red. March. South 
 Europe. 
 
 brumq'lis (winter). Blue. May. N. Amer. 1841. 
 
 campanula,' ta (bell-flowered). 1. Dark blue. 
 
 May. Spain. 1633. 
 -- a'lba (white). 1. White. May. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1683. 
 -- ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink May. 
 
 South Europe. 1633. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). $. Pink. March. Spain. 
 
 1815. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). |. Pink. October. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 Cupaniu'na (Cupani's). 1. Purple. June. Sicily. 
 
 1834. 
 
 escule'nta (eatable). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 1'ndica (Indian). 1. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Ita'lica (Italian), f. Blue. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1605. 
 
 li'lio-hyaci'nthus (lily-hyacinth). 1. Blue. 
 
 June. Europe. 1597. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). $. Blue. May. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1777. 
 
 no'n-scri'pta (undescribed). 2. Blue. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 -- a'lba (white). White. April. Britain. 
 --- ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). J. Flesh. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). $. Blue. March. 
 
 South Europe. 1829. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). Blue. May. Portugal. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Dark blue. May. 
 
 Spain. 1607. 
 -- a'lba (whit*). 1. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1607. 
 -- di'scolor (two-coloureA-flowered). 1. Buff. 
 
 May. Portugal. 1843. 
 
 prabractea'ta (long-bra*ted). 1. Blue. June. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 pra'cox (early). \. Dark blue. March. 1/90. 
 
 ). Blue. May. Hungary.! 827. 
 
 pu'bens (downy). $. Blue. May. Lunimar. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). Blue. May. Spain. 1821. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). $. Rose. Numidia. 1827. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Blue. February. Si- 
 
 beria. 1796. 
 
 umbella'ta (umhelled). $. Blue. April. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1822. 
 
 -unifo'lia (one-leaved). *. White. May. Por- 
 tugal. 
 
 ve'rna (spring). $. Blue. April. Britain. 
 -- a'lba (white-flowered). *. White. May. 
 
 S. ve'rna ro'sea (rosy). $. Rose. May. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy-teawed). $, Lilac. Tripoli. 1831. 
 
 SCIODA'CALYX. (From scias, & parasol, 
 and calyx; alluding to the shape of this 
 part of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesner- 
 worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., U-Didyna- 
 mia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 This is a very gay stove plant, blooming from 
 July to January. Cultivated like Achimenes. 
 S. Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's). 3. Scarlet, 
 yellow. New Grenada Mountains. 1855. 
 
 SCIODAPHY'LLUM. 
 and phyllon, a leaf; the large leaves af- 
 ford much shade. Nat. ord., Ivy worts 
 [Araliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria h-Pen- 
 tagynia. Allied to the Ivy.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in 
 spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. The Peruvian 
 species will thrive well in a greenhouse with 1 
 less. 
 
 S. acumina'tum (pointed- leaved). 10. Yellow. 
 Peru. Climber. 
 
 ano'malum (anomalous). 20. White, green. 
 
 Trinidad. 1817- 
 
 Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. White. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 co'nicum (conical). 10. Pale red. Peru. Climber. 
 
 digita'tum (finger- leaved). 10. Green. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 pedicella'tum (Jow^-leaf-stalked). 10. Purple. 
 
 Peru. Climber. 
 
 penta'ndrum (five-stamened). 3. Pale red. Peru. 
 
 1820. 
 
 SCION. See GRAFF. 
 SCISSORS of various sizes are required 
 by the gardener. A pair with very sharp 
 and pointed blades is required for cut- 
 ting away the anthers of flowers 
 in hybridizing, and for thinning 
 grapes. Stouter pair ; are used 
 for removing flower- stalks when 
 the petals have fallen from 
 roses, &c. Sliding pruning scis- 
 sors ( see Fig.) are employed for 
 cutting the shoots of shrubs. 
 They are powerful instruments 
 for the purpose; but a more 
 simple pair, without a spring, is 
 made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield. 
 Shears are only large scissors. Hedge 
 Shears for clipping hedges are the 
 most common. Sliding Pruning 
 Shears, with a moveable centre, HO 
 as to make a drawing cutwhenused 
 as when the pruning knife is em- 
 ployed. See AVERRUNCATOR. 
 
 The drawing shows the smaller 
 size, used with one hand. The 
 large size, which has wooden 
 handles, will, when employed with 
 both hands, cut through a bougk 
 
SCL 
 
 [ 726] 
 
 SCO 
 
 full three Inches in circumference with 
 the greatest ease. 
 
 Verge Shears are merely the hedge 
 shears set nearly at a right angle on long 
 handles, for the convenience of the gar- 
 dener in clipping the sides of box-edging 
 and the verge of grass-plots. Turf Shears 
 are set also at an angle, -but in a different 
 direction, for cutting the tops of edgings, 
 and grass growing in corners unap- 
 proachable by the scythe. 
 
 SCLE'ROON. (From scleros, hard, and 
 eon, an egg ; hard seeds. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 benas [VerbenaceeeJ. Linn., l<l~Didyna- 
 mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Cornutia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots 
 
 a bell-glass, in spring; pe 
 and leaf-mould, and half a part of silver sand. 
 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; peat, loam, 
 
 Winter temp., 38 to 48; summer, 60 to /5. 
 S. ole'inum (olive-like). 2. Green, white. May. 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 SCLEKOTHA'MNUS. (From scleros, hard> 
 or rigid, and thammis, a shrub. Nat. ord.> 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria \.-Monogynia. Allied to Pul- 
 tenaea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of stiff side- 
 shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass; two parts peat, and one of sandy, fibry 
 loam, and one of equal parts broken bats, char- 
 coal, and silver sand. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 8. microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. 
 N. Holland. 1803. 
 
 ScoLOPE'NDRiuM.Haft's Tongue. (From 
 scolopendra, a centipede ; the appearance 
 of the seed, or spore-cases. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24,-Crypto- 
 gamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, brown-spored Perns. See FERXS. 
 S, hemioni'tis (hemionitis). I.August. Spain. 1779. 
 
 Kre'bsii (Krebs). Natal. 1854. 
 
 officina'rum (shop). l. July. Britain. 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). . July. 
 
 Britain. 
 cri'spum (curled-team?). l. July. Britain. 
 
 multi'fidum (many-cleft). l^.July. Britain. 
 ramo'sum (branchy). !. July. Britain. 
 
 undula'tum (wave-teawed). 1^. July. Bri- 
 
 tain. 
 
 pinna'tum (leafleted). I.May. India. Green- 
 house. 
 
 SCQ'LYMUS, Golden Thistle. (From 
 slolos, a thorn ; plants spiny. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19~Syn- 
 genesia 1-JE quails. Allied to Chicory.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and di- 
 visions in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 S. grandiflofrus (large-flowered). 3. May. Bar- 
 bary. 1820. Herbaceous. 
 
 Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. August. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1658. Herbaceous. 
 
 macula'tus (spotted;. 3. July. South Europe. 
 
 1633. Annual. 
 
 SCOLYTUB. A genus of small beetles. 
 
 very nearly allied to Bostrichus. 8. de- 
 structor attacks the Elm ; S. ligniperda 
 the bark of some of the Conifers; and 
 S. crenatus perforates, in a similar man- 
 ner, the wood of the Plum. They do not, 
 however, confine their ravages to the 
 trees we have named. They are not more 
 than an eighth of an inch long, black, 
 with chestnut-coloured legs, and sprinkled 
 over with bristles. 
 
 SCOPO'LIA. (Named after G. A. Scopoli y 
 a foreign botanist. Nat. ord., Nightshades 
 [Solanaceoe]. IAnn.,^-Pentandria I-Mo- 
 noijynia. Allied to Physalis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots in 
 spring, or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed; 
 sandy loam, and a dry situation. 
 S. Carnio'lica (Carniolian). 1. Dark purple. April. 
 Carniola. 1780. 
 
 SCORCHING, or BURNING, describes the 
 drying up of the roots or of the leaves 
 from exposure to too much heat. The 
 preventive, in the first case, is reducing 
 the temperature of the hotbed, or lifting 
 the pots if the plants are so grown; in. 
 the second case, as it always arises from 
 the sun's rays in the confined air of a 
 house, Hartley's rough glass, and early 
 ventilating, are the preventives. 
 
 SCORPION. Geni'sta sco'rpius. 
 
 SCORPION GRASS. Myoso'tis. 
 
 SCORPION SENNA. Coronl'lla e'merus. 
 
 SCORZONE'RA. Viper's Grass. (From 
 scurson, a viper; supposed remedy for 
 the bite of a viper. Nat. ord., Composites 
 .[Asteracese], Linn., 19 Syugenesia 1- 
 ^Equalis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous; yellow -flowered, except 
 where otherwise stated. Seeds in April or May; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 S. augustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. July. South 
 Europe. 1759. 
 
 caricifo'lia (carex-leaved). l. July. Siberia. 
 
 1805. 
 
 ensifo'lia(s word-leaved). ^.May.Caucasus.1825. 
 
 glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 2. July. Germany. 
 
 1816. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 2. July. Portugal, 
 
 1759. 
 
 Hiswt'nica (Spanish). 3. July. Spain. 1576. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). 1. August. Europe. 1597. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 1. July. Iberia. 1824. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Persia. 1836. 
 
 /mr7>M're(purple).2. Purple. May. Austria. 1759. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1 4. Pink. July. Hungary, 1807- 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. June. Volga. 1825. 
 
 SCORZONE'RA in the kitchen-garden is 
 the S. Hispa'nica, grown for its parsnip- 
 like roots. Sow annually, in any open 
 light spot of ground, the latter end of 
 March or beginning of April. Trench 
 the ground, and with the bottom spit 
 turn in iitttle dung ; sow in half-inch 
 
SCO 
 
 C 727 
 
 SOU 
 
 deep drills, twelve inches asunder. Thin 
 the plants to ten inches distance ; they 
 will grow freely, and their roots continue 
 increasing in size till September. The 
 roots may either remain in the ground 
 to be drawn as wanted, or taken wholly 
 up in autumn when their leaves decay 
 and preserved in sand all winter. 
 
 To save Seed. Let some of the plants 
 remain where sown, when they will shoot 
 up in the spring, and produce plenty of 
 seed in autumn. 
 
 SCOTCH ASPHODEL. Tofie'ldia alpi'na 
 
 SCOTCH-KALE. Bra'ssica olera'cea sa- 
 be'llica. 
 
 SCOTCH LABURNUM. Cy'tisus alpi'nus. 
 
 SCO'TTIA. (Named after Dr. Scott 
 once professor of botany in Dublin. Nat 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn. 
 \Q-Monadelphia 6-Dacandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 land. Cuttings of shoots, when getting a little 
 firm at the base ; sandy, fibry loam one part, and 
 two parts of sandy, fibry peat, with a little char 
 coal. Winter tenip., 40 to 48. 
 S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green, 
 yellow. April. 1825. 
 
 denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 3 Red.green. July. 1803. 
 
 l&'vis (smooth-branched). 3. Yellow, scarlet. 
 
 June. 1833. 
 
 trapezifo'rmis (trapezium-teared). January. 
 
 1825. 
 
 SCREEN. All cooling is occasioned 
 either by the heat being conducted from 
 a body by a colder, which is in contact 
 with it, or by radiating from the body 
 cooled, though circumstances accelerate 
 or retard the radiation ; and whatever 
 checks the radiation of heat from a body 
 is a screen, and keeps it warmer. For 
 screening or protecting the blossom of 
 wall-fruit, Mr. Errington states : We do 
 not know that any material is more pro- 
 per for covering than thin canvass, such 
 as is manufactured by Mr. Nathaniel 
 Hulme, of Paradise-green, Knutsford, 
 which he sells at about fivepence per 
 square yard. He generally makes it in 
 widths of three yards, which is enough 
 for most walls, so that every lineal yard 
 costs fifteenpence ; but then this can- 
 vass will last well for seven years if pro- 
 perly preserved, and a due care be exer- 
 cised. Thus it will be seen, that the 
 annual expense of protecting a lineal 
 yard of walling is not more than two- 
 pence-halfpenny, exclusive of a few ordi- 
 nary poles. We place a pole every six 
 feet, running tinder the coping at top, 
 and straddling away nearly two feet at 
 bottom. At two feet above the ground 
 
 level an auger hole is bored in the pole, 
 and an oaken peg driven in, the end left 
 projecting nine inches forward ; and 
 when the canvass is lowered in the day, 
 it hangs in folds on this line of pegs: 
 this keeps it from contact with the damp 
 soil. Every pole has a ring dangling 
 from a staple close to the top ; and on 
 the outer face a rope of sash-cording is 
 attached to the edge of the canvass oppo- 
 site each ring ; this being passed through 
 the ring from the under side, enables the 
 operator to pull it up or let it down with 
 ease. Thus, when the canvass is low- 
 ered, the wall is uncovered, and vice versd. 
 Now, these rings and cords will add to 
 the expense ; and, since both are very 
 durable, we may, perhaps, add another 
 halfpenny per lineal yard to the amount, 
 accounting the ropes to last nearly as 
 long as the canvass. A still more com- 
 plete plan is to hang the canvass like 
 curtains, or after the manner of the 
 covering to what are termed conservative 
 walls. 
 
 For wall-trees, now that glass is become 
 so much cheaper, the best of all screens 
 may be employed, viz., glazed frames, of 
 a length extending from the coping of 
 the wall to the surface of the soil, about 
 two feet from the stems of the trees. See 
 GLASS CASE. 
 
 SCREW PINE. Panda'mis. 
 
 SCREW-TREE. Heli'cteres. 
 
 SCRUBBY OAK. Lophi'ra Africa'na. 
 
 SCURVY GRASS (Cochlea' ria officina'Hs) 
 flourishes most in a sandy, moist soil. 
 Sow as soon as the seeds are ripe in June 
 or July, in drills, eight inches apart, and 
 half an inch deep. Thin to eight inches 
 asunder, and those removed may be 
 transplanted to abed at similar distances, 
 jiving water at the time, and frequently 
 ifterwards, until fully established. The 
 eaves are fit to gather during the follow- 
 ng spring. 
 
 To obtain Seed. A few plants must be 
 eft ungathered from in the spring. They 
 svill run up to flower about May, and per- 
 'ect their seed in the course of the two 
 Allowing months. 
 
 SCUTELLA'RIA. Skull-cap. (From scu- 
 tella, a little saucer; form of calyx. Nat. 
 rd., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions in spring, and the evergreen 
 dnd> easily by cuttings under a hind-light; some 
 if the tender species are very harnu<,me, such as 
 'ordifo'lia; but the red spider must be looked 
 after. 
 
scu 
 
 [ 728 ] 
 
 SEA 
 
 TENDER SPECIES. 
 
 S. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), l. Scarlet, orange 
 September. Mexico. 1844. Stove ever- 
 green. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). . Blue. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1823. Greenhouse. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured), l. Rose. Au- 
 
 gust. Quito. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen 
 
 Ventena'tii (Ventenat's). 2. Scarlet. Au 
 
 gust. St. Martha. 1844. Greenhouse. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). |. Scarlet. February 
 
 Peru. 1842. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. alpi'na (alpine), f . Purple. August. Hungary. 
 
 1752. 
 lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. August. Tartary. 
 
 1739. 
 
 sangui'nea (blood-red). . Red.July.1835. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-flowered). . Pale 
 
 yellow. August. Switzerland. 
 
 alti'ssimu (tallest). 1. Dark purple. July. 
 
 Crimea. 1824. 
 
 Colu'mnts (Columna's). 1$, Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1806. 
 
 commuta'ta (changed). Purple. August. 
 
 Hungary. 1683. 
 
 galericttla'ta (small-capped). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l. Red. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1804. 
 
 fiastiftt'lia (spear-leaved). . Purple. June. 
 
 Germany. 1798. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). Dark purple. June. Candia.1835. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 N.Amer. 1731. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). . Purple, white. August. 
 
 Japan. 1838. 
 
 lateriflo'ra (side-flowering), l. Blue. July. 
 
 N.Amer. 1752. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). J. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Dahuria. 1827. 
 
 mi'nor (less). . Pink. July. Britain. 
 
 nerno'sa (large-nerved). 1. Blue. July. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1826. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 
 
 Levant. 1729. 
 
 pa'rvula (very-small). 
 
 Amer. 1822. 
 
 peregri'na (spreading). 
 Tauria. 1823. 
 
 . Yellow. August. 
 $. Blue. July. N. 
 2. Violet. August. 
 
 pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. N.Amer. 1825. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 serra'ta (stw-leaved). $. Blue. August. 
 
 N.Amer. 1800. 
 
 Tournefo'rti (Tournefort's). l. Purple. 
 
 July. Persia. 1837. 
 
 ve'rna (spring). . Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 SCUTICA'RIA. (From scutica, a whip; 
 leaves as round as a whipcord. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria l-Monandria. Once called a 
 Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown on blocks. 
 5. Stee'lii (Steel's). 
 
 Guaiana. 1834. 
 
 See ORCHIDS. 
 Yellow-spotted. July. 
 
 SCYPHA'JJTHUS. (From scyphos, a cap, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Loasads 
 [Loasaceaj]. Linn., 18-Polyadelvhia 2- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 This name is so much in use that we retain it, 
 though a synonyme of Grammatacarpus. Hardy, 
 yellow-flowered, twining annuals, from Chili. 
 Seeds in the open air in May, or in a slight hot- 
 bed in March, to be afterwards transplanted. 
 S. e'legans (elegant). August. 1824. 
 grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. August. 1824. 
 SCYTHE. This mowing implement 
 heing confined, in the garden, to cutting 
 the fine, short grass of lawns, requires to 
 be much sharper than that used in cut- 
 ting the coarser grasses, which stand up 
 more firmly to the scythe. It is also 
 necessary that the mowers should not 
 score the grass, that is, should not leave 
 the mark of each stroke of the scythe, 
 which has a very unsightly appearance ; 
 to prevent which, have the scythe laid 
 out rather wider, an inch or two beyond 
 heel and toe, especially for very short 
 grass; and in mowing keep the point 
 rather out, and do not draw that part too 
 fast toward, gathering the grass neatly 
 to the left in a range ; and having mowed 
 to the end of the swath, mow it lightly 
 back again, to trim off all scores and 
 other^ irregularities unavoidably left the 
 first time. A great inconvenience attend- 
 ng the old scythe is the difficulty of fas- 
 tening and adjusting the blade to the 
 handle. This is entirely obviated by 
 Boyd's Self-adjusting Scythe. It is always a 
 problem to determine the angle the blade 
 should make with the handle, as it varies 
 frith every mower. A good guide is for a 
 perpendicular line to be chalked against 
 a wall, and for the mower to stand close 
 and directly fronting to this line; then, 
 without moving his feet, and with arm at 
 "ull stretch above his head, to chalk a 
 ine to the left, from the perpendicular 
 ine, as far as he can reach. The line 
 ie thus chalks should correspond with 
 the angle of the scythe's blade, supposing 
 he perpendicular line to represent the 
 handle. 
 
 SEA-BUCKTHORN. Hippo' phae. 
 
 SEAFO'RTHIA. (Named after Lord Sea- 
 c orth, a botanical patron. Nat. ord.,Pafms 
 Talmaceae], Linn., 23-Polygamia 1- 
 Monoecia.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam. Winter 
 emp., 45 to 50; summer, 60 to 75. 
 S. e'legans (elegant). N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 SEA-HEATH. Franke'nia. 
 
 SEA-HOLLY. Ery'ngium. 
 
 SEA-KALE. Cra'mbe mari'tima. 8f.e 
 
 In addition to what is there stated of 
 ts culture, we have only to give drawings 
 
SEA 
 
 [729] 
 
 SED 
 
 of the pots usually employed for blanch- 
 ing it; but see KHUBARB for a frame, 
 which also answers, when fermenting 
 materials are heaped over, to force it. 
 
 The following is also a good mode of 
 forcing: On each side of a three-foot 
 bed dig a trench two feet deep, the side 
 of it next the bed being perpendicular, 
 but the outer side sloping, so as to make 
 it eighteen inches wide at the bottom, 
 but two and a half at the top. These 
 
 trenches fill with fermenting dung, which' 
 of course, may be renewed if found neces- 
 sary, and frames put over the plants, the 
 light to be completely excluded by boards, 
 matting, &c. The accompanying sketch 
 represents a section of the construction. 
 
 SEA LAVENDER. Sta'tice. 
 
 SEA KAGWORT. Cinera'ria mari'tima. 
 
 SEA-SIDE GRAPE. Cocco'loba. 
 
 SEA-SIDE BALSAM. Cro'ton eleute'ria. 
 
 SEA-SIDE LAUREL. Xylophy'lla latifo'lia* 
 
 SEA-WEED. See GREEN MANURE. 
 
 SEBJE'A. (Named after A. Seba, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianworts 
 [Gentianacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse annuals, all but ova'ta from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a sweet hotbed 
 in March, pricked out or potted, and either 
 bloomed in the open garden, or in the greenhouse 
 after May. 
 S. a'lbens (whitish). $. White. Auirust. 1820. 
 
 au'rea (golden). . Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 corda'ta (heart-teawerf). . Yellow. July. 1815. 
 
 ova'ta (egg- leaved) . . Red. August. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1820. 
 
 SECAMO'NE. (Altered from squamona, 
 the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Asclepiads 
 [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 2-Digynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- 
 tin g* ot firm side-shoots when about three inches 
 
 in length ; fibry loam, two parts ; fibry peat and 
 very rotten dung, or leaf-mould, dried, one part; 
 silver sand and charcoal, to keep it open. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 6. July. Egypt. 1752. 
 
 elli'ptica (ovaA-leaved), 6. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 eme'tica (emetic). 6. India. 1816. 
 
 SE'CHIUM. Choko. (From sekiso, to 
 fatten ; hogs are fed on the fruit in 
 Jamaica. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucur- 
 bitacese]. Linn., 21-Moncedo, IQ-Mona- 
 delphia.) 
 
 A cucumber-like, yellow-flowered annual ; seeds 
 in a hotbed, and either cultivated in houses or 
 pits ; or, after June, in the open air ; light, rich 
 soil. 
 S. edu'le (eatable). 6. June. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 palma 1 turn (hand-leaved). June. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 SECURIDA'CA. (From securis, a hatchet ; 
 form of the wing-like process at the end 
 of the pod. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Poly- 
 galacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 3-Oc- 
 tandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from the West Indies. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. Sandy loam and 
 sandy, fibry peat. 
 5. ere' eta (upright). Purple. July. 1824. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 10. White. 1/39. 
 -^volu'bilis (twining). 10. White. 173p. 
 
 SE'DUM. Stonecrop. (From sedere, 
 to sit; they grow as if sitting on stones, 
 rocks, walls, &c. Nat. ord., Houseleeks 
 [Crassulacess]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 4- 
 Pentagynia.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds, on raised dry places, such as 
 banks and rock-works ; perennials, by divisions 
 and cuttings, which root most readily, and all of 
 which preler dry, sandy, loamy soil; the more 
 tender of these may be grown in well-drained 
 pots, in sandy loam and brick-rubbish, and treated 
 as alpines. The greenhouse kinds require similar 
 treatment, only a higher temperature, and to be 
 kept even drier in winter. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 
 S. ^nde^awe'nse(Andegavenny). i. Yellow. July, 
 Andegavenny. 1835. 
 
 Anderso'nii (Anderson's). $. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. Biennial. 
 
 atra'tum (dark-annua/). i. Purple. August. 
 
 Italy. 1/95. 
 
 Cepee 1 a (purslane-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 France. 1640. 
 
 caru'leum (pale-blue). ^. Pale blue. July. 
 
 Africa. 1822. 
 
 Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 1. Whitish. July. 
 
 Calabria. 1835. 
 
 deltoi'deum (triangular-teawed). Purple. June. 
 
 Naples. 1826. 
 
 faba'ria (fabarian). White. July. Europe. 
 
 1836. Biennial. 
 
 Magelle'nse (Magellan). Yellow. July. Ma- 
 
 gellan. 1816. 
 
 mi'serum (miserable). Green. July. Mexico 
 
 1837. Greenhouse. 
 
 pa'llens(va.le). $. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
SED 
 
 [ 730 ] 
 
 SEL 
 
 S.pa'llidum (p&\e-red~flowered) , |, Pale red 
 July. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 se'xfidum (annual- six-cleft). $. White. July 
 
 Caucasus. 18 16. 
 
 spaihula'tum (spatulate). $. White. July, 
 
 Hungary. 1815. Biennial. 
 
 stella'tum (starred). $. Pink. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 tetraphy'llum (four-leaved). White. July 
 
 Levant. Biennial. 
 
 HAEDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. nu'dum (naked-branched), f. White. July. 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 
 Siebo'ldii(Siebold's). . Blue. July. Japan. 
 
 teretifo'lium (taper- leaved). ^.White. England. 
 
 viri'dulum (greenish). . Yellow. June. E 
 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. a'cre (acrid). 4. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 - diminu'tum (less). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 elonga'tum (long-s/toofed). %. Yellow. 
 
 June. England. 
 
 aizo'on (ever-living). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 Siberia. 1757. 
 
 albe'scens (whitish-/eai>ed). , Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 a'lbicans (great-white). 2. White. August. 
 
 Europe. 179*- 
 
 a'lbum (white). . White. June. England. 
 micra'nthum (small-flowered). $. White. 
 
 June. England. 
 
 Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. Yellow. June. Altaic 
 
 Mountains. 1831. 
 
 alti'ssimum t tallest). 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1/69. 
 
 anaca'mpseros (Anacampseros-like. Evergreen 
 
 orpine), i. Purple. July. France. 1596. 
 
 A'nglicum (English). . White. July. Britain. 
 Hibe'rnicum (Irish). . White. July. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 microphy'llum (small -leaved). $. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 anope'talum (upward-leaved. Green). . Pale 
 
 yellow. July. South France. 1818. 
 
 auranti'acum (orange). . Orange. June. 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 ceerule'scens (bluish- leaved). %. Yellow. July. 
 
 1820. 
 
 dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). %. White. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 denta'tum (toothed). $. Purple. June. 1810. 
 
 elonga'tum (Lengthened). Yellow. May. Altai. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Ewe'rsii (Ewer's). J. June. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 Forsteria'num (Forster's). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Wales. 
 
 fruticulo'sum (small-shrubby). . Yellow. 
 Portugal. 1829. 
 
 glau'cum (milky-green). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 globulifo'lium (globe-leaved). Yellow. June. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Hispa'nicum (Spanish). . Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1732. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). . Yellow. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 17/6. 
 
 Ibe'ricum (Iberian). $. Pink. July. Spain. 
 
 innplucra'tum (clustered). . Yellow. July. 
 
 iattfo'lium (broad-leaved). Greenish-white. 
 
 August. Switzerland. 1/94. 
 
 K'ridum (livid). . White, green. July. 1816. 
 '-'micra'nthum (small-flowered). White. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 S. imtlticau'le (many-stemmed). Yellow. May. 
 Himalaya Mountains. 1838. 
 
 negle'ctum (neglected). 1. White. August. 
 
 Naples. 1835. 
 
 Notarja'nni (Notarjanni's). White. July. 
 
 Naples. 1824. 
 
 oblo'ngum (oblong). . White. July. Britain. 
 
 ochrolcu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White. 
 
 July. Greece. 1818. 
 
 oppositifo'lium (opposite-teamf). . White. 
 
 August. Caucasus. 
 
 pectina'tum (comb-/eaoed). . White. July. 
 
 1818. 
 
 populifo'lium (poplar-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 August. Siberia. 1/80. 
 
 pu'lchrum (pretty). Purple. July. N.Arner. 
 
 1824. 
 
 quadri'fidum (four-cleft). J. Yellow. July. 
 
 New Asia. 1800. 
 
 refle'xum (bent-back-/eat?e<). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 colli'num (hill). 1. Yellow. 1815. 
 
 recurva'turn (curled-back-greera). ^. Yel- 
 low. June. Europe. 1818. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). . Red. June. Switzeiv 
 
 land. 18*6. 
 
 rhodi'ola (rose-scented). Yellow. June. Britain, 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1827 
 
 rupe'stre (rock). ^. Yellow. June. England, 
 
 saxa'tile (rock). ^. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 sempervi'vurn (houseleek-like). 4. Deep 
 
 purple. July. Iberia. 1825. 
 
 septangula're (seven-angled). . Yellow. July. 
 
 1/95. 
 
 sexangulu'rc (six-angled). ^. Yellow. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 spu'rium (spurious). ^. White. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 stenope 1 talum (narrow-petaled). Golden. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 18:26. 
 
 subclavu'tum (slightly-clubbed). . July. N. 
 
 Amer. 189-9. 
 
 tele'phium (cowzmon-orpine). 2. Purple. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 
 telephioi'des (orpine-like). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 terna'tum (three-leafteted). . White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1789- 
 
 verticillu'tum (whorl -leaved). 1. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. South Europe. 
 villo'sum (shagjry). %. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 vi'rens (green). ^. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1774. 
 
 virefscens (greenish). l.Green,yellow.July.l815. 
 
 SEED-ROOM. All that has been said 
 relative to the Fruit-room is applicable 
 to this. Everything promotive of decay 
 or germination is to be avoided ; and if 
 one relative direction more than another 
 requires to be urged upon the gardener, 
 t is comprised in these words keep it 
 as dry as possible: the room may be even 
 hot, so that it is not damp. 
 
 SE'LAGO. (From the Celtic sel, sight, 
 and jach, salutary; supposed effects on 
 Jie eyes. Nat. ord., Selagids [Selagina- 
 :ese]. Linn., l-Didynamia 2-Angio- 
 permia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, or 
 ather, the short, stubby side-shoots, taken off 
 lose to the stem, in spring and autumn, in sand; 
 
SEL 
 
 [ 731 ] 
 
 SEM 
 
 under a bell-glass, but raised at night to preven 
 
 damping. Sandy loam and vegetable moulc 
 
 The protection of a greenhouse; but many o 
 
 them are worth a place in the flower-garden 5 
 
 summer. 
 
 S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). August. 1819 
 
 bructeafta (bracted). l. Purple. June. 1812 
 
 cant'scens (hoary). 1. Pale purple. Sep 
 
 tember. 1812. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. 1699 
 
 dentu'ta (toothed). 1$. White. July. 1823 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading). l. Purple. July. 1807 
 
 di'stans (distant-lowered). 2. White.April. 1845 
 
 fascicula'ta (bundle-lowered). l. Blue 
 
 July. 1774. 
 frutico'&a (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1822. 
 
 Gifllii (Gill's). 1. Pale rose. March. 1829 
 
 heterophy'tta (various-leaved). 1. Purple. July 
 
 1823. 
 
 hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. 1823. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). Yellow. May. 1820 
 
 minuti'ssima (smallest). Yellow. June. 1816 
 
 ovu'tu (esg-headed). 1. Dark purple. 1774 
 
 polygaloi'des (milkwort-like). |. Purple 
 
 August. 1807. 
 
 polysta'ckya (many-spiked). White. June. 1823 
 
 rumulo'sa (small-branchy). l. White. 1824 
 
 rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 2. Violet. 1824 
 
 rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 1. Purple. June 
 
 1816. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). |. Purple. August. 1824, 
 
 spi'nea (spiny). 3. Purple. 1824. 
 
 spu'ria( spurious). 1. Violet. August. 1779, 
 SELANDEIA JETHIOPS. Pear Saw-Fly! 
 
 The upper surface of Pear-tree leaves 
 during the months of July, August, and 
 September, are liable to be destroyed 
 by what is very characteristically named 
 the slimy grub. These grubs are nearly 
 half an inch long, cylindrical, but 
 thicker towards the head than at the 
 other extremity. The whole body, ex- 
 cept at the time of skin casting, is 
 covered with a sticky, greenish black 
 matter, and from this they have been 
 named. Whilst feeding, the fore part of 
 the body is so swollen that the vermin 
 looks somewhat like a small tadpole. If 
 the slimy matter is removed from the 
 body, this is found to be a grub or cater- 
 pillar with twenty feet, and of a pitchy 
 
 brown colour. At the last-but-one cast- 
 ing of its skin the sliminess no longer 
 
 appears, and the grubs become of a 
 clayey colour. They finally form a brown 
 cocoon about October, and remain in the 
 pupa state until the following June or 
 July, when the perfect insect comes forth 
 in the form depicted in the annexed cut, 
 but of the size shown by the cross lines 
 above it. It is known as the Selandria 
 ^Ethiops. Linnaeus called it the Cherry 
 Saw-Fly (Tenthredo cerasi), from the 
 mistaken opinion that it attacked the 
 leaves of that tree only, whereas its 
 grubs are more frequently found on the 
 leaves of the Pear. This fly is shining 
 black, and the tips of the legs yellowish. 
 The female lays her eggs on the upper 
 surface of the leaves. The slime on the 
 grub is of a peculiar nature, not being 
 dried by exposure to the hottest sun- 
 shine. 
 
 SELF. A flower with petals of only 
 one colour. 
 
 SELF-HEAL. Prune'lla. 
 
 SELLIGUE'A. (Probably from the Ja- 
 vanese name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- 
 diacess] . lAnn.^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 
 flane'scens (yellowish). Mav. E. Ind. 
 
 Hamilto'ni ( Hamilton's). May. Nepaul. 
 
 heterocu'rpa (various-fruited). June. Java. 
 
 a'-rophy^ta (large-leaved). May. Java. 
 
 pothifo'lia (pothos-leaved). May. Nepaul. 
 
 SEMECA'KPUS. Marking Nut-tree. (From ' 
 lemeion, a mark, and karpos, fruit; the 
 )lack juice used for marking clothes. 
 
 . ord., Anaeards [Anacardiaceae]. 
 
 n., 23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to 
 Anacardium.) 
 
 Stove, gfeenish-yellow-flowered, evergreen 
 rees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 i glass, in heat, in March or April ; peat, loam, 
 eaf-mould. arid sand. Winter temp., M to 60 ; 
 urnmer, 60 to 90. 
 f. anaca'rdium (anacardium). 20. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 cuneifo'tium (wedge-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 SEMEIA'NDEA. (From semeia^a, banner, 
 and atier, an anther; referring to the 
 
 >etal-like appendage to each stamen. 
 
 ". ord., Onayrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 
 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 A greenhouse shrub, allied to Fuchsia, like 
 which it may be cultivated. 
 
 S. grwidiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet. 
 March, and throughout the summer. 1853. 
 
 SEMPEEVI'VUM. Houseleek. (From 
 empervivo, to live for ever; tenacity of 
 fe. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacese]. 
 arm., \\-Dodecandria 7-Dodecagynia.) 
 
 Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by 
 uttings, and most of them deliarht in dry, sand? 
 oil, kept moiat only when growing. Greenhouse 
 
SEM 
 
 [ 732 ] 
 
 SEN 
 
 kinds are also freely propagated by cuttings, dried 
 for several days at the cut part ; grown in sandy 
 loam, leaf-mould, and brick-rubbish, and kept 
 dry and in a state of rest in winter. Winter 
 temp., 38 to 45 ; summer, 55 to 75. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). $. Purple. July. 
 Italy. 1699- 
 
 ma'jus (large). . Bed. June. Italy. 
 
 : mi'nus (small). |. Red. June. Italy. 
 
 flageliifo rme (whip-formed). |. Reddish. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 globi'ferum (globe-bearing.HewandCAicfcews). 
 
 i. Yellow. June. Germany. 1733. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Cream. June. Italy. 1804. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). . Red. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1752. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). $. Pale red. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1824. 
 
 tecto'rum (roof. Common). 1. Purplish. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S. dicho'tomum (two-ranked). Yellow. July. 
 Canaries. 1815. Biennial. 
 
 dodranta'lc (nine-inch). . Flesh. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1815. Annual. 
 
 micra'nthes (small-flowered). . Green, red. 
 
 September. Canaries. 
 
 stella' turn (starred). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1790. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. afcot'des(aizoon-like). Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). Q. Golden. July. Levant.l640. 
 variega'tum (variegated-/eaed). 4. Yel- 
 low. July. Levant. 1640. 
 
 au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. July. Canaries. 181 5. 
 spu'rium (spurious). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1820. 
 
 barba'tum (bearded). 1. Yellow. July. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1815. 
 
 bifu'rcum (forked). 2. Madeira. 
 
 ceespito'sum (turfy). . Yellow. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1815. 
 
 Canarie'nse (Canary). 14. White. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1699. 
 
 cilia'tum (hair-fringed). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 crue'ntum (bloody). 2. Yellow. May. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1834. 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow.Teneriffe.1804. 
 
 glandulo'sum (glanded-/eoed). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 glutino'sum (clammy). l. Yellow. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 
 polyphy'llum (many-leaved). J. Red. Au- 
 
 gust. Canaries. 1777. 
 
 retu'sum (large-bitten). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1824. 
 
 rupi'fragra (rock-scenting). Yellow. May. 
 
 Canaries. 1830. 
 
 Smi'thii (Smith's). 1. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 tabulaifo'rme (table-shaped). 14. Yellow. 
 
 July. Madeira. 1817. 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisted), f. Yellow. July. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1/79. 
 
 u'rbicum (city). 2. Yellow. July.Teneriffe.18l6. 
 
 uoi'ferum (grape-bearing. Una de Guanches). 
 
 Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 villo'sum (shaggy). $. Yellow. June. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1777. 
 
 Youngia'num (Young's). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 Canaries. 1842. 
 
 SENECI'LLUS. (A diminutive of senecio. 
 Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. linn., 
 19-Syngenesia 2-Superftua. Allied to 
 Cineraria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, but more 
 generally by divisions ; rich, sandy loam, or even 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 S. glau'ca (milky-green). 6. Yellow. July. 
 Siberia. 1790. 
 
 purpura'ta (purple). Purple, June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 SENE'CIO. Groundsel. (From senex> 
 an old man; naked receptacle compared 
 to a bald head. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- 
 Superflua.) 
 
 So difficult are the species to determine, that 
 twenty-one synonymes are added to Senecio. All 
 yellow-flowered, where not otherwise specified; 
 Annuals, by seeds in the open border, and in a 
 slight hotbed ; perennials, by seed, and division 
 of the plant, and also in common garden-soil, 
 shrubby kinds, by seeds, and easily by cuttings, 
 and mostly requiring a little peat or dried leaf- 
 mould along with the soil, and the protection of a 
 cool greenhouse. The double varieties of e'legans 
 are much used in flower-gardens ; but the single 
 varieties are also very beautiful. The double 
 varieties are preserved by cuttings in winter, and 
 must be saved from damp. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 S. ampulla'ceus (flask-Aeaded). 2. Texas. 1834. 
 
 crassifo'lius (thick-/eai>ed). . Purple, July. 
 
 South Europe. 1815. 
 
 dwarica'tus (straggling). 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 China. 1801. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 erube'scens (ruddy). 2. Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 Ga'llicus (French). June. France. 
 
 lanugino'stts (woolly). 5. November. 1826. 
 
 telephifo'lius (telephium-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 Valerianatfo'lius (Valerian-leaved). 4. July. 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN. 
 S. gibbo'sus (swollen). June. Sicily. 182". 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. argu'tus (sharp-/ea?;ed). 3. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 a'sper (rough). 3. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1774. 
 
 cinerarioi'des (cineraria- like). July. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1700. 
 flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1$. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1700. 
 ple'nus-a'lbus (double-white). 1$. White. 
 
 July. Cape of Good Hope. 1700. 
 ple'nus-ru'ber (double-red). 2. Red. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1700. 
 
 hamatophy'llus (bloody-leaved). 2. April. 1789. 
 
 halimifo'lius (halimus-leaved), 3. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1723. 
 
 ilicifo'lius (ilex-leaved). 3. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/3). 
 
 la'nceus (spear-feared). 3. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 L'Heritie'ri cyanonAMa/mus(L'Heritier's blue- 
 
 blossomed). Whitish-blue. June. Ca- 
 naries. 1843. Herbaceous. 
 
SEN 
 
 [ 733 ] 
 
 SEE 
 
 5, lita'cinus (lilac). 6. Lilac. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. September. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 persicasfo'lius (peach-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 peucedanifo'lius (peucedanium - leaved). 3. 
 
 Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 pra'cox (early -flowering). 5$. Yellow. 
 
 pscu'do-Chi'na (bastard-Chinese). . July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1732. Herbaceous. 
 
 pubi'gerus (downy). 2. Red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. Herbaceous. 
 
 reclina'tus (leaning). 2. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 rige'scens (stiffish-/et>ed). 3. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 ri'gidus (hard-/eawed). 3. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/04. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved) . 3. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 sca'ber (scurfy). 4. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1700. Herbaceous. 
 
 solidagi'neus (solidago-like). 2. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 specio'sus (showy). . Scarlet. July. China. 
 
 1789. Herbaceous. 
 
 tussila'ginis (colt's-foot-teaved). l. Purple. 
 
 April. Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 venu'stus (beautiful). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 HAEDY HEEBACEOUS. 
 
 S. Adonidifo'lius (Adonis-leaved). 1. July. Eu- 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 alpi'nus (alpine). 2. July. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 arachnoi'des (spider-like). July. Italy. 1827. 
 
 balsami'tts (balsam! ta- like), June. N. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1$. July. N.Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. July. Austria. 
 
 1749. 
 
 coria'ceus(le&iheTj-leaved). 4. July. Levant. 
 
 1728. 
 
 Croa'ticus (Croatian). 4. July. Hungary. 1805. 
 
 cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). June. Austria. 1822. 
 
 crue'ntus (bloody). Purple. April. Teneriffe. 
 
 deci'piens (deceiving). May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1821. 
 
 delphinifo'lius (larkspur-leaved). 1 . July. 
 
 Barbary. 1800. 
 
 eudo'rus (sweet-scented). July. 1815. 
 fri'gidus (cold). May. N.Amer. 1827. 
 
 Japo'nicus( Japan). I.August. Japan. 1774. 
 
 leucophy'llus (white-leaved). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 lyratifo'lius (lyre-leaved). 2. July. Austria. 1749- 
 
 wn'croj9%Wws(small-leaved).4. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. 
 
 nemore'nsis (grove). 3. July. Austria. 1/85. 
 
 odora'tus (sweet-scented). N. Holland. 
 
 otho'nee (othona-like).2.Pink. July.Iberia.1816. 
 
 ova'tus (egg-leaved). 3. September. Germany. 
 
 1823. 
 
 prate'nsis (meadow). June. Galicia. 1828. 
 
 Smi'thii( Smith's). Pink. July. Cape Horn. 1801. 
 
 taraxacifo'lius (dandelion-leaved). June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1824. 
 
 Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 3. July. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1810. 
 
 umbro'sus (shady). 2. July. Hungary. 1815. 
 V uniflo'rus (one-flowered). $. July, Alpine Eu- 
 rope, 1789- 
 
 SENSITIVE FERN. Onocle'a sensi'bUis. 
 
 SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimo'sa pudi'ca. 
 There are several other plants which 
 give evidence of being sensitive. The 
 Venus Fly-Trap (Dionae'a musci'pula) has 
 jointed leaves, which are furnished on 
 their edges with a row of strong prickles. 
 Flies, attracted by honey which is se- 
 creted in glands on their surface, venture 
 to alight upon them. No sooner do their 
 legs touch these parts than the sides of 
 the leaves spring up, and, locking their 
 rows of prickles together, squeeze the 
 insects to death. O'xalis sensiti'va and 
 Smi'thia sensiti'va are similarly irritable, 
 as the filaments of the stamens of the 
 Berberry. One of this sensitive tribe, 
 Desmo'ditim gy'rans, has a spontaneous 
 motion ; its leaves are frequently moving 
 in various directions, without order or co- 
 operation. When an insect inserts its 
 proboscis between the converging anthers 
 of a Dog's Bane (Apo'cynum androscemi- 
 fo'lium), they close with a power usually 
 sufficient to detain the intruder until 
 death. 
 
 SE'PTAS. (From septem, seven; the 
 number prevailing in the parts of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassula- 
 cese]. ~Linn.,7-Heptandria k-Heptayynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Increased by division of 
 the roots ; plants kept dry in winter ; sandy loam 
 and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 S. Cape'nsis (Cape), f . August. 1774. 
 
 g-Jo6(/?o'ra (globe-flowered). J.March.1809. 
 
 umbe'lla (umbelled). J. July. 1800. 
 
 SEEICO'GEAPHIS. (From serikos, silk, and 
 grapho, to write. Nat. ord., Acanthads 
 [ Acanthacess] . Linn., Ii-Didynamia 2- 
 Anrjiospermia. Allied to Aphelandra.) 
 
 Stove half-herbaceous perennial. Easily in- 
 creased by cuttings. For culture, see JUSTI'CIA. 
 5. Ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreght's). 3. Scarlet. 
 October. 1846. 
 
 SEEI'NGIA. (Named after M. Seringa, a 
 Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriad* 
 [Byttneriacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria i- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May ; sandy peat one part, sandy, fibry loam two 
 parts. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 S. platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 12. White. June. 
 
 N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 SEEI'OLA. (From sens, succory; as the 
 species resemble this plant. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 1-^qualis.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except rube'scens, 
 which is annual, and all native* of Sicily. Seed 
 
SEB 
 
 C 734 ] 
 
 SET 
 
 sown in early spring, in any common garden-soil. 
 Tiiis genus has had for its synonymes Ageno'ra 
 and Rodi'gia. 
 3. JEtne>nsis (.Etna). |. Yellow. July. 1/63. 
 
 a'lbicans (whitish). 1. Yellow. May. 1828. 
 
 aspargini'des (aspargia-like). 1. Yellow. May. 
 
 1829. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. May. 1828. 
 
 rube'scens (reddish), f. Red. July. 1829. An- 
 
 nual. 
 
 u'rens (stinging). . Yellow. July. 1773. 
 SEBI'SSA. (Name of a plant mentioned 
 
 n oy Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Cinchonads 
 [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 Japan. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; loam, 
 peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the south of 
 England. 
 .3. fce'tida (stinking). 2. May. 1787.' 
 
 multiplex (double-flowered). May. 
 
 SERRA'TULA. Sawwort. (From serra, 
 a saw; edges of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 yenesia 1-^Equalis.} 
 
 Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ; 
 annuals, by seed ; common garden-soil. All pur- 
 ple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. 
 
 HAEDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 S. Icuca'ntha (white-flowered). White. July. 
 Spain. 1S25. Annual. 
 
 ni't ens (shining). 2. July. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 radia'ta (rayed). 2j. July. Hungary. 1800. 
 
 Trarwy/ua'rMca(Transylvanian). 2. July. Tran- 
 
 sylvania. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 <S. ala'ta (winged). 2. July. 
 
 argu'ta (sharp-toothed). 3. September. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1824. 
 
 Ca'spica (Caspian). 2. July. Caspian. 1820. 
 
 centaurioi'des (centaury-like). 1. July. Siberia. 
 
 1804. 
 
 corona'ta (crowned). 5. July. Siberia. 1739- 
 
 cyanni'des (cyanus-like). 2. Red. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1778. 
 
 cynaroi'des (cynara-like). 3. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1640. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1S18. 
 
 e'iegans (elegant). 2. July. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 keterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. July. Dau- 
 
 phiny. 1824. 
 
 Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). 2. July. Hungary. 
 
 1818. 
 
 multifio'ra (many-flowered). 2. July. Siberia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 2. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 Panno'nica (Hungarian). 2. July. Hungary. 
 
 1810. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). 1. July. Nepaul. 1821, 
 
 SERRU'RiA.(Named after J. Serrurier, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Protends 
 [Proteaceee]. Linn., k-Tetrandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia. Alliance near Leucospennum.) 
 
 Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope evergreens 
 purple-flowered, except where otherwise specified 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and kept cool, the glass being raised and fre- 
 quently removed at night, to prevent damping, 
 the cuttings at the time protected by a frame or 
 pit ; light, fibry loam, with a portion of charcoal 
 
 ind broken bricka or freestone. Winter temp., 
 38 to 48, with a shaded position for the pots in 
 he heat of summer; the heads will stand the sua 
 'reely if the roots are protected. 
 S. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 4. Pink. 
 1803. 
 
 acroca'rpa (pointed-fruited). Lilac. April. 1822. 
 
 adsce'ndens (ascending). 2. 1S1Q. 
 
 ee'mula (rival). 3. 1803. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). 1. 1803. 
 
 Burma'nni (Burmann's). 2j. 1786. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. 1803. 
 
 cyanoi'des (cyanus-like). 1$. 1S03. 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. 1818. 
 
 diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1810. 
 
 eleva'ta (elevated). Lilac. April. 1821. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). lj. 1800. 
 
 - emargina'ta (end-notched). 2. Pink. 1800. 
 
 flagella'ris (whip). 2. 1816. 
 
 fto'rida (flowery). 2. 1824. 
 
 glabe'rrima (very smooth). 1. 1825. 
 
 glomera'ta (crowded). 3. 1789. 
 
 Mwe'm (Niven's). l. 1800. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Pink. 18G3. 
 
 phylicoi'des (phylica-like). 3. 1789- 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pink. 1803. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. 1SC5. 
 
 rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 2. 1818. 
 
 scario'sa (membranous). Lilac. 1816. 
 
 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. 1810. 
 
 SERVICE. (Py'rus so'r&ws.) There are 
 three varieties : Apple - shaped, Pear- 
 shaped, and Berry-shaped. 
 
 Propagation. By Grafting on the 
 apple, medlar, and hawthorn. 
 
 By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed 
 for the Apple. 
 
 Soil. Clayey loam, well drained, suits 
 it best. 
 
 Culture. They are best trained as dwarf 
 standards or espaliers. See MEDLAR. 
 
 Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat 
 it like that of the Medlar. 
 
 SESBA'NIA. (From sesban, the Arabic 
 name of S. j&gyptia'ca. Nat.ord.,ie<jru- 
 minom Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Alliance near 
 CHanthus.) 
 
 All yellow-flowered. Annuals require to be sown 
 in a hotbed, in April, and flowered either in the 
 plant-stove or a warm greenhouse; shrubs, by 
 cuttings of the half-ripened, stubby shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat; fibry 
 loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 90, with abundance of moisture. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 4. July. Egypt. 1680. 
 
 occidenta'lis (western). 4. July. W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 S. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. July. E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 affi'nis (kindred). 3. July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 gra'cUil (slender). 3. July. 1820. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 6. July. W.Ind. 1823. Bi- 
 
 ennial. 
 
 puncta'ta (red-spotted). 3. July. Guinea. 1825. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 3. July. E. Ind. 1813. 
 SETS are the tubers, or portions of 
 
 tubers, employed for propagating pota- 
 
SET 
 
 E 735 3 
 
 SHU 
 
 toes and other tuberous-rooted plants. It 
 may be accepted as a rule universally ap- 
 plicable to them, that a moderately-sized 
 whole tuber is always to be preferred to a 
 cutting of a tuber. 
 
 SETTING is fertilizing the female blos- 
 soms with pollen from the male blos- 
 soms. A plant is said to be a shy setter 
 when this fertilizing is apt to fail. 
 
 SEVERI'NIA. A doubtful name for the 
 Box -leaved Orange. (Ci'trus buxifo'lia.) 
 
 SEYME'RIA. (Named after H. Seymer, 
 an English naturalist. Nat. ord., Fig- 
 worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from North 
 America. Seeds in April, in a peat-border. 
 S.pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. July. 1820. 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. July. 1730. 
 
 SHADDOCK. Ci'trus decwna'na. 
 
 SHADES are for prolonging the time of 
 a plant's blooming, or promoting the 
 rooting of cuttings, by excluding the 
 sunlight. See CUTTINGS, SCREENS, and 
 TULIP. 
 
 SHALLOT. See ESCHALLOT. 
 
 SHANKING is the technical term for a 
 gangrene which attacks the footstalks of 
 grapes and the stems of cabbages which 
 have vegetated through the winter. The 
 shanking of the grape appears to be oc- 
 casioned by the soil becoming exhausted, 
 or by its temperature being too much 
 below that in which the branches are 
 vegetating ; and, consequently, the supply 
 of sap to the grapes being too much di- 
 minished, the parts which thus fail of 
 support immediately begin to decay : this 
 is an effect always the consequence of a 
 diminished supply of sap, apparent either 
 in the leaves, flower, or fruit. Shanking 
 rarely appears in the grape if the roots of 
 the vine are within the house. Shanking 
 in the cabbage arises from a very different 
 cause, viz., the freezing of the stalk of 
 the cabbage just where it comes in con- 
 tact with the soil. The best preventive 
 is dressing the soil with salt, about five 
 bushels per acre, late in the autumn, and 
 sprinkling charred vegetable matters 
 among them. See DAMPING-OFF. 
 
 SHARP CEDAR. Aca'cia oxyce'dnts and 
 Juni'perus oxyce'drus. 
 
 SHIELD FERN. Aspi'dium. 
 
 SHEEP LAUREL. Ka'lmia angustifo'Ha. 
 
 SHEEP'S SCABIOUS. Jasio'ne. 
 
 SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 SHELTER. See SCREEN. 
 
 SHE -OAK. Casuari'na quadriva'lvis. 
 
 SHEPHERD'S BEARD. Arnoprfgon. 
 
 SHEPHERD'S CLUB. Ferba'scum tha'psm. 
 
 SHEPHE'RDIA. (Named after the late 
 W. Shepherd, curator of the Botanic Gar- 
 den. Nat. ord., Oleasters [Elaeagnacere]. 
 Linn., 22-Diosda 4,-Tetrandria. Allied to 
 Hippophae.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. 
 Generally by suckers ; frequently by seeds deep 
 sandy loam. Good shrubs for lawns or shrubbe- 
 ries. 
 
 S. argefntea (silvery). 10. April. 1820. 
 
 Cunade'nsis (Canadian). 10. April. 1759. 
 
 SHIFTING. See POTTING and ONE-SHIFT 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 SHREDS for fastening trees to walls, 
 &c., are best made of the list or selvage 
 torn from black or blue cloth, and may 
 be obtained of any tailor. The smallest 
 possible number of shreds, and the nar- 
 rowest consistent with strength, should 
 be employed ; for wherever the shred 
 envelopes the branch, the wood beneath 
 is never so well ripened as those parts 
 exposed to the light and air, which are 
 so essential to enable the bark to assimi- 
 late and separate from the sap those 
 secretions which are required for the 
 next year's growth. Shreds should al- 
 ways be long enough to permit the ends 
 to be doubled over, so that the nail may 
 pass through four thicknesses of the 
 cloth, otherwise they look ragged, and are 
 liable to tear away from the nail. If old 
 shreds are re-used, they should be pre- 
 viously boiled for a few minutes to de- 
 stroy any insect-eggs, or larvae, they may 
 contain. 
 
 SHRIVELLING of the berries of the 
 grape in stoves arises from the roots of 
 the vine not supplying a sufficiency of 
 sap. This occurs if the roots are in a 
 cold, heavy soil, or are vegetating in an 
 outside border, the temperature of which 
 is too low compared with that of the 
 stove. In the first case, thorough drain- 
 ing and the incorporation of calcareous 
 rubbish ; and in the second case, protec- 
 tion to the border and stem, will remove 
 the evil. 
 
 SHRUBBERY is a garden, or portion of 
 a garden, devoted to the cultivation of 
 shrubs. 
 
 SHRUBS are trees of a dwarf growth, 
 not exceeding in height twelve or fifteen 
 feet, unless they are climbers, and having, 
 if permitted, branches and foliage cloth- 
 ing the entire length of their stems. 
 
 SHUTE'BIA. See CONVO'JUYULUSBI'COLOR. 
 
SHU 
 
 736 
 
 SIL 
 
 SHUTTING-UP is closing the lights of 
 frames, pits, greenhouses, and stoves, 
 which have heen opened for the admis- 
 sion of air. 
 
 SIBBA'LDIA. (Named after Dr. Sibbald, 
 of Edinburgh. Nat. ord., Eoseworts 
 [Rosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pen- 
 tayynia. Allied to Potentilla.) 
 
 Seeds, but chiefly by division of the plant in 
 spring ; fibry, sandy loam, and fibry peat. They 
 are best kept as little alpines, in pots, protected 
 from frost and wet in winter, and shaded from the 
 midday sun in summer. 
 
 S. ere 1 eta (upright). 1. Pink. July. Siberia. 1806- 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 parvijfWra (small-flowered). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Cappadocia. Herbaceous. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Britain. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 SIBERIAN CRAB. Py'rus prunifo'lia. 
 
 SIBERIAN PEA-TREE. Caraga'na. 
 
 SIBTHO'RPIA. (Named after Dr. Sib- 
 thorp, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Figworts 
 [Scrophulariacese] . Linn., Ik-Didynamia 
 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered trailers. Seeds and divisions of 
 the plant in spring; moist, sandy, shady peat- 
 border. Prostra'ta requires the protection of a 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 S. Europce'a (European). $. July. England. 
 
 2)roslra'ta (trailing). %. June. Madeira. 1771- 
 
 SI'DA. A name adopted from Theo- 
 pbrastus for an extensive group of Mal- 
 lowworts, of which the true generic name 
 is Crista'ria, and the best species are re- 
 moved to Abutilon. 
 
 SIDERI'TIS. Ironwort. (From sideros, 
 iron ; supposed power of healing wounds 
 by iron. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., 1^-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Al- 
 lied to Marubium.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise spe- 
 cified. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in 
 summer ; division of the plant in spring ; dry, 
 sandy, or chalky soil ; well fitted for knolls and 
 banks. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. Roma'na (Roman). I.July. Italy. 1740. Annual. 
 
 serra'ta (save -leaved). 1. August. Spain. 1818. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). l. August. Spain. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 S. scordioi'des (scordium-like). 1. September. 
 
 France. 1597. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 1. July. Pyrenees. 1827. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1597. 
 
 elonga'ia (lengthened). August. Spain. 1822. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 Tnu'rica (Taurian), l. July. Tauria. 1822. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. July. Spain. 
 1820. 
 
 chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1J, July, Levant. 
 
 .S. inca'na (hoary). 1$. July. Spain. 1754, 
 
 leucatntha (white-flowered.). 1. White. July, 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 perfo'liata (leaf-stem-pierced), 2. September. 
 
 Levant. 1731. 
 
 Syri'aca (Syrian). l. July. Levant. 1597. 
 
 SIDERODE'NDRON. Iron-tree. (From 
 sieJeros, iron, and dendron, a tree ; from 
 hardness of wood. Nat. ord., Ginchonads 
 [Cinchouacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Alliance near to Ixora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist heat .; 
 sandy, fibry loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 S. triflo'rum (three-flowered). 20. Pink. W.Ind. 
 1793. 
 
 SIEGESBE'CKIA. (Named after J. G. 
 Siegesbeck, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, in April ; seedlings pricked off, and 
 finally turned out into the flower-garden in the 
 beginning of June ; rich, light, sandy soil. 
 S. cordifu'lia (heart-leaved). 20. August. Mexico. 
 1826. 
 
 Ibe'rica (Iberian). l.White.August.Iberia.1818. 
 
 orientu'lis (eastern). 2. September. India. 1730. 
 
 triangula'ris (triangular). 2. August. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 SIEVE'RSIA. (Named after M . Sievers, 
 a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Eoseworts 
 [Kosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Poly- 
 gynia. Allied to Geum.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. 
 Seeds, and division of the plant in spring; light, 
 sandy soil. 
 
 S. anemonoi'des (anemone-like). . July. Kamt- 
 schatka. 1820. 
 
 Atla'ntica (Atlantic). May. SouthEurope. 1810. 
 , glacia'lis (icy). . July. Siberia. 181Q. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). . July. Austria. 1597- 
 
 Pe'ckii( Peck's). . July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 re'ptans (creeping). 4. July- Switzerland. 1597- 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). . May. Rocky Mountains. 18-J7. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. July. Louisiana. 
 
 1826. 
 
 SILE'NE. Catchfly. (From sialon, sa- 
 liva ; from the gummy secretion on the 
 leaves of some, which entraps small flies. 
 Nat. ord., Cloveworts [CaryophyllaceEe]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 All freely by seeds. Annuals, in the opan 
 garden, in April, and many, if sown in Septem- 
 ber, will bloom very early; the low-growing 
 ones are very suitable for knolls and rock- works. 
 Herbaceous ones also by division, and by cut- 
 tings of the young shoots in sand, under a hand- 
 light, in summer; shrubby ones by similar 
 means; rich, sandy loam. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS. 
 S. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Brown. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). 3. White. June. Africa. 1/38. 
 _ orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Purple. July, Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
SIL 
 
 C 737 ] 
 
 SIL 
 
 avy). 14. Red. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/75. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 , acnu'lis (stemless). &. Rose. July. Britain. 
 
 a'lba (white). . White. July. Britain. 
 
 foe'mina (female). Red. July. Scotland. 
 
 exsca'pa (scapeless). 4. Red. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 ma's (male). Rose. July. Scotland. 
 
 faba'riu (fabA-laiced). J. White. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1731. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 14- Pink. June. Sicily. 
 
 1629. Evergreen. 
 (Mocini's). 
 
 Purple. June. 
 
 Mocinia'na 
 
 Mexico. 1827- 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. June, 1843. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. 
 
 S. JEgypt i'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July. 
 Egypt. 1800. 
 
 arme'ria (Siueet William}. 14. Pink. August. 
 
 England. 
 a'lba (white' . White. 
 
 asce'ndens (ascending), j. Red. June. Spain. 
 
 1822. 
 
 nto'cion (atocion). 2- Pink. June. Levant. 1/81. 
 
 bi 1 color (two-coloured). 1. Striped. June. 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 Canarin'nsis (Canary). 4- Red. June. 
 
 Madeira. 1822. 
 
 cfrttstul'di'S (cerastium-like). |. White. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1732. 
 
 cfteiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 1. Red. 
 
 July. Swan River. 1821. 
 
 color a' t a (coloured). l. Purple. June. 
 
 Morocco. 1819. 
 
 compa'cta (compact). 1. Pink. August. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). 1 .Pink. June. Greece. 1S18. 
 
 Crjtica (Cretan ;. 2- Green, white. July. 
 
 Crete. l/ii2. Biennial. 
 
 Csere'ii (Cserei's). 3. White. June, 
 
 cylindriflo'ra (cylindrical-flowered). 1. 
 
 June. Levant. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 di'scolor (various-coloured). 4 1 Red. 
 
 Greece. 1617. 
 
 diversifo'lia (variuus-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1820. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 14. White. June. Portugal. 
 
 1S19. 
 
 gcminijiu'ra (twin-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1816. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. White. July. 1823. 
 
 h i'spida( bristly). 1. Cream. June. Barbary. 1817. 
 
 Ibe'rica( Iberian). 1. White. June. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). 14. White. June. 
 
 N.Africa, 1818. 
 
 Ita'lica (Italian). 14. White. May. Italy. 
 
 1759. Biennial. 
 
 juvena'lis (youthful). 2. White. June. 1835. 
 
 la'cera (torn). 14. White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 luxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. White. June. 
 
 Spain. 1 820. 
 
 Knifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1817. 
 
 longicau'lis (long-stemmed). I. Red. June. 
 
 Spain. 1818. 
 
 Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 1. Pink. June. 
 
 Portugal. 1732. 
 
 ~ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. White. June. 
 Hungary. 1794. Biennial. 
 
 nemora'lis (grove), l. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 noctiflo'ra (night-flowering), 2. Pink. July. 
 
 England. 
 
 1821. 
 Red. 
 
 April- 
 
 S. noctu'rna (night). 2. Brown. July. South 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 nycta'ntha. (night-flowered). 14. Brown. July. 
 
 1815. 
 
 Oliveria'na (Oliver's). Red. July. Aleppo. 1818. 
 
 orcAi'rfe(orchid-like). Rose.June. Levant. 1/81. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Red. June. Sicily. 1731. 
 
 perfolia/ta (leaf-stem- pierced). 1$. Red. June. 
 
 Levant. 181". Biennial. 
 
 pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817. 
 
 Porte'nsis (Oporto). 1. Pink. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1759. 
 
 Psamini'tis (Psammitis). l. Cream. June. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 pumi'lio (dwarf). . Pink. June. Germany. 1823. 
 
 quinque-vu'lneru (five-wounded). 1. Blood. 
 
 July. England. 
 
 ramo'sn (branchy).l.White.July.Barbary.l820. 
 
 ramosi'ssima (branchiest). l. Rose. June. 
 
 Candia. Biennial. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 1. Rose. July. Bar- 
 
 bary. 1804. 
 
 rube'lla (small-red). 4. Flesh. May. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1735. 
 
 sabnleto'rum (gravel-pit). 1. Purple. June. 181 8. 
 
 SKCundiflu'ra (side-flowering). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1$. Pink. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1801. 
 
 $2><7<M/a'ta(spatulate). 4. Purple. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 stri'ctit. (upright). 14. Purple. June. Spain. 1802. 
 
 tenuifit'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 trident a 1 to, (three-toothed), f. Pink. May. 
 
 Barbary. 1823. 
 
 undulcEfo'lia (wavy-ieaved). Red. June. Sar- 
 
 dinia. 1829. 
 
 vesperti'na (evening). 2. Rose. July. Brit- 
 
 tany. 1796. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1731. Biennial. 
 
 viseosissi'ma (clammiest). 1 . June. Naples. 1824. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S.^a'zca(Altaic),l.Yellowish.August.Altai.l831. 
 
 amce'na (pleasing). 1. White, July. Tar tary.l 779. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Europe. 1817- 
 
 apri'ca (sunny). Russia. 1837. 
 
 ceespito'su (turfy). 4. Pink. June.Caucasus.1822. 
 
 campanula (bell-flowered). |. Green, white. 
 
 July. Piedmont. 1823. 
 
 ca'na (h.iary). l. Red. June. 1824. 
 
 Ca'spica (Caspian). |. Pink. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 
 CatesbcE'a (Catesby's), 1. Pink. June. Ca 
 
 rolina. 1810. 
 
 catho'licu (universal). 1J. Green, white. Au 
 
 gust. Italy. 1711. 
 
 chlorafo'lia (chlora-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 August. Armenia. 1796. 
 
 chlora'ntha (pale-flowered). 1^. Green, white. 
 
 July. Germany, 1732. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed), f . Purple. June. Crete. 
 
 1804. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. Pink. June. 
 
 Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 Co'rsi'ca(Corsican).] . Purple. June.Corsica. 1820. 
 
 depre'fxa (depressed). 4. White. June. 
 
 Iberia, 1816. 
 
 effu'sa (spreading). 1. White, yellow. July. 
 
 Volga. 1823. 
 
 ela'ta (tall). 3. White. June. Tauria. 1819- 
 fimbria'ta (fringe-flowered), 2. White. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1803. 
 
SIL 
 
 [738] 
 
 SIP 
 
 &. flave'scens (yellowish). 1. Yellow. June. 
 Hungary. 1804. 
 
 glaucifo'lia (milky- green-leaved). $. Red. 
 
 June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 g-ramwz/b'/za (srass-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 Altai. 181Q. 
 
 gypso'phila (chalk-loving)4.White.June.l822. 
 
 Hispa'nica (Spanish). . Red. June.Spain.1819. 
 
 infla'ta (inflated). 1. White. July. Britain. 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). White. Britain. 
 
 infra'cta (broken)." White. July. Hungary. 1800. 
 
 lacinia'ta (cut-petaled). 1A,. Scarlet. July. 
 
 8, Amer. 1823. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 
 Barbary. 1817. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1A.. Lilac, purple. 
 
 August. Hungary. 1/93. 
 
 mari'tima (sea), f . White. August. Britain. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. White. 
 
 August. England. 
 
 molli'ssima (softe.st).l.Pink.August. Italy. 1739- 
 
 ocymoi'des (basil-like). 1. April. 1823. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-lettved). 1. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer, 1820. 
 
 parado'xa (paradoxical). 1. Pink. July. Europe. 
 
 purmfu'lia (small-leaved). l. Pink. June. 1817. 
 ~7?a'/a(spreading).l. White. July. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 Pennsylvu'nica, (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 petrte'a (rock).J. White. July. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 pilo'sa (shaggy). White. August. Europe. 173Q. 
 ~- polyphy' lla (many-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 Austria. 1800. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down), f. Pink. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
 pfie'seens(downy).l. Purple. July.Corsica. 18 18. 
 * quadridenta'ta "(four-toothed). $. White. 
 
 June. Alps. 1822. 
 
 quadri'fida (four-cleft). A,. White. June. 
 
 Verona. 1818. 
 
 "efle'xa (bent-back). 1. Purple. June. South 
 Europe. 1726. 
 
 re'gia (royal). l. Crimson. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 renews (creeping). 1. Pink. August. Siberia. 
 
 RequWnii (Requien's). A.. White, red. June. 
 
 Corsica. 1823. 
 
 saxi'fraga (saxifrage). ^. Flesh, July. France. 
 
 1640. 
 
 ScAffl'/teOchafta). A.. Rose. April. Keridach 
 1844. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1A. Rose. July. Siberia. 
 
 17/3. 
 
 spergulifo' lia (spurry - leaved). A,. White. 
 
 June. Armenia. 1817. 
 
 Stella 1 ta (stoat-leaned). 1. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1696. 
 
 stylo'sa (large-styled). A. Yellowish. July. 
 1831. 
 
 svpi'na (supine). |. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. White. July. Russia. 
 
 1/Q6. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). ?. Cream. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 ValleTtAi CYaliesian). A. Flesh. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1765. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1783. 
 
 viscaginoi'des (viscago-like). f. Pink. June.. 
 
 Dauria. 1824. 
 
 Wolgensis (Wolga). Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Wolga. 1824. 
 
 SILK COTTON-TREE. Bo'mlax. 
 SILK-TREE. Aca'cia jullbri'ssin. 
 SIMARU'BA. (The Guiana name. Nat. 
 
 ord., Quassiads [Simarubacess], Linn., 
 \Q-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Quassia.) 
 
 Stove, yellowish - white - flowered evergreens, 
 from the West Indies. Cuttings of the ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 strong, moist heat; fibry peat, and light, fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 65 
 to 85. 
 S. exce'lsa (lofty). 40. 1818. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 1824. 
 
 officina'lis (shop). 10. 1789. 
 
 SINA'PIS. Mustard. (From the Celtic 
 nap, applied to the cabbage tribe. Nat. 
 ord., Crucifors [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 
 HJ-Tctradyri'iittia. ) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. See MUSTA.EB. 
 S. a'lba (white). 3. June. Britain. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 1. July. Madeira. 17/7. 
 
 iti'gra (black). 4. May. Britain. 
 
 tu'rgida (turgid). 4. May. Britain. 
 
 laniga'ta (smooth). 4. May. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 nudic'iu'lis(ui\.ked-stemmed). 1. June. Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 SINGA'NA. (From sinya-singa, the name 
 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., Capparids [Cap- 
 
 paridacese]. Linn., 13-PoIyandria 1- 
 
 Monogynia. Allied to Cratseva.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat, iu May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 65 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. Guiane'nsis (Guianan). White. June. Guiana. 
 1827. 
 
 SINGLING. Thinning seedlings so that; 
 two do not touch each other. 
 
 SINNI'NGIA. (Named after W. Sinning! 
 a German gardener. Nat. ord., Gesner- 
 worts [Gesneracese], Linn., l-Duly- 
 namia 2-Angiospermia,) 
 
 We have retained this genus, the name being 
 in common use; but the species are Gloxinias. 
 Stove evergreens. For culture, see GE'SNERA. 
 S. gutta'ta (spotted). l. Yellow, red. June. 
 Brazil. 1827. 
 
 He'lleri( Heller's). 1. White, green. June. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1827- 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). l. Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1827. 
 
 mllo'su (shaggy). 1J. Yellow, green June. 
 
 Brazil. 1827. 
 
 SIPHOCA'MPYLOS. (From siphon, a tube 
 and kampylos, a curve; shape of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaceee]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Cuttings root readily ; those which are herba- 
 ceous are best struck from the young shoots, 
 several inches in length, as they rise from the 
 root in spring; bicolor and betulcefo'lius are hardy 
 in sheltered places. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 S. betulcefo'lius (birch-leaved). 3. Red, yellow. 
 July. Brazil. 1842. Deciduous. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Red, yellow. April. 
 
 Georgia. 1835, Evergreen, 
 
SIS 
 
 [ 709 ] 
 
 SIU 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. cocci' neus (sc&rlet-Jlowered). 3. Scarlet. July. 
 Brazil. 
 
 duploserra'tus (double-saw-Jeowed). 2. Red. 
 
 Brazil. 1847. 
 
 lantanifo'lius (lantana- leaved). Rose. July. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1841. 
 
 glabriu'srulus (rather-smooth). 3. Pur- 
 plish-red. April. Caraccas. 1847- 
 
 longipeduncula'tus (long-flower-stalked). 3. 
 
 Red. January. Organ Mountains. 1841. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S.gigante'us (gigantic). Yellow, red. New 
 Granada. 
 
 glandulo'sus (glunded-calyxed), 3. Red. July. 
 
 Bogota. 1845. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guianan). Guiana. 1847. 
 
 Manettieefio'rus (Manettia-flowered). 1. Red, 
 
 yellow. April. New Granada. 1848. 
 
 micros to 1 ma (small-mouthed). 3. Scarlet. 
 
 September. New Granada. 1814. 
 
 Orbigyanus (D'Orbiny's). Yellow and scarlet. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1850. 
 exi'mius (showy). Dark violet. New 
 
 Granada. 1850, 
 e'legans (elegant). Bright red. New 
 
 Granada. 184Q. 
 
 reticulu'tus (netted). Violet. New Granada. 
 
 1850. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). Scarlet. Peru. 1847. 
 
 Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Orange. April, 
 
 S. Amer. 1786. 
 
 Sissoo WOOD. Dalbe'rgia Si'ssoo. 
 
 SISY'MBRIUM. (A classical name for 
 some plant. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Cru- 
 ciferse]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Many species, all but one mere weeds. This is 
 propagated by cuttings of young shoots in spring ; 
 does best with greenhouse treatment, but requires 
 at least a cold pit in cold winters; common, 
 sandy loam. 
 
 5. millefo'lium (milfoil-leaved). l. Yellow. June. 
 Canaries. 1779. Evergreen. 
 
 SIPHO'NIA. (From siphon, a tube, or 
 pipe. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbi- 
 acese]. Linn., 21-Moncscia IQ-Monadcl- 
 phia.} 
 
 The Brazilian, or Bottle India-rubber is the 
 produce of this shrub. .Stove evergreen shrub. 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots, dried at the base, 
 inserted in sand, under u large glass, in bottom- 
 heat^ sandy, fibry loam, peat, and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. Cahu'chu (Cahuchu). 6. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 SISYRI'NCHIUM. (From sys, a pig, and 
 rynchos, a snout ; swine grub out the roots 
 for food. Nat. ord., Irlds [Iridaceoj]. 
 Linn., 13-PoIyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Seeds and offsets in 
 spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 S. a'nceps (two-edged), i. Blue. June. N. 
 Amer. 1693. 
 
 Calif o'rnicum (Californian). $. Yellow. July. 
 
 California. 1796. 
 
 Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). 1. Cream. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1832. 
 
 glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved), J, Blue, 
 
 August. N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 S. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). |. White. 
 May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 mucrona'tum (spine-pointed), f . Blue. Jun 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Nutta'lli (Nuttall's). 1. Blue. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 stria'tum (channelled). 2. Yellow. June* 
 Mexico. 1788. 
 
 tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved), i. Yellow. 
 
 May. S. Amer. 1816. 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 S. Bermudia'num (Bermuda). 1. Blue. June. 
 Bermudas. 1732. 
 
 Chile? wie (Chilian). Blue. July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 convolu'tum (encircling). . Yellow, ilay. 
 
 S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 graminifo' Hum (grass-leaved). $. Yellow. 
 
 April. Chili. 1825. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). 4. Yellow, October. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 hirtefllum (slightly-hairy), f. White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). . Yellow. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 ju'nceum (reed-like). |. Lilac. June. Chili. 
 1832. 
 
 lu'xum (loose). . Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1818; 
 
 lute'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellowish. June. 
 
 Chili. 1830. 
 
 lu'teum (yellow). . Yellow. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 macroce'phalum (large-headed). l. Yellowish. 
 
 July. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted-petaled). 1. Yellow- 
 
 spotted. June. Chili. 1830. 
 
 mff/a'/e(May). Yellow. May. Valparaiso. 1832. 
 
 micra'nthum (small-flowered). . Yellow. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1815. 
 
 odorati' ssimum (sweetest - scented). White. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1828. 
 
 palmifo'lium (palm-leaved), 1. White. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Brazil. 1823. Stove. 
 
 peduncula 1 turn (/ora^-flower-stalked), 1. Yel- 
 
 low. September. Chili. 1827. 
 
 plica'tum (folded). 2. White. February. 
 
 W. Ind. 1779. Stove. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 1. Blue. June. Chili. 1836. 
 
 SITOLO'BIUM. (From sitos, wheat, and 
 lobos, a lobe; shape of the lobes of the 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], 
 Linn., 2&-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 S. adiantoi'des (maiden-hair-like). May. W. Ind. 
 1834. 
 
 cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). May. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 Davallioi'des (Davallia-like. May. N. Hoi- 
 
 land. 1833. 
 
 disse'ctum (dissected). Winter. E. Ind. 
 fla'ccidum (weak). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 gtutino'sum (clammy), April. E. Ind. 
 
 pilosiu'sculum (slightly-hairy). September. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 punctilo'bum (dotted-lobed). April. N. Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 
 rubigino'sum (ruddy). May. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 SI'UM. (From sin, the Celtic for water. 
 Nat. ord., Vmbdlifen [UinbelliferaceseJ. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) 
 
 All weeds, except the following. See SKIRRET. 
 S, sisa'rum (skirret) 1, White, August China, 
 
 164S. 
 
SKI 
 
 [740] 
 
 SMI 
 
 SKI'MMIA. (From Skimmi, the Japan- 
 ese name. Nat. ord., Citronworts [Au- 
 rantiaceae]. Linn., <i-Tetrandria \-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Propagated from cut- 
 tings, and cultivated like the hardy evergreen 
 Daphnes. 
 
 S. Japo'nica (Japanese). 3. White. April. Japan. 
 1853. 
 
 SKINNE'RA. (Named after Captain 
 Skinner, a botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds 
 [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia. Allied to Calystegia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; 
 and cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in 
 sandy, light soil, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; rich, 
 light fibry loam, and a litr.le peat. Winter temp., 
 53 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. ccBSpito'sa (turfy). Yellow. May. E.Ind. 1827- 
 SKIRRET. (Si 1 urn sisa'rum.) Sow at the 
 end of March, or enrly in April, in drills 
 a quarter of an inch deep, and twelve 
 inches apart. Thin the plants to twelve 
 inches apart. In autumn they will be 
 fit for use like parsnips. By Offsets. 
 Old roots throw off these in the spring, 
 when they may be slipped off, and 
 planted in rows a foot apart each way. 
 Soil. A light, rich loam is hest, 
 trenched, with a little manure dug in 
 with the bottom spit. To save Seed, let a 
 few of the old roots run up in spring ; 
 they ripen their seed in the autumn. 
 SKULL-CAP. Scutella'ria. 
 SLIMY GRUB. See SELANPRIA. 
 SLIPPERWORT. See CALCEOLA'RTA. 
 SLIPS are young shoots torn oif from 
 the parent plant, so that they have a 
 heel of older wood attached to them. 
 (See CUTTINGS for culture.) Slips, also, 
 is the name applied to the side beds of 
 the kitchen, not immediately in contact 
 with the walls or fences. 
 
 SLOE-TREE. Pru'mts spino'sa. 
 SLUGS are of many species, and the 
 smaller are much more injurious to the 
 gardener than those of a larger size, 
 because they are much less discernible, 
 and, their ravages being more gradual, 
 are not at once detected. They are 
 effectually destroyed by either salt or lime ; 
 and to secure the contact of these with 
 their bodies, it is best first to water the 
 soil -where they harbour with lime-water 
 in the evening when they are coming out 
 to feed, sprinkling the surface at the 
 same time with dry lime, and at the end 
 of a week applying a surface - dressing 
 of salt, at the rate of five bushels per 
 acre. If cabbage-leaves are spread upon 
 
 the surface of land infested by slugs, 
 they will resort to their under sides, and 
 thus they may be trapped ; but lime and 
 salt are most efficacious. Lime-water 
 may be poured over wall-trees infested 
 with them, and they may be syringed 
 with it as well as with water in which 
 gas liquor has been mixed, about half a 
 pint to a gallon. If lime be sprinkled 
 along the top and at the base of the. 
 wall, renewing it weekly, the slugs cannot 
 get to the trees. Fresh brewers' grains, 
 placed in small heaps, are good traps for 
 them ; and frequent earth- stirring helps. 
 to banish them. 
 
 SMEATHMA'NKIA. (Named after Smeath- 
 mann, an African traveller. Nat. ord.,, 
 Passion worts [Passifloraceae]. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria G-Polyqynia.') 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra 
 Leone. Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short, 
 stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and lumpy 
 peat. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 6u 
 to 85. 
 S. IcEmga'ta (smooth-waited). 6. February. 1823, 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 10. February. 
 
 SMILACI'NA. (Diminutive of Smilax, 
 from smile, a scraper; referring to the 
 rough stems. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- 
 aceae]. Linn., 6-fIexandria 1-Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from. 
 North America, except where otherwise specified- 
 Divisions in spring ; common, light soil. 
 S. bifo'lia (two-leaved). . May. North Europe. 
 1596. 
 
 borca'lis (northern), l. Yellow. May. 1/8;. 
 
 Cttnade'nsis (Canadian). . June. 1812. 
 
 cilia'ta (hair-fringed). . May. 1823. 
 
 rucemo'sa (racemed). 1. Pale yellow, May- 
 
 1640. 
 
 ramo'sn (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 stella' ta (starred). . May. 1633. 
 
 trifu'Iiii (three-leaved), i. June. 1812. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbtlled). |. May. 1778. 
 
 SMI 'LAX. (From smile, a scraper; rough,, 
 prickly stems. Nat. ord., Sarsaparillas 
 [Smilaceas]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 6-Hex- 
 andria.) 
 
 Saraaparilla is the produce of many species of 
 Smilax. There are many species, but only the 
 following require our notice, which have whitish- 
 green flowers. Suckers from the roots; sandy, 
 rich loam, and a little peat. They are evergreen 
 climbers, seldom flowering. One of the most 
 beautiful is ru'bens, from the red colour of its- 
 tendrils. The species from China should have 
 the protection of a cold pit or a wall. 
 S. Chi'nu (China). 6. China. 1759. 
 
 ru'bens (red). 6. Ju'y. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 sagittaft/Ka (arrow-leaved), li. September. 
 
 China. 1820. 
 
 sarsupari'llu (sarsaparilla). 4. July. N, Amer. 
 
 1684. 
 
 Walte'rli (Walter's). Virginia. 
 
 Watso'ni (Watson's). 4. July. N, AmCTi Mil*- 
 
SNA 
 
 [741] 
 
 SOI 
 
 SNAILS. See SLUGS. 
 
 SNAIL FLOWER. Phase'olus caraca'lla. 
 
 SNAKE GOURD. Zrichosa'nthes. 
 
 SNAKE ROOT. Aristolo'chia serpenta'ria. 
 
 SNAKE WOOD. Brosimum AubletiL 
 
 SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhi'num and Sile'ne 
 ttntirrhi'na. 
 
 SNEEZEWORT. Achille'a Pta'rmica. 
 
 SNOW is one of the gardener's best 
 shelters, and should never be removed 
 from his out-door crops. It prevents 
 heat from radiating from them ; protects 
 them from freezing, drying blasts, and, 
 being a bad conductor of heat, thus pre- 
 vents its escape from them. We have 
 never known the surface of the earth, 
 below a covering of snow, colder than 
 32, even when the temperature of the 
 air above has been 28. 
 
 SNOWBALL-TREE. Vibu'rnum o'pulus. 
 
 SNOWBERRY. Chioco'cca. 
 
 SNOWDROP. Ane'mone sylve'stris and 
 Gala'nthus. 
 
 SNOWDROP-TREE. Hale'sia. 
 
 SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jum. 
 
 SOAP-BOILER'S ASHES. See ASHES. 
 
 SOAPWORT. Sapona'ria. 
 
 SOBRA'LIA. (Named after F. M. Sobral, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 0rchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 5. chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. June 
 Brazil. 
 
 deco'ra (comely). Various. July. Guatimala 
 
 1836. 
 
 dicho'toma (two-ranked). Rose, purple. March 
 
 Peru. 
 
 lilia'strum (lily-flowered). White. July. Guiana. 
 
 1840. 
 
 macra'ntha (large-flowered). 6. Crimson. 
 
 September. Guatimala. 1842. 
 splefndens (splendid). 3. Crimson. Sep- 
 tember. Guatimala. 1846. 
 
 se'ssilis (stalkless). Pink. December. Peru. 
 
 1840. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). Violet, white. July. Merida. 
 
 SOIL. However varying in the propor- 
 tions, yet every soil is composed of silica, 
 alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, 
 salts, and animal and vegetable remains. 
 A fertile soil is one which contains such 
 a proportion of decomposing matter and 
 of moisture as to keep the crop growing 
 upon it always supplied with food in a 
 state fit for the roots to absorb, yet not 
 so superabundantly as to render the 
 plants too luxuriant, if the object in 
 view is the production of seed ; but for 
 the production of those plants whose 
 foliage is the part in request, as spinach, 
 or of edible bulbous roots, as onions, 
 
 which have a small expanse of leaves, so 
 as to be almost entirely dependent upon 
 the soil for nourishment, there can 
 scarcely be an excess of decomposed 
 matter presented to their roots. 
 
 A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay, is 
 the best, if not abounding in oxide of 
 iron; for clay alone retains the moisture 
 on the arable surface in too great an 
 excess ; and sand or chalk, on the con- 
 trary, carries it away too rapidly. It is, 
 however, evident, that to insure these 
 desiderata in any soil, at all seasons, is 
 impossible ; and it is manifest that a soil 
 that would do so in one climate would 
 fail in another, if the mean annual 
 temperature of them should differ, as 
 well as the amount in inches of rain 
 which falls during the same period. Thus, 
 in the western parts of England, more 
 than twice as much rain occurs as in the 
 most eastern counties, or in the propor- 
 tion of forty -two to nineteen. A soil in 
 the east of England, for any given crop, 
 therefore, may be richer and more tena- 
 cious than the soil required for it on the 
 western coast. 
 
 Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to a 
 soil when applied; silica (sand) dimi- 
 nishes that power ; whilst chalk and lime 
 have an intermediate effect. They render 
 heavy soils more friable, light soils more 
 retentive. These simple facts are impor- 
 tant ; two neighbouring gardens, by an 
 interchange of soils, being of ten rendered 
 fertile, which before were in the extremes 
 of tenacity and porosity. 
 
 In affording warmth to plants, the 
 earth is of considerable importance, and 
 the power of accumulating and retaining 
 heat varies as much in soils as the 
 proportions of their constituents. Sir 
 Humphry Davy found that a rich black 
 mould, containing one-fourth of vegetable 
 matter, had its temperature increased, in 
 an hour, from 65 to 88 by exposure to 
 the sunshine, whilst a chalk soil was 
 heated only to 69 under similar circum- 
 stances. But the first, when removed 
 into the shade, cooled in half an hour 
 15; whereas the latter lost only 4 C . 
 This explains why the crops on light- 
 coloured, tenacious soils are in general 
 so much more backward in spring, but 
 are retained longer in verdure, during 
 autumn, than those on black, light soils , 
 the latter attain a genial warmth the 
 more readily, but part from it with equal 
 
SOI 
 
 [ 742 
 
 SOL 
 
 The quantity of soluble matter obtain^ 
 able from a soil at any one time is very 
 small, seldom exceeding a one-thousandth 
 part of its weight ; and even pure vege- 
 table mould, the debris of entirely putre- 
 fied plants, was found by Saussure to 
 yield only ene-eleventh of soluble matter. 
 This mould was too rich for horticultural 
 purposes, peas and beans grown in it 
 being too luxuriant ; and they were more 
 productive in a soil containing only one- 
 twentieth of organic constituents dissolv 
 able by water. Small in amount, how- 
 ever, as are the soluble constituents of the 
 most fertile soils, they are necessary for 
 the vigorous vegetation of plants; for 
 when a soil is deprived of those consti- 
 tuents by frequent washings with boiling 
 water, it is much less fertile than before. 
 Liebig and others have most illogically 
 concluded, from the smallness of the 
 soluble extract contained in a soil, that 
 it is of small importance, forgetting that 
 as fast as it is taken by the roots of the 
 crop, it is generated again by the decom- 
 position of the animal and vegetable re- 
 mains. This is one reason why fallowing 
 is beneficial. Easily decomposing matters 
 have been exhausted by successive crops ; 
 and by a year's rest, and exposure to the 
 putrefactive agency of the air, the more 
 stubborn and more slowly decomposing 
 matters have time to decay and accumu- 
 late in the soil. 
 
 SOHING-UP. See BASINING-UP and 
 EARTHING-UP. 
 
 SO'JA. (From sooja, the name of a 
 sauce made from the seeds in Japan. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. 
 Linn., YI-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied 
 to Dolichos.) 
 
 Clubing annual. Seeds in May, in the open 
 border, or in a slight hotbed in April, and trans- 
 planted. 
 
 8. hi'spida (bristly). 3. Violet. July. E. Ind. 1790. 
 SOLA'NDBA. (Named after Dr. Solander, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Night- 
 shades [Solanacess]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 "L-Monogynia.) 
 
 ^ Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from flower- 
 ing shoots in open, sandy loam, and in a brisk 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and 
 dried nodules of old cow-dung. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60, and almost dry ; summer, 60 to 90, 
 mud plenty of moisture when growing. 
 S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. Pale yellow. 
 May. Jamaica. 1781. Climber. 
 
 g*tta'ta (spotted-flowered). 12. Pale yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 ~- Its' vis (sniooth-feawed). 2. White. October. 
 
 nvtida (shining). 20. Yellowish-white. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 10. White. 
 Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. S. 
 
 Amer. 1815. 
 
 SOLA'NUM. Nightshade. (From solor, 
 to comfort; soothing narcotic effect. 
 Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe] 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds in 
 the open air; tender, in a hotbed, and trans- 
 planted in June ; herbaceous, by similar means, 
 and division ; shrubby, by similar modes, and 
 cuttings under a bell glass, and requiring the 
 protection of a house and temperature, in pro- 
 portion to the place of which they are natives. 
 See POTATO. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 S. Mtliio'picum (Ethiopian). l. White. Au- 
 gust. Ethiopia. 1597- 
 
 Fontunesia'num (Fontaine's). Yellow. Au~ 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1813. 
 
 hetera'ndrum (various-stamened). Yellow. 
 
 July. Missouri. 1837. 
 
 heterodo'xum (heterodox). Blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ni'grum (black-4em'<ed).3.White.July.Britain. 
 melanocefrasum (black cherry). 2. White. 
 
 July. Virginia. 1820. 
 
 obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). August. 1831. 
 
 rostra'tum (beaked). Yellow. July.Mexico.1 823. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. cardiophy'llum (heart-leaved). 1. Cream. June. 
 Mexico. 1846. Tuberous. 
 
 cri' spurn (curled;. 18. Blue. June. Chili. 
 
 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 demi'ssum (humble). l. June. Mexico. 
 
 1846. Tuberous. 
 
 etubero'sum (tuberless). 2. Purple. June. 
 
 Chili. 1833. 
 
 tubero'sum (tuberous. Potato}. 2. White. 
 
 July. Peru. 1597. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 S.fusca'tum (dusky). 1$. Scarlet. June. S. 
 Amer. 1817. 
 
 melonge'na (egg-plant}. Violet. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1597. 
 ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). 2. Blue. June. 
 
 Africa. 1597. 
 fru'ctu-a'lbo (white fruited). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. Tropics. 1597. 
 fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. Tropics. 1597. 
 fru'ctu-ru'bro (red-fruited). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. Tropics. 1597. 
 fru'ctu-viola'ceo (violet-fruited). 2. Blue. 
 
 June. Tropics. 1597. 
 escule'ntum (eatable). Blue. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). Blue, violet. June. N, 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
 racemifto'rum (cluster-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 rose. August. S. Amer. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S. campanula'tum (bell-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 
 N. S. Wales. 1836. 
 
 jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 6. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. S. Amer. 1838. Climber. 
 
 Tweedia'num (Tweedie's). l. White, purple. 
 
 September. Buenos Ayres. 1833. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. cafyci'num (large-c.a.lyxed). 1. Blue. June* 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
SOL 
 
 [ 743 } 
 
 SOL 
 
 S mona'nthum (one-flowered). 2. Blue. June 
 New Spain. 1818. 
 
 STOVE EVERGEEENS. 
 S. aggrega'tum (clustered) 6. Purple, June 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1821. 
 -dma;ro'ii(Amazon).Blue.July.Mexico.l800 
 
 (tngula'tum(an%\ilzT). 4. White. July. Lima. 1825 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). 40. White.June.Cumana. 1819 
 
 auricula 1 turn (ezr-leavtd). 4. Violet. Mada 
 
 gascar. 1773. 
 
 beta'ceum (beet-leaved). 4. Pink. June. S 
 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 Bonarie'nse (Buenos Ayres). 10. White 
 
 July. Buenos Ayres. 1727. 
 Brasilia' num (Brazilian.). 2. June. Brazil. 1820 
 
 coria'ceum (leathery). 4. Purple, white. July 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. Violet. July 
 
 Peru. 1786. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 6. White. June. 1820. 
 fru 1 grans (fragrant). 14. Green. June. Brazil 
 
 1835. 
 
 glutino'sum (clammy). 4. Blue. June. 1810, 
 
 Havane'nse (Havannah). 5. Blue. July, 
 
 W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 hi'rtum (shaggy). 2. White. June. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1821. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Purple, blue. June. 
 
 Guinea. 1815. 
 
 i'gneum (fiery-spined). 3. White. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1714. 
 
 inca'num (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 1'ndicum (Indian). 6. Purple. July. India. 1/32. 
 - Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 4. White. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 lanceenfo'lium (lance-leaved). 10. White. 
 
 July. W. Ind. 131 6. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-feawgd). 7. Pale 
 
 blue. June. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 8. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Violet. July. 
 
 Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 macru'nthum (large-flowered). 12. Pale lilac. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 melano'.njium (black-wooded). 3. White. June. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Mexicu'num (Mexican). 3. Violet. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 motile (soft). 5. Purple. July. Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 munca'tum (prickly). 3. Violet. July. Peru. 
 
 1785. 
 
 myriaca'nthum (many-spined). 3. Purple 
 
 July. 1822, 
 
 negle'ctum (neglected). 4. Violet. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 pyraca'ntha (fire-thorn). 4. Purple. August. 
 
 Madagascar. 1/8Q. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. Purple. Sep- 
 tember. Madagascar. 178Q. 
 
 Seaforthia'num (Seatorth's). 20. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. Barbadoes. 1804. Climber. 
 
 subine'rme (half-unarmed). 7. Blue. Julv 
 
 W. Ind. 1752. 
 
 tetctum (covered). 3. Yellow.June.Mexico.1823. 
 
 tego're (grim). 2. Blue. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 tomento'sum (woolly). 2. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1662. 
 
 trique'trum (three-cornered). 2. White. June. 
 
 New Spain. 1820. 
 
 tri'ste (sad). 6. Violet. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 umbro'sum (shady). 2. White. June. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1825 
 
 verbascifo'lium (mullein-leaved). 7. White. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1749. 
 
 S. viola'ceum (violet). 4. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 volu'bile (twining). 8. Blue. June. W.Ind. 1823. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. aculeati'ssimum (prickliest). 3. Pale blue. 
 May. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 BMi'i(Balbis's).4. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1816. 
 bipinna'tum (two-leafleted). Blue. June. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1840. 
 
 Bro'wnii (Brown's). 3. Violet. July. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1820. 
 
 coa'gulans (curdling). 3. Purple. Julv. 
 
 Arabia. 1802. 
 
 elcEagnifo'lium (oleaster-leaved). 6. Blue. 
 
 June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 flave'scens (yellowish). 3. Blue. June. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1826. 
 fu'gax (fleeting). 5. White. June.Caraccas.18l6. 
 
 gigante'um (giant). 15. Violet. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1792. 
 
 lacinia'tum. (cut-leaved). 3. Violet. July. 
 
 N. Holland. 17/2. 
 
 herba'ceum (herbaceous). 3. Violet. 
 
 July. Van Diemen's Land. 1772. 
 
 Ugustri'nifm (privet-leaved). 5. Deep lilac. 
 
 June. Chili. 1831. 
 
 macra'ntherum (large-anthered). 3. Purple. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 1. Blue. Au- 
 
 gust. Peru. 1759. 
 
 mar gina' turn (white-edged): 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Africa. 1775. 
 
 Mi'lleri (Miller's). 3. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1762. 
 
 myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). Blue. 
 
 pseudo-ca'psicum (bastard-capsicum). 4. 
 
 White. July. Madeira. 1596. 
 
 pubi'gerum (downy). White. June. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Purple. Peru. 1771. 
 
 rige'scens (stiff). 1$. Violet. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 Ro'ssii (Ross's). Pale blue. Mexico. 
 
 runcina'tum (runcinate-/ea?>rf). 3. Violet. 
 
 September. Chili. 1831. 
 
 sa'nctum (holy). 3. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818. 
 
 sapona'ceum (soapy). 4. White. July. Chili.1825; 
 
 sinua'tum (scolloped-feaed). 2. Bluish. July. 
 
 1815. 
 
 Sodo'meum(Sodom),3. Violet. June. Africa. 1688. 
 
 stella' turn (starred). 6. Blue. June. 1805. 
 
 stMi'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pale purple. 
 
 July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 stramonifo'lium (stramonium-leaved). 6; 
 
 Purple. July. E Ind. 1778. 
 
 vesperti'iio (bat). Blue. June. Canaries. 1779. 
 
 vesti'tum (clothed). 6. White. October.Mexico. 
 
 SOLDANE'LLA. (A diminutive of solidus, 
 
 a shilling; shape of the leaves. Nat. 
 
 rd., Primeworts [Primulacese], Linn., 
 
 -Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to the 
 
 American Cowslip.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flow- 
 red, and blooming in April, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant 
 n spring ; peat and loam ; front of a sheltered 
 cat-border, or treated as alpine plants, protected 
 rom severe frosts and heavy rains in winter; 
 ni'n-ina and pusi'lla, at least, require this pro- 
 ection. 
 
 S. affi'nis (related). $. Switzerland. 
 
 ulpi'na (alpine). . Switzerland. 1656. 
 
 Clu'sii (Clusius's). J. Germany. 
 
 crena'ta (scolloped), i. 
 
 mi'nima (least), j. Blue. Switzerland, 1823. 
 
SOL 
 
 [ 744] 
 
 soo 
 
 S. mi'nimtt a'lba (white-flowered). $. Bluish, 
 May. Switzerland. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). . Bohemia. 1816. 
 
 pusi'lla (weak). $. Blue. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 SOLDIER-WOOD. Tivja purpu'rca. 
 
 SO'LEA. See VI'OLA. 
 
 SOLENI'DIUM. (From solen, a tube. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn., 
 %Q-Gynandria I-Honandria. Allied to 
 Brassia.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown on a block. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. racemo'sttm (racemed). Yellow, red. No- 
 vember. Pamplona. 
 
 SOLID A'GO. Golden Rod. (From soli- 
 dare, to unite ; supposed healing proper- 
 ties. Nat. ord., Composites [AsteraceseJ. 
 Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow-flow- 
 ered, and all from North America, where not 
 otherwise noticed. Divisions of the plant in 
 spring; common soil. Showy at the back of 
 herbaceous borders, or the back rows of herba- 
 ceous plants in the front of shrubberies. 
 S. alpe'stris (rock). l. August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. July. 1759. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. September. 
 
 anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. September. 18)5. 
 
 arena'ria (sand). l. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 u'spera (rough- leaved), 3. September. 1732. 
 
 cce'sia (grey). 2. September. 1732. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. August. 1643. 
 
 cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 3. August. 1811. 
 
 decu'rrens (dccurrent). 1. September. China. 
 
 1823. 
 
 ela'ta (tall. Hairy). 1. September. 1811. 
 
 eUi'ptica(ov&\-leaved). 3. August. 1/5Q. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). 3. September. 
 
 fra'grans (fragrant). 3. August. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). 6. August. 1/58. 
 
 glomera'ta (crowded). 3. September. 1820. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 3. September. 1/58. 
 
 hu'milis (humble). 1. July. 1811. 
 
 lixviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 3. September. 1699. 
 
 lateriflo'ra (lateral-flowered). 3. August. 1758. 
 
 latifo'lin (broad-leaved). 1. September. 1725. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. September. 
 
 Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. September. 1683. 
 
 minu'tn (minute). J. July. Pyrenees. 1772. 
 
 multiradiu'ta (many -rayed). . July. La- 
 
 brador. 1776. 
 
 nemora'lis (grove). 1$. September. 1/69. 
 
 Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1. July. Nepaul. 
 
 Novehorace'nsis (New Fork). 3. September. 
 
 nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 1. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 odo'ra (sweet-smelling). 3. July. 1699. 
 
 paftulu (spreading). 2. September. 1805. 
 
 pauciflosculo'su (few-floreted). 2. September. 
 
 1811. 
 
 polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 3. September. 1826. 
 
 pro'cera (tall). 6. September. 1758. 
 
 pube'rula (slightly-downy). 2. September. 
 
 pulverule'nta (powdered). 3. August. 
 
 pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 2. September. 1/90. 
 
 recurvu'ta (curled-back). 2. October. 
 
 refle'xa (bent-back-/eaued). 3 August. 1/58. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff-leaved). 3. September. 1710. 
 
 scu'bra (scurfy . 3. August. 1811. 
 
 semperi're.ns (evergreen). 5. September. 1699. 
 
 sero'tina (\mtK-flowering). 4. July. 1758. 
 
 si'mplex (s\mp\e-stemmsd). 1. 1826. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 4. October. 1817. 
 
 S. squarro'sa (spreading). 3. September. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 3. September. 1758. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. October. 1758. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. August. 1732. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. September. 175Q. 
 
 virga'ta (rod-like). 2. September. 1800. 
 
 SO'LLYA. (Named after E. H, Solly, 
 a naturalist. Nat. ord., Pittosporads 
 [Pittosporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 flfo nog y iiia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, blue-flowered, erergreen climbers, 
 from Australia. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 April ; cuttings then of young shoots a little 
 firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 placed in a cold pit, when the night temperature 
 does not exceed from 45 to 50 ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. Most of them would 
 succeed against a conservative wall. 
 S. nngustifo'lia (narrcw-leaved). 8. July. 1823. 
 
 keterophy'lla (various-leaved). 6. July. 1830. 
 
 linen'ris (narrow-leaved). 5. 
 
 salicifu'lia (willow-leaved). 
 
 SOLOMON'S SEAL. Poly (jona 1 turn. 
 
 SONERI'LA. (From Soneri-ila, the 
 Javanese name. Nat. ord., Melastomads 
 [Melastornacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 1- 
 Monoyynia. Alliance near Bertolonia.) 
 
 Stove annual. Seed in a gentle hotbed, in 
 March, potted off, and bloomed iu greenhouse or 
 stove ; andy peat. 
 S. stri'cta (upright). J. Rose. May. Java. 1848. 
 
 SONNERA'TIA. (Named after M. Son- 
 nerat, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtlMooms [Myrtacese], Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the 
 Pomegranate.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with 
 a heel, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in 
 a mild hotbed in May ; fibry loam, turfy peat, a 
 little sand, and dried old cow-dung. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. a'cida (sour). Red. June. 1822. 
 
 a'lba (white). White. May. 1824. 
 
 ape'tala (petal-less;. White. June. 1826. 
 
 SOOT is the volatilized unconsumed 
 portion of common coal. It is thus con- 
 stituted : Charcoal, 371 ; salts of am- 
 monia, 426 ; salts of potash and soda, 
 24 ; oxide of iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alu- 
 mina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31; carbo- 
 nate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent 
 manure for peas, onions, carrots, and 
 probably all garden crops. An excellent 
 liquid-manure is soot mixed with rain- 
 water, in the proportion of one table- 
 spoonful of soot to a quart of water, for 
 plants in pots ; but for asparagus, peas, 
 &c., six quarts of soot to a hogshead of 
 water. It must never he applied to 
 plants in a state of rest. It succeeds 
 admirably with bulbs. See LIQUID-MA- 
 NURES. 
 
SOP 
 
 [745 ] 
 
 SOW 
 
 SOPHO'RA. (From the Arabic name, 
 Sophera, of a leguminous tree. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Decandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions in spring ; 
 stove and greenhouse species, by cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots under a bell-glass, in sand, and 
 grown in peat and loam. The hardy kinds, such 
 as Jtipo'nicu and its varieties, are very ornamental 
 trees on a lawn, but should be grown in poor soil 
 north of London, that the annual growth may be 
 well ripened; propagated by imported seeds, by 
 cuttings of the roots, and layers ; its varieties by 
 grafting. Pe'nduta is extremely graceful and 
 fust growing. 
 
 HARDY HEKBACEOUS. 
 
 S. alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-grass-Hke). 4. Yel- 
 low. July. Levant. 
 
 flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 178"5. 
 
 galegoi'des (galega-like). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES. 
 5. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White. August. 
 China. i;63. 
 
 Japu'nica (Japanese). 40. White. August. 
 
 Japan. 1/63. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 14. 
 
 White. August. Japan. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 12. White. Au- 
 gust. Japan. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Yellow. April. 
 Chili. 1822. 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). 6. Pink. June. Nepaul. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 S. glau'ca (milky-green). /. Purple. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). 5. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 SOPHRONI'TIS. (From sophrona, mo- 
 dest; referring to the pretty little flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.. 
 W-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to 
 Dinema.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. cs'rnua (drooping). $. Red. June, llio 
 Janeiro. 1827. 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). $. Red. Organ 
 
 Mountains. 1837. 
 
 pteroca'rpa (wing-fruited). Red. Guatimala. 
 
 18J2. 
 
 viola'cia (violet-coloured). Violet. February. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 SOROCE'PHALUS. (From soros, a heap, 
 and kephale, a head ; clustered head of 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [ProteaceseJ . 
 Linn., -Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened 
 young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, either 
 in spring or autumn ; may be hastened, after the 
 base has swelled, with a little bottom-heat ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little peat and broken free-tone, 
 carefully drained. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 S. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. June. 1803. 
 
 imbe'rbis (beardless). 3. July. 1806. 
 
 tmbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. June. l/QI. 
 
 lana'ta (woolly). 2. August. 1/90. 
 
 teta'cea (bristly). 2. July. 1823. 
 
 S- spatalloi'des (spatalla-like). 3. July. 1803. 
 
 tcnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. July. 1802. 
 SORRELS. These are O'xalis acetose'lla, 
 
 Wood Sorrel; Ru'mex aceto'sa. Garden 
 Sorrel; R. scuta' tus, French or Roman 
 Sorrel. They thrive best in any light, 
 rich garden-soil. 
 
 The Rumexes are propagated by seed, 
 and all of them by parting the roots, both 
 which modes may be practised from the 
 middle of February until the same period 
 in May, and by parting the roots in Sep- 
 tember and October. Sow in drills, six 
 or eight inches apart, and a quarter-inch 
 in depth. When two or three inches 
 high, the seedlings should be thinned to 
 three or four inches apart. In Septem- 
 ber or October, or in the March and 
 April of the succeeding year, they may 
 be removed into their final stations, in 
 rows twelve inches apart each way, or, if 
 the French, eighteen inches. 
 
 When divisions of the root are em- 
 ployed, they must be set at once where 
 they are to remain, at the final distances 
 above mentioned. In summer, the stalks 
 must be cut down, to encourage the pro- 
 duction of leaves. In autumn and spring 
 the surface of the ground should be 
 gently stirred, and a little manure turned 
 in. 
 
 To obtain Seed. Some plants must not 
 be gathered from, but be allowed to run 
 up unchecked. They flower in the course 
 of June, July, and August, perfecting 
 their seed in autumn. Wood Sorrel does 
 not produce seed. 
 
 SORREL-TREE. Andro'meda arbo'rea. 
 
 SOULA'NGIA. (Named after Soulange 
 Bodin, a French nurseryman. Nat. ord., 
 Rhamnads [RhamnaceseJ. Linn.,5-P^- 
 tandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Phylica.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May; sandy, 
 fibry peat, and a few bits of charcoal, to keep it 
 open. Winter temp., 38 to 45. Should be 
 tried against a wall, as, in the open air, in dry 
 places and mild situations, Phy'lica ericoi'des 
 stands the winter uninjured. The Soulangias 
 wer once united with the Phylicas. 
 S. cor da' t n (heart-/eauf). Purple, yellow. May. 
 1789- 
 
 dioi'ca ('dioecious). 3. July. 1817. 
 
 inyrtiftt'lia (myrtle-leaved).3.Darkyellow.!8l6. 
 
 ru'lirn (red). 3. Red. December. 1827. 
 
 thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved ).3. White. June. 1824. 
 SOWERB^'A. (Named &herMr.Sowerby, 
 
 an eminent botanical artist. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [ Liliacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.) 
 Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceou* peren- 
 
sou 
 
 [ 746 ] 
 
 SPA 
 
 mals, from New South Wales. Divisions of the 
 plant in spring; loam and sandy peat, or old 
 leaf-mould. Require the protection of a cold pit 
 in winter, and to be kept dryish. 
 S.ju'ncea (tush-leaved), l. May. 1792. 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. June. 1839. 
 
 SOUR is a term applied to wetlands 
 producing acid weeds, such as Sorrel; 
 but it is also appropriate because such 
 lands contain Gallic and other acid com- 
 pounds, unfriendly to cultivated plants. 
 
 SOUK-SOP. Ano'na murica'ta. 
 
 SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemisia alro'tanum. 
 
 SOUTH SEA TEA. J'lex vomito'ria. 
 
 SOWING. (See GERMINATION.) In ad- 
 dition, a few practical directions may be 
 given. Let all sowing be done in drills. 
 For small seeds, such as lettuce, cab- 
 bage, &c., the drills may be sunk by 
 pressing the handle of the hoe into 
 freshly-dug soil ; but for larger seeds, as 
 parsnips, beet, and onions, the drills 
 must be struck with the hoe. Almost 
 all sowing should be performed in dry 
 weather, more particularly all early sow- 
 ing in winter and spring; but in hot 
 weather, in summer and autumn, it may 
 often be eligible to take advantage of 
 sowing immediately after a shower of 
 moderate rain. 
 
 The drills being at some distance from 
 one another, not only admit the sun, air, 
 and rain more effectually to the plants, 
 and give them a greater scope than such 
 as are sown broadcast, but admit more 
 readily the hoe between the drills to cut 
 down weeds and loosen the soil. 
 
 The general method of forming drills 
 for the reception of seeds is with a com- 
 mon drawing-hoe, sometimes with a large 
 hoe, and sometimes a middling or small 
 hoe, according to the size of the drill 
 required, and the size and nature of tbe 
 seeds; drawing the drill sometimes with 
 the corner of the hoe, especially for 
 larger seeds, and sometimes with the 
 edge of the hoe flatwise, or horizontally. 
 Large seeds, such as peas, kidney beans, 
 many of the nut kinds, and other large 
 seeds, both of trees, shrubs, and herba- 
 ceous plants, require a deep angular 
 drill, drawn with the corner of the hoe, 
 turning the face or edge close to the 
 line, and drawing the drill along with an 
 angular bottom evenly the depth requi"ed, 
 the earth remaining close along the side 
 of the drill, ready for turning in again 
 over the seeds; but where flat or shallow 
 drills are required for smaller seeds, it 
 may, in many cases, be more eligible to 
 
 draw the drill with the hoe flatwise, hold- 
 ing the edge in a horizontal position. 
 
 Beddlng-in Sowing. In this method, 
 the ground being dug and formed in four 
 or five feet wide beds, with alleys a spade 
 width or more between bed and bed, and 
 the earth being drawn off the top of the 
 bed wiih a rake or spade, half an inch 
 or an inch deep into the alleys, the seed 
 is the ' sown all over the surface of the 
 bed, -^ deb being done, the earth in the 
 alleys s immediately drawn or cast over 
 the be 1, again covering the seeds the same 
 depth, and the surface is raked smooth. 
 
 The method of bedding-in sowing by 
 sifting is sometimes practised for very 
 small or light seeds of a more delicate 
 nature, that require a very light covering 
 of earth when sown. In order to bury 
 them as shallow as possible, cover them 
 in by sifting fine earth over them out of 
 a wire sieve. 
 
 SOY. See SO'JA. 
 
 SPADE. This most important of the 
 gardener's tools varies in its form and 
 size. The Common Digging Spade is of 
 the largest size, being generally from 
 fourteen to sixteen inches long in the 
 plate, and nine or ten broad, narrowing 
 half an inch to the bottom. The Mid- 
 dling Spade is about a foot long in the 
 plate, and seven or eight inches broad, 
 and is useful in digging any narrow com- 
 partments and between rows of small 
 plants; also in flower-beds and borders, 
 and in stirring and fresh earthing the 
 surface of beds occasionally between 
 close-placed plants of long standing; 
 planting and transplanting many sorts, 
 both in the ground and in the pots. 
 
 The Small Spade. Size ten or twelve 
 inches long in the plate, and five or six 
 wide. It is convenient in pointing-up or 
 slight digging, and fresh earthing the 
 surface between close rows of smallplants, 
 in beds and borders, &c., - here neither 
 of the two former spade can be readily 
 introduced; likewise in planting and 
 potting many sorts of small plants, tak- 
 ing up small roots, and for other light 
 purposes. Proper garden spades have 
 the plate wholly of iron, not above a 
 quarter of an inch thick upwards, grow- 
 ing gradually thinner from the middle 
 downward, the tree or handle being gene- 
 rally of ash, about two feet and a half 
 long and an inch and a half thick, with 
 a firm, open handle at top, formed out of 
 the solid wood, just big enough to admit 
 
SPA 
 
 C 747 ] 
 
 SPA 
 
 of taking ready hold, one hand at top 
 and the other below, and with an iron 
 rivet through it to prevent it splitting. 
 Semicircular or Scooped Spade has the 
 plate made semicircular, like a garden 
 trowel, and is very useful in taking up 
 plants with halls of earth, to preserve 
 them more firmly ahout the roots. Foster, 
 of Stourbridge, and Lyddon, of Birming- 
 ham, make very improved spades, wear- 
 ing with a good edge throughout. 
 
 SPADO'STYLES. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-Deeandria l-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Pultensea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 PDLTKNJE'A. 
 
 For culture, see 
 
 S. Sie'beri (Sieber's). 2. 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 Yellow. May. N. S. 
 
 SPANISH BROOM. Spa'rtium ju'nceum. 
 
 SPANISH GAELIC. See ROCAMBOLE. 
 
 SPANISH NUT. Mores' a sisyri'nchium. 
 
 SPANISH VIPEII'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra. 
 
 SPARA'XIS. (From sparasso, to tear ; 
 lacerated spathes. Nat. ord., .Irids [Irid- 
 aceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia. 
 Allied to Ixia.) 
 
 Pretty little bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 For culture, see I'XIA. 
 
 S. anemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered), f . White. 
 June. 1825. 
 
 bi 'color (two-coloured). . Blue, yellow. March. 
 
 1786. 
 
 bla'nda (pleasing). Pink. May. 1811. 
 
 AwM'/era (bulb-bearing). I- Violet. May. 1758. 
 Jra'grans (sweet-scented), f . Yellow. June. 
 
 1825. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). |. Purple. April. 
 
 1758. 
 lilia' go (lily 'flowered}, f. White. April. 
 
 1758. 
 sirid'ta (streaked), i. Variegated. April. 
 
 1758. 
 
 linea'ta (pink-lined), . White, pink. April. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Dark pink. June. 1825. 
 
 stellu'ris (starry -lowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1836. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Orange. May. 
 
 1789. 
 
 ro'seo-a'lba (red and white). 1. Pink. 
 
 April. 1811. 
 
 sangui'neo-purpu'rea (bloody-purple). 1 . 
 
 Red. April. 1811. 
 
 viola' ceo-purpu'rea (violet-purple). Vio- 
 let, purple. April. 1811. 
 
 ~- versi'color (parti-coloured). $. Purple, yellow. 
 September. 1825. 
 
 Wafttii (Watt's). Violet, lemon-streaked. 
 
 August. 
 
 SPARMA'NNIA. (Named after A. Spar- 
 maun, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Liiidenblooms [Tiliacesej. Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 A fine old greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in April ; loam and a little 
 peat. Winter temp. 38 to 48. 
 
 S. Africa'na (African). 10. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 SPA'RTIUM. Spanish Broom. (From 
 sparton, cordage ; alluding to the flexible 
 shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., Id-Monadelphia 6- 
 Decandria. Allied to Genista.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, yellow flowered shrubs. 
 Generally by seeds, but cuttings will strike freely 
 in summer under a hand-light ; and this is the 
 best mode for securing a particular variety. They 
 should be planted out young, or be frequently 
 moved, as they make long, naked stems ; common, 
 light soil. 
 S. acutifo'lium (sharp-leaved). 6. August. Turkey. 
 
 1836. 
 ju'nceum (rush-leaved). 6. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1548. 
 -flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1548. 
 odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 4. 
 
 July. Persia. 1834. 
 
 SPARTOTHA'MNUS. (From sparlon t cord- 
 age, and thamnos, a shrub; its flexible 
 sboots. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopora- 
 cese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angio- 
 spermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; sandy, 
 fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 38 
 to 45. 
 
 S.ju'nceus (rushy). 3. White. August. Aus- 
 tralia. 1819. 
 
 SPATALA'NTHUS. (From spatalos, deli- 
 cate, and antlios, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridacesej. ~Linn.,16-Monadelphia 
 1-Triandria. Allied to Trichonema.) 
 
 A very rare and delicate Cape bulb, requiring 
 one-half sand and one-half good, turfy peat, in a 
 well-drained pot, after the manner of Ixias. 
 S.specio'sus (showy). . Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 SPATA'LLA. (From spatall, wantonness ; 
 application not obvious. Nat. ord., Pro~ 
 leads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 
 l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool ; 
 sandy, fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal and 
 freestone ; drainage and watering very particularly 
 attended to. Winter temp., 38 to 45. Pots 
 defended from sun in summer. 
 S. bractea'ta (bracted). 3. June. 1806. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). l. July. 1823. 
 
 cauda'ta (tailed). 2. June, 1812. 
 
 incu'rva (curled-in-/erti-erf). 2j. May. 1789. 
 
 mo'ltis (soft). 2. June. 1826. 
 
 ni'nea (white). 2. June. ISOb". 
 
 peduncula'ta (long flower - stalked). April. 
 
 1822. 
 
 proli'fern (proliferous) . l. July. 1800. 
 
 pyrninidalis (pyramidal). June. 1821. 
 
 rumulo'sa (twiggy-branched). 3. August. 1787. 
 
 TAMnAeVn(Thunberg's). 3. May. 1806. 
 
 SPATHE'LIA. (From spathe, a sheath, 
 or spathe, as in the Palm-tree; resem- 
 
SPA 
 
 [748] 
 
 SPH 
 
 folance. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyh [Xanthoxyl- 
 acese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 3-Trigynia. 
 Allied to Ailanthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 5. si'mplex (simple). 40. Red. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 SPATHJCA'EPA. (From spalhe, a sheath, 
 or spathe, and karpos, a fruit; the spadix, 
 or flower-stem, fruiting in the sheath. 
 Nat. ord., tracts [Aracese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to Cala- 
 dium.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 S. hastifo'lia. (halbert-leaved). White. July. 
 S.Amer. 
 
 SPATHO'DEA. (From spathe, a sheath ; 
 sheath, or spathe-like calyx. Nat. ord., 
 Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia Z-Angiospertnia.') 
 
 Cuttings of side-shoots, three or four inches in 
 length, taken off with a heel, as growth is pro- 
 ceeding, in spring, inserted thinly in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer, 
 50 to 80. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 S.fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1822. 
 
 unca't a (hooked). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1804. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TREES. 
 S. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 
 1824. 
 
 te'wis (smooth). 12, Purple. Guinea. 1825. 
 
 longiflo'rn (long-flowered). 12. Red. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 penta'ndra (five-anthered). 20. Yellowish. 
 
 June. India. 
 
 Rhee'dii (Rheede's). 16. Creanv E. Ind. 
 
 1794. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 12. Pink. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 SPATHOGLO'TTIS. (From spathe, a 
 fiheath, and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord., 
 Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria l-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in poti. See OKCHIDS. 
 S.Fo'rtuni (Fortune's). J. Yellow. August. 
 
 Hong Kong. 1844. 
 plica'ta (plaited). Purple. Penang. 1843. 
 
 SPAWN is the white, thready matter 
 produced in the soil by Mushrooms, and 
 by which they are propagated. It is 
 doubtful whether it arises from their seed, 
 or whether it is a mass of under-ground 
 runners. See MUSHROOM. 
 
 SPECULA'RIA. (From the ancient n ame, 
 Spe'culum Vene'ris, or Venus's Looking- 
 glass. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula- 
 ceee] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Annuals and all others, by seeds in pans, in a 
 1>ed, under glass, in March and April ; division of 
 the herbaceous kinds in spring, and cuttings of 
 
 young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady 
 place, in summer; cuttings of shrubby kinds 
 under a glass, in sandy soil, in April ; sandy 
 loam, with a little peat, or reduced dried leaf- 
 mould, for shrubby. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. diffu'sus (spreading). Blue. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1/87. 
 frutico'sus (shrubby). 1. Blue. August. Caps 
 
 of Good Hope. 1787- 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S.interru'ptus (interrupted). 1. Blue. Jane. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 ni'tidus (shining), f . White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 S. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. June. Russia. 
 
 1836. 
 falca'ta (sickle~petaled}. . Rose. July. 
 
 Mediterranean. 1820. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 1. Rose. July. England. 
 
 pentago'nia (five-angled). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Levant. 1686. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf - stem - pierced). I. Blue ( 
 
 July. N. Amer. l68ft. 
 
 spe'culum (Fenws's-looking-glass). 1. Green, 
 
 white. July. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 calyci'na (/ar^e-calyxed). July. Iberia. 
 
 Lilia'nica (Libanian). July. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). July. France. 
 
 SPEEDWELL. Vero'nica. 
 
 SPENNE'RA. (Named after M.Spcnner, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 mads [Melastomaceas]. Linn., 8-Ociau- 
 dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Rhexin.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Seeds, and cuttings of the 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 
 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. Acio'tis aqua'tica, 
 should be added to this genus. 
 S.fra'gilis (brittle). g. White. June. Trini- 
 dad. 1822. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). f . White. March. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 paludo'sa (marsh). J. Rose. June. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 pendulifo'lia (hanging- leaved). f. Rose. 
 
 March. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 SPERMADI'CTYON is Hamillo'nia azu'rca. 
 
 4. Pale blue. January. Nepaul. 1823. 
 SPERMA'XYRUM is O'lax stri'cla. 4. 
 
 White. New Holland. 1820. 
 
 SPHJERA'LCEA. (From sphaira, a globe, 
 and alcea, the Marsh Mallow; the seed- 
 pods, or carpels, in globular heads. Nat. 
 ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceae], Linn., 
 LQ-Monadelphia 8-Polygynia. Allied to 
 Mallow.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in April, planted 
 out at the beginning of June ; shrubs, by cuttings 
 of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light. 
 in summer; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 3 
 to 48. 
 
 5. abutiloi'des (abutilon-like). 4. Purple. August. 
 
 Bahamas. 1725. 
 
 angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 8. Pink. Au- 
 
 gust. Mexico. 1/80. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Dark red. Au- 
 
 gust. S.Amer. 1723, 
 
SPH 
 
 [ 749 ] 
 
 SPI 
 
 S. desiSmhens (lying-down). 1, Red, April. 
 S. Amer. ~1815. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 3. Red. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/91. 
 
 obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 Chili. 1827. 
 
 prostra'ta (trailing:). 1. Red. July. Brazil. 1806. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 4. Violet. April. 
 
 New Spain. 1814. 
 
 SPH^ROSTE'MA. (From sphaira, a globe, 
 and sterna, a stamen ; stamens collected 
 into close clusters. Nat. ord., Kadsurads 
 [Schizandracesej. Linn., 22-Dicecia 12- 
 Icosandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cutting of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam, with 
 a little charcoal and broken pots, and well- 
 drained. Winter temp., 45; summer, 60 to 
 80. A lower temperature even might be tried in 
 winter, if the wood was well ripened. 
 S. propi'nquum (related). 10. Yellow. July. 
 Nepaul. 1828, 
 
 SPIIJEROSTI'GMA. (From sphaira, a globe, 
 and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord., 
 Onagrads [Onagracepe]. Linn., S-Octan- 
 dria l-Monogynia. Allied to (Enothera.) 
 
 Hardy biennials and annuals, by seeds in the 
 open border, in April ; cheiranthifo'lium by 
 cuttings of young shoots in spring. 
 S. Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). 1. Yellow. Au- 
 gust. Russia. 1837. Annual. 
 
 cheiranthifo'lium (wallflower-leaved). Yellow. 
 
 June. Chili. 1820. Halt-hardy evergreen. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). . Yellow. August. Russia. 
 
 1836. Biennial. 
 
 minutiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 August. Russia. 1837. Annual. 
 
 SPHA'GNUII. This is a white-leaved 
 Moss, commonly found on peat-bogs. Its 
 botanical name is Spha'gnitm palu'stre or 
 S. obtusifo' Hum , Grey Bog Moss. It is 
 an excellent material for packing plants 
 in, being extremely retentive of moisture, 
 and yet contains so much astringency as 
 to check decay. 
 
 SPHENO'GYNE. (From sphen, a wedge, 
 and gyne, female organ ; the shape of 
 pistil. Nat ord., Composites [AsteraceaTj. 
 Linn., \9-Syngenesia o-Frustranea.} 
 
 All yellow-flowered, and natives of the Cape 
 of Gooil Hope, Annuals, by seed, under pro- 
 tection in April, or in the open border in the end 
 of May ; shrubs, by cuttings of young shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool pit, in May ; 
 loam and peat, sandy and fibry. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 5. anthemoi'des (chamomile-like).^. August. 1774, 
 
 fcenicula'cea (fennel-Jeawed). ). August. 1825, 
 
 leucanthemoi'des (leucantha-lke). . August 
 
 1825. 
 
 spetio'sa (showy), l. July. S. Amer. 1836 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. abrotanifo'lin (southernwood-leaved). 1, July 
 1789. 
 
 S. erithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 1. July. 1763. 
 
 dentn' t a (tooth-/eawed). l. June. 1/87. 
 
 odoru'ta (sweet-scented). 1. May. 1//4. 
 
 pili'fera (hairy). 14. December. 1821. 
 
 scario'sa (membranous). 1. June. 1774. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-edged). June. 1826. 
 
 SPHENO'TOMA. (From sphenoo,io cleave,, 
 and tome, a section ; limb or border of 
 the flower deeply cut. Nat. ord., Epa- 
 crids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5~Pentandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Dracophyllum.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, fronv 
 New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots when a 
 ouple of inches in length, provided they are 
 jetting a little firm at the base, in sand, under 
 . bell-glass, in spring; sandy, fibry peat, with a 
 ittle charcoal. Winter temp., 38 to 45; might 
 >e tried in a very sheltered rock-work, among 
 eat and broken freestone. 
 S. capita' turn (head-spi/ced). 1. April. 1830. 
 
 gra'cile (slender). . May. 1823. 
 
 SPIDERWORT. Tradesca'ntia. 
 
 SPIELMA'NNIA. (Named after J. JK. 
 Spielmann, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., I^-Didy- 
 nam'ut 2-A)igiospermia. Alliance near to* 
 Lantana.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young- 
 hoots in sand, under a bell-glass, at any time 
 except winter; sandy loatn and leaf -mould. 
 Vinter temp., 38 to 45. 
 
 S. Africa' mi (African). 3. White. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1710. 
 
 SPIGE'LIA. Worm Grass. (Named after 
 A. Spigelius, a botanist at Padua. Nat. 
 ord., Loganiads [Loganiaceffi]. Linn., 
 *)-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Annual, by seed under the usual treatment; 
 hardy herbaceous, by seed and division of the 
 roots ; ioam and peat. 
 S. Anthe'lmia (Anthelmia). l. Red. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1759. Stove annual. 
 Marilu'ndica (Maryland). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 N. Amer. 1094. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 SPINACH. Spina'cia oUra'cea. 
 
 There are the Round-leaved, or Smooth- 
 deeded, and the Triangular-leaved, or 
 Prickly -seeded. The first being the most 
 Sticculent, is employed for the spring and 
 summer crops, and the latter for autumn 
 and winter. The Lettuce-leaved and the 
 Fielders are hardy for a winter crop, and 
 by auch the best. 
 
 * Soil. For the round-leaved variety, a 
 rich, light, moist loam, in an open situa- 
 tion, is preferable ; but for the triangular- 
 leaved, and other winter varieties, a light, 
 moderately fertile, and dry border. The 
 earth should always be well pulverized at 
 the time of digging, and the soil for the 
 summer crops cannot be too rich. Liquid- 
 manure is highly beneficial to them, and 
 when made of blood and the most ferti- 
 lizing matters, the greater the benefit. 
 
SPI 
 
 [750 ] 
 
 SPI 
 
 Sow of the round-leaved variety at the 
 close of January in a warm situation, to 
 be repeated in larger, but still small 
 breadths, at the commencement and end 
 of February, and to be continued every 
 three weeks until the middle of April, 
 when it rnnst be performed once a week 
 until the close of May, and then once a 
 fortnight till the end of July. In August 
 sow at intervals of three weeks until the 
 early part of September. Sow thinly 
 in drills half an inch deep and a foot 
 apart. The sowing should be in showery 
 weather, otherwise an occasional water- 
 ing must be given ; for if there is a defi- 
 ciency of moisture during the first grades 
 of vegetation, not half of the seedlings 
 will come up. The triangular - leaved 
 plants must be thinned to four or five 
 inches apart, and the round-leaved to 
 eight. Thin by degrees, separating them 
 at first only an inch or two, as the plants 
 of the several thinnings are fit for use. 
 The thinning ought to commence when 
 tbey have attained four leaves about an 
 inch in breadth. Kegular gathering pro- 
 motes the health of the plants. The 
 outer leaves only should be gathered at 
 a time, the centre being left uninjured, 
 to produce successional crops. This 
 direction applies chiefly to the winter- 
 standing crops; those of the summer 
 may be cut off close to the root. 
 
 To oltaiti Seed. A. sowing of each 
 variety may be made in February or 
 March, according to the openness of the 
 season ; or, of the round-leaved variety, 
 some plants of a regular crop may be 
 allowed to run up in April or May ; and 
 of the triangular-leaved, some plants of 
 the winter-standing crops may be trans 
 planted in March. Set them twelve 
 inches apart. Spinach is dioecious, and 
 many ignorant persons, perceiving some 
 of the plants to have no appearance of 
 bearing seed, advise these to be pulled 
 ap ; but they are the male-bearing plants 
 without which the others would be un- 
 fruitful. If, however, they are very nu- 
 merous, some of them may be removed 
 with benefit to those that remain, care 
 being taken that some are left in every 
 part of the bed. When the seed is set 
 the male plants may be entirely removed. 
 When the seed is ripe in July or August, 
 the plants ought to be pulled up, and laid 
 to dry thoroughly on a cloth, previously 
 to its being beaten out and stored. 
 
 SPINA'CIA. Spinach. (From spina, a 
 
 prickle ; seeds prickly. Nat. ord., Cheno- 
 vods [Chenopodiacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 
 5-Pentandria.) 
 
 Hardy, green-flowered annual. See SPINACH. 
 S. olern'cca (potherb). l. June. 156s. 
 -- gla'bra (smooth-seeded). Ij. June. 
 
 - spinu'sa (prickly-seeded), ! June. 
 
 SPINDLE-TREE. JEuo'nymus. 
 
 SPIILZE'A. (From speira, anything 
 wreathed; the flowering branches used 
 in garlands. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosa- 
 cese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-I>i-pcnta 
 gynia.) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Herbaceous and tuberous, by division of 
 the plant in spring; shrubs, by cuttings, layers, 
 and suckers ; good garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 S.filipe'ndula (dropwort). 2. September. Britain. 
 -- mi 1 nor (smaller). 1$. August. Europe. 
 -- pube'scens (downy). l. August. France. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. aru'ncus (goafs-beard). 4. June. Siberia. 1633. 
 -- - Atr^erica'na (American). 4. June. N.Amer. 
 
 barba'ta (bearded). 4. June. Nepaul. 1835. 
 
 dcnuda'ta (naked). July. South Europe. 
 
 digitu'ta (hand-teayed). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 loba'ta (lobed). 2. Red. July. N.Amer. 1/65. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. Cashmere. 
 
 1840. 
 
 ulma'ria (meado-.v-sweet). 2. August. Britain. 
 -- mu'ltiplex (double -flowered). 2. Au- 
 
 gust. Britain. 
 -- nariega'ta (variegated). 2. July. Britain. 
 
 ulmifo'tia (elm-leaved). 3. June. Carniola. 
 
 1790. 
 -- phylla'ntha (leafy). 3. June. 
 
 CTraie'nsts(Uralian). 4. April. Uralia. 1817- 
 
 vaciniifo'lia (whortleberry- leaved). July. India. 
 
 1820. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 S. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. May. Siberia. 
 1817- 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). 3. July. Siberia. 1805. 
 
 arge'ntea (silvery). Nepaul. 
 
 arieefo'lia (white-beara-leaved). 8. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1827. 
 
 be'lla (pretty). 2. Red. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 betulifo'lia (birch-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 ca'na (hoary). l. June. Hungary. 1825. 
 
 capita! ta (headed). 3. June. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 ceanothifo'lia (ceanothus-leaved). 2. June. 
 
 1823. 
 
 chameEdrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 4. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1789. 
 
 --- inci'sa (cut-leaved). l. June. Germany. 
 -- me'dia (intermediate). l.June. Germany. 
 -- oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 -- subracemo'sa (sub-racemed). Ij. June. 
 -- viilga'ris (common). l. July. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). l. July. Virginia. 
 
 1819. 
 
 -- soro'ria (sister), 2. August. N.Amer. 
 1829. 
 
 cratcegifo'tia (hawthorn-leaved). 3. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1812. 
 
SPI 
 
 [751] 
 
 SPR 
 
 3. India. 
 Pink. June. 
 
 Ka- 
 
 1820. 
 May. 
 
 S. crena'ta (scollop-leaved). 2. April. Podolia. 
 1739. 
 
 cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved) 
 
 expo,' nsa (spreading). 3. 
 
 moon. 1846. 
 
 fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 4. June. Europe. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. 
 
 China. 
 
 liypericifo'lia (hypericum-leaved). 5. April. 
 
 N.Amer. it)40. 
 
 Plunkenetiu'nu (Plunkenet's). April. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Kamtscha' 'tica (Kamtschatka). June. N.Arncr. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Himale'nsis (Himalayan). 2. June. North 
 
 India. 1838. 
 
 Itzviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. Red. May. 
 
 Siberia. 17/"4. 
 
 lunceola'ta (spear-head-tea?'e<2). Mauritius. 
 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 2. June. India. 1838. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed- egg- leaved). 3. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 opulifo'lia (guelder-rcse-leaved). 5. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1690. 
 
 tomente'lla (slightly-woolly). 5. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 Pickowie'nsis (Pickow). 4. June. Podolia. 1807- 
 
 prunifo'lia flu're-ple'no (double - flowered - 
 
 plum-leaved). 6. March. China. 1844. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 5. March. Chusan. 1S43. 
 
 sulicifu'iia (willow-leaved). S.July. Britain. 
 
 alpe'stris (alpine). 5. July. Russia. 1S20. 
 
 ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Pink. 
 
 July. Kamtschatka. 1827. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. July. Europe. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). July. N.Amer. 
 
 Sai'm'ca(Savranian).4. April. Podolia. 1819. 
 
 sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). 4. August. Siberia. 
 
 1759. 
 alpi'na (alpine). 3. August. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 thalictroi'des (meadow-rue-like). 2. June. Da- 
 
 fa uria. ' 1806. 
 
 Tcbo'lskia (Tobolsk). 4. June. Russia. 1S23. 
 
 tomento'sa (downy). S.August. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 triloba'ta (three-lobed). S.May. Altai. 1801. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 5. Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Rose. August. Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 fi'ssa (cut-leaved). 3. November. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 Lindleyn'na (Lindley's). Himalayas. 
 
 Reevesia'na (ileeves's). 3. May. China. 1843. 
 
 SPIRANTHE'EA. (From speira, spiral, 
 and anthera, an anther ; twisted anthers. 
 Nat. ord., JRueworts [Eutacese], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of short, stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a sweet 
 bottom-heat, the glass to be removed at night; 
 sandy loam and fibrypeat. Winter temp., 50 to 
 60; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 S. odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White, 
 red. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 SPIRA'NTHES. Lady's Traces. (From 
 speira, spiral, and anthos, a flower ; flowers 
 arranged spirally. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidaeese], Linn., 20 -Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied to Neottia.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids, grown in pots, See 
 ORCHIDS. 
 
 S. arge'ntea (silvery). White. April. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 au'rea (golden). Olive, brown. April. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1842. 
 
 6racteo'sa(long-]jTzcted). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 May. St. Catherine. 1835. 
 
 diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white. August. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1838. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). Green. Sep. 
 
 tember. N. Amer. Half-hardy. 
 
 SPIRONE'MA. (From speira, spiral, 
 and nema, a filament; stamens spiral. 
 Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Commelynacese]. 
 Linn., Q-Hexandriii \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Tradescantia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. Seeds, and division of 
 the roots; sandy, fibry peat and loam. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 S.fra' grans (fragrant). 1. White. May. Mexico. 
 1839. 
 
 SPLEENWORT. Asple'nium. 
 
 SPO'NDIAS. Hog Plum. (The ancient 
 name of a wild Plum; resemblance of 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Anacards [Anacardiacese] 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria ^-Pentagynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in May 
 or June; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50 to 
 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 S. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). June. Malabar. 
 1824. 
 
 axilla'ris (axillary). May. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow -fruited).' 50. Yellow, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 purpu'rea (pu.rp\e-fruited). 30. White, green. 
 
 W. Ind. 1817- 
 
 SPONGE-TREE. Aca'ciafurnesia'na. 
 
 SPORTING is the term whereby gardener? 
 describe any deviation from the usual 
 form or colours of a plant or flower. 
 
 SPOT, a disease occurring on the leaves 
 of the pelargonium, is a dry gangrene, 
 occasioned by an irregularity in the 
 supply of moisture and vicissitudes of 
 temperature, but especially if one of the 
 extremes is much below the degree of 
 heat most favourable to the healthy 
 growth of that plant. The reason of 
 this is very obvious. If a pelargonium, 
 or any other plant, be placed in a highly 
 stimulating heat, and is abundantly sup- 
 plied witb root moisture, it immediately 
 increases its surface of leaf to elaborate 
 and digest the large amount of sap for- 
 warded from tbe roots. If this amount 
 of sap is subsequently suddenly reduced, 
 by lowering the temperature and adding 
 water to the soil less freely, the increased 
 surface of leaf is no longer required, and 
 it is a law pervading all the vegetable 
 creation that the moment any one of the 
 parts of a plant is unnecessary to it, 
 immediately that part begins to decay. 
 
 SPREKE 'LJA. ( Is aine d after Dr. 
 
SPR 
 
 C 752] 
 
 STA 
 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., AmarylHds 
 
 [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 
 1 -Mon oyynia.) 
 
 This is the new name for the old Amary'llis for- 
 
 mom ssima 
 but by HeL.__, _ 
 
 had some doubts latterly of its correctness. Stove 
 bulbs. For culture, see HIPPEA'STKUM. 
 S. bre'vis (short-flowered). 1. Green, red. June. 
 Bolivia. 1839. 
 
 cybi'ster (tumbler). Red. June. Bolivia. 1839- 
 
 furmosi'ssima (handsomest), f . Crimson. June. 
 
 Guatimala. 165S. 
 
 glau'ca (milky - green). 1. White. April. 
 
 Bolivia. 1839- 
 
 S. rugo'sa (wrinkly). 2. Pale yellow. July. Capo 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. alopecu'rus (foxtail-grass-like). 1$. Red. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1/5<J 
 
 :,"or Jacobaea Lily, not by Dr."Herbert, cocci 1 nea (scarlet).3.Scarlet.July.S.Amer.l798. 
 ister a German botanist; and Dr. H. j faeni'culum (fennel-scented). 2. Blue. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Germa'nica puhe'scens (German-downy). 2. 
 
 Purple. August. Germany. 1826. 
 
 gluthw'sn (clammy). 1. Purple. June. Candia. 
 
 1729. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l. Purple. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). . Purple. June. Italy. 1710. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). . Flesh. June. Italy. 1759. 
 
 It a'lica (Italian). 6. Purple. June. Europe. 
 SPRENGE'LIA. (Named after C. Spren- I _ lana'ta (woolly). 2. Striped. July. Siberia. 1/82. 
 
 gel, naturalist. Nat. ord., Epacrids \ macron' r a (long-tailed). 1. Pale red. July. 
 [EpacridaceiB]. Linn., S-Pentandria 1- _ ment ^Sa (mSeaved). Yellow. July. 
 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of short young 
 shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in spring and early summer. Winter 
 temp", 35 to 45. 
 
 S, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. 
 N. S. Wales. 1793. 
 
 . 1820. 
 
 menthmfo'iia (mint-leaved). Yellow. 
 
 Dalmatia. 1838. 
 
 ni'ven (snowy). 1. Ked. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 officina'Us (shop). 1. Purple. August. Britain. 
 
 ufu.a (*hit,e-J1owere). i. White. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 May ' orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light purple. August. 
 Levant. 1737- 
 
 SPRUE. A market name for the smallest 
 sprouts of asparagus. 
 
 SPURGE LAUREL. Da'phne laure'ola. 
 
 SPURLESS VIOLET. Erpe'tion. 
 
 SPURRING is cutting the lateral or side- 
 shoots, so as to leave only a few buds in 
 length of them projecting from the main 
 
 pube'scens (downy). Yellowish. July. Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 re'cta (upright). 2. Yellow. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. J633. 
 j seri'ceu (silky). 1 . Lilac. August. Nepaul. 1830. 
 
 sera' Una (\nte-floivering). l. Ked. August. 
 
 Austria. 1832. 
 
 seti'fera (bristly). l. Red, brown. Caucasus. 
 
 1837. 
 
 specio'su (showy). 4. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 
 
 (Cucu'rlitamelope'po.} See 
 
 Linn., 5-Pen~ 
 
 1839. 
 atri'cta (upright). lj. Purple. June. Denmark. 
 
 branches. 
 
 SQUASH. 
 CUCU'RBITA. 
 
 SQUILL. Sci'lla. 
 
 STAA'VIA. (Named after M. Staaf, a j (From stachys, a spike, and tarphe'ws. 
 correspondent of Linnaeus. Nat. ord., | dense ; mode of flowering. Nat. ord., 
 Brnniads [Bruniacetej. 
 tandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 1592. 
 STACHYTA'RPHETA. 
 
 Bastard Vervain. 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy, fibry peat. 
 Winter temp , 38 to 45. 
 S. cilia' ta (hair-fringed-leaverf). l. June. 1812. 
 
 glutino'sa (clammy). 1^. April. 1/93. 
 
 radio! tu, (rayed). 1. May. 1/87. 
 
 STA'CHYS. Hedge Nettle. (From 
 stachys, a spike ; their manner of flower- 
 ing. Nat. ord,, Lipworts [Lamiacese]. 
 Linn., 14^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.} 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divisions ; 
 shrubs, by cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy 
 soil, in summer. The tender kinds require a cold 
 pit or greenhouse in winter. There are many 
 annuals and biennials, but not worth culture. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S.fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). 1. Purple. July. 
 Caucasus. J818. 
 
 Verbenas [Verbenaceffi]. Linn., 2-Di- 
 andria I-Monogynia. Allied to Verbena.) 
 Annuals and biennials treat as tender stove 
 
 Paleesti'na (Palestine). ]. Purple. July. Syria, j 
 
 annuals ; perennials, by division ; shrubs, by 
 cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand, and in bot- 
 tom-heat; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. Mutofbili* 
 is very interesting. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. arista' ta (awned-6racerf). 2. Purple. Sep- 
 tember. S. Amer. 1845. 
 
 earn' lea (blue). 2. Deep blue. July. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Violet. June. Brazil. 
 
 1826. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). Violet. July. New Granada.1821. 
 
 muta' bills (chznging-flowered). 3. Orange. 
 
 June. S. Amer. 1801. 
 
 STOVE BIENNIALS. 
 S. ela'tior (taller). Violet. October. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 Jamaice'-nsis (Jamaica). 2. Blue. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1714. 
 ! Oru'liicu (Orubian). 3. Violet. July. Panama. 
 
 1820. 
 stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). Yellow. July. Cane 
 
 Of Good Hope. 1820, 
 
 1699. Annual. 
 
 i prisma'tica (prismatic). 2. Blue. May. W. Ind. 
 1699. 
 
 umhro'sa (shady). Blue. May. Cumana. 1829. 
 
 urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Blue. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Zt?ca'i(Zuccagm's).Rose,violPt.Juue.l82*. 
 
STA 
 
 C 763 ] 
 
 STA 
 
 "STACHYTJ'RUS. (From sfachys, a spike, 
 jiud euros, broad. Nat. ord.,Pillosporads 
 [Pittosporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April; fibry, sandy loam and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 35 to 45, 
 S^prce'cox (early). Pink. April. Japan. 
 
 STACKHOU'SIA. (Named after Mr. Stack. 
 httuRt, a British botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Stackhousiads [Stackhousiacese]. Linn., 
 6-Peittandria 8-Trig-ynia.) 
 
 New Holland plants. Perennial, by division of 
 the plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings in s;ind, 
 under a bell-^lass. in summer Winter temp, 
 lor latter, 35 to 45, 
 S. linariafo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 tnono'gyna (one-styled). 1. Pink. April. 1835. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 spathula'td (spatulate). White. April. 1825. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 STADMA'NNIA AUSTRA'LIS, a greenhouse 
 evergreen from New Holland, should be 
 Joined to Cupania. 
 
 STJEHELI'NA. (Named after J5. Staehe- 
 lui, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 1-JEqualis. Allied to Arctium.) 
 
 Half-hardy, purple-flowered, deciduous shrubs. 
 "Cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in 
 summer; sandy, libry loam and leaf-mould; re- 
 quire the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 S. urbore'scens (tree-like). 6. August. Candia. 
 1739. 
 
 chamaepeu'ce (ground-pirie-/eai>ttJ). 2. July. 
 
 Candia. 1040. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). 3. June. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 STAFF-TREE. Cda'strus. 
 
 STANDARD. A tree unsupported by a 
 wall or trellis. 
 
 Full Standards are such trees as are 
 drained with tall, straight stems, six or 
 seven feet high, clear of branches, and 
 are then suffered to branch out. 
 
 Half Standards are trees trained with 
 short steins only two or three feet high, 
 then suffered to branch out at that height 
 vto form heads; having low heads the 
 fruit is more easily gathered. Concave 
 dwarfs have the middle hollow, and the 
 branches all round in a cup form. Hori- 
 zontal dwarfs have the branches extended 
 all round in a flat or horizontal position, 
 I'but the concave dwarf is to be preferred. 
 
 STANHO'PEA. ( Named after Earl Stan 
 hope. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidacesej. 
 Linn., 20-fynandria l-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 .$. auru'ntia (orange-coloured). Orange. June. 
 
 La Guayra. 1840. 
 
 -vu'rea (golden). Yellow. May. Guatimala. 1835. 
 48 
 
 S. Ba'rkeri (Barker's,). Yellow, brown. July. 
 Mexico. 
 
 buce'phalus (bull-horned). 2. Yellow, crimson^ 
 
 May. Quito. 1843. 
 
 -- Devonie'nsis (Uuke of Devonshire's). 1$. Yel- 
 low, crimson. June. Peru. 18:<3. 
 
 trpa'nua (expanded). Various. May. Mexico. 
 
 1841. 
 
 grandi/iu'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. June. 
 
 Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 a'lba (white). White.June.Demerara.1841. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). White, flesh. 
 
 June. Demerara. 1835. 
 
 odura'ta (sweet-scented). White. June.. 
 
 Demerara. 1835. 
 
 grave'olens (strong-scented). Straw. May. 
 
 Peru. 1843. 
 
 guttula'ta (small-spotted). Buff. June. Peru. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Harrlso'tiia (Mrs. Harrison's). June. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 inodo'ra (scentless). Yellow, white. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. 
 
 insi'gnis (notable). 1. White, purple. Sep- 
 
 tember. Quito. 1826. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reu (dark purple). White, 
 
 purple. September. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 fla'na (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 fu'lva (tawny). White, red. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). Yellow, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 obscu'ra (obscure). White, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 pu'llida (pale). White, red. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1830. 
 
 Li'tidleyi (Lindley's). 1. Brown, red. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 ly'ncen (lynx-plant). Various. June. Mexico. 
 
 maculn'sa (spotted). 1. Blue, green. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Martia'na (Von Martius's). 1. White. Hay. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured-./?oMJemf). 1. White, 
 
 purple. June. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 ocula'ta (eyed). 2. White, purple. June. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1829. 
 Burkeria'na (Barker's). 2. White, purple. 
 
 June. Mexico. 
 pa'llida (pale). White, red. June. Mexico. 
 
 183.6. 
 ma'jor (larger). White, purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 quadrico'rnis (four-horned). 2. Yellow, red. 
 
 Juiie. Spanish Main. 
 
 Ru'ckeri (Mr. liucker's). Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 Guatimala. 1843. 
 
 Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Various. 
 
 May. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 sacca'ta (bagged). Yellow, green, May. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1836. 
 
 pa / #feto(pale}. Yellow. May. Guatimala. 
 
 1840. 
 
 tigri'nu (tiger-spotted'). 2. Red, chocolate. 
 
 July. Xalapa. 
 atru'tu (blacked). Orange, black. July. 
 
 Guatimala. 1843. 
 purpu'rea (purple). Orange, purple. July. 
 
 Guatimala. 18:l6. 
 
 tricn'rnis (three-horned). Pink, white. Peru. 
 
 venu'nta (handsome). Guatimala. 1839. 
 
 Wu'rdii( Ward's). 1. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 30 
 
STA 
 
 C-W] 
 
 STA 
 
 STANLE'YA. (Named after the Earl of 
 Derby. Nat. ord., CVtte(/ers[Brassioaceffl]. 
 Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di- 
 vision of the plant in spring; sandy loam and 
 vegetable mould. 
 
 S.pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-Jeaed). 1. Yellow. 
 June. Louisiana. 1816. 
 
 STAPE'LIA. (Named after J. B. Stapel, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Asclepiads 
 [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., &-Pentg,ndria 
 Z-Diyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of shoots in spring, well-driea 
 at the base heVore inserting them in sandy soil ; 
 sandy loam, brick-rubbish, and broken bricks, 
 with top - dressings of rotten cow -dung when 
 Crowing freely, or manure waterings. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 50, and dry ; summer, 00 to 80 , 
 and moisture, but with judgment at all times. 
 S. acuminn'ta (pointed-/ewued). g. Purple-striped. 
 August. 1795. 
 
 ambi'i>uti (doubtful). 2. Purple, brovi. June. 
 
 1/95. 
 
 ape'rtu (open-flowered). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 July. 1/95. 
 
 aste'rias (star-fish-like). f . Violet. May. 1/95. 
 
 bisu'lca (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow-striped. 
 
 July. 1805. 
 
 bufo'ni a (toad-like). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 
 
 1806. 
 
 cactifo'rmis (cactus-like). 4- Yellow-striped. 
 
 August. 1844. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). . Brown. July. 1795. 
 
 ciliu'ta (hair-fringed). . Green-striped. No- 
 
 vember. 1795. 
 
 coma' ta (tufted), l. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 1819. 
 
 compa'cta (compact). . Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 conci'nna (neat). . Green. July. 1/98. 
 decu'ra (graceful). $. Yellow-striped. March. 
 
 1795. 
 
 depre'ssa (depressed). $. Brown, purple. July. 
 
 divaricu'ta (straggling). . Flesh-coloured. Au- 
 
 gust. 1793. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). . Purple. August. 1795- 
 fissiro'stris (split-beaked). 2. Yellow, green. 
 
 1823. 
 
 flavicoma'ta (yellow-tufted). . Yellow. 1810. 
 fusca'ia (browned). . Brown, purple. July. 
 
 1814. 
 
 gemina'ta (twin-lowered). . Purple. March. 
 
 1/95. 
 
 gemmiflo'i-a (gem-flowered). . Dark purple. 
 
 October. 1795. 
 
 glanduli'feru (glanded). . Yellowish. August. 
 glandulijiii'ra (gland-flowered). . Brown. Au- 
 gust. 1795. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Red, purple. July. 
 
 1799. 
 
 glomeru'ta (crowded). . Brown. August. 1804. 
 
 Gordu'ni ; (Gordon's). 1. Yellow, brown. 1796. 
 
 gi'and'Jto'i'a (large-flowered). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 October. 1795. 
 
 Gussonea'na (Gussone's). J. Red-striped. Oc- 
 
 tober. Sicily. 1833. 
 
 hama'tn (hooked). $. Blood-red. July. 1820. 
 
 hirsu'tu (hairy). . Purple. July. 1710. 
 u'tra (dark-lowered). A. Dark purple. 
 
 July. 1710. 
 
 hirtv'Uu (rather hairy). . Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 hispi'dula (rather bristly). . Green. July. 1824. 
 
 S. Jacquinia'na (Jacquin's). . Purple. August. 
 1S02. 
 
 juve'ncula, (girlish). 1. Brown. Purple. July. 
 
 ai^i^ii'ta (smooth). -J. Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 lani'gera (woolly). ^. Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 lu'cifla (shining). 1. Purple. July. 1812. 
 
 macuto'sa (spotted). 1. Brown-striped. Au- 
 
 gust. 1804. 
 
 marginu'ta (red-edged). 4. Yellow-striped. 
 
 July. 1805. 
 
 marmora'ta (marbled). 1. Yellow - striped. 
 
 July. 1820. 
 
 Masso'ni (Masson's). 2. 
 
 mi'xta (mixed). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. 
 
 mosrha'ta (musky). 4- Brown, purple. July. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Violet, red. 
 
 September. 1817. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Yellow - striped. 
 
 June. 1823. 
 
 norma'lis (regular-spoked). . Yellow-striped. 
 
 July, 1821. 
 
 ophiu'ncula (small-serpent). J. Brown. July. 
 
 1805. 
 
 panicula'tu (panicled). . Green, brown, pur- 
 
 ple. July. 1805. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading). 1. Orange. July. 1797. 
 
 Xcf(painted).. Yellow-striped. August. 1/99. 
 
 pn'.'lidn (pale). 4. Pale blue. 1818. 
 
 pili'fexi (hmiry-tubercled). 1. Dark purple. 
 
 July. l'/90. 
 
 planijlo'ra (flat-flowered). . Pale yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1805. 
 
 pulche'l!a(nesnt). $. Yellow- srriped. May. 1795. 
 
 pu'lchru (beautiful). ^. Yellow-striped. Au- 
 
 gust. 1800. 
 
 pulmna'ta (cushion-cowered). J. Dark violet. 
 
 August. 1795. 
 
 quinquene'rms (five-nerved). 1. Yellow-striped. 
 
 May. 1800. 
 
 ramo'sa (branchy). l. Darkpurple. June. 1795* 
 
 refle'xa (bent-back). ^, Green, purple. July. 
 
 refM'A-a(bitten-off)4. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. 
 
 revolt*' ta (curled-back-^owered). 1. Purple. 
 
 July. 1790. 
 
 ru'fa (rusty-brown). ?. Brown. September. 1795. 
 
 rugu'su (wrinkled). Purple, green. June. 
 
 Si'wmV(Sims's). . Darkpurple. July. 1800. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). . Pale blue. August. 1814. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-ed^ed). 4. Purple. July. 1805. 
 
 soro'ria (sister). 1. Darkpurple. July. 1797- 
 
 spectu 1 bills (showy). I. Darkpurple. De- 
 
 cember. 1802. 
 
 Stella' ris (starry). 5. 
 
 Sty'ffia( Stygian). ^. Darkpurple. August. 1810. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 1. Yellow -striped. 
 
 August. 1727. 
 
 varia'kilis (variable). Yellow, red. June. 1823. 
 
 vetu'la (stale). . Dark purple. August. 1793. 
 
 Wendlnndia'na (Wendland's). 1. Yellow- 
 
 striped. August. 1818. 
 
 STAPHYLE'A. Bladder -Nut. (From 
 staphylr, a bunch ; flowers in clusters. 
 Nat. ord., Bladder-Nuts [Staphyleacese]. 
 Linn., b-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.} 
 
 Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous shrubs. 
 Seeds sown when ripe, remaining a year or more 
 in the soil; cuttings in September; layers and 
 suckers ; any light soil. Occidentals requires a 
 hothouse, but it scarcely deserves one; pinna'tit 
 is singular from its large bladder-capsules. 
 S. Bumu'lda (Bumaldan). June. Japan. 1804. 
 occidentit' Us (western). 30. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 pinna 1 ta (leafleted). 6. June. England. 
 
 tnfo'lia (three-leaved). 6. May. N. Amer, l64fl. 
 
STA 
 
 [755] 
 
 STA 
 
 STAR APPLE. Chrysophy'llum. 
 STAE FISH. Stape'lia aste'riast 
 STAR HEAD. Aster oce'phalus. 
 STAR OP BETHLEHEM. Ornitho'galum 
 STAR THISTLE. Centau'rea calci'trapa 
 STARTING. A term used to designat 
 the hastening the commencement o 
 growth, either in a seed or plant, hy sub 
 mitting it to artificial heat. 
 
 STA'TICE. Sea Lavender. (From sta 
 tizo, to stop; the powerful medical as 
 tringency of some of the species. Nat 
 ord., Leadworts [PlumbaginacesB]. Linn. 
 5-Pentandria Q-PolygyniaC) 
 
 Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, anc 
 tender species by similar means, and also bj 
 cuttings ; those requiring a cold pit and green 
 house flourish best in sandy, fibry loam and a 
 little peat, also good and fibry. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. arbo'rea (tree). 2. Blue. July. Teneriffe. 182Q 
 
 Dickso'nii (Dickson's). Purple. May. 1840 
 
 echioi'des (echium-like). 1. Pale blue. July 
 
 South Europe. 1752. Biennial. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1836. 
 
 monope'tala (one-petaled). 3. Purple. July 
 
 Sicily. 1731. 
 
 denuda'ta (naked-stemmed). 3. Purple 
 
 July. Sicily. 1640. 
 
 suffrutico'sa (under-shrubby). . Blue. July 
 
 Siberia. 17QQ. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). l. Pale pink. May. 
 Ararat. 1829. 
 
 ala'ta (winged). 1. Purple, yellow, July. 1806. 
 
 auricula'ta (eared). . Blue. July. Galicia. 1817. 
 
 auriculeefo'lia (auricula-leaved). . Red. July 
 
 Barbary. 1781. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 1. N. Holland. 1823 
 
 cine'rea (grey). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). Red. July. Altai. 1837. 
 
 conspi'cua (conspicuous). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Russia. 1804. 
 
 corda'ta (heart- leaved). . Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1752. 
 
 emarginu'ta (notched-ended), j. Purple. May. 
 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 folio 1 sa (leafy), i. Purple, white. July. Gra- 
 
 ciosa. 1830. 
 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Blue. Canaries. 1847. 
 
 imbrica'ta (imbricated). Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 inca'na (hoary), l. Pink. July. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 limo'nium (limonium. Wild Marsh Beet). 1. 
 
 Blue. July. England. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. White. May. 
 
 Canaries. 1824. 
 
 mucronu'ta (spine -pointed). 1. Red. July. Bar- 
 
 bary. 1784. 
 
 ovaiifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1. Whit?. July. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1816. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-like), f. Blue. September. 
 
 Canaries. 1780. 
 
 pseu'do-arme'ria (talse-armeria). Violet. April. 
 
 1840. 
 
 pube'rula (rather downy). }. Violet. May. Gra- 
 
 ciosa. 1830. 
 
 -pube'scens (downy). 4. Red. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 purpura'ta (purpled). 6. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 S, sca'bra (rough-branched). 1. Blue. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1788. 
 
 sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 1. Purple, yellow. 
 
 August. Levant. 162Q. 
 
 specio'sa (showy), l . White. July. Russia. 1776. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Red. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. Alta'ica (Altaian). l.Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 articula'ta (jointed). . Blue. July. South 
 
 France. 1826. 
 
 au'rea (golden). Golden. Siberia. 1832. 
 
 bellidifo'liu (daisy-leaved). $. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Greece. 1810. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May. 
 
 1837. 
 
 binervo'sa (two-nerved). l.Blue. July. England. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Blue. June. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1820. 
 
 Ca'spiea (Caspian). 1. Pale blue. July. Cas- 
 
 pian Sea. 
 
 coria'ria (coriaria-like). l. Lilac. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 
 
 cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). . Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 dicho'toma (two- ranked). $. Blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1810. 
 
 echi'nus (hedgehog). . Red. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1813. 
 
 elcfta (tall). 1. Blue. August. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 exi'mia (choice). 1. Lilac, rose. August. Sou- 
 
 garia. 1844. 
 
 ferula'cea (ferula-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1796. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 17Q1. 
 
 Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 1. Yellow. April. China. 
 
 1845. 
 
 globularieefo'lia (globularia-leaved). 1. White. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1821. 
 
 Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's)= 1. Blue. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1796. 
 
 Greefca (Greek). . White. June. Greece. 1810. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Red. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1780. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1791. 
 
 minu'ta (small). \. Red. June. Mediterranean. 
 
 1658. 
 na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 olfiifo'lia (olive-leaved). 1. Red. July. Italy. 
 
 Iti88. 
 
 pruino'sa (frosted). 1. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 rariflo'ra (thin-flowered). Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). . Blue. July. England. 
 
 rytidophy'lla (file- leaved). 3. Blue. May. 
 
 Port Natal. 1840. 
 
 scopa'riu (broom-like). 1. Blue. July. Siberia 
 
 1796. 
 
 spatula'ta (sp&tulz- leaved), 1. Purple. July 
 
 Barbary. 1804. 
 
 spicu'ta (spiked). . White. July. Caucasus 
 
 1819. Annual 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). l. Pink. June. Russia. 
 
 1731. 
 
 -- Thoui'nii (Thouin'i). 1. Blue. August. New 
 Afriia. 1/00. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). . Blue. July. 1818. 
 
 mrgu>ta (rod like). 1$. Blue. July. Spain. 
 Wittdenoiiia'na (Willdenow's). J. Violet. July. 
 
 France. 1800. 
 
 STATIONS FOR FRUIT-TREES. Unless 
 he soil is good, this is the best mode of 
 lanting; and it often renders draining 
 
STA 
 
 C 756 3 
 
 STE 
 
 unnecessary. If the soil be too wet, the 
 liole need only be half the prescribed 
 depth ; the other half may rise above the 
 ordinary ground level. If too dry, there 
 is no occasion to elevate the surface, only 
 care must be taken not to place the collar 
 of the tree too deep, which is a serious 
 fault under all circumstances. Let the 
 stations extend three feet on each side 
 the position for the tree, thus producing 
 an excavation of six feet square. Two 
 feet in depth is amply sufficient for any 
 fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan. 
 "The soil then should be thrown entirely 
 out, and four or five inches more must 
 be allowed for some impervious material, 
 which we will presently describe. In 
 throwing out the soil, care must be taken 
 to place it in samples, or both labour and 
 matei-ial will be wasted. It very frequent! 
 happens that three distinct samples of 
 soil or subsoil will come to hand during 
 the operation. Of course all clayey, or 
 sour, and badly-coloured subsoil must be 
 rejected, and its amount will be supplied 
 by the new material to be introduced; 
 and if this is scarce, any ordinary sur- 
 face-soil may bo in part substituted. In 
 filling the materials back again, the best 
 of the original surface -soil must be kept 
 downwards, mixing it thoroughly with 
 the new soil ; the inferior or second-rate 
 soil may be kept to dress the surface with. 
 As to character of soil to be introduced, 
 that depends partly upon the soil already 
 existing in the garden, as well as on the 
 kind of fruit-tree about to be planted. If 
 the soil is naturally sandy and dry, a very 
 stiff or clayey loam should be selected ; 
 if naturally clayey, any fresh, mellow, 
 sandy loam, or even the paring of road- 
 sides, commons, or lanes, will prove 
 excellent material. The furro wings of 
 old leys from what is considered good 
 wheat soil, is, however, of all other soils 
 the best adapted for general fruit culture. 
 Whatever materials are used, let it be 
 remembered that the more of turfy 
 matter that can be introduced, the longer 
 will the compost endure. Any sort of 
 turf, even from hungry situations, is 
 most relished by fruit-trees. If, never- 
 theless, no turf can be obtained, and the 
 soil is loose and poor, it is well to intro- 
 duce any refuse vegetables of a dry 
 character, such as decayed bean or pea 
 haulm, ordinary straw, old thatch, or, 
 indeed, anything of a decaying vegetable 
 character which is strong in fibre wnd 
 
 enduring. If any manure is thought 
 necessary, it should be fresh from the 
 stable or cow-shed, as such will endure 
 longer in the soil; merely using one 
 barrowful of mellow and rather rich soil 
 to plant the tree in. As before observed, 
 the most inferior portion of the soil may 
 be reserved to dress the surface of the 
 station with after the tree is planted; 
 here it will do no harm, and will be in an 
 improvable position. We now come to 
 the hard materials for the bottom of the 
 hole ; four or five inches in depth, as be- 
 fore stated. It matters not what this is 
 composed of: broken stones from quar- 
 ries, brickbats, chalk, cinders, or clink- 
 ers, <fec., all are eligible. These being 
 rammed hard, throw a coating of fine- 
 riddled cinders over the whole, or very 
 fine gravel: this secures drainage, and 
 prevents the roots entering to any inju- 
 rious extent. 
 
 STAUROCA'NTHUS. (From stauros, a 
 cross, and akantha, a spine; two side- 
 spines at the base of the principal spine 
 give it the resemblance of a cross. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fubacese]. 
 Linn., I6-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- 
 lied to Ulex.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds, and cuttings of young 
 shoots under a hand-light, in summer, in sandy 
 soil. 
 
 S. aphy'llus (leafless). 3. Yellow. May. Portugal. 
 1823. 
 
 STAVES-ACEE. Delphi'niwn staphisa' 
 yria. 
 
 STEEPING. (See GERMINATION.) It is 
 a very unfounded idea, that by steeping 
 seeds in certain solutions the vigour and 
 fecundity of the plants to which they 
 give birth might be promoted. A certain 
 degree of heat, oxygen gas, and water are 
 all the requisites for germination, and 
 until this process has commenced, no 
 liquid but water at common temperatures 
 will pass through the coverings of a seed. 
 So soon as germination has commenced, 
 this power to exclude foreign fluids 
 ceases, but the organs starting into 
 activity are so delicate, that the weakest 
 saline solutions are too acid and offensive 
 for them. So utterly incapable are the 
 infant roots of imbibing such solutions, 
 that at first they are absolutely depend- 
 ent themselves for their very existence 
 upon the seed-leaves, and if these art- 
 removed the plant either makes no fur- 
 ther advance or altogether perishes. To 
 hasten the germination of peas, beari^, 
 &c., it is a good plan to soak them in 
 
STE 
 
 [ 757] 
 
 STE 
 
 water for twelve hours previously to sow- 
 ing; and old seeds of all kinds have 
 had their germinating powers aroused 
 by putting them into water heated to 
 ^00, and allowing them to remain in it 
 until cold. 
 
 STELLA'BIA. Stitchwort. (From stella, 
 a star. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryo- 
 phyllacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Tri- 
 gynia.) 
 
 A genus of weedy herbs, with the exception of 
 Stellu'riu holo'stea, one of the prettiest flower- 
 garden plants for May in the British Flora. In- 
 creased by division of the roots in spring or au- 
 tumn, when it may be planted out to flower, and 
 may be removed in June when the flowers are 
 over. 
 
 STENA'CTIS. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and aktln^ a sunbeam ; the rays of the 
 expanded blossoms. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19 -Syngenesia 
 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in a 
 slight hotbed in March, will produce plants to 
 l>lom the same season ; division of the root in 
 *v>ring. 
 
 S. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. White. July. 
 N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August. Nepaul. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 1831. 
 
 strigo'sa (short-bristled). 1. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1816. 
 
 STENA'NTHERA. (From stenos t narrow, 
 and anthera, an anther ; the stamens 
 broader than the anthers, which are 
 narrower in proportion. Nat. ord., Epa- 
 crids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria l-j\fonogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse New Holland evergreens. Cut- 
 tings of young, short shoots, a little firm at their 
 base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in 
 n cold frame in May ; sandy, fibry peat, with 
 enough of charcoal and broken pots to keep the 
 soil open. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 S. cilia 1 fa (hair- fringed). Red. April. 
 
 pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 6. Scarlet. June. 1811. 
 
 STE'NIA. (From stenos, narrow; the 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- 
 chidacejE]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria ~Mo- 
 nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown on blocks. Sue ORCHIDS. ! 
 S. pa'llida (psAe-flowered) . 4 Yellow. August, i 
 Demerara. 1837. 
 
 STENOCHI'LUS. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; the narrow lip of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopo- 
 racese]. Linn., \-Didynamia 2-Anyio- 
 xpermia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a little 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 to 4i. 
 S. gla'ber (tmootb-leuved). 2. Red. 1S03. 
 
 S. longifoflius (long-leaved). 4. Scarlet. April. 1825. 
 
 macula'tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. April. 1820. 
 
 visco'sus (clammy). 2. Yellow. October. 1844. 
 
 STENOCHI^E'NA. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering of 
 the spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiaceoe]. Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1- 
 Filieet.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 S. heteromo'rpha (various-formed). April. Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 limonifo'lia (limonia-leaved). May. E. Ind. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 30. July. E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 spondicifo'lia (hog-plum-leaved). June. E.Ind. 
 
 tri'quetra (three-sided). July. E. Ind. 
 
 STENOCO'BYNE. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and koryne, a club. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria.') 
 
 Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See ORCHIDS. 
 8, longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange-spotted. 
 Demerara. 1843. 
 
 STENOME'SSON. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and messon, the middle ; the flowers con- 
 tracted in the middle. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.) 
 
 Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs, requiring 
 complete rest in winter; "sandy soil, shade, and 
 plenty of moisture in summer." They flower be- 
 fore the leaves rise, and are easily increased from 
 offset-bulbs in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 S. auranti'acum (orange - coloured 'flowered), 
 Orange. May. Quito. 1843. 
 
 cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. May. 
 
 cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). 1. Copper. Blay. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cu'rvidens (bent- toothed). Yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1842. 
 
 fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. May. Peru. 182S; 
 
 Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 1. Orange. March. 
 
 Quito. 1844. 
 
 latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow. March. 
 
 Lima. 1837. 
 
 vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg). 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 Lima. 1842. 
 
 STENORHY'NCHUS. (Fromstenos, narrow, 
 and rhynchvsy a beak; shape of the co- 
 lumn. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. 
 lAnn.,2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied 
 to Spiranthes.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. aphy'lla (leafless). 1. Brown, red, green. June. 
 Trinidad. 1826. 
 
 cinnaburi'nu (cinnabar-coloured). Orange, 
 
 red, yellow. June. Mexico. 1846. 
 -pluntagi'nca (plantain-teaved). Red. June. 
 Nepaul. )824. 
 
 STENO'STOMUM. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and stoma, a mouth ; referring to ther 
 flower. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho- 
 naeete]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono~ 
 gyiiia. Allied to Guettarda.) 
 
STE 
 
 [ 758 ] 
 
 STI 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, West Indian, evergreen 
 shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 6l> to 
 80. 
 
 S. lu'cidum (shining). May. 1818. 
 tomento'sum (downy). May. 1823. 
 
 STEPHANO'TIS. (From se/>/iaH0s, a crown, 
 andototis, eared; the ear-like processes on 
 the crown of the stamens. Nat. ord., As- 
 clepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 6-Pen- 
 tandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- 
 tings of the points of shoots, but best by small, 
 stiff side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 plunged in bottom-heat; fibry loam and fibry 
 peat, with a littls silver sand and dried leat-mould. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 55, and rather dry ; summer, 
 60 to 85, and plenty of moisture when growing. 
 Would answer, probably, in a warm conservatory 
 when once it reached the top of the roof. 
 S. floribu'nda (copious-flowered). 20. May. Ma- 
 
 dagascar. 1839. 
 Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). May. E. Ind. 1842. 
 
 STERCU'LIA. (Named after Stercus, a 
 heathen god. Nat ord., Sterculiads [Ster- 
 Liim., 21-Moncecia 10-ZJecau- 
 
 Violet. 
 
 culiacese] 
 dria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in moist bottom-heat ; 
 fibry loam and peat. . Winter temp., 45 to 58 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. Tragaca'ntha produces the 
 gum of that name. Platanifo'liu* stood for years 
 in the open air at Chelsea, and it is likely that 
 many of the East Indian and New Holland spe- 
 cies would thrive with greenhouse treatment. 
 S, Bala'nghas (Balanghas). 20. Purple. August. 
 E. Ind. 1787- 
 
 cocci'nea (sca.rlet-fru>ted). 20. E. Ind. 1817- 
 
 cjlora'ta (coloured). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 heli'cteres (helicteres-like). 8. Yellow, purple. 
 
 Carthagena. 1820. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 no'bilis (noble). 20. Pale buff. E. Ind. 1787- 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 20. White. Guinea. 1793. 
 
 tragaca'ntha (tragacanth). 40. Red, brown. 
 
 May. Sierra Leone. 1/93 
 
 STERILE. See BARREN. 
 
 STERNBE'RGIA. (Named after Count 
 Sternberg, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 AmaryUids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria ]-Monogynia. Allied to Opo- 
 ranthus, ovAmary'llis lu'teaofihe gardens. 
 
 Hardy autumnal- flowering bulbs, with one 
 yellow flower on a stalk, open before the leaves 
 rise ; offsets ; good, sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 S. Clusia'na (Clusius's). $. Constantinople. 
 
 colchicifto'ra (colchicum-flowered). . Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. 
 
 exi'gua (small). $. N.Africa. 1820. 
 
 STE 'VIA. (Named after P. J. Esteve, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syitgenesia 1- 
 ^Equalis.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Mexico, 
 Where net otherwise mentioned. They all bloom 
 
 in August. Seeds and division in spring ; sandy, 
 loamy soil. The protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 S. adeno-'phnra (gland-bearing). 2. White. Chili. 
 1822. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l. Pink. 1823. 
 
 6rewiam-a'ta(short-awned}. 3. Rose. July. 
 
 Tucuman. 18S6. 
 
 Eupato'ria (Eupatoria.) 2. Pink. 1798. 
 
 /ai-czcwto'm (clo*e-headed). 1. White. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1830. 
 
 fastigia'ta (peaked). 1$. White. New Spain. 
 1826. 
 
 hyssopifu'lia (hyssop-leaved). l. Pink. 
 
 incane'scens (hoary). 1. White. New Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 ivafo'tia (iva-leaved). 2. White. 1816. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-tefflfed). I. Purple. 1822. 
 
 luxiflu'ra (loose-flowered). Purple. 
 
 tu'cidu (shining). 2. Pink. New Spain. 1824. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Blush. Sep- 
 
 tember. 1828. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). White. 1834. 
 
 Munardafo'lia (Monarda-leaved). 1 J. 
 
 1826. 
 - Nepetaefo'lia (Nepeta-leaved). 1*. White. 1824. 
 
 ovu'ta (egg- leaved). 2. White. 1816. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). l. White. New 
 
 Spain. 1824. 
 
 pilo'sa (shaggy). 1$. Pink. 1820. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). l. Purple. 1823. 
 
 purpu'rett( purple). l. Purple. 1812. 
 
 rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). l^AVhite. 1827. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). l. Pink. 1803. 
 
 salviatfo'lia (sage-leaved). 14. White. 1827. 
 
 serru'ta (saw- leaved). l. Flesh. 1799- 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-smelling). l. White. New 
 
 Spain. 1823. 
 
 subo'cto - arista' ta (slightly - eight - awned). 
 
 White. Peru. 1824. 
 
 subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 2. Pink. New 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 1$. White. 1824. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). l. Violet. 1824. 
 
 trachelioi'des (trachelium-like). 3. Purple.1839. 
 
 tri'Jida (three-cleft). 1$. White. New Spain. 1827- 
 
 viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. 1829. 
 
 visco'sa (clammy). Purple. 1821. 
 STIGMAPHY'LLON. (From stigma, the 
 
 female organ, and phyllon, a leaf ; leafy- 
 like stigma. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal- 
 pighiacefle]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-Tri- 
 1 gynia. Allied to Banisteria.) 
 
 Stove, yellow - flowered plants. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom- 
 Winter temp., 48 to 55 ; 
 
 July. Brazil. 
 
 heat ; peat and loam, 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 S. arista' turn (awned-teaued). 
 1832. Twiner. 
 
 auricula 1 turn (eared-feaued). 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 cilia'tum (hair-fringed-teawed). May. Brazil. 
 
 1/96. Herbaceous. 
 
 heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. December. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1842. Climber. 
 
 jatrophcBfo'lium (jatropha-leaved). 3. May. 
 
 Uruguay. 1841. Twiner. 
 
 mucrona'tum (spine-pointed). 10. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. Twiner. 
 STILLI'-NGIA. (Named after Dr. B. Stil- 
 lingfleet, an English botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 21 
 
 Woncecia IQ-Decandria. 
 lanthus.) 
 
 Allied to Oma- 
 
STI 
 
 [7593 
 
 STO 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings in 
 and, in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, a little peat and 
 charcoal, and also a little brick-rubbish. Winter 
 temp., 50 ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 5. popu'lnea (poplar-like). 14. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 sebi'fera (tallow-bearing. Tallow - tree} . 10. 
 
 China. 1703. 
 
 STINKING GLADWYN. I'ris foetidi'ssima. 
 
 STI'PA. Feather Grass. (From stipe, 
 feathery, or silky. Nat.ord., Grasses [Gra- 
 minacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria2-Digynia,.) 
 
 Sti'pa penna'ta is the common feather-grass of 
 the seed-shops. All but hu'milis hardy herbaceous 
 perennials ; division and seeds in spring ; common 
 soil. 
 5. Alta'ica (Altaic). July. Altai. 1836. 
 
 capilta'ta (long-haired). 2. July. Europe, 1815. 
 
 confe'rta (crowded). 2. July. 1S1Q. 
 
 gigante'a (giant). 3. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). . July. S. Amer. 1802. 
 
 ju'ncea (rush-leaved'). 3. July. France. 1772. 
 
 penna'tu (feathered). 2. July. Britain. 
 STITCHWOBT. Stella'na. 
 
 STOB^'A. (Named after Dr.Stobaus, a 
 Swede. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracece]. 
 Linn., I9-Synyenesia I-^qtialis. Allied to 
 Gazania.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots, when growing, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 S. atractyloi'des (atractylis-like). July. 1823. 
 
 pinna'ta (leafleted). 2. June. 1812. 
 
 STOCK AND STOCK-GILLIFOWEB. See 
 MATHI'OLA. 
 
 STOCKS are young trees or shrubs 
 raised from seed, suckers, layers, and 
 cuttings, for the reception of buds or 
 grafts from other trees or shrubs of a 
 kindred species. 
 
 The old gardener's maxim, "the graft 
 overruleth the stock quite," is consonant 
 with truth, though it is to be taken with 
 some reservation. The graft prevails, and 
 retains its qualities ; yet the stock has the 
 power of influencing its productiveness, 
 as well as the quality of the fruit. Thus, 
 a tivie having an expansive foliage and 
 robust growth, indicative of large sap 
 vessels and vigorous circulation, should 
 never be grafted upon a stock oppositely 
 characterised, for the supply of sap will 
 not be sufficient. Illustrations are af- 
 forded by the codlin never succeeding so 
 well on a crab, nor a bigarreau on a wild 
 cherry, as they do on freer-growing stocks. 
 
 The habit of the stock, also, is of much 
 more importance than is usually con- 
 sidered. If it grows more rapidly, or has 
 larger sap vessels than the scion or bud, 
 an enlargement occurs below these ; but 
 .if they grow more rapidly than the stock, 
 
 an enlargement takes place just above 
 the point of union. In either case, the 
 tree is usually rendered temporarily more 
 prolific ; but in the case where the stock 
 grows most slowly, the productiveness is 
 often of very short duration, the supply 
 of sap annually becoming less and less 
 sufficient to sustain the enlarged produc- 
 tion of blossom and leaves. This very 
 frequently occurs to the freer -growing 
 cherries when inserted upon the wild 
 species, and still more frequently to the 
 peach and apricot upon stocks of the 
 slow-growing plums. It is highly im- 
 portant, therefore, to employ stocks, the 
 growth of which is as nearly similar as 
 may be to the parent of the buds or scion. 
 
 The earlier vegetation of the stock than 
 of the bud or graft is also important ; for, 
 if the latter is earliest in development, 
 it is apt to be exhausted and die be- 
 fore the flow of sap has enabled granu- 
 lation and union between the faces of the 
 wounds at the junction to occur. 
 
 Stocks for general use may be used for 
 grafting or budding, when from the size 
 of a good goose-quill to half an inch, or 
 not more than an inch in the part where 
 the graft or bud is to be inserted. Stocks 
 of two or three inches or more in dia- 
 meter, either the stems or branches, are 
 also occasionally grafted or budded with 
 success, but are not proper for general 
 practice. Crab Stocks are all such as are 
 raised from seeds, &c., of any wild un- 
 grafted trees, particularly if of the fruit- 
 tree kind, such as the wild crab apple of 
 the woods and hedges, wild pears, plums, 
 wild cherry, and such other trees as have 
 not been grafted or budded. Free Stocks 
 are such as are raised from the seed, 
 layers, &c., of any of the cultivated varie- 
 ties of fruit-trees and others. Paradise 
 or Doucin stocks are raised from layers 
 or suckers from a dwarf variety of apple, 
 the roots of which are produced nearer 
 to the surface than those from crab 
 stocks. The French Paradise stock is 
 distinguished from all others by its very 
 dwarf growth, its clear chestnut-coloured 
 shoots, and small fibrous roots, which 
 spread near the surface. The English 
 Paradise may be either referred to as the 
 Doucin of the French or the Dutch Para- 
 dise ; for, in English nurseries, trees pro- 
 pagated on either are said to be on para- 
 dise stocks. Of these two the Doucin 
 has the darkest shoots. Their effects on 
 the growth of the trees worked upon 
 
STCE 
 
 [760] 
 
 STO 
 
 them are similar, being Intermediate "be- 
 tween the very dwarf habit induced by 
 the French Paradise, and the luxuriant 
 growth induced by the crab or free stocks. 
 JSee GRAFTING and BUDDING. 
 
 STCE'BE. ^From stibas, abed of leaves; 
 those of uEthio'pica so used. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., 19-8yn- 
 yenesia 5-Seyregata.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sund, under 
 a bell-glass, in May ; fibry, sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 S. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. 175Q. 
 
 cine'rea (grey). 2. August. 1/84. 
 
 ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. August. 1816. 
 
 rufle'xa (bent-back). 2. August. 1916. 
 
 STOKE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Stokes, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 I-^Equalis.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the 
 plant in spring; sandy loam and a little leaf- 
 mould ; requires a little protection in winter. 
 S. cya'nea (azure). 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1/66. 
 
 STONECROP. Se'dum. 
 
 STONE PINE. Pi'nus pi'nea. 
 
 STOPPING is pinching or nipping off the 
 extremity of a branch, to prevent its fur- 
 ther extension in length. It is frequently 
 done, either to promote its robustness or 
 the production of laterals. 
 
 STORAX. Sty 'rax. 
 
 STORK'S BILL. Pelargo' nium 
 
 STOVES, or HOTHOUSES, are glazed 
 structures, differing from greenhouses 
 chiefly in requiring a higher temperature 
 to be sustained within them, either for 
 forcing fruits or for growing plants from 
 tropical climates. Nearly all that is stated 
 relative to the greenhouse, hotbed, and pit 
 lender the articles MELON and KENDLE'S 
 TANK SYSTEM is applicable to the stove. 
 In addition, relative to glaz- 
 ing, if lapping be permitted, 
 its width should not exceed 
 one-eighth of an inch, and 
 the panes should be acutely 
 rhomboid, to throw the con- 
 densed vapour down to the 
 lower corner, and induce it 
 to trickle down the bars in- 
 stead of dropping. It is 
 very doubtful whether it re- 
 duces the amount of mois- 
 ture taken between the laps 
 by capillary attraction. 
 
 Flues are best built of bricks set on 
 their edges, -and the top formed of a 
 .shallow iron trough for the purpose of 
 
 holding water, andthus keep- 
 ing the air moist as re- 
 quired. At night, for retain- 
 ing heat, pantiles may be 
 placed along within the 
 trough ; the best form is the 
 annexed. 
 
 Hot water in a tank is 
 superior to the same source 
 of heat in pipes, because it 
 is not liable to freeze ; and it is preferable 
 to steam, because, its heating power con- 
 tinues until the whole mass of water is 
 cooled down to the temperature of the 
 house, whereas steam ceases to be gene- 
 rated as a source of heat the moment 
 the temperature falls below 312. If steam 
 be employed, Mr. Tredgold has given the 
 following rules fc: calculating the surface 
 of pipe, the size of the boiler, the quan- 
 tity of fuel, and the quantity of ventilation 
 required for a house thirty feet long and 
 twelve feet wide, with the glass roof eight 
 feet, length of the rafters fourteen feet, 
 and height of the back wall fifteen feet. 
 The surface of glass in this house will be 
 seven hundred and twenty feet superficial, 
 viz., five hundred and forty feet in the 
 front and roof, and one hundred and 
 eighty feet in the ends. Now, half the 
 vertical height, seven feet six inches, 
 multiplied by the length in feet, and 
 added to one and a half times the area 
 of glass in feet, is equal to the cubic 
 feet of air to be warmed in each mi- 
 nute when there are no double doors. 
 That is, 7.5 x 30+ l x 720=1305 cubic 
 feet. But in a house with wooden bars 
 and rafters, about one-tenth of this space 
 will be occupied with wood-work, which, 
 is so slow a conductor of heat that it will 
 not suffer a sensible quantity to escape; 
 therefore 130 feet may be deducted, 
 leaving the quantity to be warmed per 
 minute=1175 cubic feet. 
 
 To ascertain the surface of pipe re- 
 quired to warm any given quantity of air, 
 multiply the cubic feet of air to be heated 
 per minute by the difference between the 
 temperature the house is to be kept at r 
 and that of the external air in degrees of 
 Fahrenheit's thermometer, and divide 
 the product by 2.1, the difference between 
 200, which is the temperature of the 
 steam pipes, and the temperature of the 
 house ; the quotient will be the surfaca 
 of cast-iron pipe required. 
 
 Now, in the house, the dimensions of 
 which are above given, if the lowest 
 
STO 
 
 L 7B1 ] 
 
 STO 
 
 temperature in the night be fixed at 50, 
 and 10*= are allowed lor winds, and the 
 external air is supposed to be at zero or 
 of Fahrenheit, then 1175 multiplied by 
 00, and the product divided by 2.1, the 
 difference between 200 and (50 will give 
 us the quotient 236 to the surface of 
 pipe required. Now, the house being 
 thirty feet long, five pipes of that length, 
 aud five inches in diameter, will be about 
 the -proper quantity. 
 
 If hot water be employed instead of 
 steam, the following proportions and 
 infonnation, obtained from Mr. Kendle, 
 may be adopted confidently as guides : 
 In a span-roof propagating house, forty 
 feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven feet 
 high in the centre, and four feet high at 
 the two fronts, having a superficial sur- 
 face of glass amounting to 588 square 
 feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank eighty-three 
 feet long, running round three sides of 
 the house, four feet wide and about eight 
 inches deep, and consequently capable of 
 containing nearly 300 cubic feet of hot 
 water, though only half that quantity is 
 used. This is closely approaching to the 
 size pointed out, according to Mr. Tred- 
 gold's formula. The mean temperature 
 of a hot-water tank will never be much 
 above 100, so that, for the sized house 
 mentioned by that skilful engineer, the 
 divisor must be 2.1 times the difference 
 between 100 and 00, which gives as the 
 quotient 335 cubic feet. 
 
 The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating- 
 house is built lined with Roman cement, 
 and if the temperature at the time of 
 lighting the fire be 90, the temperature 
 of the atmosphere of the house 67, and 
 the temperature out of doors 50, the 
 quantity of small coal or breeze required 
 to raise the temperature of the water to 
 125 is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the 
 water cools, after the fire has been ex- 
 tinguished, from 125 to 93. 
 
 When steam is employed, the space 
 for steam in the boiler is easily found 
 by multiplying the length of the pipe in 
 feet by the quantity of steam in a foot in 
 length of the pipe. 
 
 In the above-noticed house, the length 
 of pipe five inches in diameter is 150 
 feet ; and these multiplied by 1.363=20.5 
 cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe will 
 condense the steam of about one cubic 
 foot and one-third of water per hour, 
 therefore the boiler should be capable of 
 evaporating If cubicfeetof water per houTi 
 
 to allow for unavoidable loss. In the 
 extreme cases of the thermometer being 
 at zero, the consumption of coals to keep 
 up this evaporation will bo 12-J pounds 
 per hour. 
 
 Interior Decimal parts of a 
 diameter of pipo cubic foot of steam 
 in inches. in each foot of y ipo. 
 
 1* ... 
 
 0.1225 
 
 34 ... 
 
 4 ... 
 5 .... 
 6 ... 
 7 .... 
 8 ... 
 9 .... 
 
 0.34 
 0.49 
 0.873 
 1.063 
 1.964 
 2.67 
 3. 40 
 4.42 
 
 10 ... 
 
 5. -15 
 
 These calculations are all founded upon 
 the supposition that the condensed water 
 is returned to the boiler whilst hot ; but 
 if this cannot be effected, then one-twelfth, 
 more fuel will be required. The boiler 
 for the supply either of steam or hot water 
 should be covered with the best available 
 non-conductor of heat, aud this is either 
 charcoal or sand. 
 
 A case of brickwork, with pulverized 
 charcoal between this and the boiler, is 
 to be preferred to any other. A boiler 
 having a surface of seventy feet exposed 
 to the air, in a temperature of 32, requires 
 an extra bushel of coals to be consumed 
 per day, to compensate for the heat 
 radiated and conducted from that surface- 
 and the smaller the boiler, the greater is 
 the proportionate waste. The surface oi 
 the pipes should be painted black, because 
 a surface of this colour gives out moro 
 heat in a given time than any other. 
 
 Bark or Moist Stove. Mr. London 
 gives the following design and description 
 
 of a moist stove, warmed on the old plan 
 of deriving heat by the combined agency 
 of bark and flues. Instead of a stage in 
 the centre it has a pit, which may be from, 
 two and a half to four feet deep, according 
 as bark or leaves are to be used, the latter- 
 material requiring the greatest depth. It 
 is commonly surrounded by a thin brick 
 
STB 
 
 [ 762] 
 
 STR 
 
 wall ; but planks of stone, or plates of slate 
 or cast iron, are to be preferred. The roof, 
 when necessary, may be supported by iron 
 columns from the middle of the pit, a. 
 Shelves may be placed against the back 
 wall, b, and occasionally a narrow-leaved 
 creeper run up the roof, c. We may add, 
 that houses of this description are gene- 
 rally placed east and west against walls, 
 on account of the shelter thereby obtained 
 during winter, when a high degree of heat 
 is kept up within, while the cold is exces- 
 sive without. 
 
 STEANVE'SIA. (Named after the Hon. 
 W. F. Strangways, F.R.S. Nat. ord., 
 Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Ico- 
 sandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cra- 
 tsegus.) 
 
 A beautiful and nearly evergreen shrub, but not 
 quite hardy, except in the south of England. 
 Grafting on the thorn ; in cold places would like 
 a little protection in winter. 
 
 S. glauce'scens (grey-leaved). 20. White. June. 
 Nepaul. 1828. 
 
 STRATIO'TES. Water Soldier. (From 
 stratos, an army ; sword-like leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Hydrocharads [Hydrocharidacens]. 
 Linn., 22-Dicecia 10-Dodecandria.) 
 
 Hardy aquatics. Useful to plant in ponda, 
 where it will soon cover a large space. Seeds and 
 divisions; ponds and lak-s. 
 S. aKsmoi'destplantain-lik.;). July. E.Ind. 1806. 
 
 aloi'des (aloe-like). 2. White. June. England. 
 STRAVA'DIUM. (From the native name 
 
 in Malabar. Nat. ord., Barrlngtoniads 
 [Barringtoniaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadel- 
 phia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a good, 
 moist bottom-heat ; fibry loain and peat, with a 
 little charcoal and silver sand. Winter temp., 60 
 to 65 ; summer, 65 to 90. 
 
 S. acuta'ngulum (sharp-angled). 20. Purple. 
 E, Ind. 1822. 
 
 racemo'sum (racemed). 20. White. W. Ind. 
 
 ru'brum (red). Red. E.Ind. 1822. 
 
 STRAWBERRY. Fraga'ria. 
 
 Superior kinds. No. 1, Black Prince; 
 2, Keen's Seedling ; 3, British Queen ; 4, 
 Elton ; 5, Old Pine; 6, Alpine ; 7, Kitley's 
 Goliath ; 8, Eliza ; 9, Carolina superba. For 
 early heavy crops none can exceed the 
 Keen's ; tor size, the British Queen and 
 Goliath ; for earliness, the Black Prince 
 probably takes the lead; for very late 
 purposes, the Elton and Alpines; and for 
 forcing, the Keen's and the British Queen. 
 
 Soil. A good loam of some depth is 
 best adapted to high culture; for although 
 strawberry walls are found to be highly 
 conducive to flavour, yet they will not 
 succeed well in such situations, unless a 
 
 special provision of this kind be made for 
 them. Therefore, loose and sandy soils 
 must be mixed with marls or clays, and 
 clayey soils must be rendered open by 
 applying sand, road- scrap ings, cinder- 
 ashes (fine), burnt or charred material, 
 &c. Boggy or peaty soils will require 
 consolidation by burning, or the applica- 
 tion of sound soil, and by thorough drain- 
 ing, if wet. 
 
 Propagation : by Runners and Seed. 
 Their propagation by runners is well 
 known. Seed-sowing is resorted to for 
 raising new varieties, and for heightening 
 the culture of the Alpine class, which is, 
 by most cultivators, treated as an annual. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. 
 Very little is necessary besides keeping 
 them clear of weeds, and trimming all 
 those runners away which are not required 
 for future stock. All operations connected 
 with root-culture should be carried out 
 during the rest period. At the end of 
 May the runners will begin to ramble 
 freely, and at this time a very general 
 spring-dressing should take place. This 
 consists in hoeing and r:vking the ground 
 thoroughly, choosing a dry period for the 
 operation, in order that every weed may 
 be destroyed; at the same time trimming 
 away all the wires or strings on which the 
 runners are produced. The next pro- 
 ceeding will be to place clean straw, grass- 
 mowings, or tan beneath the trusses of 
 fruit; this process requires a little nicety 
 of handling. When the bloom trusses 
 make their appearance, the next great 
 point is to see that the plants never 
 suffer from drought from this period to 
 the moment they commence ripening. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. We 
 date our rest season from the period at 
 which the last fruit is gathered, or soon 
 after, say the end of August. At this 
 period it will be found, that in spite of 
 the trimming the plants received in May, 
 a profusion of runners will have been 
 produced, the rambling foliage from 
 which will obstruct the light from the 
 older and principal leaves, which have, 
 from this time forward, the important 
 office of preparing for the formation of 
 the ensuing year's blossom. The waste 
 runners should therefore be trimmed 
 away as soon as possible, for they also 
 exhaust the soil by tkeir roots. In cut- 
 ting away these runners, great care must 
 be exercised in preserving all the true 
 leaves, which must by no means be cut. 
 
STR 
 
 [763] 
 
 STR 
 
 No further trimming need be practised 
 until the following March, in the early 
 part of which all the decayed and in- 
 jured foliage may he cut away. The 
 rows being three feet apart, at the end of 
 October, one foot in the centre only is to 
 be dug, thus leaving the plants one foot 
 of roots on each side entirely undis- 
 turbed. Introduce some decayed manure 
 annually in this centre, and the small 
 amount of k ^ of root is more than com- 
 pensated 1 y the volume, of new while 
 fibres which, by the month of May fol- 
 lowing, have fully invested the new 
 ground. The dung or vegetable matter 
 should be somewhat fresh ; such is pre- 
 ferable to rotten manure- 
 
 Making new Plantations. Trenching 
 should be had recourse to, going as deep 
 as the good soil will permit, placing the 
 manure necessary principally between 
 the two spits. If the soil be shallow, of 
 course the manure will be dug down with 
 a single spit. If good runners can be 
 obtained early in July, and carefully cul- 
 tivated, they may be expected to bear a 
 respectable crop the following summer. 
 From those planted in February, of course, 
 little can be expected. It is by far the 
 best to keep a little nursery for runners 
 in a very open situation, and the plants a 
 long way apart. 
 
 Strawberry Walls or Banks. These 
 have been highly recommended, and are 
 doubtless, very useful, as heightening 
 flavour. They have, however, never be- 
 come very general, owing to their being 
 rather expensive in constructing. A 
 strawberry wall, in the direction of eas 
 and west, would be a useful adjunct ir 
 high gardening if properly managed 
 On the south side plant the Black Princ< 
 and the Keen's Seedling; and on the 
 north side the Elton. The former woult 
 ripen a fortnight earlier than ordinary 
 ones, and the latter continue bearin 
 until October. These walls may be buil 
 of any kind of material which will main 
 tain its position, and should be as nea 
 to an angle of 45 as can be approach 
 They may be thus constructed 
 
 Strawberry Forcing, One principa 
 
 oint here is to obtain very early run- 
 ers, which is generally effected by lay- 
 g the earliest in small pots, in a sound 
 ompost. These, when full of roots, are 
 epotted into larger ones ; and the whole 
 usiness henceforth is to give them 
 indly cultivation, as to regular water- 
 igs, <fcc., and to keep them in an open 
 ^nation. By the end of September they 
 ill possess stout buds, and must be 
 lunged up to their rims for the winter, 
 brcing must be commenced very gently, 
 ith plenty of atmospheric moisture, 
 ay, commence with the temperature at 
 5, and rise gradually, by the time the 
 eaf is thoroughly developed, to 60, and 
 he less advance that is made beyond 
 his the better, except in sunny weather. 
 They love to be near the glass, and to 
 lave abundance of air. 
 
 Culture of the Alpines Sow seed from 
 
 hoice fruit at tbe end of January in 
 gentle heat, and prick the seedlings out 
 nto boxes, still under glass, in rich soil. 
 Towards the end of April, the plants, 
 .laving been hardened off, may be planted 
 iut finally; and an elevated bed, in a 
 sunny situation, should be chosen. They 
 nay be planted in double rows, half a 
 yard apart in the row, and the rows two 
 'eet apart. The soil should be a rich 
 cam ; and when they are fruiting, some 
 slates or tiles may be placed beneath 
 hem, as the autumn rains are apt to rot 
 them. They should be liberally watered 
 during dry weather. 
 
 STRAWBERRY-ELITE. Bli'tum. 
 
 STRAWBERRY- SPINACH. Bli'tum. 
 
 STRAWBERRY-TREE. A'rbntus. 
 
 STRELI'TZIA. (Named after Charlotte, 
 queen to George III., of the house of 
 Mecklen burgli-Strelitz. Nat. ord., Musads 
 [Musacesej. Linn., 5 Pentandria 1-Mo- 
 nOf/ynia.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. By seeds in a good, 
 moist heat, in sprinar ; generally by suckers and 
 dividing the plant; fibry loam and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 S. aiignstifu'lia (narrow-leaved ). 6. May. 1778. 
 
 augu'sta (grand). 18. White. March. 1791. 
 
 furinu'sa (mealy- stalked). 5. February. 1795. 
 
 hu'milin (humble). 6. May. 
 
 ju'iice'i (rush-leaned). 6. May. 
 
 ova'la (egg-leaved). 8. March. 1777. 
 
 parvifo' liu (small-leaved). 6 June. 17fi6. 
 
 regi'ncs (queen's). 8. April. 17/3. 
 bTREPTA'NTHERA. This genus is united 
 
 to Gladiolus ; and the following are now 
 G. cu'prea (copper-coloured), jf- Copper. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 e'leguns (elegant). . White, blue. May, Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1827. 
 
STR 
 
 [ 
 
 STU 
 
 STKEPTOCA'RPUS. (From streptos,tvristed, 
 and carpos, a fruit; the long seed-pod 
 twisted. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- 
 acess]. Linn., 2-J)iandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds in 
 a gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by dividing the 
 plant; light, rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 40 to 50. 
 
 S. Gurde'ni (Capt. Garden's), f . Blue. July. 
 Natal. 1854. 
 
 polyu'nthus (many-flowered). 1. Natal. Purple. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Refxii (Rex's). $. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 STRE'PTOPUS. (From streptos, twisted, 
 and pous, a foot ; flower-stalks twisted. 
 Nat. ord., JfefoMs[Melanthace8e]. Linn., 
 Q-Hcxandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Uvularia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divisions 
 in spring ; any good garden-soil. 
 S. amplexifu'lius (leaf -stem-clasping). 1. White. 
 
 May. Hungary. 1/52. 
 
 - dtsto'rtus (distorted). 1. Yellow. May. N. 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 lanugino'sus (woolly). lj. Yellow, green. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 ro'seus (rosy). ). Pink. June. N.Amer. 1806. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). J$. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 STRIKING. The process of causing cut- 
 tings to emit roots. 
 
 STROBILA'NTHES. (From strobilos, a 
 pine-cone, and anthos, a flower; resem- 
 blance of the head of flower. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthads [Acanthacerc]. Linn., 14-jDirfy- 
 namia 2-Aii(/iospermia. Allied to Kuellia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings any time 
 during summer in sandy soil, under a hand-light, 
 in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 
 48 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 S. callo'sus (thick-barked). Blue. May. E. Ind. 
 1840. 
 
 lacta'tuf, (milky-tenuerf). 1. Pale lilac. Sep. 
 
 tember. E. Ind. 181". 
 
 macula'tus (spotted-leaved). l. Pale lilac. 
 
 September. ]8l6. 
 
 &iimJa'w?/*(Sabine's). 4. Blue, purple. March. 
 
 Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 4. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1836. 
 
 se'ssilis (stalkless).4.Blue. April. Bombay. 1833. 
 
 the style is enlarged at the bottom. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 
 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ne- 
 rine and Hessea.) 
 
 Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For cul- 
 ture, see NERI'NK. 
 
 S, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). A. Pink. April. 
 1795. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-flowered). $. Pink. June. 1780. 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). . White. November. 
 
 1774. 
 
 gemma' ta (jewel-flowered). 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 August. 1812. 
 
 linguafo* tin (tongue-leaved). $. White. April. 
 
 rube'lla (pale red). . Pink. May. 1/95. 
 
 spira'lis (spiral). ^. Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 stella'ris (starry). 4. Pink. October. 1794. 
 
 trunca'tu (abrupt-ended-teaued). ^. White. 
 
 April. 1795. 
 
 undula'ta (w&vy -flowered). i.White. May.1820. 
 
 STRUTHI'OLA. (From stroulhlon, a little 
 sparrow; resemblance of seeds to a beak. 
 Nat.ord.,Z)a^/ifl^s [ThymelaceaB]. Linn., 
 k-Tetrandria \.-Monoyy>iia. Allied to Pi- 
 melea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, two or 
 three inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in May; sandy, fibry peat and a little charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 4/. 
 
 and anthos, a flower; divisions of petals 
 twisted. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- 
 naceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \.-Mono<jy- 
 nia. Allied to Nerium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in 
 spring; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. China. 1816. 
 
 dicho'tomus (forked). 3. Rosy. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 
 dive'rgens (spreading). 3. Yellow. February. 
 
 China. 181 6. 
 
 sarmento'sus (trailing). 6. Red. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1824. 
 
 5. angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 
 1816. 
 
 cilin'ta (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1779- 
 
 ere'r.la (upright). l. White. June. 1/98. 
 
 glu'bra (smooth). 2. Yellow. June. 18'JO-. 
 
 imbrica'ta (tilvd-leuved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 171)4. 
 
 inca'na (hoary). 2. White. August. 1817- 
 
 juniperi'na (jumper-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 1/58. 
 
 lateriflo'ra (side-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1819. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Yellow. Julv. 
 
 1823. 
 
 lu'cens (shining). 2. Yellow. June. 1817- 
 
 ovu'tu (egz-fmined'). 2. White. Apr I. ITQ-i. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 3. Red. June. 17911. 
 
 striu'ta (streaked). 2. Yellow. .July. 1S2O. 
 
 tomento'stt (woolly-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. 1/99- 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Red. June. 1779. 
 
 STRUTHIO'PTERIS. (From strouthios, an 
 ostrich, and pteris, a fern; resemblance 
 of the leaves, or fronds, to its feathers. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypocliacese], Linn., 
 24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. See FERXS. 
 S. Germa'nica (German^. 2. July. Europe. 17^0. 
 
 Pennsytvu'nica (Pennsylvanian). 2. August. 
 
 N.Amer. 1812. 
 
 STUA'RTIA. (Named after John Stuart, 
 Marquis of Bute. Nat. ord., Theads 
 [Ternstromiacea?]. Linn., IQ-Monadel* 
 pkia 8- Polyan dria. Allied to Gordonia.) 
 Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs, from 
 North America. Generally by layers; moist peat- 
 soil, or deep, moist, sandy loam. 
 . ovti'tum (epg-teffj.vd). Q. July. 1785. 
 
 STEITMA'IIIA. (From struma, a tubercle ; \'yirgi'mcu (Virginian), io. July. 1843. 
 
STY 
 
 765 
 
 SUG 
 
 STYLI'DIUM. (From stylos, a column ; 
 the stamens and style joined into a co- 
 lumn. Nat. ord., Styleworts [Stylidia- 
 cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 2-Diandria.) 
 All New Holland plants. Herbaceous, by di- 
 visions, and by seeds in spring; shrubs, by 
 cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; fibry, sandy loam, and a little peat and 
 vegetable mould. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 S. Brunnnia'num (Dr. Brown's). 1. Rose. June. 
 
 1841. 
 
 fusclcula 1 turn (bundled). $. Pink. August. 
 
 1838. 
 
 frutico 'sum (shrubby). l. Pink. July. 1803. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 2. Hose. July. 1803. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 S. adna'tum (adhering). . Pink. July. 1824. 
 
 androsa'ceum (androsace-like). White. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple. 1843. 
 
 cunalicula'tum (channelled-feat-ed). Yellow. 
 
 July. 
 
 caule'scens (Jowg'-stemmed). Pink. 
 
 caricifo'lium (sedge-leaved). White. July. 
 
 cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. May. 1840. 
 
 cnmpre'ssum (flattened). Yellow. Purple. July. 
 
 Z>rwffmo'di(Drummond's). 2. Pink. No- 
 
 vember. 1838. 
 
 graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 1803. 
 
 hirsu'lum (hairy-scoped). 2- Rose. June. 1830. 
 
 hi'spidum (bristly). White. July. 
 
 ju'nceum (rush-like). . Rose. 1830. 
 
 leptustu'chyum (narrow-spiked). White. 
 
 lint; <i' re (narrow-/eawed). 1. fled. June. 1812. 
 
 nu'dum (naked-stemwzed). White. June. 1840. 
 
 jnlu'sum (hairy). 1. Pink, white. June. 1841. 
 
 prulifferum (p'roliferous). Pink. June. 1839. 
 pycnosta'chyum (dense-spiked). Pink. June. 
 
 1843. 
 
 recu'rrum (curled-back). $. Green, purple. 
 
 May. 1S40. 
 
 saxifrngoi'dts (saxifrage-like). White. June. 
 
 1842. 
 
 sc.ii'bridum (rather-rough). White. July. 1841. 
 
 stria 1 turn (channelled). White. May. 
 
 tenuifuflium (fine-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 1818. 
 STYLOCO'RYNE. (From stylos, a column, 
 
 and koryne, a club ; shape of the style. 
 Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacesc]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Moiwyynia.} 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, East-Indian evergreens. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bi-11- 
 trlass, in heat; fibry, sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. cnria'cea (leathery-ter/pcd). 1828. 
 
 corymbo'titt (corymbed). 5. 1/59. 
 
 cymo'sa (cymed). 1811. 
 
 STYPA'NDRA. (From stype, tow, and 
 ancr, an anther; resemblance of the an- 
 thers. Nat. ord., Lllyi-nrls [Liliaceae], 
 Linn., 6-Hc?afi<2ria l-Moaoyynia. Allied 
 to Anthericum.) 
 
 Greenhouse New Holland plants. Division of 
 the plant in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat; 
 require the protection cf a dry, cold pit in winter. 
 S.frutt'.-cens (shrubby). 2. Violet. June. 1836. 
 
 firopi'nqica (related). 1. Azure. September. 1833. 
 
 (From st-yphelos, hard; 
 
 referring to the wood. Nat. ord., Epa- 
 crids [Epacridaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria \-MOnoyynia.\ 
 
 Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens. Cuttings 
 of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April ; sandy, fibry peat, and ouly a little fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 38 to 48. 
 S. epacrioi'des (epacris-like). 6. Crimson. July. 
 1823. 
 
 Ifitifo'tia (broad-leaved). 4. Pink. June. 1823. 
 
 trijio'ra (three-flowered). 6. Pink. July. 1796. 
 
 tubijlo'ra (tube-flowered). 6. Scarlet. July. 1802. 
 
 STY'RAX. Storax. (From the Arabic. 
 Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styraceoej. Linn., 
 W-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. By 
 imported seeds, and cuttings and layers; light, 
 rich, sandy loam, and a little peat ; should be 
 planted against a wall to blom profusely, and it 
 is well worthy of such protection ; next to that a 
 dry, protected situation. 
 
 S. grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. July. N- 
 Amer. 1/65. 
 
 Iceviga' turn (smootn). 4. July. N. Amer 1765. 
 
 officinu'le (.shop;. 12. July. Levant. 15Q/. 
 
 pulverule'ntwn (powdery). 4. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1794. 
 
 SUCCULENT PLANTS are so character- 
 ized on account of their thick juicy 
 leaves. They are formed to exist, says 
 Mr. Fortune, in countries and situations 
 where they are often exposed to in- 
 tense light and dryness ; their skins are 
 thick ; they have few evaporating pores ; 
 and they have, likewise, few roots to gorge 
 their tissue with food duiing the rainy 
 season. Therefore, we find the dry, 
 sandy plains of the Cape abounding in 
 aloes and mesembryantrwmums ; and the 
 bare volcanic rocks of Mount Etna cover- 
 ed, in many places, with the common 
 prickly pear. In Mexico, also, and in 
 many other parts of Central and South 
 America, the extensive race of cacit^with 
 their curious un-vegetable-like forms, are 
 at home, and flourish even in those dry 
 and parched seasons when the whole face 
 of nature besides seems withered and 
 destroyed. The natural circumstances 
 in which these plants are found are sure 
 and certain guides in cultivation. 
 
 SUCKERS are branches naturally thrown 
 up by a plant from its base, when the on- 
 ward current of growth of the stem is 
 stopped. 
 
 SUFFOCATION is a term employed by 
 Keith and others to describe any stop- 
 ping of the transpiratory organs of plants, 
 whether it arises from extravasated sap, 
 mosses, fungi, or from a deficient supply 
 of sap. 
 
 SUGAR BAKERS' REFUSE. See ANIMAL 
 MATTERS. 
 
sua 
 
 SWE 
 
 SUGAE CANE. Sa'ccharum 
 
 SUMACH. Rhus. 
 
 SUN-DEW. Dro'sera. 
 
 SUNFLOWER. JETelia'nthus. 
 
 H. a'nnuus, Annual Sunflower, is now 
 much cultivated for its oil, and as a food 
 for cattle and poultry. 
 
 The earlier the seed can be got into the 
 ground the better, say the beginning of 
 April, as the crop will be ready to harvest 
 the latter part of August, which will be 
 of the greatest importance to growers. 
 The necessary quantity of seed required 
 for an acre depends upon the conditions 
 of the soil, and varies from four pounds 
 to five pounds; but, of course, it is advisa- 
 ble to sow a little more than is actually 
 wanted, to provide against accidents. The 
 seed should be drilled into the ground, 
 and the distance from row to row eighteen 
 inches ; the plants to be thinned out to 
 thirty inches from plant to plant, and the 
 number of plants at this distance would 
 be about 14,500 per acre ; at eighteen 
 inches from plant to plant, 25,000 per 
 acre ; and at twelve inches from plant to 
 plant, 32,000. The produce of this kind 
 of grain, like that of most others, varies 
 considerably, according to the state of the 
 soil, climate, and the cultivation that is 
 employed; but the average quantity of 
 seed is about fifty bushels per acre. This 
 will produce fifty gallons of oil, and of 
 oilcake, 1,500 pounds. The stalks, when 
 burnt for alkali, give ten hundredweight 
 of potash. 
 
 SUNFLOWER. Helianihus, 
 
 SUN-FRUIT. Helioca'rpu*. 
 
 SUN-ROSE. Helia' nthemum. 
 
 SURFACE GRUBS, or CATERPILLARS, are 
 the larvae of several species of Noctua, or 
 Night Moths. Gardeners thus name 
 them because they attack the roots of the 
 turnip, mangold wurtzel, &c., just at the 
 surface of the soil. 
 
 SUTHERLA'NDIA. (Named after James 
 Sutherland, author of a botanical cata- 
 logue. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- 
 bacese] . Linn., Yi-Diadelphia^-Decandria. 
 Allied to Clianthus.) 
 
 Half-hardy, scarlet-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in spring, or cut- 
 tings of young shoots in May, under a hand-light ; 
 requires protection in hard winters. 
 S.frute'scens (shrubby). 3. June. 1683. 
 
 cann'scens (hoary) June. 1816. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-flowered). 3. June. 1816. 
 
 SUWARROW-NUT. Caryo'car. 
 SWAINSO'NIA. (Named after lunar 
 Swuinson, F.R.S. Nat. ord., Lyuminuus 
 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 
 L-Decandria. Allied to Colutea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs. 
 Seeds in a slight hotbed in April, after being 
 >oaked in warm water, or they may be sown when 
 ripe ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a 
 nell-glass, and kept in a cool frame or pit any 
 time in summei ; sandy, fibryloam, and a third of 
 oeat. Winter temp., 38 to 45. They would no 
 doubt succeed against a protected conservative 
 wall. 
 
 6'. astragalifcfli a (astragalus-leaved). White. July. 
 1802. 
 
 coronilleefo' Ka (coronilla-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. J802. 
 
 galegifo'lia (galega-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1800. 
 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Greya'na (Capt. Grey's). 2. Pink. July. 1844. 
 
 Lesser ti<efo' Ha (Lessertia-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 July. 1824. 
 
 SWALLOWWORT. Ascle'pias. 
 
 S WAMMERDA'MIA. (Named af ter J.Swam- 
 merdam, the naturalist. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 
 "l-Superfiua. Allied to Podolepis.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. For culture, see PODO- 
 LK'PIS. 
 
 S. antenna' ria (antennaria-like). 3. White. 
 January. Van Diernen's Land. 
 
 SWAMP LOCUST-TREE. Gledi'tschia mo- 
 nospe'i-ma. 
 
 SWAMP POST. Que'rcus lyra'ta. 
 
 SWAMP SASSAFRAS or LAUREL. Magno'lia 
 qtuu'ca. 
 
 SWA'RTZIA. (Named after Olof Sivartz, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 11-Zte- 
 candria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cassia.) 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat, in the beginning of summer ; sandy, fibry 
 loam and peat in equal proportions. Winter 
 temp., 50 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. Tri- 
 nidad. 1821. 
 
 SWEEPING. (See BESOM.) It is best done 
 in calm weather, and early, whilst the 
 dew is strong enough to allay the dust, 
 and keep the light refuse from blowing 
 about. 
 
 SWEET BAY. Lau'rus no'bifis. 
 
 SWEET BRIAR. Ro'sa rubiyino'sa. 
 
 SWEET CALABASH.Pflssi^w'rawa^/oVwiw* 
 
 SWEET CICELY. See CHERVIL. 
 
 SWEET FLAG. A'corus. 
 
 SWEET GALE. My'rica ga'le. 
 
 SWEET GUM. Liquida'mbnr styracVflua. 
 
 SWEE'TIA. These stove evergreen twin- 
 ers are now united to Galactia. They are 
 all pur; ile-flovvered. 
 
 G.filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 3. July. S. Amer. 
 U20. 
 
SWE 
 
 C 767] 
 
 SYN 
 
 5. lipno'sa (woody). 5. St. Domingo. 1824. 
 
 iongifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. S. Amer. 1818. 
 SWEET MARJORAM. Ori'r/anummajora'na. 
 SWEET MAUDLIN. Achille'a agera'tum. 
 SWEET PEA. La'thyrus odora'tus. 
 SWEET POTATO. Bata'tas. 
 
 SWEET SOP. Ano'na squamo'sa. 
 
 SWEET SULTAN. Cenlau'rca moscha'ta. 
 
 SWEET WILLIAM. Dia'nthus barba'tus. 
 
 SWE'ETIA. Felwort. (Named after E. 
 Swert, a Dutch florist. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tian worts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tu n dria 2 D igy n ia . ) 
 
 Hardy plants. Seeds in spring ; a marshy, peaty 
 soil. 
 
 S. cornicula'ta (small-horned). . Pale green. 
 August. Siberia. 1817. Annual. 
 
 Michauxia'na (Michaux's). \. Green, yellow. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 pere'nnis (perennial). 1. Purple. July. England. 
 
 Perennial. 
 
 SWIETE'NIA. Mahogany. (Named after 
 Von Stvietm, a Dutch botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Cedrelads [Cedrelacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 slioots in sand, under a hand-lipht, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 S. febrifu'ga (fevcr-conquering).60.White,yellow. 
 E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 maha'goni (mahogany). 80. Bed, yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. 1734. 
 
 SWORD FERN. Xipho'pteris. 
 
 SY'AGRUS. (After an ancient poet. Nat. 
 ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 21- 
 Dicccia 5-Pentandria.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds; sandy loam, in a warm, 
 moist plant-stove, 
 S. cocoi'des (cocos-like). 20. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 SYCAMORE. A'cer pseu' do-pla'tamts. 
 
 SYMPHORICA'RPUS. (From symphoreo, 
 to accumulate, and karpos, a fruit ; clus- 
 tered fruit. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Caprifo- 
 liacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. 
 Cuttings in autumn, and freely by suckers ; good, 
 common soil. The flowers of racemo'sus are 
 hunted after by bees, and its masses of white 
 fruit are grateful to many birds, besides looking 
 very pretty in winter. 
 S. monta'nus (mountain). 6. Pink. August. 182Q. 
 
 oecidenta'lis (western). 6. Pinkish. July. 
 
 puni'ceus (scarlet). 4. Red. July. 1815. 
 
 racemo'sus (racemed). 6. Yellowish. August. 
 
 1817- 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 6. White. August. 1730. 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 6. 
 
 Pink. August. 
 
 SY'MPHYTUM. Comfrey. (From symphyo, 
 to make unite; healing qualities. Nat. 
 ord., Borageworts [Boraginaeesej. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogyaia.) 
 
 Division of the plant, chiefly in spring; good, 
 common soil, and a rather shady situation, where 
 few herbaceous plants would nourish. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 S. officina'le (shop). 4. White. June. Britain. 
 
 Bohe'micum (Bohemian). 3. Crimson. 
 
 May. Bohemia. 1810. 
 pa'tens (spreading). 4.Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 tuber -o 'sum (tuberous). 4. Yellow. July. Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. aspe'rrimum (roughest). 6. Red, blue. July. 
 Caucasus. 1799- 
 
 Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 4. Azure. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 corda'tum (heart-/eai)eo!). 2. Cream. June. 
 
 Transylvania. 1813. 
 
 echina'tum (hedgehog). Purple. May. 1824. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 3. White. May. Turkey. 
 
 1752. 
 
 peregri'num (spreading). 2. July. Podolia, 1816. 
 
 Tau'ricum (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria. 
 
 1806. 
 
 bulla'tum (blistered- leaved), 2$. Pale 
 
 yellow. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 SYMPIE'ZA. (From sympiezo, to press; 
 the stamens compressed in the tube. 
 Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae], Linn., 
 4:-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia,) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots a couple of inches long, the base part 
 being a little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass; 
 sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 38 to 45. 
 S. capitella'ta (small-headed). 1$. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 SY'MPLOCOS. (From symplo/ee, a con- 
 nection ; stamens united. Nat. ord., Sto- 
 raxworts [Styracacese]. Linn., 18-Polya- 
 delphia 2-Polyandria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 40 to 45. The cocci'nea will require 10 more 
 heat, but similar treatment otherwise. Si'nica 
 should have a place on a conservative wall. 
 S. cocci'nea (scarlet). Rose. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 crateegoi'des (cratsegus-like). White. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Si'nica ( Chinese). 3. White. May. China. 1822. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's. Laurel-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 Carolina. 1780. 
 
 SYNA'NDRA. (From syn, together, and 
 aner, anther ; the anthers in pairs. Nat. 
 ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- 
 Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to 
 Melittis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di- 
 vision in spring ; dry, sandy soil. 
 S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. 
 N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 SYNAPHLE'BruM. (From syn, together, 
 and phlebs, a vein ; the veins on the 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi]. 
 Linn., %-Cryplogamia I-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FKSS. 
 S. lobulo'sum (small-lobed). May. E. Ind, 
 
 obtu'sum (blunt). May. Malacca. 
 
 pec*ina'/M> (comb-like). May. E. Ind. 
 
 recurva'twn (curled-back). May. Malacca* 
 
SYN 
 
 ?C8 
 
 TAG 
 
 SYNNE'TIA. This genus is added to 
 Gladiolus; and the following species, 
 therefore, all from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, are 
 
 G. bi'color (two-coloured). . Brown, yellow. 
 March. 1/86. 
 
 galea'ta (helmeted). I. Brown, yellow. April. 
 
 1825. 
 
 0an<?ga'a(variegated). . Variegated. May. 1825. 
 
 SYRI'NGA. The Lilac. (From syrinx, the 
 Persian name. Nat. ord., Ollvcivorts [Ole- 
 aoesej. Linn., 2-JDiandria l-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and suckers 
 generally ; scarce kinds by budding or grafting ; 
 close-headed ones, grafted standard-high on the 
 ash, would look very interesting; common garden- 
 soil. 
 S. Emfi'di(Emodi). 10. White. April. Himalayas. 
 
 Josil:a:'a (Josika's). 8. Deep lilac. June. 
 
 Germany. 1833. 
 
 Pefrsica (Persian). 5. Purple. May. Pereia. 
 
 1640. 
 
 u'lha (white). 2. White. May. Persia. 
 
 lutdnia'ta (cut-leaved). 5. Purple. May. 
 
 Persia. 
 s'tluifu'lia (sage-leaved). 5. May. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 8. Blue. May. Persia. 
 
 1597- 
 
 a'llxi (white). 5. White. May. Persia. 
 
 a'lfxi-ma'jor (larger-white). 5. White. 
 
 May. 
 a'ltia-ple'na (double-white). 5. White. 
 
 May. 
 
 ccuru'lea (blue). Blue. 
 
 rtt'lira (red). 10. Red. May. 
 
 ru'ttra-ma'jor (larger-red). 10. Red. May. 
 
 ru'bra-ple'na (double-red). 10. Red. May. 
 
 viola'cea (violet). 8. Purple. May. Persia. 
 
 SYRINGE. This is a most useful imple- 
 ment for impelling water over plants in 
 pots, wall-trees, &c. Bead's syringes are 
 excellent. When the object is merely to 
 refresh the plants, the operator should 
 stand at some distance from the plants, 
 so that the water may spread and fall 
 upon them like a shower. But if aphides 
 have to be destroyed, he may be closer to 
 the plants, and drive forth the water with 
 greater force. The accompanying sketch 
 represents the water passing through 
 many minute holes ; but the syringe is 
 sold with spare nozzles, so as to deliver 
 the water in a greater body ; and with 
 elbows, so that the opposite sides of 
 plants in greenhouses may be syringed 
 without moving them. See ENGINE. 
 
 SYZY'GIUM. (From syzygos, coupled; 
 branches and leaves in pairs. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12- 
 Icosandria 1-Moiiogynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 
 glass, and in a moiot bottom-heat; sandy losm 
 and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 60; um- 
 mer, 60 to 85. 
 
 S. caryophyllifo'liurn (clove-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 
 1822. 
 
 frutico'sum (shrubby). May. E. Ind. 1824 
 
 glome-ru'tuiH (crowded). May. Mauritius. 18-24. 
 
 itwphy'llum (fibrous-leaved). Ma}'. J. lud. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Jamboia'num fJambolum-fTMl. 20. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 obova'tum (reversed-egg-teaoecf). May. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1822. 
 
 panicula'tum (panicled). April. Mauritius, 
 
 1822. 
 
 vena's unt (veiny). May. Nepaul. 1634. 
 Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 10. June. Ccylou. 1793. 
 
 T. 
 
 TABERNJEMONTA'NA. (Named after J. 
 T. !Ta&<;rntfwonaVn/s,acelebratedbotanist. 
 Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ApocynaceseJ. Linn., 
 b-Pentandria l-Motioi/ynia. Allied to Plu 
 mieria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, all white-flowered, unless 
 otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, 
 under a bell-jflass, and in a moist bottom-heat ; 
 fibry peat and lumpy loam, with a fair portion ot 
 silver sand, aud small pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 65; summer, 60 to 85. 
 T. a'lfja (white). 10. May. W. Ind. 1780. 
 
 ainygdalifu'lia, (almond-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 July. S. Amer. 1780. 
 
 arena' ta (arched). 40. Cream. Peru. 182,'. 
 
 citrifu'lia (citron-leaved). 15. Yellow. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1784, 
 
 corona'ria (garland). 4. July. E. Ind. 1//0. 
 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4. July 
 
 W. Ind. 1770. 
 
 cri'spa (curled). 6. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 cymo'sa (cymed). 10. Carthagena. 1820. 
 
 densiflu'ra (deuse-flowered). 4. June. E. Ind 
 
 1824. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked). 12. September. Ceylon. 
 
 1820. 
 
 di'st:olor( two-coloured). 10. Cream. April. 
 
 Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 grandiflo'ru. (large-flowered). 6. Trinidad. 
 
 1823. 
 
 grati'ssima (most grateful). 6. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 laiirifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 13. Yellow. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1/68. 
 
 odoru'ta (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. Oc- 
 
 tober. Cayenne. 1793. 
 
 ^rsfcrtn'<E/(>'/!rt(persicaria-icaved). 6. Cream 
 
 Mauritius. 181Q. 
 
 undula'tu (waved). 10. Orange. Trinidad. 1824 
 TA'CCA. (The Malay name. Nat. ord., 
 
 Taccads [ Taccacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandriu 
 \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove, East Indian bulbs, except integrifo'lin 
 Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and a 
 little fibry peat. Winter temp., 60; summer, 
 60 to 90, and plenty of moisture. 
 T. a'spera (rough). 2. Brown. July. 181 6. 
 
 Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. July. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. Purple. June. 
 
 1810. Herbaceous. 
 
TAG 
 
 [769 
 
 TAL 
 
 T. te'afr (smooth), 2. Brown. July, 1820, 
 
 phali'fera (crest-bearing). 4. Brown, July. 
 
 Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 pmnoft'/da (leaflet-cut). 2, Purple. 1793, 
 
 TA'CHIA. (The Ouianan name. Nat. 
 ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to 
 Leianthus.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens.from Jamaica. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in May ; sandy, fibry peat, and a very 
 little loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55, 
 and kept in a dryish atmosphere ; summer, 60 to 
 80, and moist. 
 T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. 1816. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 14. July. 1793. 
 
 Swa'rtxii (Swartz's), 10. July. 1793. 
 
 TACHIGA'LIA. (The Guianan name. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Alli- 
 ance near the Tamarind.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in March, in bottom-heat ; also seeds in a hotbed ; 
 sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. bi'juga (two-paired). 20. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 60. Guiana. 1827. 
 
 TACSO'NIA. (From tacso, the name of 
 one of them in Peru. Nat. ord., Passion- 
 worts [Passifloracese]. Linn., 16-Mona- 
 delphia 2-Pentandria.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of 
 young shoots any time in summer ; fibry loam 
 and a little sandy peat and leaf-mould. Fruit of 
 molli'ssima is eatable. 
 
 7. manica'ta (sleeved). 20. Scarlet. September. 
 Peru. 1843. 
 
 molli'ssima (softest-Jeaved). 20. Hose. Sep- 
 
 tember. Quito. 1844. 
 
 peduncula'ris (/ong-flower-stalked). 10. Rose. 
 
 Peru. 1815. 
 
 pinnatisti'pula (leafleted-stipuled). 30. Pale 
 
 rose. September. Chili. 1828. 
 
 sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Crimson. July. 
 
 Trinidad. 1852. 
 
 TENIO'PSIS. (From tainia, a fillet, and 
 opsis, like ; the resemblance of the leaf, 
 or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. 
 Linn., 2-Cryptoyamia i-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 T. linea'ta (narrow-teawedj. 2, June. W. Ind. 
 
 revolu'ta (curled-back). June. Nepaul. 
 
 TZENI'TIS. (From tainia, a fillet; 
 the resemblance of the fronds, or leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 
 24- Cryptoyamia l-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). $. July. Ja- 
 maica. 1816. 
 
 tec7mot'des(blechnum-like). May. India. 
 
 Chine'nsis (Chinese). June. China. 1828. 
 
 furca'ta (forked). June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). . July. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1820. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-*Vonded). 1, August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 49 
 
 TAGE'TES. (Named after a Tuscan di- 
 vinity. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], 
 Linn., 19-8yngenesia 2-Superflua.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, Mexican annuals, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Annuals, sown in open 
 ground in May ; or better still, in a hotbed in the 
 beginning of April, and planted out in the middle 
 of May. Perennials, by seed, division, and cut- 
 tings. Lu'cida is pretty either for a cool green- 
 house or a bed on the lawn in summer. 
 T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. August. 1826. 
 
 Caracasu'na (Caraccas). 3. August. Caraccas. 
 
 1819. 
 
 clandesti'na (concealed). 3. July. 1823. 
 
 corymbo'sa (corymbed). 1J. August. 1825. 
 lu'tea (yellow). 1 J. August. 1825. 
 
 daucoi'des (carrot-like). June. 
 
 ere 1 eta (erect. African Marigold'). 3. July. 
 
 15Q6. 
 
 filifo'lia (thread-leafed). 3, August. 182(i. 
 flo'rida (florid}. 1. August. 1827. Herbaceous. 
 
 glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 6. October. 18;>6. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glanded). 3. September. S. 
 
 Amer. 1819. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-feawed). 1. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1798. Herbaceous. 
 
 micra'ntha (small-flowered). 3. August. 1822. 
 
 minu'ta (minute-cowered). 2. August. Chili. 
 
 1728. 
 
 pa'tula (spreading. French Marigold), 2. Au- 
 
 gust. 157-3. 
 
 subvillo'sa (slightly-shaggy). 2. September. 
 
 1823. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). S.August. Peru. 1/97. 
 
 TALAU'MA. (Its South American name. 
 Nat. ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese]. 
 Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots, 
 thinly, in sand, under a large bell-glass, in hfiif ; 
 grafting and inarching on Magno'lia obovu'tu ; 
 fibry peat and a little loam and sand. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 55; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. Cando'llii (Decandolle's). 15. Striped. April, 
 Java. 1827. 
 
 Plumie'ri (Plumitr's). 60. White. Antilles. 
 
 1829. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Cream. Java. 1786. 
 
 TALIE'RA. (The Indian name. Nar. 
 ord., Palms [PalmaceaBJ. Linn., 6-Hcx 
 andria 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, turfy loam. Wintt-r 
 temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 T. Bengale'nsis (Bengal). 100. E. Ind. 182*. 
 TALI'NUM. (From thalia, a green brand i ; 
 its durable verdure. Nat. ord., Purslanes 
 [Portulaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 1- 
 Monoyynia,) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, sown in a hotbed early 
 in spring, pricked out, and bloomed in the green- 
 house, or a sheltered place out of doors; the 
 others are under-shrubs, easily propagated ly 
 cuttings of the succulent shoots, dried at the 
 base before inserting them in sandy soil; peat, 
 loam, sand, and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 
 45 to 58, and dryish ; summer. 60 to 80. 
 
 ANNUALS, &C 1 . 
 
 T. potya'ndrum (many-stamened). Purple. Au- 
 gust, Australia, 1853. 
 
 3D 
 
TAL 
 
 [ wo 3 
 
 TAll 
 
 {T.purpu'reum (purple). Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 i-re/fe' (bent-back). 1. Yellow. September. 
 S. Amer. 1800. Biennial. 
 
 EVERGREENS, &C. 
 ;T. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). 1. Pink. August. W. 
 
 Wcras/o'LJ(thick.leaved). 1. Red. August. 
 
 ' dwfto'rum (white-flowered). White. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1819 . . 
 
 cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 pa'tem (spreading^ou^r^). I. Bed. Sep. 
 P tember. S. Amer. 17/6. Herbaceous. 
 
 ' fcrefcYb'/ittm (cylindric-leaved). 1. Pink. Au- 
 gust. N? Amer. 1823. Herbaceous. 
 
 trianjula're (triangular). 2- Yellow. August. 
 
 W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 TALI'SIA". (From Toulichi, the name in 
 Guiana. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapinda- 
 cese]. Linn., S-Octandrla I-Monogynia.} 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened 
 wood, with leaves, thinly inserted in sand, under 
 a elass in moist bottom-heat; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 50 to 60; summer, 
 60 to 85. 
 1. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 8. Rose. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 TALLOW-TREE. Stilli'ngia sebi'jera. 
 
 TAMARI'NDUS. Tamarind-tree. (From 
 Tamarlwdy, the Arabic name. Nat. ord. 
 Leguminous Plants [PapilionaceseJ. Linn. 
 16-Monadelphia Q-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Seeds 
 soaked, and sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand, 
 in heat; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 6u to 85. 
 T. I'ndica (Indian). 60. July. E. Ind. 1633 
 occidentals (western). 40. February. W.Ind 
 
 TA'MARIX. Tamarisk. (From Tamaris 
 now Tambro, the name of a river where 
 it grows, on the borders of the Pyrenees 
 Nat. Ord., Tamarisks [Tamaricacese] 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Triyynia.) 
 
 Hardy, by cuttings under a hand-light, or even 
 in the open air, in spring or autumn, and any 
 common soil ; the tender species require a warm 
 greenhouse or a cool plant-stove, and to be growr- 
 in peat and loam ; increased by cuttings under 
 hand-glass, in sand, and in heat. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 T. Dnfttt'rieaODahurian). 6. Pink. Dahuria. 1827 
 
 Ga'llica (French). 10. Flesh. July. England 
 
 Deciduous. 
 
 Palla'sii (Pallas's). 8. Flame. July. Caucasus. 
 
 tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 6. White. July. 
 
 Jauria. 1821. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 T dioi'ca (dioecious). 6. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 I'ndica (Indian). 6. Pink. July. E. Ind. 
 
 orienta'lis (eastern). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 
 TAMO'NEA. (From lamonc, the Guianan 
 
 name. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. 
 Linn.. l-Didynamia2~Angiospermia. Al- 
 lied to Lantana.) 
 
 vgiospermia 
 Tender, blue-flowered biennials. By seed in 
 
 hotbed in spring ; pricked out, and potted off, 
 nd bloomed in the greenhouse. 
 T. Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 1 . July. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 mn'tica (awnless). 1. July. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 spicu'ta (spiked). September. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 TANACE'TUM. Tansy, v Derivation un- 
 ertain. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceac]. 
 nnn., lQ-8yngenena 2-Superflua.) 
 Hardy herbaceous. Divisions in spring, and 
 uttings under a hand-light in summer ; any soil. 
 Grandiflo'rum requires a cool ^greenhouse or a 
 old pit in winter, and a sandy, -fibry loam. 
 T. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). l. Yellow. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). l. Pale red. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1811. 
 
 vulga're (common). 2. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 variega' turn (striped-leaved), 2. Yellow. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 TANGHI'NIA. (From Tawghin, the Ma- 
 dagascar name. Nat. ord., Dor/banes [Apo- 
 jynaceffi]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gi/nia. Allied to Cerbera.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the East 
 Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in san d, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and loam, with 
 a little sand. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, 
 60 to 90. The nut of veneni'jlua, though not 
 larger than an almond, is sufficient to poison a 
 score of people. 
 T. dicho'toma (forked). June. E. Ind. 1827. 
 
 laurifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 3. June. E. Ind. 
 
 JI/'Aa*'(Manghas). 20. August. 1800. 
 
 Odo'llum (Odollam). 20. August. _ 175o-- 
 
 veneni'fluu (poison-flowing). bO. Pink. May, 
 
 Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 TANGIER PEA. La'thynis Tingita'nus. 
 TARRAGON. (Artemi'sia dracu'ncuius.) 
 Used in salads to correct the coldness of 
 the other herbs ; and its leaves are ex- 
 cellent when pickled. 
 
 Soil Poor, dry soil is essential to pro- 
 duce it in perfection, and hardy. 
 
 Propagated by parting the roots. ^ To 
 have green Tarragon during the winter 
 and spring, strong-rooted plants must be 
 planted, small portions at a time, once 
 or twice a month, from the close of Oc- 
 tober to the end of January. For the 
 main crop, it may be planted any time 
 from the end of February until the con- 
 clusion of May. 
 
 Plant ten inches apart, and, if dry 
 weather, water must be given regularly 
 every evening until they are rooted. 
 They soon establish themselves, ana 
 may be gathered from the same year. As 
 they run up, the stems should be cut 
 down, which causes them to shoot afresh. 
 At the end of autumn, if some estab- 
 lished plants are set beneath a soutb 
 fence, they will often afford leaves 
 throughout the \vmter, or, at all events, 
 
TAB 
 
 [ 771 
 
 TEC 
 
 come early in the spring. Some of the 
 leaves should be gathered in the summer, 
 and dried for winter's use. 
 
 TARCHONA'NTHUS. African Fleabane. 
 (From tarchon, Arabic for tarragon, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia 1- 
 JE quails.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a hell-glass, in the beginning of summer; fibry, 
 sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. Wiater temp., 
 40 to 48. 
 T. camphora'tus (camphor-scented). 10, 1690. 
 
 elli'pticus (ov&\-leaved). 8. 1816. 
 
 TASMA'NNIA. (Named after <?. Tas- 
 mann, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., Mag- 
 noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 23-Poly- 
 gamia \-Moncecia. Allied to Drimys and 
 Illicium.) 
 
 The fruit of T. aroma'tica is used for pepper 
 in New Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland, 
 white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of firm shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; kept cool at first, and 
 then, when the base swells, placed in a sweet, 
 mild bottom-heat. Fibry, sandy loam, with a 
 little peat; require the protection of a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 T. aroma'tica (aromatic). 10. May. 1823. 
 
 dipe'tala (two-petaled). 8. May. 1824. 
 
 TAXO'DIUM. Deciduous Cypress. (From 
 taxus, the yew, and oides, like. Nat. ord., 
 Conifers [Pinacese], Linn., 21-Moncecia 
 8-Octandria.) 
 
 Hardy Conifers. Seeds in April ; cuttings in 
 autumn or spring, in a moist, shady place ; layers, 
 also, root the first season ; a low, moist situation 
 suits all the hardy varieties best; cuttings will 
 also strike in water as freely as the Nerium. The 
 evergreens should have a little peat added, and 
 will require a little protection in winter, such as 
 a cold pit would give, or surrounding them with 
 a frame of Spruce-branches. 
 T. Cape'nse (Cape, Cypress Broom). 6. April. 
 Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen. 
 
 di'stichum (two-ranked-teawd). 50. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 exce'lsum (lofty). May. 
 
 nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). May. 
 
 nu'tans (nodding). 20. May. 
 
 pa'tens (spreading). 20. May. 
 
 pe'ndulum (drooping). May. 
 
 semperm'rens (evergreen). 50. Yellow. 
 
 New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. 
 Sine'nse (Chinese). May. 
 
 TA'XUS. The Yew. (From taxon, a bow ; 
 being used for bows. Nat. ord., Taxads 
 [Taxaceae], Linn., 22-Dicecia IB-Poly- 
 andria.} 
 
 Evergreen Coniftrs. Seed, gathered in October, 
 either sown directly, or taken to the rot-heap 
 until spring, when the plants, many of them, will 
 appear the following year ; cuttings, ten inches 
 in length, lower half deprived of leaves, in sand, 
 in a shady border, in April and August, taken off 
 with a heel ; deep, loamy soil, with a fair portion 
 of moisture. 
 
 T. adpre'ssa (close-pressed). Japan. 1844. 
 
 bacca'ta (common. Berried). 20. February. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fastigia'ta (tapering), 20. April. Ireland. 
 
 1780. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved), 3, 
 
 March. 
 
 fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried), April. Ire- 
 land. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). 8. February. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 sparsifo'lia (scattered-leaved). March. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 20. February. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. February. Canada. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Inuka'ja (Inukaja). Japan. 1838. 
 
 Maka'yti (Mahay's). May. Japan. 1838. 
 
 nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20. China. 1820. 
 
 TEAK WOOD. Te'ctona. 
 
 TEASEL. Di'psacus. 
 
 TEA-TREE. The' a and Lycinm afrum. 
 
 TE'COMA. (A contraction of the Mex- 
 ican name. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Big- 
 noniacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-An- 
 giospermia.) 
 
 Mostly by cuttings ; the hardy ra'dicans and 
 its varieties by cuttings of the shoots, and very 
 freely by pieces of the roots ; all the others are 
 the better for a glass being placed over them, and 
 flourish in loam and peat. The Cape'nsis makes 
 a neat pot-plant. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 T. ra'dicans (rooting). 30. Orange. July. N. 
 Amer. 1640. 
 
 ma'jor (greater. Ash-leaved). 30. Orange. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller. Ash-leaved). 20. Scarlet. 
 
 July. -N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &C. 
 T. austra'lis (southern). Orange. June. N.-S. 
 Wales. 1/93. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 8. Orange. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 diversi 'fo'lia (various-leaved). N. Holland. 
 
 1830. Deciduous. 
 
 grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 30. Orange. 
 
 July. China. 1800. Deciduous. 
 jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pink. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 
 
 ' meona'ntha (less-flowered). 12. Blush. April. 
 . N. Holland. 1815. 
 
 mo'llis (soft).6.Yellow.Mexico.l824.Deciduous. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 T. digita'ta (hand-Zeawed).6.Yellow.S.Amer.l813. 
 
 pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 6. Orange. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 roscefo'Ka. (rose-leaved). 6. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 sambucifo' lia (elder-leaved). 6. Yellow. 
 
 Peru. 1824. 
 
 sorbifo'lia (sorb-leaved). 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 sple'ndida (splendid). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 sta'ns (standing). 12. Yeiiow. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1730. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaned'). 10. Yellow. August. 
 
 S. Amer. Irf-JO. 
 
 xyloca'rpa (woody-fruited). White. W. Ind. 
 
 1620. 
 
 TE'CTOKA. Teak-tree. (The Malabar 
 name is tekka. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- 
 
TEE 
 
 [ 772 
 
 TEP 
 
 "benaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo- 
 nogynia.) 
 
 For ship-building this gives the best timber. 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in a 
 moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 T. gi'a'ndis (great). 100. White. E. Ind. 1777- 
 
 TEE'D^A. (Named after some person 
 unknown. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu- 
 lariaceze], linn., \&-Didynamia %-An- 
 (jlospermia. Alliance near to Pentstemon.) 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered biennials, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed 
 in March ; cuttings of side-shoots, taken off in 
 April or August, and inserted in sandy soil, under 
 a hand-light ; sandy loam and vegetable mould. 
 T. lu'cida (shining). 2. April. 1774. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 2. May. 1816. 
 TEESDA'LIA. (Named after R. Tecsdale, 
 
 author of a Flora about Castle Howard. 
 Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacete] . Linn., 
 lo-Tetradynamia. Allied to Candytuft.) 
 Hardy, white-flowered annuals. Seeds ; com- 
 mon soil. 
 T. i'heris (candy-tuft-like). J. May. Britain. 
 
 lepi'dium (cress-like). $. March. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1824. 
 
 TELE'KIA. (Name not explained. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19- 
 Syngcnesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Buph- 
 thalmum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, and divisions of the 
 root in spring ; common soil. 
 T. specio'sa (showy). 4. Yellow. July. Hun- 
 gary. 1739. 
 
 TELFAI'EIA. (Named in honour of 
 Mrs. Telfair. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cu- 
 curbitaceae] . Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mona- 
 delphia.) \ 
 
 Stove twiner. Cuttings of the flowering shoots, 
 if procurable ; if not, other young shoots, getting 
 firm, in sand, and in heat ; peat and loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 58. 
 T. peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 20. Pink. July. 
 Zanzibar. 1825. 
 
 TE'LLIMA. (An anagram ot Mitclla; 
 separated from the genus Mitella. Nat. 
 ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 
 IQ-JDccandria 2-Diyynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division; sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 
 T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. April. 
 N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 TELO'PEA. Warratah. (From telopas, 
 seen at a distance ; conspicuous flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 
 4L-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 This is the finest of all the Proteads. Green- 
 house evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots with 
 leaves on, unless the one at the base, in sand, 
 under a glass, and kept cool until the base swells, 
 when a little heat may be given ; also by layer- 
 
 ing the suckers that rise from the roots $ gaudy 
 loam and peat, with a third of broken stone, pot- 
 sherds, and charcoal, and the pot extra well drained. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 65, and not much water; 
 summer, 60 to 75, and a good supply of mois- 
 ture, the pot being defended from the sun. 
 T. speciosi'ssima (most splendid). 10. Scarlet. 
 June. N.S.Wales. 178Q. 
 
 TEMASIA WCEBERANA. See APPLE/ 
 
 TEMPERATURE is one of the most im- 
 portant circumstances connected with 
 the cultivation of plants; for upon its 
 proper regulation and just accommoda- 
 tion to the intensity of light depend, in 
 the chief degree, whether a plant is 
 healthy, and capable of performing its 
 functions. Every seed has its appropriate 
 temperature for germinating (see GER- 
 MINATION) ; every root has a temperature 
 in which it imbibes food most favourably 
 (see BOTTOM-HEAT); and every leaf has 
 a temperature in which it respires most 
 vigorously. (See LEAVES and NIGHT 
 TEMPERATURE.) 
 
 TEMPLES dedicated to some deity of 
 the heathen mythology, as to Pan in a 
 grove, or to Flora among bright, sunny 
 parterres, are not inappropriate, if the 
 extent of the grounds and the expendi- 
 ture on their management allow them to 
 be of that size and of that correctness 
 of style, which give the classic air and 
 dignity that are their only sources of 
 pleasure. 
 
 TEMPLETO'NIA. (Named after /. Tem- 
 pleton, an Irish botanist. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to 
 Scottia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, red-flowered evergreens, from New 
 Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, 
 under a bell-glass; fibry peat and sandy loam, 
 most of the first, with a little charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 48. 
 T, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. April. 1818. 
 
 retu'sa (bent-back-teawed). 2. May. 1803. 
 TENTACULATE, furnished with thread- 
 like appendages. 
 
 TEPHRO'SIA. (From tephros, ash-grey; 
 colour of some of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 
 ll-Diadelphia k-Dodecandria. Allied to 
 Galega.) 
 
 Seeds, steeped in water at 130 for a day before 
 sowing in a hotbed ; cuttings of young, stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, 
 the stove species in a hotbed ; sandy, fibry loarn 
 and peat. Greenhouse or stove temperatures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 T. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 Chine' nsis (Chinese). Purple. July. China.1822. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered;. 4. Pink. Juiie. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 177*. 
 
TEP 
 
 [773 ] 
 
 TET 
 
 T. mucronn'ta (spine-pointed). 2. Pale red. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 1. Red. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 stri'cta (erect-podded). 3. Pink. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 T Apnlli'nea (Apoilinis).2.Blue.July.Egypt.l8l6. 
 
 tiiflit'rn (two-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 ca'ndidu (white-teaued). 4. Pale red. Bengal. 
 
 1810. 
 
 capitula'ta (small-headed). 1$. Red. July 
 
 Owhyhee. 1823. Herbaceous. 
 
 Caribee'a (Caribean). 3. Red, white. Jane. 
 
 W. Ind. 1786. 
 
 Coloni'la (Colonil). 3. Purple. July.E.Ind.1818 
 filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Red. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Heynett'na (Heyne's). 3. Purple. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1822. 
 
 lanceafd'lia (lance-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. 
 
 j'uly. 1820. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow- leaved). 1. Red. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 litnra'lis (shore). 1 . Purple. July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 longifo'lia (long leaved). 3. Red. June. S. 
 
 'Amer. 1820. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (pale yellow).3.Cream.W.Ind.l7<J9. 
 
 toxica'ria (yzs&-poison).3.Palered.W.Ind.l/91. 
 
 vil/o'sa (shaggy). 2. Whi-e. July. E. Ind. 1779. 
 TEPHROTHA'MNUs.Synonyme of Goodia. 
 TERMINA'LIA. (From terminus; leaves 
 
 in clusters at the end of the branches. 
 Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combretacese]. 
 Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-Moncccia. Allied 
 to Bucida.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of f ipe shoots, with 
 most of the leaves, in sand, thinly, under a bell- 
 trhiss, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and fihry peat. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; sum- 
 mer, 65 to 85. The juice of Cata'ppa is a chief 
 ingredient in Indian-ink. 
 T. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. White, 
 
 green. E. Ind. l6p2. 
 arbu'scula (shrub). 1. White, green. S.Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Belle'rica (Belleric). 20. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 18)8. 
 
 Bewg-a/c'nsts(Bengal).White.June.E.Ind.l826. 
 ~ Bitica'ria (Biticaria). 20. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 Cata'ppa (Catappan). 20. White. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 subcorda'ta (8lightly-heart-/eued). 20. Yellow, 
 
 green. S. Amer. 1796. 
 
 Che'bula (Chebuia;. 20. White. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 citri'na (citron-like). 20. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 di'sticha (two-rowed). 20. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 Fatree'a (Fatreea). 20. Yellow, green. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1826. 
 
 Gange'tica (Gangetic). 20. Yellow, green. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved), 25. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Mauritia'na( Mauritian). 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 ~-Molucca'na (Molucca). 20. White, green. 
 E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 pro'ccra (tall). 40. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 rotundi/dlia (round -leaved). 20. Yellow, 
 
 green. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Tanibou'ca (Tanibouca). White. June. Gui- 
 
 ana. 1826. 
 
 TERNSTRO'MIA. (Named after M. Tern- 
 strom, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Theads [Ternstromiacese], Linn., 13- 
 Polyandria L-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 fihry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55 to 
 60 ; summer, 65 to 85. 
 
 T.bre'vipes (short flower- stalked). 6. Red. 
 July. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 p?Knctt/a'm(/ong'-flower-stalked). 6. White. 
 
 July. Indies. 1818. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellowish. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-leaved). White. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 veno'sa (veiny). 6. White. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 TERRACES are not permissible any- 
 where but around the mansion, and they 
 are noble and effective almost in propor- 
 tion to their breadth. 
 
 TESTTJDINA'RIA. Elephant's Foot. 
 (From testudo, a tortoise; the hard, out- 
 side covering of the corm, or root. Nat. 
 ord., Tarns [Dioscoreacese]. Linn., 22- 
 Dicecia 6-Hexandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse .yellow-flowered deciduous climbers, 
 from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots, or cuttings of the young shoots when 
 growth commencfs, in spring, in sandy loam, 
 under a bell-gluss, and care taken to prevent 
 damping ; might be tried by cuttings of the roots ; 
 sandy, fihry loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 
 43 to 48, and kept rather dry. 
 T. elepha' ntipes (common. Elephant' s-foot). 8. 
 July. 1774. 
 
 tnonta'na (mountain). 8. July. 1816. 
 TETRA'CERA. (From tetras, four fold, 
 
 and keras, a horn ; the four capsules, or 
 divisions of seed-pod, recurved. Nat. 
 ord., Dilleniads [DilleniaceseJ. Linn., 
 13-Polyandria 5-Pent"ynia. Allied to 
 Delima.) 
 
 Stove, yellow - flowered, evergreen climbers. 
 Cuttinga of young shoots, getting firm, in sand, 
 under a hell-glass, thinly, and in bottom-heat; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55; 
 summer. 60 to 85. 
 
 T. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 20. Guinea. 1793. 
 ~~<ibovu'ta (reversed- e.gg- leaned). February. 
 Guinea. 1822. 
 
 potato'ria (drinking). 20. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 12. S.Amer. 1818. 
 
 TETRAGONO'LOBUS. (From tetra, four, 
 gonia, an angle, and lobs, a pod ; shape 
 of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant* 
 [Fabacea3j. Linn., 17 Dladel^Uia 4-Zte- 
 candria. Allied to Lotus. ) 
 
 Seeds in April, in common soil ; the perennials, 
 also, by division and cuttings. Good for the 
 fronts of flower-bordera and melt-works. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 T. mari'timus (sea). 4. Yellow. August. Eu- 
 rope. 1683. 
 
 Requie'ni (Requien's). Yellow. July. Sar- 
 
 dinia. 1837. 
 
 siliquo'sus (long-podded). 4. Yellow. 
 
 South Europe. 1830. 
 
IET 
 
 [774] 
 
 TET 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS., 
 
 T. biflo'rus (two-flowered). . Yellow. July. 
 Barbary. 1818. 
 
 conjuga' tux (twin-padded). . Purple. July. 
 
 Monlpelier. 1759. 
 
 purpu'rpus (purple). 1. Durk purple. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1769- 
 
 TETRAGO'NIA. New Zealand Spinach. 
 (From tetra, four, and gonia, an angta; 
 fruit four-angled. Nat. ord., Aizoons 
 [Tetragoniaceoe]. Linn., I2~lcosandria 
 %-Di-pentfigyn ia. ) 
 
 See NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. 
 T. expu'nsn (stretched). Yellow. August. New 
 Zealand. 1772. Annual. 
 
 TETRANE'MA. (From tetra, four, and 
 nema^a. filament ; four stamens instead of 
 five, as in Pentstemon, which it much re- 
 sembles. Nat. ord., Fif/wm-ts [Scrophu- 
 lariaceee]. Linn., ~L-Didynamia 1-An- 
 giospermia.') 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seed sown in a slight hot- 
 bed in March; cuttings of youtia: shools, a little 
 firm, in sandy scfcl, under a brll-glas-;. in April and 
 August ; santty loajB and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 50. In summer the shelter of the 
 greenhouse or a warm place out of doors. 
 T. Mexica'na( Mexican). 1. Purple, white. June. 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 TETRANTHE'RA. (From tetra, four, and 
 aner, anther ; four out of nine stamens 
 fertile. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese]. 
 Linn., -Enneandria \-Monogy nia.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots, nearly ripe, in sand, 
 under a bell-iriass, and the stove ones in bottom- 
 heat; fibry, sandy loam and turfy peat. Green- 
 house and stove temperatures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 T. ape'tala (no-petaled). 8. Green, yellow. 
 April. N. Holland. 1824, 
 
 Japa'nica (Japan). 3. White. Japan. 1843. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. sebi'fera (tallowy). 10. Yellow, green. May. 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 trine 1 rnia (three-nerved). 10. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. Ceylon. 1921. 
 
 TETRA'NTHUS. (From tetra, four, and 
 anthits, a flower; four-flowered. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailer. Division and cuttings ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat ; requires the stove 
 in winter. 
 
 T. litora'lis (shore). . White. August. W. Ind. 
 1820. 
 
 TETRAPE'LTIS. (From tetra, four, and 
 .pelte, a small shield; form of flower. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese], Linn., 
 %Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown in abasket. See ORCH-IDS. 
 Te.fr a' grans (sweet-scented). White. E. Ind. 
 1836. 
 
 TETBA'PTERYS. (From tetra, four, and 
 pteron, a wing j the carpels four- winged. 
 
 Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiacese]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-Trigynia. Allied 
 to Hirsea.) 
 
 Stove, evergreen, yellow-flowered climbers. For 
 culture, see MALPI'GHIA. 
 T. Acupulce'nsis (Acapulcan). Mav. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved) . May. Cayenne. 
 
 1826. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured). May. Guiana. 1827. 
 TETRATHE'CA. (From tetra, four, and 
 
 theke, a cell ; anthers four-celled. Nat. 
 ord., Poreworts [Tremandracese]. Linn., 
 8-Octandria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens, and 
 purple-flowered, where not otherwise specified. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, the side ones are the 
 best, in sand, under a bell-glass, and great care 
 taken to prevent damping ; fibry peat, a little 
 turfy loam, and a good portion of charcoal and 
 broken pots. Winter temp., 43 to 50; summer, 
 i-.n airy situation, but the pot saved from direct 
 .sun and heavy rains, or careless waterings. 
 T. ericeefn'lia (heath-leaved). 1. Rose. July. 1820. 
 
 frlandulo'sa (glanded). 1. July. 1822. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. March. 1843. 
 
 ju'nr-ea (rushy). 2. July. 1803. 
 
 nu'da (naked). 2. Crimson. May. 1843. 
 
 pili'fertt (shaggy). 2. June. 
 
 pilo'sa (shairgy). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 ruhioi'des (ruhia-like). 1. July. 1825. 
 
 rubrisefta (red- bristled). 2. Hose. July. 1834. 
 
 A#/m/V(thyme-leaved). 1. July. 1824. 
 
 vcrtirilltt'ta (whorled-/ea?>ed). 2. June. 1845. 
 
 vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. July. 
 
 TETRAZY'GIA. (From tetra, four, and 
 zyyos, a yoke ; the parts of the flower in 
 fours. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melasto- 
 
 Stove, white- flowered evergreens, from the 
 West Indies. Cuttings of side-shoots, getting 
 firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy 
 loam and fihry peat. Winter temp., 55 to 60; 
 summer, 65 to 85. 
 T. nngustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Mav. 1823. 
 
 di'scotor (two-coloured-/ea/>ed). 5. May. 1793. 
 
 elceagnoi'des (elseagnus-like). 4. March. 
 
 tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 3. March. 1815. 
 
 TETTIGONIA SPUMARIA of some ento- 
 mologists, and the Oercopis, Cicada, or 
 Aphrophorn spumaria of others, Froth in- 
 sect, Cuckoo-spit, Froth-hopper, or Frog- 
 hopper. Its larva enveloped in its froth 
 is especially prevalent upon the young 
 shoots of the white-thorn or quick; hut 
 it also infests the stems of pinks, carna- 
 tions, lilacs, and many other plants. If 
 the froth be removed, one and sometimes 
 two small, pale green, aphis-like insects 
 are detected. These are the larva or 
 young of the Froth-fly. By means of its 
 sharp rostrum or beak it extracts the sap 
 of the plant, and voids it as an excrement 
 in the frothy form, which is its character- 
 istic. About the end of July it sheds its 
 skin, leaving it in the froth, and comes 
 
TEU 
 
 [775] 
 
 THA 
 
 forth the perfect insect. Ahout the be- 
 ginning of August the males and females 
 may be found in pairs numerously on the 
 plants they frequent. They are of a dirty- 
 white colour, thickly dotted and clothed 
 with short hairs ; head broad and bluntly 
 triangular, with black lines down its 
 centre and sides ; eyes, one on each side, 
 near the base of the head ; rostrum long, 
 bent underneath its body when not in 
 use; antennae ending in a fine bristle; 
 thorax and shield (scutellum), adjoining 
 the back of the head, brownish. The 
 wing-cases are brown, mottled with ochre, 
 with four whitish patches on the margin 
 the under wings are transparent am' 
 irridescent. The legs, six in number 
 short, but two hind-legs longest, and 
 formed for leaping. So effectual are 
 they for the purpose, that, as Mr. Kirby 
 states, after showing their mode of leap 
 ing, they will spring five or six feet at a 
 time, being more than 250 times their 
 own length, or "as if a man of ordinary 
 height should be able to vault through 
 the air to the distance of a quarter of a 
 mile." It is not ascertained where the 
 eggs of this insect are deposited, but 
 probably on the stems of the plants on 
 the shoots of which the larva feeds. It 
 appears, however, that they oaa travel 
 after hatching, for seedlings and plants 
 raised from root-cuttings are often afijcted. 
 We know of no better plan for destroying 
 the insect than drawing the affected 
 shoots between the fingers, and then 
 dipping these into a bowl of water after 
 each grasp. In the case of carnation 
 stems and other flowers, requiring more 
 tender treatment, all the froth may be 
 taken from the insect by means of a piece 
 of sponge, and itself then removed by a 
 camel's hair brush. 
 
 TEU'CRIUM. Germander. (Named 
 after Teucer, a Trojan prince, who first 
 used it medicinally. Nat. ord., Lipworts 
 [Lamiaceae]. linn., l^-Didytiamia, 1- 
 
 Annuals, seed* in tfc open ground in April; 
 pereiiniais, by seeds and division ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings in sandr soil, under a bell-glass, in. spring, 
 and a band-light in summer. Most of them in the 
 atmosphere of London, and farther north, require 
 a cold pit or a greenhou-e in winter. In dry 
 places in the south of England they will frequently 
 stand our winters uninjured. They are not a,t all 
 particular as to soil. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 T. angusti'ssvtnum (n.arr0west-JeaecZ). 2. Pur- 
 
 ple. June. Spain. 1818. 
 brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pink. June, 
 Crete. 1824, 
 
 T. orienta'le (eastern). 1 . Blue. July. Leyant. 1725. 
 
 po'lium (poly). 1. Pale. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1562. 
 angustifo'l'um (narrow-leaved). Purple* 
 
 July. Spain. 1732. 
 flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1/31. 
 
 saxa'tile (rock). 4. Pale yellow. July. Valen- 
 
 tia. 1820. 
 
 tltymifo'lium (thyme-leaved), g. Reddish. 
 
 August* Spain. 181 6. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 1. Blue. July. 
 Levant. 1/28. 
 
 Canude'nse (Canadian)* 2. Purple. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 chumce'drys (common-Germander). 3 Pur- 
 
 ple. July. England. 
 
 Hyrcafmciim (Hyrcaniau). l. Purple. Sep- 
 tember. Persia. 1763. 
 
 Liuemuftmi (Laxmann's). 1. Variegated. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). 1$. Purple. August. 
 
 South Europe. 1/30. 
 
 Lusita'nicum (Portuguese). l. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. Portugal. 1822. 
 
 Mttssilie'nse (Marseilles). 2. Purple.France.1732. 
 
 multiflo'rum (many-flowered). I. Light red. 
 
 August. Spain. 1732. 
 
 pycno.phyH.lum (close-leaved). . Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1816. 
 
 Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 2. Blue.N.Amer.1768. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 T. li'color (two-coloured). Yellow, red. July. 
 Chili. 1826. 
 
 infla 1 turn (swollen). 2. Red. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1778. Stove. 
 
 Nissolia'ttum (Nissolian). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1752. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVEEGREENS. 
 T, abutiloi'des (abutilon-like). l. Yellow. April. 
 Madeira. 1777- 
 
 Ardui'ni (Arduin's). 1J. Yellow. July. 
 
 Candia. 1823. 
 
 Asiu'ticum (Asiatic). 2. Pink. August. 1777- 
 
 beto'nicum (betony-like). 1$. Lilac. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1775. 
 
 ca'num (hoary). l. Purple. Armenia. 1836. 
 
 Cre'ticum (Cretan). l. Purple. July. Crete.! 824. 
 
 flu! num. (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 2. Purple. 
 
 Juae. Madeira. 1759- 
 
 ma! rum (marum). l. Pale purple. August. 
 
 Spain. 1640. 
 
 orcJii'deum (orchis-like). 1. Pink. July. 
 
 Chili. 1826. 
 
 pseu'do-chamce'pitys (bastard ground-pine). J. 
 
 Purple. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 pu'milum (dwarf). $. Purple. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 re'gium (royal). l. Purple. July. Spain. 1699. 
 
 tri'fidum (three-clef t-leawd) 1$. Purple. July. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 THA'UA. (Named after J. Thalius, a 
 erman physician. Nat. ord,, Marants 
 ^Marantacece]. Linn., \-Mwwndria 1- 
 Wonogynia. Allied to Maranta.) 
 
 Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions; rich- 
 andy loam. Genieuln'ta requires a cool plant, 
 tove in winter; deultm'ta, a greenhouse, in a tub 
 >f water, or the roots in a pond -out of doors, so 
 leep that the frcgt will not reach them. 
 T. deal f>ti' tit (vldti). 4. July. Carolina. 1791. 
 
 genicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. W.Ind. 1823. 
 
THA 
 
 [ 77C J 
 
 THE 
 
 Meadow Rue. (Fron 
 thallo, to grow green ; the bright green 
 colour of the young shoots. Nat. or J 
 Crowfoott [Ranunculaceae]. Linn., 13 
 Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of th> 
 plant in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf 
 mould. Beautiful for the back of herbaceous 
 borders. 
 
 T. acuti'lnbum (sharp-lobed). l. Pale yellow 
 June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 alpi'num (alpine). 4. White, yellow. June 
 
 Britain. 
 
 anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 8. April. N 
 
 Amer. 1768. 
 
 fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4* April 
 
 N. Amer. 1768- 
 
 angustifo'limm (narrow-leaved). 3. Pale yellow 
 
 June. Germany. 1795. 
 
 apicula'tum (bee-like-^fotcereef). Yellow. June 
 
 1838. 
 
 appendieida'tuwi (appendaged). Russia. 1832 
 aquilegifo'lium (columbine-leaved). 3. Lighl 
 
 purple. June. Austria. 1731. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'rewm (dark purple). 3. Dark 
 
 purple. June. Austria. 1731. 
 
 formo'sum (beautiful). 3. Purple. June 
 
 South Europe. 1800. 
 
 Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 3. Yeltow. July 
 
 Sicily. 1800. 
 
 Carotinia'num (Carolina). 1. White. June 
 
 N. Amer. 1808. 
 
 chelido'nii (swallowwort). 2. Purplish. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 cine'reum (grey). 2. Yellow. June. 1810. 
 
 clava'tum (club-leaved). 2. White. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1720. 
 
 colli'num (hill). 14. Pale yellow. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 conei'nnttm (neat). 3. White. Green. June. 
 
 contu'rtum (curled -seeded). 2. White. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1796. 
 ~ Cornvfti (Comuti's). S. White, yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1806. 
 revolu'tum (curled-back). 14. Light 
 
 yellow. June. N. Amer. iso6. 
 
 crenaftwn (scolloped-feaaed). 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 cultru'tum (knife-shaped). Green, yellow. 
 
 June. Himalayas. 
 
 cynapifo'lium (cynapinum-leaved). 2. Pur- 
 
 ple, yellow. June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 dioi'cum (dioecious). 1. Light yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759- 
 
 divarica'tum (straggling). 14. Yellowish. 
 
 June. Europe. 1819. 
 
 divc'rgens (spreading). 2. Yellow. June. 
 Siberia. 1819. 
 
 ela'tum (tall). 4. Light yellow. August. 
 
 Hungary. 1794. 
 
 amhi'guum (ambiguous). 2. Pale yellow. 
 
 June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 exalta'tum (lofty). Siberia. 1832. 
 
 fia'vum (eomtnon-yellow). 4. Orange. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 vagina' turn (sheathed). 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1810. 
 
 fte*uo'8um (zigzag). 14. Yellow. June. Ger- 
 many. 1820. 
 
 ~-faftidm (Blinking) . |. White, yellow. June. 
 France. 1640. 
 
 foKolo'tum (small-leafy). 2. Purple, yellow. 
 June. Nepaul. 1810. 
 
 gaiioi'det (galiurn-like). 1, Yellow. June. 
 
 isifi. 
 
 T. glaticc'scent (milky-greenish). 2. Green, yel- 
 low. June. Russia. 1318. 
 
 glau'eum (milky-green-teared). 6. Yellow. 
 
 June. Spain. 1798. 
 
 laserpitiifu'lium (laserpitium-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Europe. 1810. 
 
 ht'cidum (shining). 4. Vellow.June.Spain.1733. 
 
 microca'rpum (small-podded). Russia. 1832. 
 
 mi'nus (less). 1. Pale yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 otigosptfrmum (few-seeded). 2. Purple, yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 petaloi'deum (petal-like). 3. White, yellow. 
 
 June. Dauria. 1799- 
 
 pube'scens (downy). l. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819, 
 
 purpttra'scens (purplish). 3. Light purple. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1699. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leared). 2. Purple, 
 
 yellow. June. South Europe. 1815. 
 
 rugo'sum (wrinkly). 4. White, yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1774. 
 
 discolor (two-coloured). 6. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 scuca'tile (rock). 14. White, red. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1819. 
 
 SoJtwcigge'ri (Sshweigger's). Yellow. June. 
 
 Sibifrioitm (Siberian). 1. Lilac, yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1775. 
 
 implex (simple-staMfed). 1. Lilac, yellow. 
 
 May. Sweden. 1778. 
 
 spar si fit)' rum (scattered-flowered). Yellow. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1833. 
 
 tqvarro'sum (spreading). 1. Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1806. 
 
 stipula' ceum (torye-stipuled). 2. White, 
 
 yellow. June. Europe. 1820. 
 
 THA'MNEA. (From tliamnos, a shrub. 
 Nat. ord., Bnmiads [Bruniacese]. Linn,, 
 b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of tlie 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, 
 and then set in a close pit ; fibry, sandy peat, 
 and a little charcoal and freestone. Winter temp,, 
 40 to 48. 
 
 T. unifto'ra (one-flowered). White. April. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 THE' A. Tea. (From tcha, the Chinese 
 name for tea. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern- 
 strbmiacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8- 
 Polyandria.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings of ripened young shoots, taken off at a 
 oint, and inserted in silver sand, under a bell-glass, 
 ind placed in a close pit, the glass being opened 
 at night to prevent damping ; also by layers from 
 hoots thrown up by the roots ; also, we believe, by 
 p-afting the tenderer kinds on vi'ridis. Has the 
 ingle Camellia been tried f Equal parts of fibry 
 eat and sandy, turfy loam packed tight. Winter 
 emp., 38 to 48. As the roots run deep, they 
 hrive best when planted out in a cool conserva- 
 ory. Plants have survived many winters round 
 London in the open ground with the protection 
 f a mat in cold weather. The'a vi'ridis is main- 
 ained by many to be the only tea-plant used by 
 he Chinese. 
 T. Assame'nsis (Assam). 6. January. Ajgam. 1848. 
 
 Bohe'a (Bobea). 4. October. China. 1768. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). 4. June. China. 1768. 
 
 _ lat'fo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. February. 
 
 China, 1825, 
 
 THKEZAN TEA. Rha'mnus Thee'zanst 
 
THE 
 
 [777] 
 
 THE 
 
 THENA'RDIA. (Named after M. TJie- 
 nard, a French chemist. Nat. ord., Dog 
 banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of stubby 
 sidc-ahoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy, fibry loam and peat, with a little 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 
 65 to 85. 
 
 T.floribu'nda (bundled-flowered). 10. Blue. 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 THEOBRO'MA. Chocolate-tree. (From 
 theos, a god, and broma, food ; poetically, 
 food for the gods. Nat. ord., Byttneriads 
 [Byttneriaceee]. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 
 1-Decundria.) 
 
 The seed of T. caca'o is the chief ingredient 
 in chocolate and cocoa. Stove evergreen treea. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 65 ; summer, 65 to 88. 
 T. bi'color (two-coloured). 18. Brown. New 
 Grenada. 1820. 
 
 caca'o (common-cacao). 16. Brown. S.Amer. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Caribts'a (Caribean). Yellow. W. Ind. 1821. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 16. Yellow. Guiana. 1803. 
 
 THEOPHRA'STA. (Named after Theo. 
 phrastus, the father of natural history. 
 Nat. ord.,Ardisiads [Myrsinacese], Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat*; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 50 to 58 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 T. Jussien'i ( Jussieu's). 3. St. Domingo. 1818. 
 
 longtfo'tia (long-leaved). 20. Caraccas. 1828- 
 
 THERMOMETER. This instrument is 
 the only unfailing guide for the gardener 
 in regulating the heat to which he allows 
 the roots and foliage of his plants to be 
 subjected. 
 
 Fahrenheit's is used chiefly in Britain, 
 Holland, and North America, the freez- 
 ing point of water on which is at 82 ; 
 and its boiling point, 212. Reaumur's 
 thermometer was that chiefly used in 
 France before the Revolution, and is that 
 now generally used in Spain, and in some 
 other continental states. In its scale 
 the freezing point is ; and the boiling 
 point, 80. On Celsius or the Centi- 
 grade thermometer, now used throughout 
 France, and in the northern kingdoms of 
 Europe, the freezing point is 0; and the 
 boiling point, 100. Hence, to reduce 
 degrees of temperature of the Centigrade 
 thermometer and of that of Reaumur to 
 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, and con- 
 versely : 
 
 Rule I. Multiply the Centigrade de- 
 grees by 9, and divide the product by 5 ; 
 
 or multiply the degrees of Reaumur by 
 9, and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to the 
 quotient in either case, and the sum is 
 the degrees of temperature of Fahren- 
 heit's scale. 
 
 Rule 2. From the number of degrees 
 on Fahrenheit's scale subtract 32 ; mul- 
 tiply the remainder by 5 for Centigrade 
 degrees, or by 4 for those of Reaumur's 
 scale, and the product, in either case, 
 being divided by 9, will give the tempera- 
 ture required according to Fahrenheit's. 
 To ascertain the internal temperature 
 of a hothouse, the thermometer should 
 be fixed near its centre, against a pillar, 
 and under a cupola, or little roof, shading 
 it from the sun. 
 
 A self-registering thermometer should 
 be in every house, for it shows the highest 
 and lowest degrees of heat whiuh bave 
 occurred in the twenty-four 
 O hours ; and, therefore, serves as 
 a check upon those to whose 
 care they are intrusted. 
 
 Breyazzi's bark-bed thermome- 
 ter is an excellent instrument 
 for ascertaining the bottom- 
 heat of hot beds, bark-pits, &c. 
 It is a thermometer inclosed in 
 a metal tube, perforated to ad- 
 mit the heat, pointed, so as to 
 be easily thrust down, and with 
 a small door in the side, for 
 observing the degree of tempe- 
 rature shown by the scale. 
 THEBMO'PSIS. (From thermos, a lupine, 
 and opsis, like ; lupine-like shrub. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe]. 
 Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Piptanthus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous yellow-flowered perennials. 
 Chiefly by seeds sown in April; light, sandy loam. 
 T. Cnrsonefnsis (Corgon). 1. July. Altaia. 1820. 
 
 fnba'cea( bean-like). 2. June. N.Amer. 1811. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaoed). 1. June. Si- 
 
 beria. 1779- 
 
 THESPE'SIA. (From thespesws, divine ; 
 one of the trees often planted round 
 places of worship in India. Nat. ord., 
 Malhwworts [Malvaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Mo. 
 nadelphia 8-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, in May, under a bell-glass, 
 in bottom-heat; fibry, sandy loam, and a little 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48 to 55; summer, 
 65 to 85. 
 T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 30. Scarlet. 
 
 Point Rico. 1837. 
 
 popu'lnea (poplu-leaved). SO. White. E.Ind. 
 
 1770. 
 
 P. Guadalvpc'niil (Gtt(Woupe). SO, Gua- 
 
 daloupe, 
 
THI 
 
 [ 778 } 
 
 THR 
 
 TKIBAT/DIA. (Named after Thiclaut.de 
 Berneaiid, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Whortleberries [Vaceiniacejfi]. Linn., 8- 
 Octandria 1-jWonogynin.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-gLiss, and in moist heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 5(1 
 to 60; summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 T. macra'ntfia (large-flowered). White, yellow, 
 red. December. Moulmein. 1840. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. K.Ind. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. September. 
 
 Peru. 1847. 
 
 pulche'rrima (beautiful). 10. Red, green. 
 
 May. India. 1845. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 6. Deep rose. Sep- 
 tember. Columbia. 
 
 seti'gera (bristly). Scarlet. Khooseea. 1837. 
 
 vaccinu'ceu (cranberry-like). Khoostea. 1837. 
 
 variega'ta( variegated). Scarlet. Khooseea. 1 837. 
 
 THINNING. The exhaustion consequent 
 upon the production of seed is a chief 
 cause of the decay of plants. This ex- 
 plains why fruit-trees are weakened or 
 rendered temporarily unproductive, and 
 even killed, by being allowed to ripen 
 too large a crop of fruit, or to " overbear 
 themselves." 
 
 The thinning of fruit is, consequently, 
 one of the most important operations of 
 the garden, though one of tbe least gene- 
 rally practised. It. is equally important 
 to be attended to in all fruit-bearers, but 
 especially the vine, nectarine, peach, apri 
 cot, apple, and pear. It should be done 
 with a bold, fearless hand ; and the per- 
 fection of that which is allowed to remain 
 will amply reward the grower, in harvest 
 time, for the apparent sacrifice made. But 
 he will not reap his reward only in this 
 year, for the trees, thus kept un weakened 
 by over-production, will be able to ripen 
 their wood, and deposit their store of sap 
 in their vessels, so absolutely necessary 
 for their fruitfulness next season. 
 
 Thinning is a most necessary opera- 
 tion with plants as well as with the fruit 
 they bear. The roots of a plant extend 
 In a circle round it, of which the stem is 
 the centre. If the roots of adjoining 
 plants extend within each other's circle, 
 they mutually rob of nutriment, and 
 check each other's growth. Thinning in 
 the seed-bed is generally applied with too 
 timid a hand. 
 
 THISTLE. Ca'rdiws*. . 
 
 THOMA'SIA. (Named after Messrs. 
 Thomas, two brothers, collectors of Swiss 
 plants. Nat. ord., Byltneriads [Byttneri- 
 acese]. Linn., 5~Pent<utdria~L-Mon</(jt/nia. 
 Allied to Lasiopetalum.) 
 
 Greenhouse/'New Holland, evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttingi of firm, stubby, young side-shoots in 
 
 sand, unrfer a bell-glass, in April ; sandy, fibry 
 loa:n and peat, with a little charcoal and broken 
 pots, and pots extra well-drained. Winter temp., 
 40 to 48 ; a sheltered, airy place in summer. 
 T. cane'scens (hoary). - Purple. June. 1835, 
 
 di/'u'sa (straegling). White. April. 1822. 
 
 dumo'sa (bushy). 2. White. May. 1326. 
 
 fuliu'sa (leafy). 3. June. 1823. 
 
 glutinti'srt (clammy). Red. May. 1342. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1840. 
 
 paniculn'ta (panic-led). Red. June. 1842. 
 
 piiU'iflo'ra (few-flowered). Red. June. 1848. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. June. 1803. 
 
 qutsrcifu'lia (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 J803 
 
 solan'i'ceti (potato-like). 3. White, June. 1803. 
 
 stipu/a',-ea (large-stipuled). 3. Red. 1842 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). 3. June. 1824. 
 
 THORN-APPLE. Datu'ra. 
 
 THOROUGH-WAX. JBupleu'rum rotundi- 
 fo'/ium. 
 
 THOUI'NIA. (Named after A. Thouin, 
 professor of agriculture, &c., in Paris. 
 Nat. ord., Soxpworts [Sapindaceoa]. 
 Linn., 8-Oclnndria l-Monoyynia. Allied 
 to Nephelium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots in s>and, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy, 
 fibry loam and a little peat or leaf-mould. Win- 
 ter tc-mp., 50 to 58; summer, b'0 to 85. 
 T. pinna' 'ta (leafleted). 8. White. New Spain. 
 1823. 
 
 THRIFT. (Sta'tice.) See EDGING. 
 
 THBI'NAX. (From thrimix, a fan; 
 shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Palms 
 [Palmacere]. Linn., Q-Htxandria l-Mouo- 
 g H nia.} 
 
 Stove Palm. Seeds in a moist, sweet hotbed, 
 in spring ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55 
 to 6(> ; summer, 60 to 90. 
 
 T.parvifla'ru (small-flowered). 15. White, green, 
 Jamaica. 1/7&. 
 
 THRIPS. Thrips Adonidum is one of 
 the worst pests that can gain a footing 
 iu out stoves and greenhouses. The 
 Lirvse and pupre are yellowish-white, and 
 the perfect insect is of a dull, deep black, 
 with the point, and sometimes the whole 
 of the abdomen, of a rust colour; the 
 wings are divty white;' the horns and 
 legs yellowish, the extremity of the for- 
 mer black. It attacks plants by piercing 
 the under side of the leaves; and one 
 often sees, at the tip of the tail,. a globule 
 of blackish fluid, which it soon deposits, 
 and, by innumerable spots of this gluti- 
 nous matter, the pores of the leaves are 
 stopped up, and large portions of the 
 surface become blotched. During March 
 the full-grown lame and pupae, which 
 are as large as the perfect insect^ are 
 found in groups, feeding on the under 
 side of the leaves ; and at this time the 
 recently -hatched but perfect insect either 
 
THE 
 
 [ 779 3 
 
 THY 
 
 lies close under the ribs, or roves about 
 in search of a mate (Curtis). Flowers 
 of sulphur have been recommended as 
 destructive of this plague, but we believe 
 that Scotch snuff, applied by means of a 
 dredging -'box (perhaps Brown's Fumi- 
 gator would answer), is as effectual an 
 application as any. Prevention, however, 
 is better than cure; and if the plants are 
 kept healthy by due ventilation, and by 
 moisture both in the air and soil, this 
 insect may be usually banished. 
 
 T. ochraceus infests the ripe fruit of 
 plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing 
 the stalks, and causing their fall, and ren- 
 dering the fruit disgusting. It was first 
 noticed and described by Mr. Curtis. It 
 is narrow and linear, of a bright and deep 
 ochreous colour, the eyes are black, the 
 liorns appear to be only six jointed and 
 "brownish at the tips, it has three ocelli 
 in the crown, the body is hairy, the tip 
 pointed and bristly, the wings are shorter 
 than the body in the male, lying parallel 
 on the back when at rest, narrow, espe- 
 cially the under ones, and fringed, the 
 liairs longest beneath and at the point, 
 tips of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the 
 same means as T. Adonidum. 
 
 THROATWORT. Oarripa'nula cervicn'ria, 
 Campanula trache'li urn, and Trnche'linm. 
 
 THRYA'LLIS. A synonyme of Galphi- 
 mia. The following should be added to 
 to that genus : 
 
 O. brachystu'chys (short-spiked). 4. August. Rio 
 Janeiro. 1823. 
 
 THU'JA. Arbor Vitse. (From thy on, a 
 sacrifice ; the resin used as incense in 
 eastern sacrifices. Nat. ord., Conifers 
 [Pinacese]. Linn., 21-Mona:cia 10-Dtcan- 
 drifi.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, which ripen 
 freely, or by cuttines; the seeds are best sown in 
 April, slightly covered, and if a frame or hand- 
 light can be set over them, all the better ; moist 
 soil suits most of them ; a few of the tenderest 
 will require protection until they become some 
 size. 
 T. articula'ta (jointed). 15. March. Barbary. 1815. 
 
 australis (southern). 20. May. South Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Chile'nse (Chilian). 30. Chili. 
 
 cupresuni' 'des (cypress-like). 10. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1799- 
 
 Donia'na (Don's). 60. New Zealand. 1847- 
 
 filifo'rmis (thrend-leuved). May. 1838. 
 
 Ncpale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. May. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 occidentu'lis (western. American). 50. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1596. 
 variega'ta (variegated-tea'rd)- 25. May. 
 
 orientu'lis (eastern. Chinese). 25. May. China. 
 
 1752. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). 20. May. Italy. 1824. 
 
 Tata'rica (Tartarian). 12. May. Tartary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 T. pe'ndula (^rooming-branched). 20. May. Tar- 
 tary. 1828. 
 
 plica' ta (plaited). 20. May. Nootka Sound. 
 
 1796. 
 
 tetrago'na (four-sided). 80. Patagonia. 
 
 THUNBE'RGIA. (Named after C. TV 
 Thunberg, the celebrated botanist. Nat 
 ord., Acanthads [Acantbaceae]. Linn., 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds in early spring, 
 in a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; cuttings, any 
 time before the end of August, in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass; fibry loam and peat, with a 
 little rotten dung and lime-rubbish Winter temp., 
 48 to 60; summer, 60 to 80. As they are very 
 subject to red spider, perhaps the best mode of 
 treating these fine plants is to grow them a* an- 
 nuals, throwing the plants away in the end of 
 autumn. If preserved, the flowers of sulphur and 
 the syringe must hardly ever have a holiday. In- 
 deed. the syringe and a little shade are necessary 
 to their health in summer. 
 T. ala'ta (winged). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 18-23. 
 -- a'lha (white-flowered). 4. White. May. 
 
 Madagascar. 
 -- uurnnti'uca (orange-cowered). 4. Orange. 
 
 May. 
 
 angvla'ta (angular). 4. June. Madagascar.1823. 
 
 Cupe'nsis (Cape). 3. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. ' 
 
 chry'sops (golden-eyed). 3. Blue. Violet. June. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 
 
 cocci'va (scurlet). 4. Scarlet. June. Trinidad. 
 
 18-23. 
 
 corda'tn (heart-fcawd). 3. White. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 fra* grans (fragrant). 4. White. June. E.Ind. 
 
 1796. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Blue. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 18'20. 
 
 Hawtnynra'na (Hatayne's). 10-. Scarlet. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 18'->6. 
 
 THY'MBRA. (An ancient name ;-. 
 to a thyme-like plant. Nat. QY<\.,Lipirurts 
 [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14 -Didynainial-Gym- 
 nospermia. Allied to Melissa.) 
 
 Half-hardv evergreens. S^-eds in April, or cut- 
 tings under a hand-light in Jure; candy, gravelly 
 loam. Nice rook-work plants. Ciliu'ta is the pret- 
 tiest; require a cold pic in winter. 
 T. cilia'ta (hair-fririgeiO. 1. Vermilion. July. 
 South Europe. 18'24. 
 
 spica'ta (spike-fluwerrd). 1$. Pale purple. 
 
 June. Levant. 1099- 
 
 THY'MUS. Thyme. (From thun, to per- 
 fume. Nat. ord., Li/jworts [Lamiac'ere]. 
 Linn., \-r>i(1yiinmta l-Gi/mno^ficrmn/.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flouered, 
 except where otiierui^e mention^:!. Seeds, cut- 
 tines, or divisions in March or April ; samiy loam. 
 suits them ail best. T. ntilgn'ris is our common 
 pot-herb thyme. For culture, see SAGE. 
 T. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 4- June. South 
 Europe. 1771. 
 
 Azo'ricus (Azorean). July. Azores. 1820. 
 
 azu'reus (azure). $. June. South Europe. 1830. 
 
 capita' tus( headed). June. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 cephulo'tes (gmiMieaded). j. July. Portugal. 
 
 1/59. 
 
 cilia'tus (hair- fringed). Violet. July. N. Africa. 
 
 UMt 
 
THY 
 
 [ 780] 
 
 TIL 
 
 T. Co'rsicus (Corsican). Lilac. Corsica. 1831. 
 
 Crwi'ticus (Croatian). 1. July. Hungary. 1802. 
 
 elonga'tus (lengthened). 1. August. 1816. 
 
 ertc/o'/w&"Uieath-leaved). i July. Spain. 1806. 
 fruticuto'sus (shrubby). I.July. Sicily. 1822. 
 
 glabra'tus (smooth).i.July.South Europe.1823. 
 hirsu 'tus (hairy). $. July. Spain. 1821. 
 
 lanceola'tus (spear -head-tea ved). J. July. N. 
 
 Africa. 1823. 
 
 Panno'nicus (Pannonian). i. July. Crimea. 
 
 1817. 
 
 pipere'lla (small peppermint). J. July. Spain. 
 
 1810. 
 
 serpy'llum (wild-thyme). . July. Britain. 
 a'lbus (white-flowered). $. July. Britain. 
 
 citra'tus (citron-scented). July. 
 
 lanugino'sus (woolly). . July. Britain. 
 
 . monta'nus (mountain). . Striped. June. 
 
 . Hungary. 1806. 
 
 variega'tus (variegated-teaved). . July. 
 
 Britain. 
 vulga'ris (common). July. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 spica'tus (spiked). 1. June. Pyrenean. 1832. 
 
 vulga'ris (common-garden). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1548. 
 
 latifo'lius (broad-leaved). I. June. 
 
 variega'tus (vuieg&ted-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 THYRSACA'NTHUS. (From thyrse, a 
 tfcyrse, and acanthus; thyrse-flowered 
 Acanthus. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan- 
 thaceae] . Linn., 2- Diandria 1-Monogynia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. For culture, see SAL- 
 PIXA'NTHA. It must be spurred in closely. 
 Flowers nearly all the year. 
 T. Schomburgkia'nus (Schomburgk's). 3. Scarlet. 
 New Granada. 1855. 
 
 THYSANo'TUS.(From<%saH0fos, fringed; 
 the flower much fringed. Nat. ord, Lily- 
 worts [Liliaeese]. Linn,, 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered, from New Hol- 
 land. By division of the plant in the herbaceous, 
 and dividing the tuberous-rooted ; sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38 to 45, and very 
 little water. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 T. intrica'tus (intricate-stemmed), g. July. 1833. 
 ju'nceus (rush-like). J. 1804. 
 
 proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. August. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). Lilac. May. 1836. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBERS. 
 T. ela'tior (taller). 1. August. 1823. 
 
 isanthe'rus (even-anthered). . August. 1822. 
 
 tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. June. 1825. 
 
 TIARE'LLA. (Fromfiara, a little diadem ; 
 form of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Saxifrages 
 [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2- 
 Digynia.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered herbaceous. Divisions of 
 the root ; common soil ; dry borders, and the front 
 of them, or elevated places in rock-works. 
 T. cordifo'Ka (heart-leaved). . April. N. Amer. 
 
 Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 1. April, N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). I.April. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 (From tiara, a diadem, and 
 
 eidos, like ; form of seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 Ehretiads [Ehretiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Helio- 
 trope.) 
 
 Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed at the end of 
 March, pricked off, and planted out towards the 
 end of May. Perhaps anisophy'llum will require 
 a warm corner, or to be bloomed irv a pot, in the 
 greenhouse. 
 
 T. anisophy'llum (anise-leaved). White. June. 
 Africa. 1822. 
 
 Fndicum (Indian). I. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 veluti'nuni .velvet). 1. Blue. June. W.Ind. 1820. 
 
 TIBOUCE;'NA. (The native name in 
 Guiana. Is it. ord., Melastomads [Melas- 
 tomaceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Osbeckia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firmish side-shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom- 
 heat, any time between April and August ; fibry 
 peat and sandy loam, with a little charcoal and 
 broken pots, and extra care in draining. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 60; summer, 65 to 88. 
 T. a'spera (rough). Purple. April. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 TICO'REA. (The native name of T.fce'- 
 tida. Nat. ord., Eueworts [RuUoese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Al- 
 lied to Galipea.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings 
 of ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in heat, in March ; fibry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T.fce'tida (stinking). 10. Guiana. 1825. 
 /osminc/fo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 20. Brazil. 182/. 
 
 TIGRI'DIA. Tiger Flower. (From tigris, 
 a tiger, and eidos, like; resemblance of 
 the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri- 
 dacesB]. IAnn.,3-Triandria 1 -Monogy;\ ? j '.) 
 
 Having yielded to cross-breeding, tin* genus 
 may be expected to run into varieties of very gay 
 colours. Hardy bulbs, from Mexico. Seeds in a 
 slight hotbed, in spring ; also by offsets ; sandy 
 loam and leaf-mould; protected ia the ground 
 from frost and wet, or taken ur at the end of au- 
 tumn, and kept in a dry, cool place, the roots 
 being covered with earth until plautuig-out time 
 iu the middle of April. 
 
 T. conchifio'ra (shell-flowered). 1. Dark yellow. 
 June. 1823. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. June. 
 
 puvu'nia (peacock). 1. Orange, red. June. 1796. 
 leo'nu (lion). 1. Orange, red. June. 123. 
 
 viola'cea ( violet-colour ed-flowered). ; . Purple. 
 
 May. 1838. 
 
 TiLE-KooT. GeissorhVza. 
 
 TI'LIA. Lime or Linden-tree. (Deri- 
 vation unknown. Nat. ord, Lindenblooms 
 [Tiliacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Hardy, deciduous, yellowish - green flowered 
 trees. Seeds, gathered and preserved in moist 
 sand until March or April, and then some will 
 generaly vegetate that and the following season ; 
 principally, however, by layers in autumn, which, 
 may be removed in a twelvemonth. To save 
 layering, old trees are sometimes cut down} 
 
TIL 
 
 I 
 
 shoots spring up in abundance ; among these six 
 inches or a foot of fine soil is thrown, and in tw 
 or three years nice-rooted plants are obtained 
 Deep, loamy soil suits all the varieties, as well a 
 the species, best. The white lime is propagatec 
 chiefly by layers and grafting. The America'm 
 and its many varieties are very ornamental, bu 
 not so hardy as the European in our moist climate 
 T. a'lba (white-wooded). 30. July. Hungary. 1767 
 
 America'na (American). 30. June. N.Amer.1752 
 
 - heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. July 
 
 N. Amer. 1811. 
 laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). SO.White. June 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 - pube'seens (downy). 20. July. N. Amer 
 
 J726. 
 pube'seens leptophy'lla (hin leaved - 
 
 downy). 20. Yellow. July. N.Amer, 
 
 Europee'a [European, or common), 60. July, 
 
 Britain. 
 au'rea (gol<ien*twigged), 50. August 
 
 Britain. 
 
 dasy'styla (hairy-styled). 50. July. Tauria, 
 
 ~- /aetma'a(cut-teaed). 50. August. Britain, 
 
 microphtfHa (small-leaved). 50. August, 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). June. 1845. 
 
 platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. August. 
 
 Britain. 
 platyphy'Ha aw'rec(goldcn-broad-leaved) 
 
 20. Britain. 
 
 ru'bra (red-twigged). 50. August. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-teowed). June. 1847. 
 
 -7 vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). June. 1846. 
 
 TILLA'NDSIA. (Named after E. Tillands, 
 physician at Abo. Nat. ord., Bromelworts 
 [BromeliacesB]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Stove epiphytes. Divisions and suckers. The 
 weaker kinds do best in baskets very shallow, in 
 sphagnum, turfy peat, broken pots, and charcoal ; 
 the stronger-growing ones may be potted high in 
 turfy peat, a little turfy loam, and charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. August. Rio 
 Janeiro. 1826. 
 
 zebri'na (zebra). $. White. August. 
 
 aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). 1. Fink, November. 
 
 Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 (fnceps (two-edged). |. Blue. April, W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). |. Blue. August. 
 
 Bartra'mi (Bartram's), 1. Blue. 'April. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1825. 
 
 oractea'ta (bracted). 1. August. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 bulbo'sa (bulbous). $. Blue. November. Tri- 
 
 nidad. 1823. 
 
 pi'cta (painted), f. Pink. December. Ja- 
 maica. 1845. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). . Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 coarcta'ta (straitened). I.June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 compre'ssa (flattened). 1. June. Chili. 1823. 
 fascicula'ta (fascicled). 1. Bme. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). I. Blue. W s Ind. 1790. 
 -pa'l/ida (pale). 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1815. 
 
 Gardnc'ri (Gardner's). Rose. February. Brazil. 
 
 1842. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 m v rfa(shininir).2.Blue. October.Jamaica.1823. 
 
 nu'faps (nodding). 2. Blue. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. 
 
 il 3 TIN 
 
 T. obseu'ra (obscure). 2. July. S.~Amerr 1820. 
 
 panicula'ta (panieled). 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. June, S. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 psittaci'na (parrot-like). Scarlet. July. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1826. 
 
 pu'lchratfair). . Pink. October. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 ramo'sa (Lranchy). i. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 recurva'ta (curled-back-teaoed). . Purple. 
 
 July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 ri'gida (stiff). 1. June. Chili. 1823, ' 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. Brazil. 
 
 ru'bida (madder-coloured). $. Red, yellow. 
 
 February. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 serra'ta (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1793. 
 
 seta'cea (bristly). . Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). f.Blue. September. Brazil.1810. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. Blue. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 tisneoi'des (usnea-like). 6. Purple. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1.823. ,. , -. 
 
 utricuta'ta (bladdered). 2. Purple, yellow. 
 S. Amer. 17Q3. 
 
 vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Yellow. Fe- 
 
 bruary. Venezuela. 
 
 xiphioi'des (xiphium-like). . White. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1810. 
 
 TINEA. A genus of moths, the larvcD 
 of which are very destructive. 
 
 T. dauceKa. Carrot Moth. Head and 
 back and upper wings reddish brown; 
 abdomen grey and white. Its caterpillar 
 "s greenish grey, with black tubercles, and 
 lives on the flowers and seeds of the 
 carrot, but prefers the parsnip, t 
 
 T. padella, Small Ermine Moth^is 
 white, with black dots on the upper wings. 
 Eggs deposited in June and July near 
 the hlossom-buds of the hawthorn, 
 euonymus, apple, and pear-tree. Cater- 
 pillars appear in autumn, and inclose the 
 wigs with a web. In the following spring 
 they attack the petals and calyx. Colour, 
 dull lead, with a black head. 
 
 T.cierckella. Pear-tree Blister Moth. 
 The caterpillars of this raise dark-brown 
 blisters on the leaves of the pear-tree, 
 and less often on those of the apple. 
 The motn is active and minute, shining 
 ike pearly satin, the wings having an 
 range ground, spotted with black and 
 ther colours. It appears in May. Mr. 
 Curtis says, " To check this disease, it 
 will be advisable to wash the tree with 
 oapsuds the end of May or beginning of 
 'une, when the moths are pairing and 
 aying eggs for a future progeny ; and if 
 i very valuable tree be only partially a't- 
 acked, the blistered leaves might be 
 athered and burnt as soon as any spots 
 egan to appear in August." 
 
 T. capitella. Triple-spotted Currant Ti- 
 nea. The larvse of this feed upon the pita 
 
TIP 
 
 [782 
 
 TOB 
 
 of the young shoots of the cnrrant, which 
 they attack in the spring. The moth itself 
 is fuscous ; the head with an ochreous 
 tuft ; superior wings bronzed, spotted with 
 purple and yellow. 
 
 T. jMrectella, Socket or Grey-streak 
 Moth, has its hahits and forms thus de- 
 scribed by Mr. Curtis : 
 
 During the middle and latter end of 
 April, as the shoots of the rockets ad- 
 vance, it is found that the leaves adhere 
 firmly together, and those that libe- 
 rate themselves are perforated with large 
 holes. On forcibly opening a shoot (for 
 the young leaves are connected by silken 
 threads), a small green caterpillar of dif- 
 ferent shades, varying with its age, is 
 found in or near the centre, feeding upon 
 the tender leaves, and sometimes a little 
 family of four or five inhabit the same 
 head. The head, feelers, and horns of 
 our little moth are white, the latter with 
 a few black spots near the tips ; the 
 thorax is cream-coloured, the sides brown, 
 upper wings lance-shaped, very pale clay 
 brown, with whitish streaks. Perhaps the 
 best mode of extirpating them would he 
 to search for the young caterpillars be- 
 tween the leaves on the first symptoms 
 of their presence, and extracting them 
 with a small pair of force] is, such as are 
 used for microscopic objects ; but as some 
 might be too minute at that early period 
 to be detected on the first search, this 
 operation must be repeated. Pinching 
 the maggots in the bud is also recom- 
 mended. 
 
 T. corticella. See APPLE. 
 
 TIPULA. Crane -Fly, or Daddy-long- 
 legs. T. oleracea, the grubs, or " leather- 
 jackets," so injurious to the market- 
 gardener, are its larvae. They attack the 
 roots of scarlet beans, lettuces, dahlias, 
 potatoes, &c., from May to August. Dur- 
 ing the last month and September they 
 become pupae. Mr. Curtis observes, that 
 it is said that lime-water will not kill 
 them, and suggests that if quick-lime 
 was scattered on the ground at night, it 
 would destroy them when they come to 
 the surface to feed; and all the gnats 
 that are found on the walls, palings, 
 ground, or elsewhere, should be killed, 
 especially the female, which would pre- 
 vent any eggs being deposited in the 
 ground. A mixture of lime and gas- 
 water, distributed by a watering-pot over 
 grass, has completely exterminated the 
 larvse where they had been exceedingly 
 
 destructive ; and by sweeping the grass 
 with a bag-net, like! an angler's landing- 
 net, only covered with canvass, immense 
 numbers of the gnats might be taken and 
 destroyed. 
 
 TITHO'NIA. (From Tithonus, in mytho- 
 logy, the favourite of Aurora. Nat/ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Helian- 
 thus.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Mexico. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, little firm at their 
 base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a little 
 bottom-heat; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. excf'lsa (tall). August. 1824, 
 
 ova'tn (K^.leaned). 4. July. 1828. 
 
 tagetiflo'ra (marigold-flowered). 10. August 
 
 1818. 
 
 TOAD-FLAX. Lina'ria. 
 
 TOBACCO, (Nicotia'na,) whether in the 
 form of snuff, or its decoction in water, 
 or its smoke whilst burning, is very de- 
 structive to insects. 
 
 Tobacco-paper is paper saturated with 
 the decoction of tobacco, and when burnt 
 emits a fume nearly as strong. It is an 
 easy mode of generating the smoke. 
 Whenever plants are smoked they should 
 be done so on two following nights, and 
 then he syringed the following morning. 
 Mr. Cameron says : I have always 
 found tobacco-paper the most efficacious 
 substance to fumigate with for destroying 
 the aphis without doing any injury to the 
 plants. If the house is not filled too 
 rapidly with smoke, and is allowed to 
 reach the glass without coming in con- 
 tact with any of the plants, it then de- 
 scends as it coolrf, without doing any 
 injury. Plants fumigated in frames, or 
 under hand-glasses, are most liable to be 
 imjured by the heat of the smoke, if not 
 done cautiously. There is a spurious 
 kind of tobacco-paper sometimes offered 
 in spring by the tobacconists, apparently 
 made to meet the increased demand, and 
 this kind of paper will bring the leaves 
 off plants, without killing many of the 
 the aphides. It is of a lighter colour 
 than the genuine sort, and may be readily 
 detected by the smell being very different. 
 Foliage should be perfectly dry when a 
 house is fumigated, and should not be 
 syringed till next morning. If plants are 
 syringed immediately after fumigation, 
 many of the aphides will recover even 
 when they have dropped off the plants, a 
 fact which any one may soon prove after 
 fumigating a house. 
 
 Another very simple mode of fumigatin g 
 
TOG 
 
 [785 3 
 
 TOO 
 
 plants in frames, and under hand-glasses 
 turned over them for the purpose, is as 
 follows : " Dissolve a table-spoonful of 
 saltpetre in a pint of water ; take pieces 
 of the coarsest brown paper, six inches 
 wide and ten inches long, steep them 
 thoroughly in the solution, dry them, and 
 keep till wanted. To fumigate, roll one 
 of the pieces into a pipe like a cigar, 
 leaving the hollow half an inch in 
 diameter, which fill with tobacco, twist 
 one end and stick it into the soil, light 
 the other, and it will burn gradually away 
 for an hour or more." 
 
 Tobacco-smoke should not be admitted 
 to fruit trees when in bloom, nor when 
 the fruit is ripening, as it imparts to 
 them a flavour. See FUMIGATING and 
 FUMIGATOR. 
 
 Tobacco -water is usually made from 
 v.-hat is known as Tobacconists Liquor, 
 being a liquor expressed by them, and 
 full of ammonia and the acrid oil of the 
 plant. To every gallon of this add five 
 gallons of water. This mixture with 
 Read's garden -syringe may be sprinkled 
 over the trees, putting it on with the 
 finest rose, and being careful to wet all 
 the leaves. This operation is to be per- 
 formed only in the hottest sunshine, as 
 the effect is then much greater than when 
 the weather is dull ; five gallons of liquor 
 reduced as above stated cleanses seven- 
 teen peach and nectarine-trees, averag- 
 ing seventeen feet in length, and twelve 
 in height. The black, glutinous aphis, 
 provincially called blight, so destructive 
 to the cherry-trees, and, in fact, every 
 species of aphis, is destroyed in the same 
 way with equal facility. The grubs which 
 attack the apricot may be destroyed 
 almost instantly by immersing the leaves 
 infested m this liquor. 
 
 As the tobacconist's liquor cannot be 
 obtained always, tobacco-water may be, in 
 such case, made by pouring half a gallon 
 of boiling water upon one ounce of strong 
 tobacco, and allowing it to remain until 
 cold, and then strained. 
 
 TOCOYE'NA. (Name in Guiana. Nat. 
 ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia* Allied to 
 Posoqueria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, in 
 May ; fibry peat, a little lumpy loam, sand, and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 50 to 00 ; summer, 
 60 3 to 85. 
 
 T. iongiflo'ra (long-flowered), . Yellow, Gui- 
 ana. 1826. 
 
 TODDA'LIA. (Toddali, the Malabar 
 name of T. aculea'ta. Nat. ord., Xan- 
 thoxyls [Xanthoxylacese]. Linn., 21- 
 Moncecia b-Pentandria. Allied to Ptelea.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young, stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in April, in a Bweet bottom-heat ; fibry loam and 
 a little peat or leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50 to 
 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. aculea'ta (prickly). 6. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Mauritius. 
 
 1824. 
 
 To 'DBA. (Named after J7, J. Todc, a 
 German student of Ferns. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., Zk-Crypto- 
 (jamia l-Filices. Allied to Osmunda.) 
 
 Greenhouse, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 T. Africa'na (African). 2. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1805. 
 
 ausira'lis (southern). N.Holland. 1831. 
 
 pellu'cidn, (transparent). New Zealand. 1842. 
 
 TOFIE'LDIA. (Named after Mr. Tofield, 
 a botanical patron. Nat. ord., Melanths 
 [Melanthacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials. 
 Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and 
 a little vegetable mould. 
 T. glutino'sa (clammy). . White. 1825. 
 
 pu'bens (downy). Green, yellow. July. 1840. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). $. White. April. 1790. 
 
 TO'LPIS. (Meaning not known. Nat. 
 ord,, Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Cata- 
 nanche.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow- flowered annuals, from the South 
 of Europe. Seeds in flower-beds or borders in 
 April. 
 T. alti'ssima -(tallest). 4. June. 1823. 
 
 barba'tu (bear&ed-purple-eyed). 2. Yellow:, 
 
 purple. June. 1620. 
 
 coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 1. June. 
 
 1/77. 
 
 grandifio'ra (large-flowered). June. 1830. 
 
 umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow, purple. 1820. 
 
 virga'ta (twiggy). 2. 1818. 
 
 TOLU BALSAM-TREE. Myrospe'rmum. 
 
 TOMATO. (Lycope'rsicum.) -See LOVE- 
 APPLE. 
 
 TONGUE VIOLET. Schweigge'ria. 
 
 TONQUIN BEAN. BJpterlx. 
 
 TOOL-HOUSE. Upon this too-much- 
 neglected garden edifice, Mr. Barnes, of 
 Bicton Gardens, says : " Have a place 
 for everything, and everything in its 
 place ; kept in good condition, and at all 
 times put away clean; for omission of 
 which have rules and fines placed in each 
 of the tool-houses, regularly enforced, 
 and payment demanded for each fine on 
 the labourers' pay-day. At Bicton, ft 
 book is kept for entering each fine, and 
 a separate account given of each fine, 
 
TOO 
 
 [ 784] 
 
 TOR 
 
 and for what, or why, it was enforced ; 
 annually, Lady Kolle doubles the amount 
 so' collected, and if good order has been 
 kept, and only a small sum so collected, 
 her ladyship trebles the amount. I add 
 my own mite, and each foreman his, 
 as a sort of compound for any matter 
 that may have slipped our memories, &c. ; 
 the amount is then placed in the Savings 
 Bank, as a reserve sum in case of illness, 
 &c. We have the same order and regula- 
 tion kept in each tool-shed that is to 
 say, the tool-shed of each department 
 that I need here describe only one. The 
 tool-shed of the hothouse and flower- 
 garden department is a lean-to shed at 
 the back of a hot house, substantially 
 built, and covered with slate; length, 
 fifty -four feet; width, thirteen feet; height 
 at back, fifteen feet; and height at front, 
 nine feet ; paved all through with York- 
 shire flag-stones, which are neatly swept 
 up every night, the last thing, and washed 
 every Saturday thoroughly. There is a 
 door at each end, and one in the centre 
 of the front wail, and a window on each 
 side of the centre door. Strong beams 
 are thrown across from front to back, and 
 strong planks laid on them, which form 
 a useful loft for placing mats, stakes, 
 laths for tally -making, brooms, nets, 
 canvass for covering and shading, &c.,&c. 
 Within two feet of the roof, against the 
 back wall, is placed a row of pegs the 
 whole length of the shed, for hanging 
 the long-handled tools, such as grass and 
 leaf rakes, long-handled Dutch hoes, and 
 iron rakes, &c. ; on the next row of pegs, 
 the whole length of the shed, are placed 
 the various kinds of draw hoes, tan forks, 
 dung forks and prongs, strong forks for 
 digging and surface-stirring, spades and 
 shovels of various kinds, pickaxes, mat- 
 tocks and bills, dung drags,edging shears, 
 &c. ; on a third row of pegs, still lower, 
 are placed the water-pots, all numbered, 
 with initials as well, thus B, G 45, or 
 CO, whatever the number may run to; 
 underneath those is a row more of pegs , 
 for placing the noses of the water-pots 
 thus the back wall is furnished. The front 
 wall, half-way, is furnished with shelves 
 for placing shreds and nails, rope yarn, 
 tallies, flower-pegs, whetstones, rubber 
 or scythe-stones, and many other small 
 articles. Underneath those shelves are 
 pegs for hanging the hammers, axes, 
 saws, hatchets, mallets, and stake-drivers, 
 irowels, hand-forks, reels and lines, 
 
 hedge-clipping shears, scythes, chisels, 
 the various sizes of one-handed crane- 
 necked hoes, crowbars, mops, hair- 
 brushes, and brooms, and various other 
 articles. The scythes are hung up over 
 the end beam, and on the other side, 
 without shelves, the hand-barrows are 
 placed; birch and heath brooms, both 
 round and fan-shaped, that are in daily 
 use; and various other articles. The 
 garden rules are hung in a conspicuous 
 place; also in the tool-house. Every 
 tool is to be put into its proper or allotted 
 place every night thoroughly cleansed, 
 any omision of which subjects the de- 
 faulter to a fine. Each tool-house is 
 under the same system. We have sepa- 
 rate wheelbarrow sheds ; sheds for placing 
 soils in the dry, arranged in old casks ; 
 varieties of sand, pebbles, and flints, for 
 potting purposes, with lofts over for flower- 
 pot stowage; a shed for the liquid -manure 
 casks, which is one of the most essential 
 and valuable of all. A shed for placing 
 the charred articles of all kinds, equal to 
 the last ; a potting shed ; mushroom shed ; 
 stove shed ; fruit rooms, and onion lofts, 
 &c., &c. Each and all are kept under 
 the above regulations." 
 
 TOOTH-ACHE-TREE. Zantfio'xylum. 
 
 TOOTHWORT. JDenta'ria. 
 
 TOP-DRESSING. Manure spread over 
 the surface whilst the crop is growing. 
 
 TORCH-THISTLE. Ge'reus. 
 
 TORE'NIA. (Named after Bev. O. Toran, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Figworts 
 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 
 %-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the points of 
 shoots, or small side-shoots, in sandy soil, and in 
 a little heat ; if far enough from the glass of the 
 frame or pit, they will want no bell-glass ; fibry 
 loam and sandy peat in equal proportions, with 
 another part made up of dried old cow-dung, 
 charcoal, and rough sand. Winter temp., 42 to 
 50 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 T. Arracune'nsis (Arracan). Deep purple. June. 
 1846. 
 
 Asia'tica (Asiatic). l$.Purple. June. E.Ind.1845. 
 
 co'ncolor (one- coloured). l. Purple. July. 
 
 China. 1844. 
 
 cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. Lilac. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 edenta'ta (toothless). 1. Purple. June, E. 
 
 Ind. 1845. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). White. June. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 sea' bra (rough-leaved'). 1. Pale blue. June. 
 
 Moreton Bay. 1830. 
 
 TO'RTRIX. A genus of moths. 
 
 T. luscana generates a red grub, and 
 T. cynosbana a black-spotted, green grub, 
 both very destructive of blossom-buds. 
 
 T. vitisana, Vine Tortrix. Found on 
 
TOR 
 
 [ 7853 
 
 TRA 
 
 the vine in April and May ; head yellow ; 
 upper wings marbled with rusty and grey 
 colours. Caterpillars appear as the blos- 
 som-buds open, which they unite with 
 white thread. 
 
 T. nigricana. Red Plum Grub Tortrix. 
 Moth black, appearing in June. Eggs 
 deposited on the plum ; grub small, red, 
 pierces the fruit, and is found near the 
 stone. Mr. Curtis observes that, " If the 
 plums that have fallen off be examined, 
 a small red caterpillar will be found 
 within it ; the caterpillar being generally 
 full grown when the plum falls off, soon 
 creeps out, and penetrates the loose bark, 
 forming a case, in which it remains during 
 the winter. Early in the spring it changes 
 into a light brown pupa, and the moth 
 emerges about June. The moth is not so 
 large as a house-fly; its wings are almost 
 black, and when the sun is shining on 
 them they have a remarkably metallic 
 lustre ; on the outer edge of the fore- 
 wings there is an appearance of fine 
 silver dust. Among the remedies pro- 
 posed to lessen the ravages of this insect, 
 it is recommended to shake the trees and 
 remove all the fruit that falls off; and 
 another good method is to scrape thorough 
 pieces of bark off the stem under which the 
 cocoons are concealed: this must be done 
 late in the autumn, or early in the spring." 
 
 T.Bergmanniana. Rose Tortrix. Differs 
 little to a common observer from the pre- 
 ceding. "Where bushes are much infested 
 with the larvae of these insects, it is much 
 better to cut them down, and burn the 
 shoots. This and hand-picking are the 
 only remedies we are acquainted with. 
 Care must be taken not to disturb the 
 maggots when collecting them, for they 
 will let themselves down with threads, 
 and thus escape. 
 
 T. ocellana. This is the parent of the 
 red-bud caterpillar, which destroys the 
 buds of the apple and pear. Upper wings 
 grey, with a white transverse band. 
 
 T. Wceberiana. Plum-tree Tortrix. Its 
 larva feeds on the inner bark of the 
 plum, apricot, almond, and peach. The 
 grubs pierce holes through the bark, 
 which may be detected by small heaps of 
 red powder upon it. Moth brown; grub 
 greenish, with a red head. 
 
 T. pomonana. Codling Moth. Its 
 reddish-white grub is common in apples 
 and pears. Moth light grey, streaked 
 with dark grey. Seen of an evening 
 during May, and the grubs appear soon 
 50 
 
 after. All fallen apples should be de- 
 stroyed, because they usually contain this 
 or other grubs, which will otherwise pro- 
 duce moths, and multiply the evil. 
 
 T.turionana, T . hyrcyniana, T.resiiiella, 
 and T. buoliana, all infest pine-trees, 
 injuring them by depositing their eggs 
 in the buds, which are subsequently 
 preyed upon by their caterpillars. 
 
 TOUCH-ME-NOT. Impa'tiens. 
 
 TORRE 'YA. (Named after Dr. Torrey, 
 a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Taxads 
 [Taxacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mona- 
 dclphia. . Allied to Taxus.) 
 
 For culture, see TA'XXJS. Hardy evergreens. 
 T. Humbo'tdtii (Humboldt's). Georgia. 1848. 
 
 myri'stica (Calijornian, nutmeg). 40. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1851. 
 
 taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 30. Florida. 1840. 
 
 TOURNEFO'RTIA. (Named after J. P. 
 Tournefort, a great systematic botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Ehretiads [Ehretiaceee]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to the 
 Heliotrope.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots in April or August, 
 in sandy soil, under glass, and in a little heat. 
 Some, such as heliotropioi'des, make a fair bed 
 out of doors ; except for this purpose, they are 
 not worth house room either in a greenhouse or 
 a plant-stove ; any light, common soil suits them, 
 and they may be planted out in the middle of 
 May. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 T. umbella'ta (umbelled). White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). 10. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). White, May. Ca- 
 raccas. 1828. 
 
 ^raa^Aaio'des(gnaphalium-like). White. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 tteliotropioi'des (heliotrope-like). 2. Pale lilac. 
 
 May. Buenos Ayres. 1829. 
 
 hirsuti'ssima (hairiest). 10. Green, yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 12. Yellow. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 182Q. 
 
 macula'ta (spotted-fruited). Yellow. June, 
 
 Carthagena. 1828. 
 
 sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Peru. 1816. 
 
 volu'bilis (twining). 10. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1752. 
 
 TOVOMI'TA. (Tovomite, the name in 
 Cayenne. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusia- 
 cese]. Linn., IS-PolyandriaS-Pentagynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy 
 peat and fihry loam. Winter temp., 58 to 65 ; 
 summer, 60 to 90, and moist atmosphere. 
 T. Clusitefo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 10. Yellow. May. 
 Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 Guiane'nais (Guianan). Green. Guiana. 1827. 
 
 TRACHE'LIUM. Throatwort. (From 
 trachelos, the neck ; supposed efficacy in 
 
 3JB 
 
TEA 
 
 C 786 
 
 TEA 
 
 diseases of the trachea. Nat. ord., Bell- 
 worts [Carapanulacese]. .Linn 5-Pen- 
 tandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed in spring ; also by cuttings of young shoots 
 in sandy soil, in April, o"r at the end of summer ; 
 sandy loam and a little vegetable mould. 
 T. eaeru'Uum (blue). 2. Blue. August. Italy. 
 1640. 
 
 TRACHYHE'NE. (From trachys, rough, 
 and hymen, a memhrane ; channels of the 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaces?]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 All the following are greenhouse, New Holland, 
 evergreen plants, except cceru'lea. The annuals 
 never do much good in the open air, however 
 raised ; but if sown in a gentle hotbed in March, 
 pricked out and potted, and flowered in the green- 
 touse in summer, they will reward the trouble ; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould ; shrubs, cuttings of 
 young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 
 to 50. 
 
 1. cceru'lea (sky-blue). l. Blue. July. 1827. 
 Aunual. 
 
 compre'ssa (fia.t-stalked). 1. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-teamed). 2. yellow. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 ova'lis (oval-tea ved). 1. White. May. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 TRADE SCA'NTIA. Spiderwort. (Named 
 after J.Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. 
 Nat. ord., Splderworts [Commelinacese]. 
 Linn., 6-Hexa.jidria I-Monogynia.) 
 
 All blue-flowered, except where otherwise men. 
 tioned. Annuals, by seed ; perennials, by divi- 
 sions in spring ; rich, light loam ; those requiring 
 the greenhouse and stove will thrive better from 
 having a little peat, and they should be well 
 drained. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 T. erecta (upright). 2. July. Mexico. 1794. 
 
 latifo'lia, : broad-leaved). l. October Lima.1816. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 T. ci-assifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. August. Mexico. 
 "UPS. 
 
 panicula'la (panicled). 1. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 pulche'lla (neat). 1. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 tu'mida (swollen). 1. Red. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1837. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). . June. Jamaica. 
 181y. Evergreen. 
 
 cra'ssula (thick). 1. White. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 di'sculor (various-coloured). 1. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1783. 
 
 diure'tica (diuretic). $. June. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 divarica'ta (straggling). ^.June. Trinidad. 1818. 
 fusca'ta (browned). .September.S.Amer.l820. 
 
 genicula'ta (knotted). 1. July. W. Ind. 1783. 
 
 Maluba'rica (Malabar). 1. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 17/6. 
 
 Martensia'na (Marten's). White. E. Ind. 
 
 m,ultlflo'ra (many-flowered). . June. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1820. 
 
 procu'mbew (trailing). $. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 T. specio'sa (showy). 1. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 2. Purple. Mexico. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous). l. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 undula'ta (waved). 1. June. Trinidad. 1819. 
 
 aebri'na (zebra). Reddish-purple. September. 
 
 1846. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. caricifo'lia (sedge-teaved). 1. August. Texas. 
 1835. 
 
 conge'sta (crowded). 2. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 pilo'sa (\\vny-herbaged}. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 Louisiana. 1832. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 180'2. 
 ' Virgl'nica (Virginian). l. July.N.Amer. 1629. 
 a'lba (white). l.White.July.N.Amer.l629. 
 
 cteru'lea a'lba (blue-and-white). 1. Blue, 
 
 white. July. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 pilo'sa (shasrgy). 1. White. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1629. 
 
 ple'na (AovCaie-fiowered). 1. Blue, July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1629. 
 ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 TRAGoro'aoN. Goat's Beard. (From 
 tragos, a goat, and pogon, a beard ; long, 
 silky beards of the seed. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. linn., 19-Syn- 
 genesia l-2Equalis.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, yellow-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned : seeds in March and Au- 
 gust ; common garden-soil. See SA.LSAFY. 
 T. du'blus (doubtful). 3. May. Podolia. 1818. 
 
 flocco'sus (woolly). 3. May. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 6. May. Austria. 1788. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 2. June. Britain. 
 
 muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Pale. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1816. 
 
 orientu'lis (eastern). 3. June. Levant. 1787- 
 
 porrifo'liuts (leek-leaved. Salsafy). 4. Pur- 
 
 ple. May. England. 
 
 pusi'llus (small). . June. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 rtf sens (rosy). 1$. Red. May. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 TEAGOPY'RUM. Goat's Wheat. (From 
 tragos, a goat, and pyros, wheat. Nat. 
 ord., Buckwheats [Tolygonacesej. Linn., 
 8-Octandria '3-Trigynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Generally by layers 
 in spring and autumn ; a moist, peaty soil suits 
 them most. 
 
 T. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). 1$. White. July. 
 Siberia. 1800. 
 
 lanceola'tum (spear-head-Zeaccd). 2. Pink. 
 
 July. Siberia. 1778. 
 
 poly'g<nnum (polygamous). 2. Piuk. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1810. 
 
 TRAILERS. See CREEPERS. 
 
 TRAIN OIL. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 
 
 TRAINING has for its object the render- 
 ing plants more productive either of 
 flowers or of fruit, by regulating the 
 number and position of their branches. 
 If their number be too great they over- 
 shadow those below them, and, by exclud- 
 ing the heat and light, prevent that ela- 
 boration of the sap required for the 
 production of fructification. If they are 
 too few the sap is expended in tbe pro- 
 duction of more, and in extending the 
 
TEA 
 
 [787] 
 
 TEA:, 
 
 surface of the leaves required for the 
 digestion of the juices. 
 
 The position of the branches is im- 
 portant, because, if trained against a 
 waii, they obtain a higher temperature 
 and protection from winds ; and if trained 
 with their points below the horizontal 
 the return of the sap is checked. Shy- 
 flowering shrubs, as Di'placus puni'ceus, 
 are made to blossom abundantly, and 
 freely -flowering shrubs, as Cy 'tis us hy'- 
 bridus, are made to blossom earlier, by 
 having their branches bent below the 
 horizontal line. 
 
 The reason of this appears in the fact, 
 that a plant propels its sap with greatest 
 force perpendicularly, so much so that 
 the sap rising in a vine branch growing 
 in a right line from the root, with a force 
 capable of sustaining a column of mercury 
 twenty-eight inches high, will, if the 
 branch be bent down to a right angle, 
 support barely twenty-three inches, and 
 if bent a few degrees below the horizontal 
 the column sustained will not be more 
 than twenty - one 
 inches. This is the 
 reason why, at such 
 angles, gardeners 
 find the trained 
 branches of their 
 wall-trees rendered 
 more productive of 
 blossoms, and fur- 
 nished with a small- 
 er surface of leaves. 
 A similar effect is 
 produced by train- 
 ing a branch in a 
 waving form, for 
 two-thirds of its 
 length are placed 
 horizontally, as in 
 the accompanying outline. 
 
 Besides the usual modes of training 
 for which see also ESPALIERS and STAND- 
 ARDS there are two other modes which 
 deserve notice. 
 
 Quenouille Training consists in training 
 one upright central shoot in summer, 
 and shortening it down to fifteen inches 
 at the winter pruning, in order that it 
 may, at that height, produce branches 
 forming a tier, to be trained, in the first 
 instance, horizontally. The shoot pro- 
 duced by the uppermost bud is, however, 
 trained as upright as possible during the 
 summer, and is cut back, so as to produce 
 another tier fifteen inches above the first, 
 
 and so on until the tree has reached the 
 desired height. In this climate it is 
 necessary to train the shoot downwards, 
 which is easily done by tying those of the 
 first tier to short stakes, those of each 
 successive tier being fastened to the 
 branches below them. When the shoots 
 are thus arched downwards at full length, 
 or nearly so, they soon come into a bear- 
 ing state ; but in this climate, if cut short, 
 as the French do, they only send up a 
 number of shoots annually. The plan 
 answers very well where it can be at all 
 times properly attended to; but if this 
 cannot be guaranteed, the ordinary form 
 of dwarf is preferable. Quenouille s re- 
 quire more time to be devoted to them 
 than espaliers. 
 
 Balloon Training is forcing downwards 
 all the branches of standard trees till the 
 points touch the earth, and they have the 
 merit of producing large crops of fruit 
 in a very small compass. Their upper 
 parts are, however, too much exposed to 
 radiation at night, and the crop from that 
 part of the branches is apt to be cut off. 
 
 TRANSPLANTING is most successfully 
 performed whenever the roots are least 
 required for supplying the leaves with 
 moisture. The reason is obvious, because 
 the roots are always in some degree broken, 
 and lessened in their absorbing power, 
 by the process of removal. That such is 
 the rationale of seasonable transplanting 
 is proved by the fact, that plants in pots, 
 with reasonable care, may be transplanted 
 at any season. This rule, too, is sanctioned 
 both by theory and practice transplant 
 as early as possible after the leaves cease 
 to require a supply of sap ; the reason for 
 which is, that the vital powers in the roots 
 continue active long after they have be- 
 come torpid in the branches, and fresh 
 roots are formed during the autumn and 
 winter to succeed those destroyed by 
 transplanting. 
 
 For transplanting most deciduous trees 
 and shrubs October and November are 
 the most successful months. In trans- 
 planting evergreens, Mr. Beaton says : I 
 do not now concur in the general belief ; 
 that autumn is the best time to plant all 
 kinds of evergreens indiscriminately. I 
 have planted evergreens every week in 
 the year, more from necessity than choice 
 it is true, but still the result of the whole 
 convinces me that a dogmatic adherence 
 r,o this or that given period of the year is 
 just as bad and unphilosophical as the 
 
TRA 
 
 C 788 ] 
 
 TfiE 
 
 old prejudice in favour of planting all 
 kinds of evergreens late in the spring. 
 That vast assemblage of evergreens be- 
 longing to the natural order Conifers, 
 from the Cedar of Lebanon down to the 
 trailing Jumper, should be planted from 
 the middle of July to the beginning of 
 October, according to the weather after 
 St. Swithin's day. November, on the 
 other hand, is as good a time as can be 
 to remove evergreens of all kinds, pro- 
 vided that large balls of earth be removed 
 with them. Hollies, Laurestinus^Alaternvs, 
 PJiillyreas, and Tree Box will transplant 
 as well in May and June as at any other 
 time of the year of that I am quite 
 certain ; I have removed hundreds of 
 them in May and June without losing a 
 twig. On the other hand, 'all these, and 
 many more besides, will answer as well 
 if planted early in November ; but that is 
 no reason for giving up the old plan of 
 late spring planting such evergreens as 
 do well at that time, although we need 
 not do so from choice. The whole ques- 
 tion amounts to this: All evergreens 
 succeed if planted in the autumn ; a great 
 number of them will do better from being 
 planted in the autumn, and will not trans- 
 plant safely except in the autumn ; while 
 a large portion of them may be planted 
 every day in the year with almost equal 
 success. 
 
 November and May are the best two 
 months to remove Roses. All the young 
 and tender ones in pots turn out in May ; 
 but for all those on their own roots No- 
 vember is the best month to remove them. 
 
 TRA'PA. Water Caltrops. (From cafci- 
 trapa, an ancient instrument in warfare 
 with four spikes ; fruit armed with four 
 spikes, or horns. Nat. ord., Hippuriads 
 [Haloragacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1- 
 Monogynia,.} 
 
 Aquatics. Seeds ; good loam, in a tub or pond 
 of water; na'tans will do in the latter ; the others 
 require the shelter of a greenhouse. 
 T. bico'rnis (two-horned). White. July. China. 
 1790. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 bispino'sa (two-spined). White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 na'tans (floating). White, purple. July. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1781. Hardy annual. 
 
 quadrispino'sa (four-spined). White. July. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 TREVIRA'NIA. The following should be 
 united to Achimenes: 
 T. pulche'lla (neat). Scarlet. August. Jamaica. 
 1778. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S JOY. Cle'matis vita'lba 
 and O. vio'rna. 
 
 TREE CELANDINE. Socco'niafrute'scens, 
 
 TREE GUARDS. The following are cheap 
 and effectual : Stakes about the thick- 
 ness of the wrist, seven feet in length, and 
 tolerably straight, chopped each a little 
 flat on one side, some iron hooping, a 
 little thicker than coopers are in the habit 
 of using for barrels, with punched holes 
 through it six inches apart, with one hole 
 near each end. Nail this to the stakes 
 on the chopped side, one foot from the 
 top of them, and one foot from the bottom ; 
 then raise it, and bend it circularly round 
 the tree, observing that the hoops are 
 placed inside, nearest the tree ; the holes 
 left at each end of the hoop are then 
 clenched up with a nail, and the guard is 
 complete. 
 
 The following plan is somewhat simi- 
 lar : Procure stakes of ash or larch, sis 
 feet in length, or more if requisite, and 
 about two inches in diameter, and bore 
 holes through the tops and bottoms about 
 one foot from each end. Get a similar hole 
 dulled up the centre of a stake, and saw 
 it off in lengths of two inches, or rather 
 less; pass a strong wire, or thick tarred 
 string, through one stake, by the holes 
 at the top and at the bottom ; then pass it 
 through the hole made in one of the two- 
 inch pieces at each end, and then through 
 another stake, separating each stake at 
 top and bottom by a piece of wood, until 
 you leave enough to surround the tree 
 loosely, leaving plenty of space for growth. 
 Place it round the tree, and fasten the 
 ends of the wire or string. This guard 
 is much the same as a cradle put round 
 the neck of a blistered horse, to prevent 
 his gnawing the irritated part. The 
 stakes merely rest on the ground, and 
 should be out quite flat at the bottom, to 
 prevent their sticking into the ground. 
 At the upper end they should have a 
 sharp slanting cut with a bill-hook, and 
 threaded with the slope towards the tree. 
 The motion of the tree will not in any 
 degree be impeded ; and the bark cannot 
 be injured let the wind blow as it may, 
 for the guard moves freely with the tree 
 in every direction. 
 
 TREES area chie^ material in landscape 
 gardening. The varieties in their shapes, 
 says Mr. Whately, may be reduced to 
 the following heads : Some, thick with 
 branches and foliage, have almost an 
 appearance of solidity, as the bbcch, the 
 elm, the lilac, and seringa ; others, thin 
 of boughs and of leaves, seem light anu 
 
TRE 
 
 789 ] 
 
 TRE 
 
 airy, as the ash and the abele, the com- 
 mon arbor vitse and the tamarisk. 
 
 There is a mean betwixt the two ex- 
 tremes, very distinguishable from both, 
 as in the bladder-nut and the ashen- 
 leaved maple. They may again be divided 
 into those whose branches begin from the 
 ground, and those which shoot up in a 
 stem before their branches begin. Trees 
 which have some and not much clear 
 stem, as several of the firs, belong to the 
 former class ; but a very short stem -will 
 rank as a shrub, such as the althaea, in 
 the latter. 
 
 Of those, the branches of which begin 
 from the ground, some rise in a conical 
 figure, as the larch, the cedar of Lebanon, 
 and the holly. Some swell out in the 
 middle of their growth and diminish at 
 both ends, as the Weymouth pine, the 
 mountain ash, and the lilac; and some 
 are irregular and bushy from the top to 
 the bottom, as the evergreen oak, the 
 Virginian cedar, and Guelder rose. There 
 is a great difference between one whose 
 base is very large, and another whose base 
 Is very small, in proportion to its height. 
 The cedar of Lebanon and the cypress 
 are instances of such a difference; yet in 
 "both the branches begin from the ground. 
 
 The heads of those which shoot up 
 into a stem before their branches begin 
 sometimes are slender cones, as of many 
 firs ; sometimes are broad cones, as of 
 the horse-chestnut ; sometimes they are 
 round, as of the stone pine, and most 
 sorts of fruit-trees ; and sometimes ir- 
 regular, as of the elm. Of this kind 
 there are many considerable varieties. 
 
 The branches of some grow horizon- 
 tally, as of the oak ; in others they fall, 
 as in the lime and the acacia; and in 
 some of these last they incline obliquely, 
 as in many of the firs ; in some they hang 
 directly down, as in the weeping willow. 
 
 Some are of a dark green, as the horse- 
 shestnut and the yew; some of a light 
 green, as the lime and the laurel ; some 
 of a green tinged with brown, as the 
 Virginian cedar ; some of a green tinged 
 with white, as the abele and the sage- 
 tree ; and some of a green tinged with 
 yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple and 
 the Chinese arbor vitro. The variegated 
 plants, also, are generally entitled to be 
 classed with the white or the yellow, by 
 the strong tincture of the one or the 
 other of t o-ie colours on their leaves. 
 
 The fall of the leaf is the time to learn 
 
 the species, the order, and the proportion 
 of tints, which blended will form beautiful 
 masses ; and, on the other hand, to dis- 
 tinguish those which are incompatible 
 near together. The peculiar beauty of 
 the tints of red cannot then ^escape ob- 
 servation, and the want of them through- 
 out the summer months must be regretted ; 
 but the want, though it cannot perfectly, 
 may partially be supplied, for plants have 
 a permanent and an accidental colour. 
 The permanent is always some shade of 
 green, but any other may be the acci- 
 dental colour ; and there 19 none which 
 so many circumstances concur to produce 
 as a red. It is assumed in succession by 
 the bud, the blossom, the berry, the bark, 
 and the leaf. Sometimes it profusely 
 overspreads, at other times it dimly 
 tinges the plant, and a reddish-green is 
 generally the hue of those plants on 
 which it lasts long or frequently returns. 
 
 Admitting this, at least for many 
 months in the year, among the character- 
 istic distinctions, a large piece of red- 
 green, with a narrow edging of dark 
 green along the further side of it, and 
 beyond that a piece of light green still 
 larger than the first, will be found to 
 compose a beautiful mass. Another, not 
 less beautiful, is a yellow-green nearest 
 the eye, beyond that a light green, then 
 a brown-green, and lastly a dark green. 
 The dark green must be the largest, the 
 light green the next in extent, and the 
 yellow-green the least of all. 
 
 From these combinations the agree- 
 ments between particular tints may be 
 known, A light green may be next either 
 to a yellow or a brown-green, and a brown 
 to a dark green, all in considerable 
 quantities ; and a little rim of dark green 
 may border on a red or a light green. 
 Further observations will show that the 
 yellow and the white -greens connect 
 easily ; but that large quantities of the 
 light, the yellow, or the white-greens do 
 not mix well with a large quantity also of 
 the dark green ; and that to form a pleas- 
 ing mass, either the dark green must be 
 reduced to a mere edging, or a brown or 
 an intermediate green must be interposed; 
 that the red, the brown, and the inter- 
 mediate greens agree among themselves, 
 and that either of them may be joined to 
 any other tint; but that the red-green 
 will bear a larger quantity of the light 
 than of the dark green near it ; nor does 
 it seein so proper a mixture with the 
 
TRE 
 
 [ 790 ] 
 
 TRE 
 
 white-green as with the rest. In massing 
 these tints an attention must he con- 
 stantly kept up to their forms, that they 
 do not lie in large stripes one beyond 
 another; but that either they be quite 
 intermingled, or, which is generally more 
 pleasing, that considerable pieces of 
 different tints, each a beautiful figure, be 
 in diiferent proportions placed near to- 
 gether. See CLUMP, AVENUE, and GKOVE. 
 
 TRKE MALLOW. Lava 1 1 era arbo'rea. 
 
 TKEE OF SADNESS. Nycta'nthes a'rbor 
 tri'stis. 
 
 TREE or CANADA ONION. (A' Ilium 
 proli'ferum.} This is without a bulbous 
 root, but throws out numerous offsets. 
 Its top bulbs are greatly prized for 
 pickling, being considered of superior 
 flavour to the common onion. 
 
 It is propagated both by the root offsets, 
 which may be planted during March and 
 April, or in September and October, and 
 from the top bulbs, which are best planted 
 at the end of April. The old roots are 
 best to plant again for a crop of bulbs, as 
 they are most certain to run to stems. 
 Plant in rows twelve inches asunder, in 
 holes six inches apart and two deep, a 
 single offset or bulb being put in each. 
 Those planted in autumn will shoot up 
 leaves early in the spring, and have their 
 bulbs fit for gathering in June or the 
 beginning of July. Those inserted in the 
 spring will make their appearance later, 
 and will be in production at the close of 
 July or early in August. They must not, 
 however, be gathered for keeping or 
 planting until the stalks decay, at which 
 time, or in the spring also, if only of one 
 year's growth, the roots may be taken up 
 and parted if required for planting ; but 
 when of two or three years' continuance, 
 they must, at all events, be reduced in 
 size, otherwise they grow in too large and 
 spindling bunches ; but the best plan is 
 to make a fresh plantation annually with 
 single onsets. 
 
 The bulbs, when gathered, must be 
 gradually and carefully dried in a shady 
 place, and if kept perfectly free from 
 moisture will continue in good state until 
 the following May. 
 
 TRELLIS, or TRJEILLAGE, is an arrange- 
 ment of supporters upon which to train 
 plants. 
 
 Espalier Trellis. The cheapest, the 
 easiest, and the soonest made is that 
 formed with straight poles or stakes of 
 ash, oak, or chestnut, in lengths of from 
 
 five to six or seven feet, driving them in 
 the ground in a range about a foot distant, 
 all of an equal height, and then railed 
 along the top with the same kind of poles 
 or rods, to preserve the whole form in a 
 regular position. They should be full an 
 inch and a half thick, and, having pointed 
 them at one end, drive them with a 
 mallet into the ground in a straight range, 
 close along the row of trees, a foot deep 
 at least. To render treillage still stronger, 
 run two, three, or more ranges of rods, 
 along the back part of the uprights, a foot 
 or eighteen inches asunder, fastening 
 them to the upright stakes either with, 
 pieces of strong wire twisted two or three 
 times round, or by nailing them. 
 
 Espalier trellis made of cast-iron rods 
 is neater and much more durable than, 
 that made of wood. 
 
 Trellis for Climbers. These have been 
 greatly improved, or rather, they have 
 been created within these few years, for 
 ten years ago we had nothing but stakes 
 and rods. 
 
 Their forms are now various and 
 elegant; but we shall here only explain 
 the manner in which the wire trellis for 
 climbing plants is attached to the pots 
 It will be seen that a strong wire ring ia 
 
 carried round the pot a little above its 
 bottom. To this a sufficient number of 
 upright wires are attached all round. 
 These upright wires are pressed down 
 upon the surface of the pot till they 
 reach the rim, over which they are firmly 
 bent till they reach the highest point of 
 the rim, or are even bent a little within 
 it. At this point they are secured by a 
 second ring of stout wire, adjusted as in 
 the drawing, which having been done, 
 the uprights are directed upwards, and 
 fashioned into the pattern required. By 
 these means a sort of collar is formed 
 upon the rim of the pot, which prevents 
 the trellis from slipping downwards, 
 while, at the same time, the lowest ring 
 
TEE 
 
 [791] 
 
 TKi 
 
 of wire keeps it from swinging and sway 
 ing backwards and forwards. 
 
 Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently 
 adapted for Wista'ria Sine'itsis,a,nd. other 
 climbers or shrubs liaving long racemes 
 'of flowers. 
 
 Hothouse Trellis, for training vines 
 near the glass, is usually made of thin 
 rods of deal or of iron, placed about a foot 
 apart, and fastened to the framework of 
 the building. Mr. Long, Beaufort Place, 
 Chelsea, has invented a moveable wire 
 trellis, by which the vines may be lowered 
 from the roof, or placed at any angle, 
 without injuring the vines. This is an 
 excellent mode of removing them from 
 the influence of extreme exterior heat or 
 cold. A still further improvement would 
 be to have the vertical rods moveable 
 round the rod horizontally fixed to the 
 rafter or roof, for then the whole trelllis 
 might be raised to an angle with, or even 
 close to, the glass, whenever sun to the 
 vine upon the trellis, or shade to the 
 plants within the house, was desirable. 
 
 TuEMBLiNa AMERICAN-TREE. Po'pnlns 
 tre'mula. 
 
 TRENCHING is one of the readiest modes 
 in the gardener's power for renovating 
 his soil. The process is thus conducted : 
 From the end of the piece of ground 
 where it is intended to begin take out a 
 trench two spades deep, and twenty inches 
 wide, and wheel the earth to the opposite 
 end to fill up and finish the last ridge. 
 Measure off the width of another trench, 
 then stretch the line, and mark it out with 
 the spade. Proceed in this way until the 
 whole of the ridges are outlined, after 
 which begin at one end, and fill up the 
 bottom of the first trench with the surface 
 
 or "top spit" oi the second one; then 
 take the bottom " spit" of the latter, and 
 throw it in such a way over the other as 
 to form an elevated sharp-pointed ridge. 
 By this means a portion of fresh soil is 
 annually brought on the surface in the 
 place of that which the crop of the past 
 season may have, in some measure, ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 Bastard Trenching is thus performed: 
 Open a trench two feet and a half or 
 a yard wide, one full spit, and the shovel- 
 ling deep, and wheel the soil from it to 
 where it is intended to finish the piece; 
 then put in the dung, and dig it in with 
 the bottom spit in the trench ; then fill 
 up this trench with the top spit, &c., of 
 the second, treating it in like manner, and 
 so on. The advantages of this plan of 
 working the soil are, the good soil is 
 retained at the top, an important con- 
 sideration where the subsoil is poor or 
 bad; the bottom soil is enriched and 
 loosened for the penetration and nourish- 
 ment of the roots, and, allowing them to 
 descend deeper, they are not so liable to 
 suffer from drought in summer; strong 
 soil is rendered capable of absorbing more 
 moisture, and yet remains drier at the 
 surface by the water passing down more 
 rapidly to the subsoil, and it insures a 
 thorough shifting of the soil. 
 
 In ail trenching, whether one, two, or 
 more spades deep, always, previous to 
 digging, put the top of each trench two 
 or three inches deep or more, with all 
 weeds and other litter at the bottom of 
 he open one, which not only makes clean 
 digging and increases the depth of loose 
 oil, but all weeds and their seeds are 
 'egularly buried at such a depth, that the 
 veeds themselves will rot, and their seeds 
 ;annot vegetate. 
 
 TRI'BULUS. Caltrops. (From treis t 
 ;hree, and ballo, to project; carpels, or 
 livisions of the seed-vessel, end in three 
 or four projecting points. Nat. ord., 
 Beancapers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 10- 
 Decandria 1- Monoyynia.} 
 
 All yellow-flowered, and animals, except cistoi f - 
 
 des. Sow in a hotbed in March, harden off, and 
 
 ur, in a sheltered place in the garden towards the 
 
 eginning of June, or flower in pots in th green- 
 
 louse; rich, light, sandy loam; a little peat will 
 
 >e required for vistoi'des, which is easily increased 
 
 >v cuttings in the spring. 
 
 T. cistoi'des (cistus-like). 1|. July. S. Amcr. 
 
 1752. Stove evergreen. 
 ii'ximxn ( 'greatest). l June. Jamaica. 1729. 
 
 terr?' stris (earth). I.June. South Rurope. 1596. 
 
 trijugu'tus (three-paired). . June. Georgia* 
 
 1819. 
 
TPJ 
 
 [792] 
 
 TEI 
 
 TRICHI'IIA. (From tricha, in threes, or 
 ternary; the parts of the seed-pods in 
 threes. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meliacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 White-flowered, stove evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a moist, sweet heat, in April or autumn ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55 
 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 T. glandulofsa (glanded). 20. July. N. Holland. 
 1821. 
 
 Havane'nsis (Havannah). 30. June. Havannah. 
 
 1794. 
 
 termina'lis (terminal). 20. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 8. S. Amer. 1828. 
 
 TRKJHI'NIUM. -(From trichinos, hairy; 
 flowers covered -frith knotted hairs. Nat. 
 ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn., 
 5-Peritandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Australian annuals. Seeds in a hotbed in 
 April; pricked out, and ultimately bloomed in 
 a cool greenhouse ; rich, sandy loam and a little 
 peat. 
 
 T. alopecuroi'deum (foxtail-like). 1. Yellow, red. 
 June. 1838. 
 
 Mangle'sii (Mangles'). White, pink. June. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Stirli'ngii (Stirling's). White, pink. June, 
 
 1838. 
 
 TRICHOCE'NTRON. (From thrix, a hair 
 and centron, a spur; application not 
 ohvious. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae] 
 Linn., 2Q-Gynandria \-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS 
 T. ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. May. Gua- 
 
 timala. 1840. 
 
 fu'scum (brown). $. Green, white. July 
 Mexico. 1835. 
 
 iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). Yellow. September 
 
 Demerara. 1830. 
 
 macula' turn (spotted). White, purple. Fe 
 
 bruary. New Grenada. 
 
 recu'rvum (curled-back). White, purple. May 
 
 Guiana. 1842. 
 
 TRICHODE'SMA. (From thrix, a hair 
 and desmos, a bond ; anthers hound to 
 gether hy hairs. Nat. ord., Borayewort 
 [Boraginacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1 
 Jlfonogynia.) 
 
 Stove annual. Sow in a hotbed early in spring 
 plant out the seedlings in a sheltered, warm bor 
 der early in June. 
 
 T. Zeyia'nicum (Ceylon). 4. Blue. August 
 Ceylon and W. Australia. 1855. 
 
 TRICHO'MANES. (From thrix, a hair 
 
 and manos, soft; the shining stems appea 
 
 like fine hair. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly 
 
 podiaceee]. Linn., Zk-Cryptogamia 
 
 Filices.} 
 
 Stove, brown-epored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 T. achilleafo'lium (milfoil-leaved). Isle of Luzon 
 
 aculea'tum (prickly). May, Isle of Luzon. 
 
 nla'tum (winged). June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 angusta'ium (narrowish). May. Isle of Luzon 
 
 . brevise'tum (short-bristled). J. May. Britain, 
 Hardy. 
 
 cri'spum (curled). May. W. Ind. 1828. 
 
 curva'tum (curved). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 disse'ctum (cut-leaved). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 floribu'ndum (many-flowered). May. W. Ind. 
 
 1825. 
 
 fu'sco-glauce'scens (brownish - milky - green). 
 
 May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 gemma'tum (budded). April. Malacca. 
 
 hu'mile (low). May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 Java'nicum (Javanese). May. Java. 
 
 meifo'littm (meum-kaved). April. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 membrana'ceum (membranous). . May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1820. 
 
 obscu'rum (obscure). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 pa'rvulum (very small). April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 qnereifo'hum (oak-reared). April. Jamaica. 
 
 1844. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). April. 
 
 rhontboi'deum (diamond-shaped). May. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 spica'tum (spiked). May. Jamaica. 1844. 
 
 TRICHONE'MA. (From thrix, a hair, and 
 nema, a filament ; stamens clothed with 
 minute hairs. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese], 
 ., 3- Triandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, which require the same treat- 
 ment as Ixias. All from the Cape of Good Hope, 
 where not otherwise stated. 
 T. butbocu'dium (bulbocodium). J. Red. March. 
 South Europe. 1739. 
 
 caule'scens (stemmed). $. Fellow. June. 181 Oi 
 
 ehlorolev? cum (greenish- white). $. Green, 
 
 white. June. 1 825. 
 
 ccelesti'num (celestial). J. Blue. March. 
 
 Carolina. 1818. 
 
 Culu'nmee (Columna's). . Blue. March. 
 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 crucia'tum (cross-shaped). J. Rose. May. 1/53. 
 
 edu'te (eatable). Socotra. 1842. 
 Jitifn'Hum (thread-leaved). . Yellow. May. 
 
 1822. 
 
 longifo'tium (long-leaved). . Rose. May. 1758. 
 
 pudi'cum (blushinff). . Red. August. 1809. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). $. Purple. Way. 
 
 Italy. 1825. 
 
 py'lium (pylium). 4. Yellow, white. Ha- 
 
 vannah. 
 
 quadra'ngulum (four-angled). . June. 1825. 
 
 ramifio'ritm (branched-flowered). . Purple. 
 
 June. Naples. 1830. 
 
 recu'rvum (curled-back). . Red. June. 1812. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). . Pink. July. 1818. 
 
 specto'sum (showy). $. Red. May. 1808. 
 
 subpalu'stre (rather boggy). $. Like, white. 
 
 Ionian Isles. 
 
 tortuo'sum (twisted-/eaed). 4. Yellow. May. 
 
 1822. 
 
 TRICHOPE'TALTJM. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and^e^on,apetal; flowers fringed inside. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn., 
 Q'Hexcntdria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from Chili* 
 Division in spring ; rich, sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Winter tetnp., 38 to 45. 
 T. gra'cile (slender). 3. Greenish. July. 1828. 
 stella' turn (rttury-ftowered). 1. White. April. 
 1829- 
 
 TRICHOPI'LIA. (From thrix, a hair, 
 
IEI 
 
 [ 793 ] 
 
 TKI 
 
 and pilony a cap ; summit of the column 
 with tufts of hair. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. lann., %Q-Gynandria 1- 
 Monandria. Allied 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in "baskets. See ORCHIDS. 
 T. cocci'nea (yed-flowered). Red, purple. AprU. 
 Central America. 1849. 
 
 to'rtilis (twisted-pe/ated). $. White, red. 
 
 January. Mexico. 1835. 
 ---- pa'Uida (pale). White. January. Guati- 
 maia. 1844. 
 
 sua'vis (sweet). White, purple. April. Central 
 
 America. 1852. 
 
 TRICHOSA'NTHES. Snake Gourd. (From 
 thrix, a hair, and anthos, a flower; flowers 
 fringed. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbita- 
 cese]. Linn., %l-Moncecia W-Decandria.} 
 
 Stove, white-flowered annuals. Seeds in a 
 sweet hotbed in March, potted and grown in a 
 plant-stove; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and fibry 
 peat. The great length of the cucumber-like 
 seed-vessel is interesting. 
 
 T. angui'na (common. Snake). 4. May. China. 
 1735. 
 
 colubri'na (serpent- like). 20. August. Ca- 
 
 bello. 1844. 
 
 palnta'ta (hand-teauec?). July. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 TRICHO'SMA. Hair Orchis. (From 
 thrix, a hair, and kosmos, ornament. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria 1-Monandria.} 
 
 Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See ORCHIJ>S. 
 T. sua'vis (sweet). 1. White, yellow. June. E. 
 Ind. 1840. 
 
 TRTCO'RYNE. (From treis, three, and 
 koryne, a club ; form of the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 
 G-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to 
 Anthericum.) 
 
 Half-hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous peren- 
 nials, from New Holland. Division and seeds ; 
 rich, sandy loam ; a very sheltered place, or a cold 
 pit, or a oool greenhouse in winter. 
 T. ela'tior (taller). 2. June. 1824. 
 
 sca'bra (rough). 1. 1826. 
 
 si'mplex (simple-stemmed). 1. July. 1823. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 TRIENTA'LIS. Wintergreen. (From 
 triens, one-third ; low growth. Nat. ord., 
 Primeworts [Primulacese], Linn., 7- 
 Heptandria \-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy, white -flowered, herbaceous perennials. 
 Seeds under a hand-light; divisions of the plant 
 in spring ; light, rich soil. Pretty little plants, 
 requiring a shady situation. 
 T. America'na (American). . July. N. Amer. 
 1816. 
 
 Europee'a (European). . May. Britain. 
 
 TRIFO'JJUM. Trefoil. (From ires, 
 three, and folium, a leaf; three-leaved. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria.) 
 
 Seeds in the open ground, and divisions of the 
 herbaceous perennials ; light, rich loam. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 T. ala' turn (winged). 4. Flesh. June. South 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 alpi'num (alpine). 4. Purple. July. Europe. 
 
 1775. 
 
 Armeni'acum (Armenian). 1. Red. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1830. 
 
 Arme'nium (Armenian). 1. Cream. August. 
 
 Armenia. 1820. 
 
 ba'dium (brown). . Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 ccespito'sum (turfy). *. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1815. 
 
 como'sum (tufted), i. White. June, America. 
 
 1708. 
 
 Cwsso'ne'ifCusson's). 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1826. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). , Pale red. July. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1823. 
 
 exi'mium (choice). $. Purple. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 albiflo'rum (white-flowered). $. White. 
 
 June. Altai. 
 
 Lati'num (Latin). 1. White, red. June. Italy. 
 
 iupina'ster (lupinaster). l. Purple. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1741. 
 
 albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1818. 
 
 me'dium (mediate. Cow-grass). 2.Purple. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 No'ricum (Noric). 1. Cream. July. Carinthia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). 1. Sulphur. 
 
 May. England. 
 
 Panno'nicum (Pannonian). 1. White, yellow. 
 
 June. Hungary. 1752. 
 
 Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 physo'des (bladdery). 4. Reddish. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1805. 
 
 prate'nse (meadow. Common Clover). 2. Pur- 
 
 ple. July. Britain. 
 
 purpura'scens (purplish). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 18i6. 
 
 re'pens (creeping. White Clover). l. White. 
 
 July. Britain. 
 
 pentuphy'llurn (five-leaved). 4. White. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 ru'bens (red). 1$. Dark red. South Europe. 
 
 1633. 
 
 rw/>e's^-e(rock). 1. White. June. Naples. 1820. 
 
 trichoct'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. Cream. 
 
 June. Caucasus. 1827. 
 
 uniflo'rum (one-flowered). . Blue. June. 
 
 Italy. 1800. 
 
 Sternbergia'num (Sternberg's). . White. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1822. 
 
 vagina 1 turn (sheathed). 1. Pale yellow. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 T. Bocco'ni (Boccon's). 4. Pale purple. June. 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 bractea'tum (/ar#e-bracted). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Morocco. 1804. Biennial. 
 
 ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1820. 
 
 ci'nctum (girded). 1. Pale yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 conge'stuin (crowded). $. White, red. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Constantinopolita'num (Constantinople). . 
 
 Yellow. June. Turkey. 1820. 
 
 erina'cKum (prickly). $. Pale red. June. 
 
 Iberia. 1818. 
 
 fuca'tum (tinted). 1. Yellow. June. Cali. 
 
 fornia. 1834. 
 
 geme'llum (twin-s/n/red). 4. Yellow. June, 
 
 Spain, 1818. 
 
TKI 
 
 L 794 ] 
 
 TKI 
 
 T. globo'sum (globe-shaped). 1. Purple. July. 
 Levant. 1713. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Barhary. 181". 
 pi'ctum (painted). 1. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 incarna'tum (ft--sh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 Italy. 15Q6. 
 
 Moline'rii (Moliner's). 1. White, red. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 interme'dium (intermediate). 1. White. June. 
 
 Italy. 1820. 
 
 Kitaibelia'num ( Kkaibel's'). 1. Pale purple. 
 
 July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 tago'pus (hare's-foot). 1. Red. July. Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 lappa'ceum (burr-like). 4- Pale red. July. 
 
 Montpelier. 1787- 
 
 ligu'sticum (lovaee-like). . White, red. June. 
 
 Spain. 18)6. 
 
 malaca'nthum (dark-flowered). 1. Purple. July. 
 
 1824. 
 
 mari'timum (sea). $. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 1. White. July. 
 
 Europe. 1736. 
 
 obscu'rum (obscure). $. Purple. June. Italy. 
 
 1824. 
 
 pa'llidinn (pale-flowered). 1. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1803. 
 
 Parisie'nse (Parisian). $. Yellow. June. 
 
 France. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small -flowered). . White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1 820. 
 
 procu'mbens (h-inor-down. Hop}. 1. Yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. June. France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 refle'xum (bent-back). 1. Purple. July. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1794. 
 
 saxa' tile (rock). . Pale white. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow. June. Canclia. 
 
 1752. 
 
 sphceroce'phalon (round-headed). . White. 
 
 June. N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 squarro'sutn (spreading). . Pale purple. July. 
 
 Spain. 1640. 
 
 fla'vicans (yellowish). . Pale yellow. 
 
 July. Pisania. 1817. 
 
 stri'ctum. (erect), l. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. J805. 
 
 suave'olens (sweet-scented). $. Purplish. 
 
 July. Italy. IS-'O. 
 
 supi'num (flat-lying). . Pale purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 18 16. 
 
 tenuiflo'rum (fine-flowered). J. Pale red. July. 
 
 Italy. 1823. 
 
 tenuifo f /ium (fine-leaved). . June- Italy. 1826. 
 
 tomento'sum (downy). 2- Purple. June! South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 TRIGO'NIA. (From treis, three, and 
 gonu, an angle ; the fruit three-angled. 
 Nat. ord., Milkworts [Polygalacese]. 
 Linn., 16-Monadclphia 2-Pentandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little rough peat and leaf-mould. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 65 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 T. lee'vis (smooth). White. June. Guiana. 1828' 
 
 viUo'sa (shaggy). Yellow, red. Cayenne. 1820- 
 
 TRIGONI'DIUM. (From trigona, a tri- 
 angle, and eidos, like; resemblance of 
 several parts of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 
 Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn., 2Q-Gynan- 
 dria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, from Demerara, grown in pots. 
 See ORCHIDS. 
 
 T. acumina'tum (pointed). 1. Straw-coloure 
 1834. 
 
 acn'tum (sharpj. Chocolate. 
 
 Egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). 1|. Pab 
 
 brown. Year. 
 
 obtu'sum (blunt-petaled). 1. Orange, brown. 
 
 June. 1834. 
 
 ri'ngens (gaping). Yellow, green. Mexico. 
 
 isap. 
 
 te'nue (slender). Brown, purple. May. 1836. 
 TRI'LLIUM. (From trllix, triple ; the 
 
 parts of the flower in threes. Nat. ord,, 
 Parids [Trilliaceos]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 
 3-Trifjynia. Allied to Paris.) 
 
 Hardy, North American, tuberous-rooted per- 
 ennials. Division of the tuberous roots, and by 
 eeds ; sandy peat-border, or kept as alpine plants. 
 T. Catesbai (Catesby's). *. Red. May. 1820. 
 
 ce'rnuum (drooping). H. White. April. 1758. 
 
 ere'ctum-u'lbum (upright-white). . White. 
 
 April. 1700. 
 
 erythrnrn'rpirm (red-fruited). Red, white. 
 
 May. 1811. 
 
 grandi flu' rum (large-flowered). . White. 
 
 July. 1799- 
 
 nervo'sum (Jr#e-nerveu). i. Red. April. 1820. 
 
 obova'turn (reversed-eag-^ayc'd). i. lied. 
 
 April. 1810. 
 
 petiolu'tum (tow^-leaf-stalked). J. Brown. 
 
 Aril. 1811. 
 
 pu'milum( dwarf). . Red. May. 1812. 
 
 sty/o'sttm (long-styled). $. Red. April. 1823. 
 
 undula'tum (wavy-petaled). 4. Red. April. 
 
 1818. 
 
 TRIO'PTERYS. (From treis, three, and 
 pteron, a wing; carpels, or divisions of 
 seed-vessel, three- winged. Nat. ord., 
 Hfnlpit/hlfids [Malpighiacese], Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 6-Decandria. ) 
 
 Stove twiners. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots, 
 any time in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a brisk, sweet, moist bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and fibrv peat. Winter temp., 48 to 58; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 T. Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 
 1822. 
 
 lu'cida (shining-teamZ). Pink. May. Cuba, 
 
 1822. 
 
 seri'cea (silky-leaved). 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 TRIO'STEUM. Feverwort. (From treis, 
 three, and osteon, a bone ; three bony 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifoli- 
 acese]. Linn., b-Pentand>ia\-Monogijnia. 
 Allied to the Honeysuckle. ) 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials. 
 Division of the plant in sprin?, or cuttings of the 
 young shoots under a hand-li^ht in the beginning 
 of the summer; light, s:uidy soil and a little 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 T. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. 
 June. 1699. 
 
 pei-foli't'tum (leat-stem-pierced). 2. Dark red. 
 
 June. 1/30. 
 
TRI 
 
 [ 795 ] 
 
 TEO 
 
 TPJPHA'SIA. (From triphasios, triple; 
 calyx three -toothed, and three petals. 
 Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia.} 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots, at least those getting firm at the 
 base, in sandy soil, in May, under a bell-glass, 
 with a sweet bottom-heat; fibry, sandy loam and 
 a little peat and dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 
 40 to 50 ; summer, 60 to SO . 
 T. trifolia'ta (three-leaved. Little Orange). 2. 
 White. June. China. 1798. 
 
 TRIPOLY. A'ster tripo'lium. 
 
 TurpTi'LiOff. (From treis, three, and 
 ptilon, a feather; the divisions of the 
 pappus, or seed-crown. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteracese], Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 
 
 Hardy annuals, from Chili. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed in the beginning of April; plants pricked 
 Out, and either planted out in a sheltered place 
 at the end of May, or bloomed in pots in a cool, 
 airy greenhouse ; rich, light soil. 
 T. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). . White. July. 
 1824. 
 
 spino'sum (spiny). . Blue. July. 1827- 
 
 TRISTA'NIA. (Named after Tristan, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Myrtle- 
 bloams [Myrtacese], Linn., 1%-Polya- 
 delphia 2-Polyandria.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens, from New 
 Holland. Cuttings of young-, stubby side-shoots, 
 or the points of shoots, two or three inches long, 
 when getting a little firm at the base, in sand, 
 under a glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibry loam, 
 anil a little peat and charcoal. Winter temp., 35 
 to 45. 
 T. arkare'scens (tree-like). 10. 1820. 
 
 conft'rta (crowded). 6. August. 1805. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 50. White. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 nereifo'tia (oleander-leaved). 6. July. 1804. 
 
 TRITELE'JA. (From treis, three, and 
 teleios, complete ; parts of the flower and 
 fruit in threes. Nat. ord., Lilyworts 
 [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono- 
 yynia. Allied to Brodisea. ) 
 
 Very pretty little bulbs for a front border. Off- 
 et-buibs ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould ; 
 protected in a dry border from frost and damp in 
 winter, or saved in a cold pit or frame. 
 T. uu'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. April, Monte 
 Video. 1838. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 la'xa (loose-umbelled). 1$. Dark blue. July. 
 
 California. 1832. 
 
 .unijto'ra (one-flowered). 1. Dlue. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 TRI'TOMA. (From treis, three, and 
 temno, to cut; three sharp edges of the 
 ends of the leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyu:ort$ 
 [Liliaceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mona- 
 yynra. Allied to Veltheimia.) 
 Greenhouse, orange-flowered bulbs, from the 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Division, and by suckers 
 from the roots ; rich, sandy soil ; as they bloom 
 late, they are better for the protection of a cold 
 pit in late autumn and winter. 
 T. Burche'llii (Burchell's). l. 1816. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 2. April. 1789. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf), l. September. 1774. 
 
 uva'ria (uvaria). -2. August. 1707. 
 
 TRITO'NIA. (From triton, a weather- 
 cock ; variable direction of the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Irids [Iriclaceae]. Linn., 3- 
 Trlandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.) 
 
 Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For cul- 
 ture, see I'XIA. 
 
 T. anigozanthceflo'ra (anigozan thus-flowered). . 
 Yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 au'rea (golden). 2. Orange. July. 1846. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. White. September. 1811. 
 
 co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. 1811. 
 
 croca'ta (saffron). . Orange. June. 1758. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-leaved). . Fiesh. April. 1787. 
 
 deu'sta (blasted). . Fulvid. May. 1774. 
 
 .fenestra'ta (windowed). 1|. Yellow. May. 1801. 
 
 fla'ntt (yellow). . Yellow. February. 1780. 
 fuca'ta (painted). Red, yellow. May. 1813. 
 
 linea'ta (lined). 2. Variegated. May. 1774. 
 
 longiflu'ra( long-flowered). 1. White. May. 1774. 
 
 minia'ta (vermilion). . Scarlet. August. 1795. 
 
 odorn'ta, (fragrant). 4. Yellow. -June. 1829. 
 
 pa'llidii (pale). 1. White. August. 1806. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb- 1 caved). 1 . Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 refra'cta (refracted). 1. Yellow, May. 1815. 
 
 Hoc/tennis (De la Roche). 1. Yellow. August. 
 
 1811. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1$. Pink. June. 1793. 
 
 securi'gera (axe-bearing). . Brown. May. 17/4. 
 
 squa'lida (squalid). . R'utuus. May. 1774. 
 
 stria' ta (channelled). 1. Blue. Way. 1825. 
 
 ttnuiflo'ra (slender- flowered). 1. Yellow. 
 
 April. 1811. 
 
 vi'ridis (green). J. Green. July. 1788. 
 
 xuntho' spila (yellow- spotted). 1. Red, yellow. 
 
 June. 1825. 
 
 TRI'XIS. (From trixos, triple; triangu- 
 lar seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19 Syngenesia 4- 
 Necessarta. ) 
 
 White-flowered, blooming in August. Sene- 
 ciai'des by seed in open ground in April ; auricu- 
 lu'ta, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, and the pro- 
 tection of a warm greenhouse in winter. 
 
 T. auricula'ta (eared). 1. Brazil. 1827. Evergreen. 
 
 senecioi'des (groundsel-like). l. Chili. 1821. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 TROCHE 'TIA. (Named after Dutrochet, 
 the celebrated French physiologist. Nat. 
 ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacesej. Linn., 
 IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to 
 Dombeya.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, and 
 inserted in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, with a little charcoal and broken free- 
 stone. Winter temp., 55 to 65 ; summer, 65 
 to 88. 
 
 T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. White, yel- 
 low. Mauritius. 1844. 
 
TEO 
 
 [796 ] 
 
 TRU 
 
 TROCHOCA'RPA. (From trocfws, a wheel, 
 and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Epacrids 
 [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the 
 points of young shoots, or stubby, short side- 
 shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and kept close in a frame or pit, any 
 time in spring or summer; sandy, fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 40 to 48. More heat and moisture 
 after dowering, and plenty of air and light before 
 the end of autumn. 
 
 T. lauri'na (laurel-like). 25. Yellow. June. 
 N. Holland. 1829. 
 
 TEO'LLIUS. Globe-Flower. (From trot, 
 the German for round; the globular 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Srowfoots [Ranuncu- 
 Jaceffi]. Linn., 13-Polyandria Q-Polygynia. 
 Allied to Helleborus.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous plants. 
 Divisions of the plant in spring ; light, loamy 
 soil, rather moist. 
 T. acau'lis (stemless). $. July. Cashmere. 1841. 
 
 aconitifo'lius (aconitum-leaved). 2. May. 1829. 
 
 Alta'icus (Altaian). May. Altai. 1836. 
 
 America'nus (American). \ . May. N. Amer. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Asia'ticus( Asiatic). 1$. Dark orange. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1759. 
 
 Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). l. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. 
 Europee'us (European). 2. May. Britain. 
 
 a'lbus (white). 1. Whitish. June. Britain. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf), l. May. Austria. 1800. 
 
 Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 2. May. Siberia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 napellifo'liw (napellus- leaved). 2. May. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 paftulus (spreading). 1. Orange. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1800. 
 
 Ritderia'nus (Rieder's). May. Siberia. 1838. 
 
 TBOPJB'OLTOI. Indian Cress. (From 
 tropaion, a trophy. Nat. ord., Indian 
 Cresses [Tropseolaceae], Linn., S-Oc- 
 tandria \-Monogynia.} 
 
 Annuals, by seed in the open ground in April ; 
 tuberous, by division of the roots, and by cuttings ; 
 the others by seeds; also by cuttings in sandy 
 loam any time during spring and summer and 
 early autumn ; a rich, light soil suits them best. 
 The best tuberous kinds multiply their tubers if 
 the young shoots are laid in the ground as they 
 commence growing. A tuber will generally form 
 at the bends : none of them will stand frost, 
 unless the hardy tuberous ones, and they had 
 better be lifted and kept in dry sand until spring. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 T. ma'jus (greater). 6. Orange, yellow. July. 
 
 Peru. 1686. 
 a'tro-sangui'neum (dark red). S. Dark 
 
 rd. August. Peru. 
 
 mi'nus (smaller), l. Orange, yellow. August. 
 
 Peru. 1506. 
 
 HALF-HARDY TUBERS. 
 
 T. brachy'ceras (ihort-horned). Yellow. Chili. 
 1830. 
 
 edvfle( eatable). 6. Orange. March. Chili. 1841. 
 
 Moritzia'num (Mr. Moritz's). 6. Yellow, red. 
 
 July. Cumana. 1839. 
 
 T. tubero'sum (tuberous-rooted). 3. Yellow, red. 
 September. Peru. 1836. 
 
 umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. Rose, orange. 
 
 June. Pilzhum. 1846. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 T. adu'ncum (hooked). 3. Yellow. August. 
 New Granada. 1810. 
 
 azu'reum (azure). 3. Blue. October. Chili. 
 
 1842. Herbaceous. 
 
 crenatiflo'rum (scolloped-flowered). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Peru. 1845. Herbaceous. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). 4. Orange. July. Peru, 
 
 Jarru'ttii (Jarratt's). 12. Scarlet, yellow. 
 
 Santiago. 1836. 
 
 Lobbia'num (Lobb's). 6. Orange. November. 
 
 Columbia. 1843. Herbaceous. 
 
 ma'jus flo're-ple'no (larger double-flowered). 6. 
 
 Orange, yellow. August. Peru. 1686. 
 
 mifnus flo're-ple'no (smaller double-flowered). 
 
 1. Orange, yellow. Peru. 1596. 
 
 peregri'num (straggling). 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 New Granada. 1810. 
 
 pinna 1 turn (leafleted-^Zowered). 2.Yellow. June. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 polyphy'llum (many-leaved;. 3. Orange, yel- 
 
 low. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 specio'sum (showy). 6. Scarlet. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1846. Herbaceous. 
 
 tricolo'rum (three-coloured). Orange, purple. 
 
 July. Valparaiso. 1828. 
 
 TROWEL. This implement, made of 
 iron, from twelve to six inches long in 
 the plate, and half as broad, hollowed like 
 a scoop, and fixed on a short handle to 
 hold with one hand, is convenient in 
 removing small plants with a ball or 
 lump of earth about their roots ; lifting 
 bulbous flower-roots after the flowering 
 is past in summer, planting bulbs in 
 patches or little clumps about the borders, 
 for digging small patches, also, in the 
 borders, and sowing hardy annual flower- 
 seeds ; likewise for filling mould into 
 small pots, stirring the surface of the 
 earth in pots, and fresh earthing them 
 when necessary. 
 
 TRUFFLE. Tu'ber magna'tum, Pied- 
 montese Truffle; T. Bo'rchii, Italy; T. 
 moscha'tum, Musk Truffle, near Bath; 
 T. ciba'rium, Common Truffle, England. 
 But, besides the tubers, there are other 
 edible fungi known as truffles, viz., Hy- 
 drobo'lites tula'snei, Spye Park, Wilts; 
 Melagona'ster Broomeia'nus, Red Truffle, 
 near Bath. 
 
 These edible fungi have not yet been 
 cultivated in England, though the Prus- 
 sians have succeeded in making them a 
 garden tenant, and Comte de Borch has 
 been equally successful in Italy. The 
 latter cultivates the Piedmont Truffle, 
 and his process is this : He either em- 
 ploys the soil where the truffle is found, 
 or he prepares an artificial soil of seven 
 parts good garden earth, two well- 
 
TEU 
 
 [ 797] 
 
 TEY 
 
 pulverized clayey soil, and one oak saw 
 dust, intimately mixed. Decayed oal 
 or beech leaves would be better, probably 
 than the sawdust. If the natural soi 
 was used, he trenched it two feet deep 
 removing all the large stones, and adding 
 oak sawdust if necessary, and about one 
 tenth of powdered snail- shells if the 
 soil was too stiff. 
 
 Choosing an aspect rather exposed t< 
 the north than the south, where no re 
 fleeted rays could fall upon it, with every 
 precaution to insure its being thoroughly 
 soaked with pure rain-water, and after 
 waiting a day or two, till it was in a 
 proper state of moisture, he made rows 
 half a foot deep, and in these, at six 
 inches distance, he placed good and sound 
 truffles, each of them being surrounded 
 with two or three handsful of oak saw- 
 dust, taking care to mark the rows accu- 
 rately. Eidges were then made over each 
 row, to prevent the truffles being injured 
 by too abundant moisture. The bed was 
 then left till the following autumn, with 
 no other precaution than, in dry weather, 
 to take care that it did not become too 
 dry. The result, we are informed, was 
 an abundant harvest every year from 
 October to January. 
 
 Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the culti- 
 vation of the truffle in England, say?, 
 that the truffle may be easily cultivated 
 where there are woods or coppices of oak 
 or hazel, and where the soil is not too 
 stiff, or inclining to chalk. The soil 
 where they are most found is a reddish 
 sandy loam ; this will then be the best 
 for our purpose, especially if it has lain 
 long uncultivated. "When we are thus 
 provided with the proper soil, we must 
 be sure to let it lie undisturbed till we 
 are ready to plant, which will be in the 
 months of October, November, and De- 
 cember, if the weather be open ; for then 
 the truffles are to be found in their full 
 ripeness, and then, likewise, one may 
 find them in a state of putrefaction, which 
 is the time when the seeds are prepared 
 for vegetation. It is in the last state 
 that one ought to gather truffles for plant- 
 ing, or, at least, they should be in perfect 
 ripeness. The proper soil and these 
 rotten truffles being found, we may 
 begin our work as follows : Open a spot 
 of ground of a convenient space, and 
 take out the earth about eight inches 
 deep, and screen it, that it may be as fine 
 as possible ; then lay about two or three 
 
 inches thick of this fine earth at the 
 bottom of the trench or open ground, 
 and upon it lay some of the over-ripe 
 truffles, about a foot and a half distance 
 from one another ; aad, as soon as pos- 
 sible, prepare a thin mud, made of the 
 screened earth and water, well-stirred 
 and mixed together, and pour it on the 
 truffles till the open ground is quite filled 
 up. By this means, in a few hours, the 
 ground will be as closely settled about the 
 truffles as if it had never been dug or 
 disturbed at all, and you may expect a 
 good crop in due time. You must, how- 
 ever, take care to choose your spots of 
 ground in woods or coppices, or such 
 places as are shaded with trees. Their 
 favourite tree is the oak, or the ilex or 
 evergreen oak, as the elm is the favourite 
 of the morille. Notwithstanding these 
 statements, it is quite certain that, at 
 present, the art of cultivating the truffle 
 is not known in England; and it will 
 remain unknown, probably, until we have 
 discovered how its spawn can be prepared 
 as for cultivating the mushroom. 
 
 Mr. Gower says he recommended an 
 old truffle- hunter to bury, at the proper 
 depth, some of his truffles that were in a 
 state of decay and unfit for the table 
 under one of the unproductive trees 
 sufficient in stature and in umbrageous 
 development. At the beginning of next 
 winter, when his visit was repeated, he 
 sought for Mr. G-., and told him, with 
 great satisfaction, that the scheme had 
 answered ; for he had found two or three 
 pounds of excellent truffles beneath the 
 litherto barren tree. By following this 
 example, proprietors of trees adapted to 
 xuffles, and where the proper trees have 
 )een planted, may, in a short period, do 
 that which a lapse of years, unassisted, 
 would not effect. Of all trees the cedar 
 f Lebanon is the most favourable to the 
 growth of the truffle. 
 
 TRUMPET FLOWER. Bigno'nia. 
 TRUSS is the florist's name for what 
 botanists call an umbel of flowers, where 
 everal flowers have their stalks united 
 ,t one common centre, and thus spring 
 rom the root or branch on one stem, as 
 n the auricula, polyanthus, and cowslip. 
 See PIP. 
 
 TRYMA'LIUM. (Not explained. Nat. 
 >rd., Rhamnads [Ehamnaceffi]. Linn., 
 'Pentandria \-Monogy 'ma.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hoi- 
 and. For culture, see POMADE'RRIS. P.globu- 
 'sa and P. Wendlandia'na belong to this genus. 
 
TUB 
 
 [ 798 
 
 TUL 
 
 P.capsulafris (capsular). 3. Purple, yellow. 
 April. 1820. 
 
 odorati's.siMum (sweetest -scented). White. 
 
 February. 1837. 
 
 spathula'ta (spatulate). 4. Purple, yellow. 
 
 April 1826. 
 
 TUBE FLOWER. Clerode'ndron sipho- 
 na'nthus. 
 
 TU'BER CIEA'RIUM. See TRUFFLE. 
 
 TUBEROSE. Polya'nthes tubero'sa. 
 
 TU'LIPA. The Tulip. (From its Per- 
 sian name, thoulyban. Nat. ord., Lily- 
 worts [LiliaceseJ. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 ' Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties ; offsets ; 
 a rich compost, made of loam, sand, and vegetable 
 mould, suits them best; common kinds may re- 
 main for years in the same place if you top-dress 
 them, and do not want to separate the bulbs. 
 
 T. Alta'ica (Altaian). 1. Yellow. April. Altai. 
 
 Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 1. Fellow, 
 
 purple. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). . Yellow. April. 
 
 Russia. 1803. 
 
 Bonarotia'na (Bonaroti's). 1. Variegated. 
 
 April. Italy. 1827. 
 
 Celsia'na(Ce\s's). l. Yellow. June. Levant. 
 
 Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White, purple. July. 
 
 Sicily. 1636. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). 2. Striped. May. Levant. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Gesneriu'na (Gesner's). 2. Striped. April. 
 
 Levant. 1577. 
 
 ___ laciniu'ta (cut-sepal ed}. 2. Variegated. 
 
 April. Levant. 1603. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). It}. Yellow. April. Le- 
 vant. 1603. 
 
 ple'na (double). 1. Variegated. April. 
 
 Levant. 1603. 
 
 versi'coior (party-coloured). l. Varie- 
 gated. April. Levant. 1603. 
 
 hiema'lis (winter). Red. April. Russia. 1843. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). Red. April. Russia. 1840. 
 
 malefolens (ill-smelling). 1. Red, yellow. May. 
 
 Italy. 1827. 
 
 variega't a (variegated). 1. Variegated. 
 
 May. Italy. 1827. 
 
 me'dia (middle). 1. Scarlet, white. May. 1827. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Persia. 1827. 
 
 o'culus so'lis (sun's-eye). 1. Red, blue. April. 
 
 Italy. 1816. 
 
 Pe'rsica (Persian). 1. Scarlet, black. 
 
 April. Persia. 1826. 
 
 pa' tens (spreading). 1. White, grey. April. 
 
 Siberia. 1826. 
 
 prte'cox (early ). l. Scarlet. April. Italy. 1825. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1. Red. April. 1824. 
 
 re'pens (creeping. Russian). 1, Yellow. April. 
 
 Russia. 1819. 
 
 saxa'tilis(rock). 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 1827. 
 
 scabrisca'pa (rough-stemmed). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 April. Italy. 1837. 
 
 ~ stella'ta (starred). 2|. White. April. Cumana. 
 1827. 
 
 strangula'ta (choked). l. April. 
 
 suave 1 olens (sweet-scented). . Red, yellow. 
 
 April. South Europe. 1603. 
 
 sylve'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. April. England. 
 
 tri 1 color (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet. April. 
 
 Russia. 1817. 
 
 Tu'rcica (Turkish). 2, Striped, April. 
 
 TULIP AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. 
 Florists call tulips seedlings until they 
 have bloomed ; after this those preserved 
 on account of their good form and habit, 
 as well as the offsets they produce, are 
 called breeders. After some years the 
 petals of these become striped, and they 
 are then said to be broken. If the 
 striping is good they are said to have a 
 good strain; if it be inferior, they are 
 described as having a bad strain. A 
 rectified tulip is synonymous with a tulip 
 having a good strain. 
 
 A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured 
 edge round its petals, gradually becoming 
 lighter on the margin next the centre of 
 the petal. The feathering is said to be 
 lit/ht, if narrow ; heavy, if broad ; and 
 irregular, if its inner edge has a broken 
 outline. 
 
 A flamed tulip is one that has a dark- 
 pointed spot, somewhat in shape like the 
 flame of a candle, in the centre of each 
 petal. 
 
 Sometimes a tulip is botiafeathered and 
 flamed. 
 
 A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground, 
 and coloured marks on its petals. 
 
 A Byblomen is white, marked with black, 
 lilac, or purple. 
 
 A Rose is white, with marks of crimson, 
 pink, or scarlet. 
 
 The end of September is a good time 
 for preparing the tulip-bed. 
 
 Situation. The aspect should be open 
 to the south and south-east, but well 
 sheltered from the north, north-east, and 
 north-west winds. We prefer a perfectly 
 level surface, because the advantage of 
 rain falling upon the bed and sinking 
 into the earth is more certain than on a 
 slope. The elevation of the site is also 
 a consideration worth serious attention. 
 Wherever it is in the power of the culti- 
 vator of tulips intended for exhibition to 
 choose the site, let him choose the happy 
 medium, neither too high nor too low. 
 If there are no shelters already on the 
 spot to defend and protect those choice 
 flowers from the untoward blasts of the 
 northern quarter, there ought to be some 
 prepared. A close wooden paling is the 
 one most ready and effectual, and if made 
 of deal or oak, and well-painted, will last 
 several years. Beech, hornbeam, yew, or 
 arbor vitae hedges are very excellent ; but 
 they require several years' growth before 
 they are high enough to screen the flowers 
 effectually. They might be planted be- 
 
TUL 
 
 [ 799 ] 
 
 TUL 
 
 hind the p alin g, to be advancin g in growth ; 
 so that when the paling decays the hedges 
 would be high and thick enough to answer 
 the purpose. Whatever shelter is made 
 use of, it should be placed at a sufficient 
 distance from the beds not to draw up 
 the flowers, or prevent a full exposure to 
 light. On these accounts, or for these 
 reasons, the wind-shelters should never 
 exceed six or eight feet high. 
 
 Draining. The tulip loves a deep soil 
 and a dry subsoil. Where there is a good 
 depth of good loam, with a dry, gravelly, 
 or sandy bottom, no more drains are 
 required than one or two formed with 
 drain-pipes and tiles to carry off the water 
 that may fall in wet seasons on the sur- 
 face. An upright shaft, with a grating 
 on the top to catch this surface-water, 
 will be necessary. When the natural soil 
 is shallow and the subsoil clay, or any 
 other water-retaining substance, set out 
 the bed the desired length and breadth, 
 and cast on one side all the good soil, 
 shovelling the small crumbs ; then dig, 
 or hack and shovel out the subsoil till 
 the bed is eighteen inches deep. After 
 that is finished, dig a drain in the centre 
 of the bed six inches deep, and wide 
 enough to allow the operator to lay down 
 first the flat tiles, and then the circular 
 pipes, with holes in the latter to admit 
 the water to escape into them, and then 
 be carried clean away. When the pipes, 
 &c., are laid down, cover them with rubble, 
 and then lay all over the bottom of the 
 bed three or four inches of either small 
 stones, broken clinkers, or brick ends. 
 Upon this drainage lay a stratum of short 
 straw or small brushwood ; make this 
 smooth, and you may consider the drain- 
 age complete. 
 
 Manure and Soil. Procure some one- 
 year-old cow-dung ; spread over and upon 
 the drains a stratum of this cow-dung 
 two inches thick ; then mix about one- 
 sixth of very well-decomposed hotbed 
 dung with the loam thrown out and laid 
 on one side on commencing the opera- 
 tion of draining. If there is not enough 
 soil to make the bed up level as before, 
 procure some good loam for the purpose, 
 mixing it with the same proportion of 
 well-decomposed dung. If the situation 
 is low and damp, it will be advisable to 
 place an edging round the bed six or 
 eight inches deep, of sufficient strength 
 to bear up the soil when it is raised to 
 that height. The best material for an 
 
 edging of this kind is blue slate, which 
 may now be had very reasonably; the 
 next best are common flags of slate ; and 
 the next, slabs of wood nailed to strong 
 uprights driven into the ground at proper 
 intervals. Mix the top surface with a 
 considerable mixture of river sand ; this 
 will cause the bulbs to come out of the 
 soil at taking -up time clean and of a 
 bright brown colour. Should the collec- 
 tion be large, there should be two parallel 
 beds, with a walk between them. 
 
 Planting. The best season is about 
 the beginning of the second week in No- 
 vember, as near the tenth of that month 
 as the weather and the state of the ground 
 will permit. This rule applies to all the 
 country north of London ; perhaps, in the 
 milder climate of the southern counties, 
 a week later would be better. Too early 
 planting is injurious, inasmuch as that 
 the leaves will be pushing through before 
 the severe weather has passed away, and 
 would then be in danger, however well 
 protected, of being frost-nipped, and, 
 consequently, injured not only for that 
 year, but also for years to come. 
 
 The Method of Planting is governed by 
 the height of the flower-stems ; for, as 
 some varieties grow taller than others, 
 the tallest should be in the centre of the 
 bed. This consideration renders it neces- 
 sary to plant them in rows lengthways of 
 the bed, and not across it. This being 
 determined upon, let the soil of the bed 
 be levelled and made tolerably smooth ; 
 then, with a triangular hoe, draw a drill 
 the length of the bed, as near two inches 
 deep as possible. To accomplish this 
 quite straight, it will be necessary to have 
 a line stretched very tightly the whole 
 length of the bed, at such a distance from 
 the centre as will allow the point of the 
 hoe, in drawing the drill, to be exactly in 
 the centre. As soon as the drill is drawn, 
 bring out all the tall growers, and plant 
 them five inches apart at the bottom, 
 giving each a gentle pressure. When 
 the row is finished, thrust in at each end 
 a strong stick; this is to mark where the 
 row of bulbs is when covered up. Of 
 very choice and expensive varieties, some 
 florists recommend covering the bulbs 
 with fine white sand ; but, if the soil is 
 mixed with sand, we think the white sand 
 may be dispensed with. Cover them up by 
 drawing the soil over them with a short- 
 toothed rake. After that let the soil on 
 each side of the planted row be stirred 
 
TUL 
 
 [ 800 ] 
 
 TUB 
 
 up with a three-pronged fork. Then set 
 the line at the right distance from the 
 centre (we mentioned that the beds 
 should he four feet wide, which would 
 allow 'nine inches between each of the 
 five rows, and six inches next the edging) ; 
 the line then must he set at such a dis- 
 tance from the centre, that the next row 
 of hulbs will be exactly nine inches apart 
 from the centre one. Draw the drill the 
 same depth as the first, and plant the 
 next tallest flowers in it. Then mark the 
 row with a stick at each end, and so pro- 
 ceed till the whole is finished ; the lowest 
 growers will then be next the paths all 
 round the bed. Each variety must be 
 numbered, and the numbers put in so 
 securely that they cannot be easily dis- 
 placed. 
 
 Shelter is necessary for the flower before 
 and when in bloom. Where the collec- 
 tion is small, and the means small too, 
 this consists merely of hoops, either of 
 wood or iron, with canvass covers or mats 
 to be thrown over the hoops, which should 
 be high enough to keep the covering 
 clear of the flowers. This covering should 
 be applied not only when the plants are 
 in bloom, but also to shelter them from 
 the late frosts that sometimes come after 
 the plants make their appearance, as well 
 as from the cutting winds that often visit 
 us in this country during the early months 
 of the year. This shelter, however, must 
 not be used except when absolutely neces- 
 sary. Too much shelter only coddles the 
 plants, and makes them so tender that a 
 too sudden exposure, or the least neglect 
 in applying the covering, would be equally 
 as injurious as no shelter at all; there- 
 fore, on all favourable occasions, remove 
 the coverings entirely, and let them have 
 the benefit of fine weather and gentle 
 rains. 
 
 Where the collection is large, and the 
 means ample, the most convenient width 
 of each bed would be five feet ; this will 
 hold five rows nine inches apart. A walk 
 between them may be either three or 
 four feet ; the latter will allow more room 
 for the operator and the spectator. Three 
 feet beyond each bed, on the outer sides, 
 place a row of pillars, four and a half 
 inches square, to support the shelter; 
 each pillar may either be let into the 
 ground and well-rammed, or be inserted 
 into an iron or stone socket. These pillars 
 should stand above the surface at least 
 five feet, and at a distance of five feet 
 
 from each other. On the top of each 
 pillar a rafter should be placed, to meet 
 a corresponding rafter in the centre of 
 the space just over the centre of the walk. 
 Each rafter, at the junction, must be 
 firmly fastened to a longitudinal piece of 
 wood running the whole length of the 
 beds, the length of the beds depending, 
 of course, upon the number of roots, or 
 size of the collection. There will then 
 be required two rollers of wood of the 
 length of the structure. On each of these 
 nail a sheet of canvass of sufficient width 
 to drop down on each side nearly to the 
 ground. On the top, at the centre, fix a pair 
 of weather-boards, proj ecting high enough 
 to allow the roller and canvass to go 
 under them, one on each side. This will 
 preserve the canvass from Totting, and 
 so enable it to be used for several years. 
 
 TULIP-TREE. Liriode'ndron. 
 
 TU'NICA. (From tunica, a coat; the 
 calyx. Nat. ord., Clovcworts [Caryophyl- 
 lacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia. 
 Allied to Dianthus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July. 
 Seeds in spring, and division of the plants ; rich, 
 light soil. 
 T. dianthoi'des (pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838. 
 
 ///y'riea (Illyrian). Red. Sicily. 1838. 
 
 //acA;/rao7a(thick-backed).White.Natolia.lS38. 
 
 saxi'fraga (saxifrage'. 5. Pink. Germany. 17/4. 
 
 stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altaia. 1834. 
 TU'PA. (The name of one of the 
 
 species in Chili. Nat. ord., Lobeliads 
 [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Lobelia.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings, 
 but chiefly by division of the suckers that spring 
 up arter the flowering stalks are cut down ; rich, 
 sandy loam. When planted out in a bed the 
 surface may be dressed with advantage with rotten 
 dung. Unless in a very sheltered place, they 
 require the protection of a cold pit or a greenhouse 
 in winter; and to flourish well they should be 
 divided and potted, and assisted with a little 
 heat in a bed before planting out in May. Lobt'liu 
 Cavanillesia'na is united to this genus. 
 T. argu'ta (Aaif -toothed-leaved). Yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Chili. 1824. 
 
 bla'nda (charming). 3. Pink. Chili. 
 
 -- Fuei'llei (Feuille's). Scarlet. September. Chili. 
 1824. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Purple. August. 
 
 Valparaiso." 1832. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). August. Valparaiso. 1825, 
 
 aalicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. Red. October. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1704. 
 
 secu'nda (side-flowering). $. White. May. 
 
 Cape of good Hope. 1794. 
 TURF may be obtained either by sow- 
 ing grass seeds, or laying turf obtained 
 from a common or down : if the latter 
 mode can be adopted it is the best, as 
 the turf is obtained at once, and is more 
 
TUR 
 
 I 801 ] 
 
 TUR 
 
 regular than can he obtained under the 
 best circumstances from seed. All the 
 preparation of the soil required is to dig it 
 level a spade deep, provided the subsoil 
 is open, otherwise to have a good drainage 
 effected (see DRAINING) ; to have all large 
 stones removed from the surface, and to 
 have it brought to a perfect level by re- 
 peated rollings, and filling up the hollows 
 when necessary, as indicated by the level. 
 The surface being then loosened by 
 raking is ready for the seed or turf. 
 
 By Seed. See GRASS. 
 
 By Turf. The season for laying turf 
 is any time from September till April or 
 May, though it will grow at almost any 
 time of the year, even if there is occasion 
 to lay it in summer, and dry weather 
 succeed ; for although it will open at the 
 joints, and turn brown, as if dead, yet 
 after the first rain it will close again, and 
 resume its verdure. The turf for this 
 Tise is cut with an iron instrument called 
 a turfing iron, observing to cut the pieces 
 all an equal width, length, and thickness 
 the proper size is a foot wide, a yard long, 
 and about an inch thick; they should be 
 first marked by line the proper width, 
 length, and depth, with a racer orrutter ; 
 racing them first longwise a foot wide, 
 then across in yard lengths ; then pro- 
 ceed to cut them up, having particular 
 regard to cut them level, and equal in 
 thickness, otherwise it will be impossible 
 to lay them level. As you cut, a man or 
 boy should roll each turf up close and 
 tight, the grass side inwards, and pile 
 them up by tens, especially if they are 
 cut by the hundred. If they are cut by 
 the hundred, the price is from sixpence 
 to a shilling, according to the nature of 
 the soil, whether soft and easy to cut, or 
 bard, or stony. A man will cut from three 
 to five, six, or seven hundred in a day, or 
 more, if very soft, easy-cutting turf, and 
 having a person to race them out and 
 roll them up, turf and turf, as they are 
 cut. They are to be laid regularly, turf 
 and turf, unrolling them as you lay them, 
 joining them up quite close, edge to edge, 
 making good all deficiency of broken 
 parts as you go on ; and, as soon as laid, 
 it should be well beaten with broad, heavy, 
 wooden beaters, made of flat pieces of 
 elm or oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen 
 or eighteen inches lo&g, and a foot broad, 
 having a long handle fixed slanting in 
 the middle of the upper side ; and with 
 -these beat the grass regularly all over, 
 
 and then roll it well with a heavy roller,, 
 observing that the beating and rolling 
 should be repeated in moist weather. If 
 very dry, hot weather succeeds, so as to 
 occasion the turf to shrink and open at 
 the joints, a good watering will be of 
 much advantage. 
 
 By Inoculation. If turf is scarce, cut 
 turves into pieces, about three inches 
 square, and plant these, green side up, 
 pretty thickly over the space intended 
 for the lawn. Beat them down into the 
 soil, and water freely ; roll frequently, and 
 water also in dry weather. The turf will 
 soon be as close, and the sward as perfect, 
 as if the ground had been entirely turved, 
 
 TURF ASHES. See ASHES. 
 
 These, which are the basis of charred 
 turf, now becoming so usual a manure, 
 are, according to M. Spreugel, thus con- 
 stituted : 
 
 Silica ...... 93.10 
 
 Alumina ...... 1.35 
 
 Oxide of iron . . . .1.73 
 
 manganese. . . 0.32 
 
 Lime ...... 0.62 
 
 Magnesia ...... 0.33 
 
 Potash, combined with sulphuric 
 
 acid 0.33 
 
 Common salt . . 0.08 
 Sulphuric acid, combined with pot- 
 ash and lime . . . ^ . 1.70 
 Phosphoric acid, combined with 
 lime and magnesia . . . 0.39 
 
 TUEF TOOLS are the Racer or Rutter % 
 for cutting the edges of turf after it has 
 been laid, and for cutting the outlines of 
 the turves when first obtained. It is ? 
 thin, sharp-edged implement, somewhat 
 resembling a cheese- cutter, fixed to a 
 handle about four feet long. 
 
 * . .' <m 
 
 The Turfing Iron is for raising or 
 
 peeling off the turves from the soil. It 
 has an arrow-headed, flat blade, with an 
 angular handle. 
 
 A Turf or Daisy Rake consists of a 
 piece of thin plate iron cut into teeth, 
 with two slips of ash, or other tough, 
 wood, between which it is firmly riveted 
 to form a back, and keep it from bending. 
 When put together, the back is an inch 
 and a quarter thick. The wood is bevelled 
 
TUB 
 
 [802 
 
 TUR 
 
 or nothing half an inch above the inter- 
 stices of the teeth, at which point the 
 tion is slightly bent longitudinally, to 
 admit the thickness of wood underneath, 
 and give a proper inclination to the handle, 
 The instrument serves both as a grass 
 rake and a daisy rake, and has the advan- 
 
 tage over the daisy rakes in common use 
 of being easier cleaned, from the wide- 
 ness of the interstices between the teeth. 
 
 TU'RNERA. (Named after Dr. W. Turner, 
 author of the first English herbal. Nat. 
 ord., Turnerads [Turner ace fie]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.) 
 
 All yellow-flowered. Annuals and biennials, by 
 seeds in a hotbed in spring, and plants bloomed 
 in a greenhouse ; shrubs, by seeds, and also by 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring 
 and summer; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little 
 charcoal, Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; summer, Go 
 to 85. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 T. cistoi'des (cistus-like). ^. July. America. 1774. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guianan). 1. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 1. June. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). . August. Jamaica. 1796- 
 
 racemo'sa (racemed). 2. July. Siberia. 1/89. 
 
 ulmifo'Ha (elm-leaved). 3. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1733. Biennial. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 T. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 1. June. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 cuneifo'rmis (wedge-formed). 1. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1821. 
 
 rupe'stris (rock). 2. July. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 trioniflo'ra (trionum-flowered). 2. Brazil. 1812. 
 
 ulmi'tingtistifo'lia (narrow-elnx-leaved). 3. 
 
 June. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 TURNIPS. Bra'ssica ra'pa. 
 
 Varieties. For the first sowings: 
 Early White Dutch, Early Stone. 
 
 For the spring sowings: Common 
 Eound White, Large Round White, Large 
 Green-topped, Large Red-topped, Yellow 
 Dutch, Tankard, French, Small Round 
 French, Swedish, Moscow, or Narva. 
 
 Sowing may commence at the end of 
 February, a small portion on a warm 
 border, and some in a moderate hotbed 
 of the first two varieties mentioned. 
 These will be fit for use during April. 
 The sowing on a border to be repeated 
 in the beginning of March, and these 
 will produce throughout May. 
 
 These sowings are to be repeated in 
 ^mall proportions, at monthly intervals, 
 .n til the beginning of July, when the main 
 
 crop for the supply of the winter may bo 
 inserted ; and finally, small crops at the 
 commencement of August and September 
 for spring. 
 
 Mode. Sow broadcast, or in drills, 
 twelve inches apart, and very thin ; and 
 to enable the seed to be distributed re- 
 gularly, mix it well with sand before so\v- 
 ing. Each sowing should, if possible, 
 be performed in showery weather; if 
 otherwise, water at the time of insertion, 
 and three times a week afterwards. 
 
 Thin the plants when they have four 
 or five leaves about two inches in breadth 
 to at least twelve asunder from each 
 other. 
 
 Water must be given frequently and 
 plentifully, as on a regular supply of 
 moisture their goodness, in a great mea- 
 sure, depends. 
 
 In November or December, before the 
 setting-in of frost, some of the bulbs 
 must be taken up, and, the tops and 
 roots being removed, preserved under 
 shelter in sand. The young tops are 
 much in request during spring; they 
 must be gathered when very young, other- 
 wise they are strong-flavoured and bit- 
 terish. 
 
 To obtain Seed, some of the most per- 
 fect roots of those which will withstand 
 the winter may remain where grown ; or 
 they may be transplanted in November 
 or February ; of the two earliest varieties, 
 sown on a border early in March, some 
 of the bulbs being allowed to remain will 
 produce seed the same autumn. 
 
 Manures. The best manure for tur- 
 nips is stable-dung; and next in their 
 order, guano, super-phosphate of lime, 
 soot, and salt. 
 
 For the injuries to which the turnip is 
 liable, see ATHALIA, AMBURY, and BLACK 
 FI.Y. 
 
 Turnip Cabbage ( Bra'ssica na'po-bra's- 
 sica), and Turnip-rooted Cabbage (B. 
 can lo-ra'pa). See KNOHL-KOHL. 
 
 TURNIP-FLY. See BLACK FLEA. 
 
 TURNSOLE. Heliotro! pium. 
 
 TURPENTINE. Si'lphium terebintha'ceum. 
 
 TURPENTINE-MOTH. See TORTEIX EE- 
 SINELLA. 
 
 TURR^'A. (Named after G. Turra, pro- 
 fessor of botany at Tadua. Nat. ord., 
 Meliads [Meliaceasj. Linn., \Q-Monadel- 
 phia 6-Decandria. Allied to Melia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, 
 
TUS 
 
 C 803 ] 
 
 ULM 
 
 in a kotbeot; fibry, sandy loam and vegetable 
 mould. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, Co 
 to 85. 
 
 T. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White. 
 Tilay. Sierra Leone. 
 
 loba'ta (lobed-leaved). White. July. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1843. 
 
 pinna' ta (leafieted). 15. Pale rose. March. 
 
 Sylhet. 1828. 
 
 TTJSSILA'GO, Coltsfoot. (From tussis, a 
 cough ; used to allay coughs. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracete]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 genesia 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots, which are mostly inclined to .spread freely. 
 The flowery of many of the sorts, especially o 
 fra'grans, 'are grateful from their scent, and, if 
 kepv <n pots, are interesting in a greenhouse ij 
 the early mcnthr of the year ; they generally do 
 best in a strong, loamy soil, moderately rich. 
 T. a' Ma (white. Butter Bur), 1. White, March. 
 Europe. 16S3. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). . Lilac, purple. April. 
 
 Austria. 1710. 
 
 di'scolor (two-coloured;. . Lilac, purple 
 
 April. Austria. 1633. 
 
 Fa'rfarafo'liis variegu'tis(common-va.iiega.te<l- 
 
 leaved. Favfara.) &. Yellow. March. 
 Britain. 
 
 fra'grans (sweet-scented), 1, White. February. 
 
 Italy. 1806. 
 
 fri'gida (cold). . Pale. May. Lapland. 1710. 
 
 leevigu'ta (smooth). .}. Yellow, May. Bohemia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy). 1. White. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1713. 
 
 palma'ta(hznd-leaved). $. White. April. La- 
 
 brador. 1/7S. 
 purpu'rea (purple). Purple, July e Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1825. 
 sagitta'ta (arrow- leaved). J. White. April. 
 
 N, Amer. 
 
 TWEE'DIA. (Named after Mr. Tweedie, 
 a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Asckpiads 
 [Asclepiadaceffij. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2- 
 Digynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse twiners. Seeds in a slight hotbed 
 in spring ; cuttings of young shoots, getting firm 
 at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April 
 or May; sandy, fibry loam, with a little peat and 
 leaf -mould; require the protection of a cool 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 T, caeru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Pink. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 
 versi 1 color (changeable-coloured). 3. Blue, 
 
 July. Tucumania. 1836. 
 
 TYLO'PHOEA. (From tylos, a swelling, 
 and phoreo, to bear, the swollen pollen 
 masses. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- 
 dacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %.Digynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, Cuttings of 
 either old or young- shoots in very sandy *oam, 
 and brick and old lime-rubbish, in spring, though 
 any time will do ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, and 
 a little old, dried cpw-dung. Winter temp., 40 
 to 45, and dry; summer, 60 to 85, and moist. 
 T. barba'la (beaded), 10, July, N, S, Wales. 
 182*. 
 
 T, exUlis (slender). 10. Pale purple. July. Sylhet, 
 1823. 
 
 grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 10. July. N. S. 
 
 Wales, 1S22. 
 
 TYTO'NIA. The Water Balsam* -(In 
 honour of A. Tyton, a patron of botany. 
 Nat. ord., Balsams [Balsaminacese] . Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 This genus is now called Hydrocera* Stove 
 aquatic. Seeds sown in spring in a good hotbed, 
 and grown in strong, loamy soil, with the pot 
 immersed in water in a tub, and receiving the 
 high temperature of a plant-stove from 65 to 90. 
 T. na'tans (swimming). VajriouSj August, E. 
 Ind. 1810. 
 
 U. 
 
 ULCEE. See CANKER. 
 
 U'LEX. Furze. (From the Celtic ac, 
 a point ; the prickly branches. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 16- 
 Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Seeds in 
 spring; deep, light soil, though not very par- 
 ticular. The gorse, whin, or furze is valuable, 
 not only for its great beauty, but as constituting 
 a valuable fodder and fence-plant. The Double- 
 blossomed Furze is very beautiful, and worthy of 
 a place in small gardens, and is propagated by 
 cuttings in spring and autumn, in a shady, sandy 
 border, or under hand-glasses. The Upright or 
 Irish Furze is propagated in a similar manner, 
 and is also valuable for fodder ; but it seldom 
 flowers, and when it does has generally only a 
 few flowers on a plant. We are not aware that it 
 has been raised true from seed, and therefore it is 
 supposed to be not a species, but a variety of 
 Europafa or na'na. See HEDGE. 
 U. Europas'a (European. Common). 6. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 flo 1 re-pie 1 no (double-flowered). 6. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. August. Britain. 
 
 Provincia'lis, (Provence). 4. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1823. 
 
 stri'cta (erect. Irish). 10. October. Ireland, 
 
 ULLO'A. See JUANULLO'A. 
 
 U'LMUS. The Elm. (From the Celtic 
 name, ulm, Nat. ord., Elmioorts [Ulnia- 
 cesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria Z-Digynia.} 
 
 Nearly all hardy ; all deciduous, and brown- 
 flowered, blooming in April. Campe'stris and 
 its allies, by suckera and layers, and by grafting 
 on the monta'na. The latter is also propagated, 
 not by suckers, but by layers, which root freely ; 
 but chiefly by seeds, which should be gatherer! .n 
 June as soon aS'.ripe, and sown in light, mellow 
 soil ; or dried, and put in bags until the following 
 March or April. Deep, dry, sandy loam suits all 
 the species and varieties, and produces the most 
 valuable timber. 
 U. ala'ta (winged). 30. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 a'lba (white. Hungarian). 30. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 America! no. (white, American). 40. N. Amer. 
 a'lba (while-branched). 40. N. Amer. 
 
 fo'tiis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). N. Amer. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 rvtbra (red-branched), 40, N. Amer. 1824. 
 
UMB 
 
 [804] 
 
 UBI 
 
 U. campe'stris (English-field). 80. Britain. 
 
 acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 80. Britain. 
 
 a'lba (white). 80. Britain. 
 
 betulaefo'lia (birch-leaved). Britain. 
 
 Chinefnsis (Chinese). China. 
 
 concavafo'lia (concave-leaved). Britain. 
 
 Cornubie'nsis (Cornish). 8. Britain. 
 
 cuculla'ta (hooded-leaved). 
 
 fo' ' liis-au'reis (leaves golden-variegated). 
 
 Britain. 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (leaves variegated with 
 
 white). Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 80. Britain. 
 
 na'na (dwarf). 2. Britain. 
 
 . parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. Siberia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 planifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. 
 
 Sarnie'nsis (Jersey). 80. Britain. 
 
 stri'cta (upright). 80. Britain. 
 
 tortuo'sa (twisted). Britain. 
 
 vimina'lis (twiggv). 30. Britain. 
 
 vi'rens (green. Kidbrook). 80. Britain. 
 
 viscn'sa (clammy). Britain. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 80. Britain. 
 
 carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). Britain. 
 
 effu'sa (spreadmg-yZowered). Britain. 
 fruticn'sa (shrubby). 8. Europe. 
 fu'lva (deep yellow). 60. N. Amer. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 60. Britain. 
 
 glandulo'sa (glandulous-tewtfed). Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Britain. 
 
 ma! jor (greater). 80. Britain. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). Britain. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). Britain. 
 
 ramulo'sa (branching). Floetbeck. 
 
 variega'ta ( variegated- leaved), Britain. 
 
 vege'ta (vigorous). 80. Britain. 
 
 ^ vulga'ris (common). 60. Britain. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 40. E.Ind. 1822 
 
 ma' jor (greater). 40. Britain. 
 
 monta'na (mountain. Scotch or Wych"), 40. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 austra'lis (southern). 
 
 Cevenne'nsis (Cevennes). 
 
 ' cri'spa (curled-leaved). 20. N. Amcr. 
 fastigia'ta (pyramidal. Exeter). Exeter. 
 
 1826. 
 ma'jor (greater). Britain. 
 
 mi'nor (less). Britain. 
 
 ni'gra (black). 40. Ireland. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping). Britain. 
 
 rugo'sa (tough-leaned). 40. Britain. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 40. Britain. 
 
 subero'sa (cork-iar&ed). 40. Britain. 
 
 a'lba (white-barked). Britain. 
 
 angustifo'ha (narrow-leaved). Hertford. 
 
 ere'cta (upright). 80. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 80. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Hertford. 
 
 vulga'ris (common). 80. Holland. 
 
 UMBI'UCUS. (From umbilicus, the 
 navel; concave leaves of some species. 
 Nat. ord., Hwseleeks [Crassulacece]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria k-Pentagynia. Al- 
 lied to Sedum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous succulents. Seeds, divisions, 
 and cuttings of offsets ; sandy loam and peat. 
 They do best in the recesses of rock-work. 
 J7. ere'ctus (upright). Yellow. England. 
 
 horizoqta'lis (horizontal). Yellow. June. 
 
 Sicily. 1828. 
 
 Lieve'nii (Lieven's). Red. May. Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 4- Yellow. June. England, j 
 
 U. penduli'nus (drooping). Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 serra'tus (saw-edge-feauetf). Purple. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1732. 
 
 spino'sus (spiny). $. White. June. Siberia. 1790. 
 
 UMBRELLAWORT. Oxy'baphus. 
 
 UNCA'RIA. The following stove ever- 
 green climbers, with pale-red flowers, 
 should be added to Nauclea : 
 
 N. Ga'mbir (Gambier). 10. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 sessilifru'ctus (stalkless-fruited), 10. E.Ind. 
 
 1329. 
 
 UNDERGROUND ONION. See POTATO 
 ONION. 
 
 UNTRUE. See SPORTING. 
 
 UPAS-TREE. Antia'ris. 
 
 URA'NIA. (From ouranios, sublime; 
 the stateiiness of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 Musads [Musaceee], Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 \-Monogynia. ) 
 
 We have retained thia the old name; but it is 
 properly Ravena'la. Store herbaceous. Seeds 
 in a hotbed, in spring; suckers and divisions; 
 sandy, fibry loam, a little dried leaf-mould, and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 55 to 65; summer, 65 
 to 90, and a moist atmosphere. 
 U. specio'sa (showy). 20. Red. Madagascar. 
 
 URA'RIA. (From oura, a tail; the 
 bractes. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., I7-Diadelphia 4- 
 Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; 
 and cuttings of side-shoots in May, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 55 to 65; summer, 65 to 85. 
 U. alopecuroi'des (foxtail-like). White. July. 
 E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 como'sa (tufted). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 crini'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. July. E.Ind. 
 
 hamo'su (hooked). White. June. E. Ind. 182/. 
 
 lagoce'phala (hare-headed). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 lagopodioi'des (hare's-foot-like). l. Purple. 
 
 July. China. 1/90. 
 
 lago'pus (hare's-foot). 7. Purple. June, 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 pi'cta (painted-leaoed). 3. Purple. July. 
 Guinea. 1/88. 
 
 URCEOT.I'NA. (From urceolus, a small 
 cup, or pitcher ; from the smallness of 
 the cup, or nectary, inside the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceoe]. 
 Linn., G-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Clinanthus.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulb, growing in shady woods, and 
 flowering from June to November, and requires 
 perfect rest in winter. Offset-bulbs ; rich, fibry 
 oam ; the protection of a cold pit, and kept dry 
 n winter. 
 
 U. pe'ndula (hanging-down). Yellow. Green. 
 June. Peru. 183/. 
 
 UREDO. See BARBERRY and MILDEW. 
 
 URINE. (See DUNG.) The urine of 
 all animals is excellent as a manure ; but 
 it must be given only to plants whilst 
 
URO 
 
 C805] 
 
 VAC 
 
 growing, and in a diluted state. One of 
 the most fertilizing of liquid-manures is 
 composed of cabbage-leaves, and other 
 vegetable refuse, putrefied in the urine 
 from a house or stable, and diluted with 
 three times its quantity of water when 
 applied. If mixed with bleaching powder 
 (chloride of lime), there will be no offen- 
 sive smell. Gypsum mixed with urine, 
 or a littlo oil of vitriol poured into it, 
 adds to its utility as a manure. Sulphate 
 of iron, in the proportion of seven pounds 
 to every hundred of urine, prevents the 
 escape of ammonia during putrefaction. 
 UEOPE'TALON. (From oura, a tail, and 
 petalon, a petal ; the petals are lengthened 
 out into tail-like appendages. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacere]. Linn., 6-Hexan- 
 dria }.-Monogynia. Alliance near Albuca.) 
 
 Offsets in spring ; sandy, light loam and leaf- 
 mould. Must be kept dry in winter, either by 
 protecting them in a border, or placing them in a 
 cold pit ; perhaps best by potting them, and keep- 
 ing them in a pit or greenhouse, and dry, until 
 growth has fairly commenced. 
 U.fu'lvum (tawny). 3 Green, red. July. Moga- 
 dore. 1808. 
 
 longifo'liv.m (long-leaved). 2. Purple, blue. 
 
 August. Mozambique. 1825. 
 
 eero'tinum (lute-flowering), g. Green, red. 
 
 July. Spain. 1629. 
 
 UVA 'EIA. ( From uva, a cluster of grapes ; 
 the resemblance of the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Anonads [Anonacese]. Linn., 13-Pofy- 
 andria Q-Polyyynia.} 
 
 .Stove evergreens, brown-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of firm side-shoots 
 in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy 
 ioam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55 to ^0; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 U. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 6. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 aroma' tica (aromatic). 6. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 escule'nta (eatable). 10. Madras. 1818. 
 fascicula'ta (bundled). E. Ind. 1823. 
 fusca'ta (brown). 5. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Ga'rtneri (Gsertners'). 6. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purple. E. Ind. 
 
 1833. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Bengal. 1820. 
 
 lu'cida (shining). Africa. 1825. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 6. Greenish-yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Na'rum (Naru^a). 10. Malabar. 
 
 nitidi'ssima (most-shining). Blue. Caledonia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented). E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 tomento'sa (woolly). 6. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 veluti'na (velvety). 6. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 20. Scarlet. Ceylon. 1794* 
 
 UVTTLA'EIA. (Formerly used in diseases 
 of the uvula. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me- 
 lanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hcxandria \-Mono- 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials ; 
 
 yellow-flowered, except grandiflo'ra. Division of 
 the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam. 
 U.fln'va (yellow). $. May. 1810. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple. May. 
 
 1802. 
 
 lanceola'ta (spear-team*). 1. July. 1710. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). . May. 1810. 
 
 pube'rula (downy). . May. 1824. 
 
 sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). . June. 1/90. 
 
 V. 
 
 VACCI'NIUM. Whortleberry. (The 
 derivation is doubtful, perhaps from 
 Sacra, a berry. Nat. ord., Cranberries 
 [Vacciniacese], Linn., 8-Octandria 1- 
 Monogynia.) 
 
 Seeds in autumn ; cuttings under a hand-light 
 in summer ; suckers ; divisions ; rooting stems 
 from trailing along the ground ; very sandy loam ; 
 if a portion of peat all the better. All hardy ex- 
 cept Caracasa'num, leuco'stomum, meridiona' le f 
 and Rolliso'ni, and all deciduous, and natives of 
 North America, unless otherwise mentioned. 
 V.albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. May. 
 1833. 
 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yel- 
 
 low. May. 1776. 
 
 arbo'reum (tree). White, red. 1765. 
 
 buxifo'lium (box-leaved). 1. White. May. 
 
 Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. White, red. May. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Caracasa'num (Caraccas). 6. White. July. 
 
 Caraccas. 1825, Stove evergreen. 
 
 caspito'sum (turfy). *. White. May. 1823. 
 
 corymbo'sum (corymbed). 7. White. May.' 1765. 
 angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), 3. White* 
 
 17b'7. 
 fusca'tum (browned). 2. White, pink* 
 
 June. 1770. 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 3. White, red. 
 
 April. 1767. 
 
 crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 1787. 
 
 dumo'sum (bushy). 3. White. May. 1774. 
 hu'mile (humble). 2. White. May. 1774. 
 
 elonga'tum (elongated). 2. White. July. 1812. 
 
 erythri'num (reA-twigged). 1$. Scarlet. Java. 
 
 1852. 
 
 frondo'sum (leafy). 3. White, green. May. 1761. 
 venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Pink. June. 
 
 1770. 
 
 gale'zans (gale-leaved). 2. White. May. 1806. 
 
 gla'brum (smooth). 2. Pink. July. 1812. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 July. 1812. 
 
 humifu'sum (trailing). $. White. 1827* 
 
 leuco'stomum (white-lipped). 2. Scarlet, white. 
 
 Peru. 1847. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 ligustri'num (privet-/eaed). 3. Purple. May. 
 
 meridiona'le (meridional). 2. Red, white. 
 
 April. Jamaica. 1778. Stove evergreen. 
 
 minutiflo'rum (small-flowered), 2. White. 1812. 
 
 myrsini'tes(mjraioe-leaved). 1^. Purple. May. 
 lanceola'tum (spear.Jeawed). 1$. Purple. 
 
 May. 
 _. obtu'sum (blunt). 1$. Purple. May. 
 
 myrh/o'tfwm (myrtle-leaved). 1. White. June. 
 
 1812. 
 
 myrtilloi'des (myrtiUus-like). Id- Pink. June. 
 
 myrti'llus (myrtle; Bilberry). 1$. Pink. 
 
 May. Britain. 
 
VAL 
 
 [ 800 ] 
 
 VAN 
 
 V. myrti'llus a'llis-ba'ccls (white-berried). Green. 
 May. Britain. 
 
 ni'tiduml glossy). Ij. Pink. May. 1/94. 
 
 . decu'mbens (lying-down), f. Pink. May. 
 
 1794. 
 
 ova'tum (e^-leaned'). 2. Pink. May. N. W. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 padifo'lium (hird-cherry-leaved). Pale green. 
 
 July. Madeira. 17/7. 
 
 pa'llidum (pale). 2. White. May. 1774- 
 
 Pennsylva'nicum(PKnnsylva.main'). 1$. White, 
 
 blue. June. 1/72. 
 
 resino'sum (resinous). 4. Purple, green. May. 
 
 1/82. 
 _. lute'scens (yellowish). 2. Reddish-yellow. 
 
 June. 1804. 
 rutte'scens (ruddy). 3. Yellow, green. 
 
 May. 1773. 
 
 JtnlllsQ'ni (Rollison's). 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Java Mountains. 1851. Greenhou-e. 
 
 stami'neum (tow^-stamened). 2. White. Alay. 
 
 a'lbum (white-lowered). 2. White. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 uligino'sum (bog. Bleaberry}. 2. Flesh. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 vi'tit idaSa (cowberry). . Pink. May. Britain. 
 
 VALERIA'NA. Valerian. (Named after 
 Valerius, who first used it in medicine. 
 Nat. ord., Valerlanworts [Valerianacese]. 
 Linn., Z-Triandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the 
 root in spring, and seeds ; common garden-soil ; 
 the tenderer sorts should have a dry place. 
 V. alliarieefo'lia (alliaria-leaved). 1$. Red. June. 
 Caucasus. 18-26. 
 
 asarifo'tia (asamm-leaved). 1. Red. June. 
 
 Crete. 1824. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). &. Red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Ce'ltica (Celtic). 1. White. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1/84. 
 
 dioi'ca (dioecious). 1. Flesh, June. Britnin. 
 
 elonga'ta (lengthened). . Yellow. June. 
 
 Austria. 1812. 
 
 globulariafo'lia. (globularia - leaved). Red . 
 
 June. Pyrenees. . 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). 1. White. June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. Light red. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1/48. 
 
 na'pus (turnip-roofed). White. Mexico. 1839 
 
 offieina'lis (shop% 3. Flesh. June. Britain. 
 
 phu 1 (phu). 3. White. August. Germany. 159; 
 
 Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 3. Pink. August. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 saliu'nca (lavender). 1 . Red, June. France 
 
 1824. 
 
 tarribucifo' lia (elder-leaved). 3. White. July 
 
 Germany. 1819. 
 
 saxa> 'tills (rock). J. White. July. Austria. 1740 
 
 sisymbriifo'lia (sisymbrium-leaved). 1. Red. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 supVna (flat-lying). . White, red. July 
 
 Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 tri'pt eris (three-winged). 1. White. May 
 
 Switzerland. 1/52. 
 
 tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 1 . Light, red 
 
 June. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 TALERIANE'LLA. Lamb's Lettuce. (A 
 diminutive of Valerian. Nat. ord. 
 Valcrianworts [Valerianacesej. Linn. 
 3-Trjandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in 
 pring. See COKN SALAD. 
 
 f. conge'sta (crowdsd-^oifcred). 1. Red. July. 
 Columbia. 1826. 
 
 echina'ta (pr\ck\y -capsuled), 1. Pink. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1807. 
 
 olito'ria (salad). $. Blue. April. Britain. 
 
 VALLA'RIS. (From vallo, to inclose; 
 used for fences in Java. Nat. ord., Dog- 
 banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- 
 dria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of short, firm, 
 stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, 
 n heat, in May; sandy, fibry loam, and fihry 
 j.-at. Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 63 to 83. 
 V. pergulu'na (trellis). 10. White. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 VAIJ/E'SIA. (Named after F. Vulie.;l>, 
 physician to Philip II. of Spain. Ntvt. 
 ord., Dofjbanes [Apocynacese].' Linn., 0- 
 Peiitandrin l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a hell- 
 glass in heat ; san<iy loam and fibry peat. \V in- 
 ter temp., 55 t> 60 ; summer, 00 to 85. 
 V. annlnfo'lia (boat-leaved). 4. June. Mexico. 
 199*. 
 
 dicho'toma (forked). 8. May. Peru. 1822. 
 
 VALLISNE'RIA. ( Named after A. Vallis- 
 neri, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Hydrocharads [Hydrochaidraceae]. Linn., 
 22-Dicecia 2 JJhtiidria.) 
 
 A floating, fresh-water perennial, whose flowers 
 live under water, except just at the time of im- 
 pregnation. Division; rich loam, in a good -sized 
 pot, plunged deep in a tub or cistern of water. 
 Winter temp., 45 to 50 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 V. spira'lis (spiral). Brown. July. South Europe. 
 1818. 
 
 VALLO'TA. (Named after P. Valht, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Amanjiiids 
 [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.) 
 
 With the exception of Dr. Herbert, no sys- 
 tematic botanist has pointed out the real affinity 
 of Vallota. A cross-seedling, by its pollen, has 
 been obtained by Mr. Beaton from Cyrta'nthus 
 cbli'quus, which no one could distinguish from a 
 Vallota of the same age. It has not yet flowered. 
 Greenhouse, scarlet- flowered bulbs, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, 
 and leaf- mould. Winter temp., 40 to 45, and 
 dry ; summer, 60 to 75. 
 V. purpu'rea (purple). 1 J. May. 1774. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). May. 1774. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 1. May. 1774. 
 
 VA'NDA. (The Sanscrit name of the 
 first-found species. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., ZQ-Gynandria l- 
 Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets, See Oscmns, 
 
 V. Batema'nnii (Mr. Bateman's). 3. Crimson, 
 
 yellow. June. Moluccas. 1845. 
 
 ceeru'lea (fight blue). Sylhet. 
 
 crista'ta (crested). 1, Green, purple. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1818. 
 
VAN 
 
 [ 807 ] 
 
 VEN 
 
 V. crue'nta (bloody). 2. Bed. August. China. 
 
 1819. 
 Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). Brown, yellow. July. 
 
 Philippines. 1837. 
 ftt'rva (dusky). Brown, white. December. 
 
 China. 1844. 
 ~fv?sco-m'ridis (brown - and - green). Brown, 
 
 greenish-yellow. September. 
 
 insi'gnis (showy). 2. Crimson, brown, white. 
 
 February. Java. 1848. 
 
 lamella'ta (layered). Pale. August. Manilla. 
 
 1837. 
 
 ~>Lo'wci (Lowe's). Yellow, brown. February. 
 Borneo. 1846. 
 
 peduncula'ris (long- flower -stalked). July. 
 
 Ceylon. J840. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii ( Roxburgh's). lj. White, purple. 
 
 July. China, 1810. 
 
 _ ,. tessella'ta (chequered). 1. White, purple. 
 
 July. China. 1816. 
 wm'coJor (one-coloured). 5. Brown. 
 
 nta'vis (sweet-scented). White, brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. Java. 1847. 
 
 te'res (cylindric-teaed). 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 March. Sylhet. 1829. 
 
 viola' cen (violet-lipped). White, violet. May. 
 
 Manilla. 1839. 
 
 VANDE'LLIA. (Namedafteri. Vandelli, 
 a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Fiy worts 
 [Scrophulariaceaej. Linn., ll-Didynamia 
 %-Anyiospermia. Allied to Torenia.) 
 
 Tender annuals. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; 
 plants pricked off, and bloomed chiefly in the 
 greenhouse, in light, rich soil. 
 V, crusta'cea (shelly). Blue. June. India. 1816. 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading). 1. White. July. Santa 
 
 Cruz. 1824. 
 -rhirsu'ta (hairy). Blue. June. India. 1823. 
 
 Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Purple. July. 
 
 Coromandel. 1818. 
 
 VANGUE'RIA. ( Voa-vanguer, the name 
 of edu'lis in Madagascar. Nat. ord., 
 Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to 
 Ouettardia.) 
 
 It produces a good dessert fruit. ' Stove ever- 
 green. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 V. edu'lis (eatable). 10. White. Madagascar. 1809. 
 
 VANI'LLA. (A diminutive of vaina, the 
 Spanish for sheath ; shape of seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 
 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks ; white-flowered, 
 where not otherwise specified. (See ORCHIDS.) 
 The Vanilla of commerce is, or should be, the 
 dried fruit of V. planifu'lia. 
 V. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). Caraccas. 1841. 
 
 Africa/no. (African). Sierra Leone. 1843. 
 
 aroma! tica (aromatic). 10. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1739. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). Dull red. Guiana. 
 
 etaui'cttZa7a(tendrilled). Cuba. 1839. 
 
 planifo'lia (smooth-leaved). 10. May. W. 
 
 Ind. 1800. 
 
 Pompo'nu (Pompona). Mexico. 
 
 YAPOUREB MOTH. Oryyia, 
 
 VARIEGATED LAUREL. Au'cuba. 
 
 VASCO'A. This genus is incorporated 
 with Kafnia, and the following yellow- 
 flowered evergreens from the Cape of 
 Good Hope should be added to it : 
 R. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 4. July. 1816. 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 4, July. 1812. 
 
 VEGETABLE MANURES. See GREEN 
 MANURES, ASHES, and MANURES. 
 
 VE'LLA. Cress Eocket. (From velar, 
 the Celtic name of cress. Nat. ord., 
 Crucifcrs [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15- 
 Tetr adynamia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a shady 
 place, in summer; a dry, airy, warm situation, 
 such as in raised rock-work. North of London, 
 in exposed, damp places, it will require a little 
 protection in winter. 
 
 V, nseu'do-cy'tisus (bastard-cytisus). 3. Yellow. 
 April. Spain. 1759. 
 
 VELLE'JA. (Named after Major Telley, 
 who studied sea- weeds. Nat. ord., Goode- 
 niads [Goodeniacese]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria 
 \-Monoyynia. Allied to Euthales.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. Division ; sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 35 to 45. 
 V. lanceola'ta (spear-teaed). 1841. 
 
 lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). J. April. 1819. 
 
 parado'xa (paradoxical). July. 1824. 
 
 spathula'ta (*patulate). . April. 1825. 
 
 VELLO'ZIA. (Named after a Spanish 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemo- 
 doracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Barbacenia.) 
 
 The Vellozias are perennial Lilies, from two to 
 ten feet high, having trunks as large as a man's 
 body, branching, and having tufts of leaves on 
 the top like the Yucca. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 Division of the plant in spring; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40 to 50; summer, 
 60 to 80. 
 
 V. lanceola'ta (spear-teaced). Yellow. Swan. 
 Kiver. 1841. 
 
 VELTHEI'MIA. ( Named .after F.A. Vel- 
 theim, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 
 l-Monogynia. Allied to Tritoma.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, 
 with flesh-coloured flowers. Offsets from the 
 bulbs; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 35 
 to 45. 
 
 V. glau'cn (milky-green). 2. March, 1781. 
 -- rubesce'nti-purpu'rea (red-purple). I. 
 Red, purple. July. 1834. 
 
 interme'dia (intermediate). l. April. 1800. 
 
 viridifu'lia (green-leaved). 2. August. 1768. 
 
 VENTILATION. See GREENHOUSE. 
 VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Dion' a musci'pula. 
 VENUS'S HAIR. Adia'ntum capi'llus 
 Ve'neris. 
 
YEN 
 
 [ 808 ] 
 
 VER 
 
 LOOKING-GLASS. Sjpecula'ria 
 spe'culum. 
 
 VENUS'S NAVELWORT. Omphalo'des. 
 
 VENUS'S SUMACH. Shu's coti'nus. 
 
 VERA'TBUM. (From vere, truly, and 
 titer, black; colour of the roots. Nat. 
 ord., Melanths [MelanthacesB], Linn., 
 %3-Polygamia 1-Moncecia.) 
 
 The plants in this order are all poisonous. 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; deep, rich loam. 
 V. a'lbum (white). 5. White. July. Europe. 1543. 
 
 ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Green. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 /'#j<fttm (cold). 3. Black. June. Angan- 
 
 gulo. 1846. 
 
 Lobelia'num (Lobel's). White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 ni'grum (dark-flowered), 3. Dark purple. 
 
 June. Siberia. 1596. 
 
 parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. Green. 
 
 June. Carolina. 1809. 
 
 vi'ride (green-flowered"). 5. Green. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1742. 
 
 YERBA'SCUM. Mullein. (From larbas- 
 citm, bearded ; the bearded stamens. Nat. 
 ord., Figworts [Scrophulaiiacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.~) 
 
 All yellow-flowered where not otherwise men- 
 tioned. All freely by seeds ; perennials also by 
 division of the roots in spring. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 V. JEthio'picum (Ethiopian). May. Mount 
 Sinai. 1825. 
 
 alopecu'rus (foxtail). 3. July. France. 1820. 
 
 Austri'acum (Austrian). 5. July. Austria. 1818. 
 
 betoniceefoflium (betony-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Armenia. 1825. 
 
 chryse'rium (golden). June. Palestine. 182". 
 
 colli'num (hill). 3. July. Germany. 1820. 
 
 cu'preum (copper-coloured). 3. Brown. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1798. 
 
 fascicula'tum (clustered). May. Mount Sinai. 
 1826. 
 
 hyoserifo'lium (hyoseris-leaved). June. Levant. 
 
 1829. 
 
 lana'tum (woolly). 3. July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 ni'grum (black-roofed). 2. July. England. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 2. July. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 phasni'ceum (purple). 8. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1796. 
 
 plica'tum (plaited). July. Greece. 1816. 
 
 spino'sum (thorny). 1. Purple. July. Crete. 
 
 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 thapsoi'des (thapsos-like). July. Portugal.1819. 
 
 tri'ste (dark). 2. Yellow, red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1688. 
 
 undula'tum (waved).3.July.SouthEurope.l819. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 V. auricula'tum(evred-leaved). June. Levant. 1826. 
 
 Banna'ticum (Hungarian). July.Hungary. 1820. 
 
 bipinnati'fidum (doubly-leaflet-cut) . June. 
 
 Tauria. 1813. 
 
 Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaave's). 2. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1731. Annual. 
 
 candidi'ssima (whitest). 4. May. Naples. 1823. 
 
 ceratophy 1 'Hum (horn-leaved). June. Levant. 
 
 1829. 
 
 Chai'xii (Chair's). 3. July. France. 1821. 
 
 cuspida'tum (pointed). 4. May. Vienna. 1817. 
 
 V. densijlr,' rum (dense-flowered). January. Italy* 
 
 JS25. 
 formo'sum (handsome). 2. July. Russia. 1818. 
 
 gla'brum (smooth). 2. July. Europe. 1805. 
 
 gnaphtloi'des (gnaphalium-like). 2. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 gossypi'num (cottony). 4. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. July. Eu 
 
 rope. 1820. 
 
 hxmorrhoida'lc (blood-coloured). 2. White, 
 
 purple. July. Madeira. 1777' Greenhouse. 
 
 1'ndicum (Indian). July. Nepaul. 
 
 leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 3. ;July. 
 
 South France. 1825. 
 
 longifo'liitm (long-leaved). 3. July.Naples.1824* 
 
 lychni'tis (lychnitis). 3. July. Britain. 
 
 lyra'tum (lyre-leaved), 4. June. Spain. 1819. 
 
 macra'nthum (large-flowered). 3. July. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1820. 
 
 maja'le (hog). 3. July. Montpelier; 1817. 
 
 Monspessula'rium (Montpelier). June. South 
 
 France. 1824. 
 
 monta'num (mountain). 3. July. France. 18 19. 
 
 ni'veum (snowy). 3. May. Naples. 1823. 
 
 ova' turn (egg-/eaerf). 3. July. Spain. 1824. 
 
 pinnati'fidum (leaflet-cut). 1. July. Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1788. Greenhouse. 
 
 pulcerultSntum (powdered). 3. July. England. 
 
 pyramids' turn (pyramidal). 3. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1804. 
 
 repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 3. July.Europe.1813*. 
 
 rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 4. July. Italy. 
 
 1823. 
 
 rubigino'sum (rusty). 4. Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1817 
 
 rugulo'sum (wrinkled-leaved). June. South. 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 sinua'tum (indented-leaved'). 2. July. South 
 
 Europe. 15/0. 
 
 specta'bile (showy). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1820. 
 
 Steve'nii (Stevens'). 5. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 Tau'ricum (Taurian). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Tauria. 1839- 
 
 tha'psus (shepherd's-club). 6. July. 
 elonga'tum (lengthened). July. Europe. 
 
 1813. 
 
 versiflo'rum (inverted-flowered). 3. Purple. 
 
 July. Bohemia. 1823. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 5. August. Britain. 
 VERBE'NA. Vervain. (From the Celtic 
 
 Ferfain. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbeua- 
 cese]. Linn., ]k-Didynam.ia %-Angiosper- 
 mia.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in a slight hot- 
 bed in March, or in the open air in April ; peren- 
 nials, by division, layers, and cuttings; tender 
 kinds, chiefly by cuttings, unless when seed is 
 employed to obtain new varieties. These varie- 
 ties are struck generally in spring and autumn for 
 blooming in pots, but chiefly lor decorating the 
 flower-garden beds. A rich, sandy loam suit& 
 them best. The points of the shoots in spring 
 strike best in a little peat. In autumn they can 
 scarcely be kept too cool. The smallest piece- 
 will form a better plant than a larger piece. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 V. ala'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Rosy. August. 
 
 Monte Video. 1828. 
 
 amce'na (pleasing). 1. Pinkish-purple. July. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Arrania'na (Lady Arran's). lj. Purple. Au- 
 
 gust. 1836. 
 
 6ar4a'ta(bearded).l .Pink.August.Mexico.lSS6. 
 
VEE 
 
 [ 809 
 
 VEE 
 
 V. eftarorfn/b7ia.(gennander-Ieaved). 1. Scarlet. 
 August. Buenos Ayres. 1827. 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading). 3..Blue..Iuly.N.Araer.l818. 
 
 /rtandM/o'sa (glanded). 2. Pale. July. 1832. 
 
 inci'sa (cut~leaved}. 2. Red. August. Pa- 
 
 nama. 1836. 
 
 pulche'lla (nwt). 1. Purple. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1827. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). . Lilac. July. Chili. 1832. 
 
 sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 1. Sulphur. 
 
 July. Chili. 1832. 
 
 teucrioi'des (germander-like). 2. Purplish. 
 
 July. Montevideo. 1837. 
 
 Tweedia'na (Tweedie's). 1. Scarlet. Au 
 
 gust. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 veno'sa (stam^-veined) . 2j. Rosy. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 V.Aubleftia (Aublet's). 1. Purple. August. 
 N. Amer. 177*. Biennial. 
 
 bracteo'sa (bracted). 1. Pink. July. Mex- 
 
 ico. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 cane'sccns (hoary). *. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 e'legans (elegant) . Blue. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Biennial* 
 
 lasiosta'chys (hairy-spiked). 2. Purple. July. 
 
 California. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 litora'lis (shore), 3. Grey. June. S. Amer. 1832. 
 
 multi'fida (much-cut). Blue. July. Peru. 1818. 
 
 pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 4. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1810. Biennial. 
 
 tri'Jtda (three-cleft). 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 V. Auble'tia Drummo'ndii (Drummond's Auble- 
 tia). l. Lilac. July. Texas. 
 
 Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 14. Purple. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1$. Pink. July. Carolina. 
 
 multi'fida a'lba (white).White.May.Chili.!839. 
 SaWm(Sabine's). $. Purplish. July. 
 
 Chili. 1834. 
 
 officina'le-veno'sa (veined-shop). Bluish. Au- 
 
 gust. Oxford. 1 837. 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 4. Red. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1820. 
 
 pulche'lla-coro'lla-u'lbida (beautiful - whitish- 
 
 corollaed). 1. Whitish. July. 1834. 
 
 rugo'sa (wrinkled-/ea<?d). 2. Violet. July. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1833. 
 
 sca'bra (scurfy), 4. Red. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 soro'ria (sister). 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 VERBENA (SWEET-SCENTED). Aloy'niu. 
 
 VERBESI'NA. (Altered from Verbena. 
 Nat ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 
 IQ-Syngenesia Z-Superflua.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, herbaceous per- 
 ennials, from Mexico. Seeds and divisions of the 
 root ; rich) sandy loam. 
 V. ala'ta (wing-*iaZfcfrf). 2. August. 1699. 
 
 atriplicifo'lia (orach-leaved). 3. July. 1823. 
 
 pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 3. August. 1826. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. July. 1825. 
 
 VERNO'NIA. (Named after W. Vernon, 
 a "botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Composites 
 [Asteracese]. Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1- 
 JEqualis.) 
 
 All purple-flowered where not otherwise men- 
 tioned. Hardy, by seeds and divisions ; tender, 
 by seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a hand- 
 light ; rich, sandy loam ; stove treatment. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, &C. 
 V. acutlfo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. December. S. 
 Amer. 
 
 anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). Lilac. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1770. Biennial. 
 
 arborc'scens (tree-like). 5. November. Jamaica. 
 
 1733. 
 
 a'spera (rough). White. June. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 axilleeflo'ra (axillary-flowered). l. Lilac. Sep 
 
 tember. Bahia. 
 
 centrifo'lia (sharp-leaved). September. Brazil. 
 
 1826. 
 
 eine'rea (grey). July. E. Ind. Biennial. 
 
 flexuo'sa (zigzag). l. September. Brazil. 1823. 
 frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. October. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 linea'ris (narrow-teamed). 1. October. S. Amer. 
 
 1825. Annual. 
 
 odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 4. October. 
 
 Caraccas. 1817. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 5. December. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 V. alti'ssima (tallest). 12. October. Ohio. 1820. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 glau'ca (milky-green). 4. July. N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 Noveborace'nsis (New York). 6. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1710. 
 
 oligophy'lla (few-leaved). September. N. Amer. 
 
 1710. 
 
 pandura'ta (fiddle-leaved}. 4. October. 1825. 
 - praeu'lta (very tall). 8. October. N. Amer. 1 732. 
 
 scabe'rrima (most scurfy). 4. October. N.Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 serratuloi'des (sawwort - like). September. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ie'res (cylindric-/eaed), July. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 VERO'NICA. Speedwell. (The meaning 
 is doubtful. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu- 
 lariacese] .lAnn.^-Diandnal-Monogynia. } 
 
 All blue-flowered where not otherwise named. 
 Annuals, seeds in March and April ; perennials, 
 chiefly by division in spring ; good garden-soil ; 
 shrubby, cuttings in spring or summer under a 
 bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp, for 
 greenhouse kinds, 38 to 45. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C. 
 V. Cre'tica (Cretan). *. May. Crete. 1819. 
 
 decussa'ta. (cross-leaved). 1. July. Falkland 
 
 Isles. 1776. Evergreen. 
 
 dianthifo'lia (pink-leaved). 4. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 . dPstans (distant). 1. April. N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 formo'sa (beautiful). 3. White. April. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1835. Evergreen. 
 
 zra'cilii (slender). 1. May. N. S. Wales. 1820. 
 
 labia'ta (lipped). 1. June. N.Holland. 1802. 
 
 Lindleya'na (Lindley's). White. Septe ber. 
 
 New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. 
 
 ni'vea (snowy). White. May. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1840. Evergreen. 
 
 parviflo'ra (small-flowered). !. May. New- 
 
 Zealand. 1822. Evejrgreen. 
 
 perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). I. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1815. 
 
 ple.be'ia (common). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 3. White. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. 
 
 specio'aa (showy). 2. Van Diwnen's Land. 
 
 1835. Evergreen. 
 
 HARD? ANNTJALS. 
 V. ceratoca'rpa (horn-fruited). March. <Jacasus, 
 
 1835. 
 
TEB 
 
 VEE 
 
 IF. di'dyma'ttwiTi-raluxed). All seasons. 
 
 1827. 
 poli'ta (polished). . March. Britain. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 
 ??, anngalloi'des (pimpernel-like). Calabria. 1836. 
 - Caroltm'a'mt(Carolina). I. June. Carolina. 1821. 
 ,parmula'ria (small-shielded). 1. Red. July. 
 Austria. 1824. 
 
 scutella'ta (saucer-leaved). 2. Flesh. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 IHARDY HERBACEOUS, &c. 
 
 V. 'dbrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Au- 
 gust. Siberia. 1830. 
 
 Geutijio'ra (acute-flowered). 1. Bed. May. 
 
 France. 1821. 
 
 Allio'nii (Allioni's). . May. South Europe. 
 
 1740. Evergreen. 
 
 alpi'na (alpine). J. May. Europe. 
 >~- heterophy 1 lla (variable-leaved). . May. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 ~ -~ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). $. May. Si- 
 lesia. 1814. 
 
 : obtusifo'lia( blunt-leaved), f. July. Scot- 
 land. 
 
 pu'mi7a(dwarf).&. August. Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 rotundifo'lia. (round-leaved). . May. Eu- 
 rope. 1816. 
 
 aphy'lld (leafless). . May. Italy. 1/75. 
 ~ urgu'ta (sharp-notched). 3. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1812. 
 
 austra'lis (southern), l$. August. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1812. 
 
 Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. July. Austria. 1748. 
 
 azu'rea (sky-blue). 3. May. 1821. 
 
 Baumgarte'nii (Don Bauragarten's). May. 
 
 Transylvania. 1826. 
 
 lellidioi'des (daisy-like). A. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1775. 
 
 IracTiypJiy'Ha (short-leaved). July. 1822. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short-leaved). I. May. 1822. 
 
 Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Pale red. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 181 6. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). . Pale red. June. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 chamce'drys (germander). . June. Britain. 
 
 /amn/o'ftttOamium-leavefl). August. 1825. 
 
 variegu'ta (variegated). . August. 
 
 (7ftt'sii(Clusius's). . August. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 complied' ta (compl\c&tc-leaved) . 2. September. 
 
 Europe. 1812. 
 
 crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2$. Violet. May. 
 
 Europe. 182<2. 
 
 crenula'ta (notch-flowered). 1J. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1S14. 
 
 crini'ta (hairy). 1. July. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 cri'spa (curled-tercved). 2. June. 
 
 denta'ta (tooth-leaned). l.TMay. Europe. 1818. 
 
 depuupera'ta (impoverished). . June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1823. 
 
 diosmcefo'lia (diosraa-leaved). Lilac. July. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1835. 
 
 ela'tior (taller). /. August. South Europe. 180S. 
 
 c'legans (elegant). 2. Pink, May. South France. 
 
 1822. 
 
 exalta'ta (lofty). 4. June. Siberia. 181 6. 
 filifo'rmis (thread- leaved). 5. May.Levant.1780. 
 
 folio'sa (leafy). 3. August. Hungary. 1805. 
 fruticulo'sa, (shrub-like-sia/Aed). .Flesh. July. 
 
 Scotland. Evergreen. 
 
 Gentianifo'iui (Gentian-leaved). lj. May. Le- 
 
 vant. 1/48. 
 
 Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 2. Violet. June. 
 
 Levant. 1/48. 
 
 gla'brw 'smooth.). 4. August. South Europe. 
 
 V. gla'bra o.'lba (white). 4. White. August. 
 
 gra'ndis (grand). l. White. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1826. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 1. June. England. 
 
 tnca'na (lioary). 2. May. Russia. 1759. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1739. 
 
 Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). 1. May. Austria. 1748. 
 
 lucinia'ta (jugged-leaved). 2. July.Siberia. 1/80. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White, blue. May. 
 
 Austria. 1748. 
 
 leuea'nthti (white-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1817. 
 
 Knaritefo'lia (linaria-leaved). August. Siberia. 
 
 1322. 
 
 longibractea'ta (long-bracted). 1. May. 1817. 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1^. July. 1818. 
 
 longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Lilac. June. 1824. 
 
 long'fo'iia (long-leaved). 3. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1?31. 
 
 abbrema'ta (shortened). May. 1823. 
 
 a'lha (white). 3. White. August. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Crimea. 
 
 1821. 
 
 mari'tima (marine). 2. August. Sweden. 1570. 
 variegu'ta (variegated-teaped). l. July. 
 
 me'dia (mediate). 3. August. Germany. 1804. 
 
 melimctt'tica (melancholy). 1. June." 1820. 
 
 metisseffit'iia (balm-leaved). 1. May. 1826. 
 
 menthafu'lia (mint-leaved). I.August. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1823. 
 
 jtfey'eri (Meyer's). July. Dahuria. 1837. 
 
 Michaii'xii (Michaux's). l.-Jaly. 1834. 
 
 wicra'nthu (small-flowered). 14. White. May. 
 
 Portugal. IS JO. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). . June. Hungary. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Mulleria'na (Muller's). 1. June. Syria. 1825. 
 
 multi'fida (much-cut). . June. Siberia. 1748. 
 
 negh'ctu (neglected). l. July. Siberia. 1797. 
 
 widens (shining). 2. July. Europe. 1817. 
 falca'ta (sickle- leaved). June. 1820, 
 
 ni'tida (clear). 2. July. Europe. 1817. 
 
 nummulu'ria (money worWeawed). . June. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 officina'lls (shop). $. June. Britain. 
 
 orcfii'dea(ofcluS' flowered). l.Aucrust. Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 orient a 1 Us (eastern). . July. Levant. 1743. 
 
 pa'llida (pale). 1. May. Tatiria. 1 821. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 1^. June. Russia. 
 
 1797. 
 
 pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. May. Italy. 1819. 
 
 peduncvla'iis (long- flower-stalked). 1. March. 
 
 Caucasus. 1826. 
 persicifoWa (peach-leaved). 2. August. 1523. 
 
 petrcs'a (rock). 1. May. Caucasus. 1521. 
 
 pilu'sa (shaggy). 1^. July, Bohemia. 1S19. 
 
 jMitM'/a (leaEeted). 1. Blay. Siberia. 17/6- 
 
 pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 1. June. 1817- 
 
 plica'ta (plaited), 2. June. Bohemia. 1817- 
 
 polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. July. 1817- 
 
 Po'nee (Pona's) ^. September. Pyrenees. 1622. 
 
 preeu'lta (very high). 4. August. 1817. 
 
 pree'cox (early). . June. South Europe. 1775. 
 
 prostra'ta (trailing). 1. May.. Germany. 1774. 
 satureieefo'liet (savory-leaved). 1. July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). White. September. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1829. 
 
 Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. April. Russia, 1821. 
 
 suxa'tilis (rock) ^. June. Scotland. 
 
 Sckmi'ittii (Schmidt's). I.June. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 (serpyllium-leaved). ^. May. 
 Britain. 
 
YER 
 
 [ 811 ] 
 
 VIB 
 
 V.serpyUifo'liahumifu'sa (low -spreading). 
 May. Europe. 
 
 negle'cta (neglected), . May. Britain. 
 
 quaterna'ta (four-leaved), fc. May. Europe. 
 
 tenJlla (tender). . May. Europe. 
 
 seti'gera (bristled). $. May. Scotland. 
 
 Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. July. Dauria. 1775. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. August. England. 
 
 spu'ria (spurious). 2. August. Siberia. 1/31. 
 
 Ste7>AaMm'na(Stephan's;.l. June. Persia. 1S21. 
 
 stoloni'fera (runnered). June. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). 4. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 tene'lla (tender). . May. Prance. 1820. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved)4,June. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 teu'crium (germander-/eaed). 2. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1596. 
 
 Ticine'nsis (Ticin). August. Ticin. 1819. 
 
 Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). %. May. France. 
 
 1824. 
 
 trichoca'rpa (hairy-capsuled). . June. Levant. 
 
 1821. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 1$. August. South Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. White. July. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1714. 
 
 incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. 
 
 July. Virginia. 1/14. 
 
 Wormskio'ldii ( Wormskiold's). $. June. Green- 
 
 land, 1819. 
 
 VERTICO'RDIA. (Derivation not given. 
 Nat. ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamaelaucia- 
 ceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Monoffynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in April or May ; fi'nry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 38 to 4 5. 
 V. acero'sa-(chafiy-leaned'). Yellow. April. 1842. 
 
 Bro'wnii (Brown's). 1. White. April. 1826. 
 
 densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). White. June. 
 
 Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 1. White. April. 
 
 1826. 
 
 helia'nthus (sunflower). Fellow. May. 
 
 insi'gnis (showy). Pink. April. 1839. 
 
 penni'gera (feathery). Lilac. April. 1341. 
 
 seti'gera (bristly). Lilac. May. 
 
 VESICA'RIA. (From vesica, a bladder, or 
 blister; inflated seed-pods. Nat. ord., 
 Cruclfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Te- 
 iradynamia. Allied to Aubrietia.) 
 
 All yellow-flowered. Seeds, division, and cut- 
 tings of the young shoots under a hand-light ; 
 common soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 V. gra'cilis (slender). June. Texas. 1S34. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). July. Tex;is. 183.". 
 
 sinua'ia (indented-leaved), 1. May. Spain. 15Q6. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS* 
 V. a'rctica (arctic). . August. N. Amer. 182S. 
 
 areno'sa (sandy). . August. N. Amer. 1S-26. 
 
 Cre'tica (Cretan). $. July. Crete. 1/39. 
 
 Ludovicia'na (Ludovic's). June. Louisiana. 
 
 1825. Herbaceous. 
 
 reticula'ta (netted). 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 1/00. Herbaceous. 
 
 utriculalta (bladdered). I.May. Levant. 1730. 
 
 YE'STIA. (Named after 'Dr. Vest, a 
 German. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- 
 nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-J/o/io- 
 gynia>~ Allied to Cestrum.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 
 V. lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 3. Yellow. June* 
 Chili. 1815. 
 
 VETCH. Ti'cia. 
 
 VIBO'RGIA. (Named after E. Viborg, a 
 Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. ~Lmn.,]Q-Monadelphia 
 6-Decandria. Allied to Loddigesia.) 
 
 Greenhouse yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a glass, in May ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat. Winter teinp., 40 to 50. 
 V. obcorda'ta (reversed-egs-/eaerf). 2. July. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 3. July. 1810. 
 VIBU'RNUM. (From vieo, to tie; use of 
 
 flexible sboots. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Ca- 
 prifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentcwdria 3-2H- 
 gynia.) 
 
 White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds, which should lie a season m the rot-heap 
 before sowing ; by layers ; and freely, especially 
 the evergreens, by cuttings in autumn, in sandy 
 soil, in a shady border, where they may remain 
 two years. The tender kinds like a little peat or 
 leaf-mould, and greenhouse or stove treatment. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 V. mono'gynum (one-styled). Java. 
 
 ruiro'sum (rough). 4. May. Cananas. 1795. 
 
 tinoi'des ftinus-like). 4. S. Amer. 1820. Stove. 
 
 tomentn' 'sum (downy). 6. Japan. 
 
 villu'sum (shaggy). 6. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 V. Atcafu'ki (Awafuki). Japan. 1841. 
 
 cansinoi'des (cassine-like). 3 June. N. Amer. 
 
 Iceviga'tum (smoothed). 10. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1724. 
 
 Mulla'ha (Mullaha). Himalayas. 
 
 pygmx'a (pigmy). l. Himalayas. 1841. 
 
 Sine'nse (Chinese). China. 1841. 
 
 Unus (laurestine). 5. July. South Europe. 
 
 hi'rtum (hairy), 5. July. South Europe. 
 
 lu'cidum (shining). 10. August. Algiers. 
 
 lu'cidum variegu'tum (variegated). 10. 
 
 strJctum (erect). 6. August. South Eu- 
 
 ttri'ctum variega'tum (variegated). 6. 
 
 August. South Europe. 
 
 virga'tum (twiggy). 6. AugttSt. Italy, 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 V. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 4. June. N. 
 
 Am^r. 1736. 
 
 cotinifo'lium (cotinus-leaved). 10. June. Hi- 
 
 malaya. 1830. 
 
 Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 2. June. Pahuria. 
 
 denta'tum (tooth-leaved). S.June. N. Amer. 
 
 1763. 
 
 dilata'tum (swollen). 4. April. China. 1846. 
 
 edu'le (eatable-/r M tf ed) . 12. May. N.Amer.1812. 
 
 lantu'na (wayfaring-tree). 10. May. Britain. 
 fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved;. 10. 
 
 grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 10. June. 
 
 lantanui'des (lantana-like). 5. June. N. Amer. 
 
 8. July. Spain, l/ol. 
 .20.China.l844. 
 
VIO 
 
 [812 
 
 VIE 
 
 F. mo'lle (soft), 6. May. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining), 2. June. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 nu'dum (naked). 8. June. N. Amer. 1752. 
 squama'tum (scaly). 6. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 
 obova'tum (reversed-egg-Jeamf). 2, April. N f 
 
 Amer. 1812. 
 
 punicifo'lium (punica-leaved), 2. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. May. 
 
 China. 1818. 
 
 o'pulus (guelder-rose). 10. July. Britain. 
 fo'liis - variega'tis (variegated - lea\ ad). 
 
 June. 
 
 na'num (dwarf). A. 
 
 ste'rile (barren). July. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 10. May. Caucasus. 1827. 
 
 oxycdccus (cranberry-like). 12. June. N.Amer. 
 
 mo' His (soft). 10. July. N.Amer. 1841. 
 
 subintegrifo'Hum (nearly-entire-leaved). 
 
 10. July. Columbia. 
 
 plica'tum (plaited-feaved). 10. May. China. 
 
 1846. 
 
 prunifo'lium (plum-leaved). 8. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 pubfscens (downy). 3. June. N.Amer. 1736. 
 
 pyrifo'lium (pear-leaved). 6. June. N.Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 VI'CIA. Vetch. (From vincio, to bind ; 
 referring to the tendrils clasping. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 17-Diadelphia 4,-Decandria.) 
 
 Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise men- 
 tioned. Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds and di- 
 visions ; good garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 V. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. June. Algiers. 
 1815. 
 
 bie'nnis (biennial). 2. August. Siberia. 1753. 
 
 culcara'ta (spurred). 2. Red, blue. July. Bar- 
 
 bary. 1790. 
 
 gla'bra (smooth). 2. July. Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1818. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 14. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). !. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Cream. July. 
 
 Syria. 1818. 
 
 Nusqui'nez (Nusquinez). 1$. July. Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 2v"ar&o7ie'nsts(Narbonne). 3. July. Prance. 1590. 
 
 Nissolia'na (Nissole's). 3. July. Levant. 1773. 
 
 Panno'nica (Pannonian). l. White. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1636. 
 
 peregri'na (rambling), ij. July. South Europe. 
 1779- 
 
 pseu'do-cra'cca (bastard-cracca). 2. Yellow. 
 
 June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 puncta'ta (dotted). July. Switzerland. 181Q. 
 
 sati'va (cultivated. Tare). 3. May. Britain. 
 
 serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 3. June. Hungary. 
 
 1723. 
 
 stria'ta (channelled). 1J. July. Tauria. 1/23. 
 
 Syri'aca (Syrian), 2. June. Syria. 1816. 
 
 Thou'ini (Thouin's). 2. June. Europe. 1800. 
 
 trichoca'lyx (hairy-calyxed). White. June. 
 
 Sardinia. 1836. 
 
 triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. June. Germany. 1815. 
 
 HARDY HEEBACEOUS. 
 
 F. abbreviata (short-ftower-stalked). 2. Pale 
 blue. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 alti'ssima (tallest). 3. Pale blue. August. 
 
 Barbary. 1820. 
 
 V. Americatna. (American. Wood). 3, White, 
 June. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 amos'na (pleasing). 2. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Bythy'mca. (Bithynian). July. Britain. 
 
 Bioo'nii (Bivoni's). Rose. July. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 1, July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1802. 
 
 Carolinia'na (Carolina. Tufted). 2. White. 
 
 June. Carolina. 1820. 
 
 Cassu'bica (Cassubian). 3. Light blue, July. 
 
 Gennany. 1711. 
 
 cra'cca (cracca. Tufted). 2. July. Britain. 
 flo'ribw-a'lbus (white-flowered). 2. White. 
 
 July. 
 
 flo'ribus-ru'bria (red-flowered). 2. Red. 
 
 July. 
 
 denta'ta (toothed). 4. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 dumeto'rum (hedge). 3. July. France. 1752. 
 
 Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 2. July. South Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 teviga'ta (smooth -podded). l. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. England. 
 
 onoir#67a'oi'des(saintfoin-like). 1. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1/59. 
 
 pellu'cida (transparent). 1. July. Cape oi 
 
 Good Hope. 17/3. Greenhouse. 
 
 pere'nnis (everlasting). 3. June. South Europe. 
 
 pisifo'rmis (pea-shaped). 2. Cream. July. 
 
 Austria. 1739. 
 
 polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2, July. Algiers. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Pyrsna-ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 tenuifo'lin (slender- leaved). ]. July. Germany. 
 
 1799- 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 3. June. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 VICTO'RIA. (Named after Her Majesty 
 Queen Victoria. Nat. ord., Water-lilies 
 [Nymphseaceaa]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Alliance between Euryale 
 and Nymphcea.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous aquatic. Generally by seeds, 
 sown in strong peat, and planted out in a reservoir 
 of heated water as soon as germinated. From 
 the size of the leaves, the tank must be twenty- 
 five feet in diameter; and if the water is moved, 
 or is being constantly furnished with a fresh 
 supply, the plants will thrive all the better. At 
 Messrs. Weeks', in the King's Road, it has been 
 bloomed successfully in the open air in a tank, the 
 water of which was heated to 80 by hot-water 
 pipes. 
 
 V. re'gia (royal). Rosy- white. Autumn. River 
 Amazon. 1836. 
 
 VIEUSSEU'XIA. (Named after M. Vieus- 
 seux, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Irids 
 [IridaceaeJ. Linn., 3-Triandria 1 Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Ixia.) 
 
 Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, requiring 
 the same treatment as I'XIAS. 
 V. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Yellow. June. 
 1803. 
 
 fu'gax (transient). I. Purpie. June. 1825, 
 
 glauco'pis (grey-eyed). 1. Red, brown. June. 
 
 1776. 
 
 lu'rida (lurid). 1. Crimson. June. 1817. 
 
 pavoni'na (peacock). 1. Red, blue. May. 1790. 
 
 spira'lis (spiral). 1. White. May. 1824. 
 
 te'nuis (slender). 1. Purple. May. 1807. 
 
 tricu'spis (three-pointed), l. Green. May. 1776. 
 
 tripetaloi'des (three-petaled-like). 1. Violet. 
 
 June. 1802. 
 
VIG 
 
 [813 ] 
 
 VIO 
 
 V. unguicula'ris (soft-clawed). 1. Variegated. 
 
 June. 1802. 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 1. Purple. July. 1739. 
 
 VI'GNA. (Named after Z>. Ffyni, a 
 commentator on Theophrastus. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 
 17-Diadelphia A-Decandria. Allied to 
 Dolichos.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, climbing annuals. 
 Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, and afterwards 
 planted out in the beginning of May, or sown in 
 the end of April in sandy, light soil. 
 V. gla'bra (smooth). 4. July. N. Amer. 1685. 
 " villo'sa (shaggy). July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 VIGUIE'RA. (Named after L. G. A. 
 Viguier, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 gcnesia 3-Fntstrauea. Allied to the Sun- 
 flower.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. 
 Divisions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots 
 as fresh growth commences, in sandy soil, in a 
 hotbed, in March ; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 75. 
 V. dent a' t a (toothed). 3. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 helianthoi 1 des (sunflower-like). 3. July. Cuba. 
 
 1825. 
 
 prostra'ta (lying-flat). July. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 VILLA'KSIA. (Named after Villars, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianworts 
 [Gentianaceos]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogyniu.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, where not otherwise stated. 
 Divisions and seeds in spring. Most of them 
 must be treated as aquatics, either planted in pans 
 or tubs, or potted and set in large saucers, and 
 coaxed with stove or greenhouse treatment. The 
 hardiest like- the protection of the latter, though 
 they may stand frequently in the open air. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 V. gemina'ta (t\\\n-flower-stalked). June. N. 
 Holland. 1828. 
 
 sarmento'sa (twiggy). 1. June. N.Holland. 
 
 !06. 
 
 Si'msii (Sims'). July. Nepaul. 1792. 
 
 HERBACEOUS AQ.UATICS. 
 V. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. June. Chili. 1832. 
 
 I'ndicu (Indian). White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1/92. 
 
 lacuno'sa (pitted). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 nymphoi'des (water -lily -like). 2. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 ova'ta (egg'leaved). June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1786. 
 
 Parnassifo'lia (Parnassia-leaved). 2. August. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1825. 
 
 renifo'rmis (kidney-feared). 1. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 VJLITORI'NIA. (Named after M. Vll- 
 wion, a celebrated French nurseryman. 
 Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacecej. 
 Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Decandria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm water, 
 and sown in a hotbed in spring ; also cuttings of 
 half-ripeaed shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, iu 
 
 April, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrv 
 loam. Winter temp., 55 to 60; summer, 60 
 to 85. 
 
 V. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Purple. W. 
 Ind. 1826. 
 
 VIMINA'RIA. Rush Broom. (From 
 vimen, a twig ; the twiggy, leafless 
 branches. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynia. Allied to Daviesiaj 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in April; also by 
 seeds in a gentle hotbed ; loam and peat. Winter 
 temp., 40 to 45. 
 V. denuda'ta (stripped). 3. August. 1/80. 
 
 lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 3. July. 1824. 
 
 VI'NCA. Periwinkle. (From vineulum, 
 a band; the tough, long shoots. Nat. 
 ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Evergreens. Division of the plant in spring, 
 or cuttings of the shoots in a shady border, in 
 spring or autumn ; these make beautiful green 
 carpeting under trees, where scarcely anything 
 else would grow, and flourish in almost any soil. 
 Some require the stove. 
 
 V. herba'cea (herbaceous). 14. Purple. June. 
 Hungary. 1816. 
 
 ma'jor (greater). 2. Purple. August. England. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 2. Blue. July. 
 England. 
 
 mi'nor (lesser). 1. Blue. August. Britain. 
 
 pusi'lla (small-lowered). 4- Blue. August. 
 
 Tranquebar. 1778. Stove annual. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose-coloured. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1776. Stove. 
 
 - a'lba (white). 1. White. June. E. Ind. 
 Stove. 
 
 - ocdla'ta (red-eyed). 1. White, red. June. 
 
 E. Ind. Stove. 
 
 VINE. ( Vi'tisvini'fera).See GRAPEVINE. 
 
 VINE BOWER. Cle'matis vitice'lla. * 
 
 VINE LEEK. A Ilium ampelo'prasum. 
 
 VIO'LA. The Violet. (The Latin 
 name. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Violace]. 
 Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. 
 By seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell- 
 glass or hand-light; mostly in rich, light 80U, 
 with a portion of peat. 
 
 GREENHOUSE PERENNL^LS. 
 V. arbort'scens (tree- like). l. May. Spain. 1770. 
 
 bctonicasfti'lia (betony-leaved). . August. N. 
 
 Holland. 1820. 
 
 catspito'sa (tufted). *. Violet. March. Nepaul. 
 
 1825 
 
 decu'mbens (lying-down). *. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1819- 
 
 - hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). *. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1823 x 
 
 _ hu'milis (lo-wly). *. White. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Pakne'iai* (Palma). 1. Purple. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1836. 
 
 -pyfftrue'a (pigmy), i- August. Peru. 1822. 
 -rentfo'rmti (kidney -leaved), f July. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. 
 
TTO 
 
 P 8141 
 
 VTO 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 V. affi'nis (related). April. N. Amer. 1802. 
 
 Alleghanefnsis (Alleghany). J. May, N. Amer 
 
 1824. 
 * alpi'na (alpine). ^. Purple. June. Austria. 1823. 
 
 Alta'ica (Altaic). . Dark purple. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1808. 
 
 **'** purpu'rea (purple). . Purple. May. 
 Siberia. 1810. 
 
 ambi'gua (doubtful). . May. Hungary. 1823. 
 amos'na (pleasing). . Purple. June. Scotland. 
 
 artna'ria (sand). June. France. 1823. 
 
 asarifo-'lia (asarum-leaved). ?. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 a'spera (rough), 4. Pale yellow. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. 
 
 attenua'ta (attenuated). . White. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 Banna'tica (Hungarian). . Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Germany. 1820. Annual. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). . White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1818. Annual, 
 
 biflo'ra (two-flowered). . Yellow. June, 
 
 Alps, Europe. 1752. 
 
 bla'nda (charming). . White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1803. 
 
 calcara'ta (spurred). 4 May. Switzerland. 
 
 1752. 
 
 campe'stris (field). . Purple. April. Tauria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Canade'nsis (Canadian), . White. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1783. 
 
 dt'scolor (two .coloured). . Blue, white, 
 
 June. N. Amer. 1783. 
 
 cani'na (dog's). $. May. Britain. 
 
 Ceni'sia (Mount Genis). 4. June. Mount 
 
 Cenis. 1759. 
 
 clandesti'na (clandestine^. . Brown. April. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 1800. 
 
 colli'na (hill). }. May. Poland. 1822. 
 
 co'ncolor* (self-coloured). 1, Green. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1788. 
 
 cornu'ta (horned). . May. Pyrenees. 1776. 
 
 cuculla't a (hooded). . May. N.Ainer. 1762. 
 
 daclty/ot / fes(dactylis-like).i.May.Sibcria.l820. 
 
 rfc / 6ito ; (weAk). i. April. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 declina'ta (turned-aside). . June. Panno- 
 
 nia. 1818. 
 
 digita'la (finger-/<?ad). 4. June, Virginia. 
 
 dissetcta (jagged-Jeooed). Violet, Altaia. 
 
 emargina'ta (notch-ended). May. N. Amer. 
 
 epipsefla (naked-above). $. Yellow. Livo- 
 
 nia. 1822. 
 
 moeaVpa (woolly-fruited). &. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 ~/aietoyo'#a (fan-leaved) 4. June.N. Amer. 1823. 
 flavico'rnis (yellow-horned). . Yellow, blue. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 glau'co! (milky-green). 4. May. Poland. 1822. 
 
 Gmelinia'na (Gmelin's). $. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 8 ra cilis (slender). . Purple. June.Greece.1817. 
 
 ra aarge.flowered). . Yellow. July. 
 Switzerland. 
 
 (halbert-teared). }. Yellow. May. 
 Carolina. 1823. 
 rta (hairy), j. May. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 Mrta (hairy). J. Greyish. Mav. England. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). 4. May., j'apan. 1818. 
 
 Kitaibelia'nx (Kitaibel's). Yillow. AprU. 
 
 Switzerland. 1824. Annual. 
 
 Kro'keri (Kroker's). $. Pai e re d. May. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 la'ctea (milky). ^. Crimson. May. England. 
 ~ lanceola'ta (spe&r-leaved). *. White. June. 
 
 N, Amer. 1750. 
 
 F. Langsdo'rfii (Langsdorf's). J, June, Sibe-. 
 ria. 1823. 
 
 litora'lis (shore). June. Baltic. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). . Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 mira' bills (wonderful). |. July. Germany. 1732. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. May. Alps. 1683. 
 stri'cta (erect).Cream.May.England.l819. 
 
 negle'cta (nezlected). %. May. Crimea. 1817. 
 
 nummularifo'lia (moneywort-leaved). 1^. May. 
 
 South France. 1820. 
 
 Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). ^. Yellow. May. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1312. 
 
 obli'qua (twisted-flowered), $. Yellow, blue. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). , Cream. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 occu'lta (hidden). . Veiny. June. 1832.AnnuaI. 
 
 odora'ta (sweet-scented. Common)* ^. Pur- 
 
 ple. June. Britain. 
 
 a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White, April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ore'ades (oreades). ^. Purple.June.Tauria.1818. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). $. May. N. Amer. 1783. 
 
 palma'ris (palm). ^. Yellow. June.Nepaul.1824. 
 
 palma'ta (hand-leaved). . May. N. Amer.1752. 
 variega'ta (variegated). ^. Purple, white. 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 
 palu'stris (marsh). . May. Britain, 
 Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvaman). 4. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 papiliona'cea (butterfly). ^. May.N. Amer. 1800. 
 Patri'nii (Patrin's). June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 peda'ta (doubly-lobed).^. May. N.Amer. 1759. 
 flabella'ta (fun-leaved). J. May. Georgia. 
 
 rununculifo 1 liu, (ranunculus-leaved), ^, 
 
 Whitish. June. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 pedati'fida (lobe-cleft). 4. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). Yellow. June. 
 
 1772. 
 
 persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 1. Cream. June, 
 
 Germany. 1817. 
 
 pinna' ta (leafleted). 4. Violet. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1752. 
 
 praimo'rsa (bitten-rooterf). ^. Yellow. May. 
 
 Columbia. 1628. 
 
 primulcef'j' lia (primrose-leaved). ^. June. 
 
 Carolina. 1/83. 
 
 prostru'ta (prostrate). ^. Cream, June. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1824. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). |. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1772. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf;. $. May. France. 1818. 
 
 ericeto'rum (heath). May. Germany. 1826. 
 
 lancifo'lia (spear-leaved). May. Germany. 
 
 Pyrenu'ica (Pyrenean). ^. May. Pyrenees.1817. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting). ^. June. Carolina. 1823. 
 
 Rothomage'nsis-' Rouen). 4. July. France. 1781. 
 
 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). ^. Pale yellow. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 JZM'7)pii(Ruppius's). $. May. Italy, 1822. 
 
 sugitta'ta (arrow -leaved). . White, blue. 
 
 July, N. Amer. 1775. 
 
 sarmento sa ( twiggy). ^. June. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 Schmidtia'tta (Schmidt's). i.May.Austria.1821. 
 
 Selki'rkii (Selkirk's). 4. June. N. Amer. 1822., 
 
 stria'ta (streaked). $. Striped. June. N. An ^r. 
 
 1772. 
 
 sua-'vis (^weet), |. June, Ukraine. 1823. 
 
 Sude'tica, (Siidetic). 4. Yellow. Germany. 1805. 
 
 sylne'strix (wood). ^- May. Hungary, 1826. 
 
 tri'color (three-coloured. Pansy), , Yellow, 
 
 purple. August. Britain. 
 arve'nsis (corn-field), 4. Yellow, purple. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 e'leguns (elegant). 4. Veiny. Summer, 
 
 Altai. 1832. 
 
VIO 
 
 815 ]-.-; 
 
 VIS 
 
 V. tri'color Jii'rta (bailor). June. Pannonia. 1820. 
 
 triparti'ta (three-parted). 3. Yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 uligino'sa (swamp). $. Purple. April. Ca- 
 
 rinthia. 1823. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one- flowered) . . Yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 17/4. 
 
 Valde'ria (Valderian). . Purple. May. 
 
 Mount Cenis. 1/59. 
 
 variegn'ta (variegated). ?. Pale violet. May. 
 Dahuria. 1817. 
 
 Villarsiu'na (Villars's). . June. Vallesia. 
 
 Zo'ysii (Zoys's). . Yellow. August. Carinthia. 
 VIOLET FOKCING. To obtain Neapoli- 
 tan Violets in winter, select a warm, shel- 
 tered corner; cast out trenches a foot 
 deep and five feet wide into the alleys, 
 and make a turf wall all round to the 
 desired height, for holding about fifteen 
 or eighteen inches of leaves, rubbish- 
 heap refuse, or any fermenting materials 
 likely to afford a little bottom-heat, upon 
 which place about eight or nine inches 
 of rich, open soil. The width regulate 
 by any lights to be spared for a time, or 
 thatched hurdles, or other protectors. 
 The plants take up from the store plan- 
 tation carefully, with balls of earth to 
 their roots, and plant from ten to twelve 
 inches apart each way, first clearing them 
 of any side-shoots or suckers ; afterwards 
 keep clear of dead leaves, &c., well sur- 
 face-stir, and never allow to get dry. No 
 lights or protection are to be placed over 
 them, until frosty nights set in, or very 
 heavy rains; then, at all times, tilt on 
 both sides, with abundance of air, if the 
 weather is not too severe. By such 
 treatment the foliage is always large, 
 thick, and of a beautiful dark green, the 
 flowers abundant and large. No side- 
 runners are to be allowed to run until 
 April, at which time they are to be en- 
 couraged to grow ; and open, sandy, rich 
 soil sifted amongst them, and kept well 
 watered, to encourage them to root freely. 
 A partially-shaded piece of good ground 
 is then to be chosen in the month of 
 May, and the Violets then forked up, old 
 and young altogether, and the best of 
 the young plants selected and planted 
 out a foot apart each way singly. They 
 are to be kept well surface-stirred all the 
 summer, and by October they will be fine 
 plants to take up as above described. 
 
 Russian Violets Single White, Double 
 White, Double Slue, and other hardy 
 varieties grow in a similar way, with 
 regard to planting out the young runners 
 and summer treatment, and they are also 
 to be carefully taken up in October ; some 
 placed in turf-pits, with gentle bottom- 
 
 heat, and some without bottom-heat, and 
 a quantity planted on sloping banks. By 
 this simple contrivance abundance of 
 luxuriant flowers are kept in succession 
 from September till May. Every variety 
 is kept clear from side-shoots or runners 
 all the summer. All the varieties are 
 particularly fond of charred articles mixed 
 with the soil. 
 
 VIPER'S BUGLOSS. E'chium. 
 
 VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra. 
 
 VIRGI'LIA. (Named after Virgil, the 
 Eoman poet. Nat. ord., Leguminous 
 Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandriu 
 I-Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 Greenbouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 tbe Cape of Good Hope, where not otherwise 
 specified. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Lu'tea is generally propagated by 
 layers in spring and autumn. 
 V. au*rea (golden). 6. July. Abyssinia. 1777. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Purple, white. July. 1767. 
 
 intru'sa (intruded). 8. July. 1/90. 
 
 lu'tea (yellow). 15. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Hardy deciduous. 
 
 Robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 8. August. 1818. 
 
 sylva'tica (wood). 4. August. 18J6. 
 
 VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Ampelo'psis hede- 
 ra 'cea. 
 
 VIRGINIAN POKE. Phytola'cca deca'ndra. 
 
 VIRGIN'S BOWER. Cle'matis vitice'lla. 
 
 VISCA'RIA. Rock Lychnis. (From 
 viscus, bird-lime; the glutinous stems. 
 Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese]. 
 Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Decagynia. Allied 
 to Catchfly.) 
 
 Seeds in open border, in April ; or in a shel- 
 tered, dry place, in September; perennials, by 
 seeds and divisions; dry garden-soil. Lychnis 
 ulpi'na and Helvetica have been added to thi- 
 genus. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 V. negle'cta (neglected). |. White. May. 1807. 
 
 Sue'cica (Swedish). $. Pink.June.Sweden.1824. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 V. cas'U-ro'sa (rose-of-heaven). 1. Rose. June; 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Texas. 1834. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. July. 
 
 Texas. 1835. 
 
 ocula'ta (dark-eyed). 2.Pink.July.Algiers.l843. 
 
 VI'SCUM. Mistletoe. (From viscus, 
 bird-lime; the berries contain a viscid 
 matter like bird-lime. Nat. ord., LorantJis 
 [Loranthacese]. Linn., 22-Dicccia 4-Pen- 
 tandria.) 
 
 The Mistletoe thrives best on the thorn and the 
 apple. The seed, in early spring, should be 
 squeezed from the berries into crannies of the 
 bark underneath a branch, or slits h* made on 
 purpose in the bark. 
 V. a'lbum (white). 2, Green. May. England. 
 
 VI'SMIA. (Named after M. Visme, a 
 
VIT 
 
 [616] 
 
 WAC 
 
 Lisbon merchant. Nat. or^ Tutsans 
 [Hypericacese]. Linn., . 18-Polyadelphia 
 %-Polyandria.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 'firmish side-shoots iu sand, in May, under a bell- 
 glass, and placed in bottom-heat; sandy peat, 
 fibry loam, and a little rough charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 65; summer, 60 to 85. 
 V. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian. Wax-tree), 8. August. 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 
 sla'bra( smooth). 10. Red. July. 8. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Guiane'nsis (Guianan. Wax-tree'). 8. August. 
 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 sessilifo'lia (stalkless-kaved). May. Guiana. 
 
 1826. 
 
 VI'TEX. Chaste-tree. (From vieo, to 
 bind; the flexible branches. Nat. ord., 
 Verbenas [Verbenacese], Linn., Ik-Didy- 
 namia 2-Angiospermia.) 
 
 Purple-flowered, ezcept where otherwise stated, 
 The hardy by cuttings under a hand-glass, in a 
 shady border, in autumn, or in a sheltered place 
 without the hand-glass. The others require 
 greenhouse and stove treatment, and are easily 
 propagated by cuttings under a bell-giass ; the 
 etove species in a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and a little peat. 
 
 HAEDY DECIDUOUS. 
 V. a'gnus-ca'stus (chaste-lamb-tree). 6. White, 
 
 blue. Sicily. 15/0. 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White, blue. 
 
 September. Sicily. 1570. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 V. ala'tn (winged). 10. September. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 alti'sfiima (tallest). 8. Ceylon. 1810. 
 
 arbo'rea (tree). 30. 
 
 bi'color (two-coloured). 4. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Blue. Caraccas. 
 
 1826. 
 
 capita'ta (headed). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 Donia'na (Don's). Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 gigante'a (gigantic). Guayaquil. 1826. 
 
 heterophy' flu. (various-leaved). Blue. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 inci'sa (cut-leaved). 4. August. China. 1758. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 4. Ceylon. 1793. 
 
 Negu'ndo (Negundo). 4. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-terti>eeZ)' * Jty China. 1796. 
 
 sali'gna (willow-team*)' Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1S'23. 
 . triflo'ra (three-flowered). 6. Cayenne. 1819- 
 
 trifo'lia (three-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 umbro'sa (shady). 30. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 VI'TIS. The Vine. (From the Celtic 
 tricyd, pronounced vld, best of trees. 
 Nat. ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn., 
 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, all but one green -flowered. 
 Few are worth growing except vini'fera and its 
 varieties ; the other species are viewed chiefly in 
 this country as botanical curiosities. AH are pro- 
 pagated by cuttings and buds of the ripe wood, 
 layers, and by grafting and inarching. Soil for 
 all, a rich, open loam. See GRAPE VINE. 
 V. bla'nda (mild). May. N. Amer. 
 
 Aeterop&yWa(variou-leaved). 10. Blue. Japan. 
 
 1820. 
 
 V. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 'Himalaya. 1841. 
 
 ripa'ria (river-bank). 20. May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 vini'fera (wine-bearing). 30. June. 
 apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 20. June. 1(548. 
 
 Walli'chii (WalTicn's). Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 VITTA'RIA. (From vitta, a riband ; shape 
 of fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia/., 
 cese]. Linn., 2&-Cryptogamia l-Filices)\ 
 
 Stove, brown-sporcd Ferns. See FERNS. 
 V, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Malacca. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated). S. Amer. 
 
 ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). May. Brazil* - 
 
 graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. July. Brawl. 
 
 1820. - ' 
 
 linea'ta (lined). 2. August. S. Amer. 1793. 
 
 xosterifo'lia (zostera-leaved). S. Amer. ; 
 
 VIVIA'NIA. (Named after Dr. Vlviani, 
 a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Vivianiads 
 [Viviauiacese], Linn., IQ-Decandria 3- 
 Triyynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, Chilian evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45 to 
 50 ; summer, 60 to 70. 
 
 V. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Red. July. 
 1832. 
 
 mari/o'/m(marum-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1832. 
 
 narviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. July. 
 
 1832. 
 
 VOLKAME'RIA. The following are to ba 
 added to Clethra : 
 
 C. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. White. September. 
 W. Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen. 
 
 Japo'nica (Japan). 50. Purple. Japan. 1820. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 VO'YRA. (Guianan name. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria I-Monogynia.') 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; sandy loam, with decayed vege- 
 table mould, or a little peat. Winter temp., 60 
 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. 
 V. ceeru'lea (blue). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 ru'sea (rosy). Red. July. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Yellow. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1824. 
 
 VRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. de Vriese, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bromelworts 
 [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- 
 Monogynia. Allied to Pitcairnia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. For culture, see PITCAI'ENI A. 
 
 V. g-Zaeop7^'a(milky-green-leaved). !. Purple, 
 
 white. September. Santa Martha. 1847. 
 
 psittaci'na (parrot-like-./fcwm?rf). 2. Scarlet. 
 
 July. Rio Janeiro. 1826. 
 - sp?jo'6-a"(showy). 14. White. March. 1847. 
 
 W. 
 
 "WACHENDO'RFIA. (Named after E. J. 
 Wachendorf, a Dutch botanist. Nat- ord., 
 Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 1-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope bulbs ; yellow- 
 flowered, except where otherwise mentioned, and 
 
WAH 
 
 C 817 ] 
 
 WAL 
 
 requiring the same treatment as the larger Irias. 
 
 They bloom in April. 
 
 W. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Purple. 1795. 
 
 Breynia'na (Breynin's). 1. 1825. 
 
 grami'nea (grass- leaved). 1. 
 
 Hibbe'rtii (Hibbert's). 2. 1823. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). l. Violet. 1687. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). 2. 1/00. 
 
 tene'ila'( tender). 1. 1816. 
 
 thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 2. May. 1759- 
 
 WAHLENBE'RG-IA. (Named after Dr. 
 Wahlenberg, author of "Flora Lappo- 
 nica." Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu- 
 laceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 yynia.) 
 
 All are blue-flowered, except when otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds under a glass in the begin- 
 ning of April, and planted out in the end of May ; 
 division of perennials, and cuttings of the young 
 shoots in the beginning of summer, under a 
 hand-light; sandy peat and loam, and a cool, 
 moist situation. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS, &C. 
 W, capiila'ris (hair- leaved). May. N. Holland. 
 1824. Biennial. 
 
 ce'rnua (drooping). Blue, white. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 3804. Biennial. 
 
 dehi'scens (gaping). White. June. Bengal. 181S. 
 
 gra'cilis (slender). April. N.S.Wales. 1/94, 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 litora'lis (sea-shore). April. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1820. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 W. Arva'tica (Arvatian). May. Spain. 1825. 
 
 capilla'cea (hair-like-Jeaued). White. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). I.July. Siberia. 
 
 1/82. 
 
 Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). Violet. June. Hungary. 
 
 1823. 
 
 re'pens (creeping). . White. July. 1830. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 W. Capensis (Cape). July. 1819- 
 
 diffu'sa (spreading). June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 fie'xilis (bending). May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1836. 
 
 hispi'dula (bristlv). Blue, white. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 ttnea'm (narrow -leaved). White, July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 Lolelioi'des (Lobelia-like). r Palered. July. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1777- 
 
 nutabu'nda (much-drooping). White. July. 
 
 Calabria. 1830. 
 
 procu'mbens (lying-down). July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824, 
 
 WALDSTEI'NIA. (Named after F. von 
 Waldstein, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Roseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 12-Jco- 
 sandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Geum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture, see 
 GK'UM. 
 
 W. geoi'des (avens-like). f. Yellow. June. Hun- 
 gary, 1804. 
 
 WALKE'RA. (Named after Dr. E. 
 Walker, founder of the Cambridge Bo- 
 52 
 
 tanic Garden. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Och- 
 nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in the beginning of April* 
 sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 50 to 60 ; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 W. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 12. Guiana. 
 serra'ta (saw-leaved). 12. Malabar. 1824. 
 
 WALKS. See CONCRETE and GEAYEL 
 WALKS. 
 
 WALL-CRESS. A'ralis. 
 
 WALLFLOWER. Cheira'nthus. 
 
 WALLI'CHIA. (In honour of Dr. Wai- 
 lich, curator of the Calcutta Botanic 
 Garden. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. 
 Linn., 21-Moncecia 6-Hexandria.) 
 
 Moist-stove Palm. Requires a light, well- 
 drained loam. Increased by suckers, which must 
 be separated gradually, so as to induce them to 
 root before being finally taken from the parent. 
 W. densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). Sikkim Him- 
 maiaya. This is the same as W, oblongi- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 WALLS are usually built in panels, 
 from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one 
 brick thick, with pillars at these specified 
 distances, for the sake of adding to their 
 strength, and the foundation a brick and 
 a half thick. The plan of Mr. Silver- 
 lock, of Chichester, is worthy of adoption, 
 since, if well constructed, it is equally 
 durable, and saves one-third of the ex- 
 pense. Walls so constructed are stated 
 to become dry after rain much more 
 rapidly than a solid wall of the same or 
 any other thickness, and there appears 
 not a shadow of a reason why they should 
 not ripen fruit equally well. He forms 
 the wall hollow, nine inches in breadth, 
 by placing the bricks edgewise, so as to 
 form two facings ; they are laid in good 
 mortar, and the joints carefully finished. 
 They are placed alternately with their 
 faces and ends to the outsides, so that 
 every second brick is a tie, and in each 
 succeeding course a brick with its end 
 outwards is placed on the centre of one 
 laid lengthwise on either side. The top 
 of the wall must be covered with a coping 
 of stone or bricks projecting eight inches. 
 It is strengthened at every twenty feet by 
 piers of fourteen-inch work, built in the 
 same manner, with bricks laid on edge. 
 
 In every instance a wall should never 
 be lower than eight feet. The thickness 
 usually varies with the height of the wall, 
 being nine inches if it is not higher than 
 eight feet; thirteen and a half inches, if 
 above eight and under fourteen feet j and 
 
WAL 
 
 C 818 ] 
 
 WAT 
 
 eighteen inches, from fourteen tip to 
 twenty feet. 
 
 Inclined or Sloping Walls have been 
 recommended, but have always failed in 
 practice. It is quite true that they receive 
 the sun's rays at a favourable angle, but 
 they retain wet, and become so much 
 colder by radiation at night than perpen- 
 dicular walls, that they are found to be 
 unfavourable to the ripening of fruit. 
 
 The Flued-wall or Hot-wall is generally 
 built entirely of brick, though, where stone 
 is abundant and more economical, the 
 back or north side may be of that material. 
 A flued-wall may be termed a hollow wall, 
 in which the vacuity is thrown into com- 
 partments a a a a, to facilitate the circu- 
 lation of smoke and heat from the base, 
 or surface of the ground, to within one 
 or two feet of the coping. Such walls 
 are generally arranged with hooks inserted 
 under the coping, to admit of fastening 
 some description of protecting covers, 
 and sometimes for temporary glass frames. 
 A length of forty feet, and from ten to 
 fifteen high, may be heated by one fire. 
 the furnace of which, b, being placed one 
 or two feet below the surface of the 
 ground, the first course, or flue, c, will 
 commence one foot above it, and be two 
 feet six inches or three feet high, and 
 the second, third,and fourth courses, d, e,/, 
 narrower as they ascend. The thickness 
 of that side of the flue next the south or 
 
 preferable side should, for the first course 
 be four inches, or brick and bed ; and, for 
 the other courses, it were desirable to 
 have bricks cast in a smaller mould; say 
 for the second course three, for the third 
 two and three quarters, and for the fourth 
 two and a half inches in breadth. This 
 will give an opportunity of bevelling the 
 wall, and the bricks being all of the same 
 thickness, though of different widths, the 
 external appearance will be everywhere 
 the same. Enc. Gard. 
 
 WALNUT. Ju'glans. 
 
 WAEDIAN CASE. See GLASS CASE. 
 
 WA'RREA. (Named after F. Warre, a 
 botanical -collector. Nat. ord., Orchids 
 [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 
 jWonandria. Allied to Grobya.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS. 
 W, bidenta'ta(two-tQOt'he6.-Hpj)sd}. Purple.white. 
 September, Caraccas. 1843. 
 
 cya'nea (blue-lipped). 1. White, blue. August. 
 
 Columbia. 1843. 
 
 discolor (two-coloured). Purple and white. 
 
 * Central America. 1854. 
 
 quadra' ta (four-sided). Purple and white. Cen- 
 
 tral Africa. 
 
 rube'scens (reddish). Red. April, Brazil. 1839. 
 
 tri'colur (three-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 WATER. The best for the gardener's 
 purpose is rain water, preserved in tanks 
 sunk in the earth, and rendered tight 
 either by puddling, or bricks covered with 
 Parker's cement. To keep these tanks 
 replenished, gutters should run round 
 the eaves of every structure in the garden, 
 and communicate with them. Every hun- 
 dred cubic inches of rain water contains 
 mere than four cubic inches of air, of 
 which more than half are carbonic acid 
 gas, and the remainder nitrogen and 
 oxygen, in the proportion of sixty-two of 
 the former to thirty-eight of the last 
 named. 
 
 That obtained from ponds or springs 
 invariably contains matters offensive or 
 deleterious to plants. That known as 
 hard water, containing an excess of salts 
 of lime or magnesia, is invariably preju- 
 dicial, and pond water is scarcely less so. 
 If it be stagnant, and loaded with vege- 
 table extract, it is even worse than hard 
 spring water ; for it then contains car- 
 buretted hydrogen, and other matters 
 noxious to vegetables. These last-named 
 waters, if obliged to be employed to tender 
 plants, should have a pint of the arnmo- 
 niacal water of the gas-works, mixed 
 thoroughly with every sixty gallons, an 
 hour or two before they are used. 
 
 WATER-CRESS. (Nastu'rtittm ojficina'le.} 
 Varieties. Small Brown-leaved, hardi- 
 est; Large Brown-leaved, best for deep 
 water; Green-leaved, easiest cultivated. 
 
 Planting in Water. -The trenches in 
 which they are grown are so prepared, 
 that, as nearly as possibly a regular depth 
 of three or four inches can be kept up. 
 These trenches are three yards broad, 
 and eighty-seven yards long, and when- 
 ever one is to be planted the bottom is 
 made quite firm and slightly sloping, so 
 
WAT 
 
 [ 819 ] 
 
 WAT 
 
 that thd water which flows in at one end 
 may run out at the other. If the bottom 
 of the trench is not sufficiently moist, a 
 small body of water is allowed to enter 
 to soften it. The cresses are then di- 
 vided into small sets or cuttings, with 
 roots attached to them; and these are 
 placed at the distance of three or four 
 inches from each other. At the end of 
 five or six days a slight dressing of well- 
 decomposed cow-dung is spread over all 
 the plants, and this is pressed down by 
 means of a heavy board, to which a long 
 handle is obliquely fixed. The water is 
 then raised to the depth of two or three 
 inches, and never higher. Each trench 
 is thus replanted annually, and furnishes 
 twelve crops during the season. In the 
 summer the cresses are gathered every 
 fifteen or twenty days, but less frequently 
 during winter ; care is taken that at each 
 gathering at least a third part of the bed 
 is left untouched, so that neither the 
 roots may be exhausted, nor the succeed- 
 ing gathering delayed. After every cut- 
 ting, a little decayed cow-dung, in the 
 proportion of two large barrowsful to 
 eacn trench, is spread over the naked 
 plants, and this is beaten down by means 
 of the rammer above mentioned. After 
 the water-cresses have been thus treated 
 for a twelvemonth, the manure forms a 
 tolerably thick layer at the bottom of the 
 trench, and tends to raise its level. To 
 restore it to its original level, all the 
 refuse should be thrown out upon the 
 borders which separate the trenches from 
 each other. These borders may be planted 
 with artichokes, cabbages, or eauli flowers. 
 
 Planting in Borders. This must be 
 done in September, and in a moist, shady 
 border. Plant slips, and the only culti- 
 vation necessary is to dig the earth fine, 
 to drav,- a slight trench with a hoe, to fill 
 this with water until it becomes a mud. 
 to cover it about an inch deep with drift 
 sand, and then to stick in the slips about 
 six inches apart, watering them until 
 established. The sand keeps the plants 
 clean. They will be ready for gathering 
 from in a very few weeks, and the shoots 
 should be invariably cut, and not picked. 
 They are not so mild-flavoured as those 
 grown in water, but then they are free 
 from aquatic insects, &c. 
 
 WATEEFALL. See CASCADE. 
 
 WATEKING ENGINE. See ENGINE. 
 
 WATERING POTS. These should have 
 roses pierced with very fine holes ; the 
 
 diameter of those usually used is to6 
 large. Long-spouted watering pots are 
 required for watering plants in pots upoa 
 shelves. French watering pots have zig- 
 zag bends in the spout, to break from the 
 plant the force of the water. Shelf water- 
 ing pots are small and flat-bodied, for 
 giving water to plants overhead, and near 
 the glass in greenhouses or stoves. 
 
 The accompanying engraving is of a 
 watering pot from Mr. Gr. Thompson, 390, 
 Oxford-street, who states that its superi- 
 ority consists in the roses being so formed 
 as to give the water thrown from them 
 the nearest resemblance to a gentle 
 shower of rain, which renders it peculiarly 
 suitable for watering seedlings or other 
 tender plants. As the brass joints which 
 connect the roses to the spout are made 
 water-tight, there is no danger of its re- 
 turning outside, to the annoyance of the 
 
 person using it : a is the spout to which 
 
 ^ roses are screwed; &, the box to 
 contain either spout out of use ; c and 
 d, the holes in which the joints are 
 placed; e, a large rose, for watering 
 flower-beds ; /, a smaller rose, for water- 
 ing plants in pots. 
 
 WATER LEAF, Hydrophy'llum. 
 
 WATER LEMON. Passifto'ra laurifo'lia. 
 
 WATER LILY. Nymphae'a. 
 
 WATER MELON. Cu'cumis CUru'ttus t va.r. 
 
 WATER PLANTS. See AQUA'RIUM. 
 
 WATER EEED. Aru'ndo. 
 
 WATER VINE . Tc tra 'cera potato 'ria . 
 
 WATER VIOLET.- Hotto'nia. 
 
 WATSO'NIA. (Named after W. Watson, 
 a London apothecary. Nat. ord., Irids 
 [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Gladiolus.) 
 
 Bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. For culture, see GIA~ 
 
 Dl'OLUS. 
 
 W. aletroi'des (aletris-like). li.Scarlet.June.l/"*. 
 
 variegafta (variegated), ij. Variegated. 
 
 June. 1774. 
 
 angu'sta (narrow-lowered). Scarlet. June. 1825. 
 
 brevifo'lia (short- leaved). 1. Pink. May. 1794. 
 
 compa'ct a. (compact). l. Purple. June. 1821. 
 
 fu'lgida (bright). 4, Rd. May. 1795. 
 
WAY 
 
 [ 820 ] 
 
 WHI 
 
 White. July. 
 
 W. glau'cvm (milky-green). 
 Peru. 1823. 
 
 hu'milis (lowly). 2. Lake. June. 1754. 
 
 iridifo'lia (iris-leaved), 2. Flesh. May. 1795. 
 
 leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1825. 
 
 Klia'go (liliago). 1. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 wit'nor (smaller). f. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 tongifo'lium (long-leaved). Green. Septem- 
 
 ber. Lima. 1829. 
 
 margina'ta (bordered). *. Pink. July. 
 -- mi'nor (lesser). 3. Pink. August. 1812. 
 
 Meria'na (Merian's). l. Flesh. May. 1750. 
 
 Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 2. White. May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1824. 
 
 plantagi'nea (plantain-like). 2. White. June. 
 
 1774. 
 
 puncta'ta (doited-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 
 
 1800. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). 2. Pink. July. 1803. 
 -- a'lbo (red-and- white). 1. Pink, white. July. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated). 1. Variegated. July. 
 
 ru'bens (red). Bed. June. 1825. 
 
 rumo'sum (branchy). 2. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1570. 
 
 spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pink. May. 1791. 
 
 strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 1. Red. June. 1810. 
 
 WAYFARING -TREE. Vilu'rnum lanta'na. 
 
 WEEVIL. See ANTHONYMUS. 
 
 WEIGE 'LA. (Named after G. E. Weigel, 
 a "botanical writer. Nat. ord., Capri/oils 
 [Caprifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- 
 Monogynia.} 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings in spring 
 and autumn, under a hand-light, or even in a 
 protected border. It forces as easily as a Lilac. 
 Sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. 
 W. rofsea (rosy). 8. Rosy. April. China. 1844. 
 
 WEINMA'NNIA. (Named after J. W. 
 Wcinmann, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniacese], Linn., 
 S-Octandria %-Digynia.) 
 
 White-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in April. The stove ones in bottom-heat, the 
 others in a close, cool pit or frame ; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould, with a little old, dried cow-dung. 
 STOVE. 
 
 W. elli'ptiea (oval- teamed). 4. May. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 gla'brn (smooth). 6. May. Jamaica. 1815. 
 
 hi'rta (hairy). 6. May. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Peru. 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 W.Austra'lis (Australian). N.Holland. 1836. 
 
 panicula'ta (panicled). Australia. 1831. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 1847. 
 
 WELCH ONION. See CI'BOUL. 
 
 WELLINGTO'NIA. (In honour of the 
 great Duke of Wellington. Nat. ord., 
 Conifers [Coniferaej. Linn., 22-icetia 
 IQ-Monadelphia.) 
 
 This, appropriately to him whom it commemo- 
 rates, is the loftiest of known trees. Specimens 
 are known with trunks 300 feet high, and 20 feet 
 in diameter. It is an evergreen, and perfectly 
 hardy. For culture, see its ally, TAXO'DIUM. 
 W. gigante'a (gigantic). 300. California, 1853. 
 
 WENDLA'NDIA. (Named after J. (J. 
 Wendland, curator of the Botanic Garden, 
 Hanover. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- 
 chonacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 4^-Poly- 
 gynia. Allied to Hindsia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 the points of young shoots, or small young side- 
 shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy 
 loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 45 to 55 ; summer, 60 to 80. Populifo'lia 
 is hardy, or nearly so. 
 W. panicula'ta (panicled). July. Malay. 1820. 
 
 populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 10. June. Flo- 
 
 rida. 1759. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's).. July. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 WERNE'RIA. (Named after A. G- 
 Werner, the celebrated mineralogist. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Doro- 
 nicum.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; sandy loam, well drained ; requires a 
 cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter, or may be 
 treated as an alpine plant, protected from severe 
 frost and wet in winter. 
 W. ri'gida (stiff). . February. Quito. 1828. 
 
 WESTO'NIA. Add ., the following to 
 Glycine : 
 
 G. trifolia'ta (three-leaved); 'Yellow, red. June. 
 1820. 
 
 WESTRI'NGIA. (Named after J. P. 
 Westring, physician to the King of 
 Sweden. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamia- 
 ceai]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 1-Gymno- 
 spermia. Allied to Prostranthera.) 
 
 Greenhouse, blue-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in May, in sand, under a bell or hand-glass; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 35 
 to 45. 
 W. rubiafo'lia (rubia-leaved). 3. June. 1820. 
 
 triphy'lla (three-leaved). September. 1823. 
 
 WHITE BEAM-TREE. Py'rus a'ria. 
 
 WHITE CEDAR. Cupre'ssus thyoi'des. 
 
 WHITE SPRUCE. Pi'nus a'lba. 
 
 WHITE -TREE. Melaleu'ca leucade'ndron. 
 
 WHITE VINE. Cle'matis vita'lba. 
 
 WHITFIE'LDIA. (Named after T. Whit- 
 field, a botanical collector of African 
 plants. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- 
 ceae]. Linn., \k-Didynamia Z-Angiosper- 
 mia. Allied to Barleria.) 
 
 For culture, see BABLE'RIA. 
 W. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). 3. Lilac, red. 
 December. Sierra Leone. 1841. 
 
 WHITLA'VIA. (In honour of F. Whitlawi 
 Esq., an Irish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn. 
 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.) 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 W. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), ]$ Purple. 
 June. California, 1854, 
 
WH(J 
 
 821 
 
 W00 
 
 WHORTLEBERRY. VaccVnium. 
 
 WIDOW WAIL. Cneo'rum. 
 
 WIGA'NDIA. (Named after J. Wigand, 
 Bishop of Pomerania. Nat. ord., Hy- 
 drophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5- 
 Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Hydrolea. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed in spring; 
 and, we should think, by cuttings of the young 
 shoots, taken off with a heel, after the plant has 
 broken a fresh after-pruning ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat, with charcoal nodules. Winter temp., 
 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 85. 
 W. Caraccasa'na (Caraccas). 6. Lilac. April. 
 Caraccas. 1836. 
 
 Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Blue. April. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 u'rens (stinging). Violet. April. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 WILDERNESS. See LABYBINTH. 
 
 WILD LIQUORICE. A'brus. 
 
 WILD SERVICE. Py'rus tormina' Us. 
 
 WILLOW. Sa'lix. 
 
 WILLUGHBE'IA. (Named after F. Wil- 
 lughby, a pupil of Kay. Nat. ord., Dog- 
 banes [ Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Alla- 
 manda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see ALLAMA/ND A. 
 W. edu'lis (eatable). 10. Pale pink. July. E. 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 WIND FLOWER. Gfentia'na pneumona'n- 
 Ihe and Ane'mone. 
 
 WINE PALM. Cary6ta Hrens 
 ~ 
 
 WINTER ACONITE. Era'nthis. 
 
 WINTER BERRY. Pri'nos. 
 
 WINTER CRESS. Barba'rea. 
 
 WINTER MOTH. See CHEIMETOBIA. 
 
 WINTER SWEET. Ori'ganwn heracleo'- 
 iicum. 
 
 WIRE-WORMS are the larvfe of various 
 species of Elater, Click Beetle, or Skip- 
 Jack. To remove the wire-worm from 
 a soil, no mode is known but frequently 
 digging it and picking them out, as their 
 .yellow colour renders them easily de 
 tected. To prevent their attack upon a 
 crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger 
 quantity of gas-lime, with the soil. It 
 has been stated that growing white mus- 
 tard drives them away, and it is certainly 
 worth the trial. To entrap them, and 
 tempt them away from a crop they have 
 attacked, bury potatoes in the soil near 
 the crop ; and if each potato has a stick 
 thrust through it, this serves as a handle 
 by which it may be taken up, and the 
 wire-worms which have penetrated it be 
 destroyed. To decoy them from beds of 
 Anemones, Ranunculuses, &c., it is said 
 to be a successful plan to grow round the 
 beds an edging of daisies, for the roots 
 of which they have a decided preference. 
 
 WISTA'MA. (Named after O. Wistar t 
 an American professor. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia <L-Decandria.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, purplish-flowered climbers. 
 Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of the strong 
 roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots, getting 
 firm, under a hand-light, in sandy soil, but more 
 generally by layers of long-ripened young shoots, 
 as then almost every bud will form a plant. 
 Sandy loam and peat. 
 
 W.floribu'nda (bundle-floweted). May. Japan* 
 frute'scens (shrubby). 10. July. N.Amer. 1724- 
 
 Sine'nsis (Chinese;. May. China. 1818. 
 
 a'lba (white). 20. White. April. China. 1846. 
 
 WITCH HAZEL. Hamame'lis. 
 
 WITHERI'NGIA. (Named after Dr. 
 Withering, a British botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Nightshades [Solanaceas]. Linn., 5-Pen- 
 tandria L-Monogynia. Allied to Capsicum.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous and evergreens. Peren- 
 nials, by seed, and divisions of the plant and 
 tubers ; evergreens, by cuttings in sand, under a 
 bell-glass ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 38 
 to 48. 
 
 W. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1706. Evergreen. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). 1. White. June. Peru. 
 
 1822. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). $. Pale purple. July. 
 
 Chili. 182Q. Tuberous. 
 
 stramonifo'lia (stramonium-leaved). 3. Yellow. 
 
 June. Mexico. 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 WITSE'NIA. (Named after M. Witsen, 
 a Dutch patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 
 I-Monogynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purplish - flowered, herbaceous 
 plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds 
 in a slight hotbed in April ; divisions of the plant 
 then, or taking off the sucker-like offsets ; sandy 
 peat and a little fibry loam, with a little rough 
 charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40* 
 to 48. 
 W. corymbo'sa (corymbed). $, June. 1803. 
 
 Mau'ra (Moorish). 4. December. 1790. 
 
 parti' ta (divided). April. 1822. 
 
 ramo'sa (branched). 1. April. 1819. 
 WOLF'S-BANE. Aconi'tum lupuci'dum. 
 WOLLASTO'NIA. ( Named after Dr. Wol- 
 
 laston, a great chemist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ.Syngenesia 
 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 An annual. Seeds in a hotbed in March or 
 April ; plants pricked out, and afterwards bloomed 
 in the greenhouse or plant-stove ; sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 
 W. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 1818. 
 
 WOOD ASHES. See ASHES. 
 
 Wo ODBINE . Caprifo' Hum periclyme 'num. 
 
 WOODLICE. See ONI'SCUS. 
 
 WOODROOF. Aspe'rula. 
 
 WOOD SORREL. O'xalis. 
 
 WOOLLEN KAGS. See ANIMAL MATTEBS. 
 
woo 
 
 [ 822 ] 
 
 XAN 
 
 WOO'DSIA. (Named after J. Woods, a 
 British botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- 
 podiacese]. Linn., %k-Cryptogamia 1- 
 Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, brown-spored Perns, except mo'llis and 
 pube'scens, which require the stove. See FERNS. 
 W. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). September. Caucasus. 
 
 glabe'lla (smoothish). September. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 hyperbo'rea (northern), i. July. Scotland. 
 
 Itve'nsis (Ilva). . June. Britain. 
 
 mo'llis (soft). July. Brazil. 
 
 obtu'sa (blunt). , June. N. Amer. 1836. 
 
 Perrinia'na (Perrin's). June. N. Amer. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 vesti'ta (clothed). June. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 WOODWA'RDIA. (Named after T. J. 
 Woodward, a British botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2&-Crypto- 
 yamia I-FUic#s.) 
 
 Hardy brown-spored Ferns. Ra'dicans requires 
 shelter in winter. See FERNS. 
 W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. August. 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Japofnica (Japanese). September. Japan. 
 
 ra'dicans (rooting- leaved). l. July. Madeira. 
 
 1779- 
 
 thelypteroi'des (thelypteris.like). September. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 Virgi'nica (Virginian). I.August. N.Amer.1724. 
 
 WORKING is a gardener's term for the 
 practice of grafting. " To work " upon a 
 stock is to graft upon it. 
 
 WO'KMIA. (Named after O. Wormius, 
 & Danish naturalist. Nat. ord., Dilleniads 
 [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 5- 
 Pentagynia. Allied to Dillenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. See DILLE'NIA. 
 W. denta'ta (toothed). 20. Yellow. Ceylon, 1818. 
 
 WORMWOOD. ArtemVsia. 
 
 WOUNDS. See EXTRAVASATED SAP. 
 
 WOUNDWORT. Anthy'llis vulnera'ria. 
 
 WRI'GHTIA. (Named after Dr. Wright, 
 of Jamaica. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- 
 cynacese]. Linn., 5-Peniandria l-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Alstonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, and 
 from the East Indies, except where otherwise 
 described. For culture, see ALSTO'NIA. 
 W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. September. 
 S. Amer. 1752. 
 
 antidysente'rica (antidysnteric). 10. 17/8. 
 
 cocci'nea (scarlet). 12. Scarlet. July. 1822. 
 
 du'bia (doubtful). Orange. June. 1813. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. August. Ha- 
 
 vannah. 1733. 
 
 pube'scens (downy). 4. Green, yellow. March. 
 N. Holland. 1329. 
 
 tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. 1812. 
 Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 
 
 WULFE'NIA. (Named after F. Wulfen, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Fiyworts 
 [Scrophulariaeese], Linn., 2-Diandria 
 1-Monoyynia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions in 
 spring ; light, rich soil, and a dry, elevated place 
 in winter, or kept from damp in a dry, cool pit. 
 W. Amherstia'na (Amherst's). f. Like. July. 
 
 Chinese. Tartary. 1846. 
 Carinthi'aca (Carinthian). l. Blue. July. 
 
 Carinthia. 18 1/. 
 
 Notonia'na (East Indian). |. Purple. No- 
 
 vember. Ceylon. 1851. 
 
 WU'LFFIA. (Named after J. C. Wulff t 
 author of " Flora Borussica." Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Syn- 
 gencsiak-Necessaria. Allied toRudbeckia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, in spring or summer; sandy 
 loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45 to 5S ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 
 W, macula'ta (spotted). Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 1822. 
 
 WU'RMBEA. (Named after F. V. 
 Wiirmbe, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Melanths [Melanthaceas]. Linn., Q-Hex- 
 andria S-Triyynia. AlliedtoMelanthium.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and all but one white-flowered. For culture, see 
 MELA'NTHIUM. 
 W. campanula 1 'ta (bell-flowered). . June. 
 
 longifio'ra (long-flowered). J. May. 1J88. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). ^. May. 1800. 
 
 purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. May. 1/88. 
 
 WYCH ELM. U'lmus monta'nus. 
 
 X. 
 
 XANTHORHI'ZA. Yellow Boot. (From 
 xantkos, yellow, and rkiza, a root._ Nat. 
 ord., Crowfoots [Ilanunculaeese]. Lian., 
 5-Pentandria 6-Polyyynia. 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers; sandy loam 
 and peat ; does best in a moist situation. 
 X. apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 3. Purple, green. 
 February. N. Amer. 1/66. 
 
 XANTHORRH^E'A. Grass-tree. (From 
 xanthos, yellow, and rheo, to flow; yellow 
 juice. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese], 
 Liun., fi-Hexandria \.-Monogynia. Allied 
 to Aphyllanthes. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from New 
 Holland. For culture, see APHYLLA'NTHES. 
 X. austra'lis (southern). 3. 1824. Evergreen. 
 
 brnctea'ta (bracted). 2. 1810. Herbaceous. 
 
 ha'stilis (spear). 4. 1803. Evergreen. 
 
 hu'milis (dwarf). 2. 1825. Herbaceous. 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). 2. 1803. Evergreen. 
 
 mi'nor (smaller). 2. 1804. Herbaceous. 
 
 XANTHO'SOMA. (From xanthos, yellow, 
 and soma, a body ; the edible roots. Nat. 
 ord,, Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 2l-Mona:cia 
 7-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.) 
 
 Stove plants. For culture, see CALA'DIUM. 
 X. Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 
 181 6. Evergreen. 
 
 sagittcefo'lia (arrow-leaved). White. May. 
 
 W. Ind. 1710. Herbaceous. 
 
XAN 
 
 [ 823] 
 
 XYL 
 
 XANTHO'XYLON. Tooth ache -tree. (From 
 xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. 
 ord.,Xanthoxyts [Xanthoxylacese]. Linn., 
 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.) 
 
 Nearly all white-flowered ; cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in 
 heat; the hardy species by seed, pieces of the 
 roots, and cuttings of the ripened shoots in sandy 
 soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam suits any of 
 them. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 X. frax i'neum (ash-like). 15. March. N. Amer. 
 1759- 
 
 mi'te (mild). 10. Yellowish. March. N.Amer. 
 
 1813. 
 
 trica'rpum (three-capsuled). 6. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1806. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 X. affi'ne (related). Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Budru'nga (Budrunga). 20. March. E.Ind. 
 
 1825. 
 
 cla'va-He'rculis (Hercules' -club). 50. W. Ind. 
 
 1739. 
 
 heteropJn/'llum (various -leaved). Bourbon. 
 
 18-23. 
 
 Jiermaphrodi'tum (two-sexed).SO. Guiana.1823. 
 
 juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 ni'tidum (shining). 6. China. 1823. 
 
 piperi'tum (pepper-like). 6. September. Ja- 
 
 pan. 1773. Greenhouse. 
 
 ptero'ta (winged-leaf -stalked). August. Ja. 
 
 maica. 1/68. 
 
 supindoi'des (sapiniia-uke). Jamaica. 
 
 snino'sitm (thorny). 6. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 - ti-ugo'des (goafs-tooth). 6. St. Domingo. 
 1759. 
 
 triphy'Uum (three-leaved). 4. Penang. 1320. 
 
 XERA'NTHEMUM. (From xeros, dry, and 
 77? /Acs, a flower; everlasting flower. Nat. 
 ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- 
 Syngenesia %-SuperJlua.') 
 
 The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed of 
 any colour. Hardy anauals. Seeds in the open 
 border in April. 
 
 X. a'nnuum (annual). 3. Purple. July. South 
 Europe. 1570. 
 
 ere'ctum (upright). White. June. Persia. 1836. 
 
 inupe'rtum (unopened). 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1620. 
 
 longipuppo'sum (long-feathered). White. June. 
 
 Persia. 1836. 
 
 orienta'le (eastern). 2. White. July. Levant. 
 
 1713. 
 
 XEROPHY'LLUM. (From xeros, dry, and 
 phyllon, a leaf; dry, grassy leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 
 Q-Hexandria 3-Triyynia. Allied to He- 
 lonias.) 
 
 White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from 
 North America. Seeds and division of the plant 
 in spring. A rather moist, peaty border suits 
 them best. Sabadi'lla requires a stove. 
 X. asphoddoi'des (asphodel-like). I.May. 1/65. 
 
 grumi'neum (grassy). 2. May. 1812. 
 
 Saltadi'lla (Sabadilla). 3. Vera Cruz. 1830. 
 
 te'nax (tough-leaved). 1$. May. 1811. 
 
 XIMENE'SIA. (Named after J. Ximenes, 
 a Spanish apothecary. Nat. ord, Compo- 
 
 sites [AsteracecB]. Linn., 19-Syngenesi& 
 2-Sttperflua. Allied to Sanvitalia.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, Mexican plants. Annuals, by 
 seeds in the open border in April ; perennials, 
 also, by division of the plant in spring, and these, 
 in general, will want the protection of a dry, cool 
 pit in winter. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 X. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). 2. August. 1S20. 
 Biennial. 
 
 fas'tida (stinking). 2$. August. 1824. 
 
 heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. July. 1827^ 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 X, corda'ta (hea.Tt-leavfd'). 3. September. 1626 
 
 enceloi'des (encelia-like). 3. August. 17Q5. 
 XIME'NIA. (Named after F. Ximcnes, a 
 
 Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Olacads 
 [Olacacese], Linn., 8-Octandria i-Mono- 
 gynia.} 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, and in. 
 bottom-heat; sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam. 
 Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 85. 
 X. America'na (American). 15. Yellowish. W. 
 Ind. 1759. 
 
 ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. White. Jamaica. 1810. 
 
 tunceola'ta (spew-leaved). Yellow.April. China. 
 
 1820. 
 
 oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Green. June. 
 
 Australia. 1823. 
 
 XIPHI'DIUM. (From xiphos, a sword ; 
 sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts 
 [Liliacea3J. Linn., 6-Hexandria I-Mo- 
 noyynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.) 
 
 Stove, West Indian, herbaceous perennials. 
 Divisions of the plant as fresh growth com- 
 mences ; rich, fibry loam and fibry peat, and a 
 small portion of charcoal and sand. Winter 
 temp., 50 to 58 ; summer, 60 to 65. 
 X. a'lbum (white). 14. White. 1787- 
 
 cxru'leum (blue). j$. Blue. 1/93. 
 
 gigante'um (gigantic). White. October. 1845. 
 
 XIPHO'PTERIS. Sword Fern. (From 
 xyphos, a sword, and pteris, a fern. Nat. 
 ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 24- 
 Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS. 
 X. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). $. June. N. 
 Holland. J824. 
 
 myosuroi'des (myosurus-like). June. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 serrulafta (saw-like). 4. June. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 XYLOPHY'LLA. (From xylon, wood, and 
 phyllon, a leaf; texture of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Spuryeworts [Euphorbiacese]. 
 Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Decandria. Allied 
 to Phyllanthus.) 
 
 Stove, yellow - and - red - flowered evergreens, 
 from Jamaica, unless otherwise mentioned. For 
 culture, see PHYLLA/NTHUS. 
 X. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). July. 1789. 
 
 elonga'ta (elongated-/eawed). August. 1820i 
 
 faica'ta (sickle-teawd). July. 1699. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). August. 1783. 
 
 linea'ris (a.*iQ\v-leaved), August. 181Q. 
 
XYL 
 
 C 
 
 ZEA 
 
 A'. tonffi/o'/tfl(lonB-lcaved). August, E.Ind. 1816, 
 
 me'dia (intermediate). August. 1825. 
 
 monta'na (mountain). August. 1819. 
 
 obova'ta (reversed-egg-fc?aerf).August. Siberia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). August. Siberia. 
 
 1785. 
 
 specio'sa (showy). September. 1818. 
 
 XYLO'PIA. (From xylon, wood, and 
 pieron, bitter ; the wood and fruit of X. 
 gla'bra are called Bitterwood in the West 
 Indies. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonaceee]. 
 linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) 
 
 ' Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm, stubby 
 side-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves 
 adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55; 
 summer, 60 to 85. 
 
 X. frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Guiana. 1823. 
 gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 20. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 muricu'ta (tough-fruited). 4. W. Ind. 1/79. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YELLOW BOOT. Hydra'slis. 
 
 YELLOW SULTAN. Centau'rea suave" olens. 
 
 YEW-TEEE. Ta'xus. 
 
 ,. YU'CCA. Adam's Needle. (Name of the 
 plant in Peru. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- 
 acese]. Linn., Q-Hexandrial-Monogynia.} 
 
 , All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes by 
 -seeds, sown immediately they are ripe, in a slight 
 "hotbed ; generally by suckers, but also, at times, 
 from young shoots that branch from the stems ; 
 deep, dry, sandy loam is their favourite soil ; a 
 few require the assistance of a stove or green- 
 house, but most of them stand the open air in 
 England. Aloifo'liais, perhaps, the tenderest of all 
 the hardy ones. They flourish near the sea-shore. 
 We may add, that they seem quite at home on a 
 knoll, or on rock-work. 
 
 HARDY. 
 Y. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered}. 6. August.1800. 
 
 aletrifo'rmis (aietris-like). 2. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. Greenhouse 
 
 aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). 2. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1696. 
 
 pe'ndula (drooping-teaned). 12. August. 
 
 variega'ta (variegated-teawerf). 2. August. 
 
 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Mis- 
 
 souri. 1811. 
 
 arcua'ta (bowed). 1. July. 1817. 
 
 conca'va (hollow-teaued). l. August. 1816. 
 
 conspi'cua (conspicuous). 3. 1818. Greenhouse. 
 
 crenula'ta (scolloped). 1818. 
 
 draco'nis (dragon). 8. August. S. Amcr. 
 
 1732. Greenhouse. 
 filamentu'sa (thready). 2. September. Virginia. 
 
 l6?5. 
 variega'ta (variegated-teawed). 2. Sep. 
 
 tember. 
 
 fla'ccida (flaccid). 2. 1816. 
 
 glauce'scens (milky-green). 2. July. N.Amer. 
 < 1819. 
 
 glorio'sa (glorious). 4. July. America. 15Q6. 
 /o'is-waneg'a's(variegated-leaved).July. 
 
 obli'qua (oblique-/eaved). 4. 1808. 
 ma'jor (larger). 4. 1808. 
 
 pube'rula (rather-downy). August. 
 
 recu'rva (curled-back-teaued). 3. August. 
 
 Georgia. 1794. 
 
 Y. ru'fo'ti'ncta (reddish-edged). l. July. 1816. 
 Stove. 
 
 serrula'ta (saw-edged). 10. Carolina. 1808. 
 
 str i'ct a (upright). 1. July. Carolina. 1817. 
 
 supe'rba (superb). 10. August. 
 
 tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Malta. 1817. 
 
 STOVE. 
 Y. gra'cilis (slender). July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 graminifo'lla (grass-leaved). Mexico. 1838, 
 
 LcKtevi'rens (pale green). Mexico. 1838. 
 
 lungifp'lia (long-leaved). Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Pitcairnicefo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 serraiifo'lia (saw-leaved). Mexico. 1833. 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZALA'CCA ASSA'MICA. Ca'lamusZala'cca. 
 
 ZA'MIA. (From zamia, loss ; the barren 
 appearance of the male flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Cycads [Cycadaceee]. Linn., 22-ZHa?ci 
 l'2-Icosandria.) 
 
 A race of plants intermediate between Ferns 
 and Palms. Those not otherwise specified are 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, and will succeed 
 in a greenhouse ; but all do best in a stove. Suck- 
 ers ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp,, 45 to 55 ; 
 summer, 60 to 80. 
 Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 
 
 Cu'ffra (Caffrarian). 4. 
 
 cycadifo'lia (cycas-leaved). 3. 17/5. 
 
 cy'cudis (cycas-like). 3. 1775. 
 
 dc'bilis (we&k-long-leaved). I.July. W.'Ind. 
 
 1777. 
 furfuru'cea (scurfy). 3. July. W. Ind. 1691. 
 
 ho'rrida (horrid). 5. 1800. 
 
 integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Dwarf). 2. July. 
 
 W. Ind. 1768. 
 
 lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. 1812. 
 
 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved;. 7. 1818. 
 
 me'dia (mediate). 2. July. W. Ind. 1/C8. 
 pruni'fera (plum-bearing). 14. 
 
 pu'mila (dwarf). l. 1812. 
 
 pu'ngens (stinging). 10. 1775. 
 
 pygrnce'a (pigmy). 1. May. W. Ind. 
 
 repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 6. 
 
 spino'sa (spiny). 5. 
 
 spira'lis (spiral). S.July. N.S.Wales. 17Q6. 
 
 te'nuis ^slender). 1. Bahama Islands. 
 
 tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 2. 1814. 
 
 ZANTHO'XYLUM. See XANTHO'XYLON. 
 
 ZAUSCHNE'KIA. (Named after M.Zausch- 
 ner, a German. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Ona- 
 gracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Epilobium.) 
 
 A hardy plant, with the habit of a Fuchsia. 
 Division of the plant in spring ; cuttings of the 
 shoots in spring, summer, and autumn, under a 
 hand-light. It is a good pot and bedding-plant ; 
 for the latter purpose, as the flowers are apt to drop 
 too much, mix it with Cu'phea strigiUo'sa; rich, 
 light soil. 
 
 Z. Califo'rnica (Californian). 3. Bright scarlet. 
 June. Santa Cruz. 1847. 
 
 ZE'A. Maize, or Indian Corn. (From 
 zao, to live; a food-plant. Nat. ord., 
 Grasses [Graminacea?], Linn., 21-Jfo- 
 noecia 3-Triandria.) 
 
ZEP 
 
 [ 825] 
 
 ZIZ 
 
 Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in early 
 spring, and the seedlings planted out into good 
 soil. The heads, when half-grown ^ind grccu 
 make an excellent vegetable when boiled. 
 Z. Cura'gua (Curagua). 1. June. Chili. 1321. 
 
 ma'ys (maize). 2. June. America. 1562. 
 ZEPHYRA'NTHES. (From zephyr, the 
 
 west wind, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- 
 Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ha- 
 branthus.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a 
 stalk. For culture, see HABRA'NTHUS. 
 Z. Atama'sco (Atamasco. Lily). 4- White. May. 
 N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 ca'ndida (white). 4. White. September. Peru. 
 
 1822. 
 
 carina'ta (keeled). 4- Pink. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 chloroleu'ca. (greenish-white). 4. Pale green. 
 
 July. 
 
 Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). White, pink. 
 
 July. Texas. 1835. 
 
 meso'chloa (green-centred). 1. White, green. 
 
 June. Buenos Ayres. 1825. 
 
 ro'sea (rosy). . Red. May. Havannah. 1823. 
 - stria'ta (channelled). 3. White. April. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 tubispa'tha (tube-spathed). 4. White. May. 
 
 S. Amer. 
 
 verecu'nda (blushing). . Pale red. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ZI'CHYA. (Named after Countess Zichy, 
 a German patroness of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 17- 
 Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Ken- 
 nedya.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Swan 
 River. For culture, see KENNE'DYA. 
 Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Crimson. May. 
 
 1839. 
 
 cocci 'nea (scarlet). May." 
 
 glabra'ta (smooth). 6. Orange. May. 1834. 
 
 heterophy' lla (various - leaved). 4. Purple. 
 
 April. 1826. 
 
 inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July. 1 824. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). Crimson. July. 
 
 mo'lly (molly). Scarlet. July. 1837. 
 
 panno'sa (wrinkled-teaued). 6. Crimson. May. 
 
 1840. 
 
 seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1825. 
 
 tri 'color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow, pur- 
 
 ple. May. 1837. 
 
 villo'sa (shaggy). 3. Vermilion. June. 1841. 
 
 ZIE'RIA. (Named after M. Zier, a 
 Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Ru- 
 taceae] . Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia. 
 Allied to Boronia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 New Holland. For culture, see BOKO/MA. 
 Z. arbore'scens (tree-like). 1822. 
 
 hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. 
 
 leeviga'ta (smooth -leaved). 3. June. 1822. 
 
 lanceola'ta (tpev-leaved). June. 1808. 
 
 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. June. 1820. 
 
 microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1822. 
 
 obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-teawed). 4. June. 1824. 
 
 octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 5. Green. 1825. 
 
 paiiciflu'ra (few-flowered). 1822. 
 
 pilo'sa (shaggy). 4. June. 1822. 
 
 rcvolu'ta (curled- bick-/ea0ed). June. 1824. 
 
 E. (3-inger. (From the Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., Gingcrworts [Zingibera- 
 ceai], Linu., \-]\Ionqndrla l-Motiogynia.) 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East In- 
 dies ; yellow-flowcrc.l, where not otherwise men- 
 tioned ; division of the roots ; fibry peat and 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45 ; summer, 
 60 to 90. See GIJJGER. 
 Z. Americans (Amaricans). 3. Penang. 1846. 
 
 capita'tum (round-headed). 4. February. 1825. 
 
 Casumu'nar (Casumunar). 2. February. 1807. 
 
 chrysa'-nthum (gold-flowered). 8. July. 1821. 
 
 ela'tum (lofty). 6. July. 1820. 
 
 ligula'tum (strap-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 1823. 
 
 Hio'ga (Mioga). 2. Pink. May. Japan. 1796. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 officina'le (shop). 2. Red. July. 1605. 
 
 pandura'tum (fiddle-^perf).5.Pink. June.1812. 
 
 purpu'reum (purple). 2. Purple. September^ 
 
 1796. 
 
 ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose, yellow. August. 1822. 
 
 ru'bens (red). 6. Red. October. 1822. 
 
 squarro'sum (spreading). 2..Pink. August. 1822. 
 
 Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 4. August. 1690. 
 
 ZI'NNIA. (Named after J. G. Zinn, a 
 German professor of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- 
 gencsia 2-SuperJlua.) 
 
 Mexican annuals, scarlet-flowered, with one ex- 
 ception. Seeds in April in a hotbed; seedlings 
 hardened off, and then transferred to the flower- 
 garden, in good, rich, loamy soil. If sown earlier, 
 they are apt to be drawn and attacked by insects. 
 We have had them fine by sowing under a hand- 
 light, without bottom-heat, in the middle of April, 
 and throwing a mat over the glass at night. 
 Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 1824. 
 
 e'leguns (elegant). 2. July. 1796. 
 cocci'nea (scarlet-rayed). 2. August. 1829. 
 
 hy'brida (hybrid). 2. June. 1818. 
 
 multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. August. 1770. 
 
 pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 Peru. 1/53. 
 
 revolu'ta (curled-back). 2. July. 1817. 
 
 tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 2. July. 1799- 
 
 verticilta'ta (whorl-leaved). 2. July. 1789. 
 
 ZIZI'PHORA. (From zizt, of the Indians, 
 and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Lipworts 
 "Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Monarda.) 
 
 Red-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. 
 Annuals, by seed in April ; perennials, by seeds, 
 divisions, and cuttings; dry, sandy loam, and 
 elevated places, such as rock-works; the peren- 
 nials require a little protection in winter. 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 Z. acinoi'des (thyme-like). 4. July. Siberia, 1788. 
 Deciduous. 
 
 clinopodioi'des (basil-like). J. Pink. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1821. 
 
 cane'scens (hoary). July. 1803. 
 
 me'dia (mediate). 4. July. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). 4. July. Siberia. 
 
 1803. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 Z. capita'ta (round-headed). 4. July. Syria. 1752. 
 
 Hispa'nica (Spanish). 4. June. Spain. 1759. 
 
 Tau'rica (Taurian). 4. Red, purple. August. 
 
 Tauria. 1816. 
 
 tenu'ior (slenderer). . Purplish. June. Le- 
 
 vant. 1752. 
 
ZIZ 
 
 C 826 ] 
 
 ZYG 
 
 ZI'ZYPHTJS. (The Egyptian name of 
 Z. lo'tus. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [liham- 
 nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- 
 gynia.) 
 
 Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers, and 
 cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light or 
 bell-glass, according as the species are hardy or 
 tender; deep, dry loam for the hardy, peat and 
 sandy loam for the tender. 
 
 HAEDY DECIDUOUS, &C. 
 Z.fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 6. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 incu'rna (curled-in). 5. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 spi'na-Chri'sti (Christ's thorn). 6. August. 
 
 Egypt. 
 -- ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August. 
 
 STOVE EVERGBEENS, &C. 
 Z. Caracu'tta (Caracutta). E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 longifo'lia (long-leaved). India. 1837. 
 
 melastomoi'des (melastoma-like). 6. N. Hoi- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 mucrona'ta (pointed -leaved). 30. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. Greenhouse. 
 
 Nape'ca (Napeca). 15. Ceylon. 1816. 
 
 ni'tida (shining). 6. June. China. 1822. 
 
 spi'na Chri'sti trint'rvia (three-nerved Christ's 
 
 thorn). E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 ZO'KNIA. (Named of J. Zorn, a German 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants 
 [Fabacese]. U\.nn.,I6-Monadelphia (j-Dc- 
 
 Annuals, seeds in a hotbed, and the plants af- 
 terwards bloomed in the greenhouse ; perennials, 
 also, by seeds, and dividing the plants in spring, 
 and requiring to he kept from frost, and rather 
 dry in winter ; rich, light, fibry loam. 
 Z. angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 
 India. 1/33. Annual. 
 
 Cape'nsis (Cape). . Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). . Yellow. July. 
 
 Carolina. 1824. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 ZYGADE'NUS. (From zygmto, to join, 
 and aden, a gland ; double glands on the 
 perianth. Nat. ord., Melanths [Meian- 
 thacess]. Linn,, 6 - ffexandria ~L-Mono- 
 gynia. Allied to Veratrum. ) 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials. 
 Seeds, and division of the plant in spring; a 
 moist, shady peat-border. 
 Z. bractea'tus (bracted). 1$. Cream. May. 1811. 
 
 commuta'tus (changeable). I. Cream. June. 
 
 1811. 
 
 e'legans (elegant). 1. White. May. 1828. 
 
 glabe'rriinus (smoothest). 1 . Cream . June. 1811. 
 
 hy'bridum (hybrid). . White. June. 1822. 
 
 monoVcum (monoecious). 2. Brown. June, isl 1. 
 
 Virgi'nicum( Virginian). 2. Brown. June. 1/68. 
 
 ZYGOPE'JALUM. (From zygos, a yoke, 
 
 and peialon, a petal ; tbe union of the 
 bases of the petals and sepals. Nat. 
 ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- 
 Gynandria i-Moiiandriu.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 Z. Africa'num (African). Violet. January. Gua- 
 timala. 183Q. 
 
 Irachype'tulum (short-petaled). Green, blue. 
 
 October. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 cochlea're (spoon-lipped). 1. White, purple. 
 
 August. Demerara. 
 
 crini'tum (tressed). Green, blue. November. 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 gramine'um (gftas-leaoed), Green, blue. No- 
 
 vember. Popayan. 1844. 
 
 intermedium (intermediate). Green, blue. No- 
 
 vember. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 Mucka'yi (Mackay's). 1. Green, lilac. March. 
 
 Brazil. 1325. 
 
 muxilla're (tooth -like-lowered). 1. Brown, 
 
 green. September. 5. Amer. 1829. 
 
 Alurraya'num (Murray's). $. Green, white. 
 
 July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 rostra' turn (beaked), g. White, brown. Sep- 
 
 tember. Demerara. 1S27. 
 
 sisnochi' him (narrow-lipped). |. White, yellow. 
 
 September. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 tri' color (thvee-coloured). Green, white. No- 
 
 vember. Guayana. 1845. 
 
 ZYGOPHY'LLUM. Bean-caper. (From 
 zygos, a yoke, and phyilon, a leaf; leaves 
 in pairs. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo- 
 pliyllacea;]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo- 
 nogynla.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, and 
 from the Cape of Good Hope where not otherwise 
 mentioned. Annual seeds in a hotbed in spring, 
 and then the plants hardened off, and placed in 
 the open border. Perennials, by cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little 
 charcoal and freestone. 
 
 Z. a'lbum (white). 2. White. October. Canaries. 
 1779- 
 
 atriplicoi'des (orach-like). America. 1S3/. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 cocci'neum( scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 6. October. 17/4. 
 
 fce'tidum (stinking). 4. June. 1/90. 
 ^insua've (unpleasant). 4. July. 1790. 
 
 macula'tum (spotted). 4. October. 1782. 
 
 ma'jor (larger). 4. July. Syria. 1596. Hardy 
 
 herbaceous. 
 
 microphy' Hum (small-leaved). . July. 1S16. 
 
 Murgsa'na (Morgsana). 3. August. 1/32. 
 
 prostra'tum (prostrate). . July. 1810. 
 
 sessilifo'lium (stalldess-leaved). 3. July. 1713. 
 
 si'mplex (simple). ^. July. St. Jago. 1825. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 spatTivla'tum (spatulate). June. Cape Verd Is- 
 
 lands. 1824. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 spino'sum (spiny). 1, July. 1830. 
 
837] 
 
 S Y N O N Y M E S. 
 
 IN the following List the plants mil be found in this Dictionary, or in other 
 works, under the names printed in Italics. Where the generic names are the same 
 in the synonymes, only the first letter. is .printed; ,\dien.the specific names are the 
 same, they are omitted .entirely. 
 
 ABB 
 
 Abelia serrata, A. iimflorct, A. cyanorum, 
 
 A. hispidissima. 
 Acacia ambigua, A . suaveolens. /A.'line- 
 
 aris, A. longissima. .A. mollissima, A. 
 
 mollis. A. strigosa, .A. ciliata. A. 
 
 CumanensiSj Prosopis. A. edulis, P. 
 
 dulcis. A. falcata, P. juliflora. A. 
 
 smilacifolia, A. urophylla. A. tamarijj- 
 
 cina, Gagnebina. 
 Acanthus Capensis, Blepharis. 
 Acer ericarpon, A. dasycarpon. A. sem- 
 
 pervirens, A. heterophyllum. A. spica- 
 
 tum, A. montanum. A. striatum hy- 
 
 l)ri(ium,A.Pennsylvanicum. A.negundo, 
 
 Negundo fraxini folium. 
 Achama, Malvaviscus. 
 Achillea filicifolia, Eupatorium. A. ochro- 
 
 leuca, A. pectinata. A. sambucifolia, 
 
 Pyrethrum macrophyllum. 
 Achimenes Ghiesbreghtii, A.heterophylla. 
 
 A. Scheerii, Sheeria Mexicana. 
 Achras mammosa, Liicuma. A. lucuraa, 
 
 L. ubovnta. 
 
 Achyranthes altissima, Chamissoa. 
 Acmella, Wollastonia. A. buphthalmoidefy 
 
 Heliopsis scabra. 
 
 Acoidium fuscum, Trichocentrum. 
 Aconitum altissimum, A. cynocUmum. A. 
 
 Cam ir, arum, A. rostratum pilosiusculum. 
 
 A. inclinatum, A. anthoroideitm. A. 
 
 laxum, A. Tauricnm. A. napellus pu- 
 
 bescens, A. Sohleicheri. A. pallidum, 
 
 A. Nuttallii. A. P}Tenaicnm, A. La- 
 
 marckii. A. strictum, A. Neubergense. 
 Acrophyllum venosum, A. verticillatnm 
 
 and Weinmannia venosa. 
 A.crostich\im,Cyriogonium ) Gym7togramma, 
 Lumaria, Nothola/ia, O/fersia, Platy- 
 
 AGA 
 
 cerium. A. lepidopteris, Gonlophlelium 
 
 sepultum. A.axillare, Gymnopteris axil- 
 
 laris. A. acuminatnm, G. nicotian'! folia,. 
 
 A. lingua, Niphobolus. A. velleum, No- 
 
 thoehlccna lanuginosa. A. sorbifolium, 
 
 Stenochl<sna. 
 
 Actinella lanata, Erinphyllum c&spitositm. 
 Actinophyllum, Scioda pity Hum. 
 Acunna oblonga, Bejaria astuans. 
 Adamsia scilloicles, Pusckltinia. A. rotun- 
 
 difolia, Gewn. A. glacialis, Sieversia. 
 Adenandra tetragona, Acmadsnia. 
 Adenanthei'a scandens, JZiitada adenan. 
 
 thera. 
 
 Adenophora liliifolia, Campanula. 
 Adiantum trigonum, A. etBsimile. A. psra- 
 
 doxicum, Platyloma Brownii. A. pte- 
 
 roides, Ckeilanthes. 
 Adonis miniata. A. cestivalis. A. Mentzelii 
 
 and veraalis, A. Apennina. 
 Adysetum, Glyce. 
 ^Eginetica capitata, Lipostoma campanu- 
 
 liftora. 
 
 Aerides cornutum,^.o^ora<Mm. A. arach- 
 nites, Renanthera. 
 ^Erobion superbum, Angracum. . 
 JSscbynomene, Daubeii Ionia. ^E.papposa, 
 
 Adesmia. M. aristata, Pictetia. jiE.pla- 
 
 tycarpa, Glottidum Floridanum. M, vir- 
 gata, Corsetia. M. viscidula, JE.siibvis- 
 
 cosa, ^E. Sesban, Se.sbtmia 2Egyptiaca. 
 
 &. cannabina, ^. affiui*. 
 jfEsculus carnea, M, rubicunda. 
 Afzelia gY&ndis,Erp f .hrop/ileuni Guineense. 
 
 A, cassioides, Seymeria tenuifolia. 
 Agapetes setigera and variegata, Thi- 
 
 baiif/ia. 
 Agarista neriifolia, Andromeda. 
 
AGA 
 
 [828 
 
 ANT 
 
 Agathis loranthifolia, Dammara orientalis 
 Agathosma, Macrostylis, Baryosma. 
 Agave spicata, A. brachystachys. A. gemi 
 
 niflora, Litt<ta. 
 
 Ageratum obtusifolium, A. cteruleum. A. 
 G-uiauense, Eupatorium macrophyllum 
 
 A. cselestinum, Caelestina micrantha. 
 Agrostemma, Lychnis. A. perennans, A 
 
 decumbens. 
 
 Ajax maximus, Narcissus. 
 Ajuga furcata, Anisomeles. 
 Aletris alba, A .farinosa. A, uvaria, Tritonia 
 Aleuritopteris farinosa and dealbata 
 
 Cheilanthes farinosa. 
 Alisma Damasoniurn, Actinocarpus. 
 Allionia, Oxybaphus. 
 Allinm canipestre, A, confertum. A. Baica- 
 
 lense, spirale. and senescens, A. glan- 
 
 cum. A. paniculatum, A. intermedium. 
 
 A. Monspessulanura, A. litoreum. A. 
 
 scorodoprasum, A. ophioscorodon. A. 
 
 vineale. A. Purshii. A. tenui folium, A. 
 
 schcenoprasum. A. ampeloprasum, A. 
 Waldsteinii. 
 Alloplectus Schottia and sparsiflorus, A. 
 
 dichrous. 
 Allosorus acrostichoides, Par/ceria. A. 
 
 imbricatus, Jamesonia. A. Karwinksii, 
 
 Ceratodactylis osmundioides. 
 Alnus viridis, Betula ovata. A. Africanus, 
 
 Tritoma uvaria. 
 Aloe atro-virens, Haworthia. A. huniilis, 
 
 A. acuminata. A. mitreefornris, A. Com- 
 
 melini. A. humilis incurva, A. incurva. 
 
 A. striata, A. paniculate. 
 Alpmia bracteata, A. Roscoeana. A. colo- 
 
 casia, Colocasia antiquorum. A. spiralis, 
 
 Costns. 
 
 Alstonia clean drifolia, A. scholaris. 
 Al-stromeria, Bomarea. A. Hooperi and 
 
 rosea, A. Simsii. 
 Althaea leucanthn, A.nuArftora. A. grandi- 
 
 ilora, A. rosea biloba. 
 Altern-anthera axillaris. A, spinosa. 
 Alyssum, Anodontia, Aubrietia, Glyce, 
 
 JPtilotrichum, Vesicaria. A. alpestre, A. 
 
 Marschallianum. A. Podoiicum, Schive- 
 
 reckia. A. cheiranthifolium, Farsetia. 
 
 A. linifolius, Meniocus. A. vesicaria, 
 
 Vesicaria reticulata. 
 Amerimnum, Lonchocarpus. 
 Amaryllis, Iziolirion, Phycdla, Xephy- 
 
 ranthes. A. Peruviana, Pyrolinon au- 
 
 reum. A. gigantea and Moluccana, 
 
 Crimtm. A. longifolia, C. Capense. A. 
 
 ornata, C. distichum. A. Australasia, 
 
 C.jlaccidum. A. revoluta, C. Herberli. 
 
 A. insignis, (7. insigne. A. Zeylanica, C. 
 
 Zeylanicum. A. adrena, Habranthus 
 
 hesperius. A. intermedia, H. intermt- 
 dius. A. curvifolia, Nerine. A.laticoma, 
 Brunsvigia lucida. A. orientalis, JS. 
 multiflora. A.purpurea, Vallota. 
 Ambrosinia ciliata, Cryptocoryne, 
 Amerimnum ebenus, Brya. 
 Ammocharis, Brunsviyia. 
 Amorphanana, A.frayrans. A. pubescens, 
 
 A. herbacea. 
 Amygdalus Persica nectarina;. jpienica 
 
 lavis. A. Persica, P. vulgaris. 
 Amyris, Idea. A. elemifera, A. Plumieri. 
 A. balsamifera, A. toxi/era. A. Zey- 
 lanica, Balsatnodendron. 
 Anacardium longifolium and Cassuvium, 
 
 Semecarpus anacardium. 
 Anagaiiis collina, A.fruticosa. 
 Anaxetum crassifolium, Drynaria'. 
 Ancbusa angustifolia, A. leptophylla. A. 
 Zeylanica, A. tenella. A. sempervirens, 
 Omphalodes. A. lanata, Cynoglossum 
 cheirifolium. A. tinctoriaJLithospermum. 
 Andromeda, Lyonia. A. lucida, populifolia, 
 reticulata, andlaurina, A. acuminata. A. 
 crassifolia. A. neriifolia. A. Walteri, A. 
 axillaris longifolia. A. spinulosa, A. 
 Catesbtfi. A. nitida lucida, A. coriacca. 
 A. fastigiata and cupressiformis, Cassi- 
 ope fastiyiata. A. polifolia latifolia, A. 
 glaucophyUa. A.paniculata,^.7'flC^m(.'s. 
 A. pubescens, A. rubiginosa. A. coc- 
 ciuea, Gaylussacia pseudo-vaccinium. 
 Andryala lyrata, A.argentetK. A. lunata, 
 
 Hieracium verbascifolium.. 
 Anemone hepatica, Hepatica triloba.. A. 
 Ochotensis, A. alba. A. fragifera, A. 
 Baldensis. A. tenella, A. Caroliniana. 
 A. stellata and versicolor, A. hortensis. 
 A. alpina, A. micrantha. A. cuneifolia, 
 A. parviflora. A. hortensis and pavo- 
 nia, A. pavonina fulgens. A. apiifolia, 
 A. sulphurea. A. thalictroides, Thalic- 
 trum anemonoides. 
 Angreecurn faicatum, (Eceoclades. A. su 
 
 perbum, A. eburneum. 
 Anguloa superba, Acineta Hamboldtu. 
 Anisopetal.um Careyanum, Bolbophyllum. 
 A.nneslea spinosa, Euryale ferox. 
 Anona, Asimina. A. tripetala, A. cheri- 
 
 molia. 
 
 Anonymos bracteata, Zornia tetraphylla. 
 Anthemis valentina, Anacyclus radiatus. 
 A. Arabica, Cladanthus. A. saxatilis, 
 A. Kitaibelii. 
 
 Anthericum, Arthropodium. A. exuvia- 
 tum and fragrans, Albuca. A. lilias- 
 trum, Czackia. A. serotinum, Gagea. 
 A. annuum, Bulbine. . 
 Athyrium Halleri, Asplenium fontanym. 
 
ANT 
 
 [ 829 ] 
 
 AST 
 
 Antholyza Cunonia,Anisavthus. A.JSthio- 
 
 pica vitigera, A. praealta. 
 Anthyllis, Ebenus. A. cuneata, Lespe 
 deza eriocarpa. A. cornicina, A. hamosa 
 
 A. rustica, A. vulneraria albiftora. A 
 
 Italica, A. vulneraria hirsutissimct. 
 Antirrhinum macrocarpum, Nemesia cha 
 
 mcedrifolia. A. fruticans, Linaria. A, 
 
 lanigerum, L. dealbata. A. linarioides, 
 
 L. Mans. A. spurium. L. lanigera. A. 
 
 linaria, L. linifolia. A. odorum, L 
 
 Loselii. A. strictum, L. macroura. 
 Apargia cichoracea, A. aurantiaca, 
 Apeiba hispida, A, Petoumo. A. hirsuta 
 
 A. Tibourbou. 
 
 Apicra pseudo-rigid a, A. rigida. 
 Apios frutescens, Wistaria. 
 Apocynum frutescens, Ichnocarpus. A 
 
 hastatum, Eustegia, 
 Aquilaria ovata, A. Malacccnsis. 
 Arabis, Aubrietia. A. Caucasica, A. albida. 
 
 A. bellidifolia and ciliaris, A.pumila. 
 Aralia sciadophyllum, Sciadophyllum 
 
 Brownii. A. hispida, A. Muhlenber- 
 
 giana. A. glomerulata, Hedera, 
 Araucaria excelsa, Altingia. A. Cookii, 
 
 A. columnaris. 
 Arbutus, Arctoslaphylus, Pernettya. A. 
 
 hybrida, A. adiacknoides. 
 Angelica officinaliE, A. archangelica. 
 Arctotis, Sphenogyne. A. scapigera, Arc- 
 
 totheca repens. 
 Ardisia crenata,.4. elegans. A. crenulata, 
 
 A.lentiginosa. A. umbellata, A. litoralis. 
 
 pyramidalis, A. paniculata. 
 ArenariaVillarsii, A.Austriaca. A.macro- 
 
 carpa, A. canescens. A. Sibirica, A.capil- 
 
 laris. A. fastigiata, A.fasciculata. A. 
 
 liniflora, A. Gerardi. A. filifolia, A. 
 
 graminifolia. A. glaberrima, A. gramini- 
 folia glaberrima. A. androsacea, A. 
 
 otitoidcs. A. cherlerifolia, A. rubella. 
 
 A. heteromalla, A. setacea. A. pungens, 
 
 A. subulata. A. viscosa, A. tenuifolia 
 
 viscidula. 
 
 Arethusa pectinata, Bartholina. 
 Argemone intermedia, A. Bar clay ana. 
 Aristolochia ringens, A. Braziliensis. A. 
 
 trilobata, A. Surinamensis. 
 Arnica bellidiastrum, Bellidiastrum Mi- 
 
 chelii. A. montana, A. Helvetica. 
 Avtabotrys hexapetala, A. odoratissima. 
 Artemisia Caucasica, A. alpina. A. in- 
 
 odora, A. Marschalliana. A. glacialis, 
 
 A. mutellina. A. rupestris, A. Norve- 
 
 gica and mutellina. A. splendens, A. 
 peduncularis. 
 Arthrophyllum Madagascarieuse, Phyl- 
 
 larthron Bojeriana. 
 
 Arum, Caladium. A. xanthorhiza, Xan- 
 thosoma sagittcefolia. A. colocasia, Colo- 
 casia antiquorum. 
 
 Asclepias, Cynanchum. A. viridis, Ancn- 
 therix. A. viminalis, Sr.rcostemma 
 Swartzianum. A. scandens, Dcemia. 
 A. tenacissima, Gymnema. A. arbores- 
 cens, Gomphocarpns. A. gigantea, 
 Calotropis. A. laurifolia, A. acuminata. 
 A. connivens, A. exaltata. A. purpuras- 
 cens, A. obtusifotia. A. hybrida, A. pur- 
 pur ascens. 
 
 Aspalathus arboreus, Brya ebenus. 
 
 Asperula Calabrica, Ernodca montana. A. 
 repens, A. hirsuta. A. incana, A. to- 
 mentosa. 
 
 Asphodelus Altaicus and Sibiricus, Ere- 
 murus spectabilis. 
 
 Aspidium, Asplenium, Cyrtomium^ Las- 
 trcea, Nephrodium, Polytrichum. A 
 Wallichii, Oleandra. A. truncatulum, 
 DidymochloEna. A. Barometz, Cibolium. 
 A. caclucum, Hemigonium. A. trape- 
 zoides, A. pedinatum. 
 
 Asplenium, Acropteris. A. hemionitis, 
 Scolopendrium. A. scolopendrium, S. 
 officinarum. A. sorbifolium,^fenisciw^ 
 A. nidus, Neoltopteris vulgaris. A. 
 odontites, Canopteris. A. laxum, C. 
 appendiculata. A. Germanicum, A* 
 alternifolium. 
 
 Astelma fruticans, Helichrysum. 
 
 Aster, Felicia. A. corymbosus, cordi- 
 folius, Eurybia corymbosa. A. pul- 
 chellus, Erigeron. A. chrysanthernoi- 
 des and tanacetifolia, Machceranthera. 
 tanacetifolia. A. Chinensis, Callistemma 
 hortense. A. Indicus, C. Indicum. A. 
 pumilus, A. Altaicus. A. Pennsylvani- 
 cus, A. ample xicaulis. A. umbellatus, A. 
 amygdalinus. A. dracunculoides, A. 
 artemisiiflorus. A . biennis, A. canescens. 
 A. Marylandica, A. conyzoides. A. sco- 
 parius, A. diffusus. A. pubescens, A* 
 eminens. A. carneus, A. fragilis. A. 
 glaucus, A. lavigatus. A. lucidus, A. 
 lavis. A. leucanthemus, A. laxus. A. 
 expansus, A. luxurlans. A. ledifolius, 
 A. nemoralis. A. \illosus, A.pilosus. A. 
 fruticulosus, A. plurijlorus. A. pini- 
 folius, A.polyphyllus. A. amcenus, A. 
 puniceus. A. alpinus ramosa, A.ramosus. 
 A. glaucus cyanus, A. rubricaulis. A. 
 virgatus, A. salicifolius. A. Hungari- 
 cus, A. salignus. A. Virginicus, A. sim- 
 plex. A. dentatus and ferruginea, A. 
 lomentosus. A. patolos and stiictus, 
 A. vimineus* 
 Astragalus Uralensis, Oxytropis* 
 
AST 
 
 [ 830 ] 
 
 BOS 
 
 leri, O.feetlda. A. montanus, 0. mon- 
 lana. A. Dahuricus, 'O.prostrata. A. 
 leontinus oroboides, Phaca oroboides. 
 A. carnosus, A. caryocarpus. A. macro- 
 rhizus, A. Donianus. A. virescens, A. 
 falcatus. A. malacaphyllus, A. galegi- 
 formis. A. tragacanthoides, A. lani- 
 yerus* A. tenuitblius, A. linearifolius. 
 A. sinicus, A. lotoides. A. raicranthus, 
 A. Nuttallianus. A. albidus, A. vesi- 
 carius. A. aloipecuroides,A.vulpimis. 
 
 Astrantia intermedia, A. Caucasica. A. 
 helleborifolia and heterophylla, A. 
 maxima. 
 
 Astrapsea mollis, Dombeya. 
 
 Ataccia cristata, Tacca integrifolia. 
 
 Athanasia lanuginosa, A. canescens. 
 
 Atragene Zeylauica, Naravelia. A. alpina, 
 A. Austriaca. 
 
 Avena elatior, Arrhenatherum avenaceum. 
 A. bulbosa, A. bulbosum. 
 
 Azalea procumbens, Chamaeledon. 
 
 Azima tetracantha, Monetla Barlerioides. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baccharis nereifolia, Brachylana. 
 Bactris globosa minor, Acrocomia minor. 
 Bseckea camphorosma, Bdbingtonia. 
 Balsamina hortensis, B. impatiens. 
 Ballota cinerea, Roylca eleyans. 
 Banksia ledifolia and litoralis, B. Cun- 
 
 ninghami. 
 Banisteria heteropbylla and fulgens, B. 
 
 splendens. B. auriculata, Stigmaphyllon 
 
 auriculatum. B. chrysophylla and ni- 
 
 tida, Heleropterys. 
 Barleria mitis, B.jlava. 
 Barringtonia acutangula, Stravadium 
 
 acutangulum, B. raceniosa, S. race- 
 
 mosum. 
 Bartsia coccinea, Euchroma. B. pallida, 
 
 Castilleja. 
 
 Baryosma Tongo, Dipterix odorata. 
 Bartonia decapetala, B. ornnta. 
 Batscbia Carolinensis, B. Gmelini. 
 Bauhinia anguina, B. corymbosa. B. re- 
 
 tusa and divaricata, B. Lamarckiana. 
 Begonia floribunda, parvifolia, and seni- 
 
 perflorens, B. Dregel. B. pendula and 
 
 repens, B. fayifolia. B. acida, pauci- 
 
 iiora, and pe'ltata, B. peltifoiia. B. 
 
 odorata, B. sinuata. B. maculata, B. 
 
 argyrostigma. B. punctata, Eupetalum 
 
 punctatum. B. rubi-a, B. coccinea. B. 
 
 Evansiana, B. discolor. 
 Belantheria lamiuin, Belvisiana, and 
 
 Vogeliana, Brillantaisia Owariensis. 
 Beilis jaculiflora, Cunninghamia Binensis. 
 
 Borberis Chitria, B. aristaia. B. atro- 
 virens, B. Wallichiana. B . vulgaris and 
 Iberica, B. Iberica. 
 
 Beschomeria tubiflora, Fourcroya. 
 
 Besleria bicolor and dichrous, Alloplcctus 
 dichrous. B. melittifolia, Episcia me- 
 liUifolia. B. inodora, Franciscea caly- 
 cina. B. serrulata, Drymonia bicolor. 
 
 Bidens calendulacea, Osteospennum calen- 
 dulaceum. B. seandens, Salmea. B. 
 odorata, B. yrandiflora. B. tripartita, 
 B. repens. 
 
 Bigelovia stricta and verticillata, Bor- 
 reria. B. coramuta, B. commulata. 
 
 Bignonia articulata, Phyllarthron Bojeri- 
 ana. B. cserulea, Jacaranda Baha- 
 mensis. B. comosa, Adenocalymna co- 
 mosum. B. keterophyila, B. Chirere. B. 
 microphylla, Catalpa. B. linearis, Chi- 
 lopsis. B. paniculata, Amphilobiumpani- 
 ctilalum. B. tomentosa, Paulownia impe- 
 rialis. B. Capensis, pentaphylla, radi- 
 cans, and stans, Tecoma. B. Pandorse, 
 T. aitstralis. B. grandiflbra and Chinen- 
 sis, T. grandiflara. B. fraxinifolia, Spa- 
 thodea. B. chelonoides, S. longiflora. 
 B. spathacea, S. Eheedii. B. quadril- 
 ocularis, S.Roxburyhii. B. uncata, S. 
 uncala. 
 
 Billardiera fusiformis, Sollya angustifnUa. 
 
 Billotia flexnosa, Leptospermumjlexitosiim. 
 
 Blseria bracteata, Sympieza capitella. 
 
 Blandfordia cordata, Qalax aphylla. 
 
 Blechuum, Woodwardia. B. boreale, Lo- 
 ' maria spicant. B. Canadense, B. Bra- 
 ziliensc. B. stramineum, B.striatum. B. 
 volubile, Salpichleena volabilis. 
 
 Bletia pallida, B.florida. B. verecnnda 
 Shepherdii, B. Shepherdii. B. Tanker- 
 villa3, Phaius grandifolius. B. Wood- 
 fordii, P. maculatus. 
 
 Bocconia cordata, Macleaya. 
 
 Bseobotrys Indica and pubescens, Maesa. 
 
 Bombax pentandrum, Eriodendron an- 
 fractuosum. B. erianthos, E. hian- 
 therum. B. gossypium and grandiflo- 
 rum, Cochlospermum gossypium. B. viti- 
 folium, C. serratifolium. B. quinatum, 
 Ceiba. B. heptaphyllum and Malaba- 
 ricum, B. septenatum. 
 
 Bonplandia geniiniflora, Caldasia hciero- 
 phyila. 
 
 Borago Zeylanicum, Trichodesma. 
 
 Borbonia axillaris and ericaefolia, Priest- 
 ley a. B. cordata, Eafnia triflora. B. 
 perfoliata, Vascou. 
 
 Boronia anemonsefolia, B. Frazerl. B. 
 ledifolia, B. lati/olia. 
 
 Bossiaea rufa, B, ensata. B. lanceolata, 
 
EOT 
 
 [ 831 ] 
 
 CAP 
 
 B. heterophylla. B. lenticularis, B. 
 
 rhombifolia. 
 
 JRotrycbium gracilis, B. dissectum. 
 Bouvardia Jacquinii, B. Iripliylla. 
 Brasenia peltata, Hydropcltis pitrpurea. 
 Brassica arvensis, Slor lean diet. B. orien- 
 
 talis, Erysimum perfoliatum. 
 Brodisea alliacea and ixioides, Leuco- 
 
 coryne. B.graadiflora, Hesperoscordum 
 
 hyadnthinum. 
 Bromelia lucida, Anannssa. B. ananas, 
 
 A. sativa. B. nudicaulis, pyramidalis, 
 and zebrina, JBillbergia. B. pallida, B. 
 amaena. B. melanantha, B. clavata. B. 
 iridiflora, B. iridifolta. 
 
 Brotera ovata, Pcntapetes. 
 
 Broussonetia Plumieri and tinctoria, 
 
 Madura. 
 
 Browallia iactea, B. elongata. 
 Brownea speciosa, B. rosea. 
 Brugmansia parviflora and floribunda, 
 
 Juanulloa parasitica. B. suaveolens, 
 
 Datura Gardnerl. 
 Brunia abrotanoides andlanuginosa,.Z?er- 
 
 zella. B. microphylla, Raspailia. B. 
 
 ciliata, glutinosa, and radiata, Staavia. 
 
 B. paleacea and phylicoides, Berardia. 
 Bubroraa polybotryum, Giiazuma. B. gua- 
 
 zuma, G. ulmi folia. 
 Bucco prolifera, Agathosma. B. crenata, 
 
 Barosma crenuldta. 
 Buchnera viscosa, Manuka. 
 Bulbocodium trigynum, Merendera Cau- 
 
 casica. 
 
 Buphane disticha, Brunsvigia. 
 Buphthalmum frutesceus, Diomedea In- 
 
 dentala. B. arborescens, D. glubrata. 
 
 B. cordifolium, Telekia speciosa. B. 
 scabrum, Heliopsis. B. helianthoides, 
 H. l<vis. B. coriaceum, B. Icevigatum, 
 
 Bupieurum junceum, B. Pollichii. 
 Burchellia parviflora, B. bubalina. 
 Burlingtonia anioana, B. decora. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cacalia pugioniformis, C.longifoUa. 
 
 Cactus phyllantlms, C. Hookeri. C. ele- 
 gans, C. spedosum (Epiphyllum). C. 
 flavescens, C. straminea. C. melocactus, 
 (7. communis (Melocactus). C.latispina, 
 
 C. cornigerus (Ecbinocactus). C. Pe- 
 reskia, Pereskia aculcata. C. portu- 
 lacaefolia, P. portulacatfolia. C. auran- 
 tiacus, Opuntia aurantiaca. C. opunLia, 
 O. vulgaris. C. pendula, E/iipsalis 
 Cassutka. C. fdnalis, JR. grandiflora. 
 C. nobilis, (7. reductus. C. tenuis, C. 
 tnyosurus. 
 
 Ca3salpinia tinctoria, Coulteria. 
 
 Caladium sequinum raaculatum, C/.mccw- 
 iatum. C. odoratum, Oolocusia odorcin'. 
 
 Calceolaria tinctoria, C. arachnoidea. C. 
 diflfusa, C. bicolor. C. floribunda, O. 
 connata. C. anomaln, and pendula, (7. 
 creiifttiflora. 
 
 Calea scopavia, Baccharis. 
 
 Calendula JSgyptiaca, C. Sicida. 
 
 Calinoa scandens, Doliocarpus calinea 
 
 Calla vEthiopica, Eichardia. 
 
 Callicarpa toraentosa, (7. cana. 
 
 Calophyllum Calaba, G. spurium. 
 
 Caltha ficarioides, G. Parnassifolia. 
 
 Calycanthus prsecox, Ghimonanlhus fru- 
 grans. 
 
 Calymenia angustifolia, Oxyb aphis an- 
 gustifolius. 
 
 Calypso Americana, C. lorealis. 
 
 Calyptranthes Jambolana, Syzycjium. C. 
 caryopbyllifolia, S. caryopkyUifuiium. 
 
 Calyptrion pyrifolium, Anchieta pyrifo ia. 
 
 Camellia axillaris, Polyspora. 
 
 Cameraria lutea, Tuber ntemontanaodora Id- 
 See WRIGHTIA. * 
 
 Campanula communis, coronopifoli a y 
 Fisclieri, intermedia, Lamarckiana, Pe- 
 reskifefolia,periplocitbiia,B,abeiaisiana. 
 stylosa, and verticillata, Adenophora. 
 C. tricuspidata, A. denticulata. C. coro- 
 nata, A. marsupiftora. C. porosa, 8a- 
 molus campanuloides. C. fruticosa and 
 interrupta, Lighffoolla subulata. , C. 
 Moorcroftiana, C. colorata. C. rupestris, 
 G. Biebersteiniana. C. capitata, C, ci- 
 choracea. C. neglecta, C. crenata. C. 
 spatulata, C. diveryens. C. speciosa, 
 C. elegans. C. difFtisa, C. fragilis. C. 
 betonicsefolia, G. gummifera. C. Bsl- 
 densis, G. Lorei. C. multiflora, (7. 
 macrostachya. C. Lobelioides, (7. "- 
 mosissima. C. gummifera, C. Sarmatica, 
 C. planiflora, G. versicolor. C. flexuosa.. 
 C. Waldsteiniana. C. elongata, Wahlcn- 
 lergia Gapensis. G. grandiflora, W, 
 grandi/lora a.nd.PlatycodonqrandiflorMr!,. 
 
 Camptosema rubicundum, Kcnnedya ni- 
 bicanda and splendcns. 
 
 Campylanthera elegans, Marianthus c&- 
 ruleo-pundatus. 
 
 Canna Chinensis, G. orientalis. C. sangui- 
 nea, G. Warszewiczii. 
 
 Cantbium coronatum, Gardenia dun ?to~ 
 rum. C. Chinense, G. spinosa. 
 
 Cantua ovata, tomentosa, and uniflora, (7, 
 buxifolia. C. aggregata and parviflora, 
 Gilia. C. ligustrifolia, Vestialycicides* 
 
 Capella plumbea, Phalocallis. 
 
 Capparis acutifolia and acuminata, C- 
 
CAP 
 
 [ 832 ] 
 
 CHE 
 
 Chinensis. C. octandra, C.ferruginea. 
 
 C. Fontanesii, C.ovata. C. arborescens, 
 
 G.pulcherrima. C.uncinata, C.torulosa. 
 
 C. trifoliata, Cratceva Roxburghil. C. 
 
 trifoliata, C. tapioides. 
 Caprifolium pubescens, C. hirsutum. C. 
 
 Japonicum, C. Nepalense. 
 Capsicum cerasiforme, C. Millerii. 
 Caragana argentea, Halimodcndron ar- 
 
 genteum. 
 Cardamine carnosa, Pteroneuron ear- 
 
 nosum. C. Gnecurn, P. Grwcum. 
 Cardamomum medium, Alpinia media. 
 Carduus cyanoides, Serratula cyanoidcs. 
 
 C. fimbriatus, S.fimbriatum. C. nitidus, 
 
 S. Kitaibelii. C. Pannonicus and serra- 
 
 tuloides, S. Pannonica. C. paniculatus, 
 
 Cirsium paniculatum. C. polyanthe- 
 
 mus, C. polyanthemum. C. cichoraceus, 
 
 C. cichoraceum. 
 Carlina Acarna, Cirsium. C. bracteata, C. 
 
 Sicula. C. sulphurea, C. racemosa. C. 
 
 Pyrenaica, Carduus Carlinoides. 
 Carolinea insignis, Sciadophyllum anoma- 
 
 lum. 
 
 Carpinus ostrya, Ostrya vulgaris. 
 Carpodinus. See CARPODISCUS. 
 Carthamus arborescens and cynaroides, 
 
 Onobroma. C. cseruleus, O, cterulcum. 
 
 C. glaucus, O. glaucum. C. leuco- 
 
 caulis, O. leucocaulon. C. arboreus, 
 
 Kentrophyllum arborescens. C. lanatus, 
 
 K. lanatum. C. Creticus, K. Tauricum. 
 
 C. mitissimus, Carduncellus. C. car- 
 
 duncellus, Carduncellus vulgaris. 
 Casearia decandra, C. parviflora. 
 Cassebeera farinosa, Cheilanthes. 
 Cassia acuminata, C. apoucouita. C. flexu- 
 
 osa, (7. Burmanni. C. crispa, C.fron- 
 
 dosa. C. grandiflora, C. Icevigata. C. 
 
 orientalis and acutiloba, (7. lanceolata. 
 
 C. senna, (7. obovala. C. procumbens, 
 
 C. pumila. C. cernua, (7. sulcata. C. 
 
 arborescens, C. sulphurea. C. multi- 
 
 glandulosa, C. tomentosa. C. diniidiata, 
 
 C. Wallitltiana. 
 Cassine xylocarpa, Elaodendron xylocar- 
 
 pum. C. Isevigata, E. tricuspida'tus. 
 Cassinia, Anyianthus. 
 Cassiope fastigiata, Andromeda fastigiata 
 
 and A. cupressiformis. 
 Castalia edulis, Nymphaa. C. mystica, 
 
 N. lotus. 
 Castilleja coccinea, Euchroma. C. ses- 
 
 siliflora and grandiflora, E. grandiflora. 
 Catasetum Claveringi, (7. tridentatum Cla- 
 
 verinyi. C. floribundum, C. tridentatum 
 
 floribundum. 
 Cattleya coccinea, Sophronitis grandiflora. 
 
 Ceanothus cteruleus, C. azureus. C. Cu- 
 bensis, Colubrina. C.Asiaticus, C.Asia- 
 tica. C. colubrinus, C,ferruf/inosa t C. 
 reclinatus, C. reclinata. C. globulosus, 
 Pomaderris globulosa. C. Wendlandia- 
 nus, P. Wendlandiana. 
 
 Cedronella Canariensis, C. triphylla. 
 
 Celastrus Zeylanicus, Ceanothus Zcylani- 
 cus. C. emarginatus, (7. relusus. C. 
 octagonus and verticillatus, Maytenus. 
 
 Celosia lanata, JErua. 
 
 Celsia linearis, Alonsoa. C. urticifolia, A. 
 incisifoha. 
 
 Celtis aspera, C. occidentalis scabriuscula. 
 C. cordifoiia, C. crassifolia. 
 
 Cenchrus laevigatus, Anthephora elegans. 
 
 Centaurea conifera, Leuzea conifera. C. 
 Altaica, L. sahna. C. nitens, Calli- 
 cephalus. C. ceratophylla, (7. arach- 
 noidea. C. Caucasica, (7. cheiranthi- 
 folia. C. exaltata, C. coronopifolia. 
 C. argyrophylla, C. Jacob (eafolia. C. 
 linarifolia, C. linifolia. C. Sibirica, (7. 
 MarschaUiana. C. sulplmrea, (7. neg- 
 lecta. C. leucantha, C. ochroleuca. C. 
 virgata, (7. polymorpha. C. rigescens, 
 C. rigida. C. Zamonii, (7. Bomana. C. 
 Ehapontica, Rhapontica Pallasii and 
 It. scariosa. C. galactites, Galadites 
 tomentosa. 
 
 Cephalotaxus coriacea, C. drupacea. 
 
 Cephaelis calycina, C. axlllaris. 
 
 Cerasus macropbylla, C. duracina mam. 
 millaris. C. salicina, C.pygmcea. 
 
 Ceratostema grandiflorum, (7. lonfjiflorum. 
 
 Cerbera fruticosa, Kopsia. C. Borbonica, 
 Ochrosia. C. laurifolia and Odollam, 
 Tanghinia. C. lactaria, T. Manyhas. 
 C. Tanghin, T. veneniftua. 
 
 Cereus abnormis, cylindricus, gibbosus, 
 and imbricatus, Cactus (Echinocactus). 
 C. squamulosus and elegans, Lepismium 
 commune. C. tenuispinus and myo- 
 surus, L. myosurus. 
 
 Ceropegia sagittate, Microloma sagilta- 
 tum. 
 
 Certoceras reflexum, Centrostemma. 
 
 Chaixia Myconi, Ramondia Pyrenaica. 
 
 Chamselaucium plumosum, Verticordia 
 Fontanesii. 
 
 Chamserhodes erecta, Sibbaldia. 
 
 Chamserops acaulis, Sabal Adansoni. 
 
 Chamorchis alpina, Hermininm alpinum. 
 
 Chardinia orientalis, Xeranthemum ori- 
 entale. 
 
 Cheilanthes cuneata and pteroides, Cas- 
 sebeera. C. lentigera and vestita, A T o- 
 thochlana. C. aculeata, repens, and 
 tenuifolia, Hypolepis. C. hirta, rufa, 
 
CHE 
 
 [ 833 ] 
 
 COG 
 
 and vestita, Eriochasma. C. dealbata, 
 
 C.farinosa. 
 Cheiranthusdubius > C.ochroleucus. C.Fav- 
 
 setia, Farsetia ch eiranthoides. C. stric- 
 
 tus, Heliophila cleomoides. C. versicolor, 
 
 bicolor, and decumbens, Erysimnm. C. 
 
 leptophyllus, E. leptophyllum. C. al- 
 
 pinus, E. canescens. C. colliuus, E. 
 
 collinum. C. firnaus, E.ftrmum. C. 
 
 Armeniacus, E. Ibericum. C. Khae- 
 
 ticus, E. RhoEticum. C. strigosus, E. 
 
 strigosum. C. hieracifolius, E. strictum. 
 
 C. Ijratus, Malcomia lyrata. C. mari- 
 
 tiraus, If. maritima. C. litoreus, M. 
 
 lit ore a. 
 Chelidonium Dalmricum, C. grandiflo- 
 
 rum. C. diphyllum, Meconopsisdlphylla. 
 
 C. hybridum, Romania hybrida. 
 Chelone ceerulea and hirsuta, Pentstemon 
 
 angustifolium. C. atro - purpurca, P. 
 
 atro-purpureum. C. cristata, P. erian- 
 
 therum. C. erianthera, P. glabrum. G. 
 
 angustifolia, P. Kunth'd. C. elegans, 
 
 P. pulchellum. C. rosea and angusti- 
 
 folia, P. roseum. C. major, C. Lyoni. 
 Chenopodium cordatus, Amaranlkits. 
 Cliilopsis saligna, C. linearls. 
 Chironia gracilis, Sablalia. 
 Chlora dubia, (7. imperfoliata. 
 Chloria curtipendula, Atheropogon aphe- 
 
 doides. 
 
 Cliorozema scandens, Podolobium. 
 Clirysanthemum Tndicura, C. triparti- 
 
 tttnf. 
 
 Chryseis tenuiflora, Eschscholtzia. 
 Chrysipbiala flava, Stenomesson aitranti- 
 
 acnm. 
 Chrysocoma, Solidago. C. cinerea, Ozo- 
 
 thamnus cinereus, 
 Cibotium glaucescens and glaucum, C. 
 
 Barometz. 
 
 Cicuta venenata, Ferula villosa. 
 Cinchona excelsa, Hymenudictyon excel- 
 
 sum. C. tbyrsiflora, H. thyrsiflorum. 
 
 C. gratissima, Liiculia. 
 Cineraria linifolia, Agathaa. C. amel- 
 
 loides, A. ccslestis. C. glauca and pur- 
 
 purata, Senec'dlis- C. praecox, Senccio. 
 
 C. cruenta, 8. crnentus and alphnts. 
 
 C. cordifolia, 8. cordifolius. C. alpina, 
 
 8. lyratifolius. 
 Cir'sium horndns,C.B<eticum. C.salinum, 
 
 Leuzea salina, 
 lis sampelos convolvulacea, Menispermum 
 
 fenestratum. 
 Cissus ampelopsis, Ampelopsls cordata. 
 
 C. quinquefolius, A. hcderacea. 
 Cistus salvifolius, C. acutifolius. C. la- 
 
 dani ferns and stenophyllus, C. Cyprus. \ 
 
 C. undulatus, C.Dunalianm. C. villosus 
 and virescens, C. rotundifotius. G. Ja- 
 daniferus undulatus, C. undulatus. 
 
 Clavija macrophylla, C. macrocarpa. 
 
 Claytonia Virginica, C. acutijlora. C. bi- 
 fida, C. Unalaschkensis. 
 
 Clematis, Atragene. C. calycoma, C. Bale- 
 arica. C. australis, C. coriacea. C. fra- 
 grans, C.flammula rotundifolia. C. cir- 
 rhosa, C.pedicellata. C. cordata, C.Sim- 
 sii. C. bracteata, C. Viryiniana brac- 
 teata. C. csespitpsa and flammula, C. 
 flamrnulaccespitosa. C. bicolor, C.floridti 
 Sieboldii. G. anemonaefloia, C. mon~ 
 tiw/n grandiflora. C. Henderson!, C. Ne- 
 palensis. C. tenuifolia and Lusitanica, 
 C. viticella tenuifolia. C. verticillaris, 
 Atragene Americana. C. alpina, I. 
 Austriaca. G. Capensis, Anemone. 
 
 Cleome Cheladonii, dodecandra, uni- 
 glandulosa, and viscosa, Polanisia. C. 
 dodecandra Canadensis, P. graveolent. 
 C. icosandra, P. viscosa icosandra. G. 
 candelabrum, pentaphylla, and speci- 
 osa, Gynandropsis. C. triphylla, G. 
 triphylla and sessilifiora. G. orni- 
 thopioides, C. Dilleniana. C. spinosa, 
 C. pungens. C. prostrata, Rothia tri- 
 foliata. C. pinnata, Stanleya pinnaii- 
 fida. C. Capensis, Heliophila cleo- 
 moides. 
 
 Clerodendron ovatum, C. Coromanddia- 
 num. 
 
 Cliftonia ligustrina, Mylocarywn ligus- 
 trinum. 
 
 Clitanthes humilis, Coburgia. 
 
 Clitoria multidora, Vilmorina. C. Brons- 
 sonetii.; Cologania. C. polyphylla, Bar- 
 bieria. 
 
 Clycina Vincentina, CJuefocalyx. 
 
 Cnicus Acarna, cynaroides, and pungens, 
 Cirsium. C. nivalis, C. cernuum. C. 
 horridus, C. Bertolini. G. centaurioi- 
 des, C. cynaroides. G. elatior, C. 
 elatius. C. glaber, C. muticum. C. 
 orientalis, C. orientals. C. paludosus, 
 C. paltidosum. G. Salisburgensis, C. 
 Salisburgeme. C. strictus, C . strictum . 
 G. Paycuarensis, C. Paycuarense. C. 
 pinnatindus, C. pinnalifidum. C. car- 
 thamoides, Leuzea. C. Pannonicus, 
 Serratula Pannonica. 
 
 Coccocypselum buxifolium, Fernelia buvi- 
 folia. 
 
 Coccoloba parvi flora, C. uvifera. 
 
 Cocculus Carolinus, Wendlandia populi- 
 folia. 
 
 Cocos aculeata, Acrocomia. C. fusiformis, 
 Diplothcmium. C. arenaria, D. Morale. 
 3H 
 
COD 
 
 [ 834 
 
 CHI 
 
 C. comosa, C. plumosa* C. Maldivica, 
 Ztodaicea Sechellarum. 
 
 Codonopsis ovata, Glossocotnia. 
 
 Coelogyne coronaria, Trichosma suavis. 
 
 Colchicum versicolor, Bulbocodium. C. 
 Caucasicum, Merendera Gaucasica. 
 
 Coleus Amboinicus, C. aromaticus. 
 
 Colletia ferox, C. horrida. C, horrida, C. 
 spinosa. C. ephedra and oboordata, 
 Eetanilla. 
 
 Collomia lateritia, (7. coccinea. 
 
 Columnea splendens, Nematanthus longi- 
 pes. C. grandiflora, C. splendens. 
 
 Colutea Pocockii, G. Haleppica. C. fru- 
 tescens, Sutherlandia. C. galegifolia, 
 Swainsoma. 
 
 Combretum laxum, C. secundum. C. ma- 
 crophyllum, C. latifolium. C. Afzelii, 
 Poivrea. C. barbatum, P. barbata. C. 
 purpureum, P. coccinea. C. como- 
 sum, P. comosa. C. decandrum, P. de- 
 candra. C. intermedium, P. intermedia. 
 
 Commersonia dasyphylla, Bytlneria. 
 
 Conium arracacha, Arracacha esculenta. 
 
 Conanthera bifolia, C. Simsii. C. campa- 
 nulata, Cummingia. 
 
 Connarus Africanus, OmphaloUum Afrl- 
 canum. C. Asiaticus, O. Indicum. 
 
 Conoclinium ianthinum, Eupatorium. 
 
 Conostylis Americana, Lophiola aurea. 
 
 Convallaria verticillata, Polygonatum ver- 
 ticillatum. C. polygonatum, P. vulgare. 
 C. Japonica, Ophiopogon Japonicits. 
 
 Convolvulus CairiCUS, 7jpoma Oairica. C. 
 fastigiatus, I.fastifiiata. C.panduratus } 
 7. pandurata. C'. pilosus, I. pilosa. 
 C. umbellatus, J. polyanthes. C. stipu- 
 laceus, J. stipulacea. C. vitifolius, J. vi- 
 tifolia. C. canescens and polyanthus, 
 Jacquemontia canescens. C. pentantha, 
 J. violacea. C. pseudo-Siculus, O. elon- 
 gatus. C. decumbens, C. evolvuloides. 
 C.pudibundus and Portoricensis,P/mr- 
 bitis cathartica. C. Cflespitosa, Skinneria, 
 C. jalapa, Batatas jalapa, Exogonium 
 purga, and Ipomaa jalapa. C. macro- 
 rhizus, Batatas jalapa. C. sepium, Ca- 
 lystegia. C. spithamseus, C. sylvestris. 
 0. stans, C. tomentosa. 
 
 Conyza Chilensis, Engevon. C. ambigua, 
 E. linifolms. 
 
 Corbularia conspicua, Narcissus conspi- 
 cmts. 
 
 Corchorus Japonicus, Kerria Japonica. 
 
 Cordia Patagouula, Patagonula Amen- 
 can a. 
 
 Cordyline alba, Dracaena elliptica. 
 
 Coreopsis alata and procera, Actinomeris. 
 C. alternifolia, A. sqttarrosa. C. trip- 
 
 teris, Chrysostemma. C. heteropbylla, 
 Ximenesia Cavanillesii and Echinacea 
 heterophylla. C. coronata, Bidens Btr- 
 teriana. 
 
 Cornus capitata, Benthamia fragifera. 
 C. asperifolia and stricta asperifolia, C. 
 sericea asperifolia. C. oblongifolia, C. 
 sericea oblongifolia. 
 
 Coinutiapunctata, Hosta c&rulea. 
 
 Corydalis fungosa, Adlumia cirrhosa. C. 
 Canadensis and tenuifolia, Dielytra. 
 
 Corypba minor, Sabal Adansoni. C. pal- 
 mata, Cham&rops Palmetto. C. Ta- 
 liera, Taliera Bengalensis. 
 
 Costus afer hirsutus, C. maculatm. C. 
 speciosus angustifolius, C. Nepalensin. 
 
 Cotoneaster deniiculata, Nagelia. 
 
 Cotula quinqueloba, Lidbec/cia lobata. 
 
 Cotyledon csespitosa and coccinea, 
 Echeveria. C. calycinum, Bryophyl- 
 lum. C, lutea, Umbilicus ercctus. C. 
 umbilicus, U. pendulinus. C. serrata, 
 U. serratus. C. spinosa, 17. spinos-us. 
 C. purpurea, C. curvijlora. C. papil- 
 laris, C. decussata. C. ramosissima, C. 
 ramosa. C. mucronata, C. undulaia. 
 C. Hispanica, Pistorinia. 
 
 Crassula dichotoma, retroflexa, and gen- 
 tianoides, Grammanthes chlorcpflora. 
 C. cultrata, Globulea. C. rotundifolia, 
 Kalanchoe* 
 
 Cratsegus glauca, Stranvasia glaiicesccns. 
 C. lobata, C.flava lobata. C. Olive- 
 riana, C. oxycantha Oliveriana. C. la- 
 ciniata, (7. oxycantha rosea. C. edulis, 
 C. pyrifolia. C. Celsiana, C. tanaeeti- 
 folia Taurica. C. apiifolia, C. apiifolia 
 minor. C. macrantha, C. coccinea 
 macrantha. C. subvillosa, C. coccinea 
 subvillosa* C. orientalis, (7. orientalis 
 sanguinea. C. Sibirica and monogyna, 
 (7. oxycantha Sibirica. C. edulis, C. 
 punctata nigra. C. stricta, G. punctata 
 nigra stricta. C. glandulosa, G. coc- 
 cinea glandulosu. C. inlentata, C. coc- 
 cinea indentata. C.Indica,, Itaphiolepis. 
 C. torminalis, Pyrus. C. glabra, PAo- 
 tinia serrulata. 
 
 Cratseva fragrans and capparoides, 
 Richieafragrans. 
 
 Crepis barbata and coronopifolia, Tolpis. 
 C. filiformis, JEthionia. C. incana, 
 Andi'yala. 
 
 Crinum superbum, G. amabile. C. cam- 
 panulatura, (7. aguaticum. C. toxica- 
 rium, C. Asiaticum. C.. brevifolium, 
 G. bracteatum. C. Capense viridiflo- 
 rum, (7. crassi folium, C. rubrolimbo, 
 C. erubescens. C.revolutum, C.Herberti.. 
 
CEO 
 
 835 ] 
 
 DIA 
 
 Crotalaria sericea, C. Burmanni. C. hirta, 
 
 C. Cubensis. C. trifolias train, C. medi- 
 caginea. C. Chinensis, C. paniculata. 
 
 \ 0. Isevigata, C. Purshii. C. stricta and 
 anthylloides, C. Eoxburgldana. C. cae- 
 rulea, C. verrucosa. C. opposita, Raf- 
 ' nia. C. cordifolia, Hypocalyplus obcor- 
 \datits. C. amplexicaulis, Vascoa am- 
 plexicaulis and perfoliata. C. floribunda 
 and obcordata, Viboryia obcordata. 
 
 Cruikshanksia cistiflora, Ledocarpum pc- 
 duncularis. 
 
 Cryptomeria Japonica pygmsea, C. Ja- 
 ponica nana. 
 
 Cucifera Thebaica, Hypliane coriacea. 
 
 Cucubalus chlorsefolius, Silene perfoliata. 
 
 Cucumis anguineus, Trichosantkes an- 
 guina. 
 
 Cucurbita citrullus, Cucumis. C.lagenaria, 
 Lagenaria vulgaris. 
 
 Cunninghamia lanceolata, C. Sinensis. 
 
 Cupia, Stylocoryne. 
 
 Cupressustriquetra, Callitris. C.thyoides, 
 Chamcecyparissphteroidea. C. Japonica, 
 Cryptomeria. C. glauca, C. Lusitanica. 
 
 Cyathea arborea, C. excelsa. C. dentata, 
 Aspidium dentatum. 
 
 Cyclamen Clusii, C. Europoeum. C. Eu- 
 ropaeum, C. hederlfolium. 
 
 Cyclobothra barbata, (7. lutea. 
 
 Cymation Isevigatum, Lichtensteinia lasvi- 
 gata. 
 
 Cymbidium iridioides, C. giganteum. C. 
 floridum, Bletia florida. C. hyacinthi- 
 num, B. hyacinthina. C. altum, B. ve- 
 recunda. C. cucullatum, Brassavola cu- 
 cullata. C. nodosum, B. nodosa. C. trip- 
 terura, Ccelia Baueriana. C. dependens, 
 Cirrhcea Loddigesii. 
 
 Cynanchum bicolor, Daemia. C. extensum, 
 
 D. extensa. C. discolor, Gonolobus. C. 
 maritimum, G.maritimus. C.viniinale, 
 Sarcostemma. 
 
 .Cynoglossum Virginicum, C. ample xicaule. 
 C. hirsuta, C. canescens. C. scorpioides, 
 Omphalodes. C. brassicsefolium, O. am- 
 plexicaulis. C. liriifolium, 0. linijolia. 
 C. nitida, O. nilidum. C. ompbalodes, 
 0. verna. 
 
 Cyperus elegans and odoratus, Papyrus. 
 
 Cypripedium humile, C. acaule. 
 
 Cyrilla cocciuea, Achimenes. C. pulchella, 
 Trevirania. 
 
 Cyrtanthus uniflorus, Gastronema clava- 
 tum. 
 
 ;Cyrtocbilum stellatum, Miltonia stdlata. 
 
 Cyrtopodium Woodfordii, Cyrtopera. 
 
 .Cytisus niger, pinnatus, and Wolgarica, 
 Galophaca Wolgarica. C. pseudo-Cajan, 
 
 Cajanus bicolor. C. Cajani, C. flaws. 
 C. argenteus, Lotus. C. foJiolosus, His- 
 panicus, and Telonensis, Adenocarpus. 
 C. complicatus, A. intermedius and par- 
 vifolius. C. pauciflorus, C. calycinus. 
 
 C. elongatus, C. multiflorus. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dactylanthus- globosa, Euphorbia. 
 Dalbergia arborea, Pongamia ylabra. D. 
 
 dtphaca, Diphaca Cochinchinensis. D. 
 
 Domingensis, Lonchocarpus. 
 Dalea Kuhnistera, Petalosiemvn corym- 
 
 bosum. 
 Dalibarda repens, D. violaoides. D. fra- 
 
 garioides, Comaropsis Doniana and 
 
 fi'agarioides. 
 Daraasonium stellatum, Actinocarpus da- 
 
 masonium. 
 
 Dahlia frustranea fulgens, Z>. crocata. 
 Daphne collina Neapolitana, D. Neapoli- 
 
 tana. D. cannabina, D. papyracea. D. 
 
 olesefolia, Z>. sericea. D. lagetta, La- 
 
 getta lintectria. 
 Darea appendiculata and odontites, Ca- 
 
 nopteris. 
 Davallia alata, Microlepia. D. primata 
 
 and flagellifera, M. primata. D. tiac- 
 
 cida, M. rhomboidea. D. Boryaua, 
 
 Odontolomia Boryanum. 
 Daviesia glauca, T). mimosoides* D. reti- 
 
 culata, Jacksonia. 
 Diastella vacciniifolia, Mimetes. 
 Delphinium tridactylum,,Z>. excdtatum. 
 
 D. hirsuturn, D. hybridum. D. inter- 
 medium, D. intermedium l-eptostachyum. 
 D. junceum, D. peregrinum. D. ambi- 
 guum. Z>. pubescens. 
 
 Dendrobium cucullatum, D. Pierardii. D. 
 aureum, D. heterocarpum. 
 
 Denhamia scandens, Culcasia. 
 
 Desfontainea splendens, Hookeri, and 
 acutangula, D. spinosa. 
 
 Desmanthus plenus, polyphyllus, and 
 punctatus, Neptunia plena. 
 
 Desmotricbum cymbidioides, Dendrobium. 
 
 Dianthus scaber, D. asper. D. glauco- 
 phyllns, Z>. Balbisii. D. pumilus, D. 
 barbatus latifolius. D. atro-rubens, D. 
 capitatus. D. orientalis, Z>. Jimbriatus. 
 D. neglectus, D.ijlacialis. D. furcatuii, 
 D. Homemanni. D. Willdenovii, D. Ibe- 
 ncus and Llbosckitzianus. D. petneus, 
 D. petraus majoribus. D. procumbent, 
 D.monadelphns. D. pallens, D.pallidi- 
 florus. D. moschatus and dubius, D. 
 plumarius. D. ochroleucus, D. pralensis. 
 D. Bisigniani, D. rupicola. D. virgi. 
 
ETA 
 
 f 836 ] 
 
 ELO 
 
 neus, D. syhcstris.< D. pungons and 
 
 rupestris, D. virgineus. 
 Diapensia cuneii'olia, D. barbidata. 
 Dicksonia glutinosa, Sitolobium glutino- 
 
 sum. D. flaccida, 8. flaccidum, D. 
 
 pubescens, S. punctilobiwn. D. cul- 
 
 cita, Balantium. D. antarctica, Gibo- 
 
 tium Billaa'dieri. D. aculeata, Hypo- 
 
 lepis. 
 
 Dicliptera spinosa, Barleria lupulina. 
 Dictarnnus albus, D.fraxinella. 
 Didiscus cceruleus, Trachymene ccerulva. 
 Didymocarpus Eexii, Streptocarpus. 
 Didymochlsena sinuosa, D. truncatula. 
 Dielytra scandens, Dactylicapnos thalic- 
 
 trifulia. 
 
 Diervilla Canadensis, D. lutea. 
 Digitalis Canariensis and sceptrum, Iso- 
 
 plexls. D. granditiora, D. ambigua. D. 
 
 parviflora, Z>. lutea. D. intermedia, D. 
 
 media. D. ambigua, D. ochroleuca. D. 
 
 erubescens, D. purpurasccns. 
 Dilatris tinctoria and Heritiera, Lach- 
 
 nanthes tinctoria. 
 Dillenia, Wormia. D. scandens, Tetra- 
 
 cera volubilis. 
 
 Diilwynia pungens, Eutaxia. 
 Dimocarpus Litchi, Nephelium. D. Lon- 
 
 gan, N. Long ana. 
 Dimorpha grandiflora, Parivoa. 
 Dinebra cuitipendula, Atheropogon aphi- 
 
 doides. 
 Diosma, Audouinia. D. alba, Coleonem-a. 
 
 D. latifolia, serratifolia, and odorata, 
 
 Barosma crenulata. D. linifolia, B. 
 
 dioica. D. linearis, marginata, and vil- 
 
 losa, Adenandra. T). ambigua and 
 
 orbicularis, Agathosma. D. cuspidata, 
 
 Linconia. D. deusta, L. thymifolia. 
 
 D. ciliata, Macrostylis obtitsa. 
 Dolichos polystachyos, Pkaseolus peren- 
 
 nis. D. soja, Soja hispida. D. obtusi- 
 
 folius, Canavalia obtiisifolia. D. ro- 
 
 seus, C. rose a. D. luteolus, Viyna 
 
 glabra. 
 
 Dombeya columnaris, Araucaria. 
 Donia ciliata, glutinosa, and squarrosa, 
 
 Grindelia. 
 Doronicum orientale, Z>. Caucasicum, D. 
 
 Peruvianum, Werneria rigida. D. vil- 
 
 losum, Diplocoma villosa. 
 Dorycniurn Ibericum, D.'lati folium. D. 
 
 Monspeliense, D. siiffnilicosum. D. hir- 
 
 sutum and incanum, D. tomentosum. 
 Draba, Aitbrietia. D. prtecox, Erophila. 
 
 D. verna, E. vulgaris. D. lutea and 
 
 longipes, D. gracilis. D. contorta, Z>. 
 
 incana. D. androsacea, D. Lapponica 
 
 arid Fladnicensis. D. hirta, JL>. muri- 
 
 cclln, rupi'st ) -is, arid sffllalrt. D.nixoiilcs, 
 D. brack]] stemo it. \). incana, D. confusa. 
 D. Pyrenaica, Petrocallis. 
 
 Dracaena australis, indivisa, and stricta, 
 Cordyline. D. spicata, terniflora, Wal- 
 lichii, maculata, and Javanica, D. cl- 
 liptica. D. marginata, D. tcssellata. 
 D. ensifolia, Dianella. 
 
 Dracocephalum grandiflorum, D. Altai - 
 ense. D. cordatum, Physostegia cordata 
 andCedronella cordata. D. denticulatum, 
 P/iysostegia denticulata. D. speciosum, 
 P. speciosa. D. variegatum, P. va- 
 riegata. D. Virginianum, P. Virginian a. 
 D. Mexicanum, Cedronella Mexicana. 
 D. Canariense, C. Mphylla. 
 
 Dracontium pertusum, Calla perlitsa. 
 
 Dracophyllum capitatum and gracile, 
 Spkenotoma. 
 
 Drimys Granatenis, Chilensis, and Mexi- 
 cana, D. Winteri. 
 
 Drosera intermedia, D. longifolla. 
 
 Dryandra falcata, Hemididia Baxleri. 
 
 Dryas octopetala, D. Drummondi. D. 
 integrifolia, D. tenella. 
 
 Duranta microphylla, D. Ellisia. D. 
 dentata, D. macrocarpa. 
 
 Duvalia. See STAPELIA. 
 
 Dyssodia porophylla, Bccbcra incana. 
 
 E. 
 
 Echinocactus obrepandus, Echinopsis 
 cristala. E. depressus, gibbosus, and 
 hystrix, Cactus (Echinocactus). E. 
 platacantha, C. cornigerus (Echinocac- 
 tus). E. ingens, C. visnaya (Ecliino- 
 cactus). E. recurvus, C.nobiles (Echi- 
 nocactus). E. polyacantha, C.polyacau- 
 tha (Melocactus). 
 
 Echinopsis campylacantha, Cereus leu- 
 can thus. 
 
 Echites, Aganosma. E. caudata, Sfro- 
 phanthus dichotomus. E. succulents, 
 Pachypodhtm succulentum. E.tuberosa, 
 P. tuberosum. E. sanguinolenta and 
 nutans, Hcemadictyon venosum. E. 
 suberecta, H. suberectum. E. crassi- 
 noda and splendens, Dipladenia. 
 
 Echium formosum, E. grandiflorum. E. 
 grandiflorum, E. macranthum. E. his- 
 pidum and elegans, E. Sibliiorpii. 
 
 Elffiocarpus lanceolata, E. grand/Jlonts. 
 E. peduncularis, Friesia. 
 
 Elseodendron argania, Argania sideroxy- 
 lon. 
 
 Elichrysum, Aphelexis and Astelma. 
 
 Elodea campanulata, Hypericum Virgi- 
 nicum. 
 
ENC 
 
 [ 837] 
 
 FEE 
 
 Encpplmlartos, Zamia. 
 
 Encyclia patens, Epidendrum odoratissi- 
 mum. 
 
 Epacris rosea, Lysinema pungens rubrum. 
 
 Ephippium elongatum, capitatum, and 
 cornpressum, Cirrhopetalum. E. ciiia- 
 tum, C. Blumei. 
 
 Epidendrura ellipticura, E. crassifolium. 
 E. ciliare, E. cuspidatum. E. lineatiun, 
 E. fragrans. E. marginatum, E. ra- 
 diatum. E.basilare, E. Stamfordiarwm. 
 E. caudatum, Brassia caudata. E. cu- 
 cullatum, Brassavola cuctdlata. E. no- 
 dosura, B. nodosa. E. tripterum, 
 Ccelia Baneriana. E. subulatura, 
 Aerides cylindricum. 
 
 Epilobiura Halleri, E. Dodonai. E. 
 squamatum, E. rosmarinifolium. 
 
 Epipactis cucullata, JEriocltilns autttm- 
 nalls. E. ensitblia, palleus, and rubra, 
 Cephalanthera. 
 
 Epiphyllum splendidum and Hitcheni, 
 Gereus splendidus. 
 
 Epithecia glauca, Epidendrum glancum. 
 
 Eranthemum flavum, Barleriaflava. 
 
 Ereraurus Altaicus, Caucasicus, and 
 Tauricus, E. spectabilis. 
 
 Erica quadrittora, E. Bergiana. E. erio- 
 cephala, E. canescens. E. mirabilis, 
 E.Daphnoicles. E. rupestris, E. depressa. 
 E. octophylla, E. fascicularis. E. 
 Walkeriana, E. fasiigiata. E. Lin- 
 nseana perspicua, E. Llnnopana. E. Pa- 
 tersoniana coccinea, E. Patersonlana. 
 E. peduucularis, E. rulens, E. tri- 
 color, E. Spreiigelii. E. Cassonii, E. 
 varia. E. Dabfeci, Mcnziesia polifolia. 
 
 Erigei'on serpentarius, E. beUldifolius. 
 E. pubescens, Heterochata. E. gluti- 
 nosus, Inula saxatilis. E. viscosus, J. 
 viscosa. 
 
 Erinus fragrans, Lyperla. 
 
 Eriocalia major, Acllnotus helianthl. 
 
 Eriodendron Caribaium, E. anfractuosum 
 CariboBum. 
 
 Eriogonium flavum, E. sericettm. 
 
 Eriopappus paniculatus, Eupatorium pa- 
 niculatum. 
 
 Eriospermum latifolium, E. Bdlendeni. 
 
 Eriostemon salsoloides, Philotheca aus~ 
 trails. 
 
 Erodium alpinum, E. caucalifolium. E. 
 graveolens, E. glandidosum. E. cha- 
 ma?dryoides, E. Reichardi. E. multi- 
 caule and Ituthenicum, E. serotinum. 
 E. multilidnm, E. Steplianiannm. 
 
 Ervura volubilis, Galaclia glabclla. 
 
 Erysimurn diffusurn, E.Andrzejosk'iamtm. 
 E. gran diHor urn, E. long (folium. E. 
 
 prascox, Barbarea. E. barbarea, B, 
 
 vitlgaris. 
 Erythronium Americanum, E. lanceola* 
 
 turn. 
 
 Escallonia bifida, E. Montevidensis. 
 Eucalyptus cordata, E. pnlvtrnkuta. 
 Eucnida Bartonioides, Microsperma. 
 Eugenia australis, macrophylla, acumi- 
 
 nata, macrocarpa, ternit'olia, amplesi- 
 
 caulis, and aquea, Jambnsa. E. Malac- 
 
 censis, J. purpurea. E. Jambos, J. 
 
 vitlgaris. E. myrtifolia, J. australis. 
 
 E. Zeylanica, Syzygium. E. acutan- 
 
 gula, Stravadlum acutangulum. E. ra- 
 
 cevnosa, S. racemositm. E. orbiculata, 
 
 Myrtus. 
 Euiophia crinita, Zygopetalum crinitum 
 
 and Mackayi. E. gracilis, Galeandra. 
 Euosma albiflora, Log curia floribun da. 
 Eupatorium molle, E. macro phyllum. E. 
 
 veronicsefolium, Bulbostylis verouicfrfo- 
 
 lia. E. squarrosum, B. Cavanillcsii. 
 
 E cseruleum, Calestina caerulea. E. 
 
 micranthum, C. mierantha. E. ferru- 
 
 gineum, Ozothamnus ferrugineus. E. 
 
 rosmarinifolium, O. rosmarinifolius. 
 Euphorbia bupleuroides, E. Atlantica. 
 
 E. virgata, E. Lamarckii. E. Jacqui 
 
 niflora, E. pwnjfolia. 
 Euphrasia Salisburgeusis, E. alpina. 
 Euryale Amazonicum, Victoria regia. 
 Eurybia Gunniana, Olearia. 
 Eustoma Eussellianus, Lisyanthus. E. 
 
 silenifolia, L. glaucifolius. 
 Euthamia, Solidago. 
 Eutoca parviflora, Nemophila. 
 Evoclia tripbylla, Xanthoxylon triphyl- 
 
 lum. 
 
 Evolvulus sericeus, E. incanum. 
 Evosmus albidus, Lauriis Borbonia. 
 Exacum hyssopifolium and viscosum, 
 
 Hippion. E. verticillatum, Coutoubaa 
 
 and Hippion. E. ramosum, C. ramosa. 
 
 E. spicatum, C. spicata. E. vaginale, 
 Logania lalifolia. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fadyema, Aspidium. 
 Fagara Budrunga, pterota, and tragodes, 
 Xanthoxylon. F. piperita, X. piperititm. 
 
 F. triphylla, Evodia. 
 
 Fagus castanea, Caslanea vesca. 
 Fai'setia, Aubrictia, F. incana and mu- 
 
 tabilis, Bcrterua. F. Jigyptiaca, /*'. 
 
 cheiranlhoides. 
 Fedia rupestris, Patrinia. 
 Ferdiimndea superba, Crescentia macro- 
 
FEE 
 
 [ 838 ] 
 
 GLY 
 
 Ferraria pavonia, Tigridia. F. tigridia, 
 
 T. pavonia. F. tricuspis, Vieusseuxia. 
 Ferrariola viridiflora, Ferraria antherosa. 
 Ferreola buxifolia, Maba. 
 Ferula nodiflora, F.ferulago. F. asafoe- 
 
 tida, F. Persica. 
 
 Ficaria ranunculoides, F. verna. 
 Ficus seabra, F. opposilifolia. F. nifida, 
 
 F. Hookeri. F.venosa and leucosticha, 
 
 F. leucotoma. 
 Fothergilla Gardeni, F. alnifolia acuta. 
 
 F. major, F. alnifolia obtusa. F. mira- 
 
 bilis, Chitonia Fothergilla. 
 Fragaria grandiflora, F. calycina. 
 Franciscea calycina and confertiflora, 
 
 Brunsfelsia calycina. F. Hopeana, 
 
 B. uniflora. F. capitata, B. hydrangece- 
 formis. F. Pohliana, B. acuminata. 
 
 Frankenia hispida, F. hirsuta. F. bir- 
 suta, F. intermedia. 
 
 Frasera Walter!, F. Carolinensis. 
 
 Fraxinus discolor, F. epiptera. F. crispa, 
 F. excelsior. F. simplicifolia, F. hetero- 
 
 1 phylla. F. nigra, F. pubescent. F. 
 striata, Ornus. 
 
 Fritillaria latifolia, F. nervosa. F. Pyre- 
 naica, F. nigra. F. meleagris and alba, 
 F. prcecox. F. racemosa, F. Pyrenaica 
 and tenella. F. minor, F. nervosa and 
 tenella. F. Thomsonia, Lilium roseum. 
 F. purpurea, Cyclobothra. F. barbata, 
 
 C. alba. 
 
 Fuchsia decussata, .P. gracilis. 
 
 Fumaria capreolata, F. media. F. cucul- 
 laria and eximia, Dielytra. F. pauci- 
 flora, Corydalis. F. solida, C. bulbosa, 
 F. fabacea, C. Caucasica. F. semper- 
 virens, C. glauca. F. cava albiiiora, (7. 
 \tuberosu atbijlora. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gagealutea, G.fasticularis. 
 Gaillardia bicolor Drummondii, G. picta. 
 Galactia pinnata, Barbieria polyphylla. 
 Galaxia plicata, Peyrousia fasciculata. 
 Galega filiformis and longifolia, Sweetia. 
 
 G. biflora, Caribsea, grandiflora, mu- 
 
 cronata, and ochroleuca, Tephrosia. 
 Galium reflexum, G. Tauricum, G. glau- 
 
 cum, Asperula galioides. 
 Galinsogea discolor, Verbesina atriplici- 
 
 folia. 
 Gardenia esculenta, Genipa. G. tubiflora, 
 
 Oxyanthus tubiflorus. 
 Gardoquia betonicoides, Cedronella Mexi- 
 
 cana. 
 Gasteiia longifolia, G. angulata. G. ni- 
 
 gricans, G.decipiens. 
 
 Gastonia palmata, Gilibertia. 
 
 Gaultheria tomentosa, G.ferruginea. G. 
 serpyllifolia, Phalerocarpus. 
 
 Gela lanceolata and oblongifolia, Ximenia. 
 
 Geledupa uliginosa, Pongamia. 
 
 Genist&\iscosa,,Adenocarpusfrankenioides. 
 G. prostrata, G. procumbens. G. Jami- 
 ensis, G. scariosa. 
 
 Gentiana quinqueflora, G. aurea. G. 
 ciliata, G. barbata and Jimbriata. G. 
 fimbriata, G. crinita. G. amarelloides, 
 G. Pyrenaica. G. rotata, Pleuroyyne. 
 G. verticillata, Coutoubaa. 
 
 Geofifroya inermis and racemosa, Andira. 
 
 Georgina pinnata, Dahlia superflua. 
 
 Geranium Grenvillea, Pelargonium con- 
 spicuum. G. capitatum, P. graveolena 
 variegatum. G. stenopetalum, P. lepto- 
 petalum. G. miniatum and album, P. 
 oxyphyllum. G. spinosum, Sareocauloii 
 Biirmanni. G. varium, G. cinernmn. 
 G. albanum, G. cristatum. G. prostia- 
 tum, G. Lancastriense. G. Londesii, 
 G. longipes. G. Pyrenaicum nemoro- 
 sum, G. nemorosum. G. Keichardi, 
 Erodium. 
 
 Gerardia Afzelia, Seymeria tenuifolia. 
 
 Gesnera pendulina, G. aggregata. G. 
 seabra, Conradia. G. ventricosa, C. 
 longiflora. G. odorata, Coleus aroma- 
 tictts. G. Regeliana, Sciodacalyx Wars- 
 zewiczii. 
 
 Geum Canadense, G. album. G. coc- 
 cineum, G. Atlanticum. G. sylvaticuui, 
 G. Chilense. G. inclinatum, G. Pyre- 
 naicum. G. potentilloides, Coluria. G. 
 Peckii and triflora, Sieversia. 
 
 Ghinia mutica, Tamonea. G. spinosa, 
 T. Curassavica. 
 
 Gilia pulchella, G, aggregata and Ipo- 
 mopsis elegans. 
 
 Githago Nicffiensis, Lychnis. 
 
 Gladiolus, Anisanthus. G. nanus, Babi- 
 ana nana. G. bicolor, tSynnotia. G. 
 galeatus, S. galeata. 
 
 Glaucium luteum, G. flavum. G. cor- 
 niculatum, G. phceniceum. 
 
 Gleditschia Icevis, G. triacanlhos inermis. 
 
 Globba Hura, G. racemosa. 
 
 Globularia vulgaris, G. linifolia. G. 
 salicina, G. longifolia. 
 
 Glomerata petrsea, Campanula Nicteensis. 
 G. Dahurica, C. speciosa. 
 
 Gloriosa simplex, G. Nepalensis. 
 
 Glossanthus Notoniana, Malabarica, and 
 Zeylanica, Wulfenia Notoniana. 
 
 Glycine, Wistaria. G. monoica, Amphi- 
 carpa. G. nlosa and sarmentosa, A . 
 sarmentosa, G. punctata, Poirctia 
 
GLY 
 
 L 839 ] 
 
 EEL 
 
 scandens. Or. apios, Apios tuberosa. G. 
 huraifusa, Rothia trifoliata. G. sagit- 
 tata, Rudolphia dubia. G. lignosa 
 Swuetia. G. bitutninosa, Fagelia. G 
 Vincentina, Chatocalyx. 
 Glycyrrbiza aspera and hispida, G. as- 
 
 yerrima. 
 
 Gnaphakum, Astelma. G. alpinum, An- 
 tennaria. G. acuminatum, angustifo- 
 lium , apiculatum, arboreum, cephalotes, 
 congestum, conicura, crassifoliura, cris- 
 pmti, cymosum, dasyanthum, diosmse- 
 folium, divaricatum, ericoides, fruti- 
 cans, helianthemifolium, lasiocaulon, 
 odoratissimura, orientate, patulum, 
 rutilans, and Stsecbas, Helichrysum. 
 G. arenarium, H. affine. G. grandi- 
 florum, H. grandiflorum au&fruticans. 
 G. divergens, Metalasia. G. fastigiatum, 
 M. fastigiata. G. leontopodium, Leon- 
 topodium Helveticum. G. coronatum, 
 Petalacte coronata. 
 Gnidia itcerosa, G. juniperifolia. G, fila- 
 
 mentosa, Lachncea buxifolia, 
 Gonieza recurva, Rodriguezia. 
 >. Gompholobium fimbriatum, G. barbige- 
 rum and latifolium. G. Celsianum, 
 Platychilum. G. minus, JBurtonia minor. 
 Gomphostylis Candida, Ccelogyne macu- 
 
 lata. 
 Gongora macrantha and speciosa, Cory- 
 
 anthes. G. vhidi-purpurea, CiirJuea. 
 Goniopteris canescens, Nephrodium 
 Blumei. 
 
 Goniostemon. See STAPELIA. 
 
 Gonolobus hirsutus, G. Garolinensis. G. 
 viridiflorus, G. Nuttallianus. 
 
 Goodenia ramosissima, Sccevola hispida. 
 G. albida, S. microcarpa. Q. calendu- 
 lacea, 8. suaveolens. 
 
 Gorteria rigens, Gazania. 
 
 Grammitis Have seen s and Hamilton!, Sel- 
 liguea. G. decurrens, S. pothifolia. G. 
 elongata and lanceolata, Phlebodium 
 elongatum. G. furcata, Monogramma 
 trichoidea and/wrcate. G. linearis, Pleu- 
 rogramma. G. heterophylla and serru- 
 lata, Xiphopteris. 
 
 Gratiola veronicsefolia, Bonnaya. 
 
 Grevillea blechnifolia, G. Caleyi. G. 
 concinna, G. plani folia. 
 
 Grindelia angustifolia, G. Duvalii. G. 
 Sibirica, Aster incisus. 
 
 Guarea trichilioides, G. grandiflora. 
 
 Guatteria lucida, Stenostomum lucidum. 
 
 Guettardia coccinea, Iscrtia. 
 
 Gymnadenia angustifolia, Orchis Iberica. 
 
 Gymnogramraa asplenioides and polypo- 
 dioides, Lcptogramma. G. villosa, L. 
 
 villosum. G. sinuata, Nothochlcena. Q. 
 
 canescens, Nephrodium Blumei. 
 Gypsophila dianthoides and stiicta, 
 
 Tunica. G. scorzonersefolia, G. sabu- 
 
 losa. 
 Gyronia Virginica, Medeola. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habenaria ciliaria, cristata, dilatata, fim- 
 
 briata, herbiola, hyperborea, incisa, 
 
 psychodes, and lacera, Platanthera. H. 
 
 gigantea, P. Susanna. H. blephari- 
 
 glottis, P. holopetala. H. orbiculata, 
 
 P. Huokeri. H. spectabilis, Orchis. 
 Habrothamnus cyaneus, lochroma tubu- 
 
 losa. 
 Haemanthus ciliaris, Bntnsvigia. H. 
 
 toxicarius, B. toxicaria. 
 Hamiltonia fruticosa, Leptodermis lanceo- 
 
 laia. 
 
 Harina densiflora, Wallichia. 
 Haronga paniculata, H, Madagascariensh. 
 Harrachia speciosa, Crossandra undulte- 
 
 folia. 
 Hastingia scandens, Holmskioldia. II. 
 
 coccinea, H. san guinea. 
 Haworthia concava, H. cymliformis. H. 
 
 rigida, H. expansa. H. fasciculate, 
 
 H. Reinwarti. 
 Hebecliniura iantbinum, Eupatorium. 
 Hebenstreitia aurea, H. integrifolia. 
 Hedaroma tulipiferum, Genetylli* iullpi- 
 
 fera. 
 
 Hedera, Aralia. 
 Hedycbium angustifolium, H. attrantia- 
 
 cum and coccineum. 
 Hedyotis campanulaeflora, Lipostoma. 
 Hedysarum Sibiricum, H. alpinum. IT. 
 
 alpinum, H. alpinum pedicelare. H. 
 
 obscurum Altaicum, H. brachysemum. 
 
 H. humile, H. candidum humile. H. 
 
 tuberosum, Puerarta tuberosa. H. sax- 
 
 atile, Onobrychis saxatilis. H. biarti- 
 
 culatum and elegans, Dicerma. H. 
 
 volubile, Galactia mollis. H. pseudo- 
 
 albagi, Alhagi camelorum. H. alhagi 
 
 manna Hebraica, A. Maurorum. H. 
 
 tetraphyllum, Zornia Capensis and te- 
 
 traphylla. H. muricatum, Adesmia mu- 
 
 ricata. See UKARIA. 
 Eeintzia tigrina, Besleria. 
 Selenium Douglasii, Monolopia major. 
 Helianthemum rosenm, H. canescens. H. 
 
 sampsucifolium, H. ocymoides. 
 Eeliantbus pubescens, H. Hookeri. H. 
 
 asper, H. petiolaris. H. dentatus, 
 
 Viguiera dentata. 
 
 FTeliconia buccinata, 77. Tndica. H. psit- 
 tacorum, //. Swartziana. 
 
HEL 
 
 [ 
 
 Helicteres apetala, Sterculia hellcteres. 
 Heliophila pinnata, H. pendula and tri- 
 
 fida. H. iutegrifolia, H. pilosa. 
 Heliotropioxu grandiflorum, H. corymbo- 
 sum. H. Indicum, Tiaridium. H. 
 gnaphalodes, Tournefortia. 
 Helleborus trifolius, H. lividits integrilo- 
 bus and Cpplis Irijoliata. H. h.) emails, 
 rant his. 
 
 Helonias latifolia, H. bullato. H. Iseta, 
 H. erythrosperma. H. asphodeloides 
 and tenax, Xerophyllum. H. graminea, 
 X. gramineum. H. bracteata, Zyyade- 
 ttus bracleatus. H. glaberrima, Z. com- 
 mutatm. H. Virginica, Z. Virginiciim. 
 
 Hemeroeallis lanceffiiblia, Funkla. H. 
 caerulea, F. ovata. H. Japonica, F. 
 subcordata. 
 
 Hemimeris urticsefolia, Alonsoa incisifoUa. 
 H. coccinea, A. lirtearis. 
 
 Hemionitis pedata,- rufa, and tartarea, 
 Gymnogramma. H. pothifolia, Selli- 
 guea. H. prolifera, Meniscium pro- 
 liferum. H. lanceolata, Anlrophyum 
 lanceolatum. H. plantaginea, Drynarlu 
 hemioiiitidea. H. esculenta, Diplazium 
 esculcntum. H. grandifolia, D. yruiuli- 
 folium. 
 
 Henckelia criuita, Didymocarpus cri- 
 nitus. 
 
 HeracanthaTaurica, Kentrophyllum Tau- 
 ricum. 
 
 Hermannia latifolia, H. micans. 
 
 Hesperis Sibirica, H. matronalis Sibirica. 
 H. inodora, H. matronalis sylvostris. H. 
 bituminosa, H. runcinata bituminosa. 
 H. verna, Arabis. H. litorea, Alrioana, 
 and arenaria, Malcolmia. 
 
 Hexacentris lutea, H. Mysorensis. 
 
 Hibbertia corifolia, H. pedunculata. 
 
 Hibiscus racemosus, H. cancellatus. H. 
 digitatus, If. digitatus Kerianus. H. 
 ficulneus, H. diversifolius. H. gran- 
 diflorus, H. heterophyllus. H. aculea- 
 tus, H. scaber. H. populneus, Thes- 
 pesla populnea. H, Patersonii, Lagu- 
 naria. H. lilacinuSj i. lilacina. 
 
 Hieracium fruticosum, ^thionia fruti- 
 cosa. H. rerbascifolium, H. anchuses- 
 folium. fl. prenanthoides, H. denticu- 
 Catnm. H. collinum, H.fiayellare. H. 
 collinum cymosum, H. Gochnati. H. 
 montanum, JEf. incarnatum. H. in- 
 tegrifoliura, H. succiscefolium. 
 
 Hippocrepis coniosa, H. Helvetica. 
 
 Hippophae argentea and Canadensis, 
 Shepherdia. 
 
 Hiptage obtusifolia, Gaertnera. H. man- 
 dablota, G. racemosa. 
 
 10 ] ILE 
 
 Hohenbergia strobilacea, Acanthostachys. 
 Holeus, Arrhenathernm. 
 Hookeria coronaiia, Brod'uza grandijiora. 
 Hopkirkia scandens, Salmea. 
 Horminum caulescens, Lepcchinia spicata. 
 
 H. Pyrenaicum, Melissa Pyrenaica. 
 Hornemannia ovata, Vandd'lia Crustacea. 
 
 H. viscosa, F, hirsitta. 
 Hortensia opuloides, Hydrangea hortensis. 
 Houstonia coccinea, Bouvardia triphylhi. 
 Hovea lanigera, H. pannosa. 
 Hovenia acerba, II. dulcis. H. dulcis, 
 
 77. inaqualis. 
 Hoya lanceolata and pallkla, 77. paraxitica. 
 
 H. coriacea, C entrust emmu njlexuin. 
 Huttia elegans, Cahctasia cyanea. 
 Kyacinthus moschatus, Hit scan moscha- 
 
 tnm. H. Roman us, Bellevalia vper- 
 
 culala. 
 
 Hydrangea radiata, 77. nivea. 
 Hydrocera. See TYTONIA. 
 Hydrolea Caroiiniana, 77. qitadrivalvis. 
 Hydropbyllura Magellanicum, Phacelia 
 
 circinata. H. appeudiculatum, Ntmu- 
 
 phila paniculatti. 
 Hymenocallis patens, 77. Coymanensis. 
 
 H. alatum, Trichomanes brevisettim. 
 Hymenolepis opbioglossoides, Gymnop- 
 
 tcris. 
 Hyoscyanius scopolia, Scopolia Carnio- 
 
 lica. 
 Hyperanthera moringa, Moringa ptery- 
 
 (josperma. 
 Hypericum, Vismia. A. alternifolium, 
 
 Reaumuria hypericoides. H. noonogy- 
 
 uum, 77. Chinense. H. Koblianum, 77. 
 
 elegans. H. aspalatboides, H.fnscicu- 
 
 officinale. 
 
 Hypocyrta discolor, Alloplectus dichrous. 
 
 Hyssopiis anisatus, Stachys faaiiculum 
 and Lophanthm anisatus. H. orientalis, 
 77. ofiicialis angustijblius. H. Scblei- 
 cheri, 77. njftcinaiis canesccns. H. ne- 
 petoides and scropbularioides, Lopfiun- 
 thus. H. lonhanthus, L. urtica-Jotuis. 
 
 Iberis cepsefolia, 7. Tenoreana. I. ro- 
 tundifolia and stylosa, Hntchlnsia. 
 
 Icacorea Guianensis, Ardisia acvminata. 
 
 Ilex nata, 7. recurva. I. Japonica, BKY- 
 beris Bealei. I. myrsiuitis, Myyinda 
 myrtifolia. I. Canadensis, Neniopan- 
 tlies Canadensis and Prinos lucidvSi I. 
 crocea, Elaeodendron crocenm. I. skirn- 
 rnia, Shlmmia Japonica. I. prinoides, 
 Priiws deciduus. 
 
IMA 
 
 C 841 ] 
 
 KAU 
 
 Tmatophyllum Aitoni, Olivia nnbilis. 
 Impatiens biglandulosa, I. Ifookeriana. 
 I. balsamina, 7. hortensis. I. corni- 
 
 feraj /. cornuta. I. biflora, I.fulva. 
 . natans, Tytonia. 
 
 Incarvillea grandiflora, Tecoma. I. to- 
 naentosa, Bignonia. 
 
 Indigofera hirsuta, J. lateritia. I. angu- 
 lata, 7. sylvatica. I. cserulea, 7. tinc- 
 toria. I. stricta, Tephrosia. 
 
 Inga marginata, I. Burgoni. I. Afze- 
 lioides, I. hymenoides. I. Harrissii, 
 Calliandra. I. biglobosa, Parkia Afri- 
 cana. 
 
 Inula montana, I. calycina. I. thap- 
 soides, I. verbascif cilia. I. scabra, 
 Heterotheca. 
 
 lonidium longifolium, Noisettia longifolia. 
 
 Ipomaea angustifolia and denticulata, 7. 
 filicaulis. I. rubro-ceerulea, /. Hooker i. 
 I. Michauxii, J. macrorhiza rubra. I. 
 maritima, J. pes capra*. I. palmata, 7. 
 Cairica. I. speciosa, Argyreia. I. 
 purga and Schiediana,^.ro^oiwwz purga. 
 I. filiformis, E.filiforme. I. repanda, 
 J?. repandum. I. Bignonioides, Bona- 
 riensis, Cavanillesii, glaucifolia, hete- 
 rophylla, pentaphylla, Senegalensis, 
 ternata, venosa, and Willdenovii, Ba- 
 tatas. I. batatas, B. e dulls. I. erio- 
 sperma, gossypifolia, and insignis, B. 
 paniculata. I. jalapa, B. jalapa and 
 Exogonium purga. I. coccinea, digi- 
 tata, hederifolia, longiflora, luteola, 
 phoenicea, sanguinea, and triloba, 
 Quatnoclit. I. quarooclit, Q. vulgarls. 
 'I. Gangetica, .R/yea tilitsfolia. I. punc- 
 tata, scabra, varia, barbata, barbigera, 
 coerulescens, cuspidata, Dillenii, hede- 
 racea, and bispida, Pliarbitis. I. nil 
 and cserulea, P. nil. I. catbartica and 
 pudibunda, P. cathartica. 
 
 Ipomopsis elegans, Gilia aggregata. I. 
 inconspicua, G. parvijlora. 
 
 Iris bicolor, Moraea. I. morseoides, M, 
 iridioidcs. I. villosa and tricuspis, 
 Vieusseuxia. I. pavonia, F". glaucopis 
 and pavonina. I. tripetala, F. tripeta- 
 loldes, I. Hookeri, and 7. tridenlata. I. 
 gracilis, I. Boltoniana. I. spatulata, 
 7. desertorum. I. Nepalensis, 7. Humei. 
 I. paradoxa, 7. Iberica. I. stenogyna, 
 7. ochroleuca. I. aphylla, 7. Swertii. 
 I. pumila, 7. violacea. 
 
 Iroucana Guianensis, Casearia ramiflora. 
 
 Ismene Knightii, Hymenocallis rotata. 
 
 Jsotoma axillaris, Lobelia senecioides. 
 
 Ixia anemoniflora, Sparaxix. I. bicolor, 
 Synnctia. I. angusta, Hesperantha. I. 
 
 purptirascens, Trichonema. I.coelestina, 
 !T. ccelestinum. I. quadrangula, T. 
 quadrangulum. I. ramiflora, 7'. rami- 
 jtorum. I. stricta, Babiana angustifolia. 
 I. villosa, J?. obtusifolia. 
 Ixora Pavetta, 7. arborea. I. alba, 7. 
 blanda. I. longifolia, 7. fnlgens. I. 
 coccinea and flammea, 7. stricta. I. 
 fasciculata and spinosa, Chomelia. I. 
 paniculata, Pavetta Indica. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacaranda alba and echinata, Bignonia. 
 J. tomentosa, I?, mollis. J. rhoinbifo- 
 lia, J.filicifulia. J. ovalifolia, ,7". mimo- 
 sifolia. 
 
 Jacquemontia violacea, J. canescens. J. 
 pentantha, 7. violacea. 
 
 Jasminum Wallicbianum, J. pubigerum. 
 J. flexile, 7. torluosum. 
 
 Jatropba Lneflirigii and Manihot, Janipha. 
 J. elastica, Siphonia Cahucha. 
 
 Jeblia fucbsioides, Lopezia macrophylla. 
 
 Jonesia pinnata, 7. Asoca. 
 
 Josepba angusta, Biigainvillaa spectaMlis. 
 
 Jossiuia orbiculata, Myrtus. 
 
 Juglans beterophylla and filicifolia, /. 
 re^ria laciniata. J. amara, compressa, 
 obcordata, porcina, and sulcata, Carya. 
 J. squamosa and alba, (7. aZ&a. J. an- 
 gustifolia and olivseformis, (7. oUvce- 
 formis. 
 
 Junipe.rus Canadensis, 7. communis Cana- 
 densis. J. nana, J. communis nana. J. 
 Suecica, 7. communis Suecica. J. aipina, 
 7. sabina aipina. J. prostrata and 
 repens, 7. sabina prostrata. J. tama- 
 riscifolia, J". sabina lamariscifolia. J. 
 Caroliniana, J^. Virginiana. J. vulgaiis 
 fruticosa, 7. communis vulgaris. J. com- 
 munis erecta, 7. communis vulgaris. J. 
 Lusitanica, J. sabina cupressifolia. J. 
 elata, Dacrydium. 
 
 Justicia flavicoma, J". calytricha. J. ob- 
 longata, J. nodosa. J. tinctoria, J. 22oo;- 
 buri/hiana. J. pulcherrima, Aphelandra 
 cristata. J. Gangetica, Asystasia Corc- 
 mandeliana. J. picta alba, Grapiophyl- 
 htm hortense album. J. flava, Barleria. 
 J. guttata, Phlogacanthus guttattts. J. 
 thyrsiflora, P. thyrsijiorus. J. glabra, 
 Hhapidospora. 
 
 K. 
 
 Eadsura propinqua, Spharostema pro- 
 
 pinqntim. 
 Kaulfussia ciliata, Felicia tenella. 
 
KEN 
 
 [842 
 
 LIN 
 
 Kennedya cordata, Comptoniana, macro- 
 phylla, monophylla, and ovata, Harden- 
 bergia. K. latit'olia, K. ovata. K. gla- 
 brata and pannosa, Zichya. K.dilatata, 
 Z. sericea and jfit. inophylla. 
 
 Kleinia tomentosa, Cacalia Haworthii. 
 
 Klugia Notoniana, Wulfcnia. 
 
 Kniphovia aloides and uvaria, Tritoma 
 uvaria. 
 
 Knoxia corymbosa, K. Sumatrensis. K. 
 umbellata, K. teres. 
 
 Kodda-pail, Pistia stratiote*. 
 
 Lacathea florida, Gordonia pubescent. 
 Lafoensia Vandelliana, L. microphylla. 
 Lamarckia dentata, Elaodendron australe. 
 Lanaria plumosa, Argolasia. 
 Langeria hirsuta and odorata, Guettardia. 
 
 L. lucida, G. lucida and Stenostomum 
 
 Ittcidum. 
 Lasiopetalum purpnreum, Thomasia pur- 
 
 purea. L. triphyllum, T. triphylla. L. 
 
 arborescens, Seringia platyphylla. 
 Lasiorhiza rosea, Chabrcea runcinata. 
 Latania Chinensis, L. JBorbonica. 
 Lathyrus fruticosus, Coursetia tomentosa. 
 
 L. Bithynicus, Vicia Bithynica. 
 Launis Borbonica, Carolinensis. L. persea, 
 
 Persea gratissima. L. Beiolgota, Cu- 
 
 lilaban, and Malabatrum, Cinnamomiim. 
 
 L. glauca, C. gluucum. L. gracilis, 
 
 C. gracile. L. montana, C. monian um. 
 
 L. nitida, C. nitidum. L. cassia, C. 
 
 cassia and vernum. L. cinnaraomura, 
 
 (7. cassia and vernum. L, dulce and 
 
 Burmanni, C. dulce. 
 Lavandula formosa, L. pinnata pubescens. 
 
 L. carnosa, Anisochilus. 
 Lavatera Empedoclis, L. flava. L. un- 
 
 dulata, L. pseudo-olbia. 
 Lawsonia inermis, L. alba. L. spinosa, 
 
 L. purpurea. 
 
 Lebeckia nuda, Indignfera. 
 Ledum Grsenlandicum, L. Canadense. L. 
 
 buxifolium, Ammyrslne buxifolia. 
 Leimanthum. See ZYGADENUS. 
 Leiophyllum tbymbifolium, Ammyrsine 
 
 buxifolia. 
 
 Lenticula palustris, Pistia stratiotes. 
 Leontice thalictroides, Caulophyllum. 
 Leontopodium vulgare, L. Helveticum. 
 Lepidium oppositifolium, Eunomia oppo- 
 
 sitifolia. L. procumbens, Hutchinsia. 
 
 L. alpinura, H. alpina. L. calycinum, 
 
 II. calycina. L. petrseum, H. petr&a. 
 IjeptanthesTcemfoYmis.Helerantheraacuta. 
 Leptanrhena pyrolaslblia, Saxifraga. 
 
 Leptochilus axillaris, Gymnopteris nico- 
 tianaefolia. 
 
 Leptospermum grandifolium, L. grandi- 
 florum. L. ambiguum, Metrosideros co- 
 rifolius. 
 
 Leptostegia lucida, Onychium lucidum. 
 
 Leschenaultla Baxterii, L. oblata. 
 
 Lespedeza reticulata, L. violacea reticu- 
 lala. L. sessiliflora, L. violacea sessili- 
 Jlora. L. hirta, L. villosa. L. diver- 
 gens, L. violacea divergens. 
 
 Lettsomia, Argyreia. 
 
 Leucadendron grandiflorum, Leucosper- 
 mum. 
 
 Leuceria runcinata, Chabraa. L. sene- 
 cioides, Trixis. 
 
 Leucographis lamium and Vogeliana, 
 Brillantauia Owariensis. 
 
 Leucojum maritimum minus, Malcohnia 
 litorea. L. autumnalis, Ads. L. ro- 
 seum, A. roseus. L. trichophylliim, A. 
 trichophyllus. 
 
 Leucopogon parviflorus, L. Richei. 
 
 Leucosceptrum canum, Ckrodendron leu- 
 cosceptritm. 
 
 Leucothoe newifolia and crassifolia, An- 
 dromeda neriifolia* 
 
 Ligbtfootia tenella, L. Loddigesii. 
 
 Ligusticum levisticum, Levisticum ojfici- 
 nale. L. Nepalense, L. spicatum. 
 
 Liliura fulgens, L. atro-sanguineum. L. 
 autumnale, L. Carolinianum. Lv spe- 
 ciosissimum, L. eximium. L. lascitb- 
 lium, L. speciosum. L. lanci folium ro- 
 seum, L. speciosum punctatum. L. 
 Pennsylvanicum, L. spectabile. L. 
 Thomsonianum, L. roseum. L. eor- 
 difolium, L. giganteum. L. Kamt- 
 schatkense, Fritillaria lanceolala. L. 
 pudicum, F. pudica. 
 
 Limodorum altum, Bletia verecunda. L. 
 ebui-neum, Angrcecum. L. tuberosum, 
 Cttlopoyon pulchelhis. 
 
 Limonia pentaphylla, Clausena. !>. lau- 
 reola, Skimmia Japonica. 
 
 Limcvnium monopbyilum,-<4/aZan^a mono- 
 pliylla. 
 
 Linaria speciosa, L. bipartita. L. strkta, 
 L. Monspessulana. 
 
 Lindernia Japonica, Mazus ntgosus. 
 
 Lindssea ensifolia and heteropbylla, 
 Schizoloma. L. tenuifolia, Odontoloma 
 temiifolium. L. lobulosaj Synuphle- 
 bium lobulosum. L. pectioata, S.pecti- 
 vatum. L. recurvata, nitens, and ser- 
 pens, S. recurvatum. 
 
 Sinningia calycina, Conradla. 
 
 Linum perenne, L. Anglicum and Siliri- 
 cum. L. tenuifolium bicolor, L. bicoior. 
 
LIP 
 
 [843 ] 
 
 HAL 
 
 L. angustifolium decmnbens, L. decum- 
 bens. L. angustifolium, L. maryinatum. 
 L. Austriacuin, L. Sibiricum and squa- 
 mulosum. 
 
 Liparia graminifolia, capitata, hirsuta, 
 laevigata, myrtifolia, sericea, teres, to- 
 mentosa, umbellifera, vestita, and vil- 
 losa, Priestleya. 
 
 Liquidambar orientale, L. imberbe. 
 
 Liquiritia officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra. 
 
 Lisyanthus longifolius, Leianthus longifo- 
 lius and Tachia longifolia. L. ophio- 
 rhiza, Metternichia principis. L. cordi- 
 folius, Tachia cordifolia. L. exsertus, 
 T. Swartzii. L. glaucifolius, L. Rus- 
 sellianus. L. trifidus and tetragonus, 
 L. acutangidus. L. angustifolius, L. 
 Kunthii. 
 
 Lithospermum canescens, Batschia. L. 
 hirtum, B. Gmelini. L. latifolium, L. 
 officinale latifolinm. 
 
 Litsea citrifolia, Tetranthera apetala. L. 
 Zeylanica, T. trlnervis. 
 
 Loasa tricolor, L. nitida. L. ambrosise- 
 folia, L. hispida. L. acanthitblia, L. 
 Placei, L. Pentlandica and lateritia, 
 Gajop fiora. L. volubilis, Scyphanthus 
 grandtflorus. L.palnaata, Blumenbachia 
 insiynis. 
 
 Lobelia erinoides, L. campanuloidcs. L. 
 Goodenioides, L. Claytoiriana. L. ma- 
 culata, L. rugulosa. L. pedunculata. 
 L. Simsii. L. Surinamensis, Siphocam- 
 pylos. L. gigantea, S. giganteus. L. 
 speculum, Monopsis cunspicua. L. Ion- 
 giflora, Hippobroma longijloriim. L. ar- 
 guta, polyphylla, and purpurea, Tnpa. 
 L. gigantea and salicifolia, T.salicifolia. 
 L. tu pa, T. Feuillei. L. cardamines and 
 Tolubilis, Cifphia. L. Begonisefolia and 
 corymbosa, Pratia. L. concolor, P. 
 erecta. L. unidentata and varii folia, 
 Parastranthus. L. lutea, P. simplex. 
 
 Loiseleuria procumbens, Chamaeledon. 
 
 Lomaria antarctica, L. alpina. L. obtusi- 
 folia, obtusa, setigera, and zamioides, 
 L. Magellanica. L. aurita, Cbilensis, 
 and ornifolia, L. vestita. L. limonifolia, 
 sorbi folia, and spondit'olia, Stenochlcena. 
 L. filiformis and propinqua, S. lietero- 
 morpha. 
 
 Loncbitis hirsuta, Litobrochia, 
 
 Lonicera Sibirica, L. alpigena Slbirica. L. 
 campaniflora, L. nigra campaniflora. L. 
 glabratum, Capr/folium Ghinense. L. 
 caprifolium, G. Italica. L. Diervilla, 
 XHervilla lutea. L. symphoricarpus, 
 Symphoricarpus vulgaris. 
 
 Lopezia grandiflora, L. macrophylla. 
 
 Lophospermum rhodochiton, L. atro-san- 
 
 gitineum. 
 Loranthus floribundus, Nuytsia flori- 
 
 bunda. 
 
 Lotus dififusus, L. angustissimus. L. de- 
 cumbens, L. Forsteri. L. pinnatus, 
 
 Hosackia bicolor. L. sericeus, H. Pur- 
 
 shiana. L. australis, Carmichaelia. L. 
 
 biflorus and siliquosus, Tetragonolobus. 
 
 L. conjugatus, T. biflorus and conju- 
 
 gatus. L. tetragonolobus, T.purpureus. 
 
 L. hirsutus, Dorycnium hirsutum. L. 
 
 rectus, D. rectum. L. dorycnium, D. 
 
 sujfruticosum. L. tomentosus, sericeus, 
 
 and affinis, D. tomentosum. 
 Loxotis Zeylanica, Rhyncoglossum Zey~ 
 
 lanicum. 
 Ludia tuberculata, L. sessilijlora. L. he- 
 
 terophylla, Prockia theaformis. 
 Ludovia funifera, Carludovica. 
 Lumnitzera ocymoides, Moschosma, 
 Luuaria annua, L. b-iennis. 
 Lupinaster pentaphyllum, Trifolium lupi. 
 
 naster. L. oblongifolium, T. purpuras- 
 
 cens. 
 Lychnis brachypetala, L. apetala pavc'i- 
 
 flora. L. Pyrenaica, Ayrostemma. 
 Lycium carnosum, L, rigidum. 
 Lycopodium apothecium, L. Brazilicnse. 
 
 L. Helveticum, L. denticulatum. L. 
 
 cuspidatum, L. cordatum. L. unibro- 
 
 sum, L. plumosum. 
 
 Lygodium dichotomum, L. flexuosum. 
 Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. longifolia. 
 Lythrum Kennedyanum, L. alatum. L. 
 
 diliusuni, L. lanceolalum. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macrsea, Viviania. 
 
 Macrochilus Fryanus, Miltonia spectabilis. 
 
 Macrocnemuni coccineum, Musscenda 
 
 coccinea. 
 
 Madia mellosa and viscosa, M. sativa. 
 Msesa tomentosa, M. macrophylla. 
 Magnolia gracilis and Yulan, M. con- 
 
 spicua. M. tomentosa, M. Kobns. M. 
 
 umbrella, M. tripetala. M. pumila, 
 
 Talauma. M. odoratissima, T. Can- 
 
 dollii. 
 Maheraia odorata, M. glabrata. M. Bur- 
 
 chellii, M. grandiflora. M. grandiflora, 
 
 Hermannia. 
 Mahonia nervosa and glumacea, Berberi* 
 
 nervosa. M. Japonica, B. Bealei. 
 Malaxis caudata, Brassia. 
 Malesherbia coronata, M. linearifolia. 
 Malpighia punicifolia, M. biflora. M. 
 
 canescens, glandulifera, and nitida, 
 
MAL 
 
 [844] 
 
 LIES 
 
 Bunchosia. M. altissima, coriacea, 
 craasifolia, lucida, Moureila, pallida, 
 verbascifolia, and volubilis, Byrsonima. 
 M. macrophylla, B. nervosa. 
 
 Malva alceoides, M. Morenii. M. sco- 
 paria, M. scabra. M. reflexa, M. tri- 
 dactylites. M. Caroliniana, Modlola and 
 Sphasralcea. M. abutiloides, angusti- 
 folia, decumbens, elegans, obtusiloba, 
 prostrata, and urnbellata, Sphceralcea. 
 
 Mamrnillaria csespitosa, Cactus densus 
 (Mammillaria). M. strarainea, C. 
 Jiavescens (Mararaillaria). M. stellaris, 
 C.stellata (Mammillaria). 
 
 Manettia cordifolia, M. glabra. 
 
 Mangifera glauca, Elaodendron. 
 
 Manglilla Canariensis, Myrsine. M. Mil- 
 leriana, M. mitis. 
 
 Mangostana Garcinia, Garclnia mango- 
 stana. 
 
 Manulea cordata, fcetida, and \illosa, 
 Chanostoma. M. hispidaand oppositi- 
 folia, C. hispida. M. pedunculata, pin- 
 natifida, and violacea,, Lyperia. 
 
 Maranta zebrina, Calatfiea. M. comosa, 
 Phrynium comosum. 
 
 Marica iridioides, Sisyrinchium Bermudi- 
 anum. M. iridifolia, S. iridifolium. M. 
 plicata, S. plicatum. M. gladiata, Bo- 
 bartia. 
 
 IMarrubium affine, M. leonnroides. M. 
 apulum, M. vulgare lanatum. 
 
 Martynia annua, M. proboscidea. 
 
 Massonia pustulata, M. scubra. 
 
 Mathiola scabra, Guetlarda. 
 
 Maxillaria placanthera, M. viridis. M. 
 macrophylla, Skinneri, tetragona, aro- 
 matica, Barringtonia?, costata, cruenta, 
 and Deppn,Lycasle. M. galeata, Acro- 
 pera Loddujesii. M. Steelii, Scuticaria. 
 M. citrina lentiginosa, Eollissonii, Sta- 
 pelioides, and xantnina, Promencea. 
 M. atro-purpurea, aureo-fulva, and 
 vitellina, Bifrenaria. M. Brocklehursti- 
 ana, Houllelia. M. Warreana, \Var- 
 reana tricolor. M. cristata, Paphinia. 
 
 Meconopsis petiolata, M. diphylla. 
 
 Medeola asparagoides, Myrsiphytlum. 
 
 Medicago tricycla, M. striata. M. pu- 
 bescens, M. Hornemanniana. M. he- 
 lix, M . laevis. M. lupulina anguiculata, 
 M. mniocarpa. 
 
 Medusa major, Euphorbia caput Medusa. 
 
 Megasea ciliata, Saxifraga ligulata. 
 
 Melaleuca, Astartea. M. parvitlora, M. 
 decussata. M. canescens and tomen- 
 tosa, M. incana. M. Cajaputi, M. 
 minor. M. epacridea, M. siypheloides. 
 M. discolor, M. thymifutia. 
 
 \ Melanthium Virginicum^i/^a^e'ntw. M. 
 hybridum, latit'olium, and racemosum, 
 Z. hybridum. M. monoicum and poly- 
 gamum, Z. monoicum. M. euconioi- 
 des, Androcymbium. M. monopetalum, 
 Wurmbea campanulata. M. spicatum, 
 W. purpnrea. 
 
 Melastoma Malabathrica, M.macrocarpa. 
 M. granulosa, Lasiandra Fontanesiana. 
 M. subtriplinervium, Heteronoma. M. 
 nivea, Heterotrichum niveum. M. ar- 
 borescens, Loreya. M. Fothergilla, Di- 
 plochita and Ckitonia. M. Tamonia, 
 Z). Swartziana and C. Tamonia. M. 
 Nepalensis, Osbecfcia. M. Osbecki- 
 oides, O. Chinensis. M. aquatica and 
 discolor, Aciotis. M. purpurascens. 
 Ossaa. M. acinodendron, grandifoha, 
 Isevigata, and trinervia, Miconia. M. 
 purpurea, M. purpurascens. M. trival- 
 vis, Microlicia bivalvis. M. albicans and 
 pyramidalis, Chitonia. M. Swartziana, 
 C'. TamonioL. M. discolor, Tetrazygin. 
 M. tetrandra, T. discolor and Miconia 
 tetrandra. M. heteromalla, Pleroma. 
 M. viilosum, P. villosa. 
 
 Melilotus Sibirica, Medicago. M. brachy- 
 loba, 3f. brachycarpa. 
 
 Melissa altissima and cordifolia, If. q^j- 
 cinalis villosa. M. alba, Nepeta Croa- 
 tica. M. granditiora, Calami ntha. 
 
 Melloca tuberosa and Peruviana, Basella 
 tuberosa. 
 
 Melocactus Besleri, Cactus placentiformis 
 (Melocactus). 
 
 Melvillea speciosa, Cuphea Melvilla. 
 
 Meniscium proliferum, Goniopteris pro- 
 lifera. 
 
 Menispermum Virginicum, Jlf . Canadense 
 lobata. M. cocculus, Cocculus Plukenctii. 
 M. fenestratum, Cosciniumfenestralum. 
 
 Mentha rivalis, Jlf. arvensis. M. borealis, 
 Jf. Canadensis glabrata. M. odorato, 
 Jl/. citrata. M. Capensis, Jf. salicina. 
 M. hirta, Jl/. suavis. M. brevispicata 
 and leevigata, M. viridis. M. crispatn, 
 If. viridis crispa. M. quadrifolia, X>rj/- 
 sophylla. M. pumila and verticillaui, 
 D. pumila. M. australis, Micromeria. 
 
 Menyanthes Americana, J/. trifoliata 
 Americana. M. Indica and nymphoides, 
 
 Merendera montana, Colchicum mon- 
 
 tanum. 
 
 Meriana speciosa, Tocoycna longijlora. 
 Myrsine Heberdenia, Ardisia cxcclsa. 
 Mertensia. Sec PULMONAUIA. 
 Mesembryanthenium canescens, M. pul~ 
 
 cliellum. M. hirsutum^ M. stellatum* 
 
MKS 
 
 C 845 ] 
 
 NAR 
 
 M. hispidnm, M. subhispiclum. M. stel- 
 Jiituin, jW. (f-racile. M. Candollii, M. 
 hdianthoidcs. M. purpureo-croceura, 
 M. inslitium. M. dimidiatum, JW. lace- 
 rum. M. magnipunctatum, I/, nobile. 
 JM. micranthum, IT. parvi/forum. 
 
 Mespilus grandiilova and Smitliii, M. lo. 
 lata. M. lineaii?, Cratcegns crus-galli 
 linearis. M. nan a, Q. crus-galli nana. 
 M. Constantinopoiitar.*, C. coccinea 
 Nuapolilana. M. Japonica, Eriobotrya. 
 M. cuila, E. elliptic*- II. Canadensis, 
 Amelunchur snngitinea. M. Amelan- 
 chier, .4. vul;/aris. M. Bengalensis, 
 Photinia dubia. M. cotoneaster, Cote- 
 ncaster vuli/aris. 
 
 Messerschmidtia Caracasana, umbellata, 
 and veludna, Tourneforlia. 
 
 Metalasia umbellata, Erythropogon. M. 
 uniflora, J5/. imbricatus. 
 
 Metrosideros paucifiora, .Eremaa pilosa. 
 M. floribunda, Acmena. M. lophau- 
 thus, rugulosus, salignus, speciosus, 
 and viminalis, Callistemon. M. citrinus, 
 (7. lanceolatus, M. laispidus, Angophora 
 coriKfottd. 
 
 Metroxylon sagus, Sagus Rumphii. 
 
 Metternichia princeps, J^. principis. 
 
 Meum foeniculum, Anethum. 
 ., Michauxia decandra, Jl/. laevigatct. 
 
 Micropera pyrifolia, M. Banksii. 
 
 Microsorum irregulare, Drynaria irioides. 
 
 Microtis pallida, Micropera. 
 
 Millingtonia hortensis, Bignonia suberosa. 
 
 Miltonia Clowesii, Brassia. 
 
 Mimosa juliflora, Prosopis. M. polysta- 
 chya, Entci'ia. M. entada, E. mono- 
 stachya. M. adenanthera, plena, and 
 punctata, Ncptuni't plena. M. ptero- 
 carpa, Gagnebina axillaris. M. Hous- 
 toni, Inga. M. fagifolia, /. Burqoni 
 and laurina. M. tortuosa, Acaria Bnr- 
 manniana. M. giraifas, ^4. coronlllasfolla. 
 M. nigricans, ^(. Rohriana. M. verti- 
 cillata, ^4. verticillata angusta and ver- 
 ticillata latifolia. 
 
 Mimulus propinquus, II. glabratus. M. 
 luteus, .M". guttatus. M. perfoliatus, 
 Leucocarpus alatus. M. glutinosus, J>i- 
 
 Mitella reniformis, JfcT. w?/rf. M. pen- 
 tandra, Dnimmondia mltc-lloldes. 
 
 Modiola Caroliniana, decumbens, and 
 prostrata, Sphasralcea. 
 
 Molina parviflora, Baccharls. M. canes- 
 cens, Cnjxtnia. 
 
 Monarda citriodora, M. aristatn,. M. Kal- 
 miana, M. dulyma. M. afiinis, altissiina, 
 media, oblonga, purpurea, and rugosa, 
 
 If. fistulosa. M. menthrefolia, Jl/. ,j?- 
 fu/osa flore-maculzto. M, mollis, 'j/. 
 fistulosa mollis. 
 
 Monatelia secundiflora, Eetlniphyllum se~ 
 cundiftorum. 
 
 Monocera lanceolata and grandiflora, 
 El&ocarpus grandiflorus. 
 
 Monsonia speciosa, M. pilosa. M. spi. 
 nosa, Sarcocanlon Heritieri. 
 
 Montia. See WRIGHTIA. 
 
 Morsea edulis lutescens, M. longifolia. 
 M. lurida, pavonia, tenuis, and tricuspis, 
 Vieusseuxia. M. tricuspis lutea, V.Bd- 
 lendeni. M. tripetala, V. tripetaloidu*. 
 M. unguiculata, F. unguicnlaris. M. 
 villosa, V. villosus. M. Herbert!, C7.y- 
 pella. M. gladiata and spathacea, #0- 
 
 Morus Sinensis, M. alba ItaTica and /'^a 
 
 Sinensis, M. pumila and nana, JI. 
 
 a/6a pumila. M. Pennsylvanica, 3/. 
 
 rubrn, M. papyrifera, Brousnonetia. M. 
 
 Plumieri and tinctoria, Madura. 
 Muruouya adlantitblia and Herbertiana, 
 
 Muscari moscliatum and flavum, 
 
 Musseenda luculia, Liwiifia gratissima, 
 
 M. spinosa, Gardenia armala. 
 Mutisia speciosa, M. arachnoid en-. 
 Myosotis obtusa, Anchusd Barrelieri. M. 
 
 macropliylla, A. myosotidijlora. M. 
 
 linifulia, Heliotropium linifolium. J\J. 
 
 lithospermifolia, rupicola, and suaveo- 
 
 lens, M. valustris. 
 Myrica Carolmensis and Pennsylvania, 
 
 M. cerifera latifolia. 
 Myristica officinalis, M. moschata. 
 Myrobalanus Fatreea, Terminalia. 
 Myrosma cannge.folia, Phryiiiummyrosma. 
 Myrsine retusa, M. Africana ratusa. 
 Myrtus Ugni. Eugenia. M. pimenta 
 
 Pimento vulgaris. M. acris, coriacea. 
 
 and pimentoides, Myrcia. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nantilocalyx hastatus, Centrosolenia brae- 
 
 tescenst 
 Narcissus radiiflorus, N. angustifolius. 
 
 N. triandrus, N.cernuus. N. orientals, 
 
 N. citrinus. N. pvascox, N. Italicns. 
 
 N. bicolor, N. lorifolius. N. Tazetta, 
 
 N. nndtijlorus. N. trilobus, N. nutans. 
 
 N. calathinus, N.obvallaris and Irilobus. 
 
 N. unicolor and nevius, N. papyrace u> .-. 
 
 N. poeticus and majalis, N. patellatix. 
 
 N. moschatus, N. patnlus. N. t'estalis, 
 
 N. pseudo-narcissus. N. odorus and ui- 
 
 partitus, N. trilobus. 
 
NAU 
 
 C 846 ] 
 
 OEC 
 
 Nauclea adina, Adina globiflora. N, 
 Gambler, Uncaria. 
 
 N ecsea salicifolia, Heimia. 
 
 Nectris peltata, Cabomba aquatica. 
 
 Negundium Americanum, Negundofraxi- 
 nifolium, 
 
 Nematanthus Guilleminiana, Columnea 
 splendens. 
 
 Neraopanthes fascicularis, N. Canadensis. 
 
 Neottia repens, Goodyera. 
 
 Nepeta patella, N. graveolens. N. longi- 
 flora, N. Mussini. N. ainethystina, 
 N. nepetella. N. paniculata, N, Pan- 
 nonica. N. Malabarica, Anisomeles. 
 N. marifolia, Calamintha and Micro- 
 meria. 
 
 Kephrodium serra, thelypteris, filix-mas, 
 Noveboracensis, and oreopteris, Las- 
 trasa. N. s&miGord&tum,L.semicordata. 
 N. spinulosum, L, spinulosa. N. de- 
 compositum, L. decomposita. N. elon- 
 gatura, L. elongata. N. Goldinnum, 
 L. Goldiana. N. margioale, L. margi- 
 nalis. N. proliferum, Polystichum, N. 
 punctilobium, Sitolobium. N. aspie- 
 nioides, Asplcnium athyrium. N. filix- 
 foBraina, A. Michauxi. N. Barometz, 
 Cibotium. N. lanosum, Clteilantiies 
 vestita. N. Banksisefolium, Osmunda 
 and Laslrcea Presliana. 
 
 Neptunia polyphylla, ^7". plena. 
 
 Nerine laticoma, Brunsvigia lucida. 
 
 Nerium, Wrightia. N. coronariutn, Ta- 
 bern&montana coronariajlore-pleno. N. 
 tinctorium, Alstonia scholaris. 
 
 Neuronia asplenioides, Oleandra Wal- 
 lichii. 
 
 Nicotiana nyctaginiflora, Petunia. N. 
 suaveolens, N. undulata. 
 
 Nierembergia linariaefolia, N. fiUcanlis. 
 N. phoenicea, N. violacea. N. inter- 
 media, Petunia. 
 
 Nipbobolus carnosus, Drymoglossum car- 
 nosum. 
 
 Notbochlsena Issvis, N. sinuata. N. chei- 
 lanthoides, Cheilanthesmicrophylla. N. 
 distans, hirta, lanuginosa, rufa, tomen- 
 tosa, and vestita, Eriockasma. 
 
 Numezia fragrans, Cham<sdorea. 
 
 Nupbar minima, N. pumila. 
 
 Nuttallia involucrata, Walva. 
 
 Nycterium Amazonium, Fontanesianwm, 
 and rostratum, Solanum. N. lobatum, 
 S. heterandrum. N. cordifolium, S. ves- 
 pertilio. 
 
 Nyrnphsea stellata, N. carulea. N. cah- 
 Jara, N. cyanea. N. esculenta, N. edulis. 
 N. odorata minor, N. minor. N. cce- 
 rulea, N, scut/folia, N. lotus, N, Ama- 
 
 zonwn' an^ thermalis. N. Handa and 
 foetida, N. Amazonu/m. N. advena and 
 lutea, Nuphar. 
 
 Nyssa aquatica, N. liflora. N. capitata, 
 2V. candicans. N. denticulate and to- 
 mentosa, N. grandidentata. N. sylva- 
 tica, N. villosa. 
 
 0. 
 
 Obesia. See STAPELIA. 
 
 Ochna squarrosa, O. obtusata. 0. Zeyla- 
 
 nica, Gomphea. 
 Ocymum caryophyllatum, 0. basilicum 
 
 glabratum. 0. tbyrsiflorum, O. basili- 
 
 cum thyrsiflorum. 0. cordifolium, O. 
 
 Bojeri. 0. grandiflorum, O.fdamento- 
 
 sum. 0. asperura, Orthosiphon asperus. 
 Odontoglossum Bictonense, Zygopetalum 
 
 Africanum. 0. Clowesii, Brassia. 
 CEnopliavolubilis, Berchemia. CE.lineata, 
 
 B. Uneatus. 
 (Enothera ambigua, CE. fntticosa ambigva. 
 
 OE. alata, CE. Missourisnsis. QE. striata, 
 
 (E. nocturna. CE. undulata, CE. odorata. 
 
 CE.pinnatifida,(E. Purshii. (E.minima, 
 
 CE. sinuata minima. CE. rhizocarpa, 
 
 CE. triloba. 
 Olea undulata, 0. Capensis undulata. 0. 
 
 Europeea, O. sativa. 
 
 Ompbalobiurn Schotii, Scholia lalifolia. 
 Oncidium juncifolium, O. Cebolleti. 
 Onobrychis orientalis, 0. cornuta. 0. 
 
 picta, O. Micliauxii. 
 Onoclea nuda, Lomaria. 
 Ononis fruticosa, O. fntticosa microphylla. 
 
 0. barbata, O. minutissima. 
 Onopordon deltoideum, Carduus atripll- 
 
 cifollus. 
 Onosma arenarittm, 0. echioides arena- 
 
 rium. 
 
 Onostachys malacophyllum, Cotyledon. 
 Onycbium Krebsii, Scolopendrium. 
 Opercularia aspera and diphylla, O. 
 
 hispida. 
 Ophiopteris verticillata, Oleandra nerii- 
 
 formis. 
 Ophrys monorchis, Herminium. 0. al- 
 
 pina, H. alpinum, 
 Opuntia bumilis, O. horrtda. 0. glome- 
 
 rata, 0. longispina. 
 Orbea. See STAPELIA. 
 Orchis parviflora, O. acuminata. 0. pa- 
 
 lustris, O. laxiflora. 0. Rivini, O. mi- 
 
 litaris vr.ra. 0. Cyrilli, 0. provincial'^. 
 
 0. Schleicberi, O. sambiicina, O. si- 
 
 milia, O. tephrosanthos. 0. tephrosan- 
 
 tbos, G.undnlatifolia and macro. 0. 
 
 foliosa, Habenaria alata. 0. speciosa, 
 
 Eonatea, 
 
OEI 
 
 [847] 
 
 PHI 
 
 Origanum stoloniferum, O. vulgare. 0. 
 
 hurnile, O. vulgare humile. 0. Creti- 
 
 curn and megastachyum, 0. vulgare 
 
 prismaticum. 0. oblongatum and virens, 
 
 O. vulgare virens. 
 Ornithogalum Bohemicum, Gagea Bohe- 
 
 mica. 0. luteum, G. bracteolaris and 
 
 fascicularis. 0. pygmseum, G. pygmcea. 
 
 0. minimum and arvense, G. siellaris. 
 
 0. striatum, G. striata. 0. uniflorum, 
 
 G. uniflora. 
 
 Ornithopus tetraphyllus, Myriadenus. 
 Ornitrophe cominia and serrata, Sc/imide- 
 
 lia. 
 Orobus Gmelini, 0. lacteus. 0. tomen- 
 
 tosus, Coursetia tomentosa. 
 Orthostemma paniculata, Oxyspora. 
 Osbeckia grandiflora, Melastoma elongata. 
 Osmunda crispa, Allosorus. 0. humilis 
 
 and phillitidis, Anemia. 0. Caroliniana, 
 
 Woodwardia angustifolia. 0. lunaria, 
 
 Botrychium. 0. procera, Lorn-aria. 
 
 O. struthiopteris, Struthiopteris Ger- 
 
 manica. 
 
 Othonna flabellifolia, O. virginea. 
 Otostemraa lacunosa, Hot/a. 
 Oxalis caprina, O. cernua. 0. arracacha, 
 
 O. crenata. 0. rubens, O. microphylla. 
 
 O. floribunda, O. rosea. 0. Martiana, 
 
 O. urbica. 0. rosea, O. variabilis Simsii. 
 Oxyanthus speciosus, 0. tiibiflorus. 
 Oxycoccus erythrocarpus, O. ercctus. 0. 
 
 hispidulus, Phalerocarpus serpyttifolia. 
 Oxytropis Gmelini, O. longirostra. 0. sor- 
 
 dida, 0. Uralensis. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pgeonia Makoya, P. alVJlora festa. P. la- 
 ciniata, P. anomala. P. Tatarica, P. 
 paradoxa fimbriata. P. Dahurica. P. 
 triternata. P. sessiliflora, P. villosa. 
 
 Pallasia halimifolia, Encelia canescens. 
 P. grandiflora, E. halimifolia. 
 
 Pancratium Amboinense, Eurydes Am- 
 bomensis. P. aurantium, Stenomesson 
 Jlavum. P. Amancses, Ismenc. P. ca- 
 lathiuui, J. nutans. P. incarnatum, 
 Coburgiu incarnata. P. luteum, Chli- 
 danthus fragrans. P. Mexicanum, P. 
 acutifolium and Hymenocallis adnata 
 litorahs. P. Caribseum and declinatum, 
 H. Caribcea. P. rotatum, H. rotata. 
 P. speciosum, H. speciosa. 
 
 Papaver Burseri, P. alpinum. P. pul- 
 cherrimum, P. bracteatum. .P. auran- 
 tiacum, P. Pyrenaicum. P. alpinum, 
 P. Pyrenaicum puniceum. P. Olym- 
 picum, P. pilosum. P. Cambrica, Me- 
 tonoprit. 
 
 Parkeria acrostichoides, Cryptogramma. 
 Parkia biglobosa, P. Africana. 
 Passerina Tarton-raira and thymelsen, 
 Daphne. P. villosa, D. tomentosa. P. 
 conglomerata, Lachnasa. 
 Passiflora lyraefolia, P. cuneata. P. pal- 
 mata, P. filamentosa. P. glauca, P. 
 stipulata. P. adiantifolia and Her- 
 bertiana, Disemma. P. peifoliata, 
 Murucuya. P. murucuya, M. ocellatu. 
 P. peduncularis, Tacsonia. P. sangui- 
 nea and quadriglandulosa, T. sangui- 
 nea. 
 
 Patersonia glauca, P. longiscapa. 
 Patrinia nudiuscula, P. intermedia. P. 
 serratulifoHa, P. scabioscefolia. P. coro- 
 nata, P. Sibirica. 
 
 Paullinia Asiatica, Toddalia acnleata 
 Pavetta Indica, P. arenosa. P. alba, P. 
 Indica. P. fo3tidissima, Ernodea mon- 
 tana. P. Javanica, Ixora. 
 Pavia hybrida, P. discolor. P. parviflora, 
 P. macrostachya. P. humilis, P. rubra 
 humilis. 
 
 Pedicularis asplenifolia, P. alro-rubens. 
 Pekea tuberculosa, Caryocar tomenlosum. 
 Pelargonium australe, P. glomeratum. 
 Pentaraphia iongiflora, Conradia, 
 Pentstemon Bradburii, P. grandiflorum. 
 P. elegans, P. pulchellum. P. Mexi- 
 canus, Tetranema Mexicana. 
 Perdicium Brasiliense, Trixis aurindata. 
 P. roseum, Chabrtea runcinata. P. Clii- 
 lense, Chcetanthera Chil&nsis. 
 Pereira medica, Cosciniumfenesfratum. 
 Pergularia glabra, Vallaris pergulana. 
 Periphragmos depender.s and* unitiDrits, 
 Cantua buxlfolia. P. flexuosus and 
 pyrifolia, C. pyrifoKa. 
 Periploca liaeaiis, Microloma lineare. 
 Peristeria Barked and Humboldui, Aci- 
 
 neta. 
 
 Pernettya phillyresefolia, P. angustifolia. 
 Petrocarya campeatris, Parinarium cam- 
 
 pestre. 
 
 Petunia phoenicea, P. intermedia. 
 Peucedanum obtusifolium, Ferula oMu- 
 
 sifolia. P. Sibiricum, F. Sibirica. 
 Phaca, Astragalus. P. Floridana, Glotti- 
 dium Floridanum. P. membranacea, P. 
 alpina Dahurica. 
 Phacelia parviflora, Nemophila. 
 Phalangiura, Watsonia. P. virgatum, A r o. 
 
 Una Georgiana. 
 
 Pharium fistulosum, Bessera Hcrlerli. 
 Pbiladelphus gracilis, P. hirsuttts. P. 
 Nepalensis, P. tomentosus. P. grandi- 
 florus, P. verrucosus. 
 Philibertia gracilis^ P. grandifiora* 
 
PHI 
 
 [ 848 ] 
 
 POL 
 
 Phillyrea virgata, P. ligustrifolia. P. ili- 
 cit'olia, P. spinosa. P. robusta, Olea. 
 
 Phloims Saraia, P. bicolor. P. Cretica, 
 JP.Jvrmginea Cretica. P. rotuudifolia, 
 P. Italica. P. micropbylla, P. lanata. 
 P. salvifefolia, P. purpurea. P. luua- 
 lifblia Kusselliana, P. Rnsselliana. P. 
 \irens, P. viscosa. P. leonurus, Leo- 
 nitis. P. Jeonitis, L. ovala. 
 
 Phlox amoena. P. pilosa amcena. P. sto- 
 iomfera, P. reptans. P. crassifolia, P. 
 reptans crassifolia. P. scabra, P. tficA;- 
 manni. P. longiflora, P. tardiflora. 
 
 Phycella ignea glauca, P. glanca. P. 
 obtusa, PlnEdranassa. P. cbloracea, 
 7*. fihlomcroi 
 
 FJtyiioa pubescens, P. capitata. P. erio- 
 phora, P. nitida eriophora. P. cordata, 
 ctioica, royrti folia, and tbymifoiia, 
 Sonlangia. P. radiata, Staavia. 
 
 Phyllantbus kirganelia, Kirgandia eh- 
 yans. P. lineaiis, Xylop/iylla. P. 
 ceramicus, X. longifolw. P. arbuscula, 
 .X". speciosa. P. augustifolius and epi- 
 phyllantlius, X. angustifalia. P. i'alca- 
 tns, X fulcata. P. latifolius, X. /a/i- 
 yo/ia. P. embiica, Emblica qffidnalis. 
 P. racemosus, 2. racemosa. 
 
 JPhylogyne minor, Narcissus pusillus. 
 
 Phyraatanthus tricolor, Pelargonium. 
 
 Physematium, Woodsia. 
 
 Phyteuma strictum and virgatum, P. li- 
 moniifolium. P. cordatum, P. orbicnlare. 
 P. brevifolium, P. orbicnlare decipiens. 
 P. ellipticum, P. orbiculare giganteum. 
 P. ovatum, P. Scheuchzeri. 
 
 Picea. See PINUS. 
 
 Pierardia sapida, P. dulcis. 
 
 Pilosa incisa, Heliophila araboides. 
 
 .Pinus palustris, P. australis. P. Lemo- 
 niana, P. pinaster Lemoniana. P. ru- 
 bra, P. resinosa. P. cedrus, Cedrus 
 Libani. P. Dammara, Durrmiara orien- 
 tnlis. P. lanceolatu, CunningJiamia 
 Sinensis. 
 
 Piriqueta racemosa, Turnera. 
 
 Piscidia erythriua, P. Carthaginentis. P. 
 longifolia, Daubentonia. 
 
 Pistacia lentiscus Massiliensis, P. lentis- 
 cus angustifolitis. P. officinarura, P. 
 vera. P. reticulata, P. vcra Narbonen- 
 fis. 
 
 Pitcairnia coarctata, Puya Ckiknsla. 
 
 Pittosporum birsutum, P. hirtitm. 
 
 Planera aquatica, P. Gmelini. 
 
 Plantago aquatica, Pistia stralintes. 
 
 Platanus aceriiolia, P. orientals acerifo- 
 lia. P. cuneata, P. orientalis cuneala. 
 
 Platylobium scolopendriuni, Bossiasu. P. 
 
 lanceolatum and ovatum, B. hetero. 
 phylla. 
 
 Platyloma calomelnnos, Allosorus. P. 
 cordata. A. cordatus. 
 
 Plectrantbus rubicundus, OrtJiosipJion. 
 P. asper, O. asperus. P. fi-uticosus, 
 Colens. P. scutellarioides, C. Blumei. 
 P. barbatus and Forskahlii, G. bar- 
 batus. P. monacboruui, Ocymum sano- 
 tum, 
 
 Pleione maculata, Ccelogyne. 
 
 Pleopeltis nuda, Drynaria sesquipcdaUs. 
 
 Pleroma glomerata, Osbeckia. P. holose- 
 riceum, Lasiandra argentea. P. Fonta- 
 nesii, L. Fontanesiana. 
 
 Pleufothallis coccinea, Rodiiguezia &c- 
 cunda. 
 
 Plumieria tricolor, P. Kerii. P. Gouani, 
 P. Lambcrtiana, 
 
 Podalyria alpina, Thermopsis Corgonensis. 
 P, iupinoides T.lanceolata. P. biflora, 
 P. argentea* P. obcordata, Beyuienia. 
 P. uniflora, Baptisia lanceolata. 
 
 Podantbe. See STAPELIA. 
 
 Podocarpus asplenifolius, Phyllocladus 
 rhomboidalls. P. drupacea and coria- 
 cea, Cephalotaxits drupacea. 
 
 Podolobium equifolium, P.slaiirophyllnm. 
 
 Podopbylluin dipbyllum, Jefferson ia di- 
 phylla. 
 
 Podoria Senegalensis, Boscia. 
 
 Pogonia glabra, Myoporum ellipticum. 
 
 Poinciana tarra, Coultcria tinctoria. 
 
 Poiretia elliptica and linearis, Hovea. 
 
 Polemonium bursitbliura, P. Mexicaimm. 
 
 Polybotrya acutuinata, Gymnopteris. P. 
 Corcovadeuse and cervina, Olfersia. P. 
 peltata and tripartita, Ehipidopteris. 
 
 Polygala oppositifblia, P. Borbonicpfolia. 
 P. corditblia, P. latifolin. P. graudi- 
 liora, P. myrtifolia grandijlora. P. 
 sanguinea, P. purpurea. P. spinosa, 
 Mundia. P, vimiuea, Kf. spinosa an- 
 gustifolia. P. alopecuroides, filiformis, 
 Heisteria, bumilis, and mixta, Mitraltia. 
 
 Polygonatum latifolium, P. macrophyHnm. 
 
 Polygonum acutatum and cymosum, Fa- 
 gopyrttm cymosum. P. frutescens, Tra- 
 gopyrum lanceolatum. P. polygamuin 
 and parvifolium, T. polygamum. P. 
 Caucasicum and crispulum, T. buxifo- 
 lium. P. petiolatum, P. amplexicaidis, 
 
 Polypodium axillare, Allantodia axillari*. 
 P. umbrosurn, A.itmbrosa. P. iilix-l'(B- 
 mina and fontanum, Asplenium. P. 
 grande, Platy cerium biforme. P. areo- 
 latum, aureum, and decurnanum, Phle- 
 lodiitm. P. glabellum, P lycopodioides. 
 P. glaucum, P. sporodocaruum, P. ad- 
 
POP 
 
 849 ] 
 
 PTE 
 
 nascens, confluens, lineare, lingua, and 
 rupestris, Niphobolus. P. pertusum, N. 
 pertusus. P. latifolium, P.plantagineum. 
 P. decursive-pinnatum, Lastraea deeur- 
 rens. P.oxypbyllum,. eburneu. P. ne- 
 riifolium, pectinatum, attenuatum, and 
 dissimile, Goniophlebium. P. longifo- 
 lium, O. menisciifolium. P. hirsutissi- 
 mum, G. sepultum. P. asperum, Go- 
 niopteris aspera. P. proliferum, G. 
 fraxinifolia. P.viviparum, G.prolifera. 
 P. longifrons, Drynaria. P. polyce- 
 phalum and irioides, D. irioides. P. 
 albido-squamatum, D. albido-squamata. 
 P. scandens, D. Billardieri and pustu- 
 lata. P. juglandifolium, D. capitellata. 
 P. cuepidiflorum, D. cuspidiflora. P. 
 diversifolium, D. diversifolia. P. mem- 
 branaceum, D. hemionitidea. P. phy- 
 matodes, D. vulgaris. P. cuspidatum, 
 D. leiorhlza and albido-squamata. P. 
 neglectum, D. neglecta. P. palmatum, 
 D. palmata. P. coespitosum and pustu- 
 latum, D. pustnlata. P. quercifolium, 
 -D. quercifolia. P. rapestre, -D. rupestris. 
 P. grammitoides, Xiphopleris hetero- 
 phylla. P. fragrans, Cheilanthes. P. 
 Barometz, Cibotium. P. reticulatum, 
 Meniscium. P. rugulosum, Hypolepis 
 rugulosa. 
 
 Populus nivea, P. cu'&a, P. suaveolens, 
 P. balsamifera suaveolens. P. viminalis 
 and longifolia, P. balsamifera viminalis. 
 P. macrophylla, P. candicans. P. 
 acerifolia, P. canescens acerifolia. P. 
 dilatata, P. fastigiata. P. Acladesca, 
 P. monilifera. P. Isevigata, P. tremula 
 laevigata. P. supina, P. tremula su- 
 pina. 
 
 Porana paniculata and racemosa,Dindws. 
 
 Portenschlagia australis, Elaodendron 
 australe. 
 
 Portlandia hexandra, Goutarea speciosa. 
 
 Portulaca racemosa, Talinum triangulare. 
 
 Posoqueria dumetorum and fragrans, 
 Gardenia. 
 
 Potentilla comarum, Comarum palustre. 
 P. aurea, Halleri, and Salisburgensis, 
 P. alpestris. P. leucophylla, P. an gusli - 
 folia. P. pumila, P. Canadensis. P. 
 Tlmringiaca, P. chrysantha. P. sabauda 
 andfiliformis, P. crocea. P. Nepalensis, 
 P. formosa. P. fragariastrum, P. fra- 
 garia. P. Dahurica, P. fniticosa Thu- 
 rica. P. floribunda, P. fniticosa tenui- 
 loba. P. Weinmanniana, P. Guntheri. 
 P. vinosa, P. Loddigcsii. P. hispida, P. 
 Pennsylvania. P. splendens, P. Siever- 
 siana. 
 
 54 
 
 Pothos grandiflora, P. macrophylla. 
 
 Pourretia coarctata, Pitcairnia. See PUYA, 
 
 Primula grandiflora, P. Carniolica. P. 
 intermedia, P. Davurica. P. Norvegica, 
 P. Finmarchica. P. calycina, P. glau- 
 cescens. P. crenata, P. marginata. P. 
 nivalis, P. nivea. P. Sinensis, P. pra;- 
 nitens. P. villosa, P. pubescens. P. 
 rotundifolia, P. Sibirica. P. Horne- 
 manniana, P. stricta. P. Columnae, P. 
 suaveolens. P. acaulis, P. vulgaris, P. 
 villosa flore-albo, P. Simsii. 
 
 Prism atocarpus speculum, Specularia. P. 
 falcatus, $. falcata. P. hybriclus, . 
 hybrida. P. pentagonius, /9. pentagonia. 
 P. perfoliatus, ^. perfoliata. P. hir- 
 sutus, ^S 1 . speculum pubescens. 
 
 Proiphys Amboinensis, Eurycles. P. Aus- 
 tralasicum, -E. Australasica. 
 
 Protea decumbens, Serruria Niveni. P. 
 abrotanifolia odorata, S. odorata. P. 
 candicans, Leucospermum. P. cucul- 
 lata, Mimetes. P. speciosa, P. obtusa. 
 P. divaricata, Isopogon divaricatus. P. 
 fucifolia, Petrophila pule he II a. 
 
 Prunella Pennsylvanica, P. vulgaris elon- 
 gate. P. hirta, P. vulgaris hispida. P. 
 incisa, P. vulgaris pinnatifida. 
 
 Prunus, Armeniaca. P. Armeniaca, A. 
 vulgaris. P. pubescens and serrulata, 
 Cerasus. P. rubra, C. padus rubra. P. 
 Sinensis, Amygdalus pumila. 
 
 Psidium decaspermum, Nelilris Jambo- 
 sella. P. Chinense, P. Cattleyanum. 
 P. sapidissimum, P. pomiferum sapidis- 
 simum. 
 
 Psoralea pedunculata, P. sericea. P. in- 
 termedia, P. verrucosa intermedia. 
 
 Psychotria crocea and rigida, Palicourca. 
 P. lineata, Palicourea spicata. P. race- 
 mosa, Nonatelia. P. involucrata, N. 
 offlcinalis. 
 
 Psygmium elegans, Aglaomorpha Meyeri- 
 ana. 
 
 Ptelea ovata, Ptelidium ovatum. P. pin- 
 nata, Blftckburnia. 
 
 Pteris argentea, auriculata, farinosa, in- 
 tramarginalis, and pedata, Casseoeera. 
 P. hastata, C. hastata, Doryopteris has- 
 tata, and Allosorus calomelanos. ]'. 
 flexuosa, Platyloma flexuosa and Allo- 
 sorus fiexuosus. P. gracilis, Cheilanthes. 
 P. argyropbylla and decursiva, C. fari- 
 nosa. P. calomelanos, Allosorus. P. 
 crispa, A. crispus. P. cordata, A. cor- 
 datus. P. angustifolia and lanceolata, 
 Ttenitis. P. biaurita and nemoralis, 
 Campteria. P. piloselloides and triebo- 
 manoides, Nothechlama. P. aurita, in- 
 8l 
 
PTE 
 
 [ 850 ] 
 
 EHE 
 
 termedia, and splendens, Litobrochia. 
 P. elegans, P. discolor. P. collina and 
 palniata, Doryopteris. P. sagittata, D. 
 sagiltifolia. P. irabricata, Jamesonia. 
 P. lanuginosa, Eriochasma. 
 
 Pterocarpus glabra, buxifolius, and foliis- 
 aggregatis, Brya ebenus. P. latifolius, 
 Lonchocarpus. P. lunatus, Drepano- 
 carpus. 
 
 Pteronia cbameepeuce, Stahelina. 
 
 Pulmonaria oblongata, P. angustifolia ob~ 
 longata. 
 
 Pultensea aspera, Phyllota. P. enchila, 
 ' Spadostyles Sieberi. 
 
 Punica granatum album, P. granatum 
 albescensflore-pleno. P. granatura ple- 
 num, P. granatum rubrumflore-pleno. 
 
 Purshia hispida, Onosmodium hispidum. 
 P. mollis, 0. molle. 
 
 Puya suberosa, Pitcairnia coarctata. 
 
 Pyrethrum diversifolium, Brachycome di- 
 versi folia* P. orientale, Anthemis Ru- 
 dolphiana. P. grandiflorum, P. latifo- 
 lium, 
 
 Pyrola chlorantha, P. convoluta. P. 
 rosea, P. minor. P. maculata, Chima- 
 phila. P. umbellata, C. corymbosa. 
 
 PyrusNussia, Ootonea&terfrigida. P. mi- 
 crophylla and uva-ursi, C. rotundifoli'a. 
 P. cratsegifolia, Crateegus Florenlina. 
 P. malus sylvestris, P. acerba. P. sa- 
 licifolia, P. amygdaliformis. P. alpina, 
 P. aria acutifolia. P. sylvestris, P. 
 communis pyraster. P. orientalis, P. 
 elaagnifolia. P. pubens, P. grandi- 
 folia. P. edulis, P. intermedia angus- 
 tifolia. P. Bollwylleriana, P. Pollveria. 
 P. hybrida and spuria sambucifolia, P. 
 spuria pendula. P. Pasbia, P. vario- 
 losa. P. Nepalensis, P. vestita. P. 
 sanguinea, Amelanchier. 
 
 Pyxidanthera barbulata, Diapensia. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quassia excelsa, Simaruba. Q. sima- 
 ruba, S. officinalis. 
 
 Queltia concolor, Narcissus Haworthia. 
 
 Quercus conglomerata, Q. Apennina. Q. 
 hemisphserica, Q. aquatica maritima. 
 Q. nana, Q. aquatica nana. Q. Aus- 
 triaca, Q. cerris Austriaca. Q. cerris 
 dentata, Q. cerris Fulhamensis. Q. 
 Kagnal, Q. cerris Ragnal. Q. frondosa, 
 Q. cerris vulgaris. Q. discolor, elongata, 
 and triloba, Q. falcata. Q. lanuginosa, 
 Q. lanata. Q. aquatica, Q. nigra. Q. 
 stellata, Q. obtusiloba. Q. Banisteri and 
 montana, Q. paiustris. Q. fastigiata, Q. 
 
 peduncnlata fastigiata. Q. laciniata, Q. 
 pedunculata heterophylla. Q. pendula, 
 Q. pedunculata pendula. Q. purpurea, 
 Q. pedunculata purpurea. Q. cinerea, 
 Q. phellos cinerea. Q. sericea, Q. phellos 
 sericea. Q. castanea, Q. prinus acumi- 
 nata. Q. montana, Q. prinus monticola. 
 Q, prinoides, Q. prinus pumila. Q. 
 Micbauxii, Q. prinus tomentosa. Q. 
 Tauzin, Q. Pyrenaica. Q. Robur, Q. 
 sessilijlora. Q. pubescens, Q. sessiliflora 
 pubescens. 
 
 Rafnia amplexicaulis, Vascoa. 
 
 Rajania quinata, Akebia. 
 
 Randia aculeata, JR. latifolia. R. longi- 
 flora, JR. macrantlia. R. obovata, JR. 
 pubescens and latifolia. 
 
 Ranunculus grandit'olius and Teneriffae, 
 JR. cortuseefolius. R. Olyssiponensis 
 and Lusitanicus, R. spicatus. R. aureus 
 and villosus, JR. Brcynianus and nemo- 
 rosus pauciftorus. R. Pyrenseus, R. 
 Gouani. R. Thomasi,jR. gregarius. R. 
 sericeus, R. Illyricus. R. apiifolius, R. 
 Monspeliacus cuneatus. R. Monspelia- 
 cus, R. Monspeliacus rotundifolius. R. 
 polyanthemos, R. nemorosus. R. peuce- 
 danifolius, R. pantothrix Jluviatilis. R. 
 Pyrenseus plantagineus,./?/an^iwews. 
 R. aconitifolius, R. platanifolius flore- 
 pleno. R. muricatus and Brasilianus, 
 R. vcntricosus. R. Breynianus, R. 
 Villarsii. 
 
 Rapbanus tenellus, Chorispora tenella. 
 R. arcuatus, C. tenella arcuata. 
 
 Rapbia pedunculata and vinifera, $a- 
 gus. 
 
 Raphiolepis Indica, R. phaostemon. 
 
 Ravenala Madagascariensis, Urania spe- 
 ciosa. See URANIA. 
 
 Reaumtiria linifolia, R. hypericoides. 
 
 Renealmia ramosa lutea, Pitcairnia co- 
 arctata. 
 
 Rbamnus Capensis, leevigatus, and mys- 
 tacinus, Ccanothus. R. sphaerosper- 
 mus, C.sphcerocarpus. R. lineatus and 
 volubilis, Berchemia. R. Clusii, R. 
 alaternus angustifolius. R. Willdeno- 
 vianus, JR. longifolius. R. rupestris, R. 
 pvmilus. R. pumilus, R. Valentinus 
 and Wulfenii. 
 
 Rbapis acaulis, Sabal Adansoni. 
 
 Rbeum Emodi, R. australe. 
 
 Rbexia, Arthrostemma. R. glomerata, 
 Osbeckia glomerata alliflora. R. holo- 
 SGrice&,Lasiandraargentea. R. aquatica, 
 
RHO 
 
 [851 ] 
 
 SAL 
 
 Aciotis. R. acisanthera, Acisanthera 
 quadrata. R. trivalvis, Microlicia bi- 
 valvis. R. viminea, Pleroma. 
 
 Bhodiola Sibirica, Sedum Altaicum. R. 
 rosea, 8. rhodiola. 
 
 Rhodochiton volubile, Lophospermum 
 atro-sanguineum. 
 
 Rhododendron salignum, elaeagnoides,and 
 obovatum, JR. lepidotum. R. obtusum, 
 E. Ponticum obtusum. R. aromaticum, 
 R. anthopogon. R. cinnamonicum, R. 
 arboreum cinnamonicum. R. album, R. 
 niveum. R. officinale, R. chrysanthum. 
 R. myrtifolium, R. Ponticum myrti- 
 folium. R. Roylei, R. cinnabarinum. 
 
 Rhodora Canadensis, Rhododendron rho- 
 dora. 
 
 RVius Bucku amela, R. amela. R. Caro- 
 liniana and elegans, R.glabra coccinea. 
 R. Theezans, R. vndulata. R. vene- 
 nata, R. vernix^ R. juglandifolia, -R. 
 vernicifera. R. Rcsdoalijavel, Omphalo- 
 bium Tndicum. 
 
 Rbynchosia violacea, Eriosema. 
 
 Ribes aureum sanguineum, R. flavum. 
 R. hybridum, R. grossularia Besseriana. 
 R. reclinatum, R. glossularia reclinata. 
 R. uva-crispa, R. grossularia uva-crispa. 
 R. oxyacanthoides, R. lacustre. R. 
 glandulosum, R. prostratum. R. laxi- 
 florum, R. prostratum laxiflorum. R. 
 malvaceum, R. sanguineum malvaceum. 
 R. stamineum, R. speciosum. R. Mis- 
 souriense, R. tenuiflorum. 
 
 Richardia scabra, Richardsonia. 
 
 Richardsonia pilosa, R. scabra. 
 
 Ricotia ^Egyptiaca, R. lunaria. 
 
 Robinia Capensis, Virgilia sylvatica. R. 
 squamata, Pictetia. R. coccinea, Or- 
 mosia. R. uliginosa, Pongamia. R. 
 media, P. glabra. R. sepium and se- 
 riceus, Lonchocarpus. R. hispida and 
 rosea, L. roseus. R. violacea, L. viola- 
 ceus. R. Altagana and frutescens, Ca- 
 ragana. R. Caragana, O. Altagana arbo- 
 rescens. R. mollis and tomentosa, C. 
 mollis. R. bybrida, ambigua, and echi- 
 nata, R. dubia. R. grandiflora and ma- 
 cropliylla, R. hispida macrophylla. R. 
 amorphsefolia, R. pseudo-acacia amor- 
 ph&folia. R. inonstrosa, R. pseudo- 
 acacia monstrosa. R. pendula, R. pseudo- 
 acacia pendula. R. procera, R. pseudo 
 acacia procera. R. sophorsefolia, R. 
 pseudo-acacia soplwrafolia. R. stricta, 
 R. pseudo-acacia stricta. R. inermis, 
 R. pseudo-acacia umbraculifera. R. ha- 
 lodendron, Halimodendron argenteum. 
 R. triiiora, H. argenteum, subvirescens. 
 
 Roella decumbens, Campanula Capensis. 1 
 R. filiformis, R. sguarrosa Bergii. 
 
 Rondeletia, Wendlandia. 
 
 Rosa berberifolia, Lowea. R. rubiginosa 
 inodora, R. Borreri. R. canina caesia, 
 R. casia. R. leucantha, R. Caucasea. 
 R. canina dumetorum, R. dumetorum. 
 R. parvifolia, R. Qallica parvifolia. R. 
 odorata, J?. Indica odoratissima. R. flo- 
 ribunda, R. Klukii. R. laxa, R. Lind- 
 leyi. R, Eglanteria, R. lutea. R. pla- 
 typhylla and Roxburghii, R. mulliftora 
 Grevillei. R. scabriuscula, R. tomentosa 
 scabriuscula. 
 
 Rubentia angustifolia, Toddalia. R. oli- 
 vina, Elaeodendron orientale. 
 
 Rubus pistillatus, R. acaulis. R. pedun- 
 culosus, R. bi/lorus. R. vulgaris, R. 
 corylifolius. R. flavus, R. ellipticus. li. 
 inermis, R.flagellaris inermis. R. dis- 
 color, and abruptus, jR. fruticosus. R. 
 fruticosus plenus, R. fruticosus flore- 
 raseo-pleno. R. fruticosus albus, R. fru- 
 ticosus leucocarpus. R. paniculatus, R. 
 Linkianus. R. pauciflorus, jR. micran- 
 thus. R. villosus vulpinus, R. Spren- 
 gelii. R. aegopodioides, R. tnflorus. 
 
 Rudbeckia amplexifolia and perfoliata, 
 Dracopis amplexicaulis. R. napifolia, 
 purpurea, and serotina, Echinacea. R. 
 amplexicaulis, R. amplexifolia and Dra- 
 copis amplexicaulis. 
 
 Ruellia cristata, Aphelandra. R. infun- 
 dibuliformis, Crossandra undulcefolia. 
 R. ringens, Hygrophila. R. aniso- 
 phylla and glomerata, Goldfussia. R. 
 oblongifolia, Calophanes. R. Barle- 
 rioides and bracteata, Petalidium Bar- 
 lerioides. R. Coromandeliana, secunda, 
 intrusa, and obliqua, Asystasia Coro- 
 mandeliana. R. Sabiniana, Strobilan- 
 thes. 
 
 Rulingiapolypbyllaandvarians,^waca7n/>- 
 seros. R. anacampseros, A. rotundifolia. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sagittaria hastata, 8. Doniana. 
 
 Sagus palma-pinus, S. vinifora. 
 
 Salix violacea, S. acutifolia. S. cserulea, 
 8. alba ccerulea. S. uliginosa, S. aurita. 
 S. annularis, 8. Babylonica crispa. S. 
 Napoleona, 8. Babylonica Napoleona. 
 S. prsecox, S. Daphnoides. S. argentea, 
 8. fusca argentea. S. adscendens and 
 parvifolia, S. fusca foetida. S. incuba- 
 cea, 8. fusca incubacea. S. prostrata, 
 8. fusca prostrata. S. repeus, S.ftis^a 
 repens. S. malifolia, S. hasttita muli- 
 
SAL 
 
 C 852 ] 
 
 SED. 
 
 frtia, S. serrulata, S. hastata sernilata. 
 S. riparia, 8. incana. S. arbutifolia, S. 
 myrsinites. S. phylicifolia, 8. radicans. 
 S. Fluggeana, 8. salvitefoHa. S. Hop- 
 peana, 8. Irian dra Hoppeana. 
 
 Salmia angustifolia, Carlitdovica. 
 
 Salpiglossis atro-purpurea, 8. sinuata. S. 
 picta, 8. sinuata picta. S. straminea, 
 8. sinuata straminea. S. linearis, Pe- 
 tunia intermedia. S. iutegrifolia, P. 
 violacea. 
 
 Salvia carnosa, Audibertia incana. S. 
 patula and pyramidalis, S.argentea. S. 
 colorata, 8. aurea. S. polyrnorpha, S. 
 clandestina. S. multifida and laciniata, 
 8. clandestina multifida. S. rosea, 8. 
 coccinea. S. prismatica, S. Hispanica. 
 S. Boosiana, 8. lamiifolia. S. tricho- 
 stemoides, S. lanceolata. S. pilantba, 
 $. Linkiana. S. Abyssinica and ap- 
 planata, 8. Nilotica. S. betonicaefolia 
 and hastata, 8. nutans. S. linearifolia, 
 S.polystachya. S. haematodes, Tenorii, 
 and variegata, 8. pratensis. S. foliosa, 
 8. rhombifolia. S. vulnerarisefolia and 
 Hablitziana, 8. scabiosafolia. S. Sim- 
 siana, 8. sclarea. S. elongata and bul- 
 lata, 8. sclareoides. S. Dominica, S. 
 serotina. S. campestris and mollis, 8. 
 SibthorpiL S. uEgyptiaca, S. spinosa. 
 S.neraorosa andValentina, S.sylvestris. 
 S. coarctata, 8. Tingitana. S. oblongata, 
 S. verbenaca oblongifolia. S. affinis, 
 amplexicaulis, and gigantea, S. virgata. 
 S. truncata and Spielmanni, 8. viridis. 
 
 Samara pentandra, Myrsine Samara. 
 
 Sambucus nigra variegata, S.nigrafoliis- 
 argenteis. S. aurea, S. nigra foliis- 
 luteis. S. laciniata, S. nigra laciniata. 
 S. nigta albida, S. nigra leucocarpa. 
 S. viridis, S. nigra virescens. 
 
 Samyda viridiflora,' 8. macrophylla. S. 
 pubescens, 8. rosea. 
 
 Sanguisorba rubra, S. carnea. 
 
 Sanseviera sessiliflora, S. carnea. S. Ja- 
 vanica, Dracaena elliptica. 
 
 Santolina anthemoides, Lasiospermum. 
 
 , S. critbmifolia, L. crithmifolium. S. 
 
 eriosperma, L. eriospermum. S. al- 
 
 pina and erecta, L. pedunculare. S. 
 
 rigida, L. rigidum. 
 
 Sapindus spiuosus, Xanthoxylon sapin- 
 doides. 
 
 Saponaria Illyrica, Tunica. 
 
 Sarcanthus guttatus, 8accolabium gutta- 
 turn. 
 
 Sarracenia psittacina, 8. rubra. S* adunca, 
 8. variolaris. 
 
 Satureia capitata, Thymus capitatus. S. 
 
 Juliana, approximata, and Grseca, Ml- 
 cromeria. S. congesta and tenuifolia, 
 M. Grceca densiflora. S. hirsuta, M. 
 Juliana hirsuta. S. viminea, M. obo. 
 vata. S. obovata, S. virgata. 
 
 Sauvagesia nutans, 8. erecta. 
 
 Saxifraga aquatica,>S. adsccndens. S. Isevis, 
 8. affinis. S. Grsenlandica, S. ccespitosa.. 
 S. palmata, S. decipiens. S. crenata, 
 S. geum crenata. S. dentata, 8* geum 
 dentata. S. polita, 8. geum polita. S. 
 sphseroidea, 8. hirsuta spharoidea. S. 
 recta, S. intacta. S. muscoides, 8. 
 moschata. S. moscliata, S. muscoides 
 and pygmcea. S. congesta, 8. nivalis. 
 S. cuscutseformis, 8. sarmentosa cus~ 
 cut<B/ormis. S. dissiimlis, 8. stellaris 
 dissimilis. S-. punctata, 8. umbrosti 
 punctata. S. serratifolia, 8. umbrosa 
 serratifolia. 
 
 Scabiosa, Asterocephalus. S. pseudo-aus- 
 tralis, S.aiistralis. S. Norica, S.strictn. 
 
 Sceptrantbus Drummondi, Cooperia pe- 
 dunculata. 
 
 Schaefferia lateriflora, Drypetes crocea. 
 
 Schellolepis. See GONIOPHLEBIUM. 
 
 Schousbsea coccinea, Cacoucia. 
 
 Scbrebera albens, El<endendron glaucum. 
 
 Schubertia Capensis, Taxodium Capense. 
 S. disticha, T. distichum. S. disticba 
 pendula, T. distichum nutans. 
 
 Schwagrichenia flavida, Anigozanthos.. 
 
 Scilla-monophylla, S.pumila. S. bifolia 
 rubra, 8. rosea. S. serotina, Uropeta- 
 lonfuivum. S. pomeridiana, Antheri- 
 cum. S.maritima, Ornithogalum squilla* 
 S. Romana, Bellevalia operculata. 
 
 Scolopendrium palmatum, 8. hemionith. 
 
 Scopolia atropoides, S. Carniolica. S. 
 aculeata, Toddalia. 
 
 Scorzonera taraxacifolia, Podospermum 
 taraxacifolium. S. gramini folia, &. 
 glastifolia. S. Austriaca, S. humilis. 
 
 Scutellaria Cretica, Teucrium Arduini. 
 S. Altaica, 8. alpina. S. lupulina, S. 
 alpina lutea. S. decumbens, S. hirta. 
 S. Caroliniana and hyssopifolia, S. in- 
 tegrifolia. S. ambigua, 8. parvula. S. 
 rubicunda, 8. peregrina. 
 
 Scuticaria Hardwenii, Bifrenaria. 
 
 Scytalia trijuga, Melicocca. 
 
 Sedum fruticulosum and Jacquini, S. 
 altissimum. S. spinosum, Umbilicus, 
 S. glaucum, S. Andersonii. S. rupestre, 
 8. anopetalum. S. maximum, S. lad- 
 folium. S. album micranthum, S. 
 micranlhum. S. hexapetalum and 
 quinquefidum, S. quadrijidum. S. 
 colliuum, 8. reflexum collinum. S. 
 
SEL 
 
 [ 853 J 
 
 SPI 
 
 recurvalum, S. reflexum recurvatum 
 S. Guettardi and Monregalense, S 
 repens. S. minus, S, rupestre. S 
 annuum, S.saxatile. S. sempervivoides, 
 S. sempervivum. S. spirale, S. sexan- 
 yulare. S. argutum, paucidens, and 
 triphyllum, S. telephium. S. portu- 
 lacoides, S. ternatum. 
 
 Selas lanceolate, Ximenia and Gela. 
 
 Sempervivum cuspidatum, Umbilicus spi- 
 nosum. S. sediforme, Sedum altissimum. 
 S. calyciforme, S. aizoides. S. lineolare, 
 S. barbatum. S.barbatum and ciliatum, 
 S. ccEspitosum. S. laxum, 8. dichoto- 
 mum. S. grandiflorum, S. globifentm. 
 S. soboliferum, S. hirliim. S.villosum, 
 S. stellatum. 
 
 Senacia glauca, El&odcndron glaucum. 
 
 Senecio incanus, 8. leucophyllus. S. 
 graminifolius, 8. reclinatus. S. nemo- 
 rensis and persicsefolius, S. To'nrne- 
 fortii. S. racemosus, Cineraria auricu- 
 lata. 
 
 Septas globiflora, 8. Capensis globiflora. 
 
 Seringia ovata, Ptelidium ovatum. 
 
 Seripbium alopecuroides, Stcebe reflexa. 
 
 Serratula alata, 8. cyanoides. S. lineari- 
 folia, S. multiflora. S. centaurioides, 
 8. radiala. S. simplex, S. Transyl- 
 vanica. S.alpina, amara, angustifolia, 
 discolor, pygmaea^ and salsa, Saussurea. 
 S. pycnocephala, S. lialroides. 
 
 Serruria arenaria, S. emarginata. 
 
 Sesbania disperma, Glottidittm Florida- 
 num. S. coccinea, Agatl. 
 
 Sibbaldia grandiflora, Chamcerhodes gran- 
 difloriis. 
 
 Sicyos edulis, Sechium edide. 
 
 Sida vitifolia, Abut'don- vilifolium. 
 
 Sideranthus spinulosus and villosus, 
 Amellus. 
 
 Sideritis decumbens, Stachys LamarcJdi. 
 S. linearifolia, Sideritis stcnophylla. S. 
 alpina. and Pyrenaica, S. sr.ordi.oi.des 
 alpina. S. hyssopifolia, S. scordioidvs 
 angustifolia. 
 
 Sideroxylon melanopbleum, Myrsine 
 melanophleos. S. spinosum, Argaida 
 sideroxylon. 
 
 Simsia ficifolia, Ximenesia fcetida. 
 
 Siphonanthus Indica, Clerodendron si- 
 phonanthus. 
 
 Siphoniar elastica, 8. Calmchu. 
 
 Sisyrinchium Bermudianum, 8. Nuttallii. 
 S. formosum, Libertia formosa. 
 
 Skinnera excorticata, Fuchsia. 
 
 Solanum Quitense, 8. angulatum. S. 
 violaceum, 8. Brownil. S. undatum, 
 8: incdnum. S. longifoliuni, S.longi- 
 
 jlorum. S. ovigerum, 8. melonyena ovi- 
 gerum. S. insanum, 8. melon gcna es- 
 cnlentum. S..uniflorum, 8.monanthum. 
 S. melanocerasum, 8. nic/rum melano- 
 cerasum. S. Gervantesii, 8. pubigeruni. 
 S. spiuosissimum, 8. pyracantha. S. 
 pseudo-lycopersicum, Lycopersicum ce- 
 rusijorme. S. lycopersicum, L. escu- 
 lentum. 
 
 Solea verticillata, lonidium polygalafo- 
 lium. S. stricta, I. Sprengelianum. 
 
 Solena gracilis and longiflora, Posoqueria. 
 
 Solidago montana, S. arenaria. S. argen- 
 tea, S. pulverulenta. S. retrorsa, 8. 
 recurvata. S. bicolor, Aster. S. urti- 
 Cffifolia, Calea. 
 
 Soncbus, Agathyrsus. 
 
 Sophora, Virgilia. S. fabacea, Ther* 
 mopsis. S. alpina, T. Corgonensi*. S. 
 argentea, Ammodt-ndron. 8ieversii. S. 
 sericea, Edwardsia nitida. 
 
 Sophronia cernua, Sophronitis. 
 
 Sorbus microcarpa, Pyrus. S. latifolius, 
 P. intermedia latifolia. S. bybrida, P. 
 pinnatifida. S. domestica, P. sorbus. 
 
 Sparaxis bicolor, Synnetia. 
 
 Spartium patens, Cytisus. S. multiflo- 
 rum, C. albus. S. spinosum and vil- 
 losum, C. laniger. S. nubigenum, C. 
 nubigenus. S. spinosum, C. spinosus. 
 S. Telonensis, Adenocarpus. S. com- 
 plicatum, A. parvifolius. S. ^Etbnense, 
 ferox, patens, and scorpius, Genista 
 S. angulatum, G. angulata. S. apbyl- 
 lum, G. aphylla. S. cinereum, G. cl- 
 nerea. S. sericeum, G. clavata. S. con- 
 gestum, G. congesta. S. linifolium, G. 
 linifolia. S. monospermum, G. mono- 
 sperma. S. parviflorum, G. parviflora. 
 S. radiatum, G. radiala, S. sphsero- 
 carpon, G. sphcerocarpa S. umbel- 
 latum, G. umbellata. S. virgatum, G. 
 virgata. 
 
 Spermacoce stricta and verticillata, Bor- 
 reria. S. verticillata, B. commit tata. 
 S. Siimatrensis and teres, Knoxia. S. 
 Koxburghii, K. Icevis. S. Lirta, Mitra- 
 carpum villosum. 
 
 Spermadictyon suaveolens, Hamiltonia. 
 S. azureum, H. scalra. 
 
 Spbaerotele coecinea, Stenomesson cocci- 
 neum. 
 
 Spira?a hypericifolia acuta, 8. acittifolia. 
 S. media, 8. chamadrifolia media. S. 
 oblongifolia, S. chamcedrifolla oblongi- 
 folia. S. sororia, 8. corymbosa sororia. 
 S. Besseriana, S. crcnata. S. ulmaria 
 denudata, S. denudata. S. Altaiensis, 
 8. latvigata. S. hypericifolia orenata, 
 
SPI 
 
 [ 854] 
 
 TEN 
 
 S. obovala. S. carpinifolia, 8. salicifolia 
 
 latifolia. S. salicifolia alba, S. salici- 
 folia paniculata. S. hypericifolia Sa- 
 
 vranica, S. Savranica. S. grandiflora, 
 
 S. sorbifolia alpina. S. triloba, S. trilo- 
 
 bata. S. hypericifolia Uralensis and 
 
 crenata, S. Uralensis. 
 Spiranthes bicolor, elata, picta, and pu- 
 
 dica, Neottia. 
 Spondias myrobalanus, 8. lutea. S. dulcis 
 
 and mangifera, Poupartia. S. Mona- 
 
 bin, 8. purpurea. 
 Stachys salvisefolia, S. Italica. S. Bal- 
 
 bisii, 8. pubescens. 
 Stsehelina gnaphaloides, Leyssera squar- 
 
 rosa. 
 Stapelia mammillaris, Piaranthus. S. 
 
 arida, P. aridus. S. Gussoneana, P. 
 
 Gussoneanus. S. incarnata, P. incar- 
 
 natus. S. parviflora, P. parviflorus. S. 
 
 pulla, P. pullus. S. deflexa, S. reflcxa. 
 
 S. grandiflora, 8. spectabilis. S. ocel- 
 
 lata and reticulata, Huemia. 
 Statice lyrata, 8. spicata. S. spatulata, 
 
 S. Willdenoviana. S. armeria, Armeria 
 
 maritima. 
 
 Stauntonia latifolia, Holbolia. 
 Stegania falcata, nuda, and procera, Lo- 
 
 Stellera chamsejasme, Passerina Stelleri. 
 Stenactis speciosa, Erlyeron speciosum. 
 Stenanthium. See VERATRUM. 
 Stenochilus elegans, Lamourouxia multi- 
 
 fida. 
 Sterculia Balanghas, 8. nobilis. S. pubes- 
 
 cens, 8. tetracanlha. 
 Sterrebeckia laterifolia, Singana Guia- 
 
 nensis. 
 Stevia callosa and pedata, Florestina. S. 
 
 canescens, S. incanescens. S. linearis, 
 
 Palafoxia. 
 Stizolobium pruriens, Mucuna, S. alds- 
 
 simum, M. altlssima. 
 Stobeca glomerata, Cynara. 
 Streblorniza speciosa, Clianthus carneus. 
 Strophanthus divergens, 8. Chinensisi 
 Struthiola stricta, 8. erecta. 
 Sturmia lucida, Stenostomum lucidum. 
 Styrax glabrum, 8. Icevigaturn. 
 Stylidium glandulosum, 8. fruticostim. 
 
 S. laricifolium, 8. tenuifolium. 
 Stylolepis gracilis, Podolepis. See PODO- 
 
 LEPIS. 
 Stylophorum diphyllum, Ohioense, and 
 
 petiolatum, Meconopsls diphyllum. 
 Styphelia obovatus and Eichei, Leucopo- 
 
 gon. S. glauca, Monotoca lineata. 
 gymphonia globuliflora, Moronobea coc- 
 
 Symphoria montana, Symphoricarpia 
 
 montanus. S. racemosa, 8. racemosii*. 
 
 S. glomerata, 8. vulgaris. S. glomerata 
 
 foliis-variegatis, 8. vulgaris foliis-varie- 
 
 gatis. 
 
 Symphoricarpus puniceus, Lonicera. 
 Symphytum Bohemicum, 8. ojficinale Ba- 
 
 hcmicum. S. bullatum, S. Tauricum 
 
 bullatum. 
 Swertia corniculata, 8, Michauxiana. S. 
 
 rotata, Pleurogyne. 
 Swietenia chloroxylon, Chloroxylon Swie- 
 
 tenia. 
 Syphocampylus, Siphocampylus. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabernsemontana citrifolia, T. alba. T. 
 multiflora, T. cymosa. T. tamaquarina, 
 T. odorata. T. Amsonia, Amsonia lati- 
 folia. 
 
 Tacca cristata and Kafflesiana, T. in- 
 tegrifolia. T. phalifera, Arum campanu- 
 latum. 
 
 Tachia longifolia, Lelanthus longifolius. 
 
 Tacsonia quadriglandulosa and quadri- 
 dentata, T. sanguinea. 
 
 Tsenitis furcata, Pteropsis. 
 
 Talinum anacampseros, Anacampseros 
 rotundlfolia. T. paniculatum, Calan- 
 drinia paniculata. T. ciliatum, C. cili- 
 ata. T. patens, T. Andrewsii. T. fru- 
 ticosum, T. crassifolia albiflorum. 
 
 Taligaleacampestris, Amasonia erecta. 
 
 Tamarix Dahurica and Germanica, My, 
 ricaria. T. articulata, T. orientalis. 
 
 Tamonea verbenacea, T. Curassavica. 
 
 Tamus elephantipes, Testudinaria. 
 
 Tapogomia purpurea and violacea, Ce- 
 phaelis. 
 
 Tarchonanthus dentata, Brachylcena ne- 
 riifolia. 
 
 Taxanthema australis, Statice. 
 
 Taxodium Japonicum, Cryptomcria Japo- 
 nica. T. Sinense pendulum, T. disti- 
 chum pendulum. T. Sinense, T. dis- 
 tichum 8inense. 
 
 Taxus Harringtonia and Inukaja, Cepha- 
 lotaxus pedunculata. T. baccata and 
 coriacea, C. drupacea. T. fastigiata, 
 Hibernica, and baccata Hibernica, T. 
 baccata fastigiata. 
 
 Tecoma incisa, T. stans incisa. 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis, T. Iberis. T. re- 
 gularis, T. lepidium. 
 
 Tenoria Canadensis, Crithmum latifolium. 
 T. arborescens, Heteromorpha. T. 
 canescens, frutescens, fruticosum, 
 plantagineum, and spinosum, Bupleu- 
 rum. T. coriaceum, B. Gibraltar ica. 
 
TEE 
 
 [ 855'] 
 
 TBI 
 
 Terminalia Benzoin, T. angustifolia. T. 
 subcordata, T. Catappa subcordata. T. 
 Madagascariensis, T. Fatraa. T. alba, 
 Dracaena elliptica. 
 
 Terpnantbus jasminoides, Spiranthera 
 odoratissima. 
 
 Tetracera Calinea, Doliocarpus. 
 
 Tetramerium paniculatum, Cojfeapanicu- 
 lata. T. odoratissimum, Faramea 
 odoratissima. 
 
 Tetrantbera involucrata, T. seMfera. 
 
 Teucrium Sibiricum, Nepeta Sibirica. T. 
 flavum and capitatum, T.poliumangus- 
 tifolium. T. aureum, T. poliumflaves- 
 cens. T. orcbidaum, T. Arduini. T. 
 latifolium, T.fiavum. 
 
 Thalictrum rugosum, T. Oarolinianum. 
 T. minus, T. collinum. T. corynellum, 
 T. Cornuti. T. revolutum, T. Cornuti 
 revolutum. T. ambiguum, T. datum 
 ambiguum. T. vaginatum, T. flavum 
 vaginatum. T. styloideum, T.fcetidum. 
 T. speciosum, T. glaucum. T. diffusura, 
 T. lucidum. T. minus, T. rugosum dis- 
 color. 
 
 Tbalamia nucifera, Podocarpus. T. as- 
 plenifolia, P. asplenifolius. 
 
 Thea Cbinensis Bobea, T. Bohea. T. 
 Cbinensis viridis, T. viridis. 
 
 Theobroma guazuma, Guazuma ulmifolia. 
 
 Theopbrasta longifolia, Clavija ornata. 
 
 Thermopsis rbombifolia, T.fabacea. T. 
 lupinoides, T. lanceolata. 
 
 Thesium drupaceum, Leptomcria Billar- 
 dieri. 
 
 Tblaspi luteum, Bivonaa lutea. T. saxa- 
 tile, Mthionema. T. Arabicum, ^. 
 Buxbaumii. 
 
 Thuja articulate, Callitris quadrivalvis. 
 T. spbseroidea, Cupressus thyoides. T. 
 sphaeroidalis, Chamcecyparis sph&roidea. 
 T. pyramidalis, T. orientalis stricta. T. 
 Tatarica, T. orientalis Tatarica. 
 
 Thymbra Caroliniana, Macbridea pulchra. 
 T. verticillata, T. spicata. T. ciliata, 
 Thymns ciliatus. 
 
 Thymus grandiflorus, herba-barona, be- 
 teropbyllus, and suaveolens, Acinos. 
 T. tragoriganum, Satureia thymbra. 
 T. acicularis, odoratissimus, and zygis, 
 T. angustifolius. T. Creticus and Ma- 
 rinosci, T. capitatus. T. Marscbal- 
 lianus, T. Pannonicus. T. exsereus, 
 T. serpyllum. T. citriodorus, T. ser- 
 pyllum citratus. T. lanuginosus, T. 
 serpyllum lanuginosus. T. montanus 
 and nummularius, T. serpyllum monta- 
 nus. T. collinus, T. serpyllum vulgaris. 
 T. Tenerifise, Micromeria. T. ericse- 
 
 folius, M. varia. T. lucidus, Ziziphora, 
 
 clinopodioides canescens. T. Carolini- 
 
 anus, Calamintha. 
 Thyrsacanthus striotus, Salpixantha coc- 
 
 cinea. T. rutilans, T. Schomburghianus. 
 Tigaria tridentata, Purshia. 
 Tigridia Herberti, Cypella. T. violacea, 
 
 Beatonia atrata. 
 Tilia argentea, T. alba. T. glabra and 
 
 Canadensis, T. Americana. T. hetero- 
 
 pbylla, T. Americana heterophylla. T. 
 
 laxiflora, T. Americana laxiflora. T. 
 
 pubescens, T. Americana pubescens. T. 
 
 pubescens leptophylla, T. Americana 
 
 pubescens leptophylla. T. intermedia, 
 
 T. Europ&a. T. platyphylla laciniata, 
 
 T. Fjuroptea laciniata. T. microphylla, 
 
 T. Europaa microphylla. T. platy- 
 phylla, T. Europaa platyphylla. T. 
 
 rubra, T. Europaa rubra. 
 Tillandsia, Vriesia. 
 Tithymalus pendulus, Euphorbia pendula. 
 
 T. geniculatus, E. repanda. 
 Tittmannia ovata, Vandellia Crustacea. 
 
 T. viscosa, V. hirsuta. 
 Torenia diffusa, Vandellia Roxburghii. T. 
 
 scabra, Artanema fimbriatum. 
 Torreya nucifera, Taxus. 
 Trachylobium Martianum, Hymenaavcr- 
 
 rucosa. 
 Tradescantia multiflora, T. procumbens. 
 
 T. zanonia, Campella. 
 Tragopogon livescens, T. dubius. T. 
 
 ruber, T. roseus. 
 Tragium Tauricum, Ledebouria hyacin- 
 
 thina. 
 Treisia hystrix, Euphorbia. T. clava, E. 
 
 Haworthii. 
 Trevirania heterophylla, Achimenes. T. 
 
 coccinea, A. coccinea and T. pulchella. 
 Tribrachia pendula, Bolbophyllum recur- 
 
 yum. 
 
 Tricratus admirabilis, Abronia umbellata. 
 Trichilia glabra, T. Havanensis. 
 Trichodesma Kotschyanum, T. Zeylani- 
 
 cum. 
 
 Trichomanes gibberosa, Davallia. 
 Trichonema cruciatum, T. longifolium. 
 
 T.monadelpha, Spatalanthus speciosus. 
 Tricophyllum oppositifolium, Eriophyl- 
 
 lum. T. lanatum, E. caspitosum. 
 Trichopilia marginata, T. coccinea. T. 
 
 Candida, Pilumnafragrans. 
 Trichostemma brachiatum, Isanthus cceru- 
 
 leus. 
 
 Tridentea. See STAPEIIA. 
 Trifolium strictum, T. parviftorum. T. 
 
 carripestre, T. procumbens. T. squar- 
 
 rosum, T. squarrosum flavicans. T. 
 
TKI 
 
 856] 
 
 VER 
 
 pratense flavicans, T. vaginatum. T 
 
 Cupanij T. alatum. T. hispidum, T. 
 
 hirtum. T. pictum, T. hirtum pictum 
 
 T. Molinerii, T. incarnatum Molinerii. 
 
 T. conicum, T. Kitaibelianum. T. aris- 
 
 tatura, T. ligusticum. T. albens, T. 
 
 lupinaster albiflorum. T. irregulare, T. 
 
 maritimum, 
 
 Trigonella Indica, Lotus Tndicus. 
 Trillium pietum, T. erythrocarpum. T. 
 
 erythrocarpum, T. grandiflomm. T. 
 
 pusillum, T. pumilum. 
 Triphasia aurantiola, T. trifoliata. 
 Tripsacum hermaphroditum, Anthephora 
 
 clegans. 
 
 Tristania laurina^ T. macrophylla* 
 Tritoma flammea, JBlandfordia. 
 Tritomanthe uvaria, Tritoma. 
 Trollius laxus, T. Americanus. T. ra- 
 
 nunculinus, T. patuli(s. 
 Tromsdorffia speciosa, Liebigia. 
 Tropseolum pentaphyllum, Chymocarpus 
 
 pentaphyllus. T. peregrinum, T. adun- 
 
 cum. 
 Tulipa acuminata, T. eornuta. T. Brey- 
 
 niana, Me.lanthium unijlorum. 
 Turgosia aloides, capitellata. lingusefolia, 
 
 obovata, tomentosa, pertusula, andtur- 
 
 rita, Crassitla. T. pertusa, C. corymbu- 
 
 losa. 
 
 Turnera elegans, T. trionijlora. 
 Turpinia punctata, Poiretia scandens. 
 Turritis alpina, Arabis cifiata. 
 Tussilago Bohemica, T. Icevigata. T. 
 
 paradoxa, T. nivea. T. lobata, T. pal- 
 
 mata. T. tomentosa, T. spitria. T. 
 
 integrifolia, Chaptalia lomentosa, 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulex genistoides, Slauracanthus aphyllus- 
 U. Hibernica, U. stricta. 
 
 Ulloa parasitica, Jnanulloa. 
 
 Ullucus tuberosus, Basella luberosa. 
 
 Ulmus Chinensis, U.cavnpestris Chinensis. 
 U. stricta, U. campestris Conntbiensis. 
 U. humilis, micropbylla, parvifolia, 
 pumila, and planifolia, U. campestris 
 planifolia. U. Sarniensis, U, campes- 
 tris Sarniensls. U. viscosa, U. campes- 
 tris viscosa. U. ciliata, U. effusa. U. 
 pendula, U.fnlva. U. Americana and 
 montana vegeta, U. glabra vegeta. U. 
 scabra, U.montana. U. crispa, U.mon- 
 tana crispa. U. nemoralis, Planera 
 Richardi. 
 
 Umbilicus Lievenii and sempervivurn, 
 Cotyledon. , 
 
 Unona, Uvaria. 
 
 ^Jrospermum, Arnopogon, 
 
 Ursinia foeniculacea, Sphenogyne. 
 Uvaria lanceolata, Gnatteria virgata. 
 Uvularia Chinensis, Disporumfulvum. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaccinium myrtilloides, F. angustifolium. 
 V. diffusum, V. arboreum. V. brachy- 
 cerum, V. buxifolium. V. prunifolium, 
 V. ovatum. V. amoenum and disomor- 
 phum, V. corymbositm. V. virgatum 
 angustifolium, V. corymbosum angusti- 
 foliitm. V. fuscatum and formosum, 
 V. corymbosum fuscatum. V. virgatum, 
 V. corymbosum virgatum. Y. hirtellum 
 and frondosum, V. ditmosum. V. glau- 
 cum, V. frondosum. V. venustura, V. 
 frondosum venustum. V. Maderense, 
 V. padij'olium. V. tenellum, V.Penx- 
 sylvanicum. V. parviflorum, F. resino- 
 sum lutescens. V. album, F. stamineiim 
 and corymbosum. V. elevatum, F. stami- 
 neiim. V. macrocarpus, Oxy coccus. V. 
 oxycoccus, O. palustris. V. Brasiliense, 
 Gaylussacia pseudo-vaccinium. 
 
 Valentia Taurica, Galium Tauricum. 
 
 Valeriana cardamines, F. sisymbrifolia. 
 V. heterophylla, F. globulari^folia. V. 
 Sibirica, Patrinia riipestris and Sibirica. 
 V. Ruthenica, P. Sibirica. 
 
 Valerianella congesta, Plectritis. 
 
 V&\lot&rmniiita,,Imantophyllumminiatum. 
 
 Vauanthes chloneflora, Grammanthes. 
 
 Vella aspera, Boleum aspcrum. 
 
 Vellozia squamata, Xerophyllum Sabadilla. 
 
 Veltheimia uvaria and speciosa, Tritoma 
 uvaria. 
 
 Ventenatia minor, Stylidhtm lineare. 
 
 Veratrum Yirginicum, Zyyadenus. V. 
 Sabadilla, Xerophyllum. 
 
 Verbascum ferruginetim, F. triste. V. 
 Myconi, Ramon dia Pyrcnaica. 
 
 Verbena Melindres, F. chamacdrifolia. 
 V. Drummondii, F. Lamberli rosca. 
 V. erinoides, F. multifida. V. tri- 
 phylla, Aloysia citriodora. 
 
 Verbesina, Wollastonia. 
 
 Verea acutrflora and crenata, Kalanchoe. 
 
 Vernonia, Ascaridda. 
 
 V T eronica polymorpba, F. Atistriaca. V. 
 lamiifolia, F. cham&drys lamiifolia. ^ r . 
 pulchra, F. dianthifolia. V. incarnata, 
 F. elegans. V. gentianoides, F. gen- 
 tiamfolia. V. Barrelieri, F. hybrida. V. 
 angustifolia, F. linaricefolia. V. acuta, 
 ambigua, and rigens, F. longifolia ub- 
 breviata. V. grossa, F. longifolia lali- 
 folid. V. falcata, F nitens falcata. V. 
 'eorymbosa, F. polystachya. V. hir- 
 
VIE 
 
 [ 857] 
 
 ZYO 
 
 suta, V, setigera. V. amethystina, V. 
 
 spur ia. V. Hostii, V. Ticinensis. V. 
 
 pilocarpa, F. trichooarpa. 
 Viburnum strictum, V. tinus strictum. V. 
 
 squamatum, F. nudum squamatum. V. 
 
 opulus roseum, V. opulus sterile. V. 
 
 lucidum, V. tinus hirtum. V. strictum 
 
 virgatum, V. tinus virgatum. 
 Vicia monantha, F. calcarata. V. cracca, 
 
 F. Caroliniana. V. atro-purpurea, F. 
 
 Nissoliana. V. tenuifolia, F. pseudo- 
 
 cracca. V. fab a, Fab a vulgaris, V. 
 
 fruticosa, Coursetia tomentosa. 
 Yieusseuxia iridioides, 7m curtopetala. 
 Villarsia cordata, F. lacunosa. 
 Vintera Granadensis, Drimys Winteri. 
 Yiola sororia, F. affinis. V. Pallasii and 
 
 chrysantha, F. Altaica. V. Allioni, F. 
 
 arenaria. V. lanceolata, V.altenuata. 
 
 V. Patrinii Nepalensis, F. ceespitosa. 
 
 V. multifida, F. digitata. V. dentata, 
 
 F. emarginata. V. Sibirica, F. G f me- 
 
 hniana. V. odorata, V.'Japonica. V. 
 
 stagnina, F. /ac/<?a. V. Horneman- 
 
 niana, F. montana stricta. V.primulse- 
 
 folia, F. ovata and c&spitosa. V. pru- 
 
 nellsefolia, F. papilionacea Patrinii. V. 
 
 digitata, F. pcdata flabellata. V.ra- 
 
 nunculifolia, F. pe.data ranunculifolia. 
 
 V. ericetorum, V.pumilaericetoriim. V. 
 
 lancifolia, F. piimila lancifolia. V. 
 
 litoralis, F. pumila litoralis. V. Brous- 
 
 sonetia, F. Muppii. V. saxatilis, F. 
 
 Sudetica. V. arvensis, F. tricolor arven- 
 
 sis. V. Kitaibeliana, F. tricolor hirta. 
 
 V. calcarata, F. Villarsiana. V. Ca- 
 
 pensis, lonidium Capense. V. longifolia, 
 
 Vireya retusa, Rhododendron rctusum. 
 Virgilia helodes, Gaillardia bicolor. 
 Virola sebifera, Myristica. 
 Viscaria alpina, Helvetica, and neglecta, 
 
 Lychnis. V. vulgaris, L. viscaria. 
 Vitex Negundo, F. incisa. V. rotundifolia, 
 
 F. ovata, 
 
 Vitis laciniosa, F. vinifera upiifolia. 
 Volkameria buxifolia, Clerodendron buxi- 
 
 f aliiim. V. Madagascariense, (7. (7oro- 
 
 manddianum. V. angustilblium, (7. Ae- 
 
 tcrophyllum. 
 Vuineraria polypbylla, Anthyllis. V. ru- 
 
 brifolia, A. Dillenii. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wachendorfia paniculata, W. Hibbcrtii. 
 Wahlenbergia elongata, W. Capensis. W. 
 
 pendula, W. Lobelioides. W. E^'lei, 
 
 Glossocomia ovata. 
 Waitzia. See MORNA. 
 Waldsteinia Doniana, Comaropsis. 
 Wallrothia, Vitex. 
 Webera, Stylocoryne. 
 Weinmannia paniculata, Caldduvia. W. 
 
 trifoliata, Platylophus trifoliatus. W. 
 
 venosa, Acrophyllumverticillatum. W. 
 
 pinnata, W. glabra. 
 Willughbeia Zeylanica, Fagraa. 
 Wintera aromatica, Drimys Winteri. 
 Wistaria consequana, W. Sinensis. "W. 
 
 speciosa, W. frutescens. 
 Woodwardia caudata, Doodia. W. ono- 
 
 cleoides, W. angustifolia. 
 
 Xanthorrha resinosa, X. hastile. X. 
 
 pumilio, X. humilis. 
 
 Xerophyllum setifolium, X.asphodeloide$. 
 Xeranthemurn sesamoides, Apheltxis. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yueca gloriosa, Y. superia. 
 Z. 
 
 Zephyranthes Druinniondi, Oooperia pe- 
 
 diinculata. 
 
 Zieria Smithii,.Z. lanceolata. 
 Zinnia violacea, Z. elegans. 
 Zizophora serpyllacea, Z. clinopodioides 
 
 cancscens and clinopodioides media. Z. 
 
 media, Z. clinopodioides media. Z. 
 
 Pouschldni, Z. dasyantha. 
 Zizyphus bubalina, Z. mucronata. Z. 
 
 sororia, Z.-spina-Christi trinervia. Z. 
 
 incurvus, Paliitrus virgatus. Z. myr- 
 
 toides, Condalia microphylla. 
 Zoraia diphylla, Z. angustifolia. Z. ele- 
 gans, jUicerma. Z. pulchella, D. pul- 
 
 chellum. 
 
 Zuccagnia viridis, Hyacinthus. 
 Zygopetalum crinitum, Z. Mackayi cri- 
 
 nitum. 
 Zygophyllum arboreum, Guaiucum. Z. 
 
 fruticulosum, JRoellafruliculosa. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 , PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER, 
 . 6URBEY. 
 
YC ! 0862 
 
 U