LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 MRS. HEARST 
 
 Class 
 
DANGERS TO HEALTH. 
 
" In matters of prevention, knowledge is power.' 
 
 DR. BUBDON SANDERSON, 
 
 Harveian Oration. 
 
 "A few scratches with a pen are better than whole pages of 
 
 the most elaborate description. " MRS. JAMESON, 
 
 Legends of Ike Madonna, 
 
 " Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem 
 "Quam qua? sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus." 
 
 Hor. Epist. ad Phone*, I. 180. 
 
 " Things by the ear received men's minds excite 
 " Much less than when submitted to the sight ; 
 " For the spectator, with his trusty eyes, 
 " To his own mind impressions best applies." 
 
 Translated by ANDREW WOOD, M.D. 
 
DANGERS TO HEALTH 
 
 A PICTORIAL GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 DOMESTIC 
 
 SANITARY DEFECTS, 
 
 BY 
 
 T. PRIDGIN TEALE, M. A., 
 
 SURGEON TO THE GENERAL INFIRMARY AT LEEDS. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 c j 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. APPLETON & Co., BOND STREET, 
 
 1833. 
 
rjt 
 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION, 
 
 whose members, in the matter of health, public and private, 
 have deemed it their duty not only to restore, but to 
 conserve, not only to remedy, but to prevent, not only 
 to place their labours at the service of present suffering, 
 but, pointing out through evil report and good report 
 the sources of such suffering, to spend their energies 
 in averting some of the thousand ills that flesh is heir to. 
 
 125949 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE THIED EDITION. 
 
 "Were any testimony needed to shew the increasing 
 interest taken by the public in such common-place matters as 
 drains and waste-pipes, it is to be found in the fact, that in 
 two years and a half two editions of such a work on the 
 subject as the present have been exhausted. 
 
 The interval which has elapsed since the publication of 
 the first edition has given me increased opportunities of 
 acquiring information about drainage defects. In fact, I 
 have been a sort of centre to which such information has 
 gravitated, and many of my friends and professional 
 brethren tell me with pride and evident satisfaction of 
 their sanitary discoveries, feeling that they were conferring 
 upon me a welcome favour by telling me of some " new 
 fault " for my book. 
 
 In this manner the material has been gathered for the 
 increase of the number of plates from 55 to 70, and for the 
 replacement of six of the old ones by new ones. Some 
 additional "defects" which I could not render in picture 
 without increasing the price of the book, some also which 
 defied my attempts to translate into a picture, are described 
 at the end of the book, catalogue fashion. By these 
 additions I hope to have in some measure achieved the 
 
Vlll. 
 
 object which. I set before me, and to have made the work a 
 nearly exhaustive catalogue of sanitary defects, so that if 
 ever a householder, architect, or sanitary engineer, having 
 searched for ordinary defects, has failed to detect the fault, he 
 may use this hook as a sampler by which to test the presence 
 or absence of extraordinary ones. 
 
 If in any case my reader or critic knows of important 
 defects which are not here recorded, or has better advice 
 to give, let me say with Horace : 
 
 " Si quid novisti rectius istis 
 " Candidus imperti, si non, his utere mecum." 
 
 Ep. /., vi. t 67. 
 
 Or in the words of my friend the late Dr. Andrew Wood : 
 
 " If precepts better you should know, 
 " On me them candidly, I pray, bestow ; 
 " But if with my instructions you agree, 
 " Afc once adopt and practise them with me." 
 
 Lastly, let me express my great obligations to those who 
 have kindly contributed information on which this enlarged 
 edition is based, to Mr. Burton the lithographer, whose skill 
 and care have again been at my service, and to my friend 
 Mr. E. N. Hartley,* who has given me much help and many 
 suggestions in carrying this edition through the press. 
 
 LEEDS, June, 1881. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 When, two years ago, yielding to the urgent request of the 
 Rev. J. H. McCheane, President of the Leeds Philosophical 
 and Literary Society, I undertook to read a lecture before 
 that Society, and chose as the subject " Dangers to Health in 
 our own Houses," I little thought of publishing a book, still 
 less an illustrated book, on a subject which at first sight may 
 appear to be outside the lines of my strictly professional work. 
 However, the truth of the matter is this, that having 
 discovered and rectified one by one numerous defects of 
 drainage in my own house, and in property under my charge, 
 and having further traced illness amongst my patients to 
 scandalous carelessness and gross dishonesty in drain work, I 
 became indignantly alive to the fact that very few houses are 
 safe to live in. Moreover, the conviction struck deeply into 
 my mind that probably one-third, at least, of the incidental 
 illness of the kingdom, including perhaps much of childbed 
 illness, and some of the fatal results of surgical operations in 
 hospitals and private houses, ("surgical calamities" Sir James 
 Paget would call them,) are the direct result of drainage 
 defects, and therefore can be and ought to be prevented. 
 " Preventive medicine" has long been proclaiming such facts, 
 and long have we turned a deaf ear, and we of the medical 
 profession in general are only just beginning to see the great 
 reality of her teaching. 
 
 If any one challenges this assertion in reference to my own 
 profession, I will reply by the inquiry How many medical 
 men can he tell me of who understand the sanitary condition 
 of their own house, or have adequately ascertained that those 
 conditions are, as far as our knowledge at present goes, free 
 from dangers to health ? If by any possibility it could be 
 
X. 
 
 brought about that every medical man in the kingdom should 
 realise the necessity for looking into the state of his own house, 
 and act upon that conviction, I feel certain that the discovery 
 would be made in so great a proportion of instances that they 
 were living over pent-up pestilence that we should at once 
 have an army of sanitarians earnest and keen to ferret out 
 unsuspected sources of illness. I take it that not a little of 
 the lively interest recently aroused in Leeds in sanitary work 
 may be traced to the fact that many of the medical men of this 
 town have recently gone into the question of the sanitation of 
 their houses, and have thereby become more keenly alive to 
 possible sources of illness among their patients. 
 
 Hence it came about that the lecture was given which was 
 the forerunner of this book. The lecture was delivered by 
 request six times in Leeds, once in Knaresbro,' and once in 
 Shipley. It was published by request of the Leeds Philosophical 
 Society, and has had an extensive circulation. 
 
 The interest taken in the lecture and the comments and 
 discussion to which it gave rise taught me two things : 
 
 Firstly, that if we are ever to have sound sanitary legislation, 
 if we are ever to have our sanitary arrangements carried out 
 in first-rate workmanship, it must be by the education of the 
 public in the details of domestic sanitary matters, so that, 
 realising their vital importance, knowing what ought to be 
 avoided, and able to judge of the correctness and quality of 
 work done, they may demand and so obtain first-rate 
 workmanship. 
 
 When disease arises which we call " preventable," depend 
 upon it some one ought to have prevented it. 
 
 This book will shew work defective from ignorance, and work 
 defective from dishonesty. Probably no work done throughout 
 the kingdom is so badly done as work in houses, drains, 
 and pipes, which is out of sight. Probably no work is better 
 done in the kingdom than the locomotives turned out for our 
 railways, or the machinery which we send to all parts of the 
 world. Are the working men less honest in the one case than 
 
XI. 
 
 in the other ? I trow not. The difference is this : Necessity 
 in the one case compels good work ; indifference and ignorance 
 in the other case allow bad work to pass unchallenged. If the 
 platelayer were so to fix his rails that they would not 
 correspond, and the next engine were thrown off the line, and 
 death were the result, an inquest would be held, and that 
 platelayer would be committed for manslaughter. Is there 
 any great difference in the case where one drain pipe 
 misses another, or ends in nothing, and in a few weeks, is the 
 cause of death from typhoid fever ? The excuse at present is 
 that the drain layer does not know how certainly he is laying 
 the foundation of illness and death. Disperse that ignorance, 
 and the excuse will be gone. If the tire of the locomotive 
 breaks, and throws a train off the line, the railway company 
 goes to the maker of the engine, the maker of the engine to the 
 maker of the tire, the maker of the tire to his books, and there 
 learns the name of each foreman, and, I believe, of each 
 workman, through whose hand the tire passed. Why can 
 we not achieve the same connected responsibility about our 
 drains ? 
 
 Secondly, it struck me that there was need of some work of 
 which the aim should be to teach in as simple, telling, and 
 unmistakeable a way as possible the faults of sanitary 
 construction which it is within the power of landlord and 
 tenant, as distinct from the public authorities, to remedy and 
 avoid. This latter point was pressed upon me by friends who 
 took interest in the original lecture. 
 
 The design therefore which I have set before me is this, to 
 represent pictorially every important fault to which domestic 
 sanitary arrangements are liable, so far at least as my 
 information avails me, or, in the words suggested by a 
 medical friend, to produce " a clinical history of the defects 
 to which drains are liable," and to point out the consequences 
 of such defects by instances of the illness produced thereby. 
 
 In designing the illustrations one object has been kept 
 steadily in view, viz,, to give the most forcible expression I 
 
Xll. 
 
 possibly could of the fact which had to be told, even at the 
 sacrifice, if need be, of correct proportion, correct drawing, or cor- 
 rect perspective. This must be my general apology for the many 
 points in which the drawings are open to unfavourable criticism. 
 
 The points in each illustration to which attention has to be 
 attracted are drawn in strong lines, so that the eye may fix 
 upon them first, and the lines which complete the story are 
 drawn more faintly. The course and escape of sewer gases 
 are indicated by blue arrows. "Water in traps, water rendered 
 impure by access of sewer gases, sewage matter in drains, and 
 matter escaping from drains is also in blue. 
 
 If it should seem to anyone that the book is defective in 
 that it rarely teaches how the various defects ought to be 
 rectified, my answer is this : 
 
 Firstly r , that, when we* have discovered what is wrong, we 
 are more than half way to what is right. 
 
 Secondly, that in pointing out what is wrong, I am dealing 
 with matters which cannot be questioned with established 
 and accepted principles. No one can question the fact of " a 
 leaky joint/ 7 " a broken pipe," or " a drain running up-hill " 
 being faulty. But in advising what ought to be done, I 
 should be in danger of going beyond my depth, of trenching 
 upon the province of experts, officers of health and sanitary 
 engineers, and I should be touching on matters concerning 
 which there may be various solutions, various opinions, and 
 changes in course of time. What is best to-day may be 
 superseded by what is still better to-morrow. If in any case 
 I point out the remedy for a fault it is rather with the object, 
 either by contrast to produce a more vivid impression of the 
 original fault, or to give a standard below which the remedy 
 ought not to fall. Moreover, in most instances where a remedy 
 is suggested, a standard authority is cited for the practice. 
 
 The illustrations are planned so that each, as a rule, 
 represents a single defect, and they are arranged so that the 
 more common and obvious faults of ordinary drains come first, 
 those which are less obvious, more rare, and more difficult to 
 
Xlll. 
 
 discover come next, then some of the rascalities of dishonest 
 builders are portrayed, lastly there are added drawings as 
 hints on ventilation, and on the exclusion of dirt from town 
 houses and closed cases. 
 
 It is but just that I should acknowledge the kind aid without 
 which I could not have obtained the knowledge or have 
 produced the quality of illustrations contained in this book. 
 My thanks are due 
 
 Firstly, to MR. C. E. CHORLEY, Architect, of Leeds, who 
 has superintended the sanitary alterations of my own house, 
 has informed me of many common defects, and contributed 
 some of the sketches from his own experience. 
 
 Secondly, to MR. EGBERT SLATER, Sanitary Inspector, of 
 Headingley Hill, who has executed all my sanitary plumbing, 
 has instructed me in the defects of plumbing and drains, and 
 has informed me of defects which he has discovered in the 
 various houses, which, owing to illness and other reasons, he 
 has been called upon to inspect. 
 
 Thirdly, to MR. Gr. W. FOSTER, Artist, of Headingley, who 
 has thrown some of my sketches into an artistic form : and 
 lastly, to MR. WM. BURTON, Lithographer, who has executed 
 the drawings on stone with the greatest pains and care, and has 
 given an artistic finish to my otherwise crude sketches. 
 
 If the object aimed at has been in some degree achieved, it 
 may be hoped that this work may be of service 
 
 To the householder, who is anxious to learn whether 
 his house is safe from drainage dangers or not, so that, aided 
 by the diagrams, he may test every sanitary point, one by one, 
 and, as he goes round book in hand, may catechise his plumber, 
 his mason, or his joiner. This is the chief aim of the book. 
 
 To the landlord, who may learn thereby, if he does 
 not realise them already, his responsibilities as to the health 
 and lives of his tenants, and may feel that to save money by 
 scamping drainage is " manslaughter under an alias" 
 
 To the medical attendant, who may point to the 
 pictures in the book, in order to strike conviction into the 
 
XIV. 
 
 minds of his patients of the sure connection between bad 
 drainage and ill health. 
 
 To the architect who may learn how by every sanitary 
 detail which he designs amiss, or by oversight allows to be 
 badly carried out, he is opening a door for illness to the future 
 occupant of the house. 
 
 To the officer of health, who may appeal to the 
 drawings to enforce his warnings of the dangers involved in 
 faulty drains. 
 
 To those entering a new house, that they may be 
 forewarned of the risks they run if they take the sanitary 
 arrangements of a house on trust. 
 
 To those about to build, that they may know what 
 to avoid, and what to look after, and may be able to discuss 
 intelligently with their architect, builder, and plumber, 
 those vital points of construction on which the health of 
 themselves and their family will depend. 
 
 To Town councillors and members of local boards of 
 health, that they may checkmate any of their colleagues who 
 may have been elected to office in order to hamper or impede 
 expenditure on sanitary work. 
 
 To public opinion, as one agent among many by 
 which it is rapidly being matured, and prepared to support 
 when the proper time arrives genuine sanitary legislation, 
 and to demand of architects, builders, and plumbers, honest 
 trustworthy drain work work in matters affecting health as 
 sound and as perfect as is now demanded and obtained 
 in locomotives, machinery, and engineering. 
 
 Finally, let me say how fully aware I am that it is 
 impossible in this book to include all known defects of drains, 
 and that many omissions, probably important ones, will be 
 discovered. Still, I trust, in a future edition, to be able to 
 remedy any serious omissions which friends or critics may 
 point out to me. 
 
 Leeds, November, 1878. 
 
XV. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 1. House with every sanitary arrangement faulty. 
 
 2. House with faulty arrangements avoided. 
 
 3. Flame at the keyhole, and its lessons. 
 
 4. Waste-pipe of kitchen sink untrapped. 
 
 5. Kitchen sink trapped, discharging into gulley. 
 
 6. Kitchen sink passing untrapped into soil-pipe, 
 
 7. Defects in lavatories and baths. 
 
 8. " Unsyphoned " traps. 
 
 9. Disused traps. Evaporation. 
 
 10. Lavatory with overflow joining waste below trap. 
 11. Waste-pipe of lavatory in dressing-room passing untrapped 
 
 into soil-pipe. 
 
 12. - Bedroom lavatory trapped, discharging into soil-pipe. 
 13. Housemaid's sink passing untrapped into soil-pipe. 
 14. Cistern feeding kitchen boiler. Overflow untrapped. 
 15. Waste of bath and sink cut off, and left open to the drain. 
 16. Fall-pipe carried inside house to a drain, and leaking. 
 17. Fall and ventilating pipe opening near window. 
 18. Vicious ventilation of drains. 
 19. " Rats and the tale they tell" 
 20. W.C. faulty, and with faults corrected. 
 21. The " pan closet " and its substitute 
 22. " Save-all" under w.c. passing direct into soil-pipe. 
 23. Soil-pipe in wall of sitting-room. 
 24. Leaden soil-pipe seamed and rotten. 
 25. Scullery sink discharging over dish-stone. 
 26. Dish-stone admitting drain gas into larder. 
 27. " Dairy sweepings." 
 28. Dish-stone leading into tank under floor. 
 29. Sink-pipe discharging into tank in cellar. 
 30. " Sounding " for suspected tanks or cesspools 
 31. Rain-water cisterns and their dangers. 
 32. " How people drink sewage," No. I. 
 33. " How people drink sewage," No. II. 
 34. " How people drink sewage," No. III. 
 35, Cesspool overflowing into a tank. 
 
 36. Dampness of house overflow of cesspool. 
 
Xvi. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 37. New buildings over old drains. 
 
 38." Where is the butler 1 " 
 
 39. Well under house fouled by leaking soil-pipe. 
 
 40. Square drain leaking under a tiled hall. 
 
 41. Joints opened by settling of foundations. 
 
 42. " Poisoned by next door neighbour's drains." 
 
 43. " Jerry " builder buying " seconds." 
 
 44. Drain made of " seconds." 
 
 45." Putty Joints." 
 
 46. Curves made by straight pipes. 
 
 47. Faulty junctions, 
 
 48. Pipes laid with flange downwards. 
 
 49. Drain running up hill. 
 
 50. Disconnected and disconnected." 
 
 51. To be continued in our next.'' 
 
 52. Drain " taking " a rock; sewage " refusing." 
 
 53. Economy in digging at expense of "fall." 
 
 54. Six-inch " pipe between two " four-inch " pipes. 
 
 55. Mortar and plaster from road-scrapings. 
 
 56. " Terrace of the future on the refuse of the past." 
 
 57. Hunting for drains no plans. 
 
 58. Drain blocked by roots of trees. 
 
 59. Cesspools under London houses. 
 
 60. Soakings from churchyard fouling vicarage. 
 
 61. Slop-water lodging unsuspected in cellar. 
 
 62. Villa at a Mediterranean " health resort." 
 
 63. An " eligible mansion " let for the summer. 
 
 64. A Highland shooting-box. 
 
 65. Manure heap piled against wall of house. 
 
 66. A hint on vaccination. 
 
 67. Poisonous wall-papers. 
 
 68. Ventilation without dirt. 
 
 69. Dust in cases and how to exclude it. 
 
 70. Window ventilator in roof of brougham 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 146._Additional Faults. 
 
 157. Appendix, " Bye-Laws." 
 xvii. Sanitary Maxims. 
 Index. 
 
xvu. 
 
 SANITARY MAXIMS. 
 
 1. It is the duty of every householder to ascertain for 
 himself whether his own house be free or not from well known 
 dangers to health. 
 
 2. This duty, imperative at all times, is of surpassing 
 urgency in a house where a woman is about to become a 
 mother or a surgical operation is about to be performed. 
 
 3. As a rule the soundness of the sanitary arrangements 
 of a house is taken for granted, and never questioned until 
 " drain-begotten " illness has broken out. In other words, 
 we employ illness and death as our drain detectives. 
 
 4. Whenever gas from sewers, or the emanations from a 
 leaking drain, a cesspool, or a fouled well make their way 
 into a house, the inmates are in imminent danger of an 
 outbreak of typhoid fever, diphtheria, or other febrile ailment 
 classed together under the term " zymotic," not to speak of 
 minor illness, and depressed vitality, the connection of which 
 with sewer gas is now fully established. Sewer gas enters a 
 house most rapidly at night when outer doors and windows 
 are shut, and is then perhaps most potent in contaminating 
 the meat, the milk, and the drinking water, and in poisoning 
 the inmates. 
 
 5. The more complete and air-tight the public sewers of 
 a town, the greater the danger to every house connected 
 with such sewers, if the internal drain pipes of the house be 
 unsound, and not disconnected. In houses so ^disconnected 
 sewer air is " laid on " as certainly for the detriment of healtfy 
 as coal gas for illumination ; and you can turn off coal gas at 
 the meter. 
 
XV111. 
 
 6. --Every hotel throughout the kingdom, and in our 
 watering places every house let as lodgings, ought to have 
 its sanitary arrangements periodically inspected, and duly 
 licensed. 
 
 7. A house in which children and servants are often 
 ailing with sore throat, headache, or diarrhoea is probably 
 wrong in its drainage. 
 
 8. Scamped drain-work is one of the most dangerous 
 of the sanitary flaws of new buildings ; it is also one of the 
 most common, and one of the most difficult to detect, and is 
 rarely found out except by means of the illness it produces. 
 j 9. If you are about to buy or to rent a house, be it new, 
 or be it old, take care before you complete your bargain to 
 ascertain the soundness of its sanitary arrangements with no 
 less care and anxiety than you would exercise in testiDg the 
 soundness of a horse before you purchase it. 
 
 10. If you are building a house, or if you can achieve it 
 in an old one, let no drain be under any part of your house, 
 disconnect.^ waste pipes and overflow pipes from the drains, 
 and place the soil pipe of the w.c. outside the house, and 
 ventilate it. 
 
 11. If there is a smell of drains in your house, or a damp 
 place in a wall near which a waste pipe or a soil pipe runs, or 
 a damp place in the cellar or kitchen floor near a drain or a 
 tank, let no -time be lost in laying bare the pipes or drains 
 until the cause be detected. 
 
 12. If a rat appears through the floor of your kitchen or 
 cellar, and a strong current of air blows from the rathole when 
 chimneys are acting and the windows and doors of the house 
 are shut, feel sure that something is wrong with a drain. 
 
 13. If you are tenants, and your landlord refuses to 
 remedy the evil, do it at your own cost rather than allow your 
 family to be ill. 
 
 / 14. Many a man who would be aghast at the idea of 
 putting small quantities of arsenic into every sack of flour, 
 and so by degrees killing himself and family, does not 
 
XIX. 
 
 hesitate to allow sewer gas to poison the inmates of his 
 house, even in the face of the strongest remonstrances of his 
 medical adviser. 
 
 15. A landlord may reasonably look for interest on 
 money which he spends for the benefit of his tenant ; but he is 
 committing little short of manslaughter if, by refusing to 
 rectify sanitary defects in his property, he saves Ms own pocket 
 at the expenses of the health and lives of his tenants. 
 
 16. If you be a landlord, don't intimidate your tenants 
 or threaten to give them notice to quit if they complain of 
 defective drainage or sewer gas in the house. 
 
 NOTE. Copies of these * Maxims" may be obtained of the 
 
 " National Health Society," Berners Street, London. Price, 
 
 2s. per 100. 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 House with every sanitary arrangement 
 
 faulty. 
 
 This plate is intended to shew at one glance the most 
 common sanitary faults of ordinary houses. In subsequent 
 plates each fault will, as a rule for the sake of clearness, be 
 given singly, in order that it may be more easily understood. 
 
 A. Water-closet in the centre of the house. 
 
 B. House drain under floor of a room. 
 
 C. Waste-pipe of lavatory untrapped and passing into 
 
 soil-pipe of w.c., thus allowing a direct channel for 
 sewer gas to be drawn by the fires LL into the house. 
 
 D. Over-flow pipe of bath untrapped and passing into 
 
 soil-pipe. 
 
 E. Waste-pipe of bath untrapped and passing into 
 
 soil-pipe. 
 
 F. Save-all tray below taps untrapped and passing into 
 
 soil-pipe. 
 
 Gr. Kitchen sink untrapped and passing into soil-pipe. 
 To these might have been added a housemaid's sink. 
 
 H. Water-closet cistern with overflow into soil-pipe of 
 w.c., thus ventilating the drain into the roof, polluting 
 the air of the house, and polluting the water in the 
 cistern, which also forms the water supply of the 
 house for drinking and washing. 
 
 J. Rain-water tank under floor, with over-flow into drain. 
 
 3L Fall-pipe conducting foul air from tank fouled by 
 drain gas, and delivering it just below a window. 
 
 M. Drain under house with uncemented joints leaking; 
 also a defective junction of vertical soil-pipe with 
 horizontal drain ; the drain laid without proper fall. 
 
PLATE 1 
 
 TJrmm 
 
 //////// I 
 
 Mi I 
 
 House with every sanitary arrangement faulty. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 House with faulty sanitary arrangements 
 avoided. 
 
 This plate is intended to shew the reverse of the last, and 
 to indicate the manner in which the faults can be rectified, 
 but does not profess to lay down a strict rule as to the best 
 arrangements. 
 
 A. Water-closet against outer wall of house, with 
 soil-pipe passing directly out of the house, and 
 ventilated by a pipe continuing the soil-pipe above 
 the eaves, and away from chimneys or windows. 
 B.B. House drains entirely outside the house. 
 
 C. Lavatory, 
 
 D. Over-flow of bath, 
 
 E. Waste-pipe of bath, 
 
 F. Save-all tray of bath, and 
 
 Gr. Kitchen sink, to which might be added a housemaid's 
 sink, all trapped and disconnected from the drain, and 
 discharging into an open gully trap, L. 
 
 H. Over-flow of cistern into the open air.* 
 
 K. Fa II -pipe near bedroom window discharging into 
 gully L. 
 
 M. Domestic cistern distinct from w.c. cistern. 
 
 For more exact drawing of w.c., vide Plate XXI. 
 
 * Required by rule of Waterworks Committee of Leeds Town Council. 
 Building Bye-Laws of Leeds, 33f, 33i, 33j, 40, 53. Vide appendix. 
 
PLATE 
 
 House with faulty arrangements avoided. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 Flame of Candle at the keyhole and the 
 lessons it teaches. 
 
 This drawing is intended to enforce five lessons : 
 
 1st. That as a rule no provision whatever is made for 
 the air which is to feed the chimney. An ordinary fire 
 draws about 150 cubic feet of air per minute. If the house 
 is well built, and the windows, doors, and floor boards fit well, 
 the chimney smokes, unless the door or window be open. 
 
 2nd. That in the absence of any provision for the 
 admission of air, and with the window shut, the supply of 
 air comes from various irregular sources ; a small portion, 
 indicated by black arrows, through window chinks ; the main 
 portion, indicated by blue arrows, through the keyhole and 
 crevices in the door stead, skirting boards, and floor boards. 
 These " irregular " streams of cold air pass for the most part 
 horizontally towards the fire, and chill the occupants of the 
 room; and the more furnace-like the fire, the stronger the 
 cold draught which traverses the room. 
 
 3rd. That a very moderate opening in the window is 
 enough to stop all " irregular " draughts, the air taking the 
 easiest course, and abandoning circuitous and contracted 
 channels. 
 
 4th. That with a window shut, the greater part of the 
 chimney draught is supplied from the house, and that if the 
 air of the house be " drain-derived," then " drain-befouled " 
 air must fill the room. 
 
 5th. That if illness " drain-begotten " breaks out in a 
 " drain-befouled " house, and the patient cannot be removed, 
 the safest course will be to open the bottom sash of the 
 window to the extent that will allow a flame at the keyhole 
 to burn in repose ; and then to convert the horizontal draught 
 into a vertical one by a board or cloth 6 or 8 inches high, 
 fixed about 2 inches from the window.* 
 
 * Mr. F. Hinckes Bird on Costless Ventilation. Builder, 1862. 
 
PLATE III 
 
 "A." Window shut. Flame at the keyhole horizontal. 
 
 11 B." Window open. Flame at the keyhole in repose. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 Waste pipe of kitchen sink, untrapped, 
 passing direct into drain. 
 
 Here are two faults one, the absence of a syphon trap, 
 which allows the air of the sewer to be drawn in full stream 
 by the fires into the house, perhaps at the rate of several cubic 
 feet per minute, and with a current strong enough to blow 
 out a candle ; the other the direct, unbroken passage of the 
 pipe into the drain. 
 
 This is the state of the sinks of most cottages and houses 
 which have not been recently built under the rule of 
 " building bye-laws " of a town, or have not recently been 
 inspected and corrected ; and is almost universal in old 
 country houses. It is probably the cause of head-ache, sore 
 throat, and depressed health to many a cook, kitchen-maid, 
 and butler, and perhaps indirectly leads, in not a few 
 instances, to the use of those treacherous self-prescribed 
 medicines spirits and beer. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 Waste Pipe of kitchen sink untrapped, passing direct 
 into drain, 
 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 Kitchen sink with faults corrected. 
 
 Fault one is corrected by a syphon trap A beneath the 
 sink, which prevents any current of air being drawn into the 
 house through the waste pipe from the surface of the water 
 in the gulley. 
 
 Fault two is corrected by " the waste pipe being taken 
 " through an external wall of the building into a trapped 
 " gulley grating " (B). Building bye-laws, 33*. 
 
 What is a Gulley? 
 
 A Gulley is a receptacle for waste water, so contrived that, 
 whilst it discharges its surplus water into the drain, the sewer 
 gas is barred off from escape into the gully by the column of 
 water filling the over-flow pipe (C) . 
 
 The gulley is covered by a grating, to allow (a) free access 
 of air to the surface of its contents, (6) the escape of any sewer 
 gas that may be forced through the trap, and (c) the necessary 
 periodical cleansing of any deposit that may collect. 
 
 What is meant by "disconnection ? " 
 
 A waste pipe is said to be " disconnected " when, instead 
 of being continuous with the drain pipes, it discharges into a 
 gully, i.e., practically into the open air. 
 
 In the drawing the waste-pipe delivers into the " gully " 
 below the grating, as a precaution against frost. Some 
 authorities insist upon the pipe delivering above the grating. 
 
 What is here said of the waste-pipe of a sink equally applies 
 to the waste-pipes of baths and lavatories, and housemaids' 
 sinks. For disconnection of w.c. and soil pipe, see Plate XXI. 
 
10 
 
 PLATE V 
 
11 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Waste pipe of kitchen sink, untrapped, 
 and passing into soil pipe. 
 
 This was found in a Louse recently occupied by a relative 
 of my own. The w.c. soil pipe being conveniently near, 
 had been tapped by the ignorant or indolent plumber to 
 receive the waste pipe. 
 
12 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Kitchen sink carried untrapped into soil pipe of w.c, 
 
13 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 Defects in lavatories and baths, and 
 their remedies. 
 
 A. Waste-pipe of lavatory, waste and over-flow pipe of 
 bath, all untrapped and passing into soil-pipe of w.c, 
 
 B. Lavatory waste-pipe trapped and discharging into 
 open gully outside the house. (Building bye-laws). 
 Waste-pipe of bath also remedied, but the " over-flow " 
 is still untrapped and joins the soil-pipe. It is not 
 uncommon to find that, the waste-pipe being trapped 
 and delivering into a drain or gulley, after a while the 
 bath over-flows. Another plumber is then called to 
 add an over-flow pipe, who, ignorant of his business, 
 takes the over-flow untrapped into the nearest 
 communication with a drain, which is usually the 
 soil-pipe of a w.c. 
 
 C. In this drawing, both waste aiid cver-flow of bath are 
 properly guarded by a trap, and properly conducted 
 into the open air, but by an oversight the " save-all" 
 tray for catching the drippings of the taps has been 
 connected directly with the soil-pipe, thus vitiating the 
 whole arrangement. This fault was recently discovered 
 close to the bedroom of a gentleman suffering from 
 whitlow with inflammation spreading up the arm, his 
 medical man having insisted on a close investigation 
 of the drains of the house under the conviction that 
 some such cause was needed to explain the attack. 
 
 D. All pipes from bath correctly arranged. 
 
Defects in lavatories and baths, and their remedies, 
 
15 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 " Unsyphoned" Traps. 
 
 This is an attempt to suggest in a diagram the effect of 
 water in motion. 
 
 When the water is being run off from the bath (B,) the 
 falling column of water as it rushes past the entrance of the 
 pipe of the lavatory (C) sucks the water oat of the trap of the 
 lavatory, " unsyphons " it, and leaves it open to the drain 
 until more water is let in to fill the trap. 
 
 The same is said to occur in the case of water-closets, 
 (FDE) where a series, one above the other, discharge into 
 the same soil-pipe, an arrangement more common in London 
 than elsewhere. 
 
 What is the remedy ? 
 
 Let me quote from Mr. J. A. Russell's lectures to Plumbers 
 and Builders, page 19.* 
 
 " 6th. Traps may be unsy phoned by a body of water 
 " coming down the soil-pipe from a fitting higher up on the 
 " same stack. Such a body of water will act like a piston, 
 "compressing the air in front of it, and making suction 
 " behind it. One gallon of water fills nearly 39J inches of 
 " 3 inch pipe, 28-8 of 3| inch, 22 of 4 inch, and 17*43 of 
 " 4J inch. The remedy is to have a ventilating inlet joining 
 " the highest point of the bend on the distal side of the trap, 
 " and if the vent be taken from the soil-pipe higher up, (and 
 " not from a separate air pipe, or a grating to the open air,) 
 "the above data will indicate the proper distance." 
 
 * Sanitary houses, by J. A. Russell, Lecturer on Sanitation at the Watt 
 Institution, Eclmbro'. Maclachan and Stewart. 
 
16 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 " Unsyphoned traps," 
 
PLATE IX 
 
 Disused Traps; Evaporation. 
 
 Traps cease to be traps as soon as the water evaporates 
 below "the seal." 
 
 Unoccupied houses are liable to have open communications 
 with the drains from this cause ; and lavatories, and water- 
 closets rarely used may become " unsealed" from disuse and 
 evaporation. 
 
 It is not uncommon to hear people say, " oh, we never use 
 " such and such a w.c. except in case of illness," forgetting 
 that disuse means evaporation, and open communication with 
 a drain. Probably much illness has resulted from evaporation 
 of the water in the syphon of a lavatory of a seldom used 
 " spare bedroom." 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 18 
 
 Disused Traps, Evaporation of water and consequent 
 direct communication with the drain, c 
 
19 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Lavatory with overflow joining the 
 waste-pipe below the trap. 
 
 In this instance (not very uncommon, though a violation 
 of common sense) the trap was rendered useless, because the 
 over-flow (A), missing the trap (C), communicated directly 
 with the drain (B), and served as a ready channel for the 
 passage of sewer gas. 
 
 It was discovered in the house of Mr. E. Atkinson, surgeon, 
 of this town, a house sold to him as recently fitted up with all 
 precaution as to sanitary requirements. 
 
20 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Lavatory with overflow joining waste pipe below the trap. 
 
21 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 Waste-pipe of lavatory in a dressing- 
 room passing untrapped into a drain 
 or soil-pipe. 
 
 This condition along with other faults \vas discovered in the 
 house of a medical man whose wife had been dangerously ill 
 from puerperal fever. Her accouchement being again in prospect 
 the husband very wisely had the sanitary condition of the 
 house enquired into, and this and several other serious defects 
 were discovered. All was set right, and on this occasion the 
 lady recovered without a drawback. 
 
PLATE XL 
 
 22 
 
 Lavatory in a dressing-room opening out of a bedroom 
 with waste-pipe untrapped and connected with soil-pipe. 
 
23 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 Lavatory in bedroom trapped, but 
 discharging into soil-pipe of w.c. 
 
 The syphon trap (A) prevents any rush of air being drawn 
 through the waste-pipe (B,) but does not prevent the slow 
 passage of foul gases from the w.c. drain, (0,) indicated by 
 the faint arrows rising from the basin. The gentleman 
 occupying the bedroom from which this illustration was taken, 
 was suffering from erysipelas of the face, and was about to 
 undergo a surgical operation. His surgeon refused to do any 
 operation until the lavatory pipe was cut off from the drain, 
 and made to discharge into the open air. It is right to add 
 that the w.c. was in the centre of the house, and that the 
 drain ran under the hall floor. 
 
PLATE XII. 
 
 24 
 
 
25 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 Housemaid's sink-pipe untrapped and 
 discharging into a soil-pipe. 
 
 This plate seems but a repetition of the untrapped lavatory, 
 but is introduced because the housemaid's sink, often in a dark 
 corner, is apt to be overlooked even when all proper care has 
 been taken with lavatories and baths. 
 
 This instance is communicated to me by Mr. Nicholson Price, 
 surgeon, of Leeds. He had recently removed to a house the 
 property of the Leeds Infirmary. In three or four months 
 two of his children became seriously ill with inflamed throat. 
 The sanitary condition of the house was suspected and 
 investigated, and it was found that two housemaids' sinks 
 near the bedrooms passed virtually untrapped into soil-pipe 
 and drain. 
 
26 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 JL 
 
 Housemaid's sink pipe passing untrapped into soil pipe. 
 
27 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 Cistern feeding kitchen boiler. 
 
 Where a cistern is arranged to feed a kitchen boiler, the 
 cistern must have an overflow pipe. This overflow pipe is 
 often carried direct into a drain without even the partial 
 protection of a trap, and thus establishes a channel for sewer air 
 to come into the kitchen, and to foul the water of the boiler. 
 If water for the kettle be drawn from the boiler, then impure 
 water is drunk. 
 
28 
 
 O 
 
 2 
 
 "5 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 0) 
 
 '5 
 .8 
 
 
29 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 Waste-pipe of bath and sink cut off 
 pipe open. 
 
 (A) was discovered in the following manner : 
 
 Mrs. A., from Lancashire, came to spend a few days in 
 Leeds. Soon after her arrival she consulted a medical man 
 about a severe neuralgia of the face and side, and complained 
 of a sore throat. The medical man on seeing her throat, at 
 once enquired about her drains, but could not discover that 
 anything was wrong. In three days she reported herself 
 as cured by the remedies prescribed. Her doctor thinking 
 the cure too rapid to be the result of his medicine, again 
 catechised her about her drains, and at last drew out that 
 there had been a bath in a room near her bedroom, that the 
 bath had been removed, but that the waste-pipe had been left 
 (open of course) in case they might wish to replace the bath. 
 The room had been constantly so unpleasant, that an apprentice 
 who slept there had his window open summer and winter, and 
 they had made many fruitless efforts to discover the cause. 
 
 (B) is taken from No. 20, Park Row, the house I formerly 
 occupied. The scullery, on my leaving the house, was 
 turned into an office, and the sink was removed. A few years 
 after, the clerks complained of bad smells, and after much 
 search the cut off waste-pipe of the sink was discovered 
 underneath the floor boards open-mouthed, and passing direct 
 into a drain. 
 
PLATE XV. 
 
 30 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 JZ 
 
 rs 
 o . 
 
 "= o3 
 
 is 
 
 Is 
 
 ? 
 
 0) 
 
 | 
 
 gi 
 
 C8-Q. 
 
 I 
 CO 
 
 b 
 
31 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Fall pipe having direct communication 
 
 with the drain carried through the house 
 
 and allowing the escape of sewer gas 
 
 from imperfect joints. 
 
 This house, at a watering place, was first tenanted and 
 afterwards purchased by a relative of my own, who after a 
 residence of a few weeks, had erysipelas of the face. This 
 attack at once suggested to me drainage faults, and made me 
 reproach myself for not having had the house previously 
 inspected. An inspection discovered the rain-fall pipe carried 
 from the front through the cellars into a drain at the back. 
 The joints of the pipe as it passed through the house were so 
 defective that pans had to be placed to catch the rain. A bath 
 upstairs had a waste pipe opening untrapped into the fall pipe. 
 There was also an untrapped sink in the kitchen. After 
 purchase of the house, the defects were remedied, and all pipes 
 were disconnected from the sewer. 
 
 Mr. C. E. Chorley tells me that in one of the Yorkshire 
 country mansions which he inspected, he found, along with 
 numerous other faults, that all the fall pipes had been carried, 
 for the sake of appearance, inside the walls, actually in the corners 
 of bedrooms direct into the drains, and that the joints inside 
 the house were incompetent and open, and allowed the 
 plentiful escape of sewer gas. 
 
 Kecently in my own consulting rooms, built for me six years 
 ago before I gave much thought to drains, Mr. Chorley 
 discovered a rain-fall pipe carried through the centre of the 
 house into a drain. The existence of this I had not suspected. 
 The defect was remedied by conveying the pipe to a gully on 
 the outside of the house. 
 
PLATE XVI. 
 
 32 
 
 Rain fall pipe with leaky joints carried through 
 basement direct into a drain, 
 
33 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 (A) Fall pipe communicating with sewer 
 and opening just below bedroom 
 
 window. 
 
 (B) Ventilator of soil-pipe opening below 
 
 attic window. 
 
 This is a not uncommon, though often an unsuspected 
 source of danger. Some years ago, an outbreak of typhoid 
 fever in one of the colleges at Cambridge was attributed to 
 this cause. 
 
 Of the same class of faults are those arrangements common 
 in London houses, in which a leaden roof over an outbuilding 
 or bay-window, or a cistern outside a window, have fall pipes, 
 or overflow pipes passing into drains. 
 
 This ventilating shaft is faulty in two points (1) in not 
 being as large as the soil-pipe, (2) in its termination, a 
 trumpet-shaped opening, as in Plate I., being deemed the 
 best. 
 
PLATE XVII. 
 
 A. Fall pipe communicating with sewer, and opening 
 
 just below bedroom window. 
 
 B. Ventilator of soil pipe discharging close to attic 
 
 window D 
 
35 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 Vicious ventilation of drains. 
 
 A. A fatal case of typhoid fever occurred at a school in 
 which sanitary precautions had been taken with great 
 care and anxiety by the schoolmistress. This led to a 
 fresh investigation, and to the discovery that the 
 studiously planned ventilation of the drain had been 
 ingeniously mismanaged, and that the " ventilator " 
 had been turned into the chimney of the room in 
 which the young lady slept. 
 
 B. The ventilating shaft from a drain ought not to end 
 near the top of a chimney, lest the sewer-gas be 
 carried by a down-draught through the chimney 
 into the house. 
 
36 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 A, Ventilating pipe of 
 drain turned into 
 bedroom chimney. 
 
 B. Ventilator of drain 
 discharging close to 
 a chimney-pot 
 
37 
 
 PLATE XIX, 
 11 Rats, and the tale they tell." 
 
 When rats appear in a kitchen or cellar the presumption 
 is that they come out of a drain. A hole in a drain which 
 permits the escape of a rat will allow the sewer gas to be 
 drawn into a house : "pleno flumine" 
 
 When a waste-pipe or a sink joins a drain under a kitchen 
 floor instead of discharging into a gulley outside, this is what 
 usually happens. The sink-pipe religiously trapped passes 
 neatly through the kitchen floor. Beneath the floor and out of 
 sight it passes into an open wide -mouthed drain pipe, 4 or 6 
 inches in diameter, with neither cement nor luting to 
 bar the escape of rats or sewer gas. This piece of scamping 
 being out of sight is exceedingly common, and is often 
 overlooked by Inspectors who satisfy themselves with a peep 
 at the syphon trap, and take no account of the gaping pipe 
 concealed beneath the flag, ready to let the rat and the gas 
 out of the drain. 
 
 This was discovered in a house which I recently bought. 
 
 In my own kitchen also a flaw of this kind was found. 
 The cement forming the junction of the sink-pipe and drain 
 was eaten or broken away, leaving a hole large enough to 
 receive a man's hand. 
 
 I need hardly say that I had the sink-pipe turned into an 
 outside gulley, and the drain under the kitchen entirely 
 removed. 
 
 In two other ways rats do mischief one, by eating through 
 lead pipes in order to reach water or fat the other by 
 making runs under drain pipes and letting down and opening 
 the joints. 
 
 Open drain joints concealed under a cellar-floor can often 
 be detected in the following way : shut all windows and 
 outer doors open all doors between the cellar and the fires 
 in the house then hold a lighted taper opposite any crevices 
 or fissures, such as are shewn by the blue arrows. 
 
38 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 DC 
 
 >s 
 
 a 
 
 a> 
 
 <S 
 
 bO 
 
 Q) 
 Q. 
 
 O 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 a: 
 
39 
 
 PLATE XX, 
 
 Water-closet with arrangements all faulty, 
 
 compared with w,c. with the faults 
 
 remedied. 
 
 As the arrangement of the w.c. is to many persons a source 
 of great anxiety, I have felt obliged to depart somewhat from 
 the rule laid down, and to suggest a plan which seems to be 
 free from serious objection, and which has been adopted in my 
 own house. 
 
 In No. 1, the pan (A) is a "pan-closet" very common, and 
 objectionable because of the large cavity or so called 
 " container " between the pan and the trap. This cavity 
 becomes foul, and a receptacle for foul air, which either passes 
 through the water by absorption, or is displaced into the 
 house when the closet is used. In No. 2, the " pan-closet " 
 is replaced by a simple syphon sanitary basin (C). 
 
 In No. 1. the soil-pipe (B) is inside the house, and if faulty 
 at any part, allows the escape of dangerous gas into the house 
 
 The soil-pipe may be faulty, 
 
 (a) At the junctions with the pan above, or the drain below, 
 from the joints being badly made, " putty joints " instead of 
 soldered joints, or the pipe may have settled, and so have 
 opened the joints ; 
 
 Or, (b) The lead pipe may be " seamed " instead of 
 " drawn," and so liable to gape at the seam ; 
 
 Or, (c) The lead pipe may be old, twenty or thirty years, 
 and eaten through by the sewer gas ; 
 
 Or, (d) The soil-pipe may be made of short sanitary tubes, 
 affording many joints for insecurity and the escape of sewer 
 gas; 
 
 Or, (e) The soil-pipe may by its weight have broken the 
 earthenware junction with the drain, thus allowing the 
 discharge of the sewage beneath the floor of the house. Vide 
 Plates I., XXXIX., XLIX. 
 
40 
 
 PLATE XX, 
 
 N9 1 
 
 No. 1, w.c, faulty. 
 
 No. 2, faults corrected. 
 
41 
 
 PLATE XX (Continued). 
 
 In No. 2, these risks are avoided by carrying the soil-pipe 
 (F) outside the house, to join an outside drain. 
 
 In No. 1, (D,) the drain is underneath the house, and if it is 
 laid wrongly, without proper fall, (Plate I., XLIX.,) or badly, 
 with unluted joints, (Plate I.,) or of broken, i.e. " seconds " 
 pipes, (Plate XLIY.,) or if the foundation sinks, (Plate 
 XLL,) a cesspool is formed at every leaky point within the 
 house, (Plate I.) 
 
 In No. 2, the drain (K) is entirely outside. On " drains 
 under any building," compare Building Bye-laws, 33f. 
 
 In No. 1, the cistern (E) has its overflow into the soil-pipe, 
 thus acting as a ventilator to the drains, and conducting the 
 sewer gas into the roof, and thence into the rest of the house. 
 
 In No. 2, the overflow of the cistern (L) discharges into the 
 open air in accordance with the bye-law of the Waterworks 
 Committee, of the Leeds Town Council. 
 
 In No. 1, the soil-pipe is unventilated except by the 
 overflow pipe of the cistern (M) . 
 
 In No. 2, the soil-pipe (F) is " continued upwards without 
 diminution of diameter," above the eaves " to such a height 
 and in such a position as to afford, by means of the open end 
 of such pipe, a safe outlet for sewer air," or in other words the 
 ventilating pipe must not end anywhere near a window, (see 
 Plate XVII.,) nor a chimney top, (Building Bye-laws^ 53,) 
 (Plate XVIII.) 
 
 In No. 2, there is an open air grate (G-,) to allow the free 
 passage of air up and down the soil-pipe, and to prevent the 
 accumulation of foul gas on the drain side of the water trap 
 of the w.c. basin. 
 
 In No. 2, there is a syphon trap (H) to cut off the sewer 
 gas from the soil-pipe, with a tube closed by a moveable top 
 by which access can be gained to any stoppage in the trap. 
 
42 
 
 PLATE XK (Continued). 
 
 Besides -all this, there must be a ventilating tube on the 
 drain side of the syphon trap (H). 
 
 On the subject of "ventilation of drains/ ' Dr. Clifford 
 Allbutt tells me of a case of typhoid fever attended by himself 
 and Dr. Dobie, of Keighley, " due to the magnificent 
 completeness of the whole drainage, done at great cost, 
 including an equally magnificent cesspool, 300 yards away, 
 and all absolutely tight, and so unventilated anywhere " 
 except into the house through the water-traps. 
 
43 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 The " pan-closet" and its substitute. 
 
 This Plate is introduced at the risk of repetition for two 
 reasons, 
 
 Firstly, in the hope of giving the coup de grace to that utter 
 abomination of sanitary mechanism, condemned by all 
 sanitary reformers, the "pan-closet." If by giving it a 
 nickname one can aid in rendering it impossible for architect 
 or builder to insert one in a new building, without incurring 
 ridicule, Ridiculum acri Fortius et melius magnas plerumque 
 secat res an additional blow will have been struck at a 
 source of oifensiveness, if not of illness, but too common even 
 in well appointed houses. 
 
 This contrivance is vividly described, and no less scathingly 
 condemned, in an article on " The Sanitary condition of New 
 York," in " Scribner's Monthly Magazine " for May, 1881, 
 page 74, from which the following is an extract : 
 
 "The cardinal fault of all, not even surpassed by the 
 " unventilated soil-pipe, is the w.c., which is in almost universal 
 " use all over Christendom. This is known as the " pan-closet.'' 
 " It probably is not, but it certainly might be, the invention of the 
 "devil." 
 
 Secondly, because the former editions of this work have been 
 taken much more as a guide to sanitary arrangements in the 
 construction and re-construction of dwellings than I contem- 
 plated, and in consequence I feel bound to give a somewhat 
 detailed drawing of what seems to be the simplest plan of w.c. 
 which would be deemed satisfactory by sanitary engineers. 
 
 The closet should consist of a simple basin (A) and 
 syphon (B.), the syphon being cleansed each time of 
 use by a strong two gallon flush. 
 
 A receptacle for water in the basin in addition to the 
 syphon is a complication, and may reduce the force of the 
 flush upon the syphon unless skilfully managed. The 
 cleaning of the syphon by the flush is the main point to be 
 solved. 
 
PLATE XXI. 
 H 
 
 I. The "UTTERLY UTTER" abomination. 
 2. The modern substitute. 
 
45 
 
 PLATE XXI (Continued)- 
 
 The syphon should not be of greater calibre than the lower 
 orifice of the basin, and should have a very shallow water 
 seal, and a good, not an abrupt, curve, in order that the force 
 of the. water may be as effectual as possible in clearing it out. 
 
 The soil-pipe (C) should be outside the house, open at the 
 top (H) above the eaves, and open at the bottom (D) at or 
 near the ground level (as represented by a black arrow), and, 
 finally, cut off from the sewer by a syphon trap (E) . 
 
 The syphon trap should communicate with the surface of 
 the ground by a tube (F), sealed at the top by a moveable 
 plate for the purpose of cleansing in case of need. 
 
 Finally, let me say that I have had these arrangements in 
 use for several years, with perfect satisfaction and no 
 inconvenience from frost. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 "Save-all" tray beneath w.c. with 
 untrapped waste pipe serving as 
 unsuspected ventilator to soil-pipe. 
 
 This drawing was communicated to me by Mr. C. R. Chorley, 
 who discovered it in a house in which very great pains had 
 been taken with the waste pipes and drains. The " save-all " 
 (A) is sometimes placed under a w.c. to catch any chance 
 overflow when slops are carelessly emptied into the pan, and 
 the waste pipe (B) is, naturally perhaps, but most disastrously, 
 carried untrapped into the soil pipe (C) . Even a trap to the 
 waste pipe of the tray is a " snare," as Dr. Clifford Allbutt 
 said, because it only acts when there has been great 
 carelessness resulting in an over-flow sufficient to fill the trap, 
 and this will soon evaporate. 
 
4G 
 
 PLATE XXII 
 
 "Save-all" tray beneath w.c. with untrapped waste 
 pipe acting as ventilator of soil-pipe. 
 
47 
 
 PLATE XXIII 
 
 Soil-pipes inside a house 
 
 Are rarely safe, and still more rarely excusable. Sometimes 
 they are " let into " the wall and covered by a board, and 
 perhaps papered over, and thereby concealed. The board acts 
 as a shaft to conduct any leakages of sewer gas into the upper 
 rooms. 
 
 The sketch for this drawing was given me by a medical 
 student who occupied the room in question. He was 
 constantly suffering from sore throat, and after repeated 
 accusations of the drains, and with much reluctance, his 
 father at last allowed an investigation. The concealed soil 
 pipe was discovered in the wall of his study, perforated at 
 several points, and ending below the floor in a broken 
 junction with the drain. 
 
 Sometimes a leaking soil-pipe is discovered in the wall of a 
 kitchen cupboard where food is kept. 
 
PLATE XXIII. 
 
 48 
 
 >-iV'- 
 
 : ;; . ; . 
 
 "Soil pipe" in corner of sitting-room, concealed by a 
 
 board. 
 
49 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 Leaden soil pipe, seamed, and crumbling 
 with age. 
 
 This was found in a house recently occupied by a relative 
 of my own. An old water-closet, very little used, and situated 
 in the centre of the house, was condemned to removal. The 
 plumber who removed it found the soil pipe so rotten that it 
 " crumbled like short cake." It was open at the seam, so 
 that not only gas but liquid sewage had escaped, and had 
 made the contiguous wall, and the kitchen under which the 
 w.c. drain ran, " black damp." 
 
 The soil pipe of a w.c., if inside a house (an arrangement 
 better avoided), ought to be made of drawn lead, i.e., not of 
 sheet lead rolled into the form of a tube and soldered at the 
 seam. A seamed pipe may be defective, and leak at any 
 point of the seam. A drawn lead pipe, if a good one, is only 
 in danger of being defective at the joints, vide Plate XLV., 
 "Putty Joints." 
 
 Age is a source of danger in leaden soil pipes. Dr. Fergus, 
 of Glasgow, found that unventilated pipes of 15 years, and 
 ventilated pipes of 25 years, became eroded, eaten into holes, 
 on the inner surface, by the sewer gases, especially on the 
 upper surface of a bend. Dr. Fergus considers that the 
 duration of ventilated soil pipes is from eighteen to thirty or 
 more years ; of unventilated soil pipes from a minimum of 
 eight years to a maximum of twenty years. 
 
 He has traced illness on many occasions to perforation 
 from within of leaden soil pipes, which had been corroded by 
 sewer gases. 
 
PLATE XXIV. 
 
 
 Leaden soil pipe, seamed, and crumbling from age. 
 
 E 
 
51 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 Scullery sink discharging over the grate 
 guarding an untrapped drain. 
 
 This drawing was contributed by Mr. Chorley, who 
 discovered the defect in the house of a relative. 
 
 Mr. C. had noticed a drain smell in the hall and lower 
 part of the house. On investigation, he found the sink pipe 
 (A) delivering its waste water into a grate (B) which 
 covered a ginkstone of an untrapped drain. This drain 
 joined a w.c. drain running under the house. In the same 
 house he found an untrapped sinkstone in the " keeping 
 cellar." Before these faults were discovered and remedied 
 the lady of the house was constantly in ill-health. Since the 
 correction of the faults her health has been perfectly restored. 
 
PLATE XXV. 
 
53 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 "No wonder the meat wont keep, the 
 beer turns sour, and the milk disagrees.' 1 
 
 "Dish-stone in larder leading into a 
 
 drain," 
 
 Open grates in cellars for the purpose of "swilling" the 
 floor are not uncommon. They are often untrapped, and when 
 trapped, the traps are usually ineffective from want of water, 
 or from being broken ; and even if sealed by water, they are 
 still an inefficient barrier to sewer gases, which can pass by 
 absorption through water. 
 
 In the dairy and larders of the new Leeds Infirmary there 
 were found sinkstones practically untrapped in every instance. 
 
 It is probable that this communication with the drains may 
 have been the explanation of certain outbreaks of diarrhoea 
 in the Hospital which were attributed to the milk, but 
 without any such source of its contamination being suspected. 
 
 About 3 years ago two boys were ill in low fever in a 
 newly -built country house. Every care had been taken about 
 the drainage, and the drinking water was found free from 
 pollution. The medical attendants were for a long time at a 
 loss to find out the source of the fever. At last the milk was 
 suspected, and the dairy at some distance from the house was 
 examined. A sink-stone leading to an open drain was 
 discovered. 
 
PLATE XXVI. 
 
 54 
 
55 
 
 PLATE XXVII 
 
 " Dairy Sweepings," 
 
 This illustration was contributed by Dr. Midgley Cockroft, 
 of Masham, in the following letter : 
 
 " I attended the family on two occasions. In the first the 
 " type was purely Typhus, four cases, one death. On the 
 " second attendance the type was entirely Typhoid ; all had 
 " diarrhoea, all had rose spots, and one death occurred in the 
 " four cases, three of the cases having gone through the first 
 " illness. There was no other case of either variety in the 
 " neighbourhood. I had a good opportunity of watching the 
 " process of cleaning down the dairy. The joints in the 
 "flagging were purposely left about f of an inch apart in 
 " order that the water thrown on could easily be brushed into 
 " the fissures, whence I could hear it falling into a drain below, 
 " which drain only went from the dairy into a garden in front 
 " of the house, a distance of about 10 or 12 yards, with a very 
 " little fall in its course. The house was a very old one, and 
 " has now been replaced by an entirely new one. I may add 
 " that the dairy floor was ' dished ' to facilitate the discharge 
 " of the water." It would seem that the spilt milk, washed 
 into the imperfect drain, underwent a poisonous decomposition 
 in the drain, and thus gave off poison to the dairy, milk, and 
 kitchen. 
 
PLATE XXVII. 
 
 56 
 
 
 60 
 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 CO 
 
 >s 
 
 s_ 
 
 "J5 
 Q 
 
57 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 "Dish-stone" in scullery leading into a 
 
 rain-water tank with overflow direct 
 
 into a drain. 
 
 This illustration, as well as Plates VI. arid XXIV., was 
 taken from the house of my relative. The servants were in 
 the habit of washing the floor, and sweeping the " washings " 
 through the sink-stone into the tank. The tank had an 
 overflow direct into the drain, and thus the sewer air had a 
 free passage into the house. 
 
58 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 .c 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 a o 
 c c: 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 t- 
 
 JU 
 
 ~B 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 c/p 
 
 a 
 
59 
 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
 Pantry sink turned into soft-water 
 
 cistern under the cellar floor, with 
 
 overflow into the rock. 
 
 Contributed by Mr. Edward Atkinson, from his own house. 
 
 A large soft- water cistern was discovered under a cellar 
 floor, full of very offensive water, which, having no overflow 
 pipe, must have overflowed into the foundations. The cellars 
 had been excessively damp, and had baffled costly attempts 
 by his predecessor to remedy. Into this tank the slops from 
 the butler's pantry found their way, as the waste-pipe of the 
 sink had been turned into an old channel under the cellar 
 floor which conducted rain from the fall-pipes into the tank. 
 The butler's sink was one of the improvements preparatory 
 to Mr. Atkinson's purchase. 
 
 A similar fault was communicated to me by the late 
 Mr. William Gray, of York. " I send you a sketch from our 
 " court which I think equals any you have recorded. A new 
 " sink being put down, it was obviously a short cut to discharge 
 " it into the fall pipe ', which fed a tank under the sitting-room 
 "floor. Two successive families occupying the house had 
 " typhoid fever." 
 
PLATE XXIX. 
 
 60 
 
 Pantry sink turned into soft-water cistern under the 
 cellar floor, with overflow into the rock. 
 
61 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 Disused and unsuspected water-tank 
 under cellar-floor. 
 
 This was -found m the house of Mr. H. B. Hewetson, 
 surgeon, of Leeds. Sometime previously, in consequence of 
 illness in his family, he had removed a central w.c. to the 
 outside, and had, as far as he could judge, corrected all 
 sanitary defects. Illness of a typhoid character broke out, 
 affecting Mr. H. himself and a maid servant. This led to a 
 search under the cellar steps where the flags sounded hollow. 
 A large unsuspected tank (A) was found, with direct overflow 
 into the drain (B). The end of a pipe of a long disused 
 water-closet (C) was discovered at one corner. At the same 
 time some other defects were found and remedied. Mr. H. 
 recovered after a few days' illness, and the servant lingered 
 four months and then died. 
 
 The workman (D) is inserted in order to shew how spaces 
 under stone floors can be discovered by the hollow sound 
 produced by a falling crowbar. 
 
62 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 A. Rain-water tank under cellar floor, with overflow 
 
 into drain. 
 D. Workmen "sounding with crowbar" for suspected 
 
 "tank" or "cesspool." 
 
63 
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 
 Rain-water cisterns and the dangers 
 they entail. 
 
 The fault here presented is one not uncommon in country 
 houses. 
 
 A large cistern (A) within the house receives the rain water 
 from the roof, and, as a matter of course, has an over-flow 
 pipe (B) to carry off surplus water. 
 
 The over-flow pipe (whether it be trapped or not is of no 
 moment or value) conveys the water into a large storage tank 
 (C) outside. 
 
 The storage tank again has an over-flow into a cesspool (D) . 
 The cesspool is sealed at the top and unventilated. The 
 gases formed in the cesspool and drains pass backwards along 
 the overflow pipe into the tank, and thence along the first 
 overflow pipe of the cistern into the roof of the house, whence 
 they are drawn by the house fires into the rooms and 
 passages. 
 
64 
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 
65 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 
 How people drink sewage. No. |. 
 
 Drain pipes badly joined or broken, 
 leaking into a well. 
 
 This is the condition probably of a large proportion of the 
 wells of the country, especially of the shallow surface wells. 
 
 A glance at the picture will convince most thinking persons 
 of the pressing need there is for a great national organisation 
 for providing wholesome drinking water to villages and small 
 towns which do not as yet possess a public unpolluted water 
 supply. This need has been pressed upon the attention of 
 the public by the press, the Society of Arts, and by His 
 Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales. 
 
 A well may be polluted with sewage for a long time before 
 illness results. 
 
 The history of an outbreak of typhoid fever at a large 
 school about ten years ago is almost classical. By judicious 
 care and outlay the health of the boys in this school had been 
 long preserved at a high level. But on the reassembling 
 after the holidays a boy fell ill of typhoid fever contracted at 
 home. He was placed in the " sick-house," and used the w.c. 
 which discharges into a drain running near the underground 
 cistern which supplied the drinking water. In a fortnight 
 about 30 boys were down with typhoid. A careful 
 investigation made by the proprietor and Mr. Ellerton, and 
 reported on to the Local Government Board by Dr. Clifford 
 Allbutt, revealed a leakage from the drain, and a fouling of 
 the cistern thereby. Both cistern and drain had been very 
 carefully and properly constructed, but the drain lay too near 
 the cistern, so that when a joint of the drain was let down by 
 a rat run, the escaping sewage soaked through some fine 
 crevices in the cement of the cistern. 
 
 In this instance, water fouled by drainage did not set up 
 typhoid fever until the importation of a case of typhoid led to 
 the introduction of typhoid discharges into the drinking water. 
 
66 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 
 How people drink sewage. No. I. 
 Drain leaking into a well. 
 
67 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 How people drink sewage. No. 2. 
 Cesspool full and overflowing into a well. 
 
 This is the same in principle with the last picture, and 
 teaches that cesspools need constant attention and cleansing, 
 and very great care in construction. (Building Bye-laws, 
 35 H9.) 
 
 The following illustration came before my notice : Typhoid 
 fever broke out at a farm house, distant about half-a-mile 
 from a village. The father died, and the mother and daughter 
 recovered. In the village the only case of fever which occurred 
 was that of the farming man who had his meals at the iarm 
 and went home to the village to sleep. 
 
 The following was supposed to be the cause of the fever : 
 Ten feet from the door of the house there was a cesspool. 
 Twelve months previously a well had been made between the 
 house and the cesspool. Shortly before the time of the fever 
 the house drain had become so offensive that the cesspool was 
 examined, and was found to be full and overflowing / and was 
 in consequence emptied. It is a fair inference that the 
 cesspool had overflowed into the well and poisoned the 
 drinking water. This occurred some years ago, and the well- 
 water was not analysed, so that complete proof was absent. 
 
 Nevertheless the picture generalises well known and well 
 ascertained facts. 
 
 I have recently seen in Leeds, during the excavations for a 
 new building, the exact conditions here depicted. The well 
 was formed of bricks laid radiating from the centre of the 
 well, and of course with plenty of room between them for 
 admitting leakage into the well from the neighbouring 
 cesspool. 
 
68 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
69 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 How people drink sewage. No. 3. 
 
 Well near "fold yard." Drain carried 
 over a well. 
 
 This picture represents a series of facts. 
 
 No. 1. That wells are often placed within, or close by 
 a farm yard, so that the soakings from the sodden manure 
 must needs ooze through the soil into the well. 
 
 No. 2. That, inconceivable though it may appear, it is a 
 fact that drains are sometimes carried across the upper part of 
 a well. Two instances have been related to me. 
 
 The first by Mr. Robert Hagyard, late a student at the 
 Leeds School of Medicine : 
 
 "A drain ran through the side of a well, the pipes 
 projecting so as to be visible when the lid was removed from 
 the top of the well. At the junction of the pipes a leakage of 
 sewage, consisting chiefly of liquid from a pigstye and 
 cowshed, trickled down the side of the well. Several cases of 
 typhoid fever had occurred in the house. The occupants sold 
 milk, which was freely diluted with the * solution of enteric 
 fever ' from the well." 
 
 The second was related to me by Mr. John Bradley, coach 
 builder, of Leeds : 
 
 " The drain is carried over the mouth of a well on a plank, 
 which rots and lets down the drain, and pours the sewage 
 matter into the well which supplies a large establishment with 
 drinking stuff. Typhoid fever broke out, and one of six cases 
 ended fatally, when the above state of things was discovered." 
 
 No 3. That milk is made poisonous by the use of 
 contaminated well water, either for diluting the milk or even 
 for washing the cans. 
 
 Moral. Every dairy whence milk is sold ought by law to 
 be under constant sanitary inspection. 
 
PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 70 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 en 
 
 CD 
 O 
 
 "O 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 v* 
 
 CO 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 Overflow from cesspool into rain-water 
 
 tank. 
 
 This plate represents a fact related to me by my friend, 
 Mr. W. P. Groodall, surgeon, of Birmingham. 
 
 In a newly-built vicarage a rain-water tank had an overflow 
 pipe into a cesspool, the levels of which were so skilfully 
 mismanaged, that the cesspool, when full, relieved itself by 
 overflowing back into the rain-water tank. 
 
 A second fact of the same kind is thus told to me by 
 Mr. John Bradley, of Leeds : 
 
 " A new bank, with residence for the manager, was erected 
 in a small market town. Shortly after he went to reside there 
 his wife became ill. She went from home for a week, and 
 returned quite well, but found her servants and children 
 attacked as she had been. At this time a great stench was 
 felt in the scullery near the pump of a soft water tank. The 
 tank was examined, and was found three parts filled with 
 sewage. The builder had laid the overflow pipe into the sewer, 
 with the fall the wrong way, and had thus tapped the 
 sewer, and the sewage had flowed into the tank." 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 72 
 
73 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 Cesspool overflowing and causing the 
 
 floor and wall of a house to be damp 
 
 from sewage. 
 
 This illustration is a general expression of the following 
 facts, rather than a representation of any actual example. 
 
 Case 1 was related to me by Dr. James Braithwaite, as 
 having occurred in a suburb of Leeds about four years ago. 
 
 Typhoid fever occurred in two of a group of three newly 
 built houses, within a few weeks of their being occupied. The 
 following conditions were discovered when, a few months after, 
 the main drain was brought within reach, and an attempt was 
 made to connect them. The drains from Nos. 1 and 2 opened 
 into the drain of No. 3, and this terminated 18 inches from 
 the house, forming a cesspool in the soil which rested against 
 the cellar of No. 3, and in rainy weather caused the cellar 
 floor to be flooded. Typhoid fever broke out in No. 3, and 
 afterwards spread to No. 1. 
 
 Case 2. A young woman was suffering from chronic sore 
 throat and partial loss of voice, a serious matter, as she was 
 being trained as a public singer. Having enquired into the 
 sanitary condition of her house, I learnt from her mother that 
 two children had died of diphtheria, and that the kitchen floor 
 was damp and offensive from the overflow of their cesspool. 
 Complaints had been ineffectually made to the landlord's 
 agent, but her husband dared not complain to the landlord, 
 his master, for fear of being dismissed from his situation, that 
 of head gardener. 
 
PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 3EHEHSEHMHHHHS 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 Q. 
 
 0) 
 0) 
 
 c 
 
 Q. 
 E 
 
75 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 Additions to house built over forgotten 
 
 drains. 
 
 For this illustration I am indebted to Dr. Britton, of 
 Halifax. 
 
 A billiard room was built on a vacant space between a 
 house and a stable. 
 
 After a time the billiard room was converted into a dining 
 room. 
 
 Typhoid fever broke out two weeks after the family 
 returned from the sea side. A child was ill and recovered, 
 and a servant died. This led to a sanitary inspection of the 
 house, and the discovery that the waste pipe of the kitchen 
 sink joined an old drain which led to a cesspool under the 
 new dining room, the existence of which had been previously 
 unsuspected. 
 
 Moral. In adding to a house, make sure that all drains 
 traversing the site and all cesspools have been obliterated. 
 
PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 
 8 
 
77 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII, 
 " Where is the Butler?" 
 
 For this fact I am again indebted to Mr. John Bradley, of 
 Leeds. 
 
 " A gentleman came to reside in an old family mansion. 
 Having friends to dinner one evening, and requiring more 
 wine, he rang the bell. No butler came. He rang a second 
 and third time with the same result. Waxing wroth, he 
 went in search, but could get no tidings of him. On further 
 search the butler was discovered in an old cesspool in the 
 wine cellar, the floor of which had broken in. The poor 
 butler, after much difficulty, was extricated, only just in time 
 for his life to be saved after much suffering and a month of 
 medical attendance. It appears that the existence of this 
 cesspool was unknown, and that so long as the sewage of the 
 house went ' somewhere,' no enquiries were made to ascertain 
 where." 
 
 A similar fact was told to me by a lady, as having occurred 
 in a large house at Brighton. A cask of beer was being 
 rolled along the cellar, when the floor gave way over an 
 unsuspected cesspool. 
 
 Moral. Test all the floors of your cellars by "sounding." 
 Vide Plate XXX. 
 
PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 78 
 
 More wine wanted. Where is the butler? 
 
 "A lower deep, 
 Still threatening to devour me opens wide." MILTON. 
 
79 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 Broken junction of drain with soil-pipe, 
 leakage into disused well under keeping 
 
 cellar. 
 
 This fault was discovered in a house in Park Bow, formerly 
 occupied by myself, but now used as offices. About three years 
 and a half ago complaints were made of bad smells in the 
 house, and some of the inmates were unwell. On inspection 
 it was discovered that an old disused well partly under the 
 keeping cellar was becoming a cesspool from leakage through 
 its walls from the w.c. drain. This drain had become 
 defective at the junction of the vertical soil-pipe with the 
 horizontal drain. It appeared that the soil-pipe had settled, 
 and ly its weight had broken the flange of the drain-pipe, 
 causing the sewage to flow into the rock underneath the cellar 
 floor, and so into the well. The drain pipes were repaired, 
 and the well was filled up. 
 
80 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 Well under a house fouled by leakage from broken 
 junction of soil pipe with drain. 
 
81 
 
 PLATE XL; 
 
 Common stone drain under tiled 
 entrance hall, leaking at every joint, and 
 forming an extensive cesspool under the 
 
 house. 
 
 This example was communicated to me by Dr. Britton, 
 medical officer of health for the Halifax Rural Sanitary 
 district, in the following note : 
 
 " Enteric (typhoid) fever broke out in a gentleman's house. 
 " from which it spread into the village. On examination I 
 " found that the w.c. was in the centre of the house, and that 
 " the soil-pipe discharged into a common stone drain running 
 " under a tiled entrance hall. This drain was almost without 
 " fall, so much so, that it had become blocked, and the teicage 
 " had found its ivay under the flooring of the passage and rooms." 
 
 It goes to a man's heart to take up a tiled hall in order to 
 inspect a drain. Moral. The drain ought never to have been 
 placed under the hall. 
 
82 
 
 PLATE XL. 
 
 
 Common stone drain under tiled hall, leaking at every 
 joint, and forming a large cesspool under the house. 
 
83 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 Joints opened by giving way of 
 foundations. 
 
 " When drains are laid in new made ground, unless care be 
 " taken to ram the earth sufficiently hard round about them, 
 "and this is next to impossible, the pipes \vill open at the 
 " sockets, and sodden the ground in their neighbourhood to a 
 " dangerous exteDt." 
 
 Sanitary arrangements of Dwellings, Eassie, p. 22. 
 
 This may occur in laying drains in newly-made ground, and 
 it frequently does occur where the drain trench has been 
 unevenly cut, and where inequalities of level are carelessly filled 
 in with soft soil, which after a short time settles, and allows 
 the joints to open. 
 
84 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 60 
 
 C 
 
 'a 
 
 as 
 hfl 
 
 o 
 
85 
 
 PLATE XLII. 
 
 " Poisoned by next door neighbour's 
 drains," 
 
 It is not easy to obtain an unexceptionable illustration 
 of tbis danger. I feel convinced, bowever, tbat it does occur 
 occasionally, either from leakage of drains soaking the party 
 wall, or from a neighbour's soil-pipe running in the thickness 
 of, or even on the inside of the party wall of the suffering 
 house, or again from the diffusion of sewer gases through the 
 watt itself. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition of this book several 
 instances of this danger have been communicated to me. 
 
 For the drawing and facts of this plate, I am indebted to 
 Mr. Foster, Artist, of Headingley, who says " I enclose you a 
 " sketch of the defect in the drainage of the house in which the 
 " fatal case of typhoid fever occurred. The foundation of the 
 " house had given way, and the earth at the side sinking with 
 "it opened the joints of the pipes which ran under the yard of 
 " their neighbour's house." 
 
 It is difficult enough to manage one's own drains, almost 
 CTtopian to hope to rectify the drains of one's neighbour. 
 
PLATE XLM. 
 
 86 
 
 EOF 
 
 ' 
 
 -~" ' ' ' - 
 
 - 
 
 C C 
 
 si 
 
 -03 
 
 
 n 
 
 00. 
 
87 
 
 PLATE XLIII. 
 Speculating builder buying " Seconds," 
 
 On one of the occasions of the delivery of my lecture in a 
 suburb of Leeds, one of our leading builders stated that it 
 was well known by the building trade that dishonest builders 
 of cheap houses were in the habit of buying " Seconds " 
 sanitary tubes, i.e., rejected broken tubes, at half price, in order 
 to lay them in the houses they were building, in obedience to 
 the law requiring them to lay a drain. Such tubes are 
 defective either by fracture or by being mis-shapen, oval 
 instead of round, or vice versa. Each such defect would allow 
 a leakage, and the formation of a cesspool at the faulty point. 
 In drains, as in chains, the value of the whole drain is deter- 
 mined by the value of its weakest point, and if at the weakest 
 point there is a leakage, the whole drain may be worthless 
 and disastrous. 
 
 If this picture has the effect of gibbeting such scoundrels, 
 and making scamped drain-work less feasible, it will have 
 served its purpose. 
 
 " ' Jeremiahs ' buy ' seconds ' because they can't get 
 " ' thirds/ >: ' said an honest Yorkshireman on seeing this 
 picture. 
 
 "Jerry veal" is the flesh of calves which have been born 
 dead, or have died soon after birth an " article of commerce " 
 in former days. 
 
PLATE XLIII. 
 
 88 
 
 m 
 
 60 
 '>- 
 
 SI 
 
 0) 
 
 *5 
 
 t 
 
 "3 
 
PLATE XLIV. 
 
 Drain made of " Seconds" tubes, 
 
 Here are seen the results of scamped drain- work and cheap 
 " Seconds " pipes. Such pipes are used mostly for the outside 
 drains of cheaply built cottages and houses, and are sometimes 
 found inside a house. 
 
 The pipes AA. are broken at the flange, BB. at the smaller 
 end, and FF. are mis-shapen, spoiled in the baking, oval 
 instead of round. Each of these defects renders a sound joint 
 impossible. 
 
 C. has a fissured surface, D. has been broken and pieced 
 together, a condition of pipe which Mr. Burton, the lithographer 
 of this book, himself witnessed in his own house, and which 
 he has drawn * con amore.' The workman declared that he 
 could not afford to put in a new pipe. 
 
 Gr. shews careless connection of a waste-pipe. Instead of a 
 tube with a proper junction as part of its construction, a hole 
 has been broken into the tube, and the lead pipe passed 
 through without luting. Moreover, the waste-pipe projects 
 so far into the drain-pipe as to form an obstruction to the 
 proper flow of sewage. Vide Plate XL VII. 
 
 A drain formed of imperfect tubes with unluted joints, and 
 insufficient fall, was found under the house of Mr. Carter, 
 dentist, in Park Square. The soil under the floor of the 
 kitchen was saturated with sewage, and the villany was 
 rendered complete by the entire omission of a pipe for 
 connecting the drain with the main-sewer. 
 
 Mr. Carter, by his removal into this house, got " out of the 
 frying-pan into the fire." He had left his previous residence 
 in consequence of " drain-begotten " illness in his family, and 
 because of the rats which he had shot with an air gun by the 
 dozen in his kitchen. 
 
 A medical friend illustrated one of my lectures by " seconds 
 pipes " just discovered in his own house, which had been 
 recently built at a cost of 3,0 00. 
 
PLATE XLIV. 
 
 90 
 
91 
 
 PLATE XLV. 
 Putty joints" in leaden soil pipes. 
 
 This is scamped work. In order to save his pocket the 
 plumber will sometimes save the cost of solder, and join the 
 leaden soil pipes with putty and inferior material. The result 
 is that the joint is insecure, soon gives way, cracks and gapes, 
 and allows sewer gas to escape into the house. 
 
 A flaw in the joint can be detected by the current of air 
 against the flame of a candle, and the quality of the material 
 may be tested by its easily giving way to the finger or a 
 knife. 
 
 Leaden soil pipes ought to be carefully joined together by 
 solder, and to have no crevice through which air can pass. 
 
92 
 
 PLATE XLV. 
 
 " Putty Joints." 
 
93 
 
 PLATE XLVI. 
 
 Curves made by straight pipes. 
 
 Such work is down-right scamping. To save trouble or 
 expense straight pipes are joined at angles which allow gaping 
 and leakage at every joint. If such ill-made bends are under 
 a house, a large cesspool is there formed if outside the house 
 the leakage may soak towards the wall of the house and make 
 it damp, foul, and poisonous. 
 
 About two years ago a friend of mine was preparing his 
 house for his intended bride, and like a wise man had the 
 drainage looked to, and finding it very bad, was re-constructing 
 it. He took me early one morning to see the new work that 
 was being done, and to show me a bend made by straight 
 pipes, part of which we had to uncover in order to see it. 
 
 Another instance was found in the house of a patient of 
 Mr. Horsfall, of Leeds, who, in consequence of the illness for 
 which he was in attendance, urged an exploration of the drains. 
 This examination discovered a drain under the kitchen floor, 
 not only open at the joints, but with bends made by straight 
 pipes, so that half the sewage had remained under the floor. 
 
94 
 
 PLATE XLVI. 
 
 A. Curves made by straight pipes, leakage at every 
 
 joint. 
 B, Curve made by proper bend, 
 
95 
 
 PLATE XLVII. 
 " Junctions," 
 
 A. This is scamped work. From idleness or false economy 
 a junction is made with a drain pipe by breaking a hole at the 
 top or side of a pipe, and simply passing the joining pipe 
 through the hole. This involves at least two grievous 
 defects (a) the hole through which the joining pipe passes 
 cannot be properly luted (b) the intruding pipe projects into 
 the receiving pipe, intercepts the solid parts of the sewage, and 
 by degrees dams it up. 
 
 Several instances of this fault have been related to me 
 one by the medical officer of a recently-built workhouse in 
 Yorkshire, in which, in addition, it was found that the main 
 drains were led " up hill ; " a second was communicated to 
 me by Dr. Churton, of Leeds, as having been discovered in a 
 house he recently occupied. 
 
 B. A properly-made junction. 
 
 C. Sometimes it is necessary to tap a drain and let in a 
 new pipe. In such a case the hole carefully cut in the old 
 pipe should be capped by an " eyelet," and made safe by 
 cement. 
 
96 
 
 PLATE XLVII. 
 
 A. Badly made junction. 
 Blocked drain. 
 
 B. Proper junction. 
 
 C. "Eyelet" for making a new junction in pipes 
 already laid. 
 
97 
 
 PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 Pipes laid the wrong way. 
 
 This arrangement of pipes was discovered in our new 
 Infirmary, by Mr. Chorley. Rain-fall pipes carried under a 
 room, were leaking at each socket, rendering the soil damp. 
 
 This arrangement reduces very greatly the " water 
 tightness " of the joints. 
 
 I have been told that builders in some parts of Yorkshire 
 maintain that to place drain-pipes upside down is the correct 
 way. 
 
PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 98 
 
 -C 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 0} 
 
 bfl 
 
 (0 
 
 (D 
 Q. 
 
PLATE LIX. 
 Drain under a house running up-hill. 
 
 This illustration is contributed by Mr. Pickles, Surgeon, of 
 Leeds. He had a slight scratch on the finger from which 
 inflammation started and spread up the arm, due as he supposed 
 to poison received in attending a patient. Soon after the 
 recovery of the arm, he was again laid^up with rheumatism of 
 a low type. His medical attendant suggested that the house 
 drain was probably the cause of the whole mischief. As soon 
 as he was well enough he had his drains examined, and 
 reported the result to me in the following note. 
 
 " I have had all my drain-pipes taken up, and I find the 
 " following defects : 
 
 " The fall from the place where' the soil-pipe enters the pot 
 " drains is very defective, the level being higher in the centre 
 " than at the termination. 
 
 " The drain-pipes themselves (six-inch pot drains) were full 
 "of thick sewage matter, and had no luting or cement 
 " between them. Lastly, at the very spot where the soil-pipe 
 " is connected with the pot drain pipes, there is a broken and 
 "defective* pot.' " 
 
 The w.c. was at the back of the house, and the drain ran 
 under a cellar kitchen, not, as in the drawing, immediately 
 under the hall floor. 
 
100 
 
 PLATE XLIX. 
 
 Drain under house, with fall the wrong way. Broken 
 pipe at the junction with the " soil-pipe." 
 
101 
 
 PLATE L. 
 
 Disconnected and misconnected. 
 
 Mr. A. B., Town Cleik of the town of C., tells me that 
 his house, situated 450 yards from the high road, was 
 originally drained by nine-inch pipes into a pond a little 
 beyond the high road. Early in 1876 the district was sewered, 
 and the drain was cut off from the pond and connected with 
 the main-sewer. In July, 1876, a maid and servant lad 
 were seized with typhoid fever ; the maid died and the lad 
 recovered. 
 
 After the death, the drains were examined, and it was found 
 (a) that waste-pipes from the kitchen, washhouse, pantry, and a 
 lavatory, passed un trapped into the drains, with the illusory 
 protection of a bell trap, (b) That the connection of the drain 
 with the new sewer was so defective that the drain was blocked 
 up at the junction, a nine-inch pipe having been inserted into 
 an eighteen-inch pipe without any proper junction. 
 
PLATE L 
 
 102 
 
 T3 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 0) 
 
103 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 " To be continued in our next." 
 
 This example was also contributed to me by Dr. Britton, 
 of Halifax, in the following note. 
 
 " In a gentleman's house the children were always ailing, 
 " and in consequence I ordered an inspection of the soil-pipe 
 "which was supposed to run under the house and some 
 " outbuildings, and to join a main-drain in the road behind. 
 " On the floor of the cellar and coal cellar being taken up, 
 " there was found a very large quantity of sewage, which had 
 " been accumulating ever since the house had been built, seven 
 " years before. 
 
 " During the whole of this time all the sewage from the 
 " w.c. had run under the floor of these cellars ; for at the end 
 " of the coal cellar the soil-pipe came to an abrupt conclusion 
 " against a mass of solid rock, twelve yards thick, at the other 
 " side of which a pipe was placed and connected with the 
 " main-drain in the road. No doubt it was in order to save 
 " the expense of blasting through the rock that the contractor 
 " had scamped the work." 
 
 " The authorities saw the junction." 
 
 Until recently in Leeds, and probably in many a town 
 besides, the following was the practice as to the inspection of 
 sewers by the local authority. The Borough Inspector 
 having received due notice from a builder of his intention to 
 connect a house drain with a public sewer, came and " saiv the 
 last pipe put in ;" with what security to the public may be 
 judged from this Plate. 
 
 Nay, more, a builder from a neighbouring town told me 
 that by a judicious tip he could dispense with even this 
 formality, if it were inconvenient to suit the time of the 
 Inspector. 
 
PLATE LI. 
 
 104 
 
 0) 
 
105 
 
 PLATE LI I. 
 (A) Drain making the best of a rock. 
 
 The w.c. drain (A) is blocked as far as a rise in the drain, 
 which was carried by curved tubes over the rock in order to 
 avoid the trouble and expense of cutting through the rock. 
 The fact expressed by this drawing, which looks like a 
 caricature, was related to me by the landlord for whom 
 the houses were built. Several builders who have seen the 
 picture, have told me that they have seen drains so (mis) laid, 
 and I know of one house in which this has been discovered to 
 be the cause of obstructed drains since the publication of my 
 lecture. 
 
 Since the publication of this plate I have been told, on 
 many occasions by eyewitnesses, of the not unfrequent 
 occurrence of this piece of rascality. 
 
 (B) w.c. discharging into the basement 
 of a house. 
 
 The soil-pipe (B) missing the drain-pipe (C) had discharged 
 the whole of the sewage into a triangular space below the 
 ground floor. This went on for several months before the 
 discovery of the defect was made, during which time " they 
 never had the doctor out of the house." 
 
PLATE LI I. 
 
 106 
 
 "5 
 
 I 
 
 JQ 
 
 | 
 
 60 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 '5 
 
 o 
 CD 
 
 bfl 
 
 o 
 w 
 
 J* 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 o 
 
107 
 
 PLATE Li 1 1. 
 
 Economy in digging at the expense of 
 "fall" in a drain. 
 
 This fact was related to me by a house agent and rent 
 collector. A careless builder sometimes puts in the junction 
 with a drain soon after commencing to build a house. When 
 the time comes to lay the drain he finds that he has allowed 
 far too little " fall." His duty would be to relay the drain 
 and connection with the sewer with a proper incline. But 
 this would cost money in excavation ; so he saves his pocket, 
 and leaves the drain to tell its own tale, when in due time 
 the unlucky tenant finds his drains stopped, his house foul, 
 his family ill, and the " tale told." 
 
108 
 
 PLATE Llll, 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 x 
 
 CD 
 
 s: 
 
 bfi 
 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 LU 
 
109 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 Six-inch pipe interpolated between two 
 four-inch pipes. 
 
 This was discovered in some property which I bought 
 six years ago. A cellar of one house was flooded by the 
 overflow of an ash-pit, the drain of which was blocked up. 
 The drain was followed, and traced to a junction with the w.c. 
 drain of the next house. On enquiry, I found that this w.c. 
 had long acted imperfectly, and no wonder, as the drain was 
 blocked up for six feet, owing to the interpolation of a 6-inch 
 between two 4-inch pipes. 
 
 A gross instance of this mode of scamping is thus described 
 to me by Dr. Murray, of Burley-in-Wharfedale : 
 
 " Some villas were drained by 12-inch pipes, which passed 
 " along the road into a field where a cesspool ought to have 
 " been constructed (according to plans passed by the Local 
 "Board). Having carried the 12-inch drain into the field, 
 "the contractor, coming across ordinary 2-inch draining 
 " tiles, connects the larger with the smaller pipes, and fills up 
 " the trench. In a short time a block takes place, and the 
 " sewage bursts up into the field. Two cases of typhoid 
 " fever occurred in one of the houses." 
 
110 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 w 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 8. 
 
 a 
 
 JZ 
 
 a 
 _c 
 
 X 
 
Ill 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 
 Road scrapings and ash-pit refuse for 
 
 l*V^ f\ *+ O i* o in r\ v**. I f\ e+ 4- f\ i/ 
 
 i~ 
 
 mortar and plaster 
 
 This picture represents what has been, I fear, only too 
 common an occurrence of late years in Leeds. Eoad scrapings 
 from our Corporation depots, and the emptyings of common 
 ash-pits instead of loads of clean mill cinders, have been 
 ground up along with a bare pretence of lime, to make the 
 mortar for setting the bricks, and the plaster for covering the 
 walls of miserable tenements. 
 
 This mud-made mortar sets so slowly, that the builder has 
 to prop the wall (this I have seen), and, as I have often been 
 told, has to light fires against the wall to " encourage " the 
 mortar to set. 
 
 Walls plastered with such rubbish are slow in drying, have 
 large greasy patches which strike through whitewash, 
 crumble when a nail is driven into them, and probably are a 
 prolific source of the illnesses from which people suffer who 
 inhabit newly-finished houses. 
 
 " If you bray a nail into the wall, half of it comes down " 
 said a Leeds victim, suffering from disease of lung, probably 
 brought on by the unwholesomeness of the walls of his house. 
 
 The following fact was told by a leading Leeds builder to 
 the gentleman who related it to me : 
 
 " In about fiO new l speculators' ' houses not a single load 
 " of clean lime was used mortar and plaster were made of 
 " lime which had done duty in tan pits " therefore spent, 
 and full of animal cleansings. The builders of the houses 
 were also the owners. 
 
112 
 
 PLATE LV, 
 
 
 "Road muck" and "midden refuse" for mortar and 
 
 plaster. 
 
113 
 
 PLATE LVI, 
 
 Terrace of the Future on the Refuse 
 of the Past. 
 
 This plate needs but few words. Until recently, no check 
 has been put upon the haste of speculating builders, who 
 have built thousands of houses on unhealthy rubbish heaps, 
 long before the animal and vegetable refuse has had time to 
 ferment, decompose, and cease to be poisonous. Within 
 the last few years, a plot of land, which served as the depot 
 for the road scrapings of the Corporation of Leeds, has been 
 covered with houses and shops. Such proceedings will surely 
 be impossible in the future ; thanks to the new Building 
 Bye- Laws of our town. Vide Appendix, ( 4). 
 
 For a vivid description of " foul made-ground, " let 
 anyone read in Scribner's Magazine for May, 1881, an article 
 " On the Sanitary Condition of New York." 
 
PLATE LVI, 
 
 114 
 
 ^x 
 
 S 
 
 V) 
 
 ns 
 Q. 
 
 OJ 
 
 0) 
 
 8 
 
 
 0) 
 
115 
 
 PLATE LVII. 
 Hunting for drains. No plans. 
 
 This plate is intended to enforce a lesson and to proclaim 
 a fact. The fact is, that it is extremely rare for the owner 
 of a house, still more rare for the tenant, to possess a plan of 
 his drains. A house is built, and sold, and occupied, and 
 after the lapse of a few months, or it may be a few years, 
 the drains are blocked, and need examination, and no clue 
 can be found to their whereabouts. The architect, perhaps, 
 is dead, the builder a bankrupt, and the workmen are 
 dispersed. The lesson is that every house ought to have 
 attached to it a plan of the drains as a matter of right and 
 law. 
 
116 
 
 0) 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 1 z 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 c 
 O 
 
117 
 
 PLATE LVIII. 
 Drains blocked by willow roots. 
 
 For the sketch and fact on which this drawing is based, I 
 am indebted to the Bev. A. C. Black, of Burley-in-Wharfe- 
 dale : 
 
 The main sewer of Burley was found to be blocked close 
 to the wall of the Vicarage garden. The roots of a very fine 
 willow tree had penetrated the joints of the drain pipes, and 
 having thriven and increased in the congenial feeding ground 
 within the drain, had caused a block. 
 
 A second instance of a drain blocked by willow roots was 
 communicated to me by Mrs. Priestley, of Hertford Street, 
 Mayfair. 
 
 A third instance came to me from the Eev. Stephen Saxby, 
 of East Clevedon, who once found 20-feet of drain pipes 
 .filled by willow roots. 
 
 Moral. When laying drains in wet ground near to willow 
 trees, unite the pipes by cement, and not by clay. The fine 
 roots can penetrate the clay, and so gain access to the drain. 
 As a rule, however, clay is preferred as luting, being 
 constantly moist and not liable to crack. 
 
PLATE LVIII. 
 
 ' 
 
 (0 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 V 
 
 ^25222^ Ty 
 
 VI 
 
 to 
 
 c 
 
 '* 
 
 IllliliP^ l - 
 <%%j%%%%> Q 
 
 - s 
 
 to 
 
 ?< Q\ 
 
 ' 0) 
 
 <D 
 
 1 I? 
 
 " 
 
119 
 
 PLATE LIX. 
 Cesspools under London Houses. 
 
 A London physician contributed the sketch from which this 
 drawing is made. On investigating the sanitary arrangements 
 of his house, he found no less than five cesspools and 
 their connecting drains under the basement of his house. 
 The w. c. was in the centre of the house, joining one of the 
 cesspools in the cellar. On shewing the sketch to another 
 physician, neighbour to the friend who supplied this fact, 
 he told me that he discovered the very same arrangement of 
 cesspools in his own house. 
 
 A lady friend writing from London says : " In many 
 " parts of London the old cesspools still exist, and are only 
 " discovered by falling in. ( Vide Plate XXX VIII ) . These 
 " were never fairly done away with when the new system of 
 " drainage was introduced. In Edinburgh numbers of the 
 " houses still have cesspools, which are never emptied until a 
 " blockage takes place, or sickness breaks out. My youthful 
 " recollections of Edinburgh in my father's handsome house, 
 " most beautifully situated, recall abasement which must have 
 ** been flooded with sewage. I now know that the drainage 
 " of the house went into a cesspool which no one ever 
 " enquired into, and which never was emptied during the 
 " whole of my youth. We were always having fevers, but it 
 " was accepted as a thing natural to youth. These reflections 
 " are dreadful. 
 
 4< When a house in Mayfair was being done up about 
 " four years ago, the men were digging at the foundations, 
 " when they suddenly broke into a horrible pit, the effluvia 
 " from which sent them flying in all directions. It was then 
 " found to have been a pit into which cattle had been thrown 
 " during a murrain when Mayfair was a large farm/' 
 
PLATE LIX m 
 
 120 
 
121 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 
 Vicarage rendered unhealthy by adjoining 
 graveyard. 
 
 For this fact I am indebted to the Rev. A. C. Downer, Vicar 
 of Ilkley. It was communicated to him in a letter as follows : 
 " I strove to serve three churches without even one curate, 
 and when I was already nearly broken down with this, 
 infiltration from the churchyard into our cellars caused much 
 and grievous illness amongbt us ; and the mischief proving 
 incurable, we were finally driven out of our lovely vicarage 
 altogether. I had for months been prostrate with low fever 
 and ague." 
 
PLATE LX. 
 
 122 
 
 0) 
 
 JC 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 s 
 
123 
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 Cellar damp from slop water. 
 
 In a vicarage in a Yorkshire country town the cellars were 
 constantly " standing in water," and were so damp that they 
 could not be used. The water was supposed to be surface 
 water, and the question of an expensive drain to intercept the 
 water was considered. 
 
 The Vicar's child, being in ill health, was taken to a 
 watering place and put under medical treatment. The doctor 
 suspected insanitary conditions at home, and at his suggestion 
 an efficient sanitary inspection was made, and the conditions 
 represented in the plate were disclosed. 
 
 The housemaid's sink passed down the wall of the kitchen 
 to join a drain, running between the arched ceiling of the 
 cellar and the kitchen floor, where the drain passed over one 
 of the piers of the cellar ; the drain pipes had settled down 
 and opened at the joints, thereby discharging all the slops 
 from the housemaid's sink through the middle of the pier into 
 the foundations of the cellar floors 
 
124 
 
 PLATE LXI 
 
 0) 
 
 a 
 _o 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 E 
 
 8 
 
 a> 
 O 
 
125 
 
 PLATE LXM. 
 A villa at Cannes. 
 
 Not many years ago a lady was advised to winter in the 
 South of France for the improvement of her health. Whilst 
 she was residing in a villa at Cannes, her maid fell ill of 
 typhoid fever. The lady at once took a sanitary survey of 
 the house, and found that under the maid's room there was a 
 foul w.c., which discharged its contents into a large tank in 
 the room below. The overflow from the tank was soaking 
 the floor of this room, which was next to the larder and close 
 by the kitchen. 
 
 Moral. " Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare 
 currunt." " Dangers to health " are not lessened by going 
 to Continental health resorts. 
 
 The more strongly English public opinion realises this 
 fact and makes its dissatisfaction therewith felt, the 
 sooner will the authorities of these Continental cities 
 feel that in self-interest they must study and set right 
 the grave sanitary deficiencies which from time to time 
 are but too painfully forced upon the notice of the 
 English public. 
 
126 
 
 PLATE LXII, 
 
 A Villa at Cannes. 
 
127 
 
 PLATE LXIII. 
 A Scotch mansion let for the season. 
 
 The fact expressed in this picture was told to me by a 
 colleague. He was called into Scotland to see a lady ill in 
 puerperal fever, her husband having taken the house for the 
 double purpose of a summer holiday and also of securing a 
 healthy place for the event which was expected. 
 
 The kind of illness suggested insanitary conditions and an 
 investigation. The result of the inspection of the house was 
 communicated to me by the father-in-law of the lady as 
 follows. " There were nine w.c's., six of them in the centre 
 of the house. All the communications from them were under 
 the house and passed to the front, where the main drain went. 
 About forty yards from the house the pipe from the laundry 
 joined the main drain, and here a stoppage was found. 
 Beyond this junction the drain was continued to the river 
 three quarters of a mile. I examined the drain beyond the 
 stoppage, and was certain that no sewage had passed for a 
 long time. I was satisfied that the pipe near the house was 
 only a cesspool." 
 
 Moral. In selecting a house for a summer holiday don't 
 forget to look after the drains, and if possible have the house 
 examined by an inspector on whom you can rely. 
 
PLATE LXIII, 
 
 128 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 CO 
 
 o 
 '55 
 
 E 
 Ctf 
 
 LJJ 
 
129 
 
 PLATE LXIV. 
 
 Shooting Box in the Highlands. 
 
 The wife of a medical friend of mine preceded her husband 
 to the Highlands that she might set in order the shooting 
 lodge before the arrival of her husband and his guests. Being 
 well informed in sanitary requirements and deficiencies, she 
 did not take it for granted that her orders had been strictly 
 carried out, that the drainage should be put into perfect order. 
 
 That she might test the main drain, she posted herself at 
 the empty cesspool, whilst her daughter, stationed at the house, 
 gave a signal, when several buckets of water were poured into 
 the drain ; after long waiting some driblets of water reached 
 the cesspool, not through the drain, but through chinks in 
 the side of the cesspool. 
 
 Inference. Drains must be blocked. 
 
 Workmen came, found the drain running up-hill and 
 blocked by roots of willow tree. (1. A.) 
 
 The drain was relaid with a proper fall, (1. B.) The pipes 
 were jointed in cement instead of clay in order to shut out 
 willow roots and such like intruders, and five openings to the 
 surface were provided in order to secure ample ventilation of 
 the pipes. The lady meantime sat by knitting and watching 
 the whole of the work. 
 
 Figure -2 is drawn, in error, too much like the other two. 
 It is intended, however, to represent a separate drain from 
 the laundry to a separate cesspool. A fortnight after the 
 assembling of the visitors, a stench was complained of by the 
 laundry maids. On investigation it was found that the pipe 
 by which the laundry cesspool overflowed was at a higher 
 level than the pipe through which the cesspool was filled, the 
 result being that before any overflow could take place the 
 level of fluid in the cesspool must rise above the inlet pipe 
 and close it to all escape of air and sewer gas. 
 
 For an interesting history of this " shooting box " and its 
 sanitary renaissance, read " Our Highland Home," published 
 by the National Health Society, 44, Berners Street, London. 
 Price Id. 
 
PLATE LXIV. 
 
 130 
 
 1. B. 
 
 '' One eye for her work, and another for the workmen. 
 
 A Highland Shooting Lodge. 
 
131 
 
 PLATE LXV. 
 
 Manure heap piled against the wall of 
 a house. 
 
 Although I have no authentic facts to relate in proof of 
 the dangers involved in the conditions here depicted, I have 
 strong reason to believe that in two instances they were the 
 source of diphtheria. 
 
 In a farm house, high up on the moors of Yorkshire, a case 
 of diphtheria occurred. There was no house near it, and no 
 known source of contagion. 
 
 In another instance in a small farm house high up in the 
 Welsh hills, diphtheria broke out. 
 
 The only obvious insanitary condition (and this common to 
 both) was the condition of the stable yard, the manure being 
 habitually piled up against the wall of the house, so that 
 both wall and floor were damp. 
 
 Such conditions are unsafe, even though they may not have 
 been, as I have surmised, the cause of the diphtheria. 
 
 A medical friend told me of illness in a house which he 
 attributed to a similar cause. All the sanitary arrangements 
 of the house had been carried out with great care, the w.c.'s, 
 sinks, and baths being disconnected, but the side wall of the 
 house and of a cellar beneath had recently become damp, 
 from a large heap of manure placed against the side of the 
 house by the gardener, and used us a hot bed. 
 
132 
 
 PLATE LXV. 
 
133 
 
 PLATE LXVI. 
 
 Vaccination and drainage faults. 
 
 When a case of death or serious illness occurs after 
 vaccination, it is generally seized hold of by " misguided 
 and imperfectly informed persons," who make capital out of 
 it, in order to induce people to believe that vaccination is 
 injurious and useless. In the trials that such persons get up 
 the fact is often brought out that several infants have been 
 vaccinated from 6ne source, and that, whilst one infant has 
 suffered seriously after the vaccination, the rest have passed 
 through it without a drawback. It is clear that, in the one 
 exceptional case, some factor distinct from the vaccine is 
 needed to explain the result. 
 
 The following facts, related to me by Mr. Edward 
 Atkinson, of Leeds, may throw light on such cases. 
 
 A healthy child, aged 4 months, went on well until the 9th 
 day after vaccination, when it became feverish, and abscesses 
 formed in the finger and ankle. The illness suggested an 
 inspection of the drains, when it was found that the waste 
 pipes of a lavatory and bath near the nursery were untrapped, 
 and passed direct into a soil pipe. 
 
 Dr. Britton, of Halifax, tells me of an instance in which 
 erysipelas attending vaccination was traced to an open 
 cesspool just under the nursery window. 
 
PLATE LXVI, 
 
 134 
 
135 
 
 PLATE LXVM. 
 Arsenical Wall Papers. 
 
 This danger cannot well be expressed in a drawing. In 
 order, however, to keep to the fundamental principle of the 
 book, viz., to appeal to the eye in order to enforce every 
 lesson, this plate is given as expressing the fact of arsenical 
 paper being stripped off a wall. 
 
 Much has been written in medical and lay journals of the 
 injury to health inflicted by arsenic in wall papers. 
 
 During the last four years I have traced ailments to this 
 cause in several instances, and I keep, as trophies, pieces of 
 the detected and condemned papers. 
 
 About seven years ago my own children were unwell from 
 sleeping in a newly-papered bedroom. The paper had a 
 brilliant green pattern, and was guaranteed " free from 
 arsenic." The illness of one child after another led me to 
 have the paper examined by my friend Mr. Scattergood, and 
 he reported the paper full of arsenic in a loose and dangerous 
 form. The paperhanger was dismayed, replaced the paper, 
 and, I believe, no longer takes " warranted " papers on trust. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition of this book, the 
 dangers from arsenic in wall papers and other articles of 
 every- day use have received ample illustration from the facts 
 most industriously collected by Mr. Henry Carr, 21, Cedars 
 Eoad, Clapham, who has written a pamphlet and lectured 
 before the Society of Arts on the subject. Speaking of this 
 illustration, he says " you want another figure. A man going 
 away can stand it no longer. This is a common fact." 
 
 Akin to this subject is the filthy custom of placing a new 
 paper on a wall without stripping off the old one. In one 
 instance five papers were removed from the wall of a room, 
 the occupants of which had been constantly ill. 
 
136 
 
 PLATE LXVII. 
 
137 
 
 PLATE LXVIII, 
 
 Admission of Fresh Air and Exclusion 
 
 of Dirt. 
 
 It is with some diffidence that I venture to offer remarks on 
 ventilation. 
 
 Without entering on a discussion of the merits of various 
 plans proposed for admitting fresh air into rooms, I will 
 state what has been done in a house, specially fitted for the 
 use of invalids, and in my own consulting-room. Bearing in 
 mind the teaching of Plate III., that the chimney has to be 
 supplied with air, a Tobin's tube, with a sectional area 
 about equal to the chimney pot, was placed in each 
 room. The effect of this is that the rooms are constantly 
 fresh night and day, that irregular draughts are much 
 reduced, and that, except in cold weather (an outside 
 temperature below 32), the ventilators are rarely closed. 
 
 Having secured for each room its own supply of air for 
 the chimney, the next question was, how to clean the air, 
 and exclude the dirt. I had long seen that, if air is to pass 
 through a screen without retardation of the current entering 
 the room through the tube, the area of the screen must be 
 many times (perhaps 10 or 15 times) the area of the section 
 of the tube. Acting upon a suggestion of Messrs. Bapty, 
 of Leeds and Bombay, I requested Messrs. Harding, of East 
 Parade, Leeds, to place a screen, if possible, in the tube 
 itself, telling them that the screen must be at least ten times 
 the area of the section of the tube, and that the section of the 
 
Ventilation without Dirt. 
 
139 
 
 tube must equal the section of the chimney pot. Mr. Joseph 
 Harding very shortly hit upon the happy idea of placing the 
 screen (B) in the tube diagonally from top to bottom, and thus 
 achieved what I was seeking. 
 
 Recently, Messrs. Harding have invented a means 
 of admitting air into a room without draught, named a 
 " Diffuser " (E). It is a contrivance by which the fresh air is 
 shot into the room through a series of short tubes placed in 
 the front and sides of a box. This box being placed near 
 the ceiling, the cold air mixes with the warm air, and thereby 
 no draught is felt. The form of ventilation, therefore, which 
 I have found to answer best is a combination of Harding's 
 " Diffuser," with the broad flat tube containing a screen. 
 The arrangement by which the whole front of the tube 
 opens on hinges (vide door 0), is an improvement made by 
 Messrs. Harding since the publication of my third Edition. 
 It has two advantages : the first, that the screen can be more 
 readily removed for cleaning ; the second, a very valuable 
 point, that in summer, when there is no fire in the room to 
 overcome friction and draw a good current of air through the 
 screen and "Diffuser," this door can be left wide open, when, 
 under the pressure of air outside the building, there is an 
 almost constant current through the screen. It is virtually 
 a window open day and night with " no admittance to dirt." 
 To render the exclusion of dirt more perfect, the window is 
 shut down upon a strip of carpet or plush, and the junction of 
 the two window sashes is pasted up with paper. The result 
 is that in the centre of a dirty, smoky town I can keep my 
 library free from smits. I am satisfied that by means of this 
 apparatus we can secure in a town freshness of atmosphere, 
 absence of draught, and exclusion of dirt. 
 
 (A) is the grate in the outer wall, to keep out birds and 
 mice. This grate must not " throttle " the air, i.e., must not 
 admit less air than the tube it has to supply can carry. 
 
 (B) is the screen covered with canvas or bunting. It 
 slides in grooves, and is removed twice a week that it may be 
 brushed by a soft brush, or the meshes would be choked. 
 
 (C) is a door to allow the screen to be withdrawn for the 
 purpose of cleansing. 
 
 (E) Harding's " Diffuser." 
 
 Harding's " Diffuser " is patented, but the screen is not 
 patented. 
 
140 
 
 R A 
 
 or THC 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Floral Art Ventilator. 
 
 The Floral Art Ventilator is an elegant contrivance for 
 introducing fresh air into a room by the open window 
 without draught. An inner casement serves the double 
 purpose of a screen, and a conservatory, within which 
 growing plants purify and moisten the air, as it passes 
 upwards. 
 
 It has been designed by the wife of a physician liviug in 
 Mayfair, and is most artistic in effect. In winter it may act 
 as a double window to keep out the cold, or as a fire-screen 
 to keep off the heat. The invention has been registered by 
 the National Health Society, to whom it was presented, and 
 has been introduced to the public by Messrs. Howell & James, 
 of Eegent Street, who are sole licencees. 
 
 Finally, let me remind my readers that all passive 
 ventilators for the admission of air depend essentially for 
 their efficiency upon the indraught of fires in a room or 
 house, or upon wind pressure outside the house. 
 
141 
 
 PLATE LXIX. 
 
 Why Glass Cases don't exclude Dust, and 
 how to make them do so. 
 
 Dust is the ruin of collections in museums, and a perpetual 
 source of most annoying expense. It is a discredit to science 
 that we have not conquered such an extravagant enemy, and 
 yet I feel sure that the remedy is a simple one, if we will 
 but ask ourselves the question : why does dust always enter 
 the most carefully made glass cases ? 
 
 The answer is clear. The air inside the case is constantly 
 altering in volume, under changes of temperature, and changes 
 of barometric pressure. This perpetual variation causes the 
 entrance of perpetual currents of dirt-laden air through minute 
 crevices. What, then, should be done ? First and foremost, 
 the fact must be acknowledged, and a sufficient air channel 
 made, so that (as in Plate III.) the air may enter by the 
 "legitimate" channel, and the "irregular" channels may 
 cease to act ; next, the " legitimate " channel must screen the 
 air. For achieving this let me venture to make several 
 suggestions. 
 
 Suggestion A. This is an inverted square tube, of a section 
 4 inches square, attached to the side of a glass case in the 
 Museum of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. 
 The mouth of the tube is filled with %/*%-packed cotton 
 wool. In a few months the outer part of the wool was 
 blackened with dust. Such a tube, however, is probably far 
 too small. 
 
 Suggestion B. That one or both ends of a glass case be 
 closed with wire, for safety, and the wire covered with baize 
 or bunting, which would admit the air and exclude the dirt. 
 
 Suggestion C. This, if it would act, would be the most 
 scientific, most self-acting, and most perfect. It is based on 
 a suggestion of Dr. Eddison, of Leeds: Having ascertained 
 from Professor Eiicker that the volume of air in a case will 
 vary in volume about one-tenth, it occurred to me that the 
 back of a glass case might be made double, the distance 
 between the two backs being equal to one-tenth of the depth 
 of the case from front to back. Then if the " inner back " 
 stopped short of the top of the case by two inches, and the 
 " outer back" stopped short of the floor by two inches, there 
 would be free ingress and egress of air between the interior 
 of the case and the space within the double back, but the 
 outer dirt-carrying air would never directly reach the interior. 
 
142 
 
 PLATE LXIX. 
 
 0" 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 JC 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
143 
 
 PLATE LXX, 
 
 Window Ventilator" in the Roof of a 
 Brougham. 
 
 Having, during the last eight or nine years, derived much 
 comfort from the window ventilator, I wish to publish this 
 for the benefit, more especially, of my medical brethren. As 
 many of them spend a great part of their life inside a carriage, 
 it is for them highly important : Firstly, that they should 
 breathe as pure an air as possible, and that without the 
 infliction of a draught : Secondly, that they should be able 
 to read with the best light attainable, a roof light, and avoid 
 the distressing variations of the side light in passing through 
 the streets. 
 
 The idea of a roof light was suggested to me by my friend 
 Mr. E; P. Oglesby. On giving instructions for the roof light 
 to the carriage builder, Mr. Bradley, of Leeds, he suggested 
 that the window should be on a hinge, and should open 
 backwards, and thus supply ventilation. The result exceeded 
 my expectations. The following points must be attended to 
 in its construction : 
 
 The size of the window should be about 18 inches by 8. 
 
 The position should be vertically over the place in which 
 the book is held, i.e., over the knees. This is important for 
 three reasons the first, that it is the best position for illu- 
 minating the book ; the second, that if there should be a strong 
 wind from the rear, no draught can come upon the head ; the 
 third, that if during rain an occasional drop of water enters, 
 it will not fall on the cushion, but on the floor, or on a rug on 
 the knee. 
 
PLATE LXX. 
 
 144 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 8 
 
 QC 
 
 0) 
 
 c 
 
 <D 
 
 I 
 
U5 
 
 The elevation is secured by a small rack and prop. 
 
 The closure, (very rarely needed,) is important. If the 
 window be fixed closely down, the vibration sucks in water 
 during rain, and causes dripping. This is avoided if a hook 
 fastener fixes it one-sixth of an inch open. 
 
 In winter the air of the brougham remains quite fresh, even 
 with three persons, without the need of opening any side 
 windows. The following experiment is interesting : Travelling 
 one frosty day with two companions, and observing the 
 windows of other carriages dull with " steam," whilst my own 
 were clear, I closed the roof ventilator, and in five minutes the 
 whole of the windows were covered with steam. The ventilator 
 was then opened, and in five minutes more three-fourths of 
 the windows were clear. 
 
 May not much of the delicacy of hard- worked medical men 
 be caused by their breathing in their carriages a deteriorated 
 air, with the alternative of draughts, which their enfeebled 
 health can ill endure ? May not such a ventilator enable 
 them to throw away the respirator so commonly used ? 
 
 Several medical men in Leeds and elsewhere have adopted 
 the roof ventilator. 
 
 I recently (1883) discovered that, in the absence of a 
 strong wind to the rear, and when the brougham is in motion, 
 the current of air is entirely outward at the ventilator, thus 
 providing a more rapid change of the air than I was aware 
 of, the ventilator acting as an "extractor." In fact, when 
 the carnage is moving, the air enters by the imperceptible 
 crevices around the door and windows from pressure of the 
 air outside, and escapes in a full current, as is shewn by a 
 lighted match, by the ventilator, thus rapidly changing 
 the air without a perceptible draught. 
 
146 
 
 DEFECTS 
 
 NOT ILLUSTRATED. 
 I. 
 
 W.O. ventilated into false roof. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. A. "W. M. Robson, of Leeds). 
 Mr. A.'s children had good health until they came to 
 live in Leeds, after which they were constantly ailing, and 
 one child died of infantile remittent fever. The room 
 containing the w.c. was ventilated by a shaft into the false 
 roof, beneath which was the nursery. After this shaft had 
 been carried completely through the roof into the open air, 
 no further sickness occurred during the remainder of their 
 stay in Leeds, which was about two years. 
 
 II. 
 
 Soil-pipe ventilated into false roof. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. Dale James, of Sheffield). 
 
 A gutter in the false roof originally conducted the rain- 
 water to a cistern inside the house. When afterwards the 
 cistern was fed from the public water supply, the rain-water 
 was diverted from the cistern in the following manner : 
 Instead of being conveyed by a fall-pipe outside the house, 
 it was allowed to escape by an cpen-mouthed pipe ending in 
 the top of the soil-pipe, thereby allowing the ascent of all 
 the sewer gas from the soil-pipe into the false roof, whence it 
 was drawn into the house. 
 
 A second instance of the kind is related to me by Mr. 
 M. M. McHardy, of Savile Row, W. In this case an open 
 gutter in a bedroom concealed only by boards, after receiving 
 the overflow of a cistern and the slops of a sink, discharged 
 into a rainfall pipe, which, after receiving the soil-pipe of the 
 w.c., ended in a closed drain. The drain and soil-pipe were 
 thus put into direct open communication with the upper rooms 
 of the house. 
 
147 
 
 III. 
 
 Defective junction ot ventilating pipe 
 with soil pipe 
 
 Not long ago an eminent lawyer and his wife died of 
 typhoid fever. 
 
 After this event, it was discovered that a ventilator was 
 taken from the upper bend of the soil pipe inside the house, 
 and that at the point of junction the soldering was defective, 
 so that the soil pipe really was ventilated directly into the 
 house. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Cesspool directly below bedroom window, 
 
 (Communicated by the late Dr. Moore, of Lancaster.) 
 A young gentleman who was in the habit of sleeping with 
 his window open, was always ill when he came home and 
 occupied a certain room. After a time he changed his room 
 and the malady ceased. The discovery was then made of a 
 large cesspool immediately below his former bedroom window. 
 
 V, 
 
 Foul smell in drawing-room introduced 
 by air-brick under floor. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. Henry Carr, of 21, Cedars Eoad, 
 Clapham, who has kindly sent me a sketch.) 
 Foul smell in drawing room. Hollow space under floor 
 ventilated by " air bricks." Opposite an " air brick " an 
 imperfect joint of a fall pipe. Fall pipe leading into a drain 
 and cesspool. " My attention was first drawn to the rain 
 water pipe by observing a cobalt blue mark just above the 
 joint." In this case it would seem that the sewer gas, as it 
 escaped from the joint of the fall pipe, was drawn through the 
 air brick under the floor, and then between the boards into 
 the room. (Vide Plate III.) 
 
148 
 VI. 
 
 Air-space under dining-room floor, used 
 for rubbish. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. E. N. Hartley.) 
 
 Air-space left under dining room with through ventilation 
 to keep foundations dry. From this a trap door opening 
 into wash kitchen. The former occupants of the house seem 
 to have made this space a convenient receptacle for all kinds 
 of household rubbish of various degrees of offensiveness. 
 
 VII. 
 
 A Continental Hotel. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. Joshua Hartley, Surgeon, of Malton.) 
 
 A hotel abroad with central court (roofed in). In the 
 middle of the floor an open grating leading untrapped into a 
 drain. Many bedroom windows opening into the court. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Drain blocked by old wall papers. 
 
 (Communicated by Dr. Fitzgerald, of 8, Palace Road, S.E.) 
 
 An instance of illness, produced by the obstruction of a 
 drain in a newly painted and papered house. The workmen 
 had disposed of the paper which they scraped from the walls 
 by putting it into the drain. 
 
149 
 
 IX. 
 
 House drains sealed up during the 
 making of a new sewer. 
 
 (Communicated by Dr. Clifford Allbutt) 
 
 Cases of drain illness in a house ; the doctor in attendance 
 blames the drains ; urgent denial ; re-assertion ; investigation. 
 It was found that, in making a new main sewer below the 
 level of the old sewer, the workmen had sealed up the portion 
 of the old sewer which received the drains of the house, with- 
 out making any attempt to connect these house drains with 
 the new main sewer. 
 
 X. 
 
 Neglect to connect new drains with 
 sewer. 
 
 . (Communicated by Mr. Eobert Hagyard.) 
 
 A new and carefully planned system of sewers was laid 
 down in a small town not far from Leeds. The soil-pipes of 
 two w.c.'s, together with the sink waste-pipes from a row of 
 six houses, were united into one drain which was earned to 
 the main sewer. For eight months the sewage collected in 
 these pipes, and eventually burst into the cellar of one of the 
 houses, which was found to be filled to a depth of two and a 
 half feet with nearly solid sewage. It was then discovered 
 that the drain of eight-inch pipes had been conveyed to a 
 six-inch junction in the main sewer, and that the disc closing, 
 temporarily, the junction had never been removed. 
 
150 
 XI. 
 
 Foul smell drawn into kitchen through 
 disconnected drain pipe. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. Wm. Wailes) . 
 Bad drain smell in kitchen, especially when a large fire was 
 used in cooking. Untrapped waste of sink delivered into the 
 open air over a grating which led untrapped into a sewer, 
 and, under the influence of the strong indraught of the fire, 
 conducted the foul smell into the kitchen. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Soil pipe within a house laid open by a 
 falling brick. 
 
 (Communicated by Dr. Swan wick, of West Hartlepool). 
 
 In a house in which great care had been taken to disconnect 
 waste and sink pipes, first one daughter, and then a second 
 was taken ill with sore throat. The drains, though considered 
 perfect, were examined, and a large hole was found in the 
 leaden soil pipe, against which was seen a fallen brick. The 
 soil pipe, of course, had been boxed off and concealed. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 W,O. opening out of bedroom 
 Erysipelas, 
 
 Nearly 25 years ago my father attended a gentleman who 
 had received a compound fracture of the skull. The gentleman 
 went on well for three weeks, and then had erysipelas and 
 died. Eecently I was able to enquire about the sanitary 
 surroundings. A lady who helped to nurse the patient had 
 to leave a few days before the gentleman's death, as she was 
 ill with sore throat. She told me that a w.c., generally 
 disused, and brought into use during the illness, opened 
 directly into the bedroom. 
 
 I have been told of a large country house in which, in the 
 state bedroom, there is in the middle of the room a w.c. 
 disguised as an ottoman. Comment on the danger is 
 unnecessary. 
 
151 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Horizontal transmission of sewer gas to a 
 room distant twenty-two feet. 
 
 (Communicated by Dr. Oliver, of Harrogate.) 
 
 In the winter of 1878 the atmosphere of his consulting 
 room became unpleasant, especially at the end nearest the 
 kitchen. Drains were suspected and overhauled, but no 
 defect was discovered. There was no drain near the room. In 
 the following spring matters became worse, and Dr. Oliver 
 had a serious illness of the kind produced by drain poison. 
 This led to the examination of the drain in the scullery, 
 which was separated from the consulting room by the kitchen. 
 The boards were on this occasion taken up, and a hole was 
 discovered in the pipe passing from the sink to the drain. 
 Previous investigators had been content to look at the trap 
 under the sink and "above board," and had forgotten or 
 never known the lesson taught in Plate XIX. This defect 
 was remedied, and all unpleasantness in the consulting room 
 ceased. It would seem that the sewer gas had been conveyed 
 from the scullery, and past the kitchen, along the rafters 
 supporting the floor to the corner of the consulting room, a 
 distance of twenty-two feet, and had penetrated the room 
 behind the skirting board, which had been loosened by 
 hammering during the laying down of some hot water pipes. 
 
152 
 
 XV. 
 
 Drain blocked by "vermin" traps or 
 grates. 
 
 Two instances of this intensely stupid arrangement have 
 been brought under my notice. 
 
 In order to prevent rats from running up a drain into the 
 house, a grating is sometimes inserted into a drain, the 
 ingenious authors of this wonderful mechanism forgetting 
 that bars which shut out rats will also shut in the solid 
 portions of sewage, which in time collect against the grating 
 and stop it up completely. 
 
 The first instance occurred many years ago in Leeds, and 
 was related to me by the son of the occupier of the house. 
 His father had a severe attack of erysipelas, and recovered. 
 Not long after he had a second attack, which proved fatal. 
 During the second illness, at the instance of his medical 
 attendants, the drains were examined. It was found that a 
 recently constructed w.c. had been connected with an old 
 square drain passing under the dining-room, and that this 
 drain was blocked in consequence of a grating placed at its 
 exit from the house in order to keep out the rats. 
 
 The second case was recently discovered in the house of a 
 relative of Mr. H. B. He wet son, of Leeds. 
 
 Illness led to investigation of drains and the discovery that 
 they were blocked by a grating, the bars of which would 
 barely admit a knife between them. This had been placed 
 in the drain as a protection against " vermin." 
 
153 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Obstructed drains in new houses, 
 
 (Communicated by Dr. Yeale, Harrogate). 
 
 ' I entered my present house in April, 1878. The house 
 was a new one, semi-detached, the adjoining one being 
 unoccupied. In July my wife complained to me that about 
 4 o'clock every afternoon she smelt sewage. At first I took 
 no notice of her complaint, feeling assured that nothing could 
 so soon be at fault, but shortly afterwards some of my 
 children having occasional attacks of diarrhoea, I requested 
 my landlord, a very intelligent man, a plumber, to examine 
 my drain. On doing so, we found the main drain completely 
 blocked abont 5 or 6 yards from the house. On asking my 
 landlord how he could account for the blocking so soon after 
 occupation he said : " The only cause I can assign for it is 
 that during the time workmen are in a house they use wood 
 shavings at the closet instead of paper, and as the house on 
 completion was not occupied at once, the shavings, for want 
 of water, lodged, became dry and hardened, and being 
 insoluble, formed an obstruction." 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Bell-wire tubes as conductors of 
 sewer gas. 
 
 Professor Corfield tells me that on more than one occasion 
 he has met with this condition. 
 
154 
 XVIII. 
 
 A County Infirmary. 
 
 I cannot refrain from giving the following graphic account, 
 by Mr. W. D. James, of Sheffield, of the conditions discovered, 
 not many years ago, in one of our County Infirmaries ; 
 conditions in many respects no doubt, until recently, to be 
 found in not a small number of our old hospitals ; and to be 
 found, I strongly suspect, even at the present time, in one of the 
 County Asylums. In this Asylum outbreaks of erysipelas 
 were still rife a short time ago, but out of tender regard for 
 the feelings of the- Survey or, who is responsible for the state of 
 the drains, the authorities refused to institute an investigation 
 by a competent and independent inspector. 
 
 The letters ABC refer to a ground plan which 
 accompanied the letter. 
 
 " I was house surgeon at the Infirmary a few years ago, 
 and for the greater part of the time suffered from sudden 
 attacks of sore throat, accompanied by great prostration. 
 These always came on in the night when I had gone to bed 
 quite well. The nurses were always ailing in the same way. 
 In eighteen months we had three distinct epidemics of 
 erysipelas, once having to close the accident wards and 
 suspend all operations. On examination every w.c. was 
 defective, some joints being made of red lead spread on 
 brown paper and put round the leaking pipe. After repeated 
 appeal on my part, and two or three tinkering attempts to 
 remedy the evil,the sewage matter came up as backwash as far as 
 the grate at A. Then the authorities consented to spend money. 
 The drain was opened at B (in the plan). I found it running 
 under the building, an ordinary square stone drain, laid without 
 any fall whatever. It was'choked with sewage. I found there 
 existed a machine for clearing it, an iron chain of which each 
 lick was a yard^long, armed at one end with a kind of scraper. 
 
155 
 
 This was thrust up the drain link by link, and worked about 
 until the drain was thought to be clear. I saw an exactly 
 similar machine used for clearing some of the town drains, 
 which were in the same state as the one I speak of. The sewer 
 was then traced under the wood cellar beneath the Infectious 
 Diseases Wards to 0, whether manhole or catchpit I could 
 not determine, as the drain ran in at one side and out at the 
 other close to the bottom. As far as C' the drain pipes, 
 which were proper glazed pipes from exit from building, were 
 choked with a solid mass of sand, hair, a tea cup, (fact !) 
 mixed with ordinary sewage, and so firmly were they filled 
 that on being taken up, a mould of the pipes could be shaken 
 out. From C' to C" no drain whatever had been laid. From 
 C" a good drain ran with a fall of many inches per yard into 
 the main sewer. There were no ventilating pipes, no w.c. 
 was efficiently trapped, no pipes from housemaids' sinks were 
 trapped at all. The grate A was close beneath the outer door 
 of the Accident Ward. The "new drain : ' from C to main 
 sewer had been down ten years. 
 
 In addition to all this, the Deadhouse was underneath the 
 Infectious Diseases Wards, within ten yards of the windows 
 of which were the piggeries. In the summer months every 
 drop of water used in the house had to be carried by hand 
 from a well sunk in the Killas (an igneous rock) in the very 
 middle of the building. 
 
 Many of these defects are now altered. As a commentary, 
 I had these repeated throat attacks, and my successor died in 
 six weeks, after two days' illness, from laryngitis ! 
 
156 
 XIX. 
 
 Gibraltar. A conversation. 
 
 (Communicated by a lady). 
 
 " Mrs. B, my Gibraltar friend, called yesterday, and told me 
 all about her husband's illness, which was typhoid, as I 
 expected. He was nearly at death's door. I give you part 
 of our conversation. 
 
 Mrs. A : Did you find anything wrong with the house ? 
 
 Mrs. B (not understanding) : Wrong with the house ! 
 Why, it's one of the nicest houses in Gibraltar. 
 
 Mrs. A : Oh yes, but <Hd you have the drainage inspected 
 with a view to discovering the cause of the disease ? 
 
 Mrs. B : Oh no ; you see we came away in such a hurry. 
 
 Mrs. A : But you surely do not intend going back to it 
 without having an inspection made and getting things put 
 right? 
 
 Mrs. B : Put right ! Why, my dear Mrs. A, there cannot 
 be much wrong, for the drain is always bursting, then every- 
 thing has to be carried away. 
 
 Mrs. A : Bursting ! What makes it burst ? 
 
 Mrs. B : Oh, because it can't get away ! All the drainage 
 is bad at Gibraltar. 
 
 Mrs. A : But perhaps you have no drains at all ; and it is 
 a cesspool that bursts. 
 
 Mrs. B : Oh no ; we have a drain from the house which 
 goes to the main sewer in the middle of the road, but it takes 
 a sudden bend, where everything stops, then it all bursts up 
 near the kitchen door. There really cannot be much wrong 
 (she repeated this for the second time), for it bursts about 
 once a month. 
 
 This is a good illustration of unconscious ignorance. 
 
 The dear good lady wept over her husband's sufferings, and 
 dwelt on the narrow escape she had had of widowhood, and 
 laughed over the bursting of the drain, and would not allow 
 her mind to dwell on the possibility of anything being wrong 
 there." 
 
157 
 
 XX. 
 
 Testing for leakages of sewer gas in pipes 
 and drains. 
 
 I had hoped to be able to lay down some definite rules on 
 this subject, but, as will have been seen, the kinds of defect 
 and points of leakage are so numerous that it is not easy to 
 define a test that shall be always easily applicable. 
 
 Some, however, of the most readily available methods may 
 be mentioned, such as 
 A. Those which appeal to the eye, 
 
 ex. gr. y the flame of a lighted taper held over an 
 untrapped pipe, or defective joint, or at the crevices in 
 the floor covering a defective drain. ( Vide plate III.) 
 Mr. Wheelhouse, of Leeds, tells me of the successful use of 
 burning straw. A drain was opened outside a house and 
 straw was burnt inside the drain, and in a short time the 
 smoke was discovered at many points in the house, drawn by 
 the fires through defects in pipes and drains. On the subject 
 of " smoke testing," as practically carried out by sanitary 
 engineers, Mr. W. P. Buchan, of Glasgow, has most kindly 
 given me the following information : " For the last five 
 years I have used ( Watts' Yermin Asphyxiator."* The 
 indiarubber is inserted into the top of a Buchan's trap, 
 whence the smoke proceeds along the inside of the drain, and 
 up the soil-pipe, and out above the roof. If leakages exist 
 in the drains, &c., the smoke may come out at these in the 
 house, in some cases being seen quite plainly issuing from the 
 holes. The materials I have hitherto been using for testing 
 are waste which has been used to wipe machinery, and 
 sulphur, so that we both see the smoke and feel the smell of 
 sulphur in the house tested if drains, &c., are leaking. In 
 some cases one may be walking through' clouds of smoke 
 after a minute or so of application of the machine." 
 
 * John Watts & Co., Broad Weir Works, Bristol. 
 
158 
 
 B. Those which appeal to the sense of smell, 
 
 ex. yr., by pouring in at one or more points of the supposed 
 defective drain some substance of powerfuFodour easily 
 diffusible, the leaky points may be detected by the strong 
 smell. Such are, Ether, the vapour of which is however 
 highly inflammable Oil of mint of the cheap variety, 
 convenient, because it is very effective even in small bulk 
 Crude petroleum and common gas liquor useful for 
 testing communications of main drains with buildings. 
 " The plan usually adopted is to pour down each manhole 
 about 15 gallons of the gas liquor at the highest point of 
 each main drain. Then on examination of the drains 
 from sinks, baths, and w.c's., the smell readily betrays 
 the communication. The crude tar oil is explosive if a 
 light be applied. Gras liquor is not inflammable." 
 
 (DR. CRICHTON BROWNE.) 
 
159 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Extracts from bye-laws with respect to new streets and 
 buildings, issued by the Council of the Borough of Leeds, 
 and allowed by the Local Government Board, July 12, 
 1878 : 
 
 4. No person shall construct any foundation of a new 
 building on a site which has been previously used as a place for 
 depositing night soil, refuse, or any offensive material which 
 may have rendered such site liable to cause buildings erected 
 thereon to be unhealthy, until such refuse or offensive 
 material shall have been removed to the satisfaction of 
 the Corporation, and such site shall not be built upon 
 until the same shall have been approved by the Corporation. 
 
 33. The person erecting any new building shall, as 
 regards the construction of the drains of such building, comply 
 with the requirements hereinafter specified, namely : 
 
 (a.) He shall cause such building to be provided with 
 sufficient drains to carry away the whole of the waste water 
 and drainage from such building, and with suitable and 
 sufficient spouts and fall pipes for conveying the rain water 
 from the roof of such building to the drains. 
 
 (b.) He shall construct the lowest storey of such building 
 at such a level as will allow of the construction of a sufficient 
 drain from such building with an adequate fall in such drain, 
 and so that such drain shall communicate with any sewer 
 into which it may discharge, at a point in the upper half 
 section of such sewer. 
 
 (c.) If there be no sewer within a distance of 100 feet from 
 such building, he shall cause the drains to be taken to a 
 cesspool properly constructed in accordance with these Bye- 
 Laws. 
 
 (d.) He shall cause the drains of such buildings to be con- 
 structed of good glazed stoneware pipes or pipes of other 
 equally suitable material ; to be not less than 6 inches 
 diameter for waste water and water-closet drains, and of not 
 
160 
 
 less than four inches diameter for rain water drains, to be 
 laid with a proper fall and with water-tight socketted or other 
 suitable joints. 
 
 (e.) He shall cause the lowest cellar, or basement storey, 
 to be provided with a suitable and sufficient drain for the 
 effectual drainage thereof. 
 
 (/!) He shall not construct any drain so as to pass under 
 any building, except in any case where any other mode of 
 construction may be impracticable, and in that case he shall 
 cause such drain to be laid in the ground at such a depth 
 that there shall be in every part a distance equal at the least 
 to the full diameter of the drain, between the top of such 
 drain and the finished surface of the ground, and he shall 
 cause such drain to be laid in a direct line for the whole 
 distance beneath such building, and to be embedded in and 
 surrounded with good and solid concrete at least six inches 
 thick all round. 
 
 (</.) He shall in the case of any back- to-back house, which 
 is unprovided with any open space appurtenant thereto, cause 
 the inlet to the drain or drains from such house to be at a 
 point, as near as may be practicable to any external wall of 
 such house, and he shall cause such inlet to be provided with 
 a suitable trap. 
 
 He shall cause every pipe for conveying waste water from 
 such house to the drain, to discharge immediately into the 
 trap. 
 
 He shall also cause such waste pipe to be of lead or iron, 
 and of not less than two inches diameter interior measure- 
 ment. 
 
 (h.) He shall not construct in the drains any right angled 
 junction, whether vertical or horizontal, but he shall cause 
 every branch or tributary drain to join another drain obliquely 
 in the direction of the flow of such drain. 
 
 (i.) He shall not allow any inlet to any drain to be made 
 within any building, except such inlet as may be necessary 
 from the apparatus of any water-closet, and he shall cause 
 
161 
 
 the waste pipe from every sink, bath, or lavatory, the over- 
 flow pipe from aiiy cistern and every pipe for carrying off 
 waste water, to be furnished with a syphon trap, and to be 
 taken through an external wall of such building, and to 
 discharge in the open air over a channel leading to a trapped 
 gulley grating. Provided that the requirements of this clause 
 shall not apply in the case of any back-to-back house, which 
 is unprovided with any open space appurtenant thereto. 
 
 (j.) He shall in every case cause the drains to be furnished 
 with a shaft from the exterior drain, not less than two inches 
 and a half in diameter, communicating with the outer air 
 above the eaves spouts. 
 
 (k.) He shall cause the drains to be efficiently trapped at 
 some point near to their outfall, and he shall cause suitable 
 and sufficient means of ventilation to be provided in such 
 drains. He shall also cause every inlet to such drains, except 
 such as may be provided for the ventilation thereof, to be 
 properly trapped. 
 
 34. Before commencing the erection of a new building in 
 any street, the Owner or Builder shall, if there be a main sewer 
 or drain within 100 feet of the site of such new building, 
 make a connecting drain or sewer from such site to such main 
 sewer or drain at such a depth as to carry off from the lowest 
 excavations for a basement of such new building all the water 
 capable of being carried off by such sewer or drain, and shall 
 thereby or otherwise prevent such water from flowing into the 
 basement of cellars of any adjoining or neighbouring buildings 
 or into the walls thereof. 
 
 35. No person shall construct a Cesspool in any case where 
 an accessible outlet sewer is situated within 100 feet from the 
 dwelling-house or building to be drained. 
 
 36. Every person who shall construct a Cesspool in connec- 
 tion with a building shall construct such Cesspool at a distance 
 of 15 feet at the least from a dwelling-house or public building, 
 or any building in which any person may be, or may be 
 intended to be employed in any manufacture, trade or business* 
 
162 
 
 37. A person who shall construct a Cesspool in connection 
 with a building shall not construct such Cesspool within the 
 distance of 18 feet from any water supplied for use, or used, 
 or likely to be used by man for drinking or domestic purposes, 
 or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man, or otherwise 
 in such a position as to endanger the pollution of any such water. 
 Provided always that the foregoing requirements shall not 
 apply where such water is supplied by the Corporation and 
 conveyed in metal pipes. 
 
 38. Every person who shall construct a Cesspool in connec- 
 tion with a building, shall construct such Cesspool in such a 
 manner and in such a position as to afford ready means of 
 access to such Cesspool, for the purpose of cleansing such 
 Cesspool and of removing the contents thereof, and in such a 
 manner and in such a position as to admit of the contents of 
 such Cesspool being removed therefrom, and from the premises 
 to which such Cesspool may belong without being carried 
 through any dwelling-house or public building, or any 
 building in which any person my be or may be intended to 
 be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. 
 
 He shall not in any case construct such Cesspool so that it 
 shall have, by drain or otherwise, any outlet into or means 
 of communication with any sewer. 
 
 39. Every person who shall construct a Cesspool in con- 
 nection with a building, sjiall construct such Cesspool of good 
 brickwork in cement properly rendered inside with cement, 
 and with a backing of at least 9 inches of well puddled clay 
 around and beneath such brickwork. 
 
 He shall also cause such Cesspool to be arched or otherwise 
 properly covered over, and to be provided with adequate 
 means of ventilation. 
 
 40. Every person who shall construct a "Water-closet or 
 Earth-closet in a building shall construct such Water-closet or 
 Earth-closet in such a position that one of its sides, at the 
 least, shall be an external wall. 
 
163 
 
 53. Every person who shall construct a water-closet in 
 connection with a building used or intended to be used as a 
 dwelling-house or shop, shall cause such water-closet to be 
 provided with a 4-inch internal diameter soil pipe of lead or 
 iron, which shall be continued upwards without diminution 
 of its diameter and (except where unavoidable) without any 
 bend or angle being formed in such soil pipe to such a 
 height, and in such a position as to afford, by means of the 
 open end of such soil pipe, a safe outlet for sewer air. 
 
 58. Every person who shall intend to let for occupation, or 
 being the owner thereof, shall occupy as a dwelling-house 
 any new building of which the rateable value is under 20, 
 shall give seven clear days' notice thereof to the Corporation. 
 Such notice shall not be given until the building is actually 
 completed, and shall be delivered at the office of the Building 
 Inspector of the Sanitary Authority, at Leeds, and such 
 building shall not be occupied as a dwelling-house until the 
 drainage thereof has been made and completed, or until such 
 building has after examination been certified by the Surveyor 
 to be fit for human habitation, and the Surveyor shall give 
 a certificate to that effect if he is satisfied after examination 
 that such building is fit for human habitation. 
 
 65. Such person shall also, before proceeding to cover up 
 any sewer or drain, or any foundation of a Building, deliver or 
 send, or cause to be delivered or sent to the said Surveyors, 
 two days' notice in writing, in which shall be specified the 
 date on which such person will proceed to cover up such 
 sewer, drain, or foundation. 
 
164 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The Roman numerals refer to the Plates, the small figures to the pages of 
 descriptive letter-press. 
 
 Additions to house, built over forgotten drains, XXXVII., 75 
 Age of leaden soil-pipes, danger from, XXIV., 49 
 
 Air, fresh, how to admit into carriages, LXX., 143 ; into rooms, LXVIII., 
 137, III., 5. 
 
 from drains circulating through house, III., 5 (see also Seiver-gas) 
 
 , provisions for admission of, III., 5, LXVIII., 137 
 
 , quantity required to feed chimney, III , 5 
 
 Air-brick giving passage to sewer-gas, 148 
 Air-grate for passage of air through soil-pipe, XX. (2), 41 
 Angles, pipes joined at, cause of leakage, XL VI., 93 
 Arsenical wall-papers, their dangers, LXVIL, 135 
 Ash-pit, refuse from, for mortar and plaster, LV., Ill 
 
 Basin and syphon to replace pan-closet, XXI. (2), 43 
 
 Bath, pipes from, badly arranged, VII. (A, B, C), 13, I., 1 
 
 , properly arranged, VII. (D), 13, II., 3 
 
 , waste-pipe into drain cut off and left open, XV., 29 
 
 , opening untrapped into fall-pipe, XVI., 31 ; into soil-pipe, 
 
 I., 1 
 
 Bedroom-window, sewer-gas passing into, from fall-pipe, XVII. , 33 
 
 Bedrooms, passage of sewer-gas into, XIII. 25, IX. 17, XI., 21, XII., 23, 
 XV., 29, XVI., 31, XVII. 33, XVIII., 36, XX., 39, XXIV., 49, XXX., 
 61, LXIL, 125, XXXI., 63, XL. 81, XLIX., 99, LXIII., 127, 147, 148 
 
 Beer tainted by sewer-gas in larder, XXVI., 53 
 
 Bell-trap, illusory protection afforded by, L., 101 
 
 Bell- wire tubes as conductors of sewer gas, XVII., 153. 
 
 Bend properly formed in drain-pipes, XL VI., 93 
 
 , sudden, causing bursting of pipes, 156 
 
 " Black damp " caused by escape of sewage, XXIV., 49 
 
 Boiler, water in, fouled by sewer-gas, XIV., 27 
 
 Brougham, window-ventilator in roof of a, LXX. , 143 
 
 Burning straw, smoke from, to detect leakage of sewer-gas, 157 
 
 Bursting of drains at Gibraltar, 156 
 
 Butler falling into unsuspected cesspool in wine-cellar, XXXVIII., 77 
 
 Bye-laws of the Borough of Leeds, extracts from, 159 
 
 Candle-flams at key-hole, lessons to be learnt from, III., 5 
 
 for detection of flaws in joints, XLV., 91, 157 
 
 Carr, Mr H., on arsenical wall-papers, 135 
 
165 
 
 Cellars damp from slop water, LXL. 123 
 
 , sewage in, XXXVI., 73, 150; LIV. 109 
 
 Cesspool below bedroom-window, 147 
 
 , chinks in side of, LXIV., 129; faulty to laundry, LXIV., 129; 
 
 formed by leaking pipes, XL VI., 93 ; by obstructed pipe, LXIIL, 127 ; 
 by termination of drain -pipe, 73 ; formed in disused well under house, 
 XXXIX., 79 ; formed under hall by leaking stone drain, XL., 81 
 
 overflowing into basement of house, XXXVI. , 73, 119; into rain- 
 water tank, XXXI., 63 ; XXXV., 71 ; into well, XXXIIL, 67 
 
 under new dining-room, XXXVTL, 75 ; unsuspected in wine-cellar, 
 
 XXXVUL, 77 ; unventilated save into house or through fall -pipe, 42, 
 XXXI., 63 
 
 Cesspools in Edinburgh, 119 
 
 , Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 161, 163 
 
 under London houses, UX., 119 
 
 Chimney, ventilating pipe of drain ending in, XVIII. (A), 35 
 
 - near top of, XVIII. (B), 35 
 
 Churchyard, infiltration from, into cellars, LX., 121 
 
 Cistern for house distinct from w.c. cistern, II., 3 
 
 overflow pipe from, passing into open air, XX. (2), 41 : into soil-pipe, 
 
 XX. (1), 41, 43 
 
 supplying boiler, overflow pipe from, passing direct into drain, 
 
 XIV., 27 
 
 Common sanitary faults of ordinary houses, I., 1 
 
 Connection, defective, of waste-pipe, XLJV , 89 
 
 Continental health resorts, their dangers, LXH., 125 
 
 Continental hotel, drain in central court of, 148 
 
 Cotton- wool for exclusion of dust in ventilation, LXIX., 141 
 
 County Infirmary, condition of drains in a, 154 
 
 Covering of drains, Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 163 
 
 Crowbar, tapping with, to discover spaces under stone floor, XXX., 61 
 
 Curves in drains made by straight pipe% XL VI., 93 
 
 Dairies, fissures leading to drains in floors of, for sweepings, XXVII. , 56 
 
 Sanitary inspection of, why necessary, XXXIV., 69 
 
 Dangers from neighbours' drains, XLIL , 85 
 
 Dead-house in Hospital, under infectious diseases wards, 155 
 
 Defective junction of pipes and drains, I., 1. (see also Junctions) 
 
 "Diffuser," (Harding's), for preventing draughts, LXVIIL, 139 
 
 Dining-room over cesspool, XXXVII., 75 
 
 Diphtheria from sewage-emanations, XXXVI., 73, in houses with manure 
 
 heap against wall, LXV., 131. 
 
 Dirt, how to exclude in ventilating rooms, LXVIIL, 137 
 Disconnection of waste-pipes from drain-pipes, V., 9 
 Dish-stone in larder leading to drain, XXVI., 53 
 scullery leading to rain-water tank, with overflow direct into 
 
 drain, XXVIII., 57 
 D.*ain carried across upper part of well, XXXIV., 69 
 
 over instead of through a rock, LII., 105 
 
 common stone, under tiled hall leaking and forming a cesspool. XI;., 81 
 
 communicating with rain-water tank, XXVIII., 57 
 
166 
 
 Drain, damage to by rats runs, XXXII., 65 
 
 , fall of, defective, XLIX., 99, LIII., 107 
 
 , how to tap, XLVIL, 95 
 
 - led up hill, XLIX., 99, LXIV., 129, 95 
 
 - made of imperfect tubes, XLIV., 89, XLIIL, 87 
 not connected with main sewer, 89, 149, 150 
 
 outside house, XX., 41, II., 3 
 
 , settling of, and leakage from, LXL, 123 
 
 terminating in soil and forming cesspool, 73 
 
 under house, and obstructed, LXIIL, 127, 153, and with joints 
 
 leaking, I. 1 
 
 ventilated into roof, I. 1, 146 
 
 Drainage at Gibraltar, 156 
 
 defects of, how influencing vaccination, LXVL, 133 
 
 Drain-pipes, defective, trade in, XLIII., 87 ; disconnected and disconnected, 
 
 L. 101 ; imperfect and with unluted joints, XLIV., 89, XLIX., 99 ; 
 
 leaking into well, XXXII., 65, XXXIX., 79 ; materials for joining, 
 
 117. 
 
 Drain-work, how "scamped," XLIIL, 87, XLIX., 99, XLIV., 89. 
 Drains, obstructions in (see Obstructions) how to test for, LXIV., 129 
 
 of buildings, Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 159 
 
 of house sealed -up during making of new sewer, 149 
 
 , search for, in absence of plans, LVIL, 115 
 
 Draughts, irregular, in rooms, how to stop, III., 5, LXVIII.. 137 
 Drawn lead-pipes, their advantages, XXIV., 49 
 Dust, how to exclude from glass-cases, LXIX., 141 
 
 Earth-closets in buildings, Leeds Bye law regarding, 162 
 
 Edinburgh, old cesspools under houses in, 119 
 
 Erysipelas due to bad drainage, XVI., 31, XLIX., 99, 152, 153 
 
 attending vaccination, due to cesspool under window, LXVL, 133 
 
 Ether poured into drain to detect leakage in drain -pipes, 158 
 Evaporation of water in traps, a cause of escape of sewer-gas, IX., 17 
 Exclusion of dirt from air supplied to rooms, LXVIII., 137 
 Eyelet for new junction in pipe already laid, XLVIL, 96 
 
 Fall, defective, of drain, XLIX , 99, LIII., 107, L, 1, 153 
 
 Fall of pipe from water-tank to sewer in wrong direction, XXXV, 71 
 
 Fall-pipe communicating directly with the drain, XVI , 31, XVII., 33 
 
 conducting foul air from tank, L, 1, XXXI., 63 
 
 discharging into gulley, II., 3 
 
 False roof, w.c. ventilated into, 146; soil-pipe ventilated into, 146 
 
 Fires, effect of, in drawing air from drains, IV., 7 
 
 Flame of candle, as indicating source of air supplied, III. , 5 
 
 to detect leakage of sewer-gas, 157 
 
 ' ' Floral Art Ventilator," 140 
 
 Foundations, sinking of, a cause of open pipe-joints, XLI., 83 
 
 Freshness of atmosphere in rooms, means for securing, LXVIII., 139 
 
 Gas liquor for testing for leakages in drain-pipes, 158 
 
167 
 
 Gibraltar, condition of drains in, 156 
 
 Glass-cases, exclusion of dust from, LXIX., 141 
 
 Grates, open, in cellar, for purpose of swilling floor, XXVI., 53 
 
 Gratings in drains obstructing flow, 152 
 
 Graveyard, infiltration from, into cellars, LX., 121 
 
 Gullies, description of, V., 9 
 
 , Leeds Bye-laws relating to, 161 
 
 , their advantages, II, 3, V., 9, 31 
 
 Hall, cesspool formed under, by leaking stone drain, XL., 81 
 " Harding's Diffuser," for preventing draughts, LXVIIL, 139 
 Highland Shooting Lodge, defects of drainage in, LXIV., 129 
 Holes in pipes for junctions, XLVIL, 95 
 
 caused by rats, XIX., 37, 151 
 
 Hot-bed against side of house, ill effects of, LX V., 131 
 
 Hotel, Continental, drains in, 148 
 
 House costing 3000, but with drains of " seconds " pipes, 89 
 
 drain, proper position of, II., 3 
 
 under floor of room, I., 1 ; under house, XLIX., 99; LI., 103 
 
 with every sanitary arrangement faulty, I., 1 
 
 faulty sanitary arrangements avoided, II., 3 
 
 Houses built on unhealthy rubbish heaps, LVL, 113 
 
 , necessity for plans of drains of, LVIL, 115 
 
 Housemaid's sink, untrapped, and discharging into soil-pipe, XIII., 25, L, 1 
 , water from, keeping cellar damp, LXL, 123 
 
 Illness after vaccination, from drainage faults, LXVI., 133 
 
 caused by old papers remaining on walls, 135 ; from arsenical wall 
 
 papers, LXVIL, 135 
 
 instances of, due to sewage emanations, LIL, 105, LX., 121, LXL, 
 
 123, 99, 103, 105, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153 (see also Typhoid Fever, Ery- 
 sipelas, etc.) 
 
 "Jerry builders " and their dealings, XLIIL, 87 ; LV., Ill ; LVL, 113 
 
 "Jerry veal" and its analogies in the building trade, XLIII., 87 
 
 Joints, imperfect, of soil-pipe allowing escape of sewer-gas into house XX. (I) 
 
 39, XLV., 91 ; of fall-pipe leading to drain, XVI., 31, 148 
 of drain gaping, from sinking of foundations, XLL, 83, XLIL, 85, 
 
 LXL, 123 
 
 of soil-pipe made of brown paper and red lead, 153 
 
 "Junctions" badly made, XLVIL (A), 95, L., 101 ; proper, XLVIL (B), 95 ; 
 
 broken pipes at, XLIX. , 99, XXXIX., 79 ; complete absence of, LI., 
 
 103; defective, of ventilating pipe with soil-pipe, 147 
 
 Keeping cellar, untrapped sink-stone in, XXV., 51 
 
 Kitchen and larder fouled by sewage -emanations, LXIL, 125, XXXVI., 73 
 
 , passage of sewer-gas into, through overflow-pipe of cisterr. 
 
 Kitchen-sink trapped and disconnected from drain. II., 3 
 untrapped, VI., 11, L, 1, 31 
 
168 
 
 Lady's, A, method of testing and inspecting drains, LXIV., 129 
 
 Lavatories and baths, defects in, and how to remedy, VII., 13 
 
 Lavatory in bedroom trapped, but discharging into soil-pipe of w.c., XII., 23 
 
 , overflow of, joining waste-pipe below trap, X., 19 
 
 , waste-pipe of, passing untrapped into drain-pipe, XI., 21, I., 1 
 
 , properly trapped, II., 3 
 
 Lead-pipes, age of, XX., 39 ; eaten through by rats, XIX., 37 : by sewer-gas, 
 
 XX., 39 ; joined with putty, XLV., 91 ; seams in, XX., 39 
 Leakage into soil from pipes laid the wrong way, XLVIIL, 97 
 of sewer-gas in pipes and drains, how to test for, 157, XIX., 37, 
 
 III., 5, XLV., 91, XXIV., 49 
 Leeds, Borough of, extracts from Bye-laws of, 159 
 Lime from tan-pits used for making mortar, LV., Ill 
 London houses, old cesspools under, LIX., 119 
 Luting, drain-pipes without, XLIX., 99 ; lead-pipe passed into drain-pipe 
 
 without, XLIV., 89 
 
 Manure, soakings from, entering wells, XXXIV., 69 
 
 Manure-heap against house wall, LXV., 131 
 
 Mayfair, discovery of pit containing remains of cattle under house in, 119 
 
 Meat tainted by sewer-gas in larder, XXVI., 53 
 
 Milk made poisonous by use of contaminated well-water, XXXIV., 69 
 
 Milk tainted by drains of dairy, XXVII., 55 
 
 sewer-gas in larder, XXVI., 53 
 
 Mortar made from lime used in tan-pits, 111 ; from road-scrapings and 
 
 midden refuse, LV., Ill 
 Museums, how to exclude dust from cases in, LXIX.. 141 
 
 Neighbours' drains, dangers from, XLIL, 85 
 
 New drains not connected with sewer, 150, LL, 103 
 
 New made ground, drains in, precautions regarding, XLL, 83 
 
 Nursery, sewer-gas in, LXVL, 133, 146 
 
 Obliteration of old drains and cesspools, necessity for, XXXVII., 75 
 
 Obstructed drains in new houses, 153. 
 
 Obstruction to flow of sewage, from carrying 12-inch pipes into 2-inch ones, 
 109 ; from improper junctions, XL VII., 96, XLIV., 89, L., 101 ; from 
 interpolating 6-inch pipe between two smaller ones, LIV. ? 109 ; from 
 old wall-papers being thrown into drain, 149 ; from roots in pipes, 
 LVIIL, 117, LXIV., 129 ; from sand, hair, &c., 154 ; from settling of 
 pipes, LXL, 123 ; from sudden bends, 156 ; from taking curved 
 tubes over rock, LII. (A), 105 ; from vermin traps or grates, 152 
 
 Occupation of new houses, Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 163 
 
 Oil of mint poured into drains to detect leakage in pipes, 158 
 
 Open drain-joints, from giving way of foundation, XLL, 83, XLIL, 85 ; from 
 imperfections of tubes, XLIV., 89 ; from pipes laid the wrong way, 
 XLVIIL, 97 ; from putty-joints, XLV., 91 ; from using straight tubes 
 for curves, XLVL, 93 ; from want of luting, XLIX., 99 ; how to detect, 
 XIX., 37, 157 
 
 Outlet for sewer-air from W.O., Leeds Bye-law regarding, 163 
 
 Overflow-pipe from cesspool at higher level than inlet, LXIV., (2) 129 
 
 of bath into soil-pipe VII. (A, B), 13, L, 1 
 
 open air, VII. (0, D), 13, II., 3 
 
169 
 
 Overflow-pipe of cistern into drains, XIV., 27, XX., 41, IX., 17. L, 1, 33 
 
 open air, II., 3 
 
 Pan-closet, XXI., 43, XX., 39, I., 1 
 
 substitute for, XXI., 43, XX., 39 
 
 Paper containing arsenic on walls of room, LXVII., 135 
 
 , old, on walls of room, 135 
 
 Petroleum for testing for leakages in drain -pipes, 158 
 Piggeries close to Hospital windows, 155 
 Pipe, 6 inch between two smaller pipes, LIV., 109 
 Pipes, damaged, used for drains, XLIV., 89 
 
 laid with flange downhill, XLVIII., 97 
 
 Plan of drains seldom possessed by owner or tenant, LVII., 115 
 
 Plaster made from lime from tan-pits, 111 ; from road- scrapings and midden 
 
 refuse, LV., Ill 
 
 Puerperal fever due to defective drainage, LXIIL, 127 
 Putty-joints in leaden soil-pipes, XLV., 91, XX., 39 
 
 Rain-water tank under floor, L, 1 
 
 with overflow direct into drain or cesspool, XXVIII., 57, 
 
 XXXI., 63, XXXV., 71, L, 1 
 
 without overflow-pipe, XXIX., 59 
 
 Rats, appearance of, in kitchens, lesson to be learnt from, XIX., 37, 89 
 
 , damage to leaden-pipes, caused by, XIX., 37, 
 
 , runs made by, causing drain -joints to open, XXXII., G5 
 
 Road-scrapings for mortar and plaster, LV., Ill 
 Roof-light and ventilation for a brougham, LXX., 143 
 Roots of trees blocking drains, LVIII., 117, LXIV., 129 
 Rubbish-heaps, houses built on, LVL, 113 
 
 Sanitary inspection of dairies, necessity for, XXXIV. , 69 
 Save-all tray beneath w.c., with untrapped waste-pipe, XXII.. 45 
 of bath-taps untrapped and passing into soil-pipe, VII. (C), 13, 
 
 1,1 
 properly trapped and passing into gulley, II., 3 
 
 VII. (D), 13 
 Scamped drain-work, XLIV., 89, XLV., 91, XLVL, 93, LI., 103, L., 101, 
 
 XLIX., 99, XLVIL, 95, LIL, 105, LIIL, 107, LIV , 109 
 Screen in ventilator for cleansing air, LXVIIL, 137 
 " Scribner's Monthly Magazine " remarks in, on pan-closet, 43 ; on sanitary 
 
 condition of New York, 113 
 
 " Seconds," or defective drain-pipes, use of, XLIII, 87, XLIV., 89 
 Sewage, escape of, from defective fall, XLIX., 99, LIIL, 107 
 , how it may gain access to water, XXXII., 65, XXXIII., 67, 
 
 XXXIV., 69 
 Sewage-, liquid, escape of, through defective junction, XLIX., 99 ; through 
 
 old leaden soil-pipe, XXIV., 49 
 , passage of, into disused well, XXXIX., 79 ; into rain-water tank, 
 
 XXXL, 63, XXXV., 71 
 } saturating soil under cellar, LI., 103; under kitchen, XLIV., 89, 
 
 93 ; under ground-floor, LIL, 105, LXIL, 125, L, 1, XXIV., 49, 
 
 XXXVL, 73, XL., 81, XLL, 83, XLIX., 99 
 
170 
 
 Sewer-gas, diffusion of, through walls, XLII, 85 
 
 , escape of, from pipes, how to detect, 157, XIX., 37, XXIV., 49, 
 
 III., 5 
 
 } sometimes due to evaporation of water in syphon- trap, 
 
 IX., 17 
 
 1 through defective joints in fall-pipe, XVI., 31 ; in soil- 
 pipe, XX. (1), 39, XLII., 85, XLIV., 89, XLV. 91 
 
 . passing horizontally to a room 22 feet distant, 151 
 
 into boiler, through over-flow pipe of cistern, XIV., 27 ; 
 
 into chimney through ventilating pipe of drain, XVIII., 35 ; into false 
 roof, 146 
 
 . - into house, from cesspool formed under hall, XL., 82; 
 
 under dining-room, XXXVII., 75 ; near bedroom window, 147 ; from 
 disused well near defective drains, XXXIX., 79 ; from rain-water 
 tank connected with drain, XXX., 61 
 
 into house, through air-brick near defective joint of fall- 
 pipe, 148; through chimney from ventilator of drain, XVIII., 35: 
 through unconnected soil-pipe, LI., 103; through dish-stone in larder, 
 XXVI., 53 
 
 into house through fall-pipe and ventilator of soil-pipe 
 
 opening near bedroom window, XVII., 33 ; through holes in soil-pipe, 
 XXIV., 49 ; through kitchen sink-pipe, IV., 7 ; through overflow-pipe 
 of cistern, XX., 41 ; of lavatory, X., 19 ; of rain-water tank, XXXI., 
 63; through untrapped sink-pipe, XIII., 25 I., 1 ; through untrapped 
 waste-pipe of lavatory, XL, 21, I., 1, LXVL, 133 
 
 Sink, discharging into fall-pipe, feeding tank under room, 59 ; into soft- 
 water cistern under cellar floor, XXIX, 59 
 
 over grating of untrapped drain, XXV., 52 
 
 , waste-pipe, from, cut off and left open, XV., 29 
 
 Sink-pipe passing into open mouth of drain-pipe, XIX., 37, XXV, 51 
 
 Sinkstones in cellars, their dangers, XXVI., 53 
 
 Sites for buildings, Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 159 
 
 Sitting-room, soil-pipe in corner of, XXIII. 47 
 
 Soil-pipe broken at junction with drain, XX., 39, XXXIX., 79 
 
 communicating with upper rooms of house, 146 
 
 , holes in, from age, XXIV., 49 
 
 inside house, XX., 39, I., 1, XXIIL, 47, XXIV., 49 
 
 , joints of, defective, XX. (I), 39, L, 1, XXXIL, 65, XXXIV., 69, 
 
 XL., 81, XLII., 85, XLIV., 89, XLV., 91, XLVL, 93 
 
 missing drain-pipe and discharging contents below ground-floor, 
 
 LIL, 105 
 
 not ending in sewer, but terminating in mass of solid rock, LI., 103 
 
 outside house, II., 3, XX. (2), 41, XXL, 43 
 Soil Pipe terminating above eaves XX., (2) 41. 
 
 unventilated, XX. (1) 41 
 
 ventilated into false roof, 146 ; into house, 147 
 
 ventilator of, terminating just below bedroom window, XVII. (B) 33 
 
 Sore throat from sewage-emanations, XXXVI., 73, IV., 7 
 
 Sounding floor of cellars, necessity for, XXX., 61, XXXVIII., 77 
 
 Speculating builders : their bargains, XLIIL, S7, XLIV., 89, LV., Ill 
 
 Syphon sanitary basins for w.c., XXL, 45, XX., 39 
 
 Syphon-trap, effect of absence of, IV., 7 
 
 to cut off sewer-gas from soil pipe, XX. (2), 41 
 
171 
 
 Tank connected with w.c. overflowing into room, LXIL, 125 
 
 Tea cup, a, obstructing drains, 155 
 
 Testing for leakages of sewer -gas, methods of, 157, XIX., 37, XXIV., 49, 
 
 XLV., 91 
 
 Tobin's ventilating tube, LXVIIL, 137 
 Traps, disused, dangers from, IX., 17 
 
 unsyphoned, how produced and remedy for, VIII., 15 
 Typhoid fever at Gibraltar, 156 
 
 from drinking water polluted by typhoid discharges, XXXII., 
 
 65 ; polluted by sewage, XXXIII., 67, XXXIV., 69 
 
 emanations from tank connected with w.c., LXIL, 125 
 
 receiving washings of sink, XXIX., 59 
 
 leaking drains, XLIL, 85 
 
 niilk kept in foul dairy, XX VL, 53, XXVIL, 55 
 
 sewer-gas from cesspool overflowing into basement, 
 
 XXXVL, 73 
 
 through water- traps, 42 
 
 under dining room, XXX VII., 
 
 75 
 
 from obstructed pipes, LIV., 109 
 
 soil pipe, 147 
 
 unsuspected tank connected with drain, 
 
 XXX., 61. 
 
 - through fall-pipe, XVII., 33 
 
 untrapped waste-pipe, L., 101 
 ventilating pipe of drain ending in 
 
 chimney, XVIIL, 35 
 
 Vaccination and drainage faults, LXVL, 133 
 Ventilating shaft ending in chimney, XVIIL (A), 35 
 
 - near top of chimney, XVIIL (B), 35 
 
 - window, XVII. (B), 33 
 
 Ventilating tube on drain side of syphon-trap, XX. (2), 42 
 Ventilation, how to effect at small cost, III., 5 ; of carriages, LXX., U3 ; 
 without dirt, LXVIIL, 137 
 
 - of soil-pipes, II. 3, XVIL, 33, XX. (2), 42, L, 1, LXIV., 129, 163 
 Ventilator, Floral Art, 140 
 
 Ventilators, passive, conditions for efficiency of, 140 
 Vicarage, cellars in, " standing in water," LXL, 1'23 
 
 i-endered unhealthy by adjoining grave-yard, LX., 121 
 
 Villages, drinking water in, XXXIL, 65 
 
 Wall blackened by sewage, XXIV., 49 
 
 soaked through by manure, LXV., J 31 
 
 Wall-papers, containing arsenic, illness from, LXVIL, 135 
 
 thrown into and obstructing drains, 149 
 
 Walls of rooms, old paper remaining on, LXVIL, 135 
 
 , passage of sewage through, XLIL, 85, XLVL, 93 
 
 plastered with mud and midden refuse, LV., Ill 
 
 Waste-pipe of bath and sink cut off, pipe open, XV., 29 
 
172 
 
 Waste-pipe of bath trapped, II., 3, VII, 13 ; untrapped, I, 1, XVI., 31, 
 
 LXVL, 133 
 
 of kitchen sink, itntrapped, IV., 7, L., 101 
 
 of lavatory untrapped, I, 1, VII (A), 13, LXVI, 133 
 
 projecting into drain-pipe so as to cause obstruction, XLI V., 89 
 
 Waste-water from sink-pipe discharged into soft water cistern, XXIX., 59 
 
 untrapped drain, XXV., 51 
 
 Water from boiler contaminated by sewer-gas, XIV. , 27 
 
 closet, faulty position of, XX. (1), 39, 1,1, XL., 81, LIX., 119 ; 
 
 improved, XXI. (2), 43 ; proper position of, II, 3, XX. (2), 39 ; old, 
 
 in centre of house, XXIV., 49 ; six in centre of house, LXIIL, 128 ; 
 
 ventilated into false roof, 146 
 
 cistern, with overflow into soil-pipe, I, 1 
 
 Water-closet, faulty, XX. (1), 39; XXI. (1), 43, I, 1 
 
 with the faults remedied, XX. (2), 41, XXI (2), 43, II, 3 
 
 Water-closets, state of, in a County Infirmary, 153 
 
 .position and construction of, Leeds Bye-laws regarding, 162, 163 
 
 Water-tank, disused and unsuspected, under cellar floor, XXX., 61 
 
 tightness of joints reduced by improper laying of pipes, XLVIII, 97 
 
 Well in or near farmyard receiving soakings from manure, XXXIV. , 69 
 
 polluted by sewage, XXXII, 65, XXXIII, 68, XXXIV., 69 
 
 (disused) under house fouled by leakage from defective drain. 
 
 XXXIX., 79 
 
 Wells, with drains carried through side of or across, XXXIV., 69 
 Willow roots obstructing drains, LVIII, 117, LXIV. (A), 129 
 Window-ventilator in roof of a brougham, LXX., 143 
 Windows, admission of foul air into, from fall-pipe, XVII (A), 33, I, 1 
 
 - ventilator of soil-pipe, XVII. (B), 33 
 Wine-cellar, misuspeeted cesspool in, XXXVIII, 77 
 Wire with baize, for admission of air and exclusion of dust, LXIX., 141 
 
CHARLES GOODALL, PRINTER, COOKRIDGE STREET, LEEDS. 
 
 \. 
 
September, 1896. 
 
 MEDICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 HYGIENIC WOEKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BT 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue, New York 
 
 AMERICAN GYNAECOLOGICAL AND OBSTETRICAL JOURNAL. 
 (Monthly.) Edited by J. Duncan Em met, M.D., and J. N. West, M.D. 
 $4.00 per annum ; single copy, 35 cents. 
 
 AULDE (JOHN). The Pocket Pharmacy, with Therapeutic Index. A resume 
 of the Clinical Applications of Remedies adapted to the Pocket-case, for 
 the Treatment of Emergencies and Acute Diseases. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 BARKER (FORDYCE). On Sea-Sickness. A Popular Treatise for Travelers 
 and the General Reader. Small 12mo. Cloth, 75 cents. 
 
 BARKER (FORDYCE). On Puerperal Disease. Clinical Lectures delivered at 
 Bellevue Hospital. A Course of Lectures valuable alike to the Student and 
 the Practitioner. Third edition. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 BARTHOLOW (ROBERTS). A Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
 Eighth edition. Revised, enlarged, and adapted to u The New Pharmacopoeia." 
 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 BARTHOLOW (ROBERTS). A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, for the 
 Use of Students and Practitioners. Seventh edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 BARTHOLOW (ROBERTS). On the Antagonism between Medicines and be- 
 tween Remedies and Diseases. Being the Cartwright Lectures for the Year 
 1880. 8vo. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 BASTIAN (H. CHARLTON). Paralyses: Cerebral, Bulbar, aud Spinal. A 
 Manual of Diagnosis for Students and Practitioners. With 136 Illustra- 
 tions. Small 8vo, 671 pages. . Cloth, $4.50. 
 
 BASTIAN (H. CHARLTON). Paralysis from Brain Disease in its Common 
 Forms. With Illustrations. 12mo, 340 pages. Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 BILLINGS (F. 8.). The Relation of Animal Diseases to the Public Health, and 
 their Prevention. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00. 
 
 BILLROTH (THEODOR). General Surgical Pathology and Therapeutics. A 
 Text-Book for Students and Physicians. Translated from the tenth German 
 edition, by special permission of the author, by Charles E. Hackley, M. D. 
 Fifth American edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 BOYCE (RUBERT). A Text-Book of Morbid Histology. For Students and 
 Practitioners. With 130 Colored Illustrations. Cloth, $7.50. 
 
 BRAMWELL (BYROM). Diseases of the Heart and Thoracic Aorta. Illus. 
 trated with 226 Wood-Engravings and 68 Lithograph Plates* showing 91 
 Figures in all 317 Illustrations. 8vo. Oloth, $8.00 ; sheep, $9.00. 
 
 BRYANT (JOSEPH D.). A Manual of Operative Surgery. New edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 793 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
2 
 
 BUET (STEPHEN S.). Exploration of the Chest in Health and Disease. 8vo. 
 210 pages. With Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 CAMPBELL (F. R.). The Language of Medicine. A Manual giving the Origin, 
 
 Etymology, Pronunciation, and Meaning of the Technical Terms found in 
 
 Medical Literature. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 CARMICHAEL (JAMES). Disease in Children. A Manual for Students and 
 
 Practitioners. Illustrated with Thirty-one Charts. 12mo, 591 pages. 
 
 (STUDENTS' SEEIES.) Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 CASTRO (D'OLIVEIRA). Elements of Therapeutics and Practice according 
 to the Dosimetric System. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00. 
 
 CHATJVEAU (A.). The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals. 
 Revised and enlarged, with the co-operation of S. Arloing, Director of the 
 Lyons Veterinary School. Second English edition. Translated and edited 
 by George Fleming, C. B., LL. D., F. R. C. V. S., late Principal Veterinary 
 Surgeon of the British Army; Foreign Corresponding Member of the 
 SociSte Royale de Medecine, and of the Societe Royale de Medecine Pub- 
 lique, of Belgium, etc 8vo, 1084 pages, with 585 Illustrations. Cloth, $7.00. 
 
 CORNING (J. L.). Brain Exhaustion, with some Preliminary Considerations 
 on Cerebral Dynamics. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 CORNING (J. L.). Local Anesthesia in General Medicine and Surgery. Being 
 the Practical Application of the Author's Recent Discoveries. With Illus- 
 trations. Small 8vo. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 DAVIDSON (ANDREW). Geographical Pathology : An Inquiry into the 
 Geographical Distribution of Infective and Climatic Diseases. 2 vols. 
 8vo. Cloth, $7.00. 
 
 DENCH (E. B.). Diseases of the Ear. A Text-Book for Practitioners and 
 Students of Medicine. With 8 Colored Plates and 152 Illustrations in the 
 text. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 DEXTER (FRANKLIN). The Anatomy of the Peritoneum. 12mo. With 
 39 colored Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 DOTY (ALVAI1 H.). A Manual of Instruction in the Principles of Prompt 
 Aid to the Injured. Including a Chapter on Hygiene and the Drill Regula- 
 tions for the Hospital Corps, U. S. A. Desigm d for Military and Civil Use. 
 Second edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo. 121 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 ELLIOT (GEORGE T.). Obstetric Clinic: A Practical Contribution to the Study 
 ot Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50. 
 
 EVANS (GEORGE A.). Hand-Book of Historical and Geographical Phthisi- 
 ology. With Special Reference to the Distribution of Consumption in the 
 United States. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 EWALD (C. A.). Lectures on the Diseases of the Stomach. By Dr. C. A. 
 Ewald, Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics in the University of Berlin, 
 etc. Translated from the German by special permiesion of the author, by 
 Morris Manges, A. M., M.D. Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN). Medical Ethics and Etiquette. Commentaries on the 
 National Code of Ethics. 12mo. Cloth, 60 cents. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN). Medicine of the Future. An Address prepared for the 
 Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association in 1886. With Portrait 
 of Dr. Flint. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN, JR.). Text- Book of Human Physiology; designed for the 
 Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine. Illustrated with three 
 hundred and sixteen Woodcuts and Two Plates. Fourth edition, revised. 
 Imperial 8ro. Cloth, $6.00 ; sheep, $7.00. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN, JR.). The Physiological Effects of Severe and Protracted 
 Muscular Exercise ; with Special Reference to its Influence upon the Excre- 
 tion of Nitrogen. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
FLINT (AUSTIN, JE.). The Source of Muscular Power. Arguments and Con- 
 clusions drawn from Observation upon the Human Subject under Conditions 
 of Best and of Muscular Exercise. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN, JE.). Physiology of Man. Designed to represent the Exist- 
 ing State of Physiological Science as applied to the Functions of the Human 
 Body. Complete in 5 vols., 8vo. Per vol., cloth, $4.50 ; sheep, $5.50. 
 *** Vols. I and II can be had in cloth and sheep binding; Vol. Ill in sheep 
 only. Vol. IV is at present out of print. 
 
 FLINT (AUSTIN, JE.). Manual of Chemical Examinations of the Urine in 
 Disease; with Brief Directions for the Examination of the most Common 
 Varieties of Urinary Calculi. Revised edition. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 FOSTER (FRANK P.). Illustrated Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary : Being 
 a Dictionary of the Technical Terms used by Writers on Medicine and the 
 Collateral Sciences in the Latin, English, French, and German Languages. 
 The work consists of Four Volumes, and is sold in Parts; Three Parts to 
 a Volume. (Sold only ~by subscription.) 
 
 FOURNIER (ALFRED). Syphilis and Marriage. Translated by P. Albert 
 Morrow, M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00; sheep, $3.00. 
 
 FREY (HEINRICH). The Histology and Histochemistry of Man. A Treatise 
 on the Elements of Composition and Structure of the Human Body. Trans- 
 lated from the fourth German edition by Arthur E. J. Barker, M. D., and 
 revised by the author. With 608 Engravings on Wood. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; 
 sheep, $6.00. 
 
 FRIEDLANDER (CARL). The Use of the Microscope in Clinical and Patho- 
 logical Examinations. Second edition, enlarged and impioved, with a 
 Chromolithograph Plate. Translated, with the permission of the author, 
 by Henry C. Coe, M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 FUCHS (ERNEST). Text-Book of Ophthalmology. By Dr. Ernest Fuchs, 
 Professor of Ophthalmology in the University of Vienna. With 178 Wood- 
 cuts. Authorized translation from the second enlarged and improved Ger- 
 man edition, by A. Duane, M. D. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 GARMANY (JASPER J.). Operative Surgery on the Cadaver. With Two 
 Colored Diagrams showing the Collateral Circulation after Ligatures of 
 Arteries of Arm, Abdomen, and Lower Extremity. Small 8vo. Cloth, 
 $2.00. 
 
 GERSTER (ARPAD G.). The Rules of Aseptic and Antiseptic Surgery. 
 A Practical Treatise for the Use of Students and the General Practitioner. 
 Illustrated with over two hundred fine Engravings. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; 
 sheep, $6.00. 
 
 GIBSON-RUSSELL. Physical Diagnosis: A Guide to Methods of Clinical In- 
 vestigation. By G. A. Gibson, M. D., and William Russell, M. D. With 
 101 Illustrations. 12mo. (STUDENT'S SEEIES.) Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 GOULEY (JOHN W. S.). Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus. Parti. Phleg- 
 masic Affections. Being a Series of Twelve Lectures delivered during the 
 autumn of 1891. With an Addendum on Retention of Urine from Pros- 
 tatic Obstruction in Elderly Men. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 GROSS (SAMUEL W.). A Practical Treatise on Tumors of the Mammary 
 Gland. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 GRUBER (JOSEF). A Text-Book of the Diseases of the Ear. Translated 
 from the second German edition by special permission of the author, and 
 edited by Edward Law, M. D., and Coleman Jewell, M. D. With 165 Illus- 
 trations and TO Colored Figures on Two Lithographic Plates. 8vo. Cloth, 
 $6.50 sheep, $7.50. 
 
GUTMANN (EDWARD). The Watering-Places and Mineral Springs of Ger- 
 many, Austria, and Switzerland. Illustrated. 12rao. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 HAMMOND (W. A.). A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. With 
 the Collaboration of Graeme M. Hammond, M. D. With One Hundred and 
 Eighteen Illustrations. Ninth edition, with. corrections and additions. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 AMMOND (W. A.). A Treatise on Insanity, in its Medical Relations. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 HAMMOND (W. A.). Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System. 
 Delivered at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Edited by T. M. R/OroBf, 
 M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50. 
 
 HARVEY (A.). First Lines of Therapeutics. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 HIRT (LUDW1G). The Diseases of the Nervous System. A Text- Book for 
 Physicians and Students. Translated, with permission of the Author, by 
 August Hoch, M.D., assisted by Frank R. Smith, A.M. (Cantab.), M. D!, 
 Assistant Physicians to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. With an Introduc- 
 tion by William Osier, M. D., F. R. C. P., Professor of Medicine in the Johns 
 Hopkins University, and Physician-in-Chief to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 
 Baltimore. 8vo, 671 pages. With 178 Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, 
 $6.00. 
 
 HOFFMANN-ULTZMANN. Analysis of the Urine, with Special Reference 
 to Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus. By M. B. Hoffmann, Professor in 
 the University of Gratz, and R. Ultzmann, Tutor in the University of 
 Vienna. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 HOLT (L. EMMETT). The Care and Feeding of Children. A Catechism for 
 the Use of Mothers and Children's Nurses. 16mo. Cloth, 50 cents. 
 
 HOWE (JOSEPH W.). Emergencies, and how to treat them. Fourth edition, 
 revised. 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 HOWE (JOSEPH W.). The Breath, and the Diseases which give it a Fetid 
 Odor. With Directions for Treatment. Second edition, revised and corrected. 
 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 BUEPPE (FERDINAND). The Methods of Bacteriological Investigation. 
 Written at the request of Dr. Robert Koch. Translated by Hermann M. 
 Biggs, M. D. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 JACCOUD (S.). The Curability and Treatment of Pulmonary Phthisis. Trans- 
 lated and edited by Montagu Lubbock, M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00. 
 
 JOHNSTONE (ALEX.). Botany : A Concise Manual for Students of Medicine 
 and Science. With 164 Illustrations and a Series of Floral Diagrams. 
 12mo. (STUDENT'S SERIES.) Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 JONES (H. MACNAUGHTON\ Practical Manual of Diseases of Women and 
 
 Uterine Therapeutics. For Students and Practitioners. 188 Illustrations. 
 
 12mo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS AND GENITO-URINARY DISEASES, 
 
 Published Monthly. Edited by John A. Fordyce, M. D. Terras, $2.50 per 
 
 annum. 
 KEYES (E. L.). A Practical Treatise on Genito-Urinary Diseases, including 
 
 Syphilis. . Being a new edition of a work with the same title by Van Buren 
 
 and Keyes. Almost entirely rewritten. 8vo. With Illustrations. Cloth, 
 
 $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 KEYES (E. L.). The Tonic Treatment of Syphilis, including Local Treatment 
 
 of Lesions. 8vo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
KINGSLEY (N. W.). A Treatise on Oral Deformities as a Branch of Mechan- 
 ical Surgery. With over 350.111ustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 LEGG (J. WIOKHAM). On the Bile, Jaundice, and Bilious Diseases. With 
 Illustrations in Chromolithography. 8vo. Cloth, $6.00 ; sheep, $7.00. 
 
 LITTLE (W. J.). Medical and Surgical Aspects of In- Knee (Genu-Valgum) : 
 Its Relation to Rickets, its Prevention, and its Treatment, with and without 
 Surgical Operation. Illustrated by upward of Fifty Figures and Diagrams. 
 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 LORING (EDWARD G.). A Text-Book of Ophthalmoscopy. 
 
 Part I. The Normal Eye, Determination of Refraction, and Diseases of the 
 Media. With 131 Illustrations, and 4 Chromolithographs. 8vo. Buck- 
 ram, $5.00. 
 
 Part II. Diseases of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Choroid : their Varie- 
 ties and Complications. The manuscript of this volume, which the 
 author finished just prior to his death, has been thoroughly edited and 
 revised by F. B. Loring, M. D., of Washington, D. 0., and is now issued 
 in the same style as the first volume. Profusely illustrated. Part II, 
 buckram, $5.00. Two Parts, buckram, $10.00. 
 
 LUSK (WILLIAM T.). The Science and Art of Midwifery. With 246 Illustra 
 tions. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 MARCY (HENRY O.). The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia. 
 4to, with about Sixty full-page Heliotype and Lithographic Reproductions 
 from the Old Masters, and numerous Illustrations in the Text. (Sold only 
 by subscription.) 
 
 MARKOE (T. M.). A Treatise on Diseases of the Bones. With Illustrations. 
 8vo. Cloth, $4.50. 
 
 MATHEWS (JOSEPH M.). A Treatise on Diseases of the Rectum, Anus, 
 and Sigmoid Flexure. 8vo. With Six Chromolithographs, and Illustra- 
 tions in the text. (Sold only by subscription.) 
 
 MILLS (WESLEY). A Text-Book of Animal Physiology, with Introductory 
 Chapters on General Biology and a full Treatment of Reproduction for 
 Students of Human and Comparative Medicine. 8vo. With 505 Illustra- 
 tions. Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 MILLS (WESLEY). A Text-Book of Comparative Physiology. For Students 
 and Practitioners of Veterinary Medicine. Small 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 MORROW (PRINCE A.). A System of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Syphilology, 
 and Dermatology. By various Authors. In Three Volumes, beautifully 
 illustrated. Vol. I. Genito-urinary Diseases. Vol. II. Sypbilography 
 Vol. III. Dermatology. (Sold only by subscription.) 
 
 THE NEW YORK MEDICAL JOURNAL (Weekly). Edited by Frank P. 
 Foster, M. D. Terms, $5.00 per annum. 
 Binding Cases, cloth, 50 cents each. 
 
 "Self- Binder" (this is used for temporary binding only), 90 cents. 
 GENERAL INDEX, from April, 1865, to June, 1876 (23 vols.). 8vo. Cloth, 75 cts. 
 
 NIEMEYER (FELIX VON). A Text-Book of Practical Medicine, with particu- 
 lar reference to Physiology and Pathological Anatomy. Containing all the 
 author's Additions and Revisions in the eighth and last German edition. 
 Translated by George H. Humphreys, M. D., and Charles E. Haokley, M. D. 
 2 vols., 8vo. Cloth, $9.00; sheep, $11.00. 
 
 NIGHTINGALE'S (FLORENCE) Notes on Nursing. 12mo. Cloth, 75 cents. 
 
OSLER (WILLIAM). Lectures on the Diagnosis of Abdominal Tumors. 
 Small 8vo. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. . 
 
 OSLER (WILLIAM). The Principles and Practice of Medicine. Designed for 
 the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine. Second edition, revised 
 and enlarged. Cloth, $5.50; sheep, $6.50; half morocco, $7.00. (Sold only 
 by subscription.} 
 
 PELLEW (0. E.). A Manual of Practical Medical Chemistry. 12mo. With 
 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 PEYER (ALEXANDER). An Atlas of Clinical Microscopy. Translated and 
 edited by Alfred 0. Girard, M. D. First American, from the manuscript 
 of the second German edition, with Additions. Ninety Plates, with 105 
 Illustrations, Chromolithographs. Square 8vo. Cloth, $6.00. 
 
 PIFFARD (HENRY G.). A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin. By 
 Henry G. Piffard, A. M., M. D., assisted by Robert M. Fuller, M. D. With 
 Fifty full-page Original Plates and Thirty-three Illustrations in the Text. 
 4to. (Sold only ~by subscription.} 
 
 POMEROY (OREN D.). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Ear. 
 With One Hundred Illustrations. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 POORE (C. T.). Osteotomy and Osteoclasis, for the Correction of Deformities 
 of the Lower Limbs. 50 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 QUAIN (RICHARD). A Dictionary of Medicine, including General Pathology, 
 General Therapeutics, Hygiene, and the Diseases peculiar to Women and 
 Children. By Various Writers. Edited by Sir Richard Qnain, Bart., 
 M. D., LL. D., etc. Assisted by Frederick Thomas Roberts, M. D., B. Sc., 
 and J. Mitchell Bruce, M. A., M. D. With an American Appendix by 
 Samuel Treat Armstrong, Ph.D., M. D. In two volumes. (Sold only ~by 
 subscription.} 
 
 RANNEY (AMBROSE L.). Applied Anatomy of the Nervous System, being a 
 Study of this Portion of the Human Body from a Standpoint of its General 
 Interest and Practical Utility, designed for Use as a Text-Book and as a Work 
 of Reference. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Profusely illustrated. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 ROBINSON (A. R.). A Manual of Dermatology. Revised and corrected. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 ROSCOE-SCHORLEMMER. Treatise on Chemistry. 
 
 Vol. 1. Non-Metallic Elements. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 Vol. 2. Part I. Metals. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 Vol. 2. Part II. Metals. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 Vol. 3. Part I. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives. 
 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 Vol. 3. Part II. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives. 
 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 Vol. 3. Part III. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Deriva- 
 tives. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 Vol. 3. Part IV. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Deriva- 
 tives. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 Vol. 3. Part V. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their Deriva- 
 tives. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 ROSENTHAL (I.). General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves. With 75 Wood- 
 outs. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
8AYRE (LEWIS A.). Practical Manual of the Treatment of Club-Foot. Fourth 
 edition, enlarged and corrected. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 SAY RE (LEWIS A.). Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and Diseases of the 
 Joints, delivered at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. New edition, illus- 
 trated with 824 Engravings on Wood. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 SCHULTZE (B. S.). The Pathology and Treatment of Displacements of the 
 Uterus. Translated from the German by Jameson J. Macan, M. A., etc.; 
 and edited by Arthur V. Macan, M. B., etc. With one hundred and 
 twenty Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50. 
 
 SHIELD (A. MARMADUKE). Surgical Anatomy for Students. 12mo. 
 (STUDENT'S SEEIES.) Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 SHOEMAKER (JOHN V.). A Text-Book of Diseases of the Skin. Six 
 Chromolithographs and numerous Engravings. Second edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $ti.OO. 
 
 SIMPSON (JAMES Y.). Selected Works: Anaesthesia, Diseases of Women. 
 3 vols.. 8vo. Per volume. Cloth, $3.00; sheep, $4.00. 
 
 SIMS (J. MARION). The Story of my Life. Edited by his Son, H. Marion- 
 Sims, M. D. With Portrait. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 SKENE (ALEXANDER J. C.). A Text-Book on the Diseases of Women. 
 Illustrated with two hundred and fifty-four Illustrations, of which one 
 hundred and sixty-live are original, and nine chromolithographs. Second 
 edition. 8vo. {Sold only by subscription.) 
 
 SKENE (ALEXANDER J. C.). Medical Gynecology. A Treatise on the 
 Diseases of Women from the Standpoint of the Physician. 8vo. With 
 Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 STEINER (JOHANN). Compendium of Children's Diseases : a Hand- Book 
 for Practitioners and Students. Translated from the second German edition, 
 by Law son Tait. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50 ; sheep, $4.50. 
 
 STEVENS (GEORGE T.) Functional Nervous Diseases: their Causes and 
 their Treatment. Memoir for the Concourse of 1881-1883, Academic Royal 
 de Medecine de Belgique. With a Supplement, on the Anomalies of Re- 
 fraction and Accommodation of the Eye, and of the Ocular Muscles. Small 
 8vo. With six Photographic Plates and twelve Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 STONE (R. FRENCH). Elements of Modern Medicine, including Principles of 
 Pathology and of Therapeutics, with many Useful Memoranda and Valuable 
 Tables of Reference. Accompanied by Pocket Fever Charts. Designed for 
 the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine. In wallet-book form, 
 with pockets on each cover for Memoranda, Temperature Charts, etc. 
 Roan, tuck, $2.50. 
 
 STRECKER (ADOLPH). Short Text-Book ot Organic Chemistry. By Dr. 
 Johannes Wislicenus. Translated and edited, with Extensive Additions, by 
 W. H. Hodgkinson and A. J. Greenaway. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 STRUMPELL (ADOLPH). A Text-Book of Medicine, for Students and Prac 
 titioners. Translated, by permission, from the sixth German edition 
 by Herman F. Vickery, A. B., M. I)., Instructor in Clinical Medicine, Har- 
 vard Medical School, etc., and Philip Coombs Knapp, Physician to Out- 
 patients with Diseases of the Nervous System, Boston City Hospital, etc. 
 With Editorial Notes by Frederick C. Shattuck, A. M., M. D., Jackson Pro- 
 fessor of Clinical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, etc. Second American 
 edition. With 111 Illustrations. 8vo. 981 pages. Cloth, $6.00; sheep, 
 $7.00. 
 
8 
 
 THOMAS (T. GAILLARD). Abortion and its Treatment, from the Stand- 
 point of Practical Experience. A Special Course of Lectures delivered be- 
 fore the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, Session of 1889-'90. 
 From Notes by P. Brynberg Porter, M.D. Revised by the Author. 
 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 THOMPSON ("W. OILMAN). Practical Dietetics, with Special Reference to 
 Diet in Disease, hvo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 THOMSON (J. ARTHUR). Outlines of Zoology. With thirty-two full-page 
 Illustrations. 12mo. (STUDENTS' SEEIES.) Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 TILLMANNS (HERMANN). The Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology. 
 Translated by John Rogers, M. D., and Benjamin Tilton, M. D., New York. 
 8vo. With 441 Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00. 
 
 ULTZMANN (ROBERT). Pyuria, or Pus in the Urine, and its Treatment. 
 Translated by permission, by Dr. Walter B. Platt. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 VAN BUREN (W. H.). Lectures upon Diseases of the Rectum, and the Sur- 
 gery of the Lower Bowel, delivered at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. 
 Second edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 ; sheep, $4.00. 
 
 VAN BUREN (W. H.). Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery. 
 Delivered at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Edited by Lewis A. Stim- 
 son, M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00 ; sheep, $5.00. 
 
 VOGEL (A.). A Practical Treatise on the Diseases ot Children. Translated 
 and edited by H. Raphael, M. D. Third American from the eighth German edi- 
 
 tion, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by six Lithographic Plates. 8vo. 
 Cloth, $4.50 ; sheep, $5.50. 
 
 VON ZEISSL (HERMANN). Outlines ot the Pathology and Treatment of 
 Syphilis and Allied Venereal Diseases. Second edition, revised by Maximil- 
 ian von Zeissl. Authorized edition. Translated, with Notes, by H. Ra- 
 phael, M. D. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00 ; sheep, $5.00. 
 
 WAGNER (RUDOLF). Hand-Book of Chemical Technology. Translated and 
 edited from the eighth German edition, with extensive Additions, by William 
 Crookes. With 336 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 
 
 WALTON (GEORGE E.). Mineral Springs of the United States and Canadas. 
 Containing the latest Analyses, with full Description of Localities, Routes, 
 etc. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 WEBBER (S. G.). A Treatise on Nervous Diseases: Their Symptoms and 
 Treatment. A Text-Book for Students and Practitioners. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. 
 
 WEEKS-SHAW (CLARA S.). A Text-Book of Nursing. For the Use of 
 Training-Schools, Families, and Private Students. Second edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 12mo. With Illustrations, Questions for Review and Ex- 
 amination, and Vocabulary of Medical Terms. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75. 
 
 WELLS (T. SPENCER). Diseases of the Ovaries. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50. 
 WORCESTER (A.). Monthly Nursing. Second edition, revised. Cloth, $1.25. 
 
 WYETH (JOHN A.). A Text-Book on Surgery : General, Operative, and Me- 
 chanical. Profusely illustrated. Second edition, [revised and enlarged. 8vo. 
 (Sold only ~by subscription.} 
 

 
 
 
 
 14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 3 01965 3 ? 
 
 MAR 41903 
 
 
 -$ 
 
 MAY 08 1991 
 
 70-4PM51 
 
 LD 2lA-60m-8,'65 
 (F2336slO)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 
 or to the 
 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 
 University of California 
 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 Renewals and recharges may be made 
 4 days prior to due date 
 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 WAR 8 2005 
 
 DD20 6M 9-03