rwi-: ■?«••-» PA " 3973 1879 MAIN • .NRLF WS^: 1 p~ REESE LIBRARY OP THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNI Received. _ _ it iy//i- / acit. j^ ^.O^b/ F/l3n3 INTRODUCTION The Phoenissae (Phoenician Women), in common with some others of the extant Greek Tragedies, was derived from ancient epics on the history of Thebes and the house of Laius, not less famous than the Troica, and equally with them attributed to Homer, and subsequently embodied in the Epic Cyclus^. The Seven against Thehes and the Antigone occupy precisely the same ground 2, the fatal conflict be- tween Eteocles and Polynices for the sovereignty of Thebes. To the former indeed not a few passages in the present di-ama evidently refer; as when the poet says (v. 751) that the names of the seven chiefs need not be given at length when the enemy are investing the city^. Like the Orestes, this play (the longest extant) was very popular in the later Greek schools. Its varied action, chivahous descriptions, and double messenger's narrative, first of the general fight between the contending armies, secondly (v. 1356), of the duel between the brothers and the suicide of Jocasta, give a sustained interest to a piece which extends to nearly twice the length of the corresponding Aeschylean drama. Besides the above claims to our attention, the play furnishes us with a good example of the poet's fondness for rhetorical pleading, in a legal and sophistical exposition of the rights 1 The marriage of Jocasta (called Epicaste) with her son Oedipus, her suicide, not bv the sword {PJiocn. 1457) but by the noose, and the death of Laius bV the hand of his son, are briefly recounted in Od XI. 271, epitomised from older epics on the tale of Thebes. 2 The Antigone is a little later in the action, viz. subsequent to the edict of Creon forbidding the burial of Polynices, Phoen. imo. The Suppliant Women of our author forms a sequel to the Pnoe- nissae, and treats of the demand made by Adrastus and enforced by Theseus for the burial of the Argive dead after their defeat. 3 See the note on < 51. 6 INTRODUCTION. of the rival brothers to the throne. The Phoenissae, in fact, is overloaded with action. It is like a picture in which a whole panorama is included instead of one definite object. As in the case of the Orestes, not very favourable judgments have been passed upon it by modern critics. Most of them object to the introduction of the blind old Oedipus at the close (1539), who is brought on the stage with Antigone to receive from Creon his sentence of banishment from the land^ Like the needless episode of the Phrygian eunuch in Or. 1370, this part of the play might perhaps, from a modern point of view, have been curtailed with advantage. On the other hand, the important incident of the self- immolation of Creon's son Menoeceus, for the salvation of his country, is too hurriedly passed over with little more than an allusion (1090). Nevertheless, with all its faults, real or supposed, the Phoenissae is a fine poem, and admirably adapted for reading in the schools. For, as the author of the Greek Ai-gument states, Icrrt rb dpd/xa Kai iroKvirpoao)- TTov Kai yvcafJLuv voWidv fi^aTov re koX koKojv. He adds, that it was Tttis (rK7]viKa7$ oxj/eai KaXKiCTov, but he remarks that the plot is too much encumbered with what modern play- wrights would call "padding," TrapaTrXT^pw/xara, or matter introduced for the mere purpose of filling up. From the mutilated virodeaLS by Aristophanes the gram- marian, from which these words are quoted, (first published by Kirchhoff in 1853 from a Venice MS.,) we learn that the play was brought out in the Archonship of Nausicrates, 01. xcii. 3, or B. c. 411. This is coincident with the recal of Alcibiades from exile, an event perhaps alluded to in the dialogue between Polynices and Jocasta (v. 390 seqq.)^. Properly speaking, there is a double plot. One action, with its introductory matter, the colloquy of the brothers before Jocasta, turns entirely on their mutual slaughter, the in- evitable result of their father's curse. The sequel,— the 1 The superstitious and vexatious practice often mentioned in Athenian history and literature, of banishing obnoxious persons on the pretence of getting rid of a family under a ban, ayos eXaweiv, cave a political point to this part of the i)lot, , „ . . 2 Compare the complaints of Alcibiades before the Samian As- sembly on the hardships of exile, Thuc. Viii. 81 and 97. INTRODUCTION. 7 death of Jocasta, the edict of Creon, the banishment of Oedipus, and the long dialogue (1585) between these two and Antigone, — would have more properly formed the sub- ject of a separate tragedy. There are indeed grave reasons for suspecting that the Phoenissae has been largely supple- mented by another hand. The play might very well have concluded with v. 1583; and the speeches that follow of Creon and Oedipus contain much that seems unlike the style of Euripides. This opinion, however, does not appear to have been held by any of the modern critics. A con- sideration of its probability, in connexion with the very unusual length of the play^, is one of the points to which the attention of the student should be directed. The other points are, the many striking coincidences between this play, the Seven against Thebes, and the Antigone; and the comparison to be made of the treatment of the closely allied works of the three rival poets. The concluding dialogue especially, between Creon and Antigone (16-46 seqq.), seems expanded and enlarged from that between the herald and Antigone in Theb. 10-45 seqq. An outline of the plot may be added in a few lines. (1) The prologue by Jocasta sets forth the history of Oedipus and the imprecation uttered against his sons. (2) An episode follows, resembling the reLxoa-KOTria in Iliad in, in which Antigone, accompanied by an aged male at- tendant, surveys the invading Argive army from the roof or upper floor of the palace. (3) The chorus sing a parode on their own detention at Thebes by the outbreak of the war, their destination being the service of AidoUo in the tenipb at Delphi (v. 205). (4) Polynices enters the citj' under a truce, to confer with his brother about his claim to the throne. (5) Jocasta, summoned by the chorus, delivers a monody on the present unhappy aspect of affairs. (6) A long conference ensues, in which Jocasta (v. 528) advises moderation, concession, and compromise, which 1 I have elsewhere expressed doubts whether the long speech in Oed. Col. 1586, — so remarkable, among other peculiarities, for the frequent omission of the augment in historic tenses, — is not an addition by lophon. See Ar. Ea7i. 60. 8 . INTR OB UCTION. however, in a colloquy of trochaic verses, is angrily re- jected. (7) The first stasimon on the legend of the founding of Thebea and the slaying of the dragon by Cadmus. (8) Eteocles sends for Creon to advise with him before the general fight (v. 690). The result is, the posting of seven companies at the seven gates. (9) Creon's son Menoecens is sent to fetch Teiresias, who on arriving (v. 865) declares that Menoeceus must die if his country is to be saved. (10) The second stasimon on the horrors of war, and on legendary incidents in the tale of Thebes, the Sphinx and the building of the walls by Amphion. (11) Menoeceus offers himself a willing victim (v. 997). (12) Third stasimon on the ravages of the Sphinx. (13) A messenger announces to Jocasta the result of the Argive attack on Thebes, and its repulse, consequent on the self- devotion of Menoeceus (v. 1091). He further informs her of the intended duel between her sons (v. 12^0). (14) Jo- casta goes forth with Antigone to try to prevent it. (15) News of the fatal result is brought by a second mes- senger to Creon, to whom it is described at great length, with the subsequent suicide of Jocasta (v. 1457). (16) Monody of Antigone in grief for the triple deaths (v. 1485). (17) Oedipus is led from the house by his daughter, but only to receive from Creon, who has succeeded to the throne on the death of Eteocles (v. 1586), his sentence of banish- ment, and to hear his order that Polynices shall remain unburied. (18) Antigone, who is told to prepare to marry Haemon, Creon's son (v. 1638), elects to accompany her father into exile. Thus the conclusion of the Phoenissae is taken up im- mediately by the action of the Oedipus at Colonus, a play which extends to very nearly the same length (1708 verses compared with 1766 of the Phoenissae). The conclusion of the Seven against Thebes is supposed by some recent critics to be an addition subsequent to and founded on the Antigone. TA TOY APAMATO^ nPO^QHA, I0KA2TH. HATAArfirOS. ANTirONH. XOPOS •I'OIXISSfiX TTXAIKS^X. nOATXEIKHS. ETE0KAH2. KPEfiX. TEIPE2IAS. MEXOIKETS. ArrEAos. ETEPOS ArrEAOS. OIAinOTS. EYPiniAOY ^OINISSAI. lOKASTH. 'fl r^v iv aCTpoi^ ovpavov refivoiv cSov Kot )(pv(TOKoXX.rJTOLcriv ifx/SefSt^'i 8t<^pots "HXte, Ooais LTTTTOLcnv etXtcro-oJV c})Xoya, CJS Sv(7TV)(fj QijjSaLCTL Trj t69* rjiiipa, ClKtIv io<;, yvovs Ta/xTrXttKr/jU-a Toi) ^eov re riyv <^aTtv, Xet/xojv' €S "Hpas Kat Kt^atpcovos Xevras 8tSa)crt (SovKoXoLaiv iKQCivai (Specfio^, 25 [(T<^vpcov aih-qpa. 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' ^OINIZSAI. 61 01. 10 aXXd BpojLitos Lva T€ crrjKo^ afSaros opecrt /xat- AN. Ka8/x€iav (i) ve^piSa (TToXtStocra/xei/a ttot cyoi 2c/x€Aas lepov 1755 Olacrov op(.ariv ave^^^opcvcra, p(aptv d^dpiTOV €9 ^eoT^s otSoi;cra ; 01. €pcLV. XO. (S p,eya crep-vrj 'l^lkyj, rov ijxov fSiOTOv KaTe;(Ots 176-3 Koi fxrj XrjyoLS o"rc<^avovo"a. NOTES. 1 — 85. In an unusually long but well-^vi-itten prologue, Jocasta, at once the wife and the mother of Oedipus, gives a history of his birth and fortunes, with the cause of the quarrel that has occurred and the deadly strife that is now raging between their two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. She begins by invoking the sun, and calling that an un- lucky day on which Cadmus first came to Thebes in his voyage from the Phoenician coast, 2. Chariots are called Ko\\r}Ta {U. iv. 366, xix. 395, Hipp. 1225), as being compacted of pieces of wood ; and the gilt studs or bosses, appropriate to the car of the sun- god, are here included in the epithet. 7. 'Apfioviav] If the name Cadmus, from a root Kaf or Ka5, meant 'order' (Donaldson, Neiv Crat. § 473), and the legend records the arrival of a foreign legislator, Kedem (Cox, Aryan Mythol. ii. p. 265), it is obvious that Harmonia was an appropriate bride. See JBacch. 1332, Find. Pyth. in. 91. But others say it is a Semitic word meaning ♦Eastern.' 12. TovTo] sc. 6po/j.a implied in koXovcti. 18. fjLT] (TireTpe] This command is mentioned in the Aeschylean drama, Theb. 745, and it seems to have been enlarged upon in the preceding play of that trilogy, the Oedipus. 19. reKvuacLs] poetically used for yevvrjaeis. See on V. 868. 21. 5ovs] The ellipse of iavrbv is somewhat unusual, as is ^uKx^^ov for a ' bacchic revel.' 26. diaTTcipas] A verb neipu, allied to irepav, irepalveiv, and TreipaiveLv, meant ' to stick through,' as d/nreipas pdxiy, Ehes. 514, awXdyxva, II. ii. 426, Ar. Ach. 1007, ^epe toijs 6^e\i(TKovs, iV dva-rrelpw ras kIx^o.^, ' hand me those skewers to truss the fieldfares with.' Here the dnect object is KivTpa, and the construction is the same as inf. 1397, aripj/a HoKvfelKovs ^Iq. BiTJKe XbyxW' I^ later authors SiaTeipeiv meant simply 'to transfix.' Like Treipaivu, Soph. Track. 64 PHOENISSAE. 581, it is little nsed in the tragic age. Cf. II. xvi. 404, 6 5' ?7%ei vv^e — 5ia 5' avrov ireipev ddovruiy, ' made it pass througli his teeth.' But the distich is suspected here, as being probably au interpolation. Compare Soph. Oed. M. 1030 seqq. 30. i] 5e] She, their mistress, the queen of Corinth, and wife of Polybus, took the foundling as a foster-child, suckled it herself, and persuaded Polybus that it was his child, ht. ' that she had given birth to it.' 31. Hesych. vcpelro' inre^dWeTO. 33. rj yvoiis t] fiadcov] He either became conscious, from some instinctive feeling, or from her behaviour, or else he learned from some private information, that she "was not really the mother. Going to Delphi for this reason to inquire, he meets on the same road, and with a similar mission in view, Laius, the king of Thebes, and kills him in a quarrel which arose on the trivial question, which should give the road to the other. See Soph. Oed. E. 805. 38. o-xio-r^s ooov] " The road from DauKs, to the south-west, leads along a rugged valley to Delphi, and falls in with another from Ambryssus on the south, at a point half-way between the two. This place was called the Schiste Hodos, or the Divided Way ; the Triodos, or the Triple Eoad. The rocky and uneven character of the soil over which these roads pass renders it a matter of surprise that they should have been traversed even by the light and small cars, which served as conveyance to the ancient Greeks. While we have a proof that this was the case, in the fact that this route was no other than the Sacred Way, — we have also an indication of its nature, and of the con- sequent difficulties by which a journey on it was attended, in the story of Oedipus, who encountered his father Laius in the Triple Way, as he himself was coming from DeljDhi. His unfortunate assault upon him was occasioned by the narrowness of the road." Wordsworth's Greece, p. 238. Cf. Soph. Oed. R. 733, (r%£(7T?7 5' oobs es ravro Ae\oivL(Toah, 60. This line, needless to the context, and anticipating the calamity which afterwards befel Oedipus, is regarded by Porson as spmious. 63. (TKtd^eTai] Cf. sup. 32, Aesch, TJteh, 529, ereixeL 5' iOu\os dpTi did Traprjiduf. 64. Ti'xv] ' That his unhappy fate might be forgotten (Ut. * become unremembered,' or 'pass away from me- mory'), requiring as it did many devices (for conceahng it).' Properly, dixvy]ij.6pevTos should have been used, as dixv-qfxuiv is ' forgetful.' 60. Trpos TTys Ti^x'^s] ' Maddened by his fortune.' It is likely that the true reading here is Trpo% he rds rpo^as, 'being badly off in respect of his food.' For on this turned the quarrel with his sons. Cf. Aesch. Theb. 783, reKPoicnv §' dpds ecpijKev eiriKOTOs rpo^ds, and ib. 812, oiaad) arpaTTjyu} oieXaxov arpvptjXdTcp ZKvdy acd'/jpu) KTrj/xdnov irajxirrialav. See inf. on 870. 74. dXkdaaovTo] ' giving him in exchange for exile a year of sovereignty.' — eirl l;vydls, ' on the high seat,' a me- taphor from a trireme in which the irpc^ipevs sits on a raised bench and gives direction to the helmsman how to steer so as to keep close to the wind ; or perhaps, from the more elevated position of the helmsman himself. It is called 6prjpys in 11. xv. 729. Cf. Agam. 1596, KpaTovvrwu tCop iirl iVy(^ 5op6s. Ib. 176, daipLovcou — aeXfia crefxvov rjixevuiv. Lu- cian. Dial. Mort. 10, ep.^ai.ve^ kcu ttjv Trpoebpiav irapd t6v KV^epv-qT-qv ix^ ^0' vij/rjXod. 79. ijr' avrd — relxv] close up to the very walls of this city. 86. OVK edy] for which we might expect /jlt] idv, may be regarded as = />:wXueti', though ov sometimes follows xpv hy a kind of attraction; cf. Hipp. 507. The sense is, 'You ought to object to the continued prosperity of any one man.' PHOE. 5 6© PHOENISSAE. 88. Jocasta having left tbe stage, an aged attendant appears, who calls Antigone to ascend a stair to an ele- vated platform above the proscenium. Such acting from above is common to many scenes of tragedy and comedy. "We have a similar one in II. iii. 161 seqq., where Helen ex- plains to Priam on the city wall (153) the names of the Grecian warriors in the field below. See also Orcst. 15G9. 90. diripes] Hesych. virepwov, 7} KXi/^a^. In Ar. Ran. 566, im Tijv KaT7]\i(p\ in Soph. Frag. 148, dn}\i(pes. All these are somewhat obscure terms for an 'upper room,' such as were generally, perhaps, used for the lodging of slaves, the plan of the Greek house being mostly on the ground-story alone. The word seems here to express the division of upper from lower. 91. UeaiaLo-i] Construe with ixel fxedrJKe, *now that she has allowed you at your earnest request.' The per- mission is not to leave the house, but only to go into the uppermost or attic story, the most remote from the host she is to view. 93. ixril 'to see whether,' &c. Cf. Orest. 208. The subjunctive follo%ving implies 'caution lest,' as if he ha d/Acpis. The legend was, that the sea-god, enamoured of one of the daughters of Danaus, sent up a spring in the iro\vbi\pLov"Apyos. 190. Either rdpde 7' should here be read, or w ttotvC "ApTepLi, for the sake of the metre. 196. 6xXos yap. Seeing the chorus of Phoenician maidens enter the orchestra to commence the parodos, as if to have an interview with the king, the old man warns Antigone to retire, lest her presence in public should give scandal to censorious persons of her own sex. By the word dixXos, 'a troop of women,' we may perhaps infer that (as in NOTES. m the Seven against Thebes) the chorus enter aTropdSrjv, with- out order, and in alarm. 196. rapay/xos] When the alarm or turmoil of war entered the city, the maidens, as new comers from the mother-country to engage in the service of Apollo at Delphi, had resolved to appeal for i^rotection to Polynices. 201. d\\r?\as] ' Of each other,' the reading of Stobaeus, and many MSS., seems better than dWrjXai^. 202. "We learn from 230 — 7 the circumstances under which the chorus now come forward. The descendants of Agenor, the ruling family at Tyre, had sent as a tribute to the Pythian shrine a number of young virgins, selected for their beauty, and to be gazed at like golden statues (220), in the religious services of the temple. During their temporary residence in Thebes, and before they could reach their destination, the war had broken out, and thus they have incurred the dangers of the siege in common with the rest of the citizens. These points form the general burden of the song. The metre is glyeonic, passing into trochaic. The Hegemon or leader speaks on the part of the company. 20-4. ifdcrov] viz. Tyros. Cf. v. 6, e/cXtTrujj' ^jbiaaa}^ evoKlav ydovo.. 207. /carevcto-^T?] 'Where he (Phoebus) has his home under the snow-beaten cliffs of Parnassus.' The old read- ing, KarevdadTjv, was corrected by Hermann, This would properly mean 'where I was made to dwell,' a sentiment unsuited to an event as yet only prospective. In Aesch. Eum. 889, Karavacra-aueyr) is used transitively, ' having made to dwell.' Nauck retains KarevdaOviV, assuming it to signify 'whither I was sent to make it my home.' In II. xvi. 86, a-^ dirovdaaeLv is 'to restore,' 'bring back home,' and vdol in the next verse are probtibly the opposite party of Cleophon, called in Orest. 770 Kutcovpyol TvpoardTai. 395. e's TO Kepocs] 'Yet, with a view to gain, one should bear slavery to which one is naturally averse.' Compare ei's TO KciWos, Or. 1287. Jocasta proceeds to inquu-e if a hope (vain as she thinks it) of his return did not support him in his exile. 398. 5ie(xd0?;(T'] The aorist seems hero not gnomic, but historic, and to apply to the hopes of Polynices in parti- cular, though his reijly continues the general sentiment. 'It (hope) brings a certain charm to misfortunes.' The transitive form of the verb should rather bo OLaaacpl'^eLv, according to analogy. But aacpTqvetv is a probable reading in Aesch. Gho. 189, and Plato uses 0Lacxa<(>e7v. 401. ovK elxov aV] ' May be, I had it not.' The exiled king, with a view to tragic pathos, is represented as having been almost destitute. 403. €v Trpacrtre] Supply, Kal e^ets (plXovs. 'Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos,' Tlieognis 209, ovbeis tol fpevyovTL (piXos Kal vtaTos iralpos. 408. TTws] 'How was it that you came to Argos?' The question is answered by an account of his marriage with the daughter of Adrastus in consequence of an oracle. See Sii2)2)l. 135 — 40, Kairpuj /.le dovuac Kal Xeoprc TTatS' ifxu:. 415. 7rapa(TTa.5as] The portico or vestibule, properly, the pilasters flanking the entrance of a house or temple. See Andr. 1121. NOTES. 75 417. riv Tavra] 'That was it,' i.e. it was as an exile. The meaning is shown by aWos (pvyds. Cobet, Var. Led. \). 571, reads k^t eirrfKdev. But this seems quite unneces- sary. 421. (TTpuixvTJ^ es aXK-qv] 'To a fight about a bed.' Suppl. 145 — 6, ^ TorcrS' edcjKas Or^palv ws Kopas aedtv\ AA. fj-dixv y^ OKTaoTi' KucoSaXoLU dTreiKciaas. 423. 5vo 5vo7u] See on v. 136. 424. 4p ei)ri'X€is] She asks if the result of the marri- age, viz. the present invasion of his country, is a happy one. He evades or misunderstands the question, and replies that so far he has no reason to be dissatisfied with it. 428. avyya/xos] 'A sharer in the same marriage,' i.e. marrying a sister. Perhaps e/xot should be read for e/zo's. — Kara^eiu, cf. Aesch. Theb. 644, Kard^ci} 5' dvSpa rofde Kal TToXiv €^€L irarpuav. 439. rd xP^M'^'^a] 'It; is their wealth that is held in greatest esteem by men.' The next line, in which dudpu- TTOis is repeated, is perhaps a later addition. 446. Eteocles, although a usurper of his brother's rights, professes a respect for his mother's request, and a willingness to hear the terms of a fair arbitration. Ho begins by saying that it was to oblige her, not his brother, that he came to the conference. Hence aoi is not enclitic, but emphatic. 448, 9. This passage seems corrupt. Neither the meaning of ^vuwpides \6x^v nor the syntax of ttoXlv is in- telligible. There would seem to have been something lost, and ^vpwpidas 5' Sxwv, 'two-horsed cars,' may have ended one verse. 452. TO raxv] precipitate action. This remark is di- rected at his hasty entrance, his scared look, and his rapid pronunciation. 454. o-xao-oi'] 'check,' 'restrain,' that threatening look and that panting caused by rage. Cf. inf. 960. Hesych. crxdcrov d(p€\K€, Kardiravdov. 456. daopas] The repetition of this word indicates some corruption. Perhaps ds o;/cas iiKoura, or dprlus. The meaning is, ' You ^-ill not be turned into stone by looking your brother in the face. ' 457. (TV T av] Jocasta strives to mediate between the two. Pol}-nices, on his brother's entrance, had turned his back to him. The stage-effect is a fine and effective one. 461. orav K.T.X.] 'When one relation who has quar- relled with another looks him in the face, he ought only to consider the purpose for which he has come, and he should not bear in mind any of the by-gone wTongs.' He should view the proposition before him without prejudice, and decide on its merits alone. ^6 PUOENISSAE. 469. Ill a pair of rlietorical speeches of equal length each of the brothers sets forth his plea. In her address (which has precisely twice the number of verses) Jocasta sums up the claims, and points out the misery that will be inflicted by a continuance of the dispute. The whole pas- sage, to 585, is extremely fine. It has a considerable re- semblance to the pair of speeches made by Tyndareus and Orestes [Or. 491 seqq.) addressed to Menelaus, each of fifty verses. 470, Se: seems here used for S^lTai, ' justice does not need cunning interpretations, for it has in itself a fitness that requires no sophistry. No ! it is the unjust claim which, being weak in itself, stands in need of clever treat- ment.' So ixeXeLv and /neXeadat are occasionally inter- changed. The proper use of de'iu is ttoWgu Sea?, or dec /llol Touoe, the personal expressing deficiency, the impersonal need. Yet in II. xviii. 100 w^e have eixdo de d^crei' [eberjaev) dprjs oAKTTJpa yeveaOai. 474. e!C(pvyeTu] He thought, or pretended to think, that the curse of Oedipus, viz. that the sons should divide his inheritance by the sword, might be avoided by his voluntarily retuing, and proposing an alternate year to Eteocles. 476. This verse seems to be interpolated. By omitting it, the speech of each brother extends exactly to twenty-seven lines. The syntax is, ' desiring to avoid the ban by allow- ing my brother to rule, on condition of my again resuming the sovereignty in turn.' 495. Kai aocpcU k.t.X.] ' AYhat both learned and un- learned call just, as it seems to me.' 500. a/x(pi\eKTos] argued on two sides, or by two par- ties ; so d/x(pLuecKT]s, contended for by two. See Aesch. Ag. 854, 1563. 502. rb 5' ^pyov] Men talk about fairness and equality-, but seldom carry it out in practice, i.e. all men are TrXeo- ycKrai at heart. 504. It is not easy to explain the double genitive, aarpLov — ifKlov. Perhaps, ifKiov r is dvroKas, the word iin- roXds (inf. 1116) being implied with &aTpwv. 508. irapelvaL] (aor. of irapirj/j.L) ' to give up to,' ' make over to another.' Aesch. Ag. 916, Kpdros iievroi irdpes y Ikusv e/xoi. So inf. 514, 523. 512. d xPVi'^'-] The more usual syntax is uy, but cf. Aesch. Clio. 698, ruyxdi'^cu rd irpbacpopa. — rah ydp dV, a very rare use of the dV interposed between article and noun, a metrical license, perhaps, though we have even in Thuc. vi. 64, TOV% ydp dV xj/iXovs tous (TcpCov — rot's 'nnrias /SXaTrTety dv fieydXa. 516. e^aipel] conficit, 'A conference can settle any- NOTES. 77 thing that might require even the sword of the enemy to effect.' After ovx oirXoiai supply dXXa Xoycp. 518, dWws] 'on any other terms.' — €K€ivo, viz. to tv- pavveveiv. Porson reads eKeivov, which is much more usual \vith the middle. See Ale est. 1111. 520. 1X7} eirl K'.T.X.] 'when the deeds one speaks about are not good,' or 'except when they are good,' eav fx-rj koXo. y TO. epya. Here /caXotj, of course, is a predicate. 527. TTt/cpof] It is displeasing to justice (in the abstract) to make a clever defence of a bad cause. 529. i] i/xweipia] There are some evils in old age, but there is this good : its experience enables it to speak words of wisdom which the young cannot attain to. One of these wise sayings is, that ambition is the cause of injustice, ruin, and misery, while the law of fairness and equaUty is alike the rule of nature and the basis of all political prosperity. In this very interesting speech- we have an exposition of the poet's pohtical principles, as in Ion 585 seqq., the moderate views of a republican who is no violent democrat. 534. etrjXBe Ka^rj^'^e] These words express the visits made by the demon Ambition to houses and states. The ' going out ' is a coiTclative to the coming in ; for she is oft' to bring evil on some other votar}-. 538. i'6,ui/xov] The normal or legal condition of every state is, that eveiy one should have his fair share in pro- portion to his position. A citizen who beheves he has too little becomes hostile to him who seems to have too much. The 'strikes' of our own time illustrate the truth of the remark. Aristotle's exposition of to taov in Ethics v. shews its vast social importance. 541. [xepri cfTad/xQp] Both measures and the parts or subdivisions of weights (so many ounces to a pound, &c.) were determined by the law of equality, e.g. that one pound should be equal to twelve (or more) ounces. Day and night, adds the poet, divide the year equally between them- selves; theij do not quarrel about their rights being ex- ceeded. But they were made for man, and for his service : shall man not take an example from nature? 5-49. €VQai,uova] Tills is a fine expression. Sovereignty is an injustice, but is supposed to make the holder of it happy for all that. This subject is discussed at length in the Gorgias of Plato. 551. TreptSXe'Treo-^ai] 'To be gazed upon by all around as a man of high dignity.' 553. di'ofxa ixovov] The term ' more ' is relative ; it has no absolute meaning; A had 'more' than B, but G had more still, and so on to the end of the alphabet. 556. The well-known verse of Lucretius, iii. 971, *Vi- taque mancipio nulli datur, omnibus usu,' illustrates this 7S PHOENISSAE, fine sentiment, that all our worldly wealth is at best a loan from the gods. — avTa, haec ipsa. 559. dvo X67W] Two terms or conditions to choose from. The choice of the latter, she saj's, will bring about a result directly contrary to the former. 567. cJ] viz. y€V7]is Opexpai, a common syntax equivalent to eWe p.-q edpexpas. Compare Med. 1413, ovs p-tjiror iyuj . 846. e^wpAtio-at] 'you have moored,' or brought to a stand, your foot. The second person of the passive perfects of verbs in -i^co is but seldom found, though ecpyaaai occurs. .Possibly i^o}pp.i €K\liru} /caXw?, and El. 998, ^K^r}T (xttV^s, Tpopddes, x^Vos 5' ip-QS Xd^eaff, 'iv i^u T0v8' 0%Oli CrT7](T0} TToSa. 849. Uf as if fatigue was something to be 'got rid of,' or cast forth, Hke a malady that has seized the body. The Seer's reply is, that he is quite overcome by the effort of travelling from Athens to Thebes only the day before. 854. /cci/ce?] He "impresses Creon with the magnitude and importance of his engagements ; for a prophet accom- NOTES, 87 pauied a Greek army as regularly as our * Chaplain to the Forces.' See inf. 1255. The legend was that Eumolpus the Thracian king had assisted the Eleusinians to revolt against Erechtheus, but was killed by the Athenians. His name is associated with the origin of the Mysteries; see Soph. Oed. Col. 1052. The SchoL notices the obvious anachronism. 858. oiwi'ov] An omen of success is derived from the crown being given as a prize of victory. 862. TTfios d\K^ M.] to meet the Argives in fight, 865, For the reason of the seer's resentment against Eteocles, see v. 772, 808. ireKvudrj] ' was made a parent,' lit, * was furnished with children.' So in Again. 729 wealth is said TCKvovadai, fjL-qo' aircuda durjaK^cv. In the active we have the correspond- ing sense in Her<;. F, 6, ot KddfMov ttoXlv rcKPoQat iroLduit/ ■n-aiai See sup. 19. 869. By omitting this line this speech and that at 930 contain exactly thirty verses each. 870. The nominatives here have no definite verb ; we may either supply ■^aav, or regard the sense as broken off, as we should say, ' then that destruction of the eye-sight from his blood-stained face, — a device brought about by the gods, and a warning to Hellas, — his sons wanted to throw over it the veil of time, tliinking forsooth that they could escape from the gods ; but they made a stupid mistake.' The passage following is several times alluded to in Tra- gedy, e.g. sup. 66, Aesch. Theb. 782. In the old epics about Thebes the sons of 0-edipus were ^aid to have shut him up and badly supplied him with food, for which reason he uttered the curse which is now coming to pass, ye pa, the prerogatives which he claimed as a father, e.g. a first help- ing or first choice of viands supplied. In this sense Homer often has yepalp^Lv. 878. a] ' in respect of which conduct.' Some participle like fj.€/j.(p6/ji.€i^os, oi'ecbi^cju, may be supplied from the context. -881. TToWoi Oi] He speaks obscurely as a seer : * and many corpses fallen over others in the field, some from Argive, some from Theban darts, shall cause a mourning that will yet bring sorrow on the Theban land.' By fxl^av- T€$ he means that an indiscriminate slaughter will result from the weapons of both the contending parties. And there is an allusion in -n-iKpovs yoovs to the sorrows yet in etore for Thebes from the war of the Epigoni. Cf. 949. 884. avyKaTaaKdiTTeL] ' You will be involved in the general destruction caused by the war.' This is an instance of the 'praesens propheticum,' of which there are many examples; e.g. Again. 125, xpoVy ixkv alpei (i.e. aipi^aei) ILpidjiov ttoXlv di3e Ke\ev6os. 88 PHOEmSSAE. 885. rts] He means, but does not like to name, Creon. 886. eKelvo /f.r, X.] 'For that was (would have been) the first and best course to pursue, to prevent any child of Oedipus being either a citizen or a king of this land,, on the ground that they were possessed by a ban, and would prove the ruin of the city.' The accusative absolute with cLr is. common, especially with a future participle.. The proper syntax would be, rov'; Olhlirov- fj.-qivoTe di^cLcra-eiv x^opos. For dai/jiovoiv, a word formed like \-nfjLa.v, irodaypdu, &G., see Aesch. Cho. 557, Theb. 1004. The meaning is, that both Eteocles and Polynices should at first have been banished from the city as accursed. 892. TTiKpoy re] ' And as it is painful for those who- hold the highest dignity to supply the state with a means of safety,' i.e. by the sacrifice of their own nearest relations. The same excuses are made by Teiresias in OecL Tyr. 320> 895. rl yap irdSw] 'For what is to become- of me? ' viz. if I offend the powers. The phrase is used rather vaguely ; it is not however the 'deliberative subjunctive,' but the old epic future representing tL Trelcro/iat ; — Teiresias turns tO' go away, but Creon lays his hand on him to stop him. 899. //.eVroi] Here the sense is /xiu toc, '■You wish it, no doubt, and yet very soon you will wish it not (spoken).' Perhaps, from aciaac in the next verse, ov ^ovXrjcreL (rurrjpiaw is the precise meaning. 901. ^x^ts] Do you keep, or retain, your earnest desire to know ? 905. iiniyayeu] See v. 770. As a blind man, he asks the question, not wishing Menoeceus to hear the coming declaration. Creon supposes it is only some state secret that is to be revealed. 916. direp ire^vKe] ' "^^lat is a law of nature, that yon must carry into effect.' Anaxagoras had speculated on avdyKT} (pvaeos, and Euripides probably borrowed it from him ; cf. Troad. 886. 919. For kKvelv, aKovaai, see Aesch. Cho. 5, Prom, 456. 920. iKvevEL] See inf 1268. 924. atVet] ' In asking me to be silent, you are asking for evils (the capture of the city) which it is difficult (im- possible) to guard against.' 931. 6a\d/xais] a dative of place, in the lair or den where the snake, born of or sacred to Ares (sup. 659), was, wont to lurk. 934. Kd8/j.ov] 'In consequence of an ancient resent- ment of Ai-es against Cadmus.' Cf. Plat. Phaedr. p. 244 d, yoacou Kal irovuv Tt2v /xeyicmov, a drj TraXaiu'if iK /XTjvifiaTUJV- irodkv eV TtCi tuv y^vQv rjf, p.av'i.a. — dwaXXayriv evpero. NOTES. m 935. TifMUipel takes for its object the dative, and (povoi^ means ' in respect of its death.' Thus'Ap??? n^upos yiyvcTat TO) dpoLKovTL (f)6vov {diroTLvwv). This is different from xi/^w- peiadai nva cpovov, ' to revenge oneself on another for mur- der.' See on Orest, 1117. 938. evfxeuT]] The earth was regarded as hostile for the loss of its warlike sons born from the dragon's teeth. The voluntary sacrifice of one of the Sparti was now demanded for the purpose of propitiating it. This is the Kapiros cu'tI Kap-rrov, the dragon as well as Menoeceus being yriyeurjs. 940. 5ei \-.T.X.] ' Only it must be that the person who dies belongs to the stock which was the offspring of the dragon's teeth.' There is some confusion between ye^ous ToOSe 5 eKirecpVKe, and rbu SpaKouros yevvos iratoa. 945. riOeos\ It is quite clear from this passage that the word signifies one in the prime of life who is yet unmarried and even unengaged. Hesychius gives dya/xos under 'qideos, and Photius defines it 6 upav ydfj.ou e^w?' Kal p.rjQeTrw yeya/j-Tj- /cwj. The betrothal of Haemon to Antigone excluded him from the true meaning of the term. 947. dvup-evos, like oicperos, was a term applied to con- secrated animals which were exempted from labour and had free range of the j^astures. 949. TTLKphv voarou] He shall cause, by his death, that, the expedition of the Argives against Thebes shall be a fatal one. See v. 883. 956. TTik-pos K.T.X.] 'He makes himself disliked by those for whom he may be taking his notes of birds.' Toiai Xpoj/J.€uoLs, 'to those who are consulting himj 959. Teiresias here leaves the stage, not again to return. 960. crxacras] See v. 454. 963. es Tode (Tv/x(popas} See Orest. 1451. 964. irpoa-de'LPaL] 'to devote.' See Bacch. 675, Hec^ 368, Iph. AuL 540, tt plv" Al^ti iralS' i/uLou irpoadCj Xa/ioii/. 967. If the common reading, KTelpcov, be retained, the reference rnust be to Teiresias ; ' I want not the praise of one (viz. for patriotism) who slays (i.e. demands the death of) my cbildren.' The infinitive, which, though conjectural, seems more probable, will mean, ' let no one by his praises induce me to slay them.' 971. oLKoXaara] He charges the fiavret.^ with having no respect for the authority or feehngs of a rvpawos, or of his nearest of kin. 975, 6. (pdaveiu and varepelv' refer to the immediate action necessary before the chance of flight is precluded, by the seer's telling the council what he has stated. 983. T65e\ viz. the flight to Dodona. 'Wliat protec- tion,* he asks, 'shall I find in that?* The MSS. giv^ rt 90 PHOENISSAE. drjT ^pvixa, for which Person gives tI drjTa pvfxa. Cf. Aesch. Suppl. 78, ^oiixQs dpds (pvydaLP pufxa. The reply is, ' the god (Zeus Awdojualos) "will give you a safe convoy to the asylum of his temple.' Menoeceus pretends to acquiesce in the arrangements for his flight, but when his uncle has retired (v. 990) he avows his determination to offer himself a will- ing victim for his country. It is remarkable, that in all instances of self-devotion the willingness of the victim is regarded as essential, 986. wj] ' since.' This excuse, that he will bid farewell to Jocasta, his foster-mother, is devised to get Creon out of the way. The speech following may be compared with that of Polyxena in Hec. 346 and of Macaria in Heracl. 550. 991. Menoeceus now turns to address the chorus. ' Ladies ! how well I removed my father's fears (for my safety), by deceiving him by words, so that I have attained what I desire. Yes ! he wants to get me away, thereby robbing the state of its present chance, and resigns me up to a base charge of cowardice.' 999. Perhaj^s el pkv, tfec, though the article seems wanted. We may however supply oi TroXcTai., the citizens engaged in defending their walls. Possibly an interrogation should be marked at dTreipn, v. 1005. In this case alcrxpoi' will refer to TrpoSoTrju yevecrOat., V. 996, 'for that were a shame. ' The meaning will then be, * Shall those who are bidden by no oracle not fear to die, while I retire like a coward and prove false to my country ? ' 1009. The full sense is, ards eir eirdX^euv acpd^co ifxav- Tov i^ avTwv. See v. 1223. 1011. hda] Cf. V. 931. The interpreters of the will of the gods were called i^-nynrai. Hence the verb here means irpoeixe, €arip.-qve. The speech originally perhaps ended with the formula dp-qrai \cryos, 'I have said my say.' The six verses following read like an addition, and v. 1014 is a mere repetition of 997. The phrase Treipdadai KaKwy, ' to experience evils,' seems hardly a tragic expression. 1016. SieXdoi] This also is a strange use, in the sense of dvaXdoaece, ' get through,' or ' exjDend it.' 1019. The ode following bears on the general subject of the history of Thebes, rather than directly on the plot of the play. The havoc made by the Sphinx on the citizens of Thebes, till Oedipus solved the riddle propounded hy her, and his fall from glory by his incestuous marriage, are enlarged upon, and the self-sacrifice of Menoeceus is extolled (v. 1054). This ode is remarkable for that repetition of words (ecpepes ^(pepes, &c., v, 1030) which is ridiculed by Aristophanes in BarL 1338 seqq. It is common in the later pla.-ys of Euripides. See Orest. 1427. ib. ^^as] as inf. 1043, means ^^oXej, *thou camest.' NOTES. 91 But for the context, it might mean airriKOes. — 'Exiouas, see Hes. Thcog. 326, where the Sphinx is called the oii'spring of Echidna and Orthus. The explanation of the strange story may perhaps be some ancient tradition of a devastating plague. 1027. 7re5ai/)oi;(ra] an Aeolic form of /meraipovaa, tollens, apird^ovaa. Aeschylus has ireodopoL for /xer^copoi in Cho. 681, — d/xipi ixovaav, inter canendum, an unusual phrase for d/xa /Liovarj. ^Ye may supply ovaa, as dp-cpl 'Kiravd ex^iv, ' to be engaged in prayer,' Aesch. Theh. 97. , - it seenis best to omit the re in the next verse, and take "^pivuv as the -i^^jf^Q^ ^ to i4>epes, 'an accursed pest didst thoti bring.' , ' '^ A^ /. 1031. e/f deixiv] whoever it was in the number of 'the 'A gods who brought these woes to pass. 1042. biroTe] quotiens aliquem rapuissct. The gro* and loud cries (or perhaps, noises made to fiightcn her, dxa), are compared to the sound of thunder. " 1:1 \v^* 1046. TraXti/ 5' dxv] 'Though afterwards a sotiTC€roT ^^^ grief.' Either the nominative in apposition to Oidiirovs (cf. 807), or the accusative in apposition to the sentence. 1043. diroa-ToXals] ' by a command from the Pjiihian oracle.' See v. 35 seqq. 1051. dfiei^eL] 'he causes them (his sons) to pass through a career of blood, by throwing them into an un- hallowed (i.e. unnatural) contest by his curses.' 1054. dyd/j.€da] 'we regard with admiration.' This word sometimes takes a genitive, as dyafj-ai 'Krjfx.aros, Rhes. 245. 1060. yevolfj-eda K.r.\.] ' May we (maidens), if we be- come mothers, be equally happy in our children.' 1064, fxepL/mfau] The sense is, that Pallas incited Cad- mus, in his care for the welfare of his people, to slay the offspring of the dragon's teeth (the armed men) by thr'owing stones amongst them ; and that in consequence (odeu) there came upon the land a terrible retribution sent by the gods {oaL/jLOPCJv TLs dra) by the carrying off of the citizens in the claws of the Sphinx. See 663 and 934. The Schol. takes KctS^ei'a p-ipLixva as a mere periphrasis of KctSfios. 1067. The interest of the plot is sustained by the sudden arrival of a messenger inquiring for Jocasta. He brings the tidings of an attack on the city by the Argiyes in full force, but so far without success, owing to the timely self-immolation of Menoeceus (v. 1091), as demanded by the oracle. 1069. bid ixaKpov i-iev'] You are long in coming out, but nevertheless come, for there is good news to hear. .1072. oH TTou] ' Surely you do not come to announce.' The MSS. have -q wov, which would simply put the question. Jocasta, though told to lay aside her grief, nevertheless has 02 PIIOENISSAE. doubts about the safety of one of her sons, because his comrade and attendant appears alone and without him, 1075, 6. This disticli would seem to have belonged to some other recension of the play, in place of the three lines preceding. The Schol. says 'this verse' (meaning 1075) 'is not found in some copies.' Kauck accordingly incloses it in brackets. 1079. av-qpiracTTaL] The property of a captured city is ' caught up ' and carried off. {See Aesch. Theb. 3-42— 8. — ddpavaroL, of. Hec. 17. 1081. dK/j.T]u irr avrrju] ' To the very point of it,' ' to the razor's very edge,' iiri ^upou taraTaL dK/j.rjs, II. x. 173. The meaning is, ' to the very verge and edge of the danger of being sacked by the Argive spear. ' 1084. /cat rooe] Jocasta seems more anxious about the fate of Eteocles, who was the elder brother (according to the argument to the Sept. cont. Thcb.). Yet in her grand address to them, supr. 528, she contrives to w^eigh their respective claims with impartiality. — fxeXei, here used per- sonalty, whereas /xeXet fiot. rov8e is the ordinary syntax. Person reads ws /xiXou fxat. kuI t65\ We have iy(l}...ds rrdcfi jxeXu in Od. ix. 20. 1085. ^vfupls] i, e, the one as well as the other is alive, * Bless you for that ! ' she replies ; ' but did you succeed in getting away from the gates the Argive force by which you w^re beleaguered in the citadel? ' See Orest. 762. The yap means ' (I hardly could have hof)ed it), for how,' etc, 1091, p.e\avdeTov] ' black-hilted,' more usually applied to the black rim of a shield. The slight and casual allusion to such an event is only to be excused from the pressure of events in the complex action of the play. Compare a simi- larly brief account of Macaria's death in Heracl. 822. 1092. di-qKe] Here and in Soph. Oed. Col. the verb takes a genitive of the object through which something,' passes ; see v. 26, inf, 1398. 1095. Either re must be inserted in this verse, with Yalckenaer, or rd'^as must be read in the next, with Her- mann. By €(pi8pous ' reserves ' of cavalry are meant, or perhaps, 'forces posted against' others of the like kind. The plan adopted was after the advice of Creon, sup. 711. 1097. ry voaovvTL recxei^v] ' the weak (ill-defended) parts of the rampart.' See inf. 1171, and compare to Kapivov arparov in Suppl. 709. Hel. 1604, MeveXew^ . . .otttj voaouu ^vpLp.axoL KaraaKoirCiv. Compare also Aesch. Thcb. 759, perali) 6' oKko. 8i! oXiyov relvei, rrvpyos iv tvpet. 1100. Teu/iTjo-croV] This was a mountain about ten miles from Thebes, sometimes written TeX^Tjcros. Hesych. TevpLTjaaos' 6pos BoLurias. 1101. This verse, which is well-nigh unintelligible, ia NOTES. 93 perhaps spurious. It was enough to say, ' we saw the host had left Teumessus and was near the trench,' supplying 6uTa or areixoi'Ta. The only plausible meaning is, ' And when near the trench they came on in quick march and joined on (left no interval between) the city of the land of Cadmus (with their own ranks).' The besieged and be- siegers, hitherto distant, now seemed one army from their close contiguity. 1103. €K€Wep] 'from the enemy's side.' Aesch. Theh. 40, rJKCJ ffa(pTj roLKeWeu e/c arparov cpepoiv. And this use^ of eKetvoi is not uncommon ; see 11. xviii. 188, c'xouo-t 5e revx^' eKeluoi, 1104. XT^to-rats] This is believed to mean ' the lowest ' gate, as vxJ/LcrTaL was that on the highest ground. Hesych. VTjl'crra' KaTibrara' ^(rxctTa. 1107. olKelov] ' A family badge,' the huntress, his mo- ther, shooting a wild boar. The rare noun iij-lc-rj/ia occurs in Theb. 656 and inf. 1125. The whole account of the chiefs is varied and epitomised from Aeschylus. But Euri- pides condenses into a messenger's narrative desciiptions which in Aeschylus occupy nearly half the play. Several of these warriors had been pointed out by name to Antigone, sup. 125 seqq. 1112. v;3pL(rixei>a] 'arrogantly designed,' e.g. like the shield of Capaneus, v. 1130—3. Of Amphiaraus Aeschylus says that a-qixa ovk eirrjv kvk\w. His fate, being _ swallowed up ahve by the earth, was regarded as one of special honour, and in contrast with the punishment of pride. Klotz com- pares Xen. Cijr. ii. 4. 5, liep^iKfi aroXfi ovoiv ri v^piap-evr}'. 1115. TravjTrTT]v here stands for "Apyov, the many-eyed keeper of the cow-headed lo. See Aesch. Sujypl. 299, tto'lov iravoTTTriv oIo^ovkdXou Xeyets; XO. "Apyov, tov 'Bpfj.-?p Trajda yrjs KareKTave. The legend may have referred to the Indian peacock and its spangled tail. Some of the tail-feathers w^hen expanded resemble an open eye, others are somewhat like a closed eye. Hence the notion arose, that Ai-gus slept Avith half of his eyes shut, the other half open. So Quintus Smyrnaeus says, x. 191, "Apyov, 6s ocpdaX/xo'tcnv ap-oi^abov vTTUiieffKe. The three verses within brackets are perhaps interpolated. It is clear that while /SAcTroira agrees with GfXfJLaTa, KpvTTTOPTa agrees, or ought to agree, with iravbirT-qv. Perhaps we may supply to. fiev {'ixovTo) fiXiirovTa, k.t.\. If, indeed, we regard Ar-gus as a symbol of the starry sky, the guardian or attendant on the Moon (lo), then we may suppose a picture of a winged herdsman {3cvk6\os Trrepoeis, Aesch. Suppl. 551), so represented, that some of his eyes were closed on the side of the sky representing morning {5vvcPT0Jv fj-era), and others wide open on the dark or night side of the picture. 9i PIIOENISSAE. 1120. \eovros d^pos] This also was an olKelov arifxa. See V. 411. The words following seem to show that Tydeus bore a torch in his right hand, like a Prometheus. But in Aesch. Tlicb. 427, this very Prometheus is a badge on the shield of Capaneus. If it is meant as a badge on Tydeus' shield, then he bore two devices, unless we suppose the shield covered with the skin; so that the literal and more obvious sense seems the true one. Tydeus, according to Aeschylus, was one of the violent party; cf. Theh. 375 seqq. 1124. IlorrcaSej] The horses of Glaucus, bred at Pot- niae, were said to have been seized with madness and to have devoured their master. See Orest. 316. This was the subject of a satyiic play, the Glaucus Potnieus of Aeschylus. They were so fastened to the shield as to turn round on pivots, in imitation perhaps of the supernatural moving devices described by Hesiod and Homer on the shields of Hercules and Achilles. They were vevpoairacfra, made to move by p)ulling a string under the Tropira^, or shield-handle. By this their fury was represented, cojre /xaipeadai doKelv, i.e. 1129. eVt TTuXais] If the dative be the right reading, the sense is, he brought up his company, viz. to operate against the city, at the Electran gate. See Theb. 418, Ka- Travevs o' e7r' 'HXeKrpaLaiu eLXrjxc^ irvXais. 1133. vir6uoi.au] 'el hint to us what our city is to have done to it.' 1135. iK7r\rjp2v] See Orest. 54. Adrastus bore the device of a hydra, from which proceeded snakes filling up all the ground of the shield with painting. This is adapted from Aesch. Theh. 490, ocpewu de irXeKTauaiaL Trepidpo/jiou KVTos TTpQarjoacpLaTaL KOiXoydaropos kvkXov. Nauck reads eKTrXrjpovu, but his syntax is not clear. — Traprjv, k.t.X. See vv. 143, 1118. 1137. auxT7^,a] The fierce and destructive hydra was a fitting device for the arrogant pride of an Argive chief. 1141. jjLicra'YKvXois] See Androm. 1133, Or. 1476. •Tavelins were so called from having a thong in the middle, to insert the finger in hurling them. 1146. dpQr}u'\ 'with destructive effect;' a term properly applied to hoisting and throwing a wrestler. 1151. eKireiruevKOTa^] 'Many you might have seen flung headlong, after they had expired, from the walls.' He uses a term expressing the leap of a tumbler, but adds a participle to show they were dead, and therefore the head- long fall was due to their being tossed over. See Suppl. 692, (S Kpara tt/do? yiju (KKv^caTiJouTCJU I3ia, Ilel. 1609, wcrr' eKKoXvp.- ^du uaos. Porson, with Markland, reads cKueuevKoras, Mad- \ig,Adv. Crit. i. p. 273, thinks the true reading is eKir^irrw- KOTUS. But €KTriwT€Lu docs not well suit Kv^iardv and NOTES. 95 Kv^is rpoiraios in Antig. 143, Trach. 303. 1255. aKp.al and prj^ets were technical terms in divina- tion by fire. The pointed tips or forked division of the flames as they consumed the sacrifice, were especially no- ticed. The vyporrjs, or clammy stain from imperfectly burnt meat, /nvSwcra kt]kIs, Soph. Ant. 1008, was regarded as an unfavourable omen, because it implied that the gods did not like the proffered feast. The word vufxav, *to observe,' is so used in Aesch. Theh. 25. 1257. 5volv opovs] Two results were determined by observing the summit of the flame, viz. victory and defeat. It has been objected that these are rather Eoman than Greek indications, and that a suspicion of lateness at- taches to the narrative from the absence of illustration of these omens from the earlier Greek waiters. Such a phrase as (piKTp kirt^hijju in 1260 might be criticized as unusual. And the concluding distich seems ob\dously spurious ; pos- sibly however mr d6\a deiva might be read interrogatively. ('You won't?) Shall you then get tears as the terrible result of the conflict?' Compare Bacch. 1146, tqv ^vuepydrrju dypas TOP koWlvlkov, ■§ daKpva VLKV,(popeL. 1264. Antigone is desired by her mother to leave her maiden employments, the dance and the embroidery, and to use her joint efl'orts with her mother to avert the threatened duel. 1266. /caTacrrao-is] The sense is, ' The position of affairs brought about by the gods is not one that is further- ed or advanced by dancing,' &;c. But the expression is again unusual, and there is much in the dialogue following that does not resemble the style of Euripides. 1268. iKvevovre] The word is somewhat strangely used for 'going wrong,' 'deviating from the course of justice to cause mutual death.' So sup. 920, eKvevei irdXiv. The meta- phor is from one escainng from danger by swimming. In Iph. T. 1330, Ic^cvevcre is from v^v€lv 'to nod.' NOTES. 99 1280. da.ixai t in Hec. 614. For ievai see the note on Aesch. Pers. 472, 'irja aKoa/xu} ^vv (pvyy. We may regard yepoju ypaiav as almost one word, as in the formula tov avTos avroO, &c. Yet tjkcj jieTd yepoiv ypaiav cannot be said to resemble the style of Euripides. 1313. eix6% re ydpl He was going to add, koL vvv kivSv- vevci TToXij. 1320, 1. This couplet is weak in sentiment. It is quoted however by Stobaeus, FL cxxv. 9. For eycre/Seiv debu see Aesch. Ag. 329 and Troad. 85. 1323. It seems that we must construe koivQ ttoSi [mtj- rpbs, an unusual phrase for d/xa fMrjTpi. The natural order, KopT} jULr]Tpbs, Jilia 7natris, appears indefensible. 1324. iirC] ' to meet what event ? ' This idiom usu- ally takes an accusative of the person, but a dative of the thing for which the action takes place. 1326. els da-iri8a, for et's /xdxTji', is again peculiar. 1327. dyaTrd^uf] i.e. Kofxl^ujv, 'in recovering the re- mains of my son.' Cf. Suppl. 764, (pairjs av, el irapriad' or 7- 2 100 PIIOENISSAE. riydira veKpovs. Hcl, 937, irpocrd) cr diroura SaicpvoL^ dv Tjyd- TTwv. In many passages it nearly means ' to hug,' with the notion of ardent affection. 1330, For dy^bv irepl ^vxvs, a trial (or contest) of life and death, see Orest. 847, 878. 1332. For to fxeu we might have expected kukov of KaKov. Or perhaps (in explanation of otpLOi) to yap crjixdov K.T.X. 1333, 1X77^01'] This appears to be a different messen- ger from the other, though otaOa in 1357 might mean Trap' epLou. The tragics, especially of the later age, were fond of introducing a dowtZc narrative; examples are, Iphigenia in Tauris, Bacchae, Oedipus Coloneus. In the dramatis personae erepos dyyeXos is enumerated. 1337. Oicrcrws] The usual tragic expression is /adX avdis. 1343, dicTT dv SaKpvcraL Nauck, with Hartung. The best MSS. give wVre daupvaai, Aldus wcr' iKdaKpvaac. See Orest. 1122. The house, says the chorus, would visibly and openly shed tears, if it had been possessed of sense. 1346. ei Kal K.T.X.] '(You might say that indeed) if you knew the misfortunes that have happened beside these.' Or we may suppose aposiopesis at the end of the verse. 1350, 1. Something has dropped out, e.g. ju^7ai' or ^apijv after kukvtov, and eiri^aXov after kt-uwovs, the metre being dochmiac. 1353. alviyixom'] See v. 50 — 2. A short expression for ' what an end of the marriage you made with Oedipus through his solving the riddle.' 1355. dpds K.T.X.] 'the contest resulting from the curse of Oedipus.' The question introduced by irCos Kal, as dis- tinct from Kal TTLos, asks for real information, as Porson well observes. So in Ilea. 515, ttws nai vlv e^errpd^aTe means, 'how did you kill her?' while Kal iruis would have meant, * surely you did not kill her ! ' 1358. wot' ovxl There are examples of this use, where iSare pLrj is the regular idiom, in Hel. 108 and Soph. El. 780. Here however the Scholiast seems to have read ws p.^] ovx, his explanation being wo-re yUTj ovxl TrdvTas eldivai to, 8pu)pi€ua. The sense is, 'for the engagement' (viz. that related 1090 seqq,) 'took place so near the walls, that all the details are known to you,' viz. as within sight. By rd dpup.eua the imperfect seems represented, ' all that was being done,' See v. 1334. 13G0 — 62. These verses are probably interpolated. See V. 1243. 1365. cros ydp ei/x'] He regards himself as an exile," and as having resigned the tutelage of his national gods. ■ — x^°^'^i ^C. TJjU a-qv. NOTES. 101 1369 — 71. Probably interpolated : ^a-q^ for ws oeLv^], "vrould have been more appropriate with bvarvx'^o.s. Like ^v/x(popa, Tvxv Diust here bear an ambiguous sense. 1375. The tragics do not say ^aWeip \idov is or eVt TLva, but /SdXXetv TLva XtdoLs. (See however Or est. 1349, (t^aayavov d^ irpos 8^pr) (BdWovres.) Here we should expect dcpeiuai rather than ^aXelu. 1376. This verse occurred sup. 756. 1377. TTvpaos ws] The signal of a torch thrown from a tower (Ar. Ban. 132) was familiar to an Athenian audience in starting the runners in the Lampadephoria. — 0-01X^17705, see Aesch. Exim. 537, Soph. Aj. 17. 1379. With eirl in the sense of hostile attack the accu- sative is more usual. According to Cobet, Var. Led. p. 604, Spdfxyjfxa, not dp6/j.7i/j.a, is the correct form. The former is read in Aesch. Pers. 249. 1S82. fiacov] 'they made a rush.' Cf. 11. viii. 88, palpuv] Lit. ' in scraping away,' * in remov- ing from under him.' The rare verb ^paipeiu occms in Prom. V. 402. 1393. 7rapa5ode7a-ap] Polynices, seeing a side-blow was offered at the foot projecting beyond the cover of the shield, took advantage of it, and aimed at it with a javelin (ht. ' met his adversary there with his dart,' Lat. occupavit). Compare II. iv. 468, irXevpa, rd ol nv't^ayri trap dffwidos e'^e- (paavdri, ovrrjcre ^vctto} xaX/CTypet'. See also Hes. Sciit. 334. 1394. 8opv] This may be taken either as the subject or the object. We have irepdv ttoSo, like Tropeveiu, in Hec. 53. And the genitive is perhaps in favour of the transitive sense. 1398. SLTJKe] tramisit. See v. 1092. As however the best MS. omits (3iqL, perhaps ocd is the true reading, and d(pT]K€ or fxedrJKe \6yxW' But areppa ought, from the con- text, to mean ^/jlop, not to say, that a man with a dart through his chest could not fight with a sword. It may be doubted whether the long lance or the javelin is meant. The hoplite sometimes carried a spear, sometimes two darts, •dvo 5ovpe, 102 PIIOENISSAE. liOO. eirl cTKiXos xwpc?] 'lie retires a step backward.' " A man does this when, facing his foe, he draws back first one foot or leg, then the other t/_/) to that foot or leg (eTri TToda, (XK^Xos), and so on. Whereas in hurried flight, quick march, etc., leg passes leg in quick succession." Mr Green on Ar. Av. 383. 1403. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 65, diaKPaio/xivrjs r' iv TrpoTeXeioii KafxaKO^. 1407. rb Qeaa-dXov] ' that well-known Thessalian feint,' a pretended retreat. The Thessalians had a reputation for cleverness, not only in magic arts but in war and domestic hardiness. Cf. Elect. 815, e/c Tc5f koXoju KofxiroOaL Tocat QeaaaXoLS elvai raS', ocrris ravpov dprafxei /caXiSs, tTTTroys t' 6xp-a.^€i. In what sense Eteocles could be called 'conver- sant with Thessaly' does not appear. 1409. i^aWayeis] ' disengaging.' 1412. 7r/)o/3ds] 'advancing his right leg.' The accusa- tive is here a form of the cognate, like eXdeiv odiv, iroda, &c, Cf. Orest. 1470, MvKrjvid' dp^v\r]v Trpo^ds. — ivTjpfxocreVf 'he locked it in the joints of the vertebrae.' 1418. eKeiae] ' in the other direction,' viz. to his adver- sary. See on 3G0. If Trpos avrov be read, with the Schol., it will mean ' not observing what Polynices was doing.' 1430. Valckenaer regards this verse as spurious, suffi- cient mention being made in 1435 of the presence of Antigone. 1437. TrpodovTe] These are the words of Antigone, in regard to her marriage with Creon's son Haemon being left unaccomplished. 1438. For dvcrQvrjrov it is likely we should read SvadvT]' a dcepoh iieXecnv yevvos ^ov9t]s, it seems that we should here read ttcSs iXeXi^o- fieva Ti's dp opm^, 'what bird warbling what notes of woe?* As the text stands in the MSS., a verb is wanting, which is supplied on the conjecture of the editor, eI6pois or yaXaKToyovocs. For fiaarol ydXaKTos, ' breasts of milk,' seems no better Greek than Kdpa ^oarpvx^v, ' a head of hair,* Or. 225, or Tpdire^a. popds, 'a table of food,' in Oed. R. 1463. Translate, 'On whom first shall I throw offerings from my hair by rending it ? {Shall I place them) by the milk-giving breasts of my mother, or on the fatal ghastly wounds of my two brothers?* 1533. 8s irrl k.t.X.] ' ^Vlio in your chamber, after cast- ing the mist of darkness on your own eyes, ai'e dragging on a long-protracted life.' ; NOTES. 105 1536. iv de/xvioiaiv Sva-ravois is the editor's correction for defxvLoi^ dviXTavos or Uaravov. The metre is here bac- chiac. — oKaivwv, k.t.X., ♦whose aged steps waDder to and fro in the house, where you sleep on a miserable couch.' — irdSa is used like ^rjvai iroda, oSbv, &c. Compare Aesch. Ag. 82, 6i>ap rjixepotpavrov oXalvei, with inf. 1544, 5. 1540. The poet has introduced a 'sensational' scene in introducing on the stage the blind and feeble Oedipus, conducted by his daughter. The support of her hand is called ^dKTp€V[xa, a word recognised by Hesychius, and ex- plained ipeia-fiaa-iv. Cf. 1548, — SaKpvoicnv, 'by your tears accompanied with most piteous wailing.' — XexvpV} 'bed- ridden.' 1551. Perhaps aromxcus, 'with groans,' or, if the verse was anapaestic, wapa yap (rrevax^i-v nal Tab' avTetv. 1555. ovK eirl k.t.\.] 'Not to reproach you nor to exult over you, but in grief do I say it, — your e\-il genius, weighted with swords, and fire, and miserable fights, ad- vanced against your sous.' Similarly in Again, 1478, Cly- temnestra says that the murder was perpetrated, not by herself, but by the aKdarup of Atreus assuming her form. Some epithet to ^[(peatp has perhaps di'opped out like 0o- vloiCTLl'. 1561. Perhaps rciv {tol dp) should be inserted before eSas. 'You would indeed have been grieved, if, able to gaze at the chariot of the sun (i.e. not blinded), you had surveyed these corpses of the slain with the light of your eye.' 1567. rWeadai daKpva may here be regarded as a sy- nonym of SaKpijeip. Cf 1585. 'With tears and groans seen and heard by all, she went forth to bring to her sons the persuasive eloquence of a mother's breast,' i.e. to appeal to them as a suppliant by the breast that nourished them. This was a specially solemn act ; see Aesch. Cho. 882. The combination keris p.aarbs is peculiar; but iKerav seems against the metre (resolved trochaic). 1570 seqq. Tjupe de—"Apr]s] 'And she found at the 'Elec- tran gate her sons in a lotus-growing meadow, fighting, like lions in their lair, with spears with all the fury of kinsmen (lit. 'fighting a common, or kindred, fray'), over wounds they had aheady inflicted (v. 1419), and pouring a now cold blood-offering of their gore, which the war-god handed and the god of death received as his portion.' So in Agam. 1358, the third death-blow dealt to Agamemnon is called a votive-offering to Hades. Here, as from dying persons, it is not warm Hfe-blood, but a cold and chilled or congealed libation. Compare irdxi'g. Kovpo^opip, Agam. 1490, There is some doubt as to eirl Tpav/xacrtv, which may be construed with Xoi^av, 'a libation over their wounds.' So eirLcrtr^voeLv 'p€KpQ, Ag. 1366. lOS PIIOENISSAE. 1580. oaTLs] i.e. ocrrts earlv 6 Te\evTu>u to TrpayfMa Tavrrj, Aesch. Cho. 298, AioOev T^oe TeXevrdu, y to oUaLov /xeTa^aivfi. 1587. ydfxwv (pepvds] 'In assigning a marriage-portiou to Haemon, and the hand of your daughter Antigone.' Eteocles had named as his heir, after Creon, Creon'sson Haemon, who was aheady affianced to his (Eteocles') sister Antigone. On the death of Eteocles, Creon succeeds to the sovereignty of Thebes in place of his yet unmarried son, who would have become entitled to it by his marriage; Creon being his natural heir, as the nearest relative; see sup, 700. 1590. ou fXT] TTore — eu irpa^eiv, i.e. 6'rt ov fir) €v Tpa^et {irpd^oi), 'that there was not a chance of this state being prosperous so long as you continued to live in it.' ^ The idiom with the infinitive is unusual, but it follows logically from the direct use of ov p-r) with a future, e^.g. Soph.^ Oed.^ Col. Ill, ov TOL iiTjiTOTe a U TWj/5' (dpavojUy w yipou, cLkovto. 1593. By oi ciXdaTopes ol aol, 'those demons of evil that attend on your curses,' Creon expresses the same notion of a haunting ban that Oedipus himself had imprecated upon him on being urged to leave the city, Oed. Col. 756, 787, dWd aot Td5^ 'i(XT e'/ceZ x^P^'^ dXdaTwp ovfibs €vvalo)v del. 1598. dyouou] 'yet unborn.' The tautology after jn'nrpbs €K yovr]s is thought to be satirized in Ar. Ran. 1184, where Oedipus is called ddXidjTaTos, ovtivo, ye, irpiv vvai fikv, AirdX- Xcov ^077 diroKTeue2u tov iraTepa, irplv Kal yeyovivai. 1599. yheadaC] 'that I should become.'^ There are undoubted instances of the aorist infinitive in a future sense, after verbs of hoping, predicting, praying, expecting, &c. Madvig {Adv. Crit. i. p. 177—181) doubts this, and he would explain ^^fam. 657, Me^/Aewv — irpoa^oKa /xoXeiu, 'ex- pect that he has already set out from Troy.' 1601. vopilaas K.T.X.] 'regarding me (unhappy wretch that I was!) as his enemy,' viz. because he was destined to meet his death by my hand. For bvadaip-ova there is a var. lect. TrecpvKiuai, which the Schol. seems to have found.— KTeluei, i.e. ^KT€iv€, 'was for putting me to death,' cf. sup. 22. 1601. ov K.T.X.] 'From which fate however we are (were) saved (as I would I had not been !) ; for I could wish that Cithaeron had sunk down to the lowest abyss, for not then causing my death ! no ! instead of that, ill-luck made me a slave in the house of Polybus as a master; and then, after murdering my own father, I came tomarry my mother.' The passage may have been interpolated ; the phrase doy- Xeveiv dp.s] 'twining,' see Orest. 1433, Iph. T. 1270, X^/>ct iraL^vov eKi^ev i< Aids dpovuv. 1623. Tore] He means, rb irplv yevvaiof, 'my former good courage. ' 1625, 6. ffoi re — iyd re] 'Well, as you have expressed your resolution not to clasp (lay a hand on) my knee, on my part I am not Hkely to allow you to stay in the land. ' For x/JV^'", lit. 'to touch the surface' of any object, applied to supplication, see Med. 497, Hel. 831. 1629. Construe irarplda rjXde, i.e. eirrjXde, iripcruv ttoXlv. We might indeed take iroXiv irarpida here for irarpi^av. The verse seems an imitation of Aesch. Theh. 1016, rovrov 5' dheXcpbv Tov5e lioXvveiKovi viKvv ?^o} /SaXetj/ ddairrov, just as 1634 is taken from Soph. Ant. 29. The word iK^dXere is addressed to the attendants. 1637. Tr)v lovaap] The best copies have tV daiovaav. There is no meaning in the simple participle; perhaps rT]v Trapovaau was written, and /xevovaa (ttji/ einovffav) eV rj was the syntax intended. Yet pievovaa — kv y ixivei can hardly be right. Moreover, at v. 1673 Antigone asks whether she is expected to marry Haemon. There are reasons for be- lieving the present priai^, or part of it, to be spurious. W. Dindorf rejects 1637, 8. . 108 PHOENISSAE. 1645. 6e(X[xoiroieL%\ 'Why do you enact new laws (or state-regulations) over a poor corpse?' This verse is per- haps an addition. By deafxol (Aesch. Eum. 651) something more than voixoi, constitutional laws, are meant. Institu-. tions promulgated by absolute authority are here perhaps invidiously so called. — The long dialogue following has many resemblances to the altercation between Antigone and the herald in Aesch. Theh. 1008 seqq., which in itself is thought to be an addition to the original play subsequent to and founded upon the Antigone. 1647. OS iiridov] Hermann proposes os Treldei. 1650. Kvnivl Cf. The}). 1017, dpTrayijv Kvalv. 1651. ovK yvofiov] '(No), for the vengeance you are taking on him is not a lawful one,' viz. to leave any dead body unburied. 1652. OVK ex'dpos'] i.e. ov ^evos ciV. 1653. The phrase (itself jDrobably a late one) Baifiova Sticrw, *I will give jon your death,' occurs in Iliad viii. 166. Here the intended meaning is, 'Well then, he paid to for- tune (i.e. the luck of war) the penalty of death.' But it ig difficult to believe such a verse was composed by Euripides. 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