REEK Primer Pros i ALPHA A GREEK PRIMER INTRODUCTORY TO XE NOP HON BY WILLIAM G. FROST, A.M. OBERLIN COLLEGE SECOND EDITION Boston ALLYN AND BACON 189 1 . , . ....... .Q>pytight, 1889, • • * > * P-ni ICATION DEPT. John Wilson and Sqn, Cambridge. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. T HE publication of a second edition has given an oppor- tunity to correct obvious errors, and to make some im- portant improvements. The general plan of the work, however, has met with such full and uniform commendation from teachers of experience, that the author has ventured upon no radical changes. Younger teachers will pardon a few suggestions : 1 . In giving out a new lesson take sufficient time to go over it with the student, showing him what he is to study, and explaining any special difficulties. 2. When three or four of the lessons have seemed difficult, devote an entire recitation to reviewing them, and require much greater promptness and fluency than when going over the ground the first time. 3. When a lesson must be divided, do not separate the intro- ductory matter from the exercises. Give out the introductory matter and one third of the exercises, both Greek and English, the first day, and the entire lesson the second day. 4. Secure some oral work like that suggested by lessons VIII., IX., and X., each day. Let the student translate the sentences of the review lesson on hearing them read, with his book closed. The author has profited by suggestions from many quarters, and hopes to receive others which may be duly considered before another revision of the Primer is called for. Oberlin, September, 1890. *" *^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/alphagreekprimerOOwillrich PREFACE. 'T^HIS little book must speak for itself. No one is more conscious of its shortcomings than the author, or more impatient of the incomplete statements, and the detached and diluted Greek sentences, so useful in a handbook for beginners. The book has been prepared, however, in the belief that a worthy contribution to classical studies, and to the cause of learning in general, is possible ; that the facts of the language may be grouped in a more effective manner than formerly ; and that greater practical results, though it may be at the sacrifice of some traditional formulas, are attainable. In our day every educated person desires to know something of Greek, and it is essential that the work of the first term should be something more than a preparation for that which is to follow. The student must be enabled to see the con- nections between Greek and English, and made to feel, even in the first lessons, that he is approaching the literature of a great age and people. The revolt against the idea that Greek is a *' dead " language has scarcely reached, as yet, the elementary text-books, and preparatory teachers have few helps in training their students in " reading at sight," or in other exercises, which involve the use of the language in a real way. While nothing revolutionary is proposed, it is hoped that this Primer will be adapted to the wants of teachers who seek progress in this direction. To have any sense of literary values, one must acquire an a,lmo<;t vernacular command of a good vocabulary. To enr VI PREFACE. courage the beginner in this difficult task, we have been at some pains to select for this manual the six hundred and sixty-five most important words,^ and to make provision for oral exercises, as a necessary supplement to black-board work. It is certainly time that the deaf and dumb method of language-teaching were superseded. Another legacy from a more formal age is the plan of teach- ing elementary grammar by minute references. How many hours have been wasted in the turning of leaves ! The inex- perienced student needs the facts and principles of the lesson as a connected whole on the page before him. Before leaving the Primer he is taught to use the grammar, and to use it in a rational way. The inductive method is employed largely throughout the book, but is not allowed to dominate in the order of development. 1 The Vocabulary is made up as follows : — Words which occur four times or more in Anabasis I-III, and which are also among the five hundred most common words in the De Corona, Oedipus Rex, Phaedo, Memo- rabilia, and Thucydides I 423 All other words occurring seven limes or njore in Anab. I-III, 92 Common words (though less common than the above) which are related to words already on the list ; that vUri for example may stand beside uiKdca, and dpxa^os beside dpxii 68 Words which are in regular use in English, as veKrap and BrffMOKparia 30 Words like tA6«s which are necessary as paradigms ... 18 Words necessary for conversation, as iro? and a-fi/jKpov . . 10 Words involved in literary extracts, as (pd^ofiai .... 24 Total 66s Words like atp^w are entered more than once in the vocabulary. This enumeration does not include proper names, nor the list of grammatical terms and phrases for class-room conversation, on page 215. PREFACE. Vll The fundamental elements of syntax are taught most easily in connection with the forms, and false ideas are thus excluded. The aim has been to make the regular forms so prominent that the student will be startled into attention when he en- counters the exceptions. It is unnecessary to refer more in detail to the faithful rendering of tenses, the idiomatic use of participles, the introduction of connected discourse and dialog, and other matters in which care has been taken to remove or smooth away the old stumbling-blocks. It is believed that much is gained by grouping, in each lesson, facts which are more easily learned together than separately. The more difficult lessons must be reviewed the more frequendy. It is designed that each paragraph of Greek sentences should be made the basis of conversational exercises like those of Lesson VIII. The author's sincere thanks are due to the able scholars who have preceded him in similar attempts, and to a number of his associates and pupils. It must suffice to mention here the Greek Club of Oberlin, whose companionship has been most stimulating ; Mr. F. H. Howard, of the Syracuse High School, who has kindly reviewed nearly the entire book ; and Prof M. L. D'Ooge, upon whose mature scholarship it has been a pleasure to lean. He was particularly fortunate in enlisting Mr. Francis K. Ball, of Cambridge, Mass., in the revision of the proof-sheets. The Primer has been much improved by that gentleman's scholarship, judgment, and taste. It is to be expected that some errors will appear in a first edition, and the kindness of those who point them out to the author will be appreciated. Oberlin College, Sept. 5, 1889. L ^ Greek vase. An athlete's prize. TABLE OF CONTENTS. lart I. INTRODUCTORY MATTERS. Lesson. Page The Alphabet 3 I. Pronunciation 5 II. Reading at sight 7 III. Verbs : Accent and Principal Parts 10 IV. Nouns : Accent and Declension 12 V. The Attributive Position 14 VI. Euphony of Consonants : Mutes 16 VII. Verbs : Peculiarities of Augment 18 VIII. Nouns : Dual and Plural 20 IX. Verbs : Personal Endings 22 X. Euphony of Vowels : Contraction 24 XI. The Verb " To Be." — Enclitics 26 XII. Dialog between Gentleman and Boy 28 Questions 30 part II. THE MOST COMMON INFLECTIONS. (Separate Vocabularies.) XIII. Nouns : The Vowel Declensions 34 XIV. Nouns: Exercises 36 XV. Verbs : Indicative Active of Xvca 38 XVI. Nouns : The Consonant Declension 40 XVII. The Consonant Declension : Variations 42 XVIII. Participles : Declension and Use 44 XIX. Verbs : Indicative Middle of \vw 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Lesson. Page XX. Nouns : Syncopated Stems 48 XXI. Verbs: Exercises 50 XXII. Variations from \va> 52 X.XIII. Lengthened Present Stems . . 54 XXIV. Nouns : Stems in -o--, -i-,-v 56 XXV. Adjectives : Consonant Declension 58 XXVI. Exercises — Miscellaneous 60 XXVII. Adjectives: Irregularities. — Greek Poetry .... 62 XXVIII. Adjectives : Comparison 64 Typical Greek Words borrowed by Modern Languages 66 Part III. -Ill VERBS AND PRONOUNS. (Separate Vocabularies.) XXIX. Reading at Sight 70 XXX. Verbs : Indicative of -fii Verbs 72 XXXI. Pronouns: Personal and Reflexive 74 XXXII. Exercises: Elegies 76 XXXIIL Verbs : T/^Tj/tt and 5rSco;ut 78 XXXIV. Pronouns : Interrogative and Demonstrative .... 80 XXXV, Exercises : Anecdote of Xenophon 82 XXXVI. Verbs : The Eight Classes 84 XXXVII. Verbs : Irregular Stem Changes 86 XXXVIII. Conditional Sentences : Present and Past Suppositions 88 XXXIX. Verbal Adjectives.— Double Negatives. — The Case Absolute 90 XL. Exercises : Selections 92 Resume of Vocabularies 94 Part IV. SUBJUNCTIVE, OPTATIVE, AND IMPERATIVE MODES. (Word Studies, using General Vocabularies.) XLI. Verbs : Subjv. and Opt. — Conditions 98 XLII. Subjv. and Opt. — Conditions . - loo XLIII. Uses of the Modes 102 XLIV. Subjv. and Opt., Middle and Passive 104 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Lesson. Page XLV. Verbs : The Imperative Mode io6 XLVI. Complete Synopsis io8 XLVII. €»V, 6?Att no XLVIII. Spdu), Svvafjiai, dirSWu/xi, atp^w 112 XLIX. Conditional Sentences : General Suppositions . . . 114 L. The other moies of -/xt verbs 116 LI. $alv(t), Tvyxdvo), otofiai I18 LII. Prepositions 120 LIII. Verbs: , olBa, fifWo), cvpiffKca 122 LIV. Formation of Words 124 LV. Exercises : The Speech of Kuros 126 Resume of Syntax 128 Grimm's Law 130 Part V. Mythology . . Lyric Age . . Persian Wars . Athenian Empire Peloponnesian War USE OF THE GRAMMAR. (Word Studies. Grammar Studies. History.) LVI. Use of the Grammar : Writing Greek Heroic Age LVII. The Vowel Declensions LVin. The Consonant Declension LIX. The Consonant Declension LX. Irregular Nouns .... LXI. Elements of the Verb . . LXII. -/** Verbs Sentences from Xenophot. LXIII. -yn Verbs Epameinondas of Thebes LXIV. Verbs with Second Aorists Philip and Demosthenes LXV. Contract Verbs .... Alexander the Great . LXVI. Liquid Verbs Sentences from Xenophon LXVII. Mute Verbs Hellas under the Romans LXVHI. Irregular Verbs .... The Revival of Learning LXIX. Adjectives Modern Greece . . . LXX. Exercises Patriotic Song of Athens Vocabularies to Separate Lessons ..... General Vocabularies: Greek-English . . . English-Greek . . . Grammatical Terms : English-Greek .... Index 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 163 176 199 215 217 TO THE STUDENT. The study of the language and genius of the Hellenic race should afford the best development of judgment and taste, and give the inspiration which comes from contact with the great original minds. With as little delay as possible you desire to read Homer and Demosthenes, and to taste the wisdom of Plato and the tragedians. This little book is designed to make your first steps sure and rapid. Only matters of practical importance and of every-day use are presented. Each paradigm is a typical word. When you can decline dnthropos you will be able to decline several hundred other words which are exactly like it. The notes at the beginning of a lesson, or at the bottom of a page, must not be overlooked. They are just what will help you. Each word or fact about the language, then, must be learned for use. What is given in one lesson will be needed for use in getting each succeeding lesson. It will not do to master nine-tenths of the lesson, — you must master it «//, and review anything which you find is slipping away from you. The number of things to be learned is not very great. More than half the space in this primer is occupied by "exercises." These are designed to make what is learned familiar^ and ready for use, by frequent repetition. We seldom use any part of our knowledge which is not used easily, and what you learn in Greek will be of little value unless you practise with it until it is used without effort. The 665 Greek words in the Primer have been selected because they are the most common in Greek authors. A student of ordinary capacity and perseverance can soon master these words and the entire Primer, and will then be able to recognize three-fourths of the words on any page of ordinary Greek prose. PART FIRST INTRODUCTORY MATTERS THE AXPHABET. Letter. Sound. Name. Pronunciation. Roman equivalent a A fother SXa dlfa a fi B ^ad pijra bayta b y r ^0^ ydfifxa gdmma g 8 A do BiXra ddta d € E m«i € if/lXov epseelbn e ^ Z 2:eal ^^Ttt zay,ta z V H pr^j; ^Ttt ^^ta e Od- //^in ^a thayta th ( I pol/ce twra eota i K K i^ing KaTTTTtt kdppa kc k A /ive XdfiPBa Idmbda 1 /* M wan fXV mu* m V N «u« vv nu« n i H wajc it ksee X o O wholly, tfbey o />iiKpoi/ omeekr6n o TT n /in TTt pee P P p /^r pw hro , r (TS^ 2 xun myixa sfgma s T T /op TOO ( in nou t V Y prz^ne ^ V \f/lX6v oopseel6n uy : fee ph X X C) X' ch ^ ^ li/j ./rt ^ psee ps 0) o no w /xeya om^ga 5 1 Before k, y, x. or l> 7 has the sound of ng^ as n in anger. 2 y at the end of a word, as &u9p'jjiros, elsewhere s, the war (PoLEM-ic). ij o-ktivti, the tent. d oLv0pa,iros, the man, person ^^^^^ ^^^^^ (ANTHROPO-logy). ly In (y-^//. 3^ j)af.). Neuter. wrd, by {foil, by Gen.). TO Supov, the gift (DoRO-thea). i^v, was. TO irXotov, the boat. d-yaeds, good. TO ircSCov, the plain. KaXds, beautiful, noble. Exercise 3. Pronounce and write in Roman letters : 1. Q6V0<|)ci)V. 5. ^CXiinros.''^ 9. Ati|jioo-06Vtis. 13. StoKpan^s- 2. SotJviov.^ 6. @epp.oirvXai. 10. AvXCs. 14. EvKXeiSi]?. 3. Aap€ios. 7. S«p6is- II- 'Ho-CoSos. 15. AfiXos. 4. Mapa6(Sv. 8. "ApTcp-is. 12. <|>dXa'y|. 16. BoiwTta. Exercise 4. Write in Greek letters and pronounce : 1. Philadelphia. 4. Philosophia. 7. Sophocles. 10. Genesis. 2. Cyrus (Kuros). 5. Ephesus. 8 Exodus. 11. Ilion. 3. Christus. 6. Boeotia. 9. Euboea. 12. Homerus. 1 From the outset the student .should aim to connect the Greek sound with the thing signified, rather than with an English word. To do this, picture the object or action to your mind as you pronounce the word, and at once compose a sentence in which the word will be used. An adjective will change its ending so as to " agree " with the noun which it modifies ; -os masculine, -77, feminine, -ov neuter : thus, koKU ?)v 6 ffrparrf- 7ds, Ka\}] ^v T) Kdifif], KoKhv ^u rh iSapov. The Greek, unlike the Latin, has a definite article, the^ which, like an adjective, agrees with its noun. 2 The Greek endings -oy and -ov corresi>ond to the Latin -us, and um. Pabt I. HEADING AND TRANSLATIONS. LESSON II. Reading and Translations. Geography and History of Hellas. VewypaijiLa kol 'larropia "EAAaSos. To the Student, Read the following sentences aloud in the Greek repeatedly, accenting the syllables upon which there are acute, grave, or circumflex accents. The dialog is between a teacher and a student. As you read, refer to the map which follows. From the first sentence, " Where is Hellas situated ? " you learn the meaning of two new words, as well as the fact that the Greeks use the semicolon for a mark of interrogation. In the third speech you observe that the colon, used also for a semicolon, is a single dot at the top of the line ; also that while each paragraph or quotation begins with a capital letter, a new sentence does not require one. Observe throughout that an acute on the ultima becomes grave ( ' ) when followed by other words in close connection. Most of the words in this dialog are words which have been borrowed by our own language with but slight changes. While they do not look like English words they sound like them ; hence the importance of reading the Greek aloud. The meaning of words which do not resemble corresponding words in English is to be inferred from the context. A few may remain to be explained by the teacher. AIAAOrOS. AIAA2KAA02. XIov /cetrai y] 'EXXa§ ; Maghths. *EXXa9 fcetrai eV Evpcoirrj. A. Nai* KOL ol '^EiXXrjve<; cpKrjcraj/ iv ry 'EXXctSt. 8 GREEK PKIMER. Part 1. ol 8e * AdrjpaioL rjcrav "^Wrjve^ • wov 8r) ^Kr), to or for {indirect object), with ^rby {means, etc.), the man. Accusative tov fivepowo-v, the man {direct object). Vocative ^ «S fivOpwire, O man. 1 The so-called vocative — the form used in addressing a person or thing — is hardly to be regarded as a distinct case. The nominative is commonly used for this purpose, but nouns in -os have a vocative singular in -«. Part I. NOUNS : ACCENT AND DECLENSION. 13 Three Typical Nouns ^ showing varieties of gender and accent. o avOpwiro-s A apXl' "^o 8«po-v Tov dvOpwirov TTJs dpxTlS ^ tov Scupov Tw dvepunrw rg apX"n Tio Swptp TOV av0p«iro-v niv dpx^^-v to 8wpo-v Exercise 2. Decline in the same way, giving the meaning of each form, the words for the village, the war, the tent, the general, and to -Kkoiov, the boat, 6 hnro 5. av0p«- tros. 6. TO Siupov. 7- ^^ "H] "^^H^Tl* ^' ^ "^^^ ®*o^ Xo-yos. 9. if tov iro'Xcp-ov opx'H. Exercise 4. Write out the declension of article, adjective, and noun together, and give the translation of each form. The adjectives must agree with the nouns which they qualify.^ d KoXds iroTaixo's, ij koXt] KcofjiT], to KaXov irXoiov. 1 Special Rule for Accent. A long ultima, in the genitive or dative, if accented, requires the circumflex. 2 For the present adjectives are used whose terminations are the same as those of the nouns. innos. 14 GREEK PRIMER. Part I. LESSON V. The Attributive Position. Any word or group of words which follows the article of the word modified, is said to be in the attrib- utive position; as, Tj Tov o-Tpanryov a-Kr\vi\, the generaVs tent. TO TOV 0€ov Swpov, the god^s gift. Sometimes the article is repeated expressly to show that the following word is a modifier (attributive) ; as, ij O-KT^Vl] ij TOV O-TpaTTJ-yOV, TO SwpOV TO TOV OcOV, Other words are said to be in the Predicate Position. With such the copula is often omitted ; as, 1] o-KT]VT] TOV o-TpaTiryov, the tent (is) the generates. Vocabulary,! Reading, and Translations. Important Directions. Master the vocabulary first, so that you can give the Greek word for the English^ or the English for the Greek. Always read a Greek sentence aloud before attempting to translate it. The English sentences should be written in Greek to secure accuracy. They must also be given viva voce, and repeated until there is neither mistake nor hesitation. I. 1. 'E7ri(rT€voi' rw ^ew,^ eTTLO'Teva'a to) ^€<3. 2. 6 ayaOo<; avOpctiiro^ iv rrj Katfxrf ^v. 3. 7]ya- yov TO TTaiSiov ck ttJ? K(ofjLrj<;, rjyov to koKov Traiiiov 1 Vocabularies to the several lessons will be found in order at the end of the book, preceding the general vocabularies. 2 Observe that certain verbs take the object in the dative, and remem- ber what verbs they are. Translate trust, or trust in. Part I. THE ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION. 16 e/c Trjs 7rq). 8. vno tov aTparrjyov inefxcfidrjv. 9. tov lttttov d^co els TOV TTOTafJiOV, 10. iKOjXvdrjV VTTO TOV i^dpov. 11. Kokov TO 8a>pov, II. I.I have trusted in the word of the god ; I was trust- ing; I trusted. 2. I was sending the fine^ horse out of the village ; I have sent ; I sent. 3. I was sent out of the beau- tiful village by the general. 4. I have led the fine horse to the river. 5. I was led to the village by the good man. 6. Where was the good general ? The general was in the tent. 7. Was the horse in the village? Yes, the horse was in the village. 8. I loosed the fine horse ; I was loosed by the no- ble general. 9. I was trusting the word of the god ; I will trust to the general in war. 10. The war was in the beautiful village. II. I was sent to the beautiful village. 12. I will send the general in the beautiful boat. 13. The general's beautiful gift was in the boat. 14. I led the beautiful child to the village. 15. I was leading the beautiful child to the tent. The child (was) beautiful. 1 The meaning of a word like Ka\6s depends upon the context ; e. g. it is to be translated ^ne when used with horse, nodle when applied to an action, etc. 16 GREEK PRIMER. Part I. LESSON VI. Euphony of Consonants : Mutes. The Greek alphabet is classified like the English. The double classi- fication of the mutes is here given, and must be made perfectly familiar. Orders. Surds. Spirants. Sonants. ( Labial ir <|» p Classes. < Lingual t 6 8 ( Palatal •* X "Y Euphony {ev 0t]v " ireCOo) " *' eircCG 0t]v " eireCo" 0riv " Xe'-yo) " *' IXe'-y Gtjv " cXe'x 0tiv 2. Before M a labial becomes /jl, a palatal 7, and a lingual 0-, thus : From 7poi()>(d the pf. mid. is not yiypa^ (lai but yiypa\iL (lai <' SiwKw '^ <' 8c8C(i>K (tai '' 8€8to>'y |iai " ireCOcD " " ircoreiO (lak " Treircwr (i.ai 3. Before X a labial forms -v/r, a palatal f, and a lingual is dropped. Thus : From -ypacjxo the fut. is not -ypcuj) a ^ ir€irc|i,)tai €'ir€|jt<})9t]v Write. Ypd(|>(i> |-ypa(|>ov Ypdtl/o) e-ypaxfra -ye-ypKi^a 'yc-ypa)i.|jLai 6-ypd4>0T]v Pursue. Sic&Kfio 48Ca>Kov 8i(&|(i> cSCcd^a SeSCwxa^ SeSCu-yiiai eSiwxOiiv Say, tell. Xc'-yw IXe-yov Xc^o) eXc|a (6tpT|Ka)^ XeXc^iiai eXexOT^v Lead. ftyu Tf"YOV d|« Tj-ya-'yov "^ ""ix** 'HYK^*'' 'HX^" Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 1. 'E^* OLp-^fj rjv 6 \6yo<;, /cat 6 Xdyo? 171^ 7r/)6s* 701/ @ep^, /cai 0eo9 rjv 6 \6yo^. 2. eXe^a OTL 6 Xoyo*; rjv iv tyJ 0Lp)(fj. 3. Tretcro), TrefjLxjjco, ihtco^a, y€ypa(f)a, rjX^W* ^^i^' ^- eypac^oz/, Se- Stcu^a, TreTretcr/xat, TreVe/x/xat, afw, iXeyov, 5. ttc- 7r€LKa, i7r€fx(l)6r)v, Sico^co, €ypa(f)OP, rj^a, II. I. The man was handsome. The child was beautiful. 2. I was pursued by the general. I will pursue the general. 3. I have persuaded the man. Yes, I was persuaded by the man. 4. I said, persuaded, sent, wrote, pursued, led. 5. I was saying, persuading, sending, writing, pursuing, leading. 6. I will say, persuade, send, write, pursue, lead. ^ A lingual is dropped before k in the perfect. 2 Irregular. 8 A so-called "second perfect." k is omitted, and a final mute usually becomes rough (aspiration). * The use of vp6s in this sense is peculiar to the New Testament. 18 GREEK PRIMER. Part I. LESSON Vn. Verbs : Peculiarities of Augment. To the Teacher: From the Greek below the student should learn inductively : 1. That the article is used with proper nouns to mark persons as well known — "the (before-mentioned — notorious) Kuros." 2. That the article is often equivalent to a possessive pronoun. 3. That the "dative of possessor " is not to be translated literally. 4. That middle forms may be translated as passives. Exercise 1. Give the Greek words for : good by gift yes that fine word beginning (?) from village God loose no, not to, into tent man plan boat say was general trust horse small child in war where ? river send persuade Exercise 2. Learn the principal parts of the following verbs, and try to discover how and why they each differ from Xvw in augment and reduplication. 1. Make an expedition. 6^o<; SrjXo^ ; M Nat, StJXos ^p 6 ^6^o TreSCco SrjXai ; M. OvK rjarap SrjXai at eV tco TreStoj crKrjpaL. 26 GREEK PRIMEK. Pakt I. LESSON XI. The Verb "To Be ." Enclitics. Indicative. Present. Imperfect. Infinitive. Sing. I. AyX t| or -ifv ctvoi 2. ct if6V Fern, ovora 2. Wri t|t€ or tfoTC Neut. «v 3- «l But how sullen you are ! 1 These little words (called particles), are used to mark a contrast = oh i/ie one hand . . . dut on the other hand. In English such contrast is in most cases sufficiently marked by the voice (e. g. emphasizing school and gymnasiiiniy above) ; so that it is unnecessary to translate yiiv by a distinct word. i^AKTl. EXERCISES IN READING. 29 n. 'H yoLp^ rjfjLepa KaXtj iaTi, Kal iTriOvixa) TTaitjE.LV Tjj (Tcj^aLpa. B. (Yes, I am sullen,) for the day is fine, and I want to be playing with my ball. A. *A/oa ovK iTndvjJLel^ etvai a9\r)Trjf; /cat (f)LX6cro(f)OS ; G. Do you not want to be an athlete and a philosopher? n. Ou^ OT^ 7) cr(^dipa via icTTLV. jB. Not when my ball is new. A. 'Eyw 8' oT8a avOpcoirov 09 ovk i(f>OLTa eU SiSacTKaXeLOVi Kal vvv opa Trjv rrjs d/xeXetas fJLOJpLaV. G. But I know a man who did not go to school, and now he sees the folly of neglect. n. Kat iyo) iiridviio) Iheiv Tr)v T175 djiteXeta? p^ajptav. B. I also want to see the folly of neglect. A. 'AXX' 6 ITeptAcXi^? /cat 6 ©e/xto-ro/cXi^s icj^oCrcov et§ StSacr/caXetoi'. G. But (the great) Pericles and Theraistocles used to go to school. n. Ovk yjv avTols vea crcfyalpa, B. They did not have a new ball. A. Tt S17 SiSacTKOVcnv iv tco StSacr/caXeto) ; G. Now what do they teach in the school ? n. AtSacr/coucrt ttjv p.ovcrLK7)v Kal ttjv ypafi- paTLKrjv. B. They teach music and grammar. ^ This word often implies an ellipsis, as indicated in the translation above. 30 GREEK PRIMER. Part I. A. Ti 8e ^l/3Xlov ai/aytyi/cocr/ccts ; G, But what book do you read ? n. Ta ySiySXta tov 'O^yjpov • /cat iKelvo^ XeycL del irepl iroXefMOv. av Se TroXXa ipcara^. B. The books of Homer ; and he ahvays tells about war. But you are asking many (questions). A. KaXoi/ TraiSiov el, /cat /caXo)? Xeyets. €/>€ Sr;, XaySe ofioXou /cat Tpe)(e* G. You are a fine boy and talk well. Come now, take an obol and be running on. n. Ao9 fxoi hvo /cat Odcrcrov rpi^o). B. Give me two and I run faster. Questions on Introductory Matters. 1. What letters have the same form and sound as in English ? 2. What letters are found in Greek which do not occur in English ? 3. When the same vowel has a breathing and an accent, which stands first ? 4. What is the quantity of each of the vowels } 5. What final diphthongs have the effect of short vowels on the accent of the penult and antepenult ? 6. Under what circumstances could a verb be properi- spomenon ? 7. What is the difference between a verb stem and a tense stem? 8. Of what is the augment the sign ? 9. What is the sign of the passive? the future? the perfect? Part I. QUESTIONS ON INTRODUCTORY MATTERS. 31 10. Why are there two past tenses, — the imperfect and the aorist ? 11. What is a proditic ? an enditic ? Name several of each. 12. What may change the place of the accent of a noun ? 13. How do you find the place for the accent of a noun ? of a verb ? 14. What happens to ir before h ? before r ? d before o- ? 15. What happens to k before /a ? ^ before /x ? <^ before o-? 16. Contract and accent Srjkoofiev, Trotcovcrti/, vLKaerc, and iweLpaov, 17. What person and number are indicated by -fxev? -re? 'cr? -(TL? -vert? -Tov? -v? -rrjv? 1 8. What is the place for the augment of a verb compounded with a preposition ? 19. What verbs have augment and reduplication aHke? 20. When does a plural subject take a verb in the singular? 2 1 . Mention some peculiarities of augment and reduplication. 22. How are capitals and punctuation marks used? 23. How are participles to be translated? 24. When is v attached to the end of a word ? 25. How is the infinitive of indirect discourse to be trans- lated? 26. What is the common Greek construction for " I have " ? 27. What is the " attributive position " ? 28. What peculiarity of accent is there in the A-declension ? 29. When does a penult, if accented, require the circumflex? 30. When does an ultima, if accented, require the circumflex ? 31. What is peculiar in the quantity of the final diphthongs at and ot? 32. What are the variable vowels of the indicative present, and when is each used? 20*0KAH2 nOIHTHS This figure shows how the ifidriov was worn by Athenian gentlemen. PART SECOND THE MOST COMMON INFLECTIONS 34 GREEK PRIMER. Part II. LESSON XIII. Nouns: The Vowel Declensions. 0-declension nouns — constituting the so-called sec- ond declension — are masculine or neuter, and are declined like dvBpwTro^ and hoipov} A-declension nouns, with stems in -a- or -?;-, — con- stituting the so-called first declension, — are masculine or feminine. All nouns of the A-declension are declined alike in the dual and the plural. Variations in the Singular. 1. Masculines. These are distinguished from the feminines only by a final a in the nominative, and the ending -ov in the genitive ; as, o iroXtrrjfi, the citizen (POLIT-ics), gen. itoKItov. The final vowel of the nominative, whether a or 77, is retained throughout the singular, except that nouns in -tt;? have a vocative in -a short. 2. Feminines. The final vowel of the nominative, whether a or ?;, is retained throughout the singular, except that a final short a is changed to 7) in the gen- itive and dative, unless preceded by e, t, or p. Thus the genitive of a\xa^a is a/jud^r]^, while the genitive of y€vpa is 'y€vpa'^. The quantity of a final a is usually betrayed by the accent, short -a allowing an acute on the antepenult or a circumflex on the penult. 1 ^ 6S65, the toaj', 7} vrjffos, the island, and a very few others, are feminine. Part II. NOUNS: THE VOWEL DECLENSIONS. 35 A-Declension Endings. Singular Dual. Plural. Masc. Fem .. ns OS ^ d a d cu ov Tis ds Tis ds aiv ov TI * TI "J TI a aiv ais T|V dv Tiv dv dv d a« T,(a)d Exercise 1. Decline, observing the rules above : d iroXtnis, the citizen. t| dfio^a, the wagon. TJ •y€({>vpa, the bridge. d vedvCas, the youth. Tj Tt|A^, (the) honor. t| x*^P*j the land, country. Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 1. 06 oTrXtrat eV rai? c^tXiat? /cw/xat? etcriV. 2. /caXdi^ ecTTt to twi' TToknoiv Ipyov. 3. <^i\otXia, Kjiikiov. Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 1. 'iTTma? /cal '^iTTTTap^o? viol rjcrav HeiCTLO-Tpd- Tov Tov T(t)v ^ A.Oiqvai(xiv rvpdvvov. 2. ol ^Kvdai oIkovctlv iv d/xafat9- 3. ^aXenov ^xkv to TToieiv,^ to he Kekevcrai'^ pahiov. 4. yj jxev dp^-q ^aXeinj icTTL, paSCa 8e r) TeXevTij, 5. top tcjp deatp (Titov \4yov- (Tiv ol TTOLTjTal elpai dfxfipocTLav. 6. rj AiyvnTo^ hoipov icTL TOV NetXou. 7. ol Wipcai Ovovav r)ki(t) Koi yfj Koi crekrjvr). 8. 6 dvdpcoiro^ ov e7r€/;ti//a ^ A0T]vrj(rLV oIk€l. 9. 6 veavia^; & inefxTrov tol nXola 1 Present infinitive, — action viewed as continued. Observe that this infinitive is the subject of the sentence and takes an article. 2 Aorist infinitive, — action viewed without regard to continuance. Special Rule for Accent. The first aorist infinitive active accents the penult (accent not recessive). Part 11. NOUNS: EXERCISES. 37 KaXo<; TjV. 10. rjp(x)T7]0'ev ovv 6 crTpanqyo^ ttoo-ol elcrlv ol TToXefjLLOL. 11. rj X^P^ TToXefMia icrrl Tol<; av9p(07TOL<;. 12. 6 ctltos iv afxa^rj rjv. 13. at Trj^ ^cupa? Kcofjiat (f)ikiai elcTLv. 14. XeXvKa rov tov veaviov Ittttov, 15. ypaxfjco Xoyov tov TToXefJiov. eypa^a Xoyov ttJ? tov iroXefiov ap^-^?. 16. eTrei- a-O-qv VTTO TOV iraihiov. eTreicra to iraihCov. 17. ^X^ '^^^ ITTTTOV Kol TO TTaihlOV €19 TOV TTOTa- jjLov. 18. TO irXolov TjV KoXov, 19. eXeyov otl TO ttXoIov KaXov rjv. II. I. The tyrant lives in a beautiful house. 2. It is hard to conquer^ the Scythians. 3. To love'^ a brother is easy. 4. The general orders the soldiers to sacrifice. 5. A good beginning makes a good end. 6. Ambrosia is the food of the gods. 7. The soldiers were trusting their captains. 8. In the beginning God made {not the imperfect tetise) the earth, the moon, and the sun. 9. The citizens were trying to conquer the tyrant. 10. The gods do not manifest the end from the beginning. 11. How many men are in the tents? 12. Out of the friendly villages. 1 Aorist infill., piKTJaai - Present infin. (continuance). nnroL ipfxa From the Century Magazine, by permit 38 GREEK PRIMER. Part II. LESSON XV. Verbs : Indicative Active of XA». Each of the " principal parts," now so familiar, must be inflected to denote the different persons and numbers ; and the same endings will be used as in the present and the imperfect. Thus from the material already mastered a large number of new forms can be produced. Note the grouping of the tenses as " principal " and " historical," ac- cording to the endings used. The infinitive ending is -cv (contracted with preceding e to -fiv), or -vol. The i aorist infinitive in -crai is irregular. Principal Tenses. Historical Tenses. Stems'^^ \v\_ \v(tX \v\. Xv(T-a- Present. Future. Imperfect. X Aorist. Indie. Sing. i. \vft)(/xi) Xvcro) (/u,i) €-XvO-U IXvv, about Xvaas ing. to loose. Stems \e\vK-a- XeXvK-ft- XvBe- I Perfect. 1 Pluperfect. 2 Aorist Pass.2 Indie. Sing. i. XeXvKa e-XfXvK-eiv, -Krjf ^XveT^-v 2. Xe'XvKa-ff e-XeXvK-eis, -ktjs €-XvOt]-S 3. Xe'XvKf e-XeXvKft €-Xv0T) 1 Whatever is added to the verb-stem to form the tense-stem (""1^., -(r°Ig., -aa, k. t. A..) is called the " tense-sign." 2 The aorist passive is here grouped with the active because it has active endings. It has no variable vowel. Paki II. VERBS: INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF Xv«. 39 Indie. Dual Plur. Infin. Partic. 2. \c\vKa-TOV 3. \e\vKa-TOV 1. 'KeXvKa-fxev 2. \e\vKa-re 3. XekvKocn. (XeXvKa-va-i) XfXu/ce-vat, to have loosed.^ XeXvKcbs, havii^g loosed. 1 C-XfXvKfl-TOJ/ e-XekvKei-TTjv iXeXvKfi-iJLev e-XeXvKfi-Tf e-XeXvKei-a-av €-XeXvK€-acaf €-Xv6r)-TOv €-Xv6t]-TT}V e-Xvdrj-fieu €-Xl>0T]-T€ e-XvBrj-aav XvOij-voj., to be loosed. Xvdeis, loosed. From the translations in the above paradigm, we learn that tense denotes time only in the indicative. In the other modes the tense merely shows whether the action is viewed as continued (present), completed (perfect), or indefinite (aorist). Hence the augment — sign of past time — does not belong either to the aorist infinitive, which simply represents an action without regard to time or continuance, or to the aorist participle, which, regardless of time, usually represents an action as prior to that of the principal verb. Exercise 1. Conjugate as above kcAcvw, rt/Aaw* and <^tA.€w. Exercise 2. Repeat in Greek accurately and rapidly : I. He is loosing ; he will loose ; he loosed ; he was loosed ; to loose. 2. To have loosed ; he who loosed (6 Avo-as). 3. He who will loose (6 Xva-oyv) ; to be loosing ; we have loosed ; they have loosed. 4. They will pursue ; to be pursued ; to pursue. 5. They were pursued ; we have pursued. 6. We tried ; you were trying ; he has conquered. 7. They will love ; he who was loved; they were loved. 8. We were conquered; you will lead ; he wrote. 9. We will ask ; he has made an expe- dition; they will make an expedition. 10. He who loosed; he who was loosed; to loose. 1 Special Rules for Accent. Infinitives in -vai accent the penult. Consonant-declension participles in -s, except the first aorist active, are oxytone. ■2 Infinitives in a-eiv contract to -av, not -^, 40 GREEK PRIMER. Part II. LESSON XVI. Nouns : The Consonant Declension. Many nouns have stems ending in a consonant. These constitute the so-called third declension. In studying the paradigms observe : 1. The euphonic changes before a are the same as in verbs (see Lesson VI.). A final lingual (r, 8, 6} is dropped ; as aco/jia for a-ay/xaT. The stem, disguised in the nominative singular by the changes occasioned by a, is found by dropping the case ending -o? of the genitive. 2. The neuter has the nominative and the accusative alike ; and these in the singular are the simple stem. Care must be taken to learn the gender of each consonant-declension noun. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. d <|>vXa| ,i ^6\ayi TO o-«(ia ((f)vXaK-) ((f>a\ayy-) (o-co/iar-) watchman phalanx body Sing. Nom. 6^v\a4 Tj ^6Xay^ TO o-wfia Gen. Tov <|>vXaK-os Tfis v\aK-i na dXaYY-i T« O'Wfl.aT-l. Ace. TOV <{>vXaK-a T11V ^AXayy-a, TO a-&\La Dual N. A. Tti <|>vXaK-6 K. T. \. TW ct&iiaT-c G. D. TOIV <|>v\dK-oiv To£v 0-W}tdT-OlV Plur. Nom. oi (t>vXaK-€s Ta cwfiaT-a Gen. TWV (|>\l\dK-0)V . TWV 0-«fldT-«V Dat. TOis <|>v\agt TOIS o-wfjicwri Ace. Tovs (|)v\aK-as Ta o-cS}iaT-a Exercise 1. Write out a endings ; and decline as above table of consonant-declension the Greek words for chariot^ tu Part 11. NOUNS: THE CONSONANT DECLENSION. 41 ap/xa, ap/xaros ; hope, y cXTrt?, €A.7rt8o9 ; and army, to a-rpanvixa, (TTpaTev/xaTO'i. Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 1. A to, TOL TTpdy^ara ra TraiSta Ik to)v olkcot/ inifjixliafjiev. 2. eV roj oipfJiaTL 6 (TTpaT7)y6<; icTTiv. 3. TO Tov (f)vXaKO oIkco. 12. rj TipLTj^ (^iky) Tol': dvOpcoTTOLS icTTLV. 13. 6 (fiv\a^ ToifLos;). llarpts /xcv ILepKvpa, tAtoi/ S* ovofx*, ct/xt Sk VXavKov Ylo9} KOL VlKtO TTV^ hv oAv/XTTtaSaS. — SiMONIDES. II. 1. Ai acTTTiSe? Tcju 'EXXryrwi^ jiLKpal rjcrav. 2. ol Tov riyey^ovo^ oppide^ Kokoi elatp. 3. ol avOpojiroL Tco ayadat pyjropL iiTLcrTeva'ap. 4. 6 -qyefxcop els dycova tou9 crTpaTLa)Ta<; iKaXecrep. O. 01 T^ye/xdi^es ei? 7171^ cTKrjvrju Toif^ Xo^ayoug iKoKovv, 6. fjivpudSes tt^v irarpiha Trec^iXiyAcacrtt'. 7. X^P^^ x^P^^ TTOiet. III. I. I was conquered by the Greek phalanx. 2. The guard's body is in the chariot. 3. We will send the shields into the country. 4. The birds of the country are not beau- tiful. 5. The citizens do not trust the orators. 6. The youths honored the divinity. 7. The hope of honor will persuade the youths. 8. The bodies of 'the barbarians are in the river. 9. The guards used-to-love ^ the captain. 10 We have sent the horses and chariots from the village. 11. The general says that the guards were in the phalanx. 12. The young men love the birds, and the birds trust the young men. 13. The orators will persuade the citizens to send gifts. 14. The hope of gifts persuaded the barbarians. 15. What art thou doing, O spirit? 16. Guide, did you send the child to the house? 17. Guard, are the arms in the tent? 18. O hope, whither will you send the young man? * A familiar form to be rendered by the imperfect. 44 GKEEK PRIMER. Pakt II- LESSON XVIII. Participles: Declension and Use. Active and Aorist Passive participles are of the con- sonant declension in the mascuHne and the neuter. The participial ending -i^t- (fern, -ovraa = -ovl\S)v aZek4>6^y a loving brother. 1 Final t in the perfect participle is changed to o-, and the preceding vowel is lengthened to w in the masculine. There is no variable vowel. 2 Decline thus : \iiiXots, when he had sacrificed he sent gifts to his friends. Stiipa ire'iJL'irwv tovs papPapovs cireurcv, he persuaded the barba- rians by sending gifts. The participle denotes time relatively to that of the principal verb. Thus (in the sentence above) he sacri- ficed before he sent gifts. Bviiiv would mean while sacrificing, Reading and Translation. I. 1. Ot 7re/x(^^eVT€9 iXvcrav tyjv y€(f)vpav. 2. ol TToXTrat 7019 arpaTevovai hcopa TrefxxjJOVcrLv. 3. ra Ta)v vevLKrjKOTO)!^ Siopa Kokd iariv, 4. 6 crrpaTr}- yo9 Toijs vLKrjcravTa^i ek Tr)v kcojjltju ayei. 5. ctti- ^ovXevojp TOL<; TToXtrai? rrjv KcofJLTjv ovk ctx^eXifo-et?. 6. PLKa>p TOVS jBap/Sdpov; tov<; "EXXrjva^; wc^eXet. 7. oTrXiras e7re/xi//€ Xvaovras^ ttjv yecfivpav. 8. rot? Oeols Tnorrevovres PLKijcrere, &> OTrXtrat. 1 The future participle denotes purpose. 46 GREEK PRIMER. Part II. LESSON XIX. Verbs : Indicative Middle of Xv«. The Middle Voice represents the subject as acting upon himself (Direct Middle), or for himself (Indirect Middle).! Except in the future and aorist tenses the middle and passive voices are alike in form ; Xvofiac, I am loosing myself^ ox I am being loosed. The two sets of middle endings may be seen unmodified in the perfect and pluperfect, where there is no variable vowel. In other tenses o- of the ending of the second singular coming between two vowels is dropped, and contraction follows. The principal parts as given in the active voice show the stems equally well for the middle. The perfect middle is given among the principal parts because its stem is distinct from that of the perfect active. Principal Tenses. Historical Tenses. Stems Xvl.. Xucrt. X-t- \v(r-a- Present. Future. Imperfect. X Aorist. Indie. s. Xvo-/iiat Xvaro-fxai €-\v6-fir]v €-\v(rd-fir]v \V€L \V(T€1 €-\vov €-\var(o Xvf-rai Xva-f-Tai €-\ve-To €-\v(ra-TO D. \vf-(T6ov Xvae-adov €-\v€-(rOov e-Xvaa-aBou \v€-(rdov Xv(7€-(t6ov € Xve-(T$r]v f-Xvad-crBrjp P. Xvo-ficea \va6-fif6a (-"Kvd-fXfBa (-Xvad-iJicBa 'Kv€-a-6€ Xvcrc a-6e f-Xvc-ade (-Xvaa-aBe Xvo-prat Xvao-vTcu €-\vO'VTO €-\vaa-VTO Infin. Xve-aBai \v(r€'cr0ai Xva-a-a-Bai Part. Xvo-fievo-s ^ \va6-fifvo-s^ \viXovv. 10. X€Xvjj.evos. 2. Xc'Xvo-ai. 5 'Ypd\|/€i. 8. ircwrGTioreTai. II. StjXovo-iv. 3. Xv0Tivai 6. 8i«x0efs- 9- 'y€'ypa|i|i.ai. 12. Xvo-as. Exercise 7. Prepare to use verb forms in rapid dialog like the following ; and repeat such exercises daily. AlAASKAAOS "EXVOI^ TOV^ 177770^9. TL ilTOlOVV ,* Ma0HTH2. *'EXv€? TOV^ ITTTTOVt;, A. "EXucra tov^ ittttov?. tl iiroLrjcra ; M. EXv (Ta9 TOV<; tTTTTOU"? Part II. VERBS : EXERCISES. 51 A. AeXvKafjLep ret TrXoia. tl TTeiroLiJKafjiev ; M. AeXvKare tol irXola. A. ^Fi\vdr)fJLev vtto tcjv ottXltcov, tl Xeyofxep ; M, Aeyere otl iXvOrjre k. t. X. A. n€7rt cXiirov X^oiira XAcifLfiai IXcC<|>Ot)V Exercise 1. Conjugate /Aevw in the future and the aorist. ^ " Passive deponents " use passive forms in the aor., and sometimes in the fut. ; as, ^ovKofiai, wish, fiovK-fjffOfjiai, ifiov\'f)d'riv. 2 Special Rule for Accent. Second aorist infinitives and partici- ples accent the end of the stem ; as, \ivt7v, Mirdtv. Part II. VERBS: VARIATIONS FROM \xJ«. 58 Exercise 2. Conjugate A.et7rw and ayw in the imperfect and the second aorist, active and middle, with infinitives and participles. Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. A Soldier's Epitaph. XpT^crt/xos €V TToAc/xois Tt/xdKptT09, ov Toh^ cnjfia • "Apr]^ 8* ovK dyaOwv c^ct'Scrat, aXA.a KaKUJV. . II. 1. *0 Kvpo<; eiJLevev iv rfj cTKyjvrj. 2. 6 Kvpo9 efjieivev iv rw 01/00). 3. eKiTrojjLev top na- T€pa ev T(a apfxaTL. 4. eXetTro/xei^ t';7I' irarpiha (TTpaT€vovTevXdKcov tcov ^EXKrjVLKcoi/. 9. TO ovofxa TovSe tov dz^Spo? TifMO- KpiToq icTTLV. 10. iytyvofJieOa, eyez^o/xe^a, eXet- 7r6T€, cXtTrere, jxevofjuev, fievovfjiev, e^ieivav, €p.evov. III. I. I became; I was becoming; you became service- able in war. 2. The daughter was waiting in the village. 3. The young man remained in the boat. 4. The citizens left the village. 5. The chariots of Kuros will remain in the tents. 6. Ares did not spare the children of the Athenians. 7. These men are guides. 8. The name of this elder man is Sokrates. 9. We left the soldiers' graves in a hostile land. 10. The Athenians left their native land by night. 11. The leader's name was Xenophon. 12. The Greeks loved and tried to benefit their fatherland- 1 Demonstrative pronouns take the predicate position. 54 GREEK PHIMER. Part II. LESSON XXIII. Verbs: Lengthened Present Stems. We learned in the last lesson that many verbs have a length- ened form in the present. yCyvofiat and Wttw both lengthen the verb stem in forming the tense stem of the present, though in different ways. Observe that the lengthened form of A.€tVw is retained in all tenses except the second aorist. Exercise 1. Learn the principal parts of the following verbs, and observe how each differs from Xvco. Flee (stem <|>vy-) . (ficv^o) (t>€v|o)JLai ^ c^iryov ire(f>cv7a Take (stem \ap-). \a|jiPava> \'/j^O)xai cXa^ov cl'XT]<|>a €tXT))j,)iai. ^\Vj6T)v Die (stem 0av-). Bv^o-Kft) 6avov|xai cOavov ri^vtyKOi. Announce (stem d-y-ye^-). d-yycXXa) d-y^eXw ■ri'y-YciXa "q-yYcXKa T|-y\cX)jLai tJ-yy'^^'HV Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. Pithy Sentences? 1. iXov5 iv rots /caAcot? Set rov9 <^iXov5 w^e- \eiv. 2. KoX (f)L\eLV Sei o)? kov fJiLcr7]crovTa<;, /cat yucretv o)? koX (fyiXijcrovTaf;. 3. e/c twv avrcov Tpaycphia yiyveraL kol KcofJiCoBua ypa^xixdroyv. 1 Some verbs are deponent simply in the future tense. 2 I. Friends in their misfortunes — iv rois KaKois. 2. To love with the thought that (wy) we shall (sometime) also hate. 3. " Tragedy and comedy use the same alphabet." Part II. VEKBS : LENGTHENED PRESENT STEMS. 55 11. 1. Ol oTrXirat eXeuTfop ctItov iv ttj afjid^r)^ 2. ol TToklrai eXiTTOP to, oirXa iv Tm olko). 3. ol TToXZrat jxevovcTLP iv rats /ccu/xats. 4. ol (TTpaTL(OTaL jxevova-Lv iv rai"? crKr}vaL<;. 5. ol iv rfj Kcofirj vloi KaKol iyivovTo. 6. ol viol ayaSoL iyiyvovTo iv T^ OLKO). 7. ol 7r€Lpa>fi€V0L KaXol KOL ayaOol yevrja-ovTaL. 8. iTreipcofjirjv \nreiv tov Xo^ayov iv Tjj o-KTjvrj. 9. Xiyovai ra? eXTTiSa? XeiTreuv tovs ttoXc- fjLLOVs* 10. TOU9 fjL€v SovXov^ e7r€/xi//a ets 7171' xcxipav^ avro§ 8e ifjieiva iv ttj Kcjjjirj. 11. ot aTpanoiTai i^vyov iK T(x)v Kcofxcov rfj avrrj vvktL 12. o Kvyoo? iXa^e ra9 tov Trarpo^ /cw/xa?. 13. 6 dyyeXo9 T'^J' fJiOL^v ayyeXeZ tco (rrpanqyco, III. I. We will remain ; we remained ; we were remaining ; we have remained. 2. You are leaving the phalanx ; you left; you were leaving; you will leave. 3. The guides be- came, have become, will become, were becoming, slaves. 4. The Greeks and the Turiaiis write the same characters. 5. The messenger fell (died) in the battle (while) fleeing. 6. The wicked tyrant was dying in his chariot. 7. The money in the village was being taken by the soldiers. 8. Ye will announce; ye have announced; ye were announcing; ye announced. 9. The earth and the sun came into existence in the beginning. 10. We were fleeing ; we fled ; they fled ; he will flee. 11. They will take; they took; they have taken; I have been taken. 12. The messenger has an- nounced that the enemy are fleeing. 13. The general fell while trying to take the village. 14. The slaves remained in the tents, and did not flee by night. 66 GREEK PRIMER. Part II. LESSON XXrV. Nouns : Stems in -o--, -i-, -v-. Master the following very common words : ^ TO "ye'vos r\ iro'Xi-s d Poo-iXev-s tjvttO^ {yivca-) (TToXt-) (/SaatXeu-) (mv-) race city king ship ■ye'vos iro'Xi-s poo-iXcv's vav-s (ycVe-os) -ye'vows iroXe-cos ^ pouriXe'-o>s V6-WS (yeVe-V) 7€V6i (TToXe-V) iro'Xei Oao-iXe'-t) PouriXei v^-t ■ye'vos iro'Xi-v Pao-iXc-d vav-v (yeVf-f) -ye'vTi iro'Xe-e poo-iXe'-e v4^-€ {ysve-oiv) ■yevoiv iroXe'-oiv Pao-iXc'-oiv vc-oiv (yeVf-a) -iiv^ (7r(5Xe-ey) iro'Xets (j3acrtXe-€s) Pao-iXeis VT1-6S (y€V€-(ov) -yevwv iro'Xe-b)v PaoriXc-cdV V€-&V •ye'veo-i iroXe-ci Pao-iXev-o-i vav-9 • /cat 6 TraTrjp iTroCrja-ev avTov (TTpaT7]yov T(t)v Trj<; ^pvyia^; crTpaTLcoTCJi'. eVet Sc irekevTiqo-ev 6 iraTrjp, 6 Kvpo<; crvv fivpioLf; '^EXkrjcrL 1 Final tr of a stem drops before case endings. See y4vo5. Except in the nom., ace, or voc. sing. « is inserted before a final close vowel (i or v), which is then dropped. See ir6\i5. The ace. plural sometimes conforms to the nominative. Final u of a diphthong disappears before vowels. The stem vav- becomes vt]- before a short vowel, and ye- before a long vowel. '^ Some words in -eus, -tuv, are accented on the antepenult. 8 7] *Avdpaa>v 8e, ^A07jvaLo<;, o)? (f>CXos Upo^evov rov arpaTiqyoVt crvveTTopevdr) toI^; '^EXXtjctlv. 'AW iv rfj P'O'XO o^ /^^^ "^EXXr^j/e? ivLKYjaap, 6 Se Kupos diriOavev. AeSTJXoJKeu ovj/ 6 Sevo(f>a)v ttju roiv ^EWrfvcDV TTopeCap Koi ttoj? inoXefiovv T(p ^acnXei kol ttw? inopevovTo 8td rrj^ tov ^SacrtXeoi? xo)pa^ ndXip ets 7171^ *EXXa8a. II. I. The king has commanded the soldiers to take the ships. 2. The Greeks are a noble race. 3. The enemy were fleeing in their ships. 4. We will make a journey with the steward. 5. The young man hates his elder brother the king. 6. When the king died his brother became king. 7. The general made an expedition again with ten thousand Greeks. 8. A force of barbarians also was defeated. 9. How will the men in the city make war? 10. The barbarians have made war against the race of the Greeks. II. The king fled from his home and country. 58 (iUEEK I'lUMEK. i*AKT II. LESSON XXV. Adjectives : Consonant Declension. Many adjectives are declined in the masculine and the neuter exactly like the consonant-declension nouns. These words will present no difficulty if the student will note the stem, and its necessary euphonic changes. x«P^«*5 l^^s dat. plu., masc. and neut., Decline, as by previous directions : pleasing alji XapCcis x^-P^*""*^* XapCcv Iras irdcra irdv XOfUvTos xcip"'o"<^1s XapUvTOs iravrds Trdo-qs iravT^s K. T. X. K. T. X. black fortunate ^ (icX.ds (JLcXaiva jicXdv cvSaCfjLwv cvSaipiov (xt'Xavos ji€\a£vTis (icXavos cv8aC(iovos K. T. \. K. T. X. 'Hbvi is a little different from TroXt?; and evyei/rj^ from yevo^i. sweet well-born t]8vs TJScia r\hv tvytvi^s cv-yevc's TJSe'os T]8£ias -nSeos {evyeve-os) ev-ycvovs (rjbei) T\Stl TJ8eiy, or Kai. 60 GREEK PRIMER. Pabt 11 LESSON XXVI. Miscellaneous Exercises. To the Student : It cannot be too strongly insisted upon that a mere understanding of the rules of language, or the ability slowly and painfully to recall the forms, is of no value. Both rules and forms must be made so familiar as to be used without effort, or they will never be used at all. The object of language exercises is not to show that rules and forms are understood, but rather to acquire the Aadit of correct speech. A// exercises are to be repeated until each word stands for an idea, like a word of English, and until the accents and agreements are made mstinctwe/y. Several comparatives are declined like /xct^wi/, greater^ with shortened forms in some cases, and the nominative and the accusative masculine alike in the plural. Masc. and Fem. Neut. The Numerals. |i6t$«V p.e£tov-os jwitov «vos (lias kv6% kvi p.i4 ikoL iiTOLrjcrav rpLa rrXola irapa Trj OaXdccrrj. 8. ol r^yeyiove^ tovs TraiSa^ irapa tcov vecjv rjyov. 9. 7) ddXacrora dyaOo^ fjL€u SovXos icTTL, /ca/cos 8e ySacrtXev?. 10. ol fxev TTatSe? Key ova l ^iov jxaKpov etpaiy ol 8e irpe- o-^vT€poL 6vT€<; kiyovcTL I3pa)(yv etpai. 11. 8vo dvSpe Trapd rat? /xeXctVat? vavclv ifJLa)(^ecr6r)p. 12. 6 r)y€[ji(jjp crvv 6kiyoL<; Trtcrrot? dvhpdcnv ifie- vev, 13. ol Tpels TTalSe? ekei<\)6y)orav iv T(o irehioj. 14. tJ X^P^^ KaXij iaTL rols Tratcri fcai roi? npe- (T^VT€poL<;. 15. 6 TTICTTOV SovXo? eXcfe /xta^' cr/07- 1^171' UTTO Tov SepSpov elvai. 16. 6 jBacnkevs tovs cTTpariwra? /caXet. 17. Xeyerat 6 ^acrtXeus rous (TTpaTiayra^ dhiKrjaai. II. I. Life without friendship is hard. 2. The king led the soldiers to the ships. 3. Two houses were built (made) among these trees. 4. Those who do good are admired. 5. The servant with four companions made-a-journey to the city. 6. No one remained in the city. 7. A well-born race is fortunate. 8. A few trusty slaves remained near the king. 9. Those men were not faithful to their native land. 10. The power of good deeds is not small. 1 1. Myriads of men plan to obtain wealth. 12. The men were trying to conquer. 13. Boys admire those who are {participle) older. 14. The tombs of the soldiers are near the sea. 62 GREEK PKIMER. Pa in II. LESSON XXVII. Adjectives: Irregularities. A few irregular adjectives are very common. Mc'ya?, great y and ttoAv'?, much^ plural manyy are declined (as though from /xeyaXo- and ttoAAo-) like aya^o's, except in four places where the stems are ftcya-, and irokv-. /AfyaXou /xeyaXj/s- /xeydXci) fieyaXij \Uyav ix€ya.\T)v (jLe'-ya iroXiis fxeydXov noWov /LteyaXo) ttoXXw (le'ya iroXvv fieydXdi jueydXa /xeydXtu /iieydXotJ/ /ieydXnti/ fieydXoii/ /ieydXot /LteydXai /LieydXcoi' /LieydXcoj/ ftfydXoiff /ufydXats /MfydXovff /neydXay /xfydXa TToXXoi /ieydXtoi/ TToXXcoj' /LteydXois TroXXoIy fieyaXa noXKovs noWrj iroXv TToXX^y TToXXov 7roXX,7 TToXXo) TToXX^i/ iroXv noXkai TToXXd noXkoiv TToWcou TToXXais TroXXoiy TroXXu? TToXXd Exercise 1. Decline article, adjective, and noun together, giving the English for each form of the Greek. 1. TJ \apUa-a-a 0vydTT|p. 2. t| |jL€i^o>v irdXis. 3. TO iie-ya ap|Jia. 4. ttoXXt] yi\. 5. o ev-ytviis CH/Tjp. 6. d €v8aCfta>v iran^p. Greek Poetry. Poetry is to be read metrically. Greek meter is based on the quantity of the syllables, accent being disregarded. The quantities are so plain that they constitute a musical notation, and the alternation of long and short syllables produces the rhythmic effect. A syllable containing a short vowel is considered long before two consonants. But before a mute and a liquid it may be either long or short. In the last syllable of a verse quantity is disregarded. ^ Vocative singular ju/yo. Part IL ADJECTIVES: IRREGULARITIES. 63 In the Elegiac Couplet the lines consist of six feet, dactyls ( — ) or spondees (--), but in the second line the third and sixth feet consist of single syllables ; thus, • IXarpls ! ykv Kcp- | KiJpa, 1| *t- | \«v V ovoh.*, ] €l|il Se | TXavKOv || Ylo's, I Kttl VI- I Kw II irwl 8v'd- I Xv|iiria-j 8as- jj Read in the same manner the couplet on page 53. filAH ANAKPE0NT02.1 Each line of this ode consists of an introductory syllable, fol- lowed by four " feet," occupying equal time, the last incom- plete. s^ : J- \J \ ± ^ \ \-L \ ± t| Y^ I**" Xoiv- a iri-v£t TTivei oe oevope av yr)v, TTLvei dakacrcra S' avpas, 6 8' 17X109 daXacrcrav, Tov S' Tjkiov aeKrjVT) • TL fJLOL fjid)(eo'0\ iraipoL, KavT(o 6ikovTi TTiveiv ; Notes. Elision is much the same in Greek as in English verse. In the last line we have something more than elision; namely, Crasis [KpcLffis, a mingling; from KcpAvvvfii^ to mix), the words Kai and aurcp being blended together. ficixofiat governs the dative fioi, and with this dative OeXovri, a circum- stantial participle, denoting time or cause, is in agreement. ^ ^5^ 'AvaKpiovTos, an Ode of Anakreon. • Note that the I in niAH is £ subscript, not pronounced, although it is always written in the line when capital letters are used. While ascribed to Anacreon, and quite in his spirit, this ode is probably by some clever imitator. 64 GREEK PRIMER. Part li. LESSON XXVIII. Adjectives: Comparison. The comparative ending is -Tepo-(^6sy wise, iro(b- T€po5, (braros- fi^aijxwv forms f{>5aifji.ou-^6oL<;, 3. oirXov fxeyiO'Tov icTTLV 7) eX-TTt?. 4. 7) ^ K^pohiTT] KaWicTTr), -^apie- CTToiTrjy Koi KaKLcrTT] rjv irao-cov Oeoiv. 5. paov icm TO €v \iyeiv f) to ev noieiv, 6. ^i\.Ti6v icTTiv elvai TOV dpLCTOv avSpa rj (TO^cxyraTov. 7. 6 OdvaTo^; KOLVOS Koi T0l(; X'^LpLO'TOL'S /Cat T0t5 l3€\TLaT0L<;. ^ " Accusative of specification," translated in respect to each business. Part II. ADJECTIVES: COMPARISON. 65 8. TrdvTOiiv ^piq^LOLTOiv KpOLTiaTov ioTTL <^i\o9 cro^o? Kol dyados- 9. Kpelorcrov icm fxer okCyo)v dyadcov Trpo^ OLTravTaf; tous /cafcovs, rj fxerd woXkoiv KaKcov TTpo^ 6\iyov5 dyaOoif<; fxa^ecrOai. 10. tco ra/xta rd TToXXct icTTL, Tco (TTparrjycp nXeova, dWd tw /SaaiXeL rd TrXetcrra. 11. 6 tov ySacriXeoj? Trat? (TO(f>(oTepo<;y dfJL€LvcoT/, Kol ^apLecrrepo<; Trjs Ovyarpo^ icrriv, 12. ^ApTa^€p^r)<; Trpecr^vrepo^ tov dhe\w) V ypa/A/^ariKri ^ grammar. ia, wisdom v(rLs, nature 17 v(rLKrj (sc. iinaTrjfxrj physics. scientia) TToXt's, ywvia, an angle polygon. ScKtt, ten decade. \lOos, sl stone ; ypdcfxi) lithograph. 7, art ; Aoyo? telephone, technology. Miscellaneous. vTTOKptvofiaii reply aOXoVf a prize yvfjbvos, unclad TToXts, TToXtrrys 7rat9, ayoi 8^/^09, the populace ; ayw Srjfiosy KpoLTo^, power aVT09, KpdTO;s yufivda-LOV TroXiTLKirj TratSaytoyos 8r;/>iaya>yo? SrjfioKparia avTOKparri^j Trpecr^vTfposj elder €7rt(rK07ro9, an over- seer liY)Tp6Tro\i StSacr/caXe, Trept ttJ? twv XO'qvaicov TrdXeo)?. AlAA2KAA02. Ato, Tt hrf ; M. '^Otl 6 Soc^o/cXtJ? /cat 6 ^coKparrj^; koI 6 At) fJLOcrdevyjs AOrjvaloi rjcrav. A. IIov St) KeivTai ai *A0rjvaL ; M. At 'A^i^^at Kelvrai iv rrj ^Attlkjj. A, Nat* /cat 17 'Arrt/c?) fjuKpd icrTLv SeVSpa /^ei^ ov TToXXa €1^ T^ X^P^' V ^' ctvpa KoKrj, /cat 6 17X109 XafiTTpOf;, fxeydXrj ovk tjv t] ^(x)pa, aXX* ot dvhpes fieydXoL. apa oe /cetrat 17 TrdXt? irapd Tjj daXdcrcrr) ; M. Ov Trdvv. 6 Se ITetpateug irapd rrj Oakdaarj /cctrat. A. Nat • /cat d S€fxicrTOK\rj<; rd fxaKpd rei^-q iTTOLTjcrev. M. Ap 6 ^akajxTvL viK7]cra<; ; A. Avrd? ye • e/ceXevo-e Se rov? * A0r}V(iLOV<; ttoX- Xa9 z^av? TToieicrOai. o^v/x/xa^ot ovi^ ot ei^ ratg i^T^o^ots dvOpcjTTOL eyevovTO drt rot? ^ A0r)vaLOLq rjcrav vrje<;' /cat 6 Iletyaateu? ijjLTTopLov rjv iv P'^cry rfj *EXXaSt. ouTct)? 7) TToXt? ixeydXrj eyevero. Part III. HEADING AT SIGHT. 71 M. Ti 8e Trepl tov UepiKXiovs ; A. *0 IlepLKXrjf; iTTOLTjcre to p^icrov TeL)(os /cat TTjv aKpoTToXiv iK6(Tp.r)(T€v, /xcya? 8e /cat aTpaTr)yo<; rjp ' 6 §€ Hap6evo)v tjv iwl ttj aKpoirokei, koX vtto Trj<; OLKpOTToXecof; to diarpov. M. no)? 8* iyeveTo tj SrjfJLOKpaTia t} 'Adrj^ata ; A. BacrtXets fxep rots ^AdrjvaCoLS rjaav iv Trj OipXQ, VCTTepOP 8' ap^OVTe^, €Kd(TT(0 8' ap^OVTL €ts 8e/ca ^.T-q^ rj SvpafJiL<; ^v, 6 8e XoXcov TrpcoTos iypa^e vofJLOvs /cat SvvaiXLP eScoKe tS StJ^jlo). HeLcrCaTpaTos 8e 6 Tvpapvos Ty)v SrjfjLOKpaTiap KaTekvcrev. 'EttcI 8' iTekevTiqcrev 6 IletortcrT/aaTos, ot 'AOrjvoLOL i^eireiMxjjav avTOv tq) 7rat8e. h-qyiOKpaTia ovv iroWa eTY)^ iv TTJ TToXet rjv, Mera 8e roz/ irpos toviJir). ol SovXol a-TTjaovcrL ttjv o'Kr)vr)v iv rfj KcoiMT). 4. o (fyvka^ ea-rr^cre tol oTrXa iv rfj crKr)vfj. 5. TTpos Tco oipfxaTL ecTTr^crav ol Ittttol. 6 Itttto^ tcTTarat Trpo? roJ apfxaTi, 6. icrra/btat, laToifjieOa, IcrTare, LCTTafxei/, icTTiJKeLy iaToiOrj^ icrracro, 6 cTToi^y k(TT aval, 7. icrrai/rat, IcTavro^ 6 crTaOei^;^ lardv ai^ icTTaa-Lv, tcrracrti/, ecrnqv^ ^(TTiqcra. 8. crTrjvaty cTTTJcrat, i(TTd0r)crav, 6 crri^cras, (TTrfcrere^ tcrraTo, e(TTi7/ca?, IcrrrjVy laTrjcnv, LESSON XXXI. Pronouns: Personal and Reflexive. Personal pronouns in the nominative case are used mainly for emphasis. The pronouns of the first person, fxovj fiot, fxe ; of the second, crov, (TOL, (T€ ; of the third, ov, ol, ?, and (rLcri, are enclitics. The pronoun of the third person is used only rarely, and then in a reflexive sense. Its place is supphed : a. In the nominative by a demonstrative pronoun. />. In other cases by the various forms of avros. Position. The genitive of a personal pronoun takes the predicate position ; as, 6 <^iA.os ju,ov, my friend?- The genitive of a reflexive pronoun takes the attributive posi- tion ; as, £ (& VcpV o-4>«v P. Ti|l€ts biuls er€ts ijiiav v|ia>v (ruv TJHLlV iJHtv wv avTMv €-avTois, -ais or (r<)>((riv avrois, -ais c-avTovs, -ds, -d or ar<{>ds avTovs, -fis Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. T. 1. 'E/xot yap Kvpoiaro9j aX\d rixyrj. 1 These are to be read metrically, according to the directions given in Lesson XXVII. The"caesural pause" — a natural rest which occurs in the long hexameter line at some point where the meaning permits — usually falls in the third foot. toTci is poetic for toFs. Part III. EXERCISES. 77 II. 1. *0 SouXo? rrjv (TK7)vrjv laTrj iv tco TreStoj. 2. OL SovXoL €(TTr)aav ra? cTKrjvas npo Trjs tto- X€&)5. 3. ol (^uXa/ce? earrja'av iv rais crKiqvai^. 4. ia-TTjKa iv rfj o-Krjvfj. 5. 6 ra/xta? e/ceXevcre tov? SovXov? ei/ TO) ot/CG) arrjvai. 6. o ^acriXet*? ecrre- (fxivcocre toj veavia to'l<; crTe^dvoL^. 7. ot Cttttol iv fiecrco tco TreSto) rjcrav, 8. tu^^t; Trpdcraei rol^ dyadoi^ TToXXa. 9. i^iXeis, S <^tXe ftov, rou? (j^CXovq 0)9 creavToi'. 10. rovro) rw d^'8/9t fieydkr) dpeTT] icTTLv. 11. 6 )(p6vos TrdvTas dvOpcoirovs viKa. III. I. To talk well is an art. 2. Virtue is the best fortune. 3. The army was conquered twice. 4. Life is one night to those who are without virtue. 5. Bad for- tune is common to all. 6. To do good from necessity is not a virtue. 7. The king sent that man from the city twice. 8. With pleasing art (she) herself made a wreath. 9. We do not love our friends as ourselves. 10. In the night a wreath was placed upon the soldier's tomb. 11. The captain himself was in the midst of the battle. 12. Of the ten thousand soldiers, each took a part of the money. 13. When the poet had won the victory {participle) he was crowned with a wreath. 14. When he had announced {participle) his good fortune to the king, the messenger went again to the sea. 1 The expression above is correct, and convenient for exercise in the forms of the dative; but many teachers will prefer to explain at this point the more common Greek idiom which employs ety with the accusa- tive after verbs of rest, when there is an implied motion, — effrrjaav els ras (TK-fivds. Give in this form sentences 2 and 3 of Lesson XXX., and similar sentences as they occur. 78 GREEK PRIMER. Part III. LESSON XXXIII. Verbs : rCOtiiii and 8£8«>)ii. A variable vowel occasionally appears in -/it forms, as may be seen in the paradigm below. The second aorists, active, of TidTj/xi, 5i5a»/*t, and Irj/xi are peculiar. 1. They do not lengthen the stem vowel ; as, ^-de-fifv. 2. The infinitive active has an irregular -e- causing contraction. 3. The singular of the indicative is wanting, and its place is supplied by a first aorist in -ku. Give (stem 80-). 8£8(i>)j.i 8(00*6) €8o>Ka Put (stem ^e-). tC6tj|ii 9^a■ rtvtt tC Tivd tI TOVTOV TaVTtJV TOVTO tCv6 TIV6 TOVTO) TOVTftJ TOVTO) TivOtV TIVOIV TOVTOIV TOVTOIV TOVTOIV t(v6s Ttva TlVeS TtVtt OVTOl at^Tai Tavra t(vo>v TIVWV TOVTWV TOVTWV TOVT0)V tCo-1 TurC TOVTOIS TaVTttlS TOVTOtS rtvas rCva Tivds Tivd TOVTOVS TttVTttS TttVTtt Position of Pronouns. Nouns accompanied with demonstrative pronouns require the article, and the pro- noun takes the predicate position; as, ovto^ 6 dvOpayirof;, this man. Pakt III. PRONOUNS. 81 Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. A Patriofs Epitaph. OvTOS *A8«/xavT0V KCtVov* rdcfioqf ov 8ta fiov\ai 'EAAas iXivOepta^ afxtfiiOero oTC<^avov. II. 1. Ouros 6 avdpcjTTos icmv npos rjixcov. 2. avdpoiTToi TLve<; eavrots TroXe/xiot etcrt^'. 3. oSrot ot dvhpe^ riVe? etcrtV ; 4. avTcov TLve<; ^Ek\r)VLKOL elcTLV. 5. 6 />t€i/ Kupos OLTredavev, ol 8' a/x<^t au- Toi/ €(pvyov, 0. 00€ o ai^p aoeAcpo? /u.ov ecrrti'. 7. iKeivoL 61 dvOpcoTTOL edecrav to, onXa ei<; ra? CTKrjvd^. 8. Ava-^apCTL*; 6 %KTj0r)<; ipcoTrjOels vrro Tivo^ TL ecrrt nokefxiov di/dpconoL*;, Avtol, ^(f)rj, auTois. 9. AecoviSa^;, elnovTO^ tlvos Hdpeio-Lv iyyif^ rjfMcov ol TToXefjLLOL, KoL 'ijfjLeL<;j €(1)7), iyyv^ III. I. A certain man gave great gifts. 2. This is thy* brother, and these are his followers. 3. A friend of mine gave me a horse. 4. Who were some of the great men of Greece? 5. Your- fathers were the men. 6. Some one placed that chariot before the tent. Who was it? 7. Whom shall we honor? We shall honor some kings. 8. Who says (<^i7/xt) that you are wiser than I ? 9. Neither life nor death is sweet to these men. 10. Each of these men desires to be admired. * Used for iKelvov. 2 Use genitive of personal pronoun. 82 GREEK PRIMER. Part III. LESSON XXXV. Exercises. Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. In the midst of a sacrifice Xenophon receives word of his son's death. He continues the ceremony y but takes the garland from his head. He replaces it, however^ when the messenger adds that the youth died victorious. Ta> 'a€vo(l)(ovTL dvovTi rjKi rt^ eK MavTLveLaCLVOV. 11. 6 77011777)9 €(1)7) 8t9 aT€(l)av(x)6r}vaL.^ 12. iXevdepia ^ikTKTTov dv- 1 This is a new use of the participle. It supplies an essential part of the predicate, closely connected with the principal verb, and is called a Supplementary Participle. In such sentences the English commonly uses a supplementary infinitive, — he continued to go forward with the sacrifice. 2 The subject of an infinitive is regularly omitted when it is the same as the subject or object of the leading verb. Part III. EXERCISES. 83 hpoLCTLV icrriv, 13. rdSe to fxepos tov crrpaTev/Aaro? ivLKijOrj. 14. ovTos 6 avTjp iyyv<; tov ttJs //.T^rpos rac^ou icTTrj. 15. ol crTpaTLCoTai tol dp/xara eU ra? aKriva<; drfcrovcriv. 16. 6evT€^ tol dpfxaTa €t? Ta9 a"/CT7 1^0,9 ot cTTpaTioiTai eOvcrav. 17. ra Traiota et9 TOV jSaaCkeLOP iTeOrj. 18. ouro? 6 di/T^p eScoKe &Ti(i>avov TOVTO) t(o veavia, T tit III. I. We love friends who are faithful. 2. Two friends gave beautiful gifts to each other. 3. Klearchos ordered the other soldiers to place the tent. 4. They give wreaths for the dead {past participle). 5. Your brothers have fled from the city. 6. Fathers who have good sons are fortunate. 7. You will continue to honor your king. 8. My brother went into the country at night. 9. Thy father prospered when he was {participle) younger. 10. We admire the counsel of these men. 11. The others continued sacri- ficing. T2. The soldiers were placing their arms about the tents. 13. The captain put off his arms. 14. My com- panion said {r]fxi) that he was wronged. 15. Who says that he is greater than Kuros? 16. The trees were small, but the breeze was fine. Coin of Athens, showing; the owl, sacred to 'AOrivrt. The rude design and workmanship betoken its early date.. From the Century Magazine. 84 GREEK PRIMER. Part III.- LESSON XXXVI. Verbs: The Eight Classes. We learned in Lesson III. that every verb has several tense stems, each formed by some modification of the verb stem. We have noticed several different ways of forming the present stem from the verb stem ; thus, from the stems Ao/8-, Kiir-, are formed the presents Ao^/Sctj/w, \eliro} There are eight ways in which the present stem may be formed. Consequently we have eight classes of verbs.^ 1. The Variable- Vowel Class. The suffix '"I,, (variable vowel) is added to the verb stem to form the present stem ; as, loose, honor, (stem kv, rifxa-) Xvw, ri[i.6ua. 2. The Strong- Vowel Class. The suffix "^j^_ is added, and the stem vowel a, t, v, takes the strong form 77, «, ev (the verb stem appearing in the second aorist) ; as, leave (stem A-tTT-) Xefirw \cCY)fo> k. t. A.. 3. The Tau Class. The suffix -t\, is added ; as, Throw (stem pt^-)- pCiTTM j^C^o) cppit|/a lppi<|>a 6ppi)i.(i.ai ^ppC()>6T]v 4. The Iota Class. The suffix -i"!^. is added ; this always occasions euphonic changes : a, K, ;(, T, 0, and sometimes y, unite with i to form atr (Attic tt) ; as, Arrange, marshal (stem ray-). Touro-w Togw 4'Tei|a Tcraxa TCTa-yfiat /toxOtjv 1 The different kinds of verbs are to be distinguished also : Pure Verbs (whose stems end in a vowel or diphthong), Liquid Verbs (Lesson XX.), and Mute Verbs (Lesson VI.). Part HI. VERBS: THE EIGHT CLASSES. 85 b, 8, less often y, unites with t to form i ; as, admire (stem OavfJLa^)^ 9av\uLl <|)avo> €<|)T)va 'Tr6<|>a'YKa ire'clxxo-iiai ^ €<|>avt)v 5. The Nasal Class. A suffix containing r is added. Sometimes a second nasal (r, /x, y) is inserted in the stem ; as, take (stem Aa^-) Xanpavw XTJ\|fOfjiai k. t. X. 6. The Inceptive Class. The suffix -o-k**!^. (or -io-K°|g.) is added ; as, die (stem Ovcxr) evTfo-Kw 0avoi)fjtai k. t. X. 7. The Root Ci^ss. The verb stem itself, with or without reduplication, serves as present stem ; as, say (verb stem and present stem <^a-) <|>iin.£ <^tiV» k. t. X. \ put (verb stem ^e-, present stem rt^c-) Tternn, BtiVw k. t. X., Most -/xt verbs belong to this class. 8. The Mixed Class. A few verbs have entirely different stems in different tenses ; as. Go or come (stems ep;^-, l\v6', iXB). lpXO|j.ai €Xcvo-o|i,ai ifXOov ^XriXvOa Several verbs of each class are defective ; i. e. they are not found in all the tenses. Exercise 1. Classify : Tret^w, ypdw, ayyeXAw, Trpdrro), fjnjfit* 1 The euphonic change in the future of any verb shows whether the final letter of the stem is a labial, palatal, or lingual. '^ Euphonic for irc dKOvo-Oftai T|KOV(ra dKifKoa ^ iJKOikrOriv Know (stem yvo-'). ^I'yvc&o'KO) 7V(&o-0|iai tyviay tyytuKOk (f'yvAMrp.ai lyv&xr^v 1 The " Attic Reduplication," and final v dropped. Pabt.UI, VERBS: IRREGULAR STEM CHANGES. 87 Put away ; intr.^ stand off (diro' + stem ora-). (u)>((m)|M oTTOirTTlo-w dir€€€aivcTO Xiirwv eXa^ It€6t]v -yiYvoixai pi\)/(i) 6j^Lfrrr\^\. PovXijo-OfJiai c<{>t] c^vwv Oavfid^o) aKov(ro^.ai, €Tdx9T|v Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 1. AvofxeOa, iriOy), ac^io-raz^ai, 7r€7rec/c€, eyei'O- ^-qv. 2. aKrjKoare, eLpr)Ka, iXexOrjcrap, piirTeiv^ ippifJifxaL. 3. 6 rd^o)Py 6 Tera^o)^, ST^Xov/xer, iS-q- Xovp, ihT]\ovfJirjp. 4. a(f>LcrTao'Li', aTrecrriqVt dav- fxatpfxev, €<^r)ve, 7re(^ac7/xat. 5. /SovXojxeOa, ffovXeiy ^ovXtjcreo-Oe, to ^ovXrjdiv. 6. yraxretj eypcop, 6 yvov<;, 6 yvdiordd^, 7. tjXOov dvo-ofxevoL. II. I. We are loosing; he who looses; they loosed them- selves. 2. It was put; they will put; that which was put. 3. They have admired ; she was admired ; we will persuade. 4. You were persuaded ; he was sent ; they came. 5. They were hearing ; you heard ; I have heard ; he said. 1 The *' theme " is the form in which a word stands in the vocabulary. 88 GREEK PRIMER. Part lU. LESSON XXXVIII. Conditional Sentences: Present and Past Suppositions. There are two kinds of conditional sentences which require the indica- tive mode in both condition and conclusion. 1. €l TovTo iroieis, ciraivw, if you are doing this^ I approve. A TOVTO eiroCT)o-cv, €iraive9^o-€Tai, if he did this, he will be praised. Simple, Particular Suppositions. The condition assumes something without implying any judgment as to its reaUty. We have, In the condition, d with present or past indicative ; In the conclusion, any tense of the indicative. 2. €l TOVTO €iroC6i, €ir|]vovv dv, if he were doing this, I should approve, or if he had been doing this, I should have been approving. cl TOVTO liro(T]o-6v, iTT^viXTOk &v, If he had done this^ I should have approved. Suppositions Contrary to Reality. The suppo- sition is understood to be past fulfilment, and contrary to fact. We have, In the condition, d with a past tense of the indicative ; In the conclusion, a past tense of the indicative with a.v. The imperfect here refers to present time, or to a continued or repeated action in past time. The aorist refers to an action simply occurrifig in past time. PabtIII. conditional sentences. 89 Vocabulary, Reading, and Translations. I. 'Tis an ill thing to be dying, TO Bvr]€XT)T€a 0-01 TJ iro'Xis 40-tCv, the city must be benefited by you. Verbal adjectives may be in the neuter, forming an impersonal construction which takes an object like a verb ; as, ravra ij|xiv ttoititcov etrrCv, we must do these things {there must be a doing of these things on our part) . Double Negatives. When a negative is followed by a compound negative in the same clause, the negation is strengthened ; as, ovK 6evy€L eW to iavTov crr/aareu/ia, kol ev9vtas yiyvaKTKCti/ otos CKacTTOs avrip. — Even us. 2. Homer's Characters, "OfXripOS /AOt BoK€L TOV dpSpes* vfids inaLvoj. Mepojpt 8e /cat Scopa iXeyero TrefixjjaL, 12. ravra 8e rjyyeWop irpo^ Kvpop ol IkdovTe^ e/c roiv TTokeyLioiv irapd /xeyctXov ^acriXecos Trpo rrj^s /xa^7^9, /cat /xera ttjp p^d^-qv dXXot ot ekrf^diqa'av tojv TToXepLajv rd avrd rjyyeXXov* III. 1. I was manifesting; they appeared ; he has shown. 2. He marshalled the soldiers ; they were marshalled ; to mani- fest. 3. She will wish ; they have wished ; to be wishing. 4. It was left; to leave; he left; we have known. 5. I know ; to know ; to be knowing ; to take ; you took. 6. They were taking ; you say ; they were saying. 7. I will arrange ; to be arranging ; it seems. 8. They have been prosperous ; he who is prosperous. 9. They will i;ule ; to command ; he who appears. 10. He was ruled ; they will be ruled ; to rule. II. They said that they would not do these things. 12. When he had announced {aor. partic.) this, he fled from the house. 94 GKKKK IMUMEK. Part III. Appendix to Part III. R^sum^ of Vocabularies. Vocabularies of Part First. Accordingly ; always ; am ; and ; antagonist ; apostle ; ask ; Athenian ; athlete ; ball j barbarian ; batde ; beginning ; boat ; book ; brother ; but ; by ; child ; clear, plain ; come now ! concerning ; conquer ; day ; democracy ; desire ; despot ; dialog ; enemy ; epistle ; Europe ; faster ; fear ; fine ; first ; folly ; for ; friend ; from ; full. General ; gift ; good ; give me two ! grammar ; Greeks ; gymnasium ; he ; hinder ; horse ; house ; how many ? how much ? in ; ififerrogative particle ; in the power of ; is situated ; isthmus ; know ; lead ; loose ; make, do ; make an expedition ; make plain \ man, person ; me ; music ; neglect ; new ; noble ; no indeed ! no, not ; now. Oligarchy ; on ; orator ; pedagog ; persuade ; philosopher ; plain ; plan ; play ; plot ; pursue ; river ; run ; say ; schoolhouse ; see ; send ; small ; son ; student ; sullen ; sun ; take an obol ! teach ; teacher ; tent ; that ; the ; to ; trust ; try ; upon ; village ; war ; well ; where? whence? whither? who? what? write ; world, earth ; yes ; you. Vocabularies of Part Second. Admire ; again ; against ; aid ; all ; ambrosia ; announce ; arms; army; art; as; at Athens; bad; become; benefit; better ; bird ; black ; body ; breeze ; call ; captain ; chariot ; city ; comedy ; command ; common ; companion ; contest ; country ; daughter ; death ; die ; die, end ; divinity ; drink ; dwell ; earth ; easy ; end ; faithful ; father ; few ; fight against ; flee ; flood ; force ; fortunate ; four ; free ; friendly ; friendship ; from beside. Grain; great; greater; Greece; Grecian; guard; guide; hard ; hate ; help ; honor ; hope ; hoplite ; how? in company Part III. RESUME OF VOCABULARIES. 95 with ; instrument ; journey ; king ; law ; leave ; life ; little ; long ; love ; man ; many ; march ; messenger ; money ; moon ; moreover; most; much; myriad; name; native-land; necessary; near ; necessity ; night ; Nile ; nobody ; not even ; nothing ; older ; olympiad ; one ; orator. Phalanx ; pleasing ; poet ; power ; proceed : proceed in company with; race; remain; sacrifice; same; self; sea; serviceable ; shield ; ship ; short ; slave ; soldier ; spare ; spirit ; steward ; stronger ; sweet ; take ; ten thousand ; than ; that one ; thing ; this ; three ; through ; toil ; tomb ; tragedy ; tree ; trouble ; two ; useful ; wage war ; wagon ; well-born ; when ; who ; wisdom ; wise ; wish ; with clenched fist ; with ; without ; work ; worse ; wrong ; younger ; young man. VOCABUIJVRIES OF PaRT ThIRD. About ; acropolis ; according to ; add ; after ; afterwards ; ally ; am present ; archon ; arrange ; badly ; be perplexed ; before ; but, and ; break down ; bright ; call together ; come ; come, go ; command ; continue ; council ; crown ; do ; each ; emporium ; first ; flee for refuge ; fortune ; freedom. Give ; give orders ; grave ; guest-friend ; hear ; horseman ; hour ; I ; in front of; island ; judge ; know ; least ; march ; my ; near ; of myself ; of thyself ; of herself ; of himself ; of itself ; of one another ; of what sort ; on the part of ; other ; perish ; plan ; plot ; populace ; portion ; praise ; put ; put about ; put away ; put on. Revolt ; ride ; rule ; said ; secondly ; seize ; send ; set ; show ; summon ; ten ; theatre ; thing ; think ; thirdly ; thou ; throw ; thus ; thy ; time ; twice ; valor ; virtue ; wish ; worthy ; year ; your. 96 GREEK PRIMER. Part III. duestions and Topics for Review. 1. How is the gender of a noun determined? 2. What forms of the verb are not recessive in accent? 3. What special points must be noted in each declension ? 4. Describe the three uses of the participle. 5. What construction follows an adjective of the compara- tive degree ? 6. Explain deponents, second aorists, and liquid verbs. 7. Make a complete table of tense signs, voice signs, and verb endings. 8. When does eo-nV have the accent ea-nv? 9. Which tenses are principal, and which historical? 10. Mention the peculiarities of -/xt verbs. 11. Mention peculiarities of la-Trj/xL and 8t8a>/xi. 12. Give an account of the position of pronouns. 13. Describe the classes of verbs, and irregular stem changes. Young men riding in the Panathenaic procession, frieze of the Parthenon. From the PART FOURTH SUBJUNCTIVE, OPTATIVE, AND IMPERATIVE MODES 98 GREEK PRIMER. Part. IV. LESSON XLI. Verbs: Subjunctive and Optative.— Conditions. Observing the paradigms in this lesson and the following, we note : 1. The Subjunctive and Optative are never augmented.^ 2. They have the same tense signs and personal endings as the indicative. 3. The Mode signs appear in connection with the variable vowels: a. The Subjunctive has long variable vozvels, '\., and uses the principal endings^ -jxty -?, -o-t, -rovy -top, k. t. X. d. The Optative has the mode sign -i- following the variable vowel, and uses the historical endings. The mode sign of the Optative is -le- in the active third plural, and -trj- in the singular of -yut verbs, aorists passive, and contracts (sometimes in dual and plural). The variable vowel of the optative is -o- in first aorist, elsewhere -o-. _ The optative uses ovit principal ending, -/tt in the first singular. The Adverb av. The conjunGtion ct, when used with the subjunctive, is followed by the adverb av, which unites with it, forming idi' or r/v, but does not affect its meaning. Subjunctive. Optative. Present. Present, S. Idv Xv«, If I loose (continu- el Xvoi(iii, If I should loose (con- ously or repeat- tinuously or repeat- edly), edly). €av Xv'xis, If you, etc. ct Xvois, If thou, etc. edv Xvxi, If he, etc. €l Xvoi,^ If he, etc. D. €dv XvTjTov, If you two, etc. el Xvoitov, If you two, etc. edv XvTjTOv, cl XvoCrqv, P. edv Xvw}j.€V, cl XvoifjLCV, edv XvT]T€, cl XvOlTC, Idv Xvcoo-i, cl Xvouv. 1 This is because the tense of a verb not indicative does not denote time. ^ Final at and ui do nol have the effect of short vowels /// lAe opiative. Part IV. VERBS : SUBJUNCTIVE AND OPTATIVE. 99 Exercise 1. Conjugate in the same way the present sub- junctive and optative of Aa/x^avw, Tt/x,ao>, and airoOvria-KO). Conditional sentences, referring to the future, are of two kinds : 1 . 4dv |Jrti ' 6v« Tois Ocois, ov viKT], if I do not sacrifice to the gods {habitually^, I shall not conquer. Vivid Future Conditions. The supposition is stated vividly, or with expectation of its fulfilment. We have, In the condition, lav with the subjunctive ; In the conclusion, the future indicative. 2. el |ii] Ovoip.1 Tois 06OIS, ovK av viKtofii, if I should not sacrifice to the gods {habitually)^ I should not conquer. Less Vivid Future Conditions. We have, In the condition, ct with the optative ; ^ In the conclusion, the optative with a.v. The ii.v is always attached to a word introducing a subjunctive in the condition, and it always accompanies an optative in the conclusion. Exercise 2. Repeat these sentences in English and Greek, using the different persons : " If you do not sacrifice," " if he does not sacrifice," etc. * To express negation )u^ (and its compounds) is used instead of oh: a. With the subjunctive, the imperative, the infinitive ; and /;. With other modes in expressions denoting a wish, purpose, or condition. 2 Observe that th& future optative is not used here. It is found only in indirect discourse. 100 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. LESSON XLII. Verbs: The Subjunctive and Optative. {Continued.) The distinction between an action viewed as continued, and an action not so viewed, is not made in English ordinarily. Consequently the use of the present and the aorist subjunctive, optative, and infinitive, may occasion some perplexity. Thus the words " If you sacrifice'''' may mean eav 0\>T)S, If you sacrifice {habitually) ; or, ia.v 0uy some expression which will show that they denote actions viewed as continued. Study the meaning of each English sentence. Subjunctive. Optative. Present. (Xv«)^ I Aorist. (c'Xvo-a) Present. (Xv«) I Aorist. (cXvo-a) S Xv-o) Xvo-o) Xv-oi-fii Xvaaifit \v-ri-s Xva;;? \v-oi-s XvaaL9, Xvcreias \VT} \v(Trf Xu-oi Xvaai, Xvaeif K. T. X. K. T. X. V 3. Xvaauv, Xv(Tfuiv 1 Perfect. (X^XuKa) I Perfect. (XcXvKa) Future. (Xiicrw) S. \iKvK(o XeXvKoifxi Xvaoifii XeXvKTji XeXiiKOLS Xvaois \e\vKrj "KcXvKoi Xvaoi K. r. X. K. T. X. K. T.X- I Aorist Passive. (IXvOtiv) I Aorist Passive . (IXverjv) S. Xu(9a)2 \v6eirjv \v6fji XvBfirjs \v6fi XvdeiT) K.T.X. D. Xvdeimov or XvOelrov XvdeiTjTTjV XvdeiTtjv p. XvdeiT]fi€P XvOflfifv XvdeiTjTe XvBelre Xv6f'ir]|i€v, let us loose. 2. Purpose; as» iva Xva)|i€v, that ive may be loosing. 'iva \vo-ci)|ji€v, that we may loose. 3. Vivid Future Conditions ; as in preceding lessons. Three uses of the Optative. 1. Wish (Latin opto, I wish) ; as, XiJoi, may he be loosing. Xvo-€iC| may he loose. 2. Indirect discourse, after a past tense; as, IXc^av oTw Xv'oi, they said that he was loosing} IXe|av oTt Xvccic, they said that he loosed. i Note that in indirect discourse, if the leading verb is past, the English regularly changes a present to a past tense (as was, in the sen- tence above). The Greek, while it always retains the same tense, may, a. Retain the mode of the direct discourse, or PabtIV. verbs, uses OF THE MODES. 108 3. Less Vivid Future Conditions ; as in preceding lessons. In past purposes we may have the optative instead of the subjunctive, since the statement, being the (re- ported) thought of some person, is impHed indirect discourse : fOvov iva jjLT] viKii0e(T]vyo)fJL€v, oAXa Kokat'S aTroOdvcofxej/ vwep T7]L\io). Word Studies. c^cXod, ttXovtco), aTrodvrjo-Kui, ^w ; /ive^ pray^ honorably, wall. Reading and Translations. I. A Prudent Wish. OvK iOikoi irXovT^Vf ovK €V)(Ofi.ai' dXAa fioi tvq t^Yiv €K Twv oXtytov fxrjhiv €;(0VTa KaKov. 1 The appropriate forms of the verb '• to be " are here added to the perfect participle. Part IV. VERBS : SUBJUNCTIVE AND OPTATIVE, ETC. 106 II. 1. Iletpw/xe^a Troielv to ipyov. neLpacrcjfJieOa TTOLrjcrai to epyov. 2. (XTpaTevovcTLv ol "KkXr^ve^ Iva ol ^dp^apoL viKrjd(i)(Tiv. 3. iav ol lttttol Xv9a)- (TLV, ol TToXefXLOL avTovs \y]\jJ0UTai. 4. €19 TTji/ ttoXlp 7r€iJi(l>6eLr)a'av ol TratSes. 5. Trip.Trovcn tovavo^ Treironqpivo^ etr). 8. ol Tov KaKov. 8. €t jSovXei dyados eti^at, irpcoTov TTLCFTevcroi/ on /ca/cos el. 9. w? Se crTpaTrjyov ifxe fjLTjSelf; vfxcov XeyeTco. 10. /xeya? rji/ 6 klj^Svvo<;. II. I. W^hen you rule yourselves {participle)?- then you will rule others. 2. Honor the gods, for it is fitting. 3. Ad- mire the beautiful earth which God has made. 4. Let man be judged by the gods. 5. Advise men to do good and to be good. 6. Let not men go in the pleasantest way, but in the best way. 7. Pray thou mayest Hve ^ nobly. 8. De- sire the best gifts. 9. Know that time is fleeting. 10. Let the soldiers fight as it befits them. 11. Do not hear evil (things), but hear the good. 12. Do not flee dangers. 1 It is expected that the student will be on the alert to use participles so far as possible to express the various " circumstances " of time, cause, means, manner, condition, or concession. See Lesson XVIII. '^ Use the infinitive. 108 GREEK PRIMER. Fabt IV. LESSON XLVI. Verbs: Complete Synopsis. We have now completed the copious inflections of the Greek verb, and can pause to systematize what we have learned. Observe how the principal parts form the key to the complete synopsis. The forms which have the same tense stem are said to comprise a " tense- system." Synopsis of XcCiro), Leave (Stem \iir-). Pres. and Impf . Future. Aorist. Pf. and Plpf. Active. Indie. \iivOi Xc(t|/w Xc'Xoiira eXfiTTop IXiirov eXfXoirreiv Subjv. XeiTTCO Xt'TTO) XeXoiTro) Opt. XflTTOt/Llt Xfiyjroifu Xinoifii XcXotTTOt/u Imv. XeiTTf XiVe Inf. Xelneiv Xfix/reti/ XiTrfti' XeXonrivai Panic. XeiTra)!/ Middle. Xiirav XcXoiTTWf Indie. Xfirrofim XeiyJAOnai X^Xfi|Ji(i'(^i €kenr6fxr)v eXiTTOiirjV iXeXfififiTjv Subjv. XflTTCB/iai XlTTOifiai XfXeinfX€vos to Opt. 'XeiTToifirjv XeiylroLfiriv Xiiroifirjv XeXtiixfievos ftrju Imv. XeiTTOu Xmov ^ XfXei'^o Inf. XeinecrBai Xcl-^ea-dai Xi7re(T0ai XeXf^Bai^ Partic. Xfiwofievos XeiyjfOfievos Passive. XiTTOfiepos XeXfififievos Indie. like the middle . Xfi(f>Bf}(TOfiai l\il^Br\v like the middle. Subjv. (( X€i(t)6c;) i( Opt. u \eiB€iriv (( Imv. (( \fi(fiBi]Ti u Inf. u X€i(f)9T}a((r6ai X(i(f)Or]vai (C Partic u \€L(I>6t)(t6ii€Vos Xet^^ets (i 1 The 2 aor. impv. 2d sing, accents the variable vowel in the middle, as do the active forms cvpt, i\0^, lU, e»W, and Ao^^- 2 ff brought by inflection between two consonants is dropped. Part IV. VERBS: COMPLETE SYNOPSIS. 109 Future Perfect Passive. Indie. XfXei\//"o/iat Opt. XfXei^oifxrjv Inf. XcXei'^eaOai Partic. XeXei^ofiei/os Exercise 1. Write out a complete synopsis of o-tcAAw, TrpaTTw, TLjJLOHO, and cf>€Vy(D. Exercise 2. Give orally the complete synopsis of <^tA€a>, Omja-KU), Xafx^dvwj and ftovXevu). To the teacher and the student. There is no more sure and rapid way of attaining a mastery of the verb than by giving the complete synopsis. Such exercises should be continued daily. Word Stodies. Upo?, xpl > poem, besiege, sacred, it is well. Reading and Translation. I. 1. Et Trjv TTokiv Xd^oL, dyyeXov 7re/xi//ei€i/ dv, 2. edv (TTpdrevfia o-reikoj, ol noXeixLOL ov (jyev^ovTai. 3. eKacTTO^ ifxd^^eTO KaXios, Iva -q narpl^ iXevOepa eirj. 4. eKacrro^ ifxd^^TO /caXa>9, Iva 7) Trarpls iXevdepa y. 5. XPV T^y^dv^ tov ^acriXea. 6. eXeyov ore XP^^V T^l^dv tov /Sacrt- Xea. 7. 6 croc^o? icj^r] rd tepd XPV^^'' Tifidv. 8. firj vyoLev ol aTparicoTai • /caXcus diroOdvoiev, II. I. It befits us first to control ourselves. 2. If each proves (becomes) brave, all will be well. 3. We ought to do this, that we may obtain the victory (no thought of con- tinuance). 4. They desire to besiege the city. 5. I was say- ing that I admired the men's valor. 6. We loosed ourselves. 1 Infinitives in -a^iv neglect the i in the contracted form. 110 GREEK PRIMER. Pabt IV. LESSON XL VII. Verbs: €l|i( {concluded). — A^. The present and the imperfect indicative of el/xf, together with the present infinitive and participle, have been given in Lesson XL The present subjunctive and optative are to be found in the paradigms of the perfect of Auo, Lesson XLIV. Be (stem eo--, Latin es-se) has only the present and future systems. Pres . Imv. Fut. Indie. Fut. Opt. Fut. Inf. s. lo-ofiai 4o-oC|l,T)V ^o-€|i.€V toi|j,ev 2. tT€ tr,T« t0lT€ tTC 3. tturt t«8€i9. aXX' 6 Ku/309 etTrei' otl 17 6809 ov/c ecroLTo 7r/D09 ro^ ^acri- Xea. TL(Tcra(l)epvT]<; Be tS ySao-iXet ri^j' rou Kupou rropeiav rjyyeikev* TI. 1. 'Ettci Se u/x€r9 ov ^ovXeaOe (tvixtto- pevecrOai, dvdyKrj Stj fioL top Kvpov Xnrovra^ fxeO vfjLO)]/ levai. 2. idv 01 dXXoi fxr) ^ovXcovrai TTeidecrO ai, dnLfxev TrdvTe^. 3. lovrcov, KaKoi re Koi SouXot oi'r€9. 4. KOI lovTes inl rrjv crKr)vr)v iKokovv Tov TTtttSa. 5. /cat rwi^ dvhpihv Trpo'iov- T(t)v i(j>aLveTo SeVSpa. 6. ip^^Ofieda, ip.ev, T]X6ofjL€v, eXOeiv. 7. do-c^aXecrrara^ dnLfxev* III. I. The men refused to go. 2. We went ; we were going ; we will go. 3. It is time to go ; it is time to be going. 4. Now I have left (both) father and fatherland. 5. The way was neither long nor hard. 6. If the omens are fair he will go forward most securely. 7. He loosed himself. ^ The neuter plural is used adverbially. 112 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. LSSSON XL VIII. Verbs : dpcuo, Svvafiai, diroXXvpii, alp€M. It is the case in all languages that some of the most common words are the most irregular. This is true of the English verbs am, go, can, etc. It will not be so difficult a matter as might be expected to learn the following verbs thoroughly. Pronounce the parts aloud, with the English meaning of each ; and notice the stem of each word, its class, and varia* tions from Ai5a>. See (stems 6pa-, 18-, on-). 'OpacD ec&puv o\|/o|j,ai €t8ov ] ^ ^ «PaipT]ar(a k. t. X. Word Studies. )((DpLovj /xrySeTroTC, lo-os, icrcos, Avti, otmq. Reading and Translations. 1. I. Death the Great Leveller. AovXo9 OVT09 dv^p y]V ^WV TTOTC ' vvv Sc TeOvrjKOi^ i(TOv Aapeto) tw /xcyaXo) BvvaTai. 2. Resignation. MiyScVoTC €7rt ixrjhevo^ €L7rr}rip€Or) • aTreSoOr} ovv koI tovto. ^ Sti is often used, as here, to introduce direct discourse. In our idiom the conjunction is left out, its place being supplied by quotation marks (" "). Sri is not translated in such cases. Pakt IV. VERBS: opdw, 8^aj»,at, AiraLp€LVy iXeuv. III. I. To see; to be seeing; to be seen; to have seen. 2. They saw; he has seen; you were seeing. 3. I am able ; they were able ; he will be able. 4. He who is able ; she who saw; they who have seen. 5. They have taken away ; you will take away. 6. He was taken away ; she who is taken away. 7. They have destroyed ; to destroy ; he who destroys. 8. They were destroyed ; to have de- stroyed. 9. He who is taken away ; they who have destroyed. 10. Perhaps the city will never be besieged. 1 Full uncontracted form, i-hvvaao. The second singular middle is the most troublesome of all the regular forms. 114 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. LESSON XLIX. Conditional Sentences: General Suppositions. A general supposition refers to any one of a series of acts, and is easily distinguished from a particular supposition. 1 . edv TovTo iroiTjoTi, ciraivw, if he {ever) does this^ I {always") approve. General Present Suppositions. We have In the condition, lav with the subjunctive ; In the conclusion, the present indicative. 2. €l TOVTO iroiTJo-eicv, lirg'vovv, if he {ever) did this, I {always) approved. General Past Suppositions. We have In the condition, d with the optative ; In the conclusion, the imperfect indicative. Relative Sentences, when the antecedent is in- definite, are equivalent to conditional sentences, and have the same construction. The adverb av is attached to a relative word when the subjunctive follows ; as, 4ir€i8dv TovTo iroiTJo-Qs, iiraivw, whenever you do this^ I approve. Word Studies, atrto?, airew, ayopd, )8A.a7rra) ; victory, at the same time, silver, assemble, perceive, rich. Reading and Translations. I. Speech of Thrasuboulos before the battle at Feiraieus. AW, o) avop€<;, ovtco '^(pr) iroieiv oVo)? e/cacrro? atTio9 yePTjraL vlktj^ • avrr) yap rjfjiiv, iav decx; Part IV. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 115 0€\rf, vvv airohoicei koI Trarpiha /cat ot/cov? koX i\ev6epLav koI TratSas of? elcrip. '^n evSaLfxov€<; ot av rjixcov vLKT](TaPTe<; tSoxrt Tr)v TTacroiv r^hicTTrjv rjixepav, evbaifxcop 8e /cat ocrrt? av diroOdvr), (rrjpja yap ovSevl TrXovcrto) o'Stco KaXov icTT ai. II. I. Whoever perceives this admires. 2. Whoever perceived this admired. 3. Whenever you ask anything, we give (it). 4. Whenever we go to the agora, it is necessary to take silver. 5. Whenever the soldiers are all assembled, they will behold victory. 6. Whatever we asked, we also took. 7. Although you see evil (things) (parficip/e), do not do (them). 8. They said that the two men came at the same time. 9. Let us try to be the cause of victory. 10. The soldiers would not be able to injure us (opf. w. av). ^ And children^ to those who have {them). 116 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. LESSON L. The other Modes of -\i.i Verbs. Further peculiarities of -/xt verbs : 1 . The subjunctive adds the mode-sign -"1,^, and contracts it with final a, c, or o, of the stem. -ar], -ar}, -or;, give r], rj, w, contrary to the rules for contraction. In Suj/ojuat^ am able, and Hlarafiai, understand, "*^|,^. takes the place of the stem vowel ; as, Sivw/iai, k t. A 2. The optative mode-sign is -t-q- before active endings in the singular, and sometimes in the dual and the plural. The accent cannot go back of the mode-sign, except in hvvafjiai and kiria-Tafxai. 3. The imperative in the present drops -Ol- and lengthens its final stem-vowel. In the second aorist, '/rj/it, ridrj/jn, and d/Sw/tt take -s in place of -6i ; — h, des, Soi. Synopsis of tomnii, Set; pf. and 2 aor. Stand (Stem oCofiau Word Studies. BatVw, okL\ovvTa. II. 1. *0 fxev ovv rrpeo-^vTepo^ napcov iTvy^ave * Kvpov 8e jLLCTaTre/xTrerat aTTO 7199 ^PXV^' V^ avrbv (raTpdnrfv iiroirjcrev. ava^aivei ovv 6 Kvpo? XajScov Ttcrcrac^ep^'T)!^ &>? ^ikov, /cat twi/ 'EXXt^i^coi^ Se e^o>z^ OTrXira? ave/Srj TpiaKoaiov^, 2. daa-aov rj cS? rt9 ir gJcto ivLKtjO'qa'av ol ^dp/SapoL, 3. KareXvcre 1 The augment is sometimes omitted in poetry. Part IV. VERBS: patvo>, rvyxAvw, oto|i.at. 119 TTjV yi^vpav Iva fxr) Kvpoq StayS^. 4. otei yap croi p^axelaOaiy o) Kvpe, tov dSeXc^dr ; EiTrep ye e/xo? dSeX<^ds icTTLVy ov yoaStw? TavT iyco XTyi/zo/iai. III. I. Let us go now to the city ; I think that he weiit to the city. 2. Then, after a time, we will go. 3. Menippus had a large field once, but another has it now. 4. The bad man thought that he had this field. 5. The slave was good once, but now he is bad. 6. The satrap happened to be going to the country. 7. By chance, the enemy were sacri- ficing. 8. The wise man failed but tried again. 9. Ten thousand Greeks went up with Kuros against his brother. I o. We possess many fields. 1 1 . Who loves not (the) honor ? IV. I. We went, we went (on our own responsibility). 2. He was praising himself, he was praised, to praise. 3. They took, they choose, they will choose. 4. You were being placed, you were placed. 5. I did this (for my own interest), I did this. 6. We gave (from our own resources), we gave, it was given. 7. You loosed for yourself, you were placing for yourself, you placed for yourself. 120 GREEK PRIMER. Fabt IV. LESSON LII. Prepositions. It will be well at this point to review and systematize our knowledge of the prepositions. Their chief uses are as follows ; With the accusative: dvd, up ; els, /C and ircpC : with gen., concerning ; with ace, around^ about. 8id : w. gen., through; w. ace, on account of. Kard: w. gen., against; w. ace, along., over, according to |jL6Td : w. gen., with ; w. ace, after. virtp: w. gen., above, in behalf of; w. ace, over, beyond. cirC: w. gen. and dat., on; w. ace, to, toward^ against. irapd: w. gtn, from; w. dat., with, near; w. ace, to, con- trary to. irp6s: w. gen., on the side of; w. dat., at, besides; w. ace, to, toward. vir6 : w. gen., by, under; w. dat. and ace, under. Exercise 1. Frame short sentences, using each preposition. Prepositional Phrases and special usages, like our on time, in earnest, etc. must be learned by observation. Examples are : eXavvcov dvd Kpdros, riding at full speed. e'lrl Tcp d8€Xw, in the power of his brother. 8id ({>i\Cas Uvai, to proceed in a friendly manner. Kara Ta^ets, rank by rank. CK iravTos Tp6irov, in every way. irpos Tov Tpdirov, in keeping with his character. irepl irXetcTTou iroicurOai, to consider of the highest importance. €irl rovr(f,for this purpose, or on this account or condition. i^AKT IV. PREPOSITIONS. 121 Prepositions in Composition are a conspicuous feature in Greek. We may learn how to feel their force from the follow- ing examples : d'y'YeXXa), announce. ^aivw, go. -yC-yvoiiai, become. 8(S(0|Xk, give. lpXO|iai, come. ^X«, have. i, take. XcCirw, leave. ire|j,irw, send. dira'Y'YcXXa), dvaPaivctf, KarapaCvoi , irapayt'yvoiJiak, tru'Y'yC'YVOnai, diroSCSwiik, irapaS £8(10)11,, irpoSCSo)|i.k, irpdcip.!., irp6(r6k|jLi, (rvvepxop.ak, dir€pxo|Jiai, irap€pxop.ak, irapc'xa), d-tre'xw, dvCoTTniii, irapaKaXcd), onryKoXew, KaraXafjiPdva), KaroXcCirco, diroireiJLiro), p.eTairep.irofiai, eiri.Ti6e|xak, ^rm^ ^«^^ a report, go up {from the coast), go down (Jo the coast), come to, arrive, associate with, give back, pay, repay, give over, deliver up. give beforehand, betray, go forward, go before, go toward, approach cojne together, go away, pass along by. furnish, be distant, set up. summon^ encourage, call together, find, overtake, seize, desert, send away* send for. fall upon, attack Exercise 2. Frame short sentences, using each compound verb. 122 GREEK PKIMEK. Pakt IV. LESSON LIU. Verbs: olSo, iU\Xu>, cvp(avTivr), Kat /x€ KoAoi iratSes €poi€i/ Aiovva-iov es \op6v. 2. Anakr eon's Boast. *E^£ yap Aoywv e/xwj/ eti/CKa 7rat8cs av LX.OL€v • ^ ^apUvra fikv yap ktCj/xul, ^apUvra 6' otSa Ae^ui. 3. 6^^//, Order, Space, Mind, Necessity^ Time. Upecr/BvraTov tojv ovroiv ©€09* ovttot€ yap avTov rjp ^PXl' KakXiO'Toi^ KOCTfJiOS' TToCrjfxa yap 0€ov. fxeyLCTTov totto^' iravTa yap ex€t. rd^icTTOv vovs' 8ta navTos yap ^aiveL- SvpaTcoTarop aj/dyKT)- Kpa- ret yap navrcop. crocjjcjTaTov ^ovos' evpCcrKet yap Travra. 4. How to make the Good your Friends. AoK€i^ fiOL XeyeLUt a) XcoKpare^;, a)S €t fxeXXoLfxev dyadov Tiva KTujcrecrdaL ikov, avTOv^ rjfJLa'S dyaOov^ * Here is a conclusion to a remote future supposition which is sup- pressed. The boys would love me {if they should meet me) ; a modest way of saying " they do, or will, love me." This is called the Potential Optative. ilv^Ko. is poetic for %viKa. Pakt IV. VERBS: 4)^p«, ol8a, |i^XXa), €vpCov, iri 6 Xo)KpdT7)Si olov r elvai /cat TroviqpQV ovra dyaSovs <^tXov9 KTiqaacrdai ; II. 1. "Ottcos 8e Acat etSTjre €t§ olav ep^eade ixd)(r)j/, iyo) vplv etSw? SrjXcoo'co, 2. avfji/Bo'ukevcrov rjfJLLP OTL CrOL SoK€L KdWiCTTOP KOL dpiCTTOl/ CtJ^at, Kol 6 aoL TLfXT}]/ otcret etg tov eireiTa ^povov, III. I. I think that an ivory lyre was borne by the slave. 2. Would that we might find a pleasant place. 3. The daughter of the king goes into the chorus with (having) an ivory lyre. 4. We know that the universe is the work of God. 5. Good men are loved because of their good deeds. 6. Ye know not what ye are doing. 7. God is without origin. 8. The mind runs through all (things), rules all things, and possesses all things. 9. If we intend to gain good friends we must (xprf) become good ourselves. 10. Sokrates said that it was not possible for a bad man to have good friends. II. If they should take away the arms, the soldiers would not be able to fight. 12. Let us give ; let us be giving; let us be giving for ourselves. 13. If they should be placing; if they should stand. 14. Whenever he sacrifices he invites (calls) his friends. 15. Whenever he sacrificed he invited his friends. 16. Whenever he sacrifices he will invite his friends. 1 Infinitives used as nouns — in speech and action. 124 GREEK PRIMER. Fabt IV. LESSON LIV. Formation of Words. The Greek language is fruitful in derivatives. From this time forward many of the words we meet will be related to words already familiar. The following points will be helpful : I. Adverbs are formed from adjectives by the ending -w?. The stem and accent appear as in the genitive plural; as, KaXco9, honorably. For the comparative the accusative neuter of the adjective is used ; as, KciWiov, more honorably ; o-o<|)(&T6pov, more wisely. For the superlative the accusative plural of the adjective is used ; as, KaXXicrra, most honorably ; orojJM&TaTa, most wisely. 2. The ending -rt]^ usually denotes person or agent, -o-t? action, and -/xar, nom. -/xa, result of an action; as, Primitive. Person or Agent. Action. Result. iroieo), iromT-^s, Poet. iroCtitriS; act of iroCi]}ia, thing made, making, poetry, poem . iroXis, iroXCrr^s, Tdrrw, T(i|is, arrange- ment, rank. irpaTTO), irpayjio, deed, thing. To^cvo), shoot. Tojonis, bowman* To^v|ia, arrow. To'^ov, bow. 3. Contract verbs are mostly derivative ; as, &8iKici>, from oSiKos. 8t)\6(i>, from 8f)Xos. 4. Nouns in -ta are derivative and denote quality ; as, (ro<^ta, from (ro(|>os. iX(a, from <^(Xos- Part IV. FORMATION OF WORDS. 126 5. Alpha privative, a or av prefixed to a word reverses its meaning (cf. the syllable un- in English, — UN-kind, etc.) ; as, a-SiKo$, unjust. cl-OdvaTos, deathless. 6. The ending -k6-oT€poi (d|j,<|>(), both. 8ia-<)>€pcD, differ. o|io-Xo'y€&> (aji*)? ^g^ee, confess. SkScCo-KO) (SiSoo-koXos), teach. irpo-Ovfios, zealous. Xowro's (XeCiro)), left, remaining. Exercise 2. Conjecture the meaning of the following words from their derivation : iXevOeptay dSwaros, cv8at/x,ovta, crTparr/yeco, crrparoTreScvw, oAAws, airopos, airopia, 'qSiuySy KLvBvvevwj avayKa^cj, avayKatos, ^ao-tXctos, KaKtos, ttoA-c/xikos, en ashamed of such men as you shall know those in our country to be. Part IV. THE SPEECH OF KUKOS. 127 avhptov 6vT(x)v Kol ^prjCTLfJLCJV yevofiepcjVy iyo) vy^ayv fx€v TOP oLKaSe fiovXofjievoT/ aTTieVai evSaCp^ova TTOLTjcro) airekOeiv, nokkov'; Se olfxai TToirjcreiv to. nap' ifJLol ikecrdai avrl tcjv iv ttj TraTpiSi. II. I. We think you happy for the liberty which you possess. 2. The Hellenes became zealous when they heard Kuros, and gladly promised to go with him. 3. Kuros gladly saw his allies (being) zealous and warlike. 4. There were many bowmen in the camp. 5. We shall be compelled to incur danger. 6. The army was in perplexity and dan- ger. 7. The Hellenes use-the-bow better than the barbarians. 8. I enjoy seeing the sun (I enjoy myself beholding the sun). 9. We saw the palace. 10. Kuros made clear his opinion. 11. It is impossible otherwise to go away from the palace. 12. Would that I had more power and more money !^ 13. If we win the small (things) we shall also win the great. 14. Had we possessed the small we should have possessed the great. 15. A tyrant differs from a king, for the king's father was a king ; but the tyrant seizes the power himself. 16. We happen to possess many slaves, but bad (ones). 1 An attainable wish is expressed by the optative, with or without fWe or 6t ydp. The negative is fii). A wish viewed as unattainable is ex- pressed by a past tense of the indicative, with eWe or el yap. Compare with these forms the corresponding forms of conditional sentences. 128 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. Appendix to Part IV. (A.) R^sxnn^ of Syntax. We have now learned several important principles of syntax. I. State the usage of the Greek language on each of the following points, and give examples from the passages below, or from other lessons : 1. Attributive and circumstantial participles. 2. Future conditions, — vivid and remote. 3. Conditions contrary to fact. 4. Three uses of the subjunctive. 5. Three uses of the optative. 6. The three forms of indirect discourse. 1. Et^e Xvpa KaXrj yevoLfxrjv eXe^avTtVry, Kttt fxe KaXoL 7rat8es r] Tov dp^ovra rpia Zuv del ytyvwo-Kctv, TrpuiTov fjL€V OTi dvOpu)7r(DV a.px^i' ' SevTcpoVf otl Kara vo/aov? ap^ct • rpurov^ OTt OVK del dp;(€t. 6. ^ATToOvrja-Kiofxev irpo r^s TrarptSos. 7. Etrrei/ ovtos 6 avqp otl ot *AOr}vaioLf "love? to ycvos* orres, oip\oi€v Twv 'EAAt/vcdv €t>; iftSofx-qKovra, 1 "Accusative of specification," Tonians in race. Part IV. RfiSUMfe OF SYNTAX. 129 8. FivSaLfxove^ ea-ovrat oo-ot av 7rp6 irarpiSos Odvuxriv* 9. AvTog yap o Trar^p ^iXe? vfias ori vfiei^ ifik irc^tX^Karc. 10. OvTOS *A8€LfldvT0V \cLVOV Ttt^OS, OV SlCL y8ovA.a? 'EAAas iXevOepca^ dfKJiiOeTo crT€avov. 1 1 . M^ TTwrrcvcnys rots Ka/cois iva fi^ cTrtjSovXcvoKni'. 12. NtJc? TrXetWes ^ ctKoinv ^o"**^ avrw. 13. *^ yi /weAatva TrtVet, TTivct 8c Sei/Spe* av y^i/, wivet OaXacaa 8* avpa^^ 6 8 vyXtos ^oAao-frav, Tov 8' i^Atov cr^Xrjvy] • Tt ftot fia)^ea-6*, eraipoi, fcavTw OiXovTi TTiveiv; II. State the Greek usage, and give examples also, regarding: — 1. The position of avT05 and ovtos. 2. What is shown by the tense of an indicative, a cir- cumstantial participle, and a verb in any other mode than the indicative. 3. The uses of the negatives ov and p,?}. 4. Verbs which govern the genitive or the dative. 5. The uses of the middle voice. 6. Three uses of av. 7. Ways of denoting possession. 8. Verb with neuter plural subject. 9. Constructions with comparatives. 10. The pronoun of the third person. 130 GREEK PRIMER. Part IV. Appendix to Part IV. (B.) Grimm's Law. The English language contains many words which have been derived, adopted, or " borrowed," from the Greek. It also contains words which were never transferred from one language to another, but have been handed down in both lan- guages from that remote period when the ancestors of the Greeks and our own dwelt together and constituted one people. These are called cognate words. That the Greeks, Romans, Germans, and English descended from the same stock, and that their languages were once alike, is proved by a multitude of words and terminations which survive in two or more of these languages. Compare etji^, suvd, and ava. ; also the numerals. In this transmission the mutes have been strangely ** shifted." Let the three classes of mutes — surds, spirants, and sonants — be arranged thus, in endless series : The " law," naturally subject to many exceptions, is this : Any mute which appears in Latin or Greek will be represented in English by the next mute in its series, and in German by the next but one. Thus classic tt should be represented hy /() in English, and by b in German ; classic y8 by/ in English, and/ in German ; etc. Compare Greek Ovpa, English door, and German Thiir, ycvos KIND, 6.ir6 OFF ab, ScAca TEN zehn, OvyaTTjp DAUGHTER Tochter^ ^cpa, BEAR, vhiup WATER. This law is most fully exemplified in the lingual series. PART FIFTH USE OF THE GRAMMAR 132 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. NEfiS Ii2NlK02. From the Century Magazine, by permission. LESSON LVI. Use of the Grammar : Writing Greek. We are now to make the acquaintance of the Grammar, which contains a complete and scientific statement of the more important facts of the language. From this point the grammar will be your chief teacher, and by its aid you will advance toward independent scholarship. First, learn how the grammar is arranged. Look at the Table of Contents, and notice the general divisions of the book. Look at the indices at the end of the volume, and learn how to find the references. Grammar Studies. For your first lesson look up in the grammar the subjects of Breathings, Elision^ and Accent, Read attentively all that the grammar contains on these subjects, and Part V. USE OF THE GRAMMAR. 133 ask the teacher about anything you do not understand. Learn thoroughly sections given in coarse print, or those designated by your instructor. Exercise 1. Copy the following lines in small letters with proper breathings and accents^ and translate. H THS EAAAA02 UTOPIA OY MIA2 XOPAIS HTOPIA E2TIN, AAAA TOY EAAHNIKOY FENOYS. OI TAP EAAHNES 121KH2AN KAl EN EYPOHHI KAI EN A2IAI KAI EN HOAAAIS NH20IS. H2AN MEN OYN EN THI APXHI HOAAOI BASIAEU TftN EAAHNfiN, KAI EKA^TH nOAIS EHEIPATO AYT0N0M02 EINAI • HANTES AE T0I2 AYT0I2 E0YON 0EOI2 • KAI HANTES TOYS EAPBAPOYS EMUOYN. nOAAOI AE MY0OI AEPONTAI HEPI TON ©EfiN KAI TON TOY HPOIKOY XPONOY AN- AP«N- nEPI MEN TOY KAAMOY TOY 0HBAIOY, nEPI AE TOY ©HSEQS, HEPI AE KAI HPA- KAE0Y2. MAAISTA AE O 0MHP02 AEPET n02 OI AXAIOI [OY PAP KAAEI AYTOYS O OMHP02 EAAHNA2] EnOAEMOYN HEPI TPOIAN. O MEN APAMEMNfiN, BASIAEY2 MYKHNON, 2TPATHP02 HN, AXIAAEYS AE O API2T02 ANHP MAXE20AI, OAY22EY2 AE O :SOnTAT02. HANTES AE AN- ©POnOI AKHKOASI nEPI TOYTOY TOY HOAE- MOY TOY TPfilKOY KAI OMHPOY TOY TH2 110IH2EQ2 HATPOX OI AE EAAHNES EHOAEMOYN KAI AAAHA0I2. OI PAP AOPIEI2 EAinSAN TOYS AXAI0Y2 EK THS HEAOnONNHSOY. 134 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. LESSON LVII. The Vowel Declensions. Grammar Studies. The Vowel Declensions (first and sec- ond) except remarks about the dialects, Homer, etc. Word Studies. (Review carefully the directions given in Lesson XLIII.) ^€LpoT€)(yr)Sy SlktJj /xcvrot, avTovo/xos, oiKoSofiLK-q, jxadrjT'q'Sf 8r^, v€KTap, riycfiovLaf /u-t/xvrycrKa) ; memory, colony^ oli- garchy y democracy y cardinal numbers fi-om one to twenty. Reading and Translations. Note. The student must not fail to read the Greek paragraph aloud, to note the force of the particles in connected discourse, and to prepare for examination upon the subject matter. The following lessons give a brief outline of Hellenic history. I. The Greek Mythology. Ot TTOiyyToX ekeyov otl Kp6vo<; 6 Ovpavov kol Ft}? U169 a(f)€\oLTo iiev TTjv OLpx^jv Tov Trarpd?, auro? §6 vcrrepov d(j)aLpe6evr) vtto tov vlov • Zeu? 8e 6 Kpovov V105 Trarrjp €irj Oeoiv re kol avOpcoirojv. Zeu? ovv avrjp r)V Kai aoekcpo^ Hpa?, Kai e/c€t- vo)!/ iyivovTo Aprj<; Kai Hc^atcrro?. O jxeu Ap7)<; Oeo^ TToXe/xou rjvy 6 8e ''Hc^atcrTO? cro(j)(oTaTO^ ^^et- poTe)(y7]<;. ^AOtJvt) Se kol dvyaTrjp A to?, kol fJ^^yjTrjp avTjj ovK rji'. Ato9 Se koL yiyvovrai "ApTefiL'^ /cat *A7r6kXo)v. *A\X' *A(j)poSLTr) Tojv Oecjv KaWicrTrj "^v koX 6 ficv '^pfirjf; ayyeXo? tcov Oewv, Alovvctos Se 6 0eo<; oivov. paktV. the vowel declensions. 136 Oc 817 6eo\ ^Kovv iv tco 'OXv/xtto), zeal 6 (tItos aurot? rjv dfi/SpocTLa koL veKTap. 6 fxev y8t09 avTwv T^Sicrros rjv^ rrjs yoLp \vpa% rov AttoWcovo^s r]KovoVy KOL Tois dvOpcoTTOL'; icTTeXkoT^ dyaOov re /cat KaKOV, (J)l\ol ovTes ^evoLs kol tov^ vofjiovs ttJs 81/07$ ^vXar- Tovres. avTol fiePTou dXXyjXovs TroXXa/cis yjhiKovv, 'AS€kcf)ol Tov Ato§ ^o-av HocreiScjv, os ttJs Oakda- crj^ yjpX'^y «^ai '^AiSt^s, 6 twz/ dTTodavovTcov )8ao"tXeu$. Ilyoos 8e Tovrois iXiyovro evvia /xovcrai ot/ceti' eV 'EXt/cwj'L KOL liapvacTCo Ovyarepes Mvt) fioa-vmrj^ • /cat Trdpres ol TrorafjLol i.vop.LtpvTo Oeoi. lldvre^ ol ''^Wrjve^ eOvov toIs Seols, /cat TroXXa/cts €ts ArjXov iiropevopTO /cat AeX^ovs tj'a ipajTijcrojo'L TOP ^ATToXXcjpa, II. I. The Greeks had many beautiful myths concerning their gods. 2. We ought to be wise when we have good teachers. 3. They seized the satrap, and placed him on a small island. 4. (See to it) that ye shall be worthy of the liberty which ye possess. 5. When God had created the world he gave man supremacy over ^ all living (creatures) . 6. The Athenians made an alliance with (tt/oo? w. A.) the people in the islands that they might conquer the common enemy. 7. Some of the colonies became greater than the city from which they had their origin. 8. When colonies had been sent out Hellas became great. 9. On the expulsion of the tyrants^ the Athenians became independent. • 10; A de- mocracy was established that the people might have justice. 1 Government of. '^ Genitive absolute. 136 GKEEK PKIMER. Pakt V. LESSON LVIII. The Consonant Declension: Mute and Liquid Stems. Grammar Studies. The topic of the lesson, and consonant changes so far as they appear in this declension. Word Studies. v(rT€poia^. rrdvTe^ ydp ol ypd(j)0VTe^ iroiiqToX rjcrav^ koX ol (f)Lk6cro(j>OL, ojcnrep Ilu^aydpa?, kol ^eipoTixvai koI crTpaTLO)- rat /cat ol 6vovt€av€p6s, kol 'AOrjvaioL o)ekovi/ auras. vLKijaas ovv ras ip 'Acria TToXeis inoLijcraTo 6 Aapetos (ttoKov npos rous ^AOrjvaCovs, kol tj i^gl^ iv tco MapaOoivi iyevero. evravOa 817 wpcJTOv e/xa^^ecraz^ro ''EXXt^i^c? Mi^Sots, Kat ot l3dpl3apOL rjTTijOrjcrav. 'A7ro6ap6vTovpav virep tov ^EWt)- (TTTOVTOV Kol Td(f>pOP 8lOL TOV "AOcOj CJaT€ ol MrjSoL ikeyovTo ekavveiv virep ttJs Oakdao-q^ /cat irXeiv Sta TTJs yrjf;. 'E/xa^€craro Toivvv avrots ev rats ©ep/xoTTuXats Aewz^tSas Kat ot TpiaKocrioi diro AaK€8at/xo^'tas, /cat diriOavov TrdvTe^. CTretra ot A^T^i^atot, XtTrdi^res ri^i^ TToXti', ev rats j^avcrti^ ip.a)(4o'avTo jxeTd tcjv dXXcjv 'EkXijvojv eV SaXafJiivL, /cat ot ^dp^apoi rjTTujOrj' crav. ouros o ttoXc/xos rots ^ AdrjvaioL9 ra^tcrra. 5. koX crvv vplv fiep av olfxaL elvai evSaifJLCoi/i oirov av S). III. I. The plain is still to be seen (evident) where the Medes were defeated, but the arms are no longer there. 2. Let us burn the villages at once. 3. Were you ever yet deceived by Kuros? 4. The Medes marched over the sea and sailed through the land. 5. Portions of the walls of Athens are still to be seen. 6. The barbarians will no longer be burning the villages of Atdke. 7. They asked Kuros to give them pay. 8. Were you ever in the plain where the batde occurred? 9. The barbarians were de- feated, so that they fled by night. 10. The Hellenes pre- pared ships that they might sail to the islands. 11. Kuros employed both Hellenes and barbarians. 12. His mother favored Kuros, and sent him from the city as quickly as possible. 140 GREEK PRIMER. Pabt V. LESSON LX. Irregular Nouns. Grammar Studies. The "Attic Second Declension." Nouns : contracted, irregular. Word Studies, i^eci?, oarovv, tAew?, iKpdXXo), 86pvf av^i?, Kcpas, iwoeo) ; /la//, dog, woman, hand, water, mindy just^ left, mountain, Sokrates, Ferikles, be captured. Reading aud Translations. I. Ferikles and the Athenian Empire. 'HTTYjOevTcou 8e tcjv l3ap/3dpcop 6 Oe/Atcrro/cXTj? (TvvefiovkeveTo rot? *A0rjvaLOL<; fieydXa Tei^rf iroLij- cracrOai, Iva fxrj av$L. 16. Xv- o-oorOai. 17. Xvo-cDV. 18. XvOctrjv. 19. Xvo-as. 20. XvOf^vai. Word Studies, ye, rotVw, KaOacpiu), ofxwfxt, opKo?, {iTroTrreucu, vTro\(/ta, Aot/xos ; wound ^ however ^ pl^dge^ collect, nevertheless. Beading and Translations. I. The Peloponnesian War, Ot Se AafceSat/Awtot, koX oi Awptei? TrdvTe';, ifxi- crow T0V5 ^ A07jvaLov efeVe/xi//a^ [xei^TOL noWds vav<; kol ctto- Xou? fjLeydXovs TToXefiovPTes err) kirrd /cat etKoav. TToXXol Se TreipcofxevoL KpaTrjcraL ttjs St/ceXta? avrw- Xoi^TO, [evpe r-r)!^ St/ceXtai^ cttI ra 7rtVa/ct,] /cat Aucrai'Spo? o Aa/ceSatjUidi/to?, ov/c oj^to? ctltov, Trj<; TToXeoj? KpaT7]cra<; KaOeiXero rd fxeydXa T€L)(yj. ov- rw9 ireXevTrjcrep r) to)v ^AOrjvaCcov -qyejiovia. ^coKpdrrjf; Se, 6 r^? (^tXocro(^ta? Trarijp, l^rj iv TovTco TO) ^p6v(p, /cat 6 ^XaTa)^' aurov fJLadrjTrjf; rjv. II. I. There they swore many oaths and gave pledges (right hands). 2. They already began-to-suspect that they were going against the king. 3. Three men, who were in the left wing, were wounded by arrows. 4. The soldiers, however, refused to go, at least without greater pay. 5. Will you betray your friends after giving pledges? 6. A suspicion arose that he was (is) leading against the king, but neverthe- less it seemed best to proceed. 7. But Kuros collected an army and besieged the place, both by land and by sea. 8. Many perished by the plague. 144 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. LESSON LXII. -/xt Verbs. Grammar Studies, -/xt verbs, with synopsis and conjuga- tion of lo-TT/ftt (peculiarities of TiOrj/xif 8t8a)/xt, Svvafiaij and cV/'- (TTa/jLUL are reserved for the next lesson). Word Studies. Tr/jdrepos, crcf>68paj TrptV, fiixPh ""ai/v, xf/evSo), iKJSdXXo), TravTaTrao-t, t^ccm, ottoi, ottov, oir(>T€, TrXiyv, ottoo-o^ ; cross over, thus, once^ frighten, promise, just as, Reading and Translations. I. Sentences from Xenophon. 1. AL€/3r)(Tav ftjSe. 2. /cat ov/c e(f)a(Tav livai^ iav jjLT) rt? avTOiS xpT7/xara StSoJ, cocnrep rot? 7rpoT€poL<; fjL€Ta Kijpov ava^acriv. 3. rdre 8r) /cat iyvaxrOr} oil ol fidp/BapoL Tov avOpcoTTov 7r€/xi//at€z/. 4. 6 8e KXeayo^o? d/covcra? ec^o/Setro crc^dSpa. 5. dXXa Tttvra XyjxjjovTai ttJ? TTpocrdev eVe/ca Trept €/xe dperi^^' 6. Kv/309 Setrat avrou ff]^ TravaacrOai 7ro\€fjiovvTO<; irplv av avTft) cn;/x^ouX€ucn7Tat. 7. 6 8' vTrecrx^To duSpl eKoicrTco SaKreLU dpyvpiov, iirdv eU BaySvXoij/a rjKwcTL, /cat Toi^ yacrOov fte'^pt ctj^ KaracrTTjcrrj tov^; ''EX\7jva<; €t9 tt)!^ TrarpiSa iraXiv. 8. /caXet /xe o)? ntcrt8a9 l3ovX6fxevo<; iK^aXeiv TravTOLTracriv e/c ttJ? X(i)pa<;. 9. ez^ r^ Kuyoov dpx^ ^^^^ TropevecrO ai oTToi Tt9 yjOeXev ovSeu dStKovfjiepov. 10. vop.itfi) yap vfjid^ ifJLol etvai /cat TrarpiSa /cat (^tXov? /cat Part V. -p VERBS. 145 (TVfXfJidxov<;^ Koi crvv vjjuv evSatfJLCJv icrofiaL ottov av w. 11. ^z' Se TOVTOiv ratp crTaOfjLCJV ou? irdvv fxaKpov^ rjXavvev, OTTore 7rpo<; vScop /SovXolto i\6eiv. 12. 6 8' ft)5 OLTrrjXOe KivSvv€vcra<;, /BovkeveTaL otto)? fJLTJTTOTe €TL €(TTaL CTTt T(p dSeX(f)(p» 13. Kat TO) o-TpaTTjycp TjKeiv irapayyeWei Xa^ovra tovs dv- Spa? 7r\7)v OTTOCTOL iKavoi Tjcrav ra? aKpoirokei^ (jyvXaTTeLv. 14. Mevcop Se irplv BrjXov elvat rt TToirjcrovcrLv oi aXXot, enretcre tov<; avrov |iai. 13. eSvvd). 14. cirCo-TaiTo. 15. cSCSovs- Word Studies. Xatpw, wpa, jjidOrjfxu, vdcrxft*, a7ro8etKi/u/xt, 'E\Xr]VL^(j}j TTorepos ; to-morrow^ to-day, yesterday^ leaf — page, read. I. Epameinondas of Thebes, H TOiv ^Adrji/aCctiv rjyefxovia ireXevT-qcre recrcrapcri KoX TerpaKOcrioi^ erecrt rrpo Xptcrroi). Ot 817 Aa/ceSai/xdi'toi ayaOol jjLep rjaav jjid^ecrOaL, KeKTr)fJievoL dpeTTjv tov (T(ofjLaTo<;' dp^eaOai Se Totv *KK\riV(ji)V KaKOL' Kai yap oXtyap^j^ta? iv rat? TToXeo't KaOicTTavTOy tov Syjjjiov d(j)aLpovfJL€voL rrjv hvvaixiv. *0 8e 'E7ra/xeii/wi^Sa9, 6 ©T^^atos, icTTparevero et? T171' ^€Xo7^o^'^'^7a•o^' p.€yaky)v crTparidv e^oav, koI ttjv Tcjp AaKeSaijJLOVLcop rjyefJLOVLav Karikvcrev • tov<; yap AaKeSaLfJiovLOv^; ixdyai^; TecrcrapcrLV iviKiqcrev. avro^ S' eV MavTiveia p.ayop,€vo<^ dneOave, /cat ol Srj/3aloL ovK iS-ui^aPTo TTj viKT} ^pTjcrOai. *0 'ETrajoteti^wi^Sa? fjL€yLcrTO<; Srj &v icrfxev aTpart)- ywv iyivero * koX yap 'AXefai^Spo? Kal ^airoXewv Kol oXcu9 ot PLKa)VT€<; (TTpaTrjyol i^poyvTO rat? rov *E7ra/Lt€ti/ct>i/Sov Ti)(yaiLrjfXL, ardSiov ; strike^ Jlow, such, as follows, go — be gone, Reading and Translations. I. Philip and Demostheiies. ^vv Se fxeWofxev avayiyvcxiCTKeLv nepl ri^s reXev- rrj^ ttJ? iv 'EXXaSt iXevOepCa^;. ot yap iroXlrai Trkov- (TLOL fxev rjcrav, tov 8e klvSvvov tov Trjs TrarptSos ov Trdpv iveOvjxovvro. ^tXtTTTTO? 87) ySao-tXev9 Tjv MaKeSovCa^ [.XPV ^^p^^^ Tr]v MaKehoviav iirl rw TrtW/ci], ovSenore fiev vofXL- (T0eU EkXr)!^ elvai, tcov Se 'EkXijvojv iravTOiv rjyeicrdaL iTTLOvfXMV. Etl oe veavLa<; cov (pKrjcre ^povov oXiyov iv rat? ^yj^at^, KOL rjSrj ra? ' EirafjieLvcovSov fiovXd<;, kol Tas TToXifiov T€)(ya(;, Ar)fiO(Tdev7)<; 8e, 6 'AOyjvoLO^, jxovo^ rja-Oero rag TOV ^lXlttttov ySovXa?, i7rL^y8a9, tov 8e HivBdpov oiKOV ec^etcraro. 'ETTiOvfJiwv 8e ^prjfxard re koI ovofxa fieya kttj- aacrOai Sta^a? top 'EXXijorTrovTov icTpaTeveTo eU ^Xcriav. dXXa ri? ovk oiKiJKoe nepl ttJ? TTopeLa<; koX Tojv viK(xiv ^Ake^dvSpov tov fieyaXov ; 'H ^EkkrjvLKrj yXaxrcra eTrerat ro) vlkcovtl' /catpo? yap TjV iravTa^ dvdp(x>7rov^ iTricTTacrOai ttjv tcop 'EXX7]V(ov cro(l>Lav, Avro? fxev 6 'AXefai^Spog OLva> viKy)6ei^ TeXevTa iv Bal3vX(ovL eTecri TpiaKocrioi^ eiKoai Kai Tpiai irpo XpLCTov • o-rjfJLa 8e fxeyucTTOv ^AXe^dvSpeLa rj iv AlyvTTTa) 770X19. Pakt V. CONTRACT VERBS. 161 II. Sentences from Xenophon. 1. ^ AireKpivaTo KXea p)(o<;, * Hv fxeu jJiei/cofMev, (tttov- Sat €(TOPTaLy aTTLova-L Se kol Trpo'iovcri TToXefjLOs. 2. Ti9 ovTct)? ecrrt Setpo^ \4.y€Lv atcTTe ae Treicrai \iy(i)v ; 3. KoX ol '^l^Wr^ve^ TTapecTKevdtpvro a>9 ySacrtXews irpocnovTo^ koX Se^ofxevot. 4. /cat roii? (TTpaTL(x)TaLcrTr}fjiL, epofJLaif opfxdd}, oOev, ecu?, etre . . . ctrc, iTretSrj, Tpivw ; give pain ^ save. Reading and Translations. I. Sentences from Xenophon. 1. BovXoLfiTjv S' av \adeiv Kvpov direXOcov, 2. 8rJXo9 ^v \vTTovixevo (opfXTJaaiVTo. 9, /aiPOVTO KUphweveLV, koI ovkItl ^KT^crav at Moucrat iv ttj 'EXXaSt. 'AOdvaTo<; fievTOL rjv rj Trj KXeayo^e, SrjXcocrov yvcofxrjv otl ctol So/cei. 3. 6 Se 'Aprafepfy^s TreWerai re /cat crvWaix^dvei Kvpov 0)9 aTTOKTevuiiV. 4. arpaTiqyov 8e avrov dirihei^e TrdvTcop ocroL dd poitpvr ai els to Tre^Lov. 5. /cat Xe- yerat SerjdrjvaL rj yvprj Kvpov cTrtSetfat to arpdrevfjia avTjj. III. I. He so treated (used) those who came to him from the king that they were {loa-re w. infinitive) friends to him more than to the king. 2. He was not at all willing to be ruled by others. 3. I will obey as well as possible {r^ hwarov /AaXto-ra) whatever man you may elect. 4. And the station where they were going to rest was already near when a man appears riding at full speed, and announcing that the king is prepared for battle. 5. He marshals first the Hellenes, then the bar- barians. 6. The soldier's grave is here. 7. If he con- quers, he will receive a crown. 8. What sort of a drown will he receive? 9. They will give him a golden crown. 10. The liorsemen reached the camp before Proxenos, but the beasts of burden later. 11. He appeared to be com- mitting (suppl. partic.) perjury. 156 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. LESSON LXVIII. Irregular Verbs. Grammar Studies. The classes of verbs as given in the grammar, with examples. ?>;/xt, ct/At, dfXL, (f>r)/xif Kct/xat, rjixai. Word Studies, ckwi/, 7rA.ato-tov, o-raStoi/, rpoiros^ rjviKa ; door, old, be captured, Reading and Translations. I. The Revival of Learning. ^lo-fiev 7rdvTe<; on ol l3dp/3apoL KaTa\v(TavT€<; TTjv *Pa>/xatW a,p)(rjv ttoXXol err; rjyov /cat €(f>epop T7)v EvpcoTTrjv. diroiKovTO ovv ol i/€(o, /cat tol )8t/3Xta T€ /cat TTotif/xaTa tojv 'EWrjvcov, /cat oXtyot -qTricFTav- To /cat dvayiyv(x)(TKeiv. yStySXta rti^a tjv in Iv rots fjL0Pa(TT7)pL0L<;, 7) Sc 'FcDfiaLKYj e/c/cXT^cTta Tjj 'Pcu/xat/c^ y\(oTTrj i^prJTo. ^Erecrt 8e ^tXtot? TerpaKoaioi^; TrevTTjKopra /cat rpial vcTTepov tov XpLcrrov 7) KcovcTTavTiPOV TrdXts eaXco UTTO TaJ^' Toup/cwi^, /cat dvOpoiiroi tlv€<; e^ov- T€5 'EXXi^i/t/ca )8t^Xta e^vyov els 'IraXtW. i^eo? 817 )8t09 dvecrTT) ev lEiVpconr)' UXoltcov, ^oiKpar-qf;, /cat ot TOV Xptcrrov aTrdo-roXot, dvicmqa'av a>9 €/c roii/ (T7)lX(XT(j}Vy Kol OLTTO TOVTOV TOV ^pOVOV ol EXXt^I^C? VLKOXTL TTjV olKOVfJi€Pr)V. II. Sentences from Xenophon. 1. Ou yap 77076 €/cwi^ ye ^ovXija-eTaL 77/x^^ iX06pTaJ/x€ts ipLK(tiiJiev TOV fiacnXia eVt rat? OvpaLS avTOV. Part V. IRREGULAR VERBS. 157 2. 'E7reiSi7 8e Trcti^ras TrapTJXacre, crTrjcras to dpfxa npo Trj^ (^aXayyo';, Tre/xi/zas ayyeKov napa tov<; aTparrjyovs TOiv ^^WrjVitiv iKeXevcre rW^cOai ra onXa. 3. Kat '^St; 7r\y)(Tiov tjv 6 crTaOfxhs €v0a ejJieXXe TravearOaiy TjVLKa dvrjp HeparjSy TCxiv dfx(f>i Kvpop TTLcrrojVy (paivcTaL iXavvcov dvd Kpoiros. III. I. Then the Hellenes knew that a square was a bad formation (rd^Ls) when the enemy are following. 2. The whole space between (fxea-ov) the walls was three stadia. 3. When Kuros had made a treaty his enemies were confident (TTwrrcuo)) that they would suffer (TraOelv dv for pote7itial optative) nothing contrary to the treaty. 4. It was not in keeping with the character of Kuros when he had (anything) not to be gen- erous (be giving). 5. The general arrived at the doors of the palace with a hundred horsemen. 6. Thence he marches three day's journeys, thirty parasangs, into Sardeis, an inhabited city. ^■' - 158 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. LESSON LXIX. Adjectives. Grammar Studies. Declension and comparison of adjec- tives, with special attention to those used as paradigms, evyevrj^, /ACl^CDV, K. T. A. Word Studies. Make a list of typical verbs showing all the variations from Xvu), and typical nouns showing all forms of declension. Reading and Translations. I. Modern Greece. Ot Toup/coi r\pypv 7r\% 'EXXaSo? TToXXct hi) Kara- XvovTe<; Tovs z^ew? kol dSt/cou^re? toi>s avOpcjirovf;. 6 Se 0vfjLO<; Tcov avSpcov avicrriq koX 8ta jxaKpov TToke- ixov ol TovpKOL e^e^XrjOiqcrav • /cat vvv i) *EXXa9 avTovofio^ ecTTiv — at avraX vrjcroL, rj avTrj SakaTTa, rj avTT) yrj, Nvv Se TrXetoi^e? rj cTrraAcatSe/fa /^vptaSe? avOpc^ TTCou ^(jjVTai rfj ^EWyji'LKrj yXa>TTr}, kol r€(opyLOOL etcrt /cat dr/xoTrXo ta. Ot 8e (TO^ol OLTTO Trj<; Bp€Tavia<; /cat T179 'A/xcpt- Krjs irXeovcTLV eU ttjp 'EXXctSa tz^a ret XeidivTa tcou ap^aioiv /cat ra^ eXTTtSas ruiv icrofxepcoi' opciicriv. *Edz/ 817 lOeXrj^ tol via airo Trj<; *EXXd8o9 aKovaai ypdxjjov iTrKTToXrjV Xiyovaav rdSe' Part V. ADJECTIVES. 159 Greece. KvpL€ ' ^ Elire fioL, el e^eXet?, nocra ^pruxara XPV' '^^^ '^^^^ 'Ea-Tiav €is ev iTO<;. 'TfX€T€pO^, United States of America. II. I. To-morrow we shall bid farewell {KeXevoy xatpcti') to this book. 2. Soon (Ta;^ea)s) we shall read the book which Xenophon himself wrote. 3. How many days have we been (present tense) reading this book? 4. Do you remember what we read yesterday? 5. We read about the new life which sprang up in Europe when people again began to read Greek books. 6. Sokrates and Platon are still great teachers. 1 Director. '^ Sir^ Mr. ^ Newspaper. 160 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. THE TYRANNICIDES. The two friends are here ideally presented as heroes, not in the dress of Athenian citizens, but in the natural beauty of the naked body. Har- modios strides forward with uplifted sword ; his friend steps by his side with his sword-hand held back, and the left arm wrapped in the mantle thrust forward to ward off any stroke aimed by a foe. It is a powerfully conceived and effective group, though the individual figures are wanting in grace. — Upcotfs Int. to Gk. Sculpt. LESSON LXX. Patriotic Song of Athens. Two friends assassinated one of the sons of Peisistratos ; and, although this had little to do with the abolition of the tyranny some years later, they became the popular heroes of the Athenian democracy. Like most national songs, this has a rather obscure origin, and more vigor than grace. The rhythm of this song is in | time. The fundamental foot is the trochee ( — \j). In place of a trochee, and occupying the same time, we may- have an apparent dactyl (— v/w), an apparent spondee ( — >), or a triseme (l_), which is one long syllable. The third verse has two introductory syllables (l —WW 1 — w 1 -. 1 L_ 1 _aII ->l -WW 1 — w 1 -. 1 l_ 1 _aII 0. !— w 1 L_ II —WW 1 -A II ■^^ 1 — w 1 — w L_ 1 1^. '1 — w 1 — w 1 w 1 -A 3 " /' // wreathe my Sword in Myrtle Bough. ^^ 'Ei/ fxvprov KkaSi to ^t<^os tfiopi^cro}, wcnrep 'ApfxoSios k 'Apto-ToyctTODi/, ore Tov Tvpavvov KTaveryjv, l(TOv6p,OVS T A^T^VaS €7rOL7](TdTr]V.^ ^iXraO^ *Apfi6Bi, ov tl ttov TidvrjKa%, vri(TOia(Tiv ctvat, ii/a Trep TroSwKtjs 'A^tXcus,* TvSetSirjv T€ ^aa-iv iaOXov Aio/jii^Sea. 'Ev fXVpTOV KXaSl TO iicfiO's (fiOp-qCTOif (ocnrep *Ap/Ao8tos k 'Apto-royctTfov, or* *A6rp/aLr}^ iv Ova-laiq^ avSpa Tvpawov "iTTTrap^^ov iKaiverrfv. Atei o-^Gv kXcos eao-eTat kut alaVf^ to8tos k' 'Apto-ToyciVwv, on TOV Tvpavrov KTavirrjv, MTovofiovs T* *A^7^vas erroi'qa-dTqv. — Kallistratos. 1 ot in TTof^w is sometimes treated as short. 2 (piXraros, dearest. . ^ naKoipcov of the blessed. ^ Swift-footed Achilleus and Tudeus* son, Diomedes, were the most dashing heroes of the Trojan war. ^ At the festival of Athene. ^ Ever your fame shall be world-wide. 162 GREEK PRIMER. Part V. THE LORD'S PRAYER. t ^ t > Uarep rj^xcop o ev rot? ovpavoi^' ^AyLa(T67]TQ) TO OVOlxd (TOV, i\0eTO) tJ ySacrtXeta cov, • y€vr)0T]TO) TO OeXrjiJLoi crov, (US iv ovpav^ /cat eVl yrj?- Toi' apTov Tjyioiv rov iinovcrLov 80s 'qfxiv (TTjiJiepov' Kal a<^€S TjiJiLV tol oc^etXif/xaTa ijixcov, (US Kal 'qiJi€Li' Kai /X17 ela-eveyKr)^ tJ/xols ets TTeLpaa-fxov, dXkd pvcai r^fjids dno rov irovrjpov. \_OTL (TOV icrTLv rj )8acri\eta Koi Tj 8vpafiLS Kal 7) Sofa ets Tovs aL(jjva 7^«^ rixo. (irreg.), ^y/uai, rix^^v (k or -y before 6 becomes x)^ tend. A "second aorist" fjyayov^ like the impf. but with a differ- ent stem, is used for rf^a, and has the same meaning. dpa, an intern particle showing that a question is to follow, as (}) shows that a question has preceded. elSf prep. w. A., to, into, against} cK or 6^, prep. w. G., out of, from? iraiSCov, ro, a little child^ child. ireji'n'Wf TrefiyfAoa (yp- = ir, ^, or (f) + 0-), cKeixyJAa, nenofxcfya (irreg.), nfn€fjLfiai, (Tre^cfidTjv (rr or /3 be- fore d becomes ^), send. irov, interr. 3.dv.,, where f ^ Proclitic. See p. 5. 164 GREEK PRIMER. Lesson VI. ypd^a, ypd^ay, k. r.X.,^ GRAVE, write. Graphic. The 2 aor., the 2 pf., and the 2 aor. pass., with the same meaning as the i aor., etc. have a shortened form, omitting a part of the *' tense stem." Such forms are found in a few verbs only. From ypdcfxo, a 2 aor. pass, iypacfirjv, instead of €ypa(f>6T)u, is more commonly used. 8i»K«, 8ta)|a) or 8io)^o/xai, edico^a, dfbico^a, ediayxOrjv, pursue. Kai, conj , aitd^ also, even. Kiyo), Xe'^o), eXe^a, ftprjKa (irreg.), XeAey/Ltat, eX€)(6rjv, say, speak. Lex-icon. oTi, conj , that, because. ireCOw (rrt^-), neia-o), k t. X., per- suade. Lesson VII. d8€X<|>o's, 6, a brother. Phil-adel- phia. 4>iXosi J7, 01/, loved, dear ; (f)iXos, 6, a friend. 'Apragep^s, 6, the name of several kings of Persia. Aapeios, 6, the name of several kings of Persia. €Tr£, prep. w. G., on ; w. D., on, in the power of; w. A., to, for, against. €iriPovX€v(i), eVtjSouXeucrci), k. r. X., w. D., plan or plot against. iparoM, epwTTjfffo, k. t. X., ask, inquire, (a lengthened bef. a). KXc'apxos, 6, a stern and able Spartan general who assisted Kuros. Kvpos, 6, son of Dareios, and pretender to the throne of Persia. MaCavSpos, «5. a crooked river in Asia Minor. Meander. IxttXTi, fj, a battle, fight. jjLiKpos, a, 01/, small. Micro- scope. irdOcv, interr. adv., whence? iroi, interr adv., whither? o-Tparcvo), (TTpaT€V(ra), k. t. X., (aTpaT-rjyos), make an expedi- tion. tCs, Ti, interr. pron., who, what f vios, 6, a son. <|>oPos, 6, fear, fright. Lesson VIII. poppapos, ov, foreign, non- Hellenic. Barbarian. -yap, a post-posit, causal conj., for; Kai yap, etenim, implies some ellipsis, and {this is, or was, so) for — . Post-positive words are those which never stand first in the clause to which they belong. Tjtrav, they were. |i€iKe-€T€ becomes (f)i\€'iTc , 8rj\6-ofX€V becomes drjXovfxev. Before Diphthongs. A vowel is absorbed before a diph- thong beginning with the same vowel ; as, ^iXe-eis, i\eis. o-€t, o-rj, and €-01 give 01 : 8T]X6-€t becomes drfKoi. In other cases a vowel con- tracts with the first vowel of a diphthong, and the second vowel disappears unless it can be written as subscript ; thus (juXe-ovai becomes (^tXoCo-t; Tifid-€is becomes Tifxas. Accent of Contracts. If either of two syllables con- tracted had an accent, the contract syllable receives one. A contract ultima, if ac- cented, has the circumflex, unless the uncontracted form had acute on the ultima. StjXos, r\, ov, clear, evident. StiXoo), 8j;X<{)(7(u, k. t. X., jnake clear. KopivOos, f}. thefamouscityonthe isthmus between the Pelopon- nesos and central Hellas. viKcuD, vlKfja-Q), K. T. X., coftquer, defeat. viKTi, 17, victory. 7r€ipa(*>, Treipaa-co, fTTcipaa-a, •neirei- paKa, TreTreipafiai eTreipdBrjv, un- dertake, attempt. Pirate. iroie'w, noiri(ra>, k. t. X., make, do. Lesson XI. "Ayis, 6, the name of several Spartan kings. dXXa, conj., btit, yet, more em- phatic than be. 166 GREEK PRIMER. €l|A(, be. AM. T|'\ios, o, the sun. Helio-trope. Helio-type. H€, pers. pron. of first pers., ace. sing., me, end. Gen. /uov. iroXe fjLios, a, ov, (iroKefjiot), hostile ; TToXefiios, 6, an enemy in war, o\ TToXeixioi, the enemy. iroVos, »7, oi/, interr. pron., how much ? plu. how many. Lesson XIII. a|j.a|a, 17, a wagon. -Ye<}>vpa, ^, a bridge. ep-yov, T^, WORK, deed., fact. vcdvCds, 6, a young man, dirXiTT^s, 6, a heavy-armed foot- soldier. A word without an exact equivalent in English may often be transferred without change ; as, hopiites. 6'ir\ov, TO., an implement; pi. arms., armor. Pan-oply. TToXiTus, o, a citizen. Politics. rajjiCas, 6, a steward Tip,(ui>, Ti/iyyo-o), «. T. X . honor. TinT], iy, honor. ()>iXeci), (f)iKrj(Ta>. k. t. X.. (<^tXos), iXCd, 17, ((f)i\os), friendship. <)>£Xi0S) a, 01/, {(^lKos), friendly. \ Xwpd, ^, ^ country. \ Lesson XIV. *A0TJVTi is formed by dropping -o-- and contract- ing. Notice that -e- is not lengthened in the aorist, and that KoK- becomes kKt]- in pf. etc. Xoxa^os, 6, (Xo;(os, a company, + fjyeofiai, lead), a captain. Mvpwv, o)»/off, 6, a common Hel- lenic name. One of that name was a great sculptor. ovo|JLa, aro^, to, a NAME. An- onymous. iro'vos, b. toil, hardship. irpdYfi-a, aros, to, a ?natter, thitig; pi. affairs, trouble. Prag- matic. 'O^vfimada, win an Olympic victory. These games were held every four years, and attended by all the Hellenes. Even wars were suspended. Throngs of trad- ers made it a worlds fair. Here were the chariot and foot races, wrestling matches, etc., celebrated in the odes of Pindar. Recent excavations there have brought to light important works of art. opvis, iBo^, b, ri, a bird, fowl. irarpis, ibos, 7, one's father- land. TTv'^, adv., with clenched fist. Pti'tcdp, opoi^ b, an orator. Rhetoric. Xapis, vro^, 17, grace, favor. c0<)>cX€ci>, (o(f>€XT)acii, aid, benefit. 168 GREEK PRIMER. Lesson XIX. dSiKco), d8iK^e£8o)j.ai, cfxlaofxat,, {(peiad/xTju, w. G., spare. Xprjo-iiJios, r\, ov, useful, service- able. Lesson XXIII. dyyeXXft), dy-yeXo), k. t. X., bring a message, announce. ayycXos, 6, r], a messenger. Angel. daro-8vT]|ia>8Ca, r], comedy. Xa(ipava>, \r\^o\iai, k. t. X., ta^e, capture, receive. Tpa^wSia, 17, tragedy. Tvpioi, 01, inhabitants of Tyre, Phoenicians, said to have in- vented the alphabet. ev-ya>, (pev^oixai, k. t.\ , fiee, fiee from, retreat, avoid. «s, rel. adv., as, as though^ procl. Lesson XXIV. Poo-iXcvs, coy, 6, a king. Basil- ica. •ye'vos, fos, to, race. Kind, kin. Swajjiis, ecos, T], power, a force for war, troops. Dynamite. 'EXXds, dSop, r], the country of the Hellenes, called Graecia by the Romans. ^ireC, conj., when, since. (jLvpioi, at, a, ten thousand. vavs, vfcos, x], a ship. Navy. iraXiv, adv., again, back. Palim- psest. irdXis, ecoy, 17, a city, state. 170 GREEK PRIMER. iroXcixea), TroXe/xijo-co, /c r. X., w. D.. be at war or go to war with^ make war. iropcfd, r\, a journey^ march. TTopevci), nopevao), k. t. X., make to go., cany J pass, and mid. (convey one's self),^^, inarch. irws, intern adv., how ? o-vfi-Tropcvoixai, aviM-TTopevarofiai, K. T. X., w. T>.^ proceed OX journey with. TcXcxrrao), reXfunJo-o), k. t. X., bring to an end, complete j die. ^pvyCa, 17, a province in Asia Minor. Lesson XXV. cUt, adv., always. pCos, 6, life. Bio-graphy. ppaxvs, €ta, V, short. €v, adv., w^//, luckily., happily. Eu-logy. €v-'y€VTJs, es, (eu -|- ykvos)., well- born., noble. 6v-8ain«v, 01/, (8ai/Lio)i/), fortunate, evSaifiovea), ev8aLfiovr)(T(o, prosper. tjSv's, eia, V, SWEET, pleasant. (JiaKpo's, d, Oy, /(£?«^. (le'Xds, aii/a, av, black. irais, TraiSoff, 6, 17, ^^, child. iros, Trao-a, Trav, rt//, every. Pan- theism. irpOiT-p.dxoH^*''* irpoa-fiaxovnai, K. T. X., w. D.,fght against. Tt'Xos. fos, TO, <7;/ t'«r/, issue. r4\vr\. f), art, skill. Technical. XapUis, eaaa, ev, (xdpis), graceful, pleasing, lovely. Lesson XXVI. dvcv, prep, (never used in com- pos.), w. G., without. 8€v8pov, TO. or ScvSpos* cot, to, a tree. €ls, /ita, 61/, one. cK€ivos, y], o, M^/ one, he, etc. craipos, 6, a companion, comrade. 9aXaorv, ov, greater, masc. and fem. alilce. oXC-yos, 17, ovy little; pi., few. Olig-archy. ovS-cCs, oiide-pla, oi/d-ev, no one, none. irapd, prep. w. G., from beside, from J W. D., by the side of, near; W. A. , to, toward, con- trary to., in cofnparison with. irwrrds, 17, 6v, (neiBco), trusty. Ka, nfTrofiai, least of all. tnodrjv, 2 aor. (TTiop, drink. KuXos KaWtov KoKXia-Tos iroXvs, r\, V, much, pi. ina?iy. oXiyos iXdaa-iov oXiyiaTos, fewest. Poly-gon. €\d\ia-TOs, worst. TToXvs nXflav ttXcio-tos Lesson XXVIII. padios paotiv paaros d-irds, cura, au, strengthened form of nds, quite all. Lesson XXX. •A<|>po8tTT], ^, the goddess of love. t, k. t. \., set, sta- ElpTJvTi, 1], peace. Irene. tion y pass., w. pf., plpf., and I'koo-tos, t), ov, each, every ; pi., 2 aor. act., stand. several, all. oIkcttis, 6, (oiKos), a house-slave. T|, conj., or, than. "Hpa, r\, queen of the gods. Lesson XXXI. 0dvaTos, 6, {6vf]aK(o), death. 8is, adv., {hvo), twice. Koivo's, r], 6v, co7}imon. 6-avTov, ^y, refl. pron. of third ft€Ta, prep. w. G., with, in com- pers., gen. sing., of himself^ mon with J w. A., after. herself, itself. irpo's, prep. w. G., in front of. e-yw, pers. pron. of the first from; w. D., near, in addi- pers., /. tion to J w. A., to, toward. el, conj., if; ci ^17, unless. against. €|i-avTov, ^s, refl. pron. of first os, Tf], 6v, wise. Sopho-more. pers., gen. sing., of myself (ro<|>ia, ff, {ao(f)6s). wisdom. |i.dWov T|, m,ore than. SwKpdrrjs, ovs, «, rj, VOC. Sw/cparey, Ic'vos, 6, aguestfricjtd, stranger. 6, perhaps the greatest of un- *Opo'vTds, 6, a traitor to Kuros. inspired teachers. 0^, pers. pron. of third pers., gen. sing., of him, her, it, end. Irregular Comparatives . irapa-KoXeo), irapa-KaKS), k. t. X., ayaOo^ ^eXricov jSeXrio-ro? summon. dfieipav apiffTos Tov, 7]^, refl. pron. of second These refer to excellence, worth. pers., gen. sing., of yourself, Aristo-cracy. thyself Kpci, o-vy-KaXw, k. t. X., ca// together. /^o/xat, k.t.X., Lesson XXXII. dir-cSwKc, he granted^ assigned. amo, prep. w. G., from^ away fronty of time, place, or cause. OFF. d4>€Ti^, 17, goodness^ virtue^ valor. "lo-Oixios, a, ov, of the isthmus; pi., "laBfiia, rd, the Isthmian games. |ie p<>S9 «os, Tavos, 6, ^ crown, wreath. (rTeavoa>, crTe(f)ava>(r(o, crown. TOVTO, /-^/i". Tv'x^, ^, chance, fortune. Xpovos, (J, time. Chron-icle. Lesson XXXIII. SCSufti (do-), da>cro>, edcoKa, dedcuKa, dedofxm, edodfjv, give. Zcvs, Aios, 6, Hellenic name for the supreme deity, " father ot gods and men." ij-yeopLai, fj-y^aofxai, ^yijadfiriv, TJyrj- fxai, (ayco), lead; believe, think. MavTmvtt, 17, a town in Arkadia. o-otdTaTO$, r\, OP, (ao, K. T. \., put round; mid., put on. PovXt], r\, a plan, council. 6YYVS) adv., w. G., near. etxov, dttiiv, elneiv, 2 aor. from an obsolete verb «ra), speak, say. The present tense of this verb is supplied usually by eXevOcpCd, ^, freedom, liberty. AcovCSds, 6, commander of the Spartans who fell at Ther- mopulai, opposing the hosts of Xerxes. irap-€i|i.i (ei/x/), be near, present. Ta({>os, 6, a tomb, grave. Epi- taph. tIs, Tt, indef. pron., one, any one, some one, end. This pronoun often an- swers merely to our indef. art., a, an. <|>il|iC (0a-), (f)f](ra, I aor. €(f>r}aa, 2 aor. €, k. t. X., lay or put upon ; middle, put upon one's self, put on. Epi- thet. i^Kttf, jji^o), (def.), have come, be presetit. T|)JL€Tepos, a, ov, (17/X6-), possess, pron. of first pers., our, ours. irpoa, eppipp^L, €ppi(j)dT}v, throw, hurl. oTt'XXw (oreX-), OTfXw, eoreiXa, %aTaKKa., €ardkp.cu, lfTTaKr]v, ' send. Tdrro) ijay-), ra^oi, cra^a, Teraxa, T€Tayfiai, haxOrju, arrange, marshal. <{>aCvo> [(jyav-), , €(f)Tjva, ne- (f)ayica, Tr€(f)a(rp.ai, €-C0-TT)|jLi {dn6 + ora-), diro-a-Trja-Wy j I aor. dn-iCTTqaa, 2 aor. an- i - forqv, ai^-€aTr)Ka, d^-iaraiiai,, ! dn-eaTddrjv, put away^ re- j moves intr. in pass, together with pf., plpf. and 2 aor. act. d%-k(jTr\v^ stand off or aloof from, revolt. PovXofJiai, ^Qvkr](TO}iai, ^e^ovXrjfJiat, i^ovkrjOrjv, will, wish, express- ing willingness to do a thing, while l^eXco (Lesson XXVII.) expresses z. positive wish, im- plying purpose or design. ■yi^vwTKw {yvo-), yvcoo-ofiai, 2 aor. %yvu)v, €yva)Ka, eyuaxrfxat, eyva>- a-drjv, perceive, know. Lesson XXXVIII. diro-KTcCvo) (kt€v-, KTa-), diro- KTevci), I aor. dn-fKTfiva, 2 aor. dn-fKTavov, 2 pf . aTr-cKTOpa, kill^ put to death, Pass.aTro^iojcr/ca). 86|i($s, a, 01/, ^« />^ (ei/os, 6, a Thessalian com- mander in the army of Kuros the younger; rov^ MeVcoi/oy (o-rpartotfras understood), the soldiers of Metton. irap-a-yYcWci), Trap-ayyeXo), k. r. X., ^V^ the word, give orders, command, exhort. irevrriKOVTa, indecl. ^f/lfy. Lesson XL. ^AyoBoiv, (ovos, 6, an Athenian poet. apx<», ap§a>, fal (J!)epo), plunder, ravage. dycov, coi/o?, 6, ^« assembly, con- test, game. Agony. 'AScCpLavTos, 6, the commander of the Corinthian fleet when Xerxes invaded Greece, 480 B. c, opposed the advice of Themistokles to give battle to the Persians. d8€X(|>os, 6, (voc. aSfX^e), a brother. Phil-adelphia. d-8iK6a> (a-8t/Um]\ix alpeo) (cX-), aip^a-oD, 2 aor. elXoi/, jjpr)Ka, rjprjfjiai, j^peOrjv, take, seize; mid., choose, prefer. Heresy. aUrSavofiai (aio-^-), ala-Brja-ofiai, 2 aor. rj(r66fir]v, ^(r6r)p.ai, per- ceive by the senses., learn., hear. Aesthetics. AUrxvXos, 6, earliest of the great tragedians, author of the Pro- metheus, Persai, etc. He fought at Marathon. aUrxvvci), al, k. t. X., ask for, de- mand; w. two accusatives, ask a person for a thing. atrios, a, ov, causing, causing ill, guilty. OKOvo), aKovfTopxii,, ^KOV(ra, dKrfKoa, r]Kov(r6i]v, w. G. of person, A. of thing, hear, heed. Acous- tics. oKpo-iroXis, eojs, rj, (oxpoy, at the top, TToXt?), the upper city, citadel. 'AXc'lavSpos, 6, the conqueror of the world, died 323 b. c. dXCtTKOfJiai (dX-, dXo-), dXo)cro/M(U, 2 aor. r^kdiv or cdXwj/, f)\a>Ka or edXcdKa, r. defect, verb of pass, meaning (the act. is supplied by aipeco), be taken, conquered, captured. dXXa, conj., neut. pi. of SKko^ with change of accent, other- wise, but, yet. oXX^Xwv, (oXXoff), recip. pron., gen. pi. without nom., of one another. Par-allel. £\Xos. x], o, another, other, else. &XXo)s, adv., (oXXofft, in another way, otherwise. 041a, adv., at once, at the same time with; ap,a rfj fjpepa, at daybreak. ofL-o^a, fj, (ayo)), a carriage, wagon. ofiaprdvo) (&p.apT-), &fiapTr)crop.ai. I aor. ^p-dpTTjara, 2 aor. TJp.apTOU. T]p.dpTr}Ka. r)fJidpTr}p.aL, f]p,apTfj6qv. fail, err ; w. G., miss. ofL-ppoo-Co^ 17, the food of the gods, ambrosia. oficCvcrtv, ov, better, comp. of dya^of. dfjLc'Xeia, ^, heedlessness, neglect. 'A|jL€piKT], T), the western conti- nent. 04jl4>C, prep. w. G., about, con- cerning- w. A., around. Amphi-theatre. d4JLi-TC9Tini, put around; mid., put on. d)jL<}>oTepos, d, ov, both. dvd, prep. w. A., up; avd KpaTOi, at full speed. dva-paivft) go up (from the coast). dva--Yi-yvco(rKci), know accurately, read. dva-yKOitd) {dvdyKrf) , dvayKd(ra>, K. T. X., compel. dyaYKaios, d, ov, necessary dvcryKT), rj, necessity. *AvaKp€o>v, ovTos, the bard of Teos. av€v. prep, (never used in com pos.), w. G., without. dv^p, dv8p6s, 6, a man, as dis- tinguished from a woman; a man indeed. dv9pvXdTT&>, guard against. dvcoYccov, 0), ro^ a hall. d|ios, a, oi/, of like value^ worthy ; a^ios apx^iv-, worthy to rule. d|i6«, deem worthy ; ask, claim, demand. dir-a-y-yeWw, bring back word., report. &-irds, dcra, ai/, ija.\ka + Tray), ^«//^ all, all together. d'ir-€i|ii (ei/^i)' ,?^ away. dir-€pxo(iak, ^^ away. dir-6x«, hold off; \Vi\x.,be distant; mid., w. G., refraiti from. dird, prep. w. G., away from., from. OFF. dtiro-8£CKVv|it (Set/c-), -Sfi'l^a), -fbei^a, -dedeixci, -SeSeiy/^cat, -€8elx6r)v, point out, show, ptiblish, ap- point. diro-8C8(i))ii, give back, restore. diro-0v^v, oin-oy, 6, a ruler; ol apxov- res, the nine chief magistrates at Athens. *Aa\T]s, ey, not to be tripped., firm, secure. arno-irXoiov, ro, a steamboat. av, adv., again, on the other hand. av0is, adv., again, back, back again. avpa, T], a breeze. avpiov, adv., to-morrow. auTd-vo|ios, ov, itidependent. avTo's, 1?, o» in attr. pos. , same; in pred. pos., self. Used as pron. of third person, except in nom. dLct>-aip€ci), take away; mid., rob d<|>-CT]|xi, send away, release, Cu|)-lKV6 3|JLai (aTTO + IK-), -i^ofiai, -iKOfjLTjv, -lyfxai, arrive ; w. «f and A., arrive at. d()>-C(r'rri|jLk, remove; pass., with pf., plpf., and 2 aor. act., stand off, revolt. •A4)po8fTT], x], the goddess of love. AxaioC, oi, the name of a tribe of the Hellenes, extended by Homer to include the race. 'AxiXXevs, €0)?, 6, the hero of the Iliad. B BaPvXoiv, wi/os, 77, a great city on the Euphrates. PaCvft), Oa-, ^av-),^f)(Tonai, I aor. el3T)aa, 2 aor. €^r)v, ^e^r)Ka, /Se- ^afiai, f^dOrjv, go. ^ PaXXw, ^aXco, e^dkov, ^f^XrjKa, ^e^Xrjfxai, i^X^Orjv, throw. Pop^apos, ov, foreign, non- Hellenic. Barbaric. Pao-iXcios, ov, or d, 01/, kingly, royal; ^aaiKeiov, to, or ^acrt- Xeia, Ta, rt! palace. pcuriXevs, cwy, 6, ^ king. Basil Pao-iXiKos, jy, oj/, fit to be a king., royal. ^^riinv, ov, better., comp. of or^aBo^. pipXiov, TO, a book, Bible. pCos, 6, /z/^, a living. Bio- graphy. pXaiTTft). ^Xdy}/(o, f^\ayl/a, ^«^Xa<^a. /Se'iSXappat, f^Xd^rjv, injure. povKivo^ plan ; mid., deliberate. PovXt], ^, apian., counsel. povXop.ai, ^ovXrjaopai. t^ovXrjBrju, ^e^ovXijixat, will, wish, be will- ing, weaker than f^fXto, which expresses a positive wish. Ppaxvs, em, v, short. BpcrdvCa, x], England. •ydp, post-posit, causal conj., /vpa 181 8i8acrKaXo9 -y€({>vpa, 17, a bridge. 'y€a>--ypa<|>Ca, 17, geography. rcfiop'yios, 6, George. •yrj, 17, (contr. for yea), earth, land. Geo-graphy. "YT] \o4>os, 6, ^ hill. -yiYvojiai (yei/-), yev^a-ofuii, 2 aor. cyfvofirju, yeyova, yeyevrjuai, become, occur, prove one's self. -yi-yvitfo-Kw (yvo), yvaxroixai, 2 aor. €yva>v, eyponKa, Zyvata-fxai, iyvca- (rOrjP, KNOW. y\wrr]v, GRAVE, write. Graphic. 'YV|xvao-iov, TO, a place for bodily exercise. ■yvvTi, yuvatKos, 17, a woman^ wife. 8at|jia)v, oi/os, 6, 7], a spirit^ god^ fortune. Demon. Aap€i:os, 6, the name of several kings of Persia. 8€, post-posit, conj., but, and. 8€iv6s, 17, 6v, fearful, powerful, skilful, SeKa, o\, al, rd, indecl, ten. Sc'Karos, rj, ov, (Se/ca), tenth. AcXcftoC. seat of the Oracle. 8€v8pov or 8€v8pos, eos, r6, a tree, Rhodo-dendron. 8€^ios, a, 6v, on the right hand ; de^id, 17, (x«p understood), a right hand, a pledge; em Be^ia, on the right. 8€(riro''rris, 6, a master. Despot. 8€VT€pos, a, ov, (6vo), second. Scxofxai, receive, accept; await the attack of 8€«, Se7;oro), K. T. X., want; 8el, impers., // is necessary, one otight; mid., stand in need of want, beg. Passive deponent. 8if, post-posit, intens. particle, now then, now, accordingly. AtjXos, ri, isle of Apollo. 8TiXos, r\, ov, clear, plain. 8i]Xo(o, make clear. S-qfio-KparU, r], {Kpdros), a de- mo-cracy. 8t)p.os, 6, a district; the people, populace. Deme. AT)(io, -rfXecro) or -TeXci>, -ereXf o-a, k. t. X., continue, with suppl. partic. 8i.a-<)>Ep, differ; w. G., differ from. 8i8a(rKaXciov, to, (StSao-Kco) , a school-house. 8i8a(rKaXo$. o. {hi.hd(TK(o) , a teacher. SlSoo-KO) 182 «tra BiSajTKft) (8t8ax-)» StSa^o), eSiSa^a, 8e8t8a;(a, 8e8i8ayfiai, cdiddxOrju, teach. Didactic. 8(8a>|jii (do-), Scoo-o), fScDKa, dedca/ca, dedofiat, ib6Br)v, give. 8(Kaios, d, ov, (8i/v, 2 aor. ind., infin. and partic. of an obsolete pres. eiSo), supplied in the pres. by opdo), see. 6l'-0€, inter]., O that, would that ! cIko's, otos, to, a neut. partic, likely, probable; eUos iaTiv, it is likely. ctKoo-i, oi, at, TO., indecl., twenty. cIXov, cXeij/, cXwi/, 2 aor. ind., infin. and partic. of aipeo), take, seize. €l(i( (fV-), ea-ofxai, impf. ^i/, /^d'. The pres. ind. is end. except in the second pers. sing, el €l|ii, imperf. ^eiv or §a, go. elirov, elirui/, elncov, 2 aor. of an obsolete pres. eno), supplied in the pres. by (f>r)til, say. clpTJvT], ^, peace. Irene. €ls or h, prep. w. A., to, into, against, procl. els, fiia, ep, one. eto-w, adv., (els), within, tlra. adv., then, thereupon, next. CtT€ 183 €irCdvTivos, I/, Of, of ivory, ivory. 'EXiKwv, wfoff, 6, mt. range in Hel- las, frequentad by the Muses. 'EXXds, abos, rj, the land of the Hellenes. *EXXtjv, j^fo?, 6, son of Deucalion. The name was extended to his descendants, the^EXXj^fey. 'EXXT]v£t«, to-o), imitate the Hel- lenes^ speak Greek ; of an ex- i pression, 'EXXj^f/^ft, // is good . Hellenic. 'EXXt]vikos. jy, 6v, Hellenic. 'EXXT](r-irovTos, 6, the Hellespont. eXiris, I'Soff, r], Jiope. €p.-avTov, r\^, refl. pron. of first pers., gen. sing., of myself «|Jt-<>s, J7, 6v, possess, pron. of first pers., my, mine. l|i-7r6piov, TO, a mart, emporium. Iv, prep. w. D., in, among, procl. ^v€Ka, prep, (never used in com- pos.), w. G., oti account of. 6v0a, adv., (cV), there, where. Iv6d-8e, adv., (eV, ivQa), here, hither. 6v-0v)i€O(i.ai (6vfi6s), pass, dep., have in mindj w. G., think deeply of. lv-vo€a> (fo'os), often as pass, dep., have iti mind, he apprehensive. €v-Tav0a, adv., there, then. €v-T6v06v, adv., thence, thereupon. €|-airaTd«, deceive. €^-EXai)va>, expel, ride forth, march. l|-6, -iau, iirr)ve(ra iTrrju^Kc,, ^Tnfivrjuai, (irrjvie-ni'. eirioTToXii 184 T]7<)iOIV ciri-oTToX'ifi, f), (oTcXXo)), an epistle. ciriT'^Seios, a, ov, suitable J pi., €7nTf]8€ia, rd, provisions. lin-T(0T]|xi, put upon; mid., throw one's self upon, attack. Epi- thet. ^iri-xcip^w (x^^'p)' P^^ hand to, try, attempt. CTTop.ai, eyjrofxai, €(T7r6fir)p, w. D., follow. eirxd, ot, m, ra, indecl., SEVEN. Hept-archy. ^p^yov, TO, WORK, deed, fact. lpT|(ios, r\, ov, or OS, ov, lonely, deserted, unprotected. •EpjATJs, o, the divine messenger. IpofJiai, €pf)aofjLai, f)p6ixrjv, ask, in- quire. €pxo|xai (JpX'i e\v6-, eKB'), Aev- a-ojxai (Att. ctfit), ^X^oi/, eXjy- €pw. f ut. for , 2 aor. €vpov, €vpr]Ka, evprjpai, fvpiBrjv, find. Eureka. cvpos, foy, TO, breadth, width. Evpwirq, i], a grand division of the eastern hemisphere. «wXOM'<»'''» P^o.y'i vow, desire. ^ 1 Aor. ci)-ww|xo$, ov, {iZ + ovopa), of good 7iame, an euphemism for left, left hand, since it was an ill omen to use the proper word for left. c(}>-C(m)|ii, bring to a stand j pass., w. pf., plpf., and 2 aor. act., halt. cx0p (o-cx*)> iwipf- f^X^v, e^o or (TX^O^i 2 aor. €(TXOV, €(TX^Ka, eax^jpai, €(Tx^Brfv (rare), have ; KaXcof ex^*' ^^ ^^ well. i cheerfully, gladly. tj8t], adv., already, now. ■qSwTTosi »/, oi/, sweetest, most pleas- ant, sup. of r)bvs. . ifSofi.ai, ^(xd^aofiai, rjaOr^v, be pleased. t|8vs, eta, V, SWEET, agreeable. tj'kw, be present, on hand, coine. ifXeov, eXBelv, eXOciv, 2 aor. ind., inf., and partic. of tp^o^iai., gOy come. ilXios, 6, the sun. Helio-trope, helio-type. ■qjjtai (^(T-), imperf. r^^r\v, sit. T|(i€pd, 17, a day. Eph-emeral. ij)jL6T£pos, a, ov, poss. pron. of first pers., our, ours. ■qvCKtt, adv., when. "Hpa, 17, queen of the gods. 'HpaK\T]s, «ouy, 6, a demigod, of the heroic age, famed for his exploits of strength. 'HpoSoTos, 6, the father of history, wrote of the Persian wars. T|pu)kK6s, jy, 6v, heroic. TJTTao|iat (^TToiv), pass, dep., be inferior, be defeated. ■qTTwv, ov, inferior, comp. of /caKoy. ''H(|)aKrTos, 6, the god of fire. He was lame, and a great artificer. 0d\cur, davfidaofiai, eOavfxaaa, K. T. X., wonder at, admire. Oe'drpov, to, a theatre. 0€'\a), Bi\r\(Tai, shortened form of cWXo), wish, prefer. 0€fi.i, I aor. ccrri^aa, 2 aor. earrju, earrrjKa, eora/iai, iaTdBrjv, set, station; pass., w. pf., plpf., and 2 aor, act., stand. lo-TopCd, jj, a learning by inquiry, history. tV 187 (jiaKpos KpetTTwv, ov, better^ a comp. of Kp:V&>, KpiVci), (Kplua, K€KpiKa, KiKpl- pai, eKptdrjv, separate ; Judge. KT(io|iai, acquire J pf., have ac- quired, possess. KTCIVO) (KTev-),KT€Va>, I aOr. fdCTf ti/o, 2 aor. eKravov, CKTOva, kill. KOpos, 6, Kuros the elder, found- er of the Persian empire ; Kuros the younger, brother of Artaxerxes, pretender to the throne of Persia. Kvwv, Kvvo^, 6, ^, a dog, HOUND. CyTiic. KcoXvo) (u before a consonant ; V before a vowel), hinder. KwjjiT]. 17, a village. Ka)p.a>8ia, 17, comedy. Kwvo-TavTivos, 6, the first Chris- tian emperor (a. d. 306-337). AaK€8ai|iovioi, ot, inhabitants of AaKcdalpcou, capital of AaKa- VIKT]. AaK«viKT| f), the part of the Peloponnesos -inhabited by the Spartans. Xaiipdvw (XajS-), \^yl^opai, 2 aor. cXajSoi/, etXrjcfia, etXrjppat, IK^- <^6r]v., take, capture. Di- lemma. Xajiirpo's, a, 6v. brilliant. Lamp. XavGdvw (Xa^-), Xjyo-oj, 2 aor. eXadov, \eXr)6a, XeXija-pai, es- cape observation of; mid., forget J commonly w. suppl. partic., \av6av(s> avrov air€'\Oo)v, elude htm in going away. Xc^u, Xf^o), eXe^a, {elprjKa.), XeXcy- I /ixat, i\ix^^^i ^^y- Lex-icon. XcCirctf (XiTT-), X€i\//'c«j, 2 aor. eXmov, XeXoiTra, \e\eippai, eXeicpOrjv, leave. El-lipsis. A€(i>vC8as, 6, the Spartan king, hero of Thermopulai. Xp^iid], 7], i)^oyo^\ the science of logic. Xd-yos, 6, w^r<^, speech, reason. Theo-logy, dia-log. Xoifios, 6, the plague, pestilence. Xoiirds, r\, ov, (XeiTrco), left, re- maifting. X6({>os, 6, rt: /////. Xox-a"yo5, 6, (koxos-, a company + Tjye'opai), a captain. AvKovp-yos, 6, the lawgiver of the Lakedaimonians. XiJirea), grieve, pain. Xvpa, ^, a stringed instrument. XvpiKos, »7, oi*, singing to the\vpa, \yr\G. Avo-avSpos, 6, the Lakedaimo- nian general who captured Athens at the close of the Peloponnesian war, 404 b. c. Xv«, Xvo-cB, IXiJtra, XeXvxa, XeXv/xai, ikvQrjv, LOOSE, destroy ; mid., ransom. Ana-lysis. M |jia6ti)ia, aros, to, « lesson. [i.a9T))jLaTiKT], ^, M^ science of miathematics. (i.a0T]TTis, 6, « learner, student. MaCavSpos, 6, river in Asia M. MaK€8ovia, 17, a division of North- ern Hellas. |j.aKpos, a, 6v, long. |jid\a 188 \uapUt, jjLotXa, adv., much, very, es- pecially j comp. /LiaXXoi/, sup. fxaXto"Ta. Mavriveia, jy, the town in Arkadia where Epameinondas fought his last battle, 362 B. c. K-^XI- hi ^ battle. p,ax,o|J.ai, fxaxovfiat, fiJ,a)(€(rdfiT}v, fiefxdxrjfJi'ai, w. T> ., fight against. pie'Yas /ieytiXj;, ficya, great. (leC^tov, fxeyi, ^ffw, €^€iva, fX€fi€vr}Ka, re- main ^ await. Me'vwv, s, 6, a Greek general. |i,6pos, fos, TO, apart, share. jjtcVos, ?;, ov, MIDDLE ; in the pred. posit., middle of; as, /zeo-j/ 1] x^P^> ^^^ middle of the country J but r\ fxea-rj x<*>P«> ^^^^ middle country. jjLco-To's, x], ov,full,full of. jjLtTtt, prep. w. G., with, in com- pany with; w. A., after. jieTa-irc'nirw, or -o/iai, send for. f*«'xPS prep, (never used in compos.), w. G., until, up to J conj., until. y.i\, adv., not J conj., that not, lest, fxj) has all the com- pounds which ov has. ^17 and its compounds are used with thesubj ,impv.,and infin., and with other forms of the verb in expressions denoting a wish, purpose, or condition. (iti-S-eCs, fxr)-8€-fxia, fir}-d-€v, no one^ nothing. HTlSe-iroTc, adv., never. |iiq-T€, conj., and not; fi^re . . . /xjjre, neither . . . nor. M1181KOS, ^, ov, pertaining to the M^Soi, a people of Asia as- sociated with the Jlepa-ai. |JLi^TT]p, fxr)Tp6s, rji ^ MOTHER. (jiiKpos, d, ov, small. IxinvTJo-KO) (fxva-), fivf}(r), Mem- ory, mother of the nine muses. (lovocmjpiov, TO, a religious house where men alone live. |iovos, x], ov, alone. Mon-arch. liovoriKT], 1], any art of the muses, music. (jivOos, 6, a legend. MvKTjvai, c&, ancient capital of Argolis. {jivpias, dhoi, h, 0. myriad. (jivpkoi, a(, a, ten thousand. Mvpwv, oivos, 6, a famous sculp- tor. The Diskobolos (disk thrower) was his work. (jLopCa, r]iplb- Sopho-more. vaC 189 0)iW)U N va(, 2i^\.^yea^yes. vavs, I'fcos, ^, ship. Naval, vcdvids, 6, a youth, young man. NetXos, 6, river in AiyvTrroff. vcKTap, apoi^ TO., the drink of the gods, nectar. Ncfud, 17, seat of the Nemaean Games. [phyte. veos, a, ov, young, NEW. Neo- ve^s o), 6, ^ tetnpie. vT](ros, ^, ^« island. Poly-nesia. viKouo, conquer, be victorious. viKt], ^, victory. vofjLi^ft), "attic fut." ro/Liio), <. r. X., esteem, consider, think. vo'|ios, 6, rt! custom, law. vo'os, contr. i/ovs, 6, ////«^. vOv, adv , NOW. [night. vv|, wKTos, Tii night; wkto^, by s |evos, 6, rt: guest-friend, host, stranger. S€vo<|>«v, GiVTo^, 6, an Athenian, a pupil of Sokrates, and author of the Anabasis. H^p^iis, 6, the famous king of Persia. d, i], TO, definite article, they often equivalent to a posses- sive ; in contrasted expres- sions a dem. pron., 6 fiev . . . 6 Se, /he one . . . the other. dPoXo's, 6, an Hellenic coin worth one sixth of a drachme, nearly three cents, but having a pur- chasing power much greater. o-8€, ri-hf, ro-hi, dem. pron., this, the following. d8ds, 1], a way, road. Meth-od. *08vo-%, adv., on the whole, in short. "OXvjjiiros, 0, mountain in eco-- craXia, seat of the gods. "OjiTipos, 6. the father of Epic poetry, to whom are ascribed the Iliad and the Odyssey. o)xvv)ii (o/x-, ofio-), ofjiovfiai, mfioaa, ofxatyiOKa, oixayfxoarfxai, wfiodrjv or dyfioaBriv, swear, take oath. d|JLo\o-yec^ 190 iravTaircuriv djioXo-yccD, agree, acknowledge. 6V«s, adv., at the same time, nevertheless. dvo|i.a, oTOi, TO, a NAME. An-ony- mous. omo-06v, adv., behind, after; as prep. \v. G., behind. dirXtrrjs, 6, a heavy-armed foot- soldier. oirXov, TO, an implement ; pi., armr, armor. Pan-oply. 6^01, rel. adv., whither, whither- soever. dirdo-os, T), ov, rel. pron., how much, as much as j pi., how jjiany, as many as. diroTc, rel, adv., when, whenever, since. oirov, rel. adv., where, wherever. oirws, adv., how, as j conj , in order that, that. dpau (oTT-, iS-), oyj/ofiai, 2 aor. (Ibov, iapaKa, ewpc^ai or S>ixfxai, S(f)6r)v, see. Pan-orama. opKos, 6, an oath. Ex-orcism. dpH-ao), set in motion; intr., ;7/j-//, j^/ , suffer good or ill; Ti TraScov ; why ? {what has happened to you, that — ?) iraTrjp, narpos, 6, a FATHER. iraTpis, idos, rj, (naTrjp), one's fatherland. iravw, stop ; mid., pause, desist. ireSCov, TO, a plain. irc^o's, T], 6v, (ttous), on foot. ir€i6(i> (tti^-), neicrco, eTrfitra, ttc- n€iKa, neneio-fxai, eTrdaSrjv, per- suade ; m\d. , obey ; 2 pf. intr., frenoLBa, trust. Ileipaieiis, ccos, 6, the harbor of Athens. ir€ipcui> or TTeipdofiai, try. Pirate. ncio-io-TpaTos, 6, "Tyrant" of Athens, a patron of art and literature. neXoiro'v-vno-os, fj, (lleXox/r + vijtT09, Pelops's islajid), the peninsula south of the Korin- thian isthmus. ire'fjt'ira), 7re/i\|/'o), eTTffxyj/a, 2 pf. ir(no[jL(f)a, Trent ppai, €7r€fj.(f)Brjv, send. ire'vTC, ot, ai, rd, indecl., FIVE. Penta-gon. ircvTiriKOVTa, ot, al., rd, indecl., ffty. Pente-cost. ircpi, prep. w. G., about, concern- ing; w. A., around. Peri- meter. n€piKXTis,f ous, 61, ea, VOC. Ilept/cXf 19, 6, the Athenian statesman un- der whose administration, just before the Peloponnesian war, the city reached the height of its glory. Ilepa-ai, oi, an Asiatic people. irivol, aKos, 6, a tablet, 7nap. IlivSapos, 6, the great Lyric poet, styled, from his sublimity, "The Theban Eagle." mvti), {jvi-, no-), TTto/xat, 2 aor. eniov, ncTTQiKa, nenofiai, eiroBrjVy drink. TTLo-rtvo}, w. D., trust. Hia-iSai, 01, a warlike tribe. irwTTo's, j), 6u, (7r€ iBa), trusty. irXaCoriov 192 irpos arXato-tov, to, a square. nXaruv, a>i/os, 6, the Athenian philosopher, pupil of Socrates, and author of the Republic, Phaedo, and other famous dialogs. irXe'Opov, to, a measure of length, ICG or loi English feet, the sixth part of a stadion. irX€(«v, rrXftaro?, comp. and sup. of TToXus, imichj pi. many. irXe'ft) (ttXu-), TrXevoro/xai or TrXev- o-oO/Liat, eTrXeuora, TTCTrXeuKa, TTtTTXevarfJiai, sail. irXfiSos, €of, TO, {TrkrjpT)?), fulness, amount, 7nultiiude. ttXti'v, prep. w. G., except} irX-rjpTjs, 6?, FULL. irXTjo-Cos, 5, ov, near» irXoiov, TO, (irXe'o)), «; boat. irXovtrios, a, ov, rich, irXovTcw, be rich. ■iro'0€v, interr. adv., whence ? iroi, interr. adv., whither ? iroie'co, make, do; ev, or KaKati TToucOf treat well, or <5art'/i'. iroCi^iJia, aTos, to, creation, poem. iroC-qo-is, fwy, 17, (Troieo)), poetry. •iroiT]Tif|s, 6, (TToteo)), (!2: poet. TToios, a, oy, interr. pron., of what kind? what? TfoKi^im (TToXefios), wage war. iroX€|JLiKo's, r], ov, {iroKeiioi), ft for war, warlike. iroXeVios, a, ov, (rroKefioi), of war, hostile; iroXcfiios, 6, an enemy; TToXe/xtoi, oX, the ene7ny. 'Tro'X€nos, 6, 7var. Polemic. iroXi-opKCft), besiege a ctty, iro'Xis, fo)?, r], a city, state. iroXt-TTis, 6, a citizen. Politics. iroXXttKis, adv., (ttoXu?)? often. iroXvs, TToXXiy, ixoKv, much, great ; pi., many ; comp. tiKuo^v, sup. TrXeioTos. Poly-gon. irovtipo's, d, ov, labo?'ious, evil, bad. irovos, (5, /^//j hardship. iropcCd, 17, (TTopevo)), « journey, march. iropcvo), convey ; mid. and pass., ^^, walk, march. IIoo-ciSwv, wj/off, 6, god of the sea. iroVos, f], ov, interr. pron., how much ? how many ? irora^tos, 6, (tto-, Stem of ntvo)), a river. irore, indef. adv., at some time, once, end. iroTcpos, a, ov, interr. pron., which of two ? TTorepov ... ^ ... , whether . . : or . . . irov, interr. adv., where ? irovs, TToSoy, 6, a FOOT. Tri-pod. irpayiia, aro^, to, (TrpaTTay), a thing done, deed; pi., affairs, trouble. Pragmatic. irpdrrw, 7rpd^a>, enpa^a, treirpaxa, Tvcirpayp.ai, inpaxBr^v, do, prac- tise; €v TrpaTTO), do well, prosper. Practical. irp€OK\fjS diiion to; w. A., to, toward^ against. Pros-ody. irpo'o--€ifjLi (ei/it)» w. G., or prep, and D., co7ne to, approach. irpo(i3, oGy, ace. ovv, voc. ot, r], a poetess of Lesbos, called by Solon "the tenth Muse." SopSeis, ecoi/, aX, a City in Asia Minor. 7ros, 6v, sad or sullen of face. SoXwv, o)i/os, 6, the early law- giver of Athens. oKXTis, eous, 6, one of the greatest of tragic poets. £a 194 r(OT)p o-o<|)Ca, 17, (ao(f)6s), wisdom. o-o4>o's, ?/, 61/, wise. Sophia. SirapTidr-qs, 6, a Spartan. o-itovSt], ^, tz libation; pi., treaty^ tnice. (rrdSiov, to, a measure of length, six TrXeSpa, nearly a furlong. o-Ta0}M)s, 6, rt station^ day^s jour- ney. avdci) (aTeaipa, 17, d! dall. Sphere. (r<|>cvSovoui), throw with the sling. o-<)>d8pa, adv., great ly^ very much. 2ft)KpdTT]s, ovy, et, 1], voc. ScoKpoTes, 6, perhaps the greatest of un- inspired teachers and philoso- phers. os, 6, a tomb, grave. Td(}>pos, ^, a ditch. Tttxvs, ^la, V, quick, swift ; raxv, or Ta;^6a)s, adv., quickly. Comp. Oatratv, rdxio^Tos. T6, post-posit, conj., and, end. ; Tf . . . T€ or re . . . /cat, ^^//t . . . and. Tctxos, 60S, TO, a wall, fort. TtXevrdw (TcXfuTiJ), end, die. TcXcvrri ^, rt fulfilment, accom^ plishment. Tc'Xos, fos, TO, an end, issue. T£TTap€S, 01, at, TtTTajia, Ta, FOUR. Tetr-£irch. rixYi\, ri, art, skill. Techn- ology. TTiX€'-'ypa4>osi 6. the telegraph. t(0t]}ii (^f-), 6r]^. rpa-y-wSia, ^, tragedy, ode. rpcis, 0£, at, Tpla, to., THREE. Tp€ir«, Tp€\l/(o, I aor. eTpe'^a, re- Tpna(v(i) ((pav-), (f)avS), €(f)r]va, ne- (fyayKa, 2 pf. intr. 7T€(f)rjva, TTicfyafffiai, ecpdpOrjv or ecfxiviju, show J mid., appear. Phen- omenon. cfxiXa-yl, ayyos, jy, a line of battle. <}>av£pos. a, di/, {cf>aipo)), Manifest. <{>cCSo|xaL, w. G., spare. ei8(as, 6, the greatest of Hel- lenic sculptors, friend of Perikles. <{>€p(i> {ol-., eP€K-, cVeyK-), oia-a, I aor. rjvcyKa, 2 aor. ^ueyKOV, 2 pf. evrjvo)(^a, fvrjveyfxai, r)ve^6'qv, BEAR, carry, bring, produce, endure. Peri-phery. «)>€V-Y(i> ((f)vy-), ^ev^ofxai, 2 aor. €(f)vyov, 2 pf. 7r€(f)vya, flee, avoid; go into exile. <|)Tjji( ((f)a-), (f)r](r(i), €(Pr](Ta, say, assert y ov (jirjijn, refiise, deny. The pres. ind. is end. except in the second pers. sing. ^tJ^. <|)iXe(o ((/)i'Xo9), love^ welcome. Philo-pena. <|>i\Ca, 17, {(p'ikoi),frie7idship. (j>CXios, a, ov, {(l)i\os), friendly. ^(X-iiriros, 6, {lover of horses), tlie king of Makedonia, father of Alexandres, against whom were delivered the "Philip- pics" of Demosthenes. ittCXos, r], 01/, dear, friendly; cjiiXos, 6, a friend. iXo-Cd^ i], philo-sophy. 4>iXd-(ro<}>os, ov, fond of wisdom ; (})i\6(ro(poi, 6, a philosopher. ^o^ivi, frighten ; mid. and pass., fear. <)>oPos, b, fear, panic. <)>oiTd(i), go to and fro ; attend school. <)>povecD, think, be prudent, intend. «l»pv"yid, 17, a province of Asia Minor. <|>vXa|, aKo^, h, fj, a guard, watcher. <}>vXdTTw {(jyv'XaK-), keep guard. <|)vXXov, TO, a leaf page. <}>vcriK6s, r\, ov, physical. Xatpo) ix^p-), xatpV«. 2 aor. pass. ex^pr]v, K€xapr]Ka, kc^ci- prjpai, rejoice ; X^^P^^ ^^^' salve, x^^P^'''^^ gooa-day, good- by. Xaipc&v€ia, 1], a town in Boiotia, memorable for the decisive victory of Philip, 338 b. c. XoXeiro's, 17, ov, hard, severe^ angry. XapCcks, iwa, €v, (xapis), graceful, pleasing. Xapis, troy, r\, (xaipo)), grace, favor, gratitude. Xefp, ;j(eipof, 17, a hand. Xcipo-Tt'xvTis, 6, an artisan. X€fp«v, ov, inferior, comp. of KaKOi. xOc's, 2A\., yesterday. xiXioi, at, a, a thousand. Xopo's, 6, a dance, band of dan- cers. Chorus. XpAoftat 197 (0(i>cXe Xpaofxai, w. D., use^ employ j ^pdo^ai Tivi as (f>LXco, treat one as a friend. Xprj, impers., xp^^-". i^ipf- ^XP^^ or xP^"' '^^ necessary, one ought. XpVjjia, aros, to, (xpdofiai), thing used; pi., goods, money. XpTJ, a mere address. «8€, adv., (ode), thus, as follows y S>d€ Trasj somewhat as follows. «5pa, x], a season, hour j the proper time for a thing. Horo-scope. c5s, rel. adv., as, procl. ; w? ^ovkofxevos (TTpaTevea-dai, on the ground that he wished to make an expedition ; ©y strengthens a superlative ; as, wff Tox'i.crTa, as quickly as possible. cos, conj., that, in order that, used as Iva. Also declarative, as ort. oMT-ircp, rel. adv.,^7/^« as, just as, as if w€X€0), aid, benefit. AGHNH. a certain 199 appoint II. ENGLISH-GREEK This vocabulary will be adequate for quite a range of composition and conver- sation beyond the exercises of the Primer. If a word is not found, look for its synonyms. Thus help, might, in cotnpany with, do not occur, but the Greek words will be found under aid, power^ and with. Put the thought of an English sentence in its simplest form, and you will readily find a Greek equivalent a, a certain, t\^, t\, end. abandon, /caraXftTrco, -XtiA/^o), 2 aor. Kark\vnov. able, Svi/aroy, 17 , 6v\ oios re ; be — , dvvafiai, r](ToyLai, abolish, KaTokvoa. -\v(Ta). about (concerning), aii^l or iiepl w. G. ; (around), d/i(;^t or irepi w. A. ; be — , /zeXXo), /u^XXt^o-co. abstain from, aTrcp^o/iai, -e^ofxai, 2 aor. an(ax6pir)v. w. G. accomplish, StaTrparro), -rrpd^M. accord, of one's own, (willing), eKoov, ovaa, 6v. accordingly, 8rj ; ovv. according to, Kara. w. A. account of, on, epcKa w. G. ; did Achaioi, *Axaioi, 01. [w. A. Achilleus, 'Ap^iXXeus, ecos. 6. acknowledge, 6/xoXoyero, i/(ra>. add, Trpoa-TiOi^fii. admire, davpa^a, daofiai. affair, irpdypa aros, to. affirm, (^r]p,l, (f)i]; dnohelKvvpLi, apprehension 200 behind apprehension, vnoy\rla., fj. [fxai. apprehensive, be, ewoeufxai, rjcro- approach, Trpoa-fifxi, w. D. archer, ro^orrjs, 6. Archilochos, 'Apxl^oxos, 6. architecture, otVoSo/xno^, fj. arise, dvlo-TOfim, dvaorTfjcrofiai, 2 aor. act. dvearrju, k. t. X. (intr. parts of duiaTijfii). Aristeides, ^Apia-Teidrjs, 6. Aristogeiton, 'A/jio-royeiVcoi/, ovos, 6- Aristoteles, ^ApicrTOTfKijs, ovs, 6. arms, oTrXa, cov, rd : stack — , or stand in — , TiOeadm to onXa. army, a-Tpdrevpa, aros, to', — in the field, arpand, tj. arrange, rarro), rd^o). arrangement, rd^Ls, ems, ^. arrest, a-vWafi^dvco, -Xfjyj/opai, 2 aor. avveXa^ov. arrive, dcpiKveopai, -l^ofiai, 2 aor. dfjilKoprjv ; Trdpeipi, -eaopai. arrow, ro^evfia, aros, to. art, T^x^v, 7« Artaxerxes, 'Apra^ep^rjs, 6. Artemis, "Apre/Mts-, tSoy, fj. artisan, x^i'Porexvijs, 6. as, o)s, procl. ; as much — , oaos, T], ov ; as much or as soon — possible, COS or on w. superla- tive ; just — , wane p. ashamed, be, be — at, alax^^^~ fxai, x'fJ^ovp.ai. Asia, ^ Acrid, fj. ask, epayrdco, fj(T(o ; epopai, fjao- jiai, 2 aor. fjpofiTjv', — for, al- Tto), ij(r ; deofiat, berjaofiai ; — as one's right, d|ioa), oxreo. Q&BOCiQ,te,crvyy'iyvopaL,-yevrj(Top.ai, 2 aor. avveyeuoprjv. assemble, dBpoi((o, ddpoia-oi. assembly, iKKKrjo-ia, fj. at, eVi or iv w. D. ; arrive — a place, eh w. A. Athenian, *A6rjvaloi, a, ov. Athens, 'A^^i/aijal. At — ' AOrjyrTjai.. Athene, *A6fjurj, fj. athlete, dSXrjrfjs, 6. Athos,''A^cos, 0), 6. attack, eTTiTidepai, -$f]cra>; eneifjii. attempt, iTnxeipeoi, jjcrco; Treipd- opat, d(Topal. attention, give — to, take care of, inipeXeopai, rjo-opai, W. G. await, pivio, pevCi>; — the attack of, dexopai, de^ofiai. Babulon, Ba^vXoav, a)vos, 6. bad, KUKos, fj, 6u; novtjpos, d, dp. ball, cr book, /Si^Xtov, TO. both, dpcfioTepos, a, ov, — ... and, Koi . . . Kai ; re . . . Kai bO"W, t6§o'^, TO. bowman, to^ottjs, 6. boy, nals, rratSoy, 6. brave, dyados, rj, 6v. breadth, €vpos, cos, to. break, Xvca, Xvaco ; — down, KaraXva). breeze, avpd, rj. bridge, yecfjvpa, rj. bright, Xap-TTpos, a, 6v. bring, ayco, a^a, 2 aor. ^yayov; (f)ep(o, oKTco, 2 aor. rjveyKov. brother, ddeXcf^os, 6. bmH, KaiM, KaXXTCii. but, dXXd, M ; — also, dXXa Kai by (agent), vno w. G. ; (beside),^ TTopa w. D. ; — land, KaTa yrjv. call, KaXeco, eVo) ; — together, avyKaXeo). camp, (TTpaTonedov, to. captain, Xo^^ayos, 6. captm^e, Xap^dvca, Xr)yl/op.ai, 2 aor. eXa^ov ; aipe'co, yjo-to, 2 aor. elXov. be captured, dXia-Kopai, dXcoa-ofxai, 2 aor idX(ov. care for, cTripeXeopai,, f)o-op.ai, w. G. carry, (fyepco, otaa), 2 aor. ^vey- KOV. cause of, responsible, alVtoy, d op. cavalry, IttttcIs, fcov, oi. cease, -navopai, Trava-opm, oft. w. suppl. partic. certain, a, tIs, t\, end. chance, rv^J?, ^ ; by — , Tvyxdva, Tcv^ofxai, 2 aor. eTv^ov, w. suppl. partic. character, rponoi, 6. charge, Upai, rjaopat. chariot, dpfia, arop, to. Chaironeia, Xaipoivda. r). child, nais, TraiSoy, 6 or ^ ; Trat- diOV, TO. choose, alpeopai, r](xop.ai. chorus, x^P^^^ o. church, (KKXrja-ia, rj. citadel, uKponoXis, eas, rj. citizen, TroXiTrjs, 6. city, TToXtf, eQ)s, r). clear, S^Xo?, ;;, ov\ make — , brjXtm, uxTOi. collect, (TvXXiyoi, -Xe^o) ; ddpoi^o), aQpo'iaw. colony, dnoiKia, f). come, fpxopai, eXeva-opai. 2 aor. ^\6ov; have — , rJKot), r\^a>. comedy, Kcopcodia, fj. by, denoting the instrument, is expressed simply by the dative. command 202 dwell command, Kf^evco, fvcra. commend, iiraiviut^ eVo/xot. common, Koii/oy, 17, 6v. companion, comrade, iraipos, 6. compel, avayKii^w, da-fo. compose, avyypdcfxi), dyj/oi. conquer, vlK(i(o, lycro). consider (observe), (TKoireo), o-k€- yJAOfxat ; (regard), vofii^co, vo- fXtCO. consult, avfx^ovXfvofiai, evaofiai, w. D. contest, dyayv, dySivos, 6. continue, StareXe'to, eaoa, w. suppl. partic. contrary to, Trapd w. A. corn (grain), (titos, 6; pi., crira country, xwp«» V « one's native — , narpls, I'Soy, 17. courage, dpert], fj. cowardly, kqkos, rj, 6p. cross, Bia^aivo), -^rjaojxai, 2 aor. crown, (TT€(f)avos, 6 ; Dareios, Aapdos, 6. daughter, Bvydr-qp, rpos, fj. day, fjpepa, fj ; at daybreak, a/m rfj fjpepa. death, Odvaros, 6. deceive, e^anardo), 770-0) ; ^cv8a), yj/evcra), or •v//'euSo/xai, "^ivaopai. deed, 'dpyov, t6 ; it pay pa, aros^ TO. defeat, j/iKao), ^o-w ; be defeated, fjTTaopai, fjaopai. delay, /LieXXo), p.eWfj(ra>. deliberate, ^ovktvopai, fixrofuu. deliver up, TrapabLdwpi, -Swo-w. demand, alreot), fjaa ; — as one's right, d^idco, oxrci). democracy, drjpoKparia, fj. Demosthenes, Arjpoa-Beptjs, ovs, 6. deny, ov cf}r]pi, (f)fj(rQ). descend, Karafiaivfo, -^fjaofxat, 2 aor. Kare^Tju. desert, KaraXeiira), -\€i\j/a), 2 aor. KariKurov ; deserted, eprjpos, Tjj OP. desire, edeXco. fjao): fnidvpeo), fjcro). desist, navopai, nava-opai. destroy, dnoXXvpi, oXw ; xaraXvo), -\vaoi. take down, KaOatpeo), fjao), 2 aor. KadflXop. die, TeXfVTao), fjo-a ; dnoOpfjaKa), -Qapovpai, 2 aor. drre'dapop. differ, dia(f)(p(o, dioiacd, 2 aor. di- fjpeyKOP. difficult, ;^aXe7ro?, 17, 6v. Dionusos, Aiopvaos, 6. discussion, \6yos, 6. disposition, rpoTros, 6. distant, be, oTrepfco, d(j)€^a>, 2 aor. direaxov. ditch, Td. dwell, inhabit, otxeco, 170^0). each 208 for E expedition, crroKos, 6 ; go upon an — , OTTpaTevopai, fvaopai. each, cKaaros, r}, ov. expel, eV/SdXXo), -^aXS>, -^^aXov. earth, yfj, y?js, ff. experience, 7rdax, -rcu^o/xai, 2 aor. w. D. a7r6Vi;;^oj' ; (miss), dp.apTdv(o, emporium, efinopiov, to. TTjo-ofxai, 2 aor. rjnapTov, W. G. enact, Tidrjfii, Ofjaa. faithful, TTioTOff, ^, oj/. encamp, orparoTrfSfuo), eixro). fare, Trpdrrca, Trpd^ay, w. adv. end (issue), reXos, fos, to', farewell, impv. of xai'pw, x"*P^^**- (completion), reXcvr?/, 17; re- father, TraTtjp, narpos, 6. Xeurao), rjo-co. favor, x^P'S', troy, 17. enemy (in war), noXepios, 6; fear, a>, ypd^\ra). field, dypos, 6. Epameinondas, '^nap€Lva>v- fifty, nevTTjKovTa, ol, ai, rd, indecl. bas, 6. fight, pdxrji rj ; pd^opai, ovpai. equal, Xcros, rj, ov. find, €vplcrKa>, cvpi)aco, 2 aor. evpov. err, dpapTavat, Trjcrotxai. firm, dacjiaXris, es- escape, (f}€vy, Xrjaco, w. fist, with the, Truf suppl. partic. fitting, be, impers., 7rpoa-f}K€i, especially, paKiaTa. w. D. establish, Kadia-rrjpi, -(TTrjaco. five, Trei/Tf, ot, at, ra, indecl. Europe, 'Evpoairr], t/. flee, <^€vya), cf>€v^op,ai, 2 aor. even, koi ; not even, ovbl or €(f)vyov. prib€. flight, turn to, Tpena, Tpeyjra), 2 ever yet, TroanoTe. aor. erpanov. every, ttSs, Tratra, ndv. flow, peo), pevaopat. evident, bfjXos, rj, ov ; (j)avep6st follow, enopai, e-^opai, 2 aor. d,6v. ia-7r6pr]v, w. D.; as follows, S)8e. evil, KUKOSy rjop-^ novqpos, a, ov. folly, pcopia, fj. except, n\r)v, w. G. food, a^Tos, 6 ; o-tra, Td. exhort, TrapaKokeo), €a-a>. foot, TTOuff, TTobos, 6 ; on — , ne^oSf exile, go into, (fievyca, ypa(\)ia, t]. George, Teapyios, 6. get, KTaopai, KTT](rofxaL. gift, 8a)pov, TO. give, St§a)/xi, fiwcro). gladly, rj^ecDs. go, €1/1X1 ; epxofiai, iXeixrofiat, 2 aor, ^X^oi/ ; — away, oneifii ; dnepxoixai ; — down, KaTa^aivo), ^rjaofiai, 2 aor. KUTe^Tjv ; — for- ward, irpocifxi ; be gone, ot^o- /utai, rja-ofxai ; — over, cross, 8m- /SaiVco ; — to and fro, attend, (f)otTds, r). ov. government, dpxn, ij- grace, x"P'-^' *^09, 7. graceful, ;^api6tff, to-o-a, ef. grammar, ypafxpxiTiKij, ^. great, p,eyas, d\r}, a. greatly, /xe-yoXcos, cr^obpa. Grecian, ^'EWt^vlkos, ij, ov. Greece, 'EXXas, dbos, 17. Greek, a, "EXXTyi/, rjvos, 6. ground arms, Tidefxai to. onXa. ground, on the — that, cas. guard, (})v\a^, aKos, 6 ', (fivKdrrui. guest, ^€vos, 6. guide, Tjyefxoiv, ovos, 6. gymnasium, yvjxvdatov, t6 Haides, "AtSr??, 6. hall, dvQiyeoiv.) w, to. hand, ;(etp, x^*P°^' h happen, Tvyxdvoa, rev^ofiai, 2 aor. €Tvxov, w. suppl. partic. happy, €vbaip.a)v, ov. hard, ;(aXe7rds, t], 6v. harm, /SXaTrrw, ^Xd^co ; kokcos TToieto ; suffer — , kukms ndarx^i 7r€La-op.at, 2 aor. tTradov. Harmodios, *App.6dios, 6. hate, pIcreQ}., f](ra>. have, €xoa, e^w or a-xna-o), 2 aor. ecrxov :, KtKTrip.at,\ dixi,W.D. he (near), o^to9, amr], tovto; (re- mote), cKelvos, r], o. but — , 6 be. hear, dKovoa. ovaop-ai, w. G. of person, A. of thing. heart, Ovfxos, 6 ; >/^ux'7' ^■ Hellas, 'EXXas, dBos, ^. Hellenic, 'EWrjviKOi, rj, ov. Hephaistos, "H^djo-Tof 6. Hera 205 Klearchos Hera, "Hpa, rj. .Herakles, 'EpaxX^r eovs. 6. here, evddde, iuravQa. hereupon, ivravOa. Hermes, *EpfiJ7?, 6. Herodotus, 'HpoSoros, 6. heroic, ijpoaiKos, t), 6v. hill, X6(f)os, 6 ; yTjKo(j)os, 6. him, avTo^, in other cises than the nom. ; — self, eavrov. hinder, kcoXvco, Xvaco. his, t^e article; gen. sing, of avTos- history, la-Topta, ^. hither, ivOahf. home, oiKos, 6 ; — "ward, oi/caSf Homer, "Oiirjpos, 6. honor, rtfi'q, tj ; rifidto, tjo-co honorably, KoXios. hope, cXttis, I'Sov, rj. hoplites, ottKlttjs, 6. horn, Kepas, aros, to. horse, itttto?, 6 ; on horseback, d(j)' imrov ', horseman, Innevs, ioaSt 6. hostile, TToXe'/Liioff, a, ov. hour, atpa, fj. house, otKos, 6. how, conj., 07ra)9 ; how ? nas ; — much? nocros, t], op; — many ? ttoctol, ai, a. however, pevroi. hundred, iKurov, ol, al,T(i, indecl. husband, dvfjp, dv8p6s, 6. I, €ya>, ipov. if, fi ; w. subjv., idv. ill, KaKOs, rj, ov ; kqkm's. immediately, €v6vs or evdv. immortal, dddvaros, ov. impassable, dnopos, ov. impose, emTt6j]pi, -6fj(ra>. impossible, ddvvaros, ov. impracticable, dnopos, ov. in, iv w. D. ; — order that, Iva, a>S, OTTO)?. independent, avrovoposi ov. inferior, x^iptav, ov. inflict, eTnridrjpi, -Orjao). injure, ^Xdmco, ^XaxJAco. injustice, dSiKt'a, 17. instead of, dvri vv. G. intend, peXXco, /xeXX^o-o>. into, eh w. A. island, vrjaos, fj. isthmus, tadfios, 6. Italy, *lTaXia, 17. ivory, of, ikecfydwivos, rj, ov. journey ,''7ropfia, tj ; 686s, 17 ; day's — , araOpos, 6 ; nopevopai, ev- (Topai ; — with, (Tvpnopevopai. judge, Kpivco, KptvS). just, (^iVatos, a, ov. justice, SiKT], T). Kadrnos, Kddpos, 6. keeping, in — with, Trpds w. A. Kerkura, KepKvpa, rj. kill, dnoKTelvo), -ktcvS), 2 aor. OTreicravov ; be killed, aTro- 6vrj(TKa), -$avovpai, dircdavov. kind, yevos. fos, t6 king, ^aaiXevs, €, a^a>, 2 aor. riyayov, fjyeofxai, rjo-oixai., W. G. or D. leader, fjyefiatv, ovos, 6. leadership, fjyefjiovia, 6. least, at, ye, post-posit, end. leave, XetVo), Tifiyfra, 2 aor. eT^mov. left, XotTTos, T), ov ; on the — , fvwwfios, rj, ov. legend, fivdo^, 6. Leonidas, Aeavidas, a, 6. lesson, fidOrjua, aro^, to. letter, ypdixjxa, aros, to ; (epistle), emo-ToXf), r). lie (of position), Ktifiai, xetVo/xat; (falsify), ^(vdoixat, ^tvaofiai. life, /3io?, 6. likely, eiKor, otos, to. line, Tci^is, eo)?, ^ ; — of battle, (piiXay^, ayyos., rj. live, ^ao), Cv^o), cont. a«, ae, to fj, rj ', — in, inhabit, oIkcko, ^(no. living, livelihood, ^tos, 6. logic, XoyiKi7, rj. long, fiuKpoSi o, ov; as — as (while), conj., tag. loose, Xi5a>, Xvcro). lot, destiny, tvxt), rj. love, (pik4(o, ijo-o). Lukourgos, AvKovpyos, 6. Lusandros, Avaavdposy 6. lyre, \vpa, fj. lyric, XvpiKos, rj. 6v. M Maiandros, Maiavbpos, 6. msyority, ot noXXoi. make, noUoi, rjata. Makedonia, MaKibovla, r). man, dvr]p, dv8p6s, 6; (person), av6p(oiTOS, 6. manifest, (f)av€p6s, a, ov ; drjXos. manner, rpoiros, 6. Mantineia, MavnWia, ij. many, ttoXXoi, at, a. map, niva^, qkos, 6. march, nope la, f) ; eXavi/co, eX« ; — forth, e^eXavi/o). market-place, ayopd, ^. master, dfairoTrjs, 6. mathematics, paOrjpuTiKrj, rj. matter, 7rpdyp.a, utos, to ; what is the — ? why? rt TraSav ; Mede, M^Soy, 6. memory, fjivrjpuavvrj, r). Menon, Mevav, ovos, 6. messenger, ayyeXoy, 6. middle, pecros, rj, ov. mind, voos, contr. vovs, 6 ; have in — , evvoeop^i, rjaopai : €v6v- peopai, rja-opai. miss, dpapTdvM, TTjo-opai, 2 aof. rjpapTov, W. G. monastery, povaa-TTjpiov, t6. money, xPWaTa, rd ; dpyvpiov, t6. moon, (TeXrjurj fj mother, p-rji-rfp, p.rjTp6s, ff. mountain 207 other mountain, opos, €os, to. much, TToXvs, TToXX^, noXv ; so — , TOarOVTOS, aVTT], OVTO. Mukenai, Mvktjvqi, al. multitude, nX^Oos, cos, to. Muron, Mvpatv, (ovos, 6. muse, yLoxxra., fj. music, fxova-iKr)^ rj. must, fici ; xph 5 verbal adj. in T€OS. muster, ddpoi(co, ola-o). my, mine, €p.6s, 17, 6v ; t^e article; gen. sing, of cyo). mjnriad, pvpids, d8os, 17. myself, avros, t], 6 ; efxavrov. N name, ovofia, utos, to ; KoXeo), \a>. near, eyyvs w. G. ; npos or Trapd W. D. ; Tr\r]d\ay^, ayyos, 17. overcome, conquer, Kparea, rja-a, Pheidias, $ei8ias, 6. w. G. Philip, OiXtTTTTos, 6. own, the gen. of a reflex, pron. philosopher, (j)t\6cro(jios, 6. in the attrib. pos., ffxavrov, Phrugia, ^pvyia, fj. aeavTov, k. t. X. physical, cfivaiKos, 17, 6p. Pindaros, nivdapos, 6. place, x<^pi.ov, TO ; tcJtto?, 6 ; take P — , ylyvopat, y^vfjaopai, 2 aor. eyevoprjv. page, leaf, (^uXXoi/, to. plague, Xotpos, 6. pain, Xurreo), rjao). ' plain, TTfStoi/, TO. palace, jSacn'Xeta, to. ; ^aaiXeiov, plan, ^ovKr], t} ; /SouXfuco, f ycro). TO. Platon, nXaTcoi/, a)vo9, 6. parasang, irapaadyyrjs, 6. pleased, be, ^dopai, -qcrdfja-opai. Parnasos, Ilapvaa-oi, 6. pleasing, xf^pUis, eaaa, ev. part, pepos, €oy, TO. pledge, b€^id, fj. Parthenon, Uapdevdov, wvos, 6. plethron, nXeOpov, to. pa.RS by, 7rap€p)(opai, -eXevaopai, plot against, fTrt/SouXevo), cvctq), 2 aor. -T]\6ov. w. D. pause, navopat, naiKTopai. plunder, nya> kol (pepoa. pay, pia-Bos, 6 ; dnobida>pi, -ddxra). poem, TToirjpa, aTos, to. peace, flprjvr}, f). poet, 7roir}TT]s, 6. Peisistratos, Ileto-to-rpaTos, 6. poetry, Troirjais, ewy, ^. Peloponnesos, UeXonovvrja-os, rj. point out, eTiibeiKvvpi, -dei^a>. penalty, biKt]. rj. Poseidon, Uoaeidav, wvos, 6. people, bripos. ('). possess, KfKTrjpai (pf . of KTdopai perceive, aladdvopat, Orjaopai, acquire^, elpl w. D. . 2 aor. rjadoprjv. possible, bvvaTos, 17, ov ; is — , ?|- perhaps, la-m. fOTti/; as much or as soon Perikles, UfpiKXrjs, e'ovs, ft, e'a, as — , as or oTi w. superl. voc. XlfpiVXeiy, 6. post (station), KaOiaTrjpi, kutu- perish, dnoWvpai, -okovpai, 2 aor. crTT](Ta). -aiXoprjv. power, bvvapis, c(os, 17; (pbysi- perjure one's self, cmopKea, ^tro). cal), Kparoy, toy, ro ; in the — permit, eaco, eacrco. of, eVi w. D. perplexed, anopos, ov, dnopeco, powerful, bwoTos, f], 6v. rja-oa. praise, (Traiveat, ecra. pray 209 rush pray, exjxofiai, ev^ofiai rjv^dfirjv, prepare, irapaaKevd^io, aaa. present, be, ndpeifii, abs., w. D.; (have arrived at), irapet/ni els, fVt, or irpos, w. A. proceed, nopevofxa!., eva-oixm ; — with, (Tvp,7ropevopai. promise, i'7n(r)(U€op.ai, vTroo'xfjO'o- fxai, 2 aor. vne(r\6pT]v. proper time, Kaipos, 6. property, goods, xPWo.Ta., rd. propitious, iXecoy, wv. prosper, cv TrpaTTO). evdatfiovia, prosperous, €v8a{p.(ov. ou. protection, take under one's, VTroXap-^auco, '\ijyjrofiai, 2 aor. province, dpxij, ^. [vn-e'Xa^op. provisions, eTnTrjBeia, rd. Proxenos, Ilpo^cvos, 6. punish, SiKTjv intTidrjixi, -3ij(Ta). pursue, StcoKO), co^w. put, Tidr)p.i, dr](T(i> ; — away, ano- Ti6r]fxi ; — around, dp,(f)iTidr]pi , — on, dp,(f)i,TL0efxat ; — to flight, rpeVo), rpi'^oi. Puthagoras, UvOayopas, 6. Q question, epardco, f](Tco ; epopat, ep^aopat, 2 aor. rjpoprjv. race, yevos, eos, to. rank, rd^is, ecos, fj. ransom, Xvopai, Xvaopai. rapidly, raxtcos. rather, paXXov, w. ^or w. G. read, dvayiyvdxTKa, axropai, 2 aor. dviyvav. receive, bixopai, b^^opai, — or await the attack of, dexopai ; /Liei/o), pcvS). refrain, dnexopai, •e^op.ai, 2 aor. -€(rxopT)v, \v. G. refuse, ov ^/^fw. regard, in — to, npos w. A. rejoice, x^'^P^i x^^PW^' remain, peva>, pevu). remember, pepvrj pai (pf. w. pres. sense), pvrja-drjirop^if ifiv^tTOrjiff w. G. reply, diroKpivopm, ov/uxi, dircKpT- vdprjv. report, dTray-yeXXo), -ayyiKo). resource, without, anopos, ov. rest, the, Xotrros., t}, ow, aXKos, t;, o; rest, Travopai, navaopai', make — , check, Travco, navao). revolt, d(pioTapai, dnooTTjoopai, 2 aor. act. dneaTrjv, k. r. X. (in- trans. parts of dcfjia-Trjpx) . rhetoric, prjTopiKrj, rj. rich, nXovaioi, d, ov ; be — , ttXov- reo), rjaoi. ride, eXavva, eXea; — by, irape- Xavvco. right (morally), bUatos, a, ov, on the — hand, de^ios. a, 6v ; — hand (pledge), de^id, fj; on the — , €7rt Sf^ta. river, norapos, 6. road, obos, r}. fob, d, 2 aor. -fiXoi/. Roman, 'Pcopa'iKos, ^, ov, or 'Pa>- paios, d, ov. royal, /3ao-iXeios, d, ov, or os, ov. rule, apx(>>, (ip^co, w. G. ; ruler, apx<*>v, ovTOS, 6. run, Tp€x<*'i dpapovpai, 2 aor. edpapov. rush, i(p,ai, rja-opai ; oppdo), r](r(0. sacred 210 Btation S sacred, Upos, d, 6u. sacrifice, Ova), dvaco ; itpov, to. safe, dar shall say, w. infin. school, — house, bLbaaKoKeiov. sea, BoKaa-aa, Att. ^oXarra, ^. seat, Ka6iC, nep^ay] trjpi, ijtro) ; — for, peTarrepTTopai ; — forth, iKmpna) ; — back, away, dno- irepnoi. servant, oIk€tt]s, 6. set, la-Tfjixi, oTjJo-Q), 1 aor. ca-rqa-a (2 aor. fo-Tjyi/ intr.) ; (of the sun), hvopai, dv(ropai, 2 aor. act. edvv ; — up, dvia-Trjpt. seven, eTrrd, ot, at, rd. severe, ;(aX€7rd?. 17, di/. shield, aorTTts, tSos, ^. ship, vaOf, i/fa>f , TJ. shoot with bow, ro^cvw (vera). short, ^paxvi, fta, v. shout, Kpavyi], ^. [Bel^a. show, (f)aiva>, (f>avS) ; delKVVfii, silver, money, dpyvpiov, to. since, conj., eVei; (of time), a0' ot. sir, Mr., modern Greek, Kvpio^, 6. sit, Kadi^o), Kadico, tr. and intr. skilful, dfivos, 1), 6v. skill, Texvr), rj. slave, dovKoSi 6. slay, dTTOKTeiva), -KT€va>, 2 aor. dniKTovov ; be slain, dnodvr}- (TKO), -Bavovpai, 2 aor. dntdavov. sling, use the, (r(p€v8ovda), rjaco. small, piKpos, d, 6p ; dXt'yoy, rj. ov. so as to, SiOTf w. infin. ; so that. wo-re w. indie, or infin. so (manner), ovTa>s\ (inferen tial), ht] ; be — . ovtws e^o). SokratSs, ^axpdrrjs, ovs, 6. soldier, (XTpaTiaTrjs, 6. Solon, 26\o)v, (ovos, 6. some, Tii/c's, end.; oi ^eV; — one, — thing, Ttf, t\, end ; — how, — what, TTwff, end. son, vios, 6. Sophokles, 2o, iralao). stronger, Kpdaa-cov, Kpartaros. student, fxadrjrqs, 6. such, TOIOVTOS, avTTj, OVTO ', aS, olos, a, ov. suffer, 7ra(r;(ci), Treiarofiai, tiraQov. sufficient, tKavos, rj, 6v. suitable, eTrirjySftos, d, ov. summon, fieTaneixnofiai, -^o/iai. sun, ^los, 6. surprised at, be, 6avixd(a>, dato. surrender, napa^iidapt, -daxro). suspect, vTTOTTTevoi, evaco. suspicion, inroxj/La, rj. swear, o/ai/v/xi, o/iov/xai ; — false- ly* eTTLopKeco, rjaoi. sweet, r]hvs, ela, v. swift, ra^vs. fia, v. take, Xa/i^aj/o), \r)\frop.ai, 2 aor. eXa^ov ; alpeo), r)a; — down, Kadaipecd ; — place, yiyuopai, ycvrjaopai, 2 aor. eyevoprjv ; be taken, dXia-KOfiai, aXaaopai, 2 aor. edXtov. teach, 8tSao-/ca), SiSa^co. teacher, 8i^dcrKaXos, 6. telegraph, Tr)X€ypa(f)os, 6. temple, vea>s, w, 6. ten, Sexa, ol, ai, rd; — thousand, p.vpioi, at, a. tent, aKTjvT], fj. tenth, SfKaros, rj, ov. than, ^, or t/ie G. case, that, pron., tKclvos, 17, o ; in indir. disc, on', w. purpose cl., tva, OTTO)?, G>s ; w. verbs of fearing, fir} ; — not, ^j/; would — , fWe. the, 6, 1), TO. theatre, deuTpov, t6. Thebai, e^(3at, ai. Theban, Qr^^alos, d, ov. their, M^ article ; gen. pi. of avTos. Themistokles, QefiioTOKk^s, eovs, 6. themselves, iavTaV, avroi, ai, o, in pred. pos. then (of time), t6t€ ; (inferen- tial), drj ; (of sequence), elra be. thence, ivTivOev. Theokritos, eeofcptroy, 6. there, ivTavOa. therefore, ovv, polst-posit. ; roi- vvv, post-posit. thereupon, Zirura ; ttra ; ivravBa ; fK TOVTOV. Thermopulai, QepfiorrvXai, Sav, al. Theseus, Qrjaevs, ems, 6. thing, irpdypa, aros, to. think, vop,i^co, iaoi ; r/yeofiai, rjao- pai ; olpat, olr}(Top,ai ; (use the mind, be prudent, intend), (f)pOV€(i}, Tjo-at. third, Tp'iTos, 77, ov. thirty, TpiaKovTa, ol, at, Td this, ovTos, avTTj, TovTo, in pred. pos. ; odf, ^de, ToSe, in pred. pos. thousand, ;;^iXiot, ai, a ; two — , 8i(Tx^iXioi ; ten — , p.vpiot. Thrasuboulos, Gpacrv^ovXos, 6. three, rpei?, ol, al, Tpia, Ta ; — hundred, rpiaKoa-iot, at, a. through 212 what? through (of time and space), Sta U w. G. ; (of cause), did w. A. throw, ptrrTO), pi\lra-o-a, Att. yXarra, fj. V towards, em w. G. tragedy, rpayabia, ^. valor, dpfTT], f). treat, ^pdopai, xPW^H^'-^ w. D. very, pd\a ; ttoj/u. treaty, a solemn, anovbai, al. victorious, be, viKao), Ijao. tree, deuBpov, to. victory, vikt], t}. trench, Td(f)pos^ ^• village, Koopr), 7. Trojan, TpwtKos, »;', oi/. virtue, dpeTT), 17. trouble, Trpdyparay Td. Troia, Tpoia, rj. truce, a solemn, (movBai, al W (o-TToi/Sf;, a libatioTi). trust, TTto-Tfuo), eiio-o), w. D. wagon, Upct^a, ff. try, e7nxfip(a>, rjar^ ? ireipdoy, d(r£ two, 8uo; — thousand, dia-xt- fX"- Xtot, at, a. well-bom, evytvrjs, eg. lyiemt, Tvpapuot, 6. what? n'f, ri, interr. what kind ? 213 Zeus ■what kind ? noios, d, ov. worse (of character), ;{6tpo)i', ov ; when, enei', eVetSjy ; ore; rjviKa', (physically), rjaaoiv, ov. as ; when ? nore. worsted, be, fjTrdofiai, r^aofiai, whence ? Tro^ej/. f]TTr]6riv. whenever, oTrore ; eVfiSa*', w. worthy, a^ios, a, ov] deem — , subjv. a^too), cocrco. where, ei/^a ; where? ttoC; would that, eXBe ; €t yap. wherever, ottou. wound, TtTpooaKco, Tpoaaca. whether, el ; apa ; norepov. write, ypd(f)(o, ypd^o). which ? TTorepos, a, ov. wrong, or do — , ddt/ceo), jJotg). while, ewy. whither? ttoi. whithersoever, ottol. who, OS, 77, 0; who? what? t/s, X Tt, interr. he — , use partic. whoever, oa-ns, tJtis, on. Xenophon, Sei/o^wf, wvros, 6. w^hole, 6X0S, T], ov] nas, naa-a, irdu. Xerxes, Sep^ijs, 6. why ? ri ; dia t'l ; ri nadoiv ; . width, evpos^ (OS, TO. wife, yvvT], ywaiKoSi 17. Y wining, eKoiv, ovaa, ov\ be — , eWXo), ?70-a). year, Ztos, eo?, to. wine, otVoy, 6. yes, i/ai ; /aaXto-ra ; ttw? -yap 01; ; wing of an army, *c6pas, aros, to. (/^r) w^_y «^/.^ certainly. wisdom, ao(fiLa, rj. yesterday, x^cs- wise, (ro(f)os, rj, ov. yet, ert. wish, eOeXo), r](ra> ; ^ovXofxai, Xtj- you, (TV, (TOV. (TOfiaL, pass. dep. young, i/€Off, a, 01/; — man, vea- with, fierd w. G. : avv w. D. ; exs- Gender, yeVos, eos, to. Masculine, dpa-evmou. Feminine, BtjXvkov. Neuter, ovSeVepoi/. Greek, in, 'EWrjuiaTi. Interjection, eirKpoiVTjfxa, qtos, to. Mistake, a-cfyaXfia, ctos, to. Mode, eyKkiais, eas, fj. Indicative, opiaTiKT]. Subjunctive, vTroTaKTiKrj. Optative, evTiKfj. Imperative, irpoa-TaKTiKrj. Infinitive, arrapeiKpaTos. Noun, ovofxa, aros, to. Number, dpiBfios, 6. Singular, iviKos- Dual, dviKoi. Plural, nXrjBvvTiKos. Accent, npoacooia, tj. Acute, o^eia (_6^vs, sharp). Circumflex, vrepto-Trco/iew;. Grave, jSapeTa (^apvs, heavy). Accentuate, TOfdo). Enclitic, iyKXiTiKo^, tj, 6v. Proclitic, TTpOKklTlKOS, Tj, 6v. Adjective, emSeTtKov, to. Degree, ^aBfios, 6. Pos. deg., OeriKOS. Comp. deg., avyKpiriKos. Sup. deg., vnepBeriKO^. Adverb, empprjua, aros, to. Affix, fxopiov, TO. Agree, avix(f)ou€(o. Article, apOpov, to. Case, TTTWO-tS, f(09, ^. Nominative, opd^. Genitive, yeviKTj. Dative, Bqtik^. Accusative, ah dTiKr}. Vocative, kXi^tiktj. Class, tiSos, €os, TO. Classification, bialpeais, eo)?, f}. Conjunction, crvi/dcapos, 6 ; pL, s, fj. Predicate, Karrjyopovfxevov, to. Preposition, npodeais, eojs, rj. Pronominal, avTcawixiKos, rj, op. Pronoun, duroivvpiay rf. Pronounce, eK^toveo). Question, epayrrjixa, aros, to. Sentence, Xoyos, 6. Sigtt} arjfxdov, to. So, it is, ovTas ^x^ei. Subject, vTroKcipcvov, to. Syllable, avWa^r], rj. Oxytone, o^vTovog. Penult, 'napaKr'iyovtos- Imperfect, napaTaTiKos. Future, fieWav, omos. Aorist, dopiaTos. Perfect, avvTeXiKos. Pluperfect, imfpcrvvTckiKos. Translation, fieraippao-is, ecos, 7. Understand, p.av6dva); oft. in dialog, p.av6dv(is ; Do you un- derstand? ndw fxavOdvo), per- fectly I Verb, pr\p.a^ aTos, to. Active, ivepyrjTiKov. Middle, p-eorov. Passive, TradrjTiKov. Transitive, pcra^aTiKov. Intrans., dperd^uTOP. Voice, didOearis, € ... 38 INDEX. 219 Verbs — {continued^. Lengthened Present Stems 54 Liquid 52 -/it Forms . . 72, 78, 116 Mode Signs 98 Optative . ... 98-104 Personal Endings ... 22 Principal Parts .... 10 Second Aorists, etc., 52, 164 Stem Clianges, Irregular 86 • Subjunctive .... 98-104 Tense Stems ....11 PAGE Verbs — {continued^. Variations from Xiia> . . 52 Voice Signs . . . . 11, 46 Vocative 12 Vowel Declensions . 12, 20, 34 Wishes 102 Word Studies, Directions . 102 Writing Greek . . . .132 S€vo(f)5>v 82 H TEAEYTH Allyn &- Bacon .... Boston, Adopted at the High Schools of Bath and Hallowell, Maine; Hartford, Norwich, and Meriden,Ct.; Ogdensburgh, Ilion, Plattsburgh, Adams, and Flushing, New York ; Jersey City, Montclair, and Plainfield, New Jersey ; York, Pittsburgh, and Beaver, Pa.; Cleveland and Findlay, Ohio Decatur and Quincy, III. ; Saint Paul, Minnesota and at Phillips Academy Exeter, N. Hampshire; Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass. Thayer Academy, Braintree, Mass. Colgate Academy, Hamilton, N.Y. Friends' Central High School, Philadelphia ; Horner Sch. Oxford, N. C. i2mo. Bound in Leather. With col- ored Maps, Plans, Illus- trations, and Vocabulary. ;pi.6o. Adopted at Berkeley School, New York City; Dr. Pingry's School, Hasbrouck Institute, Dearborn-Morgan Sch., Peddie Institute, N.J.; De Lancy School and Germantown Academy, Pa. In the Prep. Dep'ts of Bucknell University, Westminster College, De Pauw University, Oberlin College, Cornell College, University of Neb., Iowa College, Colorado College, Hanover College, and many other schools and colleges* Kelsey's Anabasis. F. S. Morrison, High School, Hartford, Conn. — I have examined it with interest and pleasure ; and am particularly pleased with the maps, the introduc- tory matter, and the table of idioms, supplying so much that is vahxable yet lacking in our other editions. E. E. Wentworth, Principal High School, Great Barrington, Mass. — In my opinion, it leads all other editions by as wide a stride as was made by Kelsey's Caesar, and that is saying a great deal. C. S. Halsey, Classical Institute, Schenectady, JV. v. — The notes are excellent ; they furnish just the aid that is needed and no more. Especially worthy of commendation are the vocabulary and pages devoted to Idioms and Phrases. John G. Wight, C/nion School, Cooperstown, N. Y. — For complete and comprehensive excellence — in respect to text, clear and exhaustive introduction, instructive illustrations, maps, notes, and vocabulary — it is unequalled by any text-book with which I am acquainted. D. C. Farr, Glens Falls Academy, N". Y. — I am sure every teacher ought to introduce the book first, and then congratulate you on making the best edition of the Anabasis yet published. Prof. H. S. Kritz, Wabash College, Crawfords- ville, Ind. — Nothing so beautiful and elegant in typography, or more neat and substantial in binding, has come under my observation for a long time. The editorial work has been done with rare appre- ciation of the wants of the students. Dr. William B. Corbyn, Principal High School, Quincy, III. — It is admirable. We shall adopt it immediately. Allyn (Jr Bacon .... Boston, Keep's Homer's Iliad AND Thurber's Vocabulary Are now made in the following forms : Iliad, Books I.-III., cloth $0.90 bound with Vocab., leather 1.20 Iliad, Books I.-VI., leather 1.40 bound with Vocab., leather 1 60 Vocabulary to Iliad, I.-VI., paper . . . 0.50 The editions of Books I.-VI. contain a fac- simile of a page of the famous Venetian Manu- script of the Iliad. No pains have been spared to make these the most useful and practical editions of the Iliad that can be put into thehaiids of a beginnery and they are almost univers- ally accepted^ not only as the best school editions of any part of Homer , but also as text-books of altogether exceptional merit. Prof. M. L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan. — It is unquestionably the most useful and the most attractive school edition of the first six books of the Iliad that has ever been prepared for English-speaking students. The Introduction, the Essay on Scanning, and the Sketch of the Epic Dialect are each admi- rable in its way; while the notes in general seem well suited to the wants of those for whom the edition is designed. Keep*s Homer's Iliad, The Nation, New York. — It is seldom that we feel called upon to express unqualified approbation of a text-book for schools ; but Mr. Robert P. Keep's edition of the Iliad leaves so little room for fault- finding that we shall not attempt any. Facing the titlepage is a beautiful fac-simile of a page of the Codex Venetus A (13X 10), the most important MS. of the Iliad. The introduction gives a very good summary of the results of investigations of modern scholars as to the origin and mode of transmission of the Homeric poems ; and, though necessarily brief, it will yet inform the student of what many quite recent text-books of the Iliad do not, that there is such a thing as " the Homeric question," and impart some idea of its nature and the different answers which have been given to it. The sections on the structure and scansion of Homeric verse, on the dialect of Homer, and the commentary generally, show a nice appreciation of what a student needs and ought to have. Altogether the book is very handsome and very scholarly, and we have no doubt will prove very useful. Prof. George H. White, Oberiin College, Ohio.— Keep's Iliad is evidently superior to any edition now in use, and we have voted to adopt it for our classes. The introductory matter is valuable, and includes a satisfactory outline of the Homeric forms ; the notes are scholarly, graceful, and suggestive ; and the whole work reveals the hand of the experienced and enthusiastic teacher. Dr. Henry A. Coit, St. Paul's School, Concord, N'. H. — What would I not have given as a boy for such help, when I was first introduced to Homer I Allyn & Bacon .... Boston, A ir 9 Greek Prose AlhnSOn S composition. i6mo. Cloth. 212 pages. J^i.oo. This book is intended for use in writing con- nected Greek prose. It presupposes a knowl- edge of forms, and contains : I. Notes on Idiom and Syntax, explaining the use of the article, pronouns, participles, moods, and tenses. II. Summary of Rules for cases and accents. III. Exercises, carefully graded, and arranged in three sections. IV. A general vocabulary. Dr. Morris H. Morgan, Harvard College. — I have carefully examined the book, and believe that it is a most excellent guide. Especially am I pleased with the fact that the exercises are based on real Greek models and expressed in the English language. This book is not disfigured by the vile jargon which was invented by the adversary for particular use in such manuals, a language certainly spoken nowhere upon earth and, I trust, not elsewhere. I hope the book will meet the great success it deserves. Prof. Robert Sharp, Ttdane University^ New Orleans. — I need not say that I am pleased with the book ; my action in adopting it for my classes shows as much. But I will say that it supJDlies our needs here better than any other book I have yet seen. Allyn &■ Bacon .... Boston. Moss's First Greek Reader. With Hints on Translation, Notes, And Vocabulary. Revised edition. i6o pages. 70 cents. It is the aim of the author to fiimish a book for beginners which shall be simple and interest- ing, and at the same time contain a large number of such words, phrases, and idioms as are of frequent occurrence in Attic Greek. The book contains no disconnected sentences ; it consists of a series of carefully graded exercises for trans- lation, beginning with the simplest stories, and ending with extracts adapted from Xenophon, Herodotus, and Lucian. William C. Collar, Head-Master Roxbury Latin School, Mass. — It is one of the brightest and most amusing school-books that I have ever seen. We have used it for a number of years with great satis- faction. Prof. J. B. Sewall, Principal of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Mass. — The work is well done, and I think the volume will prove very valuable for begin- ners, especially for sight-reading. Prof. E. B. Clapp, Illinois College, Jacksonville, III. — There can be no question of the success with which Professor Moss has striven to make his book easy, interesting, and progressive. Allyn &- Bacon .... Boston, Pcnncll's ^sR^vised Edition, >y^ with Maps Ancient ^^andPlans. Greece, For this new edition the book has been entirely rewritten, its size being increased by about one half. Its distinctive features are: I. The concise and readable Form in which the leading facts of Greek history are presented ; minor details are omitted. II. The Maps and Plans, drawn and engraved specially for the book, containing all the data, and only the data, necessary for following the story. III. The Index, serving also as a key to the pronunciation of proper names. IV. Recent Examination Papers, used at Har- vard, Yale, and by the Regents of the University in New York. A. S. Roe, Principal of High School, Worcester^ Mass. — It has for years maintained an excellent reputation, which the revision will do much to increase and strengthen. J. F. Smith, Principal of High School, Findlayy Ohio. — I am particularly struck by the force of the narration, and by the success of the author in lend- ing interest to so concise but complete a history. The book is a perfect gem. Prof. H. S. Kritz, Wabash College, Indiana. ^W embraces quite as much as most preparatory schools can find time for, and its selection and arrangement could not in my judgment be improved. YB 36221 961641 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY