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JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER.. VOL. XI. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
CERTAIN 
 
 ABORIGINAL MOUNDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GEORGIA COAST 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
 
 SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME ;XI. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1897. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 P. C. STOCKHAUSEN, 
 
 1897- 
 
rttti 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Our thanks are tendered tor material assistance in this work to the Marquis de 
 Nadaillac, to Dr. E. Goldsmith, and to Professors Putnam, Holmes and Pilshry. 
 Our acknowledgments are due also for the aid extended hy our lamented friend, the 
 late Professor Cope. 
 
 Again we have to thank Dr. M. (. Miller lor continuous assistance in the field 
 and in the preparation of this report. 
 
 .June, 1897. C. B. M. 
 
 1 1 5640 
 
CHATHAM 
 
 B R Y 
 
 MAP OF THE GEORGIA COAST 
 
 Scale in m iles. 
 
 I 2 3 -f if 
 
 1897 
 \indicates amot^nd. 
 
JOURNAL 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GEORGIA COAST, 
 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 Of 
 
 ^ki -n I 
 
 As tha reader is aware, an inland passage by water, parallel to the ocean, 
 enables vessels of light draft to traverse the entire coast of Georgia without ven 
 turing to sea or incurring risk greater than the minimum one of crossing certain 
 sounds at a distance from the open water. 
 
 This marine highway, shown on ordinary maps, is connected with a network 
 of waterways and tributary streams, many appearing on sectional charts alone. 1 
 enclosing considerable fertile territory suitable for living sites, and great tracts of 
 low-lying marsh. 
 
 Fish and oysters are abundant in this region, and were doubtless still more so 
 in early times, but great deposits 2 of oyster shells are not so numerous as on the 
 
 1 U. S. Government Charts, Nos. 15<i, 157, 158. 
 
 2 The circular enclosure on Sapelo Island and a great causeway on Bill-hour s Island are the only 
 shell deposits of importance met with by us on the Georgia coast. A considerable shell deposit on St. 
 Simon Island has been reported. AVe have not seen it. 
 
 1 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
<i CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Florida coast, nor do thi v compare in size with the great heaps of fresh-water shells 
 so noticeable on the St. .Johns River. 
 
 Before proceeding to a detailed description of certain coast mounds of Georgia, 
 we wish to point out that it has not been our intention to investigate each mound 
 included within the limits of the entire territory, as we have done on the St. -Johns 
 and the Ocklawaha Rivers. Florida, hut rather, by demolishing a considerable num 
 ber, to give a general idea of the aboriginal earth-works of the territory bordering 
 the Georgia coast. 
 
 Five months of continual work have been devoted by us to the coast mounds 
 of Georgia, during which time most of the territory has again and again been 
 traversed bv steam motive power, so that but little time has been consumed in 
 transit. A lew important mounds still remain unexamined, through no fault of 
 ours, however, notably at the north end of Ossabaw Island and on the islands of 
 St. Simon and Sapelo. 
 
 But little work has been previously done among the mounds of the Georgia 
 coast. The late Col. C. C. Jones, whose interesting work 1 we have largely consulted, 
 occasionally refers to certain objects as derived from coast mounds, but nowhere 
 makes reference to any systematic explorations. 2 The territory is virtually a new 
 
 / / *- / 
 
 one for the archaeologist, though relic hunters have at times left traces of their work 
 
 in the shape of comparatively small trenches or superficial excavations near the 
 
 summits of certain mounds. 
 
 Before proceeding to a detailed description of our mound work it may be well 
 
 to make clear to the lay reader certain terms frequently to be used by us. 
 
 The "bunched" burial, which we found to predominate in Florida when the 
 
 condition of the bones made determination possible, is present also in the coast 
 
 mounds of Georgia, though to a much more 
 limited extent. This method of interment 
 consisted of bunching together a number of 
 bones ; sometimes the skull and long bones 
 of one individual with perhaps some of the 
 smaller bones, wr in others, taking parts of 
 the skeletons | two or three individuals 
 and burying them in a heap together. The 
 exposure of the dead body until deprived 
 of flesh, prior to inhumation, was a common 
 aboriginal custom. In Fig. 1 we give a 
 representation of a typical bunched burial. 
 In the Georgia coast mounds the burial 
 in anatomical order exceeded all others, 
 
 though it is not unlikely that many at least of the skeletons had suffered exposure 
 
 1 " Antiquities of the Southern Indians." 
 
 2 See also "A Primitive Urn Burial," Smithsonian Report, 1XSH), p. 009 e1 *]., by Dr. J. F. 
 Snyder, in relation to Southern Georgia. 
 
 Fig. 1. A "bunched" burial. (Xot on scale.) 
 
(JKRTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF TIIK GEORGIA COAST. 7 
 
 previous to inhumation hut \vciv held togi ther by ligaments when placed in the 
 sand. Occasionally, some hone or hones in a position not to be accounted Cor under 
 the hypothesis of shifting sand, testifies to this. 
 
 Of the burials in anatomical order, the -flexed" burial predominates. This 
 form consists in placing the remains usually on the right or on the left side and 
 
 ^Slfe 
 
 ^, Sfe 
 
 Fig. 2. A " flexed" burial. (Xot on scale.) 
 
 drawing the knees and chin well together with the legs drawn up almost parallel 
 to the thighs. The arms occupy almost any position except an extended one. 
 This form of burial doubtless recommended itself through economy of space, a 
 Hexed skeleton calling ibr a grave not much over three feet in length. Fig. 2 
 shows a typical Hexed" burial. 
 
 In determination of sex there have been consulted the conformation of the 
 forehead, the glabella, the superciliary ridges, the thickness of the outer upper 
 
 
 Fig. 3. Sherd with ornamentation of circular impressions. (Full size.) 
 
 margin of the orbit, the character of the facial bones, the muscular marking of the 
 temporal region, size of mastoid process, size of external occipital protuberance and 
 muscular markings in its vicinity, character of lower jaw, size of mental promi 
 nences, form of clavicle, size and muscular markings of the bones in general. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Age, when stated, was based upon an examination of the teeth and sometimes 
 of the epiphyses. When not otherwise stated in our descriptions, the skeleton is 
 that of an adult. 
 
 All anatomical determinations have been made by Dr. M. G. Miller, who has 
 been present during all our field work in Georgia and in Florida. 
 
 Fig. 4. Sherd with button-like decoration. (Full size.) 
 
 We shall see that burials of infants in some localities, of adults in others, \vere 
 in large jars made of clay tempered with gravel, 1 almost invariably of the same 
 type, consisting of a rounded base, an almost cylindrical body, a slightly constricted 
 
 -. w-vf.w a 
 
 \f^ 
 
 ^ ^-J^* , ,;? .,*/ 
 
 Fig. 5. Sherd showing loss of decoration. (Full size.) 
 
 neck and a flaring rim, whose margin was exteriorly decorated with circular im 
 pressions, contiguous or nearly so, doubtless of a section of a reed (Fig. o), or with 
 button-like ornaments some distance apart, made separately and impressed before 
 baking (Fig. 4), and which sometimes are seen to have fallen from their places, as 
 1 Termed gritty ware. Thin ware forms the majority of that found on the Georgia coast. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOl NDS OF THE (JEOR(JIA COAST. !) 
 
 shown in Fig. - r ) ; or with an encircling hand impressed at intervals (Fig. (i). The 
 decoration of the hody and neck of these vessels is usually a complicated stamped 
 pattern so well known in Georgia and in Carolina. 
 
 One of these hurial jars (various forms were used for cremated remains) is 
 shown in Plate IX. 
 
 The late Col. C. C. Jones describes tour similar vessels, all containing infant 
 
 
 g. (>. Sherd showing hand with impressions. (Full size.) 
 
 remains, as coming from mounds of the Georgia coast. We shall not again go into 
 a detailed description of this form of vessel, but shall refer to it as the common, 
 or ordinary type. 
 
 The reader will observe that considerable care has been taken in referring to, 
 or in describing, vessels of shell or of earthenware, to note whether or not they 
 were imperforate as to the base. This, it max be well to explain to some, has 
 been done in reference to a custom obtaining to a considerable extent in Florida 
 where vessels placed with the dead often had the bottom knocked out. the base 
 perforated, or a hole made in the base at the time of manufacture, presumably " to 
 kill" the vessel to free its soul to accompany that of the dead person. This curious 
 custom has been regarded as peculiar to Florida, but it is interesting to note a pos 
 sible observance of it to a limited extent in the mounds of the Georgia coast. It is 
 well to note, however, that in cinerary urns, perforation of base is never met with. 
 
 Mounds Investigated. 
 Fairview, Camden County (2). Crescent, Mclntosh County. 
 
 Woodbine, Camden County. 
 Owen s Ferry, Camden County. 
 Brunswick. Glynn County ("2). 
 Lawton s Field. Darien. Mclntosh Co. ( !). 
 Townsend Mound. Darien, Mclntosh Co. 
 Cat Head Creek, Darien, Mclntosh Co. 
 --The Thicket." Mclntosh County (I .). 
 Shell Bluff. Mclntosh County. 
 Creighton Island, Mclntosh County (2). 
 Hopkins Mound, Belleville. Mclntosh Co. 
 
 1 " Antiquities of the Southern Indians," p. 45fi. 
 
 Walker Mound. Mclntosh County. 
 Contentment, Mclntosh County. 
 Broro Neck. Mclntosh County (2). 
 Sapelo Island. Mclntosh County (o). 
 Bahama, Mclntosh County (2). 
 Laurel View, Mclntosh County (2). 
 St. Catherine s Island, Liberty Co. (7). 
 Ossabaw Island. Bryan County (U). 
 Skiddaway Island, Chatham County (o). 
 
10 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Low Morxi) AT FAIKVIKW, CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 Fairview, the property of Captain W. F. Bailey, to whom we are indebted lor 
 courteous permission to investigate, lies on the bank of Marianna Creek which 
 empties into Kings Bay, Cumberland Sound. 
 
 The mound, in a cultivated field, had a diameter of base of 38 feet, a height 
 of 2 feet 8 inches, though a large stump remaining on the mound gave- evidence of 
 a loss of about 1 foot additional height through the agency of the plow. 
 
 The mound was completely demolished. 
 
 The closest examination of the structure of this mound seemed to indicate that 
 the usual pit, made previous to the erection of the mound, was wanting, and that the 
 mound, composed of loamy brown sand and unstratified, had been erected upon the 
 undisturbed level ground. 
 
 There were no marginal burials. In addition to fragmentary bones, thrown up 
 by the plow, human remains were met with at seven points. 
 
 One and one-half feet from the surface and 10 feet from the northwestern 
 margin of the mound was the flexed skeleton of a child, in anatomical order. 
 
 An adult skeleton, showing the same form of burial, lay 2 feet from the surface. 
 
 One foot down was a deposit of fragments of calcined human bones beneath a 
 local layer of oyster shells. With the remains lay a sheet copper ornament with 
 repousse decoration. 
 
 A burial, well in toward the center, had seemingly its full quota of bones, and 
 the lower portion of the skeleton lay in anatomical order. The cranium, however, 
 was upside down ; the mandible lay on its side, embracing one bone of the forearm 
 and two ribs. In all probability ligaments held together a part of this skeleton at 
 the time of its removal to the mound. Reference has already been made to the 
 custom formerly obtaining with many of the southern Indians, namely, the exposure 
 of the body for a certain time previous to interment. Juan Ortiz, a member of a 
 former expedition, rescued by De Soto, had been accorded by his captors the task 
 of keeping carnivorous wild animals from remains thus exposed. 
 
 About 2.o feet down, just above a thin layer of calcined oyster shells extending 
 several feet beyond, were the bones of a young infant. With them were many shell 
 beads of various sizes. 
 
 At another point lay a deposit of calcined bits of bone, some certainly human, 
 all probably so. 
 
 Almost in the center of the mound were parts of a skeleton, considerably 
 scattered. A small hole apparently had been dug previously at this point, causing 
 a disarrangement of the bones. 
 
 Sherds were limited in number, about one dozen being met with, the majority 
 plain though several bore a complicated stamped decoration. 
 
 With the exception of two or three bits of chert the mound yielded nothing- 
 farther of interest. 
 
CURTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF TIIK (IKORCJIA COAST. II 
 
 Low Morxi) NKAK FAIKVIKW, CA.MDKN COUNTY. 
 
 In [line 1 woods, about one-quarter of a mile in a northerly direction from the 
 preceding mound, on property of Mr. Robert II. Frohoek, to whom our acknowledge 
 ments for permission to dig. are herewith tendered, was a mound "2 feet "> inches in 
 height and )>4 feet across the base. 
 
 The northern half was completely dug through. Considerable charcoal and 
 fireplaces lay seemingly on the base. 
 
 Several bunched burials and fragments of human bones were met with at 
 various points. Nothing in the way of art relics was encountered with the excej)- 
 tion of about one-half of a small and gracefully-shaped vessel of earthenware and 
 several sherds, most of which bore an incised cross-hatched decoration. 
 
 MOUND NKAK WOODBINE, CAMDKX COUNTY. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile in a westerly direction from the town of 
 Woodbine near the Satilla river, is Bedell s Landing. About one-quarter of a 
 mile south of the landing is a very symmetrical mound 4 feet 9 inches in height 
 and 40 feet across the base. A number of large hickories are on the eastern side 
 and these were left standing through a natural desire on the part of the owner of 
 the large plantation on which the mound is situated to preserve the earthwork as 
 a landmark. About two-thirds of the cubic contents of the mound were displaced 
 and subsequently returned, leaving the mound in appearance as we found it. 
 
 Our thanks are tendered to Mr. .1. K. Bedell, the owner, for full permission to 
 investigate, a courtesy which, considering the proximity of the mound to his home 
 stead, might have reasonably been declined. 
 
 The mound was composed of light-brownish sand with a slight admixture of 
 clay. A vertical section of the mound from the summit plateau to where traces of 
 human handiwork came to an end. had a height of li feet. 
 
 The usual fireplaces and admixture of charcoal with the sand were encountered. 
 The mound had probably at an earlier period lost somewhat in height and had been 
 considerably disturbed within recent years through use as a place for burial. In 
 fact, at the present time, but o;") yards distant, are numerous graves dating from the 
 last half of the present century, and several intrusive burials, doubtless of this 
 period, were discovered in the mound. One skeleton, the bones of which still had 
 a raw appearance, had, near the pelvis, two brass buttons apparently belonging to 
 an old fashioned "dress coat, while another had iron nails, probably belonging to 
 the coffin, in dost proximity. The intrusive skeletons were buried at length and 
 considerable care had been bestowed in the arrangement of the bodies, in one 
 instance the hands being folded at the waist. 
 
 Original burials numbered about two dozen and were so badly decayed that in 
 the case of some the method of interment was not determinable. When unmis 
 takably identified as to position the bones were found in anatomical order. The 
 bodies had been variously Hexed. These interments were found from !."> feet from 
 
ll> CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 the surface to a depth of (> feet. In some eases local layers of sand dyed with the 
 red oxide of iron lay immediately above the bones. 
 
 At two points in the mound were pockets made up of fragments of calcined 
 human bones. In the mounds of Florida such pockets are sometimes found though 
 cremation was not, so far as our experience extends, largely practised there. We 
 shall see later to how considerable an extent this form of burial was in vogue among 
 the aborigines of the Georgia coast. 
 
 EARTHENWARE. 
 
 Sherds were very infrequent and probably of accidental introduction, none 
 lying with human remains. They were, as a rule, undecorated, though the compli 
 cated form of stamp, so well known in Georgia, was present. 
 
 No vessels of earthenware were encountered. 
 
 In a central portion of the mound, 5 feet from the surface, near human remains, 
 was an undecorated tobacco pipe of earthenware, of a type common to the mounds 
 of the lower thirty miles of the St. Johns river and other sections, where the aper 
 ture for the stem rivals that of the bowl in size. We have figured a pipe of this 
 type in our account of the mound at Point La Vista, Duval County, Florida. 
 
 STONE. 
 
 A graceful lance-point of chert lay with a skeleton about 4 feet from the surface. 
 
 Two polished "celts" lay with burials 1 foot and 2.5 feet from the surface, 
 respectively. 
 
 A small hammer-stone and a portion of a pebble were with the pipe to which 
 reference has been made. 
 
 Loose in the sand was an arrowhead of chert. 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 Loose in the sand, throughout the mound, were several conchs (Fulgur] and 
 fragments of conchs. 
 
 Upon a number of occasions shell beads lay with the burials. 
 
 A little over one foot below the surface, over the ribs of the skeleton of a child, 
 was a gorget of shell, irregularly oval in form, 4.5 inches by 5.5 inches. Near the 
 upper margin is a perforation for suspension. A companion to this perforation had 
 apparently been destroyed by a blow from a spade, received at the time of discovery. 
 The concave surface of this gorget shows traces of intricate incised decoration, the 
 exact pattern of which is no longer apparent. 
 
 Less than one foot from the surface, with human remains, were two stopper- 
 shaped objects of shell. This form (Fig. 7) so well known in certain sections, is 
 not present in the mounds of the Georgia coast strictly speaking and has not been 
 met with by us in shell in Florida though present in the great deposit of objects 
 
 1 " Additional Mounds of Duval and of Clay Counties, Florida." 
 
Fig. -.Stopper- 
 shaped object of 
 
 mar Woodbine. 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE (JKORGIA COAST. 1M 
 
 ol earthenware I ound by us in the Thurshy Mound, Yolusia County. 1 Thf.se 
 may have .served as ear-plugs since we know it to have been an aboriginal custom 
 to wear articles of considerable si/.e thrust through the lobe of the ear. 
 
 About 3 feet from the surface, lying near the cranium of a skeleton, were 
 beads of shell, some of considerable size ; several stopper-shaped objects of shell ; 
 an imperforate drinking cup wrought from Fulgur perversum ; 
 and an undecorated gorget of shell, 3.75 inches by 4.5 inches, 
 with double perforation for suspension. Almost immediately above 
 these remains and relics was an intrusive burial of recent times. 
 having fragments of clothing and buttons. 
 
 Other stopper-shaped objects were found associated with a 
 finger-ring of copper, to which reference will be made later. 
 
 About 3 feet from the surface was a- nest of oyster shells and 
 charcoal. 
 
 COI I FR 
 
 Associated with human remains, 1.5 feet from the surface, was 
 an ornament of sheet copper almost oblong in shape. The margin 
 was beaded, 2 as is so commonly the case with similar ornaments in Florida, and a 
 central concavo-convex boss had its origin in a great number of semi-perforations 
 placed closely together with the aid of some pointed implement. The sheet copper 
 is decidedly thicker than that met with in Florida, more resembling sheet copper 
 we have seen from Ohio. Not far from the center of the margin of the smaller end 
 is a perforation for suspension. Length, 3 inches; maximum breadth, 2.7- ) inches; 
 minimum breadth, 2.25 inches. 
 
 About 1.5 feet from the surface, 2 feet from a skeleton lying 
 at the same level, was a circular ornament of sheet copper, 3 inches 
 in diameter. The usual concavo-convex boss at the center is present, 
 as likewise is the beaded margin. There is one perforation for 
 attachment or suspension. 
 
 In the northern slope of the mound, about 2 feet from the 
 surface, with a skeleton, were shell beads, several stopper-shaped 
 objects of shell and, in place on a linger bone, a finger-ring wrought Flg f 8 ^h e e[ nger ~ ring 
 from a band of thin sheet copper (Fiu;. 8). 
 
 Prehistoric finger-rings are of extreme rarity in this country. 
 In the cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, where are the famous ash-pits, Professor 
 Putnam found on the fingers of one skeleton four rings made from bands of sheet 
 copper, and speaks of such rings as " unique in American archaeology." 3 Professor 
 Putnam does not recall the discovery of similar rings from the date of publication 
 of his report to the present time. 
 
 1 "Certain Sand Mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida," Part I, Fig. 100. 
 
 2 The same beaded margin, so frequently seen on ornaments of sheet copper in Florida, is repre 
 sented as present on a sheet silver disc from Peru. " Necropolis of Ancon," Keiss and Stiibell, Berlin. 
 Part VIII, Plate LXXXI, Fig. 19. 
 
 :1 XVI and XVII Annual Reports, Peabody Museum, p. 166. 
 
 Mound ni.-arWoo.i- 
 
 bine. (Full size.) 
 
 2 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
14 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS. OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 It is worth v of remark that similarly shaped finger-rings of metal hands have 
 been found on Peruvian mummies, two such rings being figured l in Reiss and 
 St Libel s magnificent plates. Unfortunately, the metal from which the rings are 
 made is not specified, but as they are shown of a deep green shade presumably 
 copper is represented. On ornaments of silver containing copper one is not likely 
 to find so marked and so uniform a deposit of carbonate. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 The tooth of a fossil shark, about 4 inches in length, apparently unassociated, 
 lav -3 feet from the surface. 
 
 Another shark s tooth, 1 inch in length, lay in caved sand. At its base was a 
 perforation possibly tor suspension as an ornament, or just as probably for attach 
 ment to a wooden handle lor use as a cutting tool, such implements having been 
 found by Mr. dishing in the mud near shell-heaps of the southwestern coast of 
 Florida. 
 
 On or just beneath the surface, at a considerable distance from any burial, was 
 a polychrome glass bead which we believe to have been dropped upon the mound 
 subsequent to its completion. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The interesting mound near Woodbine, which we have included here, has 
 nothing in common with the mounds of the coast, being on fresh water and at a 
 considerable distance from the sea. This fact should be borne in mind when the 
 contents of the mound are taken into consideration. 
 
 Morxi) AT (hvEx s FERKY, CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 At Owen s Ferry, on the left hand side of the Satilla river, going down, in full 
 view from the water, on the property of George S. Owen, Esq., of Savannah, is a 
 symmetrical mound apparently uninvestigated previous to our visit. It is pictur 
 esquely situated on a blulf sloping to the water s edge and on it grow a number of 
 forest trees. The mound, considered a landmark, is in full view of the Owen house 
 and we deem it an especial courtesy on the part of Mr. Owen to have placed it so 
 readily at our disposition. 
 
 In shape the mound resembles an inverted bowl. Its height from the east, 
 which may be considered a fair average, is 6 feet 4 inches ; its diameter at base, 
 52 feet. Over one-half of the mound, the northernmost portion, was dug away and 
 subsequently replaced. The mound was composed of light yellow sand without 
 stratification. 
 
 Small fragments of human bone in the last stage of decay, were present at 
 three points. 
 
 1 "The Necropolis of Aiicon," Berlin. Part III, Plate XXX, Fig. 14. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF TIIK GEORGIA COAST. l 
 
 A lew sherds, sonic- plain ;m<I sonic ornamented with the usual diamond or 
 square stamp, lay loose in the sand, as did three arrow-heads of chert, found 
 separately. Well in toward the center was an irregular mass of oyster shells, 
 ahont ( ) feet from the surface. 
 
 The result of our examination of this mound surprised us greatly, since it 
 strongly resembled the rich little mound at Woodbine a few miles below. 
 
 Two MOUNDS SOUTH OF BRUNSWICK, GI,Y\X COUNTY. 
 
 At South Brunswick, opposite the town of Brunswick, about 200 yards in a 
 southerly direction from the railroad wharf, was a mound "2 feet high and 2<> feet 
 across the base. It bore no marks of previous investigation. A total demolition 
 of the mound was without result. 
 
 About 1.5 miles inland from Fancy Bluff, an abandoned plantation on a creek 
 a short distance from South Brunswick, was a mound 2 feet 8 inches in height, and 
 28 feet across the base. This mound was investigated so far as a large tree upon 
 its northern portion permitted. No discoveries of any sort were made. 
 
 MOUNDS IN LAWTON S FIKLD, DARIEN, McL\Tosn COUNTY. 
 
 The town of Darien, on a branch of the Altamaha river, is about 10 miles 
 distant from the sea in a straight line. 
 
 In the northern outskirt of the town is a large field, the property of Mr. P. C. 
 Law-ton, an intelligent colored man, who readily placed at our disposal three mounds 
 included within the limits of his field. 
 
 Mound A. This mound, which had been plowed over for years, had, according 
 to report, lost considerably in height which, at the time of its total demolition by 
 us, was 4 feet inches. Its diameter at base was 4(1 feet. 
 
 Previous investigation was limited to a narrow superficial trench through a 
 portion of the mound. 
 
 The mound was composed of yellowish sand with local layers of oyster shells, 
 calcined in one instance, and of sand, brownish in color, probably through presence 
 of foreign material. A layer of brownish sand, about 1 foot in thickness, seemed to 
 mark the lower portion of the mound, as immediately below it was bright yellow 
 sand, undisturbed, and containing no object of artificial origin. At the center, 
 from this bright yellow sand to the highest portion of the mound, vertically, was 
 (> feet. 
 
 A number of fragmentary and disconnected human bones were found in the 
 neighborhood of the trench, left by previous investigators. Undisturbed human 
 remains, which were almost entirely confined to the eastern side of the mound, 
 were eleven in number. The form of burial was that in anatomical order. The 
 skeletons were considerably flexed. Nearly, if not. all had been, to all appearance, 
 wrapped in bark much of which, though badly decayed, still remained. 
 
10 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Sherds were comparatively of iiitre(|ui j nt occurrence and were apparently of 
 accidental introduction. The plain, the checked stamp, and the intricate stamp 
 were represented. 
 
 The mound was unusually devoid of artifacts. Large shell heads were present 
 with several skeletons, and some small ones with the skeleton of an infant. 
 
 With human remains, just beneath the present surface, were two stone hatchets, 
 one verv rude; one pebble and one bit of earthenware. 
 
 Loose in the sand were a bit of fossil wood, and, in another portion of the 
 mound, a small mass of sandstone, pitted on one side. Unassociated, 5.5 feet from 
 the surface was a very rude implement of stone. 
 
 Mound B. This mound, about 30 feet south of the preceding one. had a 
 height of 4 feet, a diameter at base of 30 feet. A narrow trench, about 2 feet in 
 depth, had previously been dug through a portion of it. 
 
 The mound was completely demolished. 
 
 Its composition was almost identical with that of Mound A. 
 
 HUMAN RKMAJNS. 
 
 Exclusive of certain loose bones, disturbed by previous investigators, 32 burials 
 were noted in the mound. Of these, 30 were in anatomical order and Hexed, while 
 two consisted of deposits of charred and calcined fragments of human bones. Above 
 certain skeletons lay small local layers of oyster shells. With one skeleton was a 
 small amount of sand tinged pink with red oxide of iron its sole occurrence in the 
 mounds of Lawton s field. 
 
 With very few exceptions, skeletons were associated with wood or bark, in 
 some cases included above and below and again apparently heaped over with bark 
 or with slabs of wood, in the last stage of decay. Several skeletons were enclosed 
 in cribs or pens of wood, as for instance, one 8.5 feet from the eastern margin of 
 the mound and 4 feet from the surface. The bones lay in a pen composed of logs 
 from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. The longitudinal logs had an average length of 3 
 feet, that of the transverse ones at the bottom was about 2 feet, at the top about 
 20 inches. The top was composed of parallel logs running longitudinally. There 
 was no bottom to this pen or. more properly speaking, coop. Within it lay a 
 skeleton tlexed on its right side, heading south. The head and body were in line, 
 the head at one end of the pen. the pelvis at the other. The thighs were tlexed 
 sharply on the body and the legs on the thighs. The right leg rested between 
 the logs at the side of the pen, the foot projecting; while the left foot extended 
 beyond the end of the pen. The arms lay along the body with the forearms lying 
 between the thighs. We give a representation of this coop in Fig. 0, reproduced 
 from a sketch made to a scale and on the spot. It has been found impossible to 
 convey the decayed and crushed appearance of the wood, but the number and 
 positions of the various pieces are exactly represented. The bones of the feet, held 
 in place by the sand, fell apart when the sand was removed. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF TIIK OKORG1A COAST. 17 
 
 In this pt ii, with the bones, were four small bits of chert, one showing u cer 
 tain amount of workmanship ; one small cube of quartz and a small mass of clayey 
 material. 
 
 With another skeleton in a somewhat similar coop, though less well preserved, 
 was a small polished chisel of stone and a diminutive pebble. 
 
 Though, as stated, a great majority of the skeletons were buried with wood or 
 bark, there were certain notable exceptions. One burial in the eastern margin, 3.0 
 feet from the surface, showed no trace of woody material. The cranium of this 
 skeleton was preserved in good condition (A. N. S. Cat. No. 2,15 J). 
 
 Considerably below the level of the surrounding territory, beneath the extreme 
 western margin of the mound, were two graves, distinguished by the dip of the 
 artificially colored brown sand constituting the lowest stratum of the mound, into 
 the undisturbed yellow sand of the field. Neither grave showed any trace of wood 
 or bark. 
 
 Fig. 9. Burial pen. Mounds iu Lawton s Field, Mound B. (About one-eighth size.) 
 
 Grave No. 1 contained a skeleton 5 feet 3 inches from the surface of the mound 
 and 2 feet o inches below the bottom of the basal layer of brown sand which at 
 this point extended two feet below the level of the surrounding territory. The 
 mound at this point had a height of 1 foot, No artifact lay with the skeletal 
 remains though, in close association, was the right huinerus of an adult bald-eagle 2 
 (Halifcetus leucocepha/ns}. The bone was in a subfossilized condition. The bones 
 of both forearms of this skeleton were anchylosed at the upper extremity in a posi 
 tion of pronation. They were sent to the Army Medical Museum at Washington. 
 No anchylosis was noted at other points of the skeleton. The cranium, in fairly 
 good condition, was preserved (A. N. S. Cat. No. 2.1(10). In this skeleton the bones 
 of one hand were missing while the axis rested against the sacrum and a first rib 
 and atlas lay above the pelvis. The lower jaw was back of, and turned frojn, the 
 
 1 In the cut the feet are incorrectly represented as upright, their true position having been nearly 
 parallel to the logs. 
 
 2 Kindly determined by Dr. K. W. Kliufeldt. 
 
18 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 cranium and. moreover, gave every evidence of not belonging to the skull. The 
 teeth of the lower jaw showed considerably more wear than those of the upper jaw. 
 In the upper jaw one wisdom tooth showed little sign of wear, while the other had 
 been but recently lost. On the other hand, there had been a loss of both wisdom 
 teeth of the lower jaw with absorption of the alveolar process. Moreover, the teeth 
 of the jaws do not seem to coincide. It is seen that these signs of disturbance can 
 be accounted lor only under the hypothesis of exposure of the body previous to 
 interment a very common practice in some sections and that the parts not in 
 anatomical order had fallen from the skeleton which otherwise was held together 
 by ligaments. The lower jaw, probably lost or mixed, was intentionally or other 
 wise, substituted by another. 
 
 About 8 feet due south from grave No. 1, 4.25 fec-t from the surface of the 
 mound, and about ! feet below the level of the surrounding territory, was grave No. 
 2, 3.5 feet long, by 33 inches wide, by 1 foot deep. The skull was saved in good 
 condition (A. N. S. Cat. No. 2,155). The tibiae and fibulae showed inflammatory 
 swelling. With the cranium were three shell pins of familiar type. 
 
 EARTHENWARE. 
 
 Sherds were not numerous, a few undecorated or with variously stamped pat 
 terns being met with. 
 
 Two and one-half feet below the surface of the southern margin, with human 
 
 Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 
 
 Tobacco ]>i]>es of earthenware. Mounds in Lawton s Field, Mound B. (Full size.) 
 
 remains was an inverted imperforate vessel with flaring rim and encircling band oi 
 complicated decoration. The ware is of excellent quality. Height, 4.75 inches; 
 diameter of rim, 4.25 inches; of body, 5 inches (Plate I, Fig. 1). 
 
 Two undecorated vessels of poor material, of about 3 pints and 1 pint 
 capacity respectively, lay together about 2 feet distant from a skeleton on the same 
 level. The smaller vessel, irregularly oblong, unfortunately received a blow from 
 a spade. The larger, a bowl of ordinary pattern, was broken by pressure of sand. 
 Both have been completely restored. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. ! . 
 
 Scattered fragments belonging to two earthenware tobacco pipes were recovered 
 some little distance apart, and subsequently reunited as shown in Figs. 10 and 
 11. One is still coated interiorly with carbonized material, probablv tobacco. 
 Tobacco pipes of this type are figured by the late C. C. Jones as coming from a 
 mound on Colonel s Island on the Georgia coast. 1 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 With various burials were live drinking cups of shell (Fulgur perversutri), two 
 imperforate, three having round and even perforations in the base. These holes 
 were much more carefully made than those made by roughlv knocking out a portion, 
 so frequently found in the Florida mounds. This perforation, the reader will recall 
 was an aboriginal custom obtaining in Florida though not universallv practised. 
 It is supposed to have been done to " kill " the vessel, thus freeing its soul to accom 
 pany that of the departed into the other world. We have found no perforation of 
 shell drinking cups north of Darien. 
 
 Shell beads were not numerous and were present in but two cases. 
 
 Near the margin, together, were seven fresh-water mussel shells (Unio Cuvieri- 
 anus, Lea 2 ) and nearby, a number of marine shells (Littortna irrorata 1 }. These 
 apparently, were not in the neighborhood of human remains. 
 
 STONE . 
 
 Ten inches below the present surface of the mound was a beautifully polished 
 little hatchet of plutonic rock, 3 apparently unassociated. Another larger hatchet 
 was found superficially. Several pebbles lay witli burials or loose in the sand. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Beneath the base of the mound, with human remains, was the lower portion 
 of the femur of a bear, evidently separated by a cutting tool. 
 
 In a portion of the trench made previous to our investigation, which had been 
 partially filled, were various objects of recent manufacture: a rusty pocket knife; 
 a fragment of glass; the head of an iron hammer; an iron ring. etc. A hastv or 
 unscrupulous investigator could easily refer these objects to the period of construc 
 tion of the mound. 
 
 Mound C. In the same field, about 300 feet east of Mound A. was a mound 
 2 feet U inches in height. Its diameter of base was 34 feet. 
 
 A small and superficial trench had previously been made through a portion of it. 
 
 The mound was completely dug through. 
 
 Seven entire skeletons were met with in addition to a few loose bones disturbed 
 by the makers of the previously mentioned trench. All skeletons were apparently 
 lying Hexed on the side, and all but one were buried with coverings of bark or wood 
 
 1 C. C. Jones, " Antiquities of the Southern Indians." 
 
 * Identified l>y Prof. H. A. Pilsbry. 
 
 We are indebted to Dr. E. Goldsmith for determinations of rock, included in this report. 
 
20 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 which dropped into .small pieces upon removal. In some cases the covering 
 of wood was simply thrown over. In one instance, however, in the case of a 
 child buried 2 feet deep beneath the extreme southern margin of the mound 
 which at that point was about on a level with the surrounding territory, the skele 
 ton was covered by a coop 20 inches in length, 14 to 10 inches in breadth, lying 
 northeast and southwest. In this case the top consisted of Hat pieces placed trail s- 
 versly and not of logs laid longitudinally as in the case of the coop in Mound B. 
 
 Beneath one burial was a thin layer of ashes, while another was surmounted 
 by a layer of oyster shells, 6 to 8 inches in thickness. 
 
 No artifacts were present with the burials. A few sherds lay loose in the sand. 
 Superficially and near no human remains was a copper bead apparently of European 
 manufacture. 
 
 The curious burials present in Mounds B. and C. in Lawton s field, where 
 skeletons were enclosed in pens, must not be considered as representative of the 
 coast since nowhere else have they been met with by us. We have it on excellent 
 authority that in mounds farther up the Altamaha this form of burial was in vogue. 
 
 TOWNSEND MOUND, Mclxmsn COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, about one mile east of Darien, was placed at our disposal by Mr. 
 J. S. Townsend, of Darien, the owner, to whom our cordial thanks are tendered. 
 
 The mound, which, it is believed, had sustained no previous investigation, is 
 reported to have been under cultivation in ante-bellum days, and at that time, to 
 have been ploughed over for considerable periods. 
 
 Its present height is 3 feet 8 inches ; the diameter of its circular base, 42 feet. 
 
 With the exception of a few square feet surrounding two live oaks on extreme 
 marginal portions, the mound w r as completely dug through. 
 
 The mound was composed of yellowish-brown sand, without stratification. 
 In various parts were layers of oyster shells. In the central portion was an irregu 
 lar layer of these shells, 3 feet in thickness at places. Occasionally, near human 
 remains, were pockets of sand dyed pink or red, with hematite. 
 
 HUMAN REMAINS. 
 
 This mound, a perfect charnel house, teemed with skeletal remains from 
 margin to center, human bones being met with at fifty-nine points, and it 
 probable that these interments represented the remains of fully seventy-five 
 individuals. 
 
 Interments varied as to depth from .5 of a foot to 4.5 feet from the surface. 
 
 Three forms of burial prevailed : cremation, the bunched burial and the burial 
 in anatomical order. Deposits of portions of human bones, charred and calcined 
 by fire, were noted at five points in the mound. Once charred remains lay associ 
 ated with many bones unaffected by fire. We shall refer to this farther on. 
 
 In all, 1 8 bunched burials were present, some representing parts of but one 
 individual, others being layers of bones in absolute confusion, one such having a 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOl NDS OF THK GEORGIA COAST. 21 
 
 length of 3.5 feet, a breadth of 22 inches, a thickness of S inches. In several of 
 these layers five or six crania were present. With one layer was a mass of calcined 
 human remains to which reference has been made. 
 
 In each case burials in anatomical order showed Hexion to a certain extent 
 in certain cases to a much greater extent than in others. No uniformity of direc 
 tion had been observed as to the positions of the skeletons crania pointing to 
 every point of the compass. Twenty-six skeletons lay upon the right side, eight 
 upon the left. One lay upon the back with legs Hexed to the left ; another upon 
 the back, had the face turned to the left. The position of one skeleton in caved 
 sand was undetermined. 
 
 The bones in this mound, perhaps owing to the presence of shell, were 
 unusually well preserved, offering a marked contrast to skeletal remains in many 
 Florida mounds from which frequently all intermixture of shell is absent. 
 
 In no instance did the remains indicate individuals of unusual size. The linen 
 aspera was not especially defined. One platycnemic tibia had an index of 54, 
 which, as the reader will recall, means that the transverse diameter is .54 of that 
 taken antero-posteriorly. No signs of injury or disease were present with the 
 exception of alveolar abscesses. Three crania were preserved in fairly good condi 
 tion. Two of these (Cat. Nos. 2,15(5 and 2,157) are in the collection of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The remaining one was sent to the 
 Army Medical Museum, Washington. 
 
 HU.MKRI. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Right 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 Left 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 Of the 10 male skeletons in which both hnnieri were recovered in a condition 
 for determination, 7 showed no perforation in either humerus ; two skeletons showed 
 the right humerus perforated, the left imperforate ; in one skeleton the condition 
 was reversed. 
 
 Of the 2 female skeletons recovered, one had the right humerus perforated, the 
 left imperforate ; the other, perforation of both liumeri. 
 
 Of the uncertain liumeri but one pair, the left perforated, the right imperforate, 
 belonged to the same skeleton. 
 
 ARTIFACTS. 
 
 Earthenware. No earthenware vessels w r ere present in the mound nor were 
 sherds associated with human remains. A small number of sherds, probably 
 
 3 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
22 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 accidentally introduced, plain, with the ordinary square Stamp, with intricate 
 stamped decoration and in one case, incised, were present. 
 
 Eight tobacco pipes, whole or but slightly broken, of the same type as those 
 from the mound at Darien, came from different points in the mound. They lay in 
 immediate association with human remains, as in fact, did all artifacts discovered, 
 save onlv the sherds. Of these tobacco pipes, two of which we show in Figs. 12 
 and ]?>, one .had incised decoration while several had encircling bands upon the 
 
 Fig. 12. Fig. 1. !. 
 
 Tobacco pipes of earthenware. Townsi nd Mound. (Full size.) 
 
 bowl. All were moderate in size, differing markedly from the great tobacco pipes 
 from the mounds of Duval (Jo., Florida. In the bowls of some remained carbonized 
 material doubtless tobacco. 
 
 Shell. With numerous burials were shell beads, at times a few only and again 
 in considerable numbers; some minute in size, others sections of columellae over 
 1 inch in length. Nineteen of these longitudinally perforated .sections were found 
 with one burial. 
 
 Eleven pins of shell of the familiar type, none over 2.5 inches in length, were 
 with various crania, often witli shell drinking cups. These drinking cups were 
 imperfbrate. One, with the skeleton of a child, was but four inches in length. 
 We have not met with so diminutive a shell drinking cup before. 
 
 A number of fresh-water mussel shells (Unw Skepardianus)* perforated for 
 suspension, lay with other objects near a skeleton. 
 
 With a bunched burial 2 feet from the surface, were live implements wrought 
 from columellse of Fulgur carica. ground at the beak doubtless to serve as chisels. 
 In four the spire remained, from the fifth this portion had been removed. 
 
 Stone. Three small polished celts." each about 2 inches in length, two about 
 double that si/e and a fine chisel 10 inches in length, with a maximum breadth 
 of -\ inches, a maximum thickness of .!) of one inch, lay with human remains. 
 
 Two discoidal stones, each about 1.7-"> inches in diameter, one .75 of an inch in 
 thickness, the other a little over 1 inch, were found separately with human remains. 
 This is the southernmost occurrence of the discoidal stone in our investigations. 
 
 1 Identified hv Prof. H. A. Pilsbrv. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. !>:-J 
 
 But one arrowhead came from the mound. 
 
 Two bits of soapstone lay separately with burials. 
 
 A number of pebbles, each about 1 inch in diameter, were with several skele 
 tons, and a considerable number, each about the si/.e of a pea, doubtless formerly 
 enclosed in a turtle shell to form a rattle, were met with together near a burial. 
 
 Several bits of chert, fragments of hatchets and one-half of a good-si/.ed pebble 
 of quartz were variously associated. 
 
 Glass. A considerable number of glass beads lay with a burial two feet from 
 the surface. 
 
 Miscellaneous. A bit of plumbago, also a mass of bitumen, came from the 
 mound, and ordinary piercing implements of bone were with two interments. 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 To give an idea of the association of various objects present in the mound 
 we shall describe certain burials and the objects found with them. 
 
 One foot from the surface, with a skeleton, were the nineteen large shell beads 
 already referred to; a saw apparently of a diminutive saw-fish and a bit of chert. 
 
 Another skeleton, with sand tinged red near the cranium, had five shell pins 
 almost in contact with the skull, and eighteen large beads of shell. 
 
 A skeleton having a thin layer of oyster shells immediately above it, had 
 associated several piercing implements of bone and one arrowhead of chert. 
 
 With a bunched burial, contiguous to a confused mass of human bones, around 
 the skull, were a few shell beads, many beads of glass, and one minute piece of 
 copper or of brass, of about the area of twice that of the head of a pin. It was 
 carbonated through and through. 
 
 With a bunched burial, 2 feet from the surface, were three tobacco pipes, two 
 slightly broken ; four pebbles ; three piercing implements of bone, and five cutting 
 implements of shell. 
 
 The reader will bear in mind that these objects described as associated are not 
 additional artifacts but have previously been referred to separately. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 We have noted the presence of glass beads at one point in the mound. The 
 burial with which they lay had no appearance of being intrusive. Unfortunately, 
 the height of the mound was such that one can draw no conclusion as to the period 
 of the burial on .account of its comparatively superficial character. 
 
 PASSBEY MOUND, Mrlxiosn COUNTY. 
 
 This mound, in the yard of Mr. Frank Passbey (colored) is in the suburbs of 
 Darien, about 1 mile northwest of the town proper. It had been under cultivation 
 but no previous investigation was apparent. 
 
 Its present height is 5.5 feet; the diameter of its base, 48 feet. The mound 
 was about one-half dug through. It was composed of yellowish-brown sand with 
 
24 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 ji band of sand about >> inches thick running about 1 foot below the level of the 
 surrounding territory. 
 
 Human remains were encountered at eleven points. In each case but one, 
 where incineration had been practised, burials were in anatomical order, flexed and 
 lying on the right .side or on the left side with no uniformity of direction. Several 
 marginal burials were considerably below the blackened stratum, to which reference 
 has been made, and in each case the stratum was disturbed, showing the burials to 
 have been made subsequent to the extinction of the fires. 
 
 Several burials in the mound showed partial disturbance, and at these points 
 the sand was less solid than elsewhere, probably through removal of trees when the 
 mound was cleared for cultivation. 
 
 With the interments were no artifacts whatever. Loose in the sand were four 
 or five sherds, undecorated or with the usual square or diamond-shaped stamp. 
 The only other object of human origin, present in that portion of the mound 
 excavated by us, was an arrowhead of quart/. This, so far as our experience ex 
 tends, is the southernmost occurrence of this material in use for a lance-head or for 
 a projectile point. 
 
 MorxDS NEAK THK THICKET," MC!NTOSH COUNTY. 
 
 About 5 miles by land, or about 12 by water, in a northeasterly direction from 
 the town of Darien. is a settlement on Peace Creek, having no general name, either 
 locally or on the chart, but, with the exception of certain homes of colored people, 
 it is composed of various estates, each having a name of its own, such as " The 
 Forest," " The Thicket," etc. As the boat landing is situated on the estate 
 known as The Thicket," we shall, for convenience, give that name to the entire 
 settlement. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile in a westerly direction from the landing at 
 The Thicket," on the property of Mr. Mansfield, of Darien, are three mounds 
 about one-quarter of a mile apart. All are symmetrical and vary in height from 5 
 to 7 feet. Two of these mounds were investigated, though not demolished. Their 
 diameters of base are about 40 and 00 feet respectively. They are composed of 
 yellow sand unstratified. and having that raw look indicative of absence of organic 
 matter. The smaller mound yielded absolutely nothing, with the exception of a 
 Hexed skeleton near the surface at the margin, which we took to be intrusive, and 
 some charred bones with several small shell beads, two or three inches below the 
 surface. 
 
 The larger mound was not excavated in our presence though experienced 
 persons were in charge. Fragmentary human remains were reported as present at 
 two points and these also we take to have been intrusive. With the exception of 
 a few small bits of earthenware and one arrowhead loose in the sand in the larger 
 mound, no artifacts were met with. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 25 
 
 Within sight of a road at " The Thicket," on the property of Mr. H. S. Ravenel, 
 of Darien, was a symmetrical little mound of brownish sand, 3 feet 5 inches in 
 height and 30 feet across the hase. 
 
 It was totally demolished. 
 
 In the northwestern margin, 33 inches below the surface which was there just 
 above the surrounding level, was a layer 4 feet by 3 feet by 10 inches thick, of 
 oyster shells and sand completely blackened by an admixture of charcoal. With 
 this blackened sand was considerable other sand dyed red with hematite. This 
 curious layer formed the bottom of a pit as was clearly shown by undisturbed sand 
 of a different color on either side. Closest scrutiny failed to reveal human remains 
 or artifacts in this peculiar pit. 
 
 About the center of the mound, 2 feet from the surface, was a hunched burial 
 with two crania and a variety of other bones. In association was a great quantity 
 of powdered hematite scattered among many oyster shells. 
 
 Four feet down beneath the central plateau, directly beneath the burial already 
 referred to, was a confused mass of human bones including "11 crania, about o feet 
 bv ( ) feet by 10 inches thick. The oyster shells and hematite lying beneath the 
 bunched burial formed a covering for this mass of bones. With the bones was a 
 small discoidal shell bead and a tubular bead of shell about .75 of an inch in length. 
 
 A few sherds lay loose in the sand throughout the mound. 
 
 On Mr. Mansfield s property at "The Thicket," about one-half mile in a 
 westerly direction from the landing, on the edge of the road and opposite the 
 church, was a symmetrical mound 2 feet 9 inches in height and 30 feet across the 
 base. No previous investigation was apparent. 
 
 It was totally demolished. 
 
 The mound, which was composed of yellowish-brown sand, contained no oyster 
 shells. Scattered bits of charcoal and one local layer of charcoal were present. 
 
 Human remains were in the last stage of decay. Apparently in all but three 
 cases the bunched burial was represented. One skeleton lay in anatomical order 
 and two pockets of calcined human bones were centrally situated 4 feet from the 
 surface, immediately on a layer of sand blackened by fire and by intermixture with 
 charcoal. In all, fragments of 13 crania were noted in the mound. 
 
 Nine inches down apparently near no human remains, were, the shaft of a 
 bone of a lower animal, longitudinally grooved ; a number of fragments of columelhi 
 of marine univalves, and a mass of stone of volcanic origin about 2 inches by l."> 
 inches by .5 of an inch, deeply grooved on one side and grooved to a certain extent 
 on the other. This stone had, in addition, been used as a hammer as a portion 
 involving the groove, had been split oft . 
 
 With a skeleton at length, to which reference has been made, near the cranium, 
 was a portion of a disc of copper carbonated through and through. Immediately 
 beneath the cranium were 246 small chips of chert. This skeleton lay 3 feet from 
 the surface. 
 
20 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 About nine inches down, with sand colored with hematite, which was presen. 
 with certain other burials in the mound, were a few small bits of chert; several 
 small shell beads and parts of two copper discs each about 2.o inches in diameter 
 and having three concavo-convex concentric circles by way of ornamentation. On 
 one side of each was the usual wood or bark. 
 
 Reference has been made to a black band of sand running through the mound. 
 This layer .7-") of one foot in thickness, was, at the center of the mound, 4 feet 
 from the summit, or 1 foot >5 inches beneath the surrounding level. In close prox 
 imity to one of the pockets of human bones which we have noted as lying in this 
 blackened sand, was an imperforate vessel of very thick and heavy ware ; length, 
 8 inches, maximum width, o.l inches, height, 1.8 inches, consisting of three com 
 partments joined longitudinally very much in the same style as the vessel figured 
 by us as coming from the Monroe Mound : in Florida. Vessels of this character 
 are supposed by some to have been used for paint, the separate compartments 
 holding different colors. 
 
 A sheet of mica about ! by 2 inches was found in caved sand. 
 
 A few sherds, possibly half a dozen, were scattered throughout the mound. 
 
 An irregularly shaped mound about o feet in height, mainly composed of shells, 
 on the property of a colored man named King, was dug into without result. 
 
 MOUND AT SHELL BLUFF, MC!NTOSH COUNTY. 
 
 Shell Bluff on Shell Bluff creek, approximately three miles by land and six 
 miles by water, from Crescent, is the property of George E. Attwood, Esq., who 
 kindly placed at our disposition a mound in a cultivated field near his residence. 
 
 This mound, reduced by years of ploughing, scarcely rose above the general 
 level. It was distinguished by the paucity of oyster shells upon its surface, which 
 lay more thickly on certain other portions of the field. It being impossible to arrive 
 at any conclusion as to the exact area containing burials, a semicircle was taken 
 with radii of 4(i feet converging at a point seemingly the most prominent of the 
 slight elevation. This semi-circle, including what we took to be the eastern half 
 of the mound, was carefully dug through. The remaining portion of the mound 
 apparently had not been used for interments beyond a few feet from the cross-section 
 and after 26 feet of it had been dug through, without material result, the work 
 was abandoned. 
 
 The mound was composed of yellowish-brown sand with the usual layer of 
 surface loam above. There was no marked base line nor any stratum of oyster 
 shells in the mound, though several pits containing burials, extending into undis 
 turbed sand, were filled with them. 
 
 This mound, Mr. Attwood informed us, had been dug into by him at one spot, 
 the result being a discovery of three vessels of earthenware filled with charred and 
 
 1 Certain Sand Mounds of Duval County, Florida, Plate LXXIII, Fig. 2, Journ. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci., Vol. X. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 11 
 
 calcined fragments of human bones and covered with other vessels inverted. Owing 
 to this previous investigation and the obvious reduction in height of the mound, a 
 detailed description of the contents will not he given. 
 
 Sherds were not numerous and none with the complicated stamp was met with. 
 Loose in the sand was a large pebble-hammer of circular outline. 
 
 The mound, not greatly above the water level, was unusually moist; and 
 human remains, which were encountered :>1 times, were, as a rule, when not cal 
 cined, in very poor condition. The usual diversity of form of burial was present, 
 including that in anatomical order, the bundled burial, inhumation of parts of 
 skeletons, pockets of calcined remains and cremated fragments in cinerary urns. 
 We append certain burials seemingly worthy of record, including all associated 
 with any artifacts. 
 
 Burial No. 8. Nineteen feet east of the point taken as the center, and about 1 
 foot 1) inches below the surface, was a layer of charcoal and charred wood about 
 > inches thick. It was 4.5 feet across and extended in 28 inches. Above a portion 
 of it was a thin layer of oyster shells. Beneath the center of the layer of charcoal, 
 which was entirely unbroken, were the two bones of a forearm of a child, showiii"- 
 
 *. ^ 
 
 no signs of fire. With them was an imporforate drinking cup of shell, so carefully 
 ground exteriorly that all prominent parts had been removed. 
 
 Burial No. 12 A. A comparatively small vessel of about two gallons capacity 
 with a checked stamp decoration, crushed into small fragments. It had contained 
 many pieces of calcined human bones. The record of its exact position was over 
 looked. 
 
 Burial No. 14. Sixteen feet E. by N.. on the base of a pit containing numerous 
 oyster shells, 10 inches from the surface, was the skeleton of a male Hexed on the 
 right side, heading S. by W. The cranium, an exception to the almost universal 
 rule in this mound, was well preserved and showed a marked artificial flattening of 
 the frontal bone. It was sent to the Army Medical Museum, Washington, I). C. 
 
 Burial No. l(i. Twenty-one feet N. E. by N., 2 feet down, was a partially 
 flexed skeleton of a male on the right side, heading N. W. by W. With it were 
 two pebble-hammers, one. of quart/, about >.") inches in length, shows considerable 
 use on one end as a hammer, while the other had been roughly chipped to a cutting 
 edge, a feature new in our mound investigation. 
 
 Burial No. 20, B. C. 1). E. Fourteen feet E. by N.. on the same level, their 
 bases 2 feet 9 inches from the surface, in line, were three vessels. The one to the left 
 (C), imperforate, undecorated, somewhat resembling a bell-jar in shape, was almost 
 intact, and contained to within inches from the surface, a mass of fragments of 
 calcined human bones (Plate II). This vessel, which had a diameter at mouth of 
 about 8 inches, a maximum diameter of 10.") inches and a height of 10.. 3 inches 
 approximately, was completely covered by an undecorated jar (B). which fell into 
 small fragments upon removal. In contact with C was a gracefully shaped vessel 
 (D), imperforate, undecorated and entirely intact (Plate 111). Approximately, it 
 measured 7.5 inches in height, 7.5 inches across the mouth, and 0.5 inches maximum 
 
28 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 diameter. Within it were a certain number of calcined fragments of human bones. 
 In contact with D was a bowl (E) in fragments. It bore the checked stamp decor 
 ation, and apparently contained no human remains, though immediately behind it 
 was a small pocket of calcined fragments. 
 
 Burial No. 21. Ten feet S. E., skeletal remains disturbed by the plough. Below 
 the chin were several large shell beads in line and a number of small ones. 
 
 CREJGHTON ISLAND, MclNiosii COUNTY. NORTH END. 
 
 Creighton Island, bounded on the north by the Sapelo river, a branch of Sapelo 
 Sound, has on the northern portion, on such parts as were examined by us, great 
 fields long under cultivation. Scattered through these fields are numerous shell- 
 
 --a- . 
 
 Kig. 14. Diagram of mound at north end of Creighton Island. 
 
 heaps not greatly above the general level. Abundant sherds with incised decoration 
 and with complicated stamp are scattered over the surface in every direction. All 
 this interesting territory was cordially placed at our disposition by George E. 
 Attwood, Esq., of Shell Bluff, near Crescent, Georgia, the owner, whose mound at 
 Shell Bluff has already been described by us. 
 
 About one mile S. E. by E. from the landing was a mound, or rather an irreg 
 ular ridge, extending about N. W. and S. E. a distance of 116 feet. Its maximum 
 width at base was 100 feet approximately. Scattered oysttr shells lay over the 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THK (JKOKCIA COAST. 2!> 
 
 surface. Its height, 1 which attained its iiuixiinuni at the central part, was :>4 inches. 
 Disturbed sand at this point extended 08 inches beneath the general level, as we 
 afterwards learned on the total demolition of the mound, which was carefully sliced 
 down and much adjacent level territory dug through. The diagram (Fig. 14) 
 shows the outline of the mound, the outlying territory dug through and the area in 
 which burials were met with, which included, we believe, all having any connec 
 tion with the mound. 
 
 There had been no previous investigation, the nature of the mound being 
 unknown even to the owner. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF Mor.VI). 
 
 The mound was composed of yellowish-brown sand Iving upon undisturl>ed 
 sand of a bright yellow color. The usual fire places and fragments of charcoal 
 were present at various points. A dark hand ran. off and on. through the mound 
 at about the level of the surrounding territory. It presumably marked the base, 
 but was so broken and so irregular that but little could be determined from it. 
 
 Oyster shells in layers and in pockets were locally present but so irregular 
 were the deposits that none but a general description of them can be given. The 
 southern half of the mound proper showed no shell save in small local pockets 
 until at a distance of 2-\ feet from the center in a southerly direction, where a 
 deposit of considerable extent began, continuing about to the center. This deposit 
 was somewhat undulating in shape, at times almost reaching the surface, and again 
 dipping one or two feet below it. Sixteen feet from the center the deposit divided 
 abruptly leaving a space S feet broad filled with sand. Shell continued IS feet 
 to the west and 7 feet to the east of this interruption. The western deposit, 
 reaching to just beneath the surface loam, was >> feet thick. Its side adjoining the 
 sand was perpendicular. The eastern deposit had an average thickness of !.."> feet, 
 its western margin, however, contained a considerable pocket of sand extending 
 down from the surface. This division of the shell layer was doubtless caused by a 
 pit dug through it. as several burials were present in the sand. A lew feet farther 
 in, the layer reunited, having then a total length of :>4 feet. This layer, disap 
 pearing toward the center of the mound, gave place to two others in the eastern and 
 western portion of the mound, each of considerable length, which ran out after 
 continuing a few feet toward the north. Other layers of shell in the northern 
 portion of the mound were local and restricted as to si/.e. 
 
 About the center of the mound was a pit (see section, Fig. !>), about "> feet 
 8 inches in diameter, of the type prevalent among the sea-islands and upon the 
 neighboring mainland. Upon its base, 6 feet 10 inches from the surface (it may be 
 as well to describe the burial in connection with the pit), was a layer of fragments 
 of calcined human bones, G inches in thickness, with many large shell beads. 
 Upon this layer were about 2 feet 8 inches of dark yellow sand surmounted by 
 about 3 feet 8 inches of oyster shells. At the western upper extremity of the pit 
 
 1 Long continued cultivation must have considerably impaired the original lieight. 
 4 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
30 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 was a layer of ovster shells, almost superficial, 2 feet in thickness. The eastern 
 upper margin would have contained a similar deposit had it not been that a pit of 
 sand. 2 feet 4 inches across had been let into the shell at that point. 
 
 Shell. \band / Shell. 
 
 Shell. 
 
 red Sand. 
 
 tot ( -- </i- b i 
 
 llrVed. sand. 
 
 Sea /e / rt j fi~f. 
 > 1 3 f 
 
 Fig. 1">. Diagram of central pit. Mound at north end of Creighton Island. 
 
 While various pits were present in this mound, in no mound investigated by 
 us have they been so difficult to distinguish exactly. This arose partially from the 
 considerable size of some, but mainly from the fact that but few extended into the 
 bright yellow undisturbed sand beneath the base, and that the others in the dis 
 turbed sand, having been filled with homogeneous material, offered no distinct line 
 of demarcation. 
 
 Beginning in the level ground and extending a considerable distance along the 
 western marginal portion of the mound, was one of those great excavations filled 
 with dark loam and refuse, and containing no burials, so often found in mounds of 
 this type and for whose existence we have no explanation to offer save that possibly 
 great pits made to furnish material tor the mound were allowed slowly to fill during 
 the occupation of the territory. The sand and loam filling pits of this class are 
 always far darker than the sand of the mound which they adjoin. 
 
 HUMAN HKMA1NS. 
 
 In seven cases layers of decayed wood or bark, occasionally showing marks of 
 fire, lay above human remains, and in two cases, above and below. Doubtless simi 
 lar deposits in many other cases had disappeared through decay. It is interesting 
 to note in this connection that a Yamacraw Indian (the Yamacraws lived near 
 Savannah) dying in London during a visit in 17:~4, was interred by his companions, 
 strapped between two boards 1 a survival of an ancient custom. 
 
 Human remains were present at every depth in the mound proper, and in 
 certain outlying territory, at 202 points as follows : 
 220 skeletons. 
 
 10 pockets of calcined fragments of human bones. 
 urn-burials of uncremated remains of infants. 
 ) bunched burials. 
 
 "Antiquities of the Southern Indians," p. 185. 
 
CKKTAIX AKOKHJLNAL MOl XDS OF TIIK (IKOKCJIA COAST. 81 
 
 18 j)iirts ol skeletons disturbed by aboriginal pits. 
 
 7 fragmentary skeletons, in cavi d sand, disturbed l>v the plow, etc. 
 
 8 skeletons in tbe last stage of decay. 
 
 Skeletons, Of tbe 220 skeletons the following subdivision as to sex mav be 
 made, prefacing it with the explanation that, under the head of uncertain sex are 
 included such skeletons whose characteristics were not sufficiently marked for 
 determination ; and such others, mainly from pits in the damp sand, whose advanced 
 state of decay made a definite conclusion impossible : 
 
 78 males. Hi adolescents. 
 
 04 females. 12 children. 
 
 47 uncertain. 8 infants. 
 
 These skeletons lay in the following positions: 
 It ll) flexed on the right side. 
 82 Hexed on the left side. 
 
 7 partially flexed on the right side, 
 (i partially flexed on the left side. 
 
 "2 with extremities flexed and trunk on hack. 
 
 2 extended at full length. 
 
 1 semi-reclining. 
 
 1 body on back, thighs flexed to either side. 
 
 8 infants disturbed by our men in digging. 
 
 Tbe two skeletons buried at full length on their backs were 2 feet and 2.") feet 
 from the surface, respectively. The condition of the bones of both was exception 
 ally good but one cannot base final conclusions upon the state of preservation of 
 bones. Tbe arms of one lay along tbe trunk, while those of the other were flexed 
 to the pelvis. No aboriginal artifacts were present with either, nor, on the other 
 hand, were buttons, coffin-nails, or any like object, discovered though speciallv 
 caref ul search was made. 
 
 Tbe direction in which the skeletons beaded was as follows : IS-") \\-ere included 
 between the compass points S. E. and S. W., many being due 8. Of the remaining 
 85 21 headed south of the E. and W. points; 4 beaded due E.; 1. K. bv X.; 1, E. 
 X. E.; 1, X. E. by E.; 1, X. E. by X.; 2, W. X. W.; 1, W. by X.; while tin- 
 positions of the 8 infant skeletons inadvertently scattered by our diggers, were not 
 determined. 
 
 Tbe bones were in fairly good condition though in nearly every case the crania 
 were badly crushed. Xo fractures were present, a considerable number of diseased 
 bones were met with. Caries of the teeth, practically absent in Florida from other 
 than superficial skeletons, was met with upon a number ol occasions. Muscular 
 attachments indicated less powerful individuals than many interred in Florida mounds. 
 Xo marked platycnemia or pilastered femurs were present with one marked excep 
 tion. A pair of femurs from an undoubtedly original burial have indices of about 
 150, which is greater, we believe, than any ever before recorded. 1 This index is 
 
 1 Dr. Topinanl has contributed tin interesting note on a femur found by us in the mound at 
 Tick Island, Florida. "Certain Sand Mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida," Part I. 
 
32 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 arrived at by dividing the lateral into the fore and aft diameter. A tibia of the 
 same skeleton has an index of 51 ; that is, its lateral diameter is about half of its 
 fore and aft diameter. One of these femurs and the tibia were sent to the Army 
 Medical Museum, Washington. It may interest the lay reader to know that the 
 lateral flattening of the tibia and marked development of the linea aspera of the 
 femur are now known to be the result of muscular action as in walking, running, 
 ascending slopes and the like and not racial characteristics. 
 
 Calcined Remains. The majority of the 10 pockets of calcined human bones 
 were of moderate size, representing in each instance the remains of one individual. 
 Several, however, were considerable layers and contained in addition numbers of 
 loose bones unaffected by fire. 
 
 Urn-burials. Under perfectly level ground, a considerable distance from the 
 slope of the mound, was a vessel of the ordinary type with base perforation (A), 
 upright and capped by an imperforate vessel of the same type, inverted and with 
 out a rim (B). Within the upright vessel were the remains of the skeleton of an 
 infant of about 2 years of age. These vessels, both badly crushed, were sent to the 
 Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., where they have been carefully pieced together. 
 
 Near the others was a vessel of the same type, a portion of whose bottom was 
 broken, but held in place by sand. It was otherwise intact. In the sand, within 
 the vessel, were particles of bone resembling sawdust, and a portion of the tooth of 
 an infant. This vessel (C) was sent to the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago. 
 
 Forty-eight feet E. by S. from the point taken as the center of the mound, was 
 a vessel (D) of the ordinary type, imperforate as to the base, 21.5 inches in height, 
 the maximum ever reported for this type, and having a diameter of mouth of 18.5 
 inches and a maximum diameter of body of 15 inches. A portion of the rim had 
 been ploughed away and lost. Near the base were certain bones of an infant, 
 judging from the femur. No teeth were present. 
 
 Vessel E, of the ordinary type, badly broken by the plow, had a circular 
 piece crushed in. but not removed from the base. It was capped by a decorated 
 bowl (F) crushed to fragments, some of which were held in place by the sand. 
 This vessel lias not been included in our list of urn-burials, as the most careful 
 search failed to reveal the slightest trace of skeletal remains ; but beyond question, 
 such remains had occupied the urn at an earlier period. 
 
 Vessel G had been a bowl of about 4 gallons capacity, with marginal incised 
 decoration surmounting the complicated stamp. Parts had been crushed and car 
 ried away by the plow. Beneath it was charcoal. Within it were fragmentary 
 bones of an infant. 
 
 Vessel II, imperforate. of the ordinary type, rested upon decayed wood. It 
 contained fragments of bones of a very young infant. Above the body of the 
 vessel, whose rim had been carried away bv the plow, were 1 large fragments of 
 earthenware, perhaps the remainder of a surmounting vessel. 
 
 Vessel I was represented by the lower portion of the body of a vessel of the ordin 
 ary type with base perforation. It contained fragments of diminutive human bones. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. S3 
 
 Vessel .1, of the ordinary type, also had suffered through the agency of the 
 plow. No human remains were discovered though their former presence can hardly 
 he questioned. 
 
 The method of urn-burial in this mound presented certain points of similarity to, 
 and of divergence from, that of certain other coast mounds, as the reader later on may 
 remark. All these burial urns lay in the southern and eastern parts of the mound, in 
 which they followed the general custom. They contained the uncrernated bones of 
 infants in common with the urn-burials of Ossabaw Island (cremation apart), but 
 differed from the mounds of Sapelo Island where skeletal remains of adults exclu 
 sively were in the urns and of St. Catherine s Island where, with hut one exception, 
 adult remains were present in the urns. 
 
 Aboriginal disturbances. When parts of a skeleton or skeletons were dis 
 covered disarranged adjoining a grave it was inferred that the construction of the 
 grave was the cause of the disarrangement. Great care was taken to distinguish 
 these disturbances from bunched burials. 
 
 Canine remains. The skeleton of a dog. in the last stage of decay, was found 
 unassociated with any human remains. The interment of dogs in mounds of the 
 sea-islands will receive special reference in our account of Mound I). Ossabaw Island. 
 
 STONE. 
 
 In the mounds of the Georgia coast stone is not abundant. The mound on 
 Creighton Island proved somewhat of an exception to this rule. 
 
 Hatchets. Nine hatchets, or " celts," always with skeletons, were present in 
 the mound, the longest somewhat exceeding 7 inches. All were gracefully shaped 
 and tapered into blunt points opposite the cutting edge, a feature characteristic of 
 southern hatchets and still more pronounced in the "celts" of St. Domingo and 
 neighboring islands. The material was mostly volcanic rock, but as mutilation of 
 the specimen is necessary for exact determination, we have not thought it necessary 
 to specify in each case. 
 
 Chisels. Eighteen chisels from 1.7") to ">.o inches in length, having a thin 
 longitudinal section, somewhat convex on one side and usually Hat on the other, 
 lav at different points with burials. In addition, were five large chisels of graceful 
 design, one a beautiful specimen, of slate, having a length of 12. (i inches, a breadth 
 at the cutting edge of 2 inches, tapering to 1.1 inches at the opposite end. Its 
 maximum thickness is .7 of one inch (Fig. l(i). Another chisel, of banded slate, is 
 8.7-") inches long; another. !).S inches; and two somewhat smaller. 
 
 Discoidal stones} Twelve discoidal stones, as a rule with burials, the largest 
 2.o inches in diameter, came from the mound. Two were of quartz, ten of volcanic 
 or of sedimentary rocks. One of these, unlike the rest, was a pebble, a portion of 
 whose periphery had been pecked away to confer the circular outline. Certain dis 
 coidal stones, some of which are considerably larger than any found by us. are 
 
 1 Discoidal stones are treated at length by the late Col. C. C. Jones. 
 
 The latest literature on the subject is to be found in Mr. Gerard Fowke s "Stone Art," Thir 
 teenth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology. 
 
supposed to have been used iu the Indian game of 
 chung ke and to have been rolled down a level court. 
 Discoidal stones of lava are used in the Hawaiian 
 Islands in the game of maika. It is admitted that 
 many discoidal stones, both on account of their 
 size, which is too diminutive, and because their 
 border slopes so as to interfere with rolling, 
 must have served another purpose, probabh 
 in a different game. Those found by us 
 show no wear and cannot have been used 
 as smoothing stones or polishers. Dis 
 coidal stones have never been met with 
 by us in Florida. 
 
 It is a curious fact that discs, 
 roughly shaped from fragments of 
 earthenware vessels, are frequently 
 found in mounds of the Georgia 
 coast : and these doubtless saw 
 service in place of their proto 
 types in stone. It is inter 
 esting to note an aboriginal 
 tendency to lighten labor 
 
 or to supplement a defi 
 cient supply by the use 
 of imitations. In neo 
 lithic Europe pend 
 ants made from 
 canine teeth of 
 large carnivores 
 and pierced for 
 su spen s i o n 
 were imitated 
 in horn and 
 in bone, 2 
 while in 
 
 the great Shields Mound, 3 
 near the mouth of the St. 
 Johns River, we found many 
 canine teeth used as pendants 
 and imitations of them made 
 of shell. At the present time, 
 the natives of Kings Island, 
 Alaska, sew upon ceremonial gloves 
 used in dancing, beaks of a bird, the 
 puffin (F. arctica) and with them, 
 reproductions in wood. 4 
 
 1 Their presence had been noted in other local 
 ities. " Stone Art," Thirteenth Annual Report, 
 Bureau of Ethnology, p. 10!). 
 L Anthropologie,Ju\j- August, ]8(i, p. 480. 
 :i " Certain River Mounds of Duval County, Flori 
 a." Jour. Acacl. Nat. Sci., Vol. X. 
 4 Collection, Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 
 Kig. 16. Chisel of slate. Mound north end of 
 Creigliton Island. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THK GKORGIA COAST. SO 
 
 Arrow and lance points. Fourteen lance heads and arrow points were found, 
 of quart/, of chert, and of chalcedony. No lance head exceeded 4.0 inches in 
 length. One had a breadth across the base of 2.7 inches. An interesting deposit 
 of six spike-shaped arrowheads, ranging in length between l.li inches and -{.1 
 inches, were together with a burial. 
 
 Miscellaneous. Throughout the mound were numerous pebble-hammers, 4 
 lying with one burial. 
 
 One pebble, about ?> inches in length, showed a considerable percentage of loss 
 through use as a smoother or polisher. Several other smoothing stones were 
 variously associated. 
 
 Several small fragments of soapstone vessels, without any particular shape, had 
 been deposited with the dead. One had a cross hatch decoration. 
 
 Two nests of quartz pebbles each about the size of a pea, lay with human 
 remains. These doubtless formed parts of rattles, the covering having disappeared 
 through decay. 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 In no mound in Georgia or in Florida, investigated by us. have shell beads in 
 any way approached in number those present in the Creighton Island mound, nor 
 have we elsewhere found so large a percentage of burials associated with beads. 
 
 Fig. 17. Gorget of shell. Mound north end of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
 With thirty interments were large beads of shell, while small ones were present 
 with twenty-eight. Certain burials, however, having large and small beads are 
 included in both enumerations. Exclusive of great quantities of small beads of 
 shell of the ordinary pattern, there were present in the mound many hundreds of 
 massive beads having a length of nearly two inches of less. With one skeleton 
 were Tio massive beads, while in a layer of calcined remains, in addition to almost 
 innumerable small beads, were 2GT having a diameter of half an inch and upwards. 
 
30 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 None of these beads shows trace of fire. Many were large sections of columellae 
 probably belonging to Fulgur. Others were Hat, circular or oval and pierced through 
 their greatest diameter, sometimes a perforation 1.3 inches in length. Beads of 
 this character were known as runtees and were highly esteemed by the aborigines. 
 
 Many skeletons in the mound had twenty or thirty massive beads each, often 
 on the wrists and ankles, and some were so loaded that the mere weight must have 
 been an inconvenience if thus worn in life. 
 
 Drinking cups. Twenty-two shell drinking cups were present in the mound, 
 some inverted, upon crania. All were imperforate. (The northernmost occur 
 rence of base-perforation in the case of drinking cups, in our experience, was at 
 Darien.) The largest cup had a length of 12.5 inches and bore an incised decora- 
 
 Fig. 18. Korget of shell. Mound north end of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
 tion, unfortunately almost imperceptible, on a portion of the back. One cup. by 
 the removal of the beak and by external grinding, greatly resembled Tennessee and 
 Missouri vessels of earthenware having the conventional shell form. 
 
 Gorgets. With the skeleton of an adolescent was a roughly made gorget of 
 shell, irregularly circular, having a maximum diameter of 3 inches. It is decorated 
 with perforations and semi-perforations as shown in Fig. 17. 
 
 With the skeleton of a male, having many objects in association, was a circular 
 gorget, concavo-convex, a shape conferred by the form of the body whorl of the 
 shell used in its manufacture, with a diameter of about 3.8 inches. Its decoration 
 consists of three concentric circles of somewhat irregular incisions around a central 
 four-pointed star. It has a double perforation for suspension (Fig. 18). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 37 
 
 Another gorget, found with an infant and shown in Fig. 1 . . has a diameter of 
 about -.4 inches. Its decoration, carved and incised, is the rattlesnake. A part of 
 the margin was broken by a blow from a spade. 
 
 Fig. IS). Gorget of shell. Mound north end of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
 Chisels. Two chisels, made by grinding beaks of Fnlgur and removing 
 the body whorl, were present in the mound. 
 
 Pins. Shell pins, probably used in the hair, as they are invariably found near 
 the skull, were met with to the number of sixteen. In length they ranged from 1 
 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 Mussel-shells. Shells of various species of fresh water mussels were found 
 with a number of interments. In some cases no perforation was present, in others 
 the condition of the shell did not allow determination. In no instance was a per 
 foration found. 
 
 Coral. With the cranium of a skeleton was a mass of coral, 14 inches long, 
 smoothed to the form of a " celt," the cutting edge being rudely formed, as also 
 the blunt point of the opposite end. 
 
 PEARLS. 
 
 Nine pearls, some larger than a good sized buckshot, perforated for use as beads, 
 were found with a burial, associated with beads of shell. Col. C. C. .Jones has 
 written at length on pearls from southern mounds. 
 
 BONE. 
 
 Several small piercing implements of bone were met with. 
 
 With a skeleton was an implement 7.5 inches in length with a Hat point, made 
 from a longitudinal section of a long bone of a lower animal with the articular 
 portion removed. 
 
 Together, also with a skeleton, were : an implement wrought from the ulna of 
 a lower animal, 6.7 inches long, the articular portion remaining, and having its 
 minor extremity ground to an oblique section, probably for use as a gouge ; part of 
 a wing bone of a large bird, with a length of 9.8 inches, the articular portions 
 
 1 Op. eit. 
 
 5 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
38 
 
 removed, having a perforation, through one-half its proximal extremity 
 and around the bone an incised spiral line (Fig. 20) ; also the upper 
 half of a similar object without decoration. 
 
 Nl 
 
 |J 
 
 EARTHENWARE. 
 
 Sherds. Sherds were not abundant in the mound. The compli 
 cated stamp and various patterns of incised decoration were represented. 
 About 1 foot from a skeleton were numerous earthenware fragments 
 representing parts of three vessels. One large fragment was decorated 
 exteriorly with large squares, enclosing good-sized circular spots, in red 
 pigment. 
 
 Smoothers. A number of masses of roughly baked clay, one-half 
 the area rounded, in size resembling a goose egg, were present in the 
 mound. They had possibly been used to smooth clay in the manufac 
 ture of earthenware. 
 
 Hones. A curious custom markedly prevalent along the Georgia 
 coast, namely, the use of earthenware to sharpen pointed tools, was fairly 
 represented in this mound. This custom, perhaps induced by a short 
 supply of stone, was carried to such an extent that not sherds alone but 
 certain entire vessels were secondarily used as hones. 
 
 Eartliemvare discs. Certain discs made from fragments of earthen 
 ware vessels were found. We have spoken of these curious objects in 
 treating of discoidal stones. They are referred to by the late Col. C. 
 C. Jones. 1 
 
 Tobacco pipes. Nine tobacco pipes, with one exception undeco- 
 rated, in shape of the type common to the coast were found, usually 
 with burials, but upon several occasions apparently unassociated. 
 Several are fragmentary to a certain extent and a number bear upon the 
 stem or upon the bowl, and sometimes upon both, curious depressions 
 caused by chipping, and equalling in size about one-half the area of one 
 surface of the first joint of a finger. These clippings on pipes, found all 
 along the coast, have, perhaps, some ceremonial significance, or were 
 made to allow a firmer grasp with the fingers. In a number of bowls 
 was a carbonized coating doubtless tobacco. At first thought one 
 might consider this a proof of recent inhumation, but the indestructi- 
 bilitv of carbon is well known. 
 
 Near the surface, and unassociated, was a pipe having approxi 
 mately a height of bowl of 2 inches and a diameter of bowl at the 
 mouth of 2.2 to 2.4 inches. The bowl is strikingly ornamented with 
 knobs, while from the proximal upper margin is a perforated pro 
 jection. On the opposite side are traces of a similar one (Fig. 21). 
 
 Op. cit. p. ,348. 
 
 Fig. 20. Object of bone. Mound north end 
 of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 39 
 
 Coloiu l Jones figures 1 - a somewhat similar pipe and describes it as coming from 
 a mound near Macon, Ga. 
 
 We show (Fig. 22) another neat little tobacco pipe from this mound. 
 
 Vessels. A detailed description of vessels used, or probably used, for inter 
 ments has been given. Excluding these, there were present in the mound 
 seven vessels of earthenware. With two exceptions, all these, and all the burial 
 jars, were found in the southernmost half of the mound. 
 
 Fig. 21. Tobacco pipe of earthenware. Mound north end of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
 Aii undecorated bowl, of about one quart capacity with a kidney-shaped section, 
 lay with the body of an infant. It was imperforate as to the base, as were all the 
 seven under description. 
 
 With human remains, on the bottom of a grave-pit extending below the base 
 of the mound, were two vessels. The larger, of biack ware, had an ovoid body 
 
 Fig. 22. Tobacco pipe of earthenware. Mound north end of Cmghton Island. (Fnll size.) 
 
 Hattened at the base, with an upright neck rising from a slight depression in the 
 body and flaring somewhat toward the margin. This vessel, which fell into many 
 fragments upon removal, was successfully pieced together. Approximate measure 
 ments : maximum diameter of body, 5.6 inches ; maximum diameter of mouth, 4 
 inches ; height, 6.4 inches ; height of neck, 2 inches. A cinerary urn of this type, 
 though much larger, is figured in this Report as from the Walker mound. 
 
 > Op. at. 
 
40 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Tin. 1 second vessel, somewhat smaller, of yellow ware, was of the same type, 
 but hopelessly disintegrated. 
 
 With human remains was an urn having a globular body, a constricted neck 
 and flaring rim. It was decorated with two encircling rows of button-like prom 
 inences. Height, 5 inches; diameter of body, -1.3 inches; diameter of mouth, 5.G 
 
 Fig. 23. Vessel of earthenware. Mound north end of Creighton Island. (Full size.) 
 
 inches (Fig. 2>>). An almost similar vessel, in fragments, came from another 
 portion of the mound. 
 
 With human remains was a vessel of black ware, undecorated, having a bowl- 
 shaped bodv flattened at the base, a wide cylindrical neck with a slight flare at the 
 margin, rising perpendicularly. Diameter of body, G.I inches; diameter of mouth, 
 5.2 inches; height of neck, 8.7 inches (Plate IV). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 41 
 
 A very rink- bowl, faintly decorated with a 
 complicated stamp, lay inverted with the skeleton 
 of a child. Diameter of mouth, S inches; height. 
 0.8 inches. 
 
 Several considerable fragments of medium 
 sized, undecorated bowls were met with. It is 
 possible that these, interred whole, were subse 
 quently crushed and portions lost. 
 
 Miscellaneous. An earthenware sphere, about 
 .*") of one inch in diameter, lay loose in the sand. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 In the eastern slope of the mound, -)-3 feet 
 N. E. by E. from the center, on the base of a pit, 
 5 feet 8 inches from the surface, on which was an 
 unbroken layer of oyster shells 2 feet in thickness, 
 lay a skeleton in the last stage of decay. With it 
 were various objects, including a chisel of copper 
 (Fig. 24), 7.0 inches in length, with a breadth across 
 the shank of 1.2 inches and 2 inches across the 
 flaring cutting edge. Its thickness is .27 of an inch. 
 It lay between wood or bark thoroughly decayed. 
 Toward the end opposite the cutting edge on either 
 side was a black band about 1 inch in breadth, 
 where, apparently, it had been attached to a 
 handle. A longer chisel of the same type, though 
 much thinner, is figured by the late Colonel Jones 
 as coming from a mound of the Nacoochee A alley, 
 Georgia. This chisel is the only copper found by 
 us among the sea-islands of Georgia. The reader 
 interested in aboriginal copper is referred to our 
 memoir in Part II of " Certain Sand Mounds of 
 the St. Johns River, Florida." 2 where it is shown 
 that the copper of the mounds is native copper, 
 and far purer than the article produced in Europe 
 during the mound building period. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 With four skeletons were masses of plumbago, 
 perhaps used as a black pigment. 
 
 1 Op. fit. Plate VI, fig. 2. 
 
 2 Jour. Acad: Nat. Sci., Vol. X. 
 
 Fig. 21. Chisel of copper. Mound north end of 
 Oreigliton Ishinil. (Full size.) 
 
42 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Small sheets of mica were met with seven times. They bore no particular 
 shape when found, and the chipped and broken edges left any determination 
 doubtful. Certain of these sheets were peculiarly flexible, resembling tin foil, a 
 characteristic, we are informed, conferred by fire. 
 
 With numerous burials were masses of red hematite in powder. 
 
 ASSOCIATION OF ARTIFACTS. 
 
 We now proceed to give several typical associations of artifacts, the objects 
 composing which have mostly been individually described. 
 
 With a bunched mass of bones were : a large shell drinking cup ; small shell 
 beads ; sixty-three massive shell beads ; nine pearls. 
 
 With a skeleton having a layer of fine charcoal covering pelvis and thighs 
 were : fifteen massive shell beads at the neck, small shell beads at the wrist and 
 two pebbles near the thigh. 
 
 By the skeleton of an adolescent were : two masses of plumbago ; powdered 
 hematite ; two shell cups ; three discoidal stones ; some delicate tubular shell beads ; 
 a wedge-shaped arrow point of chalcedony ; one pebble ; one small sheet of mica. 
 
 With the skeleton of a male were : ten cores, spalls and chips of chert ; two 
 rude arrowheads, one of quartz, one of chert ; a bit of quartz ; a number of pebbles ; 
 
 S hell. Shell. 
 
 Fig. 25. Diagram of grave-pit. Mound north end of Creighton Island. 
 
 several sherds ; small fragments belonging to a soapstone vessel ; a rude tobacco 
 pipe of earthenware. 
 
 With a male skeleton were : three " celts ;" a long chisel of slate ; another some 
 what smaller ; five small chisels ; one arrowhead ; one smoothing stone ; one nest 
 of small pebbles ; seventy-seven massive shell beads ; small shell beads ; a shell 
 gorget ; a bone pin, much decayed ; an earthenware polisher ; mica ; hematite. 
 
 Let into undisturbed sand, upon the base of an interesting pit, was a skeleton 
 of a male in a semi-reclining position. With the remains were : large and small 
 shell beads; a deposit of small pebbles; a small stone chisel; a "celt;" powdered 
 hematite. From the top of the pit containing this body to the level of the undis 
 turbed sand was 5 feet 10 inches, -including 1 foot of shell, there almost superficial. 
 The exact width of the pit could not be determined, as the sand filling it resembled 
 that of the mound. The pit had been filled with sand to the depth of 2.5 feet at 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 43 
 
 the bottom, and considerably higher around it. Oyster shells had then been poured 
 in, forming a mass 3 feet 10 inches in depth, and C feet across where the pit was 
 covered by the layer of .shell belonging to that portion of the mound. This inter 
 esting grave is shown in section in Fig. 25. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The mound on Creighton Island, the largest of its type investigated by us. is 
 i ull of interest to the student of archaeology. Absolutely nothing in any way 
 indicating white contact was discovered, and we fail to see how, knowing the wide 
 distribution of objects through aboriginal barter, it could have been in use after the 
 coming of the whites and yet contain no object derived from them. 
 
 Within view of the landing at Creighton Island was a low mound containing 
 irregular strata of shell, which, though not thoroughly demolished, had a number 
 
 of trenches dug into it by us, and a portion of the center 
 excavated. Human remains in a layer, some cremated and 
 some unaffected by fire, were encountered at the center of the 
 mound. No artifacts were found with them. In other parts 
 of the mound were many sherds with incised and with com 
 plicated decoration. In addition was what remained of a 
 curious little earthenware effigy of a woman, without bead, 
 arms or legs (Fig. 20). 
 
 Another eftigy of a woman, in a like state of mutilation, 
 was shown us by a gentleman living on the mainland a few 
 miles from Creighton Island, who stated it had been washed 
 f rom !l slu>11 l)hlff > <-M - < r.>k, IVonting his residence. 
 Ish "" 1 Tllis n r liro t! I H r( - ( l gracefully at the waist and bore incised 
 ornamentation front and back. 
 
 HOPKINS MOUND, BELLEVILLE, Mclxiosn COUNTY. 
 
 Belleville, on the south side of the Sapelo river, is the landing of the settle 
 ment of Crescent about 1.5 miles inland. 
 
 In woods, though formerly cultivated land, about 1 mile in a westerly direction 
 from Belleville, is a mound on the property of C. 11. Hopkins, Esq.. of Meridian, 
 near Darien, Ga., who cordially placed it at our disposition. 
 
 The mound had been considerably dug into previously, but no sustained inves 
 tigation had been carried on. Its height was 1- ! feet 2 inches; its diameter of base, 
 76 feet. The ascent of the most uniform side was at an angle of 20. Investiga 
 tion showed the mound to begin at about the commencement of its upward slope. 
 A section 50 feet in breadth at the margin of the base, including the S. by W. to 
 the S. E. by E. portion, with fairly oblique sides converging toward the center, was 
 dug into along the base. The mound was made of yellow sand of a lightish color 
 with but little discoloration from organic or foreign matter of any sort. In the 
 central portion were five or six layers of oyster shells each about 4 inches thick, 
 
44 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 and separated by a little over one foot of sand. A well-marked black bund at 
 about the level of the surrounding territory extended to the center. No great cen 
 tral pit was present in the mound, nor were sub-basal graves encountered. Prac 
 tically no sherds were met with. Interments, encountered at but ten points, began 
 about S feet in from the margin. Flexed burials, masses of bones of various 
 individuals together, an isolated cranium and pockets of fragments of calcined 
 human bones were present. With certain burials was hematite and, with two or 
 three of them, a few shell beads. 
 
 MOUND NEAR CRESCENT, MclNiosn COUNTY. 
 
 In territory covered with trees of considerable size, though evidently formerly 
 cultivated ground, about one-half mile in a southerly direction from the Hopkins 
 Mound, and about 1 mile from Crescent, was a mound also the property of C. H. 
 Hopkins, Esq., to whom we again acknowledge our indebtedness for permission to 
 investigate. 
 
 This mound, which had been dug into to a comparatively small extent, had a 
 height of 7 feet and a diameter of base of 70 feet. The eastern half was com 
 pletely dug through with the exception of a small portion surrounding a large 
 forest tree. 
 
 The mound, so far as our investigation extended, was without stratification 
 and was composed of yellowish-brown sand. A dark layer, from 6 inches to 1 foot 
 in thickness, ran along the base. No oyster shells were discovered, nor were out 
 lying pits met with. The mound did not extend into level territory beyond the 
 commencement of the slope. Sherds were very infrequent and none bore the com 
 plicated stamp. One chert arrowhead and a rough mass of chert, resembling an 
 uncompleted spearhead, lay loose in the sand. 
 
 Human remains were met witli at sixteen points, as follows : G small pockets 
 of fragments of calcined human bones ; 3 layers of calcined fragments and parts 
 of human bones unmarked by fire ; I skeleton ; G isolated bones and bunched burials. 
 
 We append in detail the most noteworthy of the above. 
 
 A skull and portion of humerus, very badly decayed, were about 18 inches 
 from the surface. Near these on the same level was a pendant of plutonic rock, 
 considerably disintegrated, having an elongated oval, longitudinal section, about 
 ;-). 2-j inches in length. At the base were small nicks or tally marks. 
 
 Near the surface were fragments of bones badly decayed, indicating a burial 
 at full length. 
 
 On the base, feet 10 inches from the surface, was a layer of calcined and 
 uncremated bones intermingled. In association was hematite and with one skull 
 were six pearls perforated for use as beads. 
 
 Five feet from the surface was an isolated cranium. Toward the center of the 
 mound, about 6 feet below the surface, was a considerable mass, mainly of long 
 bones, imbedded in a quantity of powdered hematite. 
 
 Occupying a central position in the mound, 5 feet 9 inches down, was a layer 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 45 
 
 of calcined fragments of human hours mingled with others showing no trace of fire. 
 Tin- dimensions of this layer were 2 feet inches by 1 foot S inches by 2 to >> 
 inches thick. 
 
 In line below the above, on or in the base layer, was a layer similar in composi 
 tion to the one above it, 2.5 feet by 4 feet by 5 inches thick. 
 
 The bones in this mound were badly decayed. None was encountered within 
 15 feet of the margin of the base. 
 
 .- 
 
 WALKER MOUND, McLviosn Corxrv. 
 
 This mound, in " Cooper s Field," may be reached from Sutherland Bluft on 
 the Sapelo river, from which it is about two miles distant, but is more conveniently 
 got at from Contentment, a small settlement on the west side of Broro river, about 
 three quarters of a mile from its union with the Sapelo river. Broro river is a salt 
 water channel joining the Sapelo river and Julianton creek. 
 
 The mound, about 1.5 miles in a westerly direction from Contentment, had a 
 height of 5 feet inches. Its diameter of base was 46 feet. It was the property 
 of Mr. James Walker, of Darien, who kindly placed the mound at our disposal, 
 without condition, to do with as we saw fit. 
 
 The mound had previously been dug into to an inconsiderable extent. On its 
 northern margin grew a live-oak 5 feet in diameter, 3 feet from the ground. This 
 tree was not removed, though otherwise the mound was totally demolished, being 
 dug through at a depth considerably below the level of the surrounding territory. 
 
 The mound was composed of rich, loamy, brown sand with many local layers 
 of oyster shells. The usual charcoal and fireplaces were present. A black layer 
 from 3 inches to 1 foot in thickness, made up of sand mingled with charcoal in 
 minute particles, ran through the mound at about the level of the surrounding 
 territory. At the center of the mound, measurements showed this layer to be 5 feet 
 9 inches below the surface. 
 
 Although of very uneven distribution, human remains were numerous in the 
 Walker mound, being encountered at thirty-six points (see diagram, Fig. 27), 
 to which should be added a certain number presumably beneath the oak tree and 
 probably a few disturbed by previous investigation. 
 
 As will be noted from the detailed account which follows, a deposit of human 
 remains was by no means always limited to those of one individual, and it is not 
 unlikely that the mound originally contained the complement of at least seventy- 
 five skeletons, and probably considerably more. In reading the detailed description 
 of the human remains present in the Walker mound, the reader is referred to the 
 accompanying diagram, where burials are shown with numbers corresponding to 
 those in the text. 
 
 1. Skeleton of child about 8 years of age, on back, knees to the right. A 
 considerable amount of charcoal lay above the cranium. 
 
 2. Remains of skeleton of male. A fire had been built immediately on the 
 pelvis, which, with some other bones, had been partially consumed. Considerable 
 
 (i JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
46 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 .- V 
 
 o 
 
 s^. 
 
 i& 
 
 *?& 
 
 QT^P /f 
 
 58 
 ^ 
 
 Io 
 
 t% 
 
 (>-" 
 
 & 
 
 ^.^wak 
 
 W^ 
 
 r (ST 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 Fig. 27. Diagram of Walker Mound. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 47 
 
 charcoal remained. The skeleton lay on the left side. In association was sand, 
 pink from hematite. The remains lay at a depth of 2 feet below the surface of 
 the mound which was here but little above the surrounding level. 
 
 3. Skeleton of female on left side. Depth 2 feet 4 inches. 
 
 4. Skeleton of male on back. Remains of a fire along the left side. Face- 
 bones and others in contact with the Hames, considerably burnt. This skeleton, at 
 the extreme margin, was 3 feet from the surface, or about that depth below the 
 level of the field. It was doubtless a grave, as unquestionably, we think, were the 
 other deep marginal burials in anatomical order. 
 
 4a. Twenty-one inches from the surface was an undecorated vessel with 
 inverted rim, intact. Its height is 4.1 inches; its maximum diameter, 10.2.inches ; 
 its diameter of opening, 7.5 inches. Within it were the remains or a portion of the 
 remains of the skeleton of an infant, in minute fragments, burnt and calcined. 
 
 Fig. -28. Section of vessels with calcined bones. Walker Mound. (One-quarter size.) 
 
 With these burnt fragments were a number of shell beads showing no trace of fire 
 evidently added subsequent to the cremation. This bowl had apparently been 
 placed upright on a small heap of sand in such a manner that a larger undecorated 
 vessel inverted and placed over it, the inside of the bottom of the larger vessel 
 in contact with the top of the small one, prevented all ingress of sand as shown in 
 the section (Fig. 28). The dimensions of this larger vessel are : height 0.8 inches , 
 diameter lo.o inches. In shape the vessel is about square with rounded corners. 
 
 5. Skeleton of female on back. Depth 3 feet. 
 
 6. Skeleton of undetermined sex. Depth 22 inches. The position of this 
 skeleton, disturbed by the digger, was not determined. About 2 feet distant were 
 many fragments of a large vessel with stamped decoration. 
 
 7. Skeleton of uncertain sex, 31 inches down. Trunk on the back, legs to the 
 
48 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 right. On this skeleton was a covering of wood or bark .25 of one inch thick, in 
 the last stage of decay. 
 
 8. Skeleton of male, on back, head and knees to the right, o feet from surface. 
 Although the human remains in the Walker mound were, comparatively 
 
 speaking, in good condition yet the cranium of this skeleton (A. N. S. Cat. No. 
 2,158) was the only one recovered in fair condition. 
 
 9. Skeleton of female, fell with caved sand. Probably lay originally about 
 3 feet from the surface. 
 
 10. Skeleton of female on back, 2 feet down. 
 
 11. Skeleton of female, 8 feet from surface, disturbed by workmen, position 
 not determined. 
 
 12. Skeleton of uncertain sex, somewhat on the right side. This skeleton, 
 coming from a portion of the mound but little above the level of the surrounding 
 field, was nevertheless 4 feet from the surface and lay at the base of a grave dug 
 into the yellowish sand of the field, and filled with the brownish sand of the mound. 
 
 I^SW^Iii^PS^^i^i 
 
 ^^i^^siii^i^^^ 
 
 ( Scale i 
 
 Fig. 29. Grave containing skeleton 13. Walker Mouud. 
 
 13. Another grave containing a skeleton of a male on left side. This grave, 
 at the margin of the mound, showed a distinct line of demarcation from the sur 
 rounding soil to a height of 26 inches from its base. Above this was a mass of 
 material 2 feet in thickness, similar to the contents of the mound at that place and 
 to that present in the grave. Through this material the line of the grave could not 
 be traced. The surface of the mound at this point was about level with the surface 
 of the field (Fig. 29). 
 
 14. Another marginal grave containing a skeleton 4 feet from the surface. 
 This skeleton was too much affected by a fire which had been placed immediately 
 above it to permit determination of sex or position. With the bones were charcoal 
 and fifteen shell beads .5 to 1 inch in length. 
 
 15. Skeleton of male with legs to the left and head pushed over on the chest, 
 3 feet from the surface. 
 
 16. Portion of skeleton 1.5 feet down. The body, from the pelvis up, had 
 been removed by a previous investigation. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 49 
 
 17. Skeleton of adolescent of about 14 years of age, 3 feet down. It lay on 
 the left side. The skull had rolled on to the chest. Certain epiphyses were separ 
 ated about inches from their respective shafts. 
 
 18. Beginning at one foot below the surface and extending to a depth of from 
 8 to 10 inches was a confused mass of human remains about 4 feet in length and 3 
 feet in breadth. At one end were eleven crania together. Immediately above this 
 deposit were four imperforate shell drinking cups and three polished stone chisels 
 having a much flatter section than the ordinary "celt." With the remains were 
 two pins of shell, the larger 4 inches in length. 
 
 The entire surface of the mound was covered with oyster shells to an average 
 depth of (i inches, but above this deposit the shells dipped down into the sand coming 
 in contact with the upper surface of the layer of bones. It was evident that this 
 was a species of grave made after the completion of the mound, though, likely 
 enough, of about the same period, since, as we shall see, similar confused masses of 
 bones were present in the mound at depths clearly showing their original deposit 
 (see section of grave, Fig. 30). 
 
 Scale in f*ef. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 30. Section of grave 18. Walker Mound. 
 
 19. A grave similar in style of construction to the preceding. Its depth from 
 the surface was 26 inches. It extended in on the same plane a distance of 5 feet 
 with a breadth at first of 2 feet, broadening to 4 feet and narrowing to 2 feet at the 
 end. It contained a mass of human bones, some calcined, and a few bones of a 
 lower animal unaffected by fire. With the human bones were numbers of shell 
 beads of various sizes. 
 
 With the bones was an interesting pathological specimen 1 consisting of a 
 human femur showing material shortening through fracture. This example of bone- 
 setting or rather the lack of it by the aborigines is shown in Fig. 31. 
 
 This deposit of bones had, on the same plane, contiguous to it a pen or pyre, 
 constructed of logs 3 to 8 inches in diameter, which were charred through and 
 through. The depth of this curious pen was 9 inches ; its length, 32 inches ; its 
 width was not exactly determined owing to caving of sand. Within this pyre were 
 calcined human remains in fragments. 
 
 1 Now at the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. 
 
50 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 20. Certain human remains, buried in 
 oyster shells at a depth of about 1 foot, fell 
 with caved material before exact data were 
 obtained. Two pairs of femurs were present 
 and the deposit probably included the remains 
 of several persons. 
 
 The reader s attention is called to the 
 the fact that it is next to impossible to slice 
 down a mound of sand as can so readily be 
 done with a mound of clay. Mishaps through 
 caving sand are of occasional occurrence even 
 in the case of the most careful workers. 
 
 "2 1 . A deposit of calcined human remains 
 about 1 foot from the surface. In association 
 were the columella of a marine univalve and 
 eight shell beads, each about 1 inch in length. 
 
 22. Bones of male in caved sand. 
 
 2o. Skeleton of male on right side, 
 face to the right. Nine inches down. 
 
 24. A cranium unassociated with other 
 bones. Capping it was a handsome drinking 
 cup of shell having on its outer side three 
 incised lines forming a parallelogram with a 
 portion of the margin of the opening as one 
 of the shorter sides. 
 
 25. Four crania with other bones and a 
 few shell beads. 
 
 20. Flexed skeleton of a female lying 
 on the right side, 10 inches down, immediately 
 above number 25. 
 
 27. A bunched burial including approx 
 imately the skeletal complement of a male, 
 18 inches from the surface. With this skel 
 eton was a vessel of good material, scaphoid in shape and 
 handsomely decorated with a variety of incised designs and a 
 knob on either side, to which justice has not been done in 
 Plate I, Fig. 2. Within the lines, the decoration had been 
 supplemented by red pigment bright and fresh in appearance 
 when removed from the mound in a state of moisture but 
 hardly apparent when dry. A small portion at one end, 
 broken from the vessel, was present with it, permitting com 
 plete restoration. Approximate measurements : length, 9.4 
 inches; height, 5.75 inches; maximum breadth, 7 inches; 
 breadth of aperture, 5.75 inches. 
 
 Fig. 31. Fracture of femur. Walker 
 Mouud. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 51 
 
 28. A bunched burial 2 feet from the surface, a short distance from 27. With 
 it was a vessel almost the exact counterpart of the one just described, save that the 
 decoration, though on the same lines, is much more elaborate, considerably exceed 
 ing in pretension anything met with by us in Florida or elsewhere in Georgia. 
 This decoration is shown diagrammatically in Plate XVI. Certain portions of this 
 vessel, lying with it, were recovered, and were successfully fitted into place-. 
 
 29. Another grave, 20 inches in depth from the surface. It was filled with 
 oyster shells and contained the skeleton of a male lying on the right side, the right 
 arm under the head. 
 
 30. Beneath the roots of a good sized tree, their tops 8 inches beneath the 
 surface, together in a group, all upright, were five cinerary urns each filled almost 
 to the top with a closely packed mass of charred and calcined fragments of human 
 bones. With these bones were a few shell beads showing no trace of fire. The 
 tops of the vessels were covered with large fragments of earthenware belonging to 
 other vessels, which had prevented any entrance of sand. These vessels were of 
 poor material, some especially so, being of slight consistency and held together only 
 by the surrounding roots of the tree above them. Three of the vessels, when the 
 matted mass of roots was removed, fell into pieces so small in size that all 
 hope of restoration was abandoned. The remaining two. though broken into many 
 pieces, were successfully restored. The larger of these t\vo vessels has a height of 
 about 15 inches, a maximum diameter of 15.5 inches and a diameter of aperture of 
 13.5 inches, approximately. It is ornamented beneath the rim with deep lines 
 incised before baking (Plate V). 
 
 The smaller vessel has a globular body with a neck rising from a depression. 
 The ornamentation is of a complicated stamp variety. Approximate measurements : 
 height. 15 inches; maximum diameter, 14.5 inches; diameter of aperture, 6.25 
 inches (Plate VI). In immediate association with these cinerary urns were eight 
 imperforate drinking cups of shell. 
 
 31. Fourteen inches down, in caved sand were the bones of a male. 
 
 32. Sixteen inches from the surface, with sand tinged with hematite, was a 
 bunched burial of numerous bones, surmounted by a mass of oyster shells. A 
 large number of shell beads were in association. 
 
 33. This interesting grave occupied an almost central position in the mound. 
 Its shape was that of an inverted truncated cone supposing the truncated end to be 
 slightly rounded. The top of the grave, forming a portion of the summit plateau, 
 had a diameter of 8 feet ; the depth of the grave, vertically from the surface to the 
 bottom, was 5 feet 9 inches. This grave, after completion, had been lined with a 
 layer of oyster shells about G inches in thickness. The bones, present in consider 
 able numbers, had apparently been poured in from the northern side and distributed 
 in a fairly even layer over the bottom and up the northern side to within 2 feet of 
 the top (Fig. 32). On the eastern and western sides were occasional loose bones, 
 but none was present on the southern side, except immediately on the base (Fig. 33). 
 The horizontal distance from the southern margin of the bones on the bottom of the 
 
52 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 grave to the northern margin along the side of the pit was 5 feet. The grave was 
 filled with oyster shells and sand distinctly darker than the sand of the mound. 
 
 Fifteen crania, more or less imperfect, were present with the other bones, as 
 were certain calcined fragments of human bone. Among the long bones was a 
 
 N 
 
 >^-^^W8^>^ :;/ 
 
 Fig. 32. North and south section of grave 33. Walker Mound. 
 
 femur 19.75 inches in length, indicating a male about 6 feet in height a stature we 
 believe, greater than indicated by any bones discovered by us in Florida mounds. 
 
 g .. - : .;. -.- f . ... . -.: . . ,.-. -O ^jyv-. * F 
 
 V^^ i/ ^ - 1 ^ 6:i 9 ;-^v^^. V - 
 
 .ffy - : .ti:ief : !<?.i& 
 
 .- A- " 
 
 Fig. 33. Piist and west section of grave 33. Walker Mound. 
 
 34. Immediately beneath the grave just described was a layer of oyster shells, 
 which merged with, and took the place of, the black band running through the mound 
 to which reference has been made. Particles of charcoal were abundantly present 
 in the oyster shells and it would seem that these shells, at this point, 5 feet 9 inches 
 from the surface, were there at the time when the fire was made which 
 caused the black Layer running through the mound. Just below the layer of shell, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 53 
 
 which WHS 1 foot in thickness, in chirk brown sand totally dissimilar to the yellow 
 sand of the field, which enclosed the grave on either side, was a circular deposit of 
 human bones, having a diameter of about 5 feet. These bones included five crania 
 and with them were numerous shell beads, many tubular; one being over 1 inch in 
 length. In one of the crania was a bright yellow sand differing in shade from any 
 in the mound. Small quantities of this sand were scattered here and there among 
 the bones. 
 
 35. A few bones of a male from superficial caved sand. 
 
 HUMERI. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Perforated. 
 
 Not Perforated. 
 
 Right 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Left 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Throughout the mound were the usual loose sherds of accidental introduction. 
 At several points were large vessels of poor material crushed beyond repair. None 
 of these vessels contained human remains. 
 
 One small chisel of stone was found loose in the sand. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Iii no one mound investigated by us has there been so well exemplified the 
 various forms of aboriginal disposition of the dead the burial in anatomical order ; 
 the burial of portions of the skeleton ; the interment of great masses of human 
 bones ; the pyre ; the loose deposit of incinerated remains ; the burial of cinerary 
 urns. 
 
 To a marked extent in this mound are noted, side by side, inhumation and 
 incineration. 
 
 MOUND NEAR CONTENTMENT, MC!NTOSH COUNTY. 
 
 Contentment, a small settlement of colored persons, is on the bank of the 
 Broro river, a water-way joining Sapelo river and Julianton creek. 
 
 In woods on ground probably formerly under cultivation, about one-half mile 
 in a northerly direction from Contentment, was a symmetrical mound in the form 
 of a truncated cone. Its sides, by their steepness, gave evidence that no cultivation 
 on the mound proper had ever been attempted. A comparatively small and shallow 
 excavation was the only trace of digging previous to our own. The mound was 
 kindly placed at our disposal by R. H. Knox, Evsq., of Darien, under whose control 
 the property is. 
 
 The mound had a height of 9 feet 9 inches, a base-diameter of 76 feet. The 
 
 7 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
54 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 southern half of the mound was dug away leaving a cross-section E. and W. No 
 pits, outlving or in the body of the mound, were met with. A short distance in 
 from the margin, a black band to 10 inches in thickness was noticed extending 
 through the part investigated by us, at the level of the surrounding territory. 
 Apparently there had been considerable general disturbance beneath this band but 
 as the sand of the mound resembled that of the surrounding territory, any exact 
 line of demarcation was difficult to determine. No oyster shells in quantity were 
 present, though the usual fire-places and pockets of charcoal sometimes contained a 
 few scattering shells. 
 
 Human remains were encountered 45 times, at all depths, and extending in 
 from the margin. Bones, in the last stage of decay, at times hardly indicated the 
 form of burial. Occasionally burial of skeletons was indicated, while again, isolated 
 skulls or skulls with a few other bones were met with. With some burials were 
 masses of hematite in powder, sometimes extending the entire length of the skeleton. 
 With one were three pebbles, all showing use as smoothing stones. Near human 
 remains was a chert lance-head and with another interment was an undecorated 
 bowl, broken by caving sand. A pebble and certain fresh-water mussel, and clam 
 shells lay near an interment. 
 
 Seven pockets of calcined bones, some including fragments entirely unaffected 
 by fire, were met with. . Centrally in the mound, 7 feet from the surface, with no 
 pit apparent, was a layer of calcined and uncremated human bones, about inches 
 thick. With it were a graceful barbed arrowhead and a flat mass of gneissic rock 
 about 4.-") inches bv 2.5 inches with two parallel longitudinal grooves, probably 
 made by sharpening pointed implements or by grinding shell beads into shape. 
 
 A considerable number of vessels, all imperforate, so far as could be determined, 
 and undecorated or with an ordinary check stamp, were present in the portion of 
 the mound investigated by us. 
 
 Just beneath the surface was a pot with checked stamp decoration, a rounded 
 base and a somewhat cylindrical body a common cooking vessel. Its height, and 
 its maximum diameter, which was at its mouth, were 11.75 inches. In common 
 with all the stamped pots encountered in this mound, its body was covered with 
 soot showing its use to have been but a secondary one. It contained the 
 calcined remains of not more than one individual and was surmounted by a con 
 siderable number of small and large fragments belonging to an undecorated bowl. 
 It fell into pieces upon removal from the sand. 
 
 Eighteen feet east of the center, just beneath the surface and about one loot 
 apart, were two interments in vessels, in all respects similar to the one just described. 
 
 Near these was an inverted, undecorated pot somewhat resembling in shape a 
 reversed cone with rounded apex. It covered a few fragments of calcined human 
 bones deposited on the sand. Approximate measurements: height, 7.75 inches; 
 maximum diameter and width of mouth, 10.5 inches. 
 
 Closely associated with the foregoing bowl was an inverted, checked stamped 
 vessel similar to those first described, covering calcined remains lying on the sand. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 55 
 
 Another vessel also bearing the check stamp, half filled with calcined remains, 
 had been capped by a vessel or a large part of a vessel represented by small frag 
 ments when found. 
 
 In another portion of the mound were the remains of two undecorated vessels 
 in small fragments. One had presumably capped the other, judging by the position. 
 A number of incinerated fragments of human bone were present. 
 
 In caved sand from the surface were several other broken vessels with incinerated 
 bone, similar to the foregoing. 
 
 Specimens of the earthenware from the mound at Contentment were sent to 
 the Peabody Museum, Cambridge Mass., and to the Davenport Academy of Science, 
 Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Low MOUNDS NEAR BRORO NECK, Mclxmsn COUNTY. 
 
 Broro Neck, a settlement of colored people, is about 1 mile northeast of Con 
 tentment. A mound on the outskirts of the settlement is on the property of Mr. 
 Thomas Grant (colored). Its height is 3 feet 4 inches. It is 55 feet across tin- 
 base. It was about one-half dug through. At places were great quantities of char 
 coal and pockets of hematite. A number of deposits of fragments of calcined 
 bones were met with and a few portions of long bones showing no mark of fire. 
 With skeletal remains were : two hammer-stones, one cockle-shell (Cardium], one 
 good-sized shell bead. 
 
 About one hundred yards from the preceding mound, on the property of Mr. 
 E. AV. Paris (colored), is another mound, which has evidently been ploughed over 
 for a number of years. Its present height is 1 foot 8 inches; its diameter of base, 
 44 feet. The mound was trenched to the center. About 19 inches from the surface 
 was a deposit of calcined human bones with a small, coarse, undecorated earthen 
 ware bowl. The surrounding sand was scarlet from admixture of hematite. 
 Nothing else of interest was met with. 
 
 SAPELO ISLAND, MC!NTOSH COUNTY. BOURBON. 
 
 Sapelo Island, which, with St. Catherine s and Ossabaw, was reserved for their 
 individual use by the Indians, when much of the coast was ceded away, 1 has a 
 settlement at the northern end reached by turning into a small creek from Sapelo 
 sound and continuing up this creek a distance of about 2 miles. This settlement, 
 called " Boobone " by the colored inhabitants, is said originally to have received the 
 name Bourbon from French settlers. 
 
 Extending back from the landing is an extensive tract of rich land, undulating 
 with shell deposits, long under cultivation, the property of Amos Sawyer, Esq., of 
 Arlington, R. I., to whom we are indebted for cordial permission to make complete 
 archaeological investigation . 
 
 About one quarter of a mile S. E. by S. from the landing was a mound, the 
 
 1 "The History of Georgia," Captain Hugh McCall, 2 vok, Savannah, 1811, Vol. I, page 37. 
 
56 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 usual truncated cone in shape and still symmetrical, though rather considerable 
 superficial digging had been attempted. 
 
 Its height was 8 feet ; its diameter at base, 72 feet. The surface of the mound 
 was covered with shell. With a beginning on the level ground 12 feet beyond the 
 margin of the base, to ascertain the presence of outlying burials, none of which were 
 met with, the entire southern half of the mound was sliced down, leaving an PI and 
 W. cross-section. Next the remaining half was dug away with equal care. 
 
 The mound presented no uniform stratification. It was composed of local layers 
 of bright yellow sand dug from beneath the surface loam of the field ; of dark sand 
 containing occasional shells, mostly belonging to the oyster ; of shells with admixture 
 of dark sand and, at the surface, of a layer of midden refuse made up of crushed 
 shell and loam, varying from 8 inches to 2 feet in thickness and occasionally extend 
 ing still farther down over burials let in from above. All the shell layers of the 
 mound, some of oyster shells, some of shells of the salt-water mussel, seemed dis- 
 
 . / . , 
 
 Mark sanoL and S/K// f JJtslurtfecL sand 
 
 Fiji. 34. Section of pit. Mound at Bourbon. 
 
 tinctly to be crushed and packed together as though trampled upon for a consider 
 able period o f time which seemed to indicate that the mound had slowly grown 
 for a period of years, during which it was treated as a place of abode. 
 
 There was present in the mound no central pit such as is usually found in 
 mounds of the coast, though, beginning a little north of the center was a 
 general dip in the lower layers of the mound over a pit extending 2 feet into undis 
 turbed sand, containing a skeleton at length. This pit had at the base a breadth 
 of o feet, its exact length we were unable to determine owing to frequent caving of 
 sand though it must have exceeded G feet. The layers above this pit, when of 
 shell, in common with all shell layers of the mound, were compact through tread 
 of feet and seemed to indicate that the pit had been dug at an early stage of the 
 building of the mound and but partially filled and that layers forming afterwards 
 shared in the depression. Fig. 34 gives a lateral section of this pit and of the 
 mound above it. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 57 
 
 Though certain other pits were unmistakably present, with two or three excep 
 tions in the marginal portion, we noticed none extending into undisturbed sand 
 below the base, and though, owing to a rainy season, the base of the mound was 
 just above water-level which induced the caving of sand and made exact scrutiny 
 difficult, we believe few, if any, graves escaped us. In such parts of the body of 
 the mound as were made up of yellow sand, burials were not present though many, 
 apparently not in pits, lay in the dark sand. Many more seemed to be just beneath 
 a thickening in the superficial layer of midden refuse while, in numerous cases, 
 grave-pits extending into the dark sand were filled with shell debris from the 
 surface layer. 
 
 HUMAN REMAIN S. 
 
 In the mound, human remains were encountered at 192 points and others, it 
 must be borne in mind, must have been removed by previous digging and by the 
 use of the plow on the lower portions of the mound. 
 
 The 192 burials present in the mound, at the time of its demolition by us, may 
 be classified as follows : 
 
 115 Skeletons. . 8 Calcined deposits. 
 
 11 Aboriginal disturbances. 3 Skeletons in urns. 
 
 15 Late disturbances. 3 Calcined remains in urns. 
 
 31 Decayed and crushed remains. 4 Not noted. 
 
 2 Layers of uncremated bones. 
 Skeletons. Of those successfully removed there were : 
 
 43 Males. 5 Adolescents. 
 
 40 Females. 11 Children. 1 
 
 12 Uncertain. 4 Infants. 1 
 
 Many of the skeletons lay between decayed wood or bark. Skeletons were as 
 to position as follows : 
 
 
 Flexed on 
 
 right side. 
 
 Flexed on 
 left side. 
 
 At lengtli. 
 
 Special. 
 
 Male 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 Female 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Adolescent 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Children * 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Infants 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 The skeletons at length were face down and all were below the base, on it, or 
 well down in the body of the mound. 
 Special positions were as follows : 
 Burial No. 10, child of about 10 years, flexed with trunk on back. 
 
 1 Eight additional skeletons, badly crushed and decayed, two certainly of children and six of 
 infants, are included with the crushed and decayed remains. 
 
 2 Data as to the side of one flexed female skeleton and of one child are omitted in the field notes. 
 
58 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Burial No. 38, skeleton of infant, crushed and partly calcined. Exact position 
 not determined. 
 
 Burial No. 43, skeleton of male in semi-reclining position, head forward on 
 chest. 
 
 Burial No. 90, skeleton of male, face down, and extended as far as the knees, 
 with legs drawn back and foot bones almost in contact with the pelvis. 
 
 Burials Nos. 99 and 100, skeletons of child and of adolescent, crossing at hips, 
 the child on top. Both skeletons were extended to the knees with legs flexed back. 
 
 Burial No. 101, skeleton of female with trunk on back, thighs drawn up toward 
 body but spread apart, with legs drawn back on thighs. 
 
 Burial No. 139, skeleton of female on back with lower extremities flexed up 
 on body. 
 
 Burial No. 153, female, same position as 101. 
 
 Burial No. 154, skeleton of a male at full length, in water, 10 feet below sur 
 face, the upper part crushed but showing no trace of fire. The thighs and lower 
 part of the arms with the hands were calcined. This burial might be included 
 among skeletons at length. 
 
 Burial No. 158, skeleton of adolescent on back, the thighs partly flexed and 
 separated. 
 
 Burial No. 1GO, a skeleton of uncertain sex in a semi-sitting position, head 
 over on chest. The cranium was saved (Acad. Nat, Sci., Cat. No. 2,163). 1 
 
 Burial No. 168, skeleton of male on back as far down as could he determined, 
 the legs having fallen with caving sand. This skeleton was surrounded by a thin 
 layer of sand, colored red with powdered hematite. 
 
 Burials Nos. 173 and 174, part of a skeleton of uncertain sex, face down 
 including the pelvis. At this point another skeleton, beginning with the cranium 
 and including about one-half of the thigh bones, continued in the same direction. 
 Then came thighs, legs and foot bones in anatomical order, probably belonging to 
 the first skeleton. These remains lay at a depth of 4 feet from the surface and 
 were unquestionably an aboriginal disturbance. 
 
 Burial No. 177, a skeleton of a female, lying on back to the knees, with legs 
 flexed back-on thighs. 
 
 Burial No. 180, skeleton of female, trunk on back, thighs and legs flexed to 
 the right. 
 
 Not included under the head of special positions, since both were flexed, were 
 burials Nos. 58 and 59, consisting of the skeleton of a female holding between its 
 arms the fragile remains of a very young infant, The crania were in contact. 
 
 Of the 115 skeletons, 71 headed between S. E. and S. W., many crania point 
 ing due S. 
 
 The remaining 44, with the exception of a woman, a child and an infant which 
 are omitted from our field notes, headed as follows : E. S. E., 3 ; E. by S., 2 ; 
 
 1 But one other cranium was in condition to preserve in this mound, namely that from Burial 
 No. 73, a male (Acad. Nat. Sci., Cat. 2,162). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 51) 
 
 E., 11; E. by N., 1 ; E. N. E., 1 ; N. E., 4 ; N. N. E., <! ; N., 5; N. N. W.. 1 ; 
 
 N. W., 1 ; W , 4 ; W. by S., 2 ; S. W. by W, 2 ; W. S. W., 1. 
 
 Aboriginal disturbance. Aboriginal disturbance includes burials cut through 
 by subsequent interments and possibly parts of skeletons accorded independent 
 burial. 
 
 Late disturbance. Under this bead we include bones scattered bv the plow, 
 by superficial digging previous to our investigation, by caving sand and inadvertent 
 disturbance by our men. 
 
 Decayed and crushed remains. We have thus designated all such as seemed 
 to be single skeletons which, through decay and through pressure were past deter 
 mination as to sex, position and direction. It is not only possible but probable, 
 however, that fragmentary aboriginal burials and small layers of bones of various 
 individuals, badly decayed, have been included. 
 
 Layers of uncremated bones. Two such layers unconnected with cremated 
 remains were distinctly present in the mound. With one layer were five; crania; 
 with the other, six. 
 
 Calcined deposits. Of the eight calcined deposits, the majority had fragments 
 of human bones showing no trace of fire, associated with them. Some contained 
 the remains, or parts of the remains of at least three individuals, while others 
 probably represented but one skeleton. 
 
 Burial No. 117 was confined to the cremated remains of a child, a few remnants 
 of whose bones were unburnt. 
 
 A small pocket of calcined bones lay upon decayed wood. 
 
 We have elsewhere referred to two partially cremated skeletons. 
 
 Skeletons in urns. Vessel C, Burial No. 134, 15 feet N. E. by N. from the 
 center of the mound, with its base 20 inches from the surface, its top just beneath 
 the superficial shell layer, there 7 inches thick, was a vessel with incised decoration 
 below the margin and a faint complicated stamp on the body. Decayed wood was 
 above and below it. The vessel, crushed to fragments, was partly held together by 
 sand and shells. It contained the long bones of an adult skeleton, parallel to each 
 other and perpendicular to the base on which lay various smaller bones capped by 
 the skull. 
 
 Near the preceding, forming a cluster with it and two other vessels, was a pot. 
 Burial No. 135, Vessel D, on its side, having complicated stamp ornamentation. 
 Decayed wood lay above and below it, Its condition was, if possible, worse than 
 that of the preceding. It contained bones of an adult arranged similarly to those 
 in Vessel C, and two polished stone hatchets, one rude tjuart/ arrowhead, one 
 undecorated earthenware tobacco pipe, and one fresh-water mussel shell, fragmentary 
 through decay. 
 
 Vessel F, Burial No. 137, one of the group, had a complicated stamped decor 
 ation, but, unfortunately, was as fragmentary as its neighbors. It contained the 
 remains of an adult arranged as in the other vessels and a circular piece of soap- 
 stone with incised decoration, to be described under another heading. 
 
00 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Calcined remains in urns. Vessel A, Burial No. 25, 20 feet S. W. by W. 
 from the center, was a flat-bottomed, undecorated, globular, imperforate vessel of 
 about two gallons capacity, slightly constricted at the neck. It was crushed to 
 fragments. Within were the calcined remains of an adolescent. 
 
 Vessel E, Burial No. 136, made the fourth of the group to which reference has 
 been made. It appeared to be of the ordinary type but was crushed to small pieces. 
 It seemed to have been about half full of incinerated human remains. 
 
 Vessel G, Burial No. 163, 9 feet N. N. W. from the center, lay in fragments 
 over part of a layer of calcined remains. Its decoration was red bands running 
 laterally. The arrangement of the fragments seemed to indicate a former inverted 
 position for the vessel. 
 
 Not noted. Four burials included under this head were interments where full 
 data, though obtainable, are omitted from our field notes. 
 
 EARTHENWARE. 
 
 Sherds. Sherds were of infrequent occurrence, the majority undecorated or 
 cord-marked, though a few had incised decoration. Excluding the burial jars and 
 
 Fig. 35. Vessel of earthenware. Mound at Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 one or two sherds believed to be superficial, the complicated stamp was not noted 
 in the mound. 
 
 Vessels. We have described certain vessels used for burial purposes. 
 
 With Burial No. 26, that of a child about eight years old, was an urn of about 
 three pints capacity with globular body, constricted neck and flaring rim. Beneath 
 the rim on the outside was an encircling row of button-like protuberances which 
 had been modeled and pressed on to the clay before baking. Certain of these had 
 dropped off. 
 
 Vessel B, an nndecorated bowl with rounded base and slightly inverted rim, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST, ill 
 
 has ;i diameter at mouth of 10 inches; a maximum diameter of body of 11. 75 
 inches; a height of 8 inches. It contained a certain amount of decayed wood and 
 a small quantity of material resembling sawdust perhaps the last vestige of 
 human remains. 
 
 With Burial No. 92, a child about seven years old, was a globular, undecorated 
 pot of about one quart capacity. 
 
 With Burial No. 03, probably an aboriginal disturbance, was a curious vessel 
 of earthenware, perforated for suspension at either side of the opening (Fig. 35), 
 having a height of 2.5 inches; a maximum diameter of 3 inches. Its use is not 
 apparent though it strongly recalls that numerous class of fantastically shaped 
 mortuary vessels of earthenware found in many tumuli of Florida. A hole had 
 been knocked through its base, the only case of base-perforation noted by us in the 
 mound though certain of the burial jars were too fragmentary ibr determination as 
 to this point. 
 
 In caved sand were several fragments of an oblong vessel having upright sides 
 
 and inverted margin. The vessel, or rather 
 such parts as were recovered, have on the 
 base and sides an unusual occurrence an 
 intricate incised decoration. Its height must 
 have been 1.1 inches; its breadth of both". 1 
 
 Fig. :i7. 
 Tobacco pipes of earthenware. Mound at Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 inches; of opening, 1.5 inches. Its original length is not obtainable as a part is 
 missing. 
 
 With Burial No. 113, a male, was a cord-marked bowl of about one quart 
 capacity. 
 
 Burial No. 154 had with it a small bowl in fragments bearing the checked, 
 stamped decoration. 
 
 One of the most interesting pieces of earthenware ever met with by us lav 
 with Burial No. 33, a mass of mingled calcined and unburnt bones, and consisted 
 of a dish I l. l inches in length, 7.7 inches across and 4.5 inches in.height. Beneath 
 the rim, exteriorly, is a row of large protuberances and, in addition, the dish bears 
 traces of ornamentation by the use of red pigment. From either end project handles, 
 one horizontal the other perpendicular a curious feature. This interesting piece 
 is intact (Plate VII). 
 
 8 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
02 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Tobacco pipes. Thirteen tobacco pipes were present in the mound several 
 somewhat fragmentary. But two showed any serious attempt at ornamentation. 
 One of these (Fig. 36) has a height of 2 inches, a diameter of howl of 1.5 inches 
 and a diagonal length of 2.8 inches, approximately. The howl is supported by a 
 figure probably representing a bird. Part of the body and tail served for the 
 
 Fig. 38. Tobacco pipe of earthenware. Mound at Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 reception of the stem. Found with this pipe was a small undecorated one shown 
 
 in Fig. 37. The bowl forms an unusually obtuse angle with the remainder of the pipe. 
 
 In caved sand was a pipe representing a human head. The mouth is open 
 
 showing the teeth and a curious head dress projects from the back of the head. A 
 
 Fig. 3!l. Tobacco pipe of earthenware. Mound at Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 portion of this pipe is wanting. Height and diameter of bowl, each 1.9 inches 
 (Fig. 38). 
 
 An undecorated but rather gracefully shaped tobacco pipe (Fig. 39) lay with 
 a burial. 
 
 A tobacco pipe of the poorest material and rude in form, apparently sun-dried, 
 was recovered in pieces of hardly any consistency, though after drying it was fairly 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. G3 
 
 well put together. Diagonal length, 5.5 inches ; diameter of howl and height, each 
 3.3 inches ; diameter of stem, 2 inches ; orifice for stem, 1 inch. 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 Cups. Thirty-four shell drinking cups, none remarkable for size or finish, were 
 taken from the mound, ten forming one deposit. All were imperforate and three 
 
 varied from any yet found by us in Florida 
 or in Georgia, we believe, in that they 
 were wrought, not from Fulgur perver- 
 sum, whose opening is to the left, but from 
 a right handed Fulgur (canaliculatum}. 
 Chisels. Eighteen shell chisels were 
 associated with human remains. These 
 rather rough-looking implements, one of 
 which we show in Fig. 40, made by 
 grinding the beak to a cutting edge and 
 removing the body whorl from the axis, 
 must not be confounded with certain 
 beautiful shell chisels found in Florida but not, so 
 far as we know, on the Georgia coast, which are 
 made from the lip of the great marine univalve, 
 Strombus gigas. 
 
 Agricultural implements. Two specimens 
 of the right handed, heavy form of the conch 
 (Fulgur carica], with perforation in the body 
 whorl opposite the aperture and with the beak 
 worn or chipped down, came from the mound. 
 
 Pins. Twelve pins, the largest about 4.5 
 inches, lay with skeletal remains practically always 
 near the head. 
 
 Gorgets. In midden refuse composing a shell 
 layer was a circular gorget of shell of about 2 
 inches diameter, having carved in the center a 
 rough diamond-shaped figure (Fig. 41). 
 
 With Burial No. 92, a child of about 7 years, 
 was a gorget near the head. This gorget, nearly 
 circular, with a diameter of about 1.7 inches, bore 
 the well-known design of the rattlesnake. 
 
 Beads. Beads of shell were fairly numerous 
 
 though in no wise comparable iu size, number or state of preservation to those in 
 the Creighton Island mound, with the exception of a fine tubular bead, 4 inches in 
 length, having a diameter of .6 of one inch. To drill a bead of this sort longitu- 
 
 Fig. 40. Chisel of shell. Mounrt at 
 Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
04 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 dinally must have required considerable time. We are told by Adair, 1 " Formerly 
 four doe-skins was the price of a large conch-shell bead, about the length and thick 
 ness of a man s lore-finger; which they fixed to the crown of their head as an 
 high ornament so greatly they valued them." 
 
 With one burial were a number of discoidal beads, each about one inch in 
 
 diameter, perforated in the center through the minor 
 axis. These beads must not be confounded with 
 runtees, which have their perforation edgewise. 
 
 Mussel shells. Great numbers of fresh-water 
 mussel shells, all Georgia species, some perforated 
 for suspension, others not, were present with human 
 remains. With one burial were many shells ( Unio 
 Shepardianus), some decayed and broken, though 
 33, all perforated, were recovered in fairly good 
 condition. 
 
 Fig. 41. Gorget of shell. Mound at 
 Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 PEARLS. 
 
 One pearl, perforated as usual, was met with. 
 
 STONE. 
 
 " Celts - Eleven polished "celts," most of them of volcanic rock, from 3 to 
 0.5 inches in length, were present in the mound. It has not been thought neces 
 sary to mutilate them for exact determination as to material. Several, probably 
 of green-stone, were badly decayed through contact with water. 
 
 Pebble-hammers, hammer-stones, etc. The mound was rich in these objects. 
 One hammer-stone was apparently a portion of a celt. One pebble-hammer, with a 
 length of 0.25 inches, had also seen use as a snioothing-stone. Certain ones, 
 smoothed on four sides, presented an interesting appearance. 
 
 Arroiv and Lance points. Five arrow and lance points of chert, of chalcedony 
 and of quartz, all of ordinary type, were found during the 
 investigation. 
 
 Discoidal stones. Four small discoidal stones were met 
 with. One of micaceous sandstone was in a friable condition. 
 
 Soapstone objects. With caved sand, near human 
 remains, was a portion of a vessel of soapstone a large 
 vessel, as shown by the slight concavity of the inner surface. 
 It is about 4 inches square and has on the margins a rude 
 and irregular decoration. 
 
 With Burial No. 50, a male, was a bit of a soapstone vessel, rudely decorated 
 with incised lines on either side and on two of its three margins. With it was a 
 circular ornament of soapstone having the margin divided by five incisions. Height, 
 .5 of an inch ; diameter, 1.2 inches (Fig. 42). 
 
 i "History of the American Indians," page 170. Cited by C. C. Jones. 
 
 Fig. 42. Ornament of soap- 
 stone. Mound at Bour 
 bon. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. G5 
 
 With Burial No. 137, in vessel F, was an imperforate, irregularly circular piece 
 
 of soapstom- 2.3 inches by 2 inches by .5 of one inch thick. On one side was a 
 rough incised design representing the serpent (Fig. 43) ; on the other a cross-hatch 
 decoration (Fig. 44). 
 
 With Burial No. 45, was a curious little piece of soapstone 1.8 inches in height 
 roughly wrought into the semblance of the upper portion of the human figure. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Engraved talilet of soapstone. Mound at Bourbon. (Full size.) 
 
 The arms are plainly apparent, as is the mouth. The upper portion oi the head 
 seems to be wanting through breakage or through omission (Fig. 45). 
 Several unworked bits of soapstone pots were present with burials. 
 Miscellaneous.-^ A number of flakes of chert, probably used as cutting imple 
 ments, lay with burials or loose in the sand. With a skele 
 ton was a small nodule of black jasper. 
 
 HONE. 
 
 Piercing implements. Piercing implements, some 
 probably hair pins, were fairly numerous. Many were 
 decayed and broken. Some piercing implements retain the 
 articular portion of the bone at the blunt end. 
 
 A curious feature, not before noticed by us. was the 
 presence in this mound of sections of bone pins with burials, 
 not broken but apparently intentionally divided by cutting. 
 With one burial were no less than seven of these fragments. 
 A less number were found at several other points in the mound. 
 Miscellaneous. With human remains were the jaws of a small carnivore and 
 part of a lower jaw of a much larger one with the lower portion, including the 
 roots of the teeth, ground away, leaving a flat surface. We shall again refer to this 
 curious aboriginal custom in connection with jaws similarly treated from mounds on 
 St. Catherine s and Ossabaw Islands. 
 
 Fig. 4">. Effigy of soapstotic. 
 Mound at Bourbon. 
 (Full size.) 
 
GO CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 The carapace of a tortoise, somewhat fragmentary, with two perforations, was 
 found with a burial. The lower part of the shell was probably absent through 
 decay. In the mound at Bourbon were several tortoise shells in the last stage of 
 decay, usually surrounding nests of small pebbles ; once or twice, Hakes of chert ; 
 once, small square pieces of shell, probably originally destined for beads, and a 
 number of the teeth of the drum-fish. We have, in other mounds, met with 
 deposits of drum-fish teeth which doubtless had remained after the enclosing 
 tortoise shells had decayed. 
 
 Plumbago, perhaps used as black paint, was present with one burial. 
 
 Many burials throughout the mound were associated with the red oxide of 
 iron in powder. 
 
 A small bead of blue "lass was found by a di trer entraired on the surface layer. 
 
 O / OC / 
 
 This bead, in view of the absence of glass beads with burials in the body of the 
 mound, we took to be a relic of later Indians who, we know, inhabited Sapelo 
 Island until a comparatively recent period. 
 
 ASSOCIATION OF OBJECTS. 
 
 With Burial No. 31 were: two pebbles ; a Hat mass of undetermined stone ; two 
 fragments belonging to a pot or pots of soapstone ; a pebble worn down as a smoothing 
 implement; a shell chisel; three badly-decayed bone piercing implements; aflat 
 fragmentary smoothing-stone and one large pebble-hammer. 
 
 With Burial No. 33, a mass of calcined and unburnt bones, were two stone 
 hatchets; two earthenware tobacco pipes and the earthenware dish already described. 
 
 There lay with Burial No. 73, a male, shell beads at the wrist ; five tobacco 
 pipes, some with portions missing ; two pebble-hammers ; one pebble ; two fresh 
 water mussel shells ; one shell chisel ; one discoidal stone with a concavity on one 
 side ; one small quartz arrowhead ; one portion of a columella of some large marine 
 univalve ; one decayed turtle shell containing drum-fish teeth, etc. ; one shell drink 
 ing cup ; one bone pin ; one discoidal stone. 
 
 SAPELO ISLAND, MC!NTOSII COUNTY. Low MOUND AT BOURBOX. 
 
 About 150 yards in a southerly direction from the large mound at Bourbon, 
 was one having a diameter of base of 38 feet, a height of 3 feet 4 inches. Upon it 
 lay the trunk of a large oak tree, which, with the root, interfered with complete in 
 vestigation. Somewhat over one-half the mound was dug away, with the courteous 
 permission of Amos Sawyer, Esq. 
 
 The mound at marginal portions was thickly covered with oyster shells, the 
 layer gradually decreasing in thickness toward the center. The body of the mound 
 was composed of black loamy sand. The presence of water near the base impeded 
 investigation. 
 
 Human remains were met with at twelve points. Three skeletons lay at full 
 length, two on the back and one face down in sub-basal graves under water. Other 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. G7 
 
 remains, all inhumations of single bodies, were in various positions, flexed, semi- 
 sitting, reclining. There was no uniformity of direction nor any preponderance of 
 a southern direction as a choice for the head. With one skeleton was hematite; 
 with another, a few shell beads. 
 
 SAPELO ISLAND, Mrlxiosn COUNTY. MOUND IN DUMOUSSAY S FIKI.D. 
 
 Dumoussay s Field, taking its name from a French owner, deceased on the 
 island in 1794, as his headstone sets forth, is a considerable tract formerly under 
 cultivation but now overgrown with underbrush and small trees. It is studded 
 with shell-heaps. It is distant somewhat over one mile in a straight line from 
 Bourbon N. N. W. and may also be reached by water through a brunch of the 
 creek on which Bourbon is situated. 
 
 About one-quarter of one mile in a northwesterly direction from the landing, 
 which is only a harder portion of the marsh, was an irregular rise in the ground 
 much reduced in height and spread out by cultivation. Its maximum height was 
 18 inches; its exact diameter was difficult to determine. Probably a circumference 
 with a diameter of 50 feet would have included all portions above the general level 
 of the Held. It was dug through by us by permission of Amos Sawyer, Esq., to 
 whom we are indebted for the privilege of opening the neighboring mounds at 
 Bourbon, 
 
 Through what we took to be the center of the elevated part of the mound, a 
 line 90 feet in length was drawn running east and west. Taking this line as a 
 chord, a semi-circle with radii of 45 feet, including the southern portion of the 
 mound, was marked out and completely dug through. Evidences of disturbance in 
 the soil were met with about 29 feet from the central point, the first interment, 
 however, being 23 feet S. E. by S. 
 
 Next, the northern half of the mound was dug through starting with a diameter 
 of 53 feet and gradually converging to a line 32 feet N. of the central point where 
 all disturbance in the sand seemed to cease, and a considerable number of feet 
 beyond an interment. On the limits of the mound were the pits so often found 
 with coast mounds, in this case about 3.5 feet deep and covering a considerable area. 
 As usual, they were filled with sand black with organic matter much darker than 
 the sand of the mound, but contained no burials. 
 
 The mound, which had evidently lost much of its original altitude through 
 cultivation, had upon its surface but a few scattered oyster shells and contained 
 practically none. There was no central grave, unless a broad area of disturbed 
 sand near the middle, extending into the bright yellow sand beneath the base and 
 containing a number of burials may be so regarded. Pits similar to this, though 
 smaller, were present elsewhere in the mound. 
 
 Skeletal remains were met with at fifty-one points in the mound, excluding 
 scattered fragments from near the surface. These burials were distributed as follows 
 as to form : skeletons, 42 ; late disturbance. 1 ; bunched burials, 2 ; isolated cranium, 
 1; uncremated remains in vessels, 3; cinerary urn with calcined remains, 1. 
 
68 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Of the skeletons : 20, were of males ; 12, of females ; G, of uncertain sex ; 3, of 
 adolescents; 1, of a child. 
 
 Of these 42 skeletons all but one were Hexed 1 on the right side and all but the 
 same one headed in a southerly direction, 17 being due south. The one exception 
 lay flexed on the left side with the head pointing E. N. E. 
 
 We append all burials of interest and all associated with any artifacts. 
 
 Burial No. 2, 23 feet S. E. by S. from the center, at the bottom of a pit, 3 feet 
 tj inches from the surface, extending 1 foot 3 inches into undisturbed sand, was a 
 skeleton of uncertain sex flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 5, 21 feet S. E. by S., 2 feet 4 inches down, was a skeleton of a 
 male, flexed on the right side, head S. With it was a tobacco pipe with portions 
 of the rim missing, representing a human face and differing somewhat from the one 
 from Bourbon, where the teeth are shown continuously, while in this specimen, 
 which recalls the one from Darien, they are represented on either side only (Fig. 46). 
 
 Fig. 40. Tobacco jiipe of earthenware. Mound at Diimoussay s Field. (Full size.) 
 
 Burial No. 8, 16 feet S. E. by. E., 1 foot down, a skeleton of an adolescent, 
 flexed on the right side, head S. by E. Above the skeleton was a layer of charcoal 
 about 6 inches thick, with burnt shells and sand. In this layer were fragments of 
 calcined human bones having no connection with the skeleton below, and a calcined 
 shell pin. 
 
 Burial No. 13, 12 feet E., 2 feet 10 inches down a bunched burial, the skull 
 face up, the lower jaw under it and turned from it, one humerus above and one 
 beneath, the cranium. Ribs heaped over upper humerus. No other bones except 
 two vertebra). 
 
 Burial No. 14, Vessel A, 11 feet S. E. by S., a vessel in fragments, probably 
 broken by the plow. With it were scattered fragments of calcined human bones 
 and a discoidal stone. 
 
 Burial No. 16, 7 feet E. by S., skeleton of female, flexed on the right, head S., 
 on the bottom of a pit, 4 feet 7 inches from the surface. The pit extended 1 foot 
 1) inches into undisturbed sand. Diameter of pit as it entered undisturbed sand, 4 
 feet 3 inches. In the upper part of the pit was powdered hematite. 
 
 1 One of these was a partial flexion. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. U .i 
 
 Burial No. 20, male, Hexed on the right side, head S. hv W. Associated, were : 
 two undeeorated tobacco pipes, with parts missing; the lower half of a chert arrow 
 head; a hit of soapstone pot ; two hone pins badly decayed. 
 
 Burial No. 30, 3 feet W. S. W., 3 feet down, a skeleton of an aged female. 
 Hexed on the right side, heading S. by E. At the neck were small heads and near 
 by were: six imperforate marine shells {Dosinia discus} ; three pebbles used as 
 smoothing stones; one attractive pebble-hammer of quartz : and two rectangular 
 dishes, the smaller inverted within the larger, each with rounded corners and slightly 
 converging sides, having, in addition, an inward slope toward the middle of the 
 longer sides. On the base of the smaller vessel and extending somewhat over on 
 one side, is a curious incised decoration shown diagrammatically in Fig. 47. 
 
 Professor Holmes considers it to be "most certainly representative of some life 
 form or forms." 
 
 Fig. 47. Incised decoration on dish. Mound at Diiinoussay s Field. (Full size.) 
 
 Professor Putnam thus writes of it: "As to the figure carved on the oblong 
 dish from the Sapelo Island mound, both Mr. Willoughby and I find ourselves unable 
 to reduce it to its elements. It is probably a conventionalized figure, which in time 
 will be traced back to its realistic form." 
 
 The approximate measurements of the larger vessel, in which we noticed hema 
 tite, are as follows: length, ,( inches; breadth, 4.5 inches; height. l."> inches. The 
 smaller dish was approximately 7 inches long, 3.25 inches wide, and l.~> inches high. 
 
 Burial No. 32, Vessel 1}, 4 feet W. Just below the surface, was an undeeorated 
 imperforate bowl in fragments containing bits of uncremated bones of a young infant. 
 Nearby were : an undeeorated imperforate vessel with globular body, constricted neck 
 and miring rim, of about 3 pints capacity ; one shell drinking cup and one conch shell. 
 
 Burial No. 34, 13 feet E. by N., a skeleton of a male, tlexed on the right side, 
 head S., having in association a mass of powdered hematite. 
 
 Determined by Professor I ilsbry. 
 9 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
To CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Burial No. 35, G feet N. W., 3.5 feet down, skeleton of a child, flexed on the 
 right side, head S. W. by S. At the neck were eight massive beads of shell, the 
 largest 2 inches in length, and a number of small beads. On the chest was a rattle 
 made from the shell of a tortoise, very badly decayed, having within many little 
 pebbles; a gorget of shell with part of the rim missing, having a diameter of 2.6 
 inches, bearing the design of a rattlesnake. 
 
 Burial No. 36, Vessel C, 7 feet N. W. by W. A few inches below the surface 
 was a badly crushed, undecorated, imperforate vessel held in place by sand, 17.75 
 inches long with a maximum width of 12 inches. The orifice is 14 inches in length 
 and 9.5 inches wide. The height varies from 6 inches at the middle of the side to 
 7 inches at the end. In shape the vessel resembles the larger one described with 
 Burial No. 30. At the bottom of the vessel were small shell beads in numbers, 
 while powdered hematite was present in it in places. The top was covered or 
 partly covered by fragments of earthenware, not representing .any entire vessel. 
 This oblong vessel, which, pieced together, is shown in Plate VIII, enclosed a, 
 lower jaw ; arm bones on either side and in the middle, ribs ; part of the sternum 
 and a few vertebra). These bones were not in anatomical order. 
 
 In the sand immediately below the vessel were the skull without the mandi 
 ble ; the pelvis with the left lower extremity in anatomical order and flexed. The 
 bones of the right leg were parallel to, and alongside of, those of the left leg, while 
 the right thigh was about one foot away. Scattered phalanges and vertebra* lay 
 about and the portion of the sternum not contained in the vessel was present. With 
 these 1 bones were massive shell beads and a shell drinking cup. This burial we 
 consider the most interesting of any it has been our fortune to encounter. 
 
 Burial No. 41, 10 feet N. W. by N., 1 foot 2 inches below the present surface, 
 was a bunched burial, having : the bones of the lower extremities with one tibia 
 reversed from its femur, the long bones parallel ; the pelvis on top ; the ribs mingled ; 
 one humerus; no forearm bones; no cranium and but one vertebra. 
 
 Burial No. 46, 17 feet N. N. E., 2.5 feet down, a skeleton of uncertain sex, 
 flexed on the right, heading S. With it was a shell drinking cup and one pebble. 
 
 Burial No. 48, 16 feet N. N. E., 2 feet 3 inches down, was the skeleton of a 
 male, on right side, head S. by E. In the grave with the skeleton, 2 feet west of 
 it. were two vessels, each of about 2 quarts capacity, of the type described as found 
 near Burial No. 32, each on its base but tilting toward the other, so that a part of 
 the rim of one lay in the aperture of the other. The interior of one was coated 
 with red pigment. Near the knee of the skeleton were fragments of a cord-marked 
 bowl of about three quarts capacity, not together, but spread out at some distance 
 one from the other. This bowl, when pieced together, showed a base-perforation. 
 Below the upper margin, on either side of a crack, were two perforations placed 
 to permit the passing through of a cord or sinew to hold together the parts on either 
 side. Below the skeleton and the two vessels first described was a continuous layer 
 of decayed wood or bark. 
 
 Burial No. 49, 22 feet N., just beneath the surface was the skeleton of a male, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 71 
 
 partly Hexed on the right side, heading S. With it were hematite and a rude 
 pendant wrought from a section of the colinnella of a marine univalve, grooved at 
 one end for suspension. 
 
 Burial No. 00, Vessels I) and E, 24 feet N., just beneath the surface, 
 was a badly broken vessel of the ordinary type with a perforated base. The rim 
 had been ploughed away. Within were fragments of bones of an infant so young 
 that the milk teeth had not erupted. Above this vessel was an inverted bowl in 
 fragments, undecorated save for a row of small knobs beneath the exterior margin. 
 
 Burial No. 01, 20 feet N. by W., nine inches down, a skeleton of a male, Hexed 
 on the right side, head S. by E. Associated was a nest of small pebbles, doubtless 
 formerly included within a tortoise shell. 
 
 With a number of burials not especially noted was decayed wcxwl or bark. In 
 the mound, loose in the sand, was a somewhat fragmentary undecorated tobacco 
 pipe. Sherds, undecorated, cord-marked and with check and complicated stamp, 
 were present. A portion of an undecorated vessel which, while whole, had also 
 seen service as a hone, showed five grooves, a part of one of which had been on the 
 missing portion. 
 
 ABORIGINAL ENCLOSURE AT SAI-ELO HIGH POINT, SAPELO ISLAND, MC!NTOSH COUNTY. 
 
 On Sapelo High Point, near the northwest end of Sapelo Island, overlooking 
 Sapelo Sound and, at periods of storm, washed by the waters of Big Mud river (the 
 southernmost fork of the sound) which Lad laid bare a section of the walls, is an 
 almost circular aboriginal fortification or ceremonial enclosure. This enclosure (see 
 plan. Fig. 48), which we examined by permission of Amos Sawyer, Esq., upon whose 
 property it is, has a diameter, including the walls, of somewhat over 300 feet. 
 The walls have an average height of from to 7 feet, and a thickness of about 00 
 feet at the base. They are flattened on top where at present they have an average 
 width of from 10 to 10 feet. They are covered with forest trees, and are composed 
 exclusively of shells, mainly those of the oyster, with the usual midden refuse 
 intermingled, such as fragments of bone, bits of earthenware, and the like. 
 
 Those most familiar with the history of Southern Georgia have failed to find 
 anv allusion to this work in chronicles or histories, nor does any local tradition 
 attach to it. 
 
 That the work is aboriginal is, in our opinion, beyond the shadow of a doubt 
 since a fortification made by Europeans would be of sand found on the spot and not 
 from shells gathered here and there from small deposits at a distance. On one side 
 of the mound only are shells within sight, and these consist of circular deposits not 
 over 18 inches in height, from which no shells have been taken. There is no 
 question then but this is one of those symmetrical works of the aborigines made In- 
 piling shell through a period of time to form some definite shape such as a great 
 ridge on Barbour s Island not far from Sapelo, or at Enterprise, Florida, or the great 
 oblong mound of shell lying in the swamp near Volusia, Florida, with no shell 
 surrounding it, a full description of which we have given in the American Naturalist. 1 
 
 1 "Certain Shell Heaps of the St. Johns River, Florida," January, 1893. 
 
72 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Fig. 43. Plau of "Indian fort," Sapelo Island. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA (X)AST. 7: J , 
 
 Excavations made within the enclosure gave varying results. At one point 
 yellow, undisturbed sand was reached about 1 foot beneath the surface. Another 
 excavation went through loam and midden refuse to a depth of 2.5 feet. Earthen 
 ware in fragments, shattered bones of the deer and a fragment of a temporal bone 
 from a human skull were met with. 
 
 In a description of this enclosure, appearing in a report of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, 1 reference is made to two circular enclosures in the vicinity. One is at 
 present indistinct and has by no means the height assigned to it. The other escaped 
 our attention. 
 
 Near the center of Sapelo Island is a mound of considerable size, the property 
 of a Mr. Keenan. or Kennon, with whom we were unable to come to terms. 
 
 The Island of Blackbeard, called after the famous pirate of that name, lies to 
 the northeast of Sapelo. We are indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Edward Giddings 
 for permission to make any investigation we saw fit upon the island. Unfortunately, 
 we were unable to locate any aboriginal works upon it though " Money Old Field," 
 a tract formerly under cultivation, seemed to offer a likely situation. This field has 
 been fairly riddled by seekers after mythical treasure, and it is owing to this foolish 
 idea of buried gold that scientific investigators meet with hindrance from the ignorant. 
 
 MOUNDS AT BAHAMA, McLvmsn COUNTY. 
 
 Bahama, 2 situate at the union of Harbour s Island river and South Newport river, 
 has a wide expanse of cultivated fields, many of which, by the presence of numerous 
 low shell heaps, give evidence of aboriginal occupation. A careful search upon two 
 occasions Avas accorded to this promising site with but meagre result. Two small 
 mounds,. each but little above the general level, were met with. These mounds 
 were not completely demolished, though the central parts were dug out. with con 
 siderable additional trenching. In each case no interments were discovered save 
 in a central pit. 
 
 In one mound the pit, filled to the surface with oyster shells, contained a con 
 fused mass of human remains, including three crania unaffected by fire With 
 these bones were fragments of calcined human remains and one piercing imple 
 ment of bone. 
 
 In the second mound, upon which only scattered oyster shells were visible, 
 was a pit about r>.5 feet deep, roughly circular and about 7 feet across at the top. 
 The sides of the pit, which converged, were coated with a layer of oyster shells, 
 about 6 inches thick. On the base was a deposit of remains similar in character to 
 those in the other mound, including six crania. A certain amount of hematite was 
 in association. 
 
 1 1872, page 422 et seq. "Mounds in Georgia," William McKinley. 
 
 The post-office at this point has, we believe, lately been given the name Lacey. 
 
74 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 MOUNDS AT LAUREL VIEW, LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 Laurel View is a high bluff on the south side of the Medway river. About 
 1 mile south of the bluff was a very symmetrical mound of white sand, 7 feet high 
 and 38 feet across the base. It was on the property of Mr. McClosky of Augusta, 
 Georgia. Prior to our visit a large trench had been dug completely through the 
 mound and a portion of one side had been dug away. The remainder of the mound 
 was totally demolished by us. A number of pockets of calcined human bones 
 
 Fig. 49. Diagram of mound near South-end Settlement. 
 
 about twenty some associated with pink sand, were met with, also several solitary 
 skulls very badly decayed. 
 
 A chert arrowhead lay loose in the sand and another was found unassociated 
 with a cranium. A piercing implement of bone, of the ordinary type, lay with 
 calcined remains. 
 
 About 100 yards northwest of the mound just described was a small one, intact 
 as to previous investigation but much reduced in height by the plow. Its altitude 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 75 
 
 was 22 inches; its diameter of base, 30 feet. It was totally demolished, being dug 
 through at a depth considerably lower than the level of the surrounding territory. 
 
 Human remains were met with at eight points, some at a depth of 3 feet. At 
 one point was a solitary skull unaffected by lire. Seven pockets of calcined bones 
 comprised the remainder of the human remains in the mound, with the exception 
 of one femur showing no trace of fire, which lay immediately beneath one of the 
 masses of calcined bones. 
 
 Several local streaks of bright sand colored with hematite were present in the 
 mound and scarlet sand was occasionally with human remains. 
 
 Five or six sheets of mica, with one of the pockets of burnt bones, were the 
 only artifacts present in the mound. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIBERTY COUNTY. MOUND NEAR SOUTH-END SETTLEMENT. 
 
 About three-quarters of one mile in a northerly direction from the South-end 
 Settlement, in a field long under cultivation in former times but fallow at the time 
 of our visit, was a rather symmetrical rounded mound 3 feet in height and 08 feet 
 across the base, the outline of which was almost exactly circular, though, as the 
 reader may see by consulting the diagram (Fig. 49), burials and artifacts were by no 
 means included beneath the slope of the mound but extended to the east and south 
 east in perfectly level ground. 
 
 There had been no previous investigation. 
 
 The mound was dug through, including considerable outlying territory. 
 Throughout the mound proper there ran, commencing at the beginning of what we 
 took to be the original slope (for the external lower portions of the rise seemed to 
 have been ploughed down from above), a dark band not on one level, as in many 
 mounds we have investigated, but extremely irregular, often continuing a consider 
 able distance into the pits which were numerous in certain portions of the mound. 
 In default of a better theory, we believe that these pits were dug and but partly 
 filled previous to the erection of the mound ; that the field continued to be a 
 dwelling site, and that the deposit of offal, debris, charcoal and the like, created a 
 black surface layer in the depressions as well as on the level ground. 
 
 The mound was composed of dark loamy sand resting upon undisturbed yellow 
 sand. Local layers of oyster shells were present, and the central portion of the 
 mound was made up of a deposit of oyster shells about 2 feet thick not midden 
 refuse but loose as though brought there at one time and deposited. This deposit 
 extended in some directions about 10 feet from the center, in others 20 feet, while 
 to the N. W. it continued, tapering off in thickness, to the very verge of the mound. 
 From the highest point of the mound to the level of the black base-line, was a per 
 pendicular distance of just 3 feet. 
 
 The following is a detailed description of burials to be used in connection with 
 the diagram. 
 
 Burial No. 1, 51 feet, E. S. E., from the center of the mound proper, beneath 
 perfectly level ground, lying at the bottom of a pit, 2.5 feet from the surface, were 
 fragments of a human skull badlv decayed. 
 
7(1 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Burial No. 2, 42 feet, S. E. by E., on undisturbed sand, at the bottom of a pit 
 of undetermined limits, 32 inches from the surface, was the skeleton of an adult, 
 much decayed, apparently flexed on the right side, heading S. E. With the bones 
 were : a pebble-hammer ; a lot of red paint made from red oxide of iron, as was 
 shown by chemical determination ; a flake of chert ; a small bit of a soapstone pot 
 and twenty-three quartz pebbles each about the size of a pea, lying closely together 
 the remains of a rattle. 
 
 Burial No. 3, Vessel A. To the S. W. of Burial No. 2, in contact with its 
 base, resting on undisturbed sand, 36 inches from the surface, entirely intact, was a 
 vessel of the ordinary type (see introductory remarks as to this type at the com- 
 7iiencement of this Report). Height, 15.5 inches; maximum diameter of body, 11.5 
 inches ; diameter of mouth, 13.5 inches. Within this vessel, which was unprotected 
 by an imposed vessel or by fragments, were a number of human bones of an adult. 
 probably representing an entire skeleton. Long bones together were upright against 
 the side, while the cranium lay face down with ribs and other bones beneath, as 
 shown sectionally in the frontispiece, in which, however, all the long bones are not 
 distinguishable, certain ones being in rear of others. The skull and long bones are 
 represented exactly as found, never, in fact, having been removed from the vessel, 
 but treated in place with numerous coats of shellac to impart durability. The 
 fragmentary smaller bones and the beads were removed with the sand and subse 
 quently replaced, but not exactly in their former position. Most of the beads lay 
 on top of the mass of bones at the base of the vessel. 
 
 Burial No. 4, Vessel B. To the north of, and in contact with, Vessel A, was an 
 imperforate one of similar type somewhat crushed. Within it were the bones of an 
 adult, not in anatomical order and very much decayed. The vessel was sent to the 
 Ontario Archaeological Museum. 
 
 Burial No. 5, Vessels Ca., b., 44 feet E. S. E., in a pit of uncertain limits, having 
 its base 3.5 feet from the surface and extending 22 inches into undisturbed sand, was 
 a vessel of the ordinary type, imperforate as to the base, having the rim badly 
 crushed. It contained the much decayed bones of an adult, probably male, not in 
 anatomical order, with 34 large shell beads. Capping this vessel, inverted, was an 
 imperforate bowl, undecorated save for an encircling row of knobs some distance 
 apart, about 1.5 inches below the rim. The material, gritty ware, was fairly good 
 in this case and had resisted pressure with the exception of a part of the rim and a 
 portion below it, which were recovered. Diameter of body, 16 inches; of mouth, 
 14.5 inches; height, 0.5 inches. Ca. and Cb. were sent to the Peabody Museum. 
 Cambridge, Mass., where they have been carefully put together. 
 
 Burial No. 6, 46 feet E. by S. was a pit 4.5 feet long, having its base 38 inches 
 from the surface. It extended IT inches into undisturbed sand and was filled with 
 oyster ,shells and black loaui apparently from a local superficial layer. On the base 
 was a skeleton, flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 7, Vessel D., 48 feet E. S. E., just beneath the surface, upright, with the 
 rim and upper portion broken by the plow, was a vessel of the ordinary type, having 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 77 
 
 a large intentional perforation of the base. The vessel was partly filled with oyster 
 shells, though none was present on the surface at that part of the mound. On the 
 base of the vessel was the skeleton of a child three or four years of age, flexed to 
 such an extent that the head was almost in contact with the legs. 
 
 X. 55 feet S. E., a layer of charcoal and sand, the upper margin 6 inches 
 below the surface, 4 inches thick at the start and 4 feet 2 inches across. It extended 
 inward 5 feet 3 inches, tapering off somewhat in thickness. 
 
 Burial No. 8, 38 feet E., in the bottom of a small pit, 20 inches from the 
 surface and extending into undisturbed sand, was the skeleton of an aged female, 
 flexed on the right side, head S. E. 
 
 Vessel E, 39 feet S. E. by E., 2.5 feet from the surface, was an imperforate 
 undecorated boat-shaped vessel, entirely intact. At either end was a small perfor 
 ation for suspension. This vessel apparently contained no remains of any sort, nor 
 did it seem to be in the vicinity of a burial. Maximum diameter of mouth and 
 length, each 7 inches ; maximum diameter of body, 9 inches ; minimum diameter 
 of mouth, 4.1 inches; minimum diameter of body, 5.3 inches; height, 4 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 9, 38 feet S. E., on undisturbed sand, on the side of a large pit of 
 undetermined limits, was a, skeleton of uncertain sex, much decayed, flexed on the 
 right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 10, 42 feet E. by S. This skeleton of a female, flexed on the right 
 side, head S., lay on undisturbed sand, 1.5 feet down. Oyster shells from the surface 
 lay with the loam around it. Beneath the chin was a shell pin of ordinary type. 
 
 Burial No. 11, 27 feet N. E. by E., on the bottom of a pit, 3 feet 9 inches from 
 the surface, 2 feet of which was into undisturbed sand, and having a diameter of 
 o.5 feet where it entered the undisturbed sand, was a badly decayed skeleton, 
 probably male, flexed on the right side, head S. E. 
 
 Burial No. 12, 37 feet E. S. E., 2 feet 8 inches down, just above the bottom of 
 the pit, were traces of bones in powder. Three bits of chert and several small 
 flakes of mica lay with them. 
 
 XX. 15 feet N., a pocket of charcoal in the sand, 15 inches across at the start 
 and 3 inches thick, tapering into the mound 9 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 13, 32 feet E. by S., a flexed skeleton of a female, on the right side, 
 head S., let into undisturbed sand, 2 feet from the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 14, 32 feet E. S. E., 1 foot 6 inches from the surface, were a few 
 crumbling fragments of bone, having with them two small polished chisels of stone ; 
 one graceful arrow point of chert and a nest of small pebbles formerly belonging to 
 a rattle. 
 
 Burial No. 15, 27 feet S. E. by E., 2.5 feet from the surface, on the bottom of 
 a pit let 8 inches into undisturbed sand, was the skeleton of a male, on the right 
 side, partly Hexed, the knees being at right angles to the body, head S. With the 
 remains were : a nest of small pebbles, several small fragments of a soapstone vessel 
 and three undecorated earthenware tobacco pipes of ordinary type, one against the 
 skull, the others loose in the sand, 13 inches and 15 inches, respectively, above the 
 
 10 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
78 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 bones. One was partly filled with carbonized tobacco. These two pipes may have 
 been contributions from bystanders during the filling of the grave. 
 
 Burial No. 16, 25 feet E. by S., a grave 5.5 feet long, extending 2 feet to 
 undisturbed sand. On the bottom, 3 feet 9 inches from the surface, was a skeleton 
 of a male, on the right side, head S. With it were : a small undecorated tobacco 
 pipe of earthenware ; a discoidal stone about 2 inches in diameter and 1 inch in 
 thickness and a small ball of resinous material. 
 
 Burial No. 17, 22 feet E. S. E., 28 inches down, lying on the line of undisturbed 
 sand, with no especial grave discernible but in generally disturbed material, was a 
 pile of human bones in disorder with long bones on top of, and along side, the skull. 
 
 Burial No. 18, 8 feet N. W. by N., 4 feet down, in a small pocket were the 
 greatly decayed remains of a very young infant, so crushed together that no deter 
 mination as to position Avas possible. Associated were a number of shell beads. 
 
 Burial No. 19, 19 feet E. by S. A grave extending 1 foot 10 inches into 
 undisturbed sand, the base 3 feet 7 inches from the surface, with a maximum 
 diameter of 6.5 feet. On the bottom was the skeleton of a female, flexed on the 
 right side, head S. On the trunk was hematite. Under the arm was a number of 
 beads roughly wrought from sections of columella?, each about 1 inch in length. 
 
 Burial No. 20, 16 feet E. by N., 4 feet 10 inches from the surface, on the 
 bottom of a grave 6 feet across where it entered undisturbed sand into which it 
 extended 2 feet 8 inches, was the skeleton of a child about 6 years of age, flexed 
 on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 21,7 feet N. N. W. A grave having its base 2 feet 3 inches from 
 the surface, the lower 1 foot extending into a layer of oyster shells. On the bottom 
 of the grave, which had a length of 22 inches, was the skeleton of an infant, badly 
 crushed, with the head S. W. Shell beads were in association. 
 
 Burial No. 22, 17 feet S. E., on the base of a grave, 2.5 feet from the surface 
 and extending about 1 foot 9 inches into undisturbed sand, was the skeleton of a 
 male, flexed on the left side, head S. With it were large shell beads and an 
 undecorated earthenware tobacco pipe of ordinary type lying near the skull. 
 
 Burial No. 23, Vessel Fa., b. Let into the yellow sand, with its base 3 feet 4 
 inches from the surface, was a burial jar (Fa.) of the usual type, imperforate, up 
 right and very badly crushed. Within it were bones, probably belonging to a 
 female, the long bones on end, side by side, near the skull, the other bones beneath. 
 This jar, about 18 inches high, had been capped by an inverted bowl (Fb.) of 
 black ware, with a decoration of small knobs, similar to the one previously referred 
 to. This bowl, also crushed, was sent with the other vessel to the Museum of 
 Natural History, New York. 
 
 Burial No. 24, 13 feet S. E., 3 feet from the surface, in a pit of undetermined 
 limits, was a skeleton of a female, flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 25, disturbed by the burial of No. 24, a little to the north of it on 
 the same level, was the skeleton of a child, interred with an imperforate shell 
 drinking cup, into which certain of the bones had been crushed. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 7!> 
 
 Burial No. 26, 12 feet N. K. Iy E., was the skeleton of an Infant, 1 foot 9 
 inches down, head S. K. The hones were too badly crushed for determination as 
 to position, etc. 
 
 Burial No. 27, 11 feet E. S. E., on the bottom of a pit having a diameter of 
 2.5 feet where it entered the clear yellow sand into which it extended 1 foot 2 
 inches, and 3 feet 10 inches from the surface, was the skeleton of a child about 
 three years of age, flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 28, 8 feet N. E., 4 feet 10 inches down, let 14 inches into undisturbed 
 sand, was an infant s skeleton somewhat disturbed, probably by the digger. 
 
 Burial No. 29, 8 feet E. by S. was another badly-decayed skeleton of an infant, 
 disturbed in excavation. It lay 5 feet 3 inches from the surface in a deep pit. 
 
 Burial No. 30, 12 feet W. N. W., in the superficial layer of oyster shells, some 
 what disturbed by the plow, was a deposit of calcined fragments of human bones, 
 the only evidence of the practice of cremation present in the mound. Scattered 
 throughout the deposit were numerous shell beads of different sizes, including 
 thirteen fine specimens some over 1.5 inches in length, probably wrought from 
 columellffl of the conch (Fulgur}. These beads were in a much better state of 
 preservation than others in the mound, which we attribute to their being among 
 oyster shells. Above the deposit was an inverted, imperforate drinking cup of shell 
 (Fulgur perversum] and on the outer edge a discoidal stone of about 2 inches 
 diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 31, 15 feet W. N. W., an infant s skeleton much decayed, 3 feet 
 3 inches from the surface in a small pit extending 1 foot 3 inches below the base of 
 the mound. 
 
 Burial No. 32, N. W. by N., 5 feet, lying on the undisturbed sand, 5 feet from 
 the surface, at one end of a large pit running 2(5 inches beneath the base, was the 
 skeleton of a male, flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 33, 5 feet E, in a pit, 5 feet from the surface, were the badly-decayed 
 remnants of the skeleton of a child. Lumps of charcoal lay near by. 
 
 Burial No. 34, 12 feet S. E., a skeleton of a female, flexed on right side, head 
 ing S. W., in a pit, 3.5 feet from the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 35, 18 feet W. N. W., a skeleton of an infant, just beneath the sur 
 face, disturbed by the plow. A shell pin was in association. 
 
 Burial No. 36, 41 feet S. S. E., on the bottom of a small pit, 32 inches from 
 the surface, were the remnants of a skeleton in the last stage of decay. Apparently 
 it was flexed on the right side, head S. W. 
 
 Burial No. 37, 38 feet S. S. E., a skeleton of a female, with trunk on the back, 
 knees flexed to the right, head S. E. 
 
 Burial No. 38, 11 feet W. N. W., a skeleton of a male, on bottom of a pit 
 extending into yellow sand, flexed on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 39, 16 feet W. by N., 3.5 feet down, in a small pit was the skeleton 
 of a female, flexed on the right side, head S. E. 
 
 Burial No. 40, 6 feet S. by E., in a pit, 4 feet 10 inches down, was the skeleton 
 
80 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 of a child, head S. W., too much decayed for exact determination as to position, but 
 a Hexed burial on the right side was indicated. At the neck were beads of shell. 
 
 Burial No. 41, 12 feet S. E. by S., 3.5 feet down, with the skull resting on the 
 mouth of an imperforate shell drinking cup, was the skeleton of a child from six to 
 seven years of age, flexed on the left side, the head S. E. Small shell beads were 
 at the neck and larger ones at the wrist. 
 
 Burial No. 42, 16 feet W., on the base, flexed on the right side, heading E., was 
 the skeleton of an infant about 2 years old. Shell beads were on the legs and neck, 
 a shell pin at the back of the head and a shell drinking cup nearby. 
 
 Burial No. 43, 18 feet S, 2 feet 8 inches down, in a large pit was the skeleton 
 of a female, flexed on the left side, head S. E. 
 
 Burial No. 44, 13 feet S. S. W., in a pit extending 1 foot 
 into undisturbed sand, 3.5 feet from the surface, was the skeleton 
 of a child about 5 years of age, flexed on the left side, head E. 
 In association were : shell beads ; two fragments of soapstone, 
 from a pot or pots, one wrought into a rude pendant, rouglily 
 incised and grooved (Fig. 50) ; lumps of hematite ; a rough 
 arrowpoint ; a bone piercing implement, badly decayed. 
 
 Burial No. 45, 16 feet S. W., in a pit, 4.5 feet from the sur 
 face, was the skeleton of a male, flexed on the left side, head S. 
 E. This pit was filled with a mixture of oyster shells and 
 surface loam. 
 
 Burial No. 46, in the same pit, southwest of, and in contact 
 with. No. 45, on the same plane, was a number of bones not in 
 Fig. so. Pendant of soap- anatomical order, probably belonging to a female. A femur lay 
 Sontli-end Settiement partly on the skull, while some of the long bones were out of 
 
 position and reversed. 
 
 Burial No. 47. In contact with No. 46 were a cranium, a femur and a 
 humerus, belonging to a male. 
 
 Burial No. 48, 22 feet S. by W., a skeleton badly decayed on the bottom of a 
 pit, 4.5 feet from the surface, heading E. As nearly as could be made out, the 
 skeleton was flexed on the left side. 
 
 Burial No. 49, 22 feet S. W., a skeleton of a female on the bottom of a large 
 pit, 3 feet 8 inches down, flexed on the right side, head S. E. Immediately above 
 the bones was a thin local layer of oyster shells. 
 
 Burial No. 50, 26 feet S. W., a skeleton of a female, flexed on the riiiht side, 
 
 * O 
 
 head S., on the bottom of a pit, 3 feet 3 inches from the surface. 
 
 A number of sherds, undecorated, cord-marked, and adorned with a complica 
 ted stamp, were met with throughout the mound. 
 
 Among the oyster shells was a piercing implement of bone. 
 
 Loose in the sand were several fragments of pebble-hammers and one rude 
 arrowhead of quartz. 
 
 In caved sand, probably from a skeleton, were three small polished stone chisels. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 81 
 
 In the mound near the South-end Settlement we note the absence of a great 
 central pit and the presence of cremation at but one point; also that the great 
 majority of burials were flexed on the right side and headed in a southerly direction, 
 quite in keeping with the usual custom. All urn-burials of uncremated remains, 
 with but one exception, were of adults, coinciding with the custom as practised on 
 Sapelo Island. On the other hand, the reader will recall tbat infants alone were 
 thus buried at Creighton Island, and will see further on the urn-burial of infants 
 at Ossabaw Island. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIBERTY COUNTY. MOUND NEAR MIDDLE SETTLEMENT. 
 
 In a large field formerly under cultivation, but at present covered with scrub 
 and timber of small size, about one-half mile in a southwesterly direction from the 
 Middle Settlement, is a mound which has been ploughed over in former times and 
 has been dug into to a considerable extent. Its height is 5 feet ; the diameter of its 
 base, 54 feet. It was trenched in various directions, and portions of the center 
 were dug out without result. It was composed of yellowish-brown sand, unstratified, 
 and may have been used for domiciliary purposes. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIBERTY COUNTY. MOUND IN KING S NEW GROUND FIELD- 
 
 This mound, or what remained of it after years of cultivation, lay in a field 
 within sight of the ocean, about one mile and three-quarters in a southeasterly 
 direction from the main lauding at St. Catherine s Island. Numerous low shell 
 deposits were in the vicinity, though on the surface of the mound were scattered 
 oyster shells only. 
 
 The mound had a height of 22 inches above the general level, which altitude 
 agreed with observations taken at the completion of a cross-section. 
 
 Beginning far out in the level ground, trenches were run in, in all directions, 
 until evidence of disturbance in the sand was met with. The usual great outlying 
 pits, filled with rich, black loam, were present, but containing no burials, so far as 
 our excavations went. 
 
 Through a point taken as the center of the mound proper, a straight line was 
 drawn extending -51 feet to the northwest and 45 feet to the southeast. Connecting 
 these two terminal points an irregular semi-circumference was taken, having a maxi 
 mum distance from the center of 57 feet, as shown in diagram (Fig. 51), which 
 included, it is believed, all the outlying pits and burials belonging to the southern 
 and western half of the mound. This portion was carefully dug through to a 
 depth at times of over G feet. The eastern and northern parts of the mound were 
 not investigated. Throughout portions of the mound ran a black band from f> 
 inches to 1 foot in thickness, whose upper surface, as a rule, agreed with the general 
 level of the field. But this band w r as sometimes absent over undisturbed sand, 
 while, on the other hand, it often seemed thicker and darker over pits and graves. 
 We have no solution to oft er for this. 
 
82 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Though the usual great central pit was represented in this mound by a very 
 moderate deposit of bones, yet in no other mound have we found so many grave-pits 
 of such size as in this one. 
 
 Beginning 40 feet W. S. W., from the center, was a pit extending in 15 feet 
 and having a breadth of 25 feet 1 and a maximum depth of about 6 feet. In this 
 grave-pit were Burials Nos. 1, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15 and 22. The black band of which 
 we have spoken was distinctly present above this entire pit at a depth of about 2 
 feet below the surface of the mound, while at either side at the same level, over 
 undisturbed sand, it was entirely wanting for some distance. 
 
 There were present a few local layers of oyster shells and one mainly of fresh 
 water mussel shells (X), 13 inches by 20 inches by 10 inches thick. Its upper 
 margin was 9 inches below the surface. 
 
 9- "*** 
 
 ~* .^ 
 
 ea. 
 
 
 * 
 
 Fig. 51. Diagram of one-half of mound in King s New Ground Field. 
 
 Sherds found by us were coarse and either undecorated or cord-marked. The 
 complicated stamp was absent. 
 
 We give detailed descriptions of burials in connection with the diagram, 
 omitting, as a rule, the size of pits : 
 
 Burial No. 1, 33 feet S. W. from the center, 2.5 feet down, skeleton of female, 
 head E. S. E., at full length on back, 5 feet 10 inches as it lay with feet partly 
 extended. 2 Right humerus parallel to body, with forearm up and across chest. 
 Left humerus along trunk, with left forearm Hexed upward with hand to shoulder. 
 Right ankle crossing left. 
 
 1 These and kindred measurements are, of course, approximate. 
 
 2 These measurements of skeletons at length do not indicate individuals of unusual size. The 
 bones were not so closely in contact as in life, the shifting of the sand causing more or less separation. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 83 
 
 Burial No. 2, 30 feet S. W. by S., "2 feet 8 inches down, skeleton of female at 
 full length on back, head S. E., face to the right, 5 feet 4 inches as it lay with feet 
 partly extended. Right arm and forearm parallel to body. Left upper arm along 
 body with forearm crossing to pelvis. A few long bones lay loose in the sand about 
 1 foot above this burial. 
 
 Burial No. 3, 42 feet W., 2 feet 9 inches down, skeleton of aged male, head S., 
 in semi-reclining position on left side. Incisor stumps only remaining in lower jaw. 
 Alveolar process of other teeth absorbed. This especially marked in upper jaw. 
 Signs of inflammatory disease in tibia, fibula and clavicle. 
 
 Burial No. 4, 25 feet S. by W., 2 feet down, head W. S. W., trunk on back, 
 legs drawn up, knees somewhat to the left. A few bits of earthenware, perhaps 
 by accident, lay with the 1 tones. 
 
 Burial No. 5, 25 feet S. by E., 4 feet 4 inches to the bottom of a pit filled with 
 black loam and oyster shells, extending 2 feet G inches into undisturbed yellow sand. 
 Over this pit the black band continued, though dipping somewhat. Three feet 8 
 inches down in this grave was a bunched burial, probably of a male. Long bones 
 were on either side of the skull, while two clavicles, together, lay somewhat apart 
 from it. Certain bones were missing. The spinal column and ribs wen- in order, 
 indicating partial union by ligaments. One ulna and one clavicle sent to Army 
 Medical Museum, Washington, D. C., had false joints, results of former fractures. 
 
 Burial No. G, 27 feet S. S. W., 3 feet 10 inches down, skeleton of a child 
 between 8 and 10 years old, at length on face, chin toward left shoulder, 4 feet 4 
 inches as it lay, with feet extended, head E. by S. Both upper arms parallel to 
 body ; right forearm crossing under pelvis ; left forearm not found, probably thrown 
 back by digger. 
 
 Burial No. 7, 39 feet W. S. W., 4 feet 2 inches down, skeleton of female at 
 full length on back, head S. E. by S., 5 feet 8 inches from head to heel as it lay. 
 Upper extremities parallel to body. 
 
 Burial No. 8, 33 feet S. W. by W., 3 feet 10 inches down, skeleton of male at 
 full length, i ace down, head E., 5 feet 6 inches from head to foot. Right and left 
 arms parallel to body, forearms passing under pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 9, 25 feet S. S. E., 4 feet 8 inches down, skeleton of male at full 
 length on back, 5 feet 10 inches long with feet extended, head E. by N.. chin to left 
 shoulder. Right upper extremity along side of body. Left upper arm along thorax 
 with forearm crossing to pelvis. 
 
 Loose in the sand, about G inches above No. 9, was the femur of an adult. 
 
 Burial No. 10, 28 feet S. E. by S., G.5 feet down, on the bottom of a pit, 7 feet 
 by 10 feet and extending 2 feet 10 inches into undisturbed sand, was a skeleton of 
 a male at full length on the back, measuring G feet G inches as it lay, with feet 
 extended, head E. N. E., chin turned toward left shoulder. Arms parallel to body. 
 Sand colored with hematite lay near the skull. The black basal band lay above 
 this pit. 
 
 Burial No. 11, at the same level, but a little farther in than skeleton No. G, 
 
84 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 was a female skeleton on the left side, with the thighs partially, and the legs com 
 pletely, flexed. The right upper extremity was parallel to the body, the left was 
 down and under. The skeleton measured 3 feet 10 inches as it lay. 
 
 Burial No. 12, 38 feet W. by S., 5 feet down, a number of human bones not in 
 anatomical order. 
 
 Burial No. 13, just below No. 12, on the bottom of the great pit, lying on 
 undisturbed sand, was an ordinary flexed burial of uncertain sex, on the left side, 
 head N. W., 5 feet 9 inches down. 
 
 Burial No. 14, 36 feet W., 2 feet 4 inches down, on the bottom of a well-defined 
 pit apparently dug from the surface and filled with black loam and oyster shells, 
 though oyster shells on the surface at the time of opening the mound were few and 
 scattering, was a flexed burial of a male on the right side, head S. S. "W". 
 
 Burial No. 15, 29 feet W. S. W., 4 feet 5 inches down, the skeleton of a child, 
 about 10 or 11 years old, measuring 4 feet 1 inch as it lay, on the right side, the 
 thighs somewhat drawn up, the knees bent, head E. S. E. Right upper extremity 
 along body, the left crossing to pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 10, 23 feet S. W. by S., 2 feet 9 inches down, measuring 5 feet 3 
 inches as it lay, with feet partly extended, was the skeleton of a woman on the 
 right side with thighs bent slightly forward, legs down from thighs. Right upper 
 arm a little out from body, with forearm returning to trunk. Left upper arm 
 parallel to body, with forearm crossing the pelvis. Head E. by S. 
 
 Burial No. 17, 24 feet S. S. W., 5 feet down, skeleton of a child about 5 years 
 old, full length on back, chin toward left shoulder, measuring 3 feet 4 inches as it lay, 
 with feet somewhat extended. Right upper arm along chest, forearm removed by 
 digger. Left humerus along chest, forearm crossing to pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 18, 2-5 feet S. E. by S., 4 feet down, skeleton of female on right 
 side, partly flexed, head N. E. by N. Right upper arm out a little with fore-, 
 arm returning toward pelvis. Left upper arm parallel to body, with forearm 
 crossing to pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 19, 20 feet S. S. E., 3 feet 10 inches down, female flexed on right 
 side, head N. E. 
 
 Burial No. 20, 18 feet S. by E., 4 feet down, skeleton of female, full length, 
 face down, measuring 5 feet 3 inches from head to heel, head E. N. E. Right arm 
 akimbo. Left arm parallel to body. Left heel resting on right ankle. 
 
 Burial No. 21. 23 feet S. W. by S., 3 feet 8 inches down, were two burials on 
 the same plane, diverging from the knees with the heads 2 feet apart. One, a male, 
 lay at full length on face, and measured feet 3 inches as it lay with feet extended, 
 head S. E. Upper extremities parallel to body. The other, a female, head E. S. E., 
 at full length on back, measured 5 feet 11 inches, with outstretched feet. 
 
 Burial No. 22, 28 feet W. S. W., 4 feet 9 inches down, skeleton probably female, 
 full length on back, 5.0 feet long with feet extended, head E. by S. Right upper 
 arm along body with forearm crossing pelvis. Left upper extremity parallel to 
 trunk. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 85 
 
 Burial No. 23, 30 feet N. W. by W., 4 feet 9 indies down, skeleton ol male, 
 at full length on back, head S. K., 5 feet 4 inches from head to heel. Upper 
 extremities parallel to body. 
 
 Burial No. 24, 23 feet N. W., 3 feet , inches down, skeleton of female, partially 
 Hexed on the right side, with head N. K. by K. ; thighs at right angle to body, legs 
 Hexed sharply back on them. 
 
 Burial No. 25, 19 feet S. E. by S., 5 feet down, skeleton of female, at full length 
 on back, 5 feet 10 inches long with feet outstretched, head E. by S. Upper 
 extremities parallel to body. 
 
 Burial No. 26, 17 feet S. W. by S., 2 feet down, beneath the outer margin of 
 a local shell layer, was a skull witli the inferior maxilary wanting and a portion 
 of one rib. The local shell layer was 7 inches thick, and extended inward a 
 number of feet. 
 
 Burial No. 27, 24 feet W. S. W., 3 feet 4 inches down, skeleton of male- 
 Hexed on the right side, measuring 2 feet 10 inches as it lay, the head pushed up at 
 right angle to the body by lack of space in a pit. Head N. W. On the glabella 
 was the mark of a severe blow. 
 
 Burial No. 28, 13 feet S. E. by S.. skeleton ol uncertain sex, 2.5 feet down, in 
 a sort of sitting position, facing S. W. 
 
 Burial No. 29, 15 feet S. by E., 4 feet down, skeleton of female, at full length 
 on back, head S., arms parallel with body, measuring 6 feet as it lay, the feet fully 
 extended. 
 
 Burial No. 30, 20 feet W., 4 feet down, skeleton of female, at full length on 
 face, 5 feet 2 inches from head to heel ; head S. by W. Right upper extremity 
 parallel to body. Left humerus parallel, forearm crossing to pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 31, 19 feet W. by N., 1 foot G inches down, flexed skeleton of female, 
 in crouching position, head N., face looking upward. 
 
 Burial No. 32, 11 feet S. S. K., skeleton of female, at full length, face down, 
 head N. N. E. Legs and feet cut off by digger. Right upper extremity along body. 
 Left humerus a little out with forearm crossing under pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 33, 3 feet below No. 32. Skeleton of female, full length on back, 
 head N. E. by E., 6 feet G inches as it lay. Arms parallel to body. 
 
 Burial No. 34, 15 feet S. E. by S. Skeleton of female, at full length on back 
 head E. S. E., measuring G feet 2 inches, slanting into a pit with the head 1 foot 9 
 inches below the feet. 
 
 Burial No. 35, 19 feet W. Skeleton of male, in crouching position, head S., 
 1 foot 9 inches down. 
 
 Burial No. 36, 18 feet W. N. W., 1 foot G inches down, skeleton of adolescent, 
 much Hexed on right side, head E. On the skull were eight parallel rows of small 
 shell beads, in close contact. Under the chin were small perforated marine shells 
 (Olivella}. The epiphyses of this skeleton were unattached. Both humeri showed 
 considerable perforation . 
 
 Burial No. 37, 8 feet S. E. by S., skeleton of very young child, at full length, 
 
 11 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
80 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 head S. E.. too badly crushed for farther determination. With it was the base of a 
 cord-marked vessel of clay. 
 
 Burial No. 88, G feet W. by N.. at the start just beneath the surface and 
 slanting down to a depth of 1 foot 5 inches, was a confused mass of human bones 
 about 7 inches thick, 4 feet wide and tapering inward a distance of 2 feet 9 inches. 
 At one extremity of this deposit were a few fragments of calcined human bones, so 
 near the surface that probably the major portion had been scattered by cultivation. 
 With this deposit were : hematite ; a few shell beads ; two small, imperforate clay 
 bowls, the smaller inverted within the larger ; and a marine shell (Pecten nodosus] 
 in two fragments. 
 
 In this mound, so far as investigated, though burials at length predominated, 
 we note a considerable diversity of forms, a contrast to a neighboring mound in the 
 Greenseed Field. 
 
 The paucity of artifacts is notable. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIHEKTY COUNTY. MOUND IN THE GREENSEED FIELD. 
 
 This mound, in a field long under cultivation, about 1.5 miles in a southerly 
 direction from the main landing, was but little, if any, above the general level. A 
 few scattered oyster shells were lying upon the surface. In order to include any 
 possible pit or outlying burial, a circle with a diameter of 84 feet was dug through 
 which included considerably more than that part of the territory devoted to inter 
 ments, the most remote of which proving to be 31 feet from the center. Evidence 
 of human handiwork was apparent at a considerably greater distance. As in the 
 case of certain other mounds, a black band, apparently a basal line, was present at 
 places, occasionally cut through by pits, and again following the line of excavation 
 down almost to the upper margin of the bones. 
 
 In this mound, which extended some distance below the surface, were no grave- 
 pits let into undisturbed sand and, with two or three exceptions, separate graves in 
 the body of the mound were not determinable. 
 
 The mound was composed of yellowish-brown sand with practically no shell 
 except in a central pit. roughly bowl-shaped, having a maximum diameter of about 
 9 feet. This shell deposit, beginning less than one foot below the surface, with a 
 thickness of about 18 inches, attained a depth of nearly two feet in the center of 
 the pit, measured from its upper surface to the surface of the mound. The thick 
 ness of the deposit at this point was about 2.5 feet. Beneath this mass of shell was 
 Burial No. 28, which, with other interments, is shown on the diagram (Fig. 52). 
 
 The usual outlying pits, in this case two in number, were present in this 
 mound. Both were filled with black loam and scattering oyster shells. One began 
 42 feet from the center, was 21 feet across and extended inward 18 feet. Its max 
 imum depth was 3 feet 7 inches. The second pit began 47 feet out, was 23 feet 
 across and extended inward 15 feet. Its average depth coincided with that of the 
 other. As usual, no burials were present in them. 
 
 In the sand of the mound were two arrow heads and a number of rude sherds. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. S7 
 
 ...M- 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 ,50 
 
 f3l 
 
 
 *ff * \ 
 
 20\, 
 SZx<(*? 1 i ^5 
 
 / 
 
 Scaft in 
 
 I 1 1 * 5 
 
 
 Fig. , r >2. Diagram of mound iu Ureenseed Field. 
 
88 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Two, from one vessel, however, were of good quality. No example of the com 
 plicated stamp was met with. 
 
 Human remains were encountered at 31 points. Of these, 25 were skeletons 
 from which comparatively full data were obtained. The hones of four infants, badly 
 crushed, were present in addition, and two layers of hones, some calcined, others 
 unaffected by fire. 
 
 Of the 25 skeletons : 7 were of males ; 5 were of females ; 8 were uncertain ; 
 2 were of adolescents ; 2 were of children ; while the skeleton of one adult was 
 not determined owing to decay. 
 
 Twenty-three lay full length, face down, while two lay at full length on the 
 back. The faces of the prone skeletons occasionally were turned to the side. As 
 a rule the upper extremities were parallel to the body. 
 
 There seems to be no uniformity of direction in which the skeletons lay. The 
 upper portion of one skeleton was missing through aboriginal disturbance. The 
 other 24 headed as follows : E., 2 ; E. by N., 1 ; E. N. E., 2 ; N. E. by E., 1 ; 
 N. E., 2 ; N. E. by N., 2 ; N. N. E.. 1 ; N., 3 ; N. by W., 3 ; W., 1 ; W. S. W., 1 ; 
 S. by W., 1 ; S. s" E., 1 ; S. E., 1 ; E. S. E., 1 ; E. by S., 1. 
 
 Burial No. 11, 15 feet N. E. by E., 3 feet 3 inches down, was a layer of calcined 
 fragments of human bones, 23 inches across at the start and 6 inches thick. Plight 
 inches in it had tapered to a width of Hi inches, though keeping the same thick 
 ness. It converged and disappeared 15 inches from the start. Uncremated bones 
 were mingled throughout. 
 
 Burial No. 28. On the undisturbed yellow sand beneath the central shell 
 deposit was a layer of bones of numerous individuals, inextricably mixed, having a 
 thickness of about 8 inches. It extended in 4 feet 9 inches, and was about 28 inches 
 across. At the western extremity were a few fragments of calcined bones and 
 numbers of tubular shell beads, the largest 2 inches in length. In addition, were a 
 piercing implement of bone, and several considerable portions of lower jaws of large 
 carnivores, having their lower parts, including much of the roots of the teeth, 
 ground away, thus widening and squaring the bases, as we have already described 
 in this Report, and shall have occasion to refer to again in relation to specimens 
 from a mound on Ossabaw Island. Professor Putnam informs us that jaws similarly 
 treated human and of lower animals from the mounds of Ohio are in the Peabody 
 Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 1 
 
 It has been suggested that this method of treatment originated in a desire to 
 loosen the teeth to facilitate extraction, but this seems hardly likely, for, as a rule, 
 teeth treated this way are present in the jaws when found, and we have never seen 
 single teeth pierced for suspension, whose bases showed evidence of grinding. Jaws 
 treated in this way have been considered by some to have been used as ornaments. 
 
 There is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences a rough wooden 
 effigy or mask, from Alaska, representing the head of a dog or of a wolf. Set in 
 this mask are jaws imitated in bone, squared off at the base somewhat like the 
 See also " Primitive Man in Ohio," Moorehead, page 227, ei seq. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 89 
 
 jaws from the mounds, and, as the wide-spread prevalence of aboriginal customs is 
 well known, we think it not unlikely that the jaws from the mounds, in former 
 times, saw r service in masks of wood, which have disappeared through decay. 
 Professor Cushing lately found in Florida numbers of wooden masks with other 
 aboriginal articles of wood preserved beneath mud, and it is our opinion that the 
 aborigines of the sand mounds inhumed numbers of articles of wood which have 
 not lasted until the present time. In fact, our own researches in Florida mounds 
 have brought to light wood preserved by contact with copper. 
 
 A few beads, hematite and fragments of uninteresting vessels, represented all 
 additional articles met with in the mound 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIHEKTV COUNTY. MOUND NKAK THE LHJHT-HOUSE. 
 
 In the border of the woods, in view of the sea, about one-half mile in a south 
 easterly direction from the landing, near the site of the projected light-house, was a 
 fairly symmetrical mound entirely of sand, having a height of 8 feet, a diameter 
 at base of 50 feet. 
 
 Much of the mound was dug through. At places were bits of decayed human 
 bones near the surface, and. near the center, just below the surface, a pocket of cal 
 cined fragments of human bones belonging to at least two adults and one adolescent. 
 
 About 6 feet from the center, in a grave beneath the base, was a badly-decayed 
 skeleton on its back with knees Hexed against the thighs. Near it lay another. 
 
 One arrowhead of chert lay loose in the sand. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE S ISLAND, LIBERTY COUNTY. Low MOUNDS AT THE NORTH-END. 
 
 In pine woods, about 1 mile i-n an easterly direction from the main landing are 
 two mounds about 50 yards apart, the larger having a diameter of 42 feet, a height 
 of 3 feet ; the smaller, a diameter of 80 feet, a height of 14 inches. There had 
 been no previous examination. Each of these mounds was excavated as to the 
 central portions and was thoroughly trenched. A few fragments of a decaying 
 human cranium were met with in the smaller mound, while the investigation of the 
 larger was without result. 
 
 In the vicinity of these mounds was a somewhat larger one which, being a 
 valued land mark, we did not touch. 
 
 Careful attention was paid to numerous low shell-heaps studding the island of 
 St. Catherine s. In some, results were negative, while from others came sherds 
 incised and with the complicated stamped decoration in use in the best class of the 
 burial mounds of the coast. 
 
 OSSAHAW ISLAND. BRYAN COUNTY. MIDDLE SETTLEMENT. MOUND A. 
 
 About half way from either extremity of the western side of Ossabaw Island, 
 on a small creek about five miles from the main channel, are a few cabins tenanted 
 exclusively by colored people, and known as the Middle Settlement. 
 
.Ml CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Near this settlement are a number of aboriginal mounds on property controlled 
 by Mr. C. II. Harper of Rome, Georgia. 
 
 In a Held long under cultivation, at the southern outskirt of the settlement, 
 was a low mound, probably much reduced in height by the plow, which, in addition, 
 had been impaired for complete archaeological investigation by the hauling away of 
 a considerable quantity of oyster shells from the central portion. The depression 
 thus made was clearly apparent, and nowhere extended through the layer of oyster 
 shells with which all but the marginal portion of the mound was covered. How 
 ever, as no artifacts or burials were found by us entirely in the shell layer, and as 
 the marginal portion of the mound seemed to be intact, it would appeal 1 that no 
 material injury had been done. Nevertheless, the colored man who had super 
 intended the removal of the shell previous to our work, referred to skeletons and 
 earthenware- pots containing bones, found by him, so the result of our investigation 
 must not be regarded as complete. 
 
 The mound was dug through at a depth much below the general level, during 
 the latter part of November, 189G. 
 
 The mound, with a height of 18 inches and a diameter of base of about 45 
 feet, was composed of a rich loamy sand of a dark brown color, extending much 
 below the level of the surrounding territory to undisturbed bright yellow sand. 
 There was no mistaking the artificial portion of the mound. The thickness of the 
 highest remaining part was 28 inches, or 18 inches above the general level and 
 10 inches below it. The deposit of oyster shells, to which reference has been 
 made, was of irregular thickness, averaging, perhaps, 1 G inches. Throughout this 
 interesting mound were great numbers of sherds and many vessels of earthenware 
 of poor material clay mixed with coarse sand gritty ware, as it is called. Owing 
 to the inferiority of the material comparatively few were recovered in good condition 
 though nearly all had been interred apparently intact save perforation of the 
 base in some cases -and not broken or with essential portions missing, as they 
 were often buried by the thrifty Florida Indians. The ordinary form of mortuary 
 ware encountered in this mound had the- rounded base and almost cylindrical 
 body contracted slightly at the neck beneath a flaring rim, often with a beaded 
 margin, to which we have often referred as the ordinary type. 
 
 Besides numerous sherds there were found in the mound, loose in the sand, two 
 large beads of shell, one pebble-hammer and a mass of stone about two-thirds the 
 size of a clenched fist, probably a portion of a hammer-stone. 
 
 We proceed to a detailed description in conjunction with the diagram (Fig. 53). 
 
 Burial No. 1, 24 feet S. of a point supposed to occupy a central position on the 
 surface of the mound, 1 foot from the surface, was the skeleton of a child about 
 5 years of age, head E. 
 
 Burial No. 2, 22 feet S. by E., skeleton of a female, head S., cranial sutures open, 
 well defined Inca bone. Cranium preserved in good condition (A. N. 8. Cat. No. 
 2,104). Body on back with lower extremities flexed to the right. A small layer of 
 charcoal, with minute fragments of calcined bones intermingled, lay over the lower 
 portion of the trunk. This skeleton was 1 foot 10 inches from the surface. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. .)! 
 
 Q< 
 
 
 O 
 
 ar 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 Q, 
 
 
 Scale in feet 
 i Z 3 * S 
 
 \ 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 c 
 
 mm <* 
 
 sis 
 
 a 
 
 Fig. o3. Diagram of Mound A. 
 
92 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Burial No. 3, Vessel A, 21 feet S., 1 foot from the surface to its upper margin, 
 upright, as were all the mortuary vessels in this mound, was a bowl of about four 
 gallons capacity, crushed into fragments. The vessel, imperforate, was filled with 
 sand. On its base was the skeleton, or parts of the skeleton, of a child about six years 
 of age, unaffected by fire, which apparently had been doubled and thrust in. The 
 pelvis and bones of one leg were not discovered. 
 
 Vessel B, 19 feet S. Just below the surface was a vessel of the ordinary type, 
 having an intentionally-made perforation in the base. No covering protected the 
 vessel and no bones or remnants of bone were discovered, though beyond question, 
 in our opinion, the skeletal remains of a small infant had disappeared through 
 decay. 
 
 Vessel C, 18 feet W. of S. 1 About 1 foot from the surface was a layer about 2 
 feet long, composed of scattered fragments of large vessels. 
 
 Vessel D, 23 feet S. E., 19 inches down (all measurements of depth in our 
 account of this mound are given to the upper margin of objects), was a vessel of the 
 ordinary type though with unusually distinct decoration. Its base had been inten 
 tionally perforated. Portions crushed from the rim have been, with one small excep 
 tion, recovered and fastened in place. No skeletal remains were found in the sand 
 with which this vessel was filled, and doubtless here again the work of decay had been 
 complete. Approximate measurements: height, 17 inches; diameter of mouth, 
 14 inches; maximum diameter of body, 12 inches (Plate IX). 
 
 Vessel E, 20 feet S., 20 inches from the surface. This vessel is not farther 
 referred to in our notes and was probably in a very fragmentary condition. 
 
 Burial No. 4, Vessel F, 24 feet S. E., vessel of the ordinary type, 12 inches 
 from the surface, containing on the bottom, which was perforated, the bones of a 
 child, in no apparent order and greatly decayed. This vessel was badly broken. 
 Nearby in the sand was a small chisel of polished volcanic rock Dolerite or Diorite. 
 
 Burial No. 5, just north of Vessel D, loose in the sand, were a patella and a 
 fibula of an adult. 
 
 Vessel G, 22 feet S. E. A globular vessel of about 1 gallon capacity, having 
 the bottom knocked out. Incised decoration surrounds the upper portion. Parts 
 of the rim are missing. 
 
 Burial No. 6, Vessel H, 23 feet E. S. E. A large vessel 1C inches down, 
 crushed into small fragments. With it were a few bits of calcined human remains. 
 
 Vessel I, 22 feet S. E. Two feet from the surface was a globular vessel with 
 rlaring rim and incised decoration (Plate XIII, Fig. 2). An attempt to knock out 
 the base had involved a part of the side and of the rim. Many portions were missing. 
 Approximate measurements: diameter at mouth, 5.5 inches ; maximum diameter, 
 7 inches; height, 6.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel J, 22 feet E. by S., a globular, undecorated, imperforate vessel, 2 feet 
 down. Rim broken off and missing. Maximum diameter, 5 inches. 
 
 1 West of south and corresponding terms, though not points of the compass, are used by us to 
 allow a somewhat wide latitude in indicating position on the diagram. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 93 
 
 Burial No. Gi, Vessel K, 21 feet K. by S., 2 feet 5 inches down, a vessel 
 crushed to small fragments, among which lay bits of calcined human bones. 
 
 Vessel L, 21 feet S. E., 2 feet down, just below a local layer of oyster shells, 
 was an imperforate, undecorated dish, with a maximum diameter of 4.5 inches, a 
 height of 2.1 inches. This little vessel, a flattened cone in shape, was entirely 
 unassociated. 
 
 Vessel M, 22 feet S. by E., a large undecorated vessel in small fragments. 
 
 Burial No. 7, Vessel N, 18 feet S. by E., a somewhat broken vessel of the usual 
 type, with perforated base, containing the bones of an infant, unaffected by fire, 
 apparently in anatomical order. Just above the skull (the bones lay at the bottom 
 of the vessel) was a large fragment of earthenware not sufficient in si/.e, however. 
 to prevent the entrance of sand. This vessel was sent to the .Museum of tin- 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 XX, 21 feet S. E., a layer of oyster shells calcined to a white powder. > feet 
 by 7 feet and 4 to 5 inches thick. At one point were bits of charcoal. The outer 
 margin of this layer was 20 inches from the surface. A gradual slope carried its 
 terminal margin to a level 1 foot higher. 
 
 Burial No. 8, 23 feet S. of E., skeleton of a young person, Hexed on the right 
 side, head S. 
 
 Vessel (), 20 feet E., a vessel of the ordinary type, extremely rotten and 
 fragmentary. 
 
 Vessel P, 21 feet S. of E., an imperforate vessel of the common type, but of 
 rather better and thicker material than usual, though crushed to fragments. This 
 vessel, which had doubtless held an infant s skeleton (though no remnants were 
 apparent) was capped by a number of large fragments which had formed parts of 
 an undecorated bowl. These, with the fragments of Vessel P. were sent to the 
 Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., where they have been carefully put together. 
 
 Burial No. 9, Vessel (I 29 feet N. E. by E., 1 foot 4 inches from the surface, 
 a vessel of the usual type, imperforate, containing decaying remnants of an infant s 
 skull. The body of the vessel was crushed to small fragments. 
 
 Burial No. 10, Vessel Ra, 29 feet N. E. by E.. a vessel of the usual type. 
 18 inches from the surface, 17 inches of which was the unbroken layer of oyster 
 shells. It ran 14 inches into the undisturbed yellow sand (the reader will recall 
 that the depth given is taken from the upper margin), where an excavation had 
 been made to receive it. Its base contained a small, neatly cut perforation large 
 enough to admit the first joint of the little finger. In the sand at the bottom there 
 remained one deciduous tooth. 
 
 Above Ra, inverted, was a bowl of black ware (Rb) somewhat broken, the 
 upper part having incised decoration ; the lower, intricate stamped decoration (Plate 
 X). Approximate measurements: diameter, 12.75 inches; diameter of opening, 
 12 inches; height, 5.75 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 11, Vessel Sa, 19 feet E., a vessel of the usual type, badly crushed 
 and broken. At the bottom were fragments of human bone so decayed as to 
 
 12 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
1)4 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 resemble sawdust. Two bits, larger tliim the rest, belonged to a child of tender 
 years. No fire had been used in connection with these remains, and the reader 
 will bear in mind that when cremation had been employed, the fact will be distinctly 
 stated. This vessel, lacking certain portions, was sent to the Davenport Academy 
 of Natural Science, Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Sa was capped by a bowl of black ware (Sb) undecorated, save for an encircling 
 row of projections somewhat below the margin (Plate XI). It was practically 
 intact. Approximate measurements : maximum diameter, 13.75 inches; diameter 
 of aperture. 12.7") inches; height. G.25 inches. From the upturned base of this 
 bowl to the surface of the mound was a distance of 2 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 12. Vessel T. 28 feet N. K., 1 foot 5 inches from surface, a vessel 
 of the usual type, almost intact. In the sand at the bottom were minute fragments 
 of bone with two deciduous teeth and the cap of another. A small hole had been 
 knocked through the base. Approximate measurements: height, 18.5 inches; 
 maximum diameter of body, 13.5 inches; diameter at aperture, 1C inches. 
 
 Burial No. 13, beginning 14 feet E.,just below the surface was a layer of 
 calcined human remains, at first 22 inches wide, gradually increasing to 5 feet. 
 Its thickness, 2 inches at first, was 6 inches at its terminal limit. It extended in 
 toward the center of the mound, a distance of 4.5 feet, where it was 2 feet below 
 the surface. With the fragmentary bones were found two shell pins and one small 
 bead of shell. 
 
 Vessel I . 12 feet K.. portions of a vessel of black ware, 3 feet from the surface. 
 Its only decoration was a row of knobs around and below the margin. 
 
 Vessel Va, 13 feet K.. a vessel of the common type, was intact save for two 
 .small pieces missing from the rim. In the base was a small perforation, above which 
 was the bottom of a pot tightly fitted in. Upper portions of this pot, which was 
 incomplete, lay within it. Va was capped by large sherds seemingly belonging to 
 one vessel, perhaps placed there in a less fragmentary condition and subsequently 
 crushed by weight of sand. No human remains were found in Va, though there 
 can be but little doubt as to their former presence. 
 
 Burial No. 14, in a grave, 3 feet from the surface. 3.5 feet in length, dipping 1 
 foot into the yellow sand, almost in contact with the vessel Va, which, however, 
 was not within the limits of the grave, was the skeleton of a person about 
 eighteen years of age. with epiphyses of femurs and tibia 1 unattached and one 
 wisdom tooth showing. The skeleton lay on the right side, the legs flexed, head S. 
 The cranium (A. N. S. Cat. No. 2,1 (55) was preserved in good condition. Above this 
 grave the layer of oyster shells on the surface was intact. 
 
 Burial No. 15, 20 feet N. K.. a bunched burial of the bones of a child about G 
 years of age, 2 feet from the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 1(5, 12 feet N., a layer of calcined fragments of human bones, 1C 
 inches from the surface. Its maximum thickness was 2 inches ; its length. 2.5 feet; 
 its breadth. 2 feet. 
 
 Burial No. 1 7. Vessel Wa, 14 feet N. by K.. 1 foot G inches from the surface, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. JO 
 
 in the brown sand and just beneath the layer of oyster shells, was a gourd-shaped, 
 undecorated vessel of black ware, intact save for a small crack on the side. This 
 vessel was filled almost to the top with fragments of calcined human bones some of 
 which at least had belonged to adults, and. in common with all we have encountered 
 containing calcined bones, was Lmperforate as to the base. Approximate measure 
 ments : height, 8.-") inches; maximum diameter. Id inches; diameter of orifice, 5 
 inches. 
 
 Superimposed upon the orifice of Wa, inverted, was a small vessel (Wb). with 
 everted rim somewhat broken, though capable of almost complete restoration. 
 
 Burial No. IS, Vessel X. immediately behind Wa. 1 ~> inches from the surface 
 
 v 
 
 was a vessel of the ordinary type in use for infant inhumation, imperforate, filled to 
 the top with calcined fragments of human bones. Approximate measurements: 
 height, !> inches; diameter of body. 11 inches; diameter- of aperture, 1 ! inches. 
 This vessel was sent to the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh. 
 
 Twenty feet E. of N. K., the brown sand of the mound made a dip into the 
 undisturbed yellow sand to a depth of 2 1 inches. From the level of the yellow 
 sand to the surface of the mound was 27 inches, so that the bottom of this excava 
 tion, which was beneath an unbroken layer of oyster shells on the surface, was 4 
 feet deep. At the very bast of the excavation were several good-sized fragments 
 of earthenware but no human remains or anything to suggest a reason for its 
 construction. 
 
 Burial No. I . , Vessel V, 17 feet N. by E., 14 inches from the surface was an 
 imperforate vessel of the usual form with stumped ornamentation on the body but 
 having the constricted portion and the rim undecorated. This vessel, which was 
 filled with fragments of calcined human bones, was crushed to pieces though held 
 in place by sand. It was pieced together with the exception of a few small bits. 
 Approximate measurements: diameter of orifice. U inches; of neck, 7 inches; of 
 body, 8 inches; height, U.") inches. 
 
 Burial No. 20, 1-! feet E. N. lv, a pocket of fragments of calcined human bones, 
 "> feet 9 inches by 4 feet inches, from 2 to 5 inches in thickness. With the 
 remains at several points were large pieces of earthenware representing perhaps a 
 fourth of a vessel. They were distinctly not fragments of an entire vessel crushed 
 through pressure. 
 
 Burial No. 21. Vessel Za, 1C feet N. E., an imperforate vessel of the common 
 type having a height of about 1 toot, with rim and portions of the body crushed 
 but lying beside it. It was filled with fragments of calcined human bones. Across 
 the opening were large fragments of a portion of another vessel. "Xa was sent to 
 the Peabody Museum. Cambridge, where it has been almost entirely pieced together. 
 
 Burial No. 22. Together, practically in contact, were four cinerary vases each 
 filled to the top with fragments of charred and calcined human bones, with which 
 were numerous shell beads showing no trace of fire, placed in an excavation made in 
 the yellow sand (CC), and filled around with brown sand (BB) to the level of the 
 rims, or rather to where the rims had been previous to breakage, and covered from 
 
90 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Fig. T>4. Deposit of cinerary urns. Mound A. (Xot on scale.) 
 
 the tops up with oyster shells (AA), which dipped to the upper margin of the vessels 
 as shown in Fig. 54. These vessels are represented by the following: 
 
 Vessel A A (Plate XII), of red ware, imperforate, with upright neck and 
 slightly flaring rim. The usual complicated stamped decoration is present. This 
 
 vessel has been pieced together 
 
 is-arfx: 
 
 ..... 
 
 from a very fragmentary condi 
 tion, with several portions want 
 ing. Approximate measure 
 ments : height, IG inches; 
 maximum diameter, 14 inches; 
 diameter of mouth, 10.5 inches. 
 Over its mouth was part of 
 the bottom of an earthenware 
 vessel. 
 
 VeSSCl lilia, OI tile USUal 
 
 model, though of black ware. 
 
 was capped with a dish of red ware (BBb). Both, though held in place, were in 
 fragments. 
 
 Vessel CC was a large undecorated bowl of earthenware holding within it, in 
 an upright position, a vessel (DD) of the usual type, covered as to its orifice with 
 pieces of earthenware. Both vessels, though held in place, were very badly crushed. 
 
 Vessel EK, a vessel of the usual type, its mouth covered with fragments of 
 earthenware. The rim was badly crushed and portions of it were not recovered. 
 This vessel was sent to the Ontario Archaeological Museum, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 Under perfectly level ground, adjacent to the mound and beginning at that 
 portion of the margin included between N. E. and S. W. i W., were outlying burials 
 as shown in diagram Fig. 55. The ground seemed to have suffered a general disturb 
 ance at the period of the inhumations and individual pits were difficult to determine 
 though several were unquestionably met with. 
 
 Vessel FF, "11 feet S., a vessel of the ordinary type, upright, its base 31 inches 
 below the surface. It was badly crushed. Though no trace of human remains 
 was present it had doubtless contained the skeleton of a very young infant. The 
 fragments were sent to the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Burial No. 23, Vessel GG, 27 feet S. S. E., a vessel of the ordinary type, 
 imperforate, with the entire upper portion crushed away. Minute fragments of 
 bone were present. 
 
 Burial No. -24, 28 feet S. by W.. 30 inches from surface, 1 extending somewhat 
 into undisturbed sand, was the skeleton of a child three to five years of age, flexed 
 on the right side, head S. 
 
 Vessel IIH, 33 feet E. by N.. an imperforate. undecorated vessel, globular as 
 to its body, with constricted neck and flaring rim, apparently unassociated and intact 
 
 1 Depths of vessels and of skeletons in the outlying part of Mound A, were taken from the 
 under margins. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 07 
 
 JJ.XK 
 
 O 
 
 IE 
 
 Scale in j 
 2 J * j- I 
 
 25 
 
 Q 
 
 c 
 
 32 
 
 3? 
 
 21* 
 
 3* 
 
 3ioo 
 
 Fig. 5r>. Diagram of outlying portion of Mound A. 
 
98 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 but lor si small breakage of the rim. Approximate measurements : diameter of 
 mouth, 5.5 inches; of body, the same; height, 4.5 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 25, 29 feet S., 25 inches down,, skeleton of child about five years of 
 age, flexed on right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 20, 32 feet E. S. E., part of a skull and of a clavicle, near the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 27, 31 feet E., 2 feet 6 inches down. Remains of a child, very much 
 decayed, apparently flexed on the right side, head E. 
 
 Vessel II, 33 feet S. by E., an imperforate bowl, apparently unassociated, with 
 a maximum diameter at its mouth of 7.2 inches and a height of 3 inches, decorated 
 with incised lines below the exterior margin (Plate XIII, Fig. 1). No trace of 
 human remains was discovered. 
 
 Burial No. 27i, Vessels JJ and KK. Vessel JJ, a bowl with a faint stamped 
 decoration, imperforate, in fragments but held in place by sand. Its outline was some 
 what that of an inverted, truncated cone. Approximately it measured 12.5 inches 
 maximum diameter and diameter of mouth. Its height was 7 inches. This bowl 
 had been placed over the mouth of a vessel of the ordinary type (KK), but was 
 not inverted as usual but let into the opening in an upright position. From the 
 upper margin of JJ to the surface was 11 inches. KK, a vessel of ordinary type, 
 14 inches in height, was badly crushed. Its base, which had a perforation, was 
 below the water level, 27 inches down. It contained deciduous human teeth. 
 
 Burial No. 28, 34 fee.t S. by E., a skeleton of a female. Hexed on the right side, 
 head S. W., 2 feet from the surface. With it was an imperforate bowl (LL) with 
 handle projecting from upper margin at one side, and interestingly decorated, as 
 shown in Plate XIV, Fig 1. Approximate measurements : diameter of mouth, 6 
 inches; maximum diameter of body, 0.2 inches; height, 2.8 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 29, Vessel MM, 34 feet S. S. E., a vessel of the ordinary type, with 
 base-perforation, the rim and part of the body ploughed away and lost. Human 
 remains were represented by one deciduous molar. 
 
 Burial No. 30, 32 feet S. E. by S., skeleton of female, flexed on right side, head 
 S. E. by S., 2 feet 10 inches down. 
 
 Vessel NN, 42 feet E., a vessel of the ordinary type, with base perforation, 
 rim and part of body ploughed away. The infant s bones, which this vessel atone 
 time doubtless contained, had disappeared. 
 
 Burial No. 31, Vessel OO, 39 feet E. by S., a vessel of the ordinary type with 
 the upper portion ploughed away. On the base were bones in powder and the 
 lower jaw of an infant. The base proper showed no perforation, but on one side 
 vertically about 2 inches above the base, was a hole, carefully made, somewhat over 
 I inch in diameter. This is a departure from the general rule. 
 
 Burial No. 32, 40 feet S. by E., in all probability the skeleton of a female. 
 The glabella was practically wanting and the supra-orbital ridges were but slightly 
 developed. The general frame, however, indicated a fairly muscular person 
 probably a powerful female. A number of small shell beads, one shell pin, and part 
 of another, lay near the head. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. !)9 
 
 Burial No. 33, 3(5 feet S. E. by S., 13 inches down, skeleton of adolescent, 
 Hexed on right side, head S. S. W. 
 
 Burial No. 34, 38 feet S. E. by E., human bones disturbed bv plow. 
 
 Burial No. 30, 37 feet S. E. by S., 2 feet 11 inches down, skeleton of adolescent, 
 flexed on right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 3(5. 43 feet S. K.. at the bottom of a distinct pit, 2 feet inches 
 from the surface, were the remains of a skeleton too much decayed for determination. 
 
 Burial No. 37. ~>4 feet S. S. E., 20 inches down, skeleton of a dog. 
 
 An interesting feature in Mound A was the discovery of portions of a vessel 
 of red ware (if aboriginal type and decoration, interiorly glazed in places. Earthen 
 ware regularly glazed would indicate European contact. Professor Putnam writes 
 as follows of these fragments : 
 
 "After consultation with Professors Jackson and Hill of the Chemical Depart 
 ment [Harvard], I am more than ever convinced that the glazing on a portion of 
 the jar from the Georgia mound is entirely accidental. When you come to study 
 the pieces you will find that the whole interior of the jar has apparently been coated 
 with ashes mixed with water. Now suppose such a jar was heated on the inside by 
 putting in hot coals of wood ; the potash in the coating of ashes and the potash 
 contained in the wood, mixed with the slight silicious matter in the clay, would 
 make an accidental gla/.ing. 
 
 It does not seem possible that this glazing is formed by lead or salt, for the 
 slight burning of the pottery is not sufficient to form a gla/.ing of either of these 
 substances; much more heat would be required. 
 
 " Professors Jackson and Hill wen- sure that it would be useless to analyze the 
 glazing, as we should have to scrape oft nearly all there is to get enough to make 
 a good analysis, and we should probably get only negative results. 1 therefore 
 consider that this was simply an accidental case of partial glazing caused by some 
 special burning of the pottery. The fact that the glazing is confined to one portion 
 of the lip of the jar and to a part just below the lip on the bulge indicates that the 
 hot coals were in contact with that portion only. If the jar was inverted over hot 
 coals for the purpose of heating the inside (as was evidently common in ancient 
 times), it might easily have fallen over in the fire and the coals have tumbled into 
 this portion of the jar." 
 
 The various forms of burial and their distribution in Mound A an- worthy of 
 attention. It will be noticed that in no part of the mound, outside of calcined 
 remains, among which were parts of adult skeletons seemingly belonging to males, 
 were skeletal remains of adult males the skeletons being exclusively those of 
 women, adolescents, children and infants and that in one portion of the mound burial 
 vases exclusively contained skeletons of infants, unaffected by fire, while in other 
 portions cinerary urns were present filled with fragments of calcined human 
 skeletons. Again we see pockets of calcined human remains and skeletal remains 
 of woman and of children unaffected by fire and not included in vessels of 
 earthenware. 
 
w 
 
 100 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 XXX 
 
 -% 
 
 
 ft 
 
 33( 
 
 ,f 
 
 31 
 
 /3 
 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 8; 
 
 ,A 
 B 
 
 Sca/c in j-eet. 
 
 Fig. 56. Plan of Mound B. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GF,ORGIA COAST. 101 
 
 About 68 yards in a N. E. direction from Mound A is the remnant of a shell 
 heap nearly all of which, above the general level, has been carted away for lime. 
 A small portion still remaining shows the height of the heap to have been somewhat 
 over 2 feet. The diameter, difficult to determine at present, was probably about 
 "><) feet. 
 
 This shell heap was trenched around the margin and in several directions 
 toward the center. No human remains were encountered nor any indication that 
 the heap had been used for sepulchral purposes. Sherds were abundant. One, 
 with an average diameter of 4 inches, showed a number of grooves made by 
 sharpening pointed tools. From different parts of the mound came three discs of 
 earthenware cut from fragments of vessels, each about 1.5 inches in diameter. 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BRYAN COUNTV. MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, MOUND B. 
 
 This mound, in a cultivated field, lay somewhat over one-half mile in a N. E. 
 direction from the Middle Settlement. 
 
 Its height above the level of the field was a trifle over 7- feet, and a measure 
 ment taken from the surface at the center of the mound to the base-line, when the 
 mound was half dug through, showed a corresponding altitude. The diameter of the 
 mound at the; base, we took to be about 40 feet, but as portions of the margin were 
 covered with a thick deposit of oyster shells, it is not unlikely that in places the 
 extreme outlying portions escaped us. 
 
 The mound, covered with undergrowth and small live-oaks, showed no sign of 
 previous investigation, although a considerable excavation made into the shells of 
 the margin, to obtain material for lime, was apparent. 
 
 Fig. .77. Section of Mound B 
 
 The mound, with the exception of certain marginal portions, was dug through 
 as shown in the diagram (Fig. 50) at a level much below that of the sur 
 rounding field that no grave or pit might pass unnoticed. At the level of the field 
 there ran through the mound a dark layer, AA (see section, Fig. 57), varying from 
 a few inches to one foot in thickness, composed of crushed oyster shells, small bits 
 of charcoal, and earth blackened by admixture of organic matter. This we took to 
 be the original surface of the ground upon which the aborigines were living previous 
 
 13 JOURN. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
102 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 to the inception of the mound. Beneath, and sometimes through, this layer there 
 ran down at places into the clear yellow sand, masses of dark disturbed sand filled 
 with organic matter and bits of charcoal, of which portions of the mound were 
 composed. These evidently had been pits, and while the purpose of those containing 
 human remains was evident, the cause for the digging of others containing no 
 skeletal remains is unexplained. 
 
 Rising from the base-line at BB was a layer of oyster shells (CC) varying in 
 thickness from 2 or 3 inches to 1 foot. This layer, after a downward slope, 
 terminated abruptly at DD, when within 4.5 feet of the center of the mound, up 
 to which point, however, it had been a continuous layer. The shells of this layer 
 lay loosely together and were not crushed and packed, leading to the belief that 
 they had been placed there intentionally at one period and were not midden refuse 
 due to surface habitation. Beneath this layer (CC) the sand reaching to the base 
 line was of a yellow color much resembling that below the base though it contained 
 in addition occasional oyster shells and particles of charcoal, not present in the 
 sub-basal sand. Above the layer CC, and dipping to the base-line between the 
 terminal points of the layer, was sand of a dark brown color extending to the 
 superficial layer of oyster shells (EE) which covered the entire mound. This layer 
 (EE) varied greatly as to thickness, at some places disappearing almost entirely, at 
 others attaining a thickness of from 1 to 2 feet. It was filled with midden refuse, 
 bones of lower animals, sherds, charcoal, etc., and was unquestionably a gradual 
 deposit made by the use of the mound as a dwelling site. Around certain portions 
 of the margin of the mound, where doubtless the shell had been carried and thrown, 
 the deposits had a thickness of almost 4 feet and extended below the surface of the 
 field, which we accounted for under the hypothesis that sand removed for the 
 construction of the mound had left hollows subsequently filled by shell. Above 
 the upper layer of oyster shells was a deposit of black surface loam, several inches 
 in thickness. The pocket of shell (F) shown in the diagram, is referred to in our 
 detailed description as Burial No. 37. 
 
 From a careful study of the mound it was suggested to us that its original 
 construction had been a circular ridge of light sand, about 3 feet in height, sloping 
 up on all sides from the level of the field, and enclosing a sort of basin, and that 
 this ridge had been intentionally coated with oyster shells. That the central portion 
 corresponding to the area between the terminal points of the stratum (CC) had been 
 subsequently dug out, thus accounting for the abrupt termination of the shell 
 stratum, and that later the entire ridge and basin had been covered with sand, 
 brown in color or made so through percolation, extending on all sides considerably 
 beyond the surface of the ridge, and that the mound thus formed had for a period 
 been used as a place of abode. The reader, however, must bear in mind that 
 conclusions of this sort are by no means final. 
 
 Several small local layers of hematite were present near the base. 
 
 Throughout the mound, but principally in the midden refuse, were fragments 
 of earthenware vessels. These, with several exceptions found at the base, were of 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 103 
 
 gritty ware, while all were either uudecorated, cord-marked, basket-marked, or 
 .stamped with the well-known square impression. To the best of our knowledge, 
 none bore any variety of the complicated stamped decoration present in the low 
 neighboring mounds. 
 
 In various parts of the mound were pebbles of different sizes, and from the 
 midden re I use of the base, unassociated, came a bone pin Avith incised decoration 
 around the head. A disc of earthenware, irregularly circular, with a diameter of 
 about 3.5 inches and a thickness of .5 of 1 inch, lay by itself 7 feet from the surface. 
 This disc had been fashioned and baked and not cut from part of a vessel as were 
 certain earthenware discs present in other mounds of the coast. Though, owing to 
 the considerable quantity of oyster shells in the mound, one might have looked for 
 human remains in a fairly good state of preservation, their condition was not such 
 as to warrant their removal, the crania in particular being decayed and crushed. 
 No fractures were noticed in the bones or any pathological condition of importance. 
 We shall now proceed to a detailed description of certain features present in 
 the mound and of the interments. Unless otherwise stated, depths of skeletons 
 are given from the surface to the uppermost portion of the skeleton, a measurement 
 of which we disapprove, preferring the vertical distance to the plane upon which 
 the remains were deposited, a method which we have followed in most of our other 
 descriptions in this Report. 
 
 1. 34 feet E. from center, inches from the surface, in the shell debris, which 
 at that part covered the slope of the mound to a considerable depth, were the skull 
 of an adult, part of a clavicle, and portions of a pelvis and of a humerus. 
 
 2. 24 feet E. by S., just below the surface, in the shell, were a portion of a 
 femur and two fragments of smaller long bones. With these was a bit of chert, 
 
 while near by, though perhaps having no con 
 nection with them, lay a tobacco pipe of soap- 
 stone, absolutely intact, still bearing marks of 
 the maker s tools (Fig. 58). 
 
 3.1S ieet W. of S., bunched burial of adult 
 male, 22 inches from the surface. 
 
 4. 1.5 feet W. of No. 3, bunched burial of 
 adult male, 3.5 feet down. 
 
 5. 35 feet E. by N., 3.5 feet down, just 
 beneath the marginal shell layer, were a frag 
 ment of scapula and six phalanges scattered over 
 a small area. The mound had suffered no dis 
 turbance at this point. 
 
 6. 24 feet S. E., a grave dug through the 
 superficial shell layer into the yellow sand of 
 Fig. oa-Tobacoo pipe of soapstone. Mound o f t i 10 ^j at ;l , )Om t where the upward slope 
 
 B. (Full size.) . L l 
 
 had just begun. From the surface of the shell 
 layer to the bottom of the grave-pit was 4 feet. The pit proper, whose depth was 
 
104 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 23 inches, was filled with brown sand mixed with oyster shells showing that at 
 least a certain portion of the superficial shell deposit was present when it was dug. 
 Above the pit were 17 inches of shell deposit surmounted by 8 inches of black 
 surface loam. At the bottom of the grave was a bunched burial of an adult, 
 probably female. 
 
 X. 35 feet E. by N., a fireplace 2 feet 4 inches down. 
 
 XX. 18 feet S., a fireplace 10 inches from surface a narrow band of charcoal 
 G feet in length. 
 
 7. 19 feet S. by W.. 2 feet from surface, skeleton in anatomical order, probably 
 female, head S., body on right side and badly twisted, knees drawn up toward side 
 of head, legs flexed on thighs, left arm over head, right arm down along body with 
 forearm flexed upward. With this skeleton was a bit of chert. The black base- 
 layer at this point was 5 inches thick and 3 feet 3 inches from the surface. 
 
 8. 17 feet S. by E., 2 feet down, below the unbroken surface of loam and of 
 oyster shells was a portion of a flexed skeleton, the skull, with the exception of 
 hall of the mandible, being absent. Upper part of trunk to the east on left side. 
 Upper portion of each humerus absent, but remaining portions of upper extremities 
 in anatomical order and in proper relation to remainder of skeleton present. 
 Fragments of clavicle and ribs in sand near upper part of trunk. Vertebra of 
 trunk in order, also pelvis and hones of lower extremities, with exception of parts 
 adjacent to, and comprising, knees, which were absent. About 1.5 feet distant were 
 half of a lower jaw. a piece of a rib, and of a clavicle, doubtless belonging to the 
 skeleton which had been dug through at a period prior to the formation of the shell 
 deposit for the burial of No. 9. 
 
 9. 1 foot immediately below No. 8 was a bunched burial of an adolescent, 
 lying on the black base-line. 
 
 V. 27 feet E., a layer of sand, cherry colored through admixture with hematite, 
 3 feet 10 inches from the surface. This layer was about 3 inches above the black 
 band marking the basu of the mound, was from .5 of 1 inch to 1 inch in thickness, 
 had a length of 1 foot 10 inches, and extended inward 2 feet. 
 
 10. 16 feet S. E., 10 inches down, lower extremities flexed in amatomical 
 order, part of one humerus and two-thirds of the bones of its lower arm. All other 
 portions of the skeleton absent, doubtless a comparatively recent disturbance. 
 
 /. 19 feet E. S. ?]., 3.5 feet down, just below the black base-line, was a nest 
 of fragments of various vessels, filling, a little pocket. 
 
 11. 18 feet E. by S., 2 feet from surface, lying on the black base-line, with 
 surface layer of oyster shells unbroken, was a skeleton of a female in a sitting 
 position, facing S. of E. The head was forced down between the thighs and legs 
 as shown in Fig. 59. Behind the skeleton was a marine mussel shell filled witli 
 powdered hematite. 
 
 12. 15 feet S. S. E.. bones probably belonging to a female, in caved sand. 
 
 13. 10 feet E. by S., a grave containing an adult skeleton of uncertain sex, in 
 a crouching position, trunk bending forward on thighs, and supported by the lower 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST, lor, 
 
 Fig. r>!). Burial No. 11. Mound B. (Not on scale.) 
 
 extremities of legs and heels. Above the bones were 18 inches, vertically, of oyster 
 shells and around them 25 inches, vertically, of brown sand mingled with ovster 
 shells. 
 
 14. M (,.,.( s. K.. a grave extending through the black line of the base and 
 
 filled with brown sand. Surface to bottom 
 of grave, 7 feet; to bones, G feet; to broken 
 line of base, 4 feet ; diameter of grave, 4 feet. 
 A flexed burial on left side, head N. E., as 
 nearly as could be determined. Unusual 
 decay. Sex undetermined. 
 
 1 :,._1 :;. 5 feet S. E., flexed skeleton of 
 male on right side, inches from surface, 
 head S. 
 
 lli. 12 feet S., just below the upper 
 layer of oyster shells and immediately above 
 the second layer to which reference has been 
 made, 2 feet from the surface, were the crushed 
 bones of an infant. With them were an imperforate, undecorated vessel of about 
 one pint capacity, having a portion missing from the side and rim (A), and an 
 undecorated imperforate cup (B). elongated at one end and terminating in an 
 extension for a handle, resembling in shape 1 and size a type found in Florida. Its 
 capacity is somewhat less than one pint. 
 
 17. 20 feet E. by S., a grave having its base 5 feet 4 inches from the surface 
 and extending 1 foot 4 inches into undisturbed sand below the base. The mouth 
 of this grave was impossible to determine. The superficial shell layer above it was 
 intact and there was no unusual admixture of oyster shells. It was therefore of a 
 period prior to the making of the shell layer. At base of grave was the skeleton 
 of a male, head N., flexed, with body facing down. Thighs flexed up along body 
 with legs flexed back upon them. Right elbow in toward body ; left, somewhat 
 extended. 
 
 18. 23 feet E., a grave, from surface to bones, 5 feet 4 inches; to bottom of 
 grave, I) feet o inches ; depth below broken base of mound, 2 feet ^5 inches. 
 Thickness of unbroken surface layer of shell at this point. 2 feet. In the grave, 
 in a semi-sitting position, facing S. W., was the skeleton of an adult male with right 
 arm extended from the side ; left arm along side, forearm crossing body. Right 
 thigh, with leg flexed against it. at right angle to body ; left thigh, with leg 
 bent against it, flexed upon body. 
 
 19. 17 feet E. of S., skeleton of male in sitting position, head S. and pressed 
 forward, chin on chest. Thighs at right angle to body, with legs flexed back 
 parallel to them. Feet against pelvis. Right arm along chest, forearm across body ; 
 left arm out from side with forearm crooked from body. This skeleton lay in a 
 pocket filled with oyster shells, 15 inches down. 
 
 . 20. 1 foot S. of No. ID, upper portion of skeleton of male, about 1 foot below 
 
106 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 the surface, head S. Trunk above pelvis and cranium alone remained, the rest 
 having been cut away by Burial No. 19. 
 
 21. A burial, 3 feet below No. 20, lying on the black basal layer, was much 
 massed together, the greater part of the bones being in anatomical order, others, 
 however, being out of place. An astragalus and its os calcis, separated, lay on the 
 skull. The left humerus was across the skull with no forearm bones in connection. 
 The mandible was separated from the cranium. This burial (sex not determined) 
 had evidently been partially held together by ligaments when, after previous 
 exposure, it was interred in the mound. 
 
 22. 12 feet E. by S., crushed skeletons of three children with shell beads and 
 a few small shells (Olivella] longitudinally perforated. The remains lay in the 
 surface shell layer 1 foot down. 
 
 23. 19 feet N. of E., 3 feet down on the black base-layer, a skeleton of a male 
 in the position of one who, crouching, had fallen forward. Right arm along side, 
 forearm across and under body ; left arm along side, forearm extending from body. 
 Thighs flexed sharply along side of trunk, with legs flexed back along thighs, 
 throwing feet under pelvis. 
 
 C. 1 foot N. of No. 23, on same level was a large portion of a cord-marked 
 bowl filled with black loam many shades darker than the surrounding black sand, 
 and containing the bottom of a vessel stamped in small squares. This base had a 
 sort of projection at one end, possibly made intentionally and may have served as 
 a dish. 
 
 24. 21 feet N. of E., skeleton of adult male, 3 feet from surface, practically 
 in the same position as No. 23, head S. E., 3 feet from surface. 
 
 25. 23 feet N. E., a grave filled with oyster shells, running through the brown 
 sand to base of mound, a vertical distance of 3 feet. This grave may have been 
 dug while the shell layer was in process of formation. The surface showed no 
 depression. Resting on the base of the grave was the skeleton of an adult male, in 
 a sitting position, facing N. E. 
 
 26. A grave 23 feet N. E., 4 feet in depth from the surface and 2 feet 6 inches 
 from the bottom of the shell layer. The grave went through and extended beyond 
 the black line of the base, a distance of 14 inches. On the bottom was a skeleton 
 of uncertain sex, head N., an ordinary flexed burial. 
 
 27. 19 feet N. by W., a grave two feet across. Surface of mound to bottom 
 of grave which extended 10 inches below the base line, 4 feet 9 inches. This grave, 
 filled with brown sand without oyster shells, contained skeleton, probably female of 
 about 20 years of age, in a sitting position, facing S. W. 
 
 28. 6 feet S. of E., skeleton of uncertain sex, 1 foot down in shell, head N. 
 A portion of this skeleton fell in caved sand. 
 
 29. 22 feet E. by N., skeleton of female, head N.; an ordinary flexed burial, 
 4 feet beneath surface on the base of a grave composed of dark brown sand, which 
 ran into the yellow sand 9 inches below the bottom of the black base layer, which, 
 at this place, was 9 inches thick. 
 
 30. 17 feet PI, a skeleton of an adult male, 3 feet from the surface, on back, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 107 
 
 head N., arms along side, forearms across body, thighs flexed up to right, legs parallel 
 to thighs. In association were a core of chert, and part of a Fulgur* filled with 
 sand dyed a bright red with hematite. 
 
 51. 3 feet S. K, I foot down, in shell, flexed skeleton of a male on back, 
 head W. 
 
 32. 17 feet N. of K., 2 feet 3 inches down, skeleton of adult male, seated, 
 leaning back, head lacing W. and forced over on chest, legs drawn up. right humerus 
 extended from side at right angles to body, forearm Hexed and parallel to side of 
 body, left humerus against body with forearm across trunk. 
 
 33. 10 feet E., 9 inches down, 2 skeletons : female below, on face, head S. ; 
 male on plane above. Caving sand interfered with detailed examination. Beneath 
 these skeletons, which were covered by an unbroken layer of shell, was the skeleton 
 of a dog. Not far distant from No. 33, was a layer of charcoal and oyster shells 
 showing marks of fire, 4 to 5 inches in thickness, covered by fragments of calcined 
 human bones. This layer, 28 inches in length, caved previous to a complete 
 examination. 
 
 34. 18 feet S. S. AV., 2 feet down, skeleton of youth facing S. S. W., in a 
 kneeling position, leaning forward. 
 
 35. 25 feet E. by N., 2 feet 9 inches down, skeleton of female, 
 on face, head E., thighs turned to left side, projecting from body, legs 
 flexed sharply on thighs, right arm along body, forearm crossed on 
 body, left arm extended out, running between thighs. 
 
 3(>. A grave, 17 feet E. by N., 10 inches below upper margin 
 of base-line, at that point about 9 inches thick. Surface to skeleton, 
 5 feet. Skeleton of male on back, head W., arms akimbo, the thighs 
 flexed to right angle to body and turned to right, legs sharply flexed 
 back on thighs. 
 
 37. A grave at center of mound having the shape of an inverted 
 cone with rounded apex, 4 feet in height. Diameter of opening 9 
 feet. At the bottom a layer of calcined human bones having a 
 maximum thickness of 1 foot G inches. Among the calcined bones 
 wei e a great number of shell beads of various sizes and shapes and a 
 curious pendant of shell (Fig. GO), which, unlike the beads, showed 
 exposure to fire. In addition, were many imperforate teeth of a dog 
 or of a wolf and a number of human phalanges unaffected by fire. 
 This grave Avas filled with oyster shells and it was impossible to say 
 at what stage of the shell deposit above it was constructed. It is 
 shown on the cross section. 
 
 38. At the center of the mound, 1 foot 8 inches down, in the 
 shell covering grave 37, was the skeleton of an adult male disarranged 
 by caving of surrounding oyster shells. 
 
 39. 25 feet E. by N., 4 feet 8 inches down, in a semi-sitting position much 
 resembling that of skeleton No. 11. was a male skeleton facing S With it 
 were : a cannon bone of a deer ; a bit of chert ; a few shell beads ; a portion of a 
 
 Fig. 60. Peiulaut 
 of shell. Mull ml 
 B. (Full size.) 
 
108 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 pebble and a tooth of a fossil shark, 4.25 inches in length with portions cut from 
 either side of the base for convenience in hafting (Fig. 61). Portions were split 
 from either side of the point showing hard usage. We have before met with 
 large fossil teeth of sharks in mounds of Florida and of Georgia, but none 
 bore marks of service or of workmanship of any kind. We have seen also small 
 teeth of fossil sharks, which came from mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida. 
 
 These teeth had a perforation at the base 
 and were used either as pendants or as 
 knives, like sharks teeth of the present 
 geological period found by Mr. Gushing 
 during his recent investigations which 
 were pierced and fastened to small 
 handles. 
 
 40. 22 feet N. E., a grave, in which 
 was a skeleton sitting in about the same 
 position as No. lo, facing N. E. Right 
 humerus along body, right forearm flexed 
 on humerus, left humerus along body 
 with forearm across and outside of legs. 
 Back of the skeleton, on the pelvis, with 
 the spinal column directly in front, was a 
 cord-marked bowl or a large part of one, 
 crushed to fragments. This grave, the 
 bottom of which was 4 feet from the 
 surface, extended through the black base- 
 layer of the mound, there 8 inches thick, 
 and continued 1 foot beyond. The grave 
 was tilled with brown sand containing 
 some oyster shells, and it is probable that 
 it was made at a time when the surface 
 layer of oyster shells was in process of 
 formation. 
 
 41. 12 feet S. by W., skeleton of male on left side, head S. Right humerus 
 across body, forearm extended. Left humerus under body, forearm partly Hexed. 
 Thighs flexed on body, legs back and parallel to thighs. 
 
 42. 22 feet N. by E., 3 feet down, skeleton probably male, much flexed on 
 right side, head N. W. 
 
 43. 18 feet W. by S., 4.5 feet down including 1 foot o inches below the line 
 of the base of the mound, was the skeleton of a dog. 
 
 44. 11 feet N. E., G feet from the surface, was the skeleton of a woman, lying 
 on back in an unusually extended position for this mound. Head S. E. Thighs out 
 from body and raised to an angle of 45 degrees. Legs down at same angle. Right 
 humerus along body, forearm across trunk ; left humerus and forearm parallel with 
 body. This skeleton measured 3 feet 9 inches as it lay. 
 
 Fig. 61. Tooth of fossil shark, used as an implement. 
 Mound B. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 109 
 
 45. In the center of the mound, on the base, was a fire place approximately 
 3.0 feet by 3 feet, with a mass of calcined human bones and bones unaffected by 
 fire, having an average thickness of about 7 inches. Much of the material, at least, 
 had not been calcined on the spot, as bones showing no trace of fire, lying on the 
 fire place, had above them a layer of calcined fragments. A great number of shell 
 beads showing no trace of fire lay scattered through the remains. Numerous frag 
 ments of earthenware were present. 
 
 XXX. A little W. of the center was a layer of calcined earth and lime pre 
 sumably from oyster shells, showing intense and prolonged heat. Its length was 
 11 feet; its breadth about 6 feet. It had an average thickness of about 1 foot. 
 This curious layer, whose upper surface was 6 feet from the surface of the mound, 
 upon careful examination seemed not to have been subjected to fire upon the spot, 
 since oyster shells, bits of deer horn, bones of lower animals, etc., showing no trace 
 of fire, were scattered through it. 
 
 This mound differed considerably in shape and in contents from a number of 
 neighboring mounds which were lower and which contained various forms of urn- 
 burial. In it moreover, as we have stated, earthenware with complicated, stamped 
 decoration was absent. It is possible that Mound B was of a different period from 
 that of some of its neighbors. 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BRYAN COUNTY. MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, MOUND C. 
 
 In the verge of the woods bordering the field to which reference has been made, 
 about 300 yards in a northerly direction from Mound B, was one of much the same 
 type as Mound B, having a height of 8 feet. It had undergone but little previous 
 investigation. The center of the mound, a peak of shell, was easily discernible. 
 
 The diameter of the mound was difficult to determine, as it did not rise directly 
 from a general level but in a series of irregular slopes caused by occupation of the 
 surrounding territory as a dwelling site, resulting in a deposit of oyster shells and 
 debris. Portions of the outlying territory were thickly covered with oyster shells 
 while other parts, consisting of dark loamy sand, had oyster shells and sherds to a 
 depth of several feet. 
 
 The lower portions of the mound had been under cultivation in former times 
 as deep furrows were plainly visible, though at the time of our investigation (1897) 
 the mound was thickly covered with undergrowth and with small trees. It being 
 impossible to determine just where the mound proper merged with midden refuse, a 
 diameter of 68 feet was selected, which, on the side where oyster shells were absent, 
 brought the circumference somewhat beyond the apparent base of the mound. We 
 are of opinion, however, that in the case of this mound, certain outlying burials 
 escaped us. 
 
 At the base of the northern portion of the mound was a thick deposit of oyster 
 shells presumably having no direct connection with the mound but thrown there 
 during the period of occupation of the territory as a dwelling site. Much of this 
 was not included in our investigation. 
 
 14 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
110 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 The entire northern half of the mound was dug down leaving a cross-section 
 almost E. and W. Subsequently the central portion of the remaining half was 
 dug out. The remainder of the mound was not investigated. 
 
 Upon the light yellow undisturbed sand beneath the mound, but below the 
 outer portions only, was a dark band, averaging 1 foot in thickness, composed of 
 black loam, fragments of oyster shells and bits of charcoal. Farther in, this band 
 was replaced by a layer of oyster shells from 6 inches to 1 foot in thickness which 
 continued through the mound. This black band and shell deposit we regarded as 
 marking the original level of the ground. The deposit of oyster shells, however, 
 divided in places and, coming together again, enclosed masses of dark yellow sand, 
 about 1 foot in thickness and 8 to 4 feet in length. Supposing the layer of shells 
 to be the base line, we are at a loss to account for the presence of the sand. 
 
 While the height of the mound was but 8 feet above the immediately surrounding 
 level, the perpendicular distance from its apex to the upper margin of the black 
 band was 10 feet. This apparent discrepancy, we suppose, may be accounted for 
 under the hypothesis that a deposit of midden refuse, made subsequent to the 
 completion of the mound, had surrounded it to a height of 2 feet and over. 
 
 The body of the mound was composed of yellow sand darkened by the presence 
 of much organic matter. This sand was irregularly streaked in places and contained 
 here and there local layers of shell, and of sand reddened with admixture of the 
 oxide of iron. 
 
 Though there was no general deposit of oyster shells covering the surface, as 
 was the case with Mound B, a great central pit, filled with oyster shells was present 
 with an out-cropping through the immediately central parts of the mound. The 
 dark yellow sand of the body of the mound was covered with an irregular layer of 
 rich black surface loam. 
 
 We have referred to a deposit of shell contiguous to the mound. This deposit 
 joined the mound and included that part of the margin lying between E. by N. and 
 N. N. E., and had a breadth of 27 feet converging from a small beginning at either 
 end to a depth of 7 feet 10 inches. Four and one-half feet in from the margin of 
 the mound as taken by us, the deposit had a breadth of 12 feet, and, instead of 
 solid shell, as before, was from the surface down : 
 
 Shell . . . . 3 feet 7 inches Dark sand .... 3 inches 
 
 Brown sand. . 1 foot 2 inches Light brown sand . . 6 inches 
 
 Shell .... 1 foot 6 inches Undisturbed sand. 
 
 The black band, to which we have referred, cut through by this curious com 
 bination, was visible at either side, its upper margin being 2 feet 6 inches below the 
 surface. The deposit disappeared a few feet farther in from the point where the 
 measurement was taken. 
 
 Sherds were of frequent occurrence. With the exception of 2 or 3 from the 
 immediate surface, all were undecorated or cord-marked the latter predominating. 
 The reader will recall that in Mound B also no ware with the complicated stamp 
 was discovered. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. Ill 
 
 Several sherds were singly or doubly grooved, showing 
 use as hones. 
 
 One fragment of earthenware from a large vessel had a 
 thickness of .It of I inch. 
 
 An imperforate vessel of about 1 quart capacity with a 
 rough checked-stamp decoration came from caved sand. 
 
 In caved sand was an undecorated vessel in shape some 
 what like a modern gravy-boat. The bottom had been inten 
 tionally knocked out. Length, 7.3 inches; width, 4.7 inches ; 
 height, 3 inches. 
 
 A globular, undecorated vessel lay in caved sand. Diam 
 eter at mouth, 4.3 inches; maximum diameter, 5.5 inches; 
 height, 4.3 inches. 
 
 Two bowls, one badly crushed, were in caved sand. 
 
 Throughout the mound were several deposits of fragments 
 of pots, placed upon each other. As usual, these nests were 
 ^ II composed of pieces belonging to different vessels. 
 
 A number of pebble-hammers and fragments of pebble- 
 hammers were found separately in midden refuse and unasso- 
 ciated with human remains. 
 
 From the basal layer came a silicified astragalus of a large 
 mammal, which had seemingly been in use as a hammer as 
 portions from one end were split off, as by blows. 
 
 Mostly from the midden refuse came numerous fragments 
 of bone pins, while at a considerable depth in the sand was 
 found an ulna of a lower animal, fashioned into a highly 
 polished piercing implement 7.8 inches in length (Fig. (j 2). 
 
 In the surface loam was a section of a long bone .7 of 1 
 inch in height, with diameters of .6 of 1 inch and .8 of t inch 
 respectively. On either side, between the upper and lower 
 margins is a groove. The bone is polished, and at one place 
 slightly stained with copper. This object may be of a period 
 later than that of the mound. 
 
 Apparently not in immediate association with remains, to 
 gether, were ten agricultural implements of shell (Fulgur carica]. 
 
 Though human remains in Mound C were, as a rule, 
 fairly well preserved, no unbroken crania were met with. No 
 evidence of disease was present on the bones and but one 
 fracture was found, that of an ulna which had united with 
 much less deformity than has been the case with some fractures 
 we have met with. Though careful notes of all burials were 
 Piercing implement taken, yet, owing to similarity of form to interments in Mound 
 B, we deem it unnecessary to go into detail. 
 
 M und 
 
112 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Mound C, like Mound B, was riddled with pits in which la}- a majority of the 
 skeletons. Burials were noted to the number of 92, though this figure conveys no 
 idea of the exact number of individuals represented, since at times only portions of 
 the skeleton were present, while on the other hand, several skeletons, buried in 
 conjunction, have been included as one interment, Pockets of calcined human 
 bones were five times encountered, two being met with south of the cross-section 
 while digging out central portions of the mound. 
 
 As was the case in Mound B, no urn-burials of any sort were present. 
 
 With thirteen burials were artifacts: pierced Olivella shells; bone pins; shell 
 beads; fresh-water mussel shells; pebble-hammers; sandstone hone; shell drinking cup; 
 small imperforate bowl ; two conchs (Fulgur carica], pierced for use as implements. 
 
 Occupying a central position in the mound was a pit, roughly circular, clearly 
 dug down from the surface where it had a diameter of about 13 feet. Eight feet 
 below the surface it had converged to a base about 3 feet across. The pit had been 
 filled with sand mingled with midden refuse and had been capped with a solid 
 
 Fig. fi;{. Section of central pit. Mound C. 
 
 deposit of oyster shells having a maximum thickness of 2.5 feet. The upper eastern 
 portion of the pit had been cut through by a grave (see diagram of pit Fig. 63), and 
 at different points the pit itself contained skeletal remains placed there at the time 
 of the filling. On the bottom of this pit and extending up on the sides, was an 
 irregular deposit of fragments of calcined human bones, having an average thick 
 ness of about 5 inches and a diameter of 7 feet measured across between the 
 margins extending upward (Burial 82). Mingled with the calcined fragments was 
 a curious medley as follows : a great number of shell beads of various shapes, some 
 tubular, one having a length of about 3 inches, mostly unaffected by fire but some 
 showing calcination ; 8 pearls, pierced, one showing traces of fire ; 8 chert spalls 
 together ; 14 chips of chert together ; 53 quartz pebbles, intimately associated, each 
 about the size of a pea ; great numbers of sherds, including one circular in shape, 
 with a central perforation ; a considerable number of bone pins, one 7.5 inches long 
 with a perforation (Fig. G4). In addition to this diverse collection was the body of 
 the lower jaw of some carnivore, and parts of other jaws, with the lower portions 
 ground away as we have described in the account of the mound at Greenseed Field. 
 

 I 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 11-5 
 OSSABAW LSLAXD, BKVAX COUNTY. MIDDLE SETTLEMEXT, Morxn I). 
 
 This mound, in the same cultivated field as Mound Band distant 
 from it about two hundred yards in a southwesterly direction, had a 
 height at the time of our visit (December, 1890) of :> feet 9 inches. 
 It was evident from the appearance of the mound that long cultiva 
 tion had materially decreased the height of central portions, carrying 
 down the material to its marginal parts. As the beginning of the 
 slope is no sure indication of boundary among the low mounds of the 
 sea-islands of Georgia, especially those long subject to the plow, pits 
 were dug and tentative trenches run in from a considerable distance 
 out, in a vain endeavor to locate the presence of that dark layer 
 corresponding to the original surface, so frequently present. Finally, 
 taking a certain thickening of the surface soil as an indication, a 
 circle with a diameter of 82 feet was drawn ; the highest portion of 
 the mound, a peak of shell, forming the center. 
 
 The mound was sliced down with the utmost care, those digging, 
 where it seemed necessary, going as much as 8 feet below its surface. 
 Of the many mounds it has been our fortune to investigate, none has 
 offered more difficulty in the description of the limits of its component 
 parts. The undisturbed sub-sand was light yellow, at times almost 
 white. Above this came darker yellow sand somewhat discolored by 
 the presence of organic matter and showing a certain amount of 
 disturbance discernible by the presence of streaks, bits of charcoal, 
 etc., but no distinct dark line marking the base was anywhere 
 apparent. Over this layer came a final one of dark brown sand, 
 which, like the disturbed yellow r layer, locally varied in thickness so 
 that no general data were obtainable. Moreover, the dark brown 
 layer and the yellow layer below it, so merged together that a line of 
 division was indistinguishable even to the most careful and most 
 experienced observers. At the central portion of the mound was a 
 layer of shell at first beneath the surface and having at the beginning 
 but the thickness of a single shell, increasing gradually toward the 
 center and merging with a second layer of shell which made its 
 appearance several feet farther in. all around, until, at the immediate 
 center of the mound, it appeared at the surface and extended to a 
 considerable depth below the base, forming the great shell pit shown 
 in the cross-section (Fig. 65). This shell layer had probably an 
 average diameter of 30 feet. The portion exposed at the surface was 
 about 15 feet in diameter as shown in the cross-section. The shells 
 comprising these layers, while mainly of the oyster, included also 
 those of the clam, the conch (Fidgur], various marine mussels, the 
 "cockle" (Cardiunt) and numerous smaller salt water shell-fish. 
 
114 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 The mound, as the detailed description will show, was riddled with pits, the 
 lower parts of which were clearly distinguishable when extending into undisturbed 
 sand. The parts of the pits in the body of the mound, having been filled with the 
 sand removed during their excavation, resembled so closely the sand surrounding 
 them, that the exact limits were impossible to define. These pits, it was quite 
 evident, were of the period of the mound, many showing no admixture with the 
 dark sand of the upper layer or of shell, though a layer or layers of shell often lay 
 above them. Some, however, showed dark sand in places, but these also at times 
 were underneath undisturbed shell and were doubtless made prior to the completion 
 of the mound. In almost no case could we distinguish the exact beginning of a pit. 
 
 Skeletal remains, so numerous in this mound (we have reference to those 
 outside the mortuary vessels), were in a fairly good state of preservation compared 
 to many we have encountered elsewhere, though with one exception, which is 
 particularly noted in the detailed description, no crania were saved, owing to their 
 crushed condition. 
 
 In following the detailed description, whose numbering corresponds with that 
 of the diagram (Fig. 60), the lay reader must not confuse the three forms of urn- 
 
 ..45 
 
 Fig. <>5. Section of central portion of Mound D. 1 
 
 burial present in this mound ; namely, skeletal remains of infants, unaffected by 
 fire ; the remains of single individuals, which had undergone cremation, and urns 
 filled with a confused mass of fragments of calcined human bones belonging to 
 individuals of all ages. Where fire had been employed it is distinctly stated. 
 
 Two arrowheads or knives of chert, several bits of chert and pebble-hammers, 
 some fragmentary, lay loose in the sand, as also the lower part of a broad chisel of 
 ferruginous shale, having a thin section and a sharp cutting edge. 
 
 Burial No. 1, a pit, or grave, located 24 feet W. by N. from the point taken 
 as the center of the surface of the mound, as are all other similar measurements of 
 superficial distance in our detailed account, was in a portion of the mound where 
 the central shell layer had not begun, the shell layer X shown in the diagram and 
 in Fig. 67, which gives an accurate idea of the grave, being of a purely local 
 character. In the bottom of this grave, which extended into the undisturbed 
 
 1 The " yellow sand " in the section is undisturbed sand. 
 
wX;--{i4*f*7V/". U -Iv-.v-Y 
 
 j iV.VvV"- , rJB\fcv"- >: -3V 
 
 ,::&tefefe;:^ 
 
 / L3.Ma.ic 
 
 - -.. /o 
 
 C-^J 
 i G 
 
 0,,,, 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 xxw 
 
 Q 
 
 fa q 
 
 Sca/e in f 
 i J 3 J 
 
 Fig. 66. Plan of Mound D. 
 
116 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 yellow sand, one immediately above the other, were the skeletons of two males, 
 similarly interred, heads N., flexed on right side. With one was an undecorated 
 bone pin or piercing implement which fell to pieces during removal. 
 
 X. A local shell layer extending above these burials. It began 84 feet a 
 little N. of W. and extended inward 13 feet. Its thickness at the outside margin 
 was 2 feet (all such measurements are approximate) increasing to 28 inches above 
 the grave from where it tapered sharply to 2.5 inches at its inner limit. 
 
 Burial No. 2, Vessel Aa, 24 feet E. by S., a practically intact vessel of the 
 common type, with base perforation, upright as usual. Its base was 12 inches above 
 the undisturbed yellow sand which, at this point, was 3 feet 4 inches from the 
 surface. The height of the vessel is 16 inches, its upper margin therefore was 1 
 foot from the surface. 
 
 JL 
 
 -Darh Sand 
 
 Barlt sc 
 
 Fig. 67. Section of grave 1. Mound D. 
 
 About half-way down, inside of Aa, was an inverted, imperforate bowl of black 
 ware having stamped complicated decoration (Ab). Portions of the rim were broken 
 and missing. On the bottom of Aa, were the skull of an infant in fragments and 
 other bones, including several ribs. These vessels were sent to the National 
 Museum, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Burial No. 3, upon a local shell layer (XX) 30 feet S. by E., 22 inches down, 
 was the flexed skeleton of a child just starting on its second dentition. Head S. 
 
 XX. A shell layer beginning immediately under No. 2, extending inward 6 
 feet 10 inches. Breadth at outer margin, 4 feet, 3 feet at termination ; 1 foot 8 
 inches thick at the beginning, decreasing to 6 inches, increasing to 1 foot and then 
 tapering away. 
 
 Vessel B, 35 feet S. E., a vessel of the ordinary type, 14 inches in height, rest 
 ing on undisturbed yellow sand 2 feet 10 inches from the surface. The base had a 
 portion intentionally knocked out. The entire side was crushed in and broken 
 into small fragments. Over the opening had been placed several large pieces of 
 earthenware, but with that lack of care distinguishing the makers of the mounds at 
 Ossabaw from those of the Walker mound, these pieces had been allowed to slide 
 over somewhat during the filling in of the pit, thus permitting the entrance of 
 sand. No bones were noted in this vessel, but beyond question the remains of an 
 infant had disappeared through decay. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 117 
 
 Vessel C, 36 feet S. E., a layer of fragments of earthenware vessels, 22 inches 
 by 3 feet 8 inches, 18 inches below the surface. It was made up of overlapping 
 sherds of large size, at times single, and again double, and not of several vessels 
 placed on their sides and crushed by the weight of sand, since cord-marked pottery 
 lay with that having the complicated stamp, and when a fragment was imposed 
 upon another, it often occurred that the convex portion of an upper sherd h tted into 
 the concave portion of a lower, which could not be the case were two sides of a 
 previously entire vessel brought into apposition through breakage. No remains or 
 artifacts lay in the neighborhood of this layer. 
 
 Vessel D, 33 feet S. E., the lower portion of a vessel of the ordinary type, with 
 perforated base, having the rim and upper part of the body crushed into small 
 fragments. The vessel had been let down somewhat into the undisturbed yellow 
 sand. From base of vessel to surface, 3 feet. 
 
 Burial No. 4, 33 feet S. W., portions of a skeleton with unattached epiphyses, 
 partly in anatomical order, 3 feet 9 inches from the surface, below a local shell 
 layer. A considerable portion of this skeleton was missing, presumably through 
 a later burial (No. 11) placed below it, which was, however, aboriginal and con 
 temporary with the mound, as shown by the undisturbed shell layer above. A 
 diseased humerus from this burial was sent to the Army Medical Museum, Wash 
 ington. With the bones was a mass of red pigment, which chemical tests showed 
 to be an iron paint ore, probably hematite, and not cinnabar, which would have 
 indicated European contact. 
 
 XXX. A layer of oyster shells having its S. E. corner over Burial No. 4. In 
 thickness it varied from 10 inches to 7 inches to 4 inches. Its outer margin was 
 8 feet 10 inches across. It extended into the mound a distance of G feet 8 inches, 
 where it had a terminal breadth of 5 feet. The upper surface of this layer was 1 
 foot 10 inches from the surface of the mound. 
 
 Burial No. "), a grave 33 feet W. of S. W. This grave, 3 feet from the surface 
 to the base, 26 inches in diameter, ran 9 inches into the clear yellow sand on which 
 the skeleton lay. The burial was that of an adult female, head E., on left side 
 and so flexed that its major diameter was but 2-~) inches. Decay was noted in 
 several of the molars, a condition not infrequent in this mound. 
 
 Burial No. 6, Vessel E, 31 feet S. S. E., a vessel of the usual type, inverted. 
 The body and base so badly fractured that it was impossible to arrive at any con 
 clusion as to a perforation in the base. Within the vessel were a few fragments of 
 the bones of a child, including two phalanges of the toe, unaffected by fire. In 
 addition, were some calcined shells and a fragment of a calcined shell with a central 
 perforation. This vessel had been placed in a pit, the base of which, 3 feet 4 inches 
 from the surface, was 8 inches below the line of the clear yellow sand, and was 3 
 feet 6 inches across at the point of entrance into the yellow sand. 
 
 XXXX. 29 feet S. E., a layer of decayed or fire-blackened wood, 1 foot in thick 
 ness, 3 feet 9 inches across, extending inward about 3 feet where it had a breadth 
 of about 1 foot. It lay at the bottom of a pit filled with brownish sand. No human 
 remains or artifacts were in association. 
 
 15 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
118 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Burial No. 7, 29 feet W. by S., a circular pit, with a diameter of about 30 
 inches, whose base was 3G inches from the surface, the upper 22 inches being sur 
 rounded by disturbed brownish sand, the lower 14 inches extending into undisturbed 
 yellow sand. About G inches from the base was a portion of a thorax, one scapula 
 and the head of a humerus. 
 
 Vessel F, 25 feet S. E.. a vessel of the ordinary type, lying on its side on 
 undisturbed yellow sand, there 2 feet from the surface. No bones were discovered 
 and the vessel was too much crushed to furnish exact data of any sort. 
 
 In the outer S. E. portion of the mound, unassociated with human remains, 
 were six fresh-water mussel shells, one within the other, four badly crushed. The 
 remaining two showed no perforation. 
 
 Burial No. 8, 21 feet E. by S.. probably a grave, but the line of demarcation 
 impossible to determine. On the base, 2 feet 4 inches down, was a skeleton, head 
 E., and turned to the left, trunk on face, knees to left, legs flexed back on thighs. 
 Arms parallel to sides of body, forearms flexed up. This skeleton, of an individual 
 about 5 feet 5 inches in height, was of a slender male or of a strongly built woman. 
 
 Burial No. 9, 27 feet S. W., in a pit, 2 feet G inches from the surface, above 
 No. 1G, were a few scattered bones including phalanges, two bits of radius, one 
 patella, two ossa innominata. 
 
 Burial No. 10, 28 feet S., a skeleton of a child lying on undisturbed yellow 
 sand, there 3 feet 9 inches from the surface. The bones were inadvertently dug 
 into and disarranged. No pit was apparent by no means conclusive proof of its 
 non-existence in the case of this mound. 
 
 Burial No. 11, 32 feet S. W., a grave beneath Burial No. 4 and under the shell 
 laver XXX, having its base 5 feet 4 inches from the surface. The most careful 
 
 / 
 
 endeavor failed to define the limits of this grave which contained a skeleton of a 
 male on left side, head N. E. with one knee under the head and one against the 
 forehead. 
 
 Burial No. 12, Vessel G, 2G feet S., a bell-jar shaped vessel, imperforate, with 
 faint checked stamp, inverted on the yellow sand, there 3 feet G inches from the 
 surface. A small section of the rim was missing. Several cracks were filled with 
 a quick-setting cement which was allowed to dry while the vessel was in place. 
 The vessel contained the calcined bones of a child lying on sand which extended 
 up inside about two-fifths of the height of the vessel, which is 12.5 inches. Its 
 diameter of mouth, which is also its maximum diameter, is 12.5 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 13a, b, c, 26 feet S., three skeletons of dogs buried singly within 
 a few feet of each other. 
 
 Burial No. 14, 22 feet W.. a pocket of calcined human remains and charcoal, 
 31 inches down, 9 inches across at the start, and about 3 inches thick. It tapered 
 inward a distance of about 13 inches. Among the fragmentary bones were a number 
 of shell beads, some calcined and others unaffected by fire. 
 
 Burial No. 15, 25 feet S. W., a grave, surface to bottom of pit, on which skeleton 
 lay, 4 feet G inches. It extended 1 toot G inches into clear yellow sand. Its limits 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 119 
 
 in the disturbed sand above were not distinguishable. It contained a Hexed skeleton 
 of male on right side, head X. E. 
 
 Burial No. lli, 2 leet 9 inches directly below No. 9, or 4 I eet 10 inches from 
 the surface to the bottom of the pit on which the bones lay, a Hexed burial of a 
 female on left side, head S. K. 
 
 Burial No. 17, Vessel II, 14 feet S. E. by E., the lower portion of an imperforate 
 vessel of the ordinary type, just below the surface. Portions had been broken oil 
 and scattered by the plow. It had been filled with a mass of calcined human 
 remains, some of which from the upper part, lay scattered about. 
 
 Burial No. 1 7a, a skeleton of a dog some distance below Vessel 11. 
 Burial No. 18, 21 feet S. of W., on the line of the clear yellow sand, there 4 
 feet 3 inches down, lay a skeleton of uncertain sex at full length, face down, head 
 S. by E. The skeleton measured G leet and .5 of an inch as it lay, but the parts 
 were not in immediate contact. No grave was noticeable. 
 
 Burial No. 19, 23 feet S. by W., a pocket of calcined fragmentary human bones 
 
 on the line of the clear yellow sand just 
 
 S.w _NE ;; fat { mm the surface, about inches 
 
 across at the start and 4 inches thick, 
 broadening to 10 inches and tapering to a 
 point 10 inches from the start. With 
 the calcined fragments were shell beads 
 unaffected by fire. 
 
 Burial No. 20. 3 feet E. of No. 1!). 
 apparently a Tave extending 12 inches 
 
 Fig. 68. Section of grave 21. Mound I). * 
 
 into the clear yellow sand and having its 
 
 base 3 feet 6 inches from the surface. It contained the skeleton of a male, an 
 ordinary Hexed burial on the right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 21, 25 feet S., a pit extending 1 foot into the yellow sand, its base 
 3 feet from the surface (Fig. 08). At the bottom lay a skeleton of a young person 
 about 10 years of age, flexed on the right side, head S. Above the skeleton was 
 a layer of charcoal about G inches thick, mixed in places with burnt sand and shell, 
 extending up the sides of the pit to a level about 1 foot G inches above. The 
 diameter of the pit which was apparently circular, was, where the charcoal ter 
 minated, 3 feet 4 inches. The jaw and other parts of the skeleton lying in contact 
 with the charcoal were charred or calcined, while other portions lying away fronrit 
 showed no mark of fire. 
 
 Burial No. 22a, 14 feet S. E., a grave 7.-") feet long by 2 feet wide, running 17 
 inches into the undisturbed yellow sand, its base 4 feet 3 inches from the surface, 
 containing skeleton of a woman at full length, face down, head N. by E., arms along 
 side, measuring 5.5 feet as it lay. 
 
 Burial No. 22b, over the feet of Burial No. 22a, in disturbed sand, 3 feet 2 inches 
 from the surface, a flexed burial of a young adult female, head N. E. Right knee 
 up at right angle to the body, leg parallel to the thigh ; left knee in contact with 
 
120 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 the head. Right arm and forearm down along body ; left arm along body, with 
 forearm across body. 
 
 Burial No. 22c, 30 inches from the surface, above pelvic portion of Burial No. 
 22a. Male, face down, head S. E. Knees and legs to the left. Arms along body 
 with forearms under it. 
 
 Burial No. 22d, above Burial No. 22b, but just beneath surface, skeleton of an 
 adult male, disturbed by the plow, lying on back, head W., knees to the left. 
 
 Burial No. 22e. 10 feet E. by S.. on the line of undisturbed sand, a flexed skeleton 
 of a female, face down, head S. A pebble-hammer lay in association. 
 
 Above these burials, with the exception of No. 22d, the central shell layer first 
 made its appearance, at first but an inch or two in thickness, increasing over the 
 burials to 14 inches where its upper margin was 8 inches below the upper surface 
 of the mound. 
 
 Burial No. 23, 21 feet W., 2 feet 8 inches down on clear yellow sand with a 
 thin layer of oyster shells above it, was the skeleton of a female, face down and 
 under the body, head W., a knee on either side of the head with arms between 
 body and thighs. 
 
 Burial No. 24, 35 feet N. by E., skeleton of a dog, 2 feet 7 inches down. 
 
 Burial No. 25, 17 feet E. of S., flexed 
 skeleton of female, face down, head W., 2 feet 
 10 inches from the surface on the line of the 
 undisturbed yellow sand. No grave was 
 apparent. 
 
 Burial No. 2(>, 21 feet W. of S., a pocket 
 of calcined fragments of human bones and 
 charcoal, 3 inches thick at the start, lying on 
 Fig. eo.-Massive bead of shell. Mound D. the line of undisturbed sand, 3 feet 8 inches 
 
 (Full size.) 
 
 down. This layer at the start was 1 foot 10 
 
 inches across, broadening 18 inches inward to 27 inches, with a maximum thickness 
 of 8 inches and tapering from that point to its end, 2 feet 11 inches from the start. 
 
 Burial No. 27a, 10 feet S. by E., a pit with charcoal, much resembling No. 21, 
 having its base 4 feet 2 inches from the surface. At its base was a skeleton of 
 uncertain sex, flexed, trunk face down, head E. Though the skull lay in the char 
 coal, it bore no marks of fire. 
 
 Burial No. 27b, about 10 inches above No. 27a, was a flexed skeleton of a male, 
 on right side, head W. 
 
 Burial No. 28, Vessel I, 19 feet S., just beneath the surface was a vessel crushed 
 to fragments by the plow, with calcined pieces of human bones which the vessel 
 had contained. 
 
 Burial No. 29, 18 feet S., flexed skeleton of male on back, on undisturbed sand, 
 3 feet 3 inches from surface, head 8. W. 
 
 Burial No. 30, Vessel J, 14 feet S., undecorated vessel broken into fragments by 
 the plow, containing calcined bones of a child and many small shell beads with 33 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 121 
 
 massive beads, 1 some at least wrought from the columella of Fulgtir carica and still 
 showing traces of the attractive natural carnelian color, tlie largest having a length 
 of 2.2-5 inches and a diameter of 1.4 inches (Fig. 09). Two similar beads lav in 
 the sand near by. With the shell beads were 1C pearls, 2 perforated, but otherwise 
 in good condition, the largest having a diameter of 10.7 mm. by 9.6 mm. 
 
 Burial No. -51. 17 feet S. by W.. skeleton of female on line of clear yellow 
 sand, there 3 feet 6 inches from surface, head S. Trunk much twisted. Pelvic 
 portion on back, upper trunk twisted to left. Left shoulder under and toward 
 opposite side. Left arm and forearm along body. Right arm and forearm under 
 body. Right thigh at right angle to body and projecting upward, leg Hexed back 
 against it. Left thigh along body with leg against thigh. 
 
 Burial No. 32, 20 feet S. W., skeleton of young person on yellow sand 3 feet 
 9 inches from surface, on right side, head E., body partially Hexed, knees at right 
 angles to body with legs flexed back on thighs. 
 
 Burial No. 33, 21 feet W. by N., skeleton of a child, Hexed on left side, head 
 W., lying on clear yellow sand in a grave the boundaries of which were not exactly 
 distinguishable. 
 
 Burial No. 34, 22 feet W. bv N., skeleton of an adolescent, lying; on yellow 
 
 v / O v 
 
 sand ( ) feet from surface, flexed on back, head N., next to Burial No. 1 and probably 
 in same pit. 
 
 Burial No. 35, Vessel K. 19 feet S. W., an undeeorated bowl of black ware, 
 crushed by the plow, but partially held together by sand. Nearby were human 
 bones and fragments of bone unaffected by fire, probably scattered by the plow. 
 Their connection with the bowl, which apparently contained no human remains, 
 could not be established. 
 
 Burial No. 36, 16 feet S. by W., skeleton of male, on undisturbed sand 4 feet 
 from surface, flexed on right side, head N. 
 
 Burial No. 37, Vessel L, 18 feet S. W., a vessel of the ordinary type with top 
 and upper body crushed by the plow, half filled with calcined human remains and 
 imperforate, as are all vessels we have found holding calcined remains. 
 
 Burial No. 38. 13 feet S., skeleton of female, flexed on right side, head W., 
 lying on the level, 2 feet below the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 39, 31 feet N. by W., a grave having its base 6 feet 2 inches from 
 the surface, and extending about 4 feet into undisturbed sand. Its diameter at the 
 line of the yellow sand was 8 feet 8 inches, lessening to 2 feet 9 inches, one foot 
 above the base upon which lay a skeleton of a male. Hexed on right side, head S. E. 
 A bit of cord-marked pottery possibly of accidental introduction lay near the foot. 
 
 Burial No. 40, 14 feet S. by W., skeleton of a dog. 3 feet from surface. 
 
 Burial No. 41, 20 feet S. W., a pit extending 14 inches into yellow sand and 
 having its base 4 feet 4 inches from the surface. On the base lav a skeleton of a 
 female, flexed on left side, facing back, head S. 
 
 1 See " Art in Shell," Plate XXXIV, Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-1881. 
 
 2 As to pearls in Southern mounds see Antiquities of the Southern Indians, C. C. Jones, Chap 
 ter XXI. 
 
122 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 Fig. 70. Piercing 
 implement of 
 bone. Mound 
 D. (Two-thirds 
 size.) 
 
 Burial No. 42, skeleton of a dog, immediately above No. 41. 
 
 Burial No. 43, 18 feet S. W., 3 feet G inches from surface in 
 same pit as No. 41, were a single skull and one tibia, about 3 feet 
 distant. These bones had probably been disturbed by the introduc 
 tion of the burial below. 
 
 Burial No. 44, 10 feet S. by W., skeleton of a female lying on 
 a shell layer 2 feet 10 inches from the surface. The head, which 
 would have been N. E., was bent over and crushed on the pelvis. 
 The lower trunk lay on the back, the upper was bent over. The 
 right arm lay along body with forearm Hexed along thigh. The 
 left arm was alongside of body with forearm across pelvis. The 
 thighs extended laterally at right angles to opposite sides of the 
 body. Legs were flexed back against them. 
 
 Burial No. 45, 6 feet S. E., several scattered human bones in 
 the great central shell pocket. Other bones were scattered at 
 various points throughout. 
 
 Burial No. 40, 1C feet W. by S., on the line of the yellow sand, 
 there 3 feet 10 inches from the surface, was a skeleton of a female, 
 at full length, measuring 5 feet 8 inches as it lay, on back, head 
 S., face E., right arm along side, forearm crossing to pelvis ; left arm 
 along body, forearm Hexed back with hand to shoulder. 
 
 Burial No. 47, 2G feet N. by E., on the yellow sand, there 2 feet 
 from the surface, isolated cranium wanting face bones and lower jaw. 
 
 Burial No. 48, 13 feet S. W., 3 feet G inches down, skeleton of 
 animal, probably dog, which fell into small bits upon removal. 
 
 Burial No. 49. 9 feet S. W., a fireplace composed of a layer 
 of charcoal and blackened sand, 4 inches thick at start and 1 foot 
 8 inches across. One foot inward it was 25 inches across and 5 inches 
 thick, lessening from that point to its termination 2G inches from 
 its outer margin. It \vas 18 inches below the surface of the mound. 
 
 Burial No. 50, 2 feet S., in the great central shell pocket, 4 
 feet from the surface, was a deposit of calcined human bones, 3 
 inches thick at the beginning and 13 inches in breadth. Sixteen 
 inches inward it was 25 inches across and about 4 inches thick. It 
 extended inward 2 feet 9 inches. With the calcined bones was no 
 charcoal, and fragments of bones of lower animals lying among 
 them showed no trace of fire. The cremation, therefore, had not 
 been carried into effect on the spot. With the remains was an 
 interesting pointed implement 11.3 inches in length (Fig. 70), 
 wrought from a split bone of a lower animal, with a carefully 
 incised decoration on the handle, a part of which is missing. An 
 interesting feature is a former fracture repaired by the use of 
 bitumen. With the piercing implement was what may have been 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 12:! 
 
 a portion of a neatly carved handle of another bone imple 
 ment; a small bone implement that crumbled to pieces, and 
 half a rude chert arrowhead or knife. 
 
 Twenty-five feet N. by PL, and 2 feet from the surface, 
 which at this part had no layer of oyster shells and seemed 
 encumbered to a considerable extent with sand plowed from 
 higher portions of the mound, was an axe of steel. This 
 axe, which was not greatly rusted and is now doing duty 
 on our steamer, had a certain amount of wood remaining in the eye. 
 It is of the form at present known as the "turpentine axe" and is 
 employed for "boxing" pine trees. It bears no resemblance to those 
 axes in use among later Indians, one of which is figured by us in Part 
 I of our Report on the " Mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida." 
 page 07, and, in our opinion, was a recent addition to the mound, and 
 has no connection with the period of its construction. It was not 
 immediately associated with human remains. 
 
 Burial No. 51, 7 feet S. W., G feet 8 inches from the surface, or 4 
 inches above the base of the great central pit, beneath the shell, was a 
 skeleton of a male. Hexed on left side, head N. E. 
 
 Burial No. 52. just K. of the head of Burial No. 51, about 10 inches 
 above the bottom of the pit. was a layer of calcined human bones (of 
 course, in small fragments) having a thickness of 4 inches at the begin 
 ning and a breadth of 1 foot 7 inches. One foot from the beginning its 
 thickness was 5 inches, its breadth 2 feet. It extended inward a 
 distance of 2G inches. At the eastern outer corner was an undecorated 
 bowl, imperforate, of about one pint capacity, filled with fragmentary 
 calcined bones which possibly had entered from the layer contiguous to 
 it, With these was a molar of a bear. Partially covering the opening 
 of this bowl was a somewhat larger one from which a portion was 
 missing. On either side of the bowls was hematite and a thin layer of 
 it lay upon the upper surface of the layer of bones. With the 
 remains was a small cord-marked bowl in pieces, containing a few 
 shell beads. In addition, unaffected by fire, were three piercing 
 implements of bone, two of ordinary type, the other, S.o inches long, 
 having as a head the articular portion of the bone a common enough 
 form save that a certain portion had been removed from either side as 
 shown in Fig. 71. Near these was a mass of fresh-water mussels (Unio 
 shepardiamis. Lea ; Unio dolabriformis, Lea ; Unio roanokensis, 
 Lea), 1 perhaps fifty, nearly all hopelessly decayed and crushed. So far 
 as could be determined each one bore a double perforation lor suspension. 
 Those preserved show no variation from living forms. 
 
 Burial No. 53, 25 feet E. of N.. a grave having its base 4 feet 9 
 
 1 Identified by Professor Pilsbry. 
 
 Fig. 71. Piercing implement of bone. Mound D. (Full size.) 
 
124 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 inches from the surface and extending 2 feet 8 inches into the yellow undisturbed 
 sand. The diameter of this grave, 2 feet 1 inch beneath the surface, where it first 
 became apparent upon entering the clear sand, was 8 feet. It converged to a base 
 upon which lay a skeleton of a male, flexed on right side, head N. E. The super 
 ficial layer of .shell began at this point. 
 
 Burial No. 54, 30 feet N. of E., a layer of charcoal, blackened sand and calcined 
 shells, 8 inches thick, 20 inches long, extending inward 18 inches. The upper 
 margin of this layer was 3.5 feet from the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 55, 25 feet E. by S., a part of a skull and a sacrum, 2 feet 4 inches 
 from the surface. One foot 2 inches lower and about 2 feet farther inward was a 
 skeleton flexed on its right side, lacking the skull but having the sacrum in place. 
 
 Burial No. 56, 17 feet N. W., 3 feet 9 inches from the surface, skeleton of 
 young person with epiphyses unattached, flexed on right side, head N. E. 
 
 Burial No. 57, 17 feet N. by W., 3 feet from the surface on undisturbed sand 
 lay a skeleton of a male, on the right side, flexed, the knees out, head E. This 
 skeleton showed a fairly. well-united fracture of the lower end of the fibula. 
 
 Burial No. 58, 19 feet N. by E., in a pit having its base 5 feet from the surface, 
 beneath a superficial layer of 2 feet 4 inches of shell, which began over No. 53, was 
 a skeleton of uncertain sex, at full length, face down, measuring 5 feet G inches as 
 it lay, head E., arms parallel to body. Above the skeleton, beginning at the surface, 
 were : 
 
 Dark sand 1 foot 3 inches 
 
 Shell layer 2 feet 4 inches 
 
 The pit beginning immediately under the shell was filled with 1 foot 5 inches 
 of disturbed yellow sand. As no oyster shells were mingled with the sand filling 
 the grave, it is evident that the grave was completed before the beginning of the 
 layer above it, and not dug through it. 
 
 Burial No. 59, 14 feet N. W., 3 feet 4 inches from surface, skeleton of male 
 with bones disarranged through inadvertence of diggers. 
 
 Burial No. GO, 1G feet N. W., a grave filled with brown sand, having disturbed 
 yellow sand on either side. From surface of mound to base of pit, 3 feet 3 inches. 
 On undisturbed sand, flexed skeleton of female, head N. W., shoulders on back, 
 lower trunk turned to the left, knees to the left. 
 
 Burial No. Gl, 21 feet N. E., a pocket of calcined human bones and charcoal, 
 3 feet 4 inches from the surface to its lower margin, 10 inches thick, 20 inches 
 across and extending inward 10 inches. Near this fireplace was the lower articular 
 portion of the femur of a bear, neatly severed by a cutting tool. A -similar speci 
 men was taken from Mound B, Darien. 
 
 Burial No. 62, Vessel Ma, 17 feet E. by S., a vessel of the ordinary type, having 
 its upper margin 9 inches below the surface, crushed to fragments by the plow, which, 
 however, were subsequently recovered and pieced together. Height, 18 inches ; dia 
 meter of mouth, 13.5 inches; diameter of body, 11.5 inches. Upright, within 
 vessel Ma, was an undecorated bowl of black ware, slightly flaring (Mb). Approxi- 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 125 
 
 mate measurements : maximum diameter, which was at the mouth, 8.5 inches ; 
 height, 5 inches. Within Mb, was a third vase (Me) of black ware, having a 
 globular body and flaring rim with decoration around the margin consisting of 
 raised circles enclosing projections. Diameter at mouth, 5 inches; of body, ">.! 
 inches; height, G inches. Within Me were a few calcined fragments of the bones 
 of an infant. Both Mb and Me, though badly broken, have been pieced together 
 with practically no missing parts. Above and around Ma were pieces of earthen 
 ware belonging to at least two vessels, which may have served as a covering before 
 the advent of the plow. 
 
 Burial No. 03, 13 feet W. by N., 2 feet G inches from the surface, in a grave 
 which had its base on the undisturbed sand 4 feet G inches down, was a seated 
 skeleton, facing N., with head crushed down on the pelvis. Both arms were parallel 
 with the body, the forearms crossing on the pelvis. The thighs, with legs Hexed 
 back on them, projected up on either side. Sex uncertain. 
 
 Burial No. 64, immediately beneath No. 03, flexed skeleton of female, trunk to 
 the left, head N. and facing in that direction. 
 
 Burial No. 65, isolated skull of a child in contact with the cranium of No. 64. 
 
 Burial No. 66, with the pelvis against No. 05 and the cranium of No. 04 was 
 a skeleton of a young person, head S., upper trunk on back, head over on chest, 
 legs flexed and turned to the right. Right arm along body with forearm beneath 
 thighs. Left arm a little out and down, with forearm across pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 07, along the bottom of the grave in which were Nos. 03, 04, 05 
 and 00, was the skeleton of a woman, face down, at full length, 5 feet 8 inches long 
 as it lay ; head N., arms and forearms parallel to trunk. 
 
 Burial No. 68, 10 feet N. by W., scattered human bones, 4 feet from surface. 
 
 Burial No. 09, 9 feet W. of N., skeleton of young person, flexed on right side, 
 head S. E., 3 feet down. In association were a number of Olivella shells pierced 
 for stringing. 
 
 Burial No. 70, on the same plane, and about 1 foot N. of No. 09, was the 
 skeleton of a child about 5 years of age, flexed on the left side, head N. With 
 it was a cord-marked bowl imposed upon a basket-marked cup, each of somewhat 
 less than one pint capacity and imperfqrate as to its base. At the bottom of the cup 
 were traces of red pigment. 
 
 Burial No. 71, just E. of the cranium of No. 70 were parts of the skull of an 
 infant and a few fragmentary bones. 
 
 Burial No. 72, 11 feet N. W., 3 feet down, flexed skeleton of child from three 
 to five years of age, badly crushed, head N. 
 
 Burial No. 73, Vessel N, 11 feet E. by N., just beneath the surface, an upright 
 urn-shaped vessel with a faint diamond-stamped decoration, of poor material and 
 completely rotten. It contained the calcined remains of a child. Though in such 
 bad condition this vessel was cemented in place, pieced together and allowed to dry 
 before removal and was thus recovered in fairly good condition. Approximate 
 
 l(i JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
120 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 measurements: height, 11 inches; diameter of mouth and maximum diameter of 
 body, each about 8.75 inches (Plate XV). 
 
 Vessel 0. Immediately behind Vessel N, on its side, facing it, was an imper- 
 forate bowl intact, with complicated, stamped decoration (Plate XIV, Fig. 2). Ap 
 proximate measurements : diameter of mouth, and maximum diameter of body, 
 each. 8.2 inches ; height, G inches. No human remains were found in association, 
 within or without. 
 
 Burial No. 74, 14 feet E. of N., skeleton of a dog. 
 
 Burial No. 75, 11 feet S. of E., 4 feet 9 inches down in a pit shown in the 
 cross-section of the mound, a flexed skeleton of a child, head E. 
 
 Burial No. 70, 10 feet E., skeleton of a dog. 3 feet from the surface, at the 
 bottom of a small pocket, beneath a local shell layer. This small pit had been dug 
 through the shell layer, or through part of it, during its formation, as the pit had 
 been filled with shells from the layer. However, a layer of calcined human bones 
 (Burial No. 77) entirely intact, lay above the pit containing the dog, which was 
 therefore not an intrusive burial. 
 
 Burial No. 77, 10 feet E., inches from surface, a pocket of calcined human 
 bones, 5 inches thick, circular, with a diameter of about 7 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 78, 11 feet E., 3 feet 8 inches from surface, in disturbed sand, 
 skeleton of a child, flexed on right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 79, 18 feet N. E., feet 9 inches from the surface, at the bottom of 
 a pit and let into the clear yellow sand, was the skeleton of a male, at full length, 
 face down, head N. W., with arms and forearms parallel to body. The cranium 
 was saved (A. N. S., Cat, No. 2,100). 
 
 Burial No. 80, 11 f eet E. by N., on the clear yellow sand on the slope of the 
 pit ending with Burial No. 79 was a skeleton in a sitting position leaning forward, 
 facing W., head forced doAvn to pelvis, right arm along body, forearm crossing above 
 pelvis, left arm along body, forearm forward at right angle. Thighs with legs 
 against them, parallel to body. 
 
 Burial No. 81, 7 feet N. by W., 3 feet 8 inches down, just beneath the shell 
 layer, in disturbed yellow sand, probably part of a large grave, the exact boundaries 
 of which were not traceable, was a skeleton on right side, head N. W. A few 
 scattered bones of another body, probably disturbed by the burial of No. 81, lay about. 
 
 Burial No. 82, Vessel P, in the central shell pocket, 3 feet W., 3 feet inches 
 down, crushed but held together by the shell, on its side, with a certain portion 
 missing, was an imperforate cord-marked pot of poor material, approximately 
 measuring 5.5 inches in height and inches across its opening, where it had its 
 maximum diameter. In it were the bones of an infant, unaffected by fire. 
 
 Burial No. 83, 8 feet E., nearly on the bottom of a pit, 3 feet from the surface, 
 was the skeleton of a female on left side, head S. W., very much twisted as shown 
 in Fig. 72. Beneath the cranium was the shell of a fresh-water mussel. 
 
 Burial No. 84, 5 feet N. E., 3 feet 4 inches down in a pit the limits of which 
 were not determined, was the skeleton of a male, on the right side, head PI 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 127 
 
 KIR. 7S. Burial No. 83. (Not on scale.) 
 
 Burial No. 85, 1 foot N., skeleton of a dog. 
 
 Mound I) furnishes a good example of the curious forms of burial prevalent on 
 the Georgia coast. We do not think all the skeletons were intentionally arranged 
 as found, believing some, at least, were forced into pits comparatively small in size 
 
 (for shovels in those early days were not so 
 convenient as now, and digging was more 
 onerous), and were twisted into positions 
 more or less the result of chance. The 
 burials at full length, usually at a great 
 comparative depth from the surface, were 
 unqestionably intentional as to their form, 
 though the placing of the skeleton on its 
 back or on its face may have been a matter 
 of accident. In addition, we have layers of 
 calcined human bones ; uncremated infant 
 skeletons buried in jars ; incinerated remains 
 of single infants in urns ; and jars filled with 
 incinerated remains, the result of a general 
 cremation. 
 
 One curious feature was the presence of numerous skeletons of dogs, which 
 were not found in fragments, here and there a scattered bone, but interred in their 
 entirety. These dogs, therefore, evidently had not served as food. Curiously 
 enough, however, the dogs did not lie with or near human skeletons, as one would 
 expect had they been slain and buried with their masters, but were accorded inter 
 ment by themselves. 
 
 In no mound of the coast of Georgia have burials of dogs approached in number 
 those in Mound I), though occasional ones always represented by the entire 
 skeleton have been met with. 
 
 In Florida we found in a shell-heap on the Econlockhatchee creek. Orange 
 County, a part of a canine jaw of considerable interest, which the late Professor 
 Cope described and figured in the American Naturalist, July, 1893, in connection 
 with certain references to prehistoric dogs in that number. 1 
 
 Later, another fragmentary canine jaw was discovered by us in a Florida 
 shell-heap. 
 
 On the base of the Tick Island mound, Volusia County, Florida, we found the 
 skeleton of a dog, the skull of which is now in the collection of the late Professor 
 Cope and was described by him in a note in our "Certain Sand Mounds of the St. 
 Johns Ri-ver, Florida," Part II. 
 
 On the base of the Light-house mound near Fernandina, Florida, were two 
 skeletons of dogs, one in very -poor condition. . The skull of the better preserved 
 one is in the possession of Professor Putnam and references to it by Professors Cope 
 
 1 "Certain Shell Heaps of the St. Johns River, Florida, Hitherto Unexplored," by C. B. Moore. 
 Third paper. 
 
128 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 and Putnam may be found in our " Certain Florida Coast Mounds north of the 
 St. Johns River," 1 page 25 et seq. 
 
 Professor Putnam, in whose possession all our Georgia canine skulls now are 
 (1897), after an extended comparative study, is convinced that there can be no 
 doubt that a prehistoric dog existed, in type resembling the collie but with slightly 
 broader jaws. 
 
 Fig. 73. Diagram of Mound E. 
 
 Mr. Mercer has lately described a portion of a canine jaw found by him in a 
 Maine shell-heap, with a note by Professor Cope. 2 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BRYAN COUNTY. MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, MOUND E. 
 
 This mound, in the same field and about 300 yards W. of Mound D, had been 
 plowed over for so long a period that little could be determined as to its original 
 
 1 Privately printed, Philadelphia, 1896. 
 
 2 "An Exploration of Aboriginal Shell Heaps." Publications of the University of Pennsyl 
 vania, Vol. VI, page 123 et seq. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 129 
 
 height. Its altitude at the time of the demolition of the mound by us was 14 
 inches ; its diameter we judged to be about 38 feet. 
 
 Like many other mounds of its class it was composed of dark sand over undis 
 turbed yellow sand, separated by a dark band, probably the original 
 surface of the field. The line of the base showed marked irregularities, 
 with several curious pits similar to those already referred to in other 
 mounds. Oyster shells covered the central portion of the mound to a 
 depth of about 1 foot (> inches. 
 
 We give a detailed description of the skeletal remains in conjunc 
 tion with the diagram (Fig. 73). 
 
 1. 16 feet S. E., a grave with the base 34 inches from the surface 
 and 22 inches below the base line of the mound. In it was part of a 
 skeleton in anatomical order, trunk on back and upper extremities in 
 order, arms down along body, cranium missing but a few teeth lying on 
 ribs, lower extremities missing with the exception of left foot which lay 
 on trunk immediately above pelvis. 
 
 2. 15 feet N. W., a female skeleton, head N. E., flexed on left side, 
 10 inches down. 
 
 X. 12 feet S. of W., a fire-place 1 foot beneath surface, 20 inches 
 long, with a maximum thickness of 2 inches, and extending inward 1 
 foot 7 inches. 
 
 3. 11 feet W. by S., 8 inches down, a number of loose human 
 bones having in association fragments of a vessel of about 2 quarts 
 capacity, crushed Hat. The cranium was missing. This disturbance 
 probably owed its origin to the plow. 
 
 4. 8 feet W. by S., a skeleton of uncertain sex, head E., trunk on 
 back, left thigh extended, leg flexed back upon it, right thigh flexed 
 toward body, leg drawn down upon thigh, arms and forearms parallel to 
 body. This skeleton, one humerus of which showed an imperfectly 
 united fracture, 1 was 15 inches from the surface. 
 
 5. 12 feet N. by W., a grave with base 37 inches from the surface, 
 containing a skeleton with trunk on back, head S. W., thighs flexed on 
 . body and turned to the right, legs flexed against thighs, right arm and 
 forearm parallel with body, left arm along body with forearm flexed at 
 a right angle across body. From the bottom of the grave to the top 
 Fi 74 Bone ^ * ue black base-line was 25 inches. The pit was 3 feet 3 inches 
 pin with in- across a t the top. 
 
 cised decor 
 ation. Mound XX. 7 feet W., a fire-place about 2 inches thick, 1 foot 4 inches 
 
 E. (Full size.) _ 
 
 below the surface. Its outer margin had a length of 30 inches, broad 
 ening to 3 feet 9 inches about 1 foot 11 inches inward. From the left corner a 
 small spur projected 9 inches farther in. 
 
 6. 2 feet W.. a curious grave, 5 feet G inches in diameter at its apparent 
 
 1 Sent to the Arinv Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. 
 
130 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 starting point beneath the black base layer of the mound and 3.5 feet across its 
 base, extended toward the center a distance of 3.5 feet. The black basal layer 
 of the mound continued unbroken above it, showing its completion previous to the 
 inception of the mound. From the surface of the mound to the bottom of the 
 grave was 5 feet 4 inches. From the bottom of the black band to the bottom of the. 
 grave was 3 feet G inches. In the grave, 4 feet 10 inches from the surface, were 
 three skeletons of children all about five or six years of age. With them were 
 many fragments of pots in layers and one small undecorated cup with a curious 
 knob on the outside at the bottom. This cup, somewhat crushed, has been almost 
 completely restored. 
 
 7. Just beneath the surface were certain human bones, doubtless remains of a 
 skeleton disturbed by a plow. 
 
 In the shell debris covering the mound was a bone pin G inches in length, 
 encircled as to the upper part with incised decoration extending 2 inches down 
 (Fig. 74). 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BRYAN COUNTY. MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, MOUND F. 
 
 This low elevation, in the same field as Mound B and about 200 yards in a 
 westerly direction from it, had long been under cultivation. Its highest portion, 
 where superficial shell had a somewhat greater upward slope, was about 20 inches 
 above the general level. The limits of the mound were not definitely fixed. A 
 diameter of 7G feet was taken and the southernmost half of the circumference was 
 carefully dug through. 
 
 The mound, which had absolutely no dark band running through it, was coin- 
 posed of black loam mixed with oyster shells. The usual grave-pits were present, 
 the majority being filled with midden refuse, though several contained dark sandpnly. 
 
 Human remains, in an excellent state of preservation, were met with to the 
 number of twenty. No urn-burials of any sort or pockets of calcined remains 
 \vere found. 
 
 One skeleton of a dog was found, interred alone, as usual. 
 
 Cord-marked ware in the form of sherds, was present through the body of the 
 mound but the complicated stamp was unrepresented save by two or three fragments 
 from near the surface. One undecorated sherd had a thickness of 1.1 inches. 
 
 Four pebble-hammers lay separately in the sand. Three others, two of quartz 
 and one of Granultie, 1 lay together, away from human remains. One had a length 
 of about G inches. 
 
 Four rude piercing implements of bone came separately from the midden refuse 
 in which also was found the tine of a stag-horn, severed by a cutting tool. 
 
 Burials were of the flexed variety ; the majority of skeletons on the left side. 
 The direction of the heads of eighteen was noted. Ten were to the E., two to the 
 N. E., two to the S. E., two to the W., one to the N. and one to the S. W. 
 
 A little hematite lay with one burial. With another were two fresh-water 
 mussel shells and a mass of rock, somewhat worked. 
 
 1 All determinations of rock are by Dr. Goldsmith. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 131 
 
 OSSAHA\V ISLAND, BKYAN CWXTY. BUTF FIKI.D, Morxi) A. 
 
 Tin 1 Blufl Field is a cultivated tract about 2.0 miles by land in a northeasterly 
 direction from the Middle Settlement, and is under the same control. 
 
 Mound A, about midway between the extremities of the field, and perhaps 7"> 
 yards from the bluff, had a height of 2 feet } inches above the surrounding level. 
 We gave to it a diameter of about 0(i feet, which probably included more than the 
 mound. The mound had been much plowed away but bore no trace of previous 
 investigation, save several small holes dug by colored men. 
 
 The mound was completely dug through. It was composed of black loam with 
 oyster shells scattered here and there and contained several local layers of shell. 
 The central portion of the mound, with an average diameter of 24 feet, was a solid 
 mass of oyster shells from the surface down to a thin stratum of black loam from (> 
 to 12 inches in thickness. Beneath was undisturbed grayish-white sand. At the 
 center of the mound this mass of shell was 2 feet thick. Marginal pits filled with 
 black midden refuse and containing no burials, were present. 
 
 Human remains in fairly good condition were met with at fourteen points 
 one deposit of calcined remains and thirteen skeletons. The skeletons, head 
 ing in all directions, were flexed on the right, on the left, or with trunk on back and 
 lower extremities to the right or to the left. The calcined remains were a layer at 
 the bottom of a pit extending 18 inches into undisturbed sand with fragments of 
 charcoal above it. Completely covering the area where the pit entered the undis 
 turbed sand, was a layer of four thicknesses of large cord-marked sherds. 
 
 Away from human remains was the skeleton of a dog, the principal parts of 
 which were forwarded by us to Professor Putnam. 
 
 By the cranium of a child was a practically undecorated pot. imperforate. with 
 inverted rim, in the shape of an inverted cone with rounded apex, or of an acorn 
 with blunted point. Diameter of aperture, 4 inches ; maximum diameter, o inches ; 
 height, 4.8 inches (Fig. 75). 
 
 Scattered sherds were practically unrepresented in the mound. A mass of 
 stone, probably amphibolic gneiss, pitted, and used as a smoothing stone, lay loose 
 in the sand. 
 
 On the surface, near Mound A, lay a rude implement, probably of amphibolic 
 gneiss, about 4 inches in length, somewhat resembling in form a hoe-shaped imple 
 ment, or spud. It is much chipped at the edge, having probably seen service as a 
 hoe. It bears a longitudinal groove showing secondary use as a hone. 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BKVAN COUNTY. BLUFF FIKLD. Moi NI> B. 
 
 This mound, in the extreme S. W. part of the field, had a height of 19 inches. 
 A certain amount had been ploughed away. No previous investigation was reported 
 or noted. 
 
 A diameter of 40 feet was taken, and the circumference dug through, including 
 we believe, considerably more than the mound. It was composed of black loamy 
 
132 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 sand with oyster shells scattered throughout. Toward the center the shells became 
 more numerous but were not in a compact mass. From what seemed to be the 
 center of the surface of the mound to undisturbed sand was 26 inches. 
 
 Sherds were of very infrequent occurrence, none bearing the complicated stamp. 
 
 The mound, in swampy ground, contained human remains at six points, all 
 badly decayed. 
 
 Burial No. 1, 3 feet W. of center, just beneath the surface, was a small pocket 
 of scattered fragments of calcined human bones with charcoal at either extremity. 
 
 Fig. 75. Vessel of earthenware. Mound A, Bluff Field. (Full size.) 
 
 Burial No. 2, in a central position in the mound, on the bottom of a pit 29 
 inches deep and extending 10 inches into undisturbed sand, was a deposit of calcined 
 fragments of human bones, 14 by 18 inches, and 4 to 6 inches in thickness. At 
 either side, and above this deposit, was charcoal. At its outer margin was a pebble- 
 hammer of quartz and a small chisel of greenstone. A little farther in, resting on 
 its imperforate base, was an undecorated bowl, with a slightly inverted rim, having 
 a diameter at mouth of 5.3 inches, a maximum diameter of 6 inches and a height 
 of 2.8 inches. Upright within this was a curious little imperforate, undecorated 
 vessel. Disimeter of mouth, 2.3 inches ; maximum diameter, 3 inches ; height, 2.4 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 133 
 
 inches (Fig. 70). Beneath the larger vessel was a tobacco pipe of earthenware, 
 having the usual curious chipping on the stein, 3.4 inches in length; diameter of 
 howl, 1.3 inches (Fig. 77). On the upper surface of the deposit lay a neatly shaped 
 arrowhead of chert. 
 
 Burial No. 3, 3 feet N. E., 3 feet from the surface, .on the bottom of a pit 
 extending 1(1 inches into undisturbed sand and having a diameter of 3 feet 4 inches 
 
 at its line of junction with the 
 body of the mound, consisted of 
 the bones of a small child in frag 
 ments through decay. Surround 
 ing sand was tinged with hematite. 
 In contact with this skeleton 
 was another, also of a young child, 
 equally fragmentary, the legs 
 extending up along the side of the 
 pit. Above this skeleton was a 
 layer of sherds three and four 
 thick. Beneath both skeletons 
 was charcoal. 
 
 Burial No. 4, 2 feet N.. in a 
 grave with its base 33 inches from 
 the surface, and 2 feet in diameter 
 where it entered the undisturbed 
 sand, into which it ran 14 inches, 
 was the skeleton of a child about 5 years of age, Hexed on the right side, heading W. 
 Directly N. on the same plane, were the skeletal remains of a child about 3 
 years of age, Hexed on the back, heading W. 
 
 Burial No. 5, G feet N. W., 30 inches down, just let into undisturbed sand, was 
 a skeleton of an adult female, Hexed on the right side, head N. W. 
 
 Burial No. G, ) feet N. 
 by W., 1 feet from the sur 
 face, was the skeleton of a 
 young infant, unfortunately 
 disturbed by one of our men 
 in digging. 
 
 This mound calls to 
 mind Mound A, of the Middle 
 Settlement, in that the skele 
 tons of adult males were 
 excluded, and, as in Mound A, calcined remains were present. These remains 
 included adult skeletons, but whether male or female we are unable to state. 
 Another curious feature of this mound was the central position of burials. 
 
 I 
 
 17 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
 Fig 7(i. Vessel of earthenware. Mound B, Bl tiff Field. I Full size.) 
 
 Fig. 77. Tobacco pipe of earthenware. Mound B. Blurt Field. (Full size.) 
 
134 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 OSSABAW ISLAND, BRYAN COUNTY. BLUFF FIELD, MOUND C. 
 
 This mound, in a portion of the field used for the cultivation of rice, lay in low 
 ground which was drained by us before proceeding to investigate, and even then the 
 presence of water was a hindrance. The mound, which had been much dug into by 
 negroes living on the island, was about 150 yards N. of Mound B and had a height 
 of 30 inches, which in no wise represented its original altitude. A diameter of 50 
 feet, which more than included the mound, was taken, and the circumference dug 
 through with the exception of where a former trench had been excavated. 
 
 The mound offered no structural feature of interest. Sherds were fairly 
 abundant, the majority decorated with trje complicated stamp. 
 
 A mass of coral, about thrice the size of a clenched hand, lay unassociated. 
 
 With no interment, but doubtless belonging to one previously removed, were a 
 number of shell beads. 
 
 A grooved pebble-hammer and one-half of a sandstone hone lay separately, 
 loose in the sand. A portion of a tobacco pipe, with projecting knobs upon the 
 bowl, came from midden refuse. 
 
 In the entire mound human remains were met with at but three points. 
 
 Burial No. 1, Vessel A, the lower portion of a large imperforate vessel with 
 complicated stamp, the upper part plowed away, filled with calcined human bones. 
 With them were : a chert nodule ; an oblong piece of chert, showing a certain 
 amount of chipping ; a fragment of chert ; and part of a lance head of the same 
 material. 
 
 Burial No. 2, 5 feet W., 1 foot down, on the bottom of a small pit was a deposit 
 of fragments of calcined human bones, 1.5 inches thick at the start, 18 inches across 
 and extending inward 17 inches where it attained a thickness of 3 inches. Above 
 a portion of this deposit were a number of good sized fragments from several 
 vessels. The decoration on two sherds was of interest. On one (Fig. 78), in relief, 
 was an encircled point, sometimes an emblem of the sun-god, also a symbol of the 
 Mayas and found in Europe on the painted pebbles of Mas d Azil. 1 The other is 
 shown in Fig. 79. 
 
 Professor Holmes, " considering the locality," is " inclined to regard them as 
 merely ornaments or parts of patterns." 
 
 Thomas Wilson, Esq., writes of them as follows : 
 " The signs or marks which you have found on the pottery in : 
 Georgia, and about which you wrote me, have been noticed by me during my inves 
 tigations of the Swastika sign. But I have never been able to find any connection 
 between them and the Swastika, nor to find them in such association as to induce 
 me to believe that they had either a symbolic or ideographic character, or were other 
 than the mere decoration or ornamentation which we find in so many hundreds of 
 other forms on the respective implements and objects of prehistoric times." 
 Professor Putnam takes a different view. He says : 
 
 1 Of, and after, the period of the reindeer. " Les Galets Calorie* du Mas d Azil." L Anthropo- 
 %(V (supplement). Juillet-Aoilt, 1896. PI. XI, Fig. 9. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST 13-3 
 
 Fig. 78. Sherd, Mound B, BliiH Field. (Full size.) 
 
 "As to the circle with the dot, there can hardly be a doubt that it is a sun 
 symbol. Of course in the minds of some persons this would simply be a circle with 
 a dot in it, a mere decoration without any particular meaning; but I have long 
 
 been convinced that in the develop 
 ment of American art, after passing 
 through the realistic stage, conven 
 tionalized forms were used, and at 
 this period of development, symbol 
 ism became a marked feature in cer 
 tain regions. Finally the spaces 
 around the essential figure or symbol 
 were sometimes filled up at the fancy 
 of the artist; the main point in all 
 higher decoration being the expres 
 sion of a thought by a convention 
 alized form or sacred symbol. 
 The sun symbol, we may say, is cosmopolitan. It is widely expressed by a 
 simple circle or a circle with a central dot. In this connection I call your attention 
 to the paper by Mr. Willoughby and myself entitled Symbolism in Ancient 
 American Art, and a more recent 
 paper following out the same 
 line of thought, written by Mr. 
 Willoughby and entitled : An 
 Analysis of Decorations Upon Pot 
 tery from the Mississippi Valley. 
 The perusal of this paper will, I 
 think, convince you that the decor 
 ations consisting of circles, crosses 
 and scrolls are really the more or 
 less conventionalized rendering of 
 certain symbols. You will notice 
 this circle and dot combined with 
 the swastika-like figure of the four 
 winds in Fig. 11 of Mr. Willough- 
 by s paper, and you will find the 
 sun svmbol in various connections 
 
 / 
 
 shown in many of the figures ; 
 also in some of the figures in our 
 joint paper on Symbolism. 
 
 " The peculiar Z-shaped figure 
 
 with the two dots probably has the same meaning as the swastika, or being a half 
 swastika as Mr. Willoughby says, it probably indicates a gentle wind or breath, in 
 other words, life. This is the actual meaning of the symbol as used among some 
 
 Fig. TO. Sherd, Mound B, Bluff Field. (Full size.) 
 
136 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 of the Pueblo tribes. You will find this same Z-shaped figure in the center of a 
 design, representing a woman, drawn by the Molds, in Mallory s paper, page 705 of 
 the Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89. In this, however, the two dots are 
 not represented. I know of only one other example like yours, and that is shown 
 on a small human figure carved in ivory from a mound in Ohio. This figure is 
 represented with some sort of decoration over the chest and on that decoration is 
 carved the Z-shaped design with the two dots as shown on your potsherd." 
 
 Burial No. 3, Vessel B, 4 feet W. N. W., approximately the lower third of a 
 large imperforate vessel, the remainder of which had been ploughed away. Within 
 were fragments of calcined human bones and 26 barrel-shaped beads of shell, 
 remarkably well preserved, the largest about .75 of one inch in length. 
 
 The Cabbage-Garden and the Long-Field, neighboring tracts, were carefully 
 searched for mounds without success, though shell heaps were abundant. A number 
 of these were investigated without results of especial interest. 
 
 SKIDDAWAY ISLAND, CHATHAM COUNTY. THIRD SETTLEMENT, MOUND A. 
 
 This mound, in a field long under cultivation, leased by Fanny Johnston, colored, 
 in the Third Settlement, scarcely rose above the general level. Its diameter was 
 estimated at 74 feet ; a section line extending E. S. E. and W. N. W. was run 
 through what seemed to be the center of the mound and the half to the south was 
 dug through. There was no sign of previous investigation. The usual pits and 
 graves were present. 
 
 In the half of the mound investigated, human remains were met with at 
 twenty-seven points as follows : four pockets of calcined remains ; four late disturb 
 ances ; one not determined ; eighteen skeletons. 
 
 Of the 18 skeletons : two were at full length on back ; nine at full length on 
 face ; four were flexed on the left side ; one flexed, face down ; while one, with the 
 trunk on back, had the legs partly flexed ; one was in a sitting position, with the 
 head crushed down on the pelvis. 
 
 Excluding the burial in a sitting position the skeletons headed : E., 1 ; E. by 
 N., 2; N. E. by E., 1 ; N. E., 3; N. N. W., 2; N. W., 1 ; W. S. W., 2; S. W., 1; 
 S. E. by S., 1; S. E., 2 ; E. S. E., 1. 
 
 The five flexed burials, however, headed between S. E. and W. S. W. 
 
 Sherds were rarely met with in the mound. None of complicated stamp Avas 
 present. 
 
 Near a burial was part of a gracefully shaped hammer of quartzite and a 
 pebble-hammer. 
 
 With another burial were six pebble-hammers of quartz, one smoothing stone 
 and hematite. 
 
 Several fragmentary implements of stone and one bone piercing implement 
 were met with. 
 
 A fact carefully noted by us, all through our investigation of the Georgia Coast, 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. l:-J7 
 
 but not referred to until its close, namely, the utter absence of artifacts with burials 
 at length, was again emphasized in this mound. Though as a rule, extended burials 
 lay near the base, on it or below it, and often great pits had been made for their 
 accommodation, yet associated artifacts were always w r anting. As a rule, calcined 
 deposits not enclosed in cinerary urns and masses of bones not in anatomical order 
 were the most favored in respect to art-relics, though Hexed burials were not 
 entirely neglected. 
 
 SKIDDAWAV ISLAND, CHATHAM COUNTY. TIMHD SETTLEMENT. MOUND 15. 
 
 What the plow had spared of this mound lay in a cultivated field about MOO 
 yards N. of Mound A. Its height was about IS inches. Oyster shells were scattered 
 on its surface and throughout the adjacent field. A diameter of (10 feet was taken 
 and the eastern half completely dug through. Marginal pits filled with refuse were 
 present. Local layers of oyster shells and the usual grave-pits were met with. 
 One 1 grave extended 4 feet below the surface. 
 
 Human remains, encountered at eleven points, included one aboriginal disturb 
 ance and three inadvertently dug into by men in our employ. The remaining seven 
 are given in detail. 
 
 Burial No. 1, female in kneeling position, leaning forward, head N. E. 
 
 Burial No. 3, male in sitting position, facing N. Head crushed almost to pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 5, 13 feet N. E., child from 3 to 5 years of age. in sitting position, 
 facing E. 
 
 Burial No. (>, child about six years old, apparently flexed on right side, head S. 
 
 Burial No. 7. skeleton of uncertain sex in a sitting position, facing about 
 S. S. W., tilted against one side of the pit. 
 
 Burial No. 8, skeleton of male, kneeling and crooked forward, head N. W. 
 
 Burial No. 11, skeleton of adolescent Hexed on left side, head S. E. 
 
 Several pebble-hammers were met with. 
 
 Earthenware of the complicated stamp was wanting. 
 
 SKIDDAVVAY ISLAND, CHATHAM COUNTY. NORTH-END SETTLEMENT. 
 
 This mound, in a field formerly under cultivation, about 1.25 miles in a S. S. W. 
 direction from the northern end of -the island, had sustained a certain amount of 
 previous investigation. Its height w r as 2 feet; its diameter, apparently about 45 
 feet. The mound was completely dug down bv us. 
 
 Several skeletons offering no points of especial interest and the lower part of a 
 vessel of the ordinary type were met with. The upper part of this vessel had been 
 ploughed away and lost. Near by lay one fragment of a calcined bone. 
 
 No artifacts of interest were found. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The mounds of the Georgia coast, as judged by their contents, lead us to believe 
 them to have been relics of a race ill supplied with stone, almost without copper, 
 
138 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE GEORGIA COAST. 
 
 but given to the manufacture of earthenware, which, however, lacked diversity 
 of type. 
 
 The builders of these tumuli differed markedly from the aborigines of Florida 
 in their method of constructing many of their mounds, in possessing a totally 
 different type of tobacco pipe, in the absence of mortuary earthenware with ready- 
 made perforation in the base. 
 
 They coincided, however, in the absence of the grooved axe and of the mortar 
 made of stone. In both sections this utensil was probably of wood, as are some 
 along the Georgia coast at the present time. 
 
 In mortuary methods we note a striking difference between the mound-makers 
 of the Georgia coast and their neighbors to the south. In Florida, cremation, 
 though practised, was by no means carried to so great an extent as on the coast of 
 Georgia, while, to the best of our belief, placing of cremated remains in cinerary 
 urns and uncremated skeletal remains in jars was unknown in Florida. 1 
 
 A point of interest, as illustrating diversity of custom in neighboring localities, 
 is that when jars were used for uncremated remains, infants exclusively were selected 
 in some localities, as at Creighton Island, and at Ossabaw Island, and adults in 
 others, as at Sapelo Island, and at St. Catherine s Island with one exception. 
 
 Another feature of interest was the occasional occurrence of mounds in which 
 the skeletal burials were those of women and children exclusively. But the most 
 striking feature of all and one for which we vainly seek a solution is the use in the 
 same mound of forms of burial so varied, varieties of inhumation and of cremation 
 lying side by side. 
 
 We are told by Cabeca de Vaca, 2 who, as the reader recalls, crossed from Florida 
 to Mexico comparatively early in the sixteenth century, that certain aborigines of 
 northwest Florida burned the remains of their doctors while burying those of all 
 others. Here we see a distinction in form of burial, which, however, cannot apply 
 to the Georgia coast, for even had physicians been proportionately as numerous in 
 former times as they are at present, still the percentage of cremations in the coast 
 mounds is too great to consider these cremations the remains of medicine-men alone. 
 Besides, as we have seen, cremated remains of infants are met with on the Georgia 
 coast. 
 
 In conclusion, we call the attention of the reader to mortuary customs across 
 the sea in former times, so ably presented by the Marquis de Nadaillac in the 
 succeeding paper, " Inhumation and Incineration in Europe." 
 
 1 Colonel C. C. Jones (op. cit. page 456), refers to urn-burial in Florida. We think this accom 
 plished writer, who did little work in that State, must have accepted erroneous information. Vessels 
 buried beside skeletons often receive a certain number of bones from them, a fact which may have 
 misled investigators as to urn-burial in Florida. 
 
 2 " It is their custom to bury the dead, unless it be those among them who have been physicians, 
 and those they burn." The Narrative of Alvar Nuile/i Cabe<;a de Vaca, translated by Buckingham 
 iSmith. Washington, 1851, page 49. 
 
INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 
 BY THE MARQUIS DK NADAII.I.AC. 
 
 All known facts show that in Em-opt inhumation and incineration, two such 
 different methods of disposing of the 1 human body, were in use at the same time 
 among the same peoples during the age of iron, the age of bronze and, in some cases, 
 even during the neolithic period. 
 
 The Iberians, the oldest inhabitants of Western Europe, buried their dead and 
 punished notable criminals by the cremation of their bodies. 
 
 The Cauls burnt slaves, dependents and horses that they might follow their 
 master into the life beyond. 2 
 
 In the glorious days of Rome cremation was general. In the eyes of the 
 aristocracy, however, the destruction of the human body by lire was a humiliation. 
 By burial this aristocracy distinguished itself from the lower classes and from peoples 
 subjected by conquest. We know that Sj lla, of the illustrious Cornelia gens, was the 
 first of his race to be cremated. 
 
 It is now generally admitted that the rapid extension of cremation was due to 
 the Celts. We find it from Greece to England, from Etruria to Poland and Russia. 
 Bodies were burnt and those who were not rich enough to have the entire body 
 cremated, contented themselves with burning the head and the arms hence partial 
 cremation. 3 
 
 But everywhere the two rites are side by side. Here, inhumation is the most 
 employed ; there, cremation. Why this difference among the same people, at the 
 same epoch, in the same place of sepulture? Does it imply a diversity of origin, 
 of caste, of social or religious condition ? 
 
 The answer to this question is impossible in our present state of knowledge. 
 Moreover, it should be different according to the country, the people, the epoch 
 under consideration. Everywhere different influences have acted under different 
 surroundings. 
 
 Brittany offers a striking example. The dolmen of Mt. St. Michel and the 
 dolmen of Tumiac are but a short distance apart; both date from the neolithic 
 period ; they were built by the same race, probably during the same epoch. At St. 
 Michel we find incineration ; 4 at Tumiac, inhumation. 5 
 
 1 Translated by C. B. Moore. 
 
 1 Caesar, De hello Galileo, L. VI, C. XIX ; L. I, C. XIV ; L. VII, C. III. 
 
 Handbueh der Dentschen Mythologie d Arbois de Jubainville, Rev. Arch. 1891, Mar. Aju-il. 
 
 * R. Galles, Rapport sur les foullles du Mont St. Michel en Canute. 
 
 5 L. (Jalles, Fouille* du tumulus de Tumiac en Arzon. 
 
140 INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 
 
 M. du Chatelier takes us to the other extremity of Brittany. Out of 145 
 megaliths, dating from the stone age, he reports 20 inhumations, 7 "2 cremations, 31 
 containing charcoal alone. In 22 no conclusions were possible. 
 
 We see a similar state of affairs near the town of Reims, in the Puy du Dome, 1 
 in the Marne and in a number of other of the French Departments. The rule is 
 not universal, however. At Calvisson (Gard), for instance, we find neolithic burials 
 embracing cremation only. 2 
 
 In Scotland we are able to cite only the celebrated cairns of Caithness. In 
 them at the same time are met with, without a clue to explain such characteristic 
 differences, the burial at length ; the skeleton flexed upon itself; and cremation. 
 
 In Italy results are startling. " When you find," says Baron de Duhn, 3 u the 
 two forms of sepulture together, it is because two populations were living side by 
 side, and the predominance of one or of the other indicates that of the population 
 practising the prevailing rite." In Italy, inhumation was practised at first; incin 
 eration appears with bronze ; next inhumation returns with the oldest Etruscans. 
 Incontestable proofs of this have been found at Alba, at Chiusi, at Pisa and at 
 different points in upper Italy. At Felsina, the ancient metropolis of the Etruscans, 
 the present Bologna, burials by incineration and burials by inhumation were con 
 temporary. A like state of affairs existed at Certosa, at Marzabotto, at Villanova. 
 In the necropolis of Villanova inhumations predominate ; 4 at Marzabotto the two 
 forms are of equal occurrence. 5 
 
 Various Austrian provinces furnish indisputable evidence. At Santa Lucia ; 
 at Rosegg, in the Drave valley ; at Rovische, in the Basse Carniole ; at Vermo, in 
 Styria ; at Watsch ; at San Margarethen ; and especially at Hallstatt, which has 
 given its name to a period whose beginning dates back 2000 years at least before 
 our era ; we constantly see the two rites in concurrent use. 6 The relationship 
 between them varies only according to localities. At Watsch, for instance, with 
 200 tombs where incineration was employed, there were hardly a dozen where 
 skeletons were found. But nothing would seem to indicate that these latter were 
 destined for people of a lower class ; while they were not protected by great slabs 
 of stone like the others, their mortuary equipment was richer and the objects of 
 bronze gave evidence of a higher art. 7 At Rovische researches yield at times quad 
 rangular cases of stone each enclosing an urn filled with the ashes of the dead, or 
 a skeleton stretched at full length, the head to the east, with an urn at its feet, 
 clasps on the chest, rings on the fingers. At Santa Lucia, on the left bank of the 
 Idria, at its point of union with the Isonzo, 1200 tombs, previously unopened, 
 
 1 Cartailhac, Mat. pour I hist, de I homme, t. IV, l re Scrie, p. 267; t. XII, 2" S., p. 145. 
 
 Ass. Scient. de France, Marseille, 1891. 
 
 1 Remarques sur la question Etrusque, Berlin, 1890. 
 
 4 Count Conestahile, Rev. Arch., t. XXVIII, pp. 2f>:j, 320. 
 
 5 Count Gozzadini, Atti e Memorie di Storia de/l Emilia, nuova seria, t. VI, p. 1. 
 
 6 Hochstetter, Die neueste Griiberfunde vox, Watech mid S. Margarethen mid der Culturkreise 
 der IlalUntten Periode. 
 
 Notably there have been found many siiitlie and plates from sword belts, bearing in repousse 
 military, religions, or civil scenes, a regular album of the persons buried. A. Bertram!, Les Celtes dans 
 le* Vallees du l <> et dn Danube. 
 
INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 141 
 
 were discovered. Incineration had been employed in them in by far the greatest 
 number. 1 
 
 Investigations were begun at Ilallstatt in 1840. Nowhere, according to Baron 
 de Sacken, who for a long time directed the work, has there been observed in the 
 same region modes of burial so diverse and in part so remarkable the incineration 
 of bodies, the mingling in the same tomb of bodies burnt and bodies buried 
 nowhere in fine has there been observed on so great a scale a mixture of types 
 belonging more particularly to the bronze and to the iron age. According to the 
 latest information we learn that 993 tombs have been searched. Of these 527 show 
 burials, 453 cremations. The funeral tr&ppingg were well preserved as a rule. 
 There were discovered 640 objects in gold, 5574 in bronze, 593 in iron, 270 in amber, 
 73 in glass, 1243 in terra cotta.- In those tombs in which burial was practised tin- 
 dead were laid out clothed in their garments. 
 
 If we look toward Germany we see similar cases. In tumuli near the lakes 
 of Ammer and of Staffel, in upper Bavaria, which are of the later Ilallstatt period, 
 we find, out of 121 tombs, 44 given to incineration, 18 to inhumation, and 59 which 
 show no trace of bones or of fire, though they contain the same mortuary deposits 
 as the others. Later, in tombs attributed to the iron age, all the bodies are cremated. 
 
 In Hesse, Thuringia, Franconia, in the countries forming the extreme west of 
 Germany, inhumation was the general rule during the entire stone age. 3 In Meck- 
 lemburg an exception, no other example of which I know men were buried, 
 women incinerated. 
 
 In the tombs of Prussia and of the grand duchy of Posen the presence of 
 skeletons and of urns filled with ashes proves the existence at the same time of the 
 two methods of disposing of the dead. 4 The tumuli of eastern Prussia, notably 
 those of Birkenhof, tell a different story. They enclose a varying number of stone 
 cysts containing urns with incinerated bones. Each cyst was surrounded by a 
 circle of stones, and often a larger circle of stones on end encircled several cysts. 
 These urns, made without the use of the potter s wheel, frequently had two handles. 
 Investigation yielded many objects in amber, but on the other hand articles of 
 bronze, and of iron especially, were of the greatest rarity. 5 
 
 Scandinavia shows a duplication of the points noted in the north of Germany. 
 At divers places are remarked the simultaneous use of the burial rite and of 
 destruction by fire. 6 
 
 In Bosnia the gromilas, or tumuli, go back to the Ilallstatt period. Cremation, 
 however, is rare. Of 140 tumuli recently investigated, but 11 showed complete 
 incineration, and 18, where the burning was partial. In all the others the body had 
 been buried. 7 
 
 1 Hoehstetter, VII Ber wht der Prdhistorischen Commission. Wien, 1884. 
 
 " Mltth. der Anthrop. Gexellscha/t In Wien 1887-8. Dr. tLernes, Revue d Anth. May, 1889. 
 A. Bertrand, Rev. d Ethn. 1883. 
 
 3 W. Schmidt, Cong. Anth. de Paris, 1878, pp. 285-7. 
 
 4 Kohn u. Mehlis, Materialen zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen in Ostlichen Europa. 
 O. Tischler, Ostyreusiche Grabhugel. 
 
 6 W. Schmidt, /. c. 
 
 Fouilles des galgdls p re hint, de Grassinac, L Anthropologie 1896, p. 213. 
 
 18 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
142 INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 
 
 Research in different portions of Russia leads to the same conclusions. Mr. 
 Radimski has opened 530 graves in the necropolis of Jezerina. Three-fifths showed 
 incineration ; but everywhere the two rites were apparent in neighboring tombs and 
 sometimes even in the same one. The majority of mortuary deposits belong to the 
 epoch of la Tene, but some were of the date of Hallstatt and even of the Roman 
 period. 1 
 
 The results obtained by Mr. Zavinetvich in the province of Minsk, White 
 Russia, show that inhumation predominated with increasing ratio in proportion as 
 one approached the Dnieper. 2 
 
 In the country formerly belonging to the Jadzvinques the presence of the two 
 mortuary rites is noted. 3 
 
 In all Europe we are confronted with two very different forms of sepulchral 
 rites. We cannot tell their origin, we know only that cremation by degrees 
 disappeared before the progress of Christianity. Complete discontinuance, however, 
 was slow, for we have an edict of Charlemagne, of the year 789, punishing with 
 death those who continued to burn their dead according to the pagan custom. 
 
 1 L Anthropologie, 1894, pp. 472-K. 
 
 2 Karon cle Baye, Cougres de Wilna, 1893. 
 5 Cone/res de Moscou, 1892, p. 233. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aboriginal enclosure, Sapelo Is 
 land, 71 
 
 Age, determination of, 8 
 Axe of steel, intrusive. 123 
 
 Bahama, mounds at, 73 
 
 Hark or wood with skeletons, 15, 
 
 10, 19, 30, 70, 71 
 Hark or wood with urn-burials, 
 
 59 
 Heads of shell, of unusual size, 
 
 120 
 
 Bear, femur of, 19, 124 
 Bluff Field, Ossahaw Island, 
 
 Mound A, 131 
 Bluff Field, Ossabaw Island, 
 
 Mound B, 131 
 Bluff Field, Ossabaw Island, 
 
 Mound C, 134 
 Bone, 37, 65, 111, 122, 123 
 Bourbon, Sapelo Island, low 
 
 mound at, 66 
 Bourbon, Sapelo Island, mound 
 
 at, 55 
 
 Broro Neck, low mounds near, 55 
 Brunswick, mounds south of, 15 
 "Bunched " burial, 6 
 Burial, forms of, 6 
 
 Cabeca de Vaca, 138 
 
 Chisel of copper, 41 
 
 Chisels of stone, 33 
 
 Contentment, mound near, 53 
 
 Cope, Prof. E. D., 127, 128 
 
 Copper, 10, 13, 20, 25, 26, 41 
 
 Copper finger- ring, 13 
 
 Creighton Island, low mound on, 
 43 
 
 Creighton Island, north end, 
 mound at, 28 
 
 Cremation of physicians in Flor 
 ida, 138 
 
 Crescent, mound near, 44 
 
 Cashing, Prof. F. H., 89, 108 
 
 Darien, mounds in Lawton s 
 
 Field, 15 
 Diseoidal stones, southernmost 
 
 occurrence of, 22 
 Diseoidal stones, use of, 33 
 Discs of earthenware, 34, 38, 
 
 101, KKi, 112 
 Dish of unusual type, 61 
 Dogs accorded rites of sepulture, 
 
 127 
 Dogs, prehistoric, remark? as to, 
 
 127 
 Dogs, skeletons of, 33, 99, 107, 
 
 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 
 
 127, 130, 131 
 
 Dumoussay s Field, .Sapelo Is 
 land, mound in, 67 
 
 Earthenware, 12, 18, 21, 27, 38, 
 tiO, 92, 93, 94, 95, 9li, 98, 105, 
 111, 123, 132 
 
 Eftigy of earthenware, 43 
 
 Effigy of soapstone, 65 
 
 Exposure of bodies, 10 
 
 Fairview, low mound at, 1(1 
 Fairview, low mound near, 1 1 
 Femur, fracture of, 49 
 Finger-ring of copper, 13 
 "Flexed" burial, 7 
 
 Glass, 14, 23, 66 
 
 Glazing, aboriginal, result of 
 
 accident, 99 
 Gorgets of shell, 12, 13, 36, 37, 
 
 63, 70 
 Greenseed Field, St. Catherine s 
 
 Island, mound in, 86 
 
 Holmes, Prof. W. H., 69, 134 
 Hopkins Mound, 43 
 
 Incised basal decoration on 
 vessel, 69 
 
 Inhumation and Incineration in 
 
 Europe, 139 
 Intrusive objects, 11, 19 
 
 Jaws of lower animals, ground 
 
 at base, 65, 88, 1 1 2 
 Jones, Col. C. C., indebtedness 
 
 to, 6 
 
 King s New Ground Field, St. 
 Catherine s Island, mound in, 
 
 81 
 
 Laurel View, mounds at, 74 
 Light-house, St. Catherine s Is 
 land, mound near, 89 
 
 Map of Georgia coast, 4 
 
 Mercer, H. C., 12H 
 
 Middle Settlement, Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound A, 89 
 Middle Settlement, Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound B, 101 
 Middle Settlement. Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound C, 109 
 Middle Settlement, Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound D, 113 
 Middle Settlement, Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound E, 128 
 Middle Settlement, Ossabaw 
 
 Island, Mound F, 130 
 Middle Settlement, St. Cath 
 erine s Island, mound near, 81 
 Miller, Dr. M. G., 8 
 Mortuary customs differing from 
 
 those of Florida, 1 38 
 Mounds investigated, 9 
 
 North-end Settlement, Skidda- 
 way Island, 137 
 
 North-end, St. Catherine s Is 
 land, low mounds at, 89 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Bluff Field, 
 Mound A, 131 
 
144 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Bluff Field, 
 Mound B, 131 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Bluff Field, 
 Mound C, 134 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound A, 89 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound B, 101 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound C, 109 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound D, 113 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound E, 128 
 
 Ossabaw Island, Middle Settle 
 ment, Mound F, 130 
 
 Owen s Ferry, mound at, 14 
 
 Passbey Mound, 23 
 
 Pearls, 37, 44, 64, 112, 121 
 
 Pen-burials, 16 
 
 Pendant of shell, 107 
 
 Pendant of stone, 44 
 
 Perforation of base of earthen 
 ware, 9 
 
 Perforation of shell drinking 
 cups, 19 
 
 Piercing implements of bone, 
 111, 122, 123, 130 
 
 Pilastered femur, 31 
 
 Platycnemic tibia, 31 
 
 Putnam, Prof. F. W., 69, 88, 99, 
 127, 128, 134 
 
 Pyre, 49 
 
 Remarks, 137 
 Runiees, 36 
 
 Sapelo Island, Bourbon, low 
 mound at, 66 
 
 Sapelo Island, Bourbon, mound 
 at, 55 
 
 Sapelo Island, Dumoussay s 
 Field, mound in, 67 
 
 Sex, determination of, 7 
 
 Sharks teeth, 14 
 
 Shark s tooth, fossil, used as an 
 implement, 108 
 
 Shell, 12, 19, 22, 35, 63, 123 
 
 Shell-heaps, 5 
 
 Shell Bluff, mound at, 26 
 
 Sherds with interesting decora 
 tion, 134 
 
 Skeleton partly inside and partly 
 outside, an earthenware vessel, 
 70 
 
 Skeletons with bark or wood, 15, 
 16, 19, 30, 70, 71 
 
 Skiddaway Island, North-end 
 
 . Settlement, 137 
 
 Skiddaway Island, Third Settle 
 ment, Mound A, 136 
 
 Skiddaway Island, Third Settle 
 ment, Mound B, 137 
 
 South-end Settlement, St. Cath 
 erine s Island, mound near, 75 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, low 
 mounds at the north-end, 89 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, mound in 
 King s New Ground Field, 81 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, mound in 
 the Greenseed Field, 86 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, mound 
 near Middle Settlement, 81 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, mound 
 near South-end Settlement, 75 
 
 St. Catherine s Island, mound 
 near the Light-house, 89 
 
 Stone, 12, 19, 22, 33, 64 
 
 Stopper-shaped object of shell, 
 12, 13 
 
 Tablet of soapstone, incised, 65 
 "Thicket, The," mounds near, 24 
 Third Settlement, Skiddaway 
 
 Island, Mound A, 136 
 Third Settlement, Skiddaway 
 
 Island, Mound B, 137 
 Tobacco pipes, 12, 19, 22, 38, 59, 
 
 62, 68, 69, 71, 103, 133, 134 
 Tobacco pipe of soapstone, 103 
 Townsend Mound, 20 
 
 Urn-burials, 8, 26, 27, 32, 47, 
 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 68, 69, 70, 
 71, 76, 78, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 
 98, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 
 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 134, 
 136, 138 
 
 Vessel containing part of skele 
 ton, the remainder outside, 70 
 
 Vessel, probably ceremonial, 61 
 
 Vessel with three compartments, 
 26 
 
 Vessels with handsome, incised 
 decoration, 50, 51 
 
 Walker Mound, 45 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, 134 
 Woodbine, mound near, 11 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 
 }!{} I ;. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 . SIZE ) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PH1LAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATh II 
 
 
 m 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL c (BURIAL 20). MOUND AT SMELL BLUFF SEVEN-EIGHTHS SIZE.* 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL D (BURIAL 20A^. MOUND AT SHELL BLUFF. (FULL SIZE.) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., aND SEP., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL OF EARTHENWARE. MOUND NORTH END OF CREIGHTON ISLAND. (FULL SIZE.) 
 
; UNIVE; 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., aND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLA I 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 CINERARY URN, WALKER MOUND. (HALF SIZE.) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER.. VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 . 
 
 list 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 CINERARY UR 
 
- :-;:;"> 
 
 UNIVERSITY ! 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PH1LAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 BOURBON, SAPELO ISLAND. FULL SIZE.) 
 

 
 ; Y ] 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL c (BURIAL aeV MOUND IN DUMOUSSAVS FIELD, SAPELO ISLAND. (THREE-FIFTHS 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER.. VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE IX 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL 0. MOUND A, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OSSABAW ISLAND. (ABOUT FIVE-EIGHTS SIZE.) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD, aND -SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL RB. MOUND A, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OSSABAW ISLAND. (ABOUT FOUR-FIFTHS SIZE.) 
 
.\B*A Y>v 
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 I- v .j/ , j j 7 
 OF I 
 
 1>RH\*^/ 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PH1LAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL SB. MOUND , MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OSSABAW ISLAND. (ABOUT FIVE-SEVENTHS SIZE.) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 . :-. XII. 
 
 &m^-*, , 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 VESSEL AA. MOUND A, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OSSABAW ISLAND. (ABOUT TWO-THIRDS SIZE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 1. VESSEL II. 2. VESSEL I. BOTH MOUND A, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OStABAW ISLAND. <FULL SIZE. I 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER.. VOL. XI. 
 
 PLAT! 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 1. VESSEL LL. MOUND A, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT. OSSABAW ISLAND. (FULL SIZE. I 
 
 2. VESSEL O. MOUND D, MIDDLE SETTLEMENT, OSSABAW ISLAND. (FULL SIZE.) 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., ^ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND SER., VOL. XI. 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 MOORE: GEORGIA COAST MOUNDS. 
 
 DIAGRAM OF INCISED DECORATION ON VESSEL OF EARTHENWARE. WALKER MOUND. NINE-TENTHS SIZE.) 
 
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