miffimff^^ ,i%|^^4], -'■'ii m Mmm i ii i ii: i iij i 'iii:.ji i i i#ni ■■lillBP"'' i6r |tj:i:f^iiipjp ■"rri«iJi05i?gi-H:;: "itg^-i^air "jt^. fREAU r€isco m^: f OF THE \ \ ^COLLEGE OP J BULLETIN No. 67 Minerals of California By ARTHUR S. EAKLE, Ph.D. MARCH, 1914 Issued by California State Mining Bureau F. McN. HAMILTON STATE MINERALOGIST F. MCN. HAKILTOS Califobnia State Printing Office 1914 UNlVER^ilY OF CAUFORNiA DAVIS ^GBIQ. DEFT. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To his Excellency, the Hon Hiram W. Johnson, Governor of the State of California. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith Bulletin 67 of the State Mining Bureau upon the Minerals of California. This work was made possible at this date through the co-operation of Prof. Arthur S. Eakle, Ph.D., of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy of the University of California, with this Bureau. Dr. Eakle has given freely of his time and effort and has closely checked his own records with those of this Department in order that the most com- plete list of minerals possible be published. It is hoped that this bulletin will be of service to the mineral industry. Respectfully submitted. Fletcher McN. Hamilton, State Mineralogist. .4^4H4H* TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. NATIVE ELEMENTS 7-23 Non-metals 7 Semi-metals '- 11 Metals , 12 CHAPTER II. SULPHIDES 24-44 Semi-metals 24 Metals 26 Oxisulphides 43 CHAPTER III. ARSENIDES, SELENIDES, TBI-LURIDES AND SULPHO SALTS 45-56 Arsenides 45 Selenides 47 Tellurides 47 Sulphantimonites '- 51 Sulpharsenites 55 CHAPTER IV. HALOIDS - 57-62 Chlorides 57 Bromides 61 Iodides 61 Fluorides 62 CHAPTER V. OXIDES OF HYDROGEN, SILICON AND SEMI-METALS 63-72 Hydrogen 63 Silicon 63 Semi- metals 70 CHAPTER VI. OXIDES OP THE METALS 73-89 Anhydrous 73 Hydrous 86 CHAPTER VIL CARBONATES 90-103 Anhydrous 90 Hydrous 98 CHAPTER VIIL ANHYDROUS SILICATES 104-136 Feldspars 104 Pyroxene Group 109 Amphibole Group 115 Not Grouped 119 CHAPTER IX. HYDROUS SILICATES AND TITANO-SILICATES 137-158 Zeolites 137 Micas 140 Brittle Micas 145 Chlorites 146 Not Grouped 148 Titano-silicates 157 CHAPTER X. PHOSPHATES, VANADATES, etc 159-177 Phosphates 159 Vanadates 165 Arsenates 166 Antimonates 168 Nitrates 168 Borates 169 Niobates-tantalates 174 Tungstates 175 Moly'bdates 177 Uranates 177 CHAPTER XI. SULPHATES AND HYDROCARBONS 178-196 Anhydrous 178 Hydrous 184 Hydrocarbons : 193 CHAPTER XII. Minerals Arranged According to the Elements 197 Minerals — Distribution by Counties 204 Bibliography on California Minerals 210 Index to Minerals 220 INTRODUCTION The first list of California minerals was published by W. P. Blake in 1866. and it comprised abcnt seventy-five mineral species. At that early time California was a new and largely unexplored field, and only a few scattered localities were knoMTi for mineral specimens ; conse- quently the list was short and not at all representative. The second list appeared in 1884 as a part of the Fourth Annual Report of the State ^Mining' Bureau, by Henry G. Hanks, who was then State Mineralogist. This list included double the number of pre- viously known minerals, and gave detailed descriptions of some of the localities, and much instructive matter relating to minerals of economic value. Since the appearance of the second list, our knowledge of the geology and mineralogy of the State has vastly increased. The ore deposits of many of the counties, the gem and berate deposits of the southern counties, and the petrography of many districts, have been investigated and described, so that our present knowledge of the mineralogy of the State is much more general. The present list contains more than double the number of definite mineral species given by Hanks, besides many sub-species and varieti&s. The desire has been to make the list as complete as possible of the known minerab'. and where they occur, but the list of localities where the same mineral might be found is necessarily incomplete. ^lany minerals are so commonly distributed throughout the State, such as small bodies or pockets of metallic minerals and the rock-forming minerals, that it would be useless and impossible to cite all of their occurrences. In such a vast area as California, localities may be known to local col- lectors where excellent specimens may occur, unknown to the author. Some minerals may be known to occur in the State which have not been mentioned in this work, but it is believed that they will be very few in number. So many minerals and localities are included in the list, that geolog- ical and petrographical descriptions in detail, have had to be omitted, and reference must be made to the bibliography at the end of the work 6 , , , . ,., INTRODUCTION. under the autlior's name and number. This bibliography includes with few exceptions, only those articles which bear directly on the minerals of the State, omitting the great amount of literature of a general nature on the geology and mining industry of the State. The excellent bibliography of A. W. Vodges, Bulletin 30 of the State Mining Bureau, may be referred to for such literature. The various kinds of minerals have been grouped under a chemical classification in order to be more instructive and show better the rela- tions of the various species and varieties. The crystal forms have been cited and the chemical analysis given, to show what has been done in these two lines of work on California minerals. New minerals and important localities for known minerals are con- stantly being discovered as California becomes more settled and pros- pected, and this list must be considered more as a check-list to form a basis for continual additions. March, 1914. CHAPTER I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. yon-metals. Metals. Metals. Diamond. Gold. Platinum. Graphite. Gold amalgam. Iridium. Sulphur. Bismuth gold. Platiuiridiuni Electrum. Palladium. Silver. Iridosmiue. Semi-metals. Copper. Osmium. Antimony. Mercury. Rhodium. Arsenic. Lead. Ruthenium. Bismuth. Tin. Iron. Tellurium. Zinc. A\varuite. 1. DIAMOND. Native carbon, C. Isometric. Octahedrons and hexoctahedrons common. Crystal faces often cui-ved. Perfect octahedral cleavage. Brittle. Yellow and colorless crystals common. Red, orange, green, blue, brown and black are rarer shades. H = 10 ; G = 3.5. Bort is a hard rounded form without distinct cleavage, unsuitable for gems. Carionado is a hard black variety without cleavage. Diamonds were found in California soon after placer mining began. As early as 1849, Lyman^^^ reported seeing a pale yellow crystal about the size of a small pea, which came from one of the placers. A few years later they were observed in the gold gravels at Cherokee, Butte County, and this locality became the most noted one in the State for the number found. Placer deposits elsewhere have also yielded them from time to time, so their occurrence has not been limited to any one field. No record has been kept of the total numl)er found but it is probably between four and five hundred. Since all of them have been chance finds, there can be no doubt that many more have been overlooked or destroyed. A few of the .stones found are over two carats in weight and of good quality, but the majority are small and mo.stly "off color," usually with a pale yellow tinge. Most of these diamonds now in the possession of different individuals were found during the days when placer mining and hydraulicking were at their heiglit, and since that time diamond finds have been rare. The mode of origin and sources of the diamond arc as yet unknown. They have only been found in placer gravels and in "black sands" and concentrates of placer mines. Presumably their origin has been in the basic igneous rocks from which the serpentines of tlie gold regions 8 STATE MINING BUREAU. have been derived, and continued search may yet reveal them in siiu. The discovery near Oroville of an apparent pipe of serpentinized rock bearing a resemblance to the diamond pipes of South Africa has led to some active operations on the part of the United States Diamond Min- ing Company, and a shaft has been sunk, which has not proved success- ful. The rock is a hard eclogite differing in its character from the kimberlite of South Africa. Hanks ^^^^ gives an interesting account of the diamonds found during the early days of gold mining, and Turner ^^^ contributes a short article on California diamonds. Amador County: A few small stones have been picked up near the towns of Volcano, Oleta and Fiddletown. Butte County: In 1853 it was observed that diamonds occurred in the gravels at Cherokee Flat, about nine miles north of Oroville. More than three hundred good diamonds have been obtained from the placers in this district and it leads all other districts in the State. It seems quite probable that the source of these diamonds is not far from this vicinity. Silliman^'^)^^^ gave the contents of the black sands at Chero- kee as platinum, iridium, iridosmine, gold, pyrite, chromite, magnetite, limonite, diamonds, quartz, rutile, almandite garnet, topaz, zircon and epidote. El Dorado County : A diamond weighing 1^ carats was found at Forest Hill. About sixty have been found near Placerville, namely, on Webber Creek, in "Wliite Rock canyon and at Smith's Flat. Fresno County : Small diamonds are reported to have been found a few miles north of Coalinga. Nevada County : A 1-^ carat stone was found at French Corral. Siskiyou Count}' : Diamonds occur in the placer gravels at Hamburg Bar. Trinit}^ County : INIicroscopic examinations of the black sands of Trinity River and some of its tributaries have shown the presence of small diamonds as a constituent of these sands. 2. GRAPHITE— Plumbago— Black Lead. Native carbon, C. Hexagonal, rhombobedral. Commonly in scaly or foliated masses. Color dark steel-gray to dull black. Perfect basal cleavage. Soft with greasy feel. Hrrl — 2; G = 2.2. Graphite is a common constituent of crystalline limestones and is often disseminated through the limestone in minute flakes and in larger foliated masses. It is also prominent as layers in some schists and gneisses and when present in considerable amount the graphitic gneiss or schist is sometimes mined for the graphite. In mining districts it is often seen coating the walls of veins and mixed with the talcose gouge. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 9 No extensive deposits of good qiialit}- graphite are known to occur in the State, but a few small deposits have been Avorked for the manufac- ture of paints and lubricants. Much of the graphite of California is so intimately mixed Avith silica that its separation as pure material is too expensive an operation. It is typically a constituent of meta- morphic rocks and as such may be found in every county. Aubury^^^ describes some of the deposits of the State. Calaveras County : It occurs in the copper-bearing schists, and speci- mens have come from Copperopolis and Campo Seco. Del Norte County : The limestone near Gasquet contains foliated plates of the mineral. Fresno County: Prominent mineral in the rocks near Dunlap and at Borer Hill. Humboldt County : Occurs near Eureka. Los Angeles Country : Found in the schists at West Carbondale and in the limestone near Elizabeth Lake. A deposit of graphite gneiss is said to occur in the Verdugo Canyon, ten miles northeast of Los Angeles. Mendocino County : A deposit occurs about fifteen miles east of Point Arena which has been worked for paint and lubricant. ^Monterey County : Graphite is disseminated in the limestones and metamorphics of the Santa Lucia range, sxuth of ]\Ionterey. San Bernardino County : Large deposits are said to exist in San Ber- nardino mountains, fifteen miles from East Highlands, Aubury*^^\ It is also found as a constituent of the limestone near Colton and near Oro Grande. Santa Cruz Count\- : Occurs in flakes and foliated masses at the lime- stone (juarries near Santa Cruz. Sonoma County : A deposit near Guerneville, one a few miles south of Healdsburg and one four miles south of Petaluma, are known in this county. Specimens have come from Cazadero. Pine Flat and Santa Hosa. Tulare County : Graphite occurs in metamorphic rock in Drum Val- ley, north of Auckland, and on quartz at Three Rivers. Tuolumne County : Large foliated masses and dull earthy masses of the mineral occur in the limestones north of Sonora, near Columbia. The mineral was formerly mined here, but none is now produced. 3. SULPHUR. Native .sulphur, S. Orthorhombic. Common iu small crystal coatings and incrustations. Sulphur — yellow color. Resinous luster. II = 1.5 — 2.5 ; G = 2. Yellow sulphur is common in the vicinity of geysers, hot springs and volcanoes as sublimations from the emitted hydrogen sulphide gas in 10 STATE MINING BUREAU. contact with the air, and as precipitations from solfataric waters. It is commonly found in gypsum beds as a reduced product, and in associa- tion with borax. No workable deposits are known in the State. For the manufacture of sulphuric acid, pyrite deposits and pyrite concen- trates from the gold and copper mines are utilized. Colusa County : On the banks of Sulphur Creek solfataric action has produced fine crystallized masses and granular coatings of the mineral, sometimes in association with cinnabar and good specimens have come from the Manzanita mine. Imperial County: The mud volcanoes near Volcano have rims of sulphur crystals associated with gypsum and salt. These volcanoes have been described by Hanks *^*\ Inyo County : Sulphur Bank on Owens Lake, near Olancha con- tains a deposit of the mineral. Specimens of sulphur with fluorite and ■gypsum have been found in the Defiance mine. Kern County : On both sides of the San Joaquin Valley impure beds of gypsum and limestone occur, having considerable sulphur inter- mixed. It is mixed with alum in the Sunset district. Lake County: At the Sulphur Bank quicksilver mine, situated on Clear Lake, a very interesting deposit of sulphur occurs which was described by Le Conte and Rising(i> and by Becker^^^. The black basaltic rock which outcrops on the lake has been bleached white and altered to a porus mass of silica by the action of the sulphuric acid fumes coming from several hydrogen sulphide vents. The pores and cavities of this altered mass of rock have had deposited in them brilliant crystals of sulphur and acicular crystals of cinnabar. The forms of the sulphur crystals are : (111), (113), (Oil), (101), and (001). Sulphur was obtained in considerable quantity from this deposit before it was discovered to overlie the much richer deposit of cinnabar. Sulphur also occurred associated with borax at Little Borax Lake, just south of Clear Lake. Mariposa County : Crystals of sulphur have been found with cinna- bar on Horseshoe Bend Mountain, near Coulterville. San Bernardino County: Occurs at Searles Borax Lake as one of the many associated minerals of borax. Sonoma County : Native sulphur is found at the Geysers. Tehama County: A large crystalline deposit is said to exist on the south slope of Lassen Butte in the northeastern part of the county. Ventura County : Deposits occur in Sulphur Mountain, three miles east of Fillmore, and at the borate deposit of the Frazier Mountains. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 11 4. ANTIMONY. Native autimony. Sb. Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally massive. Perfect basal cleavage. Very brittle. Color and streak tin-white. H = 3 — 3.5. G = 6.6o — 6.72. Metallic luster. Masses of metallic antimony are sometimes found associated with the sulphide of antimony, stibnite, Init the mineral is comparatively rare. Kern County : Large nodules of metallic antimony, coated with white oxide of antimony have ])een found on Erskine Creek, east of Vaughn. It has also been found in the Buffalo mine and in the anti- mony mines of the San Emidio Mountains, in the southwestern part of the county. 5. ARSENIC. Native ai-senic, As. Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally granular massive in reniform shapes. Perfect basal cleavage. Brittle. Color and streak tin-white but surface usually tarnishes dark gray or black. Luster metallic. H=3.5; G = 5.63 — 5.73. Metallic arsenic is a rare mineral and its existence in the State is doubtful. Arsenic is common in the concentrates of many of the gold mines, but it comes from such minerals as arsenopyrite or arsenical tetrahedrite. Monterey County : The native metal was said to have been found in the old Alisal mine on El Rancho Alisal, about eight miles southeast of Salinas, in the foothills of the Gabilan range, W. P. Blake^^^. This mine contained a small body of argentiferous galena and sphalerite. 6. BISMUTH. Native bismuth, Bi. Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Usually in arborescent-reticulated shapes. Color silver-white with reddish tinge, tarnishing dark brown. Luster me- tallic. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 9.70 — 9.83. Crystals and veinlets of metallic bismuth sometimes accompany ores of l)isinuth, cobalt,, silver and gold. It is also occasionally found in pegmatitic veins. When bismutli occurs in the concentrates of gold and copper ores it i)robably is present as a sulphide. Inyo County: Found with bismuthinite at liig Pine Creek and at Antelope Springs, Deep Spring Valley. Mono County : Specimens have occurred at Oasis. Nevada County : The concentrates of the Providence mine, Nevada City, contained the element, according to Lindgren^^^ 12 STATE MINING BUREAU. San Diego County: Upwards of a hundred pounds of metallic bis- muth have been obtained from the pegmatitic vein of quartz, lepidolite, feldspar, tourmaline and amblygonite at the Stewart mine of the Ameri- can Lithia company, at Pala. The mineral occurred in platy and long prismatic crystals, one of which was a pseudomorph after feldspar. The occurrence was described by Kunz^^^ The native bismuth is also found in small metallic cleavages in lepidolite at the Victor mine Rincon. Rogers^^^ Tuolumne County : Minute crystals of bismuth have been observed in the gold ore at the Soulsby mine. 7. TELLURIUM. Native tellurium, Te. Hexag'onal-rliombohedral. Generally massive. Perfect prismatic cleav- age. Brittle, and sectile. Color and streak tin-white. Luster metallic. H = 2. — 2.5; = 6.1 — 6.3. Metallic tellurium is sometimes found in association with the tel- lurides of gold, silver, lead and bismuth, but it is of rare occurrence. It is occasionally found in the gold concentrates when not visil)le in the ore, and has been reported from some of the mining districts of Jthe State. Calaveras County : Carson Hill, a low hill on the north bank of the Stanislaus River, a few miles south of Angels, was one of the most noted places along the Mother Ijode for telluride minerals, and it was here that the two new tellurides, calaverite and melonite were found. The old Stanislaus mine and the Melones mine contained foliated masses of native tellurium with the gold tellurides. Shasta County : Native tellurium was found in the Eureka mine, near Churntown. Tuolumne County : Some metallic tellurium has been found associ- ated with tellurides of gold and silver in the mines near Tuttletown and Jamestown. 8. GOLD. Native gold, Au. Isometric. Good crystals are rare. Common in grains, scales, plates and arborescent forms. No cleavage. Highly malleable and ductile. Color gold-yellow. H = 2.5 — 3.0 ; G = 15.6 — 19.3. Gold has a very wide distribution in California and it has always been the chief mineral product of the State. It has been found in every county and is now produced in two thirds of them. Practically all of the gold exists as the native metal, either as free gold in the MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 13 quartz or else mechanically mixed M'itli the sulphides of iron, copper, lead or zinc. Tellurides of gold occur, but they are quite subordinate in quantity. Crystals, arborescent groups, spongiform masses, wires, plates, scales, grains, nuggets and every shape knowTi for gold, have been found. Cubes, rhombic-dodecahedrons and octahedrons are the prevailing forms of the crystals. The forms given by E. S. Dana *^i^ and Alger^^^ for some placer gold crystals were: (111), (811), (18.10.1) and (421), with twinning on the octahedral plane. Crystalline masses and nuggets of large size have occurred in the placer gravels and in the pockets of quartz veins. One found in 1854 at Carson Hill, Calaveras County, weighed 2,340 troy ounces, and another found in 1860 at the ]\Ionu- mental mine, Sierra Buttes, weighed 1,596 ounces. Many valuable nug- gets and masses have been found and Hanks'"*^ gives a descriptive list of some of them. Gold in (juartz is the usual association and the mineral is often iu the quartz in such a finely divided state as to be invisible, even in high grade rock. Flaky gold has been found implanted on clear quartz crystals at Placerville and elsewhere. Gold in pyrite, or "auriferous pyrite," is abundant and this gold- bearing pyrite is the source of much of the gold produced in the State. Gold in arsenopyrite is also common in the Mother Lode region and in the Alleghany district, Sierra County. Gold with calcite as a gangue mineral is not uncommon, and in some mines considerable calcite is found with wires and scales of included gold. Lenticular masses of calcite with much gold are found in Miuers- ville. Trinity County. Diller^^^ It has been found with calcite at the Palma mine, Inyo County, at the Yellowstone mine, Mariposa County, in the Soulsby mine, Tuolumne County, and in the Calico district, San Bernardino County. Gold in barite is uncommon, yet barite is found to be a gangue min- eral in the copper-gold districts as well as in the silver-lead districts. It occurs in barite at Pine Grove, Nevada County, in the Morning Star mine, Big Bend, Butte County, at the Malakoff mine, North Bloomfield. Nevada County, and in the barite of some of the Shasta County copper mines. Gold in cinnabar is an exceptional occurrence, j^et the association has been noted in a few localities. At the old Manzanita mine iu the Sulphur Creek district, Colusa County, minute specks of gold occurred in the cinnabar and implanted on cinnabar crystals; also in the old liedington or Boston mine, Knoxville, Napa County, some gold has been found with the cinnabar, and likewise near Coulterville, in the Horseshoe Bend mountain. Mariposa County. 14 STATE MINING BUREAU. In additiou to the above, gold has been observed with graphite, galena, altaite, petzite, hessite, tetradymite, calaverite, native tellurium, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, native bismuth, stibnite, sphalerite, tetrahe- drite, fluorite, chalcedony, jasper, cuprite, magnetite, hematite, limonite, pyrolusite, dolomite, ankerite, rhodochrosite, siderite, albite, rhodonite, mariposite, chlorite, roscoelite, talc, serpentine, asbestos, chrysocolla, and asphaltuni. Gold is not confined to one class of rocks, although the gold-bearing quartz veins are principally in metamorphic schists and slates. The original source of the gold has been the igneous rocks and it has been found in granites, syenites, monzonites, granodiorites, dio- rites, rhyolites, quartz-porphyries, andesites, porphyrites and diabases. It has been deposited, with quartz or as impregnations, in such meta- morphic rocks as gneisses, amphibolites, chlorite-schists, talc-schists, mica-schists, slates and quartzites, and in sedimentary conglomerates, sandstones and shales. The great supply of gold was brought into California with the intru- sion through the Mesozoic sediments of the mass of igneous granitic rock which forms the core of the lofty Sierras. The intrusion of the great plutonic mass lifted on high the overlying sediments, tilted, folded, faulted, and metamorphosed the Cretaceous sediments on the flanks of the uplift into slates, schists, quartzites and crystalline lime- stones, and in the joints and fissures of the granitic and metamorphic rocks, gold-bearing quartz was deposited, forming veins and seams of the precious metal. Then followed a long period of erosion in the Cretaceous and Ter- tiary time in which the high mountain masses were planed down nearer to their present levels, and the gold became concentrated and deposited with the gravels along the stream beds, and in the valleys and canyons, forming the numerous placer deposits. Volcanic eruptions took place in the late Tertiary and much of the surface in the northern counties became covered with thick layers of rhyolitic and andesitic lavas and tuffs. The old placers became buried under this mass of volcanic rock and mud, and new river channels, valleys and canyons, and new placer deposits were formed by the extensive erosion during the late Pliocene and early Quarternary time. Some gold is found in the Coast Range and some is mined in the southern counties, but the great bulk of the precious metal comes from the northern half of the State and from those counties bordering on, and intersected by, the Sierra Mountains. Gold occurs in so many localities in the State that it would be useless to try to enumerate them. The literature on the gold deposits is also extensive. MINERAl>S OF CALIFORNIA. 15 Gold Amalgam. — A native alloy of gold and mercury very rarely found. Mariposa County : It occurred in some of the mines near Mariposa and was analysed by Sonnenschein^^^ Analyses: Au Hg 39.02 60.9S per cent 41.63 58.37 Nevada County : It was reported from the Odin shaft, Grass Valley, by Lindgren (^>. Electrum. — A pale yellow alloy of gold and silver of rather frequent occurrence where considerable silver is found with gold. Imperial County: Considerable quantity of electrum is said to have been found in the Oro Plata mine, in the extreme eastern part of the county. Madera County : Wire electrum occurred with gold in Fine Gold Gulch. Placer County: It occurred with the gold in the Ophir District, according to Lindgren^'*^ and was analysed by Hillebrand. Analysis : Ag Au 27.91 72.09 per cent Bismuth Gold. — An alloy containing about 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent bismuth. El Dorado County: Observed in the Coon Hollow mine near Placer- ville. 9. SILVER. Native silver, Ag. Isometric. Crystals rare. Generally in wires, arborescent shapes and massive. Color silver-white but soon tarnishes to dark brown. Malleable and ductile. Metallic luster. H==2.5 — 3; G = 10.5. Native silver has not been found in any large masses in the State, yet the element is quite universally present in the gold and copper districts, and occasionally arborescent crystallizations, wires and thin sheets are found in the mines of these metals. It is more common, however, in the silver-lead districts, where it occurs often near the walls of veins or in the vicinity of intrusive dikes, as a reduction product. Alpine County : The Silver Mountain district has yielded good speci- mens of native silver. Calaveras County : Occurred in arborescent forms with the copper ore at Quail Hill. 16 STATE MINING BUREAU. Inyo County : This is one of the silver counties of the State and has several deposits of argentiferous galena, tetrahedrite and silver-anti- mony minerals, formed along the contact between limestone and the granitic rock of the Inyo, Coso and Argus ranges. Fine specimens have come from the old Cerro Gordo district and also from the Kear- sarge district near Independence. Kern County : In the Amalie district and near Garlock it occurs with the silver minerals. Los Angeles County : Native silver was associated with argentite, and with cobalt and nickel minerals, at the Kelsey mine in San Gabriel Canyon. Mono County : In the silver district at Blind Spring Hill, near Benton, the native metal was frequent, associated 'v^dth tetrahedrite and partzite. The Diana mine and the Comaehe mine of this district have produced good specimens. At Bodie it has been found with the copper- gold ores. In the Sweetwater range, north of Bridgeport, native silver occurs associated with gold, cerargyrite. argentite, etc. Placer County : Occurs as one of the associated minerals with gold at the Opliir mine, Liudgren^^^ Plumas Countj^: Some native silver has been found in the old Poca- hontas mine associated with native copper and cuprite. San Bernardino County : This county has long been known for its deposits of silver haloids. The Calico district, described by Ling- gren^i) and Storms^^^, the Grapevine district, the Silver Keef district and the Silver Mountain district have all produced some native silver with the cerargyrite and embolite of the mines. Native silver with gold occurs in the Avawatz Mountains. Shasta County: Native silver is rare in the copper deposits of this county, but an occasional arborescent specimen has been found at the Bully Hill, Afterthought and other mines. Fine crystallized speci- mens occurred in the old Excelsior mine, Copper City, Fairbanks^^)^ 10. COPPER. Native copper, Cn. Isometric. Good crystals rare. Generally in wires, thin sheets and arborescent crystallizations. No cleavage. Malleable and ductile. Luster metallic. Color copper-red. H = 2.5 — 3;G = S.83. Some metallic copper has been found in most of the copper mines of the State, but no deposits of the native metal are kno^Ti. It is fre- quently mixed with cuprite and malachite in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, or found as coatings along the walls of copper veins, or in the vicinity of intrusive dikes, which have brought about a reduction of the MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 17 ores. Most of the localities cited for chalcopyrite have yielded some native copper. Alameda County : At the Alma pyrite mine on Leona Heights, east of Oakland, fine arborescent crystallizations of the native metal are occasionally found. The minerals of this mine have been described by Schaller(i). Amador County : Arl)orescent masses occurred in the old Newton mine. Calaveras County : Some of the mines along the copper-sulphide belt, especially at Copperopolis and at Campo Seco, have produced some of the mineral. At Mokelumne Hill it occurred associated with silver. Colusa County : Found in serpentine with cuprite and melaconite at the Gray Eagle mine. Del Norte County : Some large pieces have come from the Diamond C'reek district and from the Pearl and Occidental mines. El Dorado County : The old Cosumnes mine, near Fairplay, has yielded small masses of native copper with bornite, chalcocite and cuprite. The Alabaster Cave mine near Newcastle, the Cambrian mine near Placerville, the Ford mines near Georgetown and the Oest mine near Auburn, have had native copper with the cuprite. Fresno County : Thin sheets have been found in quartz east of Fresno City. Glenn County : Large float pieces have been found a few miles north of Chrome Mountain and also on Elk Cteek. Humboldt County : Many specimens occur on Red Cap and Boise creeks and also in the Horse Mountains. Inyo County : The copper deposits in the Ubehebe Mountains contain the oxides of copper and some native copper. Los Angeles County : At the Free Cuba mine, near Acton. Mariposa County : Massive with malachite in the Copper Queen mine. Mendocino County : Sheets and grains of metallic copper occur at Red Mountain, fifteen miles southeast of Ukiah. It is also seen in the serpentines in Lost Valley. Merced County : Occurs with quartz and chalcopyrite in the Victor Bonanza mines. Mono County : Found sparingly in the Lundy and Benton districts. Placer County: At the Algol mine near Spenceville in sheets and hackly masses ; at the Valley View mine, six miles from Lincoln ; and near Todd on magnetite. Lindgren^4> reported it as one of the minerals of the Ophir district. Plumas County: Found with rhodonite at Mumford's Hill. Large lumps occurred with cuprite, malachite and native silver in the old Pocohontas mine, Indian Valley. 2—8560 18 STATE MINING BUREAU. Riverside County : In the McCoy Mountain district. San Luis Obispo County : At the Tiptop mine, ten miles north of San Luis Obispo, and on Chorro Creek in small pieces. Shasta County : This is the principal copper county and many of the mines have produced specimens of arborescent copper and occa- sionally compact masses. The Bully Hill mines, Copper City mines, Shasta King mine, Mountain Copper mine, Mammoth mine, Balaklala mine and Kosk Creek mines may be mentioned. Siskiyou County : Pieces have been found at Preston Peak with pyrite and chalcopyrite. Tehama County : On Elder Creek and at White Bluff. Tulare County: Masses have been found on the Middle Fork of the Tule River, about thirty miles east of Porterville. 11. MERCURY— Quicksilver. Native mercury, Hg. Liquid. Forms small fluid globules in the matrix which is usually cinna- bar. Color tin-white. Brilliant metallic luster. G = 13.59. Liquid globules of mercury are common in most of the cinnabar mines, formed either by reduction of the sulphide or by sublimation of mercuric vapors. It prevails in deep workings and in those parts of ill-ventilated mines where intense heat is developed by the decomposi- tion of iron sulphides. It is also frequently found near the walls of cinnabar veins. Most of the localities cited for cinnabar will serve for the metallic element. Napa County: Frequent in the mines at Oak Hill and Knoxville. In the Wall Street mine it was abundant in the gravels. San Benito County : In the cinnabar deposits at New Idria. San Francisco County : Liquid globules have been found in silicious rock near Twin Peaks. Santa Clara County : Very prevalent in some of the shafts at New Almaden. 12. LEAD. Native lead, Pb. Isometric. Crystals rare. Usually in small plates and pellets. Mal- leable. Color lead-gray. H = 1.5; G = 11.37. Metallic lead is an exceedingly rare mineral and its reported occur- rence as a true mineral is sometimes doubtful. Small bits of lead which are now and then found in the placer gravels may be portions of lead MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 19 bullets, but the occurrence of the metal in deep placer mines is indicative of its origin as a natural reduction product. Butte County: Some pieces of metallic lead found in a placer at Magalia were believed by Hanks <^> to be flattened bullets. Small angular fragments of native lead have been found at a prospect 14 miles east of Chico, on the West Fork of the Feather Elver, Rogers^^^. Kern Coimty : Several pieces of metallic lead have been found in the dry Avashings at Goler. Placer County : Small pellets of native lead have been found in a placer mine in North Ravine, in the Edgewood district, adjoining the Ophir district. 13. TIN. Native tin, Sn. Rounded grains. Color tin-white. Metallic luster. H = 2; G = 7.1S. Metallic tin is a rare mineral and there is some doubt regarding the origin of some of the small pieces found in the State. Humboldt County : Bits of metallic tin have been observed in the sluices at Orleans. Siskiyou County : Small pieces of tin have been found in the gravels at Sawyers Bar. Tuolumne County : Several pieces of native tin were found in the sluices of the White Lead gravel claim, near Columbia. 14. ZINC. Native zinc, Zu. Hexasonal. rhombohedral. Crystals very rare. Color grayish white. Metallic luster. H = 2; = 6.9 — 7.2. A rare mineral, but of probable occurrence in the State. Shasta County : Specimens of metallic zinc were found some years ago about five miles from Round jMountain and their occurrence was reported by Fairbanks^"^ The specimens are somewhat columnar in appearance and had some rock attached to them when found. 15. PLATINUM. Native platinum. Pt. Isometric. Generally occurs in grains and small nuggets. Malleable and ductile. Color light steel-gray. Metallic luster. H = 4 — 4.5; = 14 — 19. Gray metallic grains and small nuggets of platinum were early observed in some of the gold-bearing black sands of the streams and Ir Iridos Pd Rh Fe Cu Au SiOr; 1.05 1.10 0.60 1.00 6.75 1.40 o.so 2.95 2.42 0.68 some some 6.66 20 STATE MINING BUREAU. beaches, and also iu the concentrates from the gold washings. Little attempt was made to save this precious metal, and it is only recently that any record has been kept of the production. It is rather a constant associate of the gold in most of the districts, and its origin lies doubt- less in the serpentine rocks, in close association with the chromite. While it has a widespread occurrence in the State, it has not been detected as a constituent of any of the rocks, and unlike gold, it has never been found in place. Analj^ses o'f California platinum have been made by Deville and Debray^i) and by Genth(i>. pt Deville and Debray_85.50 Genth 90.24 Most of the platinum is alloyed with iridium, osmium, palladium and other metals of the platinum group, and much of it would be classed as platiniridium. Many of the black sands have been investigated by Day and Richards^^^ Butte County : It is a constituent of the black sands of Feather River and some of its tributaries, and the largest production is from the dredging operations at Oroville. It is present in the concentrates of Butte Creek, Brush Creek, Magalia, Cherokee, and Buchanan Hill. Calaveras County : Observed in the concentrates at Douglas Flat and Mokelumne Hill. Del Norte County: In the black sands at Crescent City, and along the Smith River. Humboldt County: Early mentioned as one of the constituents of the gold-bearing beach sands at Gold Bluff. Found in the concentrates at Orleans, Trinidad, Wilson Creek and China Flat. Inyo County : Said to have been found in the concentrates of the Mt. Hope mine, near Citrus. Kern County : Traces of the metal have been observed in the sands at Kane Springs. Mendocino County : In the beach sands near Little River. Nevada County : In the concentrates of the Rough and Ready district and in considerable amounts at Relief Hill. Placer County: In the black sands on the North Fork of American Hiver, at Butcher, East Auburn, Blue Canyon, and Michigan Bluff. Plumas County : In the concentrates at Genessee, La Porte and Rock Island Hill. San Luis Obispo County: Observed in some of the beach sands. Santa Barbara County: In the beach sands at Lompoc. Santa Cruz County : In some of the beach sands of the county. Shasta County : Found in the sands at Redding and on Cottonwood Creek. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 21 Siskiyou County : Observed in the sands at Callahan, Castella, Hen- ley, Happy Camp, Sawyers Bar, Oak Bar, Fort Jones, Hornbrook, Cecilville, Klamath River, and Rock Ranch. Tehama County: In the sands near Beegum. Trinity County : Early observed as a constituent of the black sands of the Trinity River and its tributaries, and nuggets weighing several ounces have come from the county. Its presence has been shown in the sands at Douglas City, Burnt Ranch, Junction City, Big Bar, Hawkins Bar, and in the Hayfork district. Ventura County : It has been observed in minute quantities in some of the beach sands. Yuba County: Found in the concentrates at Indian Hill, Campton- ville, and in the Brownsville district. 16. IRIDIUM. Native iridium, Ir. Isometric. Generally in grains. Color silver-white. Metallic luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 22.6 — 22.8. Steel-gray grains of iridium have been detected with the platinum in some of the sands, but most of this metal is in alloy with platinum. 17. PLATINIRIDUM. Native alloy of platinum and iridium, Ptir. Isometric. Generally in grains and nuggets. Color light steel-gray. Metallic luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 22.65 — 22.84. Much of the so-called platinum of the State is really this alloy, and several nuggets of a few ounces weight have been found along the Trinity River. 18. PALLADIUM. Native palladium. Pd. Isometric. Minute octahedrons. Generally in grains. Color light steel- gray. Malleable. H = 4.5 — 5; G = 11.3 — 11.8. An associate of the platinum but in small amount. It is usually alloyed with platinum or iridium. 22 STATE MINING BUREAU. 19. IRIDOSMINE. Native alloy of iridium and osmium, IrOs. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Generally in grains. Cleavage perfect basal. Color light steel-gray. Metallic luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 19.3 — 21.12. This alloy is a frequent associate of the platinum and an analysis of it by Deville and Debray^^^ shows the presence of the rarer metals, rubidium and ruthenium. Ir Rd Ru Os 53.50 2.60 0.50 43.40 Siserkite is a variety with not over 30 per cent iridium. According to Genth^^^ the composition of some of the gray metallic grains is : Siserkite 49.4 per cent Platinum 48.4 Platiniridium 2.2 Palladium and rhodium some 20. OSMIUM, RHODIUM and RUTHENIUM. Rarer metals of the platinum group and generally found in alloy with the platinum or iridium. . 21. IRON. Native iron, Fe. Isometric. Generally massive. Malleable. Color steel-gray to iron- black. Metallic luster. H=4 — 5;G = 7.3 — 7.8. Strongly magnetic. Iron occurs native either as telluric iron or as meteoric iron. Tel- luric iron is sometimes found in basaltic rocks, but its occurrence in this form is not known in the State. Meteoric iron has been found in at least four localities and analysed. Nickel is always present and some- times cobalt, phosphorous, graphite or diamond. El Dorado County: A meteorite weighing 85 pounds w^as found at Shingle Springs in 1871 and was analysed by Shepard'^i>. Analysis : Fe Ni Insol 88.02 8.88 3.50=100.40 per cent Kern County: A meteorite found in the San Emidio Mountains in 1888 weighed about 80 pounds. It was unfortunately crushed before its identity was recognized and only fragments were saved. Merrill^^^ described the material and it was analysed by Whitfield ^2) n ^^s erroneously called the San Bernardino meteorite. Analysis : Fe Ni Co. 88.25 11.27 0.48 = 100 per cent MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 23 San Bernardino County : An irregular-shaped mass of meteoric iron was found in the Ivanpah district in 1880 which weighed about 117 pounds. Analysed by Shepard^^^ and by G. Gehring. Analyses : SpG Fe Ni Co P C S SiOa Graphite Shepard 7.65 94.9S 4.52 __ 0.07 0.10 __ __ __ =99.67 Gehring 8.076 94.86 4.47 0.26 tr. 0.12 tr. 0.04 0.07 =99.82 Trinity County : A small oval-shaped mass weighing 19 pounds was found at Canyon City about 1875. The surface was oxidized to limonite. Analysis of the purer portion was made by Shepard<^'*\ Analysis : Fe Ni Co P 88.81 7.28 0.17 0.12 = 96.38 per cent 22. AWARUITE. Native alloy of nickel and iron, NisFe. Isometric. Grains and nuggets. Tin-white to steel-gray color. Mag- netic. H = 5;G = 8.1. Del Norte County: Small grains of this alloy averaging 0.15 to 1.5 mm. in diameter were found in the residues from the gold washings of Smith River, associated with magnetite and chromite. Analysed by Jamieson(i>. Ni • Fe Co Cu P S 76.69 21.37 1.20 0.04 0.04 0.06 G = 7.85 24 STATE MINING BUREAU. CHAPTER II. SULPHIDES. Semi-inetals. Realgar Stibnite Bismutliiuite lletals. Molybdenite Argentite Galenite Chaicocite Stromeyerite Sphalerite Metaciniiabarite Cinnabar Greenockite Covellite Millerite Pyrrhotite Bornite Cubanite Chalcopyrite Marcasite Pyrite OdisulphUies. Kermesite Yoltzite 23. REALGAR — Red Arsenic. Sulphide of arsenic, AsS. Monoclinic. Crystals common ; also granular massive and incrusta- tions. Color bright red to orange-yellow. Streak orange-yellow. Resin- ous luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G~3.55. Realgar is occasionally foiind with arsenical ores of silver, lead and copper, but it has been rarely seen in the State. The more stable sulphide, orpiment, has never been reported. Alpine County : Specimens of deep red realgar coating pyrite, oc- curred in the Monitor mine, associated with minute white octahedrons of arsenolite. San Bernardino Count}": Reported as occurring about forty miles from Needles, the locality being unkno\\Ti. Trinity County : A specimen was found in calcite in the northwestern part of the county. 24. STIBNITE— Antimonite. Sulphide of antimony, SbjSa. Orthorhombic. Long prismatic crystals, often bent and curved and with faces striated and furrowed. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Color lead-gray. Streak dark gray. Metallic luster. H = 2; G = 4.-52 — 4.62. Stibnite is the common ore of antimony, and good deposits of the mineral exist in the State. It occurs generally as veins in granitic and metamorphic gneisses and sehi.sts. In gold and copper districts it is a common associate of the prevalent sulphides galena, sphalerite, chal- copyrite, pyrite and tetrahedrite, consequently may usually be found in those districts in small amounts. It is characteristically associated with cinnabar. MINERAI.S OF CALIFORNIA. 25 Calaveras County : Observed with gold at Mokeluinne Hill and in the Mother Lode region. Inyo County: In the Cerro Gordo district considerable stibnite was found with the silver-lead ores, and some limonite specimens recently obtained from there are evident pseudomorphs after long prismatic stibnite crystals. Large bodies of the mineral are said to occur on the western slope of the Panamint Mountains, near Wild Rose Springs, associated with the oxide of antimony. Kern County : The deposits in the San Emidio Mountains at the head of the San Emidio Canyon have long been known and were the first worked in the State. Veins of the mineral also are plentiful in the mountains in the northeastern part of the county. On Erskine Creek considerable native antimony has been found in association with the stibnite. Stibnite also occurs in the Caliente district. Lake County : Some stibnite has been found with the cinnabar at Sulphur Bank, on Clear Lake. Los Angeles County: Specimens have been found in the mountains south of Lancaster. Mariposa County : Stibnite forms one of the sulphide minerals in the gold districts of the county. Merced County : Fine specimens of prismatic stibnite have come from the McLeoud mining district. Mono County : Very common in the Blind Springs district, associated with the silver-lead ores and good . specimens have come from the Comanche, Comet and Diana mines. Napa County : Fibrous bands of stibnite occurred with the cinnabar at the Manhattan and the Boston or old Redington mines, at Knoxville. Riverside County : Bunches of stibnite were found at the Crowell mine, five miles southeast of South Riverside. San Benito County : There are numerous veins of stibnite in the county, especially in the northeastern part, in close association with the cinnabar deposits. Fine crystallized specimens have come from the Ambrose, Alta and Shriver claims in the Antimony Mountains, north- east of Hollister, and some of the crystals have the forms : (010), (130), (110), (310), (210), (430), (113), (4.5.12), (102), Eakle(7). San Bernardino County : In a boulder at the Centennial mine. Santa Clara County : Large divergent columnar masses have come from near Gilroy. Stibnite is also an associate of the cinnabar at the New Almaden cinnabar mines. Sierra County : Occurs as one of the sulphides with the gold ores at Downieville. Tulare County : Found in the Mineral King district as an associate of argentiferous galena. 26 STATE MINING BUREAU. 25. BISMUTHINITE. Sulphide of bismuth. BioSj. Orthorhombic. Usually fibrous massive. Color lead-gray. Metallic luster. H = 2; G = 6.4 — 6.5. The presence of bismuth has frequently been detected in the con- centrates from several of the gold and copper districts but the form in which it occurs has not in general been determined. Bismuthinite as a distinct mineral has only been noticed in a. few localities. Fresno County: Some small pieces were found in Lot 1 mine and in the second Sierra mine, Kings River district. Inyo County: Said to occur in some of the mines in the Kearsarge Mountains, near Independence. Madera County: A constituent of the ores at Minarett Mountains, Turner<^'*\ Mono County : Found at Oasis with bismutite. Riverside County: Found at the Lost Horse mine. 26. MOLYBDENITE. Sulphide of molybdenum, MoSo. Hexagonal. Usually in scales and foliated masses. Cleavage perfect basal. Color light bluish lead-gray. Streak lead-gray, sometimes with greenish cast. H = l. — 1.5; G = 4.7. Molybdenite is the source of the molybdenum used in steel manu- facture, for which there is some demand. The mineral is widely distributed in the State, occurring in small flakes and leaves in quartz and crystalline rocks. There are few places where it is segregated sufficiently to pay for its extraction. It strongly resembles graphite but can generally be distinguished from that mineral by its lighter bluish lead-gray color and its occurrence in quartz rather than in white limestone. In all counties having granitoid rocks some molybdenite can be found. El Dorado County : broad foliated plates occur at the old Cosumnes copper mine, near Fairplay, in a pegmatite vein with bornite, chal- copyrite, epidote, garnet, axinite, hornblende and orthoclase. Also in plates at Grizzly Flats. Fresno County: In quartz at the Kings River Canyon copper mine. Inyo County: In quartz on White Mountains. A thick ledge con- taining much molybdenite was reported on the west side of Death Valley. Madera Countv : Plates were found in the Speckerman mine at Fresno Flat. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 27 Mariposa County : Specks of the mineral occur in a lens of garnet, epidote and quartz, on the southeast S'lope of Mount Hoffman, Turner^^^ and at Knights Creek near Big Trees, Turner^^). Mono County: Found with molyhdite at Cameron near Bridgeport; in quartz at the Minnie mine, Sweetwater Range; at Silverado Creek with molybdite, Whiting^i). Napa County : In quartz on Mt. St. Helena. Nevada County: Abundant at Nevada City mixed with limonite, Genth(2) ; good plates in the Mayflower mine, Nevada City ; in the Excelsior mine, Meadow Lake district ; in the rocks of Signal Peak ; in a garnet-epidote rock near Lake Tahoe; broad plates in white quartz near Truckee. Placer County : In a granodiorite with copper minerals at the Elder mine, about four miles west of Clipper Gap. Occurred in some of the mines of the Ophir district, Lindgren^^^ Plumas County : Broad plates occur in the Meadow Valley mining district. San Diego County : Found in granite at Carapo, with malachite and chalcopyrite at Potrero and in the Grapevine mining district. Shasta County: In granite on Hazel Creek and also on Tom Neal Mountain, near Delta. Tulare County : In plates at Three Rivers and in the Mineral King district. Tuolumne County : In a quartz vein in granite on the south side of Knights Creek, northeast of Columbia; in a quartz vein with garnet, epidote, and sphalerite, about three miles west of Tower Peak, Turner^^\ Riverside County: Small flakes of molybdenite occur in thin peg- matite veins intersecting granite at a quarry about 4i miles northeast of Corona. 27. ARGENTITE— Silver Glance. Sulphide of silver, AgaS. Isometric. Octahedral crystals, often distorted. Commonly in arbor- escent and reticulated shapes. Color dark lead-gray to black. Streak black. Metallic luster. Highly sectile. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 7.3. Argentite is the primary silver mineral in many of the silver districts and is usually associated with other silver minerals such as cerargyrite, stephanite, polybasite and pyrargyrite, and with argentiferous galena. Silver is found with the gold and copper of the State, but there are few distinct silver districts. Alpine County: One of the sulphides of the Silver Mountain dis- trict, and small octahedral crystals have come from the Advance mine. 28 STATE MINING BUREAU. Inyo County : This is one of the few silver counties of the State and argentite has been quite common in some of the mines, especially at Cerro Gordo. Massive and crystal specimens have been prominent in the Oriental mine, Deep Spring Valley. Kern County : Argentite crystals associated with native silver have been found in the Silver King mine, near Garlock. It occurs with tetrahedrite and pyrargyrite at the Amalie mine. Los Angeles County : Was one of the silver minerals of the Kelsey mine, San Gabriel Canyon, associated with native silver, erythrite, smaltite, and annabergite. Also found at Silverado with argentiferous galena. Mono County: Found sparingly in the Bodie and Benton districts with gold, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. In the Sweetwater Range, north of Bridgeport, the mines contained argentite with gold, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, native silver. Nevada County : Mentioned by Lindgren^^^ as occurring in the Alli- son Ranch mine, near Nevada City. San Bernardino County: The silver districts of this county have produced some argentite, but in general the sulphide has not been prominent. The mines of the New York Mountains near Manvel show some, and also the old Imperial and Tiptop mines. Lava beds districts have produced crystals. It occurred to some extent with the hornsilver in the Calico and Barstow mining districts. 28. GALEN ITE— Galena. Sulphide of lead, PbS. Isometric. Cubes and cubooctahedrons common. Also massive, coarse and fine granular and sometimes lamellar and foliated. Cleavage perfect cubic. Color lead-gray. Streak dark gray. Metallic luster. H = 2..5; G = 7.4.3. Galenite is a very common mineral and is usually prominent in all of the gold, silver and copper districts. It is found in large and small cubes and in granular and foliated masses. Much of it is argentiferous and forms the silver ore of the State. The characteristic associates are sphalerite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, barite, fluorite and calcite. Its two common alteration products, cerussite and anglesite, very often accompany it. Alpine County : It occurs argentiferous in the Silver ]\Iountain dis- trict. Amador County : Very often found in the mines near Plymouth and along the Mother Lode. Calaveras County: On Carson Hill, at Angels and in many of the mines of the Mother Lode. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 29 El Dorado County: A sulphide constituent of many of the mines of the county. Common in cubes at Grizzly Flats. Inyo County : Argentiferous galena has been the important silver ore of the county. At the old Modoc, San Felipe, Defiance, and other mines of the Cerro Gordo district it formed the chief silver ore. Common also in the Panamint Range and fine crystals have come from the Blue Wing mine. Kern County : Occurs in the mines near Garlock and in the Amalie district. Los Angeles County : The Kelsey mine in the San Gabriel Canyon contained some galena. A small deposit occurred on Santa Catalina Island which carried a little silver and some sphalerite and chaleopy- rite. ^Madera County : Large cubes have come from the Star mine, Mount Raymond district. Mariposa County : Mines near Bagby and Coulterville show galena and it is a frequent sulphide constituent of the gold-bearing veins. Mono County : This is one of the silver-lead counties and argen- tiferous galena forms important bodies of ore. It is very common in the Bodie. Benton and Lundy districts and at the claims on the Sweetwater Range. Nevada County : Found ' in the Jleadow Lake and other mining districts of the county. Mentioned by Lindgren^^^ as one of the minerals of the mines at Grass Valley and Nevada City. Orange County: Argentiferous galena occurs near Elsinore and in the Silverado district. Plumas County : Occurs in the ]\Ieadow Valley and Light s Canyon districts. Sacramento County: At Michigan Bar with sphalerite and pyrite, Hanks^e) San Bernardino County : Argentiferous galena with lead carbonate was common in several of the silver districts of the county. Common in the Silver Mountain, Silver Reef, and to some extent in the Calico and Barstow districts. Shasta County: It is present although not in abundance at most of the copper mines. Siskiyou County : Occurs in deposits near Callahan, carrying some silver. Tehama County: On Cow Creek, Hanks<^). Tulare County : Prominent in the Mineral King district. Tuolunme County : At the Soulsby mine, and to some extent with pyrite and sphalerite in the mines on Quartz Mountain and Whiskey Hill. 30 STATE MINING BUREAU. 29. CHALCOCITE— Copper Glance— Redruthite. Sulphide of copper, Cu^S. Orthoi'hombic. Crystals with deeply striated faces. Generally com- pact massive. Color dark lead-gray to black. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 2.5 — .3; G = 5.70. Massive specimens of the dark gray chalcocite are common in many of the copper claims of the State, but large bodies of this valuable copper mineral are rare. The mineral is formed in the lower levels through the secondary enrichment of the copper-iron sulphides by solutions charged with copper obtained from the upper zones of oxida- tion. Bornite and chalcopyrite are often intermixed with the chalco- cite, and malachite commonly coats the surfaces of specimens. Alpine County: Probably the first copper claim in the State was the Uncle Billy Roger's claim in Hope Valley, in the northwestern corner of the county. The claim was described as a chimney-shaped deposit in a garnet rock which carried some chalcopyrite, pyrite and chalcocite. Calaveras County : Small amounts of massive chalcocite have been found in the copper deposits at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. Occurred also on Quail Hill, Silliman^^^ Del Norte County: Massive chalcocite occurred in the Copper Creek, Diamond Creek and Crescent City mines. El Dorado County: In the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fair- play it was associated with bornite and chalcopyrite. Humboldt County: Said to occur in the Horse Mountain district. Inyo County : There are numerous copper claims in this county and good specimens of the massive chalcocite have come from the Ubehebe Mountains. Los Angeles County : Occurred in the mines at La Soledad Pass. Madera County : Found in the old Buchanan mine. Mariposa County : Occurred in small amounts in some of the claims near Coulterville. Placer County : Said to have occurred in the Baker mine near Lincoln. Plumas County : Rich copper ore consisting of chalcocite and bornite is found in the Gennessee Valley and Light's Canyon districts. San Benito County: Small grains of chalcocite occur in the natro- lite with the benitoite of this county, Louderback^^) San Bernardino County : Some of the copper claims in the mountains in the eastern part of the county contain rich masses of copper glance. Good specimens have come from the Silver Prize, Copper World, Francis, Arabella, Florence and Hettie mines. San Diego County : Found at Potrero. MINERAT-S OF CALIFORNIA. 31 Shasta County : Some chalcocite has been found in most of the copper mines of the county, but the mineral is not prominent in any of them. Specimens have come from the Mountain Copper, Balaklala, Afterthought, Bully Hill and Copper City mines. ' Tuolumne County: Occurred in the Whiskey Hill mines, Silliman^^) 30. STROMEYERITE. Sulphide of silver and copper, (Ag, €11)28. Orthorhombic. Generally compact massive. Color and streak dark steel-gray. Metallic luster. H = 2.5 — 3; = 6.15 — 6.3. This mineral has only been found in silver districts where copper is also present. It is formed in the same way as chalcocite and may grade into it. Alpine County : Believed to be a part of the ore in the Monitor and Mogul districts, associated with galena, sphalerite, pyrite and enargite. Inyo County : The Silver Queen and other mines of the Panamint Mountains contained the mineral with tetrahedrite and cerargyrite. Found also in the Cerro Gordo and Wild Eose districts. Riverside County : Prol)a]ily present in the Homestake copper mine in the Palen Mountains. San Bernardino County : It occurred as one of the numerous minerals of the Calico district and an analysis of it from the Silver King mine was made by Melville and Lindgren^^^ Ag Cu Fe S Res = BaS04 + SiOo 53.96 28.58 0.26 15.51 1.55 = 99.86 per cent. Sp. G = 6.28 31. SPHALERITE— Zincblende— Black Jack. Sulphide of zinc. ZnS. Isometric, tetrahedral. Imperfect crystals, granular and massive. Cleav- age perfect dodecahedral. Color yellow, brown and black. Streak colorless to yellowish brown. Resinous luster. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 4.0. Sphalerite is a very common sulphide and is very prevalent in most of the mining regions. It occurs from clear light brown to very dark brown, almost black masses. Its typical associate is galena, but it is also often intimately mixed with pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite and lead-silver minerals. In the smelting of zinc-bearing ores fe^v of the smelters have endeavored to save the zinc. Alpine County : Occurred as one of the minerals in the Rogers claim, Hope Valley. Calaveras County: Connnon in the ]ivi*ite ore at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. El Dorado County: One of the sulphides in tlie mines at Grizzly Flats, Pilot Hill and other mines of the count v. 32 STATE MINING BUREAU. Inyo County : Common as an associate with galena in the Darwin, Cerro Gordo and Inyo Mountain mines. Los Angeles County : With galena and chalcopyrite on Santa Cata- lina Island. Mariposa County : Occurs in the mines along the Mother Lode. A light brown tril)o-luminescent variety mixed with white barite and gray tetrahedrite, the ore resembling a dark gray schist, was found at the Fitch mine and was described by Eakle'^^ and Eakle and Sharwood^^^ The sphalerite emits a peculiar train of light when scratched or rubbed. Mono County : Occurs in the Homer, Lundy and Benton districts. Nevada County : Occurs in many of the gold mines of this county. Prominent in the Meadow Lake district and in the mines of Grass Valley and Nevada City. Placer County: One of the associate minerals in the gold deposit at Ophir. Plumas County : The mines of the Meadow Valley, Indian Valley and Light's Canyon contain some sphalerite wdth the other sulphides. Sacramento County: At Michigan Bar with galena. San Bernardino County : In this county zincblende is found to some extent with the silver-lead sulphides. Specimens have come from the Silver Reef, Calico, Grapevine and Lava Beds districts. Shasta County : Masses of sphalerite occur in the Afterthought and Peck mines and to some extent in the Bully Hill, Copper City, Iron Mountain and other districts of the county. Siskiyou County : Common with galena and chalcopyrite at Calla- han. Tulare County : Common in the Mineral King district. Tuolumne County : Massive at the Soulsby mine and sparingly in the mines along the Mother Lode. 32. METACINNABARITE. Sulphide of mercury, IlgS. Isometric, tetrahodral. Usually massive and amorphous. Color grayish black. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 3; G = 7.S1. The black sulphide of mercury was discovered in 1872 at the old Redington mine, Knoxville, and since its discovery has been found in many of the cinnabar deposits of the State. Colusa County : Found in the Sulphur Creek district at the Manza- nita mine with cinnabar and gold. Inyo County: Occurred in the Cerro Gordo mine and was analysed by Melville and Lindgren^^^ HgS FeS + SiOa 1)5.62 4.3S MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 33 Lake County : Prominent in the Great Western, Baker and Abbott mines. Monterey County: With the cinnabar in the Parkfield district. Napa County : Discovered in the Redington, later Boston mine, which is now abandoned. It occurred in black amorphous-like masses and was described as a new mineral by Moore^^^ Good crystals were later found in the same mine which showed the mineral to be isometric in- stead of amorphous, PenfiekVi>. Forms: (111), (211), (322), (975). Analyses of the mineral from this mine were made by Moore^^^ and also by Melville and Lindgren*^'. S Hg Fe SiOi ]Moore ___ 13.82 85.79 0.39 0.2.-} = 100.2.5 per cent HgS FeS SiOi M. and L. __ _ 99.48 0.G9 0.71 = 99.88 per cent 98.48 0.94 0.71 = 100.13 The old Reed mine contained considerable metaeinnabarite. In the Oat Hill mine specimens were found coated with white calomel. Orange County : Found on the San Joaquin Ranch disseminated through a ferruginous barite; analysed by Genth^^^ Hg s ci 85.89 13.69 0.32 =99.90 per cent San Benito County : Large pieces have been found at the New Idria mine. Found also at the Picachos mine in black masses, Rogers^^\ San Luis Obispo County : In the Adalaide and Oceanic districts it has been occasionally found. Santa Clara County : Considerable amounts have been found in the Xew Almaden and Guadalupe mines. ]\Ielville and Lindgren^^^ anal- ysed the mineral from the New Almaden mine and described the crystals as hexagonal, with some complex and doubtful forms: (0001), (05o4), (ITOI), (1322), (SO.oO.O.l), (48.46.2.T), (41.38.3.1). Analjsis : • Vol. org. S Hg Fe Co Zn Mn CaCOs SiO- matter 13.68 78.01 0.61 tr. 0.90 0.15 0.71 4.27 0.03 =99.26 per cent Yolo County : Found in the California mine. 33. CINNABAR. Sulphide of mei'curj-, HgS. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Small crystals commou. Also granular mas- sive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color cochineal-red. Streak scarlet- red. Adamantine luster. 11 = 2 — 2.5; G = 8.0. Cinnabar was known in the State long prior to the discovery of gold, and the old mine at New Almaden had been in active operation for some time when Lyman^^) described a visit to it in 1848. The most important 3—8560 34: STATE MINING BUREAU. deposits lie in the Coast Ranges extending from Del Norte County to San Diego County, those in the Sierras being of minor vahie. The most important counties in the production of quicksilver have l)een Lake, Napa, Santa Clara and San Benito counties and many flasks of mercury have come from once famous mines which are now idle or exhausted. The deposits in general occur along the contact between serpentine and metamorphic sandstones and shales, and the mineral has been deposited from solfataric waters carrying the sulphide in solution. These solu- tions have impregnated the sandstones and brecciated masses of opal and chalcedony which have formed in the serpentine through much silicification, leaving seams and pockets of cinnabar. The impregna- tions have followed flows and intrusions of igneous rock in the immediate neighborhood. Becker^ ^^ and Aubury^^) have issued general reports on the quicksilver deposits of California. Alameda County : Streaks of cinnabar occur in "a chalcedonic mass in the Cragmont district, North Berkeley. Colusa County : Deposits occur on both sides of Sulphur Creek in sandstones and shales, associated with sulphur, bitumen and gold. The Manzanita, Elgin, Empire and Wide Awake mines were former pro- ducers. Del Norte County : Cinnabar is found in the northern part of the county in the Diamond Creek district. El Dorado County : The Bernard or old Amador quicksilver mine has produced some of the mineral. Fresno County: Cinnabar claims exist in the Little Panoche district on the Gabilan Range and on Cantua Creek. Inyo County: Small amounts of cinnabar occurred at the Cerro Gordo mines. Kings County: Small deposits of the mineral exist on Table Moun- tain in the southern part of the county. Lake County : The important and interesting deposit of cinnabar at Sulphur Bank on the shore of Clear Lake has been described at length by Becker^^^ and by Le Conte and Rising^^^ Cinnabar is at present in process of formation in the porous disintegrated basalt which out- crops on the lake. They are characteristically long hexagonal prisms capped by the low rhombohedron (2023). Melville and Lindgren^^^ gave the forms (3034) and (0334). The Great Western near Middle- town, and other mines of the county were once famous producers, but practically all of the mines of the county have been idle for some years. Mariposa County: Crystals of cinnabar are said to have occurred near Coulterville associated with gold. Merced County : Small deposits occur on the dividing line of San Benito County. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 35 Mono County: Small anionnts of cinnabar have been found about five miles northeast of Bodie. Monterey County: Some of the deposits on Table IMountain near Parktield are in this county. Napa County : This county has lono: been an impoi'tant producer of mercury, the mine at Oat Hill being the last in active operation. The cinnabar is found impregnating unaltered sandstone. The abandoned old Redington or Boston mine at Knoxville is famous for the rare and new minerals found with the cinnabar. ]\ruch of the cinnabar of this region impregnates shattered chalcedony masses in the serpentine, as at the i\Ianhattan mine, and some impregnates the serpentine. Crystals from the Boston mine, according to Melville and Lindgren''^ have the forms (0415) and luTO). Deposits of the Pope Valley and at Vallejo have also been important. Nevada County : Found in association with gold at Grass Valley, W. P. Blake(9>, Lindgren(6). Orange County : A small deposit on San Joaquin Ranch. San Benito County : The mines in the New Idria district, in the southern part of the county, are at present the most productive in the State. The cinnabar solutions have impregnated the sandstones and to some extent the serpentines near the contact of the two. The New Idria mine is the most important one of the district. Smaller deposits of the mineral also occur near the center of the county and in the extreme northeastern part of the county. Melville and Lindgfen^^^ describe crj^stals from the New Idria mine with the forms: (0001), (0223), (01T2), (OlTl), (2023), (10T2), (lOTO), (6.4.10.25), (5.2.7.18), (105.60.165.407), (63.27.90.230), (40.15.5o.l43), (26.12.38.95). San Francisco County: Small streaks of cinnabar occur on Twin Peaks. San Luis Obispo County: The productive mines occur in the Santa Lucia Range, and comprise several districts of Avhich the Oceanic and Adelaide are the most important. The ore impregnates the Fran- ciscan sandstones and shales and also chalcedonic masses in the ser- pentine. There are numerous other small deposits in outlying districts. Santa Barbara County: Some cinnabar occurs in the Santa Ynez Range and near the Cachuma Creek, but no deposits are now worked. Santa Clara County: The New Almaden mine is the oldest quick- silver mine in the State. It has been a famous producer and is still being worked. The cinnabar of the district occurs impregnating in streaks the opal-like masses of silica formed by the alteration of the serpentine. Melville and Lindgren^^^ described crystals from the mine with forms: (0001), (01T2), (0223), (0221), (lOTO), (0.14.14.5). The Guadalupe and other mines of this locality have also been im- portant producers of the metal. 36 STATE :mixixg bureau. Shasta County : Some cinnabar is found about 30 miles northeast of Redding. Siskiyou County : Deposits occur near Oak Bar, which have been worked slightly. Solano County : The old St. John mine, in a basin between Mount Luft'man and Mount St. John, was a good producer in the early days of cinnabar mining. Sonoma County : Most of the mines which were once productive occur in the ]\Iayacmas district, along the ]\Iayacmas range. This region has been the scene of great volcanic activity and the cinnabar has followed these eruptions and impregnated the sandstones, serpentines and meta- morphosed sedimentaries which lie on the flanks of the range. Stanislaus County: The cinnabar deposits occur on Red Mountain on the border of Santa Clara County. Trinity County : The old Altoona and other claims in the northern part of the county, near Cinnabar and Carrville, were once productive. Yolo County : The deposits of this county are in the continuation of the Knoxville district. 34. GREENOCKITE. Sulphide of cadmium. CdS. Hexagonal. Generally as thin coatings. Color lemon-yellow. Resinous luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G = 4.9 — 5.0. A very rare mineral found coating sphalerite occasionally. IMono County : Thin coatings of yellow greenockite occur on magne- tite and sphalerite near Topaz. Riverside County: Thin coatings of yellow cadmium sulphide were found on sphalerite at the cement quarry at Crestmore. 35. COVELLITE— Blue Copper. Sulphide of copper, CuS. Hexagonal. Commonly massive. Cleavage basal. Color indigo-blue. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 4.59 — 4.63. Covellite is a much rarer form of copper sulphide than chalcocite and it has only been found as an occasional specimen. It is usually associ- ated with bornite, chalcocite or chalcopyrite. Calaveras County : Specimens have been found at the Satellite mine near Campo Seco. Inyo County : Specimens have come from the Ubehebe Mountains. Madera Countv : Found at the old Pocahontas mine. MINERAL!^ OF CALIFORNIA. 37 Mariposa County: Small amounts have been found in the Copper Queen mine, near Mariposa. Shasta County: Some covellite occurs in the Balaklala mine, and at the Bully Hill mine as an alteration of chalcopyrite. 36. MILLERITE— Capillary Pyrites. Sulphide of nickel, NiS. Hexagonal, rliombohedral. Usually in long slender ngedles and hair- like tufts. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color brass-yellow. Streak greenish black. Metallic luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G = 5.65. Nickel minerals are quite rare in the State and their occurrence has been limited to the discovery of occasional specimens. Some needles of millerite have been found in the cinnabar districts, and rarely with gold. Calaveras County: Long divergent prisms were found in white albite at the Stanislaus mine on Carson Hill, which Jackson* 3' thought to be elongated cubes of pyrite. Humboldt County : Specimens of serpentine from this county occa- sionally contain needles of millerite. Napa County : Small coatings of capillary millerite were found with cinnabar at the Andalusia mine near Knoxville; also at the Oat Hill mine and in Pope Valley. Specimens of serpentine have come from Beryessa Valley containing needles of millerite. Placer County: Found with arseiiopyrite near Cisco, Hanks *^^\ Plumas County : ]\Iillerite as coatings occurred in the Pocahontas mine. Mount Meadow district. 37. PYRRHOTITE— Magnetic Pyrites. Sulphide of iron, Fe„S„ + i- Hexagonal. Crystals rare. Commonly massive, either granular or compact. Color bronze-brown. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. Usually slightly magnetic. H=:3.5 — 4.5; G = 4.5S — 4.G4. The bronze-brown pyrrhotite is often associated with i)yrite and sometimes is found in large k-iiticular mas.ses. it is a common sulphide in gold and copper districts, although generally in small amounts. Masses of it occur in serpentine and in pegmatite veins, it is some- times nickeliferous. Calaveras County: Occasioiiiilly louiid with Hie i)yritc at Cainpo Seco and at Copperopolis. 38 STATE MINING BUREAU. Del Xorte County : The copper claims in the northern part of the county on Diamond Creek, Copper Creek and Shelly Creek contain pyrrhotite with chalcopyrite. Fresno County : Large bodies are said to occur on the Fresno Copper Company's property. Humboldt County: Bodies are said to exist on Elk Creek. Madera County: Found in the old Buchanan mine, Turner "^^^ Marin County: Tabular crystals have been found on Mount Tanial- pais. ]\Iariposa County : Thick bodies occur in the Green Mountain mine. The mineral is common as one of the sulphides of the gold mines. Mono County: Common in quartz at the Tioga mine, Turner^ 2>. Nevada County : Found in the mines of Grass Valley and Nevada City, Lindgren^''^ Also in the Meadow Lake district, Lindgren^^^ Placer County: One of the sulphides of the Ophir mine, Liudgren*^^^ Shasta County: Found with the pyrite at some of the copper mines and noticed at the Black Diamond copper mine. Siskiyou County: Prominent with chalcopyrite at Callahan. Said to be nickeliferous at the Hummer mine. Tuolumne County : In gneiss on north fork of Beaver River, Tur- ner^^\ 38. BORNITE — Erubescite — Peacock Ore. Sulphide of copper and iron, CusFeS^. Isometric. Crystals very rare. Generally compact massive. Color red- dish brown, generally tarnished to iridescent colors. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H = 3; G = 4.9 — 5.4. Bornite is generally associated with chalcocite and chalcopyrite, and is fre(iuently found in small masses in many of the copper districts. It is sometimes formed along contact zones with garnet, epidote,-vesuvia- nite and other contact minerals. The reddish brown color and charac- teristic tarnish to peacock colors readily distinguishes bornite from grayish black chalcocite and brass-yellow chalcopyrite. Calaveras County : Small masses have been found at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. Del Norte County : Common in the mines at the head of Copper Creek. El Dorado Country : At Slug Gulch with chalcopyrite and massive green epidote. In the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fairplay, massive bornite occurred in coarse pegmatite of orthoclase, hornblende, epidote, garnet and molybdenite. Found at Georgetown Avith massive garnet. Small amounts found in the Alabaster Cave mine near Newhall. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 39 Inyo County : Found in some of the mines of the Inyo and Ubehebe Mountains. Los Angeles County : Found in the IMeadow Valley district with fine crystals of garnet. ]\Iono County: Occurred in the Tioga mine and in the Benton dis- trict. Plumas County : Massive hornite is a common form of copper in Light's Canyon, Genessee Valley and Indian Valley. San Bernardino County: Bornite occurs at the Tiptop mine, Lava Beds district. Santa Clara County: Near Lexington, Hanks "^^^ Shasta County : Bornite is occasionally found in the copper mines of this county and specimens have come from Bully Hill, Copper City, Afterthought and Iron Mountain. 39. CUBANITE. Sulphide of copper aud iron, CuFesS^. Isometric. Generallj^ massive. Color bronze-yellow. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 4; G = 4. Cubanite is a rare mineral and it needs careful analyses to substan- tiate its occurrence. El Dorado County : Specimens have come from some locality in this county. San Luis Obispo County : A large mass of this mineral was found on Santa Rosa Creek near San Simeon, Hanks^^\ The specimens have a bronze-yellow color and are compact massive. 40. CHALCOPYRITE— Copper Pyrites. Sulphide of copper and iron, CuFeSo. Tetragonal. Generally massive. Color deep brass-yellow, often with iridesc^^nt tarnish. Streak greenish black. Metallic luster. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 4.1 — 4.3. Chalcopyrite is the commonest of the copper minerals and forms the principal source of copper in the State. The copper deposits are largely bodies of pyrite in which chalcopyrite is intermingled, forming in general low grade copper ore with some gold and silver. The ore bodies usually occur in shear zones and belts of raetamorphic rock aud their origin has been due to solutions carrying the sulphides and impreg- nating the crystalline schists, and occasionally tiie countr}' rock, the impregnations following flows and intrusions of igneous rock. Where conditions have been favorable the pyrite has ])ecome segregated into 40 STATE MINING BUREAU. large masses with often more or less lenticular shape. Deposits along the contact between limestone and igneous rock are common. The common associated minerals with the pyrite and chalcopyrite are galena and sphalerite and occasionally stibnite, bismuthinite and tetrahedrite. Besides (juartz, calcite and liarite are often present as gangue minerals. Most of the deposits have a gossan capping of earthy limonite and hematite resulting from the oxidation of the iron sulphides. Practi- cally all of the large bodies of pyrite in the State carry some chalcopy- rite, but those in Shasta and Calaveras counties are at present the most important in the production of copper. Chalcopyrite in small patches and seams has a Avide distribution and in conseciuence of its alteration green stains and coatings of copper carbonate are very common. Aubury*^^^ has issued a general report on the copper resources of the State and some of the data regarding localities is incorporated below. Alameda County : A body of pyrite containing a small amount of chalcopyrite is mined at Leona Heights, East Oakland, for sulphuric acid. The ore lies between serpentine and altered volcanic rock and the alteration minerals have been described by Schaller*^i\ Alpine County : The oldest copper claim in the State was the Uncle Billy Rogers claim in Hope Valley. This claim located in 1855 con- sisted of chalcopyrite, pyrite and bornite in a chimney-shaped deposit in garnet rock. Some chalcopyrite occurs with the pyrite and enargite in the Mogul district. Amador County : In the foothills in the western part of the county there is a belt of hornblende and chlorite schists which contain frequent lenticular masses of pyrite with chalcopyrite and many claims are located along the belt. The old Newton mine near Ranlett, claims near Jackson and those of Copper Hill are well known. Calaveras County : The belt of schists in the western part of the county contain important deposits and the mines at Copperopolis and at Campo Seco are still important producers of copper. Del Norte County : Deposits of chalcopyrite with pyrite and pyrrho- tite occur in the serpentine area of the northern portion of the county near Smith River and its tributaries. Low Divide, Diamond Creek and Shelly Creek are some localities. El Dorado County : There are numerous small deposits of the mineral in scattered areas in the county, but none of great importance. The mineral is found near Diamond Springs, near Georgetown and at Pilot Hill in the northwestern part of the county. Good specimens of chal- copyrite with bornite, molybdenite, garnet, epidote and axinite have come from the old Cosumnes copper mine on the Amador County line. Fresno County : Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrrhotite at the Fresno copper mines, with pyrite at the Copper King mine, and in the gold district of the northeast part of the county. . MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 41 Humboldt County : Deposits occur on the east slope of Horse Moun- tain with chalcocite, native copper and cuprite. Inyo County: Chalcopyrite occurs near Darwin on contact between granite and limestone and in the Ilbehebe IMountains with chalcocite. Imperial County: In the extreme eastern part of tlie county the copper claims near Ogilby, Hedges and in the Picacho district contain some chalcopyrite with oxidized ores. Kern County: Chalcopyrite with pyrite occurs in the gold mines of the eastern part of the county near Randsburg and Garlock. ]\Iadera County : The belt of schists carrying the copper and iron sulphides extend across the county and there are numerous small claims. Found in small masses in the Green Mountains, at the old Buchanan mine, at the Ne Plus Ultra and other claims near Daulton. Marin County : Small deposits of pyrite mixed with chalcopyrite occur in the schists between Mount Tamalpais and Bolinas Bay. i\Iariposa County : Chalcopyrite is present to some extent in the gold mines of the county. Several small bodies of the sulphides occur in the schists and altered diabases on the western border but of little importance. The Green Mountains and other mines on the south border near Donovan, the old Pocahontas mine near Lewis, the Copper Hill mines in Indian Gulch, the old Beretta mines and other claims near the Merced River, all contain massive chalcopyrite with auriferous pyrite. Nevada Count}": At Spenceville, Mineral Hill, Pine Hill, Iron ]\Ioun- tain, French Corral and North San Juan chalcopyrite claims have been worked. Good masses of pure chalcopyrite also are found in the Meadow Lake district. Placer County: Near Auburn, Newcastle. Valley View and at Dairy Farm good deposits of pyrite with some chalcopyrite occur. Plumas County : Deposits of good chalcopyrite with bornite and chal- cocite are found in Genessee Valley near Flournoy, in Indian Valley near Taylorsville and in Moonlight and Light's canyons about twelve miles north of Taylorsville. Riverside County: The copper deposits lie mostly in the eastern part of the county in the Palen, McCoy and other mountains. San Bernardino County : Tiiere are numerous gold-copper claims in the county especially in tlie mountains of tlie eastern part. Some chal- copyrite occurs witii oxidized coi)per ores in tlie Clarke IMountains. New York Mountains, near Ivanpah, ^lanvel. A^ontrigger, Sunrise, Xeedles, on Mount Whipple, Monument Mountain. Turtle Mountain and Providence Mountains. The mineral is also found in tlie Lava Beds district, in the Oro Grande district and in the Morrow district north of Harstow. 42 STATE MIXING BUREAU. San Diego County : Masses of chalcopyrite occur in the Eneinitas group of mines, a few miles east of Eneinitas and in the Banna mines near Lakeside. Some is found in the Julian district. Shasta County : The deposits of this county are the most important and most extensively worked in the State. The ore is pyrite carrying the copper sulphide and while in general low-grade copper propositions, the immense size of the ])odies makes them of great value. The Iron Mountain, or Mountain Copper, Shasta King, Balaklala, Golinsky, Mammoth and other mines on the west side of the Sacramento River, and the Afterthought, Copper City and Bully Hill mines on the east side of the river have been great producers of copper for some years. The ore bodies in general lie in shear zones in metarhyolite or meta basalt, and sometimes along the contact of the igneous rock and lime- stone. Sierra County : Small masses of chalcopyrite with other sulphides occur near Poker Flat, Sierra City and in the Mohawk Valley. Siskiyou County : The Richie mine and claims near Callahan show chalcopyrite. Trinity County : Some deposits of the mineral occur in the western part of the county along New River, at the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek and on the Cold Fork of Indian Valley Creek. Tulare County : Chalcopyrite with pyrite is found on the middle fork of Tule River, a few miles east of Porterville and also near Kearsarge Peak. Tuolumne County : The schist belt carrying the sulphides crosses the county a few miles west of the Mother Lode and several small claims are located along the belt. 41. MARCASITE— White Pyrites. Sulphide of iron, FeS;. Orthorhombic. Commonly in tabular crystals, stalactites. Also mas- sive and indistinguishable from pyrite. Color pale brass-yellow. Streak bro\Ynish black. Metallic luster. HzzG — 6.5; G = 4.S5 — 4.9. Marcasite can not readily be distinguished from pyrite except when in crystals, so it is often classed as pyrite. It is much rarer in the State than pyrite, and is rather characteristically associated with clays and cinnabar. Alpine County : Specimens associated with sphalerite have come from some of the mines of the county. Napa County : Marcasite was the abundant iron sulphide at the old Redington mine, Knoxville, in close association with the cinnabar. ' Nevada County : Mentioned as one of the minerals of the Grass Valley mines by Lindgren*^^^ MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 43 42. PYRITE— Iron Pyrites. Sulphide of iron, FeS.. Isometric. Crystals common ; usually cubes, pyritohedrons and octa- hedrons. Generally compact and granular massive. Color brass-yellow. Streak greenish black. Metallic luster. H = 6 — 6..5 ; G = 5. Pyrite is the commonest of the sulphide minerals and is found in all kinds of rock, but is more especially prominent in metamorphic schists, slates and quartzites and in unaltered sandstones. It is commonly found in distinct crystals and in granular masses. Cubes several inches in diameter are frequent in gold districts, but in general the smaller crystals and granular masses are more highly auriferous. It is from pyrite bodies that most of the copper production of the State is obtained, the source of the copper being the intimately intermingled chalcopyrite. All of the localities given for chalcopyrite and many more might be cited for the mineral since it is present in every county. Its oxidation produces limonite and hematite and the gossan of mineral veins is mostly formed by its alteration. Cubes of limonite as pseudomorphs after pyrite are exceedingly common. Alameda County: Crystals from the Alma mine, Leona Heights, have the forms : (110), (100), (340), (120), (140), (111), (252), (121), (241). (231), Schaller. Calaveras County: Cubes and pyritohedrons occur with the gold on Carson Hill, but the long needles from the Stanislaus mine, described as distorted pyrite crystals by Jackson "^-^^ are millerite. Colusa County: Hexagonal plates of pyrite occur as pseudomorphs after pyrrhotite at the Sulphur Creek deposit, Genth^"^ Santa Clara County : Crystals from the Xew Almaden cinnabar mine had the forms: (100) and (470), Jackson <3). Sonoma County : Large octahedrons have been found on Austin Creek near Healdsburg. 43. KERMESITE— Red Antimony. Oxisulphide of antimony, SIkSjO. Monoclinic. Usually in hair-like tufts. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish red. Metallic to adamantine luster. H = l — 3.5; 0=1.5. This is a rare mineral formed by the oxidation of minerals containing antimony, especially stibnite. It is generally in cavities as long cherry- red needles. Kern County : Fine red needles of kermesite were found on stibnite at the Mojave antimony mine, about fifteen miles north of Mojave. 44 STATE MINING BUREAU. 44. VOLTZITE. Oxisulphide of ziuc, Zn5S40. Globular and lamellar forms. Color rose-red to brown. Streak brownish red. Vitreous luster. H = 4 — -4.5; = 3.60 — 3.8. A very rare mineral which forms globular and platy reddish brown coatings from the oxidation of zinc sulphide. San Bernardino County : Specimens have come from some place in this county. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 45 CHAPTER III. ARSENIDES, SELEMDES, TELLURIDES AND SULPHOSALTS. Arsenides. Cobaltite Arsenopyrite Smaltite Lollingite Leucopyrite Selenides. Tiemannite Tvlliirides. Tetradymite Hessite Petzite Altaite Coloradoite Melouite Sylvanite Calaverite Nagyagite Siiliiltaiitimonites. Berthierite Ja meson ite Bounionite Pyrargyrite Tetrahodrite Geocronite Stephanite Polybasite Siiltjharsenites. Dufrenoysite Proustite Enargite 45. COBALTITE. Sulpharsenide of cobalt, CoAsS. Isometric. Commonly in cubes and pyritohedrons ; also massive. Cleav- age perfect cubic. Color reddish white. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H = 5.5; G = 6 — 6.3. Cobalt and nickel compounds are very rare in the State, and only an occasional specimen is fonnd. Mariposa Comity: Good crystals were found in the Copper Chieftain mine. Mono County: Occurred with gold in the Tioga mine, Turner *^-\ Nevada County : Small seams of cobaltite with chalcopyrite occur in a schist on Rattlesnake Creek, south of Signal Peak. Placer County : Found with arsenopyrite in the ]\Ietallic mine, near Cisco, and with chalcopyrite about four miles northeast of Alta. 46. ARSENOPYRITE— Mispickel— Arsenical Pyrites. Sulpharsenide of iron. FeAsS. Orthorhombic. Common in crystals. Generally compact to granular massive. Color silver white to steel gray. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. 11 = 5.5—6; G = 5.9— 6.2. Arsenopyrite is a very common vein mineral and is sometimes highly auriferous. The concentrates from most of the mining regions of the State generally contain more or less of it and in some districts arsenopy- rite is the chief gold-liearing ore. ^Most of the arsenic of commerce is 46 STATE MINING BT^REAU. obtained from this mineral generally as a l>y-product in the smelting for gold and silver. Danaite is a variety containing from four to ten per cent of cobalt. Amador County : In the New Hope mine, in Quartz Mountain mines, and in the mines between Jackson and Mokelumne Hill, arsenopyrite occurs. Calaveras County : Near Angels and in the mines along the ^lother Lode considerable arsenopyrite has been found high in gold content. El Dorado County : Occurred in the Florence mine near Placerville, and also near Georgetown. Imjjerial County : Found in the mines of the Cargo Muchacho district. Kern County: The Sumner, Confidence, Relief and other old mines near Kernville and Havilah contained auriferous arsenopyrite. ]\Iariposa County : In mines near Coulterville ; danaite mth erythrite was found in the Josephine mine, Bear Valley, Turner^*^ Mono County: Common in the Lundy district carrying gold. Nevada County : Found in the Betsy mine. Grass Valley and in the Meadow Lake district. Danaite was found in the IMeadow Lake district, W. P. Blake(io). Placer County : One of the minerals in the mines of the Ophir district, Lindgren^^^ Plumas County : Large bunches in Pilot Hill gold mine, six miles northwest of Gibsonville. San Diego County : Occurs in the Julian district. Sierra County : The chief gold-bearing mineral at Alleghany and containing a high percentage of gold. In the Golden King mine on Kanaka Creek it is said to have occurred with gold telluride. Tulare County : Found in the Mineral King district. 47. SMALTITE— Cobalt Glance. Arsenide of cobalt, CoAso. Isometric. Generally massive. Color tin white. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H = 5.5 — 0; G = 6.4 — 6.6. Smaltite usually contains some nickel and it is the more common form of cobalt compound. A few small veins and seams of the mineral have been found in the State but no important deposits. Lassen County : Specimens of gray smaltite with erythrite and anna- bergite as alteration products have come from some locality in this county. Los Angeles County : At the old Kelsey and 0. K. mines in San Gabriel Canyon smaltite coated with erythrite occurred with the native silver and argentite. - OF THE ) C^' l-FGE OP , MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 47 Napa County : The mineral has been found in thin seams with eryth- rite in the serpentine rock of the Beryessa Valley. Nevada Countv : Occurs in the Meadow Lake district. 48. LOLLINGITE. Arsenide of iron, FeASj. Orthorhombic. Small crystals or granular. Color silver white to light steel-gray. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H = 5 — 5.5; G = 7 — 7.2. This mineral is rare as most of the arsenical iron is arsenopyrite. Leucopyrite is a variety with a different proportion of arsenic and iron, FcjAs^. Amador County : Small crystals of lollingite were found in the black slate at the Mayflower mine, Amador City. Los Angeles County : Specimens of leucopyrite have come from this county, Hanks^^\ 49. TIEMANNITE. Selenide of mercury, HgSe. Isometric, tetrahedral. Generally massive. Color dark lead-gray. Streak black. H = 2.5; G = 8.30 — 8.47. The selenide is not a common form of mercury but some large masses of it have been found in the cinnabar districts. Lake County: According to W. P. Blake'^^ the mineral occurred in large masses in the vicinity of Clear Lake. Masses of it occurred in the Abbott mine associated with cinnabar and petroleum. Orange County : Found with cinnabar and metacinnabarite at the San Joa(|uin Ranch mine. Santa Clara County : Found with cinnabar at the old Guadalupe mine near New Almaden. 50. TETRADYMITE. Telluride of bismuth, BioTe^. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Commonly granular. Color steel-gray. 11 = 1.5 — 2; G = 7.2 — 7.G. Cleavage perfect basal. Metallic luster. This rare telluride is probably present in some of the gold mines where bismuth and tellurium are found in the concentrates, l)ut it has only been identified in a few localities. 48 rsTATE MINING BUREAU. Calaveras County : Found with gold in the JMelones and in the Mor- gan mines on Carson Hill, associated with other tellurides of this famous telhiride locality, Hanks'^^ Nevada County : Occurred at the old Murchie mine near Nevada City, Hanks(6). Tuolumne County : Small amounts have been found at the Soulsby mine. 51. HESSITE. Telhiride of silver, AgoTe. Isometric. Generally in distorted octahedrons. Sometimes massive. Color lead-gray to steel-gray. Streak dark gray to black. Metallic luster. H = 2..5 — 3; G = 8.31 — 8.45. Hessite generally contains gold and often grades into petzite so the two tellurides are apt to be together in mines. They are the more common forms of tellurium and occur in most mines where gold tel- lurides are found, often associated with sylvanite or.calaverite. Calaveras County : Hessite was one of the tellurides of the old Stanis- laus mine on Carson Hill. It was analysed by Genth^^^. 1100.43. El Dorado County: Found massive as a drift specimen with galena and inclosing gold at Georgetown, W. P. Blake ^^\ Kern County : Has been observed with the silver minerals at the Amalie mine. Nevada County : A specimen of pyrite, galena and native gold from the Nevada City mine contained some soft gray hessite, Lindgren'^^\ Shasta County : Found in the Shearer and Rattler mine, 3 miles from Redding. Sierra County : Found in the Golden King mine on Kanaka Creek near Alleghany. Tuolumne County : Occurred in the old Reist mine on Whiskey Hill, Silliman^^\ Is present in the Jumper and Bonanza mines near James- town. 52. PETZITE. Telluride of silver and gold (Ag.Au^loTe. Massive. Color steel-gray to black. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 2.5 — 3; G = 8.7 — 9.0. Petzite is usually associated with hessite, sylvanite and calaverite. It is the commonest form of the gold telluride found in the State. Au Ag- Pb Ni Te 3.28 46.34 1.65 4.71 44.45 3.22 55.60 1.54 (39.64) MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 49 Calaveras County : Found with liessite in the Stanislaus and Melones mines on Carson Hill. Specimens from the Stanislaus mine have been analysed by Genth^"*) and Kustel^^\ Au Ag Te ( 2r>..-).-> 41.03 32.52 per cent Geuth j 2.J.T0 42.30 31.94 Kiistel 24.S0 40.(50 35.40 El Dorado County : Found with calaverite at the Darling mine about three miles northeast of American Flat. Inyo County: Occurs at Telluride in the Gilt Edge claim seven miles southeast of Olanche. Tuolumne County : One of the tellurides in the Golden Rule, Raw- hide Ranch and Norwegian mines near Tuttletown. Analysed from the Golden Rule mine by Genth'^'*^ and from the Norwegian mine by Hille- braiuFD. Au Ag Te Se MnO { 2r^.m 41.86 32.68 __ __ =100.14 per cent Golden Kiilo ^ o_^ ,^_ ^^ g„ g^^g __ _ ^iqO.OO Xorwejiian 2.j.l() 41.87 33.21 tr. 0.08 = 99.32 53. ALTAITE. Telluride of lead, PbTe. Isometric. Small octahedrons and massive. Color tin-white to dark gray. Metallic luster. H=3; G = 8.16. Altaite is found associated with hessite, petzite and gold tellurides in a few localities. Calaveras County: Occurred with hessite and petzite at the Stanis- laus mine, Carson Hill, and analysed by Genth^"*). Pb Ag- Au Te 60.71 1.17 0.26 37.31 =z 09.45 per cent Nevada County : One of the minerals at the Providence mine, Nevada City, occurring in ])unches in the Ural vein intergrown with native gold and associated with quartz, pyrite and galena, Lindgren**^\ Tuolumne County: Occurred in the Golden Rule mine, near Tuttle- town. Genth'^\ Also at Sawmill Flat with the forms (111) and (322) and was partly analysed by Siiarwood, Eakle'^\ Pb Ag Au Te G5.0 tr. none 35.0 4—8560 50 STATE MINING BUREAU. 54. COLORADOITE. Telliiride of mercury, HgTe. Massive, granular. Color irou-black. Metallic luster. 11=3: G = S.63. The telluride of mercury is a very rare mineral, and only one speci- men has been found in the State. Tuolumne County : Hillebrand^^^ found one specimen which he identified as coloradoite, associated with the other tellurides of the Nor- wegian mine near Tuttletown. 55. MELONITE. Telluride of nickel, Ni.Tes. Hexagonal. Commonly granular and foliated. Cleavage perfect basal. Color reddish white. Streak dark gray. Metallic luster. This rare telluride has only been found in one locality, and there is some question of its exact formula. Calaveras County : The rare telluride of nickel was discovered among the other tellurides of the Melones mine on Carson Hill in 1867 and was named by Gentli^^^^*^, for the mine. A similar mineral was later found in the Stanislaus mine and analysed by Hillebrand^i^ Te Genth 73.43 Hillebrand 80.75 56. SYLVANITE— Graphic Tellurium. Telluride of gold and silver, (Au, Ag)Te2. Monoclinic. Bladed crystals and massive. Cleavage perfect clino- pinacoidal. Color yellowish silver-white. Streak silver gray. Metallic luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 7.9 — 8.3. This important telluride ma.y be present in many of the gold districts where tellurium is found, as it is one of the commoner forms of tel- lurium. It has been identified in very few localities. Calaveras County : Sylvanite was one of the tellurides occurring in the Carson Hill mines and was especially prominent in the Melones and Stanislaus mines. An analysis of it from the latter mine was nuide by Stetefeldt(i). Te Au Ag 59.6 25.5 13.9 Trinity County : It has been found with gold in the Yellow Jacket mine, and with nagyagite at the Dorleska mine, Coffee Creek district. NiCo Pb As 20.98 0.72 4.08 = 99.21 per cent 18.31 0.86 = 99.92 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 51 57. CALAVERITE. Tellurido of gold and silver, (Au, Ag)Te,. Monoclinic. Crystals with striated faces ; also massive. Color pale bronze-yellow to yellowish silvor-gray. Streak j-ellowish gray. Metallic luster. H = 2.5; G:=9.04. A chemical investigation of the various telhiride minerals from the mines on Carson Hill hy Genth^^\ proved the existence of a new tel- luride of gold and silver which he named after the county. Since that original discovery, the mineral has been found in very valuable deposits at Cripple Creek, Colorado, and in Australia. Calaveras County : Discovered at the old Stanislaus mine and later in the Melones mine, the latter mine being the only one of this famous group of mines on Carson Hill still in active operation. An analysis of the mineral from the Stanislaus mine was made by Genth^^^ = 100.11 per cent El Dorado County : Found with petzite in the Darling mine near Eock Creek, about three miles northeast of American Flat. 58. NAGYAGITE. Sulpho-telluride of gold, lead and antimony, AuoPbuSbjTeTSn. Orthorhombic. Generally foliated and granular. Perfect cleavage into thin flexible laminae. Dark lead-gray color and streak. Metallic luster. H = l — 1.5; G = 6.S5 — 7.2. This is a very rare telluride and has onl}* been observed at one locality in California. Trinity County : Observed with hessite at the Dorleska mine. Coffee Creek district. Au 40.70 Ag 3.52 Te 55.89 40.92 3.08 (56.00) SULPHO-SALTS- SULPHANTIMONITES AND SULPHARSENITES. 59. BERTHIERITE. Sulphantimonite of iron, FeSboSv Long prismatic. Vsually fibrous massive. Color dark steel-gray. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. 11 = 2 — 3; G=4 — 4.3. This is a rare iron compound and its existence in the State lias not been definitely established. 52 .STATE MIXING BUREAU. Tuolumne County : Heavy ledges of dark ore occur in an area of schists on the southeast slope of INIount Gibbs, which appear to be an impure berthierite mixed with galena, pyrite and (juartz, Turner(*\ 60. JAMESONITE— Feather Ore. Sulphantimonite of lead, Pb^SboS^. Orthorhombic. Generally fibrous massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color lead-gray. Streak grayish black. Metallic luster. H=2 — 3; G = 5.5 — 6.0. Jamesonite is one of the common lead sulpho-salts and is often present in silver-lead districts, sometimes in large masses. Calaveras County: Found at Mokelumne Hill. Hanks^^^ Inyo County : Compact massive specimens have come from the Cerro Gordo mine, associated with argentiferous galena. Napa County : The delicate capillary or hair-like variety was found with cinnabar at the ^lanhattan mine, near Knoxville. 61. BOURNONITE. Sulphantimonite of lead and copper (PbjCuo'ljSboSe. Orthorhombic. Short prismatic and tabular crystals and massive. Color and streak lead-gray. Metallic luster. H=2.5 — 3; G = 5.7 — 5.9. Bournonite is occasionally found in silver-lead districts where copper is also a constituent of the veins. It occurs in good crystals as well as massive. Inyo County : The only known occurrence of the mineral is at Cerro Gordo, where it is found massive. Reid^'*\ 62. PYRARGYRITE— Dark Ruby Silver. Sulphantimonite of silver, AgsSbSj. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Prismatic crystals. Also massive. Color grayish black, or dark red. Streak purplish red. Metallic luster. H = 2.;>: G = 5.8.5. The ruby silver ore is found in silver veins as a secondary mineral and is associated with argentite, polybasite, stephanite, tetrahedrite and other silver minerals. It is characteristically found as dark gray 1)lotches and bands with red streaks, in massive white quartz. Alpine County : It occurred in the old I X L and Exchequer mines of the Silver Mountain district. Kern Countv : Found associated with argentite at the Amalie mine. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 53 Mono Comity : In the Oro, Addenda, Fortuna and other mines south of Bodie pyrargyrite and stephanite were abundant. Crystals were ■found in a vugg in the Bodie mine. Pyrargyrite also occurred in the Blind Spring mines, in the Tower mine, and in other mines near Benton, Whiting^ ^^ Nevada Countj^: Found in a specimen from the Allison Ranch mine, associated with pyrite. chalcopyrite and galena ; also in the Central mine south of Banner Hill, and is probably present in other mines of the Grass Valley and Nevada City district as indicated by the silver- rich concentrates, Lindgren*''\ Shasta County : Small amounts of pyrargyrite were occasionally found in the mines near Igo. 63. TETRAHEDRITE— Gray Copper. Sulphautimonite of copper. Cii^SboS;. Isometric, tetrabedral. Generally massive. Color dark steel-gray. Streak black, sometimes cherry-red. Metallic luster. Hrr3 — 4.5; G= 4.4 — .5.1. The steel-gray metallic tetrahedrite is quite common in many of the gold and copper mines of the State. It is, however, seldom prominent but occurs in small amounts mixed with galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and other common sulphides. Freibcrgite is the argentiferous variety and is perhaps the most com- mon form of the mineral in California. Tcnnantite is a sulpharsenite of copper and while really a distinct mineral, it may be considered as a form of tetrahedrite with its anti- mony replaced by arsenic. The two minerals are seldom differentiated. Alpine County: Considerable tetrahedrite has been found in the Silver Mountain district. Calaveras County: Small amounts of the mineral were found in the mines on Carson Hill. Del Norte County : Found at Crookeshine. Imperial County : Occurred in the Blue Jacket and other mines of the Picacho district. Inyo County: Tetrahedrite was an important mineral in the Cerro Gordo district containing a large percentage of silver. Occurred also in some of the White Mountain mines, in the mines of the Button Range and in the old San Carlos mine. Los Angeles County: Found in the Zapate mine in the San Gabriel Canyon. Mariposa Count}' : A common mineral in the gold mines of the county, associated with (puirtz, pyrite, galenite and sphalerite. The silver-rich variety freibergite was found in large masses in white ([uartz, 54 STATE MINING BUREAU. at the Live Oak mine, near Mariposa, Hanks^^\ The mineral also occurred in the Pine Tree mine near Coulterville. Mendocino County: In the Redwood Copper Queen mine with chal- copyrite, gold and silver. Mono County : An important silver ore in several districts. In the Diana, Comet, Comanche and other mines of the Blind Spring Hill district, it occurred massive associated with partzite. Also found in the Bodie district. Nevada County: A heavy mass was found in the Osborn Hill vein, associated with zineblende and chalcopyrite. In small quantities at the North Banner and at other mines of the Banner Hill and Willow Valley districts, Lindgren^^^. Placer County : Dark steel-gray tetrahedrite associated with other sulphide minerals and with electrum was quite common in the Ophir district, having been noticed in the Boulder, Gold Blossom, Pine Tree and Golden Stag mines, Lindgren^^^. Plumas County : Found at the Irby Holt mine in Indian Valley. San Bernardino County : It has been found massive in the New York and other mines in the New York Mountains. Shasta County : Gray copper is of rather common occurrence in the copper mines of the county although in small amounts. It has been found in a barite gangue in the Bully Hill mine. Tuolumne County : Occurred as one of the minerals on Whiskey Hill, Silliman*^*. Found massive in the Golden Rule mine, near Jamestown. 64. GEOCRONITE. Snlpbautimouite of lead, Pb^SboSj. Orthorhombic. Generallj' massive, granular or earthy. Color bluish lead-gray. Streak lead-gray. Metallic luster. H = 2..5; G = 6.3 — 6.45. Geocronite is one of the very rare lead minerals found in the State. Inyo County: According to Hanks^^^, small masses were found with galena in the Inyo Mountains. ]\Iouo County : It was observed in the Garibaldi mine, Prescott district, associated with galena and sphalerite. 65. STEPHANITE— Brittle Silver— Black Silver. Sulphantimonite of silver, AgjSbS^. Orthorhombic. Crystals common, usually with striated faces. Also massive. Color iron-black. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 6.2 — 6.3. Stephanite is a very important and usually prominent silver mineral in silver districts but it does not appear common in California. It is MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 55 often associated with argentite and polyl)asite as an original mineral of the veins. Alpine County : Said to have been found in the Morning Star mine, J. D. Dana 71. HALITE— Rock Salt. Chloride of sodium, NaCl. Isometric. Cubes massive, granular and crusts. Cleavage perfect cubic. Color white, reddish and colorless. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5; G = 2.1."?. Most of the salt produced in the State is obtained by the evaporation of the water of San Francisco Bay, yet extensive deposits of the mineral exist in the southern counties and some of them are mined. Salt is of very common occurrence in the desert regions, where former lakes existed, and the deposits reach considerable thickness in some localities, often alternating with beds of sulphates, l)orates, carbonates and mud shales. Salt wells, salt springs, salt marshes, and salt rivers occur in these arid plains and white incrustations of salt are often found along their borders. Alameda County: The salt works at Alvarado evaporate the water of San Francisco Bay on a large scale, and the bulk of the salt produced in the State is obtained by this method. Imperial County: Efflorescences of salt on the dry plains of the Great Colorado Desert were early reported. 58 STATE MINING BUREAU. Inyo County : Salt is common in the dry valleys as white efflorescences and in solution in many of the springs, mai-shes and lakes of this county. In the borax district of Death Valley it is a common associate, and the bottom of this valley is an extensive salt marsh, into which the Amar- gosa River sinks. The waters of Owens Lake have been evaporated for salt and soda. Kern County: In the Mojave Desert region on the eastern side of the county, numerous salt lakes and wells occur. The alkaline desert from the Kern River to the Caiiada de las Uvas is impregnated with salt. Salt and borax are associated at the Buckthorn, Indian and Mesquite springs. Riverside County : The well-known Salton Sea is an extensive depres- sion in the south central part of the county which was noted for its immense deposits of white salt and where thousands of tons have been gathered. It is now covered by the waters of the Colorado River and the salt works have been wholly obliterated. An analysis of this salt was made by Allen^^^. NaCl CLl N00S04 Gypsum H2O Insol. 94.54 0.31 3.53 0.79 0.14 0.50 =99.81 per cent San Bernardino County: Numerous dry lakes exist in this county, all of which contain salt. Some of the salt near Daggett has been mined locally for chloridizing the silver ores of the district. A large lake deposit occurs in the desert about twenty-live miles southeast of Danby and the Surprise salt mines have produced large quantities. Bailey*^^^ reports a vein of rock salt 12 to 16 feet thick on the Avawatz Mountains. Crusts of the mineral associated with sodium, magnesium and calcium sulphate occur at the Mojave sink. Salt and borax with some nitrates exist along the Amargosa River, near the Inyo County line. San Luis Obispo County: Along the shores of the Salinas River white crusts of salt can be found in many places. The Soda Lake in Carissa Plains is a dry lake in the eastern part of the county, and the surface contains crusts of salt and sodium sulphate. Shasta County: Sandstones occur on Salt Creek, about twelve miles east of Redding, which are slightly impregnated with salt. 72. SYLVITE. Chloride of potassium, KCl. Isometric. Cubes and octahedrons ; also granular massive. Cleavage perfect cubic. Colorless to white. Vitreous luster. H = 2;G=:1.97 — 1.99. The potassium salt is sometimes associated with the sodium salt, but, unlike the sodium chloride, it is very rare and no deposits of it occur in the State. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 59 Inyo County: According to Bailey^^^ sylvite occurs in traces in some of the springs of this county. Analyses of some of the impure salt covering depressions in Death Valley show low percentages of potas- sium chloride. 73. SAL AMMONIAC— Salmiac. Chloride of ammouium. NH^CI. Isometric. Ciystals, cnists aud efflorescences. Color white, yellowish. Vitreous luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 1.53. Inyo County: According to Bailey'^i^ sal ammoniac is found as efflo- rescences at some of the fissure springs in Death Valley. Los Angeles County: A white crystalline incrustation of sal ammo- niac was found in the Monterey shale of Burning Mountain, Rogers^^^ Santa Barbara County : Crusts 5 mm. thick, associated with sulphur, came from burning oil-shales on the Hope Ranch, Rogers*^^\ 74. CERARGYRITE— Hornsilver. Chloride of silver, AgCl. Isometric. Usually in thin plates aud crusts. Sometimes massive. Color gray but generally tarnished brown. Highjy sectile. Waxy. H = 1 — 1.5; G = o.55. Cerargyrite has been one of the most important silver minerals of the State. It is characteristic of silver deposits located in arid regions and is often abundant in such regions. It has been formed in general by solutions from above carrying alkali chlorides, obtained from the over- lying strata, acting on the silver minerals of the veins and forming solutions of silver chloride, froan which the mineral is precipiitated along fissures and in cavities of the gangue, mostly in the oxidized zones of the deposit. It is usually accompanied by the chlorobromide, embolite, and occasionally by the iodide, iodyrite. Barite is a common gangue mineral. Inyo County : Hornsilver with argentiferous galena, argentite and copper minerals has been found abundant in the Argus and Coso ranges and to some extent in the Darwin and Cerro Gordo districts. Hanks^^^ mentions it from the Slate Range and in microscopical crystals at the Modoc mine near Darwin. Kern County : The rhineral has been found in the Amalie mine with pyrargyrite and native silver. Mono County: Cerargyrite has l)eeii found in the Blind Springs district near Benton and in some of tiie mines of the Bodie district, but never in large masses. It occurs also in the Sweetwater Range. 60 STATE MINING BUREAU. Placer County : It occurred in small amounts as one of the minerals in the Ophir district, on Duncan Hill, Lindgren^^). San Bernardino County : Hornsilver has been a very important silver mineral in the Calico and Barstow mines. The chloride, together with the chlorobromide, has been deposited along the fault planes and in the numerous fissures of brecciated vein-rock formed by much faulting. The minerals associated with the hornsilver of this region are embo- lite, cerrusite, barite, pyrolusite, chrysoeolla, malachite and jasper. It occurs with limestone associated with embolite, wulfenite, sphalerite, galena, cerrusite and pyrite in the Silver Reef district, on the desert about forty miles east of Victor. It is associated with argentite and secondary from it at the Bonanza King mine on Providence Mountain and in the Imperial mine. Lava Beds district, about nine miles from Lavic. Cerargyrite was reported as one of the minerals with borax at Searles Lake, but the locality was probably Calico. The silver deposits at Calico and Barstow have been fully described by Liudgren'^^ and by Storms "^^^ 75. CHLOROMAGNESITE. Chloride of magnesium, MgCl;. Efflorescence. Color white. Magnesium chloride exists in soluble state in the waters of some of the springs and lakes but its easy solubility prevents it from forming as a mineral except in the dryest climate. San Bernardino County : White efflorescences of chloromagnesite occur at Saratoga Springs, near the southern end of Death Valley, Bailey^i). 76. ATACAMITE. Hydrous oxichloride of copper, CU2CIII3O3. Orthorhombic. Slender needles and fibrous reticulated masses. Color deep grass-green. H=3 — 3.5; G = 3.7. Atacamite is a very rare form of copper and its occurrence in Cali- fornia has not been definitely established. Inyo County : J. D. Dana^^^ gives this mineral from an unknown locality in this county. As the Cerro Gordo mine was the best known for rare minerals, the atacamite, if correctly identified, perhaps came from this mine. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 61 77. EGLESTONITE. Oxicbloride of meicurj', IlgiCLO. Isometric. Minute crystals. Color yellowish brown, changing to black. Resinous to adamantine luster. H = 2 — 3; G = S.327. This is a very rare mercury mineral which has been found associated with cinnabar, metallic mercury and calomel. San Mateo County : Minute yellow crystals of eglestonite occur about five miles west of Palo Alto in seams and cavities in the silicious material so common in the serpentine of the cinnabar districts, and the crystals were described by Rogers'^'. Forms: cube (100), octahedron (111), rhombicdodecahedron (110), and trapezohedron (211). Hg ci 88.00 7.43 The mineral was associated with cinnabar, mercury, calomel, dolo- mite, magnesite, opal and quartz. 78. EMBOLITE. Chlorobromide of silver, Ag (Br, CI) Isometric. Generally massive. Color green. Resinous luster. H = 1 — 1.5 ; G = 5.31 — 5.43. The greenish eml)olite has only been found in association with cer- argyrite and in much smaller amounts. Inyo County : Found with cerargyrite in the Indiana mine near Swansea, Hanks^^\ ]\Iono County: In the ^Minnie mine, Sweetwater Range, with horn- silver, Hanks^^\ San Bernardino County : An associate of the cerargyrite in the Calico, Grapevine and Silver Reef districts. One of the minerals re- ported with l)orax at Searles Lake, probalily, however, from the Calico district. 79. COCCINITE. Iodide of mercury, Mgl. . Thin coatings. Color reddish brown. Traces of iodine have been found in some of tiie springs of the State, but the occurrence of any iodide is (|uestionable. Kern County: This rare reddish brown iodide is said to have lieen found with stibnite in the San Emidio Canyon, J. D. Dana^^\ 62 STATE MINING BUREAU. 80. FLUORITE. Fluoride of calcium, CaFo. Isometric. Usually in cubes. Also massive, granular or compact. Cleavage perfect octahedral. Colorless, green, yellow, purple, blue, white. Vitreous luster. H = 4; G=3.2. Fluorite is a common mineral, especially as gangue in lead districts with galena. It sometimes forms thick veins and becomes important as a tlux. No good deposits are known in the State. Contra Costa County : Small cubes of white fluorite were found on Mount Diablo with some copper minerals, Hanks^^^ Inyo County: Found as a gangue mineral with argentiferous galena in the Cerro Gordo, Darwin and other districts. Los Angeles County: Fine specimens have come from the Felix mine near Azusa, consisting of purple and green masses and cubes. White fluorite occurred on Santa Catalina Island with galena and chalcopyrite. Mono County : In the Ferris Canyon on the east slope of the Sweet- water Mountains green and violet crystals and masses occur. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 63 CHAPTER V. OXIDES OF HYDROGEN, SILICON AND SEMI-METALS. Hydrogen. Sf nii-nictals. Water Arsenolite Silicon. Valentinite Quartz Bismite Chalcedony Molybdite Tridymite Cervautite Opal Stibiconite Stil)ioferrite Partzite Stetefeldtite 81. WATER. Oxide of hydrogen, H„0. Hexagonal when solid, as ice. Colorless. Brittle. H^l.ii; G = 0.916. The mineral springs of California are very numerous and of a great variety. Many of them have a reputed medicinal value and have become popular health resorts. Thermal springs are common and many of them represent the linger- ing remnant of a former volcanic activity of the region. Some owe their origin to the heat developed by decomposition of sulphides and other mineral bodies below, in the courses of the underground waters. These springs are usually strongly sulphurous as well as hot. The salts most commonly found in the spring waters of the State are the carbonates, sulphates and chlorides of magnesium, sodium, calcium and iron. Traces of boron are found in man^^ and in some localities like Clear Lake, Lake Count}-, and the desert regions of Inyo and San Bernardino counties, boracic acid has been an abundant ingredient. Some of the lakes are also strongly saturated with salts, and Mono Lake and Owens Lake are noted for the large percentage of solid con- tents of their waters, mostly sodium bicarbonate. Stream waters are purest in granitic regions, less pure and harder in limestone regions, and quite impure and strongly alkaline in the arid regions. 82. QUARTZ— Silica. Oxide of silicon, SiO^. Hexagonal, rhorabohodral. Hexagonal prisms with pyramids very common and sometimes large. Compact and granular massive. Promi- nent conchoidal fracture. Colorless, white, yellow, red-brown, etc. Optically positive. Vitreous luster. H = 7; G = 2.(J."i. Silica constitutes about tliree fifths of the solid crust of the earth; conseijuently (piartz aiul chalcedony and their varieties are exceedingly 64 STATE MINING BUREAU. connuon minerals. It is usual to class under (juartz those forms of silica which are phenocrystalline, that is, those with a distinct crystal- line structure, and under chalcedony those forms which are crypto- erystalline, that is, those so finely crystalline that they appear non- crystalline except under the microscope. Under each of these two mineral species are grouped many varieties based generally on color and structure. Common quartz is an essential constituent of granites, granodiorites, quartz-porphyries, rhyolites, gneisses, schists, quartzites and sandstones and is an accessory mineral in many other kinds of rock, either vol- canic, metamorphic or sedimentary. Veins, ledges, seams and pockety masses of white quartz are common in volcanic and metamorphic areas and much of it in California is gold-hearing. In ordinary rock decomposition silica remains as a residual product, as it is practically unattacked by the usual weathering agencies. Rock crystal is the clear colorless variety which is seldom to be found except as hexagonal crystals. Fine large groups of these crystals are frequently found in the mines. Amethyst is the variety colored violet by manganese or possibly titanium. It also occurs in groups of crystals, being rarely massive. Very little good amethyst has been found in the State. Rose quartz is a massive variety colored pink by manganese. Some very deep colored rose quartz has been found. Smoky quartz or Cainngorm stone is the hair-brown transparent variety, also in crystals, the color being due to carbonaceous material. The color is readily discharged or converted into citrine-yellow by heat and much of the so-called "false topaz" has been made in this way. This is a very common variety and some excellent large crystals have been found in the State. Inclusions of other minerals in quartz are very common and have several varietal names. Phantoyn crystals show the outlines of one crystal within another, due to inclusions of green chloritic matter or brownish earthy material arranged about the boundaries of the forming crystal during a stage in its growth. Some fine phantom crystals have come from near Placer- ville. Sagoiite or rutilated (juartz is rock crystal pierced by long red needles of rutile. No good sagenite has been found in the State. Thetis hairstone is rcick crystal containing long hair-like fibers of asbestos or actinolite. Aventurine is glassy (piartz speckled with flakes of hematite or brown mica. Good aventurine is very uncommon. Alpine County : Fine specimens of rose quartz have been found in Hope Valley and in the Mogul and Monitor districts. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 65 Amador county : Fine large specimens of rock crystal have come from Volcano and Oleta. This section has also produced good speci- mens of amethyst, smoky and rose quartz. Thetis liairstone has been found at Oleta. Butte County : Smoky (juartz occurs on the North Fork of Feather River. Calaveras County : Good rock crystal in tine hirge aggregates have been found in many of the gold mines. Mokelumne Hill, Green Mountain gravel mine near Murphy, Angels and West Point have pro- duced large crystals. El Dorado County: Rock crystal, phantom crystals and smoky quartz have come from near Placerville, which are the best in the State. Inyo County: Good rock crystal has been found in the Cerro Gerdo and Darwin districts. Los Angeles County : Thetis hairstone has l)een found near Los Angeles. Mariposa Country : Fine rock crystal occurs at Mount Bullion. Mono County: Rock crystal, amethyst and tabular drusy quartz have come from the Bodie district. Napa County : Good rock crystal occurs near Calistoga. Nevada County : Good specimens of rock crystal are often found at Grass Valley and Nevada City. Placer County: Quartz containing green chlorite is found at Shady Run. Rock crystal occurs in the Ophir district. Plumas County: Rock crystal from the Granite Basin. Some deep colored rose quartz has come from Meadow Valley. Riverside County : Rock crystal, smoky quartz and pink quartz in fine large crystal are associated with the gem tourmaline at Coahuila. Sacramento County: Rock crystal is found at Folsom. San Bernardino County : Quartz with rutile needles has lieeu found in the San Bernardino Range. San Diego County : Ex(;ellent specimens of rock crystals, smoky quartz and pink (|uartz are associated with the green and pink tourmaline of the county. Large groups of crystals and single crystals of them of a deep rose color occur in the pegmatite veins which carry the tourmaline, some at Pala, Mesa Grande and Rincon. Rock crystal with long and almost black needles of tourmaline occur at Pala. Crystals from Pala and Rincon have the forms: (3031), (4041), (5051), (1121), (3141), (4151), (5161), Waring(i). Sierra County: Yellow or citrine quai-tz has been found on Bald Mountain. Tulare County : Rock crystal occurs at Three Rivers and in Drum Valley. Rose quartz is found at Bull Run Meatlows ami at Vokohl. 5— S560 66 STATE MINING BUREAU. 83. CHALCEDONY. Silicon dioxide, SiOj. The chalcedonic forms of silica are never transparent, but occur in dense cryptocrystalline masses and layers, translucent to opaque, and without crystal form. Hot solutions, especially alkaline solutions, act- ing on silicious rocks dissolve some of the silica and this is deposited in layers along the walls of cavities, or completely fills cavities, forming geodes and irregular shaped masses, with often a banded structure. Many of the large masses of chalcedony and jasper have been formed by deposition from springs, whose waters contain soluble silica. Chal- cedony is a very common secondary filling of cavities and fissures in volcanic rock, and may form large geodes in this way. There are many names given to the varieties of cryptocrystalline silica which may be classed under the head of chalcedony, most of them based on color or structure. They include chalcedony, agate, carnelian, sard, prase, heliotrope or hloodstonc, chrysoprase, onyx, sardonyx, jasper and flint, all of which may be found in the State. Ordinary silicified wood and agatized wood are silicious pseudomorphs after wood. Myrickite is a local name applied to a chalcedony, having blood-red spots and patches, found about fifteen miles east of Indian Springs, San Bernardino County. Kinradite is a local name given to a spherulitic jasper occurring on the shores of Golden Gate. Alameda County : Small geodes of chalcedony are common in the Berkeley Hills. Alpine County: Red jasper is common in the Monitor district. Amador County : Bluish chalcedony occurs at Volcano. Calaveras County : Red, green and brown jasper is found near Murphy. Silicified wood at Angels. Del Norte County: Agate, chalcedony and jasper pebbles are com- mon beach pebbles at Crescent City. Humboldt County : The beach pebbles at Big Lagoon are agate, chal- cedony, jasper, prase, carnelian, etc. Inyo County: Porcelain jasper has been found in the Coso district. Kern County : Blue chalcedony occurs at Kane Springs. Marin County : The beach pebbles at Bolinas have agate and chal- cedony. Red jasper outcrops on Reed Ranch. Spherulitic jasper, called "kinradite," occurs on shore west of Sausalito. Napa County : Red jasper is found on Mount St. Helena. Chal- cedony is common at the Manhattan cinnabar mine, Knoxville. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 67 Nevada County: Brown jasper occurs at Nevada City. The beach pebbles at Lake Tahoe contain chalcedony, agate, jasper, carnelian, prase, etc. Good moss agate is found near Indian Flat. Placer County : Fine geodal masses of chalcedony have been found at the Spanish mine. Ophir district. Plumas County: Banded green and red jasper occurs in the slates and schists west of Meadow Valley. San Bernardino County : Moss agate has come from the San Ber- nardino Mountains. Bluish chalcedony is associated with opal in the Black Mountains north of Barstow. Bloodstone and chalcedony with blood-red spots, called ' ' myrickite ' ' is found about fifteen miles east of Indian Springs. San Francisco County : Red, green and brown jasper is common in the serpentine of San Francisco. Spherulitic jasper called "kinradite" is found near Land's End. San Mateo County : The beach pebbles at Pescadero contain fine specimens of chalcedony, agate, carnelian, jasper, etc. Santa Barbara County : The beach pebbles of this county contain agate and chalcedony. Siskiyou County : Jasper is common with the numerous serpentine beds. Sonoma County: Red jasper is found at Windsor. Tulare County : Fine moss agate occurs on Deer Creek. Chrysoprase is found in the mountains east of Visalia, on Deer Creek and at Yocohl. Tuolumne County : Yellow and brown jasper occurs at Shaws Flat, 84. TRIDYMITE. Uxide of silicon, SiOj Hexagonal. Thin plates often overlapping. Colorless to white. 11 = 7; = 2.28 — 2.33. Tridymite is a form of silica which is found in recent volcanic rocks. It occurs in thin and often overlapping hexagonal plates, crystallizing as a secondary mineral in the cavities and fissures of the rock. The mineral is generally of microscopic size and therefore is rarely seen, except in thin sections of rocks. As a rock mineral it may occur in all of the recent voleanics. Mono County : Observed in the cavities of lava as small hexagonal plates, near Bridgeport, with the forms: (0001), (lOlO), (32o0), (5490), (3034), (1012), Schaller^e). Tuolumne County: Found by Rogers^^^ in cavities of an andesite near Jamestown. Occurs as very thin, white hexagonal plates. 68 STATE MINING BUREAU. 85. OPAL. Il.vdi'ous oxide of silicon, SiO../(lLO. Amorphous. Colloidal massive. Prominent conchoidal fracture. Yellow brown, green, red, white, gray and colorless. Waxy luster. H=z5.5 — 6.5 of compact varieties. G = 2.1 — 2.2. Opal differs from clialcedony in being Miiolly amorphous, somewhat softer and containing a varying percentage of water. It is silica which has solidified from a colloidal state. It fills cavities and seams in many different kinds of rock and is a very common form of silica. Precious opal shows a beautiful play of colors and very little of this variety has been found in the State. Common opal is the white, yellow, brown, bluish or greenish masses with no opalescence, having a prominent choncoidal fracture. The occurrence of this kind is quite universal. Hyalite is transparent glassy opal occasionally found in the cavities of volcanic rock. Cacholong is a pearl-like opal. Chrysopal or prase opal is a name applied to a greenish opal found with chrysoprase. 3Ioss opal is common opal with moss-like inclusions of pyrolusite. chlorite, etc. Wood opal is very abundant in the State, especially in the foothills of the Sierras, where whole forests have been covered by the great thickness of gravel. Masses of wood opal are sometimes white, but usually light to dark brown in color. The structure of the wood is often so well preserved that the species can be identified. Geyserite and silicious sinter are names applied to hydrous silica formed about the vents of geysers and hot springs. Diatomcccous earth, infusorial earth and tripolite are names applied to deposits of silica formed by fresh or salt water diatoms. The waters of the lakes during Tertiary time swarmed with infusoria which secreted silica and their silica remains have formed thick and extensive deposits of white and very light chalk-like material. Alpine County : Wood opal occurs at Red Lake Peak. Amador County : Wood opal at Volcano. Diatomaceous earth in lone Valley. Butte County : Wood opal at Dodson mine. Calaveras County : Common and hyalite opal has been found at Mokelumne Hill. Wood opal at Chile Gulch, Bald Hill, Angels and other mining caiiips. Contra Costa County : Hyalite and common opal has been found on Mount Diablo. Fresno County : Dendritic or moss opal has come from the moun- tains east of Fresno. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 69 Kern County : AVliite opal is found on the summit of Tehaehapi mountain. Lake County : Fiorite opal has been found at Sulphur Bank. Hyalite has come from Middletown and Kelse\nnlle. Diatomaceous earth occurs on Lost Spring Ranch. Lassen County : Wood opal is found in Surprise Valley. Los Angeles County : Diatomaceous earth at Santa Monica and on Santa Catalina Island. Plumas County : Wood opal in Gravel Range. San Bernardino County : Opal occurs in the Black Mountains about 25 miles north of Barstow, some of which is good gem material and is worked. Most of it is common opal with chalcedony. Some clear hyalite occurs with it. San Diego County : Diatomaceous earth has come from about forty miles north of San Diego. San Francisco County : Nodular masses of common opal occur in the serpentine of San Francisco. San Joaquin County: Diatomaceous earth is found on Staple's Ranch. San Luis Obispo County : Diatomaceous earth occurs near Port Har- ford, near Arroya Grande and near Edna. San Mateo County: Diatomaceous earth at San Gregorio. Santa Barbara County : A large deposit of diatomaceous earth occurs at Lompoc. Also on south slope of Santa Ynez Mountains and near Santa Barbara. Mono County : Diatonuiceous earth has come from near Bodie. Monterey County : Diatomaceous earth from near Bradley. The Monterey shales grade into pure diatomaceous earth. Napa County : Wood opal in large trees occurs in the fossil forest near Calistoga. Nevada County : AVood opal at Chalk Bluflf, Nevada City, North Bloomfield, and Shelly Hill. Masses of moss opal are found at New- town. Orange county: Diatomaceous earth around Allison Creek south of El Toro. Placer County: Wood opal at Gold Run and near Roseville. Dia- tomaceous earth at Dutch Flat. San Diego County: Thin coatings of glassy hyalite occur on the (piartz and albite at Rincon, Rogers'^'. Shasta County: Diatomaceous earth is found in extensive beds along the Pitt River and on Hat Creek. Sierra County: Wood opal has come from Dowiiievine. Siskiyou County: Fii-c oj^al luis Ix'cii found ncfir Duusiiiuir. 70 STATE MINING BUREAU. Sonoma County : Wood opal near Santa Rosa ; diatomaceous earth about ten miles north of Petaluma; geyserite at the Geysers. Tehama County : Diatomaceous earth near Lassen Butte. Probably is volcanic tuflf. Tulare County: Wood opal in Kings River Canyon. Diatomaceous earth near Exeter. Chrysopal or prase opal is a nickel green opal found with chrysoprase in hills east of Visalia and Porterville. Tuolumne County : Wood opal has been found near Columbia. .86. ARSENOLITE— White arsenic. ' . Oxide of arsenic, As.Oj. Isometric, commonly fibrous crusts and earthy. Color white. Silky or vitreous luster. H = 1.5; G=3.7. Taste sweet. Astringent. The white oxide of arsenic is readily obtained by heating any arsenic compound but it is not very common native. Alpine County : Found as an alteration of enargite at the Exchequer mine. Small white octahedrons occur in the pyrite and enargite associated with realgar at the Monitor mine. San Bernardino County : Large masses occurred with gold at the Amargosa mine, W. P. Blake^^^ 87. VALENTINITE. Trioxide of antimony, SboOn. Orthorhombic. Generally columnar masses. Perfect brachypinacoidal cleavage. Color snow-white to ash-gray. H = 2.5; G = 5.56. Valentinite is an oxidation product of antimony minerals, especially of stibnite. San Benito County: Lemon-yellow bladed aggregates of valentinite, probably pseudomorphs after stibnite, occur at the Picahotes mine associated with cinnabar, quartz and chalcedony, Rogers^^^ 88. BISMITE— Bismuth Ocher. Oxide of bismuth, BijOj. Orthorhombic. Commonly occurs as an earthy coating. Color yellow to gray. G = 4.3G. Bismite occurs generally as a yellowish powder or coating on bismuth minerals, especially native bismuth. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 71 Mono County : Found at Lone Pine. San Diego County : Bismuth ocher was found as a yellow and gray powder with native bismuth at Pala, Kunz'^^^ This powder is, accord- ing to Schaller^^), in part bismuth hydroxide, ])ismuth vanadate and mixtures of these two. An analysis of the yellow oeher from the Stewart mine showed it to be a mixture of the hydroxide and the vanadate. Gang HoO Bi-.O:: V..O5 Sol. In HNO3 Insol. in HNO3 107° 210° Ign. 64.43 12.11 2.27 17.G3 0.32 0.224 3.43 =100.43 per cent An analysis of the gray ocher from the Stewart mine showed it to be probably bismuth hydroxide with the formula Bi.Oy.3HoO. Gang H2O BioOa ViOr, Sol. in HNO3 Insol. in HNO3 107° 240° Ign. 64.9 O.s 9.r. 13.5 0.4 0.3 11.4 =100.8 per cent An analysis of the yellow ocher from the Pala Chief mine showed it to be the bismuth vanadate, pucherite. Yellow bismite in small irregular particles and minute tabular crystals with the forms (100) and (Oil) occur at the Victor mine, Rincon, Rogers^ 2^ 89. MOLYBDITE— Molybdic Ocher. O-xide of molybdenum, M0O3. Capillary crystals in radiating tufts and earthy. Color straw-yellow. H = l — 2'; G = 4.5. Molj^bdite occurs as a yellow powder or as small radiating tufts as a secondary alteration product of molybdenite. Most of the localities given for molybdenite will show some of the yellow oxide. Mono County : Occurs with molybdenite at Cameron and at Silverado Creek, Whiting. Considered, however, by W. P. Blake^^^) ^q \)q a mechanical mixture of the hydrous oxide of antimony with other metallic bases. SbaOs CuoO AgoO PbO FeO Hod 47.65 32.11 6.12 2.01 2.33 8.29 =98.51 per cent A specimen labeled stetefeldtite has come from the Giant mine. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 73 CHAPTER VI. OXIDES OF THE METALS. Anhydrous. Cuprite Melaconite Corundum Hematite Ilmenite Spinel Magnetite Chromite Cassiterite Rutile Anatase Brookite Chrysoberyl ILiusmaunite Minium Crednerite Braunite I'yrolusite Hydrous. Manganite Gcitbite Limonite Bauxite Brucite Sassolite Psilomelane Asbolite Wad 94. CUPRITE— Red Copper. Red oxide of copper, CuoO. Isometric. Small cubes and octahedrons. Generally massive. Color red. Streak brownish red. Adamantine to submetallic luster. 11 = 3.") — 4. G = 5.99. Cuprite occurs in most of the copper localities as a secondary mineral in the oxidized portions of the deposits. Massive specimens have come from various counties but no large bodies of the mineral are known. It is an important ore of copper. Alameda County : Massive specimens have been found near Liver- more. Amador County : At Volcano. Calaveras County: Masses are occasionally found at Copperopolis and Campo Seco, associated with the chalcopyrite. ]\Ientioned by Silliman<5) from Quail Hill. Colusa County: Found at the old Candace and Union mines. The capillary variety cliaUotrirhih with massive cui)rite was found in the Lion mine. Del Norte County: Masses willi native copper found at the Pearl copper mine. Common in the Rockland district. Glenn County: At L'Honuue. Kern County: Found on the old San Emidio Kaneli. Mono County: ^lassive at the Eclipse, Keri-ielx and ^lammoth. mines. Also near Lundy with cera!'gy)'ite and chrysdcolla. Napa County: Found near Calistoga and St. Helena, some of it the chaleotrichite variety. Nevada County : At Meadow Tjake. Placer County: Massive near Lincoln. Plumas County: in Liglil 's Canyon. Willi native silver at the Poca- hontas mine. Indian \'alle\'. 74 STATE MINING BUREAU. San Bernardino County : Massive in Holcombe Valley. Common at the Copper World mine, Clarke Mountain. Shasta County : Massive pieces have been found at the Peck, After- thought, Copper City and other inines of this county. Trinity County : Massive at Trinity Center. Tulare County : In the Mineral King district. Tuolumne County: At Whiskey Hill, Silliman^^). 95. MELACONITE — Tenorite — Black Copper. Oxide of copper, CuO. Monoclinic. Generally as an earthy powder. Color black. Streak black. Submetallic luster. H = 3 — 4 ; G = 5.82. The black oxide of copper is a frecjuent oxidation product of chal- copyrite, forming a black powder or nodular masses. It occurs in many more localities than what can be given here. Calaveras County : Rather common with the chalcopyrite of Copper- opolis and Campo Seco. Large nodular masses have come from the Satellite mine. Colusa County : Found in serpentine with native copper and cuprite at the Gray Eagle mine. Del Norte County : With the chalcopyrite at the Alta and Pearl mines. Nevada County : At the Excelsior mine. Shasta County: At the Afterthought and other chalcopyrite mines of this countv. 96. CORUNDUM. Oxide of aluminium, ALOo. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Prismatic crystals and massive. Cleavage rhomboliedral. Color generally bluish gray ; also blue, green, yellow and red. Vitreous luster. H = 9; G=3.95 — 4.10. Corundum-bearing rocks are very rare in the State and no workable deposits of this Tiseful mineral are known. In the few localities where it occurs it exists in very limited quantities. The gem varieties, ruby ^and sapphire, have not been found in good clear crystals. Los Angeles County: The first mention of corundum in the State was of some sapphire-blue pebbles found in the drift of the San Fran- cisquito Pass, W. P. Blake<^). Crystals of ruby corundum occur in a corundvim syenite in San Antonio Canyon, near Uplands. Plumas County: Large crystals of a pale violet-blue shade occur in the plumasite of Spanish Peak, Lawson*^>. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 75 San Bernardino County: Found in the Kingston Range, Kunz^"\ San Diego County : A constituent of the dumortierite schist of De liesa, Schaller(5\ 97. HEMATITE. Sesquioxide of iron, FcoO.,. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Crystals, compact massive, granular, mica- ceous and earthy. Color black, red, brown. Streak red and reddish brown. Metallic, submetallic or earthy dull. U — 5.5 — 6.5; G=4.9 — 5.3. Hematite is the chief iron mineral and large deposits occur in Cali- fornia aAvaiting development. It occurs massive black, and massive and •earthy red. The crystalline ])lack masses are found in connection with the crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks while the red earthy masses are sedimentary alterations of iron bearing minerals. Red hem- atite mixed with brown limonite forms the common gossan capping of iron sulphide deposits. The flaky specular variety, often termed "spec- iilarite.'' is a common constituent of the crystalline rocks of the State. Martite is a pseudomorph of hematite after magnetite. Much of the magnetite of the State shows a change into hematite and martite is com- mon in the magnetite-hematite deposits. Alameda County : Massive red earthy hematite mixed with limonite forms the capping of the pyrite body at Leona Heights. Alpine County : Massive black specimens are common at Monitor. Amador County : Small amounts occur about two miles west of lone. Butte County : Common in the gravels at Magalia, Butte Creek, Oro- ville and Sterling City. Calaveras County: Small amounts found at Douglas Flat, Murphy, Wallace and Quail Hill. Del Norte County : Found at the Kelsey Tunnel, 14 miles southeast of Crescent City. El Dorado County : Heavy masses at Shingle Springs. In the gravels at Diamond Springs, Green Valley and Virner. Humboldt County: Large vein 3 miles south of Centerville. Inyo County : Massive specular hematite occurs at the Defiance mine. Also found in Owens Valley, Hanks^^\ Kern County: At Cane Springs and Ricardo. Lake County: ]\Iassive red near Glenbrook. In Cobb Valley. Madera County : One of the largest deposits of magnetite-hematite occurs in the Minaret Mountains. Much of this ore is martite. Marin County : Massive specimens have come from the Maillard Ranch, about two miles southwest of San Geronimo. ]\Iodoc County: Hematite flakes occur along the Feather River. Mono County: Connnon mineral in the Blind Spring district. 76 STATE MINING BUREAU. Napa County: Massive red occurs near St. Helena. Massive at White Sulphur Springs and Blaisville. Nevada County: Associated with gold at Meadow Lake, Lindgren^^). Minor deposits occur at Indian Springs and at Newtown. Orange County : Observed at Fullerton. Placer County : Some hematite occurs with magnetite at the Hotaling deposit about six miles north of Auburn. Small amounts occur at Clipper Gap, Red Hill and near Weimar. Plumas County : With magnetite near Crescent Mills ; at Mumf ord 's Hill, Light's Canyon, Genessee Valley and Nelson Point. Riverside County : Considerable hematite is associated with, and has been formed from, magnetite, at the extensive Eagle Mountain deposit. San Bernardino County : The numerous iron deposits of the Mojave Desert have hematite and magnetite in heavy black masses. The de- posits near Dale, on Iron Mountain, in the Kingston Range, at Cave Canyon, Newberry, on Providence Mountain and elsewhere in the county are massive hematite after magnetite, or martite. San Diego County : Black massive hematite in Eagle Peak Canyon. Shasta County: The Redding or Pitt River deposit of hematite has been utilized at the electric smelting furnace at Heroult. The capping of the pyrite beds of this county are thick deposits of earthy hematite and limonite. Siskiyou County : The gravels of the Shasta River show specular hematite. Sonoma County : Deposits are reported near Fort Ross and near the west fork of the Guelala river. Stanislaus County : A foliated variety occurs near La Grange. Tehama County : Minor deposits occur at Beegum. Trinity County : In the sands at Trinity Center. Yuba County : In the sands of the Brownsville district. 98. ILMENITE — Menaccanite — Titaniferous Iron. Oxide of iron and titanium, (FeTi)o03. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Plates, massive, in rounded pebbks and grains. Color black. Streak dark brown to black. Metallic luster. H=:o — 6; G = 4.5 — 5. Ilmenite resembles hematite and magnetite so closely that it is not often differentiated. The black l)each sands and the black concentrates in the gold fields contain much of the mineral in small grains and rolled pebbles. In most of the localities given below it exists in the sands. Amador Countv : Near Volcano. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 77 Butte County: At Oroville, Cherokee, Ijittle Rock Creek, Brush creek, and Inskip. Calaveras County : San Andi-eas, Murphy and Wallace in consider- able amount. Del Norte County : At Crescent City. El Dorado County: In the Brownsville district, at Green Valley, Placerville, Grizzly Flats. Its occurrence is mentioned at Georgetown, Hanks^9>. Humboldt County : At Upper Gold Bluff. Kern County : A large constituent of the black sands at Vaughn. Los Angeles County : In the beach sands at Ocean Park. Madera County : With magnetite in the Minaret Mountains. Mariposa County : Near Princeton and in dolomite as crystals near Mariposa. Nevada County: At Rough and Ready, Nevada City, North Bloom- field and Relief Hill. Orange County : At Fullerton. Placer County : At Gold Run. Plumas County : At Spanish Ranch, Crescent Mills, Genessee, La Porte and Nelson Point. San Bernardino County : Near Needles. San Francisco County : A constituent of the dikes cutting across the city. San Luis Obispo County : A constituent of the beach sands of the county. Santa Barbara County : At Point Sal. Santa Cruz County : At Aptos. Shasta County : At Round Mountain, French Gulch and Redding. Siskiyou County : In the sands of Jackson Creek, Happy Camp, Forks of the Salmon, Sawyers Bar, Scott River and Shasta River. Trinity County: At Junction City, Carrville, IMinersville and on Trinity River. Tuolumne County : At American Camp. Yuba Count}^ : At JNIarysville, Brownsvilh', Yuba River. Strawl)erry Valley, Indian Hill and Oregon House. 99. SPINEL. O.Kide oL" aluiuiiiiuin iiiid luagncsinin, MgO.ALOs. Isoinot ric. Small crystals ; rounded grains. Color ruby-red, blue, green, brown and black. Vitreous luster. 11 = 8; = 3.5 — 4.1. Spinel occurs only as a rock constituent and exist in some of the gold sands as ruby-red grains resembling red garnet. Picodlc is a brown 78 STATE MINING BUREAU. spinel containing chroniinm and iron which occurs in the serpentine rocks. Pleonaste is an iron-magnesia spinel. Butte County: Small crystals of ruby spinel have been found in the rock of the diamond mine near Oroville. Humboldt County : Ruby spinel occurs in the beach sands at Gold Bluff. Placer County: Picotite has been found at Rocklin, Hanks^^^ San Diego County : Blue spinel was reported to occur in the ^lack mine near Rincon; the deep green, pleonaste variety, in small octahe- drons, occurs there, associated with garnet, Rogers *^^\ San Luis Obispo County: Ruby spinel has been observed near San Luis Obispo, Kunz^'^^ Siskiyou County: Picotite occurs in the basalts of Mount Shasta, Hanks(6). 100. MAGNETITE— Magnetic Iron. Oxide of iron, Fe304. Isometric. Octahedral crystals, compact and granular massive. Color iron black. Streak black. Metallic luster. H = 5.5 — 6.5; G = 5.1. Strongly magnetic. Magnetite is one of the most abundant of the iron minerals and good deposits of it occur in the State. It is a constituent of all igneous rocks and in such condition exists in all of the counties. It forms the bulk of the black sands. ]\Iost of magnetite occurs with the metamorphic schists and gneisses, and in igneous rocks. Often occurs along the con- tact of igneous intrusions through metamorphic or sedimentary rocks. Some of the magnetite is titaniferous, grading toward ilmenite. Lodestone is the variety possessing polarity. Amador County : Large boulders have been found at Volcano, W. P. Blake. On Sutter Creek. Butte County : Abundant in the drift workings at Magalia, in the gravels on Butte Creek and in the dredging sands at Oroville. In the concentrates at Sterling City, Little Rock Creek, Brush Creek, Love- lock and Inskip. Calaveras County : In the concentrates at Douglas Flat, San Andreas, Murphy, and Wallace. Del Norte County : At Crescent City, Gilbert Creek, on Smith River. EI Dorado County : Massive about two miles northeast of Shingle Springs and also fine octahedrons in chlorite. The lodestone variety has been found at Coloma. Common in the concentrates at Virnir, Green Valley, Grizzly Flats, Reliance mine and in the Brownsville district. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 79 Fresno County : Lodestone has been found at the Sparkling Iron mine. Kings Creek district. Humboldt County : The greater part of the black constituent of the beach sands at Gold Bluff and Upper Gold Bluff is magnetite. Common also at Orleans and Trinidad. Kern County: Abundant at Ricardo, Cane Springs and Vaughn in the black concentrates. Los Angeles County: Black sands at Ocean Park. Solid masses near Russ Station in Soledad Canyon. Small deposit in canyon about ten miles northeast of Acton ; with garnet in the black sands of Santa Monica Bay. Madera County : Large deposits of magnetite-hematite occur in the Minaret Mountains. Deposits occur on the west slope of Mount Ray- mond. Modoc County : In the drift and black sands of the Feather River. Mono County : Found massive in the Benton, Bodie and Lundy dis- tricts, Whiting' i\ Nevada County: A deposit occurs about one mile west of Newtown and also about four miles south of Indian Springs at the contact between granodiorite and diabase. Common in the concentrates at Nevada City, Grass Valley, North Bloomfield, Relief Hill, and Rough and Ready. Orange County : In the sands at FuUerton. Placer County: A. deposit which has been worked for the electric smelter at Heroult occurs at Hotaling, about six miles north of Auburn, on the contact between diabase and quartzite. Octahedrons are com- mon at Forest Hill. Common in the black sands and concentrates at Butcher Ranch. Michigan Bluff, Gold Run, East Auburn, in Blue Canyon, and on the North Fork of the American River. Plumas County: Common at Spanish Ranch, Genessee, La Porte, Nelson Point, Crescent Mills, and on Rock Island Hill, but only in small amounts. Riverside County: One of the largest deposits of iron in the State occurs on Eagle Mountain. It is magnetite-hematite or martite ore. Sacramento County : In the black sands at Michigan Bar. San Bernardino County: Important deposits of magnetite occur in several localities in this county but are as yet not utilized. Good deposits on Iron ^Mountain, near Dale, at Owl Holes, on the Kingston Range, at Cave Canyon, Garlic Springs, Newberry, and on Providence Mountain. The Dale deposit has been descril)ed ])y Ilarder^^). San Francisco County : A constituent of the beach sands. San Luis Obispo County : Common at La Panza. Santa Barbara County : Common in the beach sands at Point Sal. 80 STATE MINING BlREAr. Shasta County : Large deposit at Hotaling ou contact between dia- base and slate. Deposit near Baird. Occurs with hematite at Iron Mountain and at most of the copper mines. In the sands at French Gulch, Redding and Round Mountain. On contact between diabase and carboniferous limestone at Gray Rock and on McCloud River. Sierra County : Large beds said to occur in this county, W. P. Blake (9). Siskiyou County : In the black sands it is common at Happy Camp, Seiard, Cecilville, Forks of the Salmon, Sawyer's Bar, Scott River, Oro Fino, Castella, Shasta River, Beaver Creek, Henley and Klamath River. Trinity County : In the black sands at Trinity Center, Douglas City, Junction City, Carrville, Minersville and along the Trinity River. Tulare County: Massive at New Pass, W. P. Blake(i>. Tuolumne County : In the black concentrates at all of the mines. Yuba County : Common at Marysville, Brownsville, Strawberry Val- ley, Indian Hill, Oregon House, Camptonville and on Yuba River. 101. CH ROM ITE— Chromic Iron. Oxide of clirominm and iron, FeCi^Oi. Isometric. Generally massive. Color blaclv. Streak grayish brown. Metallic luster. H = .5.5; G = 4.32 — 4.57. In much of the chromite of the State magnesium replaces the iron, forming magnesium chromite. The mineral is formed in serpentine rocks, often as large boulder-like masses and irregular shaped masses. It is abundant in the serpentine areas of the State, and some tons of it are produced annually. It is also abundant in the black sands. Alameda County : Pockets of massive chromite occur in the serpentine about seven miles northeast of Milton, and at Mendenhall, about sixteen miles south of Livermore. Amador County : Found near Jackson. Butte County : A constituent of the black sands at Magalia, Oro- ville, Cherokee, Buchanan Hill, Lovelock, and Pentz. Calaveras County : In the serpentine about five miles east of Valley Springs. In the concentrates at Forest Gulch. Colusa County : Massive at Newville. Del Norte County: In the black sands of Smith River, on Gilbert Creek and at Crescent City. Good deposits on Rattlesnake Mountain, twenty miles east of Crescent City. El Dorado County: Near Latrobe, near Colima and at Shingle Springs. MINERALS OF CALIFOKXIA. 81 Fresno Couritv : Found near IMadera in masses coated with zaratite. Deposits occur in the southwest part of the county in the Mount Diablo Range, and in the serpentine hills east of Fresno. Humboldt County : Constituent of the beach sands at Gold Bluff, and of the concentrates at Orleans and Trinidad. Lake County : Pockets of chromite occur on the Pardee Ranch, near Middleton. Mendocino County : Found coated with green uvarovite garnet about ten miles north of Willits. Specimens have come from near Ukiah. ]\Ionterey County : Common in small masses in the serpentine of this county, and specimens have been analysed, Goldsmith* ^>. Cr.O., AUOa FeaO.-, MgO CaO SiOo .■>2.12 2.18 1."».24 12.29 .",.6.") ]2.12 =00.60 per cent Nevada County : Fine octahedrons occur in the serpentine near Indian Springs. In the concentrates at Rough and Ready, North Bloomfield, and Relief Hill. Placer County : A deposit occurs in serpentine near Green Valley below Towle. In the black sands of the North Fork of American River, of Blue Canyon, at Loomis, and at Michigan Bluff. Plumas County: Common at Rock Island Hill, La Porte, and in Meadow ^"alley as concentrates. Sacramento County : A prominent constituent of the black sands at Michigan Bar. San Benito County: Massive specimens coated with zaratite have come from near Hollister. San Luis Obispo County : Mined in mountains southeast of San Luis \'alley on the slope of the San Lucia Range. Occurs at the London mine. 4-i miles northeast of San Luis Obispo. Found at the head of Carpojero Creek and at La Panza. The chromite from the Pick and Shovel mine on Chorro Creek has been analysed, Pemberton^^\ Ci\.0:, AL.U;, Fe:..0:.. MgO FeO MnO SiO,. H^O 5G.GS 11.4U 3.r»2 l«i.23 11.77 0.1.") 3.40 0.04 =100.09% San Mateo County : Common in the In-ach sands. Santa Clara County: Found in small masses in the serpentine near Los Gatos and near New Almaden. Shasta County: At French Gulch and in tlic black sands of the Sacramento River. Siskiyou County: A good deposit near Casteihi. Common in the concentrates at Callahan, Grouse Creek, Happy Camp, on Scott River, Beaver Creek and in Sciard Valley. Sonoma County: Found at Litton Springs and near Cloverdale. Trinity County: In tlic sands at Trinity Center. (5— S.-)(JO 82 STATE MINING BUREAU. Tuolumne County : Masses have been found near Chinese Camp. Yuba County : In the black sands at Camptonville, on the Yuba River, and on Indian Hill. 102. CASSITERITE— Tin Stone. Oxide of tin, SnOo. Tetragonal. Twinned crystals and massive. Color brown and black. Streak gray or pale brown. Adamantine to dull luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 6.8 — 7.1. This valuable oxide, from which practically all of the metallic tin is obtained, is rare in California. A few specimens of stream tin and a small deposit quickly exhausted are all that have been found. Plumas County : Stream tin was found in the bed of the middle fork of the Feather River, three miles above Big Bar, Hanks^^^ Riverside County : The Temescal tin mine was situated a few miles southeast of South Riverside in the Santa Ana Mountains. The oxide occurred in a rudely semicircular area of granite about two miles in diameter, as brownish masses and reddish brown crystals in a vein of tourmaline and quartz. Some layers of wood tin also occurred. An analysis of a fairly pure specimen of the ore was made by Genth, Fair- banks^ 5) Si02 WO3 SnOe CuO AlsOsFe^Og MnO CaO 9.82 0.22 76.15 0.27 13.54 San Diego County : Small crystals were found associated with gem tourmaline, beryl and stibiotantalite, at Mesa Grande, Penfield and Ford^i). Siskiyou County : Stream tin is not uncommon in the gravels at Sawyer's Bar. Trinity County: Found as stream tin near Weaverville, IIanks^^\ 103. RUTILE. Oxide of titanium, TiOj. Tetragonal. Long prisms and grains ; crystals often twinned. Color red- dish brown to brownish black. Adamantine to metallic luster. Streak pale brown to colorless. H = 6 — 6.5; G = 4.18 — 4.25. Rutile, as a rock constituent in microscopic crystals, is common in many of the metamorphic rocks of the State. Large crystals have not been found. Amador County : Reported as needles in (juartz, forming sagenite, at Tyler's ranch near Oleta. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 83 Butte County: A constituent of the gold washings at Cherokee, Silliman<7). Humboldt County : First noticed in the State in the granite at Eureka. Mono County : It occurs in small reddish brown crystals in white ({uartzite M'ith bands of blue lazulite near Mono Lake. San Diego County : One of the constituents of the dumortierite schist at Dehesa, Schaller^^\ Santa Clara County : Found in the schists of Calaveras Valley and in much of the metamorphics of the Coast Range, Murgoci^^^ 104. ANATASE— Octahedrite. Oxide of titanium, TiOo. Tetragonal. Small pj'ramidal crystals. Cleavage perfect basal and prismatic. Color brown. Adamantine to metallic luster. H = 5.5 — 6; G = 3.82 — 3.95. This dimorphic form of the oxide is much rarer than rutile, and is always found in minute crystals. El Dorado County : Minute crystals with brookite were found implanted on quartz crystals near Placerville, Kunz^^^- ^^^ 105. BROOKITE. Oxide of titanium, TiO^. Orthorhombic. Cr.vstals tabular or pyramidal. Color dark brown to black. Adamantine luster. 11 = 5.5 — G: G = 3.S7 — 4.01. This trimorphic form of the oxide is also much rarer than rutile, and only the one locality is known in the State for its occurrence. El Dorado County : Found in tabular reddish brown crystals, with anatase on quartz crystals at Placerville. Forms by Penfield: (100), (001), (110), (210), '(102), (104), (021), (121), (122), (134), (234), Kunz. Also at Sweetland, and as dendrite on rocks of Sugar Loaf Hill. Placer County: Found near Auburn. Plumas County : Common in the Diadem lode. Meadow Valley dis- trict. Riverside County: Occurs near Elsinore. San Bernardino County:" One of the minerals in the Calico and Barstow districts. San Joaquin County : In the manganese deposits of the Diablo Range. San Mateo County : At Baden. Santa Clara County : Found at tiie Washington mine and in mines of the Diablo Range. Sierra County : Common as dendrite at Alleghany. Siskiyou County: Occurs with rhodonite at Sawyer's Bar. Sonoma County : At the Shaw mine. Tuolumne County: Common with psilomelane at Knapp's ranch, near Columbia. 86 STATE MINING BUREAU. 112. MANGANITE. Hj'drous oxide of manganese, MnoOs.HoO. Orthorhombic. Crystals long prisms. Structure usually columnar. Perfect brachypiuacoidal cleavage. Color iron-black. Metallic luster. Streak dark reddish brown. H = 4; G = 4.3. There are numerous small deposits of manganese in the State, and much of the ore appears to be maganite mixed with a more or less silicious psilomelane. The deposits consist generally of black porous ore in masses and lenses of red and brown jasper in the metamorphics of the Coast ranges, and to some extent in the Sierras. Reports on the ■deposits of the State have been made by Penrose^ ^^ and by Harder^^^ Alameda County : Deposits occur in the Livermore-Tesla district southwest of Livermore in the Diablo Range. The ore is in jasper lenses, and much of the manganese produced in the State has come from this district, one of the earliest and best known mines being the old X/add or Corral Hollow^ mine. Calaveras County : Some manganite with psilomelane occurs two miles northeast of San Andreas in mica schist. Colusa County : Small deposits on the east flank of St. John Moun- tain, near Little Stony. Contra Costa County : The deposits on Red Rock Island in San Francisco Bay contain some manganite with the psilomelane. Marin County : Some manganite is found in the red rock near Sausalito. Mendocino County : At the Cave mine, ten miles northeast of Ukiah. Placer County: Small pieces have been found near Colfax. Plumas County : Considerable manganese occurs in this county in the Meadow Valley and other districts, and manganite is probably common. Riverside County : Psilomelane and manganite occur in a network of veins in schist six miles northeast of Elsinore, in the Maria Mountains. San Joaquin County: Some small deposits in jasper in the Diablo Range. San Luis Obispo County : Small deposits occur five miles Avest of San Luis Obispo. Santa Clara County: In the Black Wonder and other mines of the Diablo Range. Sonoma County : At the Shaw mine eight miles northwest of Clover- dale. Tuolumne Countv : Occurs with rhodonite two miles north of Sonora. MINER-O^S OF CALIFORNIA. 87 113. GOTHITE. Hydrous oxide of iron, FeoOg.HoO. Orthorhombic. Slendpr prisms, vertically striated. Cleavajje perfect brachypinacoidal. Color yellowish brown. Streak yellowish brown. Ada- mantine to snbmetallic luster. H = 5 — ^5.5; G = 4.37. Gothite is usually found as slender prismatic crystals in masses of limonite or hematite, and resembles limonite so closely that it would be usually classed as such. Inyo County : Found with chrysoeoUa and limonite at the St. Ignacio mine. Mariposa County : Observed at Burns Creek in masses of limonite. San Bernardino Count}^ : An associate with limonite at the mag- netite-hematite deposit, near Dale. 114. LIMONITE— Brown Hematite. Hydrous oxide of iron, 2Fe,03..3H20. Massive. Compact, stalactitic, botryoidal, columnar, fibrous, earthy. Color yellow, brown to black. Streak yellowish brown. Submetallic to dull luster. H = 5 — .5.5; G = .3.6 — 4. Limonite is the most common of the iron minerals, and is quite uni- versal in its occurrence as a staining material. It is found varying from soft yellow and brown ocher to hard compact masses. As the common alteration product of pyrite and most minerals containing iron, it is prevalent in most mineral districts and forms the gossan and brown capping of ore deposits. Cubes of limonite as pseudomorphs after pyrite are common in mining regions. As an ore of iron it is not so valuable as hematite or magnetite. It is present in every county in some form and only a few of its occurrences can consequently be cited. Alameda County : Earthy limonite mixed with hematite is common as a gossan capping of the pyrite deposit at Leona Heights. Amador County : Found in concretions and earthy masses at Pine Grove. With hematite and magnetite at Volcano. Butte County: Large blocks at Burns Creek, W. P. Blake(9>. Thick masses at the IMonarch mine ; cubes at Red Hill and at Magalia. Calaveras County : Forms capping of hill about one mile and a half north of JMurphy. The Detert deposit near Valley Springs was form- erly worked. Massive and yellow ocher at the Eureka mine, near Valley Springs. Inyo County : Pseudomorphs after long prisms of stibnite from the Cerro Gordo. Mariposa County : Fine large cubes have come from the Chowchilla Valley. 88 STATE MINING lUTREAU. Placer County : At Gold Run. Plumas County: Massive in Light's Canyon and at Nelson Point. San Luis Obispo County : Brown banded masses have come from the Perfumo ranch. This deposit lies in the Los Osos Mountains inter- bedded with Franciscan shales and sandstones. Shasta County: Common as cappings of the pyrite deposits of the county. Pseudomorphs after hedenbergite have been found at Ydalpan. Highly iridescent specimens have come from Copper City. Excellent bronze colored stalactites occurred at the Lost Confidence mine, Iron Mountain. Sonoma County : Yellow ocher at the Occidental mine. Tulare County : Common in the Mineral King district. Yolo County : In the sands at Capay. 115. BAUXITE. Hydrous oxide of aluminium, AI0O3.2H2O. Massive, earthy, oolitic. Color white, yellow, red or browu. H = l.y; G = 2.55. Deposits of pure bauxite are unknown in the State. Aubury^^) is the authority for the occurrence of the mineral. Riverside County : Said to occur in the county. Yuba County : Found at Smartsville. 116. BRUCITE. Hydrous oxide of magnesia, iMgO.H„0. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Foliated plates and fibrous masses. Cleav- age perfect basal. Color white, gray, pink. Pearly luster. H=:2.5; G = 2.38 — 2.4. Brucite occurs as thin veins in serpentine, but very little has been observed in the State as an alteration of serpentine. It also occurs as a metamorphic mineral in crystalline magnesian limestone. Riverside County : Brucite is abundant in small globular masses in the white crystalline limestone at Crestmore, formed probably as a hydration product of original periclase. An analysis by Eakle gave : MgO FezOs H2O 67.48 0.55 31.73 09.7G per cent San Francisco County : A small amount of brucite has been observed as thin seams in the serpentines of San Francisco. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 89 117. SASSOLITE— Boracic Acid. Hydrous oxide of borou, B.O;j.81l20. Triolinic. T'sually in small scales. Cleavnso piTfect basal. Color white. Pearly luster. H = l; G = 1.4S. The waters of some of the springs and lakes of the State contain traces of l)oracic acid, ])iit the scaly white crystals of the solid sassolite have not been found. Lake County: Occurs in the waters of Clear Lake, W. P. Blake^^^ San Bernardino County: Some of the borate waters of this county yield the oxide upon evaporation. 118. PSILOMELANE. Hydrous oxide of mausanese. usually impure. Massive, botryoidal, stalactitic. Prominent conchoidal fracture. Color black. Streak brownish black. 11 = .") — 6; G = 3.7 — 4.7. This is the most common manganese mineral and is the chief ore of manganese in the State. It is almost always associated with manga- nite or pyrolusite, and often with limonite. The mineral is found in many localities, but the characteristic occurrence of the more important deposits is in seams and irregular masses in jasper. All of the localities cited for pyrolusite and manganite contain psilomelane as well. Wad is an impure soft black oxide, often with the harder psilomelane. AshoJite is a wad containing cobalt. The locations of manganese claims in the State are given by Anbury ^^^ Reports on the manganese deposits of the State have been made by Penrose^i^ and by Harder*!^ Alameda County : The Corral Hollow deposit is largely silicious psilomelane. Contra Costa Count.y : The deposit of manganese on Red Rock, San Francisco Bay, which was formerly mined, is psilomelane. Los Angeles County : Asbolite occurred in the K mine, San Gabriel Canyon. Marin County : Large masses occurred on the San Geronimo ranch. Nevada County: Wad occurs near the North Banner mine. Placer County : Masses at Michigan Bluff. Plumas County : Large masses on Mumford Hill. San Benito County: Stringers and coatings occur with the benitoite, Louderback^^\ Tuolumne County : Massive witii pyrolusite near Columbia. 90 STATE MINING BUREAU. CHAPTER VII. Anhydrous. Calcite Dolomite Ankerite IMagnesite Siderite Ilhodochrosite Smithsonite Aragonite Strontianite Cerussite CARBONATES. Bismutospliae'rite Phosgeuite Northupite Tychite Hydrous. Malachite Azurite Aurichalcite Hydrozincite Dawsouite Thermonatrite Gay Lussite Natron Trona Pirssonite Hydromagnesite Hydrodolomite Zaratite Bismutite 119. CALCITE — Calc Spar — Limestone. Carbonate of calcium, CaCOa. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Crystals common, rhombohedrons and scale- nohedrons. Also massive, granular, stalactitic, chalky. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. Colorless, white, yellow, brown, blue, red, pink, green, black, etc. Vitreous luster. H = 3; G = 2.71. Calcite is one of the exceedingly common minerals and occurs in many colors and in many varieties based on color and structure. Some of these varietal names are : Iceland spar, dogtooth spar, stalactite, stalagmite, marble, onyx marhle, travertine, calc-tufa, chalk and com- mon limestone. Extensive beds of limestone are common in the State, and are quarried for the manufacture of cement. Fine quality marble is also known, but little of it is quarried except for cement. Aubury(^) gives the location of limestone quarries. Alameda County : Crystals are common in the chalcedony geodes on the Berkeley Hills. Alpine County : Fine groups of rhombohedrons have come from the Pennsylvania mine. Amador County : White marble near Plymouth. Butte County : A black mottled marble is found at Pentz. Calaveras County : Crystals occur near Natural Bridge. El Dorado County : Fine stalactites occur at the Alabaster Cave. Good crystals found at the Cosumnes copper mine. Inyo County : Thick deposits of beautiful variegated marble occur at the foot of the Inyo Mountains, between Keeler and Lone Pine. The marble is dolomitic. Fine crystal specimens and stalactites have been found at the Cerro Gordo and Union mines. Kern County: Good quality marble occurs on the Tehachapi Range near Neenach. MINER.VLS OF CAIJFORNIA. 91 Los Angeles County : Caleite crystals occur with the colemanite at Lang with the forms : (lOTO), (01T2), (0995), (0221), (0001). Mariposa County : Good crystals have come from the mines near Mariposa. Merced County: A strontian-bearing caleite is said to occur at Delhi. Mono County : A large deposit of travertine occurs near Bridge- port. Good crystals have come from the Bodie district. Nevada County : Common in the Grass Valley and Nevada City mines. Fine scalenohedrons have come from the Pittsburg mine. Placer County : One of the minerals of the Ophir district, Lind- gi.en(5) ^ verd-antique variety was found about sixteen miles north- east of Auburn. Riverside County : Blue caleite occurs at Crestmore, which is quar- ried for cement manufacture. San Benito County : Found in the rocks adjoining the benitoite veins near the headwaters of the San Benito River, Louderback*^-^ San Bernardino County : A large deposit of beautiful variegated marble occurs at the Gem Marble quarries in the Silver Mountain district about five miles south of Oro Grande which is now quarried for cement. Also on Slover IMountain, near Colton, gray limestone is quarried for cement. San Francisco County : Sealenohedrons of caleite occur at Fort Point. They have the forms: (5382), (2358), (4.16.20.3), (1.6.7.13), Schal- ler(8). San Luis Obispo County : Beautiful onyx marble with moss-like inclusions of greenish chlorite imparting a landscape effect to the trans- lucent thin slabs.. San Mateo County : Crystals have come from near San Pedro. Shasta County: Large stalactites and tubular shapes occur in Pot- ter's Cave, near Baird, Eakle^^\ Siskiyou County : Large deposits of white and variegated marble occur on Marble Mountain. Solano County : Onyx marble and massive limestone . occurs near Tolenas. A brown banded onyx marble occurred near Suisun. Sonoma County : Low rhombohedrons of caleite occur in geodes near Petaluma. Tuolumne County : "White and blue-veined marble occurs in an extensive deposit on the Stanislaus River a few miles north of Columbia. Fine crystals with the forms (lOTO), (OlTl), and (3121) were found at the Keltz mine. Large stalactites at the Crystal Palace Cave near Columbia. 92 STATE MINING BUREAU. 120. DOLOMITE — Magnesium Limestone. Carbonate of magiicsiuiii and calciuni (Ca.M,;;! CO,,. Ilexasonal, rhomhohedral. ("r.\slals usually with curved faces and mas- sive. Cleavage perfect rhoniholu'dral. Color white, gray, brown, pink. H = 3.r) — 4: G = 2.S8. Dolomite is a coininon mineral, but is not so al)undant as calcite. Much of the limestone and marble of the State is dolomitic, and some is doubtless pure dolomite, but the amount and localities are unknown since the two carbonates are only chemically differentiated. The min- eral is commonly associated with magnesian silicates, especially the serpentine rocks, in which it is often found as white veins. Calaveras County : White crystals of dolomite occurred in the gold- bearing schist of Carson Hill. Inyo County : The variegated marbles of the Inyo Mountains are dolomitic. Good crystals were found in the San Felipe mine. Nevada County : Dolomite occurs as veins in the serpentine at Nevada City. Santa Clara County : Large specimens of drusy crystallizations and low rhombohedrons of snow-white dolomite occurred in the New Al- maden and Guadalupe quicksilver mines. 121. ANKERITE. Carbonate of calcium, magnesium and iron, CaCOj.MgCOj.FeCOs. Hexagonal, rhomhohedral. Generally massive. Cleavage like calcite. Color white to brown. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 2.9.5 — 3.1. Ankerite is sometimes classed as an iron-bearing dolomite. It is a very common form of carbonate associated with the gold-bearing schists of the Mother Lode region, especially with the green mica, mariposite. Mariposa County: The mineral was first reported by Silliman'^^^ as an associate of mariposite on the Mariposa Estate. It w^as prominent in mariposite schists at the Josephine mine. Tuolumne County : Common on Quartz Mountain and at the Raw- hide Ranch mine, near Tuttletown. 122. MAGNESITE. Carbonate of magnesia, MgCO,,. Hexagonal, rhonibohedral. Ci-ystals are rare. Generally compact mas- sive ; sometimes earthy. Color snow-white to brown. Prominent con- choidal fracture, of massive mineral. H = 3.5 — 4."); G = 3.0 — 3.12. Magnesite is a very common mineral in California because of the great areas of serpentine from which it is an alteration product. It is characteristic of the serpentinized rock to be intersected by veins and MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 93 patches of the snow-white to light ])uff carbonate, some of these veins foriuing important deposits of the mineral. The main deposits lie in the serpentine belts of the Coast Ranges, but minor deposits also occur in the serpentines of the Sierras. The mineral is almost uniformly in iiryptocrystalline masses with prominent conchoidal fracture, and the silicious varieties are very hard. A bulletin on the magnesite deposits ■of the State has been issued by Hess'^* who gives the analyses cited below. Alameda County : Small veins occur in the serpentine on Cedar Mountain, about twenty-two miles southeast of Livermore. Calaveras County : Veins occur near San Andreas. Fresno County : A very pure magnesite occurs in veins on Kings River, nine miles east of Sanger. Kern County: Some veins are found near Walker's Pass, east of Bakersfield. ]Mendocino County : Pure white veins on Hixon ranch, about twelve miles north of Cloverdale. SiO,. AI0O3 Fe^Oa CaO MgO CO2 0.41 O.L'S 0.12 0.0:5 ^T.K; .n.SS =nO.SS per cent Napa County : A large numl)er of veins occur in the serpentine of the county. Very prominent in Chiles Valley, about thirteen miles from Rutherford. Analyses of the mineral from this locality gave : SiOo AL.O:, FeoOs CaO MgO COo HoQ 2.1.", 1.22 l.Ki .",.2S 41.01 4S.72 __ = 99.54 per ceut l.Sl O.OS tr. 40,..-,.-. .-,1.2.:> 0.32 =100.01 «>.6S l.-,.lo __ __ 37.20 40.!ts __ = 99.90 Veins also occur on the east side of Pcpe Valley, in Soda Creek Canyon, and in the serpentine of Beryessa Valley. Nevada County : Narrow veins occur in the serpentine at Nevada City. Placer County: Veins occur near Damascus and ^Michigan Bluff and at Gold Run. Riverside County : Veins are found in a hill of serpentine, about three miles south of Winchester, which are worked for cement purposes. SiO,. Al.O... Fe:;():, CaO MgO CO,. 4.7:! 0.12 O.OS (».4:! 44.77 40.40 =99.33 per lent San Francisco County: Small veins occur in the serpentine at Fort Point. San Luis Obispo County: Small veins on the Kiscr ranch al)out nine miles northwest of Cambria. Santa Barbara County: Sonn' \citis cxisi in tln' mountains back of Santa Barbara. Santa Clara ( ountv : Larsje veins exist in the l)ial)lo Range in the 94 STATE MINING BUREAU. northeast corner of the county. An analysis of quite pure magnesite from the Alameda claim gave : SiOa AI2O3 FeoOa CaO MgO CO2 0.73 0.14 0.21 0.40 46.61 51.52 =99.61 per cent An analysis of buif-colored silicious magnesite from the Cochrane ranch, about four miles from Morgan Hill Station, gave : SiOi AI2O3 FeoOs CaO MgO CO2 49.85 3.45 0.18 0.48 21.53 23.96 =99.45 per cent Analysis of the mineral from veins in serpentine near Coyote gave : SiOs AI2O3 FeoOa CaO MgO CO2 0.30 0.16 0.38 1.34 45.86 51.80 =99.74 per cent Sonoma County: There are numerous veins in the serpentine of the county, and Hess gives several analyses. 1. Veins four miles north of Cloverdale called the Creon deposit ; 2. Eckert ranch, near Cloverdale ; 3. William Creek deposit on steep west side of creek, about seven miles northwest of Guerneville ; 4. Red Slide deposit in valley of East Austin Creek, about eight miles north of Cazadero. SiOs AI2O3 Fe203 CaO MgO CO2 1. 1.60 0.25 1.09 1.04 45.20 50.43 = 99.61 per cent { 0.51 1.98 0.16 0.59 45.84 50.80 = 99.88 — \ 0.23 0.04 0.20 0.19 46.88 51.57 = 99.11 3. 3.51 1.10 0.80 1.46 43.65 49.16 = 99.68 4. 7.67 0.26 0.29 0.04 48.42 48.08 = 99.76 Stanislaus County: The veins of the American Magnesite Company extend across the line from Santa Clara County. Tula.re County : A large amount of magnesite has been mined from veins on hills about four miles northeast of Porterville. Hess gives several analyses of the mineral from this county. 1. From the serpen- tine hills near the chrysoprase locality, about eight miles southeast of Porterville; 2. On range of hills about four miles northeast of Porter- ville : 3. From veins on South Fork of Tule River. SiOo AI2O3 FesOa CaO MgO CO2 0.31 0.11 0.08 0.24 47.22 51.64 = 99.60 per cent ^ 2.2s 0.03 0.26 1.32 45.17 50.74 = 99.80 } / 0.90 0.49 1.49 44.39 50.06 i O.SO 0.42 0.20 1.02 45.94 51.30 = 99.68 Small veins also occur in Round Valley, about four miles east of Lindsay; on Rocky Hill, about two miles east of Exeter, with eali- fornite ; near Naranjo with white opal ; and near Auckland. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 95 123. SI DERITE— Spathic Ore. Carbonate of iron, FeCOa Hexagonal, rhombohedial. Crystals with curved faces, also massive. Cleavage perfect rhoiubohedral. Color ash-gray to dark brown. Vitreous to pearly luster. H = 3.5 — 4 ; G = 3.S. The iron carbonate is occasionally found in the mining regions in drusy crystallizations associated with pyrite and galena, but the mineral does not appear to be very common in the State. Inyo County : Small masses have been found at the Custer mine, Coso district. Los Angeles County : Some massive siderite occurs in the Tejunga Canyon. Shasta County : According to Fairbanks^^^ siderite occurs in large masses in this county east of the Stillwater region. 124. RHODOCHROSITE. Carbonate of manganese. MnCOj. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Small crystals and massive. Cleavage per- fect rhombohedral. Color rose-red. Vitreous luster. 11 = 3.5 — 4.5; G = 3.45 — 3.60. Few good specimens of the rose-red car])onate have been found in the State. The mineral is generally found in gold-silver regions where manganese is associated with the veins. Butte County : The mineral has been found on the North Fork, of the Feather River. Placer County : Small druses of the mineral have been found in some of the mines of the county. San Bernardino County : Good specimens occur at the Xew York mine near Manvel. 125. SMITHSONITE— Dry Bone. Carbonate of zinc, ZnCOs. He.xagonal. rhombohedral. Drusy crystals and massive ; often boue-like. Color grayish, bluish, greenish. Vitreous luster. 11 = 5; G = 4.45. Smithsonite is a secondary mineral more often found in silver-lead districts. It is usually associated with lead carbonate and the silicates of zinc. Inyo County: Found with eerrusite at the Modoe mine, Cerro Gordo, nanks<6). Present also at the Ignacio mini' with cabniiim' and willemite. 96 STATE MINING BUREAU. Kern County : Occurred in drusy veins at the Jewett mine on Cot- tonwood Creek. San Bernardino County : With calamine at the Cuticura mine, near Daggett. 126. ARAGONITE. Carbonate of calcium, CaCO^. Orthorhombic. Slender prisms, aciciilar. fibrous, stalactitic. massive. Colorless, white, yellow, brown. Vitreous luster. 11 = 3.5 — 4: G-:2.93 — 2.95. The distinction lietween calcite and aragonite has seldom been made, and much of the banded onyx marble of the State has been erroneously called aragonite. The fine snow-white branching stalactitic form of aragonite, called ''flos ferri," is exceptional in its occurrence in the State. Calaveras County: Fine stalactites of "ilos ferri" have come from a cave near Murphy. Colusa County: Found with sulphur at Sulphur Creek. Placer County : Said to occur at Gold Run. San Benito County: Occurs in the rocks adjoining the benitoite veins as radiate bunches and stringers near the headwaters of the San Benito River, Louderback*^). San Bernardino County: Said to have occurred with priceite, Silli- man<^), probably from Calico. Occurs with calcite in the limestone of Slover Mountains near Colton. San Francisco County : Found as thin veins in the serpentine of Fort Point, Eakle. Solano County : Some aragonite is formed at the Tolenas Springs. Tuolumne County: Occurs as bunches in the basaltic rock of Table Mountain. 127. STRONTIANITE. Carbonate of strontium, SrCOj. Orthorhombic. Columnar masses, fibrous, granular. Cleavage pris- matic. Color white, pale green, yellowish. Vitreous luster. 11 = 3.5 — 4; G = 3.68 — 3.71. The strontia compounds are very rare in the State, and the carbonate has only been found in one locality. Plumas County : Large masses of divergent columnar strontianite were found in the Genessee Valley. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 97 128. CERUSSITE. Carbonate of lead, PbCOa. Orthorhombric. Platy crystals. Generally massive. Color gray, cream- white, brown. Adamantine to vitreous luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G = GA(j — 6.57. The carbonate of lead is a coininon alteration product of galena, and in all mines carrying much lead sulphide it is to be found in the oxidized iiortion of the veins. It generally occurs as heavy gray or ])rown masses, but is occasionally found in cream-white platy crystals in the porous ore and galena cavities. In silver districts it is frequently rich in silver and forms the chief ore. Inyo County: Large crystals were found in the Russ district, AV. P. Blake' ■'>. A common mineral in the Cerro Gordo and other silver districts of the county. Mono County: Common in the Blind Springs district, Goodyear'^i^ San Bernardino County : In the hornsilver districts of Calico and Barstow the lead carbonate was a very prominent mineral, Lindgren<^i\ Storms'!'. Very prominent in the Silver Reef district near Oro Grande. 129. BISMUTOSPHAERITE. Carbonate of bismuth. Bl-CO;. Concentric globular with radiating fibers. Color bright ytllow to brown. H = 3 — 3.5; G = 7.30. This very rare mineral is formed by the alteration of bismuth minerals, and is always secondary. San Diego County : Occurs in grayish black masses and as a yellow powder from the alteration of native bismuth at Pala, Schaller^*\ 130. PHOSGENITE. Chlorocarbouate of lead (PbCUX'Oa. Tetragonal. I'rismatic crystals. Color white to yellow. Adamantine luster. n = 2.5 — 3; G = G. This is a very rare lead compound, and but one locality in tlie State is known for its occurrence. Inyo County: A specimen was found of acicular, straw-yellow crystals in (juartz at the Silver Sprout mine, Hanks^^^ 7—8560 98 STATE MINING BUREAU. 131. NORTHUPITE. Double carbonate of sodium and magnesium with sodium chloride. NaoCOH.MgCOs.NaCl. Isometric. Octahedral crystals. Colorless to brownish. Vitreous luster. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 2.38. Northupite is a new mineral, only known to occur in this State. San Bernardino County : Some small dirty white and dark brown octahedrons of the combined carbonates and chloride were discovered in 1895 at Searles Borax Lake and named by Foote'^^\ An analysis was made by Pratt* i\ COo Cl SO3 MgO Na^O HoO Insol. O for CI 35.12 14.10 O.OS 16.08 36.00 0.72 0.22 =100.31 — 3.16=100.1.j per cent 132. TYCHITE. Double carbonate of sodium and magnesium witli sodium sulphate. 2MgC03.2Na.C03.Na„SO,. Isometric. Small octahedral crystals. Color white. Vitreous lusrer. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 2.58. This new mineral was found with northupite, and likewise is only known from the one locality. San Bernardino County : A few small octahedrons of the combined carbonates and sulphate were mixed with the northupite crystals and discovered in 1905 and named by Penfield and Jamieson'^^^ S03 COo MgO Na.O 15.08 33.55 15.83 35.40 = 00.95 per cent 15.06 33.45 15.77 35.65 = 00.93 133. MALACHITE— Green Copper. Basic carbonate of copper, CuCOs.CuCOH);. Monoclinic. Fibrous, radiating tufts, botryoidal, stalactitic. Color green. Streak green. Vitreous luster. 11 = 3. .5 — 4; G = 4. Malachite is to be found practically in every locality where there is the least trace of copper, as it is the common alteration mineral of copper compounds. As an indication of the presence of copper, it occurs in green coatings and stains, and in the oxidized portion of copper veins it often forms beautiful drusy and velvety crystallizations. Azurite is often associated. Amador County : Fine reniform masses have come from Volcano. Calaveras County : Frequently seen at Campo Seco and Copperopolis, but more as stains than as good specimens. Fine specimens came from the old Hughes mine, W. P. Blake'^). Inyo County : Good drusy malachite occurred in the Cerro Gordo district. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 99 Mariposa County: Fine drusy coatings Avere found in tlie AVhite Rock mine. Mono County : Connnon alteration mineral in the Blind Springs district. Plumas County : Good specimens associated with hornite and chalco- cite occur in Light's Canyon. San Bernardino County : One of the minerals found in the Calico district ; also ({uite common in the oxidized copper ores of the eastern part of the county. 134. AZU RITE— Blue Malachite. Basic carboutite of copper, 2CuC0;j.Cu(0H)o. Mouoclinic. Good crystals, massive, earthy. Color deep azure-blue. Streak light blue. Vitreous to adamautine luster. H = 3.5 — 4; G=3.77 — 3.83. The blue azurite is not so common as the green malachite with which it is usually found. It occurs generally in aggregates of distinct crystals, often lining cavities in limonitic and malachitic masses. Most copper districts may have some azurite formed as an oxidation mineral. Calaveras County: Fine crystals occurred with malachite at the old Hughes mine, W. P. Blake^^^ Mono County : Crystals on limonite from the Diana mine had the forms: (001), (T02), (012), (Oil), (110), (111), Jackson^s). 135. AURICHALCITE. Basic carbonate of zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)C033(Zn,Cu) (OH);. Monoclinic. Plumose, tabular, laminated. Color pale green, bluish green. Streak like color. Pearly luster. H = 2; G = 3.54 — 3.G4. This is a very rare secondary mineral, and has only been found in one locality in the State. Inyo County : Plumose aggregates and long prismatic crystals associated with calamine and chrysocoUa occurred in specimens from the Cerro Gordo mine. Has been mentioned from this locality by Rogers^^\ 136. HYDROZINCITE. Basic carbonate of zinc. Massive and earthy. Generally as incrustations. Snow-white color. Dull luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 3.5S — 3.8. Hydrozincite is formed as a secondary mineral from the alteration of sphalerite. It is rare in the State. 100 STATE MINING BUREAU. Inyo County : Thick layers of the wliite carbonate occur at the Cerro Gordo mine with sphalerite, willemite and calamine; has been men- tioned from this locality by Rogers^^\ 137. DAWSONITE. Basic carbonate of aluminium and sodium, Na3Al(C03)3.2Al(OH)3. Monoclinic. Incrustations. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 3;G = 2.4. Dawsonite is a very rare mineral, and occurs in arid regions as white crusts. Inyo County : Reported to occur as a soft incrustation in a dike in Amargosa C-anyon, Bailey ^^\ 138. THERMONATRITE. Hydrous carbonate of sodium, NajCOa-HjO. Orthorhombic. Usually as efflorescences. Color white, yellowish. Vit- reous luster. H = l — 1.5; G = 1.5 — - l.G. Taste alkaline. This is a very rare mineral which forms as efflorescences in arid regions. Inyo County: Forms white efflorescent coatings in Death Valley, according to Bailey ^^\ 139. GAY LUSSITE. Hydrous carbonate of calcium and sodium, CaCOa.NaoCOa.SHoO. Monoclinic. Flat wedge-shaped crystals. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color white. Vitreous luster. H— 2 — 3; G = 1.93 — 1.95. This double carbonate is frequently formed on the shores of soda lakes in flat wedge-shaped crystals. Found only in dry regions. Mono County : Found in crystals on the shore of Mojio Lake. San Bernardino County : One of the minerals of the Searles Borax Lake, Hanks^i**^ The forms on the crystals from this lake as determined by Pratt ^i> are: (010). (001), (110), (Oil), (TOl), (T12). Baileyd) mentions it as occurring at the Owl Springs niter beds. . 140. NATRON. Hydrous carbonate of sodium, NaoCOs.lOHoO. Monoclinic. Exists only in solution or mixed with trona. Tabular crystals obtained by the evaporation of waters from soda lakes. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = l — 1.5; G = 1.42 — 1.4G. Taste alkaline. The normal carbonate of soda has not been found in native state, but it exists in solution in some of the lakes and springs of the State. MINERALS OF CAi:.IFOKNxA. ,,,_,, 101 Crystals of the carbonate, mixed with the bicarbonate, are obtained by evaporating the water of Owens Lake and other soda lakes of Death Valley and San Bernardino County. The solid contents of Owens Lake have been analysed by Foster^^^ and Chatard^^^ 141. TRONA— Urao. Hydrous bicarbonate of sodium. Na,C03.HNaC03.2ILO. Monocliuic. Slender crystals and fibrous masses. Cleavage perfect ortho- pinacoidal. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5 — 3; G = 2.11 — 2.14. Taste alkaline. The bicarbonate is the common form of soda found in lakes and springs. In drj^ protected localities it exists as crystals and finely fibrous coatings. Mono County: The solid contents of the waters of Owens Lake are mainly troua, and the mineral occurs along the shores in white layers. Chatard^^^ analyses of the solid matter of this lake show it to be over 90 per cent pure soda. San Bernardino County : Soda is ([uite common in this county at the various sinks and borate lakes. At Searles Borax Lake it is the material mined, and large amounts of it have been accumulated. Thick layers of solid trona occur with the borax, hanksite, thenardite, glauberite and other salts. Crystals are very common. They are elongated right and left, and have the forms: (100), (001). (101), (302), (111). (Til), (211), Ayers'2). 142. PIRSSONITE. Hydrous double carl)ouate of calcium and sodium, CaC03.Na;C03.2ILO. Orthorhombic. Hemimorpliic crystals. Colorless to white. Vitreous luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G = 2.3r)2. Pirssonite is a mineral discovered in California in 1896 and only known from the one locality. San Bernardino County: Good heinimorphic crystals of this salt were found with northupite and borax at the New Well, Searles Borax Lake, and the mineral was described and named by Pratt'^\ Forms: (010), (110), (111), (IIT), (131), (311). CO2 CaO Na:..0 KoO H,.0 .\hO,. SiOo 3G.07 23.38 25.70 0.15 14.7.", 0.13 0.20 =100.45 per cent 102 .STATE MINING BUREAU. 143. HYDROMAGNESITE— Hydrodolomite. Hydrous carbonate and hydrate of magnesium, .3MgCOj.Mg(OH)„.3H20. Monoclinic. Generally massive chalky. Color white. Vitreous, silky to dull luster. H = 3.5, crystallized; = 2.14 — 2.18. Soft white veins of a hydrated magnesite have been found in the serpentine, but most of these veins are classed as magnesite. Alameda County: A specimen of hydromagnesite from Livermore was analysed by Gutzkow^^^ SiO-AU^OsFe^Oa CaO MgO COo HoO Moisture i.2r, tr. 43.00 36.30 18.70 0.75 Inyo County : Said to occur in chalky and mealy crusts in spots along the Amargosa River, Bailey^^\ Riverside County : Crystals of hydromagnesite occur in the calcite at Crestmore as an alteration product of brucite. San Francisco County : Small white veins are found in the serpentine of San Francisco. San Luis Obispo County : Small veins found in the rocks near Port Harford. The white veins in the serpentine of San Francisco are in part hydro- lomite and in part hydromagnesite. 144. ZARATITE. Hydrous carbonate of nickel, NiC03.2Ni(OH)„.4H„0. Incrustations. Massive. Color emerald green. Streak green. Vitreous luster. H=3; G = 2.57 — 2.69. The emerald green nickel carbonate is always accompanied by chro- mite, occurring as an incrustation on massive chromite. Most of the green coatings on the chromite of the State consist of small uvarovite garnet crystals. Fresno County : Found as coating on chromite near Madera. Monterey County: Found on chromite in this county, W. P. Blake(^>. San Benito County: Found on chromite near HoUister and near Panoehe. 145. BISMUTITE. Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, Bi^COs.HoO. Incrustations and earthy. Color white and dirty green. Streak greenish gray. Vitreous to dull luster. H = 4 — 4.5; G = 6.9. The carbonate of bismuth is a secondary mineral formed by the altera- tion of ores containing bismuth. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 103 Fresno County: Occurred at the Second Sierra and Lot One mines, Kings River. Inyo County : Found at Big Pine Creek, Hanks^^^ ; also at Antelope Springs, Deep Spring Valley. Los Angeles County: White earthy bismutite has been found in this county. Mono County: Found at Oasis, Hanks^^^ San Diego County : Occurs as an alteration of bismuth at Pala, Schaller^^\ 104 STATE MINING BUREAU. CHAPTER VIII. ANHYDROUS SILICATES. Feldspars. Orthoclase Amphihole Group. Topaz Microcline Antbophyllite Andalusite Anorthoclase Amphibole Sillimanite Albite Tremolite Cyanite Ollgoclase Asbestos Datolite Andesine Actinolite Zoisite Labradorite Smaragdite Saussurite Bytownite Cummingtonite Clinozoisite Anorthite TJralite Epidote Pyroxene Group. Asbeferrite Allanite Enstatite Edenite Axinite Bi-onzite Hornblende Prehnite Hypersthene Soretite Lotrite Pyroxene Pargasite Ilvaite Malacolite Carauthiue Calamine Diopside Glaucophane Lawsonite Diallage Crocidolite Tourmaline Omphacite Not Grouped. Dumortierite Augite Beryl Viol an Nosean Hedenbergite Tvazurite Acmite Garnet Aegirite Olivine Spodumene Iddingsite Kunzite Willemite Hiddenite Vesuvianite Wollastonite Californite Pectolite Zircon Rhodonite FELDSPARS. The name feldspar is given to a group of alumina silicates with potash, soda and lime, whose members have the general properties of hardness, cleavage, gravity and twinning similar. They include : two potash feldspars, orthoclase and microcline; a potash-soda feldspar, anorthoclase; a soda feldspar, albite; a lime feldspar, anortlute: and four soda-lime to lime-soda feldspars intermediate between albite and anorthite, namely oligoclase, andesine, lahradorite and bytownite. The feldspars are the most abundant and most important of the rock-form- ing silicates, and the classification of a volcanic rock is in general based upon the prevailing feldspar The potash feldspars are characteristic of the acid volcanics, while the albite-anorthite feldspars belong to the basic volcanics, the terms "acid and basic" meaning whether high or MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 105 low in silica percentage. The albite-anorthite feldspars are commonly called the "plagioclase feldspars," and in many petrographic descrip- tions this name is used, so that the particular kind of feldspar is not designated. As rock-forming minerals the feldspars are too universally distributed to give many localities. 146. ORTHOCLASE— Potash Feldspar. Silicate of potassium aud aluminium, KAlSisOj. Mouoclinic. Crystals very common. Often as Carlsbad twins. Perfect basal and clinopinacoidal cleavage. Colorless, white, flesh-red. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5; G = 2.57. Orthoclase is an essential constituent of the acid igneous rocks, granites, syenites, quartz-porphyries, rhyolites and trachytes, and an occasional constituent of other more basic rocks. Large crystals often form the phenoerysts of porphyritic rocks, and these crystals are often ' ' Carlsbad twins. ' ' The color of granites is mainly due to the color of the orthoclase, red granites having orthoclase colored by ferric oxide. Granites, syenites and diorites are often intersected by "pegmatite veins" consisting of coarse crystals and massive orthoclase, with quartz and mica, and these veins vary greatly in width, and some can be quarried for the feldspar. Adularia is a glassy, transparent variety, sometimes found in large crystals. Sanidine is a glassy potash feldspar, common to rhyolites and trachytes. Valencianite is a variety name given to vein orthoclase. 147. MICROCLINE— Potash Feldspar. Silicate of potassium aud alumiuium, KAlSiaOs. Triclinic. Crystals very common. Bases often show rectangular grat- ing structure. Cleavage like orthoclase. Color white, green. H = 6 — 6..j ; G = 2.54 — 2.57. Microcline has the same composition as orthoclase, but differs from it in its twinning structure and crystallization. It is a constituent of granites, syenites, and granodiorites aud some of the pegmatitic veins. Amazon stone is a green variety which has not been observed in the State. 106 STATE MINING BUREAU. 148. ANORTHOCLASE— Potash-soda Feldspar. Silicate of potassium, sodium and aluminium, KAlSiaOg with NaAlSijOs in varj'ing proportions. Triclinic. Crystals observed in rock sections. Like orthoclase in its physical properties. H = 6 — 6.5 ; G = 2.57 — 2.60. Anorthoclase is a constituent of granites and granodiorites of the State, but has seldom been mentioned in the petrographieal descriptions. 149. ALBITE— Soda Feldspar. Silicate of sodium and aluminium, NaAlSijOg. Triclinic. Crystals common and usually as repeated twins. Often mas- sive. Cleavage perfect basal and brachypinacoidal. Colorless and white. Vitreous luster often very glassy. H = 6 — 6.5; G = 2.62 — 2.65. The soda feldspar is a common constituent of acid granites, acid rhyolites, granodiorites and diorites and metamorphic gneisses and schists. It forms very prominent white veins in the crystalline schists of the Coast Ranges and the Sierras. Albite is frequent as pegmatitic veins in diorites and basic igneous rocks. 150. OLIGOCLASE— Soda-lime Feldspar. Silicate of sodium, calcium and aluminium, mNaAISigOs with /iCaALSioOs, nearer albite in composition. Triclinic. Crystals, usually twinned like albite. Cleavage perfect basal and brachypinacoidal. Colorless to white. H = 6 — 6.5; G = 2.65 — 2.67. A constituent of diorites, porphyrites, andesites, etc., and to some extent in granites, syenites and granodiorites. Occasionally found in large white masses as veins in diorite and other basic rocks. Moonstone is a soda-lime feldspar with milky chatoyancy. Much of the so-called moonstone is chalcedony. 151. AN DESINE— Soda-lime Feldspar. Silicate of sodium, calcium and aluminium, intermediate between albite and anorthite. Triclinic. Crystals similar to albite. H = 5 — 6 ; G=2.6S — 2.60. A constituent of diorite, gabbro, porphyrite, andesite and other basic rocks. Only observed as a microscopical constituent. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 107 152. LABRADORITE— Lime-soda Feldspar. Silicate of calcium, sodium aud alumiuium, CaALSioOg with NaAlSijOs, nearer auortbite iu composition. Tricliuic. Small twinned crystals in rocks ; sometimes massive with twin- ning striations. Properties like oligoclase. H = 5 — 6; G = 2.70 — 2.72. An essential constituent of most basic eruptive rocks such as diorites, gabbros. diabases, andesites and basalts. Sometimes it occurs as veins of large cleavable masses. 153. BYTOWNITE— Lime-soda Feldspar. Silicate of calcium, sodium and aluminium, near anortbite in composition. Triclinic. Properties like oligoclase. H = 5 — 6; G = 2.72. A common constituent of very basic rocks like gabbros, diabases and basalts, associated with labradorite and anortbite. 154. ANORTHITE— Lime Feldspar. Silicate of calcium and aluminium, CaALSioOs. Triclinic. Generally in small crystals as a rock constituent. Properties like oligoclase and labradorite. H = 6 — 6.5; G = 2.74 — 2.76. Anortbite is the most basic of the feldspars, and is a constituent of the very basic rocks, especially gabbros, diabases and basalts. A few of the localities where feldspars have been noticed may be cited. Calaveras County : Large crystals of orthoclase occur at Mokelunme Hill. Albite is a common constituent of the schists of the Mother Lode. Crystals of albite from the old Stanislaus mine, Carson Hill, had the forms: (010), (001), (Til). (TOl) (ITO), (130), (021). Jackson(3). Crystals from Angels had the forms : (010), (110), (ITO), (111), (nl), (001), Genth(2). The mineral from Angels was analysed by Genth. SiO- AI0O3 Fe»03 CaO Na^O KoO H2O <>S.39 19.65 0.41 0.47 10.07 tr. 0.21 100.10 per cent Valencianite occurs five miles east of Milton in small prismatic crystals. Forms: (160), (lOT), (001) and (010), Rogers. Contra Costa County : Albite is a common constituent of the chlorite and actinolite-schists of the county. Numerous white veins of the mineral intersect these schists. Prominent as veins in the actinolite schist near San Pablo and analysed by Blasdale^^^ HoO SiOo AloO.., CaO Na;0 at 100° ab 100° • >7.09 20.47 0.24 10.90 0.27 0.59 99.02 per cent 108 STATE MINING BUREAU. El Dorado County: Large white crystals of orthoclase occurred at the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fairplay with bornite, molybdenite, epidote and axinite. Massive red orthoclase occurs with tourmaline at Buck's Bar, Cosumnes River. Small colorless crystals of adularia have })een found on the south side of Fallen Leaf Lake with forms (110), (TOl), (001), and (010). They are associated with pale green diopside, Rogers^^^ Inyo County: White argentiferous orthoclase occurred at the "White Lime mine. Deep Spring district. Glassy adularia was found in good crystals at Rialto in the Funeral ]\Iountains. Kern County: White orthoclase was reported from the Long Tom mine. Los Angeles County : White veins of labradorite occur near Lang. Labradorite is a constituent of the rocks on Mount Gleason. Marin County : Albite veins are common in the schists of the county. Crystals from the lawsonite schist at Reed Station have the forms: (001), (010), (021), (021), (TOl), (201), (150), (130), (Til). (Til), (T12), (T31), (221), (120), (350), (110), (ITO), (130), (112). (221), (241), (312), Schaller(io). Mariposa County: Orthoclase occurs with black tourmaline and molybdenite in the granites of the Yosemite Valley. Mono County: Orthoclase is found in pegmatitic veins in the Blind Spring district. Monterey County : Large phenocrysts of orthoclase occur in the porphyritic rock at Pacific Grove and Cypress Point. The potash feldspar is quarried near Chualar for pottery. Nevada County : Anorthoclase and microcline are constituents of the diorite and granodiorite, and labrodorite, bytownite and anorthite of the diorite and gabbro of Nevada City and Grass Valley, Lindgren*^^>. Plumas County: Albite is a constituent of the syenite of Spanish Creek, Murgoci^^^ Oligoclase was described by Lawson^^^ as a con- stituent of plumasite from Spanish Peak and the mineral was analyzed by J. NeM'field. SiO» AI2O3 CaO NaoO H^O 61.36 22.97 5.38 S.OS 1.72 = 99.51 per cent San Benito County : Albite occurs in grayish and greenish, minute twinned crystals in the rock surrounding the veins of benitoite and neptunite near the headwaters of the San Benito River. Forms : (001), (010), (110), (ITO), (120), (130), (130), (TOl), (iTl), (Ul). (n2), (131), (221), Louderback<^). San Bernardino County : Veins of orthoclase occur in the mountains in the northeastern part of the county. Massive red orthoclase occurs near Manvel. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 109 San Diego County : Albite was mentioned as a constituent of some of the rocks of the county by Kroustchoilf*^> and analysed by him. SiO; Ti02 AI2O3 FeoQs CaO MgO KoO NaeO Ign G3.1T tr. 21.14 0.74 1.20 0.04 1.70 9.20 O.SO =99.89 per cent Large veins of acid pegmatite consisting of albite, orthoclase and microeline intersect dark gray diorite at Pala, Mesa Grande, Rincon and Ramona. as Avell as northward into Riverside County, and these veins carry large crystals of gem tourmaline and associated minerals. Large crystals of the feldspars occur in these veins showing Carlsbad, Baveno and albite twinning structure. Crystals of albite at the Victor mine, Rincon. occur tabular to (OIU) with forms (010), (001), (110), (iTO), (130i. (101), (201), (Til), (TTl), Rogers < 2) Anorthite is a constituent of the orbicular gabbro at Dehesa and was analysed by Schaller, Lawson'"\ SiOs AI2O3 CaO NaeO 44.39 3G.55 IS.oo 0.S3 =100.32 per ccut Santa Barbara County : Labradorite is a constituent of the teschen- ites at Point Sal and was analysed by Fairbanks' ^\ SiOj " AI2O3 CaO NaoO K2O Ign o2.72 30.4G 11.01 3.70 0.42 1.44 = 99.73 per cent Santa Clara County : Oligoclase is a constituent of the glaucophane rocks of this county, Murgoci^^^ Shasta County : Veins of orthoclase occur on Tom Xeal Mountain. Tulare County : White crystals of orthoclase occur at Three Rivers. Tuolumne County : Large crystals of orthoclase are found on Sul- livan Creek. Graphic granite is common at Soulsbyville. 155. ENSTATITE. Silicate of magnesium, MgSiO;;. (Jrihorliumbic. Generally massive, lamellar. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color greenish or brownish gray to brown. Pearly to vitreous luster. H = o.o; G = 3.1 — 3.3. Enstatite is a rock-forming mineral whicii is characteristic of gab- broitic rocks and rocks that have been derived from gabbros, like mucii of the serpentinized rocks of the Coast Range and of the Sierras. It is a rather common mineral l)ut has seldom been mentionetl. Bro)izit( is a variety in which part of the magnesia is replaced by iron. It occurs in l)ronze-brown reticulated nuisses. Alameda County : Bronzite occurs in some of the rocks of the Berke- ley Hills, Hanks<6). 110 STATE MINING BUREAU. Contra Costa County : Massive enstatite is found in the Diablo Range in this and other counties to the south. Del Norte County : Specimens of enstatite have come from this county. Kern County : Bronzite Avas one of the constituents of the San Emidio meteorite and was analysed by Whitfield^^^ SiOs FeO MsO CaO 54.42 14.03 29.11 9.46 =100.02 per cent Mariposa County :: Massive bronzite occurs in the gabbroitie rock of the old Mariposa estate. Nevada County : Enstatite is a constituent of the gabbros of Nevada City, Lindgren(^>. San Francisco County : Enstatite or bronzite occurs abundantly in the serpentine of San Francisco, Lawson'^*, Palache'^^^ Eakle'^'. San Luis Obispo County : Found in the serpentine at San Simeon. Tuolumne County : Light green enstatite occurs in the gabbro between Jamestown and Montezuma and also near Jacksonville. 156. HYPERSTHENE. Silicate of iron and magnesium (Fe,Mg)Si03. Orthorliombic. Generally massive, foliated. Cleavage perfect brachj- pinacoidal. Color brownish green to brown. Pearly to vitreous luster. H = 5 — 6; = 3.4 — 3.5. The dark brown hypersthene is a constituent of basic eruptive rocks, especially gabbros and andesites. Plumas County : A constituent of the hypersthene andesite at La Porte, Turner ^i\ San Diego County : One of the minerals in the orbicular gabbro at Dehesa, Lawson^^^ San Francisco County: A constituent of the dikes cutting the serpen- tine of San Francisco, Palache^^^ Siskiyou County : Mentioned by J. D. Dana'^^ as a constituent of the hypersthene andesite of Mount Shasta. 157. PYROXENE. Silicate of calcium and maguesiimi. CaMgCSiO^)-. with or without mixtures of Fe,Al,Na and K. Monoclinic. Prismatic crj'stals, granular. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color generally some shade of green, often nearly white, brown, black. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — 6; G=3.2 — 3.6. The pyroxenes are very important rock-forming minerals, the alumina variety augite being an essential constituent of most of the basic erup- MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. Ill tives and is occasionally found in syenites and granites. The light colored non-aluminous varieties are more characteristic of metamorpliic limestone and schist. Malacolite. Lime-magnesia pyroxene, CaMg(Si03)2. A white py- roxene often found in crystalline limestone near contact with eruptives. Diopside. Lime-magnesia pyroxene, CaMg(Si03)2 with ferrous iron. A light to deep grass-green pyroxene, characteristic of crystalline lime- stone, metamorphosed eruptive and some schists. Diallagc. Lamellar or fibrous p.vroxene near diopside in composition. Characteristic of gabbros. Omphacitc. A granular non-aluminous pyroxene. Characteristic of eclogites in association with garnet. Augitc. Iron-alumina pyroxene. Dark green to black and com- monest of all the pyroxenes. An essential constituent of diorites, gabbros, diabases, basalts, andesites, pyroxenites and other basic eruptives. Mentioned in all petrographic descriptions of basic igneous rocks. Viola n. A variety name for a violet-colored augite. Hedenbergite. An iron-rich pyroxene. Contra Costa County : Diopside is common in the schists with albite near San Pablo and has been described and analysed by Blasdale^^^ SiOo AI2O3 FeoOs FeO MgO CaO Fresh 51.91 3.55 l.'JO 2.65 16.15 22.85 Altered 49.62 2.97 2.49 2.99 19.72 19.14 H2O NaoO at 100° ab. 100° TiOo MnO Fresh 0.56 0.21 0.86 O.16 0.33 =100.47%" Altered 0.60 __ 2.71 __ __ =100.24 El Dorado County : Diallage is a constituent of gabbro on ^Mount Diablo. Inyo County: Masses of malacolite have come from the Panainint Mountains. Lake County : Violan occurs in Big Canyon. Los Angeles County : Large light green crystals of diopside are found near San Pedro. Nevada County: Diallage is a constituent of tiie gabbro at Nevada City and Grass Valley, Lindgren^^^ Plumas County : Diallage occurs in gabbro near Grizzly Peak, Tur- ner(i\ Riverside County : Crystals of pale green diopside occur in the lime- stone at Crestmore. San Francisco County: Crystals of diallage occur in the serpentine of San Francisco, Erman^^\ Lawson^^)^ Palache^^) 112 STATE MINING BUREAU. San Mateo County: Diallage occurs in gabbro near Crystal Springs. Santa Barbara County : Augite as a constituent of teschenite at Point Sal was analysed by Fairbanks^^\ SiOo AI2O3 FeoOa FeO CaO MgO NaoOK^O Ign 46.59 9.69 1.03 4.75 21.38 13.89 1.23 1.22 =99.78% G = 2.338 Santa Clara County : Diallage occurs at Los Gatos Creek. Ompha- cite is a constituent of eclogite in the Calaveras Valley, Murgoci'^^\ Shasta County : Hedenbergite occurs associated with ilvaite at Pot- ter "s Creek, Prescott^^^ Tulare County : Specimens of white malacolite have come from this county. Tuolumne County : Diallage occurs in the gabbro of Rawhide Ranch. 158— ACMITE— AEGYRITE. Silicate of sodium aod irou, essentially NaFeCSiOs),. Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Color browu or dark greeu. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5 ; G = 3.50 — 3.55. Acmite and aegyrite are rock-forming minerals more prominent in syenites. Their occurrence in California has not been mentioned in petrographical literature. San Benito County : A specimen of rock containing prisms of acmite has come from some locality near Hollister. Aegyrite occurs in stellate groups in the albite associated with benitoite and natrolite, at the benitoite locality near the headwaters of the San Benito River, Louder- back'2\ 159. SPODUMENE. Silicate of lithium and aluminium, LiAUSiO,),. Monoclinic. Crystals sometimes very large. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color grayish white, emerald-green, lilac, amethystine. Vitreous luster. .H = 6.5 — 7; G = 3.13 — 3.20. Spodumene is found in large crystals and cleavage masses in peg- matitic veins where lithia is present. It is commonly associated with the lithia mica, lepidolite, and with lithia tourmaline. Knnziie is a beautiful transparent variety, lilac or amethystine in color. Hiddenite is an emerald green spodumene. Riverside County : Some kunzite occurs in the San Jacinto Moun- tains, near Coahuila, Schaller^^^ San Diego County : The transparent lilac variety discovered in 1903 and named kunzite by Baskerville^^^ and which is used as a gem, MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 113 occurs ill the peginatite veins at Pala with the gem tourmaline, although not very abundant nor in large pieces. Most of it is in flat cleavage pieces but fair crystals have been found with the forms: (010), (100), (110), (130), (350), (320), (121), (112), Schaller^^). The mineral has been further described by Baskerville and Kunz^^^ and analysed by Schaller'2) and by Davis. SiOs AI2O3 MnoOs LioO Na^O KjO CaO MgO NiO MnO ZnO Ign. Schaller 64.42 27.32 0.15 7.20 0.39 0.03 __ __ __ __ __ none = 99.61 Davis __64.05 27.30 — 6.88 0.30 0.06 0.80 none 0.06 0.11 0.44 0.15 =100.15 A few crystals of hiddenite and some masses of white spodumene have also been found at Pala, with the kunzite, Schaller^^). Kunzite also occurs sparingly at the Victor mine, Rincon, in tabular crystals, some of them twinned as seen by the natural etch-figures. Forms: (100), (110), (010), (320), (130), (021), (111), (Til), Rogers^'\ 160. WOLLASTONITE. Silicate of calcium, CaSiOj. Monoclinic. Generally in fibrous masses. Cleavage perfect ortho- pinacoidal. Color white, gray, rose. Vitreous luster. H = 4.5 — 5.0; = 2.8 — 2.9. AVollastonite is formed as a contact metamorphic mineral especially near the contact of eruptives with limestone. Usually found as com- pact fibrous masses either white or pink. Del Norte County : White divergent masses found near Crescent City. Lake County : White drusy wollastonite has come from Dry Creek, near ]\liddletown. Napa County : Massive white occurs in Hunting Creek Canyon, near Knoxville. Nevada County: White and pink are found as contact minerals at Grass Valley. Riverside County : Fibrous, columnar and fine granular wollastonite occurs in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore as one of the contact metamorphic minerals. An analysis of the fine granular by Eakle gave: SiOo FeaOs CaO H2O 51.77 2.12 44.85 1.02 = 99.70 per cent Santa Barbara County: Divergent fibrous masses having a pale rose color have been found at Santa Ynez. Tehama County : Found at Glenbrook Lake. S— S560 114 STATE MINING BUREAU. Tuolunme County : Found on North Mokelumne River near Bear Creek and analysed by Hillebrand, Turner (^\ SiOo TiOo AI2O3 FeoOa FeO CaO MgO K2O Na^O 50.67 0.20 G.77 0.31 0.50 40.34 0.58 H2O at 110° ab. 110° 0.08 0.31 0.22 CO2 0.52 0.14 = 100.24% 161 PECTOLITE. Basic silicate of calcium and sodium, HNaCaoCSiOs);. Monoclinic. Generally fibrous massive. Cleavage perfect orthopinacoidal. Color white. Luster silky to vitreous. Hi=5;G = 2.68 — 2.78. White fibrous pectolite occurs as veins and patches in altered basic dikes and flows, and in serpentinized rocks. San Francisco County : Fibrous pectolite occurs as veins in an altered dike which intersected the serpentine at Fort Point. Described and analsyed by Eakle(i>. Forms: (001), (100), (540), (140). SiOs AloOsFesOa CaO Na^O H2O 58.40 3.87 30.56 7.61 4.46 = 99.90 per cent Tehama County: Large mass occurred in serpentine on Elder Creek and M'as analysed by Eitel, Preston^^^. Si02 AlsOsFezOa CaO Na^O K2O 56.84 1.27 33.46 3.45 3.97 = 99.63 per cent 162. RHODONITE. Silicate of manganese, MnSi04. Triclinic. Crystals often large. Generally massive or in grains. Cleav- age perfect prismatic. Color rose-red. Vitreous luster. H = 5.5 — 6.5; G= 3.4 — 3.68. The manganese silicate is often present in copper and silver veins where oxide of manganese is abundant and it is usually associated with pyrolusite or psilomelane. It is generally developed as a contact min- eral in veins. Alameda County : Some rhodonite occurs at the Corral Hollow deposit. Butte County : Found on the north fork of the Feather River with rhodochrosite. Plumas County: Considerable manganese occurs in the Genessee, Meadow and other valleys and canyons of the county, and some good red rhodonite has come from them. Occurred with copper at the Diadem Lode, Meadow Valley, Hanks^^^, Turner(^>. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 115 Siskij'ou Comity : Fine speeimeus of rhodonite occur at Sawyer's Bar. Tulare County : Some good gem rhodonite occurs about three miles north of Lemon Cove. Tuolumne County : Found with pyrolusite on Rose Creek, near Columbia. 163. ANTHOPHYLLITE. Silicate of magnesium and iron. (Mg.Fe)Si03. Ortliorhombic. Coramonly lamellar or fibrous. Cleavage perfect pris- matic. Color brownish gray, brownish green. Vitreous luster. H:=o.5 — G; G = 3.1 — 3.2. Anthophyllite is a metamorphic mineral occurring in schists and gneisses. It is usuallj' found in fibrous and bladed masses, and is not uncommon, but has seldom been mentioned. Contra Costa County : Filirous masses of anthophyllite occur in the schists near San Pablo and the mineral has been analysed by Blasdale^^\ The analysis shows the mineral to be somewhat serpentinized. H2O SiO-2 AI0O3 Fe^Oa FeO MgO CaO NaoO at 100° ab. 100° 33.6G 1.36 0.34 4.S0 38.70 0.48 0.98 0.24 19.79 MnO tr. =100.26 per cent San Bernardino County: Occurs in the Slate Range, Hanks^^^ 164. AMPHIBOLE. Silicate of calcium and magnesium, CaMg^(SiO,)4 with or without isomorphous mixtures of Fe.Al and Na. Monoclinic ciystals, columnar, fibrous, granular. Cleavage perfect pris- matic. Color white, gray, green, brown, black. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — 6; = 2.9 — 3.4. The amphiboles are similar to the pyroxenes, and, like them, are very important rock-forming minerals. They occur in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and the common varieties are to be found in every county. There are numerous varieties and those found in the State will be briefly mentioned. TremoUte. Lime-magnesia amphibole, CaMgo(SiO;,)4. Common as a metamorphic mineral in schists and crystalline limestones in white or gray long prismatic and fibrous aggregates. Asbestos is a soft fibrous form of amphibole having the composition of tremolite or actinolite. Much of the asbestos of the State is, however, serpentine-asbestos, which is a hydrous form of magnesium silicate. Mountain cork and Mountain leather are cork-like and leathery masses of tremolite. 116 STATE MINING BUREAU. AdinoUtc. Lime-maguesia-iron amphibole, Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si40i^. Very abundant in the schists of the Coast Ranges and Sierras. Generally found in reticulated long prismatic crystals, sometimes fibrous. Color is bright grass green to dark green. Smaragdite is an emerald-green foliated variety of actinolite. Cunimingtomic is an iron-magnesia amphibole similar to anthophyl- lite. Uralite is an amphibole derived by the alteration of pyroxene. The process of change from pyroxene to amphibole is called ' ' uralitization. ' ' Asbcferrite is a variety of tremolite. Edeniie is a light green aluminous variety of amphibole. HornMende. A lime-magnesia-iron-alumina amphibole similar to augite in its general composition. Hornblende is the commonest of the amphiboles and is found in large cleavage masses to fibrous. Common color is black to very dark green, sometimes brown. Hornblende is characteristic of the acid and intermediate eruptive rocks while augite is characteristic of the basic. Hornblende forms large areas of schists or amphibolites and is also a constituent of granite, syenite, diorite, rhyolite and trachyte. Less common in gabbro, diabase and basalt. Soretite is an amphibole showing some optical differences from hornblende. Porgasite is an amphibole between hornblende and glaucophane in composition, but is generally classed as hornblende. CarintJiinc is an amphibole between hornblende and glaucophane in composition. Amador County : Sheets of mountain leather with mountain cork have been found at the Little Grass Valley mine. Pine Grove. Butte County : Hornblende is the most abundant constituent of a quartz-amphibole diorite on ridge between this and Plumas counties and has been analysed by Valentine, Turner^^^-^^). SiOo TiOo AI2O3 CroOs FeoOa FeO MnO CaO MgO Na^O 50.08 0.76 7.97 0.16 2.69 G.71 0.49 11.31 16.31 1.22 K„0 H,.0 P2O5 0.46 1.40 tr. 09.46 per cent Contra Costa County : Tremolite and actinolite are common in the schists north of Berkeley and near San Pablo, and have been analysed by Blasdale(i>. Tremolite Actinolite SiOo 56.68 AI0O3 1.79 FeoOa FeO 1.70 2.23 MgO 19.35 CaO 15.80 H2O NaoO KoO at 100° ab. lOO" __ 0.10 2.25 =99.90% 55.21 3.45 __ 7.49 18.97 10.50 2.45 __ __ 1.75 =99.86 55.56 2.05 __ 5.97 19.45 12.13 1.94 0.30 __ 2.58 =99.98 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 117 El Dorado Coiiuty : Large cleavage masses of black hornblende occur with orthoclase, bornite, molybdenite, epidote and axinite at the old Cosumnes Copper mine near Fairplay. Inyo County: INIasses of mountain cork are found in the Swansea district and in Craig 's Canyon on the east slope of the Inyo Mountains. Marin County : Actinolite is connnon in the lawsonite schist of Reed Station. ]\Iariposa County: Hornblende is a constituent of: 1, the gabbro of Beaver Creek, near Big Trees; and, 2, of a quartz-monzonite on Tioga road, southeast of Mount Hoffman, Turner (^>^"). The first has been analysed by Valentine and the second by Hillebrand. SiOo TiOo Al.Qa V^Oa Fe^Os FeO MiiO NiO CaO MgO 1. 46.08 0.77 10.50 __ 2.81 8.30 0.15 __ 12.64 14.40 2. 47.49 1.21 7.07 0.04 4.8S 10.69 0.51 0.02 11.92 13.06 NaoO KoO Li20 at 100° ab. 100° PsOs F 1.62 0.34 uoue 0.17 1.97 0.18 uone = 99.99% 0=F 0.75 0.49 tr. __ 1.86 uoue 0.06 =100.05 — 0.02 = 100.03 Mendocino County: Actinolite occurs at Calpella. Mono County : Long prisms of hornblende occur in the cavities of lava near Bridgeport, with forms: (001), (010), (100), (110), (201), (021), (T31), Schaller(6). Nevada County : Hornblende occurs in large crystals in the granodio- rite of Nevada City and Grass Valley, Lindgren"'^ Uralite is common in the diorite of this locality. Placer County : Large masses of asbestos are found at Wisconsin Hill and Arizona Flat. Plumas County : Edenite is a constituent of the plumasite of Spanish Peak, Lawson^^^ San Benito County: Actinolite occurs in the veins and wall-rock in capillary bunches at the benitoite locality, Louderback^^) Good speci- mens at Tres Pinos. San Bernardino County : Cummiugtonite has been found near Dag- gett, with calcite. Asbeferrite occurs at Halleek. Santa Clara County: Actinolite, smaragdite, soretite, pargasite and caranthine occur in the eclogites of Oak Ridge and Calaveras Valley, Murgoci^i^ J. P. Smith(i>. Specimens twelve miles east of Gilroy. Sonoma County: Large crystals of actinolite occur in foliated talc, near Petaluma. Mentioned by W. P. Blake^^^ Smaragdite occurs in the glaucophane-gneiss near Santa Rosa, Murgoci^^\ Tuolumne County: White fibrous tremolite occurs in the marble near Columbia ; asl)estos near Chinese Camp and IMontezuma ; mountain cork at Sawmill Flat and on Table Mountain. 118 STATE MINING BUREAU. 165. GLAUCOPHANE— Blue Hornblende. Silicate of sodium, aluminium, iron and magnesium, essentially NaAl(Si03)o. (Fe,Mg)SiO.. Monoolinic. Generally fibrous massive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color deep blue to bluish black. Streak grayish blue. Strongly pleochroic. A'itreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5 ; G = 3.1. Glaiicophane is a constituent of schists and gneisses which have been formed by nietamorphism of igneous rocks containing a high percentage of sodium. Extensive areas of glaucophane rocks exist in California along the Coast Range and they have Ijeen described by Becker^^^, Ransome<2), Lawson^D, Palache'^), J. P. Smith^i\ Murgoci^i), Hanks^^), and others. Crossitc. This name was given by Palache^^^ to a mineral which differed from glaucophane in its optical orientation and with a com- position between it and riebeckite. Contra Costa County : The glaucophane from the schists near San Pablo was analysed by Blasdale'^i^. SiOs AloO.f FeoOa FeO MgO CaO NaoO K^O HoO TiO- MnO 54.52 9.25 4.44 9.81 10.33 1.98 7.5G O.IG 1.78 0.39 0.4G =100.68% 52.39 11.29 3.74 9.13 11.37 3.03 6.14 tr. 2.57 0.14 tr. = 99.80 Crossite was found in a boulder on the liillside north of Berkeley and was described by Palache*^^ as a new amphibole, with analysis by W. S. T. Smith. SiOo AI2O3 FeoOa FeO MnO MgO CaO NaoO K2O H2O 55.02 4.75 10.91 9.46 tr. 9..30 2.38 7.62 0.27 undet. =99.70% San Benito County : A glaucophane resembling crossite occurs in the natrolite vein carrying the benitoite near the headwaters of the San Benito River, and was analysed by Blasdale, Louderback*^^^ H2O SiOo AI2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na^O K2O at 100° ab. 100 52.94 3.76 1.3.40 1.44 11..54 5.45 5.11 0.43 1.31 3.72 : 99.10% Santa Clara County: Murgoci"^^^ mentions glaucophane as a con- stituent of eclogite, quartzite, mica schist and greenstone in the Cala- veras Valley. 166. CROCIDOLITE. Silicate of sodium and iron, essentially NaFe(Si03)o.FeSi03. Mouoclinic. Usually fibrous. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Color deep blue or green. Vitreous luster. 11 = 4; G = 3.2 — 3.3. Pleochroic. A rock-forming mineral similar to the amphiboles and glaucophanes but not so common. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 119 Cataplioritc is a soda-iron crocidolite between berkevikite and arfved- sonite in optical characters. Lake County: Fibrous veins of blue crocidolite are said to occur in schist near Lakeport. Plumas County : Crocidolite and cataphorite occur in the syenite of Spanish Peak. Murgoci^^^. Santa Clara County : Cataphorite is a constituent of diorite at Oak Ridge, Calaveras Valley, Murgoci^^\ Crocidolite occurs as bluish fibrous seams in metamorphic rock east of Mount Hamilton, and an analysis of it by A. K. Schellinger is given hy Rogers'-^^ SiOe AI2O3 Feo03 FeO MgO CaO NaoO(by diff.) HoO 50. G.J 0.90 19.21 21.70 0.79 0.39 4.93 1.43 167. BERYL. Silicate of beryllium and aluminium, BejAloSioOis- Hexajronal. Prismatic crystals, sometimes very large. Color green, blue, rose, yellow. Vitreous luster. H = 7.5 — S ; G = 2.63 — 2.80. Beryl is found as crystals varying greatly in size in acid pegmatite veins, generally. All the beryl known to occur in the State is limited to the series of feldspathic pegmatite veins of Riverside and San Diego counties, in which the beautiful gem tourmalines occur. Transparent aquamarine, golden, deep green and blue crystals, forming beautiful gems when cut, occur in these pegmatites. Riverside County : Fine yellow and green beryls occur at Coahuila and rose crystals near Hemet. San Diego County : Yellow, green and blue crystals occur in the Palomar Mountains, nine miles southeast of Pala : Some rose, yellow and green occur at Pala and Mesa Grande. Green crystals from Rincon have the forms : (lOTO), (0001), (lOTl), (1120), (1121), (2130), (1122), (I3.I.T4.I1 and rose crystals the forms : (lOlO), (1121), (lOTl), (0001), (2131). Eakle^e). Mentioned l)y Kunz^'), Schaller'^), and Rogers<2). Tuohimne County: W. P. Blake^^^ reported beryl from near James- town. 168. NOSEAN — Noselite. Silicate of sodium and aluminium with sodium sulphate, Na4(NaSOi.Al) AL(SiO,)3. Isometric. Granuhir. Color gray, blue, brown. H3:5.5 ; G=2.25 — 2.4. A rare rock-forming mineral characteristic of nepheline rocks which are unknown in the State. San Bernardino County: There is a specimen of nosoan rock from Calico exhibited in the museum of the State Mining Bureau. 120 STATE MINING BUREAU. 169. LAZURITE— Lapis-Lazuli. Silicate of sodium and aluminium with sodium sulphide, Na^(NaS3.Al)AL( 8104)3. Isometric. Massive. Color deep azuro-blue or violet-blue. Vitreous luster. H=:5 — 5.5; = 2.38 — 2.45. The blue ornamental mineral lapis-lazuli is rare, and is only definitely known to occur in one locality. A blue lazulite and a bine dumortierite have been erroneously reported as lazurite. Los Angeles County : Small boulders of limestone containing lapis- lazuli with pyrite occur in the bed of San Antonio Creek, near Uplands. The boulders come from an old prospect which was thought to be a silver deposit. Madera County: Specimens are said to have been found in the Minaret Mountains. San Bernardino County : A small boulder of gray limestone con- taining lapis-lazuli, pyrite, diopside and an unknown mineral was reported as coming from this county by Rogers* 5\ It is possibly a stray boulder from the Los Angeles deposit. 170. GARNET. Silicate of Ca,Mg.Al,re,Cr,Mu, etc., forming several varieties. Isometric. Rhombic dodecahedi'ous and trapezohedrous very common. Also compact to granular massive. Color generally some shade of red ; often yellow, brown, green, black and white. Vitreous luster. H=:6.5 — 7.5; G = 3.1 5 — 4.3. Garnet is one of the very common minerals of the State and probably all of the known varieties occur. It is generally a product of meta- morphism and is common in metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist, quartzite and crystalline limestone. As a contact mineral formed by the intrusion of igneous rock into limestone and other rock it is often fcund in fine large crystals. Common constituent of beach .sands and of the concentrates of mining districts. There are several varieties based on composition. GrossuJarite, essonite, Injacinih, cinnamon stone. Lime-alumina gar- net, CaAloSi..(0,.. Connnon as a contact mineral in crystalline lime- stone. Generally a light shade of red or green, sometimes almost white, and when clear forms a valued gem. Pyrope. Magnesia-alumina garnet, Mg^ALSisOi.- Occurs usually in serpentine and peridotite. Deep blood-red color. Almandite. Iron-alumina garnet, Fe.jAl.Si^jOio. Common garnet of gneisses and schists. Brownish red and sometimes of gem value. Andradite. Lime-iron garnet, Ca.FeoSiaOi.- Common garnet of gneisses and schists. Rarely clear enough for gems. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 121 Topazolite. Lime-iron garnet, Ca3Fe.,Si30io. Occurs usually in crystalline limestone and schist. Yellow garnet. Spessartite. Manganese-alumina garnet, MngALSiaOi,- Occurs usu- ally in pegmatite veins. Light rose shade. Uvarovite. Chrome garnet, CagCroSigOi,. Generally found as crys- tals coating massive chromite. Color emerald-green. Trautwinitc, which was described as a new mineral b}- Goldsmith*^^, appears to be a mixture of uvarovite and chromite. Alpine County : The old Kogers copper claim in Hope Valley was located in garnet rock. W. P. Blake^^^ reported fine green grossularite from this valley. Butte County : Red and brown garnet was common in the sands of the gold washings at Cherokee, Silliman^'^^ Calaveras County : Found at Bald Point on Mokelumne River ; in the gravels at San Andreas. Del Norte County : Common in the sands at Crescent City. Gilbert Creek. Smith River. El Dorado County : Large crystals of grossularite have been found at the old Cosumnes copper mine. Good crystals nine miles southeast of Placerville. Massive at Pilot Hill, W. P. Blake^^^ Common near Georgetown. Fresno County : Occurs at Fresno Flat, Grub Gulch and Fort Miller. Humboldt County : Common in the sands at Gold Bluff and Orleans. Inyo County : Crystals and massive garnet are found in the Coso and Inyo mountains. Fine large crystals of grossularite occurred associ- ated with white massive datolite and greenish brown vesuvianite at the San Carlos mine and the mineral was analysed by J. L. Smith^^^ SiOi AI2O3 FeoOs MnOa CaO MgO 42.01 17.7G 5.00 0.20 35.01 0.13 =100.17% G = 3.59 Kern County : Massive near Hot Springs l)etween Havilah and Kern- ville and on summit between Walker's Basin and Havilah. Lassen County: Common at the Diamond mine. Los Angeles County : In sands at Mount Meadows. j\Iarin County : Andradite crystals are common in the schist of the Tiburon Peninsular. Mariposa County: Massive ])rown almaiidite occurs on Mount Hoff- man. Good crystals are found at the junction of Moore Creek and Mokelumne River. Mendocino County: Common in the sands at Fort Bragg. Monterey County : Common in the sands of the Los Burros district. Uvarovite has been found coating chromite in the county. Trautwinite, 122 STATE MINING BUREAU. which was described as a new mineral by Goldsraith*^^^, from this county, appears from the analysis to be a mixture of uvarovite and chromite. Si02 CiY-Oa FesOs AI2O3 CaO MgO Ign. 21.78 38.39 13.29 0.81 18.58 7.88 0.11 =100.84% G = 3.505 Nevada County : In the concentrates of the Rough and Ready district. With wollastonite ^ Grass Valley, Liudgren^^^ Orange County : A constituent of the schists near Anaheim. Pale apple-green pebbles of grossularite were found near El Toro and analysed by Steiger, Clarke^^^ SiOo TiOo AI0O3 FeoOa FeO CaO MgO Alk P2O5 Ign. 37.54 tr. 22.84 0.79 0.26 36.66 0.44 0.13 tr. 1.74 =100.40% G = 3.485 Placer County : Essonite is found at Deer Park, and on the American River near Towle. Uvarovite has been found on chromite near Auburn. Plumas County : In sands at Nelson Point and at the Good Hope mine. Riverside County: One of the minerals in the concentrates at Hol- comb. Occurs massive at the Santa Ana tin district. Hyacinth or essonite is found at Hemet. Abundance of grossularite and some andradite garnet occurs in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore, associated with vesuvianite, diopside and wilkeite. An analysis of the grossularite by J. Buford Wright gave : SiOs AI0O3 FeoOs FeO CuO CaO MgO NasO H2O 35.52 21.11 3.95 O.GO 0.70 36.06 0.78 0.20 1.23 = 100.15% G = 3.39 San Benito County : Fine green crystals were found coating chromite and rhodochrome at New Idria, Brush^^^ San Diego County : Fine crystals of transparent essonite garnet are found in the tourmaline districts of Mesa Grande, Pala and Rincon and these have been extensively cut into gems under the name ' ' hyacinth. ' ' Essonite also occurs about ten miles east of Jacumbe Hot Springs with vesuvianite and quartz. Garnet is found in the Julian district and at Ballina. Spessartite was reported from Mesa Grande but it may have been essonite. Fine granular red at Rincon, Rogers^^) Santa Barbara County : Common in the sands at Point Sal. Santa Clara County: A constituent of the eclogites of Calaveras Valley, Murgoci^^^ Analysed from the omphacite-eclogite of Coyote Creek by W. 0. Clarke, J. P. Smith^). Si02 AI.O3 FeO MgO CaO 38.69 19.10 26.81 5.07 10.64 =100.38% Shasta County : Uvarovite has been found on chromite on Shotgun Creek. Red garnet on Round Mountain. Bands of garnet mixed with pyroxene occur on McCloud River on contact between diabase and carboniferous limestone. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 123 Siskiyou County : In sands at Cecilville and on Klamath River. Sonoma County : Large masses of garnet occur near Petaluma, W. P. Blake' '^'. Trinity County : Uvarovite has been found at Carrville. Tulare County: White massive grossularite was found in the north- west corner of the county, which was analysed by Steiger, Kunz*^'^\ HoO SiOo TiOo Al.Oa FecOa FeO CaO MgO MnO at 100° ab. 100° 3S.o9 -- 22.24 0.45 0.36 35.97 0.G4 CO2 0.39 0.10 F 0.17 0.31 0.80 = 100.02% Essonite in good crystals occurs at Three Rivers. Topazolite was found at the Old Soldier mine. Drum Valley, twelve miles northeast of Visalia. Aplome, a manganese andradite. was found near Visalia. Tuolumne County : With epidote at Mutton ledge ; in schist on Jarvis ranch and at Soulsbyville. 171. MONTICELLITE. Silicate of calcium and magnesium, CaMgSiO^. Orthorhombic. Usually massive or in grains. Color yellowish gray or light brown. H = 5 — 5.5 ; G = 3.03 — 3.25. A rare mineral formed by contact metamorphism in a magnesian limestone. Riverside County : One of the many minerals occurring in the crystal- line limestone at Crestmore. It was found massive and in isolated grains in the blue calcite, associated with xanthophyllite. Analysed by Eakle. SiOi FeO CaO MgO 37.26 3.35 34.26 24.74 = 99.61% 172. OLIVINE— Chrysolite— Peridot. Silicate of magnesia and iron (Mg,Fe)2SiOi. Oithurhombic. Generally in grains. Color olive-green, grayish green. Vitreous luster. H = 6.5 — 7; G = 3.27 — 3.37. Olivine is a rock-forming mineral which is practically limited to very basic eruptive rocks like diabase, basalt, andesite, gabbro and peridotite. Occurs occasionally in clear green crystals large enough to cut into gems. Butte County: A constituent of diabase at Mooreville Ridge, Tur- ner'^*. Also in the concentrates at Oroville and Cherokee. Del Norte County : In the sands at Crescent City, Gilbert Creek and Smith River. 124 STATE MINING BUREAU. Huiiiboldt County: In the beach sands at Gold Bluff and also in the sands at Orleans Bar and Trinidad. Los Angeles County : Small amount is found in the sand at Ocean Park. Mendocino County : Occurs in the sand at Fort Bragg. Nevada County: In the gabbro-serpentine series at Grass Valley, Lindgren^^\ Plumas County : A constituent of plumasite at Spanish Peak, Law- son^^^ San Diego County : A constituent of the gabbro at Dehesa, Lawson^*^. San Francisco County: In the serpentine of San Francisco, Law- son^ 2)^ Palache(2\ San Mateo County : In the beach sands of the county. Santa Cruz County: Small amount of the crystals in the sands at Aptos. Siskiyou County : At the forks of the Salmon in sand. Yuba County : Quite a prominent constituent of the concentrated sands at Marysville. 173. IDDINGSITE. Silicate of iron, magnesium, calcium and sodium. Ortliorhombic. Lamellar crystals. Cleavage perfect macropinacoidal. Color chestnut-brown to yellowish green. Bronze luster. H = 2..5; G=2.S4. Iddingsite is the name given by Lawson*^^) to a new rock-forming mineral similar to olivine, found in basic eruptive rocks. Since its discovery the mineral has been observed in many other localities in the rock sections. Monterey County : The mineral was first observed in reddish sections in the carmeloite (augite-andesite) at Carmelo Bay. 174. WILLEMITE. Silicate of zinc, Zn2Si04. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Crystals usually prismatic. Also massive and granular. Cleavage basal. Color light green, apple-green, flesh red. Vit- reous luster. H = .5.5 ; G = 3.S9 — 4.18. Very little zinc has been found in the State except in the form of the sulphide and carbonate. Willemite is sometimes found with the more common calamine as a dehydrated product. Inyo County : Found with calamine and hydrozincite at the Ygnacio and Cerro Gordo mines. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 125 175. WERNERITE— Scapolite. Tetragonal. Usually massive granular. Color white, gray or pink. H = 5 — 6; = 2.66 — 2.73. Scapolite is the name given to a group of rock-forming silicates con- sisting of isomorphous mixtures of Ca^AlcSioO.^j with Na^AlaSioOo^Cl. Wernerite is the most common member of the group. The scapolites are in general formed by contact metamorphism. Nevada County : Scapolite occurs in a contact schist at Nevada City and Grass Valley, Lindgren^*'\ 176. VESUVIANITE— Idocrase. Basic silicate of calcium and oluminium, HiCai2(Al,Fe)sSiio043. Tetragonal. Square prisms, granular, massive. Color brown to green. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5; = 3.35 — 3.45. Yesuvianite is a characteristic mineral formed in limestone near the contact with intrusive rocks. It is often associated with grossularite garnet. Calif or nite. A very compact massive green vesuvianite, resembling jade, named by Kunz<^'*\ Occurs as streaks and nodules in serpentine. Butte County : Good green californite occurs on the west side of the North Fork of Feather River, near Big Bar. It occurs as streaks and nodules in serpentine. Rogers^^^ mentions some water-worn pebbles from the Feather River. El Dorado County : Brown crystals of vesuvianite occurred at the Siegel Lode, AV. P. Blake<9>. Fresno County: Californite occurs on east side of Watts Valley, about thirty-two miles east of Fresno. Inyo County: Brownish green crystals were associated with garnet and massive white datolite at the San Carlos mine. Analysed by J. L. Smith' 1'. SiO; AI2O3 Fe^Os MnO CaO MgO KoQ Ign. 36.56 17.04 5.93 0.18 35.94 1.07 0.51 2.00 =99.23% Riverside County : Green and brown vesuvianite masses and crystals are common in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore. Analysed by J. Buford Wright : G = 3.36. SiO: AI2O3 FeoQs FeO MnO CuO CaO MgO Na...O H2O 36.SS 17.61 3.11 0.46 1.50 1.00 33.27 4.73 0.34 0.01 = 99.57% San Diego County: Brown vesuvianite occurs with essonite garnet about ten miles east of Jacumba Hot Springs, Kunz^'^^. 126 STATE MINING BUREAU. Siskiyou County: The apple-green variety, calif ornitc, outcrops for about 200 feet along the south fork of Indian Creek, twelve miles from Happy Camp, and the mineral was analysed by Steiger, Kunz^*\ H2O Si On TiOo AUO, Fe.Oa FeO MnO CaO MgO at 100= ab. 100° 55.86 0.10 18.35 1.67 0.39 0.05 P.'Os 0.02 33.51 CO2 5.43 F 0.20 4.18 =99.80% This is the original locality of the variety. Tulare County : Californite is found in the ehrj^soprase locality east of Porterville. This variety occurs also with white grossularite garnet in the northwest corner of the county, about thirty-five miles east of Selma. Analysed by Steiger, Kunz^^^. SiOs i6.55 AI2O3 18.89 Fe^Os 0.74 FeO 0.74 CaO 35.97 MgO 2.33 HoO at 100° ab. 100 = 0.58 3.42 F 0.13 =100.26% CO2 0.91 177. ZIRCON. Silicate of zirconium, ZrSi04. Tetragonal. Small prisms. Colorless, pink, grayish brown. Vitreous luster. H = 7.5; = 4.68 — 4.7. Zircon is an almost constant accessory mineral in the acid eruptive rocks, especially granites and syenites. The concentrates from the gold washings and the black sands generally carry some zircon crystals, but there is no locality in the State known for "zircon sands." Alameda County : Mentioned as one of the constituents of the soda- rhyolite of North Berkeley, Palache^^^ Butte County : First mentioned in the State by Silliman('> as a con- stituent of the gold-washings at Cherokee. Has been observed in the sands at Oroville, Sterling City, Little Rock Creek and Brush Creek. Calaveras County : In the sands at Douglas Flat and Wallace. Del Norte County : At Crescent City, Gilbert Creek and Smith River. El Dorado County: Sands of the Brownsville district, near Plaeer- ville and at Grizzly Flat. Fresno County : In the sands at Picayune Flat. Humboldt County: The beach sands at Gold Bluff and Upper Gold Bluff contain a little zircon. Also found at Orleans and Trinidad. Marin County: In quartzite near Reed Station, Murgoci'^V Mendocino County: Observed at Fort Bragg, in Anderson Valley, and on the Navarro River. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 127 Nevada County: A constituent of the granodiorite of Nevada City, Lindgren(^). Also in the concentrates at Nevada City, Grass Valley and Rough and Ready. Placer County : Observed at Butcher Ranch and Gold Run. Plumas County: In the Diadem Lode, Meadow Valley, Turner (4). In the sands at Spanish Ranch and Rock Island Hill. Riverside County : Small amounts in the sands at Holcombe. Sacramento County: Common in the sands at INIichigan Bar. San Diego County : A constituent of the dumortierite schist at De- hesa. Schaller^^). San Luis Obispo County : The beach sands at Port Harford and Pismo contain some zircon. San Mateo County : The beach sands of the county show a little of the mineral. Santa Barbara County: In the sands at Point Sal. Santa Cruz County : At Aptos. Shasta County: In the sands from French Gulch and Redding. Siskiyou County : In the sands of Jackson Creek, Scott River, Salmon River and at Sawyer 's Bar. Colorless and pale pink crystals from near Fort Jones have the forms: (100), (110), (101), (111), (311), (511), Eakle. Trinity County: At Trinity Center, Burnt Ranch, Junction City, Minersville and in the sands of the streams. Yuba County : In the sands of Camptonville. 178. TOPAZ. Silicate of aluminium aud fluorine, AUO.Fs) AlSi04. Orthorliombic. Prismatic crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Colorless, aquamarine, yellow, blue. Vitreous luster. H = S; G = 3.4 — 3.65. Topaz occvirs in veins in metamorphic and eruptive rock where fluorine has accompanied the formation of the vein. It is usually associated with tourmaline aud other minerals whose formation has been due to the action of gases on the constituents of the rock. Butte County : Mentioned by Silliman^') as a constituent of the sands at Cherokee. Probably mistaken for zircon. San Diego County: Fine large crystals of colorless and aquamarine topaz occurred at the Little Three aud Sunrise mines, a few miles from Raraona. Some of them resemble the topaz from the Urals. 128 STATE MINING BUREAU. 179. AN DALUSITE— Made— Chiastolite. • Silicate of aluminium, Al.SiOj. Orthorhombic. Prisms. Color gray, piuk, rose-red. Vitreous luster. 11 = 7.5; G = 3.16 — 3.20. Occurs as a constituent of gneisses and schists, and is usually associ- ated M'ith cyanite, sillinianite and staurolite. Cliiasfolitc is a variety found in carbonaceous schists, in knotty and long prismatic individuals having black inclusions of carbon arranged axially, and thus forming black crosses seen in the transverse sections. ]\Iariposa County : Chiastolite schists are abundant along the Chow- ehilla River and were first reported by W. P. Blake^^^ This variety was mentioned by Turner'^^ from the Ne Plus Ultra mine, near Barenda, from the Daulton ranch near Indian Gulch and from Yaqui Gulch near Mariposa. Nevada County : Andalusite is a constituent of quartzite at Grass Yalley, Lindgren*^^^ Riverside County : Large crystals of pink andalusite are found near Coahuila, Kunz(^>, Schaller^^^. 180. SILLIMANITE— Fibrolite. Silicate of aluminium, ALSiOj. Orthorhombic. Long slender prisms and fibers. Cleavage perfect brachy- pinacoidal. Color grayish and light brown. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 3.23. A constituent of metamorphic gneiss and schist, and usually with cyanite, andalusite and staurolite. IMariposa County : Occurs in the schists near Mariposa, Turner^*^ Fairbanks^i^ San Diego County : A constituent of the dumortierite gneiss at Dehesa, Schaller*^^^. 181. CYANITE— Disthene. Silicate of aluminium, AljSiOo. Triclinic. Long slender or blade-like crystals. Cleavage perfect macro- pinacoidal. Color sky-blue, green, white. Vitreous to pearly lustei*. H = 5 — 7; G = 8.56 — 3.67. A common metamorphic mineral found in schists and gneisses with andalusite, sillimanite and dumortierite. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 129 Imperial County : Large blue boulders of dumortierite rock found in the Cargo Muchacho district near Ogilby contain small crystals of cyanite. Los Angeles County : Found in the schists near Los Angeles. Tuolumne County : A constituent of the schists on Yankee Hill. 182. DATOLITE. Basic silicate of boron and calcium, HCaBSiOo. Monocliuic. Small crystals and massive. Colorless to white, often with greenish tinge. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — ^5.5; G = 2.9 — 3.0. Datolite forms veins of glassy crystals or white massive material in dikes and along the contact of igneous intrusions of diabase and diorite. Inyo County : White massive datolite was associated with vesuvianite and garnet at the San Carlos mine and was analysed by J. L. Smith^^^ Si02 B0O3 CaO H2O 38.02 21.62 33.87 5.61 =99.12% G = 2.988 San Francisco County: Glassy crystals and white veins of datolite occur in an old altered diabase dike in the serpentine at Fort Point. Analysed by Schaller. Forms: (001), (100), (110), (120), (Oil), (012), (102), (104), (T02), (111), Til), (T12), (T13), (T14), (T16), (312), (121), (231), (1.1.18), Eakle(i>. HoO =99.34% 183. 20ISITE. Basic silicate of calcium and aluminium, HCaaAlaSisOia. Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals ; sometimes massive. Cleavage perfect brachypiuacoidal. Color grayish white to gi-eenish gray. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5; = 3.25 — 3.37. Zoisite belongs to the metamorphic class of minerals and is often developed by the metamorphism of gabbros and diorites. It is not an uncommon mineral in the State, but has seldom been mentioned. Saussurite is a mixture of zoisite and plagioclase feldspar formed in gabbros and plutonic rocks by alteration and pressure, and the process of change is called " saussuritization. " CUnozoisite. Name given to a rock-forming silicate near zoisite in composition but monoclinic in crystallization. 9—8560 SiO,, AI0O3 B0O-, CaO H,0 36.71 0.17 22.11 33.83 6.52 130 STATE MINING BUREAU. Lake County : Mentioned by Becker^^^ as common in the metamorphic rocks at Sulphur Bank and in the Coast Range. Analysed from Sul- phur Bank. SiOo TiOo AI0O3 Fe.Oa FeO NiO MnO CaO MgO NaoO 39. SO tr. 22.72 4.85 1.49 __ 0.26 17.55 3.89 4.09 39.19 1.17 22.76 6.49 1.78 tr. K2O 0.12 0.58 0.09 H2O 5.25 1.12 22.02 P2O3 tr. 1.64 = 100.02% = 100.22 3.38 Plumas County : Found in the Diadem Lode, Meadow Vafley, Tur- ner^^^ Santa Clara County : Mentioned by Murgoci^^^ in the eclogite of Oak Ridge. Clinozoisite also occurs as a constituent of the eclogites of the Calaveras Valley. Shasta County: Saussurite was analysed by Clarke^^^ from a gabbro found thirty-seven miles north of Pit River Ferry. SiOs AI2O3 FeO CaO MgO NagO HoO 42.79 29.43 3.65 18.13 1.40 2.51 2.42 =100.33% Sonoma County: Found in quartzite at Pine Flat, Murgoci^^^ 184. EPIDOTE. Basic silicate of calcium, alumiuiiim and iron, HCa2(Al,Fe)3Si30i3. Monoclinic. Crystals, massive, earthy. Cleavage perfect basal. Color pistachio-green, dark green, dark brown, yellow. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 7; G = 3.25 — 3.5. Epidote is a very common mineral in the State, especially as an alteration mineral in crystalline rocks. It is often found in aggregates of large crystals and columnar masses in veins with quartz and feldspar. Butte County : Mentioned by Silliman^'^^ as a constituent of the gold washings at Cherokee. Calaveras County : Large crystals found at Bald Point on the Mokel- umne River, at Mokelumne Hill, and at Copperopolis. Contra Costa County : In the rocks on Mount Diablo and in the Diablo Range. El Dorado County : Fine large crystals occurred in a coarse vein with orthoclase, bornite and molybdenite which were coated with axinite, at the old Cosumnes copper mine. Minute prisms in quartz at Placer- ville. Inyo County : Columnar specimens have come from near Inde- pendence. Los Angeles County : Found with bitumen and orthoclase at White Point and with labradorite near San Pedro. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 131 Madera County : Common on the Minaret Mountains. Marin County: Occurs with hnvsonite at Reed Station, Ransome^^^. IMariposa County: Massive at Ilornitos. Also near Coulterville and at Yosemite Cliff. On the south side of Mount Hofifman. Nevada County: Common near Glen Alpine with violet axinite. At Meadow Lake, Lindgren ('')'(5). Placer County : Near Newcastle. Plumas County : With garnet and quartz on iMount Herbert. San Bernardino County : Common in the Monte Negros district, Storms^i>. San Diego County: Occurs as a secondary mineral with black tour- maline at Rincon, Rogers*^-^^ Santa Clara County: In the eclogite of Calaveras Valley, Murgoci^^^ Shasta County : Epidote from this county Avas analysed by Schaller. SiOo AI2O3 FeaOs FeO iInO MgO CaO Na4) K^O 38.22 25.12 8.75 1.25 0.19 tr. 22.77 O.il 0.06 H2O at 105° ab. 105° TiO^ Tulare County: Common in the Mineral King district, Goodyear*^!^ Large divergent columns at Eber Flat and at Three Rivers. Also com- mon in Fraser Valley. Tuolumne County : Near Sonora. Yuba County : At Smartsville. 185. ALLAN ITE—Orthite. Basic silicate of calcium, iron, aluminium and cerium. Monoclinic. Flat tabular crystals and imbedded grains. Color brownisb black. Pitchy luster. H = 5.5 — 6; G = 3.5 — 4.2. A constituent of some crystalline rocks, but its reported occurrence in the State is doubtful. Santa Barbara County : Said to have been found in rock near Santa Barbara. 186. PIEDMONTITE. Basic silicate of calcium, aluminium, manganese and iron, HCa2(Al,Mn,Fe)3Si30u. Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Color reddish brown and reddish black. Reddish streak. Vitreous luster. II=:G.5; G = 3.4. San Diego County : Found in the thin section of a dark red quartz- porphyry boulder from the gravels at Pacific Beach, Rogers^^^. 132 STATE MIXING BUREAU. 187. AXINITE. Borosilicate of aluminium and calcium ^itb iron and manganese, H(Ca,Mn,Fe)3BAL(SiO,),. Triclinic. Thin wedge-shaped crystals. Sometimes gi'anular massive. Color clove-brown, yellow. Vitreous luster. H = 6.5 — 7; G = 3.27 Ciystals of axinite are sometimes developed in the veins and along the contact of intrusive rocks but the mineral is rather rare in its occurrence. El Dorado County: Small clove-brown crystals occurred embedded on epidote at the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fairplay. They have been described and analysed by Schaller^^i^ Forms: (110), (010), (120), (130), (160), (1.29.0), (160), (270), (7.11.0), (110), (540), (430), (210), (310), (510), (100), (3l0), (950). SiO: AloOs FeO CaO MnO MgO B2O3 H2O 42.79 16.38 4.22 19.21 8.76 0.09 6.70 1.85 =100.00% Inyo County : Found in the Funeral Mountains and in the Owl Mountains, Death Valley. Nevada County : Thin bladed masses of violet-colored axinite occur in veins near Glen Alpine. Riverside County : A large axinite crystal from the city quarry at Riverside, measured 9 by 12 by 1| centimeters. The forms are: (111), (111), (ITO), (201), (001), (110), and (010). The axinite of this quarry is violet-brown, Rogers^^^ San Diego County: Smoky-pink crystals occur in an altered granite in Moosa Canj-on, about eighteen miles south of Pala near Bonsall, associated with quartz, epidote and laumontite, and have been described by Schaller(ii). Forms: (ITO), (130), (110), (100), (331), (111), (112), (021), (T32), (201), (111), (131), (132). :03 H2O : 99.83% 188. PREHNITE. Acid silicate of calcium and aluminum, HoCaiALSiaOi;. Orthorhombic. Tabular crystals, granular, drusy masses. Color light . green to white. Vitreous luster. H = 6 — 6.5; G=2.8 — 2.95. Green drusy coatings and veins of prehnite are sometimes present in altered diabase and lavas, but the mineral is not common in the State. Lotrite is a mineral similar to prehnite in composition, but differs from it in optical characters. San Diego County: Prehnite was analysed by Schaller, from Smith Mountain, near Oak Grove. H2O SiOo AI2O3 FeoOs FeO CaO MnO MgO B2O3 H2O 42.61 17.43 0.38 7.53 19.74 4.10 0.44 6.04 1.56 SiOs AUO3 Fe.Os CaO under 300° Ign. 43.48 24.52 0.34 27.19 4.32 0.17 = 100.02% G = 2.815- - 2.909 42.63 26.64 27.05 4.26 = 100.58 SiOi FeoOs AI0O3 Cr^Os FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O 28.09 20.80 0.32 0.13 29.93 3.24 15.S9 O.IS 1.62 MINERALS OF CALIFORNI.V. 133 Santa Barbara County: Prehnite occurred in the analcite-diabase of Cuyamas Valley, Fairbanks^^\ Santa Clara County: Lotrite was observed by ]\Iurgoei^i> as probably present in the greenstone of Calaveras Valley. 189. ILVAITE. • Silicate of iron ami calcium, CaFeoCFeOH) (SiOi);. Oi-thorhombic. Long prism.s vertically striated. Color grayish black. Submetallic luster. H = 5..5 — 6: G = 4.0. Ilvaite is a rare mineral and is only known from one locality in the State. Formed by contact metamorphism in crystalline limestone. Shasta County : Thin bands and long prisms of ilvaite occur on both sides of a narrow dike cutting through limestone on Potter Creek, near Baird. The crystals occur on quartz and hedenbergite and have been described by Prescotfi>. Forms: (110), (120), (010), (111), (101), (890). Analysed by H. R. Moss. MnO CaO MgO H2O = 100.20% 190. CALAMINE. Basic silicate of zinc. H^ZnaSiOs. Orthorhombic. Hemimorphic ci-ystals, drusy masses, earthy. Clea^Hige perfect prismatic. Color white; sometimes bluish or brown. H = 4.5 — 5; G = 3.4 — 3.5. Calamine is found in the oxidized portion of veins carrying zinc, but its occurrence in California is quite limited. Inyo County: Small amounts have been found with willemite and smitlisonite at the St. Ygnacio, Cerro Gordo and Indiana mines, and in Surprise Canyon. San Bernardino County : Found with smitlisonite at the Cuticura mine, near Daggett. 191. LAWSONITE. Basic silicate of calcium and aluminium, HiCaALSioOio. Orthorhombic. Prismatic and tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal and brachypinacoidal. Color pale blue to white. Vitreous luster. H = S; G = 3.09. Lawsonite was discovered in California as a new constituent of cer- tain schists, and since its discovery has been found to be ([uite wide- spread in its occurrence in the rocks of the Coast Range. It is limited to the metamorphic rocks. SiOo TiOi AI0O3 Fe,.0- 38.10 __ 2S.SS 0.85 37.32 __ 35.14 38.45 0.38 31.35 0.86 CaO MgO KoO NaoO 18.26 0.23 0.65 17.83 __ __ 17.52 0.17 0.23 0.06 Ign. 11.42 = 99.39% 11.21 =z 101.50 11.21 — 100.33 134 STATE MINING BUREAU. Marin County : Discovered as a new mineral in the schists of the Tiburon Peninsular, near Reed Station, and was described and named by Ransome^2)_ Forms: (Oil), (110), (041), (001). Additional forms by Hillebrand and Selialler as one of the constituents of the gneisses, schists and quartzites of Oak Ridge, Redwood and Calaveras Valley. 192. TOURMALINE. Borosilicate of aluminium witli various bases. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Long prismatic crystals, often divergent radi- ating groups. Color black, green, rose-red, brown, blue, smoky. A'^itreous luster. H = 7 — 7.5; G = 2.98 — 3.2. Black tourmaline is a very common mineral in the State and large areas of tourmaline-granites exist in the Sierras. Brown tourmaline has also been found, but in limited quantity. The richly colored red and green tourmalines of San Diego County are the finest in the world, and have become almost universally known and used as gems. Tourma- line always occurs in prismatic crystals, often bunched into radiating groups and usually much fractured. The common black tourmaline is characteristic of granites and quartz veins in granites. Brown tourma- line is found in crystalline limestone near the contact with intrusive igneous rock. The transparent green and red and other shades occur in pegmatite veins which carry lithia and they are classed as lithia- tourmalines. The red tourmaline is often called rubellite, the blue, indicolite and the colorless, acliroifc. Alpine County : Black tourmaline is common in Hope Valley. El Dorado County : Black tourmaline occurs with orthoclase at Buck's Bar. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 135 Fresno County : Black is common in Fine Gold Gulch, at the Enter- prise mine, and at Eber Flat. Inyo County : Black occurs in the Lee district. Kern County : Black is found in the rocks of the Tehachapi Moun- tains. ^Mariposa County : Black is very common in the granites of the Yosemite Valley. Nevada County : Black occurs at Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe and near Crystal Peak. A dark brown variety found two miles northwest of Colfax was analysed by Melville^^^ SiO; A1,0:, FeoOa CaO MgO KoO NasO B.Os Ign. '.6.40 33.64 3.13 1.51 10.01 0.12 F 0.74 2.49 = 98.07- 0.52 0=F -0.31 = 97. 3.53 76% Orange County : Black is found at the Santa Ana tin mine, Santa Ana ^Mountains. Placer County: Black at Soda Springs. Riverside County : Some fine gem tourmaline occurs near Coahuila and in the San Jacinto INIountains. San Bernardino County : Black at Halleck. San Diego County : A series of pegmatite veins consisting mainly of white albite with quartz and lepidolite mica, cut through the diorite hills in the northwestern part of the county from the vicinity of Mesa Grande northward through Pala and into Riverside County, and these A'eins have been prolific in their yield of beautiful transparent tourma- lines in many shades of rose-red and green. The fir«t mention of the occurrence of rubellite and lepidolite in southern California was by W. P. Blake^^^\ who gave the locality as the San Bernardino Range. Later Oreutt^i> described the occurrence at Pala. The first material obtained was the lavender and lilac lepidolite containing radiating clusters of bright red rubellite prisms, which form beautiful museum specimens and can be seen in most mineral collections. The gem varieties were found later and since 1893 a number of mines have been located and many large beautiful crystals obtained. At present the best tourmalines come from Mesa Grande. Sterrett^^^ gives the ciwstal- lograpliy of tourmaline from Damoron ranch, four miles northwest of Mesa Grande. Forms: (0221), (1230), (14o0), (2131), (1232), (0001), (OITT), (1012), (1120), (lOTO), (OlTO), (lOTl), and (0001). Tour- malines of many shades, black, pink, blue, violet, green and colorless, occur at Rincon in the Victor and other claims and some of the crystals have the forms: (1120), (lOTO), (OlTO), (1232), (lOTl), (OOOT), (OlTT), Rogers'^*. Analyses of the tourmaline of the county have been made by Schaller^'^ 1. Pink from Mesa Grande; 2. Pale green from Mesa 136 STATE MINING BUREAU. Grande ; 3. Pink from Pala ; 4. Altered pink from Pala ; 5. Black from Lost Valley ; 6. Black from Ramona. SiO, 37.57 36.72 36.98 37.05 35.96 35.21 ALOj 42.18 41.27 43.69 44.25 33.28 36.07 Tib, tr. 0.06 __ 0.36 0.23 Fed 0.19 1.13 11.04 11.11 MnO 0.24 1.48 tr. tr. 0.13 0.98 MgO none none tr. 0.10 3.48 0.19 CaO 1.20 0.87 0.25 0.22 0.42 0.25 U,0 1.92 1.76 1.28 1.27 none tr. Na,0 2.05 2.23 2.02 1.06 2.16 1.92 K„6 none none 2.29 1.95 none none B,03 10.65 10.60 7.66 2.46 10.61 10.48 H,0 3.39 3.33 4.67 10.81 3.31 3.51 F 0.29 0.31 — — none ~ 99.77 99.76 98.84 99.17 100.75 99.95% San Luis Obispo County : Black tourmaline occurs in the rocks of the Santa Margarita Hills. Tulare County: Black in Frazer Valley, Drum A^alley, and at Mineral King. Tuolumne County : Black near Crimea House, near Sonora and near Soulsby. 193. DUMORTIERITE. Basic silicate of aluminium witli boron. HAlsBSi30,o. Ortlaorhombic. Small prisms, granular. Color smalt-blue, dark blue, violet-red. Vitreous luster. H = 7; = 3.22 — 3.43. Dumortierite is a metamorphic mineral found in certain gneisses and schists; very rare in its occurrence. Imperial County: Dark blue boulders of dumortierite occur on the plains about twenty-five miles from Ogilby. San Diego County: A violet-red variety of dumortierite occurs near Dehesa and was described and analysed by Schaller^^^ and also analysed byFord(i). Forms: (010), (100), (110), (120), (320), (210), (102), (203). SiO, AI2O3 TijOa Fe^Os B2O3 H2O Schaller 28.68 63.31 1.45 0.23 5.37 1.52 =100.56% Ford 30.58 61.83 __ 0.36 5.93 2.14 =100.84 Tuolumne County : Boulders of dark blue dumortierite have been found in the county. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 137 CHAPTER IX. HYDROUS SILICATES AND TITANO-SILICATES. Zeolites. Gyrolite Apophyllite Okeuite Heulandite Laumontite Stilbite Chabazite Analcite Natrolite Mesolite Mieas. Muscovite Mariposite Paragonite Lepidolite Biotite Lepidomelane Roscoelite Brittle micas. Margarite Xanthophyllite Chloritoid Ottrelite Chlorites. Clinochlore Kotschubeite Penninite Kjimmererite Prochlorite Corundophyllite Chalcodite Jefferisite Not Grouped. Serpentine Dewey lite Montmorillonite Talc Pyrophyllite Allophane Sepiolite Celadonite KaoHnite Rectorite Halloysite Cimolite Chrysocolla Chloropal Nontronite Stratopeite Pilinite Titano-silieates. Titanite Benitoite Neptunite 194. GYROLITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium, HjCajSiaOg.HjO. Fibrous and lamellar concretions. Colorless and white. Vitreous luster. H = 3 — 4; G = 2.39. Formed as a secondary mineral in crevices of rocks by the alteration of lime silicates. San Francisco County : Occurs lining fissures in the rock at Fort Point and was analysed by Schaller^^^ SiOs AI0O3 CaO Na;0 Ign. 53.47 0.22 32.00 1.2; 13.21 = 100.15% Santa Clara County : Fibrous gyrolite occurred in the crevices of the cinnabar mine at New Almaden, associated with apophyllite and bituminous matter, which was analysed by Clarke ^^^ SiOo AloCFe^Orj CaO KoO Na.O P 52.54 0.71 29.97 1.5G 0.27 0.65 Igrn F — O 14.60 =100.30 — 0.27 =100.03% 195. APOPHYLLITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium, H;KCa4(SiO;,)8.4AHjO. Tetragonal. Square prisms, pj-ramids, massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Colorless, white, pale violet, greenish, yellowish. Pearly luster on base. H = 4.5 — 5; G = 2.3 — 2.4. A secondary mineral found in cavities of volcanic rock. 138 STATE MINING BUREAU. Sau Francisco County : A few crystals were found at Fort Point with the forms (111) and (100), but most of them were largely changed into quartz pseudomorphs, Schaller^^^ Santa Clara County: Found at New Almaden in large crystals associated with gyrolite and bituminous matter, Clarke^^). 196. OKENITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium, HoCaSioOg + HjO. Finely fibrous and acicular. Color snow-white. Luster pearly. H = 4.5 — 5; G:=2.28. Riverside County : The wilkeite in the limestone at Crestmore is often altered to a white fibrous material, which has been identified as okenite by its optical properties. Eakle and Rogers*^^^ 197. HEULANDITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminium, H4CaAL(Si03)o.3H,0. Monoclinic. Platy crystals. Color white, brick-red. Perfect clinopina- coidal cleavage. H:=3.5 — 4; G = 2.18 — 2.2. A zeolite formed as a secondary mineral in cavities and seams of basic volcanic rock, usually with stilbite, chabazite and other zeolites. It is probably present in the basaltic areas of the State, but has not been reported. San Diego County : Occurs sparingly as pale brown crystals with stil- bite at Rincon. Forms: (010), (001), (201), (201), (110), Rogers^S). 198. LAUMONTITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminium, H4CaAl2Si40i4.2H20. Monoclinic. Radiating or divergent columnar. Cleavage perfect basal and clinopinacoidal. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 3.o — 4; = 2.2.5 — 2.36. A zeolite occurring in cavities of basic volcanic rock, usually with other zeolites. San Bernardino County: Fibrous white laumontite has been found near the Grant mine, on the right bank of the Cucamonga Canyon. San Diego County: Small amounts are associated with the axinite crystals of Moosa Canyon near Bonsall, Schaller^^^ The mineral also occurs at Rincon in minute radiate crystals with the forms (110), and (201), and as a pseudomorph after stilbite, Rogers'^^\ MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 139 199. STILBITE. Hydrous silicate of sodium, calcium and aluminum, H4(Nao,Ca) Al2SieOis.4H20. Monoclinic. Commonly in sheaf-like aggregates, lamellar. Cleavage per- fect clinopinacoidal. Color white, yellowish brown. Vitreous to pearly luster. 11 = 3.5 — 4; G = 2.09 — 2.20. A common zeolite occurring usually as sheaf-like aggregates in cav- ities and seams of volcanic rock. It is more common than M'hat has "been reported. Fresno County : Found in lava in the North Fork mining district. Modoc County : Specimens of lava with amygdules tilled with stilhite and natrolite have come from this county. San Diego County : Occurs as sheaf-like aggregates of small brown crystals at the Victor mine near Rincon, Rogers*^ ^\ Santa Barbara County : Found in the San Pablo Mountains of Santa Rosa Island. Tulare County : Occurs in volcanic rock at Mount Kaweah. 200. CHABAZITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium, sodium and aluminium (Ca.Naj) ALSiiO^s-GHoO. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Crystals nearly cubic. Color white, flesh- red. Vitreous luster. H = 4 — 5; G = 2.08 — 2.16. A zeolite occurring as a secondary mineral in cavities of basic volcanic rock, usually in rhombohedrons nearly cubic in shape. Nevada County : Occurs in colorless crystals with epidote and pyrite at the Star placer mine, Grass Valley, Lindgren^^^ Plumas County : Found as rhombohedrons in olivine basalt at the Dodson mine, Mooreville Ridge, Turner'^). 201. ANALCITE. Hydrous silicate of sodium and aluminium, NaAlSijOg.HoO. Isometric. Crystals usually trapezohedrons. Sometimes quite large. Colorless to white. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — ."...") ; G = 2.22 — 2.29. A zeolite occurring as a secondary mint-ral in volcanic rocks and often in large trapezohedral crystals. It is also found as an original constituent in some diabases and basalts. Alameda County: Occurs as one of the secondary minerals in the cavities of andesitic rock on the Berkeley Hills. Santa liarl)ara ('ounty : A constituent of the teschenite of Point Sal and M-as analysed by Fairbanks^^^^'*\ Si02 AloOj CaO Na^Q K^O Ign. 54.40 23.04 0.21 13.33 0.10 8.46 =99.G3 G = 2.2G 1-40 STATE MINING BUREAU. 202. NATROLITE. Hydrous silicate of sodium and aluminium, Na2Al2Si30io.2H20. Orthorhombic. Long needles, columnar, fibrous. Cleavage perfect pris- matic. Colorless to white. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — 5.5; G = 2.2 — 2.25. A zeolite formed as a secondary mineral in cavities of igneous rock and sometimes as veins in such rock. It usually occurs fibrous or acicular, associated with stilbite and other zeolites. Alameda County: Needles of natrolite occur with analcite in the amygdules of the andesitic rock on the Berkeley Hills. Modoc County : Slender needles occur with stilbite in the lava of this county. San Benito County: A large vein of white natrolite occurs near the headwaters of the San Benito River on the west side of the Diablo Range about twenty-five miles north of Co'alinga, in which crystals of benitoite and neptunite are included. The natrolite is mostly granular although some crystals with the forms (110) and (111) occur. The occurrence has been described by Louderback(i>(2) ^.^^11 analysis by Blasdale. SiOa AI2O3 NaoO H2O 47.69 27.14 15.74 9.5G == 100.13% Sierra County: Found on Herkin's ranch north of Sierra. Sonoma County : In the rocks of the Sonoma Mountains not far from Petaluma. 203. MESOLITE. Hydrous silicate of sodium and calcium, ni NaoALSi30io2H20 n CaAlaSisOm-SHjO. Triclinic. Prismatic crystals. Generally silky fibrous crusts. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Colorless to white. Vitreous to silky luster. H=5; G=2.2 — 2.4. A zeolite occurring generally as silky fibrous crusts as a secondary mineral in cavities of basaltic rock. Lassen County : Observed in the lava of Lassen Butte. Shasta County: Found near Redding. Ventura Countv : Observed in the basalt of the Pinos Mountains. MICAS. The mica family consists of a number of silicates, having various and complex compositions, which occur characteristically in thin elastic scales and plates. The common micas, muscovite and biotite, are very important rock-forming minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks, MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 141 and are to be found all over the State. There are several rare micas and alteration products of micas which have not been observed in Cali- fornia and will therefore not be mentioned. 204. MUSCOVITE— Potash Mica. Hydrous silicate of potassium and aluniiuium, essentially (H,K)AlSi04. Monoclinic. Hexagonal-shaped plates, plumose aggregates, scales. Cleav- age perfect basal. Colorless, gray, brown, pale green. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 2.76 — 3. Muscovite is a common constituent of granites, syenites, gneisses and schists. It is generally called mica or isinglass and is of economic value when in large transparent sheets. Extensive areas of mica- schists occur in the State in which muscovite is the principal constituent and gives the rock its schistose structure. Sericite is a soft greasy-feelimg muscovite forming mostly sericitic schists. Fuchsite is a chrome-muscovite of an emerald green color. Finite and Agalmatolite are names given to compact muscovite or altered muscovite, usually of gray or white color. 205. MARIPOSITE. Monoclinic. Micaceous, scales, foliated massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color apple-green, white. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5 — 3; G = 2.78 — 2.81. Mariposite is essentially a muscovite with its characteristic green color due to the presence of chromic oxide. It is distinctly charac- teristic of the gold belt of the Sierras and was descri])ed as a new mineral by Silliman^^\ 206— PARAGONITE— Soda Mica. Silicate of sodium and aluminium, H^NaAlaSioOj;. Massive, compact, scaly.* Cleavage perfect basal. Color gray, yellowish gray, pale green. Pearly luster. H = 2.5 — 3; G=:2.7S — 2.90. The rocks of the Coast Ranges are notably rich in soda and this mica has been observed as one of the constituents of the schists. 142 STATE MINING BUREAU. 207. LEPIDOLITE— Lithia Mica. Silicate of lithium, potassium, fluorine and aluminium (KLi) A1(0FI,F) Al(Si03)3. Monoclinic. Commonly in scaly masses ; sometimes in broad plates. Cleavage perfect basal. Color lilac, lavender, violet-blue, pink to colorless. Vitreous to pearly luster. H = 2.5 — 4; G = 2.8 — 2.9. Lepidolite occurs in scaly masses of a lavender, violet and pink color. It is the characteristic mica of pegmatitic veins which carry red and green tourmaline. CooTxcite is a hydrous lithia mica, white to yellowish green in color. 208. BIOTITE — Magnesia Mica. Silicate of magnesia, iron and aluminium (H,K)2(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe)2Si40io. Monoclinic. Broad plates, foliated, scaly, micaceous. Cleavage perfect basal. Color black, dark brown, green. Vitreous to pearly luster. H = 2.5 — 3; G = 2.7 — 3.1. The dark brown and black biotite mica is the commonest of all the micas. It is generally a prominent constituent of nearly all eruptive rocks and also of gneisses and schists. It is present as a rock-forming mineral in every county. Lepidomelane — Iron Mica. Monoclinic. Broad plates, scales, micaceous. Cleavage perfect basal. Color iron-black. Adamantine to vitreous luster. H = 3; G=3 — 3.2. Black lepidomelane is similar to biotite in composition and appear- ance, but is richer in iron. It is usually classed as biotite. Alpine County : A black biotite from a quartz-monzonite rock at Blood Station was analysed by Valentine, Turner^''^ SiOz T1O2 AI2O3 FeoOs FeO MnO CaO SrO BaO MgO LijO 35.62 2.61 15.24 4.69 13.67 0.74 0.95 tr. 0.26 12.70 tr. H2O Na-O KoO at 105° ab. 105° P0O5 F 0.50 7.72 0.94 4.36 none none =100.00% Amador County : Biotite from a pyroxene gneiss on the north fork of the Mokelumne River was analysed by Valentine, Turner ^^^ SiOo TiOs AI2O3 FeoOa FeO MnO CaO SrO BaO Mg-O LieO Na^O 36.62 3.03 14.37 4.04 17.09 0.40 1.48 tr. 0.33 9.68 tr. 0.45 H20 KoO at 105° ab.l05° P2O5 F = F 8.20 0.90 3.20 none 0.10 =99.95 — 0.04 =99.91% El Dorado County : According to Hanks^^^ some material resembling agalmatolite occurred in a vein at Greenwood. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 143 Inyo County: Muscovite is found in the Saratoga district. Lassen County: Muscovite was early reported from Susanville. Mariposa County: 1. Black biotite from biotite-granite of El Capi- tan, Yosemite Valley, was analysed by Valentine ; and, 2. Brown biotite from quartz-monzonite on Tioga road, southeast of Mount Hoffman, was analysed by Hillebrand, Turner^ ''^ SiOo TiOo AI2O3 V=03 Cr.03 FeoOs FeO MnO NiO CoO CaO SrO 1 35.64 1.12 18.62 __ __ 5.54 14.60 0.79 __ 0.90 __ 2. 35.75 3.16 14.70 0.05 tr. 4.65 14.08 H2O 0.45 0.02 0.17 ? BaO :MgO LioO Na»0 K.O at 100° ab. 100° P2O3 F 0::zF tr. 9.72 tr. 0.38 9.22 0.48 2.54 0.20 0.26: = 100.01 — 0.11 = 99.90% 0.12 12.37 __ 0.32 9.19 1.03 3.64 0.03 0.17: = 99.90 — 0.07=99.83% CaO MgO 0.07 3.25 0.07 3.29 The green mica, mariposite, is common in the ]\Iother Lode schists of this county and of Tuolumne and Calaveras counties, and it was first described by Silliman^^^ as a new mineral. The mineral from the Josephine mine was analysed by Hillebrand, Turner "^^^ SiOi TiOs AI0O3 CroOs FesOa FeO Green 55.35 0.18 25.62 0.18 0.63 0.92 White 56.79 25.29 none 1.59 K2O (Ll,Na)oO H2O 9.29 0.12 4.52 =100.13% 8.92 0.17 4.72 =100.84 Nevada Count}' : Sericite and biotite are mentioned by Lindgren*^^^ as constituents of the rocks of Grass Valley and Nevada City. Orange County : Fuchsite has been found at Arch Beach. Riverside County : ^Muscovite and lepidolite occur with the gem tour- maline at Coahuila. San Bernardino County : Cookeite has been reported from Oro Grande. San Diego County : Muscovite is a common mineral in the pegmatite veins which carry the gem tourmaline and kunzite of this county. Crystals occur at the ]Mack mine, Rincon, with the forms: (001), (010), (221), Rogers<2). Pink muscovite from Mesa Grande has been analysed by Schaller^"^ PiOo TiO; AI2O3 FeoOs MnO MgO CaO LioO NaeO K2O 45.63 tr. 37.42 tr. 0.06 H2O 4.43 none F 0.77 none 0.20 1.43 0=F = 99.89 — 0.32 = 99.57% 9.95 Lepidolite mica ranging in color from graj' through lavender and rose to deep violet is the common mica associated with the gem tourma- line of the county. Good crystals were found four miles east of Ramona having the forms: (001) (010), (100), (023), (112), (Til), (132), (130), (223), (221)?, (T12) ?, Schaller<6). Coarse and fine scaly lepidolite is common at the Victor mine, Rincon, and crystals have the forms (001), (100), (010), (T31), Rogers^-') The lepidolite of Pala and of Mesa Grande iuis been analysed by Schaller^'^^ 1. Red 144 STATE MINING BUREAU. purple from Pala, Tourmaline Queen mine ; 2. Blue purple from Pala ; 3. Purple; 4. White; 5. Lepidolite border on muscovite from Mesa Grande. SiOo 51.12 50.95 50.34 51.25 50.85 AI2O3 22.20 23.97 28.71 25.62 26.78 K2O 10.00 10.69 10.87 10.65 10.30 FeoOs 0.80 0.82 0.11 0.12 0.60 H2O 2.05 1.91 3.15 1.60 1.74 FeO Mn.Oa 1.34 1.29 MnO MgO CaO tr. noue L,i20 5.12 4.63 2.39 4.31 4.27 P2O5 0.04 0.04 0..50 none tr. 0.05 none tr. 0.07 tr. 0.10 F 0=F 6.38 =102.43 — 2.69= 99.74% 6.11 =102.80 — 2.57=100.23 5.02 =102.18 — 2.11= 100.07 7.06 =102.60 — 2.97= 99.63 6.71 =102.83 — 2.82=100.01 NaoO 2.28 2.39 1.59 1.91 1.41 Cookeite from Pala has also been analysed by Schaller^'^). SiOe 35.53 AI0O3 44.23 MnO tr. MgO tr. CaO tr. LioO 2.73 F 1.46 NaoO 2.11 KoO 0.31 0=F 100.55 — 0.61 H2O at 105° ab. 105° 0.61 13.57 : 99.95% Colorless and deep pink cookeite is found in pockets at the Victor mine, Rincon, coating quartz, lepidolite, orthoclase, albite and kunzite, and as pseudomorphs after kunzite, Rogers "^^^ Santa Clara County: Paragonite is mentioned as a constituent of eclogite at Coyote Creek, near San Martin and of greenstone on San Francisquito Creek, J. P. Smith^^^. Sierra County: Mariposite is found at the Rainbow mine. Tuolumne County: Mariposite is common at the Rawhide Ranch mine near Tuttletown. Ventura County: Good sheets of muscovite have come from the Mount Almo mica mine. 209. ROSCOELITE— Vanadium Mica. Hydrous silicate of vanadium, aluminum and potasium, H8K(Mg,Fe) (A1,V) 4(8103)1;. Minute scales often in stellate groups. Cleavage perfect basal. Color clove-brown, greenish brown or brownish green. Pearly luster. Soft. = 2.92-2.94. Vanadium is a rare constituent of some igneous rocks, and is occa- sionally found in small amounts in biotite. Roscoelite is unique in having a large percentage of vanadium in place of iron and thus form- ing a vanadium-mica. It is a very rare mica, and few specimens of it are now in existence, since most of the material was destroyed for the gold which was thickly interlaminated with the micaceous plates. El Dorado County : Layers from a tenth to a half inch in thickness of a dark green micaceous mineral, thickly interlaminated with gold, MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 145 were found at the Stuckslager or Sam Sim's mine on Granite Creek, near Coloma, -which proved to be a new mineral and was named by James Blake^-^, in 1874. The new mica was later described and anah'-sed by Genth^^), Roscoe^^^ and Hillebrand, Turner and Clarke*^^^ SiO^ TiO,. V0O3 V=05 VoOu AI2O3 FesOa MnoOs FeO Genth _. j 4T.S2 21.36 12.60 3.30 47.G9 22.02 14.10 1.67 Roscoe 41.25 28.60 14.14 1.13 1.15 Hillebraud- 45.17 0.78 24.01 11..54 1.60 MgO CaO Na^O KoO LiiO H,0 2.43 tr. 0.33 8.03 tr. 5.13 = 100.00% 2.00 tr. 0.19 7.59 tr. 4.96 = 100.22 G = 2.938 2.01 0.61 0.82 8.56 3.35 = 101.62 1.G4 0.06 10.37 tr. 4.69 = 99.86 Several hundred pounds of the mineral were also found in Big Red Ravine, near the old Sutter Mill, where gold was first discovered, but the masses were destroyed for their gold values, Hanks^^^. BRITTLE MICAS. The brittle micas include several micaceous minerals whose plates or scales are non-elastic and easily break when bent. Otherwise they resemble the common micas. They are characteristic of the crystalline gneisses and schists. All of them probably occur in the State, but only margarite. xanthophjdlite, chloritoid, and ottrelite have been observed. 210. MARGARITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium aud aluminium, HoCaoAliSijOj;. Mouoclioic. Scaly, micaceous. Cleavage perfect basal. Color grayish, piuk. Pearly luster. H = 3.5 — 4.5; G = 2.99 — 3.08. Margarite is prominent in the glaucophane rocks and has been ob- served in several localities. Calaveras County : Soft silver- white pearly masses of flaky material occur in the Gold Cliff mine at Angels and in some of the other mines of the Mother Lode which bear a strong resemblance to margarite, and are probably this mineral. Marin County : Mentioned by Ransome^^^ as an associate of the law- sonite at Reed Station. Much of this, however, is muscovite, Eakle^^^ San Mateo County : A constituent of the schists of Belmont, Mur- goci^i^. Santa Clara County: Occurs in the eclogite of Oak Ridge, J. P. Smith gives an analysis by ]\Ielville of a light green marmolite from New Idria. CaO MgO H=o = 100.03% San Francisco County: Newberry^^^ gives an analysis of the serpen- tine of San Francisco. SlOo AI0O3 CroOs FeO MnO CaO MgO HjO 39.60 1.94 0.20 8.45 __ 36.90 12.91 =100.00% Si02 AloOa FeO XiO CaO MgO H2O 41.54 2.48 1.37 0.04 __ 40.42 14.18 150 STATE MINING BUREAU. Santa Clara County: Small veins of clirysotile occur in the serpen- tine near New Almaden. Shasta County : Large tibrous masses of clirysotile asbestos occur near Simon's Station. Tulare County : A chrysotile variety giving cat 's-eye effect and called ' ' satelite ' ' comes from this county. Tuolumne County : The serpentine near Chinese and Montezuma con- tains small veins of chrysotile. 221. DEWEYLITE. Hydrous silicate of magnesium, 4MgO.3SlO2.6H2O. Amorphous. Massive, gum-like. Color whitish, yellowish, reddish. Greasy luster. H = 2 — 3.5; G = 2 — 2.2. A whitish clay-like mass with greasy luster. Its occurrence in the State may be more general than is known. Santa Clara County : At the big magnesite mine on Red Mountain, crusts of deweylite have been found and described by Rogers "^^^ Shasta County : Specimens resembling deweylite have come from this county. 222. MONTMORILLONITE. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, HjALSi^Ojo-nHoO. Massive, clay-like. Color rose-red. Soft. A massive clay-like mineral indistinguishable from clay except by analysis. Inyo County : Found in Death Valley. San Diego County : Some of the pink clay associated with the tour- maline of Pala may be in part montmorillonite. Mentioned by Good- year'^i^ as forming a deposit about three miles northeast of Otay. This white to reddish soapy material is classed as a rock soap. 223. TALC — Steatite — Soapstone. Hydrous silicate of magnesium, HoMg3Si40,2- Monocliuic. Foliated massive to granular and compact massive. Color gray, white, pale green, apple-green, brown. Greasy luster and feel. H = l — 1.5; G = 2.7 — 2.8. Talc is a very common mineral in the metamorphic areas of the State, forming talc schists and talc gouge in mines. It occurs as a hydration MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 151 product in the alteration of magnesian silicates, and is often associated with serpentine and with aetinolite. The massive soapstone variety is of value and some is quarried in the State. The location of some of the deposits is given by Aubury^^^ but most of them are of little value. Alameda County : Light green talc outcrops in the serpentine about twenty miles southeast of Livermore. Amador County : Talc occurs in the schists near Jackson. Butte County : Soapstone occurs in the vicinity of Flea Valley and Clear Creek. Narrow seams of talc occur in the Big Bend of the North Fork of the Feather River. Gray soapstone near Buck's ranch. Calaveras County : Talc seams are found two miles northeast of Angels and on Quail Hill. Deposits 2^ miles west of Murphys and 1^ miles southwest of Vallecito have been utilized to some extent. Contra Costa County : An analysis of the talc from the schists near San Pablo was made by Blasdale^^^ H.O SiO-. Al>03 FeeOa FeO MgO CaO at 100° ab. 100° 5G.02 9.02 1.10 5.14 24.10 0.60 0.16 4.34 = 100.4S7o El Dorado County : In the Kelsey district and at Georgetown some talc occurs. Glenn County : Talc seams occur with the serpentine on the eastern border of the county. Kern County : Steatite occurs on Soapstone Mountain. Los Angeles County : Soapstone is found with serpentine at Empire Landing. Santa Catalina Island. ]\Iarin County : Some talc is found near San Rafael and Taylorville. Mariposa County : Small amounts of talc are found near Princeton, and in the Lewis district. Napa County : Seams of talc with serpentine are found in the Chiles district. Nevada County : Specimens occur in the Grass Valley region. Placer County : Outcrops of talc occur a few miles north of Colfax. Riverside County : A white, scaly talc occurs about three miles south- west of Winchester, and near Perris. Sacramento County : Talc occurs with chromite on Bear Mountain, near Mormon Island. San Bernardino County : A talcose clay called ' ' rock soap ' ' is found near AVaterinan. San Diego County : A rock soap is found near National City, at Otay and in Tia Juana Valley. Steatite specimens come from about five miles from Escondido. Santa Barbara County : Rock soap occurs on the Santa Maria River. Santa Cruz County : Some talc occurs near Aptos. Shasta County : Talc is found on Boulder Creek. 152 STATE MINING BUREAU. Sierra County : Soapstone suitable for slabs has been quarried near Pike City. Siskiyou County : Tale occurs in several localities associated Avith the serpentine areas of the county. It is found near Etna, near Fort Jones, near the head of WoUey Creek, near Scott, and in the Cottonwood Mountain. Sonoma County: A soft green talc is associated with actiuolite at Petaluma. A French chalk variety is found at Pine Flat. Trinity County: Light gray soapstone occurs on Brown's Mountain. Tulare County: Specimens of talc are found near Visalia. Tuolumne County: A greenish white talc is found about nine miles north of Sonora. Talc also occurs at Shaw's Flat and on Yankee Hill. Yuba County : Soapstone has been quarried for local use near Camp- tonville and in the vicinity of Challenge, and Oak Valley. 224. PYROPHYLLITE. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, H2Al2Si40i2. Monoclinic. Radiating fibrous, compact granular, lamellar. Cleavage perfect basal. Color white, apple-green, light brown, gray. Pearly luster. H = l — 2; G = 2.8 — 2.9. Soft and greasy like talc. Pyrophyllite resembles talc so closely in its properties that it is generally classed as talc. It occurs generally in schists and gneisses, often associated with cyanite. Agalmatolite is an indurated talc or pyrophyllite often carved into small ornaments. Alameda County : A radiating fibrous variety occurs near Irvington. Marin County : A fibrous radiating pyrophyllite has been found on Mount Tamalpais. Mariposa County : Gray masses of radiating, fibrous rosettes occur at Tres Cerritos, southwest of Indian Gulch, which have been described by Turner(4>. An analysis of the pyrophyllite from this locality has been made by H. C. McNeil. H2O SiOo AI0O3 Fe^Os MgO at 105° ab. 105° TiOo 65.96 28.25 0.18 none 0.14 5.27 tr. = 99.80% Plumas County : Some pyrophyllite occurs at the Diadem Lode, Meadow Valley. San Diego County : A mottled pyrophyllite occurs near San Diego. A compact cream-colored agalmatolite with dark red streaks occurs near Encinitas, Rogers^^^ San Luis Obispo County: Some massive pyrophyllite has come from this county. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 153 225. ALLOPHANE. Hydrous silicate of alumiDium, ALSiOs.SHoO. Amorphous. Incrustations. Colorless, pale sky-blue, green, brown. Vit- reous luster. H = 3; G = 1.S5 — 1.89. This is a rare amorphous mineral occurring as an incrustation. San Luis Obispo County : A specimen has come from Arroya Grande. 226. SEPIOLITE— Meerschaum. Hydrous silicate of magnesium, H^MgaSiaOio. Compact. Earthy texture and smooth feel. Color white. Dull luster. H 1=2 — 2.5; G = 2. When dry floats on water. Sepiolite occurs as a compact earthy white mineral with a smooth feel. When dry it floats on water. It is a valuable mineral, but its occurrence in California is doubtful. Inyo County: Mentioned by Hanks^^^ as possibly occurring at the Half Dollar mine. Kern County: Reported to have been found in this county. 227. CELADON ITE. Hydrous silicate of iron, magnesium and potassium. Earthy or in minute scales. Very soft. Color deep olive-green or apple- green. Greasy feel. An earthy green mineral usually found in minute scales, having a greasy feel like talc. San Mateo County : A specimen has come from near San Mateo. 228. KAOLINITE— Kaolin— Clay. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, ALO3.2SiO2.II2O. Monocliuic. Occurs occasionally in scales and plates but is generally mas- sive, earthj-, clay-like. Color white, yellow, red brown. Vitreous to dull luster. H = 2 — 2..'5; G = 2.G. Plastic. Kaolinite forms the base of clays. It is derived by the alteration of rocks containing aluminium silicates, especially the feldspars, and most good clays come from the alteration of the potash feldspar, orthoclase. As clay it is usually quite impure with iron, sand and other impurities, thus giving rise to many varieties which may be suitable for one purpose and not for another. Chiys possess more or loss plasticity, the 154 STATE MINING BUREAU. highly plastic kinds being used for pottery and chinaware while the sandy and less plastic kinds may make bricks and terra-cotta ware. There are extensive deposits of clay in the State and Aubury^^) gives the location of some of them. Many analyses of clay are also available, but these analyses and the many occurrences of clay in the State are beyond the scope of this book. Rock soap and Mountain soap are names applied to impure clay-like masses having a soapy feel. They belong perhaps under the species talc, halloysite, or montmorillonite. LitJwmargc is a finely compact variety which might be classed as a halloysite. Some has been found at the old Redington mine, Knox- ville, Napa County. F idler's earth is a sort of non-plastic clay suitable for decolorizing and purifying fats and oils. 229. RECTORITE. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O. Monocliuic. In leaves like mountain leather. Soft with soapy feel. Color white. Pearly luster. This mineral exists as white, pearly scales with a greasy feel. It is a rare mineral. Amador County : Found in pearly scales near lone by Turner*^^) and analysed by Hillebrand. HnO SlOo TiOe AloOa FeoOs FeO CaO KoO Na^O at 100° ab. 100° 55.88 0..jO 30.24 0.45 0.16 tr. 0.42 0.34 0.63 11.72 = 100.31% Calaveras County : A mineral similar in appearance has been found in the gangue of the mines at Angels and elsewhere in the Mother Lode. 230. HALLOYSITE. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, H^ALSioOcj.HoO. Massive. Earthy clay-like masses. Color white, gray, greenish, reddish. Waxy luster. Slightly plastic. H = l — 2; G = 2 — 2.2. A clay-like material occurring in masses which are indistinguishable from ordinary clay except by an analysis. It is usually less plastic than clay. Lenzinite is a compact "rock soap" form of halloysite or clay. Inyo County : Lenzinite has been reported from Owens Valley by Hanks^^^. A banded white and brown halloysite occurs at the Cerro Gordo mine, Rogers^^^ MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 155 Lassen County : Halloysite occurs at Heyden Hill. Mono County: Halloysite was analysed from the Detroit mine, near Mono Lake, by Clarke(i>. SiO.. AI2O3 Fe,03 CaO MgO HoQ 42.91 38.40 tr. 0.00 1.50 18.00 =101.05% San Diego County : IMassive pink halloysite occurs at Pala with the gem tourmaline and has been analysed by Schaller^^^ SiOo TiOe AI2O3 FeaO.-! MnO CaO MgO LioO NaeO K2O 43.62 uoue 35.55 0.21 0.26 1.02 0.19 0.23 0.10 0.03 H:.0 at 107° ab. 107° 6.63 12.25 =100.18% Ventura County : An analysis of lenzinite from this county has been made bv Merrill. 231. CIMOLITE. Hydrous silicate of aluminium, 2AL03.9SiOo6H20. Amorphous. Clay-like or chalky. Color white, grayish or reddish. Soft. G = 2.18 — 2.30. An amorphous clay-like or chalky mineral of rare occurrence. Lake County : Found in the Uncle Sam quicksilver mine, near Clear Lake. 232. CHRYSOCOLLA. Hydrous silicate of copper, CuSi03.2H20. Cryptocrystalline., Opal-like, earthy, incrustations. Color bluish greeu. turquois-blue. Vitreous to dull luster. H = 2 — 4 ; G = 2 — 2.24. Small amounts of chrysocolla occur in most of the copper districts of the State, but there are no deposits of the silicate. It occurs as an oxidation product of copper minerals, and is usually a stain or incrusta- tion. Amador County : Common at Volcano. Calaveras County : Common as a staining material at Campo Seco and at Copperopolis. Fresno County : Found at the Xe Plus Ultra mine. Inyo County : Common at the Cerro Gordo mines. Occurs pseudo- morph after limonite at the Aries mine. Los Angeles County: Reported from the old Kelsey mine, San Ga- briel Canyon by Storms^^\ Mariposa County: In streaks near IMariposa. Mono County: Common at Lundy and Benton districts. With part- zite at the Diana mine, Blind Springs district. 156 STATE MINING BUREAU. Nevada County: Common with the copper of Meadow Valley and also at Spenceville. Plumas County : Banded masses with malachite occur at the Engels mine, Light's Canyon and in the Mohawk Valley. San Benito County : Small amounts occur with chalcocite in natrolite at the benitoite locality, Louderback^^^ San Bernardino County: Common in the Calico and Bismark dis- tricts, Lindgren<^'*\ Massive at the Copper World mine, Clarke Moun- tain. San Diego County : Common in the Julian and Banner districts. 233. CHLOROPAL. Hydrous silicate of iron, Hf,Fe2Si30i2.2H„0. Compact massive, opal-Iike. Color pistachio-green, greenish yellow. Dull luster. H = 2.5 — 4.5; G= 1.72 — 2.01. Chloropal is a green, opal-like mineral of rare occurrence. Nontronitc is a yellowish variety. El Dorado County: Nontronite was observed at Georgetown altered to limonite. Kern County : Specimens of chloropal have come from the mountains east of Bakersfield. Mariposa County: Nontronite has been found with garnet in this county. Placer County : Specimens of chloropal have come from Bath. 234. STRATOPEITE— Neotocite. Hydrous silicate of manganese and iron. Amorphous. Color black to dark brown. Dull luster. H = 3 — 4; G = 2.G4. Sonoma County: A dark brown amorphous mineral with dull luster, supposed to be stratopeite has come from this county. ( 235. PILINITE. Hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminium. Found in felt-like masses resembling mountain leather and asbestos G=2.26. Santa Clara County : Found on quartz at New Almaden. Yuba County : Occurs at Smartsville. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 157 TITANO SILICATES. 236. TITAN ITE—Sphene. Titano-silicate of calcium, CaTiSiOj. Moiioclinic. Wedge-shaped crystals, sometimes massive. Color brown, yellow, gray, yellowish green. Adamantine luster. H = 5 — 5.5. G = 3.4 — 3.56. Titanite is a common accessory mineral of the granites, gneisses and schists of the State. It has been mentioned by most writers in their petrographical descriptions as a microscopic constituent of the rocks, and large crystals are seldom found. Leucoxene is a grayish alteration product of ilmenite, rutile and titanite often observed in rocks containing those minerals. Contra Costa County : Titanite is mentioned as an associate of crossite in the schists near San Pablo, by Palache^-^ El Dorado County: Titanite was first observed by Blake^'^) in the granite of Slippery Ford and other places of the Sierras. Fresno County: Titanite is a constituent of the rocks at Fine Gold Gulch. ]\Iarin County : Occurs as one of the minerals of the lawsonite schists of the Tiburon Peninsular, Ransome^^^ Plumas County : Leucoxene is mentioned by Murgoci*^^) in the sye- nite of Spanish Peak. San Diego County : Titanite is an associate of dumortierite at Dehesa, Schaller(5). San Francisco County : A constituent of the rocks of San Francisco, Lawson^"^ Santa Clara County : Fine large crystals occur in the eclogites of Calaveras Valley, in the quartzite and diorite of Oak Hill, near San Jose, and it is a common constituent of the glaucophane rocks of the Coastal region, Murgoci^^^ 237. BENITOITE. Titano-silicate of barium, BaTiSisOg. Hexagonal, rhomboliedral. Prisms with trigonal pyramids. Colorless to deep blue. Vitreous luster. Transparent, strongly dichroic. H = G.5; G = 3.04 — 3.65. San Benito County: Colorless and beautiful sapphire-blue crystals of this new gem mineral were discovered in 1907 near the headwaters of the San Benito River, about twenty-five miles north of Coalinga and the mineral was described by Louderback^^),^^) They show the forms: (0001), (lOTO), (lOTl), (OlTl), (1120), (10T2), (2241^, and are of tri- 158 STATE MINING BUREAU. gonal habit. The crystals occur in a zone of narrow veins of natrolite in serpentine and have associated with them neptnnite, chalcocite, chryso- colla, actinolite, crossite, albite, aegyrine, caleite, aragonite and psilome- lane. Analyses of the mineral were made by W. C. Blasdale : SiOa TiOs BaO 43.5G 20.18 36.34 =100.08% Sp. G. = 3.64 — 3.G7 43.79 20.00 36.31 =100.10 Additional notes on benitoite have been made by Baumhauer*^^, Hlawatsch^i^, Palache^^^ and Eogers^^) 238. NEPTUNITE. Titano-silicate of iron, manganese, potassium and sodium (Na,K)2(Fe,Mu)TiSi40i2. Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Color black, in thin splinters blood-red. Streak cinnamon-brown. Vitreous luster. H = 5 — 6; G = 3.234. San Benito County : Black crystals of neptnnite accompany benitoite and these were first described by Louderback^^^^^^ The crystals are deep blood-red in thin splinters and show the forms: (001), (100), (110), (111), (Til), (112), (211), (221), (311). An analysis was made by Blasdale : SiOa TiOs FeO MnO CaO MgO KsO Na^O 53.44 17.18 11.23 1.7S 0.25 1.82 5.39 9.14 = 100.23% The mineral was later analysed by Bradley*^^^ : SiOa Ti02 FeO MnO CaO MgO K;0 NaoO 52.91 17.77 11.54 0.82 1..59 1.41 5.11 9.83 = 100.98% 52.83 17.89 11.83 0.88 1.53 1.48 5.06 9.28 = 100.78 Further notes on neptnnite by Ford'^^^ and Schaller(i*^>. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 159 CHAPTER X. PHOSPHATES, VANADATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES, NITRATES, BORATES, NIOBATES-TANTALATES, TUNGS- TATES, MOLYBDATES AND URANATES. Phosi)hatcs. Monazite Triphylite Lithiophilite Apatite Pyromorphite Amblygouite Lazulite Vivianite Plumbogummite Purpurite Turquois Hureaulite Palaite Stewartite Salinonsite Strengite Sicklerite ^'alla(latcs. Pucherite Vanadinite Cuprodescloizite Volborthite Arsenates. Mimetite Erythrite Annabergite Scorodite Liroconite Pitticite Antimonates. Bindheimite yitrates. Soda niter Niter Nitrocalcite Darapskite Nitroglauberite Borates. Lndwigite Borax Colemanite Ulexite Ilydroboracite Bakerite Howlite Aiobatcs-ta ntalates. Pyrochlore Microlite Columbite Stibiotantalite Tungstates. Hiibnerite Wolframite Scheelite Ciiproscheelite Moli/bdatc. Wiilfenite Uranates. Uraninite Uracouite PHOSPHATES. The only phosphate of commercial importance as a source of phos- phoric acid is the lime phosphate, represented by apatite and lime phosphate rock, deposits of which have not been found in the State. Masses of amblygouite occur, which have been mined for lithia, and veins and seams of turquois are mined for the gem, but the rest of the phosphates are very rare in the State. 239. MONAZITE. Pliosphate of cerium, lauthauum and didymium (Ce,La.Di)P04. Mouoclinic. Crystals rare. Commonly in grains as sand. Color yel- lowish brown, sometimes reddish. Vitreous to resinous luster. G = 5.0. H = .j a.o ; Monazite has been detected in the black sands and concentrates from some of the mines but no deposits of tiiis important mineral are known in the State. Its presence in the sands has been noted by Day and Richards. 160 STATE MINING BUREAU. Butte County : Traces of monazite have been found in the black sands of Little Eock Creek. Del Norte County : Observed in the sands at Crescent City and on Gilbert Creek. El Dorado County: Traces have been found in the concentrates of the Brownsville district and at Placerville. Humboldt County: Observed at Trinidad. Placer County : Traces at Michigan Bluff. Plumas County: Occurs in the sand at Nelson Point. Yuba County : Traces in the Brownsville district. 240. TRIPHYLITE. Phosphate of lithium and iron, LjFePOi. Orthorhombic. Commonly massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color bluish gray, light blue, grayish green. Vitreous luster. H = 4.o — 5; G= 3.42 — 3.56. This rare phosphate usually contains manganese and grades into lithiophilite. San Diego County : Found in the lithia mines at Pala associated with lithiophilite and purpurite, Graton and Schaller^^^ 241. LITHIOPHILITE. Phosphate of lithium and manganese, LiMnPOi. Orthorhombic. Commonly massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color brown, salmon-pink. Vitreous luster. H=:4.5 — 5; G = 3.42 — 3.56. San Diego County : Found with triphylite and purpurite as an altera- tion product of triphylite at Pala, Graton and Schaller^^^. 242. APATITE. Phosphate of calcium with chlorine or fluorine (CaCI)Ca4(PO.i)3 or (CaF)Ca,(P04)3. Hexagonal. Prismatic crystals, granular, massive. Color brown, green, yellow, pink, colorless. Vitreous to greasy luster. H = 5; G = 3.17 — 3.23. Apatite has been observed as small crystals in many of the rocks of the State, but no deposits of the mineral are known. Contra Costa Countj^ : Found in brownish masses in the schists north of Berkeley. Fresno County : Observed in the rocks near Dunlap. MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 161 Plumas County : A constituent of the sj^enite of Spanish Peak, ]\Iur- goci*^^\ San Diego County : Occurs in the gneiss at Dehesa with duinortierite, Schaller'^\ Tabular crystals of violet and pink colors occur at the old ]\Iack mine near Rincon. At the Victor mine, Rincon, pale dirty green crystalsocciir with the forms: (0001), (lOTO), (1121), (10T2), (lOTl), (31-11), Rogers'^\ Crystals are also found on South Mountain and at Mesa Grande. San Francisco County: Mentioned by Lawson^^) jj^ ^j^p rocks of San Francisco. 243. PYROMORPHITE. Phosphate of lead with chlorine (PbCl)Pb4(P04)3. Hexagonal. Prismatic crystals, columnar, massive. Color bro^n, yel- lowish green. Adamantine luster. H = 3.5 — -4; G = G.5 — 7.1. The lead phosphate is occasionally found in the mining districts as an oxidation product of galena and a few localities are kno\\Ti. Calaveras County : Green crystals in gold quartz have been found at the Reliance mine. El Dorado County : Occurred at Mosquito Gulch, six miles northeast of Placerville as a yellowish green coloring matter in botryoidal chal- cedony and as a crystalline coating, Turner*^\ Inyo Comity: Found in small amounts in the Cerro Gordo district. Mariposa County : A small amount was found in the mines near Coulterville. Tulare County : Found in the White Chief mine, Mineral King dis- trict, Goodvear*^^ 244. AMBLYGONITE. Phosphate of lithium and aluminium with fluorine, Li(AlF)P04. Triclinic. Generally massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color white. Pearly to vitreous luster. H = 6; G = 3.10. This is an important lithia mineral, and but one deposit is known in the State. San Diego County : A large mass of white massive amblygouite occurs in the pegmatite vein carrying the rubellite and lepidolite and was mined at the Stewart mine, Pala. The minei-al was analvzed by Schaller(3). Pl-O.-. 48.83 AloOa 33.70 FeoOs 0.12 MnO 0.09 MgO 0.31 L1;0 Na^O HoO 9.SS 0.14 5.95 11—8560 F 2.29 TIO2 none = 101.31 — 0.9G = 100.357o 162 STATE MINING BUREAU. A few small specimens of white cleavable amblygonite have been found at the Victor mine, Rincon, Rogers^^^ 245. LAZULITE. Basic phosphate of aluminium, iron and magnesium (Fe,Mg) AL^OHK-PsOs- Monoclinic. Sharp pointed pyramids, granular. Color azureV)]ue. Vit- reous luster. H = 5 — ^ 6 ; G = 3.05. Lazulite is a rare phosphate found in quartzites and nietamorphic rocks. Inyo County : Lazulite occurs in a white quartz vein intersecting schist in Breyfogle Canyon, Death Valley. Los Angeles County : Specimens have been found in the San Gabriel Mountains. Mono County: Blue lazulite occurs as bands in a white quartzite associated with rutile, near Mono Lake. Deep blue lazulite was found in a quartz vein in Green .Creek Canyon, near Bodie, Rogers^^\ San Diego County : Some lazulite has been reported as found in the rock at Oceanside. 246. VIVIANITE. Hydrous phosphate of iron, FeaPoOs-SHjO. Monoclinic. Long prismatic crystals, earthy, incrustations. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal. Color generally sky-blue or green, rarely colorless. Pearly to dull luster. H = 1.5 — 2 ; G = 2.58 — 2.68. The iron' phosphate is formed in rocks, usually sedimentary rocks, by decaying phosphatic matter such as bones, in the presence of iron. Alameda County: Small specimens of earthy blue vivianite were found some years ago in the hills back of Berkeley and were reported by Hanks ^6\ Calaveras County : Has been found at Copperopolis. Humboldt County: Occurs in the rock at Yager. Los Angeles County: Early observed as earthy blue masses in the asphalt bed of the Rancho de la Brea, where it formed by the decomposi- tion of the bones of extinct animals. Mentioned by "W. P. Blake^^^^ Madera County: Dark blue earthy masses have been found near Raymond. Yuba County: Good crystals occurred near Camptonville and were described by Jackson^^). They showed the forms: (010), (100), (110), (111), (101), (411), (410). MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 163 247. PURPURITE. Hjdrous phosphate of maugauose and iron (Fe,Mn)203.P20vH:0. ^ Orthorhombic. Irregular masses. Color deep red or purple. Satin luster. H = 4 — 4.5; G = 3.40. One of the very rare minerals associated with the pegmatites of San Diego County. Of a deep red or purple color. San Diego County : Found at Pala in a pegmatitic dike on Hiriart Hill, associated with lithiophilite and triphylite, Graton and Schaller^^). 248. TURQUOIS. Hydrous phosphate of aluminium. AlP04.Al(OH)3.HoO. Massive. In thin seams and incrustations. Color sky-blue, bluish green, apple-green. Waxy luster. H = 6; G =2.6 — 2.83. Thin seams of apple-green and l)luish green turquois occur in the State which are suitable for gem purposes when cut with the matrix. Fresno County: A specimen of turquois (Kallaite) was found on the Taylor ranch, having a hexagonal form and it was described as a pseudomorph after apatite. Moore and Zepharovitch^^^ San Bernardino County : Some apple-green turquois has been found near Victor. Turcjuois was early mined from a deposit in the extreme northeastern part of the county in the high mountains north of Ivanpah. Considerable light green gem material has been obtained from this district. 249. PLUMBOGUMMITE. Hydrous phosphate of lead and aluminium. PbO.2AloO3.P2O5. HoO. Hexagonal. Globular, incrustations, compact massive. Color reddish brown, yellowish graj-. Resinous luster. H = 4 — 5; G = 4 — 4.9. Inyo County : A specimen of this rare mineral has been found at the Cerro Gordo mine. 250. HUREAULITE. Hydrous phosphate of manganese, 5MnO.2P2O5.5H2O. Monoclinic. Groups of short prisms. Also scaly, massive. Color orange- red, i-ose and nearly colorless. H = 5; G = 3.18.5. San Diego County: Found in the Stewart mine at Pala and men- tioned by Schaller. 164 STATE MINING BUREAU. 251. PALAITE. Hydrous phosphate of inausanese, 5MnO.2P2O3.4H2O. MonoclinicV Crystalline masses. Color flesh-red. G = 3.14 — 3.20. San Diego County: A new phosphate of manganese having a flesh- red color, which has resulted from the alteration of lithiophilite. Found in the Stewart mine at Pala and described and analysed by Schaller^^^^. Analysis : FeO MnO CaO FeoOs P0O5 H2O LijO Insol. 7.4S 40.S7 l.TT 0.16 39.02 10.43 tr. 0.S9 =100.62% 252. STEWARTITE, Hydrous phosphate of manganese. Tricliuic? Minute crystals. G = 2.94. San Diego County : Found in the Stewart mine at Pala as an abund- ant alteration product of lithiophilite. Finely fibrous doubly refract- ing mineral probably triclinic. Described by Schaller^i'*^ 253. SALMONSITE. Hydrous phosphate of manganese and iron. Fe203.9Mn0.4P205.14H20. Massive. Color buff-yellow. G=2.S8. San Diego County : A new mineral resulting from the alteration of hureaulite, having a buff-yellow color, occurring in the Stewart mine associated with fibrous palaite and blue strengite. Described and analysed by Schaller'^**'. Analysis: FeO MnO CaO FeaOa P2O3 H2O Insol. 0.13 37.74 1.06 9.53 34.86 15.73 1.40 =100.45% 254. STRENGITE. Hydrous phosphate of iron. FeoO3.P2O5.4H2O. Orthorhombic. Generally in spherical and botryoidal forms. Color pale red. Vitreous luster. H = 3 — 4 ; G = 2.87. San Diego County : Found in the Stewart mine at Pala associated with salmonsite. Schaller'^^\ MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA. 165 255. SICKLERITE. lijdious phosphate of irou. manganese and lithia, Fe203.0Mn0.4Po05.3(Li,II)20. Massive. Cokir dark brown. Streak light yellowisli brown. G=3.45. San Diego County : Occurs in cleavable nuisses at tlic Vanclerl)urg- Naylor mine on Hiriart Hill, near Pala. Dark l)ro\vn mineral result- ing from the alteration of lithiophilite. Described and analysed by Sehaller<^i-'\ Analysis: MnO CaO Fe^Os Mn^O:! P,.Or. H2O LioO Insol. 33.00 0.20 11.26 2.10 43.10 1.71 3.S0 4.1S =09.95% 256. WILKEITE. Phosphate and silico-sulphate of calcium, 3Ca3(PO,),.CaC03 + 3Ca3 (SiC^t (SO J .CaO. Hexagonal. Small prismatic crystals and grains. Color pale rose- red. Vitreous luster. 11 = 5; G = 3.234. This very rare mineral is unlike any other in having four acid radicals. It resembles apatite in physical properties. Riverside County: The most recently discovered new mineral in the State, occurring in blue calcite, with diopside, vesuvianite, garnet and its alteration product, okenite. at the limestone quarry at Crestmore. Analysis by Eakle and Rogers^^^ CaO MnO PiOr. SO3 SiO^ CQo HoO 54.44 0.77 20.S5 12.28 9.G3 2.10 tr. =100.00% VANADATES. The minerals containing vanadium are exceedingly rare and are only represented by a few specimens. 257. PUCHERITE. Vanadate of bismuth, BiVO^. Orthorhombic. Tabular and acicular crystals. Perfect basal cleavage. Color reddish brown. Streak yellow. 11 = 4; (i=G.25. San Diego County: The yellow bismuth ocher wliich occurs at tiie Pala Chief mine, near Pala, has been determined by Schaller'-'' to be pucherite, with the following composition : H,.( ) Ki:.O.i V0O-. Insol. at 107° at 240° Ign. (JG.14 25.80 7.37 0.21 0.32 0.84 =100.68%, 166 STATE MINING BUREAU. 258. VANADINITE. Vanadate of lead with cliloriue (PbCl)Pb4(VO,)3. Hexasoual. Small prisms. Color deep ruby-red. sometimes yellow. Somewhat resinous luster. H = 3; G=6.66— 7.23. San Bernardino County : This rare lead mineral occurs at Camp Signal associated with cerussite and cuprodescloizite, Schaller^i2)_ 259. DESCLOIZITE— Cuprodescloizite. Vanadate of lead, zinc and copper. Orthorhombic. Drusy surfaces and crusts. Color yellowish brown, dull green and greenish black. H = 3.5; G = 6.2. San Bernardino County : Minute colorless and yellowish plates of the rare cuprodescloizite occur with cerussite and vanadinite at Camp Signal, Schaller^i^) 260. VOLBORTHITE. Hydrous vanadate of copper, barium and calcium. Small plates in globular aggregations. Color olive-green, citron-yellow. Streak yellowish green. Pearly to vitreous luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G=3.5. Glenn County : Reported to have been found at the Mammoth Copper mine on Grindstone Creek. ARSENATES AND ANTIMONATES. These two classes of minerals are generally the result of the direct oxidation and hydration of arsenides and the sulphosalts of arsenic and antimony. They are usually found as coatings upon the mineral from which they are derived. 261. MIMETITE. Arsenate of lead with chlorine (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3. Hexagonal. Prismatic crystals, rounded or globular aggregations. Color pale yellow, light brown. Resinous luster. H = 3.5; G = 7 — 7.25. Brown crystals of mimetite are often associated with pyromorphite, and the two minerals are very closely allied in properties and occur- rences. Inyo County : One of the numerous minerals occurring in the Cerro Gordo mines. San Bernardino County : Small amounts of the mineral were found in the ]\Iorning Star mine, Lava Beds district. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 167 262. ERYTH RITE— Cobalt Bloom. Hydrous arsenate of cobalt, CosASjOs-SHjO. Monocliuic. Fibrous, incrustations, earthy. Cleavage perfect clino- pinacoidal. Color peach-blossom red. Pearly to adamantine luster. H- 1.5 — 2.5; G = 2.95. The peach-blossom red coatings and incrustations of erythrite are seen wherever snialtite or other cobalt minerals exist, and this secondary- oxidation product often serves to locate deposits of cobalt. Los Angeles County: Coatings of erythrite with smaltite, argentite and barite occurred at the old Kelsey and 0. K. mines of the San Gabriel Canyon. Mariposa County : Found in rock seams with danaite, the cobaltifer- ous arsenop3'rite, at the Josephine mine, Bear Valley. Turner ^^\ Napa County : Occurs with smaltite in serpentine and chlorite in the Beryessa Valley. 263. ANNABERGITE— Nickel Bloom. Hydrous arsenate of nickel, NiaAszOg-SHoO. Mouoclinic. Finely fibrous incrustations. Color apple-green. Vitreous luster. Very soft. The green coatings of this nickel compound are an indication of the presence of nickel minerals that have been oxidized, and often the cobalt bloom is associated with the nickel bloom. Lassen County: Reported with erythrite and smaltite from this county. Los Angeles County: The green coatings of nickel arsenate were associated with erythrite and smaltite at the Kelsey mine, San Gabriel Canyon, Storms<^\ Tulare County : The green color of the chrysoprase and chrysopal in the hills east of Porterville is due to nickel, and some coatings of annabergite occur in the region. 264. SCORODITE. Hydrous arsenate of iron, FeAs04.2H;0. Orthorhombic. Aggregates of small crystals. Color pale leek-green, liver-brown. H = 3.5 — 4; G = 3.1 — 3.3. Mariposa County : Pale green crystals of scorodite were found as an alteration product of arsenopyrite associated with pitticite on the South Merced River, near the mouth of Devil's Gulch. Rogers'^^ 168 STATE MINING BUREAU. 265. LIROCONITE. Hydrous arsonate of aluminium and copper. Monoclinic. Thin tabular crystals. Color sky-blue, green. Streak blue or green. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5 ; G = 2.88 — 2.98. Inyo County : The very rare copper arsenate was found at the old Cerro Gordo mine associated with other rare copper salts. 266. PITTICITE. ^ Ilydrated arsenate and sulphate of iron. Massive and reniform. Color brown. B[ = 2 — 3; G = 2.2 — 2.5. Mariposa County : Dark l)rown amorphous pitticite resembling limo- nite was found with scorodite as an alteration product of arsenopyrite, on the South Merced River, near the mouth of Devil's Gulch, Rogers^^). 267. BINDHEIMITE. Hydrous antimonate of lead, Pb3Sb20s.4HoO. Amorphous. Lamellar, massive, incrustations. Color brown, white, gray. Resinous luster. H = 4; G = 4.6 — 4.76. Inyo County : Brown resinous lead antimonate was one of the rare minerals at the Union and Modoc mines, and was mentioned by W. P. Blake(6). NITRATES. The nitrates can only exist in solid form in arid regions and are therefore peculiar to desert lands where they are sometimes left as white incrustations by evaporation. Some of these white crusts are to be found in the California desert land, but no important deposits are known. 268. SODA NITER— Chili Saltpeter. Nitrate of sodium, NaNOa. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Crystals, massive, incrustations. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. Color white, reddish, yellowish. Vitreous luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 2.24 — 2.29. Inyo County: Crusts of saltpeter occur along the Amargosa River and along shore lines and old beaches of Death Valley, which were reported by Bailey ^^^ San Bernardino County : The same white incrustations extend along the Amargosa River in this county. Small amounts of soda niter have been found in the Calico district, Williams^^^ and at Searles Borax Lake. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 169 269. NITER— Saltpeter. Nitrate of potassium. KX. 271. DARAPSKITE. Hydrous sulphato-nitrate of sodium. NaNOs.NaoSOi.HoO. Tetragonal. Square tabular ciystals. Colorless. San Bernardino County: This rare nitrate occurs in the niter beds of Death Valley according to Bailey <^\ 272. NITROGLAUBERITE. Hydrous sulphalo-nitrate of sodium. OXaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2O. Fibrous masses. Color white. Inyo County: Also an efflorescence in the niter beds of Death Valley, according to the report of Bailey ^^^ BORATES. The element boron is widely distributed in the State. It is present in many of the spring waters and lakes and has been an important factor in the formation of much of the igneous rocks of the Sierras. Granites and acid pegmatites containing an abundance of tourmaline are very common. The bedded deposits of liiiu' and soda borates in the 170 . STATE MINING BUREAU. southern coiiutics appear inexhaustible. All of the deposits of borates occur in regions which have been the scene of much volcanic activity, and the emanations of the boron gas have accompanied or followed eruptions and intrusions, issuing from vents in the form of hot borated waters. It -is hy the action of these waters on the travertine or soda accumulations in lake depressions that the thick bedded deposits of these borate salts have formed. 273. LUDWIGITE. Borate of magnesia aud iron, oMgO.BoOs.FeOFeaOs. Orthorliombic. Small fibrous masses. Color blackish green. Silky luster. H = 5; G = 3.91 — 4.02. El Dorado County: Scaly masses of black ludwigite, associated with calcite, epidote, molybdenite and chalcopyrite occur at the old Cosumnes copper mine, near Fairplay, Rogers^^^ 274. BORAX— Tincal. Hydrous borate of sodium, NaaBiOr.lOHoO. Monocliuic. Crystals, powder, incrustations. Colorless, white. Greasy to dull luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G=: 1.69 — 1.72. Sweetish alkaline taste. The natural borax usually accompanied by sulphates of lime and soda, is common at many of the depressions or sinks of the deserts. For some time it was the chief mineral, but the more extensive solid masses of colemanite have replaced it as the principal boron mineral. Tincalconite. A name given to a white efflorescent variety by Shepard^^). Inyo County : The borax industry began with the discovery of the extensive deposits of Death Valley, although some borax had been previously dredged from Little Borax Lake, in Lake County. The mines on Furnace Creek and at Resting Springs produced large quantities, and it was hauled to INIojave by the famous 20-mule team. Kern County: Borax is also common at some of the sinks and wells of the desert and has been obtained from Cane Springs and Desert Wells. Lake County : The first discovery of borax in the State was made at Little Borax Lake, a few miles south of Clear Lake. Fine large crystals were obtained from the mud of the lake bottom, and consider- able borax was dredged from this lake before the more important deposits of San Bernardino were discovered. W. P. Blake^^^ and Hanks (^^ have described this occurrence. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 171 Riverside County : Incrustations of horax are rather common at some of the phiya or dry lakes of this county, ])ut none is produced. San Bernardino County : The most important deposit of natural borax in the State occurs at Searles Borax Lake in the northern part of the county. Hanks*^^) and others have described this deposit. It consists of a pan-like depression about 10 miles long by 5 miles wide and borax occurs with numerous other salts deposited by the evaporated waters of the lake. The associated minerals forming layers in the deposit are mainly sulphates and carbonates of sodium and it is now mainly for these that the deposit is worked. This locality is noted for the great variety of interesting salts that have formed by the evapora- tion of the waters. Borax also occurs at Borate and at many of the numerous depres- .sions in the Mojave desert and in the lower end of Death Valley. 275. COLEMANITE. Hydrous borate of calcium, Ca2BoOn-5H-.0. Mouocliuic. Crystals, massive. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal. Color- less, white, yellowish-white. Vitreous luster. H = 4- — 4.5; G=:2.42. This valuable borate is the principal mineral for borax in the State. It was first discovered in Death Valley in 1882 and in the following spring at Borate in what is known as the Calico district. Priccite is a massive chalk-like variety. Pandermite is a compact variety occurring with priceite. Neocolemanite is a variety showing slight optical difiPerences. Inyo County: The deposits of Death Valley occur on the east fork of the Black Mountains of the Araargosa Range near its southern end, and immense solid veins or beds of the mineral occur. The important mine is the Lila C, at Ryan, Avhich has been described by Gale^^^ The mineral was first analysed by Price^^^ with the results shown in analysis No. 1. Analyses 2, 3 and 4 are by Whitfield^^). B2O3 CaO AI2O3 FeaOs MgO SiOs H2O 1. (4S.12) 28.43 0.60 __ 0.G5 22.20 2. 50.70 27.31 0.10 __ 21.87 =: 99.98% 3. 49.56 27.36 0.25 0.44 22.66 =100.27 4. 49.02 27.40 0.2G 0.47 22.70 =100.45 Priceite has l)een found as pscudomorphs after ulexite in Deatii Valley. Los Angeles County : An important and extensive deposit occurs near Lang which Eakle^**^ describes as a variety and calls neocolemanite. Hutchinson' 1' shows it to be identical with coUnumite. It occurs as thin and thick seams, almost vertical, ami has considerable howlite associated with it. The mineral has l)een described and analysed by 172 STATE MIXING BUREAU. Eakle. Forms: (001), (010), (100), (210), (110), (230), (Oil), (021), (201), (301), (241), (231), (221), (661), (221), (223), (211), (263). B0O3 CaO HoO 49.45 27.76 22.4S =99.69% Sp. G. = 2.423" at 13' C. San Bernardino County : The extensive deposit of colemanite at Bor- ate, in the Calico district, near Daggett, was discovered in the spring of 1883 and became the principal source of the mineral, but the works are now abandoned. Beautiful crystals of the mineral in large geodal masses occurred having celestite crystals associated with them. The crystals were first described by Jackson^ ^^ ^2) (3) Forms: (001), (010), (100), (210), (110), (120), (130), (370), (10.19.0), (Oil), (021), (201), (101), (TOl), (201), (301), (401), (601), (111), (311), (711), (10.1.1), (771), (19.19.6), (331), (731), (131), (121), (Til), (221), (331), (411), (311), (211), (721), (321), (231), (T21), (241), (T31),. (232), (412). Additional forms described by Eakle^2) ^j.^. (310), (301), (502), (801), (522), (142), (141), (164), (165), (232), (T23), (T82), (341). Analysis No. 1 is by Hiortdahl^i^ and No. 2 by Bodewig^^^ B0O3 CaO AI2O3 Fe203 MgO SiOj H2O 1. 47.64 27.97 0.19 0.13 1.28 22.79 2. 49.70 27.42 __ __ __ __ 22.2G =99.38% Small amounts of colemanite were found with borax at Searles Borax Lake, Hanks^^^^ Some priceite and pandermite accompanied the cole- manite of Calico. Ventura County : Deposits of colemanite similar to the Lang deposit exist in the Frazer Mountains and have been mined for some years. These deposits have been described by Gale*^^> ^ References to literature on colemanite: Evans^^^^^)^ Jackson*^^'^)^^)^ Hiortdahl^i^ Arzruni^i), Bodewig and von Rath^^^, Mulheims^^^ Baum- hauer(i) and Eakle^2)(8) Campbell^i)'2). Gale . BoOs Wbite 27.74 Faint green 26.85 279. HOWLITE. Il.vdrous silico-borate of calcium, Il5Ca-,B5Si034. OrthorhombicV Round nodules, massive, cbalkj-. Colcr wbite. Dull luster. H = 1 — 3.5; G = 2.5. Howlite is an associate of the other borates, but owing to the silica present it is not utilized, although it c. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 177 287. WULFENITE. Molybdate of lead. PbMoO,. Tetrag:onaI. Thin tabular crystals ; sometimes pyramidal. Color orange- yellow, brijrht red. Adamantine luster. 11 = 2.5 — 3; G = 6.7 — 7. Inyo C'ouuty : Crystals of ■^iilfenite occurred with the liuarite and caledonite of the Cerro Gordo mine. Kern County: Wulfenite "vvas found six miles northeast of Cane Springs, Hanks^^\ Plumas County : Found at the Diadem Lode on ]\Iumford Hill. San Bernardino County : Considerable wulfenite was found with the lead carbonate of the Silver Reef district, Storms*^^^ San Luis Obispo County: Found at the Fairview mine. URANATES. The uranium minerals are very rare and only one or two specimens of them have been found in California. All uranates are highly radio- active and pitchblende forms the ore of radium, so it is a very valuable mineral. 288. U RAN I NITE— Pitchblende. Uranate of uranyl, lead and the rare earths. Isometric. Crystals rare. Generally massive and granular. Color grayish to brownish black. Streak brownish black or greenish. Sub- metallic to pitch-like luster. H = .5.5; G = 9 — 9.7. Calaveras County: The only kno^vn occurrence of the heavy brown pitchblende was at the Rathgeb mine, near San Andreas, where it was found in acicular crystals in a pocket with spongy gold, quartz and clav, Rickard"^'. 289. URACONITE— Uranocher. Hydrous uranate or sulphato-urauate. Amorphous, earthy or scaly. Color lemon-yellow. Calaveras County: This occurs as an alteration product of pitcli- blende at the Ratgeb mine, in coatings immediately in contact with the gold, Rickard^i>. 12 — s.".(>o 178 STATE MINING BUREAU. CHAPTER XI. SULPHATES. Anhydrous. Mascagnite Thenardite Arcanite Glauberite Barite Celestite Auglesite Anhydrite Sulfohalite Hanksite Leadhillite Caledonite Brocbautite Linarite H i/flroKS. Mirabilite Gypsum Epsomite Morenosite Melanterite Pisanite Boothite Chalcanthite Bbklite Boiissingaultite Kalinite Tschermigite Halotrichite Sonomaite Coqiilmbite Alnnogen Copiapite Knoxvillite Rediugtonite Botryogen Almiite Jarosite HYDROCARBONS. Napalite Petroleum lonite Bitumen Aragotite Asphalt Posepuyte Gilsonite Beruardinite Coal 290. MASCAGNITE. Sulphate of ammonium (NH4)oS04. Orthorhombic. Generally in mealy crusts. Color lemon-yellow, yel- lowish gray. Vitreous to dull luster. H = 2 — 2..j;G = 1.7G — 1.77. Bitter taste. Sonoma County: Goldsmith"^' reported finding mascagnite with boussinganltite in this county but the locality was not given. 291. THENARDITE. Sulphate of sodium. Xa;S04. Orthorhombic. Pyramidal crystals. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 2.G8 — 3; G = 2.68 — 2.69. Inyo County : White masses of sodium sulphate occur in the Funeral Range and in the dry depressions of Death Valley. San Bernardino County : Thenardite forms layers several feet in thickness at the Searles Borax Lake. Large crystals of it occur often as cruciform twins. The crystals were described by Ayers'^\ Forms: (110), (001), (111), (106), (100). Na.O KoO HoO SO.T CI O 40.50 0.28 lUjrj 40.12 9.27 = 102.377^- -2.09 = 100.28 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 179 San Luis Obispo County: Soda Lake on the Carissa Plains, a depres- sion between the Caliente and Trenil)lor I'anges, is a dry lake with crusts of sodium sulphate. Analysis of this crust by Steiger gave : Insol. AI0O3 MgO CaO 0.40 0.04 l.OG 0.43 292. ARCANITE. Snlphiiti^' of potassium, K._.SO^. Ortliorhombif. Thin hnsnl plates. Colorless, yollowisli. Vitreous hister. 11 = 2. Orange County : Found as thin crystals in a mine-timber in Tunnel No. 1 of the Santa Ana Tin Mining Company in Tfabuca Canyon. The crystals are twinned on the prism and have the forms: (001), (111), ai2), (102), Eakle(^>. 293. GLAUBERITE. Sulphate of sodium and calcium, Na^jSOi-CaSOi. Mouoclinic. Tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Color yellowish white or gray. Vitreous luster. H = 2..j — 3; G = 2.7 — 2.85. San Bernardino County : The double salt of soda and lime is also a very prominent mineral in the deposit at Searles Borax Lake. It is found in platy crystals with the forms: (001), (HI), vom Rath*^^ 294. BARITE— Heavy Spar. Sulphate of barium, BaS04. Orthorhombic. Tabular aud prismatic crystals, massive, lamellar; granu- lar, concretionary. Cleavage perfect basal aud good prismatic. Color white, yellow, brown. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5 — 3.5: = 4.3 — 4.0. Barium sulphate is one of the common minerals of the State antl some deposits of it occur. It is commonly found as a gangue mineral in vein deposits, and is especially associated with galena, ami therefore promi- nent in silver-lead districts. Alpine County: Found with pyritc and eiiargite at the JMorning Star mine. Butte County : With gold at the Pinkstown ledge. Big Bend Moun- tain, Turner(i>. Calaveras County: Occurs on Carson Hill wilh (piarl/ aud gold. Also with the pyrite at Copperopolis and at Cainpo Seco. 180 STATE MINING BUREAU. El Dorado County: Yellow platy barite occurs on Slate Mountain and ten miles above Georgetown. Fresno County : Nodules and large concretions of dark gray impure barite occur in the Mount Diablo Range. Inyo County : Massive barite occurs near Independence ; at the Defiance mine with native sulphur ; white massive at Bishops Creek, White ]\Iountains ; veins in the Alabama Range. Kern County: Nodular masses in the Mount Diablo Range. Los Angeles County : White barite occurs near Azusa. Barite was a gangue mineral in the old Kelsey mine, San Gabriel Canyon, Storms^^^ Mariposa County : A large deposit of barite occurs about two miles west of El Portal which has produced much of the mineral mined in the State. Mono County: Barite has been found as a gangue mineral near Bodie, Benton and other mining districts. Napa County: Plates of barite occur at the Manhattan mine, Knox- ville, with cinnabar ; platy quartz as pseudoraorphs after barite also are common at this mine. Nevada County: Occurs with gold at the Malakotf mine, North Bloomtield. Slender prisms of barite in a limonite gangue associated with gold occur at Pine Hill and these crystals have been described by Eakle"^». Forms: (100), (010), (110), (210), (320), (530), (130), (001), (102), (Oil), (111), (113). Orange County : A white barite gangue occurred with the tiemannite of San Joaquin Ranch mine. Placer County : White barite comes from near Lincoln. Plumas County : Found associated with lead and copper minerals in Indian Valley. San Bernardino County : Barite was common as a gangue in the silver district of Calico and Bismark, occurring as white and yellow platy masses, Lindgren^^^, Storms*^\ Also common at the Imperial mine. San Francisco County : Needles of barite have been found at Fort Point. San Mateo County : Massive barite has been found on Permenente Creek. Santa Barbara County : White massive at Santa Maria. Shasta County : Barite occurs at several of the copper mines as a gangue mineral but the amount is small. Siskiyou County: Found with argentiferous galena about 2^ miles north of Callahan. Trinity County : Dark gray barite occurs about fifteen miles below Havfork. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 181 295. CELESTITE. Sulphate of strontium, SrSOi. Orthorhombic. Crystals aud massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Color- less, pale bluish. Vitreous luster. H = 3 — 3.5; G = 3.95 — 3.97. Inyo County: Slender bluish crystals occur with the colemanite of Death Valley and these have been measured by Eakle^'^\ Forms: (001), (110), (102), (104), (Oil), (122), (067). San Bernardino County : Long crystals occur with the colemanite of Calico similar to those from Death Valley. Celestite was reported as one of the associated minerals of Searles Borax Lake by Hanks^^\ 296. ANGLESITE. Sulphate of lead, PbSO^. Orthorhombic. Prismatic crj'stals and massive. Colorless, white, yellow, gray, brown. Adamantine luster. PI = 2.5 — 3; G = G.12 — 6.39. The sulphate of lead is a very common oxidation product of galena, consequently it is often found in lead districts usually in small amounts. Inyo County : Considerable anglesite has been formed from the lead sulphides in the Cerro Gordo district. Found associated with bind- heimite, galena and linarite at the Modoc mine; gray masses banded with eerussite occur at the Cerro Gordo mine. Good crystals associated with linarite and caledonite have come from this mine, with the forms : (001), (100), (110), (104), (111), (122), Eakle(7>. Mono County : Anglesite occurs with galena in the Benton district. 297. ANHYDRITE. Sulphate of calcium, CaSOi. Orthorhombic. Generally granular or lamellar massive. Color white, bluish white. Vitreous luster. 11 = 3 — 3.5 ; G = 2.89 — 2.98. Inyo County : Found massive at the St. Ignacio and Cerro Gordo mines. Mono County : Associated with barite at the Mammoth mine. Mineral Hill. Orange County : Found in the Santa Ana ]\Iountains, near Anaheim, Hanks<6). San Bernardino County: Anhydrite is mentioned as one of the associated minerals at Searles Borax Lake, Hanks^''^ 182 STATE MINING BUREAU. 298. SULFOHALITE. Cliloro-sulpluito of sodium. ;JNaoS04.2NaCI. Isometric. Ilhombic dodecaherlrons with cubes and tetrahedrons. Color faiut sreeuish yellow, ^"it^■eous luster. H = 8.5; G = 2.4S9. Sail Bernardino County : Found as small crystals implanted on hanksite, at Searles Borax Lake, and was described as a new mineral and named by Hidden and Mackintosh'^^ ^-^ Forms: (111), (101), (100). SOa CI NaaCOs NaoSOi NaCI NaoCOc 42.48 13.12 1.77 = 7.5.41 21.G2 1.77 =9S.S0% Sp.G = 2.4S9 299. HANKSITE. Carbouato-sulpliate of sodium. IXaoSO^.NaoCOa. Hexagouol. Prismatic. tabular. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = .3 — .3.."); (t = 2..jG2. Taste saliue. Tbe double soda salt is quite common in the borax lake districts where it has crystallized in large hexagonal crystals. It was discovered as a new mineral in 1885 and its occurrence is practically limited to this State. Inyo County : Some hanksite is found with the borax in the sinks of Death Valley. San Bernardino County: First discovered at Searles Borax Lake as one of the numerous crystallization products and was described as a new mineral and named by Hidden^^), with an analysis by Mackintosh. Forms: (0001), (lOTO), (lOTl), (2021), (4045). Analysed by Mack- intosh, Dana and Penfield^i^ and by Pratt^^). SO3 COo Cl NaoO KoO Insol. Ign. Mackintosh 4.">.89 5.42 2.-3(3 46.-34 Penfield 43.-59 5.42 2.13 40.86 2.33 Pratt 4.5.93 5.65 2.21 43.35 2.48 45.78 5.63 2.28 43.61 2.31 300. LEADHILLITE. Carbonato-sulphate of lead. 4rbO.S03.2COo.H,0. Monoclinic. Tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Color white, yellowish, greenish. Vitreous to pearly luster. H = 2.5; G = 6.26 — 6.49. Inyo County : Found as pale sea-green crystals at the Cerro Gordo mine, associated with linarite and caledonite, with the forms: (001), (110), (100), and a prism. Rogers'^'. __ - 99.99% 4.41 1.32 = 100.06 0.19 __ = 99.81 0.12 __ = 99.73 MINERALS OF CALIFORXIA. 183 301. CALEDONITE. Basic sulphate of lead and copper (Pb,Cu) SO^.(Pb,Cu) (OH),. Orthorliombic. Small crj'stals. Cleavage perfect basal. Color bluish greeu and dark emerald green. Resinous to vitreous lustei*. H = 2.5 — 3; G = 6.4. Inyo Comity : Occurs as small emerald-green crystals associated with linarite and brochantite at Cerro Gordo. Described by Eakle^"^ Forms: (001), (110), (010), (Oil), (111), (201), (021), (012), (013), (221), (223), (014), (203). 302. BROCHANTITE. Basic sulphate of cupper, CuS0i.3Cu(0H)o. Orthorhombic. Small crystals. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Color emerald-green, dark greeu. Vitreous luster. H^S.-j — 4; G = .3.907. Calaveras County : Druses of small dark green crystals, derived from chalcopyrite. occur at Copperopolis. Rogers* ^^ Inyo County : Occurs as small dark emerald-green crystals at the Cerro Gordo mine, associated with linarite and caledonite. The crystals have the forms: (010), (110), (120), (001), (012), (101), (041), Eakle''>. 303. LINARITE. Basic sulphate of lead and copper (Pb.Cu) SO,.(Pb,Cu) (OH),. Monocliuic. Small crystals, divergent columnar and platy. Cleavage perfect orthopinacoidal. Color deep azure-blue. Streak pale blue. A'it- reous to adamantine luster. H = 2.5; G = .j.3 — 5.4.5. Inyo County : Beautiful divergent, columnar masses of deep azure- blue linai'ite were obtained in the Cerro Gordo mines during the early days of mining there, the specimens sometimes being banded with green caledonite and brochantite. Fine crystals were also obtained from pockets and cavities in the massive mineral. The Cerro Gordo, Crapo, St. Ignaeio and other mines of the locality contained the linarite in the oxidized zones of the deposit. Rogers' ^^ gives several of the forms on the linarite crystals. Forms: (001 ). (100), (110), (010), (201), (TOl). Eakle<"» gives additional forms: (210). (012), (Oil), (203), (Tl2), (211). (716), (T4.0.1), (302), (211). Crystals show twinning on the orthopinacoid. 184 STATE MINING BUREAU. 304. MIRABILITE— Glauber Salt. Hydrous sulphate of sodium, Na2SO4.10H2O. Monoclinic. Generally as crusts and efflorescences. Color M-hitc. Vit- reous luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 1.48. Taste salt and bitter. Mirabilite generally occurs as white crusts aud efifiorescences and it is sometimes found on the walls of mines where sulphide ores are decomposing. It is also found as crusts about dry alkali lakes. Napa County : It occurred on the walls of the tunnels in the old Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville. San Bernardino County : Forms crusts about some of the dry salt basins of this county. 305. GYPSUM— Gypsite. Hydrous sulphate of calcium, CaS04.2H20. Monoclinic. Crystals, massive, granular, fibrous, lamellar. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal. Colorless, white, light brown, reddish. Vitreous luster. H = 1.5; = 2.31 — 2.32. Gypsum is a very common mineral in the State, but extensive deposits of good pure gypsum are exceptional. The mineral is easily formed by the action of sulphated waters on limestone, consequently small amounts of the mineral are usual in mining regions where sulphides are decomposing. Larger deposits are generally bedded deposits formed by the evaporation of lime sulphate waters and these are apt to be quite impure from admixtures of lime carbonate and clay. Selenite, satin spar, alahastcr and gypsite are varietal names. The granular, bedded and efflorescent deposits are the only kind in the State of value and the term "gypsite" is generally applied to the material of such deposits. The locations of some of the deposits are given by Anbury'-'^ and the mineral is frequently mentioned in descriptions of the counties. Hess^^^ has given us a more recent description of the gypsum re- sources of the State. Alpine County: Small amounts occur at Bulliana. Butte County : Found at the St. Clair mine. Colusa County : Small amounts occurred with the sulphur at Sulphur Creek. Contra Costa County : Selenite gypsum is common in the coal seams at Antioch and near Danville. Disks of selenite occur near Clayton. Fresno County: Deposits of gypsite occur on the low hills on the north and south sides of Tomey Creek, about eighteen miles southwest of Mendota, and along Cantua Creek. In the Coalinga oil district there are frequent occurrences of gypsite. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 185 Imperial County : Yellow selenite has come from a locality about five miles west of Volcano. Inyo County: Fibrous gypsum occurs at Clark's Fork, Amargosa River. Small amounts occur in the Cerro Gordo district. Kern County: Hess^^^ reports good deposits of gypsite in the Lost Hills about twenty-five miles west of Wasco. An analysis of the material was made by C. W. Wells and quoted by Hess. CaO SO3 H2O Cl Fe.Oa CO2 SiOo AI2O3 NoeO KoQ MgO 29.5 40.7 19.1 uone 0.4 0.7 5.3 1.7 1.2 0.6 __ = 99.2% 29.9 40.8 19.4 none 0.3 __ G.l 1.4 2.0 0.5 __ =100.4 Impure gypsite is common in the oil districts and some has been mined in the McKittrick district. Deposits are said to exist on Cotton- wood Creek, about sixteen miles east of Bakersfield. Beds of gypsum occur in the bed of old Kern Lake, about twenty miles soutliAvest of Bakersfield and five miles from Connor. Some gypsite occurs on the shores of Buena Vista Lake. Selenite is found with stibnite at the old San Emidio antimony mine. Small deposits of gypsite occur near Cane Springs. Kings County: Gypsite occurs in deposits on the range of low hills southeast of Dudley and on Kettleman Plains, about five miles north- east of Dudley. Lake County : Selenite is found on Robinson's ranch. Small amounts are also found at Sulphur Bank, Clear Lake. Lassen County : Large slabs of selenite occur near Susanville. Ob- served at Honey Lake. Los Angeles County: Deposits of good white gypsum occur in Charley Canyon, twelve miles north of Castiac in shale rock. Gypsite and alabaster occur at Palmdale on ridge interbedded with shales. Seams occur in bluffs at San Pedro. A deposit is given U\o miles north of Lang. Large selenite plates have been found in Soledad Canyon. Mariposa County: Selenite has been reported from Bear Valley. Mono County : Occurs in the Bodie district. Napa County : Small amounts of gypsum were associated with the cinnabar at the old Redington or Boston mine, Knoxville. Nevada County : Fil)rous radiate gypsum occurs near Truckee. Orange County : Outcrops of gypsum occur in Gypsum Canyon and adjacent canyons, about two miles south of Corona. Riverside County : Good deposits of gypsum occur in the Palen Mountains interstratified with limestone. Deposits also occur in the Maria JNIountains which are tiiought to be extensive. Some gypsum occurs in the Coloi-ado Desert about twelve miles east of IMecca. San Benito County : Outcrops of gypsum occur along the Coast Range in many places. 186 STATE MINING BUREAU. San Bernardino County : In the dry lake depressions of the desert deposits of gypsite occur but most of them are impure material. A large deposit of this nature occurs at Amboy which is mined at present. Some also is found in the lake beds south of Danby and near Kelso. Gypsum is one of the associated minerals of the borax at Searles Borax Lake. Selenite occurred with colemanite in the Calico district. San Diego County : Gypsite is found near Dos Palmas. San Francisco County : Small amounts have been found near Merced Lake. Disks of selenite occur on Seal Rock. Some selenite is found at Fort Point. San Luis Obispo County : White bunches and veins occur on Alamo Creek, sixteen miles from Santa Maria. Some alabaster occurs at Arroya Grande. Santa Barbara County : Alabaster occurs near Santa Barbara Creek, about thirty-two miles southwest of McKittrick. Small amounts of alabaster are found on Santa Rosa Island. Massive gypsum was early worked near Point Sal. Santa Clara County : Selenite occurs near Gilroy. Sierra County : Small amounts have been found on Kanaka Creek. Sonoma County : Found at the Geysers with sulphur and with bous- singaultite. Stanislaus County : Selenite is found near Modesto. Tulare County : Fibrous satin spar at White River. Ventura County : Small amounts on Dennison Ranch, three miles east of Nordhoff. Selenite occurs in Lockwood Valley. 306. EPSOM ITE— Epsom Salts. Hydrous sulphate of maguesium, MgSOi.THoO. Orthorhombrio. Bunches of long slender fibere and fibrous crusts. Cleav- age perfect brachypinacoidal. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G=:8.75. Taste bitter and salt. Efflorescences of epsomite are common in eaves and tunnels where pyrite or other sulphides are decomposing in the presence of magnesian rocks. Long hair-like masses of the mineral are common in the cinna- bar mines of the State but no epsomite is mined. Commercial epsomite is produced as a by-product in the evaporation of the bitterns of sea water at the salt works. Alameda County : An efflorescence on the walls of the pyrite mines of Leona Heights. Analysed from the Alma mine by Schaller^^^ H,0 MgO SO,, at 100° ab. 110° Al^Os 14.8 31.7 40.S 12.2 tr. = 99.5% Amador County : Common in the mines on Copper Hill. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 187 rmperial County: Mentioned l)y Emory ^^^ as occurring in white crusts on the Colorado Desert. Lake County : Abundant in the old Abbott quicksilver mine. Xapa County: Abundant in long white fibers in the tunnels of the old Redington mine, Knoxville. Santa Clara County : Abundant on the walls of the New Almaden and other cinnabar mines of the county. Sonoma County : An associate of bou.ssiugaultite. Goldsmith^^^ 307. MORENOSITE. Hydroii.s sulphate of nickel. XiSOi.TH.O. Orthorhombic. Acicular crystals, fibrous, efflorescent. Color apple-j;reen to greenish white. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 2. Taste metallic. Xapa County: Said by Becker* ^^ to coat a specimen of millerite from the Phoenix cinnabar mine. 308. MELANTERITE— Copperas. H.vdrous sulphate of iron. FeSO^.TILO. Mouoelinic. Fibrous, stalactitic. Cleavage basal. Color light green to white. Vitreous luster. H = 2; = 1.89 — 1.9 Melanterite is a common formation in mines containing pyrite or marcasite. Alameda County : Abundant as small fibrous crystals on the walls of the Alma pyrite mine at Leona Heights. Described and analysed by Schaller. Forms: (110), (001), (010), (103), (101), (Oil), (111)"^, (T21), (120), (102), (203), (302), (201), (904), (332). FeO SOs HoO CuO MgO 28.1 p,1.2 42.0 none none =101.3% Lake County: Abundant as stalactites in the Sulphur Bank cinnabar mine. Clear Lake. Mono County: Common in the mines about Lundy. Xapa County: Long pale green stalactites were abundant in the old Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville. Santa Cruz County: Specimens have come from the vicinity of Santa Cruz. Shasta County: Common at Copper City, Bully Hill and other mines of the county. Sonoma County : Drusy green specimens have been found near Petaluma. CuO FeO SO3 at 110° ab. 110=^ 15.73 12.31 28.21 45.14 9.22 16.47 29.18 45.74 17.95 5.46 29.25 34.25 10.96 188 STATE MINING BUREAU. 309. PISANITE. Hydrous sulphate of iron and copper t Fe. Cu)S04.7H20. Monoclinic. Long slender prisms, stalactitic. Color greenish blue. Vit- reous luster. H = 1 — 2. Alameda County : One of the secondary sulphates formed with melanterite and ehalcanthite on the walls of the Alma pyrite mine on Leona Heights. Described and analysed by Schaller*^!). Forms: (001), (101), (010), (110), (103), (Oil), (_100), (210), (320), (120), (TOl), (112), (205), (111), (335), (221), (121). H2O MgO = 101.39% = 100.61 2.82 =100.69 Monterey County : Pale blue crystals from near Gonzales were analysed by Schaller^^\ CuO PeO SO3 H2O 7.56 15.85 30.74 45.85 310. BOOTH ITE. Hydrous sulphate of copper, CUSO4.7H2O. Monoclinic. Fibrous massive. Color greenish blue. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5; 0=1.94^2.1. Alameda County : This was a new sulphate of copper differing from ehalcanthite in the amount of M^ater and crystallization, found with the other sulphates of iron and copper at the Alma pyrite mine, Leona Heights. Described as a new mineral and named by Schaller^^\ Forms: (001), (100), (110), (TOl), (301), (T12), (Til), (T21). H2O CuO FeO MgO SO3 at 110° ab. 110° 27.83 tr. __ 28.37 36.64 7.42 = 100.26% 28.53 0.28 tr. 28.65 43.76 = 101.26 Calaveras County : Crystals of this new sulphate were later found at Campo Seco and analyzed by Schaller^'^ HoO CuO FeO MgO SO3 at 110° ab. 110° Insol. 26.13 O.Sl 0.64 27.25 36.76 4.91 3.96 =100.46% 311. CHALCANTHITE— Blue Vitriol— Bluestone. Hydrous sulphate of copper, CUSO4.5H0O. Tricliuic. Generally in fibrous veins or stalactitic. Color greenish blue to sky-blue. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5; G = 2.12 — 2.3. The natural ehalcanthite is found in mines where it results from the alteration of copper sulphides but the amount is generally small MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 189 and unimportant. All of the commercial bluestone is a manufactured product. Alameda County : It is common in small crj^stals and seams in the Alma pyrite mine, Leona Heights, and was described and analysed by Schaller(i>. Forms: (001). (010), (100), (110), (120), (ITO), (120), (Oil), (021), (031), (TOl). (Til), (131), (141). HoO CuO FeO MgO SOs at 110° ata. 110° Insol. 31.14 none tr. 32.06 28.20 7.50 0.81 =99.71% Amador County: Common in the mines on Copper Hill. Calaveras County: Occurred at Quail Hill, Silliman'^s) Common at Copperopolis. Nevada County: Found at Sweetland, Hanks^^^ Shasta County : Common evaporation product in the mines of the county and reported from the Peck mine, Copper City, Hanks*^^^ 312. BLODITE. Hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium, MgSO4.Na2SOi.4H2O. Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals, granular massive. Color white. Vitre- ous luster. Soft. G = 1.67. Imperial County : Specimens of this rare sulphate are reported to have been found on the Colorado Desert. San Luis Obispo County : Very large crystals of blodite occur in the mud of Soda Lake. Carisso Plains, which have been described by Schaller ^i^). They show the following forms: (001), (110), (210), (Oil), (111), (201), (Til), (211), (T21). Analysis : Na^O MgO SO3 H2O 18.2G 11.93 48.11 21.37 =99.67% 313. BOUSSINGAULTITE. Hydrous sulphate of ammonium and magnesium (NHi);S04.MgS04.6H20. Sonoma County : This rare sulphate was described and analyzed by Goldsmith^ ^). No locality was given, but presumably it came from the vicinity of the Geysers. SO3 MgO NHiOH H2O 38.86 15.56 5.03 40.55 190 STATE MINING BTREAU. 314. KALINITE— Potash Alum— Common Alum. Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and potassium, KmSOj.AL(SOj):...24II„0. Isometric. Mealy crusts and fine fibrous. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = 2 — 2.5; G = 1.7.5. Alum taste. Mealy crusts of aliiiii are rather comiiion in mining regions, formed by the action of sulphated waters on rocks, and are more prominent in association with gypsum deposits. There are several kinds of alum, but the various species have not in general been differentiated. Com- mercial alum is largely a manufactured product. Alpine County : Found at the mines of Silver Mountain. Calaveras County: Observed at Quail Hill, Silliman<^\ Fresno County : Common in the oil district at Coalinga with sulphur. Inyo County : Occurs on the shores of Owens Lake. Also on the sides of a steaming vent two miles east of Coso Springs, as white crusts, Rogers' ^\ Lake County : Common at the Sulphur Bank cinnabar mine. Los Angeles County : Occurs near Newhall. Mono County : Found near Bodie. Napa County : Observed at the Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville, Melville and Lindgren'^^ Placer County : In the gold mines near Dutch Flat ; in slates near Auburn. Sonoma County : Found at the Geysers. 315. TSCHERMIGITE— Ammonium Alum. Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and ammonium (NH^)oS04.AL(S04)3.24H„0. Isometric. Octahedral crystals, fibrous, crusts. Color white. Vitreous luster. H = l — 2; G = 1.5. Lake County: Mentioned by Becker*^^ as an efflorescence at Stilphur Bank. 316. HALOTRICHITE— Iron Alum. Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and iron, PeS04.Alo(S04)3.24H20. Monoclinic? Silky fibrous. Color yellowish white. Ink taste. - Alameda Count}^ : Found as tibrous masses in the Eureka tunnel, near Livermore. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 191 317. SONOMAITE— Magnesia Alum. Hydrous sulphate of aluminium ami magufsium. .'3Mg.S04.Al2(S04).,..3.3H20. Colorless crystals. Silky luster. G = 1.G0. Sonoma County : This alum was described as a new mineral from this county l)y Goldsmith' ^\ No locality was giyen. A120:, FeO MgO SO3 HoO 7.G0 2.01 7.14 38. 7S 44.41 S.36 1.56 7.51 38.30 44.27 318. COQUIMBITE. Hydrous sulphate of iron. Fe._, (S04)3.9H„0. Hexaaoual. rhombohedral. Generall.v granular massive. Color yellowish, brownish, greenish or violet. Vitreous luster. 11 = 2 — 2.5; G = 2.09. Calayeras County: Mentioned as one of the minerals formed at Quail Hill by Silliman<5). El Dorado County : Occurs in the shales near GeorgetowTi. Inyo County: Yellow crystals haye been found at Lone Pine. Napa County : Large masses of yellowish green, granular coquimbite occur at the old Redington cinnabar mine. The mineral was described by Eakle^^^ with analysis by Schaller. HoO PeoOs AI2O3 SOs at 100° ab. 100° FeO SiO^ Na^O MgO 12.99 7.44 38.04 23.72 13.71 0.13 . 0.21 1.G8 1.09 =99.04% Tuolumne County: Silliman'^^ mentions it as one of the minerals at Whiskey Hill. 319. ALUNOGEN. H.vdrous sulphate of aluminium. Al. (S04)3.18H;0. Monoclinic. Fibrous masses, crusts, iiowder. Color white. Vitreous to silky luster. H = 1.5 — 2; G = 1.G — 1.8. Alum ta.ste. Alameda County: Occurs as a white i>owder at the Alma mine. Leona Heights, Schaller'i>. Nevada County : Observed at the Providence mine, Nevada City, Lindgren*^^ San Luis Obispo County : Found as a white powder near Paso Robles. 192 STATE MINING BUREAU. 320. COPIAPITE. Hydrous sulphate of irou, 2Feo03.5S03.18H20. Monocliuic. Scaly massive, incrustations. Color sulphur-yellow. Pearly luster. H = 2.5; G = 2.10. Alameda County : Found as yellow needles at the Alma mine, Leona Heights, and analysed by Schaller^^^ SO3 AL.O3 Fe^-Os FeO MgO HoO Insol. 3S.3G 0.31 2.5.04 0.44 0.29 29.71 5.43 =99.58% Lake County : Occurs at Sulphur Bank and analysed by Melville and Lindgren'^^ SO3 Al;03 FesOa FeO MnO CaO MgO H^O Insol. 38.82 0.37 26.79 3.28 tr. 0.25 0.16 29.58 0.75 =100.00% Napa County: Found at the old Redington mine, Knoxville, and analysed by Melville and Lindgren^^^ SO3 AI0O3 FeaOs FeO MnO CaO MgO HoO 39.97 __ 26.54 0.46 0.21 __ 3.06 30.43 =100.67% 321. KNOXVILLITE. Hydrous basic sulphate of iron, chromium, aluminum, nickel and magnesium. Orthorhombic. Tabular crystals. Color greenish yellow. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous luster. Napa County : Greenish yellow masses of this complex sulphate were found in the old Redington mine, Knoxville, and the mineral was described as new by Melville and Lindgren(i>. Forms: (001), (110), (100). Crystals are basal plates. H2O SO3 FesOs Cr^Os AUO3 FeO NiO MgO at 100° ab. 100 '^ Insol. 85.91 15.36 7.41 4.S4 3.81 0.83 3.22 9.29 17.59 1.74 322. REDINGTONITE. Hydrous sulphate of chromium, aluminium, iron and magnesium. Finely fibrous to granular massive. Color pale purple. Silky luster. G = 1.76. Napa County: A pale purple sulphate was mixed with the knox- villite from the Redington mine which was described as a new mineral b}' Melville and Lindgren^^^ H2O SO3 AI2O3 CraOa FeaOa FeO NiO MnO at 100° ab. 100° Insol. 35.35 5.14 7.51 0.19 4.58 1.00 tr. 1.85 27.09 14..34 3.46 =100.51% MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 193 323. BOTRYOGEN— Palacheite. Hydrous sulplinle of iron and niiisnesium, I\\.03.2Mg0.4S03.15H20. Monoclinic. Very small crystals. Color brick red, hyacinth-red. Mt- reoiis luster. H = 2 — 2.5: G = 2.04 — 2.14. Napa C'ounty : Found in bunches of small l)riek-red crystals in one of the tunnels of the old Redington mine, Knoxville. It was thought to by a new mineral and described and named "palacheite" by Eakle ^^\ Its identity with botryogen was later established, Eakie*^^^ P^orms: (110), (010), (001), (120), (450), (021), (201), (Til), (T21). :99..51% 324. ALUNITE. Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and potassium, K„0.3AL03.4S03.6H20. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Small crystals and massive. Color white. Vitreous luster. n=3.5 — 4; G = 2.58 — 2.75. Mariposa County : Alunite is a constituent of a quartzite rock found with a greenstone schist in which stellate pyrophyllite occurs, at the Tres Cerritos, southwest of Indian Gulch. Described by Turner'^^^^^ with analysis by Valentine. H,0 FeoOa MgO SO:, at 100° ab. 100 19.51 9.36 38.37 19.53 12.75 SO3 ALO3 Fe..O:: CaO MgO K.O Na,0 H2O SiO. TiOo 38.50 . 38.05 0.23 0.55 tr. 4.48 P2O5 tr. 2.78 11.92 2.64 = 99.55% Sp. G. = 2.78 0.40 325. JAROSITE. Hydrous sulphate of potassium and iron, KoO.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6HoO. Hexagonal, rhombohedral. Small platy crystals, fibrous, granular. Color yellowish brown. Streak yellow. Vitreous luster. H = 2.5 — 3.5; = 3.15 — 3.26. Kern County: Micaceous tlakes of jarosite have come from this county. San Benito County : Flakes of jarosite occur at New Idria. HYDROCARBONS. The hydrocarbon series of cliemical compounds include a number of substances occurring in nature, of a coal-like, pitch-like or oil-like structure, which n. AL ( SO^ ) 3.1SH„0. Also many aluminium silicates, chief of whicli are the feldspars and kaolinite. AMMONIUM. Sal Ammoniac. XH,C1. P.oussiu.i;aultite, ( XH4),,S(),.M}i;S0.,.Gn,0. Ma^agnite, (XH/)oSO,. Tschermisite. (NH,),SCVAI,(SOj3. 24 HO. ANTIMONY. Native antimony, Sb. Siihiconito, S1)._,0<.H;0. Stibxitk, Sb,,S3. Stibiofcrrite. Sb,O,,.Fe,O,,.H.,0. Kermesite, sks.O. Bindheimite, I'b3SbXK.4H,6. Cervantite. Sb.O.. Also several siiIiiliMutimonilfs of iron. lead. ct>|)p('r ami sihcr. 198 STATE MINING BUREAU. ARSENIC Native arsenic, As. Realgar, AsS. Arsenopybite, FeAsS. Smaltite, CoAsj. Also several sulpharseuites of copper and silver, Lollingite, FeAso. Arsenolite, AS2O3. Mimetite, (PbCl)Pb,(As04)s Babite, BaSO*. BARIUM. Chrysoberyl, BeALO*. BERYLLIUM. Beryl. BcjALSioOv Native Bismuth, Bi. Bismuthinite, BiaSj. Tetradymite, BiaTe. BISMUTH. Bismite, BijOs- Bismutosphaerite, BijCOj Bismutite, Bi.COj.H.O. Sassolite, B„05.3H„0. Borax, NaolB.Oj.lOH.O. Colemanite, CaoBeOii.SH^O. BORON. Ulexite, NaCaBsOg.SHaO. Hydroboracite, CaMgBeOai.eH^O. Bakerite, SCaO.SBoOs.eSiOj.BH.O. HowLiTE, HjCa.BsSiOii. Also several borosilicates such as tourmaline, axinite and datolite. Embolite, Ag(Br,Cl), Greenockite, CdS. BROMINE. CADMIUM. CALCIUM. Calcite, CaCOj. Apatite (CaF)Cai(P0j3. Limestone. Scheelite, CaWOi. Marble. Glauberite, NaoSO^-CaSO^. Dolomite, (CaMg)C03. Anhydrite. CaSO^ Aragonite, CaCOs. Gypsum, CaS04.2H„0. Gay-Lussite, CaCO3.Na1CO3.5H2O. Pirssonite, CaCO3.Na.cb3.2H2O. Also many calcium silicates chief of which are woHastouite, lime feldspars and lime garnets. CARBON. Diamond, C. Graphite, C. Also the various hydrocarbons, especially bitumen, petroleum and natural gas. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 199 Allanite, Fe,Ca,Ce,Al, Silicate. CERIUM. Monazite ( Ce.La.Di ) PO,. CHLORINE. Halite, NaCl. Sylvite. KCl. Also several chlorides of the metals and bases. Chbomite, FeCrjOi. Uvarovite garnet. CHROMIUM. Knoxvillite, Fe,Cr, Sulphate. Redingtouite, Fe,Cr, Sulphate. Cobaltite, CoAsS. Smaltite, CoAsj. Danaite (Fe.CojAsS. COBALT. Asbolite, MnO.,Co,H20. Erythrite, CojASoOs.SH.O. Native Copper, Cu. Chalcocite, CujS. Stromeyerite (Cu,Ag)2S. Covellite, CuS. BORNITE, CUaFeSa Cubanite, CuFeaS^. Chalcopvkite, CuFeSo. Boui-nonite(Pb,Cu2) Sb.Sa Tetraiiedrite, CusSboSj. EnARGITE, CU3ASS4. Atacamite, Cu^ClHaOs. Partzite, Sb,Cu,H„0. COPPER. Cuprite, CuoO. Melanconite CuO. Malachite. CuCOa.CuCOH)^. AzuRiTE. 2CuC03.Cu(OH)o. Aurichalcite, 2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zu,Cu) (OH),. Chrysocolla, CuSi03.2H,0. Lirocouite, Al.Cu, Arsenate. Cupi-oscheelite (Ca,Cu)W04. Caledonite (Pb.Cu) SO^.CPb.Cu) (OH)j. Brochantite. CuS04.3Cu(OH)j. Linarite (Pb,Cu) SO,. (PbCu) (OH),. Boothite, CuSO^.TH^O. Chalcanthite. CuSO^.SHjO. Fluorite, CaFo. Topaz, A1(0,F,) AlSiO,. FLUORINE. Apatite (CaF)Ca,(P0,)3. Amblygonite. Li(AlF)POv GOLD. Native Gold, Au. Sylvanite (Au.Ag)Te,.. Petzite (Ag.Au),Te. Calaverite (Au.Ag)Te.-. Also auriferous pyrite, auriferous arsenopyrite, etc. 200 STATE MINING BUREAU. Meteoric iron, Fe. Awaruite, Ni:,Fe. Pyrrhotite, FenSi2. Marcasite. FeSo. Pyrite. FeSo. Lollingite, FeAs„. Berthierite. FeSboS,. Hematite. FeoOg. Ilmenite ( Fe,Ti ) 2O3. Magnetite, Fe3 04. Gotliite, Fe.Oa.HoO. LiMONiTE, 2Fe,63.3H,0. Also nianv iron-beariui IRON. Si(l(M-ite, FeCOa. Tripliylite, LiFePO,. Vivianite, Fe^PoOs-SILO. Melanterite, FeS04.7H.,0. I'isanito ( Fe.Cu) SO,.7H,"o. ( 'o(inimbite. Fe,, ( SO,) ^.OFLO, <"oi)iai)ite, 2Fe/o,..lSO,,lSH,0. Knoxvillite, FeoOj.CrA.SO',. Redlnstonite, Fe.O.^CroOj.SO^, Botryogen. Fe„03.2Mg6.4S03.15H,0. Jarosite, K2O.3FeoOs.4SO3.6H2O. silicates. Native lead. Pb. Galenite, PbS. Altaite. PbTe. Jamesonite. PboSbaSj. Dufreuoysite. Pb^ASoS,,. Bournonite (Pb,Cu2) SboS^ (Teocronite, Pb5Sb2Ss. Minium. Pb,0,. LEAD. Ceri'ssite, PbCOj. Phosgenite (PbCl)„C03 Vanaclinitc ( PbCl ) Pb, ( VO, ) 3. Pyromorphite ( PbC'l ) Pb, ( PO,) 3. I'lumbosummite. PbO.2ALO3.P2O5.H2O. Mimetite (PbCl)Pb,(AsO,)3. Bindheimite. Pb,Sb20,.4H20. Wnlfenite, PbMoO,. AlNGEE.SITE, PbSO,, Leadhillite. 4PbO.SO3.2CO2.H2O. Caledonite ( PbC'u ) SO,. ( PbCu ) ( OH ) 2. Linarite (Pb.Cu) SO,.(PbCu) (OH) 2. LITHIUM. Lepidolite (LiK)Al(OH,F)Al(Si03)3. Triphylite. LiFePO,. Tourmaline. Litbia-boro-ahimina silicate. Litbiophilite. LiMnPO,. Ambiagonite, Li(AlF)PO,. MAGNESIUM. ( 'hlormagnesite. MgCL. Plydromaguesite. SMgCOaMg ( OH ; Spinel, MgO.AL03. P^psomite. MgSO,.7H20. Brncite. xAIgO.H.O. Blcidite, MgSO,.Na.,.s6,.4H„0. Dolomite ( Ca.Mg ) CO3. Ankerite ( Ca,Mg,Fe ) CO^. Magnesite, MgCOg. Also many magnesium silicates, especially serpentine and talc. ,.3H„0. Hausmannite. MujO,. ( 'rednerite, Cu3Mn,Oo. Braunite. 3Mn203MnSi03. Pyrolusite MnOo. P.SILOMELANE. MuO2.MU2O3.H2O. Manganite. Mn...03.H20. MANGANESE. Rhodocbrosite, MnCOj. Rhodonite, MuSiO,. Litbiophilite. LiMnPO,. I'urpurite ( Fe.Mu ) 2O3.P2O5.H2O. HUBNEBITE, MnWO,. Wolframite ( MuFe ) WO, MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 201 Native Mekcurv, lis- Metaci.n.narakite. IlgS. ("IN.NABAR. IlsrS. Tieniannile. IlgSe. MERCURY. Coloiadoite. HsTe. Calomel. llg.CL. Eglestonite, HiCljO. Molybdenite, MoSo. Molybdito. MoO,. MOLYBDENUM. W'ulffiiitc. PhMoO, Awaniite, Xi^Fe. Millerite. NiS. Melonite. NLTe,. Zaratito. XiC03.2Xi (OnK.4H30. NICKEL. Aiiuahei-irite. Xi,As,0,.SHoO. Momiosite. XiSO^.TILO. ( 'ohimbite ( Fe.Mn ) Nb,0,. NIOBIUM— TANTALIUM. Stibiotantalite. w (SbO)..XbX_)„ with // (SI )()),, Ta.O,;- Soda niter. XaNOj. Niter. KXO3. Xitrocalcite, Ca (X03)o.nH20. NITROGEN. Daiapskite. XaXO,.Xa,SO,.H„0. NitroslauberitP. t>NaX03.2Xa„SO,.3H20. Monazite, (('e,Di,La)PO,. Apatite. (('aF)Cai(P04t3. Py roraorphite. ( I'bCl ) Pb, ( PO,) Amblygomte, Li ( AlF ) 1'0<. PHOSPHOROUS. Vivianite. Fe^P.Os.SILO. Tlrquois. AlPa.Al (bri)3.H,0. 5. Also several rarer phospliates. Pl.ATINLM. Pt. Platiniridium. Ptir. Iridium. Ir. Osmium. Os. PLATINUM GROUP. Iriddsiniiie. IrOs. Palladium. Pd. Ivhodium. Ro. liutheuium. Ku. POTASSIUM. Sylvite. KCl. Kaliniir. K,S( ),.AL( S<)J,.24IL,0. Xiter, KXO,. Alunite. K,().;UL(),.4S(),.(>IL(). Arcauitc. K,SO,. .Tarosite. K,()..'{Fe,(),.4S0,.r>li,0. .\ls() several potassium silic-ales, cliief of wliicb are the potash feldspars and the micas. SELENIUM. Tieiiwuniile, IlfiSe. 202 STATE MINING BUREAU. Quartz, SiOa- Chalcedony, SiO.. Also the great class of silicates. SILICON. Tridymite, SiO.. Opal, SiO,.«H,0. Native silver, Ag. Argentite, Ag.S. Stromeyerite (Ag,Cu)„S. Hessite, Ag^Te. Petzite (Au,Ag)2Te. Sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te2. Calaverite (Au,Ag)Te2. SILVER. Pyrargyrite, AgjSbSj. Proustite, AgjAsSj. Stephanite, Ag^SbS*. Polybasite, AggSbSe. Cerargerite, AgCl. Embolite, Ag(Cl,Br). Northnpite, Na^COjMgCOs.NaCl. Tychite, 2Mg.C03.2Na,C03.Na,SO,. Da wsoni te. NajAl ( CO, ) 3.2A1 ( OH ) 3. Thermonatrite. NaXOs-H^O. Gay-Lussite, CaCd3.Na2CO3.5HoO. Natron, NaXOa.lOHoO. Teona. Na2CO3.HNaCO3.2H2O. Pirssonite, CaCO3.Na2C63.2H2O. Soda niter, NaNO,. Sulfohalite, 3Na2SOi.2NaCl. Also several sodium silicates, chief SODIUM. Darapskite, NaNOs.Na^SO^.H^O. Nitroglauberite, 6NaNO3.2Na2SO1.3H2O. Borax, Na^B.O^.lOHjO. Ulexite. NaCaBjOg.SHjO. Thenardite, NasSOj. Glauberite. Na2S04.CaS04. Hanksite, 4NaS04.Na2C03. Mirabilite, NaoSO^.lOHjO. Blodite. MgSO,.Na2SO,.4H20. of which are the sodium feldspars. Stroutiauite, SrCOj STRONTIUM. Celestite, SrSO, Native Sulphur. S. SULPHUR. Pyrite. FeS™ Also pyrrhotite aud other sulphides. Native tellurium, Te. Tetradymite, Bi.Te. Hessite, Ag^Te. Petzite (Ag,Au)2Te. Altaite, PbTe. TELLURIUM. Coloradoite, HgTe. Melonite, NijTej. Sylvauite (Au,Ag)Teo. Calaverite (Au,Ag)Te2. Native tin, Sn. TIN. Cassiterite, SuOo. Ilmexite. (Fe,Ti)203 Rutile. TiOo. Brookite, TiOj. Octahedrite, TiO.. TITANIUM. Titanite, CaTiSiOs. Benitoite. BaTiSisOj. Xeptunite, ( Na.K ) 2 ( Fe,Mn ) TiSi^O,: MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 203 HUBNERITE, MnWO^. WOLFBAMITE (Mn,Fe)WOi TUNGSTEN. ScnEELiTE. CaWO^. Cuproscheelite ( Ca,Cu ) WO,. Uraninite, Uranate of lead. URANIUM. I'raoouite. Uranate of lead, H;0. Roscoelite HsK(Mg,Fe) (Al.V)^. Pucherite, BiVO^. Vanadinite (PbCOPb.CVO^),. VANADIUM. Volborthite, Cu,Ba,Ca, Vanadate. Cuprodescloizite, Pb, Zn, Cu, Vanadate. Native zinc, Zn. Sphalerite, ZnS. Voltzite, Zn^S^O. Smitiisoxite, ZnCOs- ZINC. Aurichalcite, 2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zn,Cu) (Oil),. Ilydrozincite, Basic zinc carbonate. Calamine, HjZnoSiOo. ZiRCOX. ZrSiO^. ZIRCONIUM. Agate. Amethyst. Axinite Benitoite. Beryl. Califormte. Carnelian. Chalcedony. Chiastolite. Chrysobei-yl. Chrysolite. Chrysopal. GEM MINERALS. Chbysoprase. Crocidolite. Diamond. Dumortierite. Garnet. Iliddenite. Jasper. Kinradite. Kunzite. Lapis Lazuli. Moonstone. Myrickite. Opal. Quartz. Rhodonite. Ruby. Sapphire. Satelite. Rutile. Spinel. Titanite. Topaz. Tourmaline. turquois. Vesuvianite. Zircon. 204 STATE MINING BUREAU. MINERAL DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES. All of the minerals mentioned in the foregoing pages are listed by counties in order to show their distribution. The particular locality or description of any mineral can easily be seen by reference to the mineral. There are many scattered localities and several which are noted for the great variety of associated minerals. The desert counties lead in number of species because they have minerals not only typical of mountainous regions, such as vein minerals, contact raetamorphic minerals and secondary minerals in the oxidization zones of veins, but in addition, minerals typical of the dry plains and former marshes and lakes, such as the borates, sulphates, carbonates, nitrates and chlorides. Inyo and San Bernardino counties therefore lead, and the Cerro Gordo district and Death Valley in the former, and the Searles Borax Lake and Calico district in the latter, are the most famous single localities. San Diego County ranks as the gem county of the State. The great series of lithia-bearing pegmatites which intersect the diorites at Pala and Mesa Grande contain the beautiful pink tourmaline and pink kun- zite with many associated minerals. The minerals occurring in the gold regions of the Sierras are in general the common sulphides and rock-forming minerals. Carson Hill in Calaveras County and the mines near Jamestown and Tuttletown in Tuolumne County were noted for the rarer telluride minerals associated with the gold. Some of the cinnabar mines have also been noted for rare and interesting mineral associations. Several new species came from the old Redington mine, afterwards named the Boston mine, at Knoxville, Napa County. The Sulphur Bank mine, on Clear Lake, Lake County, and the New Almaden mine, Santa Clara County, have produced several rare minerals. Other localities are known for their mineral associations, but it is only of those districts -which have been studied by men who have known the mnierals, that we have fairly complete lists. Alameda County. — Actinolite, ahinogen, aualcite, boothite, caloite. chalcanthite, chal- cedony, chalcopyrite, cliromite, cinnabar, coal, copiapite, copper, cuprite, enstatite, ei).somite, halite, halotrichite. hematite, hydromagnesite. kiiramei-erite. limonite, magnesite, manganite, melauterite, natrolite, petroleum, pisanite, psilomelane, pyrite, pyrolusite, pyi'ophyllite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, serpentine, talc, vivian- ite, zircon. Alpine Coutitij. — Argentite, arsenolite, barile. biotite, calcite, chalcocitc, chalcopyrite, enargite, famatinite, galena, garnet, gold, gypsum, hematite, jasper, kalinite, marcasite, polybasite, p.vrargyi'ite. pyrite, realgar, rose quartz, silver, sphalerite, stephanite, stronieyerite* tetrahedrite, tourmaline, wood opal. MINERAIiS OF CALIFORNIA. 205 Amador County. — Aniorliyst. arsonopyritc. biotite. calcite, chak'anthite. chalcedony, chalcopyrite, chromitc. clirysocolla, clay, coal, copper, cuprite, diamond, epsomite, ,u;aleua. gold, ilmenite. iouite. limouite, Ifillinstite, magnetite, malachite, pyrite, pyrolusite. rectorite, rock crystal, rose (juartz, nitile. serpentine, talc, telliiriiini. trcmolite, wood opal. Butte County.- — Asbestos, barite, califoruite. chromite. chrysoberyl, diamond, epidote, garnet, gold, gypsum, hematite, hornblende, ilmenite, lead, limonite. magnetite, marble, monazite. olivine, prochlorite, platinum minerals, rhodoehrosite, rhodonite, rutile, smoky tiuartz. talc, topaz, vesuvianite, wood opal, zircon. CalareruH County. — Albite, altaite, ankerite. aragonite. areenopyrite. azurite. barite, boothite, bornite, brochantite, calcite, calaverite, chalcauthite, chalcedony, chalco- cite. chalcopyrite. chloritoid. chromite, clirysocolla. copper, coquimbite, covellite, cuprite, dolomite, epidote, galena, garnet, gold, graphite, hematite, hesslte, hyalite, ilmenite, jamesonite, jasper, kaliaite, limonite, lithomarge, magnesite, magnetite, malachite, manganite, margarite, mariposite, melanconite, melonite. millerite. opal, orthoclase. petzite. platinum minerals, pyrite, pyromoi'phite. pyrolusite. pyrrhotite. quartz, rectorite. silvei', sphalerite, stibnite, sylvanite, talc, tellurium, tetradymite. tetrahedrite, uraconite, iiraninite. valencianite, viviauite. wood opal, zircon. Colusa County. — Aragonite. chalcotrichite. coal, chromite. cinnabar, copper, cuprite, electrum, gj'psum, lignite, manganite. melanconite. metacinnabarite. p.yrite, pyrolusite, sulphur. Contra Costa County. — Actinolite, albite. analcite. anthophyllite, apatite, clay, coal, crossite, diopside. enstatite. epidote. fluorite, glaucophane. gypsum, hyalite, law- sonite, manganite, opal, petroleum, prochlorite. psilomelane. pyrolusite, serpentine, talc, titanite, tremolite. zircon. Del Xorte County. — Agate, awaruite, bornite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chromite, cinnabar, copper, cuprite, diamond, enstatite, garnet, gold, graphite, hematite, ilmenite. jasper, kiimmererite, magnetite, melanconite. monazite. olivine, penninite. platinum minerals, pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite, wollastonite, zircon. El Dorado County. — Adularia, agalmatolite, anatase, arsenopyrite, asbestos, axinite, barite, bismuth gold, bornite. brookite. calaverite, calcite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chloropal, chromite, cinnabar, clay, copper, coquimbite, cubauite. diamond, enargite, epidote, galena, garnet, gold, hematite, hessite. hornblende, ilmenite, limonite, ludwigite. magnetite, meteorite, molybdenite, monazite, nontronite. orthoclase, petzite, platinum, pyrolusite, pyromorphite, pyrophyllite, quartz, ros- coelite, serpentine, sphalerite, talc, tin, titanite, tourmaline, vesuvianite, zircon. Fresno County. — Andalusite, apatite, asbestos, barite. bismuthinite. bismutite. boraite. californite, chalcopyrite, chromite, chrysocolla, cinnabar, coal, columbite, copper, diamond, epidote, garnet, gold, graphite, gypsum, ilmenite, kaliuite, magnesite. magnetite, mol.vbdenite. moss opal, petroleum, p.vrrhotite, stilbite. tantalite. titanite. touiTnaline. turquois. vesuvianite. zaratite. zircon. Glenn County. — Chromite, copper, cuprite, talc, volborthite. JIuniholdt County. — Agate, caruelian, chalcedony, chalcocite. chalcopyrite. chromite, coal, copper, garnet, gold, graphite, hematite, ilmenite, ja.sper, jet, magnetite, monazite, olivine, petroleum, platinum minerals, prase, pj'rrhotite, rutile, spinel, vivianite, zircon. Imperial County. — Arsenopyrite, bliidite, chalcopyrite, cyanite, dumortierite, electrum. epsomite, gypsum, halite, sulphur, tetrahedrite. Inyo County. — Anglesite. anhydrite, argentite, asbestos, atacamite. aurichalcite, axinite, azurite. barite. bindheimite, bismuthinite. bismutite. boracite, borax, bornite, botryogen, bournoiiite, brochantite, calamine, calcite. caledonite, celestite. cerargerite. cerussite. cervantite. chalcocite, chalcoi)yrite, chrysocolla. cinnabar, colemanite, copper, co(iuimi)ite. covellite. cuprite, darapskite. datolite. dawsonite, dolomite, dufrenoysite. embolite. ejiidote. fluorite. galena, garnet, gay-lussile. geocronite, gothite. gold. gyi)sum, halite, halloysite, hanksite, hematite, hydro- 206 STATE MINING BUREAU. masnesite, hydrozincite, jamesonite, jasper, kalinite, leadhilllte, lenzinite, limouite, Hnarite, liroconite, malachite, malacolite, marble, metacinnabarite, mimetite, molybdenite, montmorillonite, mountaiu cork, muscovite, natron, niter, nitro- glauberite, orthoclase, petzite, phosgenite, platinum, plumbogummite. pyromor- phite, rock crystal, sal ammoniac, sepiolite, serpentine, siderite, silver, smithsonite, soda niter, sphalerite, stibnite, stromeyerite, sulphur, sylvite, talc, tetrahedrite, thenardite, thermonatrite, tourmaline, tremolite, trona, ulexite, vesuvianite, wil- lemite, wolframite, wulfenite. Kern Counti/. — Antimonj', argentite, arsenopyrite, asphalt, barite, borax, cerargerite, cervantite, chalcedony, chalcopyrite, chloropal, cinnabar, clay, coccinite, cole- manite, cuprite, cuproscheelite. eustatite, galena, garnet, gilsonite, gypsite, halite, hematite, hessite, ilmenite. jarosite, kermesite. lead, lepidomelane, maguesite, magnetite, marble, meteorite, minium, opal, orthoclase, petroleum, platinum minerals, proustite. pyrargyrite. scheelite. sepiolite, silver, smithsonite, stibi- conite, stibnite, sulphur, talc, tourmaline, ulexite, wulfenite. Kings County. — Cinnabar, gypsite. Lake County. — Borax, chromite, cimolite, cinnabar, clay, copiapite, crocidolite, epsomite, gypsum, kalinite. melanlerite. mercury, metacinnabarite. opal, pos- epnyte, sassolite, serpentine, stibnite, sulphur, tiemannite, tschermigite. violan, wollastonite, zoisite. Lassen County. — Annabergite. bernardinite, garnet, gypsum, halloysite. jefferisite. mesolite, muscovite, smaltite, sulphur, tourmaline, wood opal. Los Angeles County. — Anhydrite, annabergite, argentite, asbolite, asphalt, barite, bismutite, bornite, calcite, chalcocite, chrysocolla. colemanite, copper, corundum, cyanite, diatomaceous earth, diopside, epidote, erythrite, fluorite, galena, garnet, graphite, gypsum, howlite, ilmenite, kalinite, labradorite, lapis lazuli, lazulite, leucopyrite, magnetite, olivine, orthoclase, petroleum, sal ammoniac, siderite, silver, smaltite, sphalerite, stibnite, talc, tetrahedrite, ulexite, vesuvianite, vivianite. Madera County. — Bismuthinite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chi'omite, covellite, electrum, galena, hematite, ilmenite, lazurite, magnetite, molybdenite, orthoclase, pyrrhotite, vivianite, wolframite, zaratite. Marin County. — Actinolite, agate, albite. asbestos, chalcedony, chalcopyrite, epidote, garnet, glaucophane, hematite, jasper, kinradite, lawsonite, manganite, mar- garite, psilomelane, pyrolusite, pyrophyllite, pyrrhotite, talc, titauite. wolframite, zircon. Mariposa County. — Alunite. andalusite. aukerite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, azurite, barite. biotite, bronzite, calcite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chloropal. chrysocolla, cinnabar, cobaltite, copper, covellite, danaite, erythrite, epidote, galena, garnet, gold, gold amalgam, gothite. gypsum, hornblende, ilmenite, limonite, malachite, mariposite, molybdenite, orthoclase, pitticite, pyrite, pyromorphite. pyrrhotite, pyrophyllite, rock crystal, scorodite, serpentine, sillimanite, sphalerite, stibnite, sulphur, talc, tetrahedrite, tourmaline, wolframite. Mendocino County. — Chromite, copper, garnet, graphite, jefferisite, magnesite. man- ganite, olivine, platinum minerals, pyrolusite, tetrahedrite, zircon. Merced County. — Calcite, cinnabar, copper, stibnite. Modoc County. — Clay, hematite, magnetite, natrolite, stilbite. Mono County. — Anglcsite, anhydrite, ankerite, argentite, arsenopyrite, azurite. barite, bismite, bismuthinite. bismutite, bornite. calcite, cerargerite. cerussite, chal- cedony, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, cinnabar, clay, cobaltite, copper, cuprite, diato- maceous earth, embolite, fluorite, galena, geocronite, gold, greenockite, gypsum, halloysite, hematite, hornblende, kalinite, lazulite, magnetite, malachite, melante- rite, molybdenite, molybdite, orthoclase, partzite, proustite, pyrargyrite, pyri'hotite, quartz, rutile, silver, sphalerite, stephanite, stetefeldtite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, travertine, tridymite. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 207 Monterey County. — Arsenic, bitumen, chalcedony, chroraite, cinnabar, coal, dialoma- ceous earth, sarnet. graphite, iddinjisite, magnetite, metaciuuabarite, orthoclase, pisanite, serpentine, stibuite, zaratite. 2iapa County. — Asbestos, barite, botryogen, calomel, chalcedony, cinnabar, copiapite, copper, coqnimbito, covellite, crednerite, cuprite, epsomite. erythrite, gypsum, hematite, jamesonite, jasper, kalinite, kuoxvillite, lithomarge, magnesite, marca- site, melanterite, mercury, metaciuuabarite, millerite, mii'abilite, molybdenite, morenosite, uapalite, pyrolusite. redingtonite, rock crystal, serpentine, smaltite, stibnite, sulphur, talc, wollastonite, wood opal. Nevada County. — Agate, altaite, aluuogeu, andalusite, anorthite, anorthoclase, argen- tite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, axinite, barite, biotite, bismuth, calcite, chabazite, chalcanthite, chalcedony, chalcopyrite, chromite, chrysocolla, cinnabar, clay, cobaltite, copper, cuprite, danaite. diallage, diamond, dolomite, enstatite, epidote, galena, garnet, gold, gold amalgam, gypsum, hematite, hessite, hornblende, ilmenite, jasper, labradorite, limonite, magnesite, magnetite, marcasite. melaco- nite, microcliuo, molybdenite, molybdite, olivine, orthoclase, platinum, psilomelane, pyrargyrite. pyrito. pyrolusite, pyrrhotite, rock crystal, scheellte, sericite, serpen- tine, smaltite, sphalerite, stephanite, talc, tetradymite, tetrahedrite, tourmaline, uralite, wernerite. wollastonite, wood opal, zircon. Orange County. — Arcanite, anhydrite, barite, cinnabar, diatomaceous earth, fuchsite, galena, garnet, gypsum, hematite, ilmenite. magnetite, metacinnabarite, petroleum, tiemannite, tourmaline. Placer County. — Aragonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, barite, calcite, cerargerite, chal- cedony, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chromite, chloropal, clay, clinochlore, coal, cobalt- ite, copper, cuprite, electrum, epidote, garnet, gold, hematite, ilmenite, kalinite, klimmererite, kotschubeite, limonite, magnesite, magnetite, mauganite, marble, millerite, molybdenite, monazite, platinum minerals, psilomelane, pyrite, pyro- lusite, pyrrhotite, rhodochrosite, rock crystal, serpentine, silver, sphalerite, talc, tetrahedrite, tourmaline, tremolite, wood opal, zircon. Plumas County. — Albite, arsenopyrite, apatite, bornite, braunile, cassiterile, cha- bazite, chalcocite. chalcopyrite, chromite, chrysocolla, copper, corundum, crocido- lite, cuprite, diallage, edenite, epidote, galena, garnet, gold, hausmannite, hematite, hornblende, hyperstheue, ilmenite, jasper, leucoxene, limonite. magnetite, malachite, mauganite, millerite, molybdenite, monazite, oligoclase, olivine, platinum minerals, psilomelane, pyrolusite, pyrophyllite, pyrrhotite. quartz, rhodonite, sei-pentine, silvei", sphalerite, strontiauite, tetrahedrite, titanite, tremolite, wood opal, wnlfenite, zircon, zoisite. Riverside County. — Andalusite, axinite, bauxite, berjd, biotite, bismuthinite, borax, brucite, calcite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, choudrodite, clay, clinochlore. copper, conindophyllite, diopside, galenite. garnet, greeuockite, gypsum, halite, hematite, hydromagnosite, kunzite. lepidolite. magnesite, magnetite, mauganite. raonticellite, muscovite, niter, okenite. pyrolusite, sphalerite, spinel, stibnite, stromeyerite, talc, tourmaline, vesuvianite, wilkeite, wollastonite, xanthophyllite. Sacramento County. — Chromite. galena, hornblende, magnetite, rock crystal, sphal- erite, talc, vesuvianite, zircon. San Benito Count y.—Ac.m\te, actinolite. aegirite, albite, aragonite, benitoite, calcite, chalcocite, chromite, chrj-socolla, cinnabar, coal, crossite, garnet, glaucophane, gypsum, jarosite, kiimmererite, mercury, metacinnabarite, natrolite, neptunite, penninite, psilomelane. rhodochrome, rock crystal, serpentine, stibieonite, stibnite, talc, tourmaline, valeutinite, zaratite, zircon. San Bernardino County. — Anhydrite, anthophyllilc. aragonite. argeutite, arseno- lite, asbeferrite, asbestos, asbolite, bakerite, barite, bernardinite, borax, bornite, calamine, calcite. cassiterite, celestite, cerargerite, cerussite, chalcedony, chal- cocite, chalcopyrite, chlormagnesite, chrysocolla, clay, colemanite, cookeite, co- rundum, cumminglonite, cuprite, cuprode.scloizile, darapskite, embolitc, ensta- tite, epidote, fluorite, galena, gay-lussite, glauberite, graphite, gypsite, halite, 208 STATE MINING BrREAI'. hanksitc, heliotrope, liematite, howlitc. liyalitp. hydroboracite, ilmenite, lapis lazuli, laumontite. lepidolite. maguetite, malachite, marble, meteorite, mimetite, mirabilite. moss agate, museovite, myrickite. niter, nitrocalcite, nitroglaiiberite, northupite. nosean, opal, orthoclase. pirssonite, priceite, psilomelane, pyrolusite, quartz, realgar, rhodoehrosite, sal ammoniac, sassolite, scheelite, silver, smith- sonite. soda niter, sphalerite, stibnite, stromeyerite. sulphohalite, sulphur, talc, tetrahedrite, thenardite. thermonatrite, tourmaline, trona. turquois, tychite, ulexite, vanadinite. voltzite. wolframite, wulfenite, zinc. San Diigo ('oinitij. — Agalmatolite. albite, ambl.vgonite, anorthite, apatite, arsenopy- rite, asbestos, axinite, beryl, bismite, bismuth, bismutite, bismutosphaerite. cal- cite, cassiterite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cohimbite, corundum, cyanite, diatoma- ceous earth, dumortierite. epidote. garnet, graphite, gypsite. hallo.vsite, heulandite. hematite, hiddenite. h.valite. hypersthene. hureaulite. kunzite, laumontite, lazulite, lepidolite. lithiophilite. microcliue. microlite. molybdenite, montmorillonite, museo- vite. olivine, orthoclase. palaite. piedmouite. prehnite, pucherite, purpurite, pyrochlore, pyrophyllite, rock crystal, rock soap, rose quartz, rutile, salmonsite. scheelite, sicklerite. sillimanite. spinel, spodumene, stewartite, stibiotantalite. stil- bite, strengite. talc, titanite. tourmaline, topaz, triphylite, vesuvianite, zircon. San Francisco Comity. — Apatite, apophyllite, aragonite. oarite, biiicite, calcite, cinnabar, datolite, diallage, diopside, enstatite, gypstim, gyrolite. hj-drodolomite, hydromagnesite, hypersthene, ilmenite, jasper, kinradite, lignite, magnesite, mag- netite, mercury, olivine, opal, pectolite, seriientine, titanite. San Joaquin County. — Diatomaceous earth, manganite, pyrolusite. San Luis Obispo County. — Allophaue. alunogen. asphalt, bitumen, calcite. chromite, cinnabar, copper, cubanite. diatomaceous earth, enstatite, glaucophaue. gypsum, halite, hydromagnesite, ilmenite, lawsonite, limonite, magnesite, magnetite, man- ganite. metacinnabarite. onyx, marble, platinum sands, prehnite. p.vrophyllite, spinel, thenardite. tourmaline, wulfenite. zircon. San Mateo County. — Agate, barite, calcite. calomel, celadonite, chalcedony, chromite, diallage. diatomaceous earth, eglestonite. jasper, magnetite, mai'garite, mercury, olivine, pyrolusite. zircon. Santa Barbara County. — Agate, allauite. analcite. asphalt, augite, barite, calcite, chalcedony, chalcodite. cinnabar, dolomite, fluorite, garnet, gilsonite, gypsum, hornblende, ilmenite, labradorite, magnesite, magnetite, petroleum, platinum minerals, prehnite, rock soap, sal ammoniac, stibnite, stilbite, serpentine, vivianite, wollastonite, zircon. Santa Clara County. — Actinolite, apophyllite. aragotite. augite, bornite. caranthine, cataphorite, chromite, cinnabar, clinozoisite. crocidolite, deweylite, diallage, dolo- mite, epidote, epsomite. garnet, glaucophane, gypsum, gyrolite, lawsonite, limonite, lotrite, magnesite. magnetite, manganite. margarite, mercury, metacinnabarite, oligoclase. omphacite. paragonite. paragasite. petroleum, pilinite, pyrite, pyrolu- site, rhodonite, rutile. smaragdite. serpentine, soretite, stibiconite. stibioferrite. stibnite, talc, tiemannite. titanite, zoisite. Santa Cru~ County. — Bitumen, calcite. coal, graphite, ilmenite, magnetite, melanterite. olivine, petroleum, platinum sands, talc, tremolite, vesuvianite, zircon. Shasta County. — Asbestos, barite, bornite. calcite, chalcanthite, chalcocite, chalcopy- rite, chromite, cinnabar, copper, covellite. cuprite, deweylite, diatomaceous earth, epidote. galena, garnet, gold, halite, hedenbergite, hematite, hessite, ilmenite, ilvaite, limonite, magnetite, melanconite, melanterite, mesolite, molybdenite, orthoclase. platin.ima minerals, proustite, pyrargyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite. siderite, silver, sphalerite, spinel, talc, tellurium, tetrahedrite, zinc, zircon, zoisite. Sierra County. — Arsenopyrite, asbestos, chalcopyrite. chromite. gold, hessite. magne- tite, mariposite. natrolite. platinum minerals, pyrolusite, quartz, serpentine, stibnite, talc, wood opal. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 209 Siskii/ou Count!/. — Asbestos, barite. oalifuniite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, chromite, cinnabar, copper, diamond, galena, garnet, gold, graphite, hematite, hypersthene, ilmenite, limonite, jasper, marble, olivine, opal, ottrelite, platinum, platiniridiimi, pyrite, pyrolusite, pyrrhotite, rhodonite, scheelite, sphalerite, spinel, talc, tin, vesuvianite, zircon. Solano Count-!/. — Aragonite, calcite, cinnabar, onyx, marble, sulphur. Sonoma Countij. — Actinolite, aragonite, boussingaultite, calcite, chromite, cinnabar, clay, coal, diatomaceous earth, epsomite, garnet, geyserite, graphite, gypsum, hematite, jasper, kalinite, limonite, magnesite, manganite, margarite, mascagnite, melanterite, natrolite. psilomelane. pyrite, pyrolusite, seii)entine, smaragdite, sonomaite, stratopeite, sulphur, talc, wood opal, zircon, zoisite. Stanislaus Count!/. — Asbestos, cinnabar, clay, gypsum, hematite, magnesite. Sutter Countt/. — Clay. coal. Tehama Countij. — Chromite, copper, diatomaceous earth, galena, garnet, graphite, pectollte, platinum minerals, sulphur, talc, wollastonite. Trinity Count!/. — Asbestos, barite, cassiterite. chalcopyrite, chromite, cinnabar, cup- rite, diamond, gamet, gold, hematite, ilmenite, magnetite, mercury, meteorite, platinum minerals, pyrite. realgar, serpentine, sylvanite, talc, zircon. Tulare Count!/. — Agate, annabergite. areenopyrite, asbestos, californite, chalcopyrite, chrysopal. chrysoprase. copper, cuprite, diatomaceous earth, epidote. galena, garnet, graphite, gypsum, jefferisite, limonite, magnesite, magnetite, malacolite, minium, molybdenite, opal, orthoclase, pyromorphite, rhodonite, rock crystal, rose quartz, satelite, scheelite, sphalerite, stibnite, stilbite, sulphur, talc, tour- maline, wood opal. Tuolumne County. — Albite, altaite, aukerite, aragonite, asbestos, berthierite. beryl, calcite, chalcanthite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chromite, coloradoite, coquimbite, cuprite, c.yanite, diallage, dumortierite, enstatite, epidote, erythrite, galena, garnet, gold, graphite, hematite, hessite, ilmenite, jasper, kalinite, magnetite, manganite, marble, mariposite, molybdenite, molybdite, orthoclase, petzite, psilo- melane, p.yrite, pyrolusite, pyrrhotite, quartz, rhodonite, serpentine, sphalerite, talc, tellurium, tetradymite, tetrahedrite, tin. tourmaline, tremolite. tridymite. wollastonite, wood opal. Ventura County. — Colemanite, gypsum, hydroboracite, lenzinite. mesolite. millerite, muscovite. petroleum, platinum sands, sulphur. Yolo County. — Asbestos, cinnabar, limonite, metacinuabarite. Yuha County. — Bauxite, chromite, epidote. gold, hematite, ilmenite. magnetite, niona- zite, olivine, pilinite, platinum sands, rutile. talc, serpentine, vivianite, zircon. 14— 80GO 210 STATE MINING BUREAU. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CALIFORNIA MINERALS. Algeb, F. 1. Crystallized Gold from California; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1850, 3, 26(i. Amer. Journ. Sci. 1S50, 10. 101. Allen, E. T. 1. Analysis of salt from Salton ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 220. Anderson, R. 1. Preliminary report on the geology and oil resources of the Cantua-Panoche region ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 431, p. 58. Arents, a. 1. Partzite — a new mineral ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1867, -}S, 362. Arnold, R. 1. Geology and oil resources of the Summerland district ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 321. 2. The Miner ranch oil field, Contra Costa County ; ihid., Bull. 340. and Anderson, R. 1. Preliminary report on the Santa Maria oil district; ibid.. Bull. 317. 2. Geology and oil resources of the Santa Maria oil district ; Hid., Bull. 322. 3. Geology and oil resources of the Coalinga district ; ibid., Bull. 398. and Johnson, H. R. 1. Sodium sulphate in Soda Lake, Carissa Plains ; ibid.. Bull. 380, p. 369. 2. Preliminary report on the McKittrick-Sunset oil region ; ibid., Bull. 406. Aezruni, a. 1. Ueber einen Colemauit Krystall ; Zeits. fiir Krystallographie 1884, 10, 272. AUBURY, L. E. 1. Copper Resources of California ; Cal. State Min. Bureau Bull. 23. 2. The Quicksilver Resources of California; ibid.. Bull. 27. 3. The Structural Materials of California ; ibid.. Bull. 38. Ayers. E. F. 1. Mineralogical Notes : Amer. Journ. Sci. 1889, 37, 235. 2. Notes on the Crystallization of Trona ; ibid., 38, 65. Bailey, G. E. 1. The Saline Deposits of California ; Cal. State Min. Bureau Bull. 24. Baskerville, C. 1. Kunzite, a new Gem ; Science 1903, 18, 303. and KuNz, G. F. 1. Kunzite and its unique Properties ; Amer. Journ. Sci. 1904, IS, 25. Baumhauer. II. 1. 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Der Mineralreichthum Californiens und der angrenzendeu Staaten und Terri- torien; Berg, und hiitten, Zeitung 1869. 28. 3, 21. ,5], 83, 94, 103. 2. Die Goldlagerstiitteu Californiens; Neues Jahrb. fiir Min. 1870, 21, 129. 3. Borax in den westlichou Staaten vor Nordamerica ; ibid., 1874, 716. Campbell. M. R. 1. Reconnaissance of the Borax Deposits' of Death Valley and Mojave Desert ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 200. 2. Borax Deposits of Eastern California ; ibid.. Bull. 213. 3. Coal of San Benito County ; ibid.. Bull. 431. 212 STATE MINING BUREAU. Chatard, T. M. 1. On Urao; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1889, (3), 38, 59; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 60. 2. Natural Soda, Its Occurrence and Utilization ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 60. Clarke, F. W. 1. Analysis of Halloysite ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 9. 2. A New Occurrence of Gyrolite ; ibid.. Bull. 64; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1889, (3), 38, 128. 3. Note on Garnet from California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 189.5, (3), 50, 76. Clarke, F. W., and Steiger, G. 1. On Californite; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 262. Crawford, J. J. 1. Twelfth Annual Kept. Cal. State Mineralogist; 1892-94. 2. Thirteenth Annual Rept. Cal. State Mineralogist ; 1894-96. Dana, E. S. 1. The Crystallization of Gold; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1886. (3), 32, 132; Zeits. fur Kryst. 1886, 12, 278. 2. System of Mineralogy ; 1892. Dana, E. S. and Penfield. S. L. 1. Mineralogical Notes; Amer. Jour. Sci. 188.5, (3). 30, 136; 5th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1885, 65. Dana, J. D. 1. Gold in California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1849, (2), 7, 125. 2. Notes on T'pper California; ihid.. 247. 3. System of Mineralogy ; 1868. Davis. R. O. E. 1. Analysis of Kunzite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1904, (4), 18, 29. Day, D. T. and Richards, R. H. 1. Investigation of the black sands from placer mines ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 285. Deville, H. St. C. and Debray. H. 1. Du Platine et des Metaux qui I'accompagnent ; Ann. des Chem. et de Phys. 18.59, 36, 385. DiLLER, J. S. 1. Gold in Calcite; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1890, (3), 39, 160. 2. Notes on the Geology of Northern California ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 33. 3. Educational Series of Rocks ; ibid.. Bull. 150. 4. Iron and Copper Ores of the Redding Quadrangle ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 213. DURAND. F. E. 1. Notes on Crystals of Quartz Containing Cinnabar ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1868- 72, Ji, 211. 2. Description of a new mineral from the New Almaden mine ; ibid., 218. 3. Notes on the Crystallization of Metacinnabarite ; ibid.. 219. Eakle. a. S. 1. Mineralogical Notes; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1901, 2, 315. 2. Colemanite ; ibid., 1902, 3, 31. 3. Palacheite ; ibid., 190-3, 3, 231. 4. On the Identity of Palacheite and Botryogeu ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1903, (4), 16, 379. 5. Phosphorescent Sphalerite ; Min. and Sci. Press 1904, 88, 64. 6. Notes on Lawsonite, Columbite, Beryl, Barite and Calcite ; Bull. Dcpt. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1907. 5, 81. 7. Notes on Some California Minerals ; ibid.. 1908, 5, 225. 8. Neocolemanite, a Variety of Colemanite and Howlite ; from Lang, Los Angeles Co., ibid., 1911, 6, 179. Eakle. A. S. and Rogers, A. F. 3. Wilkeite, a New Mineral of the Apatite Group, and Okenite, Its Alteration Product ; from Southern California ; Amer. Journ. Sci. 1914, 37, 262. MIXERAL,S OF CALIFORNIA. 213 Eakle, a. S. and Sharwood, W. J. 1. Luminescent Zinebleude ; Eng. and Min. Journ. 1904. 67, 1000. Eckel, E. C. 1. Salt deposits of California and Utah ; U. S. Geol. Siirv. Ball. 213. Edman, J. A. 1. Gold-bearing black sands of California ; Min. and Sci. Press, 1904. 2. The Auriferous Black Sands of California ; Cal. State Min. Bur. Bull. 45. Eldridge. G. H. 1. Petroleum Fields of California ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull 213. Eldridge, G. H. and Arnold, R. 1. The Santa Clara Valley, Puenta Hills and I.os Angeles Oil District ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 309. Emory, W. H. 1. Notes on a Militaiy Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego, California : V. S. Senate Ex. Doc. l.S4'~; : Amer. Jour. Sci. 1848, (2), 6, 389. Erman. a. 1. Geologische "S'erhaltnisse \ou Californien : Arch, fiir, wiss. Kunde von Russ. 1850. 7, 713. 2. Geographische Verbreitung des Goldes ; ibid. 725. Abstracts Neues Jahrb. fiir ]Min. 1850. 359, 494. Evans. J. T. 1. Colemanite ; Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1884, 1, 57. : 2. Chemical Properties and Relations of Colemanite ; ibid.. 1885, 2, 37. ' Fairbanks, H. W. 1. Geology of the Mother Lode ; 10th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1890. 2. Geology and Mineralogy of Shasta County ; 11th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1891. 3. On Analcite Diabase From San Luis Obispo County ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1895, 1, 273. 4. The Geology of Point Sal ; ibid., 1896, 2, 1. 5. The Tin Deposits of Temescal, Southern California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1897, (4), Ji, 39. FOOTE. W. M. 1. Preliminary Note on a New Alkali Mineral ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1895, (3), 50, 480. Ford. W. E. 1. On the Chemical Composition of Dumortierite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1902, (4), 1.',. 42G; Zeits. fiir Kryst. 1903, .37, 417. 2. Neptunite Crystals from >San Benito County ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1909, 27, 235. Foster, E. LeN. 1. Production of Carbonate of Soda from the Alkaline Waters of Owens Lake ; Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc. 1890, 3, 245. Gale. H. S. 1. The Lila C Borax Mine at Ryan, Cal. ; U. S. Min. Res. 1911, 861. 2. The Origin of Colemanite Deposits ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 85, 1913. 3. Borate Deposits in Ventura County, Cal. ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 540, 1913. Genth, F. a. 1. On a Probably New Element with Iridosmine and IMatintim from California; Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1852, '/, 209: Amer. Jour. Sci. 1853. (2), 15, 246. 2. Contributions to Mincralogj- ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1859, (2), 2S, 246. 3. Observations on Certain Doubtful Minerals ; Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1867, 19, 86. 4. Contributions to Mineralogy, No. 7; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1868, (2), .J.5, 305. 5. On some American Vanadium Minerals; ibid, 1876, (3), 12, 32. 6. Roscoelite ; Chera. News 1876. S',, 78. 7. Contributions to Mineralogy, No. 29 ; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1887, 2i, 23. 8. Contributions to Mineralogy, No. 54; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1892, (3), J^-ff, 381. 214 . STATE MINING BUREAU. Giles, W. B. 1. Bakerite (a new borosilicate of calcium) and Howlite from California; Mineral Magazine 1903, 13, 353. Goldsmith, E. 1. Trautwineite — a new mineral ; Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1873, 2o, 9. 2. The Composition of Trautwinite ; ibid. 348. 3. Analysis of Chromite from Monterey County ; ibid, 365. 4. Stibioferrite, a new mineral from Santa Clara County ; ibid. 366. 5. On Sonomaite; ibid. 28, 263. 6. On Boussingaultite and other minerals from Sonoma County ; ibid. 264. Goodyear, W. A. 1. Geology of several California counties ; 8th Ann. Rept. Cal. State. Min. 1888. Gbaton, L. C. 1. Copper deposits of Shasta County ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 430. Graton, L. C, and Schaller, W. T. 1. Purpurite, a new mineral; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1905, (4), 20, 146. ^UTZKOW, F. 1. Analysis of Hydromagnesite from Livermore ; 6th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1886. Hanks, H. G. 1. Notes on Cuproscheelite ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1873. 5. 133. 2. Notes on Roscoelite ; Min. and Sci. Press ISSl, //2, 428. 3. 1st Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1880-81. 4. 2d Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1882. 5. 3d Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1883. 6. 4th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1884. 7. 5th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1885. 8. 6th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist; 1886. 9. Occurrence of Hanksite in California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1889, (3), 37, 63. 10. On a new variety of Gay Lussite from San Bernardino County ; Min. and Sci. Press 1892, 6-',, 222. Harder, E. C. 1. Manganese Deposits of the United States ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 427, 1910. 2. Iron and Manganese, and also Gypsum of California ; ibid. Bull. 430. Hess, F. L. 1. The working magnesite deposits of California ; Eng. Mag. 1906, 31, 691. 2. The magnesite deposits of California; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 355, 1908. 3. A Reconnaissance of the Gypsum Deposits of California ; ibid. Bull. 413. 4. Tungsten-bearing vein near Raymond ; Molybdenite at Corona ; ibid. Bull. 340. 5. Gypsum deposits near Cave Springs ; ibid. Bull. 430. Hidden, W. E. 1. On Hanksite, a new anhydrous sulfato-carbonate of sodium from San Ber- nardino County; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1885, (3), 30, 133; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1885, 3, 328 ; 5th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1885, 62. Hidden, W. E., and Mackintosh, J. B. 1. Sulphohalite, a new sodium sulphato-chloride ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1888, (3), 36, 463 ; Zeits. fiir Kryst. 1889, 15, 294. 2. Mineralogical Notes; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1891, (3), U, 438. Hillebrand, W. F. 1. Mineralogical Notes: Melonite (?), Coloradoite. Petzite and Hessite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1899, (4), S, 295. HiLLiBBAND, W. F., TURNER, H. W., and Clarke, F. W. 1. On Roscoelite; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1899, (4), 7, 451. HlORTDAHL, T. 1. Colemanit, ein krystallisirtes Kalkborat aus Californien ; Zeits. fiir Kryst. 1884, 10, 25. MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 215 HLAWATSCn, C. 1. Die Krystallform des Beuitoits ; Centralblatt fiir Miu. Geol. Pal. 1909, 293. HOFMANX.C. F. 1. California Gold; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1840, (2), S, 449. HOLWAY, R. S. 1. Eclogites in California : Jour, of Geol. 1904, 12, .Sol. Hunt, T. S. 1. On the recent formation of Quartz and on Silification in California ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1880, (3), 19, 371. Hutchinson, A. 1. On the identity of Neocolemauite with Colemauite : Miu. Mag., 1912, IG, 239. Ibelan, W. 1. 6th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; ISSG. 2. 7th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist; 1887. . 3. 8th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1888. 4. 9th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist; 1889. 5. 10th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1890. 6. 11th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist ; 1891-92. Jackson, A. W. 1. On Colemanite, a new Borate of Lime ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1884, (3), 28, 447. 2. On the Morphology of Colemanite ; Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1885, 2, 3. 3. Mineralogical Contributions ; ibid, 1886, -), 358. Jamieson, G. S. 1. On the Natural Iron-nickel Alloy, Awaruite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1905, (4), 19, 413. Kemp, J. F. 1. Geological Relations and Distribution of Platinum and Associated Metals; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 103, 1902. Knopf, A. 1. Notes on the Foothill Copper-belt of the Sierra Nevada ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1906, 4, 411. Knopf, A., and Thelen. P. 1. Sketch of the Geology of Mineral King, California ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1905, 4, 227. ' KOENIG, G. A. 1. Analysis of Mountain soap ; Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1878, 30, 405. Kboustciioff. K. de. 1. Note sur une hypC-rite a structure porphyrique de I'Amerique ; Bull. Soc. Fr. Min. 1885, 8, 11. KUNZ, G. F. 1. Mineralogical Notes on Brookite, Octahodrite, Quartz and Ruby ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1892, (3), J,3, 329. 2. Octahedrite (Anatase) from Placerville. El Dorado County; Mineral Mag. 1901, 9, 394. 3. On a new lilac-colored transparent Spodumene ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1903, (4), 16, 264. 4. Californite (Vesuvianite) ; ibid, 397. 5. Bismuth and Bismuth-ocher from Pala ; ibid, 398. 6. Precious Stones of the United States; U. S. Geol. Surv. Min. Res. 1882-1906." 7. Gems of California ; Bull. 37 Cal. State Min. Bur. Kustel, G. 1. Tellurite of Gold and Silver; Min. and Sci. Press 1865, 10. 306. Lawson. a. C. 1. Geology of Cannelo Bay; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 189.3, 1, 1. 2. Sketch of the Geology of the San Francisco Peninsula ; 15th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1893, 405. 216 STATE MINING BUREzVU. Lawson, a. C. — Coutinued. 3. Plumasite ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1903, 3, 219. 4. Orbicular Gabbro at Dehesa ; Sau Diego County; ibid, 1904, 3, 383. LeConte, J., and Rising, W. B. 1. The Phenomena of Metalliferous Vein formation now in progress at Sulphur Bank. California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1882, (3), 2.',, 23. LiNDGBEN, W. 1. 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Notes on the Crystallography of Metacinnaharite; ihid. 1892, (3). //.'/, 381. Penfield, S. L.. and Jamieson, G. S. 1. Tychite. a new mineral from Borax Lake; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1905. (4), 20, 217. Phillips, J. A. 1. Notes on the chemical geology of the Gold Fields of California ; Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1868, 16, 294; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1869, (2), 7,7, 134. Pratt, J. H. 1. On Northupite, Pirssonite — a new mineral — Gay Lussite and Hanksite, from Borax Lake, San Bernardino County; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1896, (4), 2, 123. Prescott. B. 1. Ilvaite, from Shasta County, Califoniia ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1908, 26, 14. Preston. E. B. 1. Geology of Tehama County; 10th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1890. Price, T. 1. Analy.sis of Colemanite from Death Valley ; 3d Ann. Rept. Cal. State. Min. Prutzman, p. W. 1. Petroleum in Southern California; Cal. Stat9 Min. Bur. 1913, Bull. 63. PURNELL, S. 1. On lonite, a new mineral; Min. and Sci. Press 1877, S.'i, 184; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1878, (3), i6, 153. Ransome, F. L. 1. The Eruptive Rocks of Point Bonita ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1893, 1, 71. 2. On Lawsonite, a New Rock-forming Mineral ; ihid, 1895, 1, 301. Raymond, R. AV. L Mines and Mining in tlie States and Territorie.? West of the Rocky Mountains; 5th Ann. Rept. U. S. Com. Min. Statistics, 1873. Reid, J. A. 1. Igneous Rocks near Pajaro, California ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1902, 3, 173. 2. The Ore Deposits of Copperopolis, California ; Econ. Geol. 1907, 2, 380. 3. The East Country of the Mother Lode ; Min. Sci. Press, 1907, 9.',, 279. 4. Some Ore Deposits in the Inyo Range, California ; ihid, 1907, 95, 80. Rickard, T. a. 1. Certain Dissimilar Occurrences of Gold-bearing Quartz; Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc. 1891, 1892, 1893. //, 328. Rogers, A. F. 1. Mineralogical Notes; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1!X)1, 12, 42. 2. Note on the Crystalform of Benitoite; Science, 1908. 616. 3. Minerals from the Pegmatite Veins of Rincon, San Diego County ; Sch. Mines Quart. 1910, 31, 208. 4. Eglestonite from San Mateo County'; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1911, 32, 48. 5. Notes on rare minerals from California; School of IMines Quart. 1912. 55, 373. Rolland, G. 1. Les Gisements de Mercure de Californie ; Ann. des Mines 1878, (7), 1), 384. 218 STATE MINING BUREAU. Root, E. W. ]. On Euarsite from the Morning Star Mine, Alpine County; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1868, (2), 1,6, 201. RoscoE, H. E. 1. On two new Vanadium Minerals; Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1876, 25, 109. SCHALLER, W. T. 1. Minerals from Leona Heights ; Alameda County ; Bull. Geol. Univ. Cal. 1903, 3, 191. 2. Spodumene from San Diego County ; ih'ul, 265. 3. Notes on some California Minerals; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1904, (4), 11, 191. 4. The Tourmaline Locality of Southern California ; Science 1904, 19, 266. 5. Dumortierite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1905. (4). 19, 211; Zeits. fiir Kryst. 1905. Jil, 19. 6. Mineralogical Notes; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 262, 1905. 7. Analyses of tourmaline and associated minerals fi'om San Diego County ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 419. 8. Calcite Crystals with new forms; Hid. Bull. 420; Zeits. fur Kryst. 1908, .'/-'/. 324. 9. Bismuth Ochers from San Diego County ; Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1911, S3, 162. 10. Krystallographische Notisen ueber Albit, Pheuakit und Neptunit, Zeits. fiir Kryst. 1911, J,8. 5.50. F. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 490. 11. Axinite from Californien ; ihid, 48, 148 ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 490. 12. Cuprodescloizite from California ; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1911, 1, 149. 13. Immense bloedite ciystals ; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1913, 3, 75. 14. New manganese phosphates from the Gem Tourmaline Field of Southern Cali- fornia ; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1912, 2, 143. 15. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Turmalingruppe, Zeits fiir Kryst. 1912, 51, 321. ScHALLEE, W. T., and Hillebrand, W. F. 1. Crystallographical and Chemical Notes on Lawsouite ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1904, (4), 17, 195. Shepard, C. U. 1. On a Meteoric Iron lately found in El Dorado County ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1872, (3), 3, 348. 2. Tincalconite (Borax) ; Bull. Soc. Fr. Min. 1878, 1, 144. 3. On the Ivanpah Meteoric Iron; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1880, (3), 19, 381. 4. Meteoric Iron from Trinity County; ihid, 1885, (3), 29, 469. SiLLIMAN, B. 1. Notes on the New Almaden Quicksilver mines; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1864, (2), 38, 190. 2. On the Deep Placers of the South and Middle Yuba, Nevada County, etc. ; ibid. 1865, (2), J,0, 1. 3. Note on the California Diamond; ihid. 1867, (2), .'/'/, 119. 4. Notes on the Grass Valley District; ibid, 236. 5. Notice of a peculiar mode of Occurrence of Gold and Silver in the Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, • especially at Whiskey Hill and Quail Hill; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1867, 3, 349. 6. Note on three new localities of Tellurium minerals in California ; and on some Mineralogical Features of the Mother Lode; ibid, 378. 7. On the probable existence of Microscopical Diamonds with Zircon and Topaz in the sands of the Hydraulic Washings in California ; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. 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Sci. 1879, (3), 18, 57 and ISSO, (3), 20, 93. Storms, W. H. 1. Geology of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties ; 11th Ann. Rept. Cal. State Min. 1891-92. Teschemacher, J. E. 1. Platinum of California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1850, (2), 10, 121. Turner. H. W. 1. The Rocks of the Sierra Nevada; 14th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Part 2. 441. 2. Notes on the Gold ores of California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1894, (3), 47, 467. 3. Further notes on the Gold ores of California; ibid. 1895, (3), 49, 374, 478. 4. Further Contributions to the Geology of the Sierra Nevada ; 17th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1895, Part 1, 529. 5. Notes on the Rocks and Minerals of California; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1898. (4), 5, 421. 6. Occurrences of Diamonds in California ; Amer. Geol. 1899, 23, 182. 7. Some Rock-fomiing Biotites and Amphiboles ; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1899, (4), 7, 294. 8. Notes on Unusual Minerals from the Pacific States; ibid, 1902, (4), IS, 343. Turner. H. W.. and Melville. W. H. 1. 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Geological Survey of California; Vol. 1. Geology. Williams, A. H. 1. Mineral Resources of the United States ; U. S. Geol. Surv. 18S0-S4. INDEX. Page. Achi-oite 134 ACMITE 112 Actinolite 11^) Adularia 105 Aegirite 112 Agalmatolite 141, 152 Agate GO Agatized wood 66 Alabaster 184 Albite 106 Alla.mte 131 Allopiiane 153 Almandite 120 Altaite 49 Alum 190 Alumte 193 Alcxogen 191 Amazon stone 105 Amblygomte IGl Amethyst 64 Ammonium alum 190 Ampiiibole 115 Anaixite 139 Axatase S3 Andall'site 128 Andesixe 106 Audradite 120 axgi.esite 181 Anhydrite 181 Anliydrous silicates 104 axkerite 92 Anxabercute 107 Anorthite 107 Anoktiioclase 10 Graphic tellurium ")0 Graphite 8 Gray copi>er 53 Green copper 98 Greexockite 30 Grossularite 120 Gypsite 184 GYP.srM 184 Gyrolite 137 Halite 57 Haloids 57 Halloysite 154 Halotriciiite 190 Hanksite 182 h.w.smaxnite 84 Heavy spar 179 Hedenbergite 111 Heliotrope 0(5 Hematite 75 Hessite 48 Heii.a.ndite 138 Iliddenite 112 Hornblende 116 Hornsilver 59 Howlite 173 HCbnerite 175 Page. Hyalite 68 Hyuroboracite 173 Hydrocarbons 193 Hydrodolomite 102 Hyacinth 120 HrREAlLITE 163 Hydkomag.nesite 102 Hydrous silicates 137 Hydrozixcite 99 Hyperstiiexe 110 Iceland spar 00 Iddixgsite 124 Idocrase 125 Ilmexite 76 Ilvaite 133 Indicolite 134 Infusorial earth 68 Iodides 57 Ioxite 194 Iridium 21 Iridosmixe 22 iRox 22 Iron alum 190 Iron mica 142 Iron pyrites 43 .Jamekoxite 52 .T.\R0.srrE 193 Jasper 66 Jefferisite 148 Kalixite 190 Kallaite 163 Kiimniereritp 147 Kaolin 153 Kaolixite 153 Kermesite 43 Kinradite 66 Kxoxvu.lite 192 KotschubeitP 147 Kunzite 112 Lahradokite 107 I. apis lazuli 120 Laimoxtite 138 Law.soxite 133 Lazilite 162 j.azirite 120 Lead 18 Leadhh.lite : 182 Lenzinite 154 LEPiDor.iTE 142 Lepidomelane 142 ■fieucopyrite 47 Leucoxono 157 Lignite 196 224 INDEX. Page. Lime feldspar 107 Lime-soda feldspar 107 Limestone 90 LiMONITE 87 IjINakitn: 183 LiROCONITE 168 Lithia mica 142 LlTHIOPIllMTK 160 Lithomarge 154 Lodestone 78 LOLLINGITE 47 Lotrite ' 132 LUDWIGITE .: 170 Made 128 Magnesite 92 Magnesium alum 191 Magnesium limestone 92 Magnesium mica 142 Magnetic iron , 78 Magnetic pyrites 37 Magnetite 78 Malachite 98 Malacolite l 111 Manganite 86 Marble 90 Marcasite 42 Margarite 145 Mariposite 141 Marmolite 149 Martite 75 Mascagnite 178 Meerschaum 1.53 Melaconite 74 Melanterite 187 Melonite 50 Menaccanite 76 Mercury 18 Mesolite 140 Metacinnabarite 32 Metaxite 149 Meteoric iron 22 Micas 139 MiCROCLINE 105 MiCROLITE 174 MiLLERITE 37 MiMETITE 166 Mineral oil 195 Minium 84 MiRABILlTE 184 Mispickel 45 Molybdates 175 Molybdenite 26 Molybdic ocher 71 Moi.ybdite 71 monazite 1.59 JNIonticellite 123 Page. Montmorillonite 150 Moonstone ^ 106 Morenosite 187 .Moss agate 66 Moss opal 68 ^Mountain cork 115 Mountain leather 115 Mountain soap 154 Muscovite 141 Myrickite 66 Xagyagite 51 Napalite 194 Native elements 7 Natrolite 140 Natron 100 Neocolemanite 171 Neotocite ■ 156 Neptunite : 158 Nickel bloom ' 167 Niobates 174 Niter 169 Nitrates 168 Nitrocalcite 169 Nitroglauberite 169 Nontronite 156 Northuupite 98 NOSEAN 119 Noselite 119 Octahedrite 83 Oil 195 Okenite 138 Oligoclase 106 Olivine ._ 123 Omphacite 111 Onyx 66 Onyx marble 90 Opal 68 Orthite 131 Orthoclase 105 Osmium 22 Ottrelite 146 Oxides 63 Palacheite 193 Palaite 164 Palladium 21 Pandermite 171 Paragonite 141 Pargasite 116 Partzite 72 Peacock ore 38 Pectolite 114 Penninite 147 Peridot 123 Petroleum 195 INDEX. 225 Page. Pktzite 48 Phantom crystals 04 Phosge.mte S>7 Phosphates 150 Picotite 77 Picrolite 140 PlKDMOXTITE 131 Pilinite l^O Finite 141 PlRSSONITE 101 PiSAXITE ISS Pitch 106 Pitchblende 177 PiTTICITE . 168 Plasioclase lO.j Platixiridium 21 Platinum 10 Pleonaste 78 PiumbaffO 8 PlAMBOGUMMITE 10.3 I'OLYBASITE O.O Porcellophite 140 POSEPNYTE 195 Potash alum 100 Potash feldspar 10.5 I'otash mica 141 Potash-soda feldspar 106 Prase 06 Prase opal 08 Preiinite 132 Priceite 171 Prochlorite 147 Proustite 55 P.silomelane 80 Pucherite 165 purpubite 103 Pyrargyrite 52 Pyrite 43 Pyrociii.ore 174 Pyrolusite 85 Pyromorpiiite 101 I'yrope 120 Pyrophyelite 152 Pyroxene 110 Pyrrhotite 37 Qx'artz 63 Quicksilver 18 Realgar 24 Rectorite 154 Red antimony 43 Red arsenic 24 REniNGTONITE 192 Red copper 73 Red lead 84 Page. Redruthite 30 Ketinolite 149 Rhodium 22 Rhodochrome 147 RiionociiROSiTE 95 Rhodonite 114 Rock crystal 64 Rock salt 57 Rock soap 154 ROSCOELITE 144 Rose quartz 64 Rubellite 1.34 Ruby 74 Ruby silver .52. 55 Ruby spinel 78 Ruthenium 22 RUTILE 82 Sagenite 64 Sal Ammoniac _i .59 Sahniac 59 Salmonsite 164 Saltpeter 169 Sanidine 105 Sapphire 74 Sard 66 Sardonyx . 66 Sassolite 89 Satelite 150 Satin spar 184 Saussurite 129 Scapolite 125 Sciieelite 176 scorodite 167 Selenides 45 Selenite 184 Sepiolite 153 Sericite 141 Serpentine , 148 Sicklerite 165 Siderite 95 Silica 63 Silicates 104 Silicified wood 66 Silicious sinter 68 Sillimanite 128 Silver 15 Silver glance 27 Siserkite 22 Smaltite 46 Smaragdite 116 Smithsonite 95 Smoky quartz 64 Soapstono 1.50 Soda feldspar 106 Soda-lime feklsi)ai's 106 226 INDEX. Page. Soda mica 141 Soda Niter 168 sonomaite 191 Soretite ^ 116 Spathic ore 95 Specularite 7.") Spessartite 121 Sphalerite 31 Spliene 1.37 Spinel 77 Spodumene 112 Stalactite 90 Stalagmite 90 Steatite 150 Stepiianite 54 Stetefeldtite 72 Stewartite 164 Stibiconite 72 Stibioferrite 72 Stibiotaxtalite .* 175 Stibnite 24 Stilbite 139 Stratopeite 1.56 Strengite 164 Stromeyerite 31 Strontianite 96 sulfoiialite 182 Snlphantimonites 51 Siilpharsenites 51 Sulphates 178 Sulphides 24 Sulphosalts 51 Sulphur 9 Sylvanite 50 Syxvite 58 Talc 1.50 Tantalates 174 Tantalite 174 Tar 196 Tellurides 45 Tellurium 12 Tennantite .53 Tenorite 74 Tetradymite 47 Tetrahedrite .53 Thenardite 178 Thermonatrite 100 Thetis' hairstoue 64 Tiemannite 1 47 Tin . 19 Tincal 170 Tincalconite 170 Tin stone 82 Titaniferous iron 76 TlTANITE 157 Titano-silicates 157 Page. Topaz 127 Topazolite 121 Tourmaline 134 Trautwinite 121 Travertine 90 Tremolite 115 Tridymite 67 Tripiiylite 160 Tripolite 68 Trona 101 tschermigite 190 Tung-States 175 TuRQUOis 163 Tychite 98 Uintahite 196 Ulexite 172 Uraconite 177 Uralite 1 116 Uranates 177 Uraninite 177 Uranocher 177 Urao 101 Uvarovite 121 Valenclanite 105 Valentinite 70 Vanadates 165 Vanadinite 166 Vanadium mica 144 Vesuvianite 125 Violan 111 Vivianite 162 A'olborthite 166 voltzite 44 Wad 89 Water 63 Wernerite 125 While ai-senic 70 White pyrites 42 WiLKEETE 165 Willemite 124 Wolframite 175 Wollastonite 113 Wood opal 68 Wulfenite 177 Xanthophyllite 146 Zaratite 102 Zeolites 137 Zinc 19 Zincblende 31 Zircon 126 Zoisite ,_- 129 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. MAR 3 1 1997 AUG 19 1997 Uy RECEIVED AUG 2 1997 Physical Sciences Ubjary Book Siip-30m-8, '54 (621084)458 iVilU'VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 3 1175 02089 0755 <^3.li4yr>ii2^ SCIENCES LIBRARY W24 C3 A3 umvaasnY of caufornim 122360