UC-NRLF Ifi MEDICAL IK i/iSMOE A.K. CRAWFORD, M.D. T II 1C ANATOMIST. ED UPO.\- "GKAl'.") BY C. HENRI LEONARD, A, M., M, D. ' SECOND ENLARGED EDITION. VIIlTH THOUSAND. DETROIT: CORXI:R C;RATIOT AND WOODWARD AVENUES. COPYRIGHTED 187518 PHYSICIAN'S POCKET DAY-BOOK. Post-paid, $1,00 { with your name on side in gold leaf, $1,25 1 name, town and State, $1,50. This edition contains no printed matter (many physicians re- questing such, preferring the Dose Book bound by itself). It is three and three-tourths by seven and one-fourth inches in size, and is bound in full Russia leather, with flap, pocket, pencil-loop, red edges and gilt side stamp. The regular price of such a styled book is from $1.50 to $2.00. I desire it shall be the most complete, best gotten up. cheapest and lightest day-book for physicians' use ever issued. It is large enough to carry ordinary bills without folding, and also a full supply of prescription blanks, etc. It is so arranged that it will accommodate DAILY CHARGES tor forty families per week, with a separate column for weekly credits for the entire year ; or DAILY CHARGES for twenty families per week, with DAILY CREDITS for the entire year. Besides the Dr. and Cr. columns to each name, there is also one for ledger page (if the ordinary ledger instead of my ledger [page 111] is used), and one each for Discount, Total Dr., Total Cr., and Balance Due. You can "post" every ten days, or every month. There is a complete record for ninety-six obstetrical cases, and a monthly memoranda for a Dr. and Cr. cash account. It is good for one year from the first of any month. It is so arrangtd that the family name needs to be written but once during the entire month, if your practice is small, or at most but three times ; the rest of the account-keeping being in figures, the amount of your daily charges. Accounts can be Kept in one- fifth the usual time required by other methods. LEONABD'S PHYSICIAN'S BOUND STATEMENTS. 400, Bound, with Stub, Post-paid, $2,25, Each account-statement will have your town, name, street address, office hours, etc., printed upon it, with six lines for Debit and Credit entries, with their appropriately printed headings, etc., etc. The size of each is three and a naif by six and a half inches, exclusive of stub. Sample pages of Day-Book or Statements on receipt of stamp. C. HENBI LEONAKD, M. D., Publisher, Corner Gratiot and Woodward avenues, DETROIT, MICH. (No goods sent except on receipt of full remittance. MANUAL OF BANDAGING. By C. Henri Leonard, A. M., M. D. Over 100 original illustrations; cloth, 8w., postpaid, $1.50 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Charpie and Cotton-wool. Chapter II. Compresses; (Illustrated.) Chapter III. Bandages in general. Chapter IV. Classification of Bandages. Chapter V. Bandages of the head, 30 are given; (Illustrated.) Chapter VI. Bandages of the neck, 10 are given; (Illustrated.) Chapter VII.- Ban- dages of the Upper Extremity, 32 given; (Illustrated.) Chapter VIII. Bandages of the Body, 24 given ; (Illus- trated. Chapter IX. Bandages of the Lower Extremi- ty, 56 are given; (Illustrated.) Chapter X. Immovable Dressings; (Illustrated,) Cnapter XI. Strappings; (Illustrated.) Chapter XII. Knots; (Illustrated.) Chapter XIII. Poultices. INCLUDED IN TEE LIST OF 'TEXI BOOKS USED A T THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY. " It describes and gives cuts of almost all conceivable bandages. To those whx> have never enjoyed the op- portunities which a large hospital can alone afford, this book will prove a very valuable aid." Peninsular Jour. Med. "Every student should possess it; and as it is the most explicit and best illustrated English work of its kind, there will be few physicians who will not prize it s worth. "St. Louis Med Jour. "The wood-cuts are very instructive. It is charming to look, at last, upon a new set of thess. We heartily commend the book." Louisville Med. News. Sent post-paid on receipt of price by addressing the Publisher. C HENRI LEONARD, M. D., DETROIT, MICH REFERENCE AND DOSE BOOK. By C. HENRI LEONARD, A. M., M. D. Third Edition (18 Thousand), revised and enlarged. Cloth, post-paid, 75c. Contains the Doses of more Bemedies than any other Dose-Book or Ma- teria Medica published, and is used in every Medical College in the United States, and by Physicians and Druggists in every State and Territory, the Canadas, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, Newfoundland, British Columbia, England, Hawaiian Islands, Africa, India, China and Australia. CONTENTS. Medium and maximum DOSES of all officinal and non-officinal remedies, and their preparations, arranged in alphabetical order, with pronunciation, (common names in small type below drug name) the Orthography that of the last U.S.P. RUbES for Genitive case-endings in prescription wri- ting. A complete list of INCOMPATIBLES. Ditto of POISONS and their ANTIDOTES, and Tests for same. Rules for resusci- tation of the drowned, tr- atment of poisoned wounds, etc. A complete table ot tests for URINARY DEPOSITS. OBSTE- TRIC TABLES, and rules for management in difficult cases and accidents. PRONUNCIATION of Medico-Biographical Names. Table of FEES tor city and country practice. Visceral Measurements for guides in auscultation and percussion. Table of the Exanthemata, and differential diagnosis. Tables Of WEIGHTS, MEASURES, etc., both French and American. Listot ABBREVIATIONS, besides several pages of miscel- laneous matter, useful in emergencies. " It is emphatically a multum in parvo, and contains a fund of valuable information of every day requirement. Besides being the most complete Dose Book we .know of, it is indispensable to the practitioner on account of its other contents. Peninsular Jour. Med. " Every one must acknowledge that this author has compressed an im- mense amount of ready, practical information into the minimum of space." Chicago Med. Jour, and Examiner. "A very complete little volume, containing a rare selection of valuable information, arranged for ready reference." St. Louis Med. Jour. "One of the best books of its size issued." Am. Med. Bi-weekly. VACCINE. (WARRANTED 15 DAYS.) 10 large X Points, 51.00 10 '* XX " 2.00 5 "XX " 100 Crusts, per grain, 1.00 Address ALL Orders (none filled without remittance), for Books, etc., to the publisher, C. HENRI LEONARD, M. D., Corner Gratiot and Woodward Aves , DETROIT, MICH. NECK. MUSCLES. (Nervous supply is indicated by [ ] brackets.) The dash divides the origin from the insertion. (l) EPICRANIAL REGION I. GCCip'itC-fronta'lis ; outer % superior curved line of Occiput, and mastoid process frontal quadrilateral expansion to the facial muscles. [Supra-orbital, facial, occipital, posterior auricular. (2) AURICULAR REGION 3. AUollens au'rem ; occipital fascia upper part of pinna, [Small occipital. ] A l / k nhC-S a'i'ma : lateral edge aponeuro'sis of occipito- frontalis front of helix. [Facial, inferior maxillary.] Ket'rahens au'rem : mastoid process lower cranial surface of the concha. [Facial.] (3) INTRA-ADRICULAR REGION 4. Ten'SOP tym'pani Z inferior surface petrous bone, Eustachian tube backwards to handle malleus. [Otic ganglion.] Lasa'tor tyia'pani na'jor: spinous process sp'i enoid, Eustachian tube back through Glaserian fissure to neck of the malleus, [Facial.] Laxa'tor tym'pani mi'nor I superior and posterior part external meatus for-and inwards to handle of the malleus. [Facial.] Staps'dius: interior of pyramid forward to neck of stapes, [Facial.] (4) PALPEBRAL REGION (4) 3. CrttCUla'riS palpabra'nim : internal angular process frontal "bone, na.-al process superior maxilla,sphincter of eye. [Facial and supra-orbital.] Comga'tOP SUperciTii : inner extremity superciliary ridge- under surface orbi nl ris, opposite the middle of the orbital arch. [Facial, supra-orbital.] Ton'nor tar'si: crest of os lachrymalis- tarsal cartilage nearpuncta; covers in lachrymal canals. [Facial.] (5) ORBITAL REGION 7. Lava'tOP palps'traj SUpsrio'rlS : inferior surface lesser wing of spheiu-i 1, anteriorly to foramen opticum upper border su- perior tarsal cartilage. [Hid.] Eec'tlS Svips'ricr: margin optic foramen sclerotica. [Hid.] Roc'tus infs'rior : optic foramen sclerotica. [Hid.] SflC'tuB intsr'nus : optic foramen sclerotica. [Hid.] HEAD AND NECK. S: 2 heads between which pass Hid., nasal branch of Vth, and Vlth nerves and opthalmic vein; ufj>er from outer margin optic foramen, lower from ligament of Zinn and process of bone at sphenoidal fissure sclerotica. [Vlth.] Oblio/UUS Bupe'rior : near optic foramen " pulley" thence at right angle to sclerotica. [I Vth.] OWiO/UUS isfe'rior: depression in orbital plate in superior maxilla sclerotica, outer surface. [ Hid.] (6) NASAL REGION 7. PyramidaliS na'si : occipito-frontalis compressor naris. [Fa- cial.] Leva'tor laTm superio'ris aln'qtie na'si : nasal process superior maxilla cartilage of the ala and lip. [Facial.] Dill'tor na'ris ante'rior: Cartilage ala inner border integument ala. [Facial.] Dila'tor na'ris poste'rior: nasal notch superior maxilla skin at inner margin nostril. [Facial.] Compres'sor na'ris : above incisive fossa superior maxilla pyramidalis nasi, nasal fibro-cartilage,its fellow opposite side. [Facial.] Compressor na'rium mi'nor S alar cartilage skin at the end of the nose. [Facial.] Depres'sor ala na'si : incisive fossa superior maxilla septum and ala nasi. [Facial.] (7) SUPERIOR MAXILLARY REGION 4. Leva'tOT laljii snpario'ris : lower margin orbit lip. [Facial. ] Leva'tor an'gnli O'ris : canine fossa superior maxilla angle mouth. [Facial.] SygOmat'icuS ma'jor : in front zygoma angle oris. [Facial.] Eygonat'icuS'mi'nor : malar bone near maxillary suture angle oris. [Facial.] (8) INFERIOR MAXILLARY REGION 3. Leva'tor latii Inferio'ris, or Leva'tor msn'ti: incisive fossa infe- rior maxilla skin of chin. [Facial.] Eepres'SOr la'bii hforo'ris : external oblique line inferior maxilla integument of lower lip. [Facial.] Bepres'sor an'guli o'ris, or Quadra'tus men'ti \ external oblique line inferior maxilla angle oris. [Facial.] (9) INTER-MAXILLARY REGION 3. Qrbicula'riS o'ris : sphincter oris. [Facial.] Buccina'tor : alveolar processes superior and inferior maxillae converges, to the angle of the mouth, and orbicularis. [Facial, inferior maxillary.] s: fascia above masseter angle oris. [Facial.] (lo) TEMPORO-MAXILLARY REGION 2. ! malar process superior maxilla, lower border ygoma angle and lower half ramus inferior maxilla, outer varface. [Inferior maxillary.] Tempora'liS I temporal fossa, curved line of frontal and par- ietal bones, pterygoid ridge of sphenoid coronoid process inferior maxilla. [Inferior maxillary.] fll) PTERYGO-MAXILLARY REGION 2. PterygOido'uS inter'aus: pterygoid fossa, tuberosity palate bone lewer and inner side ramus inferior maxilla. [Inferior snaxillary.] Pterygoide'us ozter'nus : -upper head from pterygoid ridgvi great wing of sphenoid ; tower from external pterygoid plate, tuberosity of palate, and superior maxillary bones pterygoid depression in front condyle inferior maxilla. [Inferior maxil- lary.] (l) SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL REGION 2. Platys'ma myoido'US : clavicle, acromian process, fascia of del- toid and pectoralis major inferior maxilla below external ob- lique line. [Facial, superior cervical.] Ster'nO-Clei'do-mastoido'nS S sternum and clavicle mastoid pro- cess, superior occipital curved line. [Spinal accessory, cervi- cal plexus.] (2) INFRA-HYOID REGION 4. Stor'nO-hyoids'llS": sternum and sternal end of clavicle hyoid bone. [Communicating branch of descendens and commu- nicans noni.] Ster'nO-thyroide'uS : upper posterior edge sternum oblique line of ala of cartilage (thyroid.) [Communicating branch of descendens and communicans noni.] Thy'ro-hyoidfl'us : Oblique line of thyroid cartilage body and greater cornu hyoid bone. [Hypoglossal.] O'mO-hyoid&'llS : upper border scapula (bound down to clav- icle by cervical fascia) hyoid bone. [Communicating branch of descendens and communicans noni.] (3) SUPRA-HYOID REGION 4. Eigas'triCUS: mastoid process of temporal (ligament binding to hyoid bone) symphysis inferior maxilla. [Facial, inferior dental.] Sty'lO-hyoide'US I outer surface, middle styloid process body hyoid bone, perforated by digastricus. [Facial.] Mylo-hyoide'uS : (forms floor of mouth) mylo-hyoid ridge of inferior maxilla body of os hyoides. [Inferior dental.] 4 HEAD AND NECK. OrO'nio-liycids'llS ; inferior genial tubercle inferior maxilla body os hyoides. [Hypoglossal.] (4) LINGUAL REGION (5) 4. Ofa'n:0-hy:-glos'US : superior genial tubercle of inferior maxil- la os hyoides and whole length inferior surface tongue. [Hypoglosal.] n,"-glos'SU3 *. side of body and greater and lesser cornua hyoid back and side of tongue. [Hypogloss:.!.] LlUgua'.iS ; under surface glossa from b.;so to tip, between hyo-g'ossus and Gcnio-hyo-glossus. [Chorda tympani.] St:'lo-glo/SU:: outer and anterior center styloid process side of tongue. [Hypoglossal.] (5) PHARYNGEAL REGION (5) 4. Constric'tor infe'riorl sides of cricoid and thyroid cartilages fibrous raphe of posterior median line of pharynx. [Pharyn- geal plexus, glosso-pharyngeal, external laryngeal.] Coistric'tor me'diu:: greater and lesser cornua hyoid poste- rior median pharyngeal raphe. [Glosso-pharyngeal, pharyn- geal plexus.] Con.tric'tor Superior : lower 3d of the margin of internal ptery- goid plate, palate and contiguous palatal muscles posterior median pharyngeal raphe and occipital pharyngeal spine. [Glosso-pharyngeal, pharyngeal plexus.] Sty'lo-pha"7Cge'::3 : inner side base of styloid process con- strictor muscles and upper border thyroid cartilage. [Glosso- pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus.] (6) PALATAL REGION 5. Leva'for pala'ti: under surface petrous portion of temporal, Eustachian tube posterior surface soft palate. [Facial.] Ten':;r pala'ti: scaphoid fossa of the sphenoid, Eustachian tube (bound to hamular process) anterior surface hard and soft palate. [Otic ganglion.] Az'ygOS EV'uls : posterior n?sal spine palate bone uvula. [Facial.] (Is not a single muscle as its name implies.) Pl'a'tC-glOS'SUS : (anterior pillar) anterior lateral surface soft palate side and dorsum of tongue. [Meckel's gan^licn.] Pala'tO-phr.ry: gO'-3 - (posterior pillar) soft palate jolr.s stylo- pharyngeus to be inserted into posterior border thyroid carti- lage. [Meckel's ganglion.] (7) IXTRA-LARYNGEAL REGION 5. GrrcC-thyTOide'rs: front and side of ciicoid up- and outwards to lower border thyroid cartilage. [Laryngeal to the muscles this group.] Thy'- O-arjtseaoide'uS : posterior surface thyroid cartilages and MUSCLES. 5 crico-thyroid membrane backwards to anterior surface ary- tenoid cartilage ; (false vocal cord.) Cri'CO-a:ytxnolde'U3 latera'lij: superior border cricoir! carti- lage obliquely up- and backwards to external angle Dase ary- tenoid cartilage. Cri'O-ry Knoids'uS posts'. ior: posterior surface cricoid carti- lage up- and outwards to external angle base arytenoid. Arytsnoide'uS : fills up posterior concave surface of arytenoid cartilage. (8) EPIGLOTTIDIAN REGION 3. Thy'rO-epig'ot ido'us : internal surface thyroid cartilage up- wards to margin of epiglottis. [Laryngeal to the muscles of this group.] Ary.K'nO-epigiOttide'US SUps'rior I apex arytenoid cartilage to fold mucous membrane between arytenoid cartilage and side of epiglottis. JLryt;2'nO-epig'ottide'uS infe'lior : arytenoid cartilage just above superior vocal cord forwards and upwards to the margin of the epiglottis. (9) ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL REGION 4. Bec'tus Cap'itiS anti'cus ma'jor : (continuation scalenus anticus) 4 slips from anterior tubercles transverse processes 3d, oste'rior, up- and back- wards over side of head, anas, with opposite fellow, posterior auricular and occipital. Mazilla'rij intor'na I (see external caro- tid) inwards to inner side of condyle inferior maxilla into spheno-maxillary fossa, to supply deep structures of the face. MAXILLARY PORTION : Ca'vi tym'J>ani (tympanic) up through fissura Glaseri, supplying membrana tympani, laxator tympa- ni, anas, with stylo-mastoid and Vidian. Meninge'a. me'dia, from internal lateral ligament of jaw up through foramen spi- nosum, dividing into anterior and posterior branches, supply- ing anterior and posterior surface of dura and bones, facial nerves, and branches to other parts ] anas, with opposite fel- low, anterior and posterior meningeal. Meninge'a fa^i-a, through foramen ovale to Casserian ganglion and dura ; also to nasal fossa and soft palate. Alveola'ris infe'rior, (inf. den- tal) with dental nerve to foramen on ramus, then along dental canal supplying teeth, etc., till opposite bicuspid tooth, then ARTERIES. 9 divides into incisor and mental branches, the former to incisor teeth, anas, with opposite fellow j the latter passes out mental foramen, anas, wilh inferior labial, inferior coronary, submcn- tal and supplies adjacent parts. Mylo-hyoid branch given off just as artery enters inferior dental foramen; it runs in its groove to its muscle. PETERYGOID PORTION: Tempera' les rofun'd(Z (2) anterior and posterior branches up to temporal muscle. PeterygoidJ to do muscle. Bucca'lis, to do muscles. SPHENO-MAXILLARY POR- TION : Alveola'ris, common branch with following, supplying (superior dental) teeth, antrum and gums. Infra-orbita'lls t continuation of main artery, along infra-orbital canal, and out infra-orbital foramen, supplying inferior rectus and inferior oblique, antrum, front teeth, lachrymal sac, etc.; anas. with facial, buccal, nasal branch ophthalmic, etc. Palati'na descen'dens, down posterior palatine canal to gums, mucous membrane, palate, etc. Vidia'na, through its canal, with nerve, to pharynx, Eustachian tube and tympanum. Ptery- go-palati'na t to upper part pharynx and Eustachian tube. Sfheno-palati'na, (nasal), to mucous membrane of nose, sep- tum, antrum, ethmoid and sphenoid cells. CAUO'TIS INTE217A : (8 brs.) Superior border thyroid car- tilage up through carotid foramen in temporal bone ; in th^. skull it runs forwards in a course represented by X [italic f laid horizontally.] No branches from cervical part. Tonsil is internal to it. Tympan'ica : to tympanum. Becoptac'nlJB : small branches to cavernous sinus, pituitary body, Casserian gan- glion, etc. Cphthal'mica I at inside anterior clinoid process, for- wards through optic foramen to inner canthus, dividing into frontal and nasal. Lachryma'lis, to lachrymal gland, con- junctiva; malar and meningeal branches; anas, freely with temporal, palpebral, etc. Supra-orbita'lis t out supra-orbital foramen to muscles and skin of forehead and pericranium ; anas, with temporal, facial, etc. E.thmoida'les t (2) anterior and posterior to ethmoidal cells and meninges. Palpebra'lcs, (2) superior and inferior, encircle eyelids, down nasal duct, anas, with temporal, inferior orbital, etc. Fronta'lis y out in- ner angle Orbit to forehead, supplying adjacent parts, anas. with, supra-orbital. Nasa'lis, to lachrymal sac, then down the nose, supplying its whole surface ; anas, with facial, etc. Cilia' res bre'ves t (12 15) supply choroid and ciliary processes. Cilia'res lon'g&i (2) to ciliary ligament and iris. Cilia'rcs anterio'res, from muscular branches, to iritic arterial circle. Centra'lis ret'inte, pierces optic nerve and runs in it to retina. 10 HEAD AND NECK. Muscula'res, (2) superior and inferior to muscles of eye. Carotri arto'ria aats'rforS at fissure of Sylvius forward in th* great longitudinal fissure, anas, with its fellow by ante'rior ComimSn'iCans \ curves round anterior border corpus callosum, running back to its posterior part to anas, with posterior cere- bral supplying olfactory and optic nerves, inferior surface anterior lobes, 3d ventricle, anterior perforated space, corpus callosum and inner surface of hemispheres. Cero'tri artc'ril medial (largest branch,) obliquely outwards along fissure of Sylvius, dividing into anterior branch to pia of anterior lobe, median branch to small lobe at extremity of Sylvian fissurcj fostefrior branch which supplies middle lobe; small branches to corpus striatum through substantia perforata. Conmu'nicaia pOS'.c'riorl from back part of artery backwards, anas, with pos- terior cerebral of basilar. Ch:roi.'.e'a ante'lior : from back part of artery back- and outwards, entering descending horn of lateral ventricle; is distributed to hippocampus major, corpus fim- briatum and choroid plexus. VEETEBEA'L'.S I (6brs.) ist and largest branch of subclavian. Enters foramen in transverse process of 6th cervical vertebra and ascends in these cervical foramina to the axis, then out- wards, piercing occipito- ataloid ligament and dura, passing through foramen magnum along in front of medulla, unites with opposite fellow to form basilar. Spina'les latera'les, enter spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina and supply (anterior branches) the cord and membranes and (pos- terior branches) posterior surface of vertebral bodies. Mus- cula'rfsi deep muscles of neck, anas, with occipital and deep cervical. Posterio'res meninge f ce t (2) to falx cerebelli. Spi- na'lis anterior, given off near termination, unites with oppo- site fellow, and descends on cord, anas, with spinal branches through the intervertebral foramina down to sacrum. Supplies pia of cord (being placed beneath it) and cord. Spina'lis pos- te?rior t arises at side of medulla and passes down posterior sur- face of cord, being reinforced similarly to the anterior spinal, to sacrum. Inferior cerebella'ris> winds back over medulla, to under surface of cerebellum, there dividing, the inferior branches going backwards to notch between the two hemis- pheres, the external branch supplying the inferior surface- anas, with superior cerebellar; branches, also to choroid plexus, 4th ventricle. B ASILLA'BIS I (see above) from posterior to anterior borders ofpons, there dividing into posterior cciebral. Transver'scCf to ponSj internal auditory meatus, under surface cerebellum (ant. cerebellar). Superior cerebella'ris t near end basilar, up over cerebellum, supplying it, pineal gland, velum interposi- tum. Paste' riorcerebra' Us, winds round crus cerebri to infe- rior surface of posterior cerebral lobes, supplying them, and chorold plexus, anas, with anterior and middle cerebral. Circle Of Willis: (10); from behind forwards: basilar, 2 pos- terior cerebral, 2 posterior communicating, 2 internal carotids, 2 anterior cerebral, anterior communicating. Jnfs'rior Thyroide'a I (see arteries of upper extremity) branch of thyroid axis, up behind sheath of common carotid and sym- pathic nerve to under surface of thyroid gland, anas, with opposite fellow, and superior thyroid. Laryngea'lis, to back part larynx. Tracheci'les, to trachea, anas, with bronchial. (Esophagea'les. Cervica'lis ascen'dens, up neck, supplying muscles, vertebrae, cord and membranes. Cervi'ciS profi-'da: (see arteries of upper extremity) branch of superior intercostal, ascends back part of neck, below corn- plexus, to axis, supplying adjacent parts, and anas, with branches of vertebral and princeps cervicis of occipital. VEINS. Ve'na LiploSS: walls only of epithelium, with many cuh-de- sacs. Fro::ta'liS) opens into supra-orbital through supra-orbital notch. Tempora'lis ante'rior opens into deep temporal. Ton- Pora'lis posterior confined to parietal region, opens into lateral sinus. Occipiia'lis, opens into occipital vein or sinus. Cerebralea I noted for their thin coats, muscular tissue and absence of valves. Superidrcs, (j or 8 on each side) for- and inwards to superior longitudinal sinus, there receivinginterior cerebral which drain the same hemisphere. Inferio'res antcri- f/res t under surface of anterior lobes ; terminate in cavernous sinus. Inferirfres latera'les, (3 to 5) terminate in lateral sinus- Inferitfres Metdia, from posterior lobe, etc., to straight sinus behind venae Galeni. Vo'ns Cale'ni(2, one from right, one from left ventricle) formed by vc'na corpo'ris stria'ti and ve'na choroide'a; pass back and out of transverse fissure to straight sinus. Cerebella'res, superior, inferior and lateral sets ; the ist open into straight, the zd into lateral, the 3d into superior petrosal sinus. Si'HUS : (16 in No.) Sufie'rior longiiudina'lis, beings at crista Galli, runs back over cerebrum to torcular Herophili ; receives superior cerebral and parietal veins. Infe'riorlong':tudina'lis 9 along posterior part free margin of falx cerebri to straight sinus. Tento'rii (straight), junction of tentorium and falx 13 HEAD AND KECK. cerebri to torcular Herophili ; receives inferior longitudinal sinus, venae Galeni, inferior median cerebral, and superior cerebellar veins. Latera'les, (2) from torcular to foramen lacerum posterius into internal jugular vein, receives straight and occipital sinus, etc. Occipita'les, (2) smallest ; posterior margin of foramen magnum to torcular. Caver* ni, (2) sides of sella Turcica from sphenoid fissure to apex petrous part of temporal. Receives ophthalmic vein connecting the frontal with these sinus; also inferior anterior cerebral veins. Cir~ cula'ris, surrounds pituitary body, communicates with each cnvernous. Inferio'res petrosa'les^z} termination of cavernous to intenal jugular vein. Transver'sus, connects the inferior petrosales across basilar process of occipital. Superio'res jt>etro- sa'les, (2) on superior border petrous part of temporal, con- necting lateral and cavernous ; receives inferior lateral cere- bral, anterior lateral cerebellar veins. Ve'na Facia'liS : obliquely across side face from inner can thus, to unite, under inferior maxilla, to form a trunk for internal jugular. Receives supra-orbita'lis, supra-falpebra'lis, nasa'lis, inferior Jalpebra'lis, fronta'lzs, supra-orbitalis , supra-labia'lis, inferior labia'lis, bucca'lis, masseter'ica, sub" menta'iis, infe'rior palati'na (which arises from plexus about tonsil, etc.), submaxilla'ris, ranfna; also communicates with ophthalmic (see cavernous sinus). Tempora'lis : from side and vertex of head, uniting with internal maxillary forms temporo-maxillary. Receives faro- tide'ce t anterio'res auricula'res, transit er'sa facial. Mizilla'ris Inter'na: me' dice meninge'te, tempora'lis prcfun'da, fterygoidc'a, masseter'ita, bucca'lis, palati'na:, infe'rior den- ta'lis, forms, with above, temporo-maxillary. Temporo-Mazilla'rlS : union of temporal and internal maxilla- ry, descends in parotid gland and divides, one branch going to join facial, the other to external jugular. Receives poste- rior auricular. FOito'rior auricda'ris : plexus side of head, receives stylo- mastoide'a. and branches from external ear; empties into tem- poro-maxillary. Occipita'liS I (from plexus), back part vertex of skull deeply between muscles of neck lying in course of artery, to internal jugular. Receives tnastoide'a^ which communicates with lat- eral sinus. Jttgnla'riS Ezter'na : from temporo-maxillary near angle lower jaw, down into subclavian accompanied by auricularis magnus nerve. Has 2 pair of valves. Receives occifiita'liS) foste'rior NERVES. 13 jugula'ris exter*na (draining superficial muscles of back of neck), supra-scapuia'ris , transver'sa. cervi'cis. Ante'rior jugula'ris ! drains integument and superficial mus- cles of anterior and middle portion of neck, emptying into subclavian. No valves. JnguL'riS Lter'ni: from jugular foramen at junction of lat- eral and inferior petrosal sinus, vertically down the side of neck (outer side of main arteries), uniting with subclavian tc form vena innominata ; i pr. valves, ^ inch above termination. Receives//V/z.r, lingua' Us, pharynge'cz^ superior thyroid*' a t rue 1 dia thyroide'a. Vcrtebra'llS : drains occipital region and deep muscles of back of neck ; enters foramen in transverse process of atlas down through similar foramina of the cervical vertebrae to 6th (or jth) where it passes out to enter v. innominata. Receives posterior condyloi' da, imtscula'rcs, dorso-spina'les, menin'gio- racktdza'nfr, ascen' dens and prof un' da cervica'les. i pr. valves guard its mouth. NERVES. CRANIAL. Isi or Nsr'vus olfac'wUS. From corpus striatum, middle and anterior lobes of cerebrum. Supplies the Schnei- derian membrane. Special function, smelling. 2cl or Qp'ticus. From optic thalami and the corpora genic- ulata ct quadrigemina, out through optic foramen to retina. Special function, sight. 3d or Moto'rius Cc'uli. From crus cerebri and pons (?) out through foramen lacerum anterius to all the muscles of the orbit, save the superior oblique and external rectus; a few filaments pass to the iris. Is a motor nerve. 4. h cr Pathet'icu:. From valve of Vieussens, through fora- men l.icerum anterius to superior oblique. Is a motor. 5.h or Trigeni'iniS. The sensory, or posterior root, from the lateral tract of the medulla, the pons, and cerebellum (middle peduncle). The motor root from the pyramidal body. The sensory supplies are to the eye-ball (iris, ciliary body, etc), lachrymal gland, conjunctiva, Schneiderian membrane, all the muscles and integument about the eye-ball, o:bit, cs fron- talis, nose, mouth, cheek, lips, temple, superior portion of pharynx, tongue, gums, and teeth. Motor filaments are given to the external and internal pterygoid, temporal, bucci- nator, and masseter muscles. Special sensation (taste) to mucous membrane of mouth, gums, tongue (anterior and mid- dle portion), sub-lingual gland, conical and fungiform papillae. 14 HEAD AND NECK. BRS.I. OPHTHAL'MICUS: sensory; forward through sphenoidal fissure from Casserian ganglion, joined by cavernus plexus of sympathetic. Lachryma'lis* Fronta'lis\ (a) supra-trochlea'ris, (3) supraorbital. Nasa'lis ; ganglionic, long ciliary (2 or 3), infra- trochlear branches. n. SUPE'RIOR MAXILLA'RIS ; sen- sory : forwards through foramen rotundum from Casserk.n ganglion appearing on face through infra-orbital foramen. Orbita'iis\ (a) temporal, (b] malar branches. Sjheno-palati'ni (2). Posteritfrex dcnta'les (2); (a) anterior branches, (b} posterior branches. Ante'rior denta'lis. Palpebra'les. Kasa'les. La- lia'les. All inosculate with branches from facial, in. IN- FE'RIOR MAXILLA'RIS: sensor root from Casserian ganglion, motor unites with it after passing through foramen ovale. ANTERIOR DIVISION: (a) masseteric, (b) deep temporal, (c) buccal, (d) ptcrygoid branches. POSTERIOR DIVISION: Auric- ulo'temfora'iis ; (#) anterior temporal, (b) posterior temporal (out under cover of parotid), (c) communicating with facial, (d) inferior and superior auricular, (e) 2 branches to meatus, (/) branches to temporo-maxillary articulation, (^branches to parotid gland. Gustato'rius , side of tongue to lip; (a) communicating branches, (b) branches of distribution to tongue, gums, etc. ' Infe'rior denta'lis, in dental canal inferior maxilla to teeth, etc.; (a} mylo-hyoid to do muscle, etc., (b) dental branches. ft or Atdu'ccnS. From pons, corpus pyramidale and me- dulla through foramen lacerum anterius to supply motor in- fluence to the rectus externus oculi. 7.h or Facia'l'.S. - From lateral tract medulla and 4th ven- tricle, out through stylo-mastoid foramen to all the muscles of the face, ear and their integument, the platysma, buccinator, digastric, stylo-hyoid, lingualis, stapedius, laxator and tensor tympani, levator palati, and azygos uvulae. Is essentially a motor nerve. Tytn^an'tcus. Chor'da tym'pani. Posterior auricula' r is; (a) auricular branch, (b) occipital branch. Stylo- hyoidefus. Digastric branch. Temforo-facia'lis; (a) tem- poral branches, (} infra-orbital, (superficial and deep branches), (c) malar branches. Ccrvico-facia'lis ; (a) buccal, (3) supra-maxillary branches, (c) infra-maxillary branches. 8ti or I. Glosso-;har;n23'tis, II. Pnsuzoga:'tricns, III. Spisa'lis AccaS30'rU3. i. and ii. from floor of 4'>.h ventricle; in. from lateral tract of cord as low as 6th cervico-spinalis, and also from medulla just below origin of I. and n. Part i. passes Out through foramen lacerum posterius to supply sensation to mucous membrane of pharynx, fauces, Eustachian tube, tympanum, and tonsil; motor influence to the pharyngeal muscles ; gustation to posterior third of tongue and its lateral papillae. Branches of communication (sympathetic, facial,) tympanic); Carotid branches. Pharyngeal branches. Mus- cular branches. Tonsillar branches. Lingual branches. Part ii, through foramen lacerum posterius to supply motor and sensor filaments to the muscles and parts about the pharynx, larynx and trachea concerned in speech and respi- ration ; motor filaments to the pharynx, heart, oesophagus, stomach, and filaments to the splenic and hepatic plexi. Au- ricula? r is. Pharyngeal branch. Superior laryngea'lis. Re- cur 9 rens (or inferior laryngea'lis (the motor of larynx). Cervi- co-cardiac (2 or 3 in number). Thoracico-cardiac. Anterio'res fulmona'res (2 or 3 in number.) Posterior pulmona'ris. CEso- fhagea'les. Gastric branches. Part in. supplies motor fila- ments to sterno-mastoideus and trapezius. The accessory part arising from lateral tract of cord, the spinal portion as low down as 6th cervical nerve, passing up in spinal foramen into skull, then out, with the accessory portion, through jug- ular foramen. .9thorHyp:glos'SUS. From floor of medulla. Is the motor ol the tongue. Out through anterior candyloid foramen to supply the genio-hyoid, genio-hyo-glossus, hyo-glossus, stylo-glossus, thyro-hyoid, sterno-hyoid, omo-hyoid, and sterno-thyroid muscles. Is deep-seated (beneath internal carotid), but finally curves over externally to the carotid to muscles for distribution. Has branches of communication with pneumogastric, sympa- thetic, ist and 2d cervical and gustatory. Dcscen'dens ncfni (on carotid sheath), joining with ad and 3d cervical. Thyro- hyoid branch. Muscular branches. CiRVICA'LES: each increase in size from i&t to 5th ; 8 pairs in all. Have anterior and posterior branches, the latter hav- ing ganglionic enlargements. The ist, or sub~occipital t (ante- rior branch) has exit between atlas and occiput, the remain- ing 7 between their respective vertebrae. The 4 upper (ante- rior branches) unite to form the cervical plexus; the 4 lower (anterior) with the ist dorsal form the brachial plexus. CerTi'ciSp'es'us; SUPERF. BRS. Super/id a' Us col' It t from ad and 3d; obliquely forwards to anterior and lateral parts of neck. Auricula'ris mag'nus, from ad and 3d ; ascends to parotid gland, having facial, posterior auricular and mastoid branches. Occipita'lis m?nor t from ad; ascends to side of head; has auricular branch. Supra-clavicula'res, from 3d and 4th; downwards, having sternal, clavicular, and acromial l6 HEAD AND NECK. branches. DEEP BRS.: Communican' tea s loop between ist and ad, to sympathetic, hypogiossal, pneumogastric, and spinal accessory nerves. MuscuJa'res, from ist. Commu'nt- cans no'ni, from 2d and 3d, uniting with descendens noni. 2^hren!tcus t from 3d, 4th and 5th | crosses subclavian artery down to middle mediastinum, thence to pericardium, dia- phragm and pleura. The left is the longer. POSTERIOR BRANCHES: each have external and internal divisions sup- plying the muscles of the back of the neck, etc. Sub-occiJ>i- ia'lis, from ist, up to sub-occipital region. Occipita'lis ma'jor, the internal branch from the 2d cervical. Occipital branch, from the 3d cervical, internal branch. All the others havfc only the external and internal branches, supplying the mus- cles contiguous to them. EXTREMITY. MUSCLES. (l) ANTERIOR THORACIC REGION 3. PeC'.OriliS ma'jor: sternal half clavicle, % front of sternum down to 7: h rib, cartilage of true ribs, aponeurosis- external oblique anterior bicipital ridge of humerus. [Anterior tho- racic.] Pectoral!] mi'no: : 3d, 4th and sth ribs anterior border cora- coid process of scapula. [Anterior thoracic.] Subcla'viUS I ist rib-cartilage under surface middle 3d of clavicle. [Branch from 5th and 6th cervical.] (2) LATERAL THORACIC REGION I. S^ira'tllS Juag'miS \ 9 digitations frcm the 8 superior ribs whclj length inner margin scapula, posterior surface. [Poste- rior thoracic.] (3) ACROMIAL REGION I. Del'oide'ui: outer 36. anterior border, upper surface, of clavicle ; outer margin, upper surface acromian crocess; whole length lower border spine of scapula prominence outer sur- face (middle) humerus. [Circumflex.] (4) ANTERIOR SCAPULAR REGION I. Ehibscaptlla'ris : inner % subscapular fossa lesser tuberosity humerus. [Subscapular.] (5) POSTERIOR SCAPULAR REGION 4. Supra-Sp'na'ttlS : internal 2/ of supra-spinous fossa of scapula upper facet greater tuberosity humerus. [Supra-scapu- lar.] * ZafrSrEpfca'ttlS ! internal % of infra-spinous fossa middle facet greater tuberosity humerus. [Supra-scapular.] tai'aor! dorso-axillary border scapula lowest facet greater tubcrosity of humerus. [Circumflex.] Te'res ma'.or : dorsum inferior angle scapula posterior bicip- ital ridge humerus. [Subscapular.J (6) ANTERIOR HUMERAL REGION 3. Cfl^CO-bracllia'lis: apex coracoid process scapula rough ridge inner (middle) side of humerus. [Musculo-cutaneous.] Bi'csps : long head above glenoid cavity; short head, cora- coid process bicipltal tuberosity radius. [Musculo-cutaneous.] Braci'a'.iS anti'CUS: lower half outer and inner surfaces shaft humerus, septa under surface coronoid process ulna. {Musculo-cutaneous, musculo-spiral.] (7) POSTERIOR HUMERAL REGION 9. Tri'cepS : long head, depression below glenoid cavity ; ex- ternal head, posterior superior part of humerus ; internal head, posterior surface of humerus below musculo-spiral groove olecranon process ulna. [Musculo-spiral] S^anCOHS'TlS \ j ust above olecranon fossa humerus posterior ligament elbow-joint. [Musculo-spiral.] (8) ANTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION, SUPERFICIAL LAYER, 5. Prona'tor ra'dii to'reS I above internal condyle humerus, com- mon flexor tendon, fascia, inner side coronoid process ulna rough, ridge radius, outer (middle) surface. [Median.] Flex'or car'pi radia'lis: common flexor tendon, internal con- dyle humerus, fascia base of index metacarpal. [Median.] Falma'riS lon'gUS . common internal condyloid (humerus) flexor tendon, fascia annular ligament and palmar fascia. [Med an.] Flos'or car'pi ulna'ris : isthead, common flexor tendon inter- nal conUyle humerus ; ad head, internal margin olecranon pisiform bone. [Ulnar.] Flex'OP SUbli'miS dgito'rnm: ist, internal condyle humerus (common flexor tendon); 2d head, inner side coronoid process ulnaj 3d head, oblique line radius lateral margins ad pha- langes, tendon split for passage of flexor profundus digitorum. [Median.] (9) ANTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION, DEEP LAYER, 3. Flex'or proftm'dllS d'g'to'mm: upper % anterior and inner sur- face ulna, inner side coronoid process, interosseous membrane bases last phalanges. [Ulnir, anterior interosseous.] Phz'OT loa'gM polCciS : upper % anterior surface radius, interosseous membrane base last phalanx thumb. [Anterior interosseous.] Frona'tor quadra'tus : oblique line and lower 4th ulna lower 2 l8 UPPER EXTREMITY. 4th anterior surface and external border radius. [Anterior interosseous.] (lo) RADIAL REGION 3. Supina'tor lon'gUS : upper % external condyloid ridge hume- rus, septum styloid process radius. [Musculo-spiral.] Exten'sor car'f i sadiallS l:n'gior: lower third external condy- loid ridge humerus, septum base metacarpus indicis. [Mus- culo-spiral.] Ezten'sor car'pi radialis brs'vior : common tendon external COndyle humerus, external lateral ligament, septa base metacarpus middle finger. [Posterior interosseous.] (ll) POSTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION, SUPERFICIAL LAYER, 4. Exten'SOr COmmu'n'S dig.to'rum: common tendon external coa- dyle humerus, septa zd and 3d phalanges. [Posterior interos- seous.] Elt2n'S:r minimi dlg'iti: external condyle humerus, septa- unites with tendon extensor communis digitorum to be insert- ed into zd and 3d phalanges of little finger. [Posterior inter- osseous. Exten'SOr Car'pi Ulna'ris : common tendon external condyle humerus, middle 3d posterior border ulna, fascia base 5th metacarpus. [Posterior interosseous.] AiCOae'US! back part outer condyle humerus side, olecra- non and upper posterior 3d ulna. [Musculo-spiral.] (l2) POSTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION, DEEP LAYER, 5. 5:pina'tor tre'vis I external condyle humerus, external lat- eral and orbicular ligaments, oblique line ulna (surrounds radius at its upper part) back part inner surface; outer edge bicipital tuberosity ; oblique line of radius. [Posterior inter- osseous.] Exten'sor os'sis metacar'pi pol'licis: posterior surface shaft ulna and radius (middle 3d), interosseous membrane base XSt metacarpus. [Posterior interosseous.] E-tea'sor pri'mi intorno'dii p:l'lici3! posterior surface radius, interosseous membrane base ist phalanx of thumb. [Poste- rior interosseous.] E*:ea'sor secun'di hteno'dii pcllicis : posterior surface ulna, interosseous membrane base ad phalanx thumb. [Posterior interosseous.] Ex ez/sor in'iici:: posterior surface ulna, interosseous mem. brane joins tendon extensor communis digitorum to ad and 3d pLalanges indiois. [Posterior interosseous.] (13) THUMB, RADIAL REGION, 4, AbiUC'tor pol'lic'S : ridge trapezium and annular ligament- radial side base ist phalanx thumb. [Median.] OppO'neB3 po'.licis : palmar surface trapezium, annular liga- mentwhole length ist metacarpus, radial side. [Median.] FlQZ'or brQ'vlS jol'licis : trapezium, outer % annular ligament, trapezoid, os magnum, base 3d metacarpus, tendon flexor carpi radialis both sides base ist phalanx thumb. [Median, ulnar.] Adduc'tOP po'.'licis : whole length 3d metacarpus ulnar side base ist phalanx thumb. [Ulnar.] (14) LITTLE FINGER, ULNAR REGION, 4. Palma'ris bre'u;: : annular ligament palmar fascia skin inner border p.ilm. [Ulnar.] Abd:c' or min'.mi dig'iti: pisiform bone, tendon flexor carpi ulnaris ulnar side base ist phalanx little finger. [Ulnar.] Flex'or bre'viS minimi dig'iti I tip unciform, process annular ligamen t base ist phalanx little finger. [Ulnar.] Oppo'neis min'imi dig'iti: unciform process annular ligament ulnar side sth metacarpus. [Ulnar.] (15) MIDDLE PALMAR REGION 3. Lnmb ica'Ies : (4) ; accessories to flexor profundus digitorum tenu n extensor communis digitorum. [Median and Ulnar.] I teros':ei dor-a'.eSS (4) J metacarpi base ist phalanges ist, ad, 3d fingers. [Ulnar.] Intero^'sei pa'ma'res : (3); ad, 4th and 5th metacarpi ist phal- anges of same fingers. [Ulnar.] ARTERIES. SUB'CLAVIA: (4 brs.) Right, i. from innominate at sterno- clavicular articulation to inner margin scalenus anticus. (Le/t, i. from transverse portion aortic arch opposite zd dorsal vertebra toscalenusanticus);n internal border scalenus anticus to outer of scalenus medius in. from external border scalenus medius to lower border ist rib, midway along clavicle. Verte- bra'lis, upper and back portion of part I. enters foramen 6th cervical vertebra to be continued upwards (see page 10). Thy- roide'U3 ax'iS, anterior part of first portion, inner side scalenus anticus. Infe'rior thyroide'a (see page n). Tr answers a' Us col'li, (a) superficial cervical beneath anterior margin trape- zius to trapezius and glands in that region, (b) Poste'rior scapula'ris to superior angle of scapula to anastomose at the inferior angle with subscapular. Su^ra-scajuta'ris outwards and backwards parallel with clavicle to supra-spinous fossa ; distributed to muscles in that region. Stern a'lis inter'na (mam- mary), origin just below thyroid axis, behind clavicle along 20 UPPER EXTREMITY. inside chest to 6th intercostal space, there dividing into mus- culo-phrenic and superior epigastric. Co'mes ner'viphren'ici, to diaphragm; anastomoses with other phrenic branches. Me- diastina'les, to areolar of anterior mediastinum, also remains of thymus. Pericardia' les, to upper pericardium, triangularis sterni, anas, musculo-phrenic. Anterio'res intercosta'les, to 5 or 6 tipper intercostal spaces, to intercostal and pectoral muscles and mammary gland; anas, aortic intercostal. Per- foran'tes, to 5 or 6 upper intercostal spaces, to pectoral mus- cles and mammary gland. Mus' culo-phren' ica , perforates diaphragm at 8th or pth rib, supplying intercostal spaces, dia- phragm and abdominal muscles. Epigas'trica supe'rior down behind rectus to supply that muscle and others near it; anas, with inferior epigastric. Supe'rior int;rc:sta'les, upper and back portion lid part to ist and 2d intercostal spaces, supply- ing spinal muscles and cord ; anas, aortic intercostals. Pro* fun'da cervi'cis back to 7th cervical vertebra and between complexus and semi-spinalis colli runs to axis, supplying con- tiguous muscles, anas, anterior princeps cervicis. AXILLA'EIA: (7 brs.) lower border ist rib to tendons latissi- mus dorsi and teres major ; ist part, ist rib to pect. minor j lid, from superior border pectoralis minor to inferior border same ; md, from inferior border pectoralis minor to tendon latissimus dorsi. Sups'rior T-Orac'ica, 1st part forwards and in- wards along superior border pectoralis minor, supplying pec- toral muscles; anas, internal mammary and intercostal. AcrO- ffiia1:S T_0rac'-Ca, ist part to upper border pectoralis minor ; Acromia'Us, towards acromian process to deltoid ; anas, su- prascapular and posterior circumflex. Thorat' ictz , 2 or 3 in number, supplying serratus magnus and pectoral muscles } anas, intercostals of internal mammary. Desc:nding\>r2cn.z\\ts supply pectoralis major and deltoid, as accompanying cephalic vein. Thorac'.ca loa'ga, n. part, down- and inwards along inferior border pectoralis minor to pectoral muscles, axillary and mam- mary glands, serratus magnus and subscapulnris ; anas, inter- nal mammary and intercostal. ThwaC'lCl ala'r S, n. part, to glands and areolar tissue of the axilla. Subscapu a'rifl, in. part, opposite inferior border do muscle, down and b.tck Inferior margin do muscle to inferior angle scapula ; anas, posterior scapular. Dorsa'lis scap'ulce dividing into 3 branches, "sub- scapular," "infra-spinous," and "median." Altogether they supply the scapular, latissimus dorsi and serratus magnus muscles. Make a general anastomosis. Posto'rio: CirC"mfles'a, opposite inferior border subscapularis, winds round neck humerus to supply deltoid; anas, anterior circumflex, suprs- scapular, acromio-thoracic. Ante'ritr Circumfles'a, just below above, passes anterior to humerus supplying deltoid ; anas. posterior circumflex, acromio-thoracic. BB~CZXA'LIS : (5 hrs.) inferior border teres major to y 2 inch below bend of elbow. Runs along inner border biceps and coraco-brachialis ; is superficial. Supe'rior pr fun'da, opposite inferior border trocbanter major, winds backwards in spiral groove down to elbow ; anas, recurrent radial; supplies del- toid, coraco-brachialis, triceps. Posterior articula'ris> per- pendiculary down to back of elbow-joint ; anas, interosseous recurrent, posterior ulnar recurrent, anastomotica magna. ITutri'cia, middle of arm to bone near insertion coraco-brachialis. Ini.'ri.r pro.un'da, just below middle arm to anas, posterior uluar recurrent and anastomotica magna at elbow ; accom- panied by ulnar nerve. Anas omot'ica mag'ni, 2 inches above elbow-joint winds round and down humerus to elbow-joint ; anas, posterior ulnar recurrent, inferior profunda, anterior ulnar recurrent. Muscula'reS, 3 or 4, to coraco-brachialis, brachia- lis anticus. . BADIA'LIS: (12 brs.) end of the brachialis down radial side forearm, along inner border supinator longus to wrist ; then winds around carpus beneath thumb-extensors to enter palm of hand between thumb and index finger to form "deep pal- mar arch": anas, deep branch of ulnar. Eadia'lis 16 ur'rens, below elbow up arm supplying brachialis anucus, supinator longus, supinator brevis, anas, superior profunda. MuSGUla'rOS, to radial side forearm. Sirrerficia'l.S VO'ls, just as artery about to wind around the carpus to muscles in ball of thumb ; anas. with ulnar forming " superficial palmar arch." Ant.'riorcarpa'.i3, to wrist; anas, anterior carpalis of ulnar. Poste'ri r Carp-'li:, to wrist ; anas, posterior carpalis of ulnar, anterior interosseous, and posterior perforating, of deep palmar arch as 2 dorsal interosseous branches. MotaCTpi'lis, (ist dorsal interosseous) supplies adjoining sides index and middle fingers. LcnaleS PO 'lids, (2) along dorsum of thumb. D.rsa'llS in'd cis, radial side back of index. Prin'cepS pol'.icis, beginning palmer arch to sides of palmar aspect of thumb. BadL'liS iu'dicis, palmar arch to radial side index. Perforan' es, (3), to inosculate with 3 dor- sal interosseous. Palma'reS intero/ses, (3 or 4), from arch to anas, at finger-clefts with digital branches of superficial arch. ULNA'EIS: (8 brs.) little below bend of elbow along radial Side flexor carpi ulnaris to palm of hand, forming "superficial UPPER EXTREMITY palmar arch" with superficialis volae. Ante'rior ulna'ris recnr'rens, just below elbow-jointup and inwards between brachialis anticus and pronator radii teres, supplying these ; anas. anastomotica magna, and inferior profunda. Po:te'rlOP fclns/riS 70Cur'rea3, just below preceding back and inwards beneath flexor sublimis up to internal condyle humerus, supplying joint and neighboring muscles; anas, inferior profunda, anastomotica magna, interosseous recurrent. IntWOS'sea, short trunk below tuberosity radius backwards to interosseous membrane, dividing into: INTEKOS'SEA ANTE'RIOR, passing down forearm on interosseous membrane, piercing membrane at superior border pronator quadratus to descend to back of wrist, supplying nutrient (to radial and ulnar arteries) and muscular branches ; gives off median branch, accompanied by do nerve. Anas, posterior carpal of radial and ulnar. INTEROS'SEA POSTE'RIOR, down back forearm, between deep and superficial muscular layers, to wrist, supplying these muscles; anas, as preceding. Posterior interos'sea recur*rens t near its origin to interval between olecranon and external eondyle, beneath supinator bre vis ; anas, superior profunda, posterior ulnar recurrent. HuBCUla'reB, to muscles of ulnar side of forearm. Carpa'liS ante'liflP, beneath flexor profundus, anas. anterior carpal of radial. Posterior Carpa'liS, above pisiform tone, beneath flexor carpi ulnaris, giving small branch to in- sculate with posterior carpal of radial, forming "posterior carpal arch " ; continued along 5th metacarpus, forming its dorsal branch. Commu'niCttll, from commencement palmar arch, deeply inwards, anas, with radial forming "deep palmar arch.'* Digita'loi, (4) from convexity of superficial palmar arch, supplying ulnar side 4th and adjoining sides 3d, ad and xst fingers. __ VEINS. Ulna'ris ante'riOf, from anterior carpus and ulnar side hand, up along ulnar side forearm to elbow-joint, to form basilica Communicates with median and posterior ulnar. Ulna'rs posto'rlor, pesterior ulnar border hand and vein of little finger (v.salvatel'la) units* with preceding just below elbow-joint. Basll'ica, coalescence of anterior and posterior ulnares; receives median-basilic at elbow, ascends inner side arm to vense comites of brachial artery, or axillary vein. Eai'a/lis, dorsum thumb, radial side index and hand at bend elbow receives median-cephalic to become the cephalic. VEINS. 23 Csphal'ica up between deltoid and pectoralis major to axillary veins Ifc'dia: palmar surface of hand and middle of forearm (communicates with ulnar and radial), to median-cephalic and median-basilic at elbow. Oephal'ica mo'dla : obliquely outwards from bend elbow, be- tween supinator longus and biceps ; empties into cephalic as a formative branch. Basil'ica me'lia: obliquely inwards behind biceps and pro- nator radii teres ; empties into basilic as formative branch. The following are the deep veins, and accompany their respective arteries as ve'nce cont'ites t intercommunicating with each other, and the superficial veins, frequently. , (2) empty into the superficial palmar. SUporflcialeS, (2) empty into ulnar and radial. a'res proftin'da, empty into radial venae comites. Xnteroa'.OB, (2) accompany the anterior and posterior in- terosseous arteries, commencing at the wrist, terminating in venae comites of the ulnar. Cca'ites rad.a'iii, form, with the ulnar, the comites of brachial. Comi';03Ulna'ris, with the radial, form comites of brachial. Con'1.03 brach.a'liS, receiving veins corresponding to the branches of the brachial artery, empty into the axillary vein. Alilla'rfa, is the continuation of the basilic. Commences at lower border of the axillary space ; receives veins correspond- ing to branches of its artery, and terminates in the subclavian at outer border ist rib. [Valves at inferior border subscapu- laris, terminations of vena subseapularis and vena cephalica.] Sub:la'via, continuation of axillary, emptying into vena in- nominata at right sterno-clavicular articulation. Separated from its artery by scalenus anticus muscle and phrenic nerve. Receives external and anterior jugulars, branch from cepha- lic, and internal jugular. [Valves just external to entrance of external jugular, or about i inch from its termination.] NERVES. PLSX'TJS BBACHIA'LIS! formed by anterior roots ^.lower cer- vical and ist dorsal nerves. 5th and 6th cervical unite, then are joined by yth to form upper trunk. 8th cervical and ist dorsal unite to form lower trunk. Both trunks accompany the subclavian artery to the axilla, lying upon its outer side. Op- posite clavicle, each of the trunks gives off a fasciculus, which, uniting, form a third trunk ; in the centre of the 4 UPPER EXTREMITY. axilla the original upper cord lies to the outside of the artery ; the original lower cord to the inside; the cord formed from fascicular union, posteriorly. The plexus lies between the anterior and middle scaleni, beneath the clavicle upon ist ser- ration of the serratus magnus and the subscapular muscles. (Has 4 brs. above, 9 below the clavicle.) Receives communi- cating branches from cervical plexus, phrenic, inferior cervi- cal, sympathetic ganglia. Goamu'nicans, 5th cervical to phrenic on scalenus anticus. Husc'ila'rcs, to longus colli, scaleni, rhomboidei and subclavius. Poste'lior thorac'folS, from 5th and 6th cervical to serratus magnus. Passes behind brachial plexus. Supra-SCaptlla'rifl, from "outer cord" obliquely out- wards beneath trapezius, to supra-spinous fossa through supra-scapular notch, here giving 2 branches tosupra-spinatus muscle and i to joint ; in infra-spinous fossa, 2 branches to muscle, x to joint; all of these are given off ABOVE the clavi- cle. Those BELOW the clavicle are : Exter'nus anto'rior thorac'icus, "outer cord'* inwardly across axillary vessels to pectoralis major. Inter'nufl anto'rior thorac'icUl, "inner cord" passes up be- tween axillary artery and vein (sometimes perforating the vein} to pectorales major and minor. Subscapula'rcs, (3) "pos- terior cord" the upper to subscapular muscles ; the longer to latissimus dorsi ; the lower to teres major. CiTCtUHflex'tlB, "pos- terior cord", down behind axillary vessels to lower border subscapularis, dividing into upper branch winding _ round neck of humerus, supplying deltoideus and integument; Joiu*r branch to teres minor, deltoideus and integument over pos terior surface deltoid. Articula'ris, given off before division, to joint. Uas'CUlfl-cuta'nOM, continuation of outer cord, perfo* rates coraco-brachialis, obliquely outwards between bicepa and brachialis anticus to these muscles, integument to elbow, and to the joint. Anterior branch, down radial border oi forearm from elbow, to wrist, supplying integument to ball oi thumb; communicates with radial. Posterior branch, given of middle of forearm, supplies integument to wrist, on radial side; communicates with radial and external cutaneous. Ifl ter'E'lB CUta'aeUB, "inner cord", down in company with bra- chial artery, becoming cutaneous at middle of arm, then dividing into Anterior branch, supplying integument of ulnai side of arm to wrist, communicating with branch from ulnar posterior branch down, on inner side of basilic vein, over inter nal condyle, on posterior ulnar side of forearm to wrist communicating at wrist with dorsal branch of ulnar; at elbow with lesser internal cutaneous. Cuta'neuS mi'nor inter'nus, fron NERVES. 25 "inner cord" to integument inner side of arm. Me'diUS,, (4 branches) arises by 2 roots, one from " outer" and one from "inner" cord ; at first lies to outer side of the artery, crosses it at middle of arm ; in forearm runs between the 2 heads of the pronator radii teres, beneath flexor sublimis till near an- nular ligament, when it lies between flexor sublimis and flexor carpi radialis ; it passes beneath annular ligament to hand. (No branches in the arm.) Muscula'res, from near elbow, to all forearm muscles save flexor carpi ulnaris. Ante'rior inter- os'seus, follows course of the artery, to flexor profundus digitorum, flexor longus pollicis, and pronator quadratus. Cuta'neus falnta'ris, crosses annular ligament, the outer branch supplying the thumb-region ; the inner branch, the palmar. Digita'les, (5) two go to thumb, the 3d to radial side of index; the 4th divides to supply adjacent sides of index and middle; the sth the adjacent sides of middle and ring fingers, communicating with branches from ulnar. Ulna'ris, (7 brs.) ; continuation of "inner cord", down ulnar side of arm and forearm (over the back of inner humeral condyle) upon flexor profundus digitorum, having ulnar artery exter- nally, crosses annular ligament at outer side of pisiform bone, dividing into superficial and deep palmar branches. Articu- la'res, to elbow joint. Muscula'res, one to flexor carpi ulna- ris, the other to flexor profundus digitorum. Both arise near elbow. Cuta'neus, arises middle forearm, has a deep and superficial branch. Dorsa'lis cuta'neus, arises 2 inches above wrist, passes to back of hand, supplying ulnar side of wrist, inner side of little finger, adjoining sides of little and ring fingers. Articula'res t to wrist. Palma'ris superficial Us, supplies palmaris brevis, and integument inner side of hand, ulnar side of the little and adjoining sides of the little and ring fingers. Palma'ris profun'dus, follows course of " deep palmar arch", supplying muscles of interosseous spaces, lumbricales, adductor and flexor brevis pollicis. Ifas'ClllO-Spira'liS (4 brs.; largest br. of plexus) continuation of "posterior cord"; winds around the humerus in spiral groove, etc., to front of external condyle, then divides into radial and inter- osseous. Muscula'res t to triceps, anconeus, supinator lon- gus, extensor carpi radialis longior, and brachialis anticus. Cuta'nei^ (3), internal branches supply integument of back of arm down to olecranon : external branches perforate external kead of triceps, supplying integument lower anterior half of arm, the lower branch running down radial side of forearm (posteriorly) to wrist, supplying contiguous integument. Ra- 26 BODY. dia'lis, down by outer side of radial artery, just concealed by supinator longus till within 3 inches of wrist, where pierces deep fascia of outer side forearm j divides to supply radial side of ball of thumb, (communicating with external cutaneous nerve), and on back of hand forms an arch with ulnar, giving off 4 digital nerves J the ist to ulnar side of thumb j the ad to radial side of index ; the 3d, adjoining sides of index and mid- dle; the 4th, adjoining sides of middle and ring fingers. Interos'seus posterior, pierces supinator brevis, winding to back of forearm, passing down to wrist, there having gangli- onic enlargement. Supplies carpus, and all muscles on back of forearm except anconeus, supinator longus and extensor carpi radialis longior. o . BOD Y. MUSCLES. (l) BACK, FIRST LAYER, 2. Trape'ziUS! inner 3d superior curved occipital line, liga- mentum nuchse, spinous processes of jth cervical and all the dorsal vertebrae posterior border clavicle, superior margin acromian process and superior border spine of scapula. [Spi- nal accessory, cervical plexus.] Latis'iiULUS dor'si: aponeurosis from spinal processes 6 lower dorsal, all lumbar and sacral vertebrae, external lip iliac crest twisting upon itself so as to be inserted into bicipital groove ofhumerus. [Subscapular.] (2) BACK, SECOND LAYER, 3. Leva'tor an'guli SCap'vtla : transverse processes of 3 or 4 supe- rior cervical vertebrae posterior border scapula, [sth cervi- cal, cervical plexus.] Ehomboide'US mi'nor : ligamentum nucha?, spinal processes jth cervical and ist dorsal vertebras down- and outwards to root scapular spine. [$th cervical.] Bhomboide'uS ma'jor : spinal processes superior dorsal vete- bras tendinous arch along vertebral border scapula. [5th cervical.] (3) BACK, THIRD LAYER, 4. Serra'tttS pOSti'CUS SUpe'rior: ligamentum nuchae, spinal proces- ses jth cervical and 2 or 3 superior dorsal vertebrae superior border ad, 3d, 4th, 5th ribs. [Posterior external brs. cervical.] Serra'tus pOSti'CUS infe'rior : spinal processes nth and i2th dor- sal, ist, 2d and 3d lumbar vertebras up and out to inferio border 4 inferior ribs. [External branches dorsal.] MUSCLES. 97 Sple'niilS : ligamentum nuchae, spinal processes yth cervical and 6 superior dorsal vertebrae capitis, into mastoid process and occiput; colli, transverse processes 3 or 4 superior cervi- cal vertebrae. [External posterior branches cervical.] (4) BACK, FOURTH LAYER, SACRAL AND LUMBAR REGION, I. Erec'tor Spi'lffl : sacro-iliac groove, lumbo-sacral tendon, iliac crest, transverse processes sacrum--sacro-lumbalis, longissi- mus dorsi. [External posterior branches lumbar.] (5) BACK, FOURTH LAYER, DORSAL AND CERVICAL REGION, TO. Sa'cro-hmba'liS : (see above) angles inferior ribs. [Dorsal.] AccesSOiiilS ; angles 6 lower angles 6 superior ribs. [Dor- sal.] Cervica'liS ascen'dens I 4 or 5 superior ribs transverse pro- cesses 4t.h, 5th, 6th cervical vertebrae. [Cervical.] Longis'simus dor'si I see erector spinae, of which it is the lar- ger portion ; inserted (lu;;:bar region) into transverse proces- ses lumbar vertebras; dorsal, t.ps transverse processes of all vertebrae, and 7 to n ribs, between their tubercles and angles. [Lumbar, dorsal.] Transversa'liS COl'li: transverse processes, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th dorsal transverse processes 5 inferior cervical vertebrae. [Cervical branches.] Tradie'lO-mastoido'us .' transverse processes 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th dorsal, and articular processes 3 or 4 inferior cervical verte- brae posterior margin mastoid process. [Cervical branches.] Spina'llS dor'si : spinal processes ist, 2d lumbar and nth and X2th dorsal vertebrae spinal processes of dorsal vertebra. [Dorsal branches.] Spina'liS cervi'cis: spinal processes 5th, 6th cervical (ist, ad dorsal) vertebrae spinal process axis (sometimes 3d and 4th cervical.) [Cervical branches.] Complex'US : transverse processes yth cervical and 3 superior dorsal vertebrae, articular processes 4th, 5th, 6ih cervical between superior and inferior curved occipital lines. [Cervi- cal branches, sub-occipital, great occipital.] Biven'ter cervi'cis : 2 or 4 tendons from as many superior dorsal vertebrae superior curved occipital line, inside of com* plexus [Cervical branches.] (6) BACK, FIFTH LAYER, 8. Somispina'lis dor'si: transverse processes of vertebrae between Xith and 5th dorsal spinal processes of 6th and jth cervical and 4 superior dorsal vertebrae. [Dorsal branches.] Semispina'liS COl'li: transverse processes 4 superior dorsal and articular processes 4 inferior cervical vertebrae spinal pro- cesses ad, 3d, 4th, 5th cervical. [Cervical branches.] S8 BODY. MnltifidttS spi'nse : fills groove on either side spinal proces- ses back part sacrum, articular processes in lumbar and cervical region, transverse processes in dorsal region spinal processes and lamina? of the 4 vertebrae above. [Posterior spi- nal branches ] Rotato'reS S^i'nas; (n) upper and back part transverse pro- cesses of dorsal vertebrae inferior border and outer surface of laminae of vertebras above. [Dorsal branches.] Supra-spina'les : on spinal processes of cervical vertebrae. [Cervical branches.] Inter-spina'les : in pairs between spinal processes of adjacent vertebrae; 6 cervical, 3 dorsal (ist to 4th, and nth to i2th), 4 lumbar. [Spinal branches.] Ezten'SOr Coccy'giS : last bone sacrum inferior part coccyx, lying on posterior surface. Inter-transversa'les : 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 4 lumbar, lying between transverse processes. [Spinal branches.] (7) ABDOMINAL REGION 6. OUi'qOTS abdom'iaiS exter'nus : 8 cogitations from inferior bor- ders 8 lower ribs down to anterior ^ outer iliac crest, pubic spine and symphysis, linea alba. Poupart's ligament formed by its aponeurosis. [Inferior intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio- inguinal nerves supply this and the 5 following muscles.] Obl/qwiS iater'nss: outer y 2 Poupart's ligament, anterior^ middle lip iliac crest, lumbar fascia pectineal line, linea alba, pubic crest, inferior edges cartilages of 4 inferior ribs. Transversals: outer y z Poupart's, anterior % internal lip ilium, internal surfaces cartilages of 6 inferior ribs, aponeurosis from spinal and transverse processes lumbar vertebrae pubic crest (forming with above "conjoined tendon"), lineae ilio-pec- tinea and alba. EeC'tUS abdom'inis: pubic crest and symphysis cartilages $th, 6th, 7th ribs. (In sheath formed by internal oblique and transversalis aponeuroses.) Pyram'.dall- : pubes linea alba midway to umbili'cus. Quadra'tttS Imnbo'rum : posterior 4th iliac crest, ilio-lumbar ligament transverse processes 3d, 4th, 5th lumbar vertebrae . and last rib. (8) THORACIC REGION 5. InterCOSta'leS SXter'ail (n) outer lip of groove in inferior bor- ders of ribs down and forwards to superior border rib below. [Intercostal.] Intercosta'les inter'ni: (n) inner lip of groove down and backwards to rib below. [Intercostal.] MUSCLES ARTERIES. 2p InfracostaleS : inferior surface of one rib internal surface ist, 2d or 3d lib below. [Intercostal.] Tr.angula'r.S Ster'ni! side of gladi'olus, internal surface ensi- form appendix, cartilage of 3 or 4 lower true ribs cartilages of 2d, 3d, 4th, sth ribs. [Intercostal.] Levato'res COSta'nna: (12) transverse processes dorsal verte- brae superior border rib below, near angle. [Intercostal.] (9) DIAPHRAGMATIC REGION I. Diaphrag'ma : internal surfaces 6 or 7 lower ribs, ligamenta arcuata, crurcs from 2d, 3d, 4th lumbar vertebrae, ensiform cartilage converge forming common central tendon. Aortic opening for aorta, vena azygos major, thoracic duct ; cesojt'ha.- geal> oesophagus and pneumogastric nerves; vena cava. for inferior vena cava; right crus transmits sympathetic and greater and lesser splanchnics; left crus, vena azygos minor and splanchnics. [Phrenic.] (lo) PERINAEAL REGION 8. SpMnc'ter a'ni : tip of coccyx and fascia in front common central perinaeal tendon. [Hemorrhoidal br:m<_h 4th sacral.] Sphinc'ter inter'nUS : muscular ring (Y 2 inch wide), i inch from anus, surrounding rectum. Accelerator uri'ns I central perineal tendon and raphe covers bulb corpus cavernosum, and spongiosum, and dorsal vessels. Erec'tor pe'niS : internal surface tuber ischii sides and in- ferior surface crus. Transversal: perins'i: internal surface ascending ischic ramus obliquely for- and inwards to central perinaeal tendon. Lsva'tOf a'ai: inside of pubic ramus and body, ischic spine, fascia ^an^le of division into obturator and vesical) central perinaeal tendon, rectum, coccyx ; forms floor of pelvic cnvity. Compres'SCT ure'tlirsi pubic ramus surrounds membranous portion. COGCygS'us: ischic spine and lesser sacro-sciatic ligament side of coccyx and last sacral segment. (In the female the above perinaeal muscles are essentially the same ; the erec'tor clitori'dis takes the place of erector penis, being inserted into the sides of the ciitoris; sphincter vagi'nce represents the accelerator urinae ol the male, surrounding the vagina.) ARTERIES. AECH OP AQKTA: (5 branches); from left? ventricle, oppo- site middle of sternum, upwards for 2 inches, arching back* 30 BODY. wards over root of left lung (on level 2d dorsal vertebra), the * ' descending portion," runs down on the left side of zd and 3d vertebrae, there becoming thoracic aorta. In front, are left pleura, lung, pneumogastric, phrenic, and cardiac nerves; behind, trachea, right pulmonary vessels and nerves, root of right lung, cardiac plexus, oesophagus, thoracic duct, left recurrent nerve. Corona'ria dex'tra .' above free margin right semilunar valve, between pulmonary artery and right auricu- lar appendix; runs round right border of heart to posterior interventricular groove, there dividing into 2 branches, supply- ing right heart; anas, at apex with left coronary. Ccrona'ril sin'istra I (smaller) above left semilunar valve, passes forwards between left auricular appendix and pulmonary artery to anterior interventricular groove, dividing into two branches, supplying left side of heart. Innomina'ta I commencement trans- verse portion of arch, ascends obliquely up to right sterno- clavicular articulation, dividing into common carotid and subclavian. Caro'tis commu'nis sin'istra and Subcla'via sin'istra : (see pages 6 and 19.) AOB'TA TEOEAC'ICA: (see arch) 5 branches. Terminates at aortic opening in diaphragm as "abdominal aorta," there lying upon front ofvetebral bodies. Pericardi'acs : to pericar- dium, BroncMa'les: (3 generally) to the left bronchus. (Eseph- age'ffl I (4 or 5) front of aorta, obliquely down to oesophagus, anas, with inferior thyroid, gastric and phrenic Uediastina'leS p:sterio'res; glands and areolar tissue therein. InterCOStalos : (;o pairs) right longer than left ; pass out to do spaces, there di- viding into anterior branches ascending to inferior border rib above, the smaller branch of it on the superior border rib below, running towards sternum, anas, with internal mam- mary, thoracic branches of axillary, superior intercostal, epigastric, phrenic, lumbar, etc. Posterior branch passes backwards, supplying vertebrae, cord, and muscles of back, (ist space supplied by superior intercostal of subclavian.) AOB'TA ABDOM'HTIS : (9 brs.); from aortic opening of dia- phragm, in front last dorsal vertebrae, terminates on body 4th lumbar, in the "common iliacs." Phren'ica : (2) obliquely outwards to supply diaphragm, inferior vena cava, oesopha- gus and supra-renal capsule; anas, freely. Cceli'aca '. (axis Y 2 inch long) horizontally forwards, dividing into CORONA'RIA VENTRIC'ULI (gastric), which passes round lesser curvature stomach from cardiac end to pylorus, there inosc. with hepatic. HEPAT'ICA, to the transverse fissure of liver to sup, ply right and left lobes, giving oSfyltfric branch to stomach, ARTERIES. 31 running from right to left ; gas'tro-duodena'lis that supplies greater curve of stomach (gas'tro-epiplo'ica dex'tra, which inosc. with gas'tro-epiplo'ica sin'istra of splenic), pancreas and duode'num (pancreat'ico-duodena'lis, which inosc. with duo- denal branch of superior mesenteric); cys'tica, small branch to gall bladder. SPLEN'ICA, horizontally left to spleen \pan- creat'icce (mag'na and par'vce) small branches to pancreas ; va'sa bre'via, 5 to 7 small branches to cardiac end of stomach ; gas'tro-epiplo'ica sin'istra, around greater curve stomach from left to right, anas, gas'tro-epiplo'ica dex'tra. Supra-rena'leS ; obliquely up- and outwards to supra-renal capsules. MsSSLtSf'- icasupe'licr : J inch below coelic axis, to the intestines. Infe'- rior pancreat'ico-duodena'lis t up to head pancreas and lower ^ duode'num, anas, with pacreat'ico-duodena'iis of hepatic. Va'sa intesli'na ten'uis, 12 to 15 looping branches to jejunum and ileum. Il'io-col'ica, down right obliquely, to ileum and caecum. Col'ica dex'tra, horizontally to right to ascending colon. CoVica me?dia t up to transverse colon, inosc. colica dextra and colica sinistra. (Free anastomosis of all these ves- sels.) Eenales : sides aorta just below superior mesenteric horizontally outwards to each kidney. Spermat'iC83 : slender vessels supplying testicles, or ovaries. Mesinter'icainfe'rior : left side aorta 2 inches above bifurcation, to sigmoid flexure of colon, and rectum. Col'ica sin'istra, horizontally to left to descending colon. Sigmoide'ce, branches passing obliquely downwards to sigmoid flexure. Hoemorrhoida'lis supe'rior, termination of inferior mesenteric supplying superior part of rectum, anas, with middle haemorrhoidal of internal iliac, and inferior haemorrhoidal of internal pudic. The branches of both mesenteric arteries are in free anastomosis. Luffllia'leS ! 4 pairs arising from back aorta, dividing, near transverse pro- cesses into abdominal branches (supplying muscles, and anas. with epigastric, internal mammary, intercostal, ilio-lumbarand circumflex iliac branches) and dorsal branches (supplying back muscles, etc., with a spinal branch to meninges and cord), anas, intercostal. Sa'cra me'diai back of aorta at its bifurcation, down median line to coccyx, there anas, with lateral sacral, supplying adjacent parts. ILI'ACaJ COMMU'NES: from bifurcation of aorta, obliquely Out- and downwards to intervertebral substance between sacrum and last lumbar, there dividing into internal and ex- ternal iliac ; each are about 2 inches long. Give small branches to peritoneum, ureters, psoae, etc. The left is the larger. ILI'ACA INTEB'NA: (see above); i} inches long, dividing BODY. at greater sacro-sciatic foramen into anterior and posterior trunks. Branches from the ANTERIOR trunk are : Vesica'liS SUpo'riori part of foetal-hypogastric that remains pervious, to fundus of bladder, and vas deferens. Vesica'liS me'dia! base of bladder and vesiculae seminales. Vesica'liS infs'rior : base blad- der, prostate, and vesiculae seminales. HsnorrJl.ida'liS me'di} I rectum, anas, with haemorrhoidal branch of inferior mesen- teric and internal pudic. (Uterine: to neck, and ascends to fundus, giving branch to ovary and tube, etc. Vaginal! cor- responds to inferior vesicle, supplying vagina, urethra, etc.) Cbturato'ria : forwards to superior border obturator foramen, escaping there, dividing into an internal (curving round inner border foramen, supplying adjacent muscles, etc., anas, with external branch and internal circumflex) and external branch (round outer margin foramen supplying adjacent muscles). The branches inside the pelvis are iliac, vesical and^utzc; the latter anas, with epigastric. Sometimes rises from epigastric, then liable to be wounded in operation for hernia. Plldi'd intsr'na; terminal branch; supplies external generative organs ; out of pelvis beneath pyriformis (great sacro-sciatic foramen), crosses ischic spine, re-enters pelvis, through lesser sacro- sciatic foramen, ascends ischic ramus up to pubes. Htzmor- rhoida'les znferio'res, 2 or 3 to rectum, etc. Superficia' Us ferinai'i, to scrotum and perinaeum. Transver'sa, germce'l. A. corpo'ris bulbo'si, to bulb and Cowper's gland. A. corpo'ris caverndsi, terminal branch running forwards in this struc- ture. Dorsa'lis pe'nis, forwards to glans. Sciat'ica: terminal branch (see lower extremity.) Branches from the POSTERIOR trunk are: Glutffi'a SUpe'rior: (see lower extremity.) Hifl-lumba'lis \ divides at upper part iliac fossa into lumbar (to psoas and quaclratus muscles, branches to spinal canal) and iliac branch (to iliacus internus, anas, with gluteal, epigastric, etc.) Sacra'leS laterals: : (2) superior , enters ist or 2d sacral foramen, anas, wuh fellows and middle sacral ; inferior, de- scends on sacrum, anas, over coccyx with middle sacral and opposite fellow. ILI'ACA E2TEBUA : from bifurcation common iliac to femoral arch. Li.ie drawn from left of umbili'cus to a point on Pou- part's ligament midway between pubes and anterior superior spinal process of ilium, indicates its course. Epigas'tlica! few lines above Poupart's, up- and inwards to umbili'cus, there anas, with internal mammary and inferior intercostal. iaires. , sa. i'ica cxtcrna'lis t to Qreraa-stcr, Pubic brancib, Muscu- Circmailei'a iTii: origin opposite above from outs? ue VEINS. 33 artery, runs obliquely up- and outwards on iliac crest, su^ plying adjacent muscles, and anas, with gluteal, epigastri^ and lumbar arteries. VEINS. Innomlna'tffl ; right is short (1% inches long), running from sterno-cLivicular articulation to join left innominate at infe- rior border cartilage of ist rib, forming vena cava superior. Is external to artery, and receives right lymphatic duct, right vertebral, ri^ht internal mammary, right inferior thyroid and ri^'it superior intercostal veins. Left is 3 inches long, runs ia front of the three large arterial branches of aorta ; receives corresponding venous branches as ri^ht. Neither have valves, Uamma'ria inter'aa : 2 to each artery, uniting in single trunk, emptying into innominate. TJiyroide'l info'rior : (sometimes 3 or 4) from thyroid venout plexus, empty. ng into right and left innominate. Intsrcosta'les Superio'res : from 2 or 3 superior intercostal spaces, emptying into innominate. Left bronchial emptiel into left intercostal. Vo'naca'va SUpe'rior: *% to 3 inches long, formed of venz innom.natae, emptying into right auncle; receives vena azygos major, and pericardial veins. No valves. Az'ygOS ffia'jor : opposite ist or ad lumbar vertebra, from right lumbar veins, up through aortic diaphragmatic opening to right side 3d dorsal vertebra, arching over root right lung, emptying into vena cava. Receives the jo lower right inter- costal veins, vena azygos minor, several oesophageal, media*- tinal, vertebral, and right bronchial veins. Imperfect valves, though its branches have complete ones. Az'ygOS ai'nor irfe'rior : lumbar region of left side from lun> bar veins, or branches of renal, through left crus of di- aphragm to 6th or 7th dorsal vertebra, there crossing to terminate in azygos major. Receives 4 or 5 lower intercostal, and some oesophageal and mediastinal veins. Az'ygOS mi'nor SUpe'rior : from branches intercostal and azy- gos minor inferior veins ; empties into one of the other azygos veins. Bronchia' S! from lungs; the right terminating in azygo* major ; the left in the left superior intercostal. Spina'les : dorst-sjina'lis, whole length of back of spine, forming network, terminating in the vertebral (of neck), th intercostal (of thorax), lumbar and sacral veins. Longitndl na'les swindles anterio'res, whole length vertebral forameuj 34 BODY. interior surface terminating as dorsi-spinal, etc. Longitudi* na'lss spina'ies posteridres, whole length vertebral foramen, posterior surface, terminating in dorsi-spinal. V. ba'sis ver- tebra'rum, from bodies of vertebrae, terminating in anterior longitudinal. Medul'li-spina'les, cover cord, between pia and arachnoid, from sacrum to occiput ; anas, freely with those contiguous. No valves in any of the spinal veins. Hi'aca zter'na,inter'naand commu'nis, see lower extremity. ^ Ve'na ca'va iufs'rior: junction of the 2 common iliacs, up on right side of aorta, terminating in lower and back part of right auricle. It receives : the lumbar branches (3 or 4 in No.) from muscles and integument of loins ; the right spermatic (the left emptying into left renal), both having valves ; ova- rian, have same termination; the renal, the left being the longer; the right supra-renal (the left terminating in the left renal, or phrenic); the right fhrenics (the left superior emptying into superior intercostal or internal mammary, and the inferior into the left renal); the hepatic, 3 branches (no valves), these commencing as the iw^ra-lobular veins (in the centre of the lobule), forming the .y near origin pudic, supplies external sphincter and adjacent integument, communicates with inferior pudendal and superficial perineal. Perince'us 9 terminal branch, accompanies perineal artery ; the anterio\ cutaneous branches supply scrotum and under part of penis, (labia), and levator ani ; the posterior branches supp! sphincter ani and integument in front of anus, and back par scrotum. The muscular branches supply transversus perinaei, accelerator urinae, erector penis, compressor urethrae, and bulb. Dorsa'lis pe'nis, along ramus ischii, with puciic artery, follows it and its branches to the glans penis, which it sup- plies. Anas, with sympathetic, supplies integument of pre- puce and of penis, and corpus cavernosum. (In female, to the analogous parts.) SCIAT'ICUS PAB'VTIS: supplies integument of perinseum, "back part of thigh and leg, and glutseus maximus. Two branches from sacral plexus unite to form it; follows course of sciatic artery in distribution, piercing fascia in popliteal region, accompanies external saphenous vein to middle of leg. Inferio'res glutce'i, to gltitaeus maximus, several large branches. Inter'nal cuta'nei, to skin of upper and inner side of thigh, posterior aspect; scrotum by inferior pudemial that curves around tuber ischii. Ascended tes cufa'nei, run upwards and supply integument of gluteal region, and muscles. Branches to integument of thigh, popliteal region and upper part of leg. SCIAT'ICUS MAG'iTUS: ^ inch wide, and continuation of lower part sacral plexus, passing out of great sacro-sciatic foramen below pyriformis, down between great trochanter and tuber ischii to lower 3d of thigh, there dividing into inter- nal and external poplitseus. Articula'res, to hip-joint and capsule. Muscula*res, to flexors of the leg, adductor magnus, in tegument of the back part of thigh also supplied by this nerve. POPLITJE'US INTEB'NUS; (see above); largest terminal branch; down through middle of popliteal space, beneath NERVES. 47 soleac arch becoming posterior tibial. Articula'res, (3) ; knee- joint, accompanying superior internal articular, inferior in- ternal articular, and azygos arteries. Muscula'res, (4 or 5XtO gastrocnemius, plantaris, solcus and popliteus. Saphe'nus ex- ter'nus, down between gastrocnemius heads, to middle of leg, there piercing fascia and anas, with communicans peronsei, then down along outer margin of tendo Achillis in company with vein, supplying integument of outer side of foot and lit- tle toe, communicates with musclo-cutaneous. T.BIA'LIS POSTE'BIOB: from lower border poplitseus passes down leg with posterior tibial artery, between heel and inter- nal ankle, there dividing into external and internal plantar ; above lies to inside of artery, below to outer side. Muscula'reS, to tibialis posticus, flexor longus digitorum, and poliicis. Cuta'neua planta'ris, perforates internal annular ligament, sup- p'.ying integument of heel and inner side of sole of foot. Plaata'ris inter'miS : (see above) largest terminal branch accom- panying internal plantar artery along inner side of foot. Cuta'nei, to sole of foot. Muscula'res, to flexor brevis digito- rum, and abductor poliicis. Articula'res, to tarsus and met- atarsus. Digita'les, (4) ; supplying the first 3 toes (both sides) and inner margin of the 4th toe, integument, articulations, nails, etc., and ist and 2d lumbricales. Planta'ris exter'nus: (see tibial posterior) follows course of its artery to outer side of foot, supplying little toe and outer half of 4th toe, and structures adjacent, flexor accessorius, and abductor minimi digiti. Superficial 'Us branch goes to outer side of $th and adjacent sides of 4th and 5th toes, flexor brevis minimi digiti, and the 2 interossei of 4th metatarsal space. Deep branch supplies remaining interossei, 2 outer lumbricales, adductor poliicis, transversus pedis. POPLIT,E'US EZTEB'TO (or perona^us) ; % size of internus poplitseus (see great sciatic); descends along outer margin of popliteal space to fibula, and about i inch below its head divides into anterior tibial and musculo-cutaneous. ArtlCUla'- res: (2) accompanies external articular arteries to outer side of knee. Sometimes a 30! is given off as a recurrent, which supplies front of knee. Cllta'nei, (2 r 3); supply integument of back and outer side of leg as far as its lower 3d. CoUffim'nicans peronss'i, arises near fibular head, joining External saphenous at middle of leg. Tibia'lis ante'rior : (see above) passes obliquely forwards to front of interosscous membrane, reaching outer side of anterior tibial artery at middle of leg, descending thence to front of ankle it divides into external and internal 48 OSTEOLOGY. branches. Muscula'res, to tibialis anticus, extensor longns digitorum, extensor proprius pcllicis. Exter'nal or tar > seus t outwards across tarsus, supplies external brevis digitorum, and articulations of tarsus and metatarsus; becomes gangli- onic. Internal branch accompanies dorsalis peclis artery, supplying ist interrosseous space and adjacent sides ist and 2d toes, communicates with internal division of musculo- cutaneous. Mus'CUlo-CCta'aeua I supplies muscles of fibukr side of leg and dorsal integument of loot (see poplitae'us exter'nus). At lower 3d of leg (its front and outer side) divides into inter- nal and external branches. Muscula'res, fibular muscles and integuments. Internal branch, down in front of ankle to supply inside of great toe and adjacent sides of 2d and 3d toes, integument of inner ankle and inside of foot j communi- cates with internal saphenous and anterior tibial. External branch, down outer side dorsum of foot to supply adjacent sides of 3d, 4th and 5th toes, integument of outer ankle and outer side of foot ; communicates with external saphenous. OSTEOI^OOY. NOTE. Muscles in italics , are muscles of insertion. Fig- ures in [ ] show the primary number of ossific centres, and date of appearance of ossification. COMPOSITION: Gelatine and blood-vessels, 33.30; calcic' phosphate, 51.04 ; calcic carbonate, 11.30 ; calcic fiouride, 2.00; m?gncsic phosphate, x.i6; sodic chloride and oxide, 1.20; total, 100.00. 1H7M3EB: verteb'ral column (including sacrum and coccyx) 26; cranium, 8; ossiculi auu*tus, 6; face, 14; hyoid, sternum and ribs, 26; upper extremity, 64; lower extremity, 60; total, 204. To this may be added the patellae and teeth, making a grand total of 238. SPINS has 33 vertebrae, viz.: 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, slum- bar, 5 sacral, 4 coccy^eul. They each have a body, 7 pro- cesses, 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, 4 notches, and a foramen. The Wrvical are noted for the smallness and broadness of body, bifid spinous processes, bifid and perforated transverse pro- cessses, etc. The peculiar are the ist, or atlas, which is like a ' ' ring ;" the 2d, or axis, having a large (odontoid) process ; the 7th, or fromincns, having a long spinous process. The dorsal have body largest antero-posteriorly, spinous processes directed downwards, facets for ribs. Peculiar are the ist, having one whole facet, the rest demi-facets for the ribs ; icM, \\th and iz/A, each having a distinct facet for a rib. tiiusclcs: OSTEOLOGY. 49 to the atlas are attached xo; to the axis, xt ; to the remaining (anterioriy) 10, (posteriorly) 22. [The vertebrae are developed from 3 centres by ossification, the first appearing at 6th week ; at sixteen 4 secondary centers appear, and at twenty-one a circular plate for superior and inferior surfaces of body. A few exceptions, as atlas (2 primitive centers), axis (6), jth cervical and the lumbar (5).] Sa'crna : triangular, anterior and posterior foramina, lateral masses, laminae, tubercular transverse processes, promontory, sacral canal and groove, auricular surface. Articulations (4); innominate, 5th lumbar, coccyx. Musc!es t (5) ; pyrifcrm, coccygeus , glutaeus maximus, erector spin, latissimus dorsi. 35, 8th week.] Ccc'CyX : cornua. Articulation, (i)j sacrum. Muscles, (4) j coccy^eus, glutaeus maximus, sphincter and levator am. [4, birih to puberty.] Occi^lta'lo: superior and inferior curved lines, crest, pro* tuberancc, foramen magnum, condyles, basilar and jugular processes, pharyngeal spine, anterior and posterior conc ? y*- loid foramina ; fossae cerebri et cerebelli, torcula protuberance, grooves for occipital, lateral, inferior petrosal, superior longi- tudinal sinus and medulla, jugular fossa. Artie. (6^; 2 parietal^ a temporal, sphenoid, atlas. Muse. (12) ; occipito- fronta'.is, * trapezius, sterno-cleido-tnastoid, complexus, tplenius capitis^ obliquus superior, rectus Posticus major and minor t rcctu* lateralis t rectus anticu s major and ntinor t superior pharynr - geus, constrictor. [4, xoth week.] Pariotale: eminence, foramtn, temporal ridge; Pacchio- nian dcpres ions> mi ^dle meningeal groove, superior lonitu dinr.l and lateral sinus. Artie. (5) ; fellow, occipital, frontal, temporal, sphenoid. Muse, (i) ; temporal, [i.] Pronta'e: eminence, supercilliary ridges, external and internal angular processes, supra-orbital notches and arches, temporal ridges and fossae, nasal eminence and spine; orbital plates, lachrymal fos^a, pulley depression, ethmoid notch f anterior ethmoid foramina, foramen caecum, meningealgroovcs f Pacchionian depressions, frontal and superior longitudinal sinus (frontal suture). Artie. (12)52 parietal, sphenoid, cth* moid, a nasr.l, 2 superior maxillae, 2 lachrymal, 2 malar. Muse. (3 pr.); corrugator supercilii, orbicularis palpebrarum, tempo* ral. [a.] TeapOPilft zygoma, articular eminence, glenoid fossa, Glasserian fissure, vaginal, styloid, mr,stoid and auditory processes, mastoid foramen, superior and inferior petrosal 4 50 OSTEOLOGY. and lateral sinus, aquaeductus vestibuli, meatus auditorius in* ternus, hiatus Fallopii, opening for smaller petrosal nerve, depression Casserian ganglion, carotid canal, openings for Jacobson's and Arnold's nerves, aquaeductus cochleae, jugu- lar fossa, stylo-mastoid foramen, auricular fissure, canal for Eustachian tube, and tensor tympani. Artie. (5) ; occipital, parietal, sphenoid, inferior maxilla, malar. Muse. (14) ; temporal, masseter, occipito-frontalis, sterno-mastoid, sple- nius caj>itis, trachelo-mastoid, digastric, retrahens aurem, stylo-pharyngeus, stylo-hyoid, stylo-glossus, levator palati, tensor tympani, stapedius. [4, 8th week.] Spheaoi'des I ethmoid spine, optic groove, olivary process, seila turcica, anterior middle and posterior clinoid processes, cavernous groove ; foramina opticum, lacerum anterius, rotun- dum, Vesalii, ovale, spinosum ; spinous, hamular, vaginal and external and internal pterygoid processes; rostrum, petery- goid notch and ridge, scaphoid, pterygoid, temporal and zygomatic fossae, Vidian and pterygo-palatine canals. Artie. (12); all of cranium and 2 malar, 2 palate and vomer. Muse. (izpr.); temporal, external and internal pterygoid, superior constrictor, tensor palati, laxator tympani, levator palpebrae, obliquus superior, internal and external recti, superior and inferior recti. [10, 8th w.] JJthmoi'deS : crista galli, infundibulum, os planum, tinci- form process, olfactory foramina, superior meatus, anterior and posterior cells. Artie. (15); sphenoid, frontal, 2 sphcnoi- dal turbinated, 2 nasal, 2 superior maxillary, 2 lachrymal, 2 palate, 2 inferior turbinated, vomer. Muse. none. [3, 4th m.] Hassle! groove for nasal nerve. Artie. (4) j frontal, eth- moid, fellow, superior maxilla. Muse. none, [i, 8th w.] Mazilla'rs SBpe'rior ; nasal process lachrymal tubercle, orbicu- lar surface, infra-orbital groove and foramen, canine and in- cisive fossa, canine eminence, alveolar process, posterior dental canals, maxillary tuberosity, middle and inferior meatus, palate process, anterior and posterior palatine canals ; antrum. Artie. (9); frontal, ethmoid, nasal, malar, lachrymal, inferior turbinated, palate, vomer, fellow. Muse. (9); orbicula- ris palpebrarum, inferior obliquus oculi, levator labii superi- oris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris proprius, levator anguli oris, compressor naris, depressor alae nasi, masseter, buccina- tor. [4, early.] Lachryaalo : lachrymal groove. Artie. (4) ; frontal, ethmoid, superior maxilla, inferior turbinated. Muse, (i); tensor tarsi. LI, 8th week.] OSTEOLOGY. j t 'ro : frontal, rygomatic,orbital and maxillary processes, temporo-malar canal, Artie. (4); frontal, sphenoid, temporal, superior maxilla. Muse. (5;; levator labii superioris proprius, zygomaticus major and minor, masseter, temporal, [i, 8th week.] Ospala'll: orbital, maxillary, and sphenoid processes, spheno-palatine foramen, superior meatus and superior turbi- nated crest, middle meatus and inferior turbinated crest, inferior meatus ; posterior palatine canal, tuberosity, poste- rior nasal spine. Artie. (7) ; sphenoid, ethmoid, superior maxilla, inferior and superior turbinated, vomer, fellow. Muse. (4); tensor palati, azygos uvulae, internal and external petergoid. [i, .] Turb-na'tnm infe'rior: lachrymal, ethmoid and maxillary pro- cesses. Artie. (4); ethmoid, superior maxilla,lachrymal, palate. Muse, none [i, 4th month.] Vo'me: : naso-palatine groove. Artie. (6) ; sphenoid, eth- moid, 2 superior maxilla, 2 palate. Muse. none. [2, 8th week.] Manlla'rd Lfe'rior: coronoid process, condyle, ramus, sig- moid notch, mental foramen and process, symphysis, groove for facial artery, inferior dental foramen, mylo-hyoid groove and ridge, sublingual and submaxillary fossse, genial tuber- cles. Artie. (2); 2 temporal. Muse. (14 pr.) ; levator menti, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli cris, platysma, buccinator, masseter; genio-hyo-glossus, genio-hyoid, mylo- hyoid, digastric, superior constrictor, temporal, internal and external pterygoid. [2, early.] Hyoi'd03 : greater and lesser cornua, body. Artie, none. Muse, (n) \sterno-, thyro-, onto-, stylo-, mylo- and genio-hyoid, genio-hyo-glossus, hyo-glossus, middle constrictor, lingualis, pulley of digastric. [5, 8th month.] Stcr'num: ntanu'brtum, gladiolus, en'stform appendix ; facets for 7 superior ribs. Artie. (16) ; 7 pairs r:bs, 2 clavicles. Muse. (10) ; pectoralis major, sterno-mastoid, sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid, triangularis sterni, obliquus externus and in- ttrnus, transversalis, rectus, diaphragm. [6, sth month.] Co:'te (ribs): head, neck, tuberosity, articular and non- articular protuberances, angle, facets for superior anc infcr.cr vertebrae. Artie. (24) ; vertebra* and costal cartilages. Muse. ( J 9) i [3 ach, save the last two, these but 2; early.) Peculiar ribs : u/, shortest, most curved, horizontally placed, haring grooves for subclavian artery and vein ; 2^, some larger than xst, is not twisted, etc.; zoM, single articular facet; u/A and I2/A, single articular facet, no neck or tuberosity. 58 OSTEOLOGY. Costal CirVlagOS : artic. with sternum and ribs. Muse. (10); subclavius, sterno-thyroid, pectoralis major, interxus ob- liquus, transversalis, rectus, diaphragm, internal and exter- n:.l intercostal, triangularis sterni. (The last 3 are muscles of Origin and insertion.) C-47ic'ttla : shape of letter./"; sternal and acromial extremi- ty ; oblique line, tuberosity, rhomboid impression. Artie. (3); sternum, scapula, ist costo-oartilage. Muse. (6> ; sterno-mas- tcid and sterno-hyoid, trapezius , pectoralis major, deltoid, subclavius. [2, first of all.] Scip'ula; acromian and coracoid processes, glenoid caivty, neck, subscapular fossa, ridges; supra-scapular notch, supra- and infra-spinous fossae, spine, groove for dorsalis scupula vessels. Artie. (2) ; clavicle, humerus. Muse. (17); subscapu- laris, supra- and infra-spinatus, trafezius, deltoid, omo-hyo'd, serratus iagnus, levator anguli scapula 1 , rhomb&ideus m&jor and minor , triceps, tercs major and minor, biceps, coraco- brachialis,/ E X . PAGE. Arteries : Body 29 Extremity (lower) 39 " (upper) 19 Head and Neck 6 Body 06 Circulation 58 Extremity (lower) 35 " ( upper) x6 Head and Neck x Muscles: Action of 56 Boc'y 26 Extremity (lower) 35 (upper) 16 Head and Neck x Nerves : Body 35 .Extremity (lower) 44 (upper) 23 Head and Neck 13 Osteology 48 Resume Table of 59 Veins: Body 33 Extremity (lower) 43 " (upper) 29 Head and Neck _ x* The Vest-Pocket Anatomist, BY C. HENRI LEONARD, A. M., M. D., Third Edition (8th Thousand) Paper, 50c, Cloth, 75c. Used in every Mediral College in the Unit- ed States. 1,500 copies ordered by Balliere, Tyn- dall & Cox, London, England. CONTENTS : Each BONE: its name; pronunciation; the points of in- terest; the number and names of muscles attached (those oC insertion being indicated by different type); number of articulations, and names of bones articu- lating; number of developmental centers, and time of