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DIG K'S 
 
 AET OF GYMNASTICS 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 PKACTICAL AND PKOGRESSIVE EXERCISES APPLICABLE TO ALL THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL APPARATUS OF A WELL-APPOINTED GYMNASIUM 
 
 PLAINLY DESCRIBED 
 
 PROFUSELY IIjIjUSTRATED 
 
 WILLIAM B DICK 
 
 ^•^S^"^'^* or Phyalcal Education 
 
 103 Gyauiiaslum for Mm 
 ^erkelajr 4. Calif oiiu 
 NEW YORK 
 
 DICK & FIT Z GERAL D PUBLISHERS 
 
COPYHIGHT, 1885, BY 
 
 SIOS & FITZGERALD. 
 

 OONTEISTTS. 
 
 Page. 
 iNTrwODUCTION 5 
 
 Technical Teems 9 
 
 Feee Exercises 11 
 
 TuMBLixa 16 
 
 The Leaping Pole 20 
 
 The Vaulting Hoese 23 
 
 The Hoeizontal Bar 39 
 
 Vaulting Over the Bar Q\ 
 
 The Parallel Bars 65 
 
 The Rings 83 
 
 The Row of Rings 95 
 
 The Trapeze 97 
 
 The Inclined Ladder 108 
 
 M674a55 
 
Die K^S 
 
 AET OF GYMNASTICS. 
 
 UsTTRODUOTION. 
 
 The importance of physical traming for the development of muscle and 
 strengthening the human frame has always been freely admitted, and in 
 modern times athletic exercises and field sports form a necessary adjunct to 
 a thorough or collegiate education. 
 
 In the early and palmy days of Ancient Greece, periodical exhibitions of 
 Individual prowess in feats combining strength, agility and skill were 
 deemed of national importance, and the celebrated Games at Olympia and 
 other prominent places always attracted crowds of visitors, and were highly 
 appreciated by all who assisted at them. In all these games the contestants 
 for supremacy and fame were stripped almost nude, and hence the term 
 ** Gymnast " is applied to the votaries of Athletic skill, being derived from 
 a Greek word signifying naked. 
 
 Those ancient Games included Racing, Wrestlmg, and various field 
 sports, which in modem times are classed under Athletics, the term 
 " Gymnastics " being specially given to the exercises performed by the aid 
 of those appliances which constitute the modern Gymnasium. 
 
 There is no question in regard to the advantages which accrue from a 
 thorough and systematic physical training, prominent among which are ease 
 and freedom of action, endurance, and nerve. Every muscle in the body 
 has its object and use, and when properly developed its functions are per- 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 formed promptly and effectually, imparting not only additional physical 
 power, but also flexibility and grace. The perfect control which is thus 
 gained over the muscles induces rapidity of action and dexterity ; the eye 
 acquires precision, and with the rapidity of thought the well- trained muscles 
 act responsive to the will. 
 
 All these advantages evidently tend to give a person presence of mind 
 In danger, and confer a degree of courage, based upon conscious powers, 
 that cannot be attained in any other way ; and still further, gymnastic 
 exercises undoubtedly induce a more perfect condition of physical health, 
 exuberance of spirits, a clear braiU; and the energy inseparable from success 
 in all enterprises. 
 
 Among the Germans, Gymnastics form a prominent part of education, 
 commencing with the simple calisthenic drill in the Kindergarten, and fol- 
 lowed by the regular juvenile classes in the Turn-Hall, in which both sexes 
 receive almost the same degree of training. The interest in these exercises 
 continues as the young folks grow up, extending in many instances to mature 
 manhood, and the numerous Turnvereins, in which emulation and sociali- 
 bility are combined, include quite a fair proportion of the young men in 
 every German community. These institutions, together with the numerous 
 well-appointed and deservedly popular Gymnasiums in which the member- 
 ship is entirely irrespective of nationaUty, should furnish ample means for 
 the physical education of all who desire to participate in its benefits. 
 
 Special words of caution and advice, where they are most needed, will 
 be found interspersed throughout this work, but a few general directions 
 will not be out of place just here. 
 
 The learner at first should studiously avoid over-taxing his strength ; he 
 should adopt only such exercises as are entirely within his powers, and 
 desist the moment that he begins to experience fatigue. Power of endurance 
 is not attained by violent overstraining ; on the contrary, it is the result of 
 moderation, practice and perseverance. 
 
 When he has fairly mastered the preliminary Free Exercises, by which 
 he will learn how to preserve a firm balance in all positions, and also acquire 
 some degree of muscular elasticity ; then, and no sooner, he may commence 
 to exercise regularly on the various apparatus provided for the purpose. In 
 every instance he should confine himself to one or two of the earlier 
 exercises, and become fairly perfect in those before attempting more advanced 
 and difficult feats. He will find that the order in which the exercises in each 
 
I N TRO D U CTION. 
 
 branch are arranged in this work is, as far as possible, progressive, and 
 proficiency in each in its regular turn will result in proficiency in all. 
 
 Before attempting any exercise, the nature of every movement in it must 
 be studied and thoroughly understood by precept or example, and in some 
 instances preferably by both combined ; the feat should then be attempted 
 carefully, deliberately, and without fear. Indecision invites failure ; 
 resolution gives nerve, and insures success. 
 
 In this connection the illustrations given in each exercise will be found of 
 indispensable service, making plain at a glance movements which it would 
 be hardly possible to describe without their aid, and in most cases obviating 
 the necessity of the practical example of an expert instructor. 
 
 In order to secure entire freedom of action, all superfluous clothing should 
 be dispensed with when exercising. Gynmasts usually supply themselves 
 with a regular costume for the purpose, consisting of a shirt and drawers of 
 light and elastic woolen material, with canvas shoes, belt, etc., complete, 
 which can be obtained at a very moderate cost. 
 
 Over-exertion, and consequent over-heating, are both injurious to the 
 system, and when these occur, the regular clothing should be resumed 
 without delay, and change of temperature avoided until the body has 
 regained its natural state. In many gymnasiums, the hurtful efiects of 
 necessarily violent exertion are guarded against by the apphcation of 
 friction to the body and limbs, removing all traces of perspiration, and 
 inducing a healthy glow on the skin, and also by the use of a plunge bath 
 provided for the purpose. 
 
 The course of instruction embraced in this work prescribes the exercises 
 to be practised upon all the leading apparatus of the gymnasium, and, in 
 the methods laid down and their progressive arrangement, valuable aid has 
 been gathered from the work on Physical Education by Archibald Maclaren, 
 of the University Gymnasium in Oxford, England, and casually from other 
 technical works on the subject. 
 
 A well-appointed gymnasium generally includes several minor appliances, 
 such as Pulley- Weights, Rowing-Bench, etc., but their object and use are 
 so simple and obvious as to require no special explanation. 
 
 A high degree of perfection in any Art involves not only persevering 
 effort to excel but some degree of natural aptitude, and success is depend- 
 ent, first on innate talents, and second on their due development. 
 
 Even in Gymnastics some wiU possess a high degree of natural adapt- 
 
8 JNTBODUCTION. 
 
 ability both of physical form and flexibility of limb, which will make their 
 progress comparatively easy and rapid ; while others, who are less gifted, 
 will arrive at the same proficiency only by arduous perseverance, if at all. 
 
 Taking into consideration, however, that the principal aim of Gymnas- 
 tics, from an educational point of view, is physical training for the improve- 
 ment of the human frame, and not for any special pre-eminence in the Art, 
 no one should feel discouraged nor allow himself to be deterred by any lack 
 of adaptabihty from reaping all the benefit he can from the advantages 
 within his reach. 
 
 If the student possesses ambition to excel, and perseverance to succeed, 
 he will be able, by following instructions faithfully, to perform the most 
 daring and effective acts upon the Horizontal Bar and Trapeze, and to 
 apply the facilities he has gained to the conception of new and startling 
 feats, all of which depend upon precision, nerve and skill. The more expert 
 he becomes, the more surprised will he be to find how former difficulties 
 appear to have vanished ; and feats, which at first severely taxed his powers, 
 can now be accomplished more by volition than by effort, or, more strictly 
 speaking, by both working together. 
 
 This change is due not only to actual increase of strength naturally 
 resulting from the training he has undergone, but also largely to the experi- 
 ence he has gained by which he is able intuitively to apply the proper force 
 at the right moment. This is a great acquirement ; in it lies the secret of 
 some of the most astounding feats of strength and dexterity, and without 
 it no one can attain perfection in the Art of Gymnastics. 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS. 
 
 It is very difficult, and in some cases impossible, to give clear and intelli- 
 gent instructions in any Art without having recourse to Technical Terms, 
 which consist of words to which a much fuller (and sometimes arbitrary) 
 meaning is assigned, than the mere words employed would otherwise convey. 
 The use of such terms serves to avoid needless repetition and assists greatly 
 in difficult explanations. 
 
 In Gymnastics but few of these are needed, but whenever they occur in 
 the course of the instructions, they are used exactly in the sense that is givea 
 in their definitions. 
 
 The Step is the completed action, simple or compound, of which certain con- 
 tinuous exercises, as climbing, are composed ; every successive action 
 throughout such exercises being but a repetition of the first step. 
 
 The Position is the attitude of body to be assumed previous to the initiatory 
 step. 
 
 The Beach is the point to which the hand is raised on the full upward exten- 
 sion of the arm. 
 
 The Half Reach m the point, on a level with the face, to which the hand is 
 raised when the fore -arm is bent nearly at a right angle with the upper 
 arm. 
 
 TJie Best is the point, on a level with the breast, to which the hand is 
 raised or lowered when the arm is completely bent. 
 
 TJie Distance is the space between the hands when they are stretched 
 forwards, the width of the shoulders apart, as in vaulting. 
 
 Tlie Space is the distance between any two regularly recurring pomts of an 
 
 apparatus, as the rounds of a ladder. 
 Yielding is the action of the body performed to avoid shock or concussion on 
 
 dropping from a height. 
 
 9 
 
10 TECHNICAL TEEMS. 
 
 Every form of leap or spring terminates in a position of body similar to 
 that taken up in the preliminary movements of the first leap, namely, in the 
 depression of the trunk upon the hmbs, and the bending of the joints. This 
 is done, strictly speaking^ neither before nor after the descent is made, but 
 as it were in detail, as the difierent parts of the body successively arrive; 
 the feet first, with the heels raised ; the lower hmbs next, with the knees 
 bent ; the trunk following, pressing the hips to the rear ; the whole yielding 
 to the encounter with the resisting ground, and thus breaking the shock or 
 concussion. 
 
 The Leading hand, foot, or side, is the one which takes the lead in any 
 exercise. 
 
 The Supporting hand, foot, or side, follows the leading one. 
 
 The Meversed Grasp of the hand is when the palm is turned inwards, 
 towards the face. 
 
 The thumbs and fingers are said to be together when in grasping an object 
 the thumb and forefinger do not separate ; they are said to be meeting 
 when they partly or wholly encircle an object and meet, or nearly so, 
 from opposite sides. 
 
rEEE EXEECISES 
 
 Many of these can be performed by several parties, or an entire class, at 
 the same time, and are intended to prepare the body of the pupil for subse- 
 quent and more difficult exercises. 
 
 At the command of the leader, '^ Fall in," the pupils should form in line, 
 thus : Feet close together, the body erect, chest out, hands on hips, thumbs 
 bent backward. 
 
 At the command, " Half Distance," the first in Itue remains standing, 
 while the others step aside, each touching his right hand neighbor's 
 shoulder with his extended right hand. (See Fig. 1, a and 6.) 
 
 At the command, ^^Whole Distance," the first of the line, who is left 
 standing alone as above described, extends his left arm sideways, and the 
 others step aside until they touch with their extended hands the points of 
 each other's fingers. (See Fig. 1, c and d.) The distance between the 
 pupils will be regulated by the exercises which the teacher intends to 
 practise. 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 FREE EXERCISES. 
 
 What are termed '' Free Exercises," are intended to strengthen the legs, 
 and give flexibility to the hips and back. The bending of the back should 
 be practised with the greatest care, in order to avoid accidents. Free 
 exercises cannot be too highly recommended ; they are indispensable to 
 every gymnast, and greatly assist at exercises upon fixed instruments. 
 
 1. Lie on your back,keep the body rigid, with the arms close to the sides, 
 legs and heels in the same line. Without moving the lower limbs raise the 
 body perpendicularly from the hips upward. If the first efifort is not successful 
 try again. Clasp the hands over the head and repeat the effort. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 2. Turn the face downwards, extend the body 
 longitudinally, hands turned inward, the fingers 
 pointed to each other ; the body must be supported 
 by the toes and the strength of the arms. Allow the 
 body to sink gradually, bending the arms slightly, still 
 keeping the body extended, without permitting the 
 stomach to touch the floor. Kiss the fingers of each 
 hand alternately and slowly return to the first posi- 
 tion. Eepeat the exercise several times. 
 
 3. Stand erect with the right arm extended hor- 
 izontally to front in a hne with the 
 shoulder, raise the right leg as high as 
 possible without bending the knee, re- 
 turn to the first position, and perform 
 the same exercise with the other arm 
 
 and leg. Eepeat ten times. (Fig. 2.) This is simply attempt- 
 ing to kick the extended hand with the toe without bending 
 the knee. 
 
 4. Stand erect with the heels close together, stretch out 
 the arms horizontally to the front of the body in a hne with 
 the shoulders, fingers extended and the palms close together, 
 slowly separate the hands, keeping them at the same le^,^, 
 the arms straight, and endeavor to make the backs of the 
 hands meet behind the back. Repeat frequently. 
 
 5. Stand erect with the arms folded behind, draw up the 
 right thigh rapidly, as high as possible, the body remaining perfectly erect, 
 Repeat with the left thigh. Practise this exercise, 
 breast with ease. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 until the thighs touch the 
 
FBEE EXERCISES. 
 
 13 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 6. Stand erect with the hands resting on the hips. (Fig. \-a.) Bend the 
 
 right knee and extend the left leg as shown 
 in Fig. 4. Make the movement alternately 
 from one foot to the other. The weight o1 
 the body rests on the point of the toe of the 
 bent leg ; the extended leg should not be 
 bent at the knee. Repeat several times. 
 
 7. Stand erect as in the last exercise, 
 keep the legs straight and rigid. Raise 
 the heels slowly from the ground bending 
 'the toe -joints as much as possible. Prac- 
 tise this exercise until 
 able to stand on the 
 tips of the toes. 
 8. Position as in the sixth exercise. Lower the 
 body until the breech touches the heels. (Fig. 5.) Re- 
 peat 'frequently. Vary the exercise by hopping back- 
 wards, forwards and sideways. This is an excellent 
 exercise for the toes, ankles and knees. It will require 
 much practice to perform the exercise on the extreme 
 tips of the toes as shown in the 
 engraving. 
 
 9. Stand erect with the arms /'' n^**' 
 extended horizontally in front in 
 a hne with the shoulders. Extend the left leg in front 
 of the body in a line with the hip. Bend the right 
 knee gradually until the breech touches the ground. 
 (Fig. 6.) Repeat alternately with both legs. 
 
 10. Position as in the sixth exercise. Kneel grad- 
 ually until both knees touch the ground ; then rise 
 again slowly, without moving the hands or feet, and 
 
 position. This exercise may be varied by crossing the 
 bending the knees slowly, and setting as a tailor or a Turk ; from this 
 )osition rise without moving the hands from the hip. Repeat both exercises. 
 ] 1. Position same as sixth exercise. Throw the left leg backwards so as to 
 touch the breech with the heel. (Fig. 7.) Repeat alternately with right and left 
 leg. The body and thighs must be kept straight, and the motion must be quick. 
 
14 
 
 FREE EXERCISES. 
 
 12. Position same as the ninth exercise. 
 Bend the body forward without bendin<? the 
 knees, so as to touch the ground with out- 
 stretched fingers, or with the full hand. 
 (Fig. 8.) Repeat. 
 
 " J 3. Position same as ninth exercise. Bend 
 tiie body forward so as to place the head 
 between the knees ; legs to be kept straight. 
 Fig. 9.) Repeat. 
 
 14. Stand erect, legs close together, arms extended hori- 
 zontally, sideways, on a line with the shoulders, Fig. 9. 
 the body forming a *^ cross." 
 
 Move the body sideways, alternately from 
 right to left as represented in Fig. 10. Both 
 lege must be kept straight. 
 
 15. Stand erect with the hands clasped 
 behind the back. Bend the right knee, extend 
 the left leg horizontally to the rear, reach the 
 ^ "^A l^ody forward and endeavor to take from the 
 
 /o^. ) ground a piece of wood not more than half an inch in diam- 
 
 -^ig. 
 
 eter. (Fig. 11), no part of 
 
 the body excepting the 
 
 one foot to touch the 
 
 ground. Return to first 
 
 position and repeat al- 
 ternately with right and 
 
 left leg. 
 
 16. Position same as 
 
 sixth exercise. Jump up, 
 spread the legs wide apart and close them 
 before alighting. Keep the toes pointed 
 and the hands on the hips. 
 
 17. Jump over a stick, grasped by both 
 hands, forward and backward as shown in Fig. 12. 
 
 18. Bend the body forward, with arms extended in front, until the palms 
 
 rest flat upon the floor a trifle in advance of the feet 
 of the body forward upon the hands, and 
 
 throw the weight 
 
 having established a good bal- 
 
FREE EXERCISES. 
 
 15 
 
 ance upon tlieni; 
 
 are balanced in 
 
 Fiff.l2. 
 
 [Fig. 13. 
 
 raise the body and legs upwards until they 
 a perpendicular position, as seen in Fig. 18.^ 
 The same result may also be attained by 
 the method described for the " Handspring." 
 (See second exercise in Tumbling.) 
 
 When the foregoing exercises have been 
 perseveringly practised, and a fair degree of 
 proficiency attained in their performance, the 
 learner will be well prepared for feats requir- 
 ing some degree of nerve as well as dexterity. 
 
 He will now have acquired the method of 
 obtaining a steady balance in various positions 
 of the body, and also of preserving it while in 
 motion. This is a very necessary acquisition, and confers confi- 
 dence, which in its turn gives the requisite nerve to attempt 
 more daring feats. 
 
 He will, therefore, be ready to apply what he has learned to the mote 
 difficult exercises cf Tumbling. 
 
TUMBLIITG 
 
 The several exercises embraced in what is popularly called Tumbling, are 
 all very arduous, and require great resolution, pluck, aud constant practice 
 to achieve in a satisfactory manner; nothing but perseverance against 
 repeated failure, will enable the tyro to overcome these difiiculties. Begin- 
 ners should not attempt these exercises except upon a mattrass, and under 
 the instruction- of an experienced teacher. To prevent accidents the 
 Lungers should be used when practising. (See Fig. 5, page 19.) 
 
 1. The Upstart ; or Backspring.—Lie on the back, at full length, upon a 
 large mattrass, place the arms as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 1. 
 
 palms of the hands downward upon the mattrass, 
 raise the legs over the head, throwing the weight 
 of the body on the shoulders (Fig. 1), and with a 
 good spring from the hands and shoulders, and a 
 quick movement forward, throw the legs forward 
 and endeavor to bring them down smartly under 
 the body, making the feet describe a semi-circle, 
 and at the same time lifting the body as much as 
 possible in the effort. The learner will probably find that as soon as he has 
 made the semi-circle, all control of the body will be lost, and he will fall on 
 his back, instead of coming up on his feet. The chief thing, therefore, is to 
 bring the feet under, and on the ground as rapidly as possible, and simul- 
 taneously, as the feet are near touching, to bring the hands forward so as 
 preserve a balance when an upright position is being attained. 
 
 Another, and more difficult, way of performing this feat, is as foUows : 
 Instead of putting the palms of the hands on the mattrass, place them 
 upon the thighs, roll over on the shoulders as shown in Fig. 1, spring forward 
 from the shoulders, and as the semi-circle is being described by the feet 
 assist the movement by pushing the thighs with the hands, snap the feet 
 under the body very rapidly and come to an erect position. This feat will 
 require to be practised over and over again, and will tax the patience of the 
 gymnast before it can be performed with anything like ease and precision. 
 
 16 
 
TUMBLING. 
 
 Yt 
 
 The ''Upstart" is a great favorite with performers, and is often em- 
 ployed to mitigate the mortification of failure when the unfortunate gymnast, 
 attempting some diflficult feat, happens to land to his back. 
 
 2. The Hand spring. — Stand erect, place the right leg a little in advance 
 of the other, the body slightly bending backward and the arms raised 
 Fiff. 2. perpendicularly above the head (Fig. 2). Spring for- 
 
 ward upon the hands, throw the left leg quickly over, in- 
 stantly followed by the right leg. Now comes the critical 
 point of the whole movement — during the moment that 
 the hands are on the ground keep the arms still, chest 
 out, head back, and just as the legs are going over, 
 (Fig. 3), sprmg with the arms pushing from the fingers, 
 and this combined with the original spring will enable the 
 gymnast to execute a complete circle landing on his feet. 
 This is a difficult feat, and can only be accom- 
 plished after persistent efibrt. The novice will fall back 
 often and again, but after repeated trials will succeed 
 in coming on his feet with his legs very much bent 
 under the body; continued practice, however, will enable 
 him to come over and assji&ie an erect position, ready 
 to perform a second h^m-spring if necessary. 
 
 3, TheFlip-Fli 
 
 one end of 
 
 for Back-Hand-spring.— Stand on 
 
 iss, (which may be raised a little) 
 the back towards it, legs slightly 
 apart, arms straight ; bend down slightly 
 for a spring backwards, quickly throw the 
 arms and head back, and bending the up- 
 per part of the body backwards, at the 
 same time throw the legs upward over the 
 head, pitch over on the hands, and with 
 quick spring from the hands and arms 
 come over and alight on the feet. 
 
 This feat is considered to be much 
 more difficult than the Forward Hand- 
 spring. The Flip-Flap may be executed 
 from the position of '* Bending the Crab " 
 
18 
 
 TUMBLING. 
 
 (see Fig. 4) and many gymnasts learn how to accomplish 
 it in that way. All backward exercises require more 
 practice and confidence than forward movements. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 4. The Forward Somersault.— Stand erect with the 
 arms raised up perpendicularly, take a short run, jump np 
 from both feet at once (which should be a little apart), 
 throw the arms down and the head and shoulders forward 
 with a quick spring, at the same time gathering the legs 
 behind. At this point the chief difiBculty is to get suffi- 
 cient impetus to turn the body completely around and ahght'ontAe feet, 
 and in this, great assistance may be obtained from what is technically 
 known as the ''catch." When the jump is made sufficiently YaghJcatch the 
 hands on the under part of the thighs just above the knees am pull the 
 knees up to the body, letting them go when alighting. In the catch, the 
 arms being suddenly arrested when in violent action, their momentum is im- 
 parted to the lower part of the body, thus, in a great degree, assisting in 
 making the turn. 
 
 This exercise is very difficult to execute in a finished style ; the beginner 
 usually makes a plunge head foremost as if diving into the water; pitching 
 over on to his back, and gi^vdng himself a good shaking up ; this has such a 
 discouraging effect that he is apt to feel hke giving up the exercise, but con- 
 tinued effort soon begets confidence, and this, backed by determination, soon 
 enables him to accomplish the feat. 
 
 6. The Backward Somersault.— Stand erect with the feet a little apart, 
 and the arms raised perpendicularly, bring the arms down with a quick 
 swinging motion, raise them quickly, as high as possible, as if with an effort 
 to raise the body, at the same instant, with a powerful spring, throw the legs 
 right over the head, catching the thighs, and gathering the legs and body 
 up as it were, and you will in time turn over, and come in an upright posi- 
 tion before the head has time to touch the ground. 
 
 This exercise must be practised on a good mattrass, and with the assist- 
 ance of the Lungers. 
 
 The Lungers consist of an article of which there should be some two or 
 three in every gymnasium, and be constantly used by gymnasts, especially 
 by beginners, whenever any fear is entertained of being unable to go through 
 any exercise without help of some kind. 
 
TUMBLING. 19 
 
 The Lungers are composed of a strong leather belt or strap, about li or 
 l^uich wide, with a strong buckle wherewith to fasten it round the waist of 
 the gymnast ; two metal fastenings or swivels are fastened to the sides of 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 the belt (See Fig. 5), to which two ropes, about f of an inch in diameter and 
 4 feet long, are fixed. 
 
 The strap being adjusted round the waist of the gymnast, two assistants, 
 each taking hold of a rope, stand, one on either side of him, and, no matter 
 what exercise he is about to try — he need be under no fear of any mishap, 
 for, should a slip occur, all that the assistants have to do (they having had 
 their eyes fixed upon him all the time), is quickly to pull the rope firmly 
 upwards, and he is safe. 
 
THE LEAPIIsrG POLE. 
 
 The exercises with the Leaping Pole may ahnost be viewed as belonging 
 to recreative rather than systematized exercise, being essentially for the 
 open air^ and among the few which may be left for free practice, after the 
 learner has acquired a knowledge of the action and position of the different 
 exercises. They are valuable as giving precision to the eye and hand, the 
 faculty of calculating distance, and of rapidly determining the moment for 
 executing a complicated movement, with the presence of mind to execute it, 
 in addition to the physical exercise of the run and leap, the balance and 
 descent. 
 
 The Leaping Pole should be of ash, about 1 1 inches in diameter, and from 
 nine to ten feet long, perfectly smooth, and shod with iron at the butt or 
 lower end. 
 
 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 
 
 1. To Leap DistBUce.— Position of attention, one pace from the mark, 
 with the pole at the balance, i.e. held horizontally across the body with the 
 
 20 
 
TRE LEAPING POLE. 
 
 21 
 
 arms bent, the butt of the pole held slanting to the front, the hands at the 
 distance, the right hand to the front, the palms of the hands upwards, the 
 fingers and thumbs meeting; or with the palm of the right hand downwards. 
 
 1. Advance the right foot to the edge of the mark, advance the butt of 
 the pole to the utmost reach, and fix it on the ground without displacing the 
 feet or changing the grasp of the hands (Fig. 1). 
 
 2. Spring from the feet, and pass by the left of the pole, the whole body 
 with the lower limbs straight and extended in one line when passing the 
 pole (Fig. 2) ; descend yielding, and as the feet meet the ground raise the 
 pole to the balance. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, advancing the left foot to the mark, the left 
 hand to the front, and passing by the right of the pole. 
 
 2. To Leap Height. 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 ■Position as in first exercise, a short distance from 
 the barrier (in proportion to its height). 
 
 1. As in first exercise, advancing th e butt of 
 the pole to within a few feet of the barrier 
 (according to its height). 
 
 2. Spring from the feet and clear the barrier, 
 passing by the left of the pole, the body in pubi- 
 tion as in first exercise when clearing the barrier 
 (Fig. 3) ; after clearing the barrier, quit the grasp 
 of the pole, throwing it back to the starting- 
 point, and descend yielding, facing the barrier. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, advancing the 
 left foot, the left hand to the front, and passing 
 by the right of the pole. 
 
 3. To Leap De^^.— Position as in first exer- 
 cise, the toes at the edge of the platform. 
 
 1. Advance the pole and firmly plant the butt 
 
 ""^ on the ground. 
 
 2. Press lightly from the feet, quit the platform or ground, passmg by 
 the right of the pole, the trunk of the body in the line of the pole when 
 passmg it, the lower limbs at a right angle with it, the toes pointed to the 
 front ; contmue the descent (Fig. 4), and when nearing the ground quit the 
 grasp of the pole, throw it slightly to the left, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, passing by the left of the pole. 
 
 DepartBiMt of Phyiical Muottloa 
 
 UnlYftraity of California 
 
 103 Gy^rnftslum for ll^n 
 
 Berkal«y 4. California 
 
22 
 
 THE LEAPING POLE. 
 
 4. To Leap Width. — Position of attention twenty or thirty paces from 
 the edge of the place to be cleared, or ditch; the pole at the balance, the 
 
 right hand to the front. 
 
 J. Begin the advance 
 "with a short, light, and well- 
 measured step, fixing the 
 eye on the ditch and regard- 
 ing it steadily, quicken the 
 pace when nearing it, select 
 the spot and plant the pole 
 without halt, springing by 
 the left, the position of body 
 and lower limbs as in first 
 exercise, descend yielding, 
 bringing the pole to the bal- 
 ance. 
 
 This exercise to be re- 
 peated, advancing the left 
 foo^, passmg by the right of the pole, the left hand to the front. 
 
 These four exercises are amply sufficient to give the learner full command 
 of the leaping-pole j they will teach him how to preserve his balance when 
 depending upon the pole for support, and serve to give him the confidence 
 and nerve necessary for more difficult gymnastic exploits. 
 
THE YATJLTIN"G HOESE. 
 
 The exercises on the Vaalting Horse can scarcely be too frequently 
 practised, as they give valuable and widely varied employment to both upper 
 and lower limbs, as well as to the trunk. This apparatus is always found 
 an excellent one with which to begin the lesson in gymnastics, because it 
 affords much and rapid movement without severe or localized effort. The 
 exercises are divided into two very distinctly marked series, and admit of 
 progressive practice long after the correct action and position have been 
 attained, by increasing the elevation of the horse. 
 
 The first series is introductory to the second, and the different exercises 
 may be performed upon a horse devoid of neck or pommels. The secoud 
 series is very artistic and effective, and cultivates to the highest attainable 
 point that precision and security of grasp and spring which are so valuable 
 in exercises when practically applied. A few general hints will be found of 
 great importance to the tyro. 
 
 Before making a spring from a run, strike hoth feet fuU and fiat upon the 
 ^ound. When standing beside the horse, the reverse is the case, and the 
 jspring is made from the toes. 
 
 When alighting on the ground, do so on the toes, and descend yielding 
 {see Technical Terms^a^e 9) ; if these precautions are not observed a sudden 
 ahock will be the consequence. 
 
 The horse is made of various lengths, 
 but the two sizes generally in use are those 
 of G feet and 4 feet long, the former size 
 having the neck slightly raised {see illus- 
 tration), while the latter may or may not 
 have this modification. 
 
 The width of the horse should be some- 
 what less than the distance between the 
 ^ parallel bars, say about 19 inches, the 
 neck-piece in the larger horse tapering a little towards the end, and raised 
 
 23 
 
24 THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 about 3 inches above the level of the back of the horse ; in the larger horse 
 the neck-piece begins about 4 feet from the opposite end or croup, and will 
 therefore be 2 feet long. 
 
 The horse is generally covered with leather, or, as some prefer, with 
 stout canvas, and padded at the sides to make it a little softer, in the event 
 of the legs coming in contact with it when not required, and likewise to 
 ensure its being perfectly smooth all over, and to prevent the chance of a. 
 splinter being met with while being used. 
 
 The legs being made hollow, and having a sliding leg inside, it can be 
 raised to any height, varying from the exact height of the horse, which, 
 should be about 3 feet 6 inches, to about 6 feet, the horse being kept at the 
 required height by 4 iron pins, one of them passing through one of the holes, 
 made in each sliding or loose leg. 
 
 The pommels are cut circular, and fit into two grooves cut across the 
 back of the horse, about 6 inches down the sides, and are kept in their places 
 by means of an iron pin fixed to each, which, passing through the body of 
 the horse, is screwed tight with a nut underneath. These pommels are to 
 be placed the same distance apart as the parallel bars, viz. 19 inches, which 
 they also resemble in point of size, to enable them to be readily grasped, 
 and should therefore be about 4 inches above the back of the horse, and 
 placed about the middle of it as it stands upon the legs. The pommels may 
 be covered in the same manner as the horse, and they should be hollowed 
 a little on the sides, to allow the fingers to have a firmer grasp. Besides, 
 the above, two flush pommels must be made, which are to replace the others 
 when not required, and which, when fixed in their places, make the back of 
 the horse apparently smooth. 
 
 Should the gymnasium not allow of a portion of it being boarded (in 
 which case the horse is placed on the tanned part close to the edge of the 
 flooring), a kind of spring board is necessary to give the feet a firm footing 
 in making a spring, or '^ beat " off. This board is made of thick wood about 
 3 feet long by 2^ feet broad, and composed of narrow pieces of 5 or 6 inchea 
 wide, securely fastened, forming a small platform, bevelled oft' at one edge 
 and the opposite edge elevated somewhat from the ground by a cross piece 
 underneath it. 
 
THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 25 
 
 EXERCISES ON A HORSE WITHOUT POMMELS. 
 
 The position of the instructor should be close to the horse in front 
 of the learner, directmg every motion, and in the early stages of his 
 practice counting the time of his movements, and pointing out to him the 
 features of the position in the ascent, rest and descent. The instructor 
 should also repeatedly execute the exercise himself in the manner most likely 
 to make the learner comprehend its peculiarities, at the same time encour- 
 aging him, if tunid or hesitating, and losing no opportunity of obtaining his 
 entire confidence and trust in every situation however critical, remembering- 
 always that nothing will so readily make a man fall as the fear of fallmg. 
 
 1. To Vault upon the Horse in Two Movements— PosiYiow of attention 
 close beside the horse. 
 
 1. liaise the hands and place them at the distance (see Technical Terms) 
 on the back of the horse, the thumbs and fingers straight and together, and 
 pointed to the front (Fig. 1); bend the legs, spring from the ground, 
 inclining the body to the front, press strongly with the hands, extend the 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 arms, and raise the trunk of the body above the horse, the legs straight and 
 together, the feet together, and pointed to the ground (Fig. 2). 
 
 2. Elevate the right leg, and by a continuous movement bring it over 
 the back of the horse, the column of the body turning with it, and as the 
 right thigh approaches the right hand, advance the latter in a hue with the 
 
THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 left hand, and slowly lower the body on to the saddle, bringing the head 
 erect and the chest and trunk well advanced, the hands hghtly resting on 
 the thighs ; the lower limbs pendent, the toes pointed Y\g. 3. 
 
 to the front (Fig. 3). 
 
 In descending, Incline the head and trunk of the 
 "body to the front, elevate the left leg to the rear until 
 it clears the back of the horse, the right rising to meet 
 it, press from the hands, and descend yielding, facing 
 the horse. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left. 
 
 2. To Vault Tlpon the Horse in Cne Movement.— 
 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1 and 2. As is first exercise, except that the right 
 
 leg should ascend and clear the back of the horse, in a 
 
 continuous movement from the ground to the seat in the saddle. 
 
 „. , Descend as in first exercise. 
 
 Fiff 4. 
 °* This exercise to be repeated on the left. 
 
 3. To Vault Over the Horse in Two Movements. — 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise to the extension of the arms 
 (Fig. 4). 
 
 2. Elevate both limbs in position to the right, and 
 pass them over the horse, incline the head and shoul- 
 ders forward, advancing the right hand in a line with 
 the left (Fig. 5), press from both hands, and descend 
 yielding, facing the horse. 
 
 This exercise to be Fig. 5. 
 
 repeated, passing by 
 the left. 
 
 4. To Vault Over the Horse in One 
 
 Movement.— Po5^^i■o?^ as in first exercise. 
 
 1. and 2. As in preceding exercise, ex- 
 cept that the legs should ascend and clear 
 the back of the horse in one continuous 
 movement ; after the advance of the right hand, press* strongly from both 
 and descend yielding, facing the horse. 
 
THE VAULTING H B 8 E. 
 
 27 
 
 As the body clears the horse the trunk and lower limbs should be 
 extended in the line of the horse, the arms bent, the chest advanced, the 
 head thrown back. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, passing by the left. 
 
 5. To Vault Upon the Horse Resting on the Knees.— -Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1. Raise the hands and Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. 
 
 place them at tlie distance on 
 the back of the horse, as in 
 first exercise ; bend the legs, 
 spring from the ground, press 
 strongly with the hands, in- 
 chne the head and shoulders 
 forward, extend the arms, 
 and bring the knees straight 
 up between them, resting on 
 the saddle (Fig. 6). In de- 
 scending, rapidly throw the 
 hands to the front, as high 
 
 face, spring with the 
 
 lower 
 ward 
 
 limbs, up- 
 and forward 
 
 (Fig. 7), and descend yielding (Fig. 8). 
 
 6. To Vault Upon the Horse Resting on the 'Feet— Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, except that the knees should be 
 brought up between the arms until they are as high as the breast, 
 and the feet (instead of the knees) brought to rest ou the saddle; 
 i^imediately straighten the legs and come to the position of atten- 
 tion (Fig. 9). 
 
 In descendmg, spring straight to the front, and descend yielding. 
 
 7. To Vault Over the Horse Between the Hands.— Posi^tow as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 I. As in preceding exercise, except that the feet, instead of resting 
 on the saddle, should be shot through the space between the hands 
 (Pigs. 10, 11, and 12) ; press from the hands, and descend yielding. 
 
THE VAULTING H O B S E. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 8. To Vault Upon the Horse With One Hand. — Position of attention facing 
 the line of the horse. 
 
 1 , Eaise the left hand and place it Fig. 13. 
 on the horse, and extend the right arm 
 to the rear (Fig. 13). 
 
 2. Bend the legs as in first exercise 
 and spring, elevating the right leg, and 
 pass it over the horse, at the same time 
 rapidly elevating the right arm above the 
 head, the hand closed, and come to the 
 seat in the saddle (Fig. 14). 
 
 In descending, incline the head and 
 shoulders to the front, press strongly 
 from the left hand and descend as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 This exercise to be re- Fig. 14, 
 
 peated with the right hand. 
 
 9. To Vault Over the 
 Horse With One Hand.— 
 Position as in eighth exer- 
 cise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise. 
 
 2. As in eighth exercise 
 to the spring ; press strong- 
 ly vith the left hand, ele- 
 vate the right, pass the lower limbs in position over the horse (Fig. 15) and 
 descend yielding, facing the horse. 
 
THE VA ULTING HORSE. 
 
 29 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the right hand. 
 
 10. Running Vault Upon the Horse. - 
 
 from the horse. 
 
 -Position of attention 25 or 30 feet 
 
 I. Slowly begin the run, quickening the 
 pace on the advance, and looking straight 
 at the horse ; when within 2 or 3 feet of the 
 horse, spring from both feet, striking them 
 full and flat upon the ground, the hands tak- 
 ing their place on the back of the horse im- 
 mediately after the spring, pass the right leg 
 over the horse, and come to the seat in the 
 saddle in one movement, as in Fig. 3. 
 
 In descending, incline the head and trunk 
 of the body to the front, elevate the lower 
 limbs to the rear straight above the horse, 
 the toes pointed upward (Fig. 16) ; slowly let 
 the lower limbs, with the entire column of 
 the body fall to the right and gradually de- 
 scend over the arm until the feet come to the 
 ground, the horse on the right (Fig. 17) ; de- 
 scend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left. 
 
 II. Running Vault Over the Horse.— Po- 
 
 sition as in tenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in tenth exercise, quickening the 
 pace to the utmost speed; spring as m preceding exercise, passing the lower 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 limbs over the horse to the right (Fig. 18), 
 advance the right hand opposite the left, 
 -^ pressing strongly, and descend yielding, fac- 
 ing the horse. 
 
 In this exercise the body should be thrown 
 well forward in the spring, the feet should 
 describe a semicircle, beginning at the point 
 where they quit the ground, and finishing 
 where they ahght, the hands being the centre 
 upon which the trunk and lower lunbs turn ; during this exercise, therefore, 
 
30 
 
 THE VAULTING HOUSE. 
 
 the chest should be continually turning towards the horse, the legs should 
 he straight and together, the toes pointed, the whole body, when in the act 
 of clearing the horse, forming one horizontal line over it. 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left. 
 
 12. Running Vault Upon the Horse, Resting on the 'KnQt^.—Fosition as 
 in tenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in tenth exercise; spring straight to the front, the hands taking 
 their place on the back of the horse immediately after the spring, bring both 
 legs, with the knees closely bent up, between the arms and come to rest on 
 the knees, as in fifth exercise. Fig. 6. 
 
 Descend as in fifth exercise. Figs. 7 and 8. 
 
 13. Running Vault Upon the Horse, Resting on the "Feet— Posit io7i as in 
 tenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, except that the feet, instead of the knees, 
 are placed on the saddle, straighten the legs, as in sixth exercise. Fig. 9. 
 
 In descending, extend the arms, spring straight to the front, and descend 
 yielding. 
 
 14. Running Vault Over the Horse Between the Rsmds.— Position as in 
 tenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, except that the legs are still 
 more closely bent up, and the feet instead of resting on the sad- 
 dle, are shot through between the hands, as in seventh exercise, 
 Figs. 10, 11, and 12; press from the hands as the feet clear the 
 horse, and descend yielding. 
 
 Fi^. 19. 
 
 15. Running Vault Over the ^^' ^' 
 
 Horse by the Back Lift.- Po- 
 sition as in tenth exercise i \^ 
 
 1. As in tenth exercise to th( 
 spring ; place the hands upon 
 the horse, depress the head and 
 shoulders until the latter are 
 as low as the hands, and at 
 the same time elevate the 
 lower limbs, hips, and loins by 
 
 the rear, until they rise perpendicularly over the hands (Fig. 19), the legs 
 straight and together, the toes pointed upwards; continue the sweep of 
 
THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 31 
 
 the lower limbs, let the feet fall backwards beading the back inwards (Fi;^. 
 20), and descend yielding. 
 
 Fig. 21. 16. Eunning Vault Over the Horse With One 
 
 Hand. — Position as in tenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in tenth exercise to the spring; place the 
 
 left hand on the back of the horse, throw the right 
 
 arm above the head, and pass the lower limbs 
 
 over the horse (Fig. 21), lean forward when clear- 
 
 yj ing it, press strongly with the left hand, and de- 
 
 'z/^" scend yielding, the horse on the left. 
 
 exercise to be repeated with the right 
 
 This 
 hand. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 17. Running Vault to the Croup.— Pos^^^on of attention 25 or ^feet from 
 the horse, facing the croup. 
 
 1. Slowly begin the run, quickening the pace on the 
 advance, and when within 2 or 3 feet of the croup, spring 
 from both feet, immediately placing the hands on the 
 croup, right and left ; fully separate the lower limbs dur- 
 ing the rise, and as the body reaches the croup advance 
 the hands G or 8 inches along the back of the horse, and 
 lightly sink to the seat on the croup (Fig. 22) ; the head 
 and column of the body slightly inclined to the front, the 
 lower limbs straight, the toes pointed to the front. 
 
 In descending, incline the head and trunk to the 
 horizontal line of the horse; elevate the lower limbs, 
 straight and together, until they are in a line with the body (Fig.23), shoot them 
 out far to the rear, at the same time pressing from the hands, and descend 
 
 yielding, facing the croup. 
 
 18. Running Vault to the Saddle.— Po5i- 
 
 tion as in seventeenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, until the lower 
 limbs rise above the croup, but instead of al- 
 lowing them to rest, continue the momentum 
 of the spring, rapidly advance both hands to 
 the saddle and Mghtly sink to the seat, place 
 the hands on the thighs, the head erect, the breast advanced, as in Fig. 3. 
 
32 
 
 THE VAULTING HOUSE. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 In descending, replace the hands on the horse (Fig. 24), elevate the loTver 
 limbs, and descend as in tenth exercise, Figs. 16 and 17. 
 
 19. Running Vault to the Croup, Resting on the Fig. 24. 
 Knees.— Po5i7iow as in seventeenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in seventeenth exercise to the spring; bring 
 both legs, with the knees closely bent, up between the 
 arms, and let them lightly rest on the croup between 
 the hands (Fig. 25). 
 
 In descending, incline the head and trunk of the 
 body to the front, slowly elevate the lower limbs, and 
 shoot them to the rear, as in seventeenth exercise (Fig. 
 23), and descend yielding. 
 
 20. Running Vault to the Croup, Resting on the 
 Feet. — Position as in seventeenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, except that the knees are 
 lifted above the croup, as high as the breast, and the soles 
 of the feet placed on the horse, straighten the legs, rising 
 from the palms to the tips of the fingers, and stand upright 
 on the croup (Fig. 26). 
 
 In descending, re-bend the knees, spring backwards, and 
 descend yielding, facing the croup. 
 
 21. Running Vault to the Croup, the Legs on the Right- 
 Position as in seventeenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in seventeenth exercise to the spring, but instead of 
 separating the lower limbs, keep them together, and during the 
 rise to the croup, pass them to the right, and slowly sink to the 
 side -seat on the croup (Fig. 27). 
 
 Fig.. 27 In descending, incline the head and 
 
 shoulders to the front, press strongly from 
 the hands, elevate the lower limbs over the 
 horse until they are above the head (Fig. 28), 
 slowly let the lower limbs, with the entire 
 column of the body, fall to the left, and 
 gradually descend over the arm, until the 
 feet come to the ground, the horse on the 
 left. 
 
THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 33 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left, descending 
 on the right. 
 
 Running Vault to the Croup, the Legs Passing From 
 Right to Left, — Position as in seventeenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, until the rise above the 
 croup, but instead of allowing the legs to rest upon it, 
 continue the momentum of the spring, lifting the right 
 hand, and extending it rapidly above the head, and carry 
 the limbs forward and upward over the horse in front 
 (Fig. 29), and turning completely round upon the left 
 hand, descend yielding, facing the line of the horse, the 
 horse on the left (Fig. 30). 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, the legs passing from 
 left to right. 
 
 EXEECISES ON THE HOKSE WITH POMMELS. 
 
 The more diJBBcult of the following exercises should not be attempted 
 until the whole of the preliminary exercises have been mastered by progres- 
 sive practice. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 23. Preliminary Exercises.— I. Po- 
 sition of attention close beside the horse, 
 directly opposite the pommels. 
 
 J . Kaise the hands and place them on 
 the pommels (Fig. 31), spring from the 
 ground, projecting the chest well for- 
 ward, press strongly with the hands,ex- 
 tend the arms, and raise the trunk of 
 the body above the horse (Fig. 2), carry 
 the legs well back, without bending 
 them, and at the same time well against 
 the side of the horse. Descend yield- 
 ing. 
 
 Repeat this exercise several times 
 without pausing between the ascent and 
 descent, making one continuous move- 
 ment of the whole. 
 
34 
 
 THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 n. Position of attention 25 or SO feet from the horse. 
 
 1 . Same as in last exercise but with a preparatory run. Slowly begin 
 a run, quickening the pace on the advance ; when within 2 or 3 feet of tho 
 horse, spring from both feet, striking them full Fig. 31. 
 
 and flat upon the ground, the hands grasping the 
 pommels at the same time the spring is made. 
 Elevate the body, the arms extended, and descend 
 again yielding. 
 
 Kepeat this exercise several times without 
 pausing between the movements. 
 
 III. Proceed as in exercise I, and after the 
 body is upright carry the right leg up at the side 
 of the horse into a horizontal position, but with- 
 out touching the horse, then let it drop again,and 
 carry up the left leg in like manner. 
 
 Repeat this exei'cise elevating each leg three 
 times in succession, without resting or touching the ground between the 
 movements. 
 
 IV. Proceed as in the last exercise, but carry up both legs (instead of 
 one), as slowly as possible, first to the right, then to the left, keeping them 
 straight during the movements. The trunk must not be carried too much in 
 the opposite direction to the legs j a slight 
 deflection of the body cannot always be avoided, 
 but the more upright the trunk is kept, the 
 greater will be the benefit derived, and the more 
 graceful the execution of the exercise. 
 
 Repeat this exercise, elevating both legs three 
 times in succession each way, without resting or 
 touching the ground between the movements. 
 
 V. Repeat exercise II, and as the body rises 
 carry the trunk a Uttle to the right, then give 
 it a slight turn to the left, elevate the right leg 
 and throw it over the horse facing the pommels (Fig. 32). As the grasp 
 upon the pommels is not to be relinquished during the execution of this exer- 
 cise, the body must necessarily be inclined a little forward. 
 
 To dismount, incline the head and trunk well forward, raise the body, 
 
THE VAULTING HORSE. 35 
 
 bring the right leg over the horse again, and by a judicious use of the wrists^ 
 alight on the ground as far from the horse as possible, yielding. 
 Repeat this exercise without the run. 
 
 VI. Same as preceding exercise, but turn the trunk to the right, and 
 carry the left leg over the left side of the pommels (near the neck-piece) 
 facing the pommels, and looking towards the croup. 
 
 Dismount as in the preceding exercise. 
 Repeat this exercise without the run. 
 
 VII. Same as exercise V, see Fig. 32. Lean well forward and dismount^ 
 spring up again, instantly, and carry the left leg over the horse as in 
 exercise VI. 
 
 This exercise may be repeated several times, alternately employing the 
 right and left leg. 
 
 24. The Swinging Exercise. — Position of attention dose beside the horse, 
 directly opposite the pommels. 
 
 1. As in the preceding exercise (VII), but, instead of alighting on the 
 ground, let the body resume an upright attitude without allowing the feet 
 to touch the ground or the arms to be bent, and, then without any other 
 spring than that which can be given to the body when suspended in that 
 position, carry the left leg over the horse, descend and resume the first posi- 
 tion ; then carry the right leg over again, repeating the exercise three times 
 each way, alternately, without permitting the feet to touch the ground. The 
 legs should be kept perfectly straight, but not stiff. The head and trunk 
 should be inclined a little forward each time the leg is carried over the horse; 
 this will make the exercise less difficult to execute. This exercise is also 
 called the '^ Saddle Vaulting Movement." 
 
 25. The Reverse Swing.— Position as in preceding exercise. 
 
 1. Proceed as in exercise V, page 34, but instead of resting between the 
 change, lean the body forward, throw the whole weight upon the arms, and, 
 while bringing the right leg back, give the body a kind of turn towards the 
 opposite end of the horse, and throw the left leg over it, facing the croup. To 
 reverse the movement, lean forward as before, and, as the body turns, throw 
 the right leg over again, the legs each time describing a semicircle. 
 
 When able to accomplish this with ease, practise it with a quicker move- 
 ment, which will give it the nature of a swing. 
 
 26. Mounting. — Position as in twenty-fourth exercise. 
 
 1. Grasp the pommels, one with each hand (Fig. 3J), spring up, giving 
 
36 
 
 THE VAULTING HOUSE. 
 
 the body a turn towards the left, pass the 
 right leg, well extended, over the croup 
 into the saddle, at the same time shifting 
 the hand to the front pommel (Fig. 33). 
 
 Repeat the same exercise, pass the left 
 leg over the horse, making use of the left 
 hand where the right is stated, and the .•-**^ 
 right for the left; dismount by either of the 
 following methods, though all three should 
 be practised : 
 
 To dismount : 
 
 i^'irsi.— Place one hand on either pom- 
 mel, then, raising up, bring the right 
 leg back over the horse, and alight 
 on the ground, yielding. 
 
 Second. — Place both hands on the 
 front pommel, lean forward so as to 
 throw the whole weight of the body 
 upon the arms, bring the right leg 
 over the horse, and alight, yielding, 
 as far as possible from the horse. 
 
 Third. — Place the right hand on the 
 saddle with the wrist turned towards 
 the left, and grasp the pommel with 
 the left hand, then, throwing the 
 body forward as before, alight on 
 ground, yielding. 
 
 27. Swinging Round the Circle.- 
 sition as in twenty -fourth exercise. 
 
 1. Grasp the pommels, one with each 
 hand (Fig. 31); spring up, pass both legs 
 over the croup (Fig. 34-a) behind the sad- 
 dle (&) and jump to the ground. Return 
 the same way by a strong impulse of the 
 body, completely round the horse, spread- 
 ing the left leg (c) and bringing the body 
 into a sitting position in the saddle. 
 
 Pig. 33. 
 
THE VAULTING H B S K 
 
 37 
 
 28. The Maiden Jump. — Position as in twenty -fourth exercise. 
 
 1. Grasp the pommels, spring up, let go the left hand, pass the right leg 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 \ 
 
 •^. 
 
 over the horse (Fig. 35) and light on the 
 saddle. Return in same manner to first 
 position. 
 
 29. The Roll OYer.— Position of attention 
 close beside, but with the back to the horse. 
 1. Raise the arms behmd and grasp the 
 pommels, fingers outward and thumbs in- 
 .\. ward, so as to place the elbows a little be- 
 \ I yond the centre of the saddle (Fig. 36-a), 
 ; lift the lower limbs with a strong impetus 
 / (6) ; carry the body over the head (c), relin- 
 / quish the grasp of the pommels when the 
 feet are on a level with the head, and 
 alight on the ground. Keep the legs 
 straight, and the feet together. In the early stages of practice this exercise 
 should be performed slowly, gradually increasing the rapidity of the move- 
 ments until it can be executed without pause. 
 
 30. The Hugging Jvcmg.— Position as in twenty-fourth exercise. 
 
 Y{„ ^. 1 • Vault to the saddle as m the twenty-sixth 
 
 exercise. 
 
 2. Embrace the neck of the horse, and with a 
 powerful effort throw the legs over so as to aUght on 
 the ground, with back to the front of the horse 
 (Fig. 37). 
 
 31. The Giant Leap; or Long Hy.— Position as in 
 the seventeenth exercise. The jumping board should be 
 placed about 3 feet from the croup. 
 
 1. Vault to the saddle as in the eighteenth exercise, 
 and dismount. 
 
 2. Place the board a little farther off, vault as be- 
 fore, pitching on to the hands first, and bring the feet 
 up on to the back of the horse in a stooping position, 
 
 then raise and pitch forward with the hands on to the neck of the horse and 
 go over as in leap-frog. 
 
38 THE VAULTING HORSE. 
 
 This must be persevered Pi^r. 33. 
 
 in until the gymnast is able / ^ "^ ^s^^^^ r^x 
 
 to jump the whole length of ^n^^T!^'"""^^^^^"^)^^^^'^;!^ y^^^SX^ 
 the horse by resting the hands '^-.'""^^^v^"'^' ^ \ \\ (^^ r^ 
 on it but once. (Fig. 38.) ^^>.J^'"--,/' Vn\ V^v 
 
 When commencing to practise ^ — "^"^''^^^^^^^''Tr^^Hir^ 
 
 this exercise it is better to use { ll'''''"il- Vr^ 
 
 a, shorter horse, and when x^^ l-'-'l " "^>^'''^^-— ^^Sv 
 
 able to go over that with ease /M" ^'^ ^ — r\\ ^V' 
 
 try a longer one. Amattrass ' I/I 111 • 
 
 and an assistant will serve to guard against any mishap when practising this, 
 as well as similar exercises. 
 
 In all of the vaulting exercises, the learner must proceed with great 
 caution at first ; he will find that sometimes his legs will come in contact 
 with the horse with more violence than is agreeable ; but, as he gains dex- 
 terity, and becomes familiar with the various movements, he will discover 
 that in these, as in all gymnastic exercises, will-power and determination will 
 wipe out difficulties which at first are discouraging. 
 
 Whenever the spring has to be made for a vaulting movement, he must 
 be sure to make sufficient spring to accomplish the end in view ; but, at the 
 same time, he must be exceedingly careful not to apply more force to his 
 spring than is actually necessary, because the excess of motion attained is 
 likely to lead to violent contact with the horse, and consequent contusions. 
 
 These exercises are, therefore, especially valuable for training the judg- 
 ment, and obtaining full control of the muscular powers. 
 
THE HOEIZOlsrTAL BAE. 
 
 Taking all things into consideration this may be said to be the most use- 
 ful of all apparatus in a gymnasium. The variety of the feats that may be 
 performed upon it, and its adaptability to being raised or lowered, as the 
 nature of the exercises or the age of the gymnast requires, makes it very at- 
 tractive. The exercises on the horizontal bar bring into play nearly all the 
 muscles of the body, but those most exercised nnd benefitted are the 
 muscles of the arms, wrists, hands, chest, spine, loins, hips, legs, and ab- 
 domen. 
 
 The Horizontal or Stationary Bar also affords the means of practising 
 and perfecting movements which are performed upon the swinging bar or 
 trapeze. 
 
 The position of the instructor should be on the right or left of the bar, 
 facing the learner. 
 
 The Horizontal Bar should be made of ash or hickory (specially selected 
 for its straightness and freedom from knots) turned perfectly round. If 
 inches in diameter, except at the ends, where the shoulders or tenons, 
 should be formed to shde up and down in the grooves between the stand- 
 ards. The bar should be bored throughout its length, and a specially tem- 
 pered steel rod or corCj | of an inch in diameter, inserted, terminating at each 
 end in a brass cap, fitting the shoulder of the bar. The standards should be 
 7 feet apart, and 7 feet high, formed in two pieces with a space or continu- 
 ous groove, of If inches between them to receive the shoulders at the ends of 
 the bar, and pierced with holes 2 inches apart, through which moveable 
 wrought-iron pins are inserted for the bar to rest on. Thus the bar may be 
 adjusted to any desired height. 
 
 To ascertain the proper height for the bar, stand on tiptoes and reach up 
 so as to just touch it with both hands, this height will enable the gymnast to 
 swing clear of the ground when hanging by the hands. 
 
 1. Hanging by the Hands. — Position of attention facing the bar. 
 
 J . Spnug from the ground and grasp the bar, the hands at the distance^ 
 
 39 
 
40 THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 the fingers and thumbs together {see '' Technical Terms"); the arms straight, 
 the trunk of the body upright, the legs straight and together, the feet to- 
 gether, and the toes pointed to the ground. 
 
 2. Remain suspended as long as possible without over-fatigue. 
 
 This simple exercise may be varied by hanging by each hand alternately, 
 letting the other hang straight down by the side. This exercise may also be 
 varied by raising the body and lowering it alternately with the right and 
 left arm. 
 
 2. To Swing By The Arms. — Position as in first exercise. 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2- Swing the legs and body a little in front, then suddenly drop them, 
 swing forward again and endeavor to gain sufficient impetus on the return 
 oscillation to almost describe a semi-circle and carry the body back and 
 beyond the bar ; similar motions given to the legs and body when dropping 
 from behind, on the return forward swing, will cause them to rise higher to 
 the front than before, and these movements repeated will soon enable the 
 learner to swing the body forward and backward above t\iQ) level of the bar. 
 When practising ixxoidi jerking the legs. 
 
 Do not be afraid of swinging too high, as many feats, to be hereafter men- 
 tioned, depend greatly on the neatness of the swing, and the facility with 
 which the requisite height is obtained. 
 
 Swing backward and forward five or six times, and leave the bar in the 
 forward swing when the feet have risen to a level with the face. Just be- 
 fore releasing the hands from the bar, a slight forward impetus should be 
 given, by a spring from the wrists — this will enable the learner to alight on 
 the toes. 
 
 This method of leaving the bar gives a neat finish to a great many of the 
 succeeding exercises, and should, therefore, be practised until the learner 
 can alight on his toes, in a graceful manner, at some distance forward from 
 the bar. 
 
 Another, and fully as graceful a method of leaving the bar, is to watch 
 for the exact point of equipoise at the end of a backward swing ; and then, 
 letting go of the bar, drop gracefully to the ground. 
 
 The point of equipoise is obtained when the swing assumes a direction 
 somewhat above the horizontal fine of the bar. 
 
 3. To Rise Above the Bar, the Right Leg Acting.— PostYiow of attention 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 41 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 under the bar, the shoulders being at right angles 
 to the bar. 
 
 1. Sprmg from the ground and grasp the bar with 
 both hands, rigbt and left of the bar, the left in ad- 
 vance, the fingers and thumb meeting. 
 
 2. Bend the arms, lift the lower limbs, separat- 
 ing the feet as they rise, pass the left leg over the 
 bar, resting on it under the knee, pass the right 
 
 leg over the left, the calf of the right overlying the in- 
 step of the left, the head held back, the trunk sus- 
 tained. 
 
 3. Quit the grasp of the right hand, pass it under the 
 bar to the opposite side next the body and grasp the 
 bar, elevate the elbow and rest the fore-arm along the 
 bar' (Fig. 1) ; detach the right leg from the left, straighten 
 it and rapidly swing it under the bar, with a momentum 
 suificient to enable the body to rise above it, press 
 strongly with both hands, extend the arms, advance the 
 left leg, and rest above the bar (Fig. 2). In descending 
 re-bend the right arm, draw back the left leg, lower 
 the body, and place the right leg over the left as in the 
 ascent ; sustain the body, detach the legs from the bar, 
 straighten the arms, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, with the 
 left leg acting, the right hand in advance, 
 the right leg resting on the bar. 
 
 4. To Swing up Above the Bar Outside 
 of the Arms. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Swing forward, and at the moment 
 the body is extended horizontally and at 
 arms length, throw the head back, and 
 
 -.7-^7";. raise the left leg over the bar to the left of 
 ""'^ ; the arms (Fig. 3, a), the momentum of the 
 / return swing aided by the arms, will bring 
 / the body above the bar m a sitting posi- 
 tion. 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 Eepeat the exercise by throwing the right leg over the bar. 
 This exercise should be practised until it can be done without the least 
 pause in the movements. 
 
 5. To Swing up Above the Bar Be- 
 tween the Arms. — Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Same as last exercise, except that 
 the left leg is passed between the arms 
 instead of outside, or on the one side of 
 them. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 Repeat with the right leg. 
 
 6. To Turn Round the ^tlx.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, the fingers and thumb meetiu 
 
 2. Lift the lower limbs in position to the front until 
 the feet are as high as the bar, retaining the arms 
 straight (Fig. 5) ; bend the arms, carry the feet and lower 
 limbs over the bar, letting the hips pass up the side of the 
 the bar and over it, while the head and shoulders 
 ascend, the legs descending to the rear, until the whole 
 body has cleared the bar, and rests in a perfectly vertical 
 line on the hands, above the bar, the arms extended 
 (Fig. 12). 
 
 In descending, set the body free from the bar, straighten the arms, and 
 descend yielding. 
 
 7. To Turn Round the Bar, the Hands Reversed Position as in first 
 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in precedmg exercise, but with the grasp of the hands re- 
 versed. See '' Technical Terms.^' 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise, retaming the reversed grasp of the hands. 
 In desccndmg, bring the elbows close in Fig. 6. ' 
 
 by the sides, tighten the grasp of the hands, 
 slowly incline the head and shoulders to the 
 front, elevate the lower limbs to the rear, sus- 
 taining the body upon the fore-arms (Fig. 6); 
 return over the bar, passing the body again 
 
 under it, bring the lower limbs to the vertical 
 line, and descend yielding. 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 43 
 
 8. To Rise to the Bar. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise (Fig:. 7). 
 
 2. Bend the arms, raising the body un- 
 til tlie chin rises above the bar (Fig. 8 , 
 sink again to the full extension of the arms 
 quit the grasp, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the 
 lower limbs extended horizontally to the 
 front. 
 
 This exercise should be repeated three 
 six, nine, twelve, or more times consecu- 
 tively and without pause, according to the 
 capacity of the learner. 
 
 The same exercise may bo repeated 
 with the grasp reversed. 
 
 9. To Rise Above the Bar by the Fore- 
 arm, Right and Left. — Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. Bend the arms until the chin rises above the bar, 
 raise the right elbow and extend the fore-arm along the 
 surface of the bar, the left elbow following on the left (Fig. 
 9), press strongly with the hands, straighten the right 
 arm to its full extension, the left following, and remain 
 sustained by the hands, in the vertical line, above the 
 bar. 
 
 In descending, let the left fore-arm return to the bar, 
 the right following, pass the left fore-arm beneath the 
 bar, the right following, quit the grasp, and descend 
 yielding. 
 
 10. To Rise Above the Bar by the Forearm, Both 
 Sands at Once. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise. 
 
 2. Bend the arms as in preceding exercise, raise both elbows and extend 
 T)oth fore-arms along the surface of the bar, press strongly with the hands. 
 
 Pig. 9. 
 
44 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 Fijj. 10. 
 
 straighten both arms to their full extension, aud rise above the bar as in 
 preceding exercise. 
 
 In descending, let both fore-arms slowly return to the bar, pass both 
 arms beneath the bar, quit the grasp and descend yielding. 
 
 11. To Rise Above the Bar, Right and Left. 
 — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1 . As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. Bend the arms until the chin rises above .the 
 bar, and raise the right elbow vertically above the 
 bar, (Fig. 10), the left following, straighten both 
 arms to their full extension, and rise above the bar 
 in the vertical line, as in preceding exercise. 
 
 In descending, re-bend the left arm, the right 
 following, let the left arm sink below the bar, the 
 right following, straighten the arms, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand 
 leading. 
 
 12. To Rise Above the Bar, Both Hands at Once.— 
 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. Bend the arms until the chin rises above the bar, 
 and without pause press strongly upon the bar with 
 both hands at once, continue the upward raoveme 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 and rise above it (Fig. 11), immecl 
 
 completing the extension of the arms, and 
 
 sustain the body, on the hands, in the veriical line above the 
 
 bar (Fig. 12). This series of movements to be executed without 
 
 pause and at the same pace throughout. 
 
 In descending, slowly re-bend the arms, sink beneath the 
 bar, quit the grasp, and decend yielding. 
 
 13. To Rise Above the Bar Backwards, Right and Left.— . 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise, but the grasp of the right hand re- 
 versed. 
 
 2. Raise the lower limbs by the front in position until the feet 
 are as high as the bar, pass the feet under the bar, between the 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 45 
 
 iands, straighten the lower limbs and let them descend by the rear (Tig. 13), 
 elevate the right side of the body, bringing it close up by the bar, and 
 pressing strongly with the right hand until the fore-arm is straight above 
 the bar, slackening but not quitting the grasp of the left hand (Fig. 14) ; 
 support the weight of the body entirely on the right arm, quit the grasp of 
 the left hand and re-grasp the bar at the distance beyond the right, at the 
 same time turning the breast fully round to the bar, and resting equally 
 on both hands (Fig. 15) , 
 
 Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fjg^ 15 
 
 In descending, reverse the movements of the ascent, or descend as in 
 twelfth exercise. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, left and right. 
 
 14. To Rise Above the Bar Backwards, Both Hands at Once.— Position 
 as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise but the grasp of both hands reversed. 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise to the elevation of the right fore-arm above 
 the bar ; from this point instead of quitting the grasp of the left hand, 
 elevate the left side and raise the fore-arm above the bar, press strongly 
 from both hands and rise seated on the bar. 
 
 In descending, reverse the movements of the ascent. 
 
 15. The Leg Swing Backward.— Posi^iow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Swing up on the bar as in fourth exercise. 
 
 2. Grasp the bar with both hands, the fingers and thumbs meeting, 
 
46 THE HORIZONTAL BAR, 
 
 throw the right leg as far behind as possible, slipping the left leg backward, 
 and catching the bar by the bend of the knee, keej) the arms straight, 
 throw the head back, and with a good swing of the right leg, make one 
 turn backward round the bar. 
 
 The pupil will soon find that in this exercise the pj^ ^^ 
 
 great difficulty to be avoided is making a half turn too 
 much (See Fig. ]6), a little practice, however, will en- 
 able him to regulate the swing so as to come up on the 
 bar and remain there, as shown in Fig. 3. 
 
 When the pupil finds himself in the above awk- 
 ward position, his only escape from the dilemma is to 
 " swing up " on the bar and proceed as before. 
 
 After the gymnast has learned to execute one turn 
 on the bar with ease, the exercise should be practised, with the right and 
 left leg alternately, until several revolutions can be executed without stop- 
 ping. 
 
 16. The Leg Swing Forward— Pos^^^ow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Swing up on the bar as in fourth exercise. 
 
 2. Reverse the grasp of the hands, throw the whole weight of the body on 
 the arms, the body erect, and head well to the front, keep a firm grasp with 
 the hands, throw the body well forward, keeping as far as possible from 
 the bar, and make one turn round the bar. 
 
 Practise with the right and left leg alternately, until several revolutions, 
 can be executed without stopping. 
 
 The pupil is liable to experience a difficulty exactly the reverse of the 
 one referred to in the description of the last exercise, from want of confi- 
 dence, when plunging forward, he is apt to keep too close to the bar and 
 thus prevent the body from getting sufficient swing or impetus to make a 
 complete turn. This difficulty will soon be overcome with a little practice. 
 
 17. To Sit on the Bax.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Else above the bar as in twelfth exercise (Fig. 12). 
 
 2. Throw the left leg over the bar (Fig. 2), grasp the bar with the left 
 hand outside the left thigh, throw the right leg over the bar, grasp the 
 bar with the right hand outside the right thigh, and assume an upright 
 sitting position. For another method see fourteenth exercise. 
 
 18. To Sit on the Bar, (Slow Movement).— Position as in first exercise. 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 47 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 1 . As in the first exercise. 
 
 2. Throw the head and body back, bring the legs up 
 under the bar between the arms, the head back far as 
 possible, so that the face is parallel with the ground (Fig. 
 37), shorten the arms with an effort, pulling the body up, 
 so that the scat is a little over the bar ; hend the legs 
 backward over the bar as much as possible, and then 
 lengthen the arms, brmging the body over the bar into 
 an upright sitting position. 
 
 The above exercise Is not very difficult. When the 
 position, as shown in Fig. 17, is gained, the body is 
 drawn up so that the centre of gravity is above the 
 
 bar ; when this is gained, the bending of the legs naturally brings the 
 
 body up to a sitting position. 
 
 19. To Extend the Legs from a Sitting Vosition.^r-Position as in first 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in last exercise. 
 
 2. Grasp the bar with both hands, the fingers 
 and thumb meeting, raise the legs up slowly until 
 they are at right angles with the body, the arms 
 being straightened as rigidly as possible, raising 
 and sustaining the entire body above and over the 
 bar (Fig. 18). 
 
 20. To Lower the Body from a Sitting Posi- 
 tion.— Po^i^iow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Seize the bar with both hands, reversed 
 grasp ; keep the legs close together, lower the 
 body as far as possible, and return again to a 
 sitting position (Fig. 19). This requires consid- 
 erable muscular efifort. 
 
 21. To Sit on the Bar and Swing Round 
 Backwards.— Po5tYiow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Grasp the bar with both hands between the 
 legs, the fingers and thumbs meeting, straighten 
 
 the arms so that they will support the weight of the body, swing the body 
 
48 
 
 THE HO BIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 backward with a strong impetus (Fig. 20), keeping a firm hold of the bar with 
 both hands, making a complete revolution round the bar and returning to 
 an upright sitting position. As the body swings around, the bar will slip 
 down under the bent knees, the seat on the bar being resumed at the com- 
 pletion of th3 swing. 
 
 Although similar to the leg swing, this exercise is much more difficult to 
 execute. 
 
 No person can be expected to succeed in this exer- ^ig- ^0. 
 
 cise upon a first trial, and most of those who attempt 
 it lose the momentum of the swing when they get half /' 
 round the bar. Some succeed in getting almost ^f^^.^ 
 round, and, without having sufficient swing to regain a ;'^;'' 
 balance, fall forward again ; but repeated trial will 
 soon reward the pupil with success. 
 
 This exercise may also be executed with thejbfl[^ds^ 
 grasping the bar outside of the legs, instead of between ' 
 them. 
 
 22. To Sit on the Bar and Swing Round For- 
 wards. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Seize the bar with both hands, reversed grasp ; straighten the arms so 
 
 that they will support the whole weight of the body 
 (see Fig. 21), raise the body as far upwards from 
 the bar as possible, throw the chest out, head back, 
 legs straight, hands firmly grasping the bar, swing 
 the body forward with as much impetus as pos- 
 sible, keeping the arms straight, and make a com- 
 
 Fiir. 21. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 plete turn forward around the bar. 
 
 This is much more difficult than 
 the backward swing. 
 
 The remarks at the conclusion of 
 the last exercise also apply to this. 
 
 23. To Encircle the Bar. No. 1. — Position as in first exer- 
 cise. 
 As in first exercise, the fingers and thumb meeting 
 Bend the arms, raising the body until the chin rises above the bar 
 (Fig. 8), throw the head back, the legs forward, and at the same time upward 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 aided by a simultaneous effort of the wrist (see 
 Fig. 22). Wliile the legs are passing over and 
 around the bar, straighten the arms and come dovm on 
 the other side in the position as shown in Fig. 12. 
 
 This is a difiScult exercise, and will require consid- 
 erable practice before it can be executed with success. 
 
 24, To Encircle the Bar. No. 2,— Position as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1. Spring from the ground and grasp the bar with 
 both hands, the fingers and thumbs meeting, bend 
 the arms and instantly shoot the lower limbs and the 
 whole column of the body to the front, over the bar 
 (Fig. 23), continue the circle, lowering the body by the 
 rear, quit the grasp, and descend yielding. 
 
 25. The Short Swing or Circle, Backwards.— Posi- 
 tion as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Rise above the bar as in exercise twelve, Fig. 12. 
 
 2. Rest the body against the bar, at the pit of the 
 stomach, move the legs to and fro, with a gentle but 
 determined movement, throw the head back, the legs 
 forward and upward, this movement greatly assisted 
 by the wrists will (if properly done) give sufficient 
 impetus to enable the body to revolve around the bar 
 and resume the original position as shown in Fig. 12. 
 
 At first the pupil may be satisfied with executing 
 one revolution, but a little practice will enable 
 him to accomplish several in succession. 
 
 The beginner will find this a rather dif- 
 ficult exercise ; after throwing the body back, 
 if he docs not succeed in getting sufficient im- 
 petus, he will come into a hanging position as 
 shown in Fig. 22. 
 
 After some little practice this exercise 
 should be effected without allowing the body 
 to touch the bar at all whilst going round ; but 
 this will be found to be much more difficult, 
 
6<l 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 Fi;r. 25. 
 
 as the wrists will then have to do all the work (see Fig. 24). 
 
 ; 26. The Short Swing or Circle, Forwards. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in seventh exercise. (In all forward movements the hands must 
 be reversed.) 
 
 2. Else above the bar as in twelfth exercise (Fig. 12), but with the grasp 
 reversed. 
 
 3. Incline the body forward so that the knees will bo 
 pressed firmly against the bar (Fig. 25), throw the body over 
 forward, at the same time extending it straight out at arms' 
 length, and with an effort of the arms as the body swings 
 round come up again on the other side of the bar in an up- 
 right position. The arms must be kept perfectly straight. 
 
 Like the preceding exercise, this is difficult, and requires 
 considerable practice before it can be executed with ease. 
 
 When a single revolution has been properly accomplished, 
 the pupil must persevere until he can execute several in suc- 
 cession without pause between the movements. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 27. To Hang by the Legs. No 1, — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, hands a little wider apart. 
 
 2. As in eighteenth exercise, to the bringing of the legs up under the 
 bar between the arms (Fig. 17). 
 
 3. Bend the knees over the bar with a firm grip, at the 
 same time let go the hands (Fig. 26), and hang by the 
 knees, the arms folded across the chest. 
 
 After having remained in this position a short time, 
 raise the body up, grasp the bar with both hands, remove 
 the right leg from the bar (the left leg still remaining over 
 the bar), carry the right leg over the instep of the left' 
 foot, let go the hands, and hang by the left leg. Hang in 
 this manner alternately by the right and the left legs. 
 
 This exercise, if constantly practised, will be found to 
 so materially strengthen the knee joint, that the benefit 
 derived from it will be of great advantage in climbing. 
 
 28. To Hang by the Legs. No. 2.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Grasp the bar on either side, fingers and thumb meeting, gi*adually 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 51 
 
 slide back over the bar, leaning the body forward until the bar reaches the 
 bend of the knees, bend the legs so as to catch the bar with a firm grasp at 
 the knees, let the body fall backward, and when steady let go with thfi 
 hands. 
 
 This exercise should be practised on a low bar, so that when hanging by 
 the legs, the hands will touch the ground. It should be practised until it 
 can be executed in an easy manner, as it is very useful in shifting from 
 one exercise to another. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 29. To Hang by the Legs. No. Z.— Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 3 . Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Get a steady balance on the bar, extend the 
 arms horizontally in front (Fig. 27-0), swing back- 
 ward so as to hang by the legs (&). 
 
 This feat requires great strength in the legs, and 
 confidence in the performer. It should never be at- 
 tempted, even by a good gymnast, without the as- 
 sistance of the Lungers, see page 19. 
 
 30. To Swing by the Legs. — Position as in first 
 exerdsc. 
 
 1. Hang by the legs as in the preceding exercise, 
 keeping the feet well towards the ground. 
 
 2. Move the body to and fro to get into a good 
 swing, the body being drawn up in the forward 
 movement, and carried with the aims as far back 
 
 as possible in the backward swing. 
 
 This exercise should be practised until the pupil is able to swing the 
 body either backward or forward on a level with the bar. At first the fric- 
 tion will make the legs a little sore, but they will soon harden with practice. 
 This exercise is of great benefit to the knees and legs. 
 
 31. The Leg Swing Off, Backward. — Position as in the first exercise. 
 
 1. As in the preceding exercises. 
 
 2. Proceed with the Leg Swing as in the preceding exercise, and when 
 sufficiently high in the backward swing, that is, with the body in a horizon- 
 tal position face downward, unhitch the legs and ahght on the feet (Fig. 28). 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 In practising this exercise it is of the great- 
 est importance to learn the exact time to dis- ^' 
 
 engage the legs from the bar. The tyro is apt 
 to hold on too long, not allowing sufficient swing 
 to turn in order to alight on the feet. The first 
 object is to swing high enough (Fig. 28), the 
 next is to disengage the legs exactly as the body 
 
 reaches the highest point on the backward swing and before it com- 
 mences the return swing. If the learner leaves the bar on the return he 
 wiU, as a matter of course, fall on his head or hands. If he unhitches his 
 legs before swinging back sufficiently high, he will land on all-fours. This, 
 and all similar exercises, should be practised with the Lungers until the 
 pupil acquires the knack of disengag_ .g the legs at the precise time. This 
 is not a very difficult feat. 
 
 32. The Half Fall Back and Swing OK— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-ninth exercise, but, instead of hanging by the legs, 
 swing up, as in Fig. 28, and alight on the feet as directed in the preceding 
 exercise. 
 
 When balancing on the bar, lean the body forward as much as 
 possible, in order to give it a greater distance to swing ; throw the body 
 backward with as great impetus as possible, the momentum acquired by 
 this effort, if done with sufficient force, will cause the body to swing round 
 and rise up on the other side, as shown in Fig. 28. 
 
 In the execution of this exercise the arms must be freely employed, the 
 proper use of them is all-important in giving the necessary impetus to the 
 body. The pupil must not be nervous about throwing the body from thd 
 bar with too great force, the greater the force used the better. 
 
 33. The Fall Back, or Hock Swing.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1 . Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-ninth exercise up to the swing backwards ; from this 
 point throw the body back with all the impetus and determination possible, 
 keeping a firm grip on the bar with the knees, straighten the body before 
 it reaches the point immediately under the bar, throw the arms back, the 
 chest out ; this, if properly done, should give sufficient momentum to swing 
 the body quite round the bar into a sitting position (see Fig. 29). 
 
TEE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 53 
 
 This is similar to the preceding exercise, but, in making the swing 
 ^. backward, much more impetus is 
 
 necessary in order to get the re- 
 quired swing to make the complete 
 revolution. It is a feat that re- 
 quires confidence as well as con- 
 tinued practice, and the pupil 
 should be able to execute the pre- 
 ceding exercise with ease before 
 attempting this one. When well 
 done, however, this is one of the 
 most showy feats in gymnastics. 
 A balance may be attained between each revolution, or several turns 
 may be made, '' in a swing," without any pause ; the former is more diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 34. To Pass Through the Anos.— Position as' in first exercise. 
 
 J. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Bring the feet up between the hands without touching the bar, pass 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 the feet through between the 
 hands and drop them until 
 they nearly touch the ground 
 (Fig. HO) ; return in the same 
 way. Repeat several times. 
 
 35. To Hang with the Arms 
 Over the Bai,— Position as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the body up by an 
 efibrt of the arms and chest 
 (Fig. 31-a), let go the hands 
 and thrust the arms over the 
 bar, so as to remain suspended 
 by the upper arms (b). To re- 
 turn raise the body, draw the 
 
 arms quickly back, catch the bar with the hands, and drop to the first 
 position. 
 
 c1i 
 
54 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 36. The Tilt Upon the "Bdix.— Position Fig. 32. 
 
 as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, the fingers and 
 thumb meeting. 
 
 2. SwiDg forward (Fig. 32-a), raise 
 the feet to the bar keeping the legs 
 straight (6), with a strong effort of the 
 arms, aided by a corresponding motion of- 
 the legs raise the body quickly on the 
 bar (c). 
 
 In descending, set the body free from 
 the bar, and descend yieldiri; 
 
 37. The Arm Fig. 34. 
 Mill. — Position as 
 in first exercise. , . . -\ \ ^ 
 
 1. Sit on the ' ' /| 
 bar as in eight- 
 eenth exercise. 
 
 2. Straighten 
 the body, put the 
 arms straight 
 
 'behind, shp gradually down until the bar 
 catches the arms (see Fig. 33), hold the arms 
 firmly to the side, the hands well distended on 
 the chest, the legs straight. Swing backward 
 and forward until sufficient impetus is attained to 
 make an entire revolution around the bar (Fig. 
 34). 
 
 Continue practising until several revolutions can be performed without 
 pause. A showy feat when executed rapidly. This exercise may also be 
 executed with a forward movement. 
 
 38. The T Mill. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise, but instead of bringing the arms down 
 behind the bar, extend them at the sides, grasp the bar a little underneath 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 56 
 
 with the thumb uppermost (Fig. 35), and in this position revolve round the bar. 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Fiff. 38. 
 
 The concluding re- 
 marks to the preceding 
 exercises apply also to 
 this. 
 
 39. The Back Mill — 
 Position as in first exer- 
 cise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar n^ 
 in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Reverse the grasp 
 of the hands, jump for- 
 
 "^ ward, support the body 
 
 with the arms, middle of the back close to the bar (Fig. 36), in this 
 position swing backward and revolve round the bar. 
 
 40. The Quick Pull JS^.— Position 
 as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Throw the upper part of the 
 body forward so as to distend the 
 chest, with a strong efibrt of the 
 arms raise the body at the same in- 
 stant that it receives the backward 
 impulse given to it by throwing for- 
 ward the chest and shoulders 
 (Fig. 37). • // 
 
 This feat consists in raising the \''l 
 body quickly from position (a) to 
 position (&) without bending the arms, and without 
 the aid of a swing. 
 
 41. To Pass the legs Between the Arms — Position 
 as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 2. Spring up, gathering the legs as much as possible, so as to pass them 
 between the arms without touching the bar (Fig. 38), when the legs are 
 fairly over let go the hands and alight on the ground. 
 
 D^purtment *f ?hyile«il B4uc»tlOB 
 Uolv '••'. vv of California 
 
56 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 Outside the Aims.— Position as in first exer- 
 
 Tm. 39. 
 
 42. To Jump Over the Bar 
 
 cise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise, except that 
 the legs are spread so as to pass over the 
 bar on each side of the arms instead of 
 between them (Fig. 39). 
 
 43. To Swing up to the Bar Without 
 Bending the Anns. — Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1 . As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Swing forward as in Fig. 40 (a), and 
 with the assistance of the momentum 
 gained by the return swing, aided 
 by a strong effort of the wrists, rise 
 up to the bar without bending the 
 arms (&). 
 
 44- The Upstart. — Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the feet up to the 
 bar, as in Fig. 4], at the same 
 time raising the body by bend- 
 ing the arms ; shoot out the feet 
 with a quick movement as far as 
 possible, bring them down again 
 with a snap, so that they de- 
 scribe a semicircle, and as the body rises from the impetus 
 of this movement assisted by the wrists, straighten the 
 arms and rise erect above the bar, as in Fig. ]2. 
 
 This showy exercise afi'ords the gymnast a means of 
 rising above the bar with a quick movement, something 
 like a start, or snap. 
 
 45. The Jerk Up. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Draw the legs up, keeping the arms straight (Fig. 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 57 
 
 42); throw the head back a little, jerk or carry the legs down suddenly, 
 Fig. 42. the feet describing a semicircle, and by the 
 
 strength of the wrists, without bending the 
 arms, assisted by the momentum or send given to 
 
 ¥ 
 
 the body by the sudden motion of tho legs, rise 
 erect above the bar as in Fig. 12. 
 
 This is somewhat like the preceding exercise, 
 and is intended to accomplish the same purpose, 
 executed without a swing and without bending the arms. 
 
 46. The Back Horizontal — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Pass through the arms as in exercise thirty-four (Fig. 30), but on car- 
 rying the legs through raise them up 
 straight with the body, then, keeping them 
 in that position, lower them until they are 
 horizontal with the body, as shown in Fig. 
 43. Remain in this position a short time. 
 Return through the arms. 
 
 47. The Front Horizontal. — Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 with the grasp of the hands reversed. 
 tjie bar, lower them slowly into a horizontal lino 
 with the body (Fig. 44); remain in that 
 position as long as possible without strain- 
 ing. 
 
 If properly done, this is one of the most 
 difficult of all the exercises. 
 
 J. As in first e 
 2. Raise the legs 
 
 Pig. 44. 
 
 48. Skinning the C2A..— Position as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty-seventh exercise. 
 
 2. Swing, and when the legs are ex- 
 tended forward as in Fig. 45, pass them 
 rapiSiythfaugh the arms (6), and over the 
 
 bar (c). IJ^om this position the gymnast may^sit on the bar and proceed 
 with othet" exercises. 
 
 49. The Giant Swing Forward.— Post^'ow as in first exercise. 
 
58 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 1. Rise above the bar as in twelfth exercise (Fig. 12). Grasp the bar 
 firmly, the fingers and thumbs together. Fig. 45. 
 
 2. Move the legs backwards and for- 
 wards a few times, leaning the body for- 
 ward a little with the same motion of the 
 le<?s, fling the body upward and backwards 
 at arms' length off the bar (Fig. 46-a 
 without losing the momentum of the 
 swing; in descending slightly bend the body 
 backward, when 
 the body is under 
 the bar, throw the 
 legs suddenly for- 
 ward and the head 
 back (this move- 
 ment will give an 
 upward impetus); 
 while going up 
 draw the body a 
 little closer by 
 
 bending the arms (this shortens the 
 and greatly assists the momentum already gained), come up over the bar 
 with the arms still bent and chest thrown forward ; at this point the gym- 
 nast will find that the hands are rather too far over the bar, the arms being 
 bent, and the body nearly perpendicular. This is what may be called the 
 ^'dcad point" of the swing, and is a very awkward posture to be in ; but 
 the secret of getting out of it, and regaining the full force of the swing is 
 what is called " the shift," wljich is, to give the hands a sudden turn, and 
 bring the palms on to the top of the bar, which gives power to straighten 
 the arms again and start for another revolution. With practice the pupil 
 will be able to get the necessary impetus without bending the arms {h). 
 This is one of the most difficult feats in gymnastics and requires great 
 strength, energy and nerve. Before attempting it the pupil should be able 
 to execute the ^' short swing " with ease. 
 
 60. The Giant Swing Backward. — Position as in first exercise. 
 1. Rise above the bar as in twelfth exercise (Fig. 12), seize the bar 
 firmly with the reversed grasp. 
 
 bar 
 
THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 I 
 
 2. Incline forward so as to balance the body in a horizontal position, arms 
 bent, body resting on the elbows, gradually raise the body to a vertical 
 Fifr.47. position over the bar, arms still bent 
 
 (Fig. 47), at the moment the body begins 
 to fall over the bar straighten the arms quickly 
 as in Fig. 48, and this movement will impart 
 sufficient impetus to swing the body com- 
 pletely round the bar. When the revolution 
 'has been nearly completed as the body is 
 / "*-\ "WV':^^ again rising to the vertical position shift the 
 / * ^^""*^2i^a^^ hands round a little, bend the arms as in Fig. 
 
 j r"^^^l^ \\ ^^' ready for a second revolution. 
 
 i ^^^<^^&? ^^' -^^^^ Backaway. — Position as in first 
 
 *'" Ji(sRC^ exercise. 
 
 1. Swing as directed in the '^ Long Swing 
 Forward" (Exercise Forty-uinth), fand as soon as the body is horizontal 
 Fig. 48. \, with the bars, that is, a little lower than 
 
 the position shown in (6) Fig. 40, and 
 rather above the horizontal, let go 
 the hold of the hands, and ahght on the 
 feet (Fig. 49). 
 
 This graceful feat makes a brilliant 
 finish to the preceding exercise; it is not 
 very difficult, but demands great con- 
 fidence and care when practising it. 
 The gymnast should not attempt to 
 execute it without the assistance of 
 the Lungers (see page 19). When 
 practising the Fig. 49. 
 
 Backaway the 
 p r i n cipal 
 thing is to get i 
 a good swing, but not too much or the feet may 
 catch against the bar ; experience will teach just 
 how much is necessary. It will be observed that 
 when the hands are released the body seems to turn a complete somer- 
 sault. 
 
 
60 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 52. The Roll Off. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Sit on the bar as in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Balance the body perfectly straight, bring 
 the arms up over the head, drop the body back- 
 ward (Fig. 50), this movement gives suffi- 
 cient impetus to cause the body to execute a 
 sort of a backward somersault, and the gymnast 
 to alight in safety on his feet. 
 
 Like the preceding exercise this pretty feat 
 requires confidence, and should not be practised without/the Lungers. It 
 is not difficult, and when once acquired the gymnast is astonished at its 
 simplicity. The Koll Off serves as a graceful finish for many of the bar 
 exercises. 
 
 These fifty- two exercises cover all the principal evolutions on the Hori- 
 zontal Bar ; and, when fully mastered, the student may consider himself a 
 proficient in this branch of gymnastic exercises. 
 
 Some of the feats involve severe strain on the muscles, especially of the 
 arms, but constant practice will enable the learner to reduce the strain in a 
 great degree, by discovering the exact point at which the greatest exertion 
 is needed, and thus concentrate his energies at the proper time. 
 
 The concluding remarks on page 8 are especially applicable to the Hori- 
 zontal Bar exercises, in which will-power will be found, not to replace 
 muscular effort, but to so aid and regulate it as to lessen very greatly the 
 severity of the strain requisite to success. 
 
TAULTI]^G OVER THE HORIZONTAI. BAR 
 
 The beginner should practise upon different heights gradually ; begin- 
 ning by placing the bar as low as the pit of the stomach, and not increasing 
 the height until able to clear it with ense, and then only raising the bar two 
 Fig. 1. inches at a time until able to vault over it at the proper height. 
 1. To Vault Over the Bar in Three Movemejits.— Position of 
 attention, facing the bar, close to it. 
 
 ] . Kaise the hands and grasp the bar ; the hands at the 
 distance, (see Technical Terms) the fingers and thumbs meet- 
 ing; lift the feet from the ground, press strongly with the 
 haniJj&j^ising to the full extension of the arms and inclining the 
 ody slightly forward during its ascent; the head erect, the 
 column of the body upright, the legs straight and together, the 
 feet together, the toes pointed to the ground (Fig. 1). 
 
 Raise the left leg, retaining its extension, and place the 
 foot upon the bar, the hollow of the foot resting on it (Fig. 2). 
 3. Raise the right leg, and bring the right foot up to the 
 left, clear the bar, the whole column of the 
 body and the lower limbs in one horizontal line 
 over it, the arms bent, the chest turned towards 
 the bar (Fig. 3), quit the grasp, and descend yield- 
 ing, facing the bar opposite the point grasped by 
 the hands. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the right. 
 
 2. To Vault Over the Bar in Two Movements — 
 Position as in Fig. 3. 
 
 first exercise. 
 1. As in first 
 
 exercise. 
 2. Lean 
 
 for- 
 
 ward across the bar, press the lower limbs to the front under the bar 
 and as they return to the rear throw them to the left, clear ^he bar, as in 
 
 61 
 
62 
 
 VAULTINa OVEB THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 preceding exercise (Fig. 3), quit the grasp ofthehandS; and descend yield- 
 ing, facing the bar. 
 
 3. To Vault Over the Bar in One Movement. — Position as in first exercise. 
 1 . Raise both hands and grasp the bar as in first exercise, press from 
 
 both hands and feet simultaneously, throw both feet with the lower limbs 
 in position to the left, clear the bar, the trunk and lower limbs in the posi- 
 tion of first exercise (Fig.3), quit the grasp, and descend yieldiDg. 
 
 During this exercise the body should make a complete turn, the feet 
 describing a semicircle diagonally, the chest at each point of the ascent and 
 descent being continually turned towards the bar, the position of the body on 
 the completion of the descent being as distinctly facing the bar as it was 
 preparatory to the ascent. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the right. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 
 
 4. To Vault Over the Bar by the Back 
 
 Xift. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Raise both hands and grasp the bar, 
 as in first exercise; press strongly with 
 the hands and feet simultaneously, and 
 throw the body over the bar in a straight 
 line vertically above the head, the arms 
 bending during its ascent, the elbows held 
 close in by the sides, the head and 
 shoulders inclined to the front, the column 
 of the body and the lower limbs with the 
 toes pointed upward in a vertical line 
 when above the bar (Fig. 4) ; from this 
 point throw the feet to the front, bending 
 the back inwards, and raising the head as 
 the feet approach the ground, quit the 
 grasp (Fig. 5), and descend yielding, the 
 back to the bar. 
 
 5. To Vault Over the Bar by the Back Lift in Two Movements.— Posi- 
 tion as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise (Fig. 1) 
 
 2. Press the lower limbs to the front, as in second exercise, and as they 
 return to the rear, throw them straight above the head as in fourth exer- 
 
VAULTING OVER THE HORIZONTAL BAB. 
 
 63 
 
 <5ise (Fig. 4 , the arms bending during the ascent -, clear the bar and de- 
 iscend as in fourth exercise. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 6. To Vault the Bar Over One Hand.— 
 
 Fosition as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in fourth exercise, but during the ele- 
 vation of the lower limbs above the bar, instead 
 ^f retaining the body between the hands, incline 
 it over the right arm, the trunk and lower limbs 
 turning towards the right ; complete the eleva- 
 tion of the lower limbs until they rise straight 
 above the bar over the grasp of the right hand, 
 quit the grasp of the left, and pass it above the 
 head; let the feet descend (Fig. 6), the right side 
 next the bar, quit the grasp of the right hand, 
 and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated over the left 
 hand. 
 
 " 7. To Vault the Bar with the Hands Ordy.— Position as in first 
 ■exercise. 
 
 1. Spring up and grasp the bar with both hands, as in first exercise, 
 and in lifting the feet from the ground, press them to the front under the 
 bar ; on their return oscillation, rapidly bend the arms, until the breast 
 rises above the bar, press strongly with the hands, continue the upward 
 movement of the body, and at the same time throw the lower limbs in 
 position to the right, clear the bar, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left. 
 
 8. To Vault the Bar with the Hands Only, by the Back JAR,.— Position 
 as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise until the breast rises above the bar, at this 
 point press the elbows close in by the sides, incline the head and shoulders 
 to the front, elevate the lower limbs vertically above the head as in fourth 
 exercise (Fig. 4), and descend yielding (Fig. 5). 
 
 9. To Vault the Bar with Hands Only, Over One 'Ka.ndi.— Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in preceding exercise, but during the elevation of the lower limbs 
 
64 
 
 VAULTING OVER THE HORIZONTAL BAR. 
 
 above the bar, incline the body over the right arm, complete the elevatiott. 
 of the lower limbs, and the descent as in sixth exercise (Fig. 6). 
 
 This exercise to be repeated over the left hand. 
 
 10. To Vault the Bar with One Hand.-- Fig. 7. 
 
 JPosition of attention facing the line of the bar, 
 the bar on the left. 
 
 1. Grasp the bar strongly with the left hand, 
 slightly bend the lower limbs, and on their re- 
 turn extension, spring from the ground, incline 
 the body strongly over the right arm, rapidly 
 elevate the left hand above the head, and pass 
 the lower limbs, straight and together, over the 
 bar (Fig. 7), quit the grasp, and descend yielding, facing the bar. 
 
 These vaulting exercises are mainly the application to the Horizonft;al 
 Bar of some of the similar movements with the Vaulting Horse, previo/iisly 
 described, and may profitably be practised at the same time, as th^ all 
 imite agihty with precision and nerve. 
 
THE PA.EALLEL BAES. 
 
 The exercises upon the Parallel Bars are all virtually executed by the 
 trunk and upper limbs, and all of them tend to strengthen and develop the 
 chest; muscles of the back, arms, shoulders and abdomen. This apparatus 
 is not, however, so popular as the Horizontal Bar, as the free use of the legs 
 enables the gymnast to perform a greater number of exercises upon the 
 latter. Again, upon the single bar, the performer can change from one ex- 
 ercise to another, executing an infinite variety of combinations without leav- 
 ing the bar or touching the ground with the feet. On the other hand, there 
 is no single exercise on the parallel bars which requires violent or sudden 
 effort, and the exercises are not only numerous, but capable of much artistic 
 effect, and requiring equally muscular power and dexterity of action. 
 
 The Parallel Bars should be about 8 feet long, 19 inches apart inside, 4 
 feet 8 inches from the ground or floor, 2i inches wide, and 3 inches deep, 
 
 the upper surface rounded off 
 ^^ to fit the hands. The height of 
 
 the bars from the ground should 
 be regulated according to the 
 height of those for whose use 
 they are intended. The above 
 will be suitable for the average 
 height. 
 
 1. The Single March For- 
 wards. — Position of attention 
 at the entrance to the bars. 
 
 1. Raise the hands and 
 place them on the bars, the 
 thumbs inside, the fingers out- 
 side, extendi, and pointed downwards ; press from the hands until the 
 arms are completely extended, the head upright, the eyes directed to the 
 front, the chest advanced, the shoulders square to the front, the column of 
 
 65 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 Mg. 2. 
 
 the body upright and firm, the lower limbs straight and together, the- 
 feet together and pointed to the ground (Fig. 1). 
 
 2. Rest on the left hand, advance the right 
 six inches beyond it along the bar, advance the 
 left six inches beyond the right (Fig 2;. Repeat. 
 When this can be done with ease vary the exer 
 else by turning the arms so as to walk with the 
 fingers on the inside of the bars. Repeat. 
 
 Every exercise is here given in its perfect form, 
 but with beginners of ordinary physical capacity, 
 they may and should be approached through 
 several stages of less difiaculty. Thus, in those 
 from number one to number twelve, inclusive, 
 the perfectly upright position of body, advanced 
 breast, straight hmbs, and erect head, may be 
 departed from in the earher stages of practice. ^ 
 
 free lateral incUnation from hand to hand ; and, in the front and 
 
 Also, a 
 
 rear exercises, with both hands at once, a more energetic upright lift of 
 
 lower limbs may be allowed. 
 
 2. The Single March Backwards. 
 
 — Position of attention, the back to 
 
 the bars. 
 
 1. As in first exercise (Fig. 3). 
 
 2. Rest on the left hand and ad- 
 vance the right backwards, the left 
 following on the left, as in first exer- 
 cise. Repeat. 
 
 3. The Double March, or Hop 
 Forwards. — Position as in first exer- 
 cise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, except that 
 the lower limbs are bent at the knee 
 at a right angle with the body, the 
 toes pk)inted to the rear (Fig. 4). 
 
 2. Spring or hop forward with both hands, the distance 
 in first exercise, retaining the body and lower limbs in 
 
 of 'the 
 position. 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 67 
 
 hop may be done by bending the arms a httle, thereby sinking the shoulders, 
 
 and straightening them again suddenly, or by raising the legs a httle, 
 
 Fig. 5. and dropping or jerking them down again directly. 
 
 In either case it must be done so very slightly as to 
 
 be scarcely preceptible. Repeat. 
 
 4. The Double March, or Hop Backwards.— Post- 
 
 »!■ >, tion as in second exercise. 
 
 Ill \ 1. As in third exercise (Fig. 4). 
 
 \ 2. Spring backwards with both hands the dis- 
 
 "T ^ I 11 • tance of the step in first exei'cise, retaining the body 
 
 \^r 1^ and lower hmbs in position (Fig. 5). 
 
 5. To Rise and Sink Between the Bars,— Po5i- 
 tion as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, Fig. 6. 
 head a little advanced. 
 
 2. Lower the body as 
 much as possible by an cfibrt of the arms, raise 
 it again by a similar efibrt (Fig. 6). 
 
 Repeat the movement several times, both 
 slowly and quickly. The exercise may be varied 
 by marching forwards 
 
 and backwards as in ex- 
 ercises one and two. 
 
 6. The Stooping Hop. 
 — Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise. 
 
 3. Spring or hop forward the distance of the 
 step in first exercise, the body nust not be 
 raised high enough to permit thi arms being 
 straightened (Fig. 7). The legs she iild be kept 
 
 "' perfectly straight, but the pupil Vnay depart 
 from this rlgifl rule in the earlier stages of practice, and to bssist in ex- 
 ecuting the e:^lse may draw the legs up a very little, an^ jerk them 
 down again at the time the hop is made. 
 
 This must, howev^, be dis- 
 
68 
 
 TEE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 continued as soon as possible, as the spring ought to be made from 
 the wrist and arms without any other assistance. This movement is also 
 called " The Grasshopper/' 
 
 When this can be executed with ease^ vary the exercise by performing it 
 backwards. 
 
 7. The Smu^i^Position as in first _ Mg. 8. 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Keep the arms, body, and legs 
 perfectly straight, swing the legs and 
 body forward and backward suffi- 
 ciently high to form a right angle with 
 the arms (Fig. 8). 
 
 The pupil must not attempt to 
 swing too high at first, but gradually increase the height by continued 
 practice, and in doing this, the legs must be made ^o do their utmost, 
 especially in the forward swing, when they should be ; brought up well in 
 front, then carried down and -p. gj 
 
 up behind with increased im- . — -^^^ 1 
 
 petus, describing a semicircle. /'* .-"\^ f 
 
 In either the forward or back- 
 ward swing the feet must be 
 carried as high as the head, 
 and if higher, so much the 
 better. 
 
 When the exercise can be 
 executed with freedom, the 
 legs may be opened and struck 
 together (Fig. 9). 
 
 8. The Stooping Swing.— PosiYiow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in fifth exercise. 
 
 3. Swing as high and as long as convenient, without fatigue (Fig. J 3). 
 This should not be attempted until all the precediijg exercises can be 
 
 executed with ease. 
 
 / 
 
 9- The Swing March and Jump. — As in first exercise. 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 69 
 
 i 
 
 2. First. — Swing high as in the seventh exercise, and when the legs are 
 rising in the forward swing, advance, first the right arm, then the left. 
 
 These movements 
 must be made in the 
 forward swing only. 
 
 Second. — Swing and 
 advance each arm al- 
 ternately, in the back- 
 ward swing only. 
 
 Third. — Advance 
 the arms alternately 
 one in the forward^ 
 and one in the back- 
 ward swing, 
 arms at once, as in the third exercise, in the 
 forward swing only 
 (Fig. 11). 
 
 Fiftli. — Advance 
 both arms at once, in 
 the backward swing 
 only. 
 
 Sixth. — Advance 
 both arms in the for- 
 ward and backward 
 swing. 
 
 10. The Stooping 
 orGrasshopper 
 Spring Forward.— 
 Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 \. As in first ex- 
 ercise. 
 
 2. Swing as in 
 the seventh exer- 
 cise, and in the 
 backward swing 
 (Fig. 12-a), bend the ariis, thereby sinking the body before the logs have 
 
70 
 
 THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 had time to drop, while the body is rising in ih^ forward swing (&), carry up 
 the legs well in front, and at the same time, with the aid of the swing and a 
 sudden impulse given with the arms, leap forward as far as possible on the 
 hands; on alighting on the bars, straighten the arms as in (Fig 11), and 
 proceed with the backward swing before allowing the body to sink again. 
 Care must be taken to preserve the balance of the body. In the early 
 stages of practising, the learner should only leap short steps, increasing the 
 length gradually until able to go the length of the bars in three springs. 
 
 This is a difficult exercise to execute well, and requires great strength 
 in the wrists, arms and shoulders, as well as resolution and constant 
 practice. 
 
 11. The Grasshopper Spring Backward. — Position as in second exercise. 
 
 1. As in second exercise. 
 
 2. As in the preceding exercise, but reversing the movements, dnk the 
 body in the /oret^ar^ swing, and on rising in the backward swing, spring 
 backward, ahghting on the bars with straightened arms, sink again and 
 continue the exercise. 
 This is more difficult 
 than the preceding. 
 
 12. To Rest and Swing 
 Porward. — Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Rest on the bars with the arms (Fig. 
 10), and with the aid of a swing for- 
 ward; raise the body on the hands at 
 arms' length; then, as the body drops 
 in the return swing backward, catch the 
 bars under the arms again, and so on al- 
 ternately. The exercise may be varied by 
 raising the body at the backward swing. 
 
 13. To Raise the Body Vertical'.y.— i^"^ 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1 . As in first exercise. •. 
 
 2. Bend the upper part of the body for- \ 
 ward, the whole weight being on the wrists (Fig 
 
 Fijr. 14. 
 
 /rc: 
 
 raise the legs up 
 
-J. 
 
 PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 71 
 
 slowly to position, i^main a few seconds, aod then return as slowly as 
 possible to first positibn. It would be much less difficult to swing up to the 
 same position, but tnat would not exercise the muscles in the same degree. 
 
 14. The Hand Balance.— Posiiiow as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Swing from position [a), to position 
 (ft), head well back on the neck, to pre- 
 vent the body going over too far (Fig. 15). 
 
 In the earher stages of practising the 
 learner may bend the aims a little when 
 the legs are rising above the head, this 
 will assist in preserving the balance, and 
 the arms can be straightened afterwards. 
 This modification must, however, be 
 gradually relinquished and the exercise 
 executed without bending the arms at all. 
 This exercise may be continued, with a forward march each time that 
 
 the body is in a vertical position. 
 
 15. The Hand-Spring from the Bars. 
 — Position as in second exercise. 
 
 1. Swing up in a vertical position (Fig. 
 16), and when the body is well over 
 (almost half-way to the ground) sprmg 
 with the hands from the bars, and alight 
 on the feet. This exercise is much 
 easier to execute with the arms bent a 
 little. When practising this or the pre- 
 ceding exercise, a mattrass and two as- 
 sistants will serve to guard against any 
 accident in a first attempt. This showy 
 feat makes a good finish, when the 
 gymnast reaches the ends of the bars, 
 after executing such forward exercises 
 as the ninth and tenth. 
 
 16. The Shoulder T\Mn..—Tosition as 
 in first exercise. 
 
72 
 
 T'HE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 w 
 
 Fife. 
 
 let tlie 
 
 1. Grasp the ends of the bars, sprmg up and rest the shoulders on them 
 (Fig. 17-a), raise the body slowly to 
 the vertical position (&), drop the 
 body slowly to the horizontal position 
 (c), remain a few seconds and return 
 slowly to the first position. 
 
 17. To Drop the Body Between the 
 Bars. — Position of attention between the 
 bars at the centre. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing to the rear, and when the 
 lower limbs are horizontally above the, 
 bars, separate them and let them fall to 
 
 rest on the bars, extending the arms well forward (:^ig. 18-a), 
 body drop slowly between the bars, be- — - 
 
 ing supported by the hands and feet 
 only, into position (6), return to posi- 
 tion {a) without bending the arms or 
 legs, by pushing the arms forward and 
 the legs backward, so as to straighten 
 the body. A difficult exercise. 
 
 18. La Planche.— Position as in pre- 
 ceding exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Lean gradually forward, bending the arms a little 
 same time raising the body and legs F%. 
 slowly in a horizontal position (Fig. 19). 
 Remain a short time and return to first 
 position. 
 
 The object of this exercise (which is 
 a very difficult one) is to lean the upper 
 part of the body sufficiently forward to 
 
 counterbalance the lower part when raised. It require^ great strength of 
 muscle. 
 
 at the elbow, at the 
 19. 
 
 The following series of exercises upca the parallel bars are arranged pro- 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 73 
 
 gressively, and havelthe advantage of not being as difficult as many of 
 those preceding the^ 
 
 19. To Clear the Bar by the Front— -PostYiow 
 of attention between the bars at the centre. 
 
 1. Eaise the hands and place them on the 
 bars opposite each other, the thumbs inside, the 
 fingers outside, extended and pointed down- 
 wards. Press from the hands until the arms are 
 
 ^^:a completely extended, the legs together and 
 straight, the toes pointed to the ground, the 
 head erect, the trunk of the body upright, the 
 chest advanced, the shoulders square to the 
 front (Fig. 2U). 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs, the toes pointed to 
 the front, until they rise above the level of the 
 
 5S them over the right bar (Fig. 21) ; when clear of the bar, 
 tension of the limbs, press strongly from the left hand, spring 
 to the ground, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, clearing the left 
 bar. 
 
 In this, as well as any of the following exer- 
 cises, the pupil must be careful never to separate 
 the legs, they must be kept rigidly in position. 
 
 20. To Clear the Bar by the Beai- Position 
 as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs to the front, as in 
 preceding exercise, and on their return oscilla- 
 
 le rear incline the head and shoulders to the front, bending the 
 arms, and elevate the lower hmbs, the 
 toes pointed to the rear, until they rise 
 above the level of the bars, and pass them 
 over the right bar; (at this point the lower 
 limbs, trunk and head, are in the hori- 
 zontal line of the bars. Fig. 22), press 
 strongly from the left hand, clear the right 
 bar, spiing to the ground, and descend yielding, facing the bars. 
 
74 
 
 THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, clearing the left bar. ; 
 
 21. To Rest on the Left Bar and Clear the Right, by the Front.— 
 
 F g. 23. 
 
 Fig. ^. 
 
 Position as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs to the from until 
 they rise above the level of the bars, pass them 
 over and let them rest on the left bar, relaxing 
 the extension (Fig. 23). 
 
 3. Press strongly with the hands, elevate the 
 lower limbs above the bar, sweep them across 
 and clear both bars to the right front (Fig. 24), 
 and descend yielding, facing the line of the bars. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, resting on the 
 right bar, and clearing the left. 
 
 22. To Rest on the Left Bar and Clear the Right, b^ the Rear.- 
 
 Position as in nineteenth exercise. \ 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Slowly incline the head and shoulders to 
 the front, bending the arms ; swing the lower 
 limbs, the toes pointed to the rear, until they 
 rise above the level of the bars, as in Fig. 22; at 
 this point pass them over and let them rest on 
 the left bar, relaxing the extension, the feet to- 
 gether, the toes pointed downwards, as in Fig. 
 35. 
 
 3. Incline the head and shoulders to the 
 front, bend the arms until the shoulders are as 
 low as the bars, and at the same time elevate the lower limbs, sweep them 
 across both bars to the left rear, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, resting on the right bar and clearing the 
 left. 
 
 23. To Rest on The Right Bar in Front and Clear it by the Rear.— 
 
 Position as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1 . As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs to the front, until they rise above the level of 
 the bars, pass them over and let them rest on the right bar, relaxing the 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 75 
 
 extension (Fig. 25) ; press strongly with the hands, elevate the lower limhs 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 above the bar, pass them between the bars, and let 
 them swing to the rear, at the same time bending the 
 arms mitil the shoulders are as low as the bars, 
 and bringing the column of the body with the 
 lower hmbs to the horizontal hne of the bars (Fig. 
 26) J clear the right bar by the rear and descend 
 yielding, facing the bars. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left bar. 
 The same exercise to be repeated with the fol- 
 lowing yariations: — 
 1. lasting on the right bar in the front and clearing the left by the rear. 
 Fig. 26. 2. Resting on the left bar in the front 
 
 and clearing the right by the rear. 
 
 24. To Rest on Both Bars in Front, 
 and Clear the Right by the Rear.— Post- 
 tion as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs, the toes 
 to the front, until they rise above the level of the bars ; at this 
 
 point separate the lower limbs and let them rest on the bars (Fig. 27)^ 
 Fig. 27. i raise them again above the bars, let them 
 
 sweep to the rear, as in preceding exercise 
 clear the right bar, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be reneated, clearing the left 
 bar. 
 
 25. To Rest on the Left Bar in the Rear, and 
 ^ Clear it by the Front. — Position as in nine- 
 teenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-second exercise to the rest 
 on the bi,r j incline the head and shoulders to the front, bend the arms 
 nntil the Shoulders are as low as the bars, the head between them, re-ele- 
 vate the liwer limbs and passing them between the bars, let them sweep 
 to the front and clear the left bar, as in Fig. 24, and descend yielding. Dur- 
 ing the lasti movement bring the head and shoulders to the vertical posi-. 
 
 pointec 
 
76 
 
 THE PARALLEL BAB 
 
 tion, gradually straighten the arms and retain them straight while the feet 
 clear the bar. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the right bar. 
 
 The same exercise to be repeated with the following variations : — 
 
 1. Resting on the left bar in the rear^ and clearing the right ir^ the front. 
 
 2. Resting on the right bar in the rear, and clearing the left bjl^ the front. 
 
 26. To Rest on Both Bars in the Rear, and Clear the Right Bar by the 
 'Exoni.— Position as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Slowly inchne the head and shoulders 
 to the front, bending the arms, swing the 
 lower limbs to the rear, until they rise above 
 the level of the bars, fully separate them and 
 let them rest on the bars (Fig. 28) ; incline 
 the head and shoulders to the front, re-ele- 
 vate the lower limbs, and as they sweep to 
 the front, let them clear the right bar, and 
 descend yielding. 
 
 - This exercise to be repeated, clearing the left bar. 
 
 27. To Pass by the Rear by the Single Swing,— Pos^<^ow ai 
 teenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs until the feet are as 
 high as the face ; from this let them fall in a full 
 sweep, and passing between the bars, rise to the 
 rear until they are above the head; during the 
 latter half of this oscillation, let the arms slowly 
 "bend until the shoulders are as low as the bars, the 
 head between them (Fig. 29) ; slowly let the lower 
 limbs with the entire column of the body in posi- 
 tion incline, and gradually descend to the right 
 over the arm (Fig. 30), until the feet come to the »^ 
 ground, the bar on the right. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated over the left bar. 
 
 28. To Rest on the Left Bar in Front, and Clear It in the 
 Single Swing. — Position as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 ntne- 
 
 bythe 
 
PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 n 
 
 As in nineteeqth exercise. 
 Swing the lower limbs to the front, to the level of the bars, pass them 
 Fig. 30. ^^^ °^®^ ^^^ 1®^ them rest on the left bar, relaxing 
 
 the extension (Fig. 31); again swing the lower 
 limbs above the bar, pass them between the 
 bars, and as in preceding exercise, incline the 
 head and shoulders to the front, complete the 
 rearward oscillation (Fig. 32), descending to 
 the ground over the left bar, the bar on the left. 
 This exercise to be repeated over the right 
 bar. 
 
 ■ The same exercise to be repeated with the 
 following variations : 
 on the left bar in front and clearing the right in the rear. 
 
 Fi?. 32. 2. Eesting on the right 
 
 Fijr. Jl. ]p^ bar in front and clearing 
 
 the left in the rear. 
 
 29. To Rest on Both Bars 
 in Front, and Clear the Left 
 Bar in the Rear by the 
 Single Swing.— Po5^^M)w as 
 in nineteenth exercise. 
 1. As in nineteenth ex- 
 
 ercise. 
 
 2. Swing 
 
 the lower 
 
 limbs,theftoes pointed to the front, until they rise above the level of the bars; 
 at this po^nt separate the lower lunbs and let them rest on the bars (Fig. 33); 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 press strongly with the hands, again swing the 
 lower limbs above the bars, and as they sweep 
 to the rear, inchne the head and shoulders to 
 thfe front, bending the arms as in twenty- seventh 
 exercise, complete the rearward oscillation (Fig. 
 34), descending to the ground over the left bar. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated clearing the 
 right bar. 
 
 30. To Rest on the Left Bar in the Rear by 
 
78 
 
 THE PARALLEL B A B S. 
 
 the Single Swing and Clear the Eight by the Rear.— Po5iYiow as in nine- 
 teenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-seventh exercise until the elevation of the feet above 
 the head ; at this point relax the extension of 
 the legs, pass them over and let them rest on the 
 left bar (Fig. 35) ; incline the head and shoul- 
 ders to the front, bend the arms until the shoul- 
 ders are as low as the bars, the head between 
 them, and at the same time agaiQ elevate the 
 lower limbs above the head (Fig. 36) ; pass them 
 across the bars to the right; descending over 
 the right bar. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated resting on the 
 right bar and clearing the left. 
 
 31. To Pass by the Front by the Double 
 Swing. — Position as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs until the feet are as high as the face | from this 
 point let them descend, and, sweeping between the bars, ascend jto the rear 
 until they are vertically above the head, the arms remaining stiraight, the 
 €olumn of the body and the lower limbs slightly curved throughout their 
 length (Fig. 37) ; from this point let the feet again descend, and passing be- 
 
 tween the bars on the return oscillation, clear the right 
 bar in front, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated over the left bar. 
 
 32. To Rest on the Left Bar in Front and Clear it 
 l)y the Double Swing. — Position as in nineteenth exer- 
 cise. 
 
 1. As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs to the level of the bars, 
 pass them over and let them rest on the left bar, re- 
 
 Fi^. 35. 
 
 laxing the extension as 
 
 in Fig. 31 ; press strongly with the hatds, again 
 
 the bar, pass them between the bars, and 
 the double swing as in preceding exercise, clearing the left 
 
 swing the lower limbs above 
 
 complete 
 
 bar. 
 
THE P ARAL LE L BARS. 
 
 79 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the right bar. 
 
 The same/ exercise to be repeated with the following variations : — 
 
 1. Eestin^^ on the left bar in front and clearing the right. 
 
 2. Eestiug on the right bar in front and clearing the left. 
 
 33. To Jlest on Both Bars in Front and Clear the Left Bar by the Double 
 Swing. — Jfosition as in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 Fig 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 37. 
 
 1 . As in nineteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs to the 
 front, until they rise above the 
 level of the bars ; separate them 
 and let them rest, one on each bar, 
 as in Fig. 33 ; press strongly with 
 the hands, again swing the lower 
 limbs above the bars, and com- 
 plete the double swing as in 
 thirty-first exercise, clearing the 
 left bar. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated 
 clearing the right bar. 
 
 34. The Single March and E«st 
 
 Forwards.— Pos^^iow as in first 
 exercise. 
 L. As in first exercise. 
 
 Swing the lower limlis and bring them to rest on the left bar, as in 
 preceding exercises (Fig. 31) ; inchne the head and shoulders to the front, 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 re-grasp 'the bars in advance of the thighs (Fig. 38), 
 again swing the lower limbs until the feet are above the 
 head, as in thirtieth exercise (Fig. 39) ; from this point 
 let them slowly descend, and passing between the bars, 
 sweep to the front, and again come to rest on the left 
 bar. During the descent of the lower limbs, gradually 
 straighten the arms, and retain them straight until the 
 legs rest on the bar. Repeat. 
 
 At the end of the bars on the last elevation of the feet 
 above the head, incline the trunk and lower limbs over the 
 left bar and descend yieldmg as in twenty-seventh exercise. 
 
80 
 
 THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated on the left bar. 
 
 The same exercise to be repeated resting on the right 
 and left bar alternately. 
 
 35. The Single March and Rest Backwards.— Po^i^iow 
 as in second exercise. 
 
 1. As in second exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-seventh exercise to the elevation of 
 the feet above the head ; at this point relax the extension 
 of the legs, pass them over and let them rest on the right 
 bar ; pass both hands behind the thighs and re-grasp the 
 bars (Fig. 40), re-elevate the lower limbs, pass them be- 
 
 tween the bars, and a^ain let them 
 
 above 
 
 the head 
 bar. 
 
 right 
 
 (Fig. 41) and again come to the rest 
 Eepeat. 
 
 At the end of the bars, on the last elevation of the 
 feet above the head, pass over the right bar, as in prec 
 
 This exercise to be repeated 
 on the left bar. 
 
 The same exercise to be re- 
 peated, resting on the right and 
 left bar alternately. 
 
 36. The Double March and 
 Rest Forwards.— Posi^iow as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Swing the lower limbs, the 
 toes pointed to the front, until 
 they rise above the level of the 
 bars; at this point separate the 
 lower limbs and let them rest on 
 the bars ; incline the head and shoulders to the front, re-grasp the bars in 
 advance of the thighs (Fig. 42), raise the lower limbs until the feet are 
 above the head, as in Fig. 43 ; let the lower hmbs descend and again come 
 to the rest in front on both bars. Repeat. 
 
 At the end of the bars on the last elevation of the feet above the head, 
 continue the movement of the lower hmbs, carrying the feet completely over 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS, 
 
 81 
 
 the head to the front, press strongly with the hands and descend yieldmg, 
 the back to the end of the bars. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 37. The Double March and East Backwards.— PostYiow as in second 
 exercise, 
 
 1, As in second ekercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-seventh exercise to the elevation of the feet above the 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 Fig. 44 
 
 head ; at this point slowly sep- 
 arate the legs, relaxing the ex- 
 tension, and let them fall to 
 rest, one on each bar ; pass both 
 hands behind the thighs, and 
 re-grasp the bars (Fig. 44); 
 raise the lower limbs to the 
 front, pass them between the 
 bars, and let them rise until 
 they are above the head (Fig. 
 slowly separate the legs, 
 relaxing the extension and 
 again come to rest on the bars. 
 Repeat. 
 
THE PARALLEL BARS. 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 At the end of the bars, from the last rest, bring the ]ower 
 lunbs again between the bars, and shoot them out to the 
 rear in the line of the bars, pushing strongly with the hands. 
 
 38. To M^Fch Above the Bars. — Position as in first 
 exercise. ^ 
 
 1. Asin first exercise. 
 
 2. As in thirty-first exercise to the elevation of the feet 
 above the head (Fig. 46) j retain the arms straight, advance 
 the right hand six inches beyond the left, advance the left 
 hand six inches beyond the right. Repeat. 
 
 At the end of the bars, carry the feet completely over 
 the head to the ground, and descend yielding. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated backwards. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the arms bent, as in 
 Fig, 45. 
 
 The foregoing exercises include all the movements that are usually prac- 
 tised upon the Parallel Bars ; numerous combinations of these movements 
 will suggest themselves to the practised learner, the majority of which will 
 be obvious enough, and still leave room for fertility of invention and inge- 
 nuity in performance. 
 
THE EINGS 
 
 Exercise on the Kings is more particularly beneficial to the upper region 
 of the trank, and to the arms, although in the various motions involved, 
 there is scarcely a part of the body that is not more or less strengthened 
 and benefited. 
 
 These exercises demand more attention and presence of mind than those 
 on the bars, but they habituate the gymnast to move securely and grace- 
 fully, and furnish also a good remedy for dizziness. 
 
 In all the evolutions the instructor should grasp the right wrist of the 
 learner with one hand, and as soon as the feet have passed the rings, he 
 should with the other govern the lower limbs in their descent. While the 
 body is turning with the feet in the rings, the instructor should pass his left 
 aim under the waist of the learner to limit the extent of its descent, always 
 retaining his grasp of the wrist. In the turn with the hands (right and left) 
 the instiuctor should grasp the right wrist of the learner, and gradually 
 lower him until his entire weight is on the left, and vice versa, always 
 gasping the hand that is to relinquish the hold of the ring. 
 
 The position of the instructor should be on the right or left of the 
 apparatus, facing the pupil. 
 
 The rings should be 6 inches in diameter, and each suspended by a 
 rope sufficiently long to enable the gymnast to grasp them easily with his 
 arms upstretched, and the ropes about 18 inches apart. 
 
 1. To Turn in the Socket. — Position of attention, between the rings. 
 
 1. Raise both hands and grasp the rings, one in each hand, lower the 
 body to the reach of the hands and pass both feet to the front, the legs 
 together and straight, the feet together, and toes pointed to the front 
 <Fig. 1). 
 
84 
 
 THE RINGS. 
 
 2. Lift both feet from the ground, and pass them between the rings, the 
 arms and legs straight throughout (Fig. 2) , slowly descend to the ground^ 
 completing the circle (Fig. 3), and rehnquish the grasp. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fisr. 3. 
 
 Fig 2. 
 
 The foregoing is a description of the exercise as it should be executed in 
 its perfect form ; but, in the earlier stages of practice the pupil may begin 
 not only while standing upright and with the arms bent, but a spring may 
 be taken with the feet to assist the elevation of the lower limbs, and the 
 knees may remain bent both in the ascent and descent, to front and rear ; 
 these modifications of the exercise being gradually rehnquished as the body 
 acquires strength, until it can be executed in perfect form. 
 
 This exercise is also called ^'The Single Circle." 
 
 2. The Double Circle. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in first exercise to the completion of the single circle, but instead of 
 relinquishing the grasp of the hands, return between the rings and come to 
 the first position, retaining the arms and legs straight throughout. Bend the ^ 
 arms, replace the feet upon the ground under the rings, and quit the grasp. 
 
 The remarks at the close of the preceding exercise, apply to this also. 
 
 3. To Turn with the Feet in the Ringfs. — Position as in first exercise. 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
THE BING8. 
 
 85 
 
 2. As in first exercise to the half circle (the feet between the rings), 
 
 Pig. 4. 
 
 separate the feet right and left and insert each in its 
 respective ring. 
 
 3. Eesume with the trunk of the body the action of 
 the circle, slowly separating the knees, lowering and 
 arching the Dack and raising the head (Fig. 4). 
 
 4. Re-raise the trunk to its position at the half- 
 circle, remove the feet from the rings, straighten the 
 legs, point the toes upwards and let them gradually 
 descend to the front, the arms straight, and come to 
 the first position. 
 
 The third part of this exercise may be modified the 
 same as directed in the concluding remarks to the first exercise, but its 
 distinj^uishing feature, that of turning the body while the feet remain in the 
 rings^ must always be executed slowly, the back sinking gradually, with 
 ■every joint of the spine sharing equally in the depression, and the chest 
 gradually rounding and expanding under the same influence. 
 ■/ 
 
 Turn on One Hand Eight and Left. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in first exercise to the completion of the single 
 circle, but instead of rehnquishing the grasp with both 
 hands, retain the grasp of the right, passing the left arm 
 down by the side, and folding the lower limbs under the 
 body. 
 
 3. Make a complete turn laterally from left to right, 
 re-grasp the ring with the left hand (Fig. 5), and extend 
 the lower limbs to the front as in first position. 
 
 4. Ee-pass the feet between the rings, repeat the turn 
 from right to left, relinquishing the right hand and retain- 
 ing the grasp with the left, re-grasp the ring with the 
 right, extend the lower limbs to the front and come to 
 the position. 
 
 6. To Extend the Arms Eight and Left. — Position as in first exercise. 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
86 
 
 THE RINGfk 
 
 2. Bend the arms, raising the lower limbs in position ; sustain the body 
 on the left hand (retaining it close by the side), Fig. 6. 
 
 extend the right arm holding the ring at the full 
 length of the arm (Fig. 6), pause, and return the 
 right hand to the side ; repeat the extension with 
 the left arm, pause, return it to the side, lower the 
 body and come to the position. 
 
 6, To Rise Above the Rings Right and Left.— 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Bend the arms, raising the lower limbs in position, press strongly on 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fiff. 8. 
 
 the ring with the right palm, raising the 
 fore-arm vertically above the ring (Fig. 7), 
 repeat the movement on the left, press 
 strongly with both hands, straighten the 
 arms completely above the rings and 
 pause (Fig. 8) ; the chest fully advanced, 
 the head held back, the chin elevated, the 
 legs straight and together, the toes pointed 
 to the ground. 
 
 In descending, re-bend the right arm, 
 the left following, re-pass the riglit below 
 the ring, the left following, lower the body 
 and come to position. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the 
 left hand leading. 
 
 This exercise is sometimes called ^-Gettinig Into /the Eings." 
 
 In the position indicated in Fig. 8 the beginner ,knust be very careful not 
 to allow the arms to spread open, because the bod^ will then drop; if this 
 should happen with the JcnucMes upwards, the Tteight of the body would 
 cause a severe strain on the shoulder joints, with the possibility even of 
 dislocation, by being suddenly caught in the position indicated in Fig. 19. 
 
 7. To Rise Above the Rings Both Hands at Once,— JPosition as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1 As in first exercise. 
 
TEE RINGS. 
 
 &i^ 
 
 2. Grasp the rings, instantly press strongly on the rings with both 
 Fig. 9. Fig. 10. hands, and raise both arms vertically 
 
 above the rings (Fig. 9), and rise above 
 the rings to the full extension of the 
 arms (Fig. 10); the transition from 
 the bend to the extended position of 
 the arms taking place without pause. 
 
 In descending, bend both arms at 
 once, pass them below the rings, lower 
 the body and come to the position. 
 
 Attention is called to the remarks 
 at the close of the previous exercise. 
 
 8. To Else Above the Rings Back- 
 wards, Right and Le^.— Position as is 
 first exercise. 
 T7~A^ in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in first exercise to the completion of the single circle ; elevate the 
 Fig. 11. Fig. 12. right side, lean slightly forward, press 
 
 strongly with the right hand, and raise the 
 right fore-arm vertically above the ring (Fig. 
 11), repeat the movement on the left, press 
 strongly with both hands, and rise above 
 the rings as in seventh exercise (Fig. 12). 
 
 Descend as in seventh exercise. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left 
 hand leading. 
 
 It would be well to bear in mind the re- 
 marks at the close of sixth exercise. 
 
 9. To Rise Above the Rings Backwards, 
 Both Hands at Once- — Position as in first 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Lift both feet from the ground and pass them between the rings, and 
 at the same time rapidly bend the arms, raising the body between the rings 
 until the hands are close at the side, instantly press with both hands and 
 raise the fore-arms vertically above the rings (Fig. 13), straighten the arms, 
 
THE RINGS, 
 
 continue the movement of the circle with the lower lunbs, and let the body 
 rise between the rings in the position of Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 
 
 seventh exercise (Fig. 14). 
 at end of sixth exercise. 
 
 See remarks 
 
 Vi 
 
 10. To Start Up Above the Rings. - 
 
 Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, but the toes 
 pointing downwards. 
 
 2. Raise the lower limbs as in Fig. 15, drop them again with 
 a sudden start, and at the same time bend the arms and raise 
 the body quickly above the rings (Fig. 14). 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 11. To Form the Straight Line 
 Backwards. — Position as in first ex- 
 ercise. 
 
 1 . As in first exercise. 
 
 2. As in first exercise to the half circle (Fig. 
 2), but instead of lowering the feet to tile ground, 
 extend them to the rear until the lower/limbs and 
 trunk form one perfect horizontal line/(Fig. 16). 
 
 Relax the extension of the lowe| limbs, let 
 the feet descend to the rear, and come to the position. | 
 
 12. To Form the Straight Line For- Fig. ic. 
 wards. — Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Raise both hands and grasp the 
 rings ; raise the lower limbs to the front 
 in position, the toes pointed to the front, 
 and allowing the head and shoulders to 
 fall to the rear, the arms slightly bent, 
 until the lower limbs and trunk form one 
 perfect horizontal line (Fig. 17). 
 
 Relax the extension, let the feet de- 
 scend to the ground and come to the position. 
 
 13. To Stand Above the Ring^. — Position as in first exercise, \ 
 1. Rise above the rings as in seventh exercise (Figs. 9 and 10). 
 
THE RINGS. 
 
 2. Incline the head and shoulders to the front, bending the arms and 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Fig. 17. pressing them close in 
 
 by the sides, and at the 
 same time raise the lower 
 limbs in position by the 
 rear until they are above 
 the head, forming with 
 the trunk of the body 
 one perfect vertical line 
 
 between the rings (Fig. IB). 
 
 Relax the extension, briiig the lower limbs down by the 
 
 front to the ground and come to the position. 
 
 14. To Stand Below the 'Bim^^.— Position as in first exercise. 
 1. Rise above the rings as in seventh exercise (Figs. 9 and TO). 
 
 2. Slowly let the whole body descend in 
 position between the rings, at the same time 
 extending the arms perfectly straight right 
 -^and left, strongly pressing downwards with 
 the palms, until the arms are at right angles 
 with the body (Fig. 19) ; relax the extension 
 and slowly lower the feet to the ground, and 
 come to the position. 
 
 This is one of Fig, 20. 
 
 the most difficult, 
 and the same 
 time dangerous, 
 exercises with the 
 rings; a little 
 carelessness 
 might easily re- 
 sult in a dislocation of the arms or shoulders. 
 
 15. To Swing in the 'Rm^.— Position as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise, but the toes pointing downward. 
 
 2. When the body swings forward raise the legs up without bending 
 them (Fig. 20), and at the instant the body commences to swing back 
 
 \ 
 
90 
 
 THE BING8. 
 
 extend it forcibly out to increase the impetus of the swing. After the body 
 
 has passed the centre, on the return backward swing raise pig. 21. 
 
 it slightly with the arms (Fig. 21) ; this will give momentum 
 
 to the return forward swing. Do not kick with the legs, 
 
 but keep them straight. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 16. The Simplicity Swing. — Position as 
 
 in preceding exercise. 
 
 1. Swing as directed in the preceding 
 exercise and when the body is sufiflciently 
 high, bring the legs up between- the arms,, 
 keeping them perfectly straight (Fig. 22), and return 
 them to their original position at the other end of the 
 swing. This motion if done at the right time will in- 
 crease the impetus of the swing. 
 
 17. To Rise Above the Rings at the Backward Swing.— Po5^Y^ow as in 
 first exercise. 
 
 1 . Swmg up well in front (Fig. 23), and on the return backward swing, 
 rise above the rings (&) by either of the methods described in the seventh, 
 ninth, or tenth exercises. Care 
 must be taken to keep the 
 rings close to the body, 
 
 18. To Rise Above the Rings 
 at the Forward Swing. — Posi- 
 tion as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Swing well forward (Fig. 
 
 24-a), and after passing the 
 
 centre, rise above the rings as 
 
 in the preceding exercise (6), 
 
 when the body has reached 
 
 the point a, on the return 
 
 backward swing, extend the 
 
 arms for the return forward. 
 
 Keep the rings close to the body. 
 
 This and the preceding exercise may be varied as follows : 
 
 First. — ^Allow the body to sink in the forward swing, and raise it in the 
 
 backward. 
 
THE RINGS. 
 
 91 
 
92 
 
 THE BING8. 
 
 Second. — Sink the body in tlie backward swing, and raise it in the 
 forward. 
 
 Third. — Lower the "body in the forward swing, and raise it again imme- 
 diately, before the turn. 
 
 Fourth. — Repeat the above in the backward swing only. 
 
 Fifth. — Execute the fall and rise quickly, both in the backward and 
 forward swing. 
 
 19. To Jump to the Ground on the Backward Swing. 
 
 1. When in a good 
 backward swing, raise 
 the body with the arms 
 (Fig. 25), let go the 
 grasp of the rings and 
 drop to the ground on 
 the toes. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 (33®^^''^^;^:=^ 
 
 20. To Turn in the 
 Socket While Swinging 
 Backward.— Posi^iow as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. Swing well forward as in Fig. 26-a, and when at the centre on the 
 return backward, raise the legs (6), and turn out as in c, ready for the 
 return forward. (See exercises first and second.) When making the turn 
 (c) the arms should be spread apart. 
 
 21, The Beverse Turn Forward— Posi^tow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise (Fig. 27 -a). 
 
 2. Swing backward and with a quick spreading apart of the arms throw 
 forward the body into position 6, remain in this position while on the 
 return swing; and when well forward, raise the body and throw it over as 
 in c, in time for the return swing backward. 
 
 Vary this and the preceding exercise as follows : 
 
 First.— ^^QCxxiQ the Socket Turn (twentieth exercise) at every backward 
 
 swing. 
 
 Second. —Perform the same exercise at the end of the forward swing. 
 
 j^^y^.—Kepeat the above exercises alternately on the backward and 
 forward swing. 
 
THE RING 
 
 93 
 
 Fourth. — Execute the Reverse Turn in the forward swing, bringing the 
 body over when returning. 
 
 Fifth. — Perform the same exercise in the backward swing. 
 
 Sixth. — Eepeat the two preceding exercises alternately on the forward 
 and backward swing. 
 
 Seventh. — Execute the Reverse Turn in the backward swing without 
 carrying the legs over, returning to the first position at the end of the 
 forward swing. 
 
 Eighth. — Execute the preceding exercise on the forward swing. 
 
 Ninth. — ^Execute the twentieth and twenty-first exercises alternately; 
 the former in i\iQ forward swing, and the latter in tl;e backward swing. 
 
 Great care must be observed to give the motion to the body at the right 
 time, or a check in the swing will be the consequence, and the beauty of 
 the performance will be greatly marred. 
 
 22. To Jump to the Ground on the Forward Swing. 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 1. Swing forward (Fig. 28-a), 
 at almost the extreme point of 
 the forward swing, raise the legs 
 quickly outside of the arms (Z>), 
 let go the hands and ahght on 
 the ground (c). 
 
 The preparatory raismg of 
 the legs and final drop must be 
 just before the extreme point is 
 reached, because the body re- 
 quires some slight remaining im- 
 petus to prevent falling back- 
 wards. 
 
 COMBINATIONS. 
 
 When sufficient skill has been attauied m the foregomg exercises, two, 
 three, or more of them may be combined and executed without pause. The 
 following are some of the combinations that may be made, and others can 
 be devised at discretion. 
 
9* THE RINGS 
 
 COMBINATIOXS OF TWO EXEKCISES 
 
 Nos 2 and 3 The double circle — to turn with the feet in the rings 
 
 Xos. 2 and 4. The double circle — to turn on one hand right and left. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 6 or 8. The double circle — to rise above the rings backwards. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 8. The double circle — to rise above the rings. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 11. The double circle — to form the straight line backwards. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF THREE EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 2, 4 and 5. The double circle — ^to turn on one hand right and left — to 
 
 extend the arms right and left. 
 Nos. 2, 7 and 4. The double circle — to rise above the rings both hands at 
 
 once — to turn on one hand right and left. 
 Nos. 2, 8 and 7. The double circle — to rise above the rings backwards — 
 
 to rise above the rings both hands at once. 
 Nos. 2, 7 and 13. The double circle — to rise above the rings both hands a 
 
 once — to stand above the rings. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF FOUR EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 2, 7, 4 and 11. The double circle — to rise above the rings both hands 
 at once — to turn on one hand right and left — to 
 form the straight line backwards. 
 Nos. 2j 7, 13 and 3. The double circle — to rise above the rings both hands 
 at once — ^to stand above the rings — to turn with 
 the feet in the rings. 
 Nos. 7, 13, 2 and 11. To rise above the rings both hands at once — to stand 
 above the rings — the double circle — to form the 
 straight line backwards. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF FIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 2, 7, 4, 11 and 13. The double circle — to rise above the rings both. 
 
 hands at once — to turn on one hand right and 
 left — to form the straight line backwards — to 
 stand above the rings. 
 
 Nos, 7, 13, 3, 5 and 12. To rise above the rings both hands at once^to 
 
 stand above the rings — ^to turn with the feet in 
 the rings — to extend the arms right and left— 
 to form the straight line forwards. 
 
THE BOW OF EINGS. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The single exercise on this apparatus is a very simple one, and if the 
 proper elevation of the rings from the floor be preserved, it may be safely 
 practised without supervision. It has a special object, viz., the equahza- 
 tion in strength and development of the two sides of the upper half of the 
 body, and of the arms; for the weaker side will actually do more, being the 
 weaker, and consequently it will in time overtake and rank with its fellow 
 in development and capacity. 
 
 The row of rings should consist of not less than five or six rings similar 
 to those already described, and there may with advantage be a greater 
 Fiff. 1. number, if the length of the gymnasium will 
 
 admit of it. They should be suspended at a 
 height of not less than 6 feet 3 inches from 
 the floor, and at equal distances apart, the 
 distances should not be less than 8 feet or 
 more than 10 feet, and the point to which 
 the ropes are hung should Fig. 3. 
 
 never exceed 20 feet 
 ibove the floor. 
 
 The Swing.— Position 
 
 of attention, facing the 
 
 first ring, the back to 
 
 the row. 
 
 1. Kaise the left hkid 
 
 and grasp the ring (Fig.\ 
 
 1), advance with short 
 and rapid steps \nd springing from the ground at the 
 end of the run, fkpm the left foot, turn quickly to the 
 right, bending the iWer limbs at the knees and pomt- 
 ing the toes to the rear, the head erect, the breast 
 advanced (Fig. 2); on approaching the second ring extend the 
 
 J>mpBirtw^r.t of nyufhail BdueatioB 
 
 Ui»»^ of California 
 
 IC r.:i3lum for Hen 
 
 i^rkdley 4. California 
 
 ht hand 
 
96 THE BOW OF RINGS. 
 
 and grasp it, and while retaining it lightly in the hand, return to the 
 farthest point of the backward oscillation on the ring grasped by the left 
 (Fig. 3); at this point quit the grasp of the left, withdrawing the hand 
 hghtly and leaving the ring motionless, turn to the right and bring the left 
 hand in a full sweep round by the thigh, the arm quite straight and fingers 
 pointed downwards, describing a half circle in the sweep, extend it to the 
 front, and grasp the next ring. Kepeat. On grasping the last ring turn 
 quickly round, facing the row, and descend yielding. 
 
 The exercises on the Kings will be found exceedingly difficult at first; 
 they all require great strength in the wrists especially, and in the muscles of 
 the arm generally. The rings are perfectly free to move in every direction, 
 and consequently afford an entirely unreliable .support; they must be kept 
 in their proper position by muscular effort alone, and the beginner will find 
 them twist from his grasp and display a tendency to go in every direction 
 except the one he desires. Consequently, when the movements on the rings 
 have been fairly mastered, the development of muscular power and the 
 perfection of equilibrium which the learner has thereby acquired, will be 
 found of immense service in performing difiBcult feats on the swinging 
 Trapeze. The learner must always bear in mind that nothing can be 
 accomphshed without muscle, nerve, will-power and persistent practice ; 
 these alone will enable him to discover the exact moment when the energies 
 must be concentrated, as it were, to render the muscles entirely obedient to 
 the will. 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 The Trapeze is practically a combination of the horizontal bar with the 
 rings, and unites the firm gi-asp of the bar with the graceful motions of the 
 rings. 
 
 This apparatus ranks in importance with the horizontal bars on account 
 of the power which the exercises possess of increasing the capabilities of the 
 trunk and upper limbs. The movements are also of an artistic character 
 and very effective, and, like those on the rings, require great nerve and 
 presence of mind in their execution. 
 
 The exercises given for the trapeze are necessarily very similar to those 
 upon the horizontal bar, in some instances identical, and necessarily so, 
 from the fact that the trapeze is a bar, but free to swing instead of 
 stationary. 
 
 Some exercises, prominently those where wrist-power is required, are 
 more difficult of execution on the trapeze than on the bar, because in the 
 latter case the rigidity of the bar serves as a purchase for the wrist which is 
 entirely absent in the case of the movable trapeze-bar. On the other hand, 
 some of the swing exercises are easier on the trapeze than on the horizontal 
 bar, the oscillation of the trapeze materially aiding the swing motion of 
 the body. 
 
 The learner will find that the proficiency he has gained on the horizontal 
 bar and with the rings will materially aid him in his evolutions on the 
 trapeze. 
 
 The best grasp for the instructor, in directing the evolutions on the 
 trapeze, is a firm hold of the wrist with the left hand, the right firmly 
 grasping the ankle. 
 
 The position of the instructor should be on the right or left of the 
 trapeze, facing the learner. 
 
 The bar of the trapeze should be 2 feet 4 inches in length, not over li 
 inch in diameter, with a steel core in the centre; the ropes should be 
 neatly spliced into brass eyes, and be suspended from a height of 18 to 24 
 feet, and the bar hanging at a suitable height to allow the feet to clear the 
 
 97 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 ground. Beginners may practise on a trapeze suspended at a height of 
 4 feet 6 inches from the ground. -^ > : . 
 
 1. To Rise by the Single "Bio^e.— Position of attention, the trapeze in 
 
 ■Fig- 1. 
 
 profile on the left. 
 
 1. Raise the right hand and grasp the rope a 
 hand's-breadth above the bar, the left following in 
 the interspace (Fig. 1). 
 
 2. Lift both feet from the ground, the legs straight 
 and together, the toes pointed to the front, and pass 
 them over the bar, elevating the body until the hip 
 rests on its surface (Fig. 2) ; press downwards with- 
 the hands and rise seated on the bar, retaining the 
 grasp of the rope (Fig. 3). 
 
 In descending lean slowly backwards and side- 
 wards, bringing the hip again on the bar, remove the 
 lower limbs from it, and come to the first position. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the trapeze on 
 the right, the left hand uppermost. 
 
 All these exercises may be practised by beginners, 
 the form of each, given in the text, being the perfect 
 one, but capable of modification for initiatory practice. 
 Thus in introducing a beginner to the present exer- 
 cise, instead of grasping the rope a hand's-breadth 
 above the bar, he may grasp it a foot or even more 
 above the bar, the left hand following close under the 
 right, and then day by day the space between the 
 hands and the bar should be reduced, until these are 
 placed as directed in the text. 
 
 2. To Rise by Both Ropes.— Pos^^iow of attention, 
 facing the trapeze. 
 
 1. Raise both hands and grasp the ropes, one in 
 each hand, close to the bar. 
 
 2. Lift both feet from the ground, and pass them 
 under the bar between the hands, at the same time 
 allowing the head and shoulders to fall backwards and straightening 
 arms; and by a continuous movement bend the back inwards, and extei 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 limbs upwards (Fig. 4), bending the arms until the hips are as 
 high as the bar; slowly let the feet descend to the ijont, and at 
 the same time and at the same pace let the trunk, shoulders, 
 and head ascend, and come to the seat on the bar, retaining 
 the grasp. During this last movement let the chin be elevated, 
 the shoulders pressed back, the breast advanced square to the 
 front. 
 
 In descending, lower the body from the bar backwards, let 
 the lower limbs fall to the rear, repass the feet under the bar, 
 and come to the first position. 
 
 The remarks at the conclusion of the preceding exercise 
 may also be literally followed in this one, and are generally ap- 
 plicable to all the exercises. 
 
 3. To Rise by the Back JASt,— Position as in second exercise. 
 1. Raise the right hand to the reach and grasp the rope, raise the left 
 hand and grasp the bar at its centre. 
 
 Fig. 5. 2. Lift both feet from the ground (the toes pointed down- 
 
 wards), by the flexion of the right arm and the extension of 
 the left, and rise until the face is as high as the right hand, 
 the left arm straight above the hand grasping the bar (Fig. 
 5) ; turn to the right, the back to the bar, and sit in the 
 space between the left hand and the right rope (Fig. G), 
 retaining the grasp. 
 
 In descending, raise the body and return the face to the 
 bar, lower the body slowly to the ground. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with Fig. 6. 
 
 the left hand on the rope. 
 
 The initiatory practice may be 
 accompanied by a spring from the 
 ground, which should be gradually 
 l^sened until the effort falls entirely upon tHe" 
 upper limbs, as iudicated in the text. 
 
 \4. To Rise by the Front Lift. — Position as in 
 secdnd exercise. 
 
 \. As in third exercise. 
 
100 
 
 THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 2. As in third exercise until the left arm is straight above the bar (Fig. 5) - 
 
 raise the feet and pass them over the bar through 
 the space between the left hand and the right rope 
 (Fig. 7), extend the legs, point the toes to the front, and 
 come to the seat on the bar, retaining the grasp. 
 
 In descending, withdraw the feet through the inter- 
 space, and slowly lower them to the groimd. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand on the 
 rope. 
 
 The remarks at the conclusion of the third exercise 
 may also be literally followed in this one. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 -Position as in sepond 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 5. To Turn Round the Ropes, Right and Left.- 
 exerdse. 
 
 1. As in third exercise. 
 
 2. As in fourth exercise to^ the seat on the bar. 
 
 3. Raise the left hand frc^m the bar and grasp 
 the right rope as high as /the face, slip the right 
 hand down to the bar, anA grasp it close to the 
 rope with the thumb to t\ik front, the fingers to the 
 rear; hft the body from /the bar, pass round the 
 
 Fig. 9. ^utside of the right rope; 
 
 the feet leading (Fig. 8), 
 I /pass the lower limbs be- 
 tween the ropes, and again 
 come to the seat on the 
 bar. 
 
 4. Repeat the movement round the left rope, 
 reversing the respective positions of the hands. 
 
 Descend as in fourth exercise. 
 
 In this exercise the hmbs should be supported 
 and guided by the instructor, this support being 
 gradually withdrawn, until the learner can execute 
 the movements without help. 
 
 6. To Turn Round the Bar Forwards. — Position 
 as in second exercise. 
 
THE TBAPEZE. 
 
 101 
 
 1. Rai^e both bands and grasp tbo bar, tho bands at the distance, the 
 Fig. If backs of the hands upwards, the fingers and thumbs meet- 
 ing ; extend the lower Umbs to the front, at the same time 
 sinking to the reach of the hands; the legs together and 
 straight, the feet together with the toes pointed to the front 
 (Fig. 9). 
 
 2. Lift the feet from the ground, the lower limbs in posi- 
 tion, the arms remaining perfectly straight, until the feet 
 are as high as the bar (Fig. 10) ; bend the arms, and at the 
 same time elevate the body until the waist is as high as the 
 bar, pass the lower limbs over the bar, the trunk following, 
 revolving on the waist (Fig. 11), lower the body, completing 
 the circle, and slowly descend until the feet meet the ground 5 
 fFig. 11. relinquish the grasp of the hands. 
 
 In the initiatory practice of this exercise a shght spring may 
 be taken, and both arms and legs allowed to remain bent ; the 
 spring may then be dispensed with ; next, the legs may remain 
 bent at the commencement, and be extended during the rise; 
 to be followed by the straight leg aud bent arm, leading direct 
 to the perfect exercise. 
 
 7. To Turn Round the Bar Backwards, — Position as in 
 second exercise. , 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. As in sixth exercise until the feet arc as high as t^e bar 
 (Fig. 10) ; pass the feet under the bar between the haijds, and 
 by a continuous movement bend the back Fig. ]^. 
 inwards and extend the lower limbs up- 
 wards, bending the arms until the waist is as high as 
 the bar (Fig. 12), let the lower half of the body slowly 
 fall to the front, and as it descends let the upper half 
 ascend in position, the head well thrown back, and sink 
 
 lowly down, the back touching the bar (Fig. 13), until 
 he feet meet the ground; relinquish the grasp of the 
 ands. 
 In this exercise the gradations by which it may be 
 approached are less marked; it may be viewed as com- 
 
 ncing where the second exercise terminates, and there is no intermediate 
 
 V 
 
102 
 
 THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 practice ; nothiDg but perseverance against repeated failures wiU overcome 
 the diflSculty, lor the position is not such as vrill admit of direct help from 
 the instructor; and all that can be given in this exercise must Fig. 13. 
 be but the steadying of the limbs^ enabling the learner to hold 
 his own. 
 
 8. To Turn Round the Bar Backwards, and 'Rjeiwrn.,— Position 
 as in second exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. As in precedmg exercise to its completion, but at tUis 
 point, instead of relinquishing the grasp, press from the han^s. 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 irJd, 
 
 straighten the arms, bending the back 
 inwards, and rise to the seat on the bla 
 slowly let the head and shoulders fall 
 to the rear, re-pass the feet under 'he 
 bar, straighten the legs, lower ;he 
 body, and return to the first position 
 
 9. To Rise Above the Bar, Rigft and Left.- 
 Position as in second exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. Lift both feet from the groui 
 bend the arms until the breast is ks 
 
 high as the bar, press strongly with the right hand upon tlie 
 bar and raise the fore-arm vertically above it (Fig. 14) ; repeait 
 the movement with the left hand, complete the extension of 
 both arms, and come to the upright position, resting on the 
 bar (Fig. 15). 
 
 In descending, re-bend the right arm, and pass it below the 
 bar, the left following, lower the body and come to the first 
 position. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated left and right. 
 
 This exercise has no gradations on the trapeze, but may be 
 approached nearly by practice on the horizontal bar, which 
 being fixed and firm renders the practice less difficult. 
 
 10. To Rise Above the Bar, Both Hands at Once.— Position as in second 
 exercise. 
 
 ] . As in sixth exercise. 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 103 
 
 both feet from the ground, "bend the arms mitil the breast is as 
 16. high as the bar, press strongly upon the bar with both 
 
 hands at once and rise above it (Fig. IG), completing 
 the extension of the arms, and come to the upright 
 position, resting on the bar as in Fig. 15. 
 
 This series of movements to be executed without 
 pause, and at the same pace throughout. 
 
 In descending, re-bend the arms, pass them below 
 the bar, and come to the first position. 
 
 The concluding remarks to the preceding exercise 
 apply equally well to this. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 from head to foot, 
 
 11. To Turn Under the Bar on One Hand.— Posiiiow 
 as in second exercise. 
 
 1. As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. As in sixth exercise, until the feet are as high as 
 the bar (Fig. 10) ; pass the feet under the bar between 
 the hands, and let them descend close to the ground, 
 but without touching it (Fig. 37); quit the grasp of 
 the left hand, at the same time folding the lower 
 limbs close under the body, and swinging round by 
 the right, make a complete turn laterally, and again 
 come to the front (Fig. 18), re-grasp the bar with the 
 left hand, extend the legs, again raise the feet to the 
 bar and re-pass them under it, quit the grasp with the 
 right hand, swinging round by the left, re-grasp the 
 bar with the right hand, extend the legs and come to 
 the first position. 
 
 This exercise may be approached by practice on an 
 apparatus that turns with the hand, such as the rings. 
 
 12. To Form the Straight Lme.— Position as in 
 second exercise. 
 
 1 . As in sixth exercise. 
 
 2. As in preceding exercise until the feet are passed 
 under the bar ; at this point extend the legs to the 
 rear and pause, forming a perfectly horizontal lino 
 
 suspended by the arms under the bar (Fig. 19) ; relax 
 
 \ 
 
dOl THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 the extension, re-pass the feet under the bar, extend the legs in front, and 
 come to the first position. Fig. 19. 
 
 This exercise is always found to he one 
 of the most difficult on the trapeze, and 
 requires the greatest care in its execution ; 
 the pause in the horizontal line should 
 never exceed a few seconds. The variation 
 of this exercise sometimes performed, of 
 passing from the horizontal line over the 
 har, should never be allowed, as it is in 
 the highest degree dangerous. 
 
 13. Swinging on the Trapeze. 
 
 It is scarcely possible to give any definite directions for the performance 
 of evolutions upon the trapeze at full swing. No amount of written 
 description can convey a correct idea of the manner in which they are 
 executed ; they are the result of experience, much caution being exercised 
 at first, and gradually feeling the way, as confidence increases, to more 
 venturesome attempts which unite grace of action with daring in conception. 
 
 It is the pride of every trapeze performer to attempt some sensational 
 feat which appears more or less original either in plan or execution, but all 
 such acts, or nearly all, are combinations or new applications of sunple 
 exercises. 
 
 The only way to gain confidence and proficiency is to practise the exercises, 
 first with the trapeze-bar as stationary as circumstances permit, repeating 
 them with a slight swinging motion, and persevering until their perform- 
 ance is successful at full swing. 
 
 There are various ways of obtaining a full swing ; for learners, perhaps 
 the easiest and safest way is to sit upon the bar, grasping the ropes, and 
 using the trapeze as an ordinary swing until sufficient sweep has been 
 attained. 
 
 A quicker method is to hold the bar firmly with both hands, the left leg 
 bent at the knee over the bar, the body and right leg hanging free. When 
 the swing forwards is nearly complete sweep the right log upwards, and 
 quickly straighten the body; at the completion of the backward swing, 
 sweep the right leg backwards as far as possible and again straighten the 
 body. In a few oscillations almost a semicircular swing will be attained. 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 105 
 
 Another method^ apparently requiring greater nerve, but really not very 
 difficult, is to straddle the bar, left leg foremost, the body upright, the 
 legs straight down, and holding the bar with both hands firmly ; just before 
 the end of the forward swing make a somersault backwards, the swing of 
 the body will add momentum to the swing; just before the end of the back, 
 ward swing, make a somersault forwards, and the momentum will be further 
 increased. The main difficulty in this feat is in resuming and retaining an 
 upright position after each somersault, but practice will achieve it. 
 
 It will soon be discovered that many exercises which require severe 
 muscular strain when attempted on the horizontal bar, will become com- 
 paratively easy when performed on the swinging trapeze, by utilizing the 
 motion of the swing at the right moment. 
 
 It will also be found that, when the swing motion is sufficient to bring 
 the suspending ropes into nearly or quite a horizontal position, at the point 
 where the rise is at its full, and before the down sweep commences, there is 
 a moment of perfect equipoise, almost instantaneous, of course, but quite 
 long enough to allow of a change or reversal of the grasp on the bar, a new 
 adjustment of position, or a change of hold from the bar to the ropes. 
 
 The strain is greatest at the lowest or centre-point of the swing, and 
 gradually decreases as the upward rise progresses; the upward sweep is, 
 therefore, the most propitious for change of posture, to be completed at or 
 before the point of equipoise already referred to, and a firm grip and stable 
 balance acquired before the downward sweep commences, during which the 
 physical strain is steadily on the increase. 
 
 COMBIKATIONS. 
 
 The following exercises should be combined and executed without pause, 
 as soon as the separate exercises composing them can be performed singly. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF TWO EXErwCISES. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 5. To rise by both ropes — to turn round the ropes, right and 
 
 left. 
 Nos. 4 and 5. To rise by the front lift — to turn round the ropes, right and 
 
 left. 
 Nos. 6 and 8. To turn round the bar forwards— to turn round the bar, 
 
 backwards, and return. 
 
106 THE TRAPEZE. 
 
 Nos. 6 and 10. To turn round the bar forwards — to rise above the bar, both 
 
 hands at once. 
 Nos. 6 and 11. To turn round the bar forwards — to turn under the bar on 
 
 one hand. 
 Nos. 6 and 12. To turn round the bar forwards — to form the straight line. 
 Nos. 8 and 10. To turn round the bar backwards, and return — to rise above 
 
 the bar, both hands at once. 
 Nos. 8 and 11. To turn round the bar backwards, and return — to turn 
 
 under the bar on one hand. 
 Nos. 8 and 12. To turn round the bar backwards, and return— to form the. 
 
 straight hne. 
 Nos. 10 and 11. To rise above the bar both hands at once— to turn under 
 
 the bar on one hand. 
 Nos. 10 and 12. To rise above the bar both hands at once — to form the 
 
 straight luie. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF THREE EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 6, 8 and 10. To turn round the bar forwards — to turn round the bar 
 
 backwards and return — to rise above the bar, both 
 
 hands at once. 
 Nos. 6, 10 and 11. To turn round the bar forwards — to rise above the bar, 
 
 both hands at once — to turn under the bar on one 
 
 hand. 
 Nos. 6, 10 and 12. To turn round the bar forwards — to rise above the bar, 
 
 both hands at once — to form the straight line. 
 Nos. 6, 11 and 12. To turn round the bar forwards — to turn under the bar 
 
 on one hand — to form the straight line. 
 Nos. 10, 8 and 12. To rise above the bar, both hands at once— to turn 
 
 round the bar backwards, and return — to form the 
 
 straight line. 
 Nos. 8, 11 and 12. To turn round the bar backwards and return— to turn 
 
 on one hand under the bar — to form the straight 
 
 line. 
 Nos. 8, J 1 and 10. To turn round the bar backwards and return— to turn 
 
 under the bar on one hand — to rise above the bar, 
 
 both hands at once. 
 
THE TRAPEZE. 107 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF FOUR EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 6; 8 10 and 11. To turn round the bar forwards — to turn round the 
 bar backwards, and return — to rise above the bar, 
 both hands at once — to turn under the bar on one 
 hand. 
 
 Nos. 6, 10, 11 and 12. To turn round the bar forwards— to rise above the 
 bar, both hands at once— to turn under the bar on 
 one hand — to form the straight hne. 
 
 Nos. 8, 10, 6 and 12. To turn round the bar backwards, and return — to 
 rise above the bar, both hands at once — to turn 
 round the bar forwards — to form the straight hne. 
 
 Nos. 10; 8, 11 and 6. To rise above the bar, both hands at once — to turn 
 round the bar backwards, and return — to turn 
 under the bar on one hand — to turn round the bar 
 forwards. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF FIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 Nos. 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12. To turn round the bar forwards — to turn round 
 
 the bar backwards, and return — to rise above 
 the bar, both hand at once — to turn under the 
 bar on one hand — to form the straight line. 
 
 Nos. 8, 10, 6, 11 and 12. To turn round the bar backwards, and return — to 
 
 rise above the bar, both hands at once — to turn 
 round the bar forwards — to turn under the bar 
 on one hand — to form the straight line. 
 
 Nos. 10, 8, 6, 10 and 12. To rise above the bar, both hands at once — to 
 
 turn round the bar backwards, and return — 
 to turn round the bar forwards — to rise above 
 the bar, both hands at once— to form the 
 straight line. 
 
THE INOLII^ED LADDER. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 It may seem unnecessary to teach, by formal instructions, exercises so 
 simple as many of those directed in the text to be performed on this ma- 
 chine, but their usefulness may be readily proved. Let a dozen men be 
 taken at hazard and desired to climb a ladder at any given incline, and it 
 will be found that scarcely two will do so in the same manner, scarcely two 
 will maintain throughout the ascent the position and action with which they 
 began, while uncertainty, hesitation, and insecurity will more or less mark 
 the efforts of all. The practised gymnast, on the contrary, will mount it as 
 surely and as rapidly as if it were a staircase, in any one of a dozen differ- 
 ent ways, and with far less strain on the ladder than an unpractised person. 
 
 The ladder should be carefully constructed, and the materials well 
 selected. The width of the ladder between the supports should be 1 4 or 15 
 inches, and the spars 9 inches apart. 
 
 The inclination of the ladder should be frequently 
 varied. 
 
 Apart from the mechanical facilities gained in the use 
 of the ladder, the exercises afford excellent training in 
 uniformity of motion, precision, and accuracy in measure- 
 ment of distances — all of which are essential to gymnastic 
 perfection. 
 
 1. Right Hand Leading.— Position of attention at the 
 foot of the ladder, the toes touching it. 
 
 1. Eaise the right hand and grasp the spar nearest 
 the reach, the left followmg, the fingers and thumbs to- 
 gether ; lift the right foot from the ground, and place it 
 on the first spar, the left following, resting on the front of 
 the foot, the toes pointed to the front, the column of the 
 body and lower hmbs straight but unconstrained, and inclined towards the 
 line of the ladder, the head erect, the eyes directed to the reach of the 
 hands (Fig. 1). 
 
 108 
 
THE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 109 
 
 2. Eaise the right hand to the next spar, the left following, lift the right 
 foot to the next spar, straighten the right knee, and lift the left foot to the 
 next spar, llepcat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right foot down to the next spar, the left follow- 
 ing, slip the right hand down to the next spar, the left following. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand leading. 
 
 This exercise to he repeated with the hands Ughtly grasping the sides 
 of the ladder. 
 
 2. Right Side Leading.— Po^itiow as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar and at the same time lift the 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 right foot to the next spar (Fig. 2), straighten the right 
 knee and lift the left hand and left foot together to the 
 same spar. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the next 
 spar, and at the same time slip the right foot down to the 
 next spar, the left hand and left foot following. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to he repeated with the left side leading. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the hands lightly 
 grasping the sides of the ladder. 
 
 3. Right and Left ^i^Q.-Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar and at the 
 same time hft the right foot to the next spar, as in 
 Fig. 2 ; straighten the right knee and at the same time 
 raise the left hand to the spar above that grasped by 
 
 the right, and lift the left foot to the spar above that occupied by the right. 
 Repeat the step, the leading hand and foot always passing the spars occu- 
 pied by the supporting hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, pass the leading hand down to the spar below that 
 grasped by the supporting hand, and the leading foot to the spar below 
 that occupied by the supporting foot. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the hands hghtly grasping the sides 
 of the ladder. 
 
 4. Right and Left, Hand and 'E ooi.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
110 
 
 THE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 T. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Eaise the right hand to the next spar and at the same time lift the 
 left foot to the next spar (Fig. 3) ; straighten the left knee 
 and at the same time raise the left hand to the spar above 
 that grasped by the right, and lift the right foot to the 
 spar above that occupied by the left. Repeat the step, 
 the leading hand and foot always passing the spars occu- 
 pied by the supporting hand and foot. 
 
 tn descending, pass the leading hand to the spar below 
 that grasped by the supporting hand, and the leading 
 foot to the spar below that occupied by the supporting 
 foot. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the hands lightly 
 grasping the sides of the ladder. 
 
 6. Both Hands at OTi.ce.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in first exercise. 
 
 2. Raise both hands to the next spar; lift the right 
 foot to the next spar, the left following. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right foot down to the next 
 following; slip both hands down to the next spar. 
 Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the hands lightly 
 grasping the sides of the ladder. 
 
 6. With One Kond..— Position as in first exercise. 
 1. Place the left hand upon the hip joint, the fingers 
 
 spai 
 
 to the front, the thumb to the rear; 
 
 raise the right hand 
 
 and grasp the spar nearest the reach, lift the left foot and 
 place it on the first spar, the right following (Fig. 4). 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, lift the left 
 foot to the next spar, straighten the left knee, elon- 
 gate the trunk, and lift the right foot to the same spar. 
 Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the left foot down to the next spar, 
 the right following, slip the right hand down to the next spar. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand. i 
 
 Repeat. 
 
THE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the hand lightly grasping the side 
 of the ladder. 
 
 7. With the Feet OnXy.— Position as in first exercise. 
 
 1. Place both hands on the hip joints, lift the right 
 foot from the ground and place it on the first spar, the 
 left following, the feet advanced on the spar so that 
 the rest is nearly at the heel, and the front of the leg 
 nearly touching the spars ; the column of the body in- 
 clined to the front, the head in the same line and the 
 eyes directed to the front. 
 
 2. Lift the left foot to the second spar (Fig. 5), 
 straighten the left leg and at the same time lift the 
 right foot to the same spar. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the left foot down to the next 
 spar, the right following. Repeat. 
 
 8. Right Hand Leading, Tinder the Ladder.— Po5t- 
 
 tion of attention, under the ladder. 
 
 1. Raise the right hand and grasp the spar nearest 
 left following, the fingers and thumb together ; lift the right 
 foot from the ground and place it on the nearest 
 spar, the left following, straighten the knees, elon- 
 gate the trunk, the arms bent at the half reach, 
 the chest advanced, the body inclined in the line of, 
 and close to, the ladder, the head back, the eyes 
 directed to the reach of the hands (Fig. 6). 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, the 
 left following; lift the right foot to the next spar, 
 the left following, straighten the knees and elongate 
 the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right foot down to the 
 next spar, the left following ; slip the right hand 
 down to the next spar, the left following. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand 
 leading. 
 9. Right Side Leading, Under the Ladder.-- Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 the reach, the i 
 Fig. 6 
 
112 
 
 THE INCLINED LADDEB, 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise. 
 
 2. Eaise the right hand to the next spar, and at the same time hft the 
 right foot to the next spar (Fig. 7), the left hand 
 and foot following on the left. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to 
 the next spar, and at the same time slip the 
 right foot down to the next spar, the left hand 
 and left foot following together to the same 
 spars. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left 
 side leading. 
 
 10. Right and Left Side, Under the Ladder.— 
 
 Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, and 
 at the same time lift the right foot to the next 
 spar, as in Fig. 7 ; straighten the right knee and 
 at the same time raise the left hand to the spar above that grasped by the 
 right, and lift the left foot to the spar above that 
 occupied by the right. Repeat the step, the lead- 
 ing hand and foot always passing the supporting 
 hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, pass the leading hand down to 
 the spar below that grasped by the supporting 
 hand, and the leading foot to the spar below that 
 occupied by the supporting foot. Repeat. 
 
 11. Hand and Foot, Tinder the Ladder.— Posziiow 
 
 as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar and at 
 the same time lift the left foot to the next spar 
 (Fig. 8), straighten the left knee and elongate the 
 trunk, and at the same time raise the left hand 
 to the spar above that grasped by the right, and the right fciot to the 
 spar above that occupied by the left. Repeat the step, the leading hand 
 
THE INCLINED LADDEB 
 
 113 
 
 and foot always passing the spars occupied by tlie supporting hand and 
 foot. 
 
 In descending; slip the leading hand down to the spar below that grasped 
 by the supporting hand, and the leading foot to the spar below that occu- 
 pied by the supporting foot. Repeat. 
 
 12. Both Hands at Once, Under the Ladder.— PosiYiow as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise both hands to the next spar and lift both feet to the next spar, 
 straighten the knees and elongate the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, pass both feet down to the next spar, and pass both 
 hands down to the next spar. Repeat. 
 
 13. Right Hand Leading, Under the Ladder, by the Si^es—Fositim as in 
 eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise, except that the hands 
 grasp the sides of the ladder, right and left, instead 
 of the spars (Fig. 9). 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the reach, the left 
 following on the left ; lift the right foot to the next 
 spar, the left following, straighten the knees and 
 elongate the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right foot down to the 
 next spar, the left following ; slip the right hand 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 down to the rest, the left 
 
 following 
 
 on the left. 
 
 Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand 
 leading. 
 
 14. Right Side Leading, Under the Ladder, by the 
 
 Sides.— Po5iYww as in eighth exercise. 
 As in thirteenth exercise. 
 
 Raise the right hand to the reach, and at the same time lift the right 
 foot Vo the next spar, the left hand and foot following on the left. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the rest, and at the same 
 time ^lip the right foot down to the next spar, the left hand and left foot 
 following on the left. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left side leading. 
 
114 
 
 THE INCLINED LADDEB 
 
 15. Right and Left Side, Tinder the Ladder, by the Sides— Position as in 
 eighth exercise. 
 
 1 . As in thirteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the reach, and at the same time lift the right 
 foot to the next spar; straighten the right knee, and at the same time raise 
 the left hand to the reach and lift the left foot to the spar above that occu- 
 pied by the right. Repeat the step, the leading hand and foot always 
 passing the supporting hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, pass the leading hand down to the rest, and at the same 
 time slip the leading foot down to the spar below that occupied by the 
 supporting foot. Repeat. 
 
 16. Hand and Foot, Tinder the Ladder, by the Sides.— Position as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in thirteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the reach, and at the same time lift the left 
 foot to the next spar ; straighten the left knee and elongate the trunk, and 
 at the same time raise the left hand to the reach and the right foot to the 
 spar above that occupied by the right. Repeat the step, the leading hand 
 and foot always passing the supporting hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, pass the leading hand down to 
 the rest, and at the same time slip the leading foot 
 down to the spar below that occupied by the sup- 
 porting foot. Repeat. 
 
 17. Both Hands at Once, Tinder the Ladder, by 
 the Sides.— Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1 . As in thirteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise both hands to the reach, lift both feet 
 to the next spar, straighten the knees and elongate 
 the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, pass both feet down to the next 
 spar, slip both hands down to the rest. Repeat. 
 
 18. Right Hand Leading, by Spars and Sides.— 
 Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighth exercise, except that the leading hand grasps the spar, 
 the supporting hand grasps the side of the ladder (Fig. lOJ. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
THE INCLINED LADDER. 115 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, raise the left hand the same 
 distance on the side ; lift the right foot to the next spar, the left following^ 
 straighten the knees and elongate the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right foot down to the next spar, the left follow- 
 ing, sUp the light hand down to the next spar, the left following on the 
 side, the same distance. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to he repeated with the left hand leading. 
 
 19. Right Side Leading, by Spars and ^idiQz— Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, and at the same time hft the 
 right foot to the next spar, the left hand and left foot following the same 
 distance. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the next spar and at the 
 same time slip the right foot down to the next spar, the left hand and left 
 foot following the same distance. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left side leading. 
 
 20. Right and Left Side, by Spars and Si^es— Position as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, and at the same time lift the 
 right foot to the next spar ; straighten the right knee and at the same time 
 raise the left hand the distance of the step above the right and the left foot 
 to the spar above that occupied by the right. Repeat the step, the leading 
 hand and foot always passing the supporting hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, slip the leading hand and foot down the distance of the 
 step below the supporting hand and foot. Repeat. 
 
 21. Hand and Foot, by Spars and SiSlbs.— Position as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, and at the same time lift the 
 left foot to the next spar ; raise the left hand the distance of the step above 
 the right, and the right foot to the spar above that occupied by the left. 
 Repeat the step, the leading hand and foot always passing the supporting 
 hand and foot. 
 
 In descending, slip the leading hand and foot down the distance of the 
 step below the supporting hand and foot. Repeat. 
 
110 
 
 TBE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 22. Both Hands at Once, by Spars and Sides.— Po5^^^o;^ as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in eighteenth exercise. 
 
 2. Eaise both hands the distance of the step, the right grasping the next 
 spar, the left grasping the side ; lift both feet to the next spar, straighten 
 the knees and elongate the trunk. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip both hands down the distance of the step, pass both 
 feet down to the next spar. Repeat. 
 
 23. Right Hand Leading, by the Sides OiAy.— Position as in seventh 
 exercise. 
 
 1 . Raise the right hand to the reach and grasp the side of the ladder, 
 the left following on the left, the fingers and thumbs meeting ; bend the 
 arms to the half reach, lifting the feet from the 
 ground, the legs straight and together, the toes 
 pointed downwards, the trunk of the body upright, 
 the neck free, the head held back, the eyes directed 
 to the reach of the hands (Fig. 11). 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the reach, the left 
 following on the left ; bend the arms to the half 
 reach, retaining the trunk and lower limbs in 
 position. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the 
 rest, the left following on the left. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand 
 leading. 
 
 24. Hand Over Hand, by the Sides Only .—Po5?Yww 
 as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1 . As in twenty-second exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the reach, bend the right arm and on the in- 
 stant raise the left hand to the reach, beyond the right. Repeat, the lead- 
 ing hand always passing beyond the level of the supporting hand. 
 
 In descending, slip the leading hand down to the rest, below the sup- 
 porting hand. Repeat. 
 
 25. Both Hands at Once, by the Sides Only.— Position as in eighth exercise. 
 ^ 1. As in twenty-second exercise. 
 
THE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 117 
 
 2. Shoot up botli hands to the reach, retainmg the arms bent, and the 
 trunk and lower hmbs in ijosition. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip both hands down to the reach. Repeat. 
 
 26. Right Hand Leading, by the Spars (^vly.— Position as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. Raise the right hand and grasp the spar nearest the reach, the left 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 the fingers and thumbs together; bend tho 
 arms to the half reach, lifting the feet from the ground, 
 the trunk and lower limbs as in twenty-third exerciso 
 (Fig. 12). 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, the left fol- 
 lowing, bend the arms to the half reach, retaining the 
 trunk and lower limbs in position. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the next 
 spar^ the left following. Repeat. 
 
 exercise to be repeated with 
 
 the left hand 
 
 This 
 leading. 
 
 27. Hand Over Hand, by the Spars (ivXy— Position as 
 in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty-fifth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, bend the 
 right arm and on the instant rai§e the left hand to the 
 
 spar above that grasped by the right. Repeat, the leading hand always 
 passing the spar grasped by the supporting hand. 
 
 In descending, slip the leading hand down to the spar below that 
 grasped by the supporting hand. Repeat. 
 
 28. Both Hands at Once, by the Spars Only.— PoseYiow as in eighth exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty-fifth exercise. 
 
 2. Shoot up both hands to the next spar, retaining the arms bent, and 
 the trunk and lower hmbs in position. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip both hands down to the next spar. Repeat. 
 
 29. Right Hand Leading, by Spars and Sides Ovlj— Position as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty -third exercise, except that the right hand grasps the 
 spar, the left hand grasps the side of the ladder, opposite the right. 
 
118 
 
 THE INCLINED LADDER. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, the left following the same 
 distance on the side. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the next spar, the left follow- 
 ing the same distance on the side. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand leading and grasping 
 the spar, the right hand on the side. 
 
 30. Hand Over Hand, by Spars and Sides QT^y.—Fosition as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty-ninth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, bend the right arm and on the 
 instant raise the left hand to the reach beyond the right. Repeat, the 
 leading hand always passing the supporting hand. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to the next spar below the left, 
 fihp the left down below the right. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be I'cpeated, the left hand grasping the spar, the right 
 hand on the side. 
 
 31. Both Hands at Once, by Spars and Sides Only —Position as in eighth 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in twenty-ninth exercise. 
 
 2. Shoot up both hands the distance of the step (the 
 distance between the spars), the right grasping the next 
 spar, the left grasping the side of the ladder, opposite 
 the right. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, slip both hands down the distance of 
 the step, as in the ascent. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated, the left hand grasping 
 the spar, the right hand on the side. 
 
 32. Left Hand Leading, Sideways.— Posi^iow of atten- 
 tion , the ladder in profile on the left. 
 
 1. Raise the right hand and, passing it above the lad- 
 der, grasp the spar nearest the reach, the fingers and 
 thumb meeting, raise the left hand and, passing it under 
 the ladder, grasp the spar above that grasped by the 
 right; bend the arms and lift both feet from the ground, the legs straight 
 and together, the toes pointed downwards, the trunk of the body upright, 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
THE INCLINED LADDER 
 
 119 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 the neck free, the head shghtly held back, the eyes directed to the reach 
 of the hands (Fig. 13). 
 
 2. Raise the left hand to the next spar, raise the right hand to the next 
 spar. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, pass the right hand down to the next spar, pass the left 
 hand down to the next spar. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the right hand leading. 
 
 33. Hand Over Hand, Sideways.— Position as in thirty-second exercise. 
 
 1. As in thirty-second exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the spar above that grasped by the left, ele- 
 vate the body and raise the left hand to the spar 
 above that grasped by the right. Repeat. 
 
 In descending, pass the leading hand down to 
 the spar below that grasped by the supporting hand. 
 Repeat. 
 
 34. Right Hand Leading, Sideways, Legs Up.— 
 
 Position as in thirty-second exercise. 
 
 1. As in thirty-second exercise, except that in 
 lifting the feet from the ground they are to be ex- 
 tended to the front horizontally, the legs straight 
 and together, the toes pointed to the front (Fig. 14). 
 
 2. As in thirty-second exercise, retaining the 
 lower limbs in position. Repeat. 
 
 Descend as in thirty-second exercise. 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand leading. 
 
 35. Hand Over Hand, Sideways, Legs JJ'p.— Position as in thirty-second 
 exercise. 
 
 1. As in thirty -fourth exercise. 
 
 2. As in twenty-fifth exercise, retaining the lower limbs in position. 
 Repeat. 
 
 Descend as in thirty-third exercise. 
 
 36. Right Hand Leading, Hands Only, Above the Ladder.— Position as 
 in first exercise. 
 
 1. Raise both hands and grasp the spar nearest the reach, the fingers 
 and thumb meeting ; press strongly from the hands, and straightening the 
 
120 
 
 THE INCLINED LAD DEB, 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 arms, lift both feet from the ground and pass them right and left outside 
 the ladder, the inside of the foot lightly pressing 
 against the supports, the legs straight, the toes 
 pointed downwards, the chest advanced, the head 
 shghtly bent back (Fig. 15). 
 
 2. Kaise the right hand to the next spar, 
 straighten the right arm, raise the left hand to the 
 same spar. Kepeat. 
 
 In descending, slip the right hand down to thp 
 next spar, the left following. Repeat. 
 
 This exercise to be repeated with the left hand 
 leading. 
 
 37. Hand Over Hand, Hands Only, Above the 
 Ladder.— PostYion as in first exercise. 
 
 1. As in thirty-sixth exercise. 
 
 2. Raise the right hand to the next spar, 
 
 straighten the right arm and on the instant raise the left hand to the spar 
 above that grasped by the right. Repeat the step, the leading hand alwajs 
 passing the spar grasped by the supporting hand. 
 
 In descending, slip the leading hand down to the spar below that 
 grasped by the supporting hand. Repeat. 
 
 38. To Descend Rapidly Above the Ladder. 
 
 Pass the right leg over the side of the ladder, the knee bent, the foreleg 
 pendent, the left leg following on the left. Pass the right hand to the out- 
 side of the ladder, grasping the support on the underside, the fingers and 
 thumb together, the left hand following on the left. Regulate the rate of 
 descent by the pressure of the hands. 
 
Dick & Fitzgerald. 
 
 PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK. 
 
 POST OFFICE BOX 2973. 
 
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 tion, Compliment and ConduUnce. 
 
 "With this book anyperson may prepare himself to make a neat little speech or reply to 
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 Bound in boards, cloth back 75 CtS. 
 
 Dick's Original Albnm Verses and Acrostics. Containing Original 
 
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 For Album Dedication^: 
 
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 To Accompany J hil'pcna Forfeits; 
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 It contains also Two Hundred and Eighteen Original Acrostic Verpes, the initial letten 
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 entirely fresh and unhackneyed matter for all who may be called upon to fill and 
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Popular Books sent Free of Postage at the Prices annexed. 
 
 Dick's Society Letter Writer for Ladies. Containing MORE 
 
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 The Contents embrace the following Subjects: 
 
 Hints on Le'ter Wriling 
 
 Letters of Introductiin 
 
 Answer. f to Letters of [ntroduction 
 
 Lfttei s and Notes of Invitation 
 
 Forms of Cards 
 
 Notes of Postponement 
 
 Letters and Notes Accepting and 
 
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 ing Favors 
 
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 Hou^eho'd Letters and Nr.tes 
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 Business Letters and Notes 
 Shopping by Mail 
 Forms of Orders 
 Miscellaneous Business Letters 
 Family Letters 
 Miscellaneous Notes and Letters 
 
 These new and Original Letters have been written expressly for this work in an easy 
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 Dick's Mysteries of the Hand ; or, Palmistry made Easy. Trans- 
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 By means of this book the hitherto occult mystery of Palmistry is made simple and 
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 AND FIFTT OTHEB DrVBRTINQ PABLOE PASTIMES AND AMUSEMENTS. 
 
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 Book of Riddles and 500 Home Amusements. Containing a curious 
 
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 Mar tine's Droll Dialogues and Laughable Recitations. A collection of 
 
 Humorous Dialogues, Comic Recitations, Brilliant Burlesques and Spirited Stump 
 
 Speeches. 188 pages, paper covers 30 Ct3. 
 
 Bound in boards, with cloth back 50 CtS. 
 
 WE WILL SEND A CATALOGUE, containing a complete list of all ihe 
 pieces in each qf the above books, to any persons who wUlserMustJmr address. 
 
Popular Books sent Free of Postage at the Prices annexed. 
 Dick's Ethiopian Scenes, Variety Sketches and Stump Speeches. 
 
 Containing End Men's Jokes, 
 
 Negro Interludes and Farces: \ Dialogues and Repartee for Interlocutor and 
 
 Fresh Dialogues for Interlocutor and Banjo ; bones; 
 
 JV'^w Stump Speedies ; \ Quaint Burlesque Sermons; 
 
 Humorous Lectures : I Jokes, Quips and Gags. 
 
 Dialect Sketches and Eccentricities ; | 
 
 It includes a number of Amusing Scenes and Negro acts, and is full of the side-splitting 
 vagaries of the best Minstrel Troups-in existence, besides a number of Original Kecita- 
 
 tions and Sketches in the Negro Dialect, 178 pages. Paper covers 30 ctS. 
 
 Bound iu boards, cloth back 50 CtS. 
 
 Tambo's End-Men's Minstrel Gags. Containing some of the best 
 
 jokes and repartees of the most celebrated "burnt cork " performers of our day. 
 Tambo and Bones iu all sorts and manner of scrapes. Also containing a rich collection 
 of Ballads, humorous and pathetic, Darkey Dialogues, Sketches, Plantation Scenes, Ec- 
 centric Doings, Humorous Lectures, Laughable Interludes. Huge Africanisms, Bur- 
 lesque Stump Speeches, Mirth-Provoking Witticisms, Conundrums, Yarns, Plantation 
 Songsand Dances, etc., etc. In short, acomplete Hand-Book of Burnt Cork Drollery, 
 which will be found alike useful to the professional and amateur. Everything new 
 
 and rich. Paper covers 30 CtB. 
 
 Bound in boards, with cloth back 50 CtS. 
 
 Dick's Dutch, French and Yankee Dialect Recitations. An unsur- 
 passed Collection of Droll Dutch Blunders, Frenchmen's Funny Mistakes, and Ludi- 
 crous and Extravagant Yankee Yams, each Eecitation beiug in its own peculiar dialect. 
 To those who make Dialect Ilecitations a speciality, this Collection will be of particu- 
 lar service, as it contains all the best pieces that are incidentally scattered through » 
 large number of volumes of "Recitations and Readings," besides several new and 
 
 excellent sketches never before published. 170 pages, paper cover 30 CtS. 
 
 Bound in boards, cloth back 50 CtB» 
 
 Dick's Irish Dialect Recitations. A carefully compiled Collection of 
 Bare Irish Stories, Comic Poetical and Prose Recitations, Humorous Letters and 
 Funny Recitals, all told with the irresistible Humor of the Irish Dialect. This Collec- 
 tion contains, in addition to new and original pieces, all the very best Recitations in 
 the Irish Dialect that can be gathered from a whole library of " Recitation" books. 
 It is full of the sparkling witticisms and queer conceits of the wittiest nation on 
 earth; and apart from its special object, it furnishes a fund of the most entertaining 
 
 matter for perusal in leisure moments. 170 pages. Paper cover 30 ctS. 
 
 Bound in boards, cloth back 50 ctS. 
 
 Frank Converse's Complete Banjo Instructor Without a Master. Con- 
 taining a choice collection of Banjo Solos and Hornpipes, WalkArounds, Reels and 
 Jigs. Songs and Banjo Stories, progressively arranged and plainly explained, enabling 
 the learner to become a proficient banjoist without the aid of a teacher. The neces- 
 sary explanations accompany each tune, and are placed under the notes on each page, 
 plainly showing the string required, the finger to be used for stopping it, the manner 
 of striking and the number of times it must be sounded. The Instructor is illustrated 
 with diagrams and explanatory symbols. 100 pages Bound in boards 50 CtS. 
 
 Tony Denier's Parlor Tableaux or Living Pictures. Containing about 
 
 eighty popular subjects, with plain and explicit directions for arranging the stage, 
 dressing-rooms, lights, full description of costumes, duties of stage manager, proper- 
 ties and scenery required, and all the necessary directions for getting them up. Among 
 the contents there are nine tableaux for male and an equal number for /cnia/c characters 
 only. A great number of them introduce groups of boys, and many more groups of 
 girls only ; others again introducing both, and still more in which entire classes can 
 take part. For public or private entertainment, there is nothing which is so interest- 
 ing and instructive as Tableaux 30 ctS. 
 
 North's Book of Love-Letters. "With directions how to write and when 
 to use them, and 120 Specimen Letters, suitable for Lovers of any age and condition, 
 and under all circumstances. Interspersed with the author's comments thereon. The 
 whole forming a convenient Hand-book of valuable inforn-ation and counsel for the 
 use of those who need friendly guidance and advice in matters of Love, 
 Courtship and Marriage. By Ingoldsby North . Bound in boards 50 CtS, 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books ^re subject to immediate recall. 
 
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 Q£C . s 18 6 7 
 
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 LD 21A-40m-4.'63 
 (D647l8l0)476B 
 
 General Library- 
 University of California 
 Berkeley 
 
YC 27430