THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES FAMOUS EPOCH-MAKERS AUTHENTIC BIOGRAPHIES OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST CHARACTERS ROBERT E. LEE BY HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE, M.A., PH.D., D.D. PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE WASHINGTON AND LKB UNIVERSITY ILLUSTRATED FRED DEFAU & COMPANY NEW YORK COPYRIGHT 1897 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube imicherbocker pews, Hew IBotft e ^ L4W5 DEDICATED TO MY WIFE FANNY BEVERLEY WELLFORD WHITE PREFACE HIS volume has been written throughout from original sources. A complete bibliography of the historical material would scarcely be possible within the limits of a preface. The statements concerning the Eng- lish ancestry of General Robert E. Lee are based upon researches made by members of the Lee family, and set forth in vari- ous recent publications. The story of colonial and Revolutionary days has been found in a mass of material extending from the writings of John Smith, founder of Virginia, to the editorial labours of Jus- tin Winsor, librarian of the Harvard University. The Journals of Congress and of various State legis- latures, Force's American Archives, the publications of various State historical societies, the Johns Hopkins University Studies, the letters and works of Washington, Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Mason, Franklin, Hamilton, and John Adams have been used. I desire to add a word of special thanks for the aid derived from the valuable publications of the vi Preface. Virginia Historical Society, and from the Quarterly Magazine issued by the William and Mary College. The debates in the Federal Convention, in the State Conventions that adopted the Constitution, and speeches in Congress extend the list. The subsequent social and political history of our country, down to the year 1870, has been drawn chiefly from the speeches delivered in Congress, from party platforms, and from the biographies and letters of American statesmen. I must acknowledge my indebtedness for much collateral material set forth in the series, American Commonwealths, and in the series, American Statesmen, and in the general and special works of Story, Curtis, Schouler, Mc- Master, Henry Adams, Roosevelt, John Fiske, Von Hoist, Rhodes, Benton, Elaine, Cox, Greeley, A. H. Stephens, and Jefferson Davis. With reference to slavery, I may say that I have read nearly all the literature, from Uncle Tom s Cabin and Wilson's Slave Power to the most recent biog- raphy of William Lloyd Garrison. In the discussion of the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia, the basis of my work has been the Official Records of the war. In addition to these reports, a large mass of testimony from par- ticipants and eye-witnesses is contained in the Southern Historical Society Papers and in the four volumes entitled Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (Century Company). The Campaigns of the Civil War (Scribners) contain excellent special studies by Federal officers. I have consulted the voluminous work of the Comte de Paris and also Preface. vii the biographies of Lincoln, Davis, Seward, J. E. Johnston, Stuart, Jackson, Hancock, and other Federal and Confederate leaders ; likewise the Me- moirs of Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, and mili- tary histories of different Federal corps d'armfe. Of special importance among these are the various biographies of General Robert E. Lee. I desire to express my great appreciation of the courtesy of General G. W. Custis Lee, President of the Washington and Lee University for valuable items of information, and also for permission to use the letters and papers of his illustrious father. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Major Jed Hotchkiss, of Staunton, Virginia, of the En- gineer Company, Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, a member of the personal staff of both Jackson and Lee. Major Hotchkiss is now en- gaged in the work of collecting from veterans of the war their personal testimony concerning impor- tant events in the campaigns. This information he has generously placed at my disposal, and has also rendered assistance in reading the proof-sheets. I desire also to make acknowledgment of assistance rendered by my father-in-law, Judge Beverley Ran- dolph Wellford, Jr., of Richmond, Virginia, formerly connected with the War Department of the Southern Confederacy. Judge Wellford has furnished valua- ble suggestions and historical facts, and has also as- sisted in the work of examining the proof-sheets. I regret that I cannot here mention a host of other friends, veterans of the war, who have given me the benefit of their personal testimony as eye-witnesses. viii Preface. The account herein given concerning the campaign in the Wilderness is, for the most part, a paper which I had the honour to read before the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts. HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, August 23, 1897. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. BIRTH FAMILY (1642-1807) . CHAPTER II. PAGE I EDUCATION MARRIAGE EARLY SERVICE IN THE ARMY (1811-1846) 20 CHAPTER III. THE MEXICAN WAR WEST POINT SERVICE ON THE FRONTIER (1846-1859) 33 CHAPTER IV. SECESSION AND SLAVERY (l86o) . '" . 5 2 CHAPTER V. JOHN BROWN THE CRISIS OF 1 86 1 LEE*S WITH- DRAWAL FROM THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES (1859-1861) 78 CHAPTER VI. IN COMMAND OF THE FORCES OF VIRGINIA THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA CONSTRUC- TION OF ATLANTIC COAST DEFENCES (l86l- 1862) 104 Contents. CHAPTER VII. PAGi THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN LEE IN COMMAND OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES IN DEFENCE OF RICH- MOND (1862) 132 CHAPTER VIII. LEE'S ADVANCE INTO NORTHERN VIRGINIA SECOND MANASSAS (1862) 171 CHAPTER IX. THE CAMPAIGN IN MARYLAND THE CAPTURE OF HARPER'S FERRY SHARPSBURG (1862) . . 198 CHAPTER X. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG (1862) 229 CHAPTER XI. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE (l86 3 ) 2 S7 CHAPTER XII. THE CAMPAIGNS OF GETTYSBURG AND MINE RUN (1863) . . 279 CHAPTER XIII. THE CAMPAIGN IN THE WILDERNESS (1864) . . 332 CHAPTER XIV. PETERSBURG AND APPOMATTOX (1864-1865) . . 391 CHAPTER XV. LEE AS PRESIDENT OF THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE (1865-1870) . . ' . . ... 426 INDEX ......... 459 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE ROBERT E. LEE . ... . . Frontispiece LAST MEETING OF LEE AND JACKSON . . . 278 SURRENDER OF LEE 424 ROBERT E. LEE. CHAPTER I. BIRTH FAMILY. 1642-1807. OBERT EDWARD LEE was born at Stratford on the Potomac, in West- moreland County, Virginia, January 19, 1807. This eighth year after the passing of Washington saw new fierceness added to the commercial warfare between England and Napoleon. It witnessed also the rise of the war-spirit in the United States in connection with President Jefferson's struggle to maintain the honour of his Administration against British seizure of American seamen. Robert Edward was the third son of Colonel Henry Lee and Anne Hill Carter, his second wife; the baptismal name of the child was bestowed in honour of two scions of the house of Carter. " Light-Horse Harry " Lee, as a Federalist of the Robert E. Lee. [1732 school of General Washington, held himself aloof from political affiliation with the sage of Monticello. When Jefferson assumed the robes of office as Chief Magistrate in Washington, Lee withdrew himself from the halls of Congress to the shade of his own maple-grove in the country of his fathers, where, during the first decade of the new century, he bore mild sway as the patriarch of a Virginian household. There did he often repeat and then make careful record of the story of marches and fields of war in the Revolutionary days when he himself was the chief leader of horse in Washington's armies. Stratford, the stately dwelling-place, had become the property of Colonel Lee through his marriage with the daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee in 1782; about 1790 she had passed away, leaving behind her a daughter and one son, who bore his father's name, Henry Lee. From Thomas Lee, of the third gen- eration of Lees in Virginia, this mansion had descended to the succeeding heirs in the days of King George II. The tradition runs that Queen Caroline's admiration for the colonial officer led her to send a private gift of money to Thomas Lee for the construction of a mansion befitting the dignity of the President of the colonial Council. Spacious were the rooms, and lofty was the ceiling of this dwelling of brick; from the platforms laid between the chimney towers, the promenader could catch glimpses of Virginia's broadest and deepest river. Since the early reign of Governor Berkeley, the family of Lee had become native to the soil of the Old Dominion. Richard Lee, first of his line to 1642] Family. 3 cross the seas, was a landholder of Stratford-Lang- ton, in the county of Essex, England. According to his own claim, this founder of the Virginian house sprang from that line of knights and gentle- men bearing the name of Lee who dwelt originally in Shropshire. By King James I., in 1620, a mem- ber of this Shropshire family was honoured with a baronetcy; but, in 1660, the title passed away on the death of the second baronet. The Virginian emi- grant did not claim descent from these two baronets of the Langley branch, but from the collateral and younger branch, the Lees of Coton Hall. With the Lees of Ditchley he had no affinity; but a daughter of the latter house, Eleanor Calvert, be- came the wife of John Parke Custis, and thus unto the wife of Robert Edward was transmitted the blood of a separate and distinct family of Lees. In the portrait handed down to us, the face of the first Richard Lee of Virginia, framed in the of- ficial wig of the colonial Councillor, is marked with the lines of benevolence and vigour. The earliest land-grant recorded in his name, bearing the date, August 10, 1642, gave him title to one thousand acres of territory in Yorke County. To this farm on Poropotank Creek he gave the name " Para- dise." In November, 1647, as member from the county of Yorke, Richard Lee took his seat in the House of Burgesses at Jamestown. Richard Lee was loyal to the family of Stuart; for, in 1650, he sailed across the sea to Breda as member of a com- mission to invite the second Charles to wear the crown in Virginia; and, in 1651, he was styled by 4 Robert E. Lee. [1676 Berkeley, Colonel Richard Lee, Esquire, Secretary of State for this Colony. But he was also loyal to the young democracy cradled in the arms of the noble rivers that seek the Chesapeake, for, in 1654, when a Dissenter sat in the Governor's chair, Lee was described as " faithful and useful to the inter- ests of the Commonwealth." At the time of his death, about the year 1663, he held the office of Lieutenant, or Master of the Militia, of the county of Westmoreland. Unto his two daughters and five sons, then living, this head of the Virginian line devised vast tracts of that sun-smitten soil on both banks of the Potomac, described by Captain John Smith as " lusty and very rich." Before death claimed him, the father had seen two sons, John and Richard, bear away the seals of graduation from Oxford University. The mantle of family patriarch soon fell to Richard, the second son, a diligent reader of books, a busy planter, and man of affairs. " Mt. Pleasant " on the Potomac was his home; there he dwelt in the midst of an estate of two thousand acres inherited from his father and elder brother John. In 1676, this sec- ond Richard was called to fill his father's former position of Councillor, and henceforth he bore the title Colonel Richard Lee. When he donned the official wig, the smoke was just clearing away from that summer of strife known as Bacon's Rebellion. It may have been, in part, his personal friendship for Berkeley that led Lee to support the Governor in the day of his warfare with Nathaniel Bacon, who played the noble role of patriot while Berkeley at- 1691] Family. 5 tempted the part of despot. During seven weeks Bacon kept Lee shut up in prison. In 1691, Lee's attachment to the house of Stuart held him back, for a time, from taking the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. Not many years passed, how- ever, until Governor Spotswood spoke of Colonel Lee as " a gentleman of as fair character as any in the country for his exact justice, honesty, and unex- ceptional loyalty." Fifth in order among the sons of the second Richard and Laetitia Corbin, his wife, was Thomas Lee. The year that saw the birth of George Wash- ington, 1732, brought to Thomas the seals of office as colonial Councillor. Thomas was not educated in England, but received his scholastic training at home, under the care of tutors. He afterwards became a proficient in the classics through his own unaided researches in the library at Stratford. In the Council, Thomas Lee was ever a stout upholder of the Established Church of the colony ; his voice was against the wide extension of the privileges of public worship to the religious Dis- senters. In the home of wealth and intellectual cultivation maintained at Stratford by Thomas Lee and his wife, Hannah Ludwell, six sons were trained for large service unto their commonwealth and country. Foremost among these was that quartet of patriot brothers, Richard Henry, Thomas Lud- well, Francis Lightfoot, and Arthur Lee. The spirit of democracy was not completely banished from the fireside of this Virginian royalist and Churchman, who could bequeath to his sons two Robert E. Lee. [175 6 hundred and twenty adult negro servants and at the same time lay the command upon his executors to educate his children " in such manner as they think fitt, religiously and virtuously, and, if necessary, to bind them to any profession or trade, soe that they may learn to get their living honestly." A younger brother of Thomas Lee bore the name Henry. This Henry Lee was sixth in order among the sons of the second Richard. Upon a plantation in Westmoreland, adjoining his father's estate, he built Lee Hall, and there by the Potomac, in ease and quietness, did he dwell with his wife, Mary Bland. Three sons blessed this marriage, and to the third son were bequeathed the father's name, Henry, and large estates in Prince William and Fairfax counties. Concerning this son Henry, the patriarch of Lee Hall left behind him this injunc- tion: " My Will and desire is that my son Henry be continued at the College two years from the date hereof [1746], and afterwards to be a writer in the Secretary's Office, till he be twenty-one years of age." From William and Mary College this scion of Lee Hall betook himself to Prince William County, and there, at Leesylvania, in 1756, was born the eldest son of Henry Lee and Lucy Grymes, his wife. This heir-at-law, christened with the name of his parent, was afterwards to become famous as " Light-Horse Harry," the father of Robert E. Lee. The hour of separation from the mother-country was now drawing nigh. When the Revolutionary programme was outlined by Patrick Henry in " The Parsons' Cause," in 1763, wherein he denounced 1765] Family. 7 the Establishment as an incumbrance, and denied the King's authority to veto a statute of the colonial Assembly, a full-fledged republican party already stood behind him, composed of the Dissenters of the upland counties of Virginia The rifles of these Ul- stermen had enabled Washington to win the Ohio Valley from the French and Indians, and the same guns were still primed on the mountain-top, ready to resist the aggressions of King George III. As opposed to Grenville's imperial theory that the col- onies were mere trading corporations, to be taxed by the English Parliament, this republican party advanced the home-rule view that the colonies were political communities, self-governing common- wealths from their origin, controlled and taxed by local parliaments. When Patrick Henry's voice rang out in opposi- tion to the Stamp Act in 1765, claiming for the Assembly the charter-right to supreme authority in Virginia, his resolutions were passed through the House of Burgesses by the republican party against the votes of the conservatives from the tide-water section. With these stern Calvinists, who held that government must be based on compact, many of the Potomac planters were in full accord. Among the latter were Washington, Mason, Madison, and several members of the house of Lee. From his early studies in law and government, Richard Henry Lee had come forth an ardent repub- lican of the type of Hampden and Sidney. This son of the royalist, Thomas Lee, stood side by side with Patrick Henry in the leadership of the Vir- 8 Robert E. Lee. [1775 ginian republicans against the party of the Estab- lishment. It was not to William and Mary, the stronghold of the Establishment, but to Princeton College, the academic centre of the Revolutionary party, that Henry Lee of Leesylvania sent the vigor- ous young horseman of the household. One glimpse of the young Henry Lee, in 1770, at the feet of Witherspoon, reveals him thus: " He is more than strict in his morality, has a fine genius, and is diligent." In 1773, he bore away the seal of graduation from Nassau Hall, and returned to Prince William in time to see his father, the County Bur- gess for many years past, depart as delegate to the Convention, a body that afterwards presided at the birth of the independent Commonwealth of Virginia. The younger Henry Lee soon laid aside the law books which he had set himself to study, and in the summer of 1775 began to assist in the work of or- ganising and drilling the militia of the colony. This preparation for warfare was due to the resolution pressed through the Convention of March, 1775, by Patrick Henry, with the assistance of Richard Henry Lee and other republican leaders. In July, 1775, the Committee of Safety, appointed by the Convention, assumed complete executive control of the colony; a prominent member of that committee was Thomas Ludwell Lee. Virginia was absolutely independent now of all external authority. Representatives elected by the people exercised complete legis- lative, judicial, and executive functions. May, 1776, marked the assembling of the fifth and last colonial Convention that gave permanence to the republican 17761 Family. 9 form of government. In this Convention sat three members of the Lee family, Henry of Prince William, his brother Richard of Westmoreland, and Thomas Ludwell of Stafford. June 29, 1776, was the birth- day of the Commonwealth of Virginia, for that day added George Mason's Constitution to his previous Bill of Rights. The adoption of these instruments by the Convention, in the name of the sovereign people, constituted their formal separation from the English Crown. This written Constitution of Vir- ginia was, in large part, the model followed by the other colonies in the formation of permanent state governments. At the same time with this Virginia Convention, another assembly of delegates from all the colonies was in session in Philadelphia. This Congress of deputies was clothed only with advisory powers. It formed a central committee whose business it was to secure concert of action among the colonies through a series of recommendations to the different colonial legislatures. Among the Virginia deputies were the brothers Richard Henry and Francis Lightfoot Lee. May 15, 1776, the Williamsburg Convention sent commands to the Virginia representatives to secure from the Congress a formal announcement of the already existing fact that the thirteen colonies were independent States. When Richard Henry Lee, on June 7, offered a resolution to that effect, every royal governor had fled, and the thirteen commonwealths were each as sovereign and independent as ever were the kingdoms of Holland, Denmark, or Portugal. Lee's resolution was adopted by the Congress, July 2, io Robert E. Lee. \\m and, two days later, delegates from twelve of the thir- teen colonies agreed to Jefferson's formal Declaration of I ndependence. Authority to vote for the Declara- tion had been forwarded to their delegates by all the colonial conventions and legislatures, except the legislature of New York. Back to those legislatures was the Declaration sent for ratification ; the formal sanction thereof by the thirteen law-making bodies at last gave legal character to this great document and transformed a committee's work into a colonial compact. Wearing a captain's sword, as the leader of a band of. volunteer horsemen, Henry Lee the younger en- tered the field of war at the call of the Common- wealth of Virginia. In April, 1777, Lee presented himself for orders at Washington's headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey. The flower of the Ameri- can army at that point was composed of riflemen from Virginia and Maryland. These patriots, one hundred days before Lee's arrival, had enabled Washington to save the cause of the Revolution at Trenton and Princeton. Upon the arduous serv- ice of scouting and foraging for Washington's army did Lee now enter. Not long did he wait to secure the commander's commendation for " gallant be- haviour " and for "conduct of exemplary zeal, prudence, and bravery." Lee kept his men at hot work in the days of Brandywine and Germantown. During the winter of suffering at Valley Forge he was continually astir in bringing bread and beef to the starving soldiers. Early in 1778, he was pro- moted to the rank of major, and placed in command 1780] Family. 1 1 of a corps of light-armed horsemen. Lee now be- came the eye and the ear of the army ; the daring courage which marked the man of swift vigilance soon fastened upon him the name of " Light-Horse Harry " Lee. It was Lee who suggested the capt- ure of Stony Point, and it was a band of North Carolinians who formed Wayne's head of column in the assault upon that fortress. Three hundred Vir- ginians followed Lee in his successful dash against Paulus Hook on the Jersey coast, August, 1779. In honour of Lee and his Legion in this enterprise, the Congress bestowed a medal with warm com- mendation of his " remarkable prudence, address, and bravery." The summer of 1780 brought the darkest hour of the Revolution. Cornwallis was sweeping north- ward through the Carolinas in order to end the war by the subjugation of the South. The people of New England were now mending their fishing-nets and unfurling the sails of their trading-vessels. Virginia was girding herself for the combat; her sons stood behind Washington as he watched New York; they withstood the British in Carolina, and they made ready to keep back the invader from their own soil. The victory of King's Mountain in October scattered the cloud of gloom. In Decem- ber came Greene to take command of the Southern army, and with him came Lieutenant-Colonel Lee with his Legion. Washington's opinion of the cavalry leader was set forth in the declaration that Lee had "great resources of genius." Under Greene served Morgan, Will- 1 2 Robert E. Lee. ti78i iam Washington, Marion, Pickens, Sumter, and Lee; of the latter Greene declared, " No man in the progress of the campaign had equal merit." In the course of that masterly strategy whereby Greene drew Cornwallis away from his base into the mountains of North Carolina, Lee's Legion formed the American rear-guard. More than a match for the British cav- alry leader, Tarleton, was Lee in this long running- fight. The skill and daring of the Virginian horse- man enabled Greene to unite his two wings for the battle at Guilford. In September, 1781, when Wash- ington was hurling his army like a thunderbolt from the Hudson to the York to secure Cornwallis in the toils, Lee and Marion had already led Greene's advance southward, and were now making hot pur- suit after Rawdon's recruits as they scampered into Charleston from the last battle in Carolina, at Eutaw Springs. The famous trooper celebrated his own victories by coming to witness the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and by his marriage to the heiress of Stratford the following year. Colonel Lee's ardent support was accorded to the Federal Constitution when it was presented to the separate States for ratification. His career in the field of war had revealed to him the necessity for a governmental compact more binding than the old Articles of Confederation ; his admiration for Wash- ington made him desirous of giving sanction to that leader's work as President of the Convention of 1787. Richard Henry Lee, made cautious by his experience in the Continental Congress, stood in the forefront of the opposition to the compact. He 1788] Family. 13 affirmed that the proposed Constitution was "dan- gerously oligarchic " in its " blending of the legis- lative powers with the executive." But Colonel Henry Lee spoke and voted in the Convention of 1788 in company with Madison; the latter won Vir- ginia's sanction for the Constitution on the ground that it was only a compact wherein the con- tracting parties were " the people but not the people as composing one great body, but the people as composing thirteen sovereignties." This was the view held in all the commonwealths by the Federalists, who triumphantly established the new league among the States. As member of the Virginia Legislature, Colonel Lee watched the early sessions of the Federal Con- gress. When that body adopted Hamilton's scheme for centralising in Congress the management of the finances of the States, the Virginia Assembly made protest. Lee was on the committee that form- ulated the following declaration: "Your me- morialists can find no clause in the Constitution authorizing Congress to assume the debts of the States." In this juncture of affairs Lee wrote to Madison: " To disunite is dreadful to my mind; but, dreadful as it is, I consider it a lesser evil than Union on the present conditions." In 1792, when Lee entered upon his three years' tenure of office as Governor of Virginia, the political differences between Hamilton and Jefferson in the Cabinet had assumed the form of personal hostility. As Jefferson withdrew to wave the magician's wand from Monticello and call into existence the Re- 1 4 Robert E. Lee. [1793 publican-Democratic party, Colonel Lee drew him- self into closer political sympathy with the Fed- eralists. When the farmers of Western Pennsylvania raised an insurrection against Hamilton's direct tax on whiskey, it was Lee whom Washington sent against them as commander of the militia; but the rioters were suppressed without the shedding of blood. In the crisis of party warfare that marked the close of the century, Lee played his part as a zeal- ous Federalist. Talleyrand's insult to the envoys of President Adams in 1798 aroused the wrath of the American people and swept the Federal Administra- tion into active preparations for war with France. Lee was given commission in the army as Major-General. Adams and his Federalist followers rode upon the whirlwind and directed the storm. Against the foreigners who held positions as editors and leaders of the republican party, they passed through Con- gress the Alien and Sedition laws. In opposition to these two measures that lodged great personal power in the hands of the President, vigorous protests came from the legislatures of Kentucky and Vir- ginia, drafted by Jefferson and Madison. They declared the Constitution to be a compact formed by the different States as integral parties ; they fur- ther denounced the Alien and Sedition laws as vio- lations of the compact, with a dangerous tendency toward consolidation. The Virginia resolutions, however, were passed against the voice of Colonel Henry Lee, who denied that these Congressional statutes were breaches of the Constitution. In 1799] Family. \ 5 1799, Lee was elected to Congress on the Federalist platform. His friendship for Washington rendered him hostile to Jefferson, and the only ground on which the enemies of Jefferson could stand was Federalism. Washington made use of his own great personal influence among the Potomac plant- ers to secure Lee's election as their representative. When the news reached Congress that the sage of Mount Vernon had passed away, it was Lee who prepared the resolution referring to him as " The man first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." Upon Col- onel Lee was laid the task of delivering before Congress a formal oration on the character of Wash- ington, and in the performance of this labour of love he manifested " distinguished powers of elo- quence." But the doom of Federalism was at hand. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions became the slo- gan of the democracy. The Federalists had sought to concentrate authority in the hands of an oli- garchy, and now the masses of the people began flocking to Jefferson's standard. Dissensions split the Federalist party in twain ; the Presidential elec- tion in 1800 was thrown into the House of Repre- sentatives, where the votes of ten States out of sixteen gave the office to Jefferson. So intense was Lee's antipathy to the republican leader that he cast his vote from beginning to end of the contest for Aaron Burr. When Jefferson and his party, in 1801, entered upon their long voyage of supremacy, with the compact theory nailed to the masthead as 1 6 Robert E. Lee. [1807 the rule of Constitutional interpretation, Colonel Lee retired from the field of politics, and sought repose beneath the trees, by the still waters of Stratford on the Potomac. The planting of fields and the gathering of har- vests were engaging the warrior's care when the home was made glad in 1807 by the birth of the soldier-child, Robert. From Shirley, on the lower James River, to Stratford had Colonel Lee brought as wife the eldest daughter of Charles Carter and Anne Moore Carter. The eldest male heir of the fourth generation of the house of Carter in Virginia was this Charles Carter of Shirley. He passed from earth in the summer before the advent of his illus- trious grandchild, Robert E. Lee. Among the papers of his daughter, the wife of Colonel Henry Lee, was found this obituary testi- monial to Charles Carter: "His long life was spent in the tranquillity of domestic enjoyments. From the mansion of hospitality his immense wealth flowed like silent streams, enlivening and refreshing every object around. In fulfilling the duties of his station, he proved himself to be an Israelite indeed, in whom there was no guile." When we trace the Carter line backward from Charles of the fourth generation, we find his father, John Carter, eldest son of the house, becoming the master of the Shirley plantation through marriage with the heiress, Elizabeth Hill. This John was son of Robert Carter of Lancaster, familiarly known as " King Carter " of the realm of the upper Rap- pahannock River; Robert's father was the emigrant 1807] Family. 1 7 John who sat as member of the Virginia House of Burgesses as early as 1649. " King Carter " played his part in the public service as Speaker of the Bur- gesses, Rector of William and Mary College, and Governor of the Colony of Virginia. A large stone in former time stood at the east end of Christ Church in Lancaster County to speak of him as " An honourable man, who by noble endowments and pure morals gave lustre to his gentle birth Possessed of ample wealth, blamelessly acquired, he built and endowed, at his own ex- pense, this sacred edifice, a signal monument of his piety toward God. He furnished it richly. Entertaining his friends kindly, he was neither a prodigal nor a parsimonious host." It was the daughter of this house of Carter who became the mother of Robert E. Lee, and her prayers with her tender admonitions were the forces that cast his growing character in that mould of noble self-control that made the child the father of the man. In the days of Robert E. Lee's early childhood the leadership among all the States of the Federal Union was held by Virginia. In population, in wealth, and in political prestige she stood like a tower above the other commonwealths ; in law and in politics she was furnishing leaders to other States; new commonwealths were growing up within her former domain, and the Ulstermen from her Alle- ghanies, a race regarded by Jefferson as the basis of an everlasting democracy, were reaching out brawny arms to conquer and organise the Southwest. In Virginia was intrenched the Jeffersonian Democracy 1 8 Robert E. Lee. HBO? that was now shaping the home and foreign policy of the United States. But ere the child at Strat- ford had learned the art of speech, the sky grew dark with the cloud of approaching war with Eng- land. Little more than five months had passed over his head, when his opening ears may have heard, perhaps, the sound of heavy guns rolling up the Potomac from the capes that form the gateway to the Chesapeake. The wrath of the people of the United States was kindled into flame by the broad- sides poured from the guns of the British frigate Leopard, without provocation, into the American vessel Chesapeake, June 22, 1807. When Jefferson's party in the following December passed the Em- bargo Act, cutting off all commercial intercourse with foreign ports, as the only mode of public de- fence, short of war, against English aggression, the New England Federalists at once rushed into fiercer opposition to Jefferson's Administration. The Fed- eralists of Virginia and South Carolina cast them- selves into the bosom of the Republican-Democratic party, or like " Light-Horse Harry " Lee, retired to the quietude of plantation-life. But Lee was not ready to join the active Opposition party. While he busied himself in writing, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, that cam- paign which brought independence to all the States nearly three decades before, Lee kept watch upon the course of public events, and was ready to buckle on the sword and take his place among his own people. Long before had Colonel Lee given ex- pression to the following sentiment, which con- 1807] Family. tinued to glow within him to the end of life: " No consideration on earth could induce me to act a part, however gratifying to me, which could be con- strued into disregard or forgetfulness of this Com- monwealth." CHAPTER II. EDUCATION MARRIAGE EARLY SERVICE IN THE ARMY. 1811-1846. ]O the quiet town of Alexandria, Vir- ginia, in the year 1811, came Colonel Lee with his family. The schools there available for the children drew the old soldier away from the scenes of plantation life at Stratford. An epoch-making scene in the governmental drama was soon to burst upon his view. The child of four years, Robert, in the house on Cameron Street, near Christ Church, could not yet understand the political situation, but with eager interest did the father keep watch upon events in the Capital. Just across the Potomac from Alexandria sat James Madison in the President's chair. Into the Capitol in the autumn of the year 1811 came the Twelfth Congress to consider the grievances against England, grievances that had burdened the people of our country for twenty years. At the head of 1811] Education. 21 the Republican-Democratic party in the House stood now two young men from the South, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay. They were filled with the spirit of patriotism ; they were burning with the desire to maintain the honour of the United States against foreign aggression. These leaders inaugu- rated a vigorous policy toward the haughty mistress of the sea, and succeeded in carrying a declaration of war against England, June 18, 1812. The Op- position was composed of the ancient Federalists, assisted by John Randolph of Virginia. The news of war was greeted in New England with the toll- ing of bells, despite the fact that England had forcibly impressed into her navy more than four thousand American seamen. Some of the Eastern States carried their Opposition policy to the extent of nullifying the Acts of Congress, and, in 1814, delegates from these commonwealths assembled in the Hartford Convention to give serious considera- tion to the policy of secession from the Federal Union. But the Federalism of " Light-Horse Harry " Lee was not of this extreme Opposition type. The friend of Washington could not bestow his sympathies upon England in the day of her attack upon our merchant-marine. Nor could Lee forget the battle in behalf of the Federal Constitution, wherein he had touched elbows with Madison. " Our friendly sympathies never lost their force," said Madison afterwards concerning Lee. A com- mission as Major-General in the army in Canada was the President's tribute to Lee's skill and loyalty. 22 Robert E. Lee. [1812 The latter prepared to draw sword in his country's behalf, but grievous disaster came to him through chivalrous aid offered in defence of a personal friend. Hanson, the editor of a Federalist paper in Balti- more, had heaped bitter words upon the Adminis- tration and the war-measure of Congress. His attacks stirred up the Republicans of Baltimore to fierce anger. The evening of June 20, 1812, saw Hanson's press and printing-house destroyed by a mob. Lee made a journey to Baltimore and there found Hanson preparing to issue the paper, printed now in Georgetown and forwarded. Hanson made a fortress of his house, and boldly announced that he would assert the freedom of the press. About twenty friends stood with him as garrison to the stronghold. Among these were General Lingan and Colonel Lee. July 2/th, the mob stationed a cannon in front of the building, and the beleaguered garrison surrendered to the Mayor. The jail building wherein they took refuge was attacked the following night ; the doors were beaten down in the fierce struggle that ensued. General Lingan was slain and Colonel Lee received the wounds that, six years later, terminated his life. Through the agency of President Madison, he was enabled to reach Bar- badoes in the summer of 1813, and in the West Indies he lingered until February, 1818. The cli- mate of these islands revived his waning strength. In the midst of great sufferings he continued to write with regularity to his son Charles Carter Lee, then at Harvard. These letters are full of tender affection for his wife and children; they contain 181 2i Education. 23 repeated injunctions to his eldest son to " cherish truth and abhor deception." He advised the read- ing of " history and ethical authors of unrivalled character." Of John Locke he said: " Do not only study, but consult him as the Grecians did the Delphic oracle." Francis Bacon he described as " wonderfully instructive; though of cowardly, des- picable character." Among the English poets, he gave the palm to Pope: "He is worthy of .uni- versal applause, far superior to Milton, as his Iliad compared with Paradise Lost evinces." As a writer of tragedy, Lee placed Sophocles upon the same plane with Shakespeare. Of Lucre- tius, the Roman poet, he made this affirmation: " If I had not partly read him, I never could have believed there ever lived a man who was in judg- ment an atheist." The military hero he termed the " most useless " member of the human race, " except when the safety of a nation demands his saving arm." Such heroes as Alexander and Caesar he admired for " mental excellency," but could not " applaud the object for which they wasted human life." Hence, his three heroes were Hannibal, Frederick the Great^ Wellington; Hannibal he described as " first of antiquity in cabinet and field." In the last letter of all, he thus summed up his creed : "My dear Carter, what is happiness? Hoc opus, hie labor est? Peace of mind based on piety to Almighty God, unconscious inno- cence of conduct, with good-will to man ; health of body, health of mind, with prosperity in our vocation ; a sweet, affectionate wife ; 24 Robert E. Lee. [1818 metis sana in corpore sano ; children devoted to truth, honour, right, and utility, with love and respect to their parents ; and faithful and warm-hearted friends, in a country politically and religiously free ; this is my definition." After long suffering the dying man turned his face homeward. But his strength bore him up only until he reached Cumberland Island on the coast of Georgia. There were his last hours soothed by the daughter of his old commander, General Greene; there did he enter into rest, March 25, 1818, and there do the magnolias still stand guard over his grave. The love of the father in affliction turned often to his son Robert. To Carter he wrote a year be- fore his death: " Robert was always good, and will be confirmed in his happy turn of mind by his ever-watchful and affectionate mother. Does he strengthen his native tendency ? " To that mother, now an invalid in Alexandria, was Robert left as the only guardian. Full of all gentleness and tender- ness was Anne Carter Lee ; full of all thoughtful- ness and devotion was the young son of eleven summers, who became the head of the household when his father died. The elder brother Carter was still at Harvard ; Sidney Smith Lee had entered the navy ; one sister was an invalid in Philadelphia, and the other was younger still than Robert. A man's part in life was thus assigned to the boy, and nobly did he bear himself. The Alexandria Academy furnished ample instruction for mind and morals. But the moulding hand of the mother was giving shape to that moral character which stands yet in our annals unrivalled for earnestness and self-sacri- 1818] Education. 25 fice. The domestic duties connected with the house were laid upon him ; the office of chief nurse was his. Thus did the lives of mother and son approach the parting of the ways, when they might no longer meet their duties with hand resting in hand. The young man's heart turned toward his father's call- ing, and it was decided that he should seek admit- tance to the Military Academy at West Point. To acquire the necessary mathematical training he spent one winter at the school of Benjamin Hal- lowell in Alexandria. Concerning those days of preparation, Mr. Hallowell has thus left testimony : " He was a most exemplary student in every respect. He was never behind-time at his studies ; never failed in a single recitation ; was perfectly observant of the rules and regulations of the institu- tion ; was gentlemanly, unobtrusive, and respectful in all his de- portment to teachers and his fellow-students. His specialty was finishing up. He imparted a finish and a neatness, as he proceeded, to everything he undertook." The diagrams which he drew on a slate in the study of conic sections were made " each one with as much accuracy and finish, lettering and all, as if it were to be engraved and printed." Another side of his character is revealed to us in the home-life of those last months with his mother. At twelve o'clock each day he hastened from the school-room to her side. In his arms he bore her to the cush- ions of the carriage, and sought ever to cheer her during the drive. " He nursed her night and day. If Robert left the room, she kept her eyes on the door till he returned." The hours of watching 26 Robert E. Lee. [1925 grew longer after he entered West Point in 1825. Each summer he hastened from the Hudson to Alexandria, in the uniform of grey adorned with white bullet-buttons. During his entire cadet life the mother was still spared to watch his growth in beauty of person and in winsomeness of manner, as he continued to increase, if possible, in depth of moral character. No breach of discipline nor any neglect of duty was ever charged against him during his years of study in the Academy. No unbecoming word ever fell from his lips ; but speech and action indicated always that he lived as under his great Taskmaster's eye. He attained the position of adjutant of battalion, and was graduated second in his class. Manliness, true and noble, was stamped upon the form and the face of the second lieutenant of engineers who hastened to the waiting mother at the close of his four years' course. She was granted only time to smile upon him with a mother's pride in her best-beloved child. In July, 1829, she passed away. On Virginia's coast, in the construction of the military defences of Hampton Roads was Lieuten- ant Lee's first service rendered to the Federal Gov- ernment. It was fitting that Virginia should receive benefit from his first labours, for more than their due share had the people of the Southern States contributed to furnish Lee the training offered at the Military Academy. For the most part, it was tax-money from the South that had reared and equipped the halls at West Point ; even in the third decade of this century Southern commerce was fur- 1831] Marriage. 2 7 nishing sixteen and a half millions of the twenty- three million dollars revenue gathered for the use of the Federal Government. The evening of June 30, 1831, marked the union in marriage of Robert E. Lee with Mary Randolph Custis, daughter of George Washington Parke Cus- tis, and great-granddaughter of Martha Custis, the wife of General Washington. On the Virginia bank of the Potomac stood Arlington, the home of the Custis household, uplifted on stately Doric pillars. At the base of the lofty bluff in front of the man- sion swept the broad river; from the porch could the observer watch the stream disappear toward Alexandria in the distance, while just across the water could one look down upon the city of Wash- ington and her massive Hall of Legislation. Unto this home had Mr. Custis removed his family from Mount Vernon in 1802. As the seat of generous hospitality was Arlington known under the regime established by the heads of the Custis line. Mary Custis was the only surviving child when she gave her hand to the talented young lieutenant. The wedding-scene was enacted before the house- hold altar. The portraits and relics brought as a heritage from Mount Vernon bore witness from the walls to the sacred ceremonial in the right-hand drawing-room. Never upon any man of spirit more high and rare, " and true to truth and brave for truth," nor upon a woman of queenlier grace, of loftier mould, had those Washington memorials looked down, than the bridal pair which they saw that night in June at Arlington. 28 Robert E. Lee. Six fair bridesmaids and attendant groomsmen formed the inner circle around the contracting pair. A band of relatives and friends looked on while the ritual of the Episcopal Church declared them man and wife. Then followed the festivities, in which the colony of Africans had bountiful share. Faith- ful to every vow in the coming days of peace did this couple remain ; faithful throughout the time of terror from war, and faithful even unto death. Through the marriage with the heiress of Arling- ton was Robert E. Lee ultimately ushered into the position of patriarch over Virginian plantations and their adherent servants, Arlington itself and the White House farms on the Pamunkey River. This same year, 1831, saw the beginning of the Abo- litionist assault, under Garrison's leadership, against the institution of slavery in the Southern States. Mr. Custis himself was a believer in gradual emanci- pation, and left provision in his will that his servants should become freedmen a certain number of years after his own demise. As executor, Robert E. Lee carried out that provision to the very letter, and, in 1862, sent these manumitted servants with passes through his own military lines into the Northern States. Throughout life he was the gentlest and most indulgent of masters to his African retainers. We are told that one of the earliest duties laid upon himself by the young commissioned officer was to take his mother's negro coachman, a con- sumptive, to the mild climate of Georgia, and there to provide tender nursing until the end came. From 1829 until the outbreak of the Mexican War 1834] Early Service in the Army. 29 in 1846, Lee passed his days in the quiet labours that fall to the lot of an army engineer. When we look into the details of his work and the faithfulness shown in its performance, we see the growing great- ness of the man. Devotion to his public duties was the foremost characteristic of the official ; strong affection for his family shone in all his words and deeds. The care and exactness of the early school- days marked his attention to the minute and seem- ingly unessential parts of his labour. He loved children and young people; he was modest and uiv- affected in forming estimates of his own capacity. A quiet humour and hidden satire gave zest and colouring to his correspondence and familiar inter- course with friends. Until 1834, Lee remained at Hampton Roads. Then, as assistant to the chief engineer of the army, he was busy with office-work in Washington until 1837. During this period he dwelt at Arlington, and his handsome figure drew much attention as the gallant horseman passed daily along Pennsyl- vania Avenue. In the summer of 1837, Lee was placed in charge of the work of improving the navi- gation of the Mississippi River at St. Louis. In the following year he was advanced to the grade of Captain of Engineers. In this first period of pro- longed absence from his family and his Virginia friends, we find him beginning to write those letters that lay bare the deep affection burning in the heart of the husband, the father, and the friend. To a cousin, in 1838, he wrote concerning the coat-of- arms of the Lee family, and assigned as reason for 30 Robert E. Lee. ti839 the inquiry: " I begin in my old age to feel a little curiosity relative to my forefathers." At the same time he declared that he was " on the lookout for that stream of gold that was to ascend the Missis- sippi, tied up in silk-net purses ! It would be a pretty sight, but the tide has not yet made up here." To his wife, then at Arlington with her three children, George W. Custis, Mary Custis, and Will- iam Henry Fitzhugh, he wrote as follows in 1839: "You do not know how much I have missed you and the dear children, my dear Mary. To be alone in a crowd is very solitary. In the woods I feel sympathy with the trees and birds, in whose company I take delight, but experience no interest in a strange crowd. I hope you are all well and will continue so, and therefore must again urge upon you to be very prudent and careful of those dear children. If I could only get a squeeze at that little fellow turning up his sweet mouth to ' Keese Baba.' You must not let him run wild in my absence, and will have to exercise firm authority over all of them. This will not require severity or even strictness, but constant attention and an unwavering course. Mildness and for- bearance, tempered by firmness and judgment, will strengthen their affection for you, while it will maintain your control over them." In 1839, the chief engineer offered Lee a position as instructor at West Point in the proposed work of building up a skilled corps of sappers and miners for the army. But Lee, in a most courteous reply, begged permission to leave the position " to abler hands " because of " an apprehension of being un- able to realise your expectations." To a friend concerning the same theme he confesses his lack of " The taste and peculiar zeal which the situation requires ; nor can I see what qualifications I possess that render me more fit for this 1841] Early Service in the Army. 31 duty than others, or that in the least would counterbalance the want of those that I have mentioned. My attention has never been directly given to this branch of the profession, though I presume (unless I am too old to learn) a sufficient knowledge of it might in a short time be attained, and the opportunity which you hint at of becoming ac- quainted with the practice of the European schools, besides that of learning other matters, I confess, would be very agreeable. But there is an art in imparting this knowledge, and in making a subject agreeable to those that learn, which I have never found that I In 1841, we find Captain Lee in military charge of New York Harbour, with headquarters at Fort Hamilton. There he remained until the war with Mexico, in 1846, called him to the field of battle. His work in the harbour kept him continuously busy. He declined to act as executor of the Car- ter estate because lack of time would render him " guilty of injustice to the legatees." Further he said : " My private affairs have suffered ever since I have been in the army from the impracticability of my attending to them. I am at no time master of my movements, and my whole time is engrossed by my duties." General Henry J. Hunt has borne testi- mony that Lee was then " as fine-looking a man as one would wish to see, of perfect figure and strik- ingly handsome. Quiet and dignified in manner, of cheerful disposition, always pleasant and considerate, he seemed to me the perfect type of a gentleman." To his brother Carter, August 17, 1843, ne sent this message: " . . . I can be content to be poor with the knowledge of being able to pay my debts and that no one has a just claim upon me that I cannot meet. But I cannot bear to enter into en- Robert E. Lee. [1945 gagements without the certainty of being able to fulfil them." Concerning the proposed increase of the army, he thus expressed himself in June, 1845: " In the event of war with any foreign government I would desire to be brought into active service in the field with as high a rank in the regular army as I could obtain, and if that could not be accom- plished without leaving the Corps of Engineers I should then desire a transfer to some other branch of the service and would prefer the artillery. I would, however, accept no situation under the rank of field-officer." Crowded with high purposes, with work and with study were these early years of Robert E. Lee. A grave dignity marked his bearing. Strong passion dwelt within him, but it was kept well under con- trol; humour would ofttimes breakthrough the out- ward reserve, and then was the soldier genial and his conversation charming. General Meigs gives us a glimpse of Lee during the engineering days on the Mississippi as " A man then in the vigour of youth- ful strength, with a noble and commanding presence, and an admirable, graceful, and athletic figure. He was one with whom nobody ever wished or ventured to take a liberty, though kind and generous to his subordinates, admired by all women and respected by all men. He was the model of a soldier and the beau ideal of a Christian man." CHAPTER III. THE MEXICAN WAR WEST POINT SERVICE ON THE FRONTIER. 1846-1859. ]N the year 1845, the Commonwealth of Texas brought into the Federal Union her dispute with Mexico con- cerning the true western boundary of the Lone Star State. In 1821, Mexico had revolted from Spain and organised a republic; Texas was one of the provinces of this confederation. The great multitude of home-build- ers moving westward from the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, composed chiefly of Ulstermen, at once swarmed into the Texan plains, and established themselves upon lands granted by the Mexican gov- ernment. Under the leadership of Houston, the Virginian, these colonists threw off the sovereignty of Mexico by the victory of San Jacinto, and formed the independent Republic of Texas in 1836. The following year saw the recognition of this Republic by the United States, and some European king- 3 33 34 Robert E. Lee. U846 doms. A treaty proposing the annexation of Texas to the Federal Union was rejected by the United States Senate in 1844. In the Presidential campaign of that year, the leading issue between the Demo- cratic and Whig parties was the admission of Texas into the Union. The Democrats secured the victory on the platform of annexation, and a joint resolution of both houses of Congress ushered Texas into the Federal household. The United States supported the State of Texas in the claim that her true western boundary was the Rio Grande. This river formed the limit of the district named Texas, as a part of the Louisiana ter- ritory sold by Spain in 1800 and by France in 1803. But Mexico warned the United States not to attempt to establish jurisdiction west of the Nueces River. This stream marked the limit of actual American occupation. Without consulting Congress, President Polk ordered General Taylor to lead an army across the Nueces to hold the country as far as the Rio Grande. The Mexicans crossed this river and attacked Taylor at Palo Alto and at Resaca de la Palma. Taylor drove the Mexicans in rout, followed in pursuit and captured Matamoras, a town on the western bank of the Rio Grande. Polk then declared to Congress, May n, 1846, that a state of war already existed " by the act of Mexico herself." Congress was in sympathy with the President's action, and war was formally recognised. This action was a response to the war-spirit ablaze in the West, which was due to the lust for land that 1846] The Mexican War. 35 characterised the Western colonists of that heroic age, and to race hatred against the Mexicans. This hatred was deepened by the cry of the Texans for help against their oppressors. A desire to thwart England in her supposed design of gaining control of Texas led many to demand the invasion of the region west of the Nueces. Some of the Southern leaders were anxious to secure prospective States in order to maintain Democratic control of the Senate, although Calhoun was stoutly opposed to all aggression. These various motives brought about the popular clamour for war. Roosevelt declares (Life of Benton, p. 174) that " slavery had very little to do with the Western aggressions on Mexican territory." Far less had it to do with the invasion of 1846, but to this matter we shall refer again. As leaders of the demand for battle on Mexican soil, the people of the West were far in advance of the people of the Southern Atlantic States. From these two parts of our country, the greater part of the volunteer army was enlisted. Two-thirds of all the American soldiers engaged came from the Southern States. In September, 1846, General Taylor planted his flag on the fortifications of Monterey, nineteen miles south-west of the Rio Grande. On the plateau of Buena Vista, February 22 and 23, 1847, Santa Anna with twelve thousand soldiers assailed Tay- lor's army of fifty-two hundred. All of Taylor's infantry and four-fifths of his cavalry were volun- teers and most of them had never been under fire. The splendid courage of the men from the Missis- sippi valley gave Taylor complete victory. Santa 36 Robert E. Lee. [1347 Anna withdrew to the defence of his Capital which was now threatened from the direction of Vera Cruz by General Scott. In the band of twelve thousand American soldiers who gathered around the old Spanish walled town of Vera Cruz in March, 1847, was Robert E. Lee, Captain of Engineers. He was a member of Gene- ral Scott's military staff. At Arlington he had left the beloved wife and seven children with his prayers and blessings. " I, therefore, trust . . . that this is the last time I shall be absent from you dur- ing my life," was a message sent back to the home- circle. Before the arrival in front of Vera Cruz, Lee sent these injunctions to his two eldest sons: "I was much gratified to hear of your progress at school, and hope that you will continue to advance, and that I shall have the happiness of finding you much improved in all your studies on my return. I shall not feel my long separation from you, if I find that my absence has been of no injury to you, and that you have both grown in good- ness and knowledge, as well as stature. But, ah ! how much I will suffer on my return if the reverse has occurred. You enter all my thoughts, into all my prayers ; and on you, in part, will depend whether I shall be happy or miserable, as you know how much I love you. You must do all in your power to save me from pain. . . . Tell Rob he must think of me very often, be a good boy, and always love papa." With the assistance of Lieutenants Beauregard and Tower, Captain Lee arranged the batteries whose firing compelled the surrender of Vera Cruz within seven days. One of the American guns was served by Captain Lee's brother, Lieutenant Syd- ney Smith Lee, of the navy : ' ' No matter where I 1847] The Mexican War. 37 turned," wrote Lee, " my eyes reverted to him, and I stood by his gun whenever I was not wanted elsewhere. Oh! I felt awfully, and am at a loss what I should have done had he been cut down before me. I thank God that he was saved. He preserved his usual cheerfulness, and I could see his white teeth through all the smoke and din of the fire." Concerning the firing against the fortress, Lee wrote: " The shells thrown from our battery were constant and regular discharges, so beautiful in their flight and so destructive in their fall. It was awful! My heart bled for the inhabitants. The soldiers I did not care so much for, but it was terrible to think of the women and children." The middle of April, 1847, saw General Scott's army upon the march of over two hundred miles north-westward to the city of Mexico. In the pass of Cerro Gordo, Santa Anna massed his army to give battle. Lee was sent forward by General Scott to make reconnaissances along the front and around the left of the Mexican position as far as the Jalapa road. Upon the report made by Lee, Scott's plan of battle was based. Lee in person guided the storming party under Riley and Shields that turned and routed the Mexican left, cut off the Mexican right from retreat and compelled its surrender. General Scott thus made mention of Captain Lee: " This officer was again indefatigable during these operations, in reconnaissances as daring as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he less conspicu- ous in planting batteries and in conducting columns to their stations under the heavy fire of the enemy. " 38 Robert E. Lee. [1947 To his eldest son, Lee wrote as follows after the battle : " I thought of you, my dear Custis, on the i8th, in the battle, and wondered, when the musket balls and grape were whistling over my head in a perfect shower, where I could put you, if with me, to be safe. I was truly thankful that you were at school, I hope learning to be good and wise. You have no idea what a horrible sight a battlefield is." The fearful sights and sounds of the place of carn- age lingered in Lee's memory as the source of a personal grief. The one note of the after-scene that continued to sound in his ear was the plaintive tone of a little Mexican girl whom he found bend- ing over a wounded drummer-boy. Lee longed to escape these horrors. From the next camp he wrote to his wife concerning Jalapa as "the most beautiful country I have seen in Mexico, and will compare with any I have seen elsewhere. I wish it was in the United States, and that I was located with you and the children around me in one of its rich bright valleys." Early in August, Scott's army of ten thousand effectives advanced from Puebla upon Mexico, with the engineer company at the head of the column. At Ayotla, near the northern shore of Lake Chalco, Scott's camp was pitched, and reconnaissance was begun. Lee was the leader of the band of engin- neers who made investigation of the Mexican posi- tion. It was at length decided to turn the right flank of the Mexican defences. Therefore, the American army was moved along the highway skirt- 1847] The Mexican War. 39 ing the southern shore of Chalco until it reached San Augustin. This town was at the foot of the mountains, twelve miles south of the city of Mexico, and it now became the base of operations in the attempt to take the Capital. The strategic move- ment by which the Mexican line of defences were thus assailed on the right flank and overwhelmed, was very largely due to the advice offered to the commanding general by Captain Lee. The city of Mexico rests in a valley of elliptical shape, seven thousand five hundred feet above the sea level. In the valley are five lakes. The two smallest lie north of the city ; Texcoco is east of the city; Xochimilco and Chalco lie toward the south- east. During the winter months, the valley is partly submerged by water; hence the approach to the city is made on seven high causeways bordered by deep ditches. Toward the east and south the Mexicans had erected strong fortifications com- manding these narrow approaches. The causeway from San Augustin to Mexico was high and broad, and, three miles in advance, was fortified at San Antonio. West of the San Augustin causeway two parallel roads ran toward Mexico. Padierna, or Contreras, four miles due west of San Augustin, was the key to these two highways. Lee and Beauregard were sent, August i8th, to reconnoitre the position of Contreras. They had to cross a vast field of lava or volcanic rock, of broken and uneven surface, called the Pedrigal. A few footpaths were the only roads over this rough field of sharp ridges and deep fissures. The movement 4O Robert E. Lee. [1947 of the next day upon Contreras was under Lee's personal direction. It was he who planned the attack and guided the troops to victory. From San Augustin, on the morning of August iQth, Lee hastened westward in charge of a pioneer corps. At the end of a mile's marching, the work- men began the construction of a road across the lava ridge that barred the way. By noon-day Lee had brought up the divisions of Pillow and Twiggs to assail the guns of Valencia posted in the edge of the lava field beyond the ridge. Concerning the attack made by Twiggs's column under Lee's guid- ance, the latter thus made report: " I advanced with the rifle regiment deployed as skirmishers, and selected the best route for the artillery through the impracticable fields of lava. . . . The enemy was intrenched behind the San Angel road on the hills of Contreras." Against the fortified hill a flank movement was at once set in operation. Lee led Smith's brigade toward his right in order to turn the Mexican left and rear. But darkness checked this movement, and, upon Lee's advice, it was decided to bring up reinforcements from San Augustin. This perilous mission over the dangerous Pedrigal was entrusted to Lee himself. Through the darkness and the rain he groped his way across the lava wilderness, and midnight found him making report to General Scott. Before dawn he was on the return journey, leading Ransom's command to make assault in front of the Mexican position. Over the ridge and field of lava, Lee guided this force to the attack, just as 1847] The Mexican War. 41 the flanking columns were rushing upon Valencia's rear. The Mexicans fled in every direction, and twenty-two heavy guns were left behind as the spoil of war. The daring courage of Lee, so signally shown at Contreras, was melted into tenderness when he saw in J. E. Johnston's face the grief caused by the death of a relative in the battle. To his old friend, through the gathering tears, Lee " expressed his deep sympathy as tenderly in words as his lovely wife would have done." "The gallant and indefatigable Captain Lee" was accorded by General Scott the chief credit for securing the victory of Contreras. Concerning Lee's night journeys across the Pedrigal and its dangerous pitfalls, General Scott made this declara- tion : " He, having passed over the difficult ground by daylight, found it just possible to return to San Augustin in the dark, the greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in my knowledge, pending the campaign." When Scott reached the field of Contreras he found his troops already moving, under Lee's advice, toward San Antonio. At once Scott sent Lee to make reconnaissance toward the rear of that place. Scott was now advancing directly towards Mexico. The highways leading to that city from Contreras and San Augustin were found to converge in the village of Churubusco. The Mexican army was there con- centrated to resist the American advance over both roads. Direct assault upon the village was made in front ; Lee led a turning column under Shields and 42 Robert E. Lee. [1847 Pierce across the Churubusco Bridge toward the Mexican right and rear. " Advancing from Coyoacan," says Lee, " toward the city of Mexico until I had crossed the stream over which the bridge of Churubusco is thrown, I crossed the field obliquely to the rear, towards the road from Churubusco to Mexico. Discovering a large mass of infantry on the Churubusco bridge, and apprehending a fire from batteries to defend the rear, I drew out towards the city of Mexico until I reached the large hamlet on the Mexican road about three fourths of a mile in the rear of the bridge of Churubusco. Throwing the left of his brigade upon this building which offered protection against the mass of cavalry stretching towards the gates of Mexico, and his right upon the building in the field in rear of which we had approached, General Shields formed his line obliquely to that of the enemy, who, not to be outflanked, had drawn out from his entrenchments and extended his line from the bridge to nearly oppo- site our left. General Pierce's brigade coming up just after General Shields's brigade had commenced the attack, took position to his right, enveloping the building in the field. Our troops being now hotly engaged and somewhat pressed, I urged forward the Howitzer battery under Lt. Reno, who very promptly brought the pieces to bear upon the head of their column with good effect. Perceiving that the enemy's cavalry were showing themselves on our left, and that our force was greatly outnumbered, I hastened back to the General-in-chief, who directed Major Sumner to take the Rifle regi- ment and a squadron to the support of that wing. About the time this force reached the open country in rear of Churubusco, the enemy began to give way, and before they had reached the position occupied by General Shields, had broken in all directions. Their front forced by General Worth's division, and the main body driven into the main road to Mexico by our infantry and cavalry, I joined the troops in pursuit." After an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a peace, the two combatants girded themselves for the final struggle. Across the highway leading into the city from the south-west the Mexicans concen- 1847] The Mexican War. 43 trated their troops for defence. In front they pre- sented a fortified line five hundred yards in length. At the left of this line was Molinos-del-Rey, the Mills of the King, and at the right stood a fort, within which was a large building termed the Casa Mata. Along the front of this entire line extended a deep ditch. On a height, in rear of the line, towered the fortified Castle of Chapultepec. Hover- ing on the right wing were the Mexican cavalry. Early on the morning of September 8th, Worth made a gallant assault that continued two hours, and carried by storm the Casa Mata and Molinos- del-Rey. Behind the second line of defences, whose centre bristled with the guns of Chapultepec, Santa Anna's troops were now massed. Lee and other engineers advised a flank movement to the right of Chapultepec, and an assault on the San Antonio gate, south of the city. Beauregard was the only engineer who favoured a direct attack upon the fort- ress of Chapultepec. This plan was adopted. An isolated mound of rock, one hundred and fifty feet high, surmounted by a large building, constituted the castle; a solid wall enclosed the building and grounds. Breastworks added strength to the hill, and heavy batteries commanded the approaches. Along the steep western slope were a series of mines. This strong tower, the key to the city, loomed up two miles in front of the gates of Mexico. Four batteries were established and a hot fire maintained upon the Castle during fourteen hours of September I2th. The early morning of Septem- 44 Robert E. Lee. [1947 ber 1 3th saw two columns advancing to the assault under Quitman of Mississippi and Pillow of Tennes- see. The batteries continued their fire, while up the steep ascent with scaling ladders the two bands moved. Southern soldiers were the chief leaders in this bold dash through the storm of shells and bul- lets. Many of the most prominent officers who stood arrayed against each other nearly two decades later in the war between the States, marched side by side up the steeps of Chapultepec. Up the western slope marched Pillow's column, J. E. Johnston leading the advance ; Lewis A. Armistead was first to leap into the great ditch, and the wall itself was captured and held. A little later, the South Carolina regi- ment, leading Quitman's advance, reached the south- eastern summit, and broke through the fortifications. Longstreet fell wounded on the side of the hill ; Geo. E. Pickett led the charge which carried the flag of the 8th Regiment through the works and planted it on the Castle's summit. Shields and Casey were wounded ; Beauregard was a member of Pillow's column, and G. B. McClellan was directing the artillery fire. Around the left base of the fort- ress a section of Magruder's artillery was advanced under T. J. Jackson. Steadily onward went Jack- son until he reached the point-blank range of the Mexican batteries intrenched across the road imme- diately in the rear of Chapultepec ; away from these guns he drove the enemy, held the position, and with the additional guns brought up as reinforce- ment, kept back the Mexican soldiery who were coming from Mexico to help maintain the Castle. 1847J The Mexican War. 45 For his effective management of batteries at Con- treras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec, Jackson was brevetted captain and major of artillery. Through the hottest firing that day, Lee galloped as Scott's chief aide, bearing orders to the attacking columns. Scott thus made mention of Lee in his report: " Captain Lee, so constantly distinguished, also bore important orders from me (September 1 3th), until he fainted from a wound and the loss of two nights' sleep at the batteries." For his gal- lantry at Chapultepec, Lee was advanced to the brevet rank of colonel ; he had already been brevetted as major after Cerro Gordo, and as lieutenant-colonel for daring and skill at Contreras and Churubusco. Close upon the retreating Mexicans, the American army moved toward the Belen and San Cosme gates. Quitman's column was first at the goal, and an- nounced its success by waving from the wall, above the Belen gate, the flag of the Palmetto regiment of South Carolina. Worth's division fastened its grasp upon the San Cosme gate about nightfall. The hours of darkness were seized upon by Santa Anna as an opportunity for the evacuation of the city of Mexico. The hour of sunrise, September I4th, found Lee bearing Scott's orders to Quitman to occupy the city. Lee was with the squadron that advanced to the Grand Plaza and took possession of the halls of the Montezumas. While the army was awaiting the conclusion of the treaty of peace, the engineer officers were en- gaged in making surveys and drawings of the city of Mexico and its defences. In addition to these 46 Robert E. Lee. [1848 labours, Lee took upon himself the work of re- establishing peaceable relations between General Scott and some of his subordinate officers. " He was a peacemaker by nature," says Henry J. Hunt, who has told us of this work of conciliation on the part of Lee. Lee took great interest in the making of the treaty with Mexico. " I would not exact now," he wrote in February, 1848, " more than I would have taken before the commencement of hostilities, as I should wish nothing but what was just, and that I would have sooner or later." Concerning Mexico in the war, he wrote, with a touch of humour: " It is true we bullied her. For that I am ashamed, for she was the weaker party, but we have since, by way of set-off, drubbed her handsomely and in a manner no man might be ashamed of. They begin to be aware how entirely they are beaten, and are willing to acknowledge it. ' ' As to the official recog- nition of his own services by the President of the United States, he had only this to say : " I hope my friends will give themselves no annoyance on my ac- count, or any concern about the distribution of favours. I know how those things are awarded at Washington and how the President will be besieged by clamourous claimants. I do not wish to be numbered among them. Such as he can conscientiously bestow, I shall grate- fully receive, and have no doubt that those will exceed my deserts." In the early days of April, 1848, we find him sending description of the Romish Church, situated on the mountain to the west of Mexico, and at the same time giving a young friend in Alexandria the 1852] The Mexican War. 47 advice that " you had better dismiss that young divine, and marry a soldier. There is some chance of the latter being shot, but it requires a particular dispensation of Providence to rid you of the former. " While the Mexican Government was making delay in the completion of the treaty, Lee expressed the view that a display of force would bring these shrewd people to terms; " I might make a rough diploma- tist, but a tolerably quick one." To spare his war-horse from fatigue, Lee made the slow journey homeward up the Mississippi River by steamer. Wilcox has declared that Lee was then " the handsomest man in the army." The last hours of June, 1848, closed upon him at Arlington, sending this despatch to his brother: " Here I am once again, my dear Smith, perfectly surrounded by Mary and her precious children, who seem to devote themselves to staring at the furrows in my face and the white hairs in my head. It is not surprising that I am hardly recognisable to some of the young eyes around me and perfectly unknown to the youngest, but some of the older ones gaze with astonishment and wonder at me, and seem at a loss to reconcile what they see and what was pictured in their imaginations. I find them, too, much grown, and all well, and I have much cause for thankfulness and gratitude to that good God who has once more united us." Lee was now entrusted with engineering work in constructing the defences of the city of Baltimore. When the order of the Secretary of War in 1852 assigned him to the position of Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point, he made protest, as follows, to the Chief Engineer: " I learn with much regret the determination of the Secretary of War to assign me to that duty, and I fear I cannot realise his expec- 48 Robert E. Lee. tations in the management of an Institution requiring more skill and more experience than I command. "Although fully appreciating the honour of the station, and ex- tremely reluctant to oppose my wishes to the orders of the De- partment, yet if I be allowed any option in the matter, I would respectfully ask that some other successor than myself be appointed to the present able Superintendent." In spite of these objections, he was assigned to the position, and all of its duties he discharged with signal success. Lee found his eldest son, Custis, a cadet in the Academy. J. E. B. Stuart was a class- mate of Custis Lee. The latter stood at the head of his class when his father came, and he maintained himself in that grade until his graduation in 1854. Painstaking care and attention to all the details of official business marked Lee's administration of three years. The discipline of the Academy was made more efficient, the course of study was ex- tended to five years, and a spacious riding-hall was constructed. In 1855, Captain Lee was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the 2d Cavalry, and sent to the scene of Indian troubles in western Texas. He spent the summer of 1856 in parleying with the Comanche chief, Catumseh, and in pursuing his marauding bands. Under the scorching suns of the Wachita and Brazos River valleys he rode eight hundred miles in forty days. The fourth day of July he celebrated by an early march of thirty miles, and during the rest of the day he sought refuge from the fierce heat by lying under his blanket, " which was elevated on four sticks driven in the 1856] Service on the Frontier. 49 ground as a sunshade." When his wife wrote him of a possible vacancy in the list of brigadier-gen- erals in the army, he sent this answer: " Do not give yourself any anxiety about the appointment of the brigadier. If it is on my account that you feel an interest in it, I beg you will discard it from your thoughts. You will be sure to be disappointed; nor is it right to indulge improper and useless hopes. It, besides, looks like presumption to expect it." The month of December, 1856, found him enjoy- ing garrison life on the Rio Grande, yet longing to be with the loved ones at Arlington during Christ- mas-tide. In daily walks he passed alone up and down the banks of the river, and there found pleas- ure, as he declared, in his own thoughts, in the varied plumage of the birds and in the beauty of the vines and flowers. Lee's character breathes in the following injunctions to his son, written about the time that the father began service with the 2d Cavalry : "You must study to be frank with the world. Frankness is the child of honesty and courage. Say just what you mean to do on every occasion, and take it for granted you mean to do right. . . . Never do a wrong thing to make a friend or to keep one. . . . Above all, do not appear to others what you are not. . . . We should live, act, and say nothing to the injury of anyone." In closing this letter of counsel, Lee told his son of the Connecticut legislator who desired lights to be brought during the darkness of an eclipse that the House might proceed with its duty, even though the day of judgment were at hand: 50 Robert E. Lee. [1856 " There was quietness in that man's mind the quietness of heavenly wisdom and inflexible willingness to obey present duty. Duty, then, is the sublimest word in our language. Do your duty in all things, like the old Puritan. You cannot do more ; you should never wish to do less. Never let me or your mother wear one grey hair for any lack of duty on your part." But the shadow of approaching war between the States grew darker during these brief years of Lee's training as a frontier cavalry officer. In the discus- sion of political affairs he had taken no part. From the Rio Grande, December 27, 1856, he despatched the following letter, as his earliest extended refer- ence to the social problem that had already sundered the States of the Federal Union into two separate and distinct sections: " I was much pleased with the President's message. His [Pierce's] views of the systematic and progressive efforts of certain people at the North to interfere with and change the domestic institutions of the South are truthfully and faithfully expressed. The consequences of their plans and purposes are also clearly set forth. These people must be aware that their object is both unlawful and foreign to them and to their duty, and that this institution, for which they are irrespon- sible and unaccountable, can only be changed by them through the agency of a civil and servile war. " There are few, I believe, in this enlightened age, who will not acknowledge that slavery as an institution is a moral and political evil in any country. It is useless to expatiate on its disadvantages I think it a greater evil to the white than to the black race. While my feelings are strongly enlisted in behalf of the latter, my sympa- thies are more strong for the former. The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, physically, and socially. The painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary for their further instruction as a race, and I hope will prepare them for better things. How long their servitude may be necessary is known and ordered by a merciful Providence. Their emancipation will sooner result from the mild and melting influences of Christianity, than from the storms 1859] Service on the Frontier. 51 and tempests of fiery controversy. This influence, though slow, is sure. The docrines and miracles of our Saviour have required nearly two thousand years to convert but a small portion of the human race, and even among Christian nations what gross errors still exist. While we see the course of the final abolition of human slavery is still onward, and give it the aid of our prayers, and all justifiable means in our power, we must leave the progress as well as the result in His hands who sees the end ; Who chooses to work by slow in- fluences ; with whom two thousand years are but as a single day. Although the Abolitionist must know this, must know that he has neither the right nor the power of operating, except by moral means, and that, to benefit the slave, he must incite angry feelings in the master ; that, although he may not approve the mode by which Providence accomplishes its purpose, the result will still be the same ; that the reasons he gives for interference in what he has no concern with, hold good with every kind of interference with our neighbour ; still I fear he will persevere in his evil course. . . . Is it not strange that the descendants of those Pilgrim Fathers who crossed the Atlantic to preserve their freedom have always proved the most intolerant of the spiritual liberty of others ? " CHAPTER IV. SECESSION AND SLAVERY. i860. jjHE hour was now at hand which com- pelled Robert E. Lee to resign his commission in the army of the United States. The public and private rea- sons that controlled him in this with- drawal from a service of thirty-two years can be clearly stated only in a review of the political theory of secession and the social problems connected with the institution of slavery. The beginning of this long story, which shall here be made brief, calls us back again to the era of the first war with England. In the prosecution of active warfare during the Revolution, the legislatures of the thirteen individual colonies furnished the men and the revenue neces- sary to organise the American armies. Delegates from each colonial legislature were sent to Philadel- phia as members of the central advisory committee, known as the Continental Congress; this Congress had no general authority to make laws, but, as a 52 1860] Secession and Slavery. 53 diplomatic body, it made recommendations to the legislative bodies in the separate colonies. The war itself was inaugurated for the maintenance of the sovereign authority of the thirteen separate colonial legislatures against the assumed authority of the British Parliament.* A legal bond was at length formulated, organising the thirteen States into a con- federacy styled " The United States of America." It was expressly stipulated in Article II. that " Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and indepen- dence." Article III. specified that " the said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other," while Article IV. spoke of perpetu- ating" mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States." In the determina- tion of questions in the Congress of the League, it was provided that " each State shall have one vote." These Articles of Confederation were not adopted by all the States until the year of Cornwal- lis's surrender at Yorktown, 1781. Two years later, 1783, peace was established with England through a Treaty which began as follows: " His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New- York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and independent * The Declaration of Independence did not assert independence for the colonies as a unit. Under special authority from their legislatures, the delegates from twelve colonies concurred in pledging mutual sup- port in maintaining separate independence. 54 Robert E. Lee. [i860 States" The fifth article of this Treaty of Peace contained the agreement, " that the Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the legislatures of the respective States to provide for the restitution " of all property confiscated from the Tories. This recommendation was made by the Congress, and flatly rejected by the legislatures of the States. The Tories did not receive the stipulated compen- sation, because of the sovereign authority asserted and exercised by the people of the individual Com- monwealths. The binding force of the Articles of Confedera- tion grew weaker by degrees. When the common enemy had been overthrown, the separate States became more jealous than ever of their individual sovereignty. Adjoining States collected custom- house duties from one another, and began fierce quarrels about boundary lines. In 1786, loud threats of secession from the League were made in New England and in the South. In the same year Rhode Island did actually secede from the Confed- eracy, and withdrew her delegates from the Con- gress. Delegates from the other twelve States met at Philadelphia in 1787 and drew up a new series of Articles which were submitted to the separate States upon the basis specified in Article VII. : " The rati- fication of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same." Legis- lative powers were granted in this Constitution to a Congress consisting of a House of Representatives chosen proportionately by " the people of the sev- 1860] Secession and Slavery. 55 eral States," and a Senate composed of " two Senators from each State." The executive power was vested in a President to be chosen by electors appointed, proportionately, by " each State " ; each separate body of electors was directed to meet and cast ballot " in their respective States." The year 1788 saw these Articles ratified by eleven States, and in the following year the Federal Government began to operate throughout these States upon the basis of a secession from the Arti- cles of Confederation of 1781. Virginia distinctly reserved the right to withdraw from the new league, if the compact should be perverted to her injury; this same reservation was implied in the method of ratification followed by the other Commonwealths. The first Federal Congress decided that the duties levied on imports from foreign countries must be imposed on goods from North Carolina and Rhode Island. In the seventh month after the inaugura- tion of the Federal Union, North Carolina volun- tarily entered the compact as the twelfth State, November 21, 1789. Just at the close of Washing- ton's first year as President, Rhode Island sought admission to the Federal household, May 29, 1790. This little Commonwealth had held herself entirely aloof from the other States since her secession in 1786. The political sentiment of this entire period of the establishment of the Federal Constitution, held each State to be the self-governing member of a league of Commonwealths organised for the pur- poses of mutual defence and mutual intercourse. The first serious attempt to fasten a different 56 Robert E. Lee. construction upon the Constitution was made by the Federalist party about ten years after the inau- guration of the Federal Government. In 1798, the Administration of John Adams followed the exam- ple offered by England, and passed the Alien and Sedition laws. The Sedition Law declared it a punishable crime to publish any malicious charge against the Federal Government or any part there- of. The Alien Law gave authority to the President to arrest or exile any alien whom he should consider dangerous to the country. These laws lodged great power in the hands of Congress and the President, and they were executed after the manner of political persecution. Legitimate pamphlets of the political sort were adjudged by Federal officials to be criminal libels. In the same year, 1798, were issued the resolutions of the Virginia and Kentucky legisla- tures, prepared respectively by Madison and Jeffer- son, denouncing these laws as contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution. Both resolutions affirmed that the Constitution was a " compact" between the States; that these sovereign Common- wealths had reserved the right to restrain the creat- ure of the compact, the Federal Government, from assuming any powers not expressly granted to it. In the election of the year 1800, a great wave of popular approval swept Jefferson's party into power; the effort at centralisation had thus far met naught but disaster. When Jefferson made the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon in 1803, in the form of a treaty rati- fied by the Senate, a clearly developed spirit of sec- 1860] Secession and Slavery. 57 tionalism at once manifested itself. The people of the Southern States believed that the development of the western territory both north and south de- pended upon the free navigation of the Mississippi. Immediate action was necessary ; there was not time to follow Jefferson's suggestion of an amendment to the Constitution ; they therefore supported the treaty that secured the western bank of the great river. On the other hand, the Federalists of New England opposed the treaty, not merely on Con- stitutional grounds, but on the further ground expressed by Tracy of Connecticut, that the admis- sion of prospective States from the Louisiana terri- tory would result in " absorbing the Northern States and rendering them insignificant in the Union." This Eastern opposition to the treaty grew into a strong spirit of separatism, and in 1804 the air was full of serious threats from the New England Fed- eralists that they would secede from the Federal Union and organise a Northern Confederacy. When Jefferson's Administration passed the Embargo Act in 1807, it proved a failure because of the refusal of the people east of the Hudson River to obey its provisions. This resistance went to such length that the Massachusetts Legislature, February I, 1809, issued an official call of the commercial States to send delegates to a convention to consider the union of the Eastern Commonwealths against the Federal Government. The movement was checked by the repeal of the Embargo. The opposition party became more determined under Madison's regime. A few months before the 58 Robert E. Lee. declaration of war against England, Josiah Quincy on the floor of Congress, thus made resistance to the bill granting statehood to Louisiana: " If this bill passes, it is my deliberate opinion that it is vir- tually a dissolution of this Union ; that it will free the States from their moral obligation ; and, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some, definitely to prepare for a separation, ami- cably if they can, violently if they must." Not from any quarter was denial made of the right of secession thus boldly announced. The war-measure of 1812 added fuel to the flame, and New England proceeded to carry threats into active resistance to the Federal Government. The call of the Secretary of War for the militia of the States met blunt refusal from the Govern- ors of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connect- icut. The Assembly of the latter State sustained its Executive in a formal address which denounced the war and declared Connecticut to be a free, sovereign, and independent State, and that the United States was not a national but a confederated republic. President Madison was held up as an invader of the State's authority over her militia. The highest court of Massachusetts gave sanction to this view, and the three States furnished none of the sinews of war. The burden of public defence fell upon the South and West. The campaigns in Can- ada failed, but New England did not come to Madi- son's help. While the mounted riflemen of Kentucky were assembling for the onset which gained the vic- tory of the Thames in the North-west; while the 1860] Secession and Slavery. 59 fierce soldiery of Tennessee were burnishing their mountain rifles to teach Packenham's veterans their first lesson of defeat at New Orleans, the people of New England were permitting a British force to hold without resistance the territory of Maine. In the very midst of the deadly struggle, while the Southern States were voting men and money for the war, Vermont's Executive was recalling troops sent by his predecessor, and the Massachusetts law- makers were holding aloof with the declaration that New England had been totally excluded from a share in the Federal Government. From the moun- tains of New Hampshire there came also to President Madison, a memorial which ran, in part, as follows: " If a separation of the States ever should take place, it will be on some occasion when some portion of the country undertakes to control, to regulate, and to sacrifice the interest of another." Secession became the sentiment of the hour in the East as the war dragged itself onward. " The flag of five stripes " was the cry that arose in New England when the stars and stripes were going down before the colours of Britain. The Federalists of New York made response to this call by offering as a toast, the Northern Confederacy, with its boun- dary " the Delaware, the Susquehanna, or the Potomac." As the year 1814 drew near its end, with the Federal Government on the verge of bankruptcy and the flames enkindled by the British consuming the Capitol at Washington, delegates from the New England States were assembling in the Hartford 60 Robert E. Lee. [I860 Convention. Nullification had not brought satis- faction to the Federalists. Secession must be for- mally considered. The scheme that had now grown ripe presented two alternative courses; either the long-cherished Northern Confederacy must be estab- lished, or, as the Massachusetts legislature sug- gested, there must be made " a radical reform in the national compact by a convention representing all the States in the Union. At Hartford, Decem- ber 15, 1814, the ablest and most influential men of New England met together to express their hostil- ity to Madison's Administration. The resolutions passed by the Hartford Convention asserted the State's right of " interposition " against the Federal Government, and " were so framed," says Roose- velt, "as to justify seceding, or not seceding, as events turned out." Harrison Gray Otis at once proceeded toward Washington to take note of times and seasons, whether the hour had yet come for leading New England out of the Union. News of the treaty of peace with England turned Otis back, and the attempt was made to draw a veil over the proceedings at Hartford. The decade following the peace of 1814 saw the widening of the gulf between the agricultural and commercial sections of the Federal Union. The next issue which thrust itself between them was the question of a tax on imported merchandise. The South from the first paid the largest share of the expenses of the Federal Government, because she sent out the great bulk of American exports. After 1824, the protective tariff-law aided in binding 1860] Secession and Slavery* 6 1 a yet heavier public burden upon her. In that year the wool-growers of the West joined hands with the wool-workers of the Middle and Northern States to fasten Henry Clay's protective system upon foreign traffic. At once New England, whose representa- tives had opposed the earlier tariffs, left her ships on the sand, to begin the work of multiplying looms and spindles, and to advocate a heavier tax on foreign goods in the interest of home manufactures. In 1828, the West cast her vote with the North to pass a tariff-law still more burdensome to the South, but in the same year the West supported the South in giving more than two thirds of the electoral vote to the hero of New Orleans. In 1830 the West drew further apart from the North in regard to the sale of public lands, and in a moment the halls of Congress were ablaze with the debate over the tariff, the building of new States, and nullification. The sectional wrestle began in the Senate over Foot's [Connecticut] resolutions, December, 1829, to abridge the sale of public lands in the West. Benton of Missouri leaped to his feet to charge New England with long-continued hostility toward the West, and declared this measure a blow aimed against the growth of that section. Hayne of South Carolina came to Benton's aid by holding up the second resolution of the Hartford Convention, which demanded some provision " for restraining Congress in the exercise of an unlimited power to make new States." Hayne charged New England with the design of consolidating the Government in order to administer public affairs in the sole interest 62 Robert E. Lee. [I860 of the North. He claimed that the South was con- tending for the true intent of the Federal Constitu- tion, in her opposition to the unjust tariff of 1828, and that she might desire to practice the theory of nullification so often exhibited in the conduct of New England. Webster, in reply, laboured long to show that nullification had never found foothold in New England! " No public man of reputation ever advanced it in Massachusetts," cried Webster, in utter forgetfulness of the formal action of the Massachusetts legislature. In opposition to nulli- fication as a governmental theory, he brought for- ward the claim of original consolidation. He affirmed that the Federal Constitution of 1787 was not a compact between the States, but an instrument adopted by the American people as one great body- politic. Webster's address was a master-piece of fervid eloquence. The spirit of the man himself was aglow with patriotic earnestness, but his biog- rapher, Henry Cabot Lodge, makes the following admissions concerning the two lines of argument: " Unfortunately the facts were against him [Webster] in both in- stances. When the Constitution was adopted by the votes of the states at Philadelphia and accepted by the votes of States in popular Conventions, it is safe to say that there was not a man in the country from Washington and Hamilton on the one side, to George Clinton and George Mason on the other, who regarded the new system as any- thing but an experiment entered upon by the States and from which each and every State had the right peaceably to withdraw ; a right which was very likely to be exercised." Against the recent tariff-statutes the people of South Carolina entered solemn protest in the form 1860] Secession and Slavery. 63 of an ordinance of nullification, November, 1832. Before the ordinance became operative, the tariff was reduced by Clay's compromise measure. The fierce commercial wrestle, however, indicated the complete separation of the old Federal Union into two hostile sections. Into the arena of debate be- tween the two divided peoples was thrust the ques- tion of slavery in this same year, 1832. The institution of slavery in the South was a vast labour-system. Under that system, the negro was registered as a member of a patriarchal household ; day by day the habits of African savagery were purged from his life by the power of law, repre- sented in the will of his master. The State laws were severe on crimes committed by negroes; but any abuse of servants was prohibited by statute. Self-interest restrained harsh masters from cruelty, and a wholesome public sentiment enforced the practice of kindness toward the quiet wards of the plantation. Cruelty was the exception. Not often was the lash used ; not often were negro families separated by sale, except as penalty for misde- meanor, or in the distribution of estates to heirs or to creditors. The system produced no paupers and no orphans; food and clothing the negro did not lack; careful attention he received in sickness, and, without a burden the aged servants spent their clos- ing days. The plantation was an industrial school where the negro gradually acquired skill in the use of tools. A bond of affection was woven between Southern masters and servants which proved strong enough in i86i-'65 to keep the negroes at volun- 64 Robert E. Lee. tary labour to furnish food for the armies that contended against military emancipation. In the planter's home the African learned to set a higher value upon the domestic virtues which he saw illus- trated in the lives of Christian men and women; for, be it remembered, the great body of the slave- holders of the South were devotees of the religious faith handed down through pious ancestors from Knox, Cranmer, Wesley, and Bunyan. With truth, perhaps, it may be said than none other economic system before or since that time has engendered a bond of personal affection between capital and labour so strong as that established by the institu- tion of slavery. Slowly upward toward a fitness for citizenship this mild servitude was lifting the negro, but only at the expense of Southern prosperity. Slavery was a blight upon the economic development of the South ; it repressed inventive talent, it paralysed Anglo- Saxon energy, and it left hidden in the earth the South's material resources. As a system of labour, slavery secured slight service; harvests were not abundant in proportion to the vast acreage, mines were not opened, forests were not felled, railroads were not constructed, and factories were not estab- lished. From an early date a large proportion of the Southern slave-holders desired to cast off the burden, but the problem ever arose: " What shall be done with the emancipated serf ? " It must not be forgotten that the commercial greed of England fastened the black race upon the American colonies against the vigorous protests of 1860] Secession and Slavery. 65 the colonial assemblies. Many of the English sov- ereigns made investments in slave-ships. John Wes- ley advocated the purchase of slaves for the colony of Georgia, in order that they might there hear the Gospel. In 1776, slavery existed in all the thirteen commonwealths, and at the close of the Revolution more than half a million Africans were dwelling side by side with three million Americans. The Virginia statesmen saw danger in this juxtaposition of two diverse races, and they led a crusade against the foreign slave-traffic. Into the Federal Convention this war was carried, but there New England voted with South Carolina and Georgia to leave the Afri- can trade as a stain upon the country for twenty years longer. The Constitution further recognised the institution by adding three fifths of the number of slaves to the white population as the basis of each State's representation in Congress, and by the provision for the return of fugitive slaves. Unto the ships of New England the slave-carry- ing trade was transferred after the Revolution. Even before that war, her skippers had taken car- goes of rum from Cape Cod and Narragansett to exchange for flesh and blood on the coast of Africa. Fresh impetus was now given to this kind of barter. Wealth was rapidly heaped up in Rhode Island through the traffic of her fleet of slave vessels. Gradually the negroes of Northern masters were sent to the Southern markets, and thus were the Southern States filled up with the alien race. From the beginning, the Virginians had scented danger. In the opening years of the new century, 66 Robert E. Lee. [I860 they began to look with alarm upon the increasing multitude of unenlightened negroes. To them it was a colossal race-problem ; not the mere question of the patriarchal relation of master and servant, but the presence of a barbarous race in the heart of Anglo-Saxon commonwealths. Mere emancipation from serfdom did not seem to these statesmen an adequate remedy; emancipation on a small scale was attempted by individuals, but the last state of the free negroes in the South, as well as in the North, was worse than the first state. The com- plete removal of the negroes appeared to them the only course of treatment that could touch the sources of the malady; they feared even greater evils from the tribes of emancipated Africans within the States. It was Patrick Henry who said, " Much as I deplore slavery, I see that prudence forbids its abolition. " Marshall declared that abo- lition would not remove the evils caused by the negro's presence. Jefferson deplored the danger to the stability of the Republic, and advocated the foreign colonisation of the African. The views of all these Southern leaders were set forth by Henry Clay in 1829 as follows: " If we were to invoke the greatest blessing on earth which Heaven, in its mercy, could now bestow on this nation, it would be the separation of the two most numerous races of its population, and their comfortable establish- ment in distinct and distant countries." Again, he said, "The evils of slavery are absolutely nothing in comparison with the far greater evils which would inevitably follow from a sudden, general, and indis- 1860] Secession and Slavery. 67 criminate emancipation." The Virginia legisla- ture in 1832 made long debate over a proposition to emancipate the slaves of the Commonwealth; but the bill was defeated because of the dread of more difficult race-problems after emancipation. In spite of these Southern views, in spite of the fact that the English Government, in 1833, made liberal payment for all the slaves set free on her West Indian plantations, the Abolitionists began the work of crying death to the Federal Constitu- tion for sheltering the alleged crime of slavery. They flooded the mails with publications intended to incite the negroes to rise in insurrection against their masters ; they denounced slave-holders as out- laws, and besieged Congress with petitions that it should step beyond the pale of Federal authority and begin the destruction of the institution. In 1790, the Congress of the United States had de- clared that it possessed " no power to interfere with slavery or the treatment of the slaves within the States." For thirty years this remained the policy of Congress. But in 1820 the country was swept by the hot fever-blast of contention over the admission of Missouri as a State. The ancient hostility of the East against the extension of the Union toward the south-west, in that year forced the concession from the South that henceforth slavery should not be recognised as legal in the territories north of the parallel 36 30'. This early assault upon the system of slavery was clearly due to political and not to humanitarian motives. But it was aggressive war- fare upon slavery itself that John Quincy Adams 68 Robert E. Lee. [i860 waged in the House of Representatives under the guise of upholding the right of petition. Bundles of denunciatory petitions he continued to present, even after the House, in 1836, reaffirmed the declar- ation of 1790, asserting lack of jurisdiction over slavery, and after the House had also passed a rule against receiving these documents. From his seat in the Senate, February, 1839, Henry Clay thus laid bare the real aim of the agi- tators : " Civil war, a dissolution of the Union. . . . are nothing [with the Abolitionists]. ... In all their leading prints and publica- tions, the alleged horrors of slavery are depicted in the most glowing and exaggerated colours, to excite the imaginations and stimulate the rage of the people in the free States against the people in the slave States. The slave-holder is held up and represented as the most atrocious of human beings. Advertisements of fugitive slaves are carefully collected and blazoned forth to infuse a spirit of detestation and hatred against one entire and the largest section of the Union. To the agency of their powers of persuasion they now pro- pose to substitute the powers of the ballot box ; and he must be blind to what is passing before us who does not perceive that the inevitable tendency of their proceedings is, if these should be found insufficient, to invoke , finally, the more potent powers of the bayonet" When the old question of territorial expansion toward the south-west lifted up its head in the prop- osition to admit Texas into the league of American States, the Abolitionists made resistance. Although the settlement of Texas was only an incident in the great westward migration of home-seekers from the Alleghanies and the Mississippi Valley, yet the Abolitionists made the charge that the presence of African servants in these new frontier households i860] Secession and Slavery. 69 indicated a gigantic scheme to construct a slave- empire. In 1842-1843, therefore, Adams and Giddings presented petitions from citizens of Mas- sachusetts and Ohio, asking Congress at once to take steps toward " the peaceable dissolution of the Union." Adams, Giddings, and other Congressmen issued a public address, in March, 1843, declaring that the annexation of Texas would be "so injuri- ous to the interests of the Northern States as not only inevitably to result in a dissolution of the Union, but fully to justify it." The month of August, 1843, saw a National Convention of the Liberty Party binding itself by formal resolution " to regard and treat the third clause of the Consti- tution whenever applied to the case of a fugitive slave, as utterly null and void." Formal announce- ment was made in May, 1844, by the American Anti-Slavery Society that they rejected the entire Federal Constitution as " a covenant with death and an agreement with hell." They further de- clared that " secession from the Government " was the duty of every Abolitionist. Two weeks later the Society issued an address to the country with the formal summons: " Up with the banner of rev- olution! " More than sixty thousand voters aban- doned the Whig Party to render support to this dis-union banner; this defection caused the defeat of the Whig, Henry Clay, by Polk, the Democratic candidate for the Presidency. In the year 1845, m protest against denunciations of slavery by Northern pulpits, the Southern Bap- tists withdrew themselves into a separate organisa- 70 Robert E. Lee. [i860 tion. The year 1846 saw the formation of the Southern Methodist Church upon the same basis, and the new Constitution of Kentucky, in 1849, was more rigid than the old in maintaining the rela- tion of master and servant. But these protests only served to redouble the vigour of the Abolitionists. Against slavery in the territories secured from Mex- ico they now concentrated their assaults. In the Congressional struggle of 1850 over the organisa- tion of these lands, Webster united with Clay and Calhoun in condemning the aggressions of abolition- ism. In February, Clay said, " Upon this subject I do think that we have just and serious cause of com- plaint against the free States." In May he further declared, " The body-politic cannot be preserved unless this agitation, this distraction, this exaspera- tion, which is going on between the two sections of the country, shall cease." March 4th found Cal- houn in the Senate, pale from the weakness of approaching death, while Mason read his last appeal for the cessation of Abolitionist attacks upon the old Federal Constitution. Calhoun declared that the existing relation between master and servant " Cannot be destroyed without subjecting the two races to the greatest calamity and the section to poverty, desolation, and wretchedness." Concerning the Abolition movement Webster de- clared, March /th, " The South, in my judgment, is right, and the North is wrong." Again, in July, 1850, Webster asserted that Northern prejudice against the Southern labour-system " all originates in misinformation, false representations, and misap- i860] Secession and Slavery. 71 prehensions arising from the laborious efforts that have been made for the last twenty years to pervert the public judgment and irritate the public feeling. " But other voices were heard in this senatorial battle. W. H. Seward, of New York, disciple of the school of J. Q. Adams, made announcement of a " Higher Law," above the Constitution, and, for himself, foreshadowed, a readiness for the pro- gramme of immediate emancipation by violence, if necessary. Chase of Ohio made zealous proclama- tion of the same creed. The " Higher Law " thus brought forward was merely the conscience of the Abolitionists. Side by side with Seward's an- nouncement must we place the matured judgment of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster, sustained by the entire people of the Southern States, that the con- science of the Abolitionists was wrong that the Higher Law was without foundation. The fugitive-slave enactment of 1850 was the issue made prominent now by the anti-slavery revo- lutionists, and this issue gave them great advantage before the new generation of immigrants and citi- zens in the North. The law itself was a strategical mistake on the part of the Southern people; they had sought to emphasise a constitutional right for the sake of the few servants who were persuaded to flee across the border. The crusade against slavery rapidly gained strength. The Free-Soil Convention of 1852 openly denied the " binding force " of the fugitive-slave law, and Summer, in the Senate, declared it a " dead letter" in the public conscience of the Free States. The legislatures of 72 Robert E. Lee. [i860 some of these States passed " personal liberty " laws practically nullifying the Congressional statute. Into a whirlwind of passion against slavery did the erroneous portraiture in Uncle Tom s Cabin begin to sweep the people of the North. The incidents of this story were altogether exceptional, but the dearth of accurate information in the North gave this volume wide acceptance as a realistic sketch of the alleged barbaric civilisation of the South ! The anti-slavery war increased in fierceness, although the supposed basis for such hostility was scarcely greater in 1854 than it had been in 1850, when Webster expressed himself as follows : " No seizure of an alleged fugitive slave has ever been made in Maine . . . New Hampshire . . . Vermont. No seizure of an alleged fugitive slave has been made in Rhode Island within the last thirty years. No seizure of an alleged fugitive slave is known to have been made in Connecticut, except one, about twenty-five years ago ; and in that case the negro was immediately discharged for want of proof of identity. Some instances of the seizure of alleged fugitives slaves are known to have occurred, in this genera- tion, in Massachusetts ; but except one, their number and their history are uncertain. . . . What is there to justify the passionate appeals, the vehement and empty declamations, the wild and fanat- ical conduct of both men and women which have so long disturbed and so much disgraced, the Commonwealth and the country ? " The year 1854 marked the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, and the formal repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. It was asserted by Senator Douglass that the Compromise of 1850 had already repealed the earlier compromise by the prohibition of slavery in California, south of 36 30' ; at the I860] Secession and Slavery. 73 same time, Douglass further declared, the legislation of 1850 had inaugurated a new method of organising the territories. Therefore, in 1854, the two terri- tories, Kansas and Nebraska, lying north of 36 30', were established without any prohibition of slavery, inviting immigration upon the pledge that the people of the territories themselves were left " per- fectly free to form and regulate their domestic in- stitutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States." A. H. Stephens of Georgia affirmed that the Southern people gave their support to this measure, not for the purpose of forcing slavery upon the ter- ritories, " but to let free emigrants to our vast public domain, in every part and parcel of it, settle this question for themselves, with all the experience, intelligence, virtue, and patriotism they may carry with them." A race for the possession of the soil of Kansas began at once between bands of armed men from the North and from the South. Fierce and open warfare ere long was raging upon these Western plains over the question of recognising or prohibit- ing slavery in the new State Constitution. The Democratic platform of 1856 endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and reaffirmed the " com- pact " theory of the Constitution as " laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions," and fur- ther declared that the agitations of the slavery question by the Abolitionists " endanger the sta- bility and permanency of the Union." June 17, 1856, marked the consolidation of the 74 Robert E. Lee. clans opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a new party. These opponents of slavery hitherto classed under various names as Abolitionists, Free- Soilers, and Whigs, came together and, in Conven- tion assembled, rebaptised themselves as The Republican Party. Representatives were present from all the Northern States, and from Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky. No voice from the other States was heard in this Philadelphia Council, which closed its third resolution with the claim that " It is both the right and the imperative duty of Con- gress to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism polygamy and slavery. ' ' Before the close of the month of June, ex-Presi- dent Fillmore at Albany denounced the new party as distinctly sectional, organised for the avowed purpose of electing its candidates " by suffrages of one part of the Union only, to rule over the whole United States. . . . Can they have the mad- ness or folly to believe that our Southern brethren would submit to be governed by such a chief magis- trate ? " Rufus Choate described it as " The new geographical party calling itself Republican . . . which knows one half of America only to hate and dread it." He added further : " The triumph of such a party puts the Union in danger. . . . If the Republican party accomplishes its objects and gives the government to the North, I turn my eyes from the consequences. To the fifteen States of the South that government will appear an alien government. It will appear a hostile government. It will represent to their eye a vast region of States organised upon Anti- slavery. " i860] Secession and Slavery. 75 In this Presidential campaign of 1856, the warning note emphasised in the Democratic canvass in the Southern States was the necessity of secession from the Federal Union, if the Republican party should carry the election. The Border States and the Cotton States alike were ready to withdraw them- selves in a body for the organisation of a Southern Confederacy in the event of Fremont's accession to the Presidency. But in the political battle the vic- tory was adjudged to Buchanan. The Democratic platform interpreting the Constitution to be a " compact " between sovereign States, received overwhelming popular sanction at the polls. For this reason alone the Southern States re- mained as yet within the Federal League. But the critical four-year period now opening did not seem luminous with approaching peace in view of the following deliverance on the part of the Disunion Convention at Worcester, Massachusetts, January 15, 1857: " Resolved, that the sooner the separa- tion takes place, the more peaceful it will be ; but that peace or war is a secondary consideration in view of our present perils. Slavery must be con- quered, ' peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must.' ' Two days after Buchanan's inauguration, the Dred Scott decision was handed down by the Su- preme Court of the United States. This decision affirmed that the mere fact of Dred Scott's tempo- rary residence in a territory organised from the Louisiana purchase north of 36 30' did not bring freedom to an African slave. First of all did the Court declare that a slave was not a citizen under 76 Robert E. Lee. tiseo the Constitution ; in assigning the reason for this interpretation, the Court affirmed that the Louisiana domain " was acquired by the general government as the representative and trustee of the people of the United States, and it must, therefore, be held in that character for their common and equal bene- fit." Beyond this the Court advanced to say that Congress, the trustee acting for the States, had no authority to pass the Missouri Compromise in 1820, invalidating the rights established by the Constitu- tion. Thus was the Constitution by the highest legal tribunal interpreted as sanctioning the full claims of the Southern people concerning slavery. Justice Curtis's dissenting opinion was merely the republication of the theory of the original consolida- tion of the thirteen States. The case was now made up on both sides, and the lines of battle were clearly drawn. The people of the South were of one mind still in denying the alleged barbarity of their labour-system. Moreover, they began to draw attention to the tribe of eman- cipated negroes in the United States as more de- based than their brethren in bonds. At the same time they could point to the dismal failure of eman- cipation in the English West Indies. In 1860, Dr. Charles Hodge, the Princeton theo- logian, wrote as follows: " When Southern Christians are told that they are guilty of a heinous crime, worse than piracy, robbery or murder, because they hold slaves, when they know that Christ and His Apostles never denounced slave-holding as a crime, never called upon men to re- nounce it as a condition of admission to the Church, they are shocked 1860] Secession and Slavery. 77 and offended without being convinced. . . . The argument from the conduct of Christ and his immediate followers, seems to us decisive on the point, that slave-holding in itself considered is not a Like an echo of Southern opinion in 1860 sounds the following, written twenty years after Mr. Lin- coln's Emancipation Proclamation: " Emancipation without any training for freedom could not be a blessing. . . . The Christianity and the philanthropy of this age have before them a task that is far more serious, more weighty and more difficult than it would have been, if the emancipation had been a regulated process, even if its final consummation had been postponed for generations." G. T. Curtis's Life of Buchanan. The echo is redoubled in force when we read the following, of a date still more recent : " It was perfectly possible and reasonable for enlightened and virtuous men, who fully recognised it [slavery] as an evil, yet to prefer its continuance to having it interfered with in a way that would produce even worse results. Black slavery in Hayti was characterised by worse abuse than ever was the case in the United States ; yet looking at the condition of that republic now, it may well be ques- tioned whether it would not have been greatly to her benefit in the end to have had slavery continue a century or so longer." Theodore Roosevelt's Life of Benton. CHAPTER V. 1859-1861. JOHN BROWN THE CRISIS OF l86l LEE'S WITH- DRAWAL FROM THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. |HE Autumn of 1859 witnessed the at- tack of John Brown upon the town of Harper's Ferry in Virginia. From the field of blood in Kansas, Brown had recently fled eastward. In con- cert with prominent Abolitionists, he made prep- aration to incite the slaves in Virginia to rise in insurrection against their masters. More than four thousand dollars were furnished to Brown for the prosecution of the campaign.* Two hundred * It was the belief of the Virginians, and of the Southerners gen- erally, that the negroes were being organised for the purpose of attacking their masters. It was the contention, on the other hand, of men like Gerrit Smith, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and others, through whom these moneys were raised, or who had personal knowl- edge of the instructions given for their use, that the negroes were expected merely to maintain their organisation in a defensive cam- paign, in the hope that public opinion in both North and South, would be aroused in the end, on behalf of their cause, 78 1859-61] John Brown. 79 Sharpe's rifles, two hundred revolvers, and nine hundred and fifty iron-pointed pikes he collected in his arsenal at the Kennedy farm in Maryland, four miles from Harper's Ferry. The pikes were manu- factured especially for the purpose of arming the slaves whom he expected to flock to the standard of revolt. On the night of October 18 Brown en- tered Harper's Ferry with eighteen followers, each man armed with a rifle and revolvers. By midnight the conspirators were masters of the village, and had intrenched themselves in the United States arsenal. Their leader sent out a party to begin the work of emancipating the slaves; one negro man was shot down in cold blood, and two prominent citizens, with a number of slaves, were seized and carried into the arsenal. After sunrise, the citizens and militia came together, and, during the firing that followed, men were slain on both sides, among them the Mayor of the town, and also a prominent land-holder of the vicinity. At mid-day, Brown betook himself to the engine-house in the armory yard ; there he barred the doors and windows, cut portholes through the brick walls, and prepared to maintain his position. Already he had failed in the chief aim of his attack ; not a single slave had vol- unteered to assist him. Late in the evening of the iQth came Colonel Robert E. Lee, with a company of United States Marines. He had returned from Texas to Arlington on brief leave of absence, and was at once ordered from Washington to the scene of action. Lee's memorandum-book states that he found the 8o Robert E. Lee. H859- railroad at Harper's Ferry " blocked with arrested trains." He hurried his soldiers across the Poto- mac, and " posted them," the memorandum con- tinues, " in the United States armory which was held by a party of banditti that had taken refuge in the engine-house, where they had been driven by the troops and citizens from Virginia. All retreat of the insurgents being cut off, I determined to wait for daylight, as I learned that a number of citizens were held as hostages by the robbers, whose lives were threatened if they should be attacked. Tuesday about sunrise, with twelve marines under the com- mand of Lieutenant Green [accompanied by J. E. B. Stuart], broke in the door of the engine-house, secured the robbers and released the prisoners unhurt. All were killed or mortally wounded but four, John Brown, Aaron Stevens, Edwin Coppie, and Green Shields (black). Had the prisoners removed to a place of safety and their wounds dressed," Five men killed and nine wounded was the sub- stance of the crime charged against Brown and his companions at the bar of the Circuit Court in Charles- town, Virginia. After a fair and lengthy trial, in which they were defended by able counsel, Brown and his accomplices were found guilty of murder and executed, December 2, 1859. Before this, ap- plication for appeal was made through counsellors of the highest ability. The Supreme Court heard the case, and refused the application for appeal. After this manner, the sentence of Brown was af- firmed by the highest legal tribunal in Virginia. To the Southern people, the real significance of John Brown's attack appeared not alone in the bloodshed caused by a band of nineteen men ; not merely in the purpose of Brown, according to their belief, to stir up servile war and to repeat in the 1861] John Brown. 81 Southern States the horrors of San Domingo. They knew that he could not succeed in this purpose. The real meaning of the assault was unveiled to the world, on the day of Brown's execution, by the tolling of funeral bells and the firing of minute- guns in many parts of the North. It was revealed by the Church services and the public mass-meetings held for the purpose of glorifying the cause of im- mediate abolition, and for enrolling Brown's name in the calendar of martyrs. John Brown was merely a narrow-minded fanatic who assumed for himself the right to carry to a logical conclusion the teach- ings of the Abolitionists. For almost three de- cades, the latter had made increasing strides in popularity by denouncing slavery as a crime, and the slave-holder as criminal and outlaw. It was only natural that a stern, unsympathetic spirit like that of John Brown should use this moral code to justify his inauguration of a programme of blood- shed. It was his opinion, revealed, as the Southern people believed, by his deeds, that the slave-holder had forfeited all right to life, and Brown supposed that he did service unto God by attempting to in- cite the slaves to take arms and slay their masters. John Brown's raid startled the South, for it suddenly revealed the width of the social chasm between the two sections of the Federal Union. A blow was struck, and slave-holding citizens were slain; the scaffold of the slayer was compared to the cross on Calvary. Reputable persons made this latter assertion in various forms, and went un- rebuked. " Saint John the Just " was the verdict 6 82 Robert E. Lee. [1859- of the Concord philosophers concerning John Brown. " The new Saint . . . will make the gallows glorious like the Cross " was the sentiment of Emer- son that drew applause from a vast assemblage in Boston. In the Senate, January, 1860, Douglas declared that the responsibility for John Brown's attack must be laid upon Lincoln's doctrine that the Union could not endure half-slave and half-free, and upon Seward's theory of " irrepressible con- flict " between the North and the South. In May, 1860, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the Presidency by the Republican Convention in Chicago. Mr. Lincoln had won this position of party-leader by his speeches in the campaign of 1858 in the State of Illinois. In the joint debates with Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's central theme was that the slavery of the South was wrong; and that the Federal Union must be made all slave or all free territory. At Alton, October 15, Mr. Lin- coln declared that nothing had " ever threatened the existence of this Union save and except this very institution of slavery! " At the same time he announced the existence of an " eternal struggle " between Northern and Southern principles declar- ing that the North was the champion of " the com- mon right of humanity," while the South was defending the old principle of " the divine right of Kings! " Douglas charged Lincoln with thus an- nouncing the policy of open warfare against the institution of slavery ; the Southern people believed this to be the creed of the Republican standard- bearer of 1860. 18611 Chicago Platform of 1860. 83 The Chicago platform upon which Mr. Lincoln presented himself to the country contained the declaration that " the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom." This doctrine was based upon the claim that the founders of the Federal Government were emanci- pationists who had " abolished slavery in all our national territory." The platform further declared that no legislative body, Federal or territorial, could " give legal existence to slavery in any terri- tory of the United States. ' ' This view set at naught the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Dred Scott, and only represented a more advanced stage in the evolution of the consolidation theory. In the prosecution of the political campaign of 1860, the supporters of the Chicago platform while disclaiming the purpose to interfere with slavery in the States, made the key-note of the canvass violent denunciation of the inhumanity of American slavery and the iniquity of its extension into any of the territories. In this crisis the Democratic party pre- sented a divided front. John C. Breckinridge was the leader of the Southern Democrats who upheld the full text of the Dred Scott decision that slavery had legal existence in the territories under the Constitution. Douglas was nominated by the North- ern wing of the Democratic Party ; Bell and Everett were leaders of those who spoke, indefinitely, of preserving the Union. At the polls the eighteen Northern States held together, and gave Mr. Lincoln a majority of the electoral vote ; of the popular vote he failed to receive a majority by about one million 84 Robert E. Lee. [1859 ballots. In the entire block of the Southern States, only about twenty-six thousand ballots were cast for the Republican candidate. A majority of the Southern people looked upon the Federal Union as substantially broken and divided by the election of a sectional candidate upon a platform which they declared to be revolu- tionary and hostile to the South. There was no practical division of sentiment as to the obligation of the citizen to obey the mandate of his State. But there was difference of opinion concerning the proper time to withdraw from the Federal compact. One party now advocated immediate secession, while the other desired to postpone secession until com- promise between the sections of the Union should be attempted. In the Cotton States the people decided for immediate withdrawal as the only legal, and therefore, peaceable remedy for sectional differ- ences. Between December 20, 1860, and February i, 1861, these seven Commonwealths summoned conventions in accordance with the precedent of 1787 in the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and, through these bodies as the incarnation of the sovereignty of the people, revoked each Common- wealth's assent to the Federal compact. As sov- ereign Commonwealths they stood now, even as they stood before the organisation of the Federal league. Not for a moment did they think to re- main isolated from one another as separate States. The experiment of 1787 had proved a failure, and these seven Commonwealths, with kindred sympa- thies and similar ideals, formed a new Federal com- 1861] The Crisis of 1 86 1. 85 pact among themselves in February, 1861, as the Southern Confederacy. It was not conspiracy among a few malcontent slave-holders that carried these States out of the old Union. There was not and had never been any practical division of sentiment between slave-holders and non-slave-holders, and a wave of popular enthu- siasm swept both classes alike as one mass of people into the movement, and the leaders were compelled to yield to their practically unanimous demand for secession. Nor did these people take action as the enemies of the black race. They were the benefactors of the African serfs. But the Anti- slavery crusaders had stirred up a race-war of that anomalous sort wherein the negro was ready to take sides with his alleged oppressor against his self- appointed champion. Although the African did not greatly desire emancipation, and was loyal to his master, yet the Southern people had endured denunciation as a race of outlaws because of negro servitude. Against these charges the resentment of the non-slave-holding class was perhaps greater than that of the owners of slaves. In behalf of racial dignity and racial solidarity did these Southern Com- monwealths prepare to assert their legal rights, in much the same spirit in which the people of Poland had opposed dismemberment. " The maintenance of the honour, the rights, the equality, the security, and the glory of my native State in the Union, if possible ; but if these cannot be maintained in the Union, then I am for their maintenance at all haz- ards, out of it." Thus spoke A. H. Stephens, of 86 Robert E. Lee. [1359- Georgia, a member of the postponement wing of the secessionists. But when the voice of the people of Georgia hurried the convention into immediate withdrawal, then all the members of that body took pledges of loyalty to the Commonwealth, and thus was the Convention " unanimously committed to the maintenance of the sovereignty of Georgia." Even so stood as one man the people of all the seven States who, in March, 1861, adopted a Con- stitution like the old Federal Constitution, except, among other features, in the forbidding of bounties and of protection in the tariff, and in imposing on the Confederate Congress the duty of passing pre- ventive and punitive laws to prohibit the importa- tion of slaves from Africa. The attitude of the Federal Administration toward this Confederacy was based upon the written opinion of the Attorney-General, J. S. Black, concerning the power granted to Congress to control the militia: "All these provisions are made to protect the States, not to authorise an attack by one part of the coun- try upon another; to preserve the peace, and not to plunge them into civil war. . . . The Union must utterly perish at the moment when Congress shall arm one part of the people against another." The views of President Buchanan were the same, as thus expressed in his Annual Message: " The long-continued and intemperate interference of the Northern people with the question of slavery in the Southern States has at length produced its natural effects. The different sections of the Union are now arrayed against each other." While Buchanan 1861] The Crisis of 186 1. 87 refused to concede the legality of secession, he ac- knowledged that an attempt to coerce a seceded State would be only a gratuitous act of war against her. The postponement party of secessionists held sway in the Border States. In 1856, these States were ready to secede, but now in 1860 they wished to continue discussion in the halls of legislation and establish a compromise measure. Crittenden of Kentucky brought before the Senate a proposition to amend the Constitution by extending the old 36 30' line to the westward. This amendment would have recognised territorial slavery only in New Mexico and the Indian Reservations, where the nature of the country itself forbade the employment of African labour. Virginia called a Peace Conven- tion, and submitted to Congress practically the same compromise. The advantage in the territories was thus offered to the Anti-slavery party. Both schemes were buried, as S. S. Cox, an actor in the drama, has declared, under the solid Republican vote in both Houses. The Border States now awaited the policy of President Lincoln. The Virginia Convention was still in session with the postponement wing in su- premacy. They desired to know if the intent of the new Administration was peaceable. Peaceable it professed to be. The President entered office with the claim that he desired harmony between the sec- tions; he claimed to offer peace upon a Constitu- tional basis. Webster's great speech in reply to Hayne gave colour to the President's views; its 88 Robert . Lee. [1859- historical inaccuracies were accepted by Lincoln as veritable history. Want of accurate knowledge concerning the origin of the Federal Union inspired the historical errors of the Inaugural Address of March 4, 1861, which was merely the untenable theory of original consolidation : " The Union," said President Lincoln, " is much older than the States. It was formed in fact by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued in the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual by the Articles of Confederation in 1778." President Lincoln ventured to designate a com- mittee's recommendation in 1774 as a legal instru- ment establishing a government! The olive-branch proffered in this Inaugural was interpreted in the South as a virtual declaration of war, and the party advocating immediate secession grew stronger in the Border States. President Lincoln refused to recognise the Com- missioners sent by the seven Commonwealths to ask " peaceful solution " of all matters in dispute. The most pressing issue had reference to the control of Forts Sumter and Pickens, in the harbours of Charleston and Pensacola, then occupied by Fed- eral troops. The foundation of these forts was originally the property of the States of South Caro- lina and Florida, and these Commonwealths, having withdrawn from the Union, claimed that the island- fortresses had reverted to the original owners as military posts. There was complete willingness to 1861] The Crisis of 1861. 89 make compensation to the Federal Government for the property value of the forts. Since the closing days of 1860 many Republicans had advocated the policy of non-coercion in the case of the seceded States. Greeley's paper, The Tribune, made this declaration on November 9 " If the Cotton States shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless. Whenever a considerable section of our Union shall deliber- ately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures designed to keep it in. We hope never to live in a republic, whereof one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets." " It will be an advantage for the South to go off," said H. W. Beecher. After the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln there was a strong current of opinion in the North that the Federal troops should be withdrawn from the Southern forts. President Lin- coln's " organ," the National Republican, announced that the Cabinet meeting of March 9 had deter- mined to surrender both Sumter and Pickens. That Anderson would be withdrawn from Sumter " was the universal impression in Washington " (Rhodes, U. S., vol. Hi., p. 332). Welling, of the National Intelligencer, was requested by Seward to communi- cate the Cabinet's purpose to George W. Summers, member of the Virginia Convention (The Nation, Dec. 4, 1879). March 15 Secretary Seward un- officially notified the Confederate Commissioners, through Justice Campbell of the Supreme Court, that Sumter would be yielded at once to the South- ern Confederacy. Meanwhile, Captain G. V. Fox 90 Robert E. Lee. [1859- had suggested a plan for throwing reinforcements into Sumter. On this same fifteenth day of March, Fox was sent by Mr. Lincoln to obtain " accurate information in regard to the command of Major Anderson." March 21, after dark, upon the para- pet of Fort Sumter, Fox held a private conversation with Anderson. The latter " at once earnestly condemned any proposal to send him reinforce- ments. He asserted that it was too late ; he agreed with General Scott that an entrance by sea was impossible ; and he impressed upon Captain Fox his belief that any reinforcements coming would at once precipitate a collision and inaugurate civil war, and to this he manifested the most earnest opposition." (Genesis of the Civil War, pp. 369-371. By Major-General S. W. Crawford who, in 1861, was an officer under Major Anderson in Fort Sumter. The above statements are based upon Fox's personal letters to Crawford.) " Every hour now tended to strengthen the belief that the garrison was to be withdrawn, and the preliminary steps to be taken were considered upon both sides. The public press as well as private ad- vices from Washington, all seemed to place the fact of withdrawal beyond doubt. The engineer officer had made his arrangements and had reported to his chief [Major Anderson] his intentions, and had received from that official his instructions as to the disposition to be made of the property." (Crawford's Genesis of the Civil War, p. 373-) March 25 brought Colonel Ward H. Lamon of Washington to Fort Sumter. He obtained permis- sion from Governor Pickens to visit Major Anderson upon the representation that he had come as " con- fidential agent of the President," to make ar- rangements for the removal of the garrison. " The impression produced upon Major Anderson [by Lamon] as well as upon the officers and men of the garrison, was that the command was to be with- 18611 The Crisis of 1 86 1. 91 drawn." Lamon informed Governor Pickens " that the President professed a desire to evacuate the work." After Lamon's return to Washington he sent a written message to Pickens, that he " hoped to return in a very few days to withdraw the com- mand." * Meanwhile, the radical Republican leaders began to make protest against the surrender of Sum- ter. After the Cabinet meeting of March 29 Mr. Lincoln ordered a naval expedition to be in readi- ness to move by the 6th of April ; at the same time he disavowed the promise of withdrawal made by Lamon. Nevertheless, on April 7 Seward made written renewal of his assurance, as follows: " Faith as to Sumter fully kept wait and see." On that same day, April 7 a courier was already drawing nigh to Charleston with a message from President Lincoln himself, announcing to Governor Pickens that an effort would be made to throw supplies into Sumter, and that " if such attempt be not re- sisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammu- nition will be made without further notice, or in case of an attack upon the fort." f Pickens soon received advices that the naval flo- tilla was steaming southward to enforce President Lincoln's policy. At once the cry was raised in the South that the Federal Administration had been guilty of equivocating conduct; that negotiation had been flung aside, and war declared, in sending the naval armaments to relieve Forts Sumter and * Crawford's Gfttesit, pp. 373, 374- f Ibid. 340, 394-396- 92 Robert E. Lee. Pickens. When Beauregard, in obedience to orders from Montgomery, Alabama, opened fire on Sumter in the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Federal war vessels, with provisions, troops, and arms aboard, were just reaching the outer bar of Charleston har- bour. In the opinion of the people of the South, Beauregard 's guns expressed nothing more than the defensive attitude of the Southern Confederacy against the approach of actual armed invasion. Meanwhile, the Border States were playing the part of peacemakers. An ordinance of secession submitted to the Virginia Convention, March 17 was rejected by a vote of ninety to forty-five. Mr. Lincoln at once requested an interview with a rep- resentative of the Convention, and the fourth day of April found J. B. Baldwin in conference with the President. Baldwin has stated under oath that Mr. Lincoln greeted him with the assertion that he had come too late. The President was deaf to Baldwin's entreaties that he should yield the Southern forts, and thus maintain peace. Another committee from the Convention arrived in Washington April 12 Their mission was to ascertain, definitely, the policy proposed by the President. Mr. Lincoln's written answer to the committee, April 14 was " distinctly pacific, and he expressly disclaimed all purpose of war." The railway train which bore the committee to Richmond the following day carried the Presi- dent's proclamation asking the various Governors for an army of men.* April 15, 1861, Mr. Lincoln issued an official call to the States for seventy-five * Crawford's Genesis, pp. 310-312. 1861] The Crisis of 1861. 93 thousand volunteers to overcome " combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." Immediately the Border States flamed up in wrath ; they declared that Mr. Lincoln had inveigled them into the policy of inaction, and had then inaugurated a war of inva- sion. The Virginia Convention at once passed the ordinance of secession, April 17 North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed Virginia's exam- ple, and a few weeks saw the people of eleven States fused together in the Southern Confederacy, ready, they declared, to wage only a war of defence. At the same time, the people of the Northern States sprang to arms to " save the Union." The North and the South stood opposed in deadly hostility, each charging the other with the guilt of aggression. War had arisen at the last, from certain misunder- standings as to questions of fact. One of these was centred about President Lincoln's governmental the- ory of original consolidation. In the Inaugural Ad dress this view made its first appearance ; and again in the message to Congress, July 4, 1861, it was expanded in these terms : ' ' The States have their status in the Union ; and they have no other legal status. If they break from this, they can only do so against law and by revolution. The Union, and not themselves separately, procured their independence and their liberty. By con- quest or purchase, the Union gave each of them whatever of inde- pendence and liberty it has. The Union is older than any of the States, and, in fact, it created them as States. Originally, some in- dependent Colonies made the Union ; and, in turn, the Union threw off their old dependence for them and made them States, such as they are. Not one of them ever had a State Constitution independ- ent of the Union." 94 Robert E. Lee. [1859- It is scarcely necessary to say again that this con- solidation theory cannot stand for one moment in the light of the actual historical facts. When Mr. Lincoln proposed this view of the origin of the Fed- eral Government as the basis of his alleged " war power," the difference between him and the people of the Southern States was far more hopeless than that between Charles Stuart and his Parliament. When Mr. Lincoln offered peace on the basis of this theory, the Southern people with one voice interpreted that peace to mean their submission to an unprecedented form of centralised government. A second misunderstanding was concerned with the extent and character of the secession movement in the South. Among the Republican officials and legislators in Washington, it was maintained that the withdrawal of the Southern States was due to a few conspirators, who had used trickery in securing the passage of the secession ordinances in opposi- tion to the will of the majority of the people. Davis and Toombs, who were in fact adherents of the postponement wing of secessionists until late in December, 1860, were pointed out as the arch- conspirators who had stirred up " rebellion " on the part of the slave-holding minority in each seceding State. In the message of July 4, 1861, President Lincoln said: " It may well be questioned whether there is to-day a majority of the legally qualified voters of any State, except, perhaps, South Caro- lina, in favour of disunion. There is much reason to believe that the Union men are in the majority in many, if not in every other one, of the so-called seceding States." 18611 The Crisis of 1861. 95 Mr. Lincoln totally misunderstood the attitude of the postponement party among the secessionists. This explains his attitude during the month of March, 1861. When the Virginia Convention voted largely against immediate secession, he supposed that the majority gave complete acquiescence in the theory of Federal consolidation announced in the Inaugural Address. Whereas, these Virginians were only awaiting the President's policy with reference to the Confederate Government at Montgomery. When he called for volunteers to suppress sovereign States designated as unlawful " combinations," the former Union men of Virginia were enraged. The delegates yielded at once to the unanimous demand of the people of the State, and secession was imme- diate. John B. Baldwin, an Ulsterman, represent- ing the Valley of Virginia, where few slaves were held, and who voted against secession on April 17, at once signed the ordinance, and, later, wrote these words: " There are now no Union men in Virginia. But those who were Union men will stand to their arms and make a fight which shall go down in his- tory as an illustration of what a brave people will do in defence of their liberties, after having exhausted every means of pacification." In the four States of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, with the sole exception of the districts of western Virginia and eastern Tennessee, there was but one heart and one voice among slave-holders and non- slave-holders alike ; as one man, they were ready for battle against the invasion threatened by President Lincoln. The adherence of the entire mass of the Southern people was accorded to their State gov- Robert E. Lee. 11359- ernments and to the government of the Confederacy at Montgomery, with an enthusiasm not excelled by that of the Swiss Cantons in the hour of Austrian invasion, nor by the Highland clans at the call of Roderick Dhu. With reference to the unanimity existing among the people of the South, we quote the recent words of Mr. J. F. Rhodes: " Had the North thoroughly understood the problem ; had it known that the people in the Cotton States were practically unani- mous ; that the action of Virginia and North Carolina and Tennes- see was backed by a large and genuine majority, it might have refused to undertake the seemingly unachievable task. ... It is impossible to escape the conviction that the action of the North was largely based on a misconception of the strength of the disunion sentiment in the Confederate States. The Northern people accepted the gage of war and came to the support of the President on the theory that a majority in all of the Southern States, except South Carolina, were at heart for the Union." {History of the United States, iii. 404-5-) The censure heaped upon Buchanan for failing to imitate the " Jacksonian policy " of coercion, indi- cates that this misapprehension continues to exist. It is beyond doubt that an army or a fleet from Washington sent to subdue Charleston during the last days of Buchanan's Administration would have driven the entire brotherhood of Southern States into immediate secession. President Lincoln's call for an army to subdue the Southern States found Colonel R. E. Lee at Arlington. After the execution of John Brown, he had remained in Washington until midwinter. On January 15, 1860, by permission of the War Department he was hurrying away to Richmond at 1861] The Crisis of 186 1. 97 the request of a legislative committee to throw the light of his experience on the matter of organising and arming the Virginia militia, although he had already written the protest, " My limited knowledge can be of little avail." From army headquarters, February 9, came the order assigning him to the com- mand of the Military Department of Texas. The entry in his diary for February 10, is thus briefly made: "At 6 A.M., left Arlington and its dear in- habitants for Texas." From February 20, 1860, the day when he assumed command at San Antonio, until February 13, 1861, the day when he laid down his authority at Fort Mason and repaired to Wash- ington at the call of the Secretary of War, Lee was occupied with the passing excitements and monot- ony of frontier garrison life. The early part of these twelve months was spent in pursuit of the brigand Cortinas, who would steal across the Rio Grande, burn the homes and drive off the horses of the ranchmen, and then retire to his lair in Mexico. Lee manifested great energy in pushing across the wastes of western Texas; his chief daily concern was the search for grass and water, and he spent some time, also, in a fruitless correspondence with the authorities in certain Mexican towns. The summer months from June to December, 1860, were spent in San Antonio. He was always alert and busy. The Episcopal Church building in the town was hurried forward by liberal contributions from Lee ; his private business in Virginia was at the same time receiving due attention through cor- respondence. 98 Robert E. Lee. [1899- Lee's political views began to find expression, January 23, 1861, as follows: " I received from Major Nicholl, Everett's Life of Washington . . . and enjoyed its perusal very much. How his spirit would be grieved, could he see the wreck of his mighty labours. I will not, however, permit myself to believe, until all the ground for hope has gone, that the fruit of his noble deeds will be destroyed and that his precious advice and virtuous example will so soon be forgotten by his countrymen. As far as I can judge from the papers, we are between a state of anarchy and civil war. May God avert both of these evils from us. I fear that mankind for years will not be sufficiently Christianised to bear the absence of restraint and force. I see that four States have declared themselves out of the Union ; four more apparently will follow their example. Then, if the Border States are dragged into the gulf of revolution, one half of the country will be arrayed against the other. I must try and be patient and await the end, for I can do nothing to hasten or retard it." On the same day he wrote in these terms to his son : ' ' The South, in my opinion, has been aggrieved by the acts of the North, as you say. I feel the aggression, and am willing to take every proper step for redress. It is the principle I contend for, not individual or private benefit. As an American citizen I take great pride in my country, her prosperity, and her institutions, and would defend any State if her rights were invaded. But I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union. It would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of, and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honour for its preservation. I hope therefore, that all Constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force. Secession is nothing but revolution. The f ramers of our Constitution never exhausted so much labour, wisdom and forbearance in its formation, and surrounded it with so many guards and securities, if it was intended to be broken by every mem- ber of the Confederacy at will. It is intended for ' perpetual Union," so expressed in the preamble,* and for the establishment of a govern- * Lee was mistaken in this statement. The term "perpetual Union " does not occur in the preamble to the Constitution nor any- 1861] The Crisis of 1861. 99 ment, not a compact, which can only be dissolved by revolution, or the consent of all the people in Convention assembled. It is idle to talk of secession ; anarchy would [otherwise ?] have been established, and not a government, by Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison and all the other patriots of the Revolution. . . . Still, a Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kind- ness, has no charm for me. I shall mourn for my country and for the welfare and progress of mankind. If the Union is dissolved and the Government disrupted, I shall return to my native State and share the miseries of my people, and save in defence will draw my sword on none." After the withdrawal of Texas from the Union, Lee was recalled to Washington. As he passed through San Antonio, February 16, he saw the Federal troops marched out of the place, and the public property handed over to the commissioners representing the Convention of the people of Texas. As the shades of evening were gathering about Arlington, March I, he alighted at the gate from the carriage that had borne him from Alexandria. As Lee entered his home, his heart was full of love for the old Union which his father had helped to establish. He did not believe in secession as a legal method for the redress of grievances. As to slavery, he said that " if he owned all the negroes in the South, he would gladly yield them up for the preservation of the Union." But he also loved his own people and his native State, and for Vir- ginia, first and last, he was ready to sacrifice prop- erty and life itself. At Arlington, therefore, he where in the Constitution itself. It did occur in the Articles of Con- federation which were annulled by the secession of eleven States in 1787. ioo Robert E. Lee. [1859- kept anxious watch during the first forty days of President Lincoln's Administration. April 1 8, Francis P. Blair, at the suggestion of Mr. Lincoln, came to offer Lee the command of the proposed army of invasion. Afterwards (February 25, 1868) Lee thus described the interview: " After listening to his remarks, I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was to be brought into the field, stating, as candidly and courteously as I could, that though opposed to secession and deprecating war I could take no part in an invasion of the Southern States. " I went directly from the interview with Mr. Blair to the office of General Scott, told him of the proposition that had been made to me and my decision. Upon reflection after returning home, I con- cluded that I ought no longer to retain any commission I held in the United States army, and on the second morning thereafter I for- warded my resignation to General Scott. " At the time I hoped that peace would have been preserved that some way would be found to save the country from the calami- ties of war; and I then had no other intention than to pass the remainder of my life as a private citizen. " Two days afterward, on the invitation of the Governor of Virginia, I repaired to Richmond, found that the Convention then in session had passed the ordinance withdrawing the State from the Union, and accepted the commission of commander of its forces, which was tendered me. These are the simple facts of the case." That which drove Lee from the United States army was President Lincoln's preparation to invade the South. The service required of him he declared unworthy, and at once resigned his office and retired to his own home. From that home, as a citizen, he was summoned by the voice of the people of his native State to lead them on the field of battle. 1861] Withdrawal from the U. S. Army. 101 April 20, Colonel Lee sent to General Scott his official resignation, adding that " It would have been presented at once but for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from a service to which I have devoted the best years of my life, and all the ability I possessed. During the whole of that time more than a quarter of a century I have ex- perienced nothing but kindness from my superiors and a most cordial friendship from my comrades. To no one, General, have I been as much indebted as to yourself for uniform kindness and consideration, and it has always been my ardent desire to merit your approbation. I shall carry to the grave the most grateful recollections of your kind consideration, and your name and fame will always be dear to me." To his sister in Baltimore, on the same day, Lee expressed these sentiments: " The whole South is in a state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn ; and though I recognise no necessity for this state of things, and would have forborne and pleaded, to the end, for redress of grievances real or supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I should take part against my native State. With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my com- mission in the army." To his brother, Sidney Smith Lee, he sent a mes- sage, April 20, as follows : " The question which was the subject of my earnest consultation with you on the i8th inst. has in my own mind been decided. After the most anxious inquiry as to the correct course for me to pursue, I concluded to resign, and sent in my resignation this morning. I wished to wait till the ordinance of secession should be acted on by the people of Virginia ; but war seems to have commenced and I am liable at any time to be ordered on duty which I could not conscientiously perform. To save me from such a position, and to prevent the IO2 Robert E. Lee. [1859- necessity of resigning under orders, I had to act at once, and before I could see you again on the subject, as I had wished. I am now a private citizen and have no other ambition than to remain at home. Save in the defence of my native State, I have no desire ever again to draw my sword." What were the events characterised by Lee as war already commenced ? They were the arma- ment sent by sea to relieve Sumter and Pickens; President Lincoln's call for the militia to move against the Southern States; the encampment around the Federal Capitol, April 18, of a regi- ment from Pennsylvania; the invasion of Maryland, April 19, by a regiment from Massachusetts, and the President's proclamation, April 19, declaring the ports of seven Southern States in a state of blockade and closed against the commerce of the world. The President of a league government had assumed the functions of the Congress of lawmakers, under the alleged military necessity which he had himself created, and the bayonets of his army were already gleaming about the Capitol, when Lee re- signed on the morning of April 20. When Lee reached Richmond, April 22, the Convention placed him in command of the military forces of Virginia. The twenty-third day of April, 1861, saw Major-General Lee introduced to the Con- vention. The weight of fifty-four years had not bent the tall, well-knit frame, nor had they engraved any lines in the handsome features. Lee's manner was grave ; a great modesty tempered all his words and all his actions. The admiration that fell upon him from every eye in that standing throng of Virgin- 1861] Withdrawal from the U. S. Army. 103 ians was more trying to the quiet officer than the fire from a battery of guns. President John Janney stood with Governor Letcher and Vice-President A. H. Stephens at his right hand, and expressed to General Lee the welcome accorded to him by the Convention. After references to the patriotic sons of Westmoreland County and to Lee's own achieve- ments in Mexico, Janney thus concluded: " Sir, we have by this unanimous vote expressed our convictions that you are at this time among the living citizens of Virginia ' first in war.' We pray to God most fervently that you may [so] conduct the operations committed to your charge, that it will soon be said of you that you are the ' first in peace,' and when that time comes you will have earned the still prouder distinction of being ' first in the hearts of your countrymen." When the Father of his country made his last will and testament, he gave his swords to his favorite nephews, with the injunction that they should never be drawn from their scabbards except in self-defence, or in defence of the rights and principles of their country, and that, if drawn for the latter purpose, that should fall with them in their hands rather than relinquish them. Yesterday, your mother, Virginia, placed her sword in your hand upon the implied condition that in all things you will keep it to the letter and spirit, that you will draw it only in defence, and that you will fall with it in your hand rather than that the object for which it is placed there should fail." To this address, General Lee made reply in these terms : "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention : Deeply im- pressed with the solemnity of the occasion on which I appear before you, and profoundly grateful for the honour conferred upon me, I accept the position your partiality has assigned me, though I would greatly have preferred that your choice should have fallen on one more capable. Trusting to Almighty God, an approving conscience, and the aid of my fellow-citizens, I will devote myself to the defence and service of my native State, in whose behalf alone would I have tver drawn my sword." CHAPTER VI. 1861-1862. IN COMMAND OF THE FORCES OF VIRGINIA THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA CONSTRUC- TION OF ATLANTIC COAST DEFENCES. |HE military _fgrces_of the Common- wealth of Virginia were under the control of Major-General R. E. Lee from April 23 until May 10, 1861. Thereafter, until June 8, he was as- signed to the command of the forces of the South- ern Confederacy operating in Virginia. May 25 marked the change in his military rank from the position of Major-General in the State militia to that of Brigadier-General in the army of the South- ern Confederacy. The Confederate Government had not yet created a military rank in the field ser- vice higher than the grade of brigade-commander; it was Lee's indifference to the mere insignia of office that prevented friction in the matter of lower- ing his rank. When Vice-President Stephens, in the month of 104 1861-62] Commanding Virginia Forces. 105 April, saw the admiration poured out upon Lee by the Virginia Convention, and saw him created Major-General, he scented danger. He perceived that the Convention of Virginia would not unite with the Confederacy if General Lee should refuse to step down to the grade of brigadier. H sought Lee on the evening of April 23. " I unfolded to him," writes Stephens, " with perfect candour the object of my mission [alliance of Virginia with the Confederacy], the nature of the alliance I should propose, and particularly the effect it might have upon his official rank and position. There was on his part equal candour and frankness no reserve whatever. He under- stood the situation fully. With a clear understanding of its bearing upon himself individually, he expressed himself as perfectly satisfied, and as being very desirous to have the alliance formed. He stated in words which produced thorough conviction in my mind of their perfect sincerity, that he did not wish anything connected with him- self individually, or his official rank or personal position, to interfere in the slightest degree with the immediate consummation of that measure." The Convention soon discovered the omission of any provision for General Lee's permanent rank in the new alliance. They were ready to withhold Virginia from the Confederacy upon this single issue, but Lee's own solicitations led to the union with the other States. Stephens adds this word: " The truth is, a look, or an intonation of voice, even, at this time, which would have indicated that his professed satisfaction was not the real and unaf- fected feeling of his heart, would have defeated that measure." Twelve hours after the interview with Stephens, io6 Robert E. Lee. [1861- Lee was at work preparing Virginia to meet war with war. To Cocke in Alexandria he thus gave instructions, April 24: " Let it be known that you intend no attack ; but invasion of our soil will be considered an act of war." Until June 8, when President Davis, as Com- mander-in-chief of the Confederate army and navy, assumed the direction of all movements in the field, General Lee was setting in order the de- fences of Virginia. He foresaw that the Old Do- minion would be the main theatre of strife, and Richmond the objective point of Northern invasion. He clearly perceived also the magnitude of the task involved in defending the South from the Northern onset. President Davis, as late as the month of May, despatched an agent to England to purchase ten thousand Enfield rifles to arm the Confederacy. More than a month before this, Lee had written to his wife : ' ' The war may last ten years. Make your plans for several years of war." At the same time he wrote this: " Tell Custis [Lieutenant in the U. S. Army] he must consult his own judg- ment, reason, and conscience as to the course he may take. I do not wish him to be guided by my wishes or example. If I have done wrong, let him do better. The present is a momentuous question which every man must settle for himself and upon principle." Lee's eye rested now upon the approaches to Vir- ginia's borders. He set himself to the task of erect- ing fortifications and batteries for the defence of the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, James, and Eliza- 1862] Commanding Virginia Forces. 107 beth rivers. Forty thousand Virginia volunteers were armed by June 15, and sent to watch the outposts. Already in April, the State government had seized the military posts at Harper's Ferry and Norfolk, located on Virginia's soil. About one hundred and fifteen cannon were thus furnished to Lee. The machinery at Harper's Ferry for the manufacture of arms and munitions was transplanted to Richmond and Fayetteville, North Carolina. Only fifty-six thousand stand of small arms, of in- ferior quality, were available. Secretary Floyd's alleged removal of Federal cannon and muskets southward, had failed to furnish the Southern States with their just share of serviceable arms and muni- tions. With the equipment of a few war vessels and the construction of various field works this part of Lee's task was completed. The strictly defensive policy of the Confederacy prevented the effective protection of the lower Valley of Virginia. Upon that lion of war, Colonel T. J. Jackson, who was straining at the leash and anxious to make ready for the maintenance of Harper's Ferry by planting heavy guns on Maryland Heights, Lee laid mild restraint by suggesting, May 9, that it was not yet advisable to " intrude upon the soil of Maryland." To a restless officer, May 13, he gave his opinion concerning the relation of rank to honour: " I do not consider that either rank or position are necessary to bestow upon you honour, but believe that you will confer honour on the position." On June 8, President Davis assumed the practi- io8 Robert E. Li [1861- cal management of the great military game. To his wife, then at the White House on the Pamunkey, Lee thus expressed himself : " You may be aware that the Confederate Government is estab- lished here. Yesterday I turned over to it the command of the military and naval forces of the State . . . I do not know what my position will be. I should like to retire to private life, so that I could be with you and the children, but if I can be of service to the State or her cause, I must continue." Mrs. Lee had led her daughters in flight from Arlington, and her stately mansion was occupied as Federal headquarters in Virginia, May 24. Fur- niture, portraits, chinaware, and other property, brought as heirlooms from the house of Washing- ton, were left to become the spoil of the Federal soldiery. Lee's words of comfort were these: " I grieve at the anxiety that drives you from your home. I can appreciate your feelings on the occa- sion, and pray that you may receive comfort and strength in the difficulties that surround you. When I reflect upon the calamity pending over the country my own sorrows sink into insignificance." Nominally as military adviser of President Davis, Lee remained in official connection with the Con- federate Cabinet. The war-cloud was now about to burst in two quarters : in the mountains of western Virginia, and on the banks of the Potomac. We find no record of a formal, division of executive labours, but, in fact, President Davis did take entire charge of the larger movements in the Valley and around Manassas, while Lee busied himself with the fortunes of the Confederacy in north-western Vir- 1862] Commanding Virginia Forces. 109 ginia and on the Chesapeake Bay. Lee's usual term for Davis was, " The commanding General." At Philippi, June 3, three thousand Federal sol- diers surprised eight hundred Confederates and put them to flight. To Colonel Porterfield, Lee sent swift words of sympathy concerning " the unfor- tunate circumstances " with which that Confederate officer had been beset. In sending R. S. Garnett to supersede Porterfield, he broke that news to the latter in the most delicate and courteous terms: " It is hoped that he [Garnett] will soon reach the scene of action, that a more agreeable state of things will he inaugurated, and that loyal-spirited citizens of the country will be encouraged and enabled to put down the fevolution which you mention. Your services will be very valuable to General Garnett in giving him information as to the state of affairs in the country under his command, and in aiding him to achieve the object of his campaign." By the first of July, Lee had concentrated beyond Beverly forty-five hundred men under Garnett. By July 1 8, he had placed thirty-eight hundred mus- kets and ten field guns under Henry A. Wise on the Kanawha below Charleston. In these operations, or in some active field-work, Lee desired to share, but was prevented. On June 24, he wrote: "My movements are very uncertain, and I wish to take the field as soon as certain arrangements can be made." Up into those western mountains General Mc- Clellan led twenty thousand soldiers from Ohio and Indiana, in search of Garnett's band. In imitation of the Emperor Napoleon, McClellan issued a proc- 1 10 Robert E. Lee. tie 61- lamation from Grafton, dated June 23. He heaped withering scorn upon the Confederates. He urged his men forward to victory with the cheering intelli- gence: " Your enemies have violated every moral law ; neither God nor man can sustain them ! ' ' Gar- nett stationed his men in two detachments on Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill in advance of Beverly. A flank movement enabled McClellan to capture a part of Pegram's detachment on Rich Mountain and to cut off Garnett at Laurel Hill. The pursuit beyond Carrick's Ford resulted in the death of the brave Garnett, on July 13. McClellan supposed that the two fragments of Garnett's command were two large separate forces, and hence his next proclamation announced that he had " annihilated two armies." While he was glorying in the title accorded him of the " Young Napoleon," Lee, on the other hand, was bending every energy to collect the scattered Confederates, and to bring additional forces into the mountains. How tender his sympathy for the defeated, as ex- pressed to H. R. Jackson, the next officer sent to command them: " Our brave troops must bear up against misfortune. Reverses must happen, but they ought only to stimulate us to greater efforts." Before the advance of J. D. Cox as far as Gauley Bridge, Wise retreated entirely from the Kanawha Valley, and the trans-Appalachian regions seemed lost to the Confederacy. But before this, the vic- tory at Manassas brought great hope to the South- ern people. In the movements on the latter field, Lee had no share. But he was full of eagerness to 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 1 1 1 join his brethren in arms. On July 12, he unbur- dened himself to his wife in these terms : " I am very anxious to fet into the field, but I am detained by matters beyond my control. I have never heard of the assignment to which you allude of Commander-in-chief of the Southern army nor have I any expectation nor wish for it. President Davis holds that position. I have been labouring to prepare and get into the field the Virginia troops." The military game against General Scott was played by President Davis. Four of the seven military bands in Virginia he left to the control of General Lee : Wise and Garnett in the mountains of western Virginia, Huger at Norfolk, and Magrudcr at Yorktown. Davis himself directed the move- ments of the other three. J. E. Johnston was withdrawn from Harper's Ferry to Winchester; his force there, July I, was eleven thousand men and twenty guns. Later in the month, Holmes was moved across from Aquia on the Potomac to unite with Beauregard at Manas- sas, and thus were concentrated behind the Bull Run, twenty-two thousand men with twenty-nine guns. The railroad from Manassas to Strasburg was now to be used in combining these two armies, either in the Valley, or at Manassas, according to General Scott's choice of routes in making the grand Federal assault. But President Davis had no care- fully arranged plan for the rapid shifting of soldiers soon to be necessary, and Lee was not ordered to prepare such a plan, although Beauregard asked that one should be adopted. Johnston and Beauregard 1 1 2 Robert E. Lee. were left almost entirely to their own devices in mapping out a method of combination against the enemy. This message passed from Beauregard to Johnston eight days before the battle: " Oh, that we had but one good head to conduct all our opera- tions! We are labouring, unfortunately, under the disadvantage of having about seven armies in the field, under as many independent commanders, which is contrary to the first principles of the art of war." As late as July 9, however, each of these officers was convinced that his own position would be assailed, and each demanded assistance from the other. July 1 6, saw McDowell moving upon Manassas with thirty thousand men ; two days later, Johnston eluded Patterson in the Valley, and sped across the Blue Ridge Pass. On July 21, an army of twenty-nine thousand under Johnston and Beaure- gard stood on the southern bank of Bull Run to withstand the Federal advance. The miscarriage of an order to Ewell withheld the proposed movement of the Confederate right wing across Bull Run and against the heights of Centreville; the delay gave McDowell opportunity to throw his own right over the stream, and to fall upon the Confederate left flank. It was the eagle eye of General T. J. Jack- son that found the key-point of defence on the field that was well-nigh lost. His brigade formed the rallying-centre for the Confederate left ; his advance pierced the Federal centre, just as Kirby Smith and Early came from afar to strike the Federal right flank, and McDowell fled to Washington. The vie- 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 113 tory thus won brought over-confidence to the South. Manassas was ultimately disastrous by reason of the resultant inactivity in the Confederacy. No ad- vance across the Potomac was attempted ; the poli- ticians began to discuss the possible successor of President Davis, six years hence, and the different States made rival offers to secure the position of permanent capital of the Southern Confederacy. The army at Manassas soon proceeded to bat- talion drill and the construction of log-tents, while Davis, Johnston, and Beauregard entered into a three-cornered discussion concerning the responsi- bility for the management of the recent campaign. In Richmond, General Lee's heart was swelling with joy for his country's victory. To Beauregard, three days after the battle, he wrote: " I cannot express the joy I feel at the brilliant victory of the 2 1 st. The skill, courage, and endurance displayed by yourself excite my highest admiration. You and your troops have the gratitude of the whole country." To Johnston, also, Lee wrote: " I al- most wept for joy at the glorious victory achieved by our brave troops. The feeling of my heart could hardly be repressed on learning the brilliant share you had in its achievement." To his wife, July 27, he thus poured out his sentiments : " That, indeed, was a glorious victory and has lightened the pressure upon us amazingly. Do not grieve for the brave dead, but sorrow for those they left behind friends, relatives, and families. The former are at rest ; the latter must suffer. The battle will be repeated there in great force. I hope God will again smile on us, H4 Robert E. Lee. [1861- and strengthen our hearts and arms. I wished to partake in the former struggle and am mortified at my absence. But the President thought it more important that I should be here. I could not have done as well as has been done, but I could have helped and taken part in a struggle for my home and neighbourhood. So the work is done, I care not by whom it is done. I leave to-morrow for the army in western Virginia." Lee was definitely asked for an opinion in connec- tion with the controversy between the two Generals and the President. But he would say only this (November 24): "The successful combination of the armies was made, and the glorious victory of July 21 followed." August i, 1861, dawned upon General Lee as he rode through the rain from Monterey towards Hun- tersville in the mountains of western Virginia. He had been placed in command of all the Confederate troops in this American Switzerland of steep ridges and narrow valleys. The magnificence of the wooded heights, in parallel lines, " covered with the richest sward of blue-grass and white clover" caught the eye of the soldier every hour of the three days' journey. August 8 found General Lee at the Confederate outpost known as Valley Mountain, on the road from Huntersville to Hut- tonsville. There he enjoyed the company of his son, Major W. H. F. Lee, who commanded the cavalry on that mountain-top. Through the pour- ing rain, Lee now looked westward over the regions sloping toward the Ohio. In that land of hills and swift streams the forces of the foe were mar- shalled under General Rosecrans. By August 15, Rosecrans had stretched a chain of fortified posts 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 1 1 5 parallel to the Ohio, extending from Clarksburg and Weston through Bulltown, Sutton, and Summers- ville to Gauley Bridge. At the latter point, Cox had charge of the Federal guns that were pointing up the valleys of the New River and the Gauley. A large Federal force under Reynolds had pushed forward from Buckhannon to hold Tygart's Valley. Reynolds left reserves at Huttonsville, and planted two thousand men on Cheat Mountain, guarding the Staunton and Parkersburg road, and three thou- sand at Elkwater on the Huntersville road. These two posts were seven miles apart in a bee-line course. Meanwhile, Rosecrans was busy in recruiting a larger force from these mountainous counties that were soon afterward knocking for admission into the Federal Union as the new State of West Virginia. The element of politics played a controlling part in Lee's campaign in the mountains. Four briga- diers were subject to his orders. On the Staunton turnpike, in Camp Bartow, facing Cheat Mountain, were twenty-five hundred muskets under H. R. Jackson ; on the Huntersville road, threatening Elk- water, were Loring's thirty-five hundred. Along the highway from Lewisburg toward Gauley Bridge and the Kanawha Valley, marched John B. Floyd and Henry A. Wise, two former Governors of Vir- ginia. They had received military commands be- cause of their political influence in the western and south-western parts of the ancient Commonwealth. In the closing days of July, Wise had retreated from the Kanawha across the Alleghanies to the Greenbrier River. Again, in August, Wise was sent 1 1 6 Robert E. Lee. westward under Floyd as his superior in command. Both were expected to use their personal influence in gathering recruits, and their swords in driving Cox from Gauley Bridge. As a political expedient the appointment of Floyd and Wise may have been well advised ; as a military measure, it proved disas- trous. An angry contention arose between these two brigadiers, and a large part of Lee's time was spent in pouring oil upon troubled waters that should have dashed their united volume against the enemy. Just as Lee at Valley Mountain began to spy out Reynolds's position, he heard the first gun in the Wise-Floyd warfare, in the form of a message from Wise, dated August 7, asking " special orders, separating the command of General Floyd from mine." This request for distinct fields of operation was the result of the first personal interview between the two brigadiers. In reply, Lee kindly advised a concentration of forces. August 15 found Wise convinced by Floyd's orders that the latter wished to " mutilate " Wise's legion in order to augment Floyd's brigade; two days later, Wise set himself in bold opposition to Floyd on the ground that he was " bound to maintain the integrity " of his legion. From the summit of Big Sewell Mountain, August 1 8, Wise declared the firm purpose, never to per- mit his own subordinate officers to take orders directly from Floyd. The two lines of riflemen, five thousand six hundred under Floyd, and two thousand two hundred under Wise, now moved westward toward the Gauley. To Wise, Lee sent 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 1 1 7 a message appealing to " patriotism and zeal" in rendering due obedience to his legal superior, Floyd. Wise wrote to Lee, August 24, as follows: " I am compelled to inform you expressly that every order I have received from General Floyd, indicates a purpose to merge my command in his own, and to destroy the distinct organisation of my legion." Moreover, Wise criticised the wisdom of Floyd's movements, and made this request: " Send me any- where, so I am from under the orders of General Floyd." Two days later Floyd floated a force across the Gauley at Carnifex Ferry, and drove back Tyler's Ohio regiment. This river now separated the two Confederate brigadiers. Since all appointments were made by the administration in Richmond, Lee felt constrained to limit the ex- ercise of his authority to a simple appeal " for the sake of the cause " that there should be no "division of sentiment or action " in the Army of the Ka- nawha. Thus in slowness of military movement did the August days wear themselves away. As Septem- ber began to tell off the hours, Rosecrans was marching with three heavy brigades from Clarksburg to bring assistance to Cox. September 9 found Wise and Floyd sending hot words back and forth across the river, in a dispute over the ownership of a certain brass six-pound gun. The daybreak of September 10 marked the advance of Rosecrans's column upon Floyd at Carnifex Ferry. Wise sent not a man to aid the latter. But Floyd's men knew how to fight ; they wrapped their breastworks in a n8 Robert E. Lee. flame of musketry, and the Federal assault was soon rolled back with severe loss to Rosecrans. But unity of action now seemed impossible to Floyd and Wise. No further advance was made toward the Kanawha; and the two forces retired again toward the mountain-tops. Rosecrans followed the retreating Confederates, and on September 23 his flag was planted on Big Sewell Mountain, and his supplies furnished by waggons that passed over a road sixty miles in length. While the Kanawha expedition was thus dragging out its course in com- plete failure and permitting Rosecrans to threaten the flank of Lee's own columns, the latter was con- fronted by other difficulties on the ridges overhang- ing the head waters of the Cheat River. Of the two brigadiers in this field, Loring out. ranked H. R. Jackson; it was Loring, therefore, who had made the preliminary movements. At Huntersville, Lee found Loring busied in planning an advance against the Federal forces under Rey- nolds. The latter had only a small body of soldiers in the early days of August, and most of these he planted in a fort in the Cheat Mountain Pass, over- looking Cheat River. Along the Parkersburg road Jackson was sent forward against Reynolds. Lor- ing betook himself to Huntersville, and there began preparations to move around the south-western end of Cheat Mountain to the right and rear of the main Federal position. Loring's men were eager to move; the way to Huttonsville and Beverly was practically undefended. Success depended upon immediate advance. But Loring's scheme de- 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 119 manded a transportation train with large stores con- centrated at Huntersville for the forty-mile march to Beverly! For seven days Lee awaited the com- pletion of Loring's battalion of waggons. He rode forward and stationed himself at Valley Mountain; while Federal reinforcements were pouring into Tygart's Valley beyond him, he still awaited anxiously the advance of Loring. Loring had out- ranked Lee in the old army. Upon the latter modesty and courtesy were so visibly stamped, that he would not exercise his authority. Lee did not assume formal command, nor would he order Loring forward, so long as Loring protested that he was un- prepared. The rain continued to fall ; measles and typhoid fever invaded the ranks. Loring's army soon became a multitude of sick and dying, en- camped in the mud. When Loring did move his waggons and his men to Valley Mountain the enemy outnumbered the Confederates on both roads, and were strongly fortified in the valley at Elkwater and on the central ridge of Cheat Mountain. The hour for an opportune flank attack had passed. Lee was now in charge of two small columns which must drive superior forces out of mountain strongholds, or retire. When this task fell upon him, he was at the same time bearing the burden of anxiety con- cerning the soldiers led by the quarrelling brigadiers on the Kanawha turnpike. It was not encouraging, just as he pressed forward to feel the position of Reynolds, to receive from Wise this message, writ- ten September 5: "Let us [Floyd and Wise] divide the balance of State forces, and then let us 1 20 Robert E. Lee. part in peace. I feel, if we remain together, we will unite in more wars than one." It was determined to attack, simultaneously, the two Federal fortifications. Eastward from Hut- tonsville the Cheat Mountain lifts itself in three parallel ridges, and upon the second or central height, Reynolds had placed about two thousand men behind the walls of a log fort. At Elkwater he had three thousand men behind breastworks, while five thousand waited at Huttonsville to bring suc- cour to either outpost. Colonel Rust, of H. R. Jackson's band, reconnoitered the Federal fortress on the Cheat Mountain, and declared his ability to flank the post and capture it. Upon this represent- ation, Lee decided to make the double assault on the mountain-top and at Elkwater. The march was to begin under cover of darkness, and the blows were to fall in the early morning twilight of Sep- tember 12. From Jackson's column of twenty-five hundred, the two regiments of Taliaferro and Fulkerson were assigned to Rust for the flank attack on the (Fed- eral) right and rear of the Cheat Mountain fortress. Jackson was ordered to lead the rest of his men boldly in front along the turnpike against this post. From Loring's column of thirty-five hundred, three regiments under S. R. Anderson were ordered to gain the roadway between the Cheat Mountain fort and Huttonsville, and likewise keep in touch with the two flanking regiments under Rust. Two regiments under Donaldson were to seek the (Fed- eral) left and rear of the Elkwater works, and hold 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 121 the roadway in their rear. The remainder under Loring were to move forward along the highway against Elkwater. The troops were to move in silence during the night, and Loring's bands were to await, as the signal for attack, the guns of Rust's regiments on the mountain ridge. To encourage the troops, Lee published the following order: " The forward movement . . . gives the General commanding the opportunity of exhorting the troops to keep steadily in view the great principles for which they contend, and to manifest to the world their determination to maintain them. The eyes of the country are upon you. The safety of your homes and the lives of all you hold dear, depend upon your courage and exertions. Let each man re- solve to be victorious, and that the right of self-government, liberty, and peace shall in him find a defender. The progress of this army must be forward." The initial steps in the movement were completed with great spirit. Through the heavy rain and the darkness, marching partly in Cheat River itself and then through the dense forest, over boulders and up steep ascents, the soldiers hurried with noiseless tread. The dawn found each column at the ap- pointed place. Anderson and Donaldson reached the rear of the two Federal positions ; Loring and Jackson advanced to threaten each position in front. Rust succeeded in placing his band to the (Federal) right and rear of the mountain intrenchment. Mus- kets were loaded and bayonets fixed for the assault. But the signal sounded not. Unfortunately, Rust captured some pickets, who made him believe that five thousand Federal troops were fortified on the mountain summit awaiting his 122 Robert E. Lee. onset. As the morning dawned, he saw before him heavy abatis and, beyond these, intrenchments, and, within the intrenchments, he saw the soldiers with ready guns. He gave no signal except the signal to retreat. The other columns grew impa- tient and strained their ears to catch the sound of the musketry-fire on the ridge. Rust withdrew and acknowledged his failure; two days later all the bands were withdrawn to their former camping- places. Let it be remembered that widely separated bodies of soldiery usually fail to make simultaneous attacks. In this case, the movement under Lee's own eye at Elkwater was a complete success but no communication was possible between the wings of his army. In an order of September 14, Lee spoke of the movement as a " forced reconnais- ance," and commended " the cheerfulness and alacrity displayed by the troops in this arduous operation." Lee had no words of blame to lay upon his sub- ordinates. To his wife he wrote: " I cannot tell you my regret and mortification at the untoward events that caused the failure of the plan. I had taken every precaution to insure success, and counted on it ; but the Ruler of the Universe willed otherwise, and sent a storm to disconcert the well- laid plan." To Governor Letcher he thus expressed himself : " I was very sanguine of taking the enemy's works on last Thurs- day morning. I had considered the subject well. With great effort the troops intended for the surprise had reached their destination, having traversed twenty miles of steep, rugged mountain-paths, and 1862] Campaign in Western Virginia. 123 the last day through a terrible storm, which lasted all night, and in which they had to stand drenched to the skin in the cold rain. Still, their spirits were good. When the morning broke, I could see the enemy's tents on [Tygart's] Valley River at the point on the Huttons- ville road just below me. It was a tempting sight. We waited for the attack on Cheat Mountain which was to be the signal, till 10 A.M. ; the men [Federals] were cleaning their unserviceable arms. But the signal did not come. All chance for surprise was gone. The provisions of the men had been destroyed the preceding day by the storm. They had nothing to eat that morning, could not hold out another day and were obliged to be withdrawn. The party sent to Cheat Mountain to take that in the rear had also to be withdrawn. The attack to come off from the east side failed from the difficulties in the way ; the opportunity was lost and our plan discovered. " It is a grievous disappointment to me, I assure you. But for the rain-storm I have no doubt it would have succeeded. This, Governor, is for your own eyes. Please do not speak of it. We must try again. Our greatest loss is the death of my dear friend, Colonel [John A.] Washington . . . Our greatest difficulty is the roads. It has been raining in these mountains about six weeks. It is impossible to get along. It is that which has paralysed all our efforts." Time was not given Lee to devise another plan against Reynolds. He was compelled to bring a portion of Loring's command to aid Floyd and Wise in checking the advance of Rosecrans toward Lewisburg. The two retreating columns of Con- federates he succeeded in concentrating in a forti- fied position on Big Sewell Mountain. With the addition of Loring's troops, Lee had now about eight thousand men. Upon a parallel ridge one mile distant, Rosecrans was established behind stout breastworks, with probably a larger force than that of Lee. Each commander waited for the other to attack. Before September closed, an order from Richmond relieved Wise of his command. 124 Robert E. Lee. In the midst of great labours and still greater anxieties, Lee had time to cherish great sympathy for the suffering soldiers. He wrote to his wife: " We are without tents, and for two nights I have lain buttoned up in my overcoat. To-day my tent came up, and I am in it, yet I fear I shall not sleep for thinking of the poor men." Until Oc- tober 6, both armies continued to look defiance at each other across the narrow valley. It was clear to see that the attacking party, from either side, would probably be defeated. During the night of October 6, Rosecrans retreated toward the Kanawha. Lee was not adequately equipped for pursuit. Three days before this, on October 3, Reynolds had led five thousand men from Cheat Mountain to test the strength of H. R. Jackson's eighteen hundred posted on the banks of the Greenbrier. The latter played a gallant part, and hurled back every assault until Reynolds was glad to retire. On October 7, Lee wrote as fol- lows to his wife : " I am sorry, as you say, that the movements of our armies cannot keep pace with the expectations of the editors of the papers. I know they can regulate matters satisfactory to themselves on paper. I wish they could do so in the field. No one wishes them more suc- cess than I do, and would be happy to see them have full swing. General Floyd has three editors on his staff. I hope something will be done to please them." The approach of winter closed the campaign, and left the Federal forces in possession of the western slopes of Virginia. They had failed to pass the summit of the Alleghanies. The golden moments 1862] Atlantic Coast Defenses. 125 of autumn, however, had passed away, and the Confederacy had wasted time and men in a vain attempt to defend the Kanawha Valley and adjacent regions. The point open to attack and offering fruitful results to a strong invading force was the State of Maryland. But the Confederate Adminis- tration let slip the opportunity. While Lee was attempting to maintain the Confederate flag in the midst of the bleak regions that slope toward the Ohio River, Federal troops and munitions were pouring into Washington, and the spring of 1862 found that city completely fortified against attack. 1 Gallant and obedient to his superiors, and modest Sks to his own abilities, Lee had done his best to carry out the orders given him. Failure had been the result, chiefly because the ^ campaign in that quarter was ill-advised from the beginning, and be- cause the inefficiency of some of the brigadiers had V/ foredoomed every plan before Lee assumed active control. In perfect silence, however, Lee bore the blame which public clamour laid upon him for de- feat, and not one word of criticism fell from his lips nor from his pen concerning his superiors or his subordinates in office. During the autumn of 1861, the Federal Admin- istration was gathering at Washington a vast arma- ment of land and naval forces to be sent against Virginia and the other Atlantic States of the Con- federacy. President Lincoln had proclaimed a blockade of all the Southern ports, and now sought to enforce it by sending expeditions against the forts and batteries planted at the water's edge 126 Robert E. Lee. along the coasts of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. The cannon of the Confederates were of small calibre, and could make only a feeble defence against heavy naval guns. August 28 saw the reduction of the Confederate forts guarding Hat- teras Inlet. The broad waters of Pamlico Sound, formerly the refuge of blockade-runners, were thus opened to the Federal war-vessels. The chain of islands along the coast of each State could, very evi- dently, not be held by means of light shore-batteries against the Federal men-of-war. General Lee was sent to render more efficient the defences of the entire Southern seaboard. On the evening of November 7, as Lee drew near the entrance to Port Royal Harbour he was met by the intelligence that the Federal fleet during the day had passed the Confederate batteries. Lee looked anxiously about for men and weapons to offer resistance. There were neither batteries nor guns in front of Beaufort; only three thousand soldiers were available to meet the thirteen thousand men set ashore on Hilton Head. The Federal vessels now held the key of inland navigation, commanded all the islands between Charleston and Savannah, threat- ened the connecting railway, and menaced those two great cities themselves. Two days after reach- ing his field, Lee made this report : ' ' The enemy, having complete possession of the water and inland navigation, commands all the islands on this coast, and threatens both Savannah and Charleston and can come in his boats within four miles of this place [Coosawhatchie]. His sloops of war and large 1862] Atlantic Coast Defenses. 127 steamers can come up Broad River to Mackay's Point, the mouth of the Pocotaligo, and his gunboats can ascend some distance up the Coosawhatchie and Tulifiny. We have no guns that can resist their batteries and have no resource but to prepare to meet them in the field." Lee's call for men was heard by the Carolinians and Georgians. But arms there were none. No- vember 13 brought the steamer Fingal through the blockade with the ten thousand Enfield rifles ordered from England by President Davis. Four rifled cannon likewise came aboard the runner. Only half of these were assigned to Lee ; the other half went to the Tennessee army under A. S. Johnston, although the Governors of Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia clamoured for a share. By November 21 Lee had glanced along the coast as far south as Fernandina, and he was now ready with the general plan of defence: " The en- trance to Cumberland Sound and Brunswick, and the water approaches to Savannah and Charleston, are the only points which it is proposed to defend." While engrossed in these larger cares, Lee could yet find time, as he always did find time, to con- sider more trivial matters affecting the interests of the citizens. On the same day when he reported to Richmond his scheme for defending the entire coast, he caused the issue of the order forbidding " the evil practice of tearing down fences and other private property for firewood and other purposes. . . . The General hopes that it will only be neces- sary to remind the troops that they are citizens as well as soldiers." 128 Robert E. Lee. [1861- In a private letter he said of the existing means of defence along the coast: " They are poor indeed, and I have laid off work to employ our people a month. I hope our enemy will be polite enough to wait for us. It is difficult to get our people to realise their position." The skill of Lee had blocked the further encroach- ment of the hostile fleet. November 24, five Fed- eral vessels crossed Savannah Bar, and Tybee Island was occupied. Lee, however, had strengthened Forts Pulaski and Jackson, and Savannah was safe. As December came on, the Federal fleet increased in numbers. The twelfth day of the month saw eighty prows in Port Royal Harbour. Slowly were heavy guns added to the Confederate equip- ment. The land force was strengthened as fast as arms and munitions could be procured. So strong by this time were the harbour defences of Charleston, that no effort was made to capture the city. On the contrary, the Federal fleet sought to do the city permanent injury by attempting to close up the ship-channel, an act certainly not in accord- ance with the laws of nations. At this the spirit of Lee blazed out : " It has been reported to me by General Ripley that the enemy brought his stone fleet to the entrance of Charleston Harbour to-day [December 20], and sunk between thirteen and seventeen vessels in the main ship channel. The North Channel and Maffit's Channel are still open. This achievement, so unworthy any nation, is the abortive expression of the malice and revenge of a people which it wishes to perpetuate by rendering more memorable a day hateful in their calendar [secession of South Carolina]. It is also indicative of their despair of ever capturing a city they design to ruin, for they can 1862[ Atlantic Coast Defenses. 129 never expect to possess what they labour so hard to reduce to a con- dition not to be enjoyed. I think, therefore, it is certain that an attack on the city of Charleston is not contemplated, and we must en- deavour to be prepared against assaults elsewhere on the Southern Coast." From this matter he turned away to make sug- gestion to the South Carolina Convention to replace the twelve-months men by soldiers enlisted for the war. " The Confederate States," he wrote, " have now but one great object in view, the successful issue of their war for independence. Everything worth their possessing depends on that. Every- thing should yield to its accomplishment." The following letter of this period gives further expres- sion of opinion : " Among the calamities of war, the hardest to bear, perhaps, is the separation of families and friends. Yet all must be endured to accomplish our independence, and maintain our self-government. . . . Your old home [Arlington], if not destroyed by our enemies, has been so desecrated that I cannot bear to think of it. I should have preferred it to have been wiped from the earth, its beautiful hill sunk, and its sacred trees buried, rather than to have been degraded by the presence of those who revel in the ill they do for their own selfish purposes. You see what a poor sinner I am, and how un- worthy to possess what has been given me ; for that reason it has been taken away. I pray for a better spirit, and that the hearts of our enemies may be changed." Concerning Arlington, he wrote as follows to his wife, December 25 : " They cannot take away the remembrances of the spot and the memories of those that to us rendered it sacred. That will remain to us as long as life will last, and that we can preserve. In the ab- sence of a home, I wish I could purchase Stratford. It is the only 130 Robert E. Lee. place I could go to now acceptable to us, that would inspire me with pleasure and local love. You and the girls could remain there in quiet. It is a poor place, but we could make enough corn-bread and bacon for our support and the girls could weave us clothes." A month before, his thoughts had been carried back to his birthplace, as the following indicates : " It [Stratford] is endeared to me by many recollections and it has always been the desire of my life to be able to purchase it. Now that we have no other home, and the one we so loved has been for- ever desecrated, that desire is stronger with me than ever. The horse-chestnut you mention in the garden was planted by my mother. I am sorry the vault is so dilapidated. You do not mention the spring, one of the objects of my earliest recollections. How my heart goes back to those happy days." A visit to Cumberland Island on the coast gave him the first sight of his father's tomb: " The gar- den was beautifully enclosed by the finest hedge of wild olive I have ever seen." As the Federal fleets began to make attack, he said: " The contest must be long, and the whole country has to go through much suffering. " In the midst of multiplied labours and anxieties, there was restiveness, and, perhaps, jealousy among some of his subordinate officers. Yet Lee preserved his calm, dignified bearing throughout, so that Gov- ernor Pickens was led to say, " General Lee is a perfect head, quiet and retiring. His reserve is construed disadvantageously. " Early in February the Federal movements were more aggressive. Burnside passed inside Pamlico Sound with a fleet and an army of twelve thousand, and captured Roanoke Island. New Berne was in 1862] Atlantic Coast Defenses. 131 their hands by the I4th, and Fort Macon by the 26th. On February n a Federal force was estab- lished on Edisto Island. But the mainland was not reached in any vital point. Success had crowned Lee's policy of " abandoning all exposed points as far as possible within reach of the enemy's fleet of gunboats, and of taking interior positions where we can meet on more equal terms." With an utterly inadequate force and poor equip- ments, Lee had neutralised the operations of a large Federal armament on land and sea. His works con- tinued to stand the test of every assault. His inner lines were never shaken. But now the cloud of war was growing dark around Richmond, and a hasty message from President Davis, March 2, hurried him back to Virginia. On March 13, 1862, to General Lee was assigned the task of superintend- ing, under the direction of President Davis, all mili- tary operations connected with the defence of the Southern Confederacy. CHAPTER VII. THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN LEE IN COMMAND OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES IN DEFENCE OF RICH- MOND. 1862. [HE day that saw General Lee's as- sumption of authority over all the forces of the Southern Confederacy marked also the final adoption of General McClellan's plan for the capture of Richmond. March 13, 1862, while Lee was casting his first official glance over the en- tire field of war, McClellan was holding a council at Fairfax Court-House with the corps-commanders of the Army of the Potomac. These officers ratified the Federal leader's plan to menace the Confederate capital with a land and naval force moving from Fort Monroe as a base, through Yorktown and West Point as the line of operations. McClellan's well- drilled host of one hundred and forty thousand men was to be transferred by water from Alexandria to Fort Monroe. From the latter point the army was to force passage up the Peninsula between the 132 1862] The Peninsular Campaign. 133 James and the York. The Federal fleet was ex- pected to sail past the Confederate defences at Yorktown, and bring supplies up the York River to furnish the land force as it advanced on Richmond from West Point. In the forts around Washington, McClellan pro- posed to leave eighteen thousand men under Wads- worth ; about seven thousand were to plunge through the mud as far as Manassas, and over thirty-five thousand under Banks were to cross the Potomac and hold Winchester. On the southern branch of the Potomac in western Virginia were massed the fragments of the army of Rosecrans, soon after- wards increased to sixteen thousand six hundred men, and placed under the direction of Fremont. On the Gauley River were eight thousand Federal soldiers commanded by Cox; some reserves under arms in Pennsylvania were directed to march to Manassas. These different bands of armed men, with complete equipments and vast stores of sup- plies, received orders to press toward the city of Richmond from three points of the compass. The prospects of the Confederacy in March, 1862, were overcast with clouds. Roanoke Island and New Berne had just fallen, and twelve thousand men under Burnside were on the soil of North Caro- lina; Fort Pulaski, defending Savannah, was threat- ened. The coasts of Florida were lost. Farragut with his men-of-war was approaching the Lower Mississippi and New Orleans. In February, Forts Henry and Donelson had surrendered, and along with them passed the military control of Kentucky 1 34 Robert E. Lee. and a part of Tennessee ; Nashville and Island No. 10, soon likewise became Federal spoil. The Con- federacy was surrounded by a wall of fire. Every point was assailed by strong forces. The devoted men of the South stood at bay at the threshold of nearly every State. To meet McClellan's multitude in Virginia, Lee could muster only a few scattered bands. Magruder held the lower Peninsula with eleven thousand mus- kets. Huger was on guard at Norfolk with some heavy guns and seven thousand infantry. In Hampton Roads were the Confederate ironclad, Merrimac, and the Federal ironclad, Monitor. Since the struggle of March 8, these two naval giants had been glaring at each other, neither of them confident of victory; but the Merrimac held the Monitor and the Federal fleet at bay, and the James River was safe as yet from hostile prows. Johnston had withdrawn from Manassas his army of about forty-seven thousand behind the Rappahan- nock and Rapidan. Holmes commanded a brigade of two thousand at Fredericksburg. Edward John- son near Staunton had thirty-five hundred, and Stonewall Jackson was watching Winchester with five thousand men. Lee could marshal only about seventy-five thousand men along the line of defence threatened by the Federal force of two hundred thousand. Thus far in Virginia, however, the prestige of success had remained with the small battalions. The Federal retreat from Manassas in July, 1861, had been followed by the disaster at Ball's Bluff on 1862] The Peninsular Campaign. 135 the Potomac, wherein Evans, the Confederate hero of the Stone Bridge visited destruction upon a strong Federal column under Baker, Senator from Oregon. Moreover, J. E. Johnston's army of less than fifty thousand on the plains of Manassas was supposed by McClellan to be a host more than double that number, and during the long winter weeks kept the Federal Administration in con- stant fear of the capture of Washington. President Lincoln desired to celebrate Washington's Birthday by a general advance and ordered all his armies forward on that day. But February 22 dawned and closed upon his inactive regiments. With re- doubled energy, again the cry was raised, " On to Richmond," and the closing days of March saw the Federal brigades floating down the Potomac to gain a foothold at Fort Monroe. Lee found the Confederate army organised into separate divisons, and at once began the work of securing arms and supplies, and of concentrating his forces to meet threatened assaults. We find him writing in one direction to quiet the mur- murings among a group of captains in garrison: " This is not a time to squabble about rank; every one must work, and do what he can to promote the cause." In another direction he was compelled to deny a request for artillery because there were no guns available, and, moreover, organised companies " all through the Confederacy " were waiting to be supplied. The twenty-first day of March brought some reve- lation of McClellan's plan of operation. Magruder 1 36 Robert E. Lee. [1862 reported the landing of large bodies of Federal troops at Fort Monroe, and asked for thirty thous- and men to withstand their advance. Lee then began to fortify the water-approach to Richmond by obstructions in the James and batteries at Drewry's Bluff; at the same time he called back the troops from the line of the Rappahannock to Richmond. The daring attack of Stonewall Jackson against Shields at Kernstown, March 23, put a new face upon affairs in northern Virginia. Banks had sent one division east of the Blue Ridge to take posses- sion of Manassas and rebuild the railroad; the division of Shields he retained at Winchester. With three thousand men Jackson assaulted the seven thousand of Shields; during three hours the scale of battle wavered, and in the gathering darkness Jack- son withdrew from the field. He maintained ever afterward that the result would have been a Con- federate victory if Garnett had not retired his brigade when their ammunition failed. But the re- sults of Jackson's attack were of great value to the Confederacy. The other forces of Banks were hast- ened westward from Manassas and also up the valley from the Potomac to Winchester. Moreover, the Federal Administration began at once with anxious care to count the soldiers in the defences of Washington, and Blenker's division of ten thousand men brought additional trouble by failing to find the direct route to the Valley of Virginia. In the face of increasing foes, Jackson suggested the idea underlying his subsequent Valley campaign. On April 5, he wrote this: " If Banks is defeated, 1862] The Peninsular Campaign. 137 it may greatly retard McClellan's movements." " Stonewall " sheltered his little band in the Swift Run Pass, and established communication across the Blue Ridge with Ewell at Gordonsville. The early morning of April 4 found McClellan directing two columns from Fort Monroe against Magruder. The latter had six thousand men for the defence of Mulberry Island and Yorktown, and in addition he had arrayed five thousand between these two points in breastworks behind the Warwick River. To force a passage toward Richmond, Mc- Clellan's scheme was as follows: A column of assault under Heintzelman was to move against Yorktown; a column of advance under Keyes was to brush aside Magruder's infantry and press up the Peninsula; the Federal navy was to co-operate in the demolition of Yorktown, and McDowell's corps was to sail up the York to some point offering a favorable flank movement on the Confederate Capital. First among the disappointments met by McClellan was the information that the entire fleet of Federal war-ships must continue to keep watch over the Merrimac, then floating in front of Nor- folk. Only a few gunboats were sent to co-operate in the assaults upon Yorktown and Gloucester- Point. Nevertheless, he put his columns in motion. Through the mud and rain of the 4th day of April, they left twelve miles of the journey behind them. The morning of April 5 dawned upon the column of Keyes as it was peering through the rain and mist across the twenty-foot stream of waist-deep water at Lee's Mills. Through the tangled underbrush 1 38 Robert E. Lee. [1862 across the Warwick were seen the cannon and the rifle-pits of the Confederates. In the presence of this barrier, peopled, as McClellan supposed, by a great host of soldiery, the column of Keyes tarried for one month! Ten o'clock of the same day found the column of Heintzelman receiving a salutation of shells from the guns of Yorktown. As McClellan stood thus, on the afternoon of April 5, with both columns halted, chagrined at the absence of the Fed- eral fleet, which was kept on guard before the Merri- mac, he was handed a telegram announcing that Mc- Dowell's corps had been separated from his army and retained as a bulwark to withstand Jackson's entrance into Washington. The flanking column, intended for the upper York, was thus withheld and McClellan now began to concentrate his force for the beleaguerment of Yorktown. Not long was Lee occupied in discerning McClel- lan's plan. The Confederate commander spent the remaining days of April in arraying Johnston's army across the Peninsula, and in uniting Jackson and Ewell for the movement against Banks. Jackson's suggestion of April 5 was now developed. To his lieutenant Lee wrote, in these terms, on April 25 : "I have hoped in the present divided condition of the enemy's forces that a successful blow may be dealt them by a rapid combination of our troops." Four days later, Jackson mapped out to Lee the main campaign itself; first the blow against Milroy and McDowell, and then the assault upon Banks at Win- chester. " You must use your judgment and dis- cretion," Lee wrote in assent to the plan, May I. 1862] The Peninsular Campaign. 139 Johnston was now in control of the Peninsular field. He advised a retreat to the works in front of Richmond. Lee opposed the withdrawal of troops from the Southern seaports to assist in defending Richmond, and Johnston was ordered to meet Mc- Clellan in the trenches prepared by Magruder. But McClellan's heavy guns were soon in readiness to pour their fire upon Yorktown. Johnston did not consider his fifty-five thousand strong enough to march out of the rifle-pits and assail McClellan's eighty-five thousand. During the night of May 3, Johnston withdrew his forces toward Richmond. On May 5, Longstreet arrayed his division with that of D. H. Hill athwart the path of McClellan's advance at Williamsburg. Hooker's division ad- vanced against Longstreet's right wing, but the Confederate fire sadly thinned his ranks, and com- pelled him to leave his artillery on the field. D. H. Hill held the Confederate left firm against Han- cock. Time for the withdrawal of the Confederate army was gained by the repulse of the Federal attack at Williamsburg, and Johnston now arranged his forces in line of battle between Richmond and the Chickahominy. Huger evacuated Norfolk and the Merrimac was given to the flames. Franklin's Federal division had been moved up the York to Eltham, above West Point, in order to strike John- ston's line in flank. But McClellan was compelled now to draw up his forces behind the Chickahom- iny, facing Richmond at a distance of from seven to twelve miles. He still expected aid from Mc- Dowell, who had pressed forward from Manassas to 140 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Fredericksburg with forty-one thousand men. A union of McDowell with the right wing of his own army was urged by McClellan. But the movements of Jackson in the valley again frustrated the Federal plan of campaign. Early in May, Jackson was able to count six thou- sand muskets in his own army. Opposed to him were six thousand six hundred, under Milroy, threat- ening Staunton from the westward. Ten thousand more were marching with Fremont to unite with Milroy. Banks held twenty thousand in the lower valley, and McDowell's forty-one thousand tarried at Fredericksburg. May 8 saw Jackson, at the close of a swift march, crushing Milroy near the vil- lage of McDowell, and pursuing him to Franklin. Thence he turned eastward to the valley and united his force with Swell's division. Shields had now been sent to add strength to McDowell at Fred- ericksburg, and with only one division Banks re- ceived Jackson's sudden onset at Winchester, May 23. " Stonewall " pursued the flight of Banks to the Potomac, and added the huge Federal supply train to his own meagre equipment. The vain dream of taking Jackson in the toils now entered the mind of President Lincoln. Orders were sent to Fremont to hasten eastward across the mountain to Strasburg; McDowell was directed to make speed from Fredericksburg back to Front Royal with twenty thousand men. Moreover, Mc- Dowell's advance toward Richmond was checked, and McClellan's assault on Richmond was thus delayed until a quietus should be administered to Jackson. 1862] The Peninsular Campaign. 141 On May 25, while Jackson was chasing Banks, McClellan was completing the movement of his Third and Fourth corps d'armte to the southern bank of the Chickahominy. There they were forti- fied in position across the turnpike leading to Rich- mond. McClellan's other corps, three in number, remained still on the northern bank of the stream, pushing out their right toward Fredericksburg to grasp McDowell's friendly hand. But May 30 found McDowell at Front Royal, the companion of Fremont in watching the passage of Jackson's rear- guard up the valley. The fox had escaped from Lincoln's trap. As Fremont and Shields both started in pursuit only to meet disaster from the strong arm of " Stonewall " a few days later at Cross Keys and Port Republic, on that same thirtieth day of May, Johnston was ordering his line of battle to assault the two advanced corps of McClellan's army. May 31 saw this assault delivered at Seven Pines. The advanced Federal left wing was driven back against the Chickahominy, but delays on the part of the Confederate officers gave time for the passage of Summer's corps across the swollen river, and thus prevented the probable destruction of the two corps of Keyes and Heintzelman. June I wit- nessed some additional Confederate assaults and then the two antagonists secured themselves behind intrenchments. General J. E. Johnston received a severe wound on the field of May 31, and President Davis at once directed General Robert E. Lee to take con- trol of the Army of Northern Virginia. June I 142 Robert E. Lee. [1862 found Lee riding to the front at Seven Pines to assume that active leadership in the field which he retained until the close of the bloody drama. Con- cerning his new duties Lee thus wrote: " I wish his [Johnston's] mantle had fallen upon an abler man, or that I were able to drive our enemies back to their homes. I have no ambition and no desire but for the attainment of this object." In the first general order issued by Lee occurs this appeal to the Confederate army : " The presence of the enemy in front of the Capital, the great interests involved, and the existence of all that is dear to us, appeal in terms too strong to be unheard, and he [Lee] feels assured that every man has resolved to maintain the ancient fame of the Army of Northern Virginia, and the reputation of its general [Johnston] and to conquer or die in the approaching contest." Every day Lee was seen riding along the Confed- erate lines, while he kept watch over McClellan's men working like beavers. An eye-witness thus speaks of him : " Calm, dignified and commanding in his bearing, a countenance strikingly benevolent and self-possessed, a clear honest eye, that could look friend or enemy in the face ; clean-shaven, except a closely trimmed moustache which gave a touch of firmness to the well- shaped mouth ; simply and neatly dressed in the uniform of his rank ; felt hat, and top-boots reaching to the knee ; sitting his horse as if his home was in the saddle : such was Robert E. Lee as he appeared when he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia." The following is Lee's description of himself : " My coat is of gray, of the regulation style and pattern, and my pants of dark blue, as is also prescribed, partly hid by my long boots. I have the same hand- some hat which surmounts my gray head (the latter is not prescribed in the regulations), and shields my ugly face, which is masked by a white beard as stiff and wiry as the teeth of a card. In fact, an 1862] Army of Northern Virginia. 143 uglier person you have never seen, and so unatractive is it to our enemies that they shoot at it whenever visible to them." During the first half of the month of June, 1862, McClellan was massing four of his corps on the southern bank of the Chickahominy, near Seven Pines, for the advance against Richmond. Porter's corps was fortified on the northern bank of the river. This separation of the wings of his army was caused by McClellan's expectation that McDowell would march southward from Fredericksburg to lend aid to his right wing. The York River railroad fur- nished supplies to the Army of the Potomac from the wharf at the White House on the Pamunkey. June 13 brought to Porter's assistance McCall's division of McDowell's corps ; Jackson's victories at Cross Keys and Port Republic kept McDowell's remaining divisions on the alert along the northern borders of Virginia. June 20 found one hundred and fifteen thousand men arrayed under McClellan's battle flag, ready for the struggle with Lee. Lee could, at first, muster only fifty-seven thousand men against McClellan. From the coast of the Carolinas he brought forward about fifteen thousand more. On June 6 Jackson sent the following suggestion: " Should my command be required at Richmond, I can be at Mechum's River depot, on the Central railroad, the second day's march." This letter was based upon a previous exchange of views. Just after the defeat of Banks at Winchester, Jackson sent word to Richmond that if reinforced, he would cap- ture Washington. " Tell General Jackson," replied Lee, "that he must first help me to drive these people 144 Robert E. Lee. [1862 away from Richmond." June 8, while Jackson was defeating Fremont at Cross Keys, Lee was thus writing to his lieutenant: " Should there be nothing requiring your attention in the Valley, so as to pre- vent your leaving it for a few days, and you can make arrangements to deceive the enemy and im- press him with the idea of your presence, please let me know, that you may unite at the decisive mo- ment with the army near Richmond." When Jackson received this, he had already routed Shields at Port Republic, June 9, and was now watching Fremont and Shields retire down the valley. From the generous commander-in-chief he soon read this despatch of June n : " Your recent successes have been the cause of the liveliest joy in this army as well as in the country. The admiration excited by your skill and boldness has been constantly mingled with solicitude for your situation. The practicability of reinforcing you has been the subject of earnest consideration. It has been determined to do so at the expense of weakening this army. Brigadier-General Lawton with six regiments from Georgia is on the way to you ; and Brigadier- General Whiting with eight veteran regiments leaves here to-day. The object is to enable you to crush the forces opposed to you. . . . With your main body, including Ewell's division and Lawton's and Whiting's commands, move rapidly to Ashland by rail or otherwise and sweep down between the Chickahominy and Pamunkey, cutting up the enemy's communications, while this army attacks General McClellan in front." With banners waving and drums beating, the brigades of Lawton and Whiting departed from Richmond. Lee took measures to convey to Mc- Clellan the news of this reinforcement of Jackson. The Federal commander thus remained under the 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 145 impression that Jackson would continue in the valley. Lawton proceeded to Port Republic, but Whiting was turned back at Staunton. On June 12, Lee despatched Stuart, with twelve hundred horsemen, to reconnoitre McClellan's rear. This daring trooper passed through Hanover Court House to Tunstall's Station on the York River railroad; across this road he pressed southward, passed the swollen Chickahominy, and by moving night and day reached the James River and rode thence to Richmond. Stuart cut a pathway entirely around McClellan's army in forty-eight hours and brought to Lee information concerning the Federal position. Lee's plan was finally arranged by the i6th, as he announced it to Jackson in a letter of that date : " Fremont and Shields are apparently retrograding, their troops shaken and disorganised, and some time will be required to set them again in the field. If this is so, the sooner you unite with this army the better. McClellan is being strengthened. . . . The pres- ent, therefore, seems favourable for a junction of your army and this. If you agree with me, the sooner you can make arrangements to do so the better. In moving your troops, you could let it be understood that it was to pursue the enemy in your front. Dispose those to hold the Valley, so as to deceive the enemy, keeping your cavalry well in their front, and at the proper time suddenly descending upon the Pamunkey. To be efficacious, the movement must be secret. Let me know the force you can bring, and be careful to guard from friends and foes your purpose and your intention of personally leav- ing the Valley. The country is full of spies and our plans are im- mediately carried to the enemy." The second day after this letter left Richmond Jackson began the march from the valley. His 146 Robert E. Lee. [1862 footsore men trudged from Port Republic to Gor- donsville between June 18 and June 21, inclu- sive. Sunday, June 22, was spent in camp. Since McClellan held a portion of the railroad, the hour of one o'clock, Monday morning, found Jackson galloping towards Richmond with a single compan- ion. He left fifty-two miles behind him by noon, and at 3 P.M. began the conference with Lee con- cerning the movement against McClellan's right wing. At early dawn of this same day, June 23, Jackson's men formed column for the march to the Chickahominy. Bewilderment now prevailed in the Federal coun- cils. June 24, McClellan telegraphed the rumour concerning Jackson's approach and then asked for " the most exact information you have as to the position and movements of Jackson." Stanton forwarded to McClellan, June 25, the various re- ports that located Jackson at many points from Gordonsville to Luray, and the mountains of west- ern Virginia. Sixty thousand Federal troops were on the alert guarding the mouth of the valley, and the city of Washington against " Stonewall." The late afternoon of June 25 brought convincing news to McClellan, who thus announced the situa- tion : " I incline to think that Jackson will attack my right and rear. The rebel force is stated at two hundred thousand, including Jackson and Beaure- gard. I shall have to contend against vastly superior odds if these reports be true! " Lee's plan of attack against McClellan's right, on the northern bank of the Chickahominy, was out- 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 147 lined as follows: Jackson was to lead his sixteen thousand from Ashland, on June 25, to an en- campment west of the Central railway. Thursday morning, June 26, at 3 A.M., he was to advance across the railway toward Pole Green Church, a point in the rear of Porter's right flank. As Jackson crossed the railway, he was to inform Branch, who held one of A. P. Hill's brigades on the Brook road ; Branch had orders then to cross the Chicka- hominy and move down the northern bank upon Mechanicsville. The next step in the movement was to be taken by A. P. Hill's eleven thousand men, as thus ordered : " As soon as the movements of these columns [Jackson and Branch] are dis- covered, General A. P. Hill, with the rest of his division, will cross the Chickahominy near Meadow Bridge [Central railway] and move direct upon Mechanicsville." After that, in succession, Long- street was to move his nine thousand, and D. H. Hill his ten thousand, across the Mechanicsville bridge and unite with the general flank movement down the northern bank of the river. Stuart's cavalry was sent to guide Jackson's column. These fifty thousand men were to strike the flank and the rear of McClellan's right wing. They moved in four divisions en Echelon. D. H. Hill was expected to support Jackson's rear attack, and Longstreet to support A. P. Hill's attack at Mechanicsville. It was prescribed that Jackson's column should be in advance of the others, " bearing well to his left, turning Beaver Dam Creek and taking the direc- tion towards Cold Harbor." From Cold Harbor, 148 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Jackson and D. H. Hill were to " press forward towards the York River railroad, closing upon the enemy's rear and forcing him down the Chickahom- iny. " In this order Lee arrayed his own left wing, and moved it into action. His right wing, thirty thousand strong, was left in the line of fortifications covering the eastern and southern approaches to Richmond. Holmes held three brigades at Drew- ry 's Bluff and Chaffin's Bluff. Magruder and Huger, with twenty-five thousand men, confronted the four advanced Federal corps of nearly eighty thousand. It was a dangerous movement for Lee thus to divide his forces in the face of the foe. But Lee knew Mc- Clellan's extreme caution, and he ordered Magruder and Huger to impose upon him with great demon- strations in his front, and, if need be, to hold their own trenches at the point of the bayonet. Jackson was ordered to set the pace. By the night of June 25, he had pushed his column only as far as Ashland. The footsore and weary veterans passed over the distance of fifty miles from Gordons- ville in three days. June 26, at 3 A.M., Whiting led the advance from Ashland on the Ashcake road ; the head of his column began to cross the Central railway at 9 A.M., and at 10 A.M. Branch was read- ing Jackson's announcement of progress. The columns of Jackson and Branch were just six hours later in advancing than had been expected. This de- lay was due to the fatigue of Jackson's men incurred in the long march, and to the tardiness of the arrival of the provisions sent him from Richmond. It was not due to his own weariness from the ride of Mon- 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 149 day morning. " Stonewall's " vigour was unabated and his spirit was aglow with the ardour of battle. In accordance with instructions, Jackson kept well to the left and pressed toward Cold Harbor, with Stuart's cavalry guarding his flank. At 3 P.M., Hood's Texans were engaged in a hot skirmish across the Totopotomoy Creek, where the bridge had to be rebuilt. Darkness fell upon Jackson at Hundley's Corner, six or eight miles to the rear of the Federal position. He was not within reach of the battle prematurely commenced by A. P. Hill at Mechanicsville, and his orders bound him to an eastward course. Branch's advance down the northern bank of the stream was delayed by Federal skirmishers, and at Atlee's Station he found serious battle. When the hour of 3 P.M. brought neither Jackson nor Branch, A. P. Hill feared that the delay might " hazard the failure of the whole plan." He therefore crossed the river, drove the Federal soldiers from Mechanics- ville and drew up his lines before McClellan's fort- ress on the bank of Beaver Dam Creek. D. H. Hill and Longstreet moved across their bridge to Hill's support. A. P. Hill's advance was daring but imprudent. Lee's plan was seriously embarrassed. Jackson was marching toward Porter's rear; he had almost ob- tained a vantage point when Hill's forward move- ment brought three of Lee's four flanking divisions face to face with the shotted guns frowning from the Federal fortifications. Beaver Dam Creek was waist- deep and bordered by swamps. Trees had been 1 50 Robert E. Lee. [1862 felled along the steep ascent and their branches sharpened to resist the assailants. The artillery posted on the eastern bank could sweep every ap- proach. Five brigades of riflemen under McCall stood ready behind breastworks of logs. It was to flank this force that Lee sent Jackson to strike Porter's rear. Now that A. P. Hill's passage had divulged his plan, Lee rode forward from his head- quarters on the Mechanicsville turnpike and pressed the attack. At 5 P.M., while Jackson was still north of the Totopotomoy, engaged in bridging that stream, A. P. Hill was ordering Archer, Anderson and Field into active battle along the Bethesda road, at Beaver Dam Creek. D. H. Hill sent Ripley to support Pender at Ellison's Mill. This disposition was made in obedience to Lee's order to assail both flanks of the Federal line. But the Con- federate brigades were torn and shattered by the storm of iron poured upon them from guns in posi- tion and infantry intrenched. June 27 dawned upon Ewell leading Jackson's advance eastward from Hundley's. Porter's five brigades under McCall had scented danger from the rear, and were falling back to Porter's central posi- tion near Cold Harbor. Jackson's flank movement thus accomplished what A. P. Hill's assault failed to do. A difficulty of fearful significance now began to disturb the movements of the Confederate divisions. This difficulty was ignorance of the country. The Confederate maps were of little value. The corps of engineers selected by President Davis had not 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 1 5 1 discovered the exact location of the Federal de- fences. Jackson's guide led him south-eastward to Walnut Grove Church until Swell's division stood face to face with A. P. Hill's division. The latter was moving from Ellison's Mill toward New Cold Harbor, while Longstreet was pursuing the river road to the Gaines House. While Jackson's advance column was jammed into a narrow cross-road, and Ewell was reversing his guns, D. H. Hill hastened from Beaver Dam Creek and led the march eastward along the Bethesda road towards Porter's right rear. At the same time A. P. Hill started on the two-mile journey to find Porter's left flank at Gaines Mill. Porter had intrenched himself east of Powhite Swamp, with his back turned to the Chickahominy bridges. His line of battle formed a semicircle upon the bluffs within the curve of Boatswain's Swamp. Through tangled underbrush, boggy swamps, and felled trees, the Confederates must advance to meet the plunging fire of a park of artillery and of twenty- five thousand muskets, increased in the evening to more than thirty-five thousand. At 2. P.M., Jackson was passing Old Cold Harbor with D. H. Hill's division; he had pressed forward against sharp-shooters and through fallen trees, and was closing in upon Porter's right flank. General Lee, at the Walnut Grove Church, had directed Jackson to hold the eastward course until he should strike Porter in reverse and threaten his communi- cation with York River, while A. P. Hill and Long- street should drive him down the Chickahominy. At Old Cold Harbor, Jackson sent forward a battery 152 Robert E. Lee. [1862 to test the Federal position. Fierce was the artillery fire poured upon Bondurant, and Jackson knew at once that he stood in Porter's front. Just as Jack- son, with the head of his column was locating Por- ter's line, at 2.30 P.M., A. P. Hill was ordering his entire division into assault at New Cold Harbor. Away from Gaines Mill, he had before this driven Porter's strong skirmish line. When he learned that Longstreet was at his right hand, Hill dashed through the tangled brushwood of the swamps against the strong batteries of the Federal centre. Gallant and fierce was this attack, and for two hours the roar of Hill's battle continued to summon the other Confederate divisions to his field. He forced Porter to ask aid, and at 3.30 P.M. Slocum's five thousand came to give strength to the Federal de- fence. The force of Hill's attack gradually abated ; his line of riflemen could not drive three lines of mus- kets from rifle-pits and barricades one above another on the steep wooded slope, while the plateau above was studded with heavy guns that rained an iron storm upon the devoted Southerners. At four o'clock, Lee ordered Longstreet to relieve the pressure on Hill by making a feint against Porter's left wing. Sixty feet above the plateau where Longstreet's brigades formed their line of assault, the guns of Morell frowned from the crest of Turkey Hill. Rifle-pits and fallen trees gave protection to the Federal infantry. Moreover, the approaches to- wards the Federal left wing were swept by the fire of the heavy siege guns that McClellan was operat- 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 153 ing from the southern bank of the Chickahominy. Longstreet sent his men forward. The fire which they provoked revealed a foe so strong that the full vigour of Longstreet's entire division would be re- quired for the blow. The hour of seven had come when Longstreet was ready to strike. The Confederate left wing, however, was the first to beard Porter in his lair on the crest of the hill. When the roar of the battle against the Federal left wing called Jackson into the field at Old Cold Har- bor, no time remained for outflanking Porter's right wing. Jackson supposed that Hill and Longstreet had found the Federal left flank, and that they were driving Porter sidewise into his own corps. Jack- son, therefore, drew up his men in the edge of the field at Old Cold Harbor. Across the open space in his front he expected Porter to be driven toward the York. But the sound of the firing taught him that his comrades on the right were assailing fortifica- tions. He sent a staff-officer to bring his men for- ward. The officer misunderstood the command and left the brigades at rest. But R. L. Dabney, chief of staff, had heard Jackson's order in detail and he now hurried the troops into battle. As they en- tered the forest a wild yell rang around the Confed- erate semicircle, " Jackson 's come ! " D. H. Hill formed the left of Jackson's attacking column. To the right of Hill was Ewell, and to his right, en Eche- lon, advanced the old division of Jackson and then the division of Whiting. The lack of guides even yet prevented unity of action. Jackson's brigades moved obliquely into the tangled swamp toward the 1 54 Robert E. Lee. sound of A. P. Hill's musketry. They enveloped Porter's entire right and centre, and took the place of Hill's exhausted troops against a portion of the Federal left. The Confederate cannon could not be moved through the dense brushwood. With bayo- nets fixed, " Stonewall's " soldiers dashed forward through the wilderness of obstructions against the hail of lead and iron. Lee now sent orders to his entire line to press forward in the Wellington style of " up and at them." Porter's hours of successful defence were num- bered. He had sent urgent demands for aid to McClellan across the Chickahominy. But appre- hension for the safety of the four corps filled the mind of McClellan and his subordinates on the southern bank of the river. The gallant Magruder did admirable work with his twenty-five thousand. The Confederate artillery under General Pendleton in different places blazed forth with furious bursts of fire ; the infantry marched and counter-marched, and seemed ever on the point of making fierce as- sault against the lines of Franklin and Sumner. When McClellan made requisition upon these two commanders for some brigades in Porter's behalf, Franklin replied, " not prudent," and Sumner said " hazardous." Only the brigades of French and Meagher were sent. These five thousand men reached the rear crest of Porter's fortress in the evening twilight, in time to receive into their arms the routed and fleeing fugitives of Porter's defeated corps. The Confederate battle-storm fell most heavily J862] The Seven Days Battles. 155 upon Porter's right flank. D. H. Hill was the first to gain a foothold beyond the swamp to confront his old West Point room-mate, Sykes. The latter was fortified behind fence, ditch, and hill-top, and his heavy guns made the steep ascent appear like a tower of fire. The McGehee knoll, held by Sykes, was the key to this part of the field. The keen vision of Hill's brigadiers, Garland and G. B. Anderson, caught sight of the right end of Sykes's line. With Hill's permission, the men of North Carolina began to swing around against the Federal right flank. With a wild yell they touched the vital point in the Federal defence and began to roll back the line of regulars. At the same moment with this flank at- tack, against the front of Sykes's line glittered the bayonets of the ' ' Stonewall ' ' brigade under Winder. The latter had moved obliquely across the path of Ewell to D. H. Hill's support. The impact of Carolinians and Virginians against flank and front, scattered the men of Sykes in rout. Lawton's Geor- gians swept forward on Winder's right and made another gap in Porter's line. While Jackson was thus crushing the Federal right wing, the Federal centre and left wing still made obstinate defence. The hill's crest was crowned with Federal guns. Here was the key- stone of Porter's arch. Jackson sent Whiting to carry these central works at the point of four thou- sand bayonets. More than this number of Federal troops held the defences in Whiting's immediate front. He ordered his two brigades under Hood and Law to move down the long slope to the foot 156 Robert E. Lee. [1862 of the Federal fortress in double-quick time, with trailed arms and without firing a shot. A withering storm of balls and shell began to beat into the faces of the Confederates as they advanced. Federal cannon from the sixty-foot plateau volleyed and thundered ; muskets blazed from the trenches on the steep ascent, and from the log breastworks at its base. Into the jaws of death dashed Hood and Law without a pause. Hood led the right with the 4th Texas; Law led the left with the nth Mississippi and the 4th Alabama. In silence and swiftness advanced the two lines of grey ; not a shot did they fire. A thousand men fell, but the lines closed up where the cannon tore gaps in the ranks, and the pace was quickened to a run. As the Confederates rushed against the very muzzles of the enemy's rifles, the Federal soldiers turned and fled up the hill. With a fierce yell the men of Hood and Law leaped the ravine and the breast- works, and poured a close fire into the mass of fugitives. Up the steep ascent the Confederates clambered, in pursuit, and drove the Federal line in confusion across the plateau. Thus in quick succes- sion, after the rout of Sykes, Jackson's line under Whiting crushed Porter's centre and captured two regiments and fourteen guns. As Whiting's brigades reached the hill's crest, they heard the cheers of Jackson's left wing already sweeping in victory across the McGehee ridge toward the Chickahom- iny; at the same moment the brigades of R. H. Anderson and Pickett led the advance of Long- street's division against the Federal left wing. 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 157 But the victory snatched by Longstreet's gallant battalions from the brow of Turkey Hill, was shared by two of the brigades (Cunningham and Fulker- son) of Jackson's old division. These had pressed far to the right, and furnished aid in breaking through the line opposed to Longstreet. Behind the Adams House in the edge of the ,Chickahominy swamps, Porter's men found shelter within the new line of battle formed by the brigades of French and Meagher. More than thirty-five thousand men, in all, thus faced the Confederate advance on the north bank of the Chickahominy. The Federal soldiers held their lines with great obstinacy, and Porter conducted his battle with coolness and ability. But the Confederate soldiers out-fought their opponents. It is true that Lee sent fifty thousand to drive Porter from his lair. But the unsupported attack of A. P. Hill, at 2. 30 P.M. threw the Confederate battle out of balance, until Jackson brought his entire line into action near the close of the day. Even then, the Federal line was out-numbered at scarcely a single point of attack, while against Whiting's column Porter presented a more numerous front. Tangled swamps, ravines, heaps of logs and fallen trees, trenches, earthworks, and blazing cannon had not kept back the rush of Jackson's men, although they could not make use of their own heavy guns and were resisted at most points by equal numbers, and in some places by a more numerous foe. The mantle of complete dark- ness fell upon the Confederate advance as they reached the summit of Porter's fortress. Confed- 158 Robert E. Lee. [1862 erate ignorance of the roads and bridges across the Chickahominy prevented the complete destruction of Porter's corps. Porter lost about seven thousand men and twenty-two guns. The Confederate loss was about six thousand. When the sun first beamed across the field of blood on the morning of June 28, he found the troops of Porter on the southern bank of the Chickahominy. Under cover of darkness, they had crept across the stream, and the axe and the torch removed every plank and trestle. The swamp and the river were unbridged between McClellan and Lee's main army. Lee's plan, thus far successful, contemplated the capture of the York River railroad, and the sever- ance of McClellan's communication with the Pamun- key; this was to be followed by the destruction or capture of the Federal army. This plan was in part frustrated by McClellan's decision to cut loose from the Pamunkey as a base, and to move his army into vital connection with his war vessels on the James River. Such a change of base he had anticipated some days before by sending a fleet of supply-boats up the James to Westover. At the midnight hour following the disaster of Cold Harbor, McClellan gave his five corps leaders instructions for the flight across White Oak Swamp to the James. No other favourable course was open to him. The morning of June 28 saw McClellan's hun- dred and five thousand men massed on the Richmond side of the river. Between him and the Confederate capital was a force one-fourth the size of his own, under Magruder and Huger. Lee's army was cut 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 159 in twain ; two-thirds of his force were on the northern bank of the unfordable swamp. What an oppor- tunity for a vigorous leader to lay the hand on Richmond ! But McClellan already sought escape, and it seems that none of his subordinates urged an assault against Magruder's thin line. Porter's corps faced northward, and with a vast array of heavy guns guarded the Chickahominy against Lee's advance. Four corps held the line facing Richmond, stretch- ing from the Golding farm to the brink of the White Oak Swamp. Between these two lines of bristling bayonets, McClellan made ready his five thousand waggons and started them toward the James. A herd of lowing cattle followed the waggons. Great columns of smoke marked the destruction of stores that could not be moved. Along the single road- way that traverses the Swamp, marched the corps of Keyes in advance to force the way for the sup- ply train. Noonday, June 28, found Keyes's corps guarding the cross-road four miles southward from the Swamp bridge. All day the waggons and the cat- tle were crawling through the wilderness, concealed by the dense forests and the walls of living men. Twenty-four hours passed away from the begin- ning of the Federal retreat until Lee discovered the intention of McClellan. Early on the 28th, Lee sent Stuart and Ewell to Dispatch Station. The railway was seized, part of the track torn up, and Stuart spread destruction as far as the White House. The Federal troops withdrew to the southern side of the river, burned the railway bridge, and ran entire am- munition trains with their engines into the Chicka- 160 Robert E. Lee. [1862 hominy. Lee then knew that McClellan must seek another base than the Pamunkey. But what base ? The James was open to him across White Oak Swamp. The Peninsular route was also accessible across the lower fords of the Chickahominy. If McClellan should retreat down the Peninsula, Lee's army must remain where it was on the northern bank of the Chickahominy. It was impossible to follow McClellan's rear in the face of Porter's bat- teries on the bluff. Ewell was therefore sent to hold Bottom's Bridge, and Stuart's cavalry moved down to guard the Peninsular route to Williamsburg. But the Federal retreat troubled not again the waters of the Chickahominy. The clouds of dust arising from the march of the Federal host warned Lee in the evening twilight of June 28 that his foe was seeking the James. The assault of two of Magru- der's regiments against Franklin at Golding's, re- vealed the fact that this wing of the Federal force was withdrawing from the Chickahominy. Lee's orders were at once given for pursuit to begin at the dawning of June 29. Longstreet and A. P. Hill were ordered to move across the river at the New Bridge and to follow the Darbytown route to the Long Bridge road until they should strike the Federal flank. Magruder was sent in pursuit down the Williamsburg road, and Huger moved along the parallel Charles City road. Holmes led six thousand men down the River road to intercept the retreat at Malvern Hill. Jackson was commanded to rebuild the Grape Vine Bridge and to follow McClellan's rear through the Swamp. 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 161 The afternoon of Sunday, June 29, offered Lee an opportunity for striking a blow, and he bent all his energies toward bringing his columns into action. McClellan's army was then outstretched over the long roadway from Savage's Station to Malvern Hill. The corps of Keyes was in advance, sup- ported by the shattered brigades of Porter; these watched the waggons on the Quaker road and were feeling their way across the Malvern slopes toward the James. The broken divisions of McCall and Slocum had just emerged from the Swamp road and were in camp near the Willis Church. Heintzel- man's advance was crossing at Brackett's ford at 6.30 P.M., and going into bivouac just south of the Swamp at 10 P.M. About the hour of four in the afternoon, Sumner's corps and Smith's division of Franklin's corps, were resisting the onslaught of Magruder at Savage's Station. The vulnerable part of this long, creeping serpent was the middle part of his body, at the southern edge of the Swamp. Toward this point Lee urged Huger forward by the Charles City road, Longstreet and A. P. Hill by the Darbytown road, and Holmes on the River road. Much now depended on the vigour of Huger and the celerity of Longstreet. Huger was held back by the trees felled across his path, while Longstreet marched only twelve miles from the Chickahominy to Atlee's farm on the Darbytown road, and went into camp some miles from McClellan's retreating line. Jackson spent the day in bridging the Chicka- hominy, while Magruder sent only a part of his men into battle under McLaws at Savage's Statioa 1 62 Robert E. Lee. nee 2 Moreover, Holmes failed to strike the serpent's head on Malvern Hill, and McClellan's movement continued. With a more rapid march by Long- street and Hill, Lee might have cut the long line in twain at the Willis Church and thus have forced the Federal commander to attack the Confederates in position. The early dawn of June 30, found the situation completely changed. Success had crowned McClel- lan's retreat across the Swamp. His trains had all made the passage, and his rearguard, Richardson's division, was destroying the Swamp bridge at 10 A.M. The main body of the Federal army, over sixty thousand men, was now concentrated south of the Swamp in defence of the line of retreat. At the edge of the Swamp, facing northward and command- ing the roadway by a park of artillery, stood the rear- guard of twenty thousand men under Franklin. Encircling the Charles City cross-roads, in front of Frayser's farm, were arrayed over forty thousand men under Sumner and Heintzelman with their can- non and muskets commanding the two Richmond approaches. McClellan's position was strong; he occupied a compact defensive stronghold on the edge of the Swamp, his right and his left within supporting dis- tance of each other on inner lines. At eleven o'clock, the head of Jackson's column in pursuit ran against Franklin's heavy guns in posi- tion to defend the road across the unbridged Swamp. Crutchfield's batteries, twenty-eight guns, opened fire on Franklin and drove back his artillery ; Jack- 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 163 son then made an attempt to cross, but the effort only revealed Franklin's strength in cannon and muskets. Two brigades of Sedgwick's division moved rapidly to Franklin's aid to repulse Jackson's advance at Brackett's ford. Franklin thus arrayed twenty-five thousand men against Jackson's twenty- one thousand. The latter saw the odds against him and wisely held back his wearied veterans from a costly charge against the intrenched foe. While Jackson sent a storm of shells across the Swamp, Huger began an exchange of cannon-shot with Slocum at 3 P.M. Slocum's guns were planted on the Charles City road behind dense masses of fallen trees, and Huger could not advance. At 4 P.M., Longstreet's battle began against McCall at Glendale or Frayser's farm. General Lee in person moved the Confederate column of less than twenty thousand along the New Market road against the Federal host of twice that number. Longstreet directed the operations on the field. The Confed- erates had to advance through tangled underbrush over uneven ground on their left, and on their right the foe had to be sought behind a marsh. With the spring of the tiger, Longstreet leaped through the jungle upon McCall's left flank, and routed him from the field. Hooker saw McCall's panic-stricken regi- ments follow their own colours in a wild rush back- ward through his line of battle. Randol's battery, guarding the gap between McCall and Kearney, be- came Confederate spoil. Against Kearney's left rushed the Confederates, but Kearney was aided by Slocum ; two brigades returned from Franklin's field 164 Robert E. Lee. [1862 to strengthen Sedgwick's part of the battle, while Hooker made assault against Longstreet's flank. A. P. Hill's men now rushed into the fight, but the Confederates could only hold the ground from which McCall's men had fled. McCall himself remained behind as Longstreet's prisoner, in company with fourteen Federal field-guns. While the battle raged at Frayser's farm, Holmes led his six thousand and a six-gun battery over the slopes of the Malvern Hill to Turkey Island Bridge. But Warren's brigade of fifteen hundred men and thirty guns, assisted by the formidable shells from the gunboats, drove Holmes back. In answer to his call for help, Magruder's column was deflected from the edge of Longstreet's battle and sent to Malvern Hill, but that conflict was concluded before he reached the field. The result of this day's struggle was to leave McClellan in possession of his line of retreat. Gladly did his corps-commanders avail themselves of it without specific directions from McClellan, and in the hours of darkness his column was withdrawn along the Quaker road to the crest of Malvern Hill. As night settled down upon the carnage of June 30, McClellan was thus telegraphing Stanton : " Another day of desperate fighting. We are hard pressed by superior numbers. I fear I shall be forced to abandon my material to save my men under cover of the gunboats. You must send us very large reinforcements." Sixty feet above the James stand the Malvern bluffs. Northward to the distance of nearly two 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 165 miles, the Malvern plateau falls away in a gradual slope until it enters the swamps of upper West Run. Across this plateau, along the crest of the hill, commanding the approach by the Quaker road- way, McClellan massed his guns and his infantry. In an arc from Crew's house to Binford's were planted the corps of Porter and the division of Couch. McCall stood in Porter's rear; to Couch's right and rear were stationed the three corps of Heintzelman, Sumner and Franklin. The corps of Keyes linked this fortress with the Federal gun- boats; the declivities on each flank were made strong with cannon and men. Noonday of July I found Lee marshalling a part of the forces of Jackson and Huger across the Quaker road in front of McClellan's stronghold. Ignorance of the fact that two different roadways were called the Quaker road caused Magruder several miles of counter-marching, and kept him away from the field until the day was waning. Longstreet and A. P. Hill were not ordered into the battle; Holmes, on the River road, faced the Malvern bluff, but made no assault. The Confederate artillery could not all be moved through the dense thickets into action against the Federal guns. A few of Lee's batteries for a time withstood the fury of the iron storm. On the Confederate left, the batteries of Balthis, Poague, and Carpenter, held their position; on the Confed- erate right, Davidson and Pegram faced the Federal guns after the repulse of Grimes and Moorman. As the Confederate infantrymen aligned themselves 1 66 Robert E. Lee. in the edge of the swamp, they saw the Federal cannon stationed in their front tier above tier. Sixty field-pieces swept the meadows and the slope in front of Porter's position at the Crew house. Behind this line were ten heavy siege guns. More- over, the crest of the slope was swarming with riflemen and Couch at the West house stood be- hind heavy ordnance. Lee ordered an attack by his front line under Huger, Magruder, D. H. Hill, and Whiting. Armistead's brigade on the right was to give the signal for the assault by advanc- ing with a yell. A yell was heard, but not from Armistead, and Hill attacked alone; after- wards, Armistead gave the signal, but no concert of action followed. Later, Magruder fought his way toward the Crew house, but Huger failed to render adequate support. Porter's line was shaken, and he called for aid ; the additional canister and musketry at last forced Magruder to retire. D. H. Hill made gallant assault upon the Federal centre and left centre in front of West's. Whiting on the left heard not Hill's signal and made no ad- vance. Hill's blow caused the Federal centre to waver; but reinforcements swarmed to the aid of Couch, and Hill's battle proved to be only the slaughter of his brave soldiers. The reinforcements hurried forward by Lee were checked by the falling darkness. Five thousand Confederates paid the tri- bute of wounds and death to their zeal and devotion. The lateness of the hour, the misunderstanding of orders, and the impossibility of forming line of bat- tle in the edge of a dense wilderness, resulted in 18621 The Seven Days Battles. 167 bringing only fourteen Confederate brigades into the assault. Against the irregular charge of this small body, two or three brigades at a time, McClel- lan's position was impregnable. But the Federal commander had no heart to hold his ground ; silence had scarcely fallen on the field when McClellan or- dered Porter to start the whole army " at once " towards Harrison's on the James, with this specific injunction: " In case you should find it impossible to move your heavy artillery, you are to spike the guns and destroy the carriages. ' ' The order to Por- ter contained this final suggestion: "Stimulate your men by informing them that reinforcements, etc., have arrived at our new base." This night retreat toward the river bore the semblance of a rout. Waggons and equipage were abandoned and rifles by the thousand were thrown away by the disheartened Federal soldiers. Hooker thus de- scribes the flight: " It was like the retreat of a whipped army. We retreated like a parcel of sheep ; everybody on the road at the same time, and a few shots from the rebels would have panic-stricken the whole command." Lee ordered Longstreet to lead the Confederate advance to the left of Malvern Hill. But Longstreet marched only two miles through the rain of July 2, and halted for the night on the River road. On Thursday, July 3, the army was counter-marched to Willis Church to seek the Charles City roadway, but incompetent guides again retarded the advance of Longstreet. When Lee presented his army in front of McClellan's camp at Westover, at noon, on Fri- 1 68 Robert E. Lee. [\&62 day, July 4, the Federal host was safe behind strong defensive works. Failure had fallen upon the entire Federal campaign for the capture of Rich- mond. Disaster in the valley had been followed by disaster on the James. Eighty thousand Confeder- ates, directed by the skill of Lee and of Jackson, had paralysed the movements of two hundred thou- sand Federal soldiers. McClellan now called for " more than one hundred thousand " fresh troops, and Mr. Lincoln actually ordered Halleck to send him a strong band from the western army near Corinth. McClellan's artillery had saved him from destruction. In each battle the Federal hosts held strong positions, in most cases fortified. The Con- federates moved across open fields, and by sheer courage carried these intrenchments. They had literally driven McClellan to the James. The result of these bold assaults was a Confederate loss of twenty thousand men, while the Federal loss was sixteen thousand men. But the war-cloud lowered no longer near the capital of the Confederacy. " Under ordinary circumstances, the Federal army should have been destroyed." Thus spake Lee of the Seven Days. The chief reason for McClellan's escape, said Lee, was "the want of correct and timely information. This fact, attributa- ble chiefly to the character of the country, enabled General McClellan skilfully to conceal his retreat, and to add much to the obstructions with which nature had beset the way of our pursuing columns ; but regret that more was not accomplished gives way to gratitude to the sovereign Ruler of the Universe for the results achieved." In his tender of thanks to the army, July 7, Lee 1862] The Seven Days Battles. 169 summed up the results of the struggle in these terms : " The immediate fruits of our success are the relief of Richmond from a state of siege ; the rout of the great army that so long men- aced its safety ; many thousand prisoners, including officers of high rank ; the capture or destruction of stores to the value of millions, and the acquisition of thousands of arms and forty pieces of superior artillery. "The service rendered to the country in this short but eventful period can scarcely be estimated, and the General commanding can- not adequately express his admiration of the courage, endurance and soldierly conduct of the officers and men engaged. These brilliant results have cost us many brave men ; but while we mourn the loss of our gallant dead, let us not forget that they died nobly in defence of their country's freedom, and have linked their memory with an event that will live forever in the hearts of a grateful people. " Soldiers, your country will thank you for the heroic conduct you have displayed, conduct worthy of men engaged in a cause so just and sacred, and deserving a nation's gratitude and praise." General Lee now possessed the full confidence of his soldiers. Every day during this struggle they had seen his eyes flash with fire as he urged the lines into battle. Under heavy fire from the enemy's guns he rode in person to direct the assaults. Re- connaissances to points of danger he made alone in person. His own fierce determination moved Hill and Magruder against the artillery at Malvern Hill, yet not one word of censure did he have for his officers and men when he saw McClellan's escape. Even amidst the heat of battle he could attribute this to the difficulties of the field itself. At Willis Church, during the stir and bustle of pursuit, D. H. Hill saw Lee calm and cool: " He bore grandly his terrible disappointment of the day before [Frayser's i ;o Robert E. Lee. [1862 farm], and made no allusion to it." A tower of strength had Lee made himself by one month's service in the field with this army of heroes. Sol- diers looked with devotion upon a leader who dared to give battle against heavy odds, and who showed, also, the generous daring to shoulder the responsi- bility for every movement. CHAPTER VIII. LEE'S ADVANCE INTO NORTHERN VIRGINIA SEC- OND MANASSAS. 1862. E disaster incurred in the Chicka- hominy swamps at the hand of Lee, induced the Federal Administration to attempt the capture of Richmond from the direction of the upper Rap- pahannock. June 26 had seen the organisation of the Army of Virginia, under John Pope, who had recently attained some success in front of Corinth. Pope's force was made up of the three corps of Fre"- mont, Banks, and McDowell. Burnside's thirteen thousand were ordered to hasten from North Caro- lina up the Potomac to Aquia, and preparations were made to withdraw McClellan's ninety thousand from the James to the plains of northern Virginia, to add strength to Pope. To facilitate McClellan's retreat from the eastern front of Richmond was Pope's first business. He was ordered to plant himself at the eastern base of the Blue Ridge in order to menace Charlottesville, 1 72 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Gordonsville, and the line of the Central railroad. It was expected that Lee would divide his Rich- mond forces to make resistance against Pope; thus McClellan could move down the James in safety. McClellan made strenuous opposition to the entire plan; he demanded reinforcements for another advance against Richmond. But the Administra- tion overruled the young Napoleon, and the army under Pope became now the Federal advance guard in the movement toward the Confederate capital. Early in July, Sigel led Fremont's corps from the lower Valley to Sperryville ; Banks likewise moved his force across the Ridge to Little Washington. Ricketts's division of McDowell's corps advanced from Manassas to Waterloo Bridge on the Rappa- hannock, and King's division remained in camp at Fredericksburg. With his standard thus unfurled in the Piedmont region, Pope sought by means of a formal address, July 14, to reanimate the brigades whom Jackson had left demoralised in the valley: " I have come to you from the West, where we have always seen the backs of our enemies, from an army whose business it has been to seek the adversary, and beat him when found, whose policy has been attack, not defence. ... I desire you to dismiss from your minds certain phrases, which I am sorry to find much in vogue amongst you. I hear constantly of taking strong positions and hold- ing them, of lines of retreat and of bases of supplies. Let us dis- card such ideas. The strongest position a soldier should desire to occupy is one from which he can most easily advance against the enemy. Let us study the probable lines of retreat of our opponents, and leave our own to take care of themselves. Let us look before us and not behind. Success and glory are in the advance. Disaster and shame lurk in the rear." Pope also issued certain orders directed against 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 1 73 the unarmed citizens of this section. Private prop- erty was appropriated by roaming bands of soldiers ; citizens were held personally accountable for attacks made upon the Federal trains and troops by gueril- las and partisan bands; all male citizens, in case of refusal to swear allegiance to the Federal Govern- ment, were to be driven beyond the Federal lines and " notified that if found again anywhere within our lines, or at any point in rear, they will be con- sidered spies, and subjected to the extreme rigour of military law." Lee saw the danger to Richmond, with Pope in the Piedmont section and McClellan still encamped on the James. But the Federal plans were not yet apparent. On July 13, Jackson was sent to Gor- donsville, with the divisions of Winder and Ewell, and Robertson's cavalry, twelve thousand men. Soon thereafter were published Pope's unprece- dented orders, which Lee characterised as " atroci- ties " threatened against "defenceless citizens." By direction of the Confederate authorities, Lee sent to Halleck a note protesting against Pope's orders as a violation of the recent agreement for the exchange of prisoners, and as inaugurating " a savage war in which no quarter is to be given." Halleck refused to consider the protest, but Pope abandoned his proposed policy. A week before sending the protest, Lee wrote this to his wife : ' ' In the prospect before me I cannot see a single ray of pleasure during this war ; but so long as I can perform any service to the country I am content. " When you write to Rob [of Jackson's artillery] again, tell him to catch Pope for me, and also to bring in his cousin Louis Marshall, 174 Robert E. Lee. [1862 who, I am told, is on his staff. I could forgive the latter fighting against us, but not his joining Pope." On July 27, Lee sent forward twelve thousand additional troops under A. P. Hill, to aid Jackson in opposing the advance of Pope. Before the gates of Richmond, Lee retained only about fifty thousand muskets. D. H. Hill was sent secretly to the southern bank of the James, and from Coggins Point, under cover of darkness, he suddenly poured the fire of forty-three guns upon McClellan's shipping and his city of tents. Hill's assault stirred McClellan into activity. August 5 saw him ad- vance from Westover to his former field of Malvern Hill. Lee moved to meet him as far as the Long Bridge road. The Confederate left wing was pushed out to the Willis Church with orders to threaten McClellan's rear; at the same time the brigades of Evans and Cobb, on the right, drove the Federal advance behind the Malvern guns. When Lee advanced his line of battle against the heights held by the Army of the Potomac, the morn- ing light revealed the fact that McClellan had again retired under cover of darkness. While Lee thus held McClellan in ward behind his Westover fortifications and Stuart guarded the line between Richmond and Gordonsville, Jackson was preparing to spring across the Rapidan upon his old antagonist, Banks, who was now under Pope's orders. Lee's strong desire was to send part of his own force to assist Jackson. He regarded McClellan's movement to Malvern Hill as merely a demonstration, but held it prudent to retain his full line near Richmond. The manage- 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 1 75 ment of the Rapidan campaign he entrusted to his lieutenant, and encouraged Jackson on the eve of battle in these terms: " Relying upon your judg- ment, courage, and discretion, and trusting to the continued blessing of an ever-kind Providence, I hope for victory." Jackson was watching Pope's effort to concentrate his army at Culpeper. On August 7, the Federal forces, to the number of thirty-six thousand five hundred, were arrayed along the turnpike from Sperryville to Culpeper, while the Federal cavalry kept watch near the Rapidan. Jackson marched across the Rapidan against Culpeper Court House. Banks led eight thousand men southward to op- pose Jackson's advance across Cedar Run. Rick- etts's division of nearly ten thousand, likewise moved from Culpeper to sustain Banks. Across the road- way, Jackson drew up the heads of his columns, to meet the assault delivered by Banks; the six brigades forming the Confederate front line of battle numbered eight thousand, seven hundred muskets. Upon the plain south of Cedar Run, the eight thou- sand of Banks rushed to the attack. Jackson's front line held the field until three brigades from the rear- guard made him strong for the forward movement. From the northern slope of Cedar Mountain, Jack- son's guns rained their heavy shot upon the plains below; along the Culpeper road rushed Jackson's left wing; their bayonets completed the work of Jackson's batteries in routing Banks across Cedar Run to the refuge offered by the darkness and by the ten thousand men under Ricketts. 1 76 Robert E. Lee. [1862 The sunrise of August 10 revealed over thirty thousand Federal troops concentrated behind Cedar Run on the Culpeper road, ten thousand more under King at the distance of one day's march, and eight thousand of Burnside's contingent only three marches distant under the leadership of Reno. Jackson therefore drew back to keep in touch with Lee, and the morning of August 12 dawned upon him near Gordonsville, while Pope remained at Cul- peper to make conjectures concerning " Stonewall's" movements. Jackson thus made report to Lee: " On the evening of the Qth instant, God blessed our arms with another victory." Immediately in reply Lee sent Jackson this generous commendation : " I congratulate you most heartily on the victory which God has granted you over our enemies at Cedar Run. The country owes you and your brave officers and soldiers a deep debt of gratitude." Pope now advanced his batteries to the northern bank of the Rapidan, and McClellan showed signs of final flight down the Peninsula. Lee at once divined the plan to concentrate the entire Federal force under Pope's banner, and thus to strike Rich- mond from the north. Even before McClellan folded his Westover tents, Lee began to move. His aim now was to hurl his entire army against Pope before the army of the Potomac could transplant itself from the James to the Rappahannock. Longstreet's corps was set in motion from Richmond toward Gordonsville, on August 13; not until the follow- ing morning, August 14, did McClellan begin to move his army from Westover in the direction of 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 177 Fortress Monroe. Into Gordonsville itself marched the head of Longstreet's column, August 15, at an hour when McClellan's rearguard had not yet broken camp to retreat from West over. Lee's strategy was thus making rapid progress toward success. The Confederate scouts brought news from the summit of Clarke's Mountain of a vast city of Fed- eral tents pitched in the plains about Cedar Moun- tain and guarded by cavalry outposts at the Locust- dale and Raccoon fords. By the addition of Reno and King, Pope's muskets now numbered beyond fifty thousand. Longstreet counselled a flank move- ment toward the Confederate left, in order to seek battle on the Blue Ridge slopes. But to Lee and Jackson it seemed wiser to press rapidly toward the Confederate right and to thrust the Confederate army between Pope and Washington. Jackson moved with rapid step, and August 16 found his corps in camp at Pisgah Church, ready to leave the Somerville ford behind them at the dawn- ing of the 1 8th. On the same day, August 16, Lee ordered Longstreet forward from Gordonsville as far as this same Pisgah Church, with his tents pitched toward the Raccoon ford, where Lafayette crossed with his battalions in Revolutionary days. Longstreet made objection to the movement on the ground that his men were without provisions. Jack- son offered to furnish bread to Longstreet's men, and pleaded for immediate advance against Pope's flank. Lee yielded to Longstreet's obstinacy and postponed the attack, and with characteristic mag- 178 Robert E. Lee. [1862 nanimity assumed entire responsibility for the delay, as may be seen from the following report : " It was determined with the cavalry to destroy the railroad bridge over the Rappahannock in rear of the enemy, while Longstreet and Jackson crossed the Rapidan and attacked his left flank. The move- ment, as explained in the accompanying order, was appointed for August i8th, but the necessary preparations not having been com- pleted, its execution was postponed to the 2Oth." The calmness of Lee while planning this bold flank movement may be seen in the following letter, dated August 17: " Here I am in a tent instead of my comfortable quarters at Dobbs's. The tent, however, is very comfortable and of that I have nothing to complain. General Pope says he is very strong, and seems to feel so, for he is moving apparently up to the Rapidan. I hope he will not prove stronger than we are. I learn since I have left that General McClellan has moved down the James River with his whole army. I suppose he is coming here too, so we shall have a busy time. Burnside and King from Fredericksburg have joined Pope, which, from their own report, has swelled Pope to ninety-two thousand. I do not believe it, though I believe he is very big. Johnny Lee saw Louis Marshall [General Lee's nephew on Pope's staff] after Jackson's last battle, who asked him kindly after his old uncle, and said his mother was well. Johnny said Louis looked wretchedly himself. I am sorry he is in such bad company, but I suppose he could not help it." August 19 found both Confederate corps massed near the Rapidan ready to strike Pope's left and rear the following day. But Fitz Lee had led his brigade too far afield, because of Stuart's indefinite orders, and failed to reach the appointed rendezvous. The entire cavalry corps was thus delayed twenty-four hours; the delay, moreover, resulted in the capture 18621 Advance into Northern Virginia. 1 79 of Stuart's adjutant on outpost duty. A paper on the person of this adjutant revealed to Pope the entire Confederate plan. From the summit of Clarke's Mountain, that same nineteenth day of August, Lee looked across the Rapidan in sorrow upon the Federal army moving back toward the Rappahannock. He was disap- pointed to see that Pope was turning toward his own rear. Lee was full of the spirit of combativeness. But his eagerness for battle was not greater than that of his own soldiers. Although their only habi- tation was the bare ground with the covering of a single blanket, their only food " now and then an ear of corn, fried apples, or a bit of ham broiled on a stick, but quite frequently [they] do without either from morning until night," yet with cheers and burning zeal did Lee's veterans leap forward in pursuit of Pope. August 21 found Lee's fifty thousand confront- ing Pope's fifty-five thousand along the Rappahan- nock River from Kelley's ford to Beverley ford. Across the stream the artillery continued to play a furious game and cavalry assaults were made by both commanders. The advance corps of McClel- lan's army were in rapid approach from Alexandria and Fredericksburg. The plains of Virginia, as far north as Washington, were rapidly filling up with the Federal hosts. Lee now decided to move up-stream, to swing Jackson's corps across the river, around the Federal right flank, and thus to cut off Pope from his line of communication with Washington. Jackson's move- i8o Robert E. Lee. [1862 ment began to the sound of Longstreet's guns; the latter kept Banks and McDowell under arms to op- pose the feigned advance of Lee's right wing across the river. At swift pace Jackson moved northward and threw Early across the stream at the Sulphur Springs. Stuart led fifteen hundred horsemen across Waterloo Bridge through Warrenton as far as Cat- lett's Station on the Orange and Alexandria railway. Pope's official papers became Stuart's spoil, but tor- rents of rain prevented the daring trooper from in- flicting further damage. The swollen river checked the progress of Jackson's rearguard, and Stuart and Early recrossed the river and bivouacked once more on the southern bank. Pope had kept his brigades busy in zigzag movements to meet the threatened advance of the Confederate columns. Utter be- wilderment had already settled like a cloud over the mind of the Federal commander. Lee summoned forward from Richmond the di- visions of D. H. Hill, J. G. Walker, and McLaws, and made ready for an assault upon Pope's rear. He sought conference with Jackson. Eye-witnesses of this conference report Lee as listening while Jackson made boot-marks in the sand and gesticulated with his hands. The decision was made to send Jackson around Pope's right flank, to cut his communications and then to hold him at bay until Lee could bring forward Longstreet's corps and deliver battle with his entire army on the plains beyond the Rappa- hannock. Jackson's corps of twenty-two thousand men stripped themselves of every encumbrance, and 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 181 girded their loins for the conflict. Ammunition only was to be conveyed on wheels. Some tough biscuits and a handful of salt formed the contents of the haversacks. Green corn from the fields, and apples from the trees, were to supply food until these heroes could draw rations from the vast store- houses located on the railway in the rear of Pope's army. The sun of August 25 arose in midsummer glory upon Jackson's march. Enthusiasm and fierce courage flashed from every eye as these raw-boned, half-clad athletes pressed onward after their beloved leader. As sunset fell upon the weary column, the barefooted veterans with swinging caps and sup- pressed cheers filed past Jackson in the roadway at Salem. Not a soldier nor an officer knew his plans. Twenty-five miles had been left behind them during the single day. A radiance lit up Jackson's face as he said, " Who would not conquer with such men as these ! ' ' From morning until afternoon they had listened to the sound of Longstreet's artillery as he kept Pope at bay below Waterloo Bridge. Those guns spoke of another corps as brave and as true as the men under Jackson ; they spoke of Lee's stern courage, and of his sublime confidence in his lieu- tenant, now entrusted with full authority and dis- cretion to strike the chief blow of the campaign. Lee was violating a fundamental principle of mili- tary strategy in dividing his own forces before the very face of the enemy; but this act of splendid daring reveals the perfect harmony that bound to- gether the two chief Confederate leaders. It shows Lee's quick knowledge of the temper and intrepid 1 82 Robert E. Lee. [1862 valour of his citizen-soldiers, that he could swing his army in separate columns from the Rappahannock to Manassas, and there deliver the aggressive battle that forced a more numerous foe from the soil of Virginia into the defences around Washington. August 26 found Jackson hastening from Salem forward through the narrow gorge in Bull Run Mountain called Thoroughfare Gap. As the dark- ness fell upon his swift-foooted veterans at the end of a twenty-four-mile march, their banner was un- furled at Bristoe Station, Alexandria railway, and at midnight Trimble's bayonets and Stuart's sabres were in possession of Manassas Junction, four miles to the eastward. Sunset of this same day saw Longstreet's head of column going into camp at Orleans; Lee had left six thousand men to watch the river at Waterloo and was pushing his main column forward in Jackson's footsteps. The latter had now planted himself directly between Pope and Washington. Pope's army had been augmented by the arrival of Porter's ten thousand men at Bealeton, Heintzelman's ten thousand at Warrenton Junction, while Sumner, Franklin, and Cox were approach- ing from Alexandria. The morning of August 27 dawned upon Pope's vast Federal host with face turned to the rear, and under orders to march to- ward Gainesville in search of Jackson. The early hours of August 27 witnessed great commotion on the plains between the Rappahannock and Bull Run. The waters of the former stream heard not the sound of a gun, but flowed unvexed toward the Bay. The rumble of cannon carriages 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 183 and the tramp of heavy columns drew near the Bull Run bluffs. Behind the mountain chain to the north, the veterans of Longstreet, accompanied by Lee in person, were pressing forward at steady pace from Orleans through Salem to White Plains. The disturbing cause of all this hasty marching by Fed- eral and Confederate forces was enjoying in quiet- ness the spoil of war at Manassas. Jackson's corps held high carnival all day long amid the wealth of Pope's store of supplies. Bare feet were shod and naked bodies were clad, but first of all were Jackson's starved heroes fed upon the abundance of Manassas. Ewell, behind Broad Run, held Hooker at bay; but Sigel and McDowell in Gainesville, and Kearney and Reno at Greenwich, were, at sunset between Jackson and Lee. The march of Longstreet's corps on the 27th carried him over the fifteen miles from Orleans to White Plains. Lee rode in advance and left the control of the corps entirely to his lieuten- ant. Longstreet states that because couriers from Jackson affirmed all to be well, he did not urge his men to a swift pace. The gallant brigades under his banner, not aware that speed was necessary, did not make a forced march. As Lee was moving on- ward far in front with his staff, he narrowly escaped capture near Salem by a squadron of Federal cavalry. A large body of Federal horsemen were hovering near the Confederate column. More than an hour's delay in the march of the corps was caused by the sending of infantry to drive them away. At the dawn of the 28th, the corps was moving out of White Plains, but Longstreet did not bring the 184 Robert E. Lee. [1862 head of his column to the mouth of Thoroughfare Gap, seven miles away, until three o'clock in the afternoon. The pass was gleaming with Federal bayonets entering from the east. Across the Bull Run Mountain rolled the booming sound of distant cannon, telling of Jackson standing like a lion at bay. To the right and to the left Lee sent scouting parties in search of a path across the steep cliffs. His features were calm, and courtesy and geniality marked his manner in this hour of impending battle. Lee sent D. R. Jones's Georgians straight through the pass ; at the eastern gateway they grappled with the Federal muskets and cannon under Ricketts. Three brigades under Wilcox were sent three miles to the northward to cross at Hopewell Gap and turn the Federal position. Over the steep rocky crest that immediately overlooks Thoroughfare Gap clam- bered Law with one of Hood's brigades. Down the eastern slope of the mountain rushed Law's men in the gathering darkness. As they fell upon the Federal flank Ricketts drew his troops away. Lee's brigades began to pour through the gap and their campfires were lighted at the eastern base of the mountain within eight miles of the field of Grove- ton, where Jackson was delivering fierce battle and awaiting the coming of Lee. During the twenty-four hours preceding this bivouac of Lee on the Manassas side of the Bull Run Mountain, Jackson had wrought vast changes in the great field of war. As the darkness of the 2/th fell upon him at Manassas, Jackson set torch to the spoil that could not be removed, and behind the i862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 185 curtain of the night began the game of deluding Pope. The latter had begun to dream of " bagging the whole crowd," and now changed the direction of his marching columns and urged all his brigades upon Manassas Junction. But the fox was escaping even while Pope was preparing the toils. Jackson sent Taliaferro with the trains directly to Sudley. Due eastward toward Washington he despatched A. P. Hill and Ewell; Hill moved beyond Bull Run to Centreville. This night march of Jackson was made through darkness so dense that Porter with lighted candles failed to track his way in pursuit from War- renton Junction to Manassas. The morning of the 28th gave Hill and Ewell time to move south- westward across the Stone Bridge to Sudley Church. Noonday saw Jackson's bayonets all in line on the southern bank of Bull Run. His shotted guns were ready behind the Warrenton turnpike looking down- stream toward the field of their former victory of July, 1861. Far afield were Pope's brigades on this moment- ous morning. Amidst the smoking embers of his burnt supplies at noonday he heard rumours of war from Centreville, and from the line of railway be- yond. The movement of Hill's division and of Fitz Lee's horsemen toward Washington gave indi- cations to Pope that the fox might yet be ensnared on the northern bank of the Bull Run. The third time a change was made in his proposed point of concentration. Gainesville and Manassas in turn had been assigned as the goal for his converging battalions ; the waning hours of the 28th saw them 1 86 Robert E. Lee. [1862 all dragging weary feet toward Centreville. While Pope thus deluded himself with the vain idea that he was in hot pursuit of a defeated foe, the object of his pursuit, Jackson, stood defiantly at the edge of the Warrenton roadway on the left flank of the eastward-moving Federal columns. With tardy step the division of King, McDowell's corps, was passing along this highway from Gainesville toward Centre- ville in the late afternoon. With the spring of the lion two of Jackson's three divisions leaped upon King's column. The sun had disappeared when the assault began ; short and fierce was the encounter, and Taliaferro and Ewell, the division commanders, were both disabled. King's line was forced back- ward, and under cover of darkness he withdrew from the field of blood. During the night, King was overtaken by the division of Ricketts in full retreat from Lee's vanguard at Thoroughfare Gap. Both Federal divisions fled from Jackson's front, and the morning of the 2pth dawned upon them near Ma- nassas. Lee's strategy was now practically a suc- cess. No Federal force opposed the union of the two wings of his army. Sunrise of the 29th saw Longstreet's brigades starting upon the eight-mile journey to Jackson's right at Groveton; at the same hour were the troops of Pope scattered through the fields and along the highway from Bristoe and Ma- nassas even to Centreville. From the latter place Pope began to issue his morning orders for a fourth rendezvous, reversing the direction of his columns and calling all his men toward " Stonewall's " field near Groveton. 1862] Advance into Northern Virginia. 187 The corps of Longstreet moved leisurely eastward from Thoroughfare Gap. But the morning's early hours brought them the sounds of Jackson's renewed conflict; like war-horses, these gallant soldiers snuffed the battle from afar and voluntarily quick- ened their pace. Under Lee in person they filed through Gainesville down the turnpike to the left, and at ten o'clock they were taking position in front of that village upon the right flank of Jackson's line. As Lee stood near Groveton, he saw toward his left a great battle in full progress. The roar of heavy guns and the crash of musketry told him where Jackson's men were arrayed in a line of two and one half miles from Groveton to Sudley Church. Behind the embankments and excavations of an unfinished railroad, and in the midst of heavy woods, stood "Stonewall's" veterans fighting their second day's battle on the same field. Since early morning, the storm of battle had lowered heavily against Jackson's left, under A. P. Hill. Sigel's entire corps, from 6.30 to 10.30, had there at- tempted to push its way up the southern bank of the Bull Run, but had met severe repulse at the hands of Gregg's brigade of South Carolinians, assisted by Thomas's Georgians. Just as Lee was planting Longstreet in front of Gainesville, Heintzelman and Reno were leading up their two corps, eighteen thousand five hundred men, to Sigel's aid against Jackson's left. Moreover, the clouds of dust, the waving banners, the varied sounds of war that were manifest upon the knolls and plains that stretched away toward Manassas and Bull Run, told Lee 1 88 Robert E. Lee. where the Federal host was assembling for a grand assault. Pope's troops were wearied by the protracted marchings in quest of Jackson. From far Centre- ville rode Pope himself that morning of the 29th, and at noonday he took position on Buck Hill near the Warrenton turnpike. Deployed in his front, and holding the triangle between the Warrenton and Sudley roads, Pope found the corps of Heintzel- man, Reno, and Sigel, and the division of Reynolds. These thirty-five thousand stood at last face to face with Jackson. Pope urged them against "Stone- wall's " left where Sigel had already suffered defeat. The two corps of McDowell and Porter, nearly thirty thousand strong, Pope ordered to advance from Manassas upon Gainesville. Banks, with eight thousand, was yet absent from the scene. The Federal cavalry were hovering about the flanks of the army. Pope refused to believe that Lee had reached the field and proposed to hurl his seventy- five thousand against Jackson's line of about twenty thousand. Lee stationed himself between the Meadowville and Pageland lanes, near the southern edge of the Warrenton highway. Even farther to the front he rode to watch the movements of his foe. He found himself in close proximity to the Federal left flank. As the Federal line moved forward again to assail Jackson's left, Lee urged Longstreet to assail the Federal left. After reconnaissance, Longstreet re- ported that the position " was not inviting." " General Lee was quite disappointed," says 1862] Second Manassas. 189 Longstreet, " by my report against immediate attack along the turnpike, and insisted that by throwing some of the brigades beyond the Federal left, their position would be broken up and a favour- able field gained." At this moment came Stuart with news of the approach of McDowell and Porter from Manassas. This force, however, failed to attack. Lee urged Longstreet to attack Porter, but Longstreet watched and waited. When McDowell soon afterward turned to his right and marched by the Sudley road to Pope's battle against Jackson, leaving Porter alone near Manassas, Lee " again became anxious to bring on the battle by attacking down the Groveton pike." But Longstreet pleaded the near approach of darkness as an objection, and suggested a forced reconnaissance. " To this he re- luctantly gave consent," says Longstreet. With this repeated urgency did Lee seek to de- liver assault against Pope's centre and left during the afternoon hours when the battle waxed fierce and fiercer in the woods near Sudley. Six success- ive waves of attack surged against Jackson's left during the day. After 10.30 A.M., additional bri- gades moved forward, but Gregg and Thomas drove them back. At 3 o'clock P.M., another Federal col- umn essayed to break the Confederate line, but Johnson and Starke rushed to aid the brigades of Hill, and a fearful slaughter was visited upon Pope's divisions. After 5 P.M. were the divisions of Kearney and Stevens massed for a final assault. During ten hours of almost continuous battle against an increasing foe, the same small Confederate bri- igo Robert E. Lee. [1862 gades held the field. The gallant and modest Gregg now sent this message: " Tell General Hill that my ammunition is exhausted but that I will hold my position with the bayonet." As his Carolinians were forced backward, Thomas's Georgians and Branch's North Carolinians came to their aid. From rock to rock, from tree to tree, they retired, still offering courageous battle. The Virginians under Field and Early, the Georgians under Lawton, and the Louisianians under Hays, rushed to the rescue and turned the Federal tide backward in complete defeat. During a portion of the time, the majority of the Confederates engaged in this strug- gle were without a cartridge. Pope's brigades on this flank were completely shattered. In the centre, Lee defended his position against the power of Rey- nolds by a hot fire from Hood's batteries, and at sunset he turned loose the war-dogs of Hood's divi- sion in a forced reconnaissance against the Federal centre. King was driven back and Hood retained as battle-trophies one heavy gun and three flags. The night of the 2Qth closed down upon the Con- federate army in the position selected at midday. Defeat had been visited upon every assault made by Federal arms. While Pope telegraphed to Wash- ington his claim of victory, Lee awaited the dawning of Saturday, August 30, in the full confidence of driving his foe across Bull Run. With absolute truth it may be asserted that Lee's banner now floated over an army whose fighting qualities have never yet been surpassed on any field of war. Caesar's Tenth Legion and Napoleon's Guard were 1862] Second Manassas. 191 more than matched by the heroes who rested where they had fought, and at any moment were ready to spring to arms to beat back the foe. Pale with hunger and worn with long marching, the Confed- erate soldiers were still practically invincible. The two chief leaders, Lee and Jackson, had inspired their men to trust in the God of battles. As both chieftains closed their eyes that night in slumber, the whispered prayer was yet upon their lips. Along the Confederate line of battle, but chiefly in Jack- son's corps, when night had closed the strife, groups of veterans gathered themselves for united prayer. By the chaplains, or by some ragged soldier, were these midnight devotions led. With the last peti- tion to Heaven, the men betook themselves to their allotted posts ready for the battle of the morrow. Like Bruce's men at Bannockburn, these embattled patriots were ready to give life for home and country : " Upon the spot where they have kneeled, These men will die or win the field." As brilliant as the sun of Austerlitz arose the sun of the Second Manassas, August 30, 1862. Lee stood defiant near the Warrenton road, one half- mile west of Groveton, within the angle formed by his two wings. Across the rolling country to the left, as far as Sudley Church, the forests and up- lands behind the unfinished railway were held by Jackson's guns and muskets under A. P. Hill, Law- ton, and Starke. Almost at a right angle to this left wing was Lee's right wing, drawn out across the Robert E. Lee. ^862 Warrenton turnpike and across the Manassas rail- road as far as Dawkins's Branch. Behind the heavy forests, Lee had here arrayed the brigades of Long- street under Wilcox, Hood, Kemper, and D. R. Jones. R. H. Anderson's six thousand muskets stood in the roadway as a reserve behind the Con- federate centre. Nearly fifty thousand men stood ready to obey his orders, as Lee measured with his eye the triangular field of war. Eastward along the turnpike which equally divided the battle-terri- tory, he saw the forest and the open ground sepa- rated into ridges and plateaus by the winding tribu- taries of Young's Branch. Behind this screen of trees and hills he could hear the early rumbling of the enemy's gun-carriages. Upon a ridge that marked the angle made by his two converging wings, Lee placed thirty-six guns under S. D. Lee to sweep the plains and the heights in front of Jack- son's line. Strange to record, Pope noticed the absence of Lee's advanced skirmishers of the day before, and conceived the idea that the Confederate army was in full retreat toward the Bull Run Mountain. He therefore ordered his columns " in pursuit " along the Warrenton and Haymarket roads. Porter's corps had been drawn from Dawkins's Branch to Pope's centre and was now thrust forward to lead the Federal advance. The defeat of Cold Harbor was fresh in Porter's memory, and he did not be- lieve in Lee's retreat. Instead of hurrying forward in column, Porter formed his own corps in threefold line of battle ; King's division he arrayed on his right 1862] Second Manassas. 193 in seven lines of attack; the division of Reynolds was to render support at Porter's left. Behind this host under Porter, the corps of Sigel and half the corps of Reno stood ready. In the dense wood that lies east of Groveton, and north of the Warrenton turnpike, Porter stationed this thunderbolt of war for an assault upon Lee's left centre. Against the extreme Confederate left were massed the corps of Heintzelman and half of the two corps of McDowell and Reno. Pope was ready to throw his entire force against Lee's left wing. In two lines of battle stood Jackson's Ironsides ready for the attack. Noonday looked down upon the brigades that were still moving forward to take position under Porter's banner. The early morning had witnessed Heintzelman's advance against the extreme Confed- erate left; A. P. Hill's guns roared defiance, and Ricketts drew back. Against the Confederate cen- tre Reynolds's skirmishers had felt their way, and Federal artillery had volleyed and thundered, but Lee's thirty-six guns visited severe repulse on all such distant advances. At 3 P.M. Porter sounded the signal to charge. Through the dense wood his men pressed forward ; then across the open field, from the Dogan house to the railway cut, rushed Porter's first blue-coated line. The old " Stonewall " division under Starke, and the division of Lawton were first to greet the Federal troops with the leaden messengers of death ; heavy guns from the rearward heights poured their weight of iron upon Porter's brave men. In Starke's immediate front the conflict was fierce and almost hand to hand. 194 Robert E. Lee. [1862 The two Confederate lines were merged into one, and with tenacious grasp held the edge of the rail- road excavation. Two flags waved defiance for thirty minutes within ten paces of each other; men were strewn upon the ground like leaves in autumn. Ammunition failed with a part of Jackson's line, but these men of Virginia and of Louisiana, John- son's and Stafford's brigades, gathered stones from the ground and flung them with deadly effect. Porter's charge was checked by these stone missiles. Through the forest, farther to the Confederate left, stood the lines of Lawton and A. P. Hill engaged in similar fierce conflict. While thus the storm of battle surged and roared, Porter's reserve lines essayed to cross the open field to bring their comrades aid. Now it was that Lee's central battalion of thirty-six guns with enfilading fire, carried death across the treeless plain in front of his left wing. Porter's assault was visibly shaken by these guns. Bayonets, stones, and musket-balls, still preserved an impregnable front along Jackson's line. Longstreet replied to Lee's command to ad- vance by opening an additional artillery fire upon Porter's left rear. These cannon-shot had just be- gun to play when the Federal troops fell back in routed masses from the fire of Jackson and S. D. Lee. " Stonewall's " brigades sprangtothe charge in hot pursuit. Lee's eye had already discerned the crisis of battle, and his order had gone to Long- street to dash upon the Federal left. Longstreet's soldiers themselves anticipated the word of com- mand by moving forward on the run. In this mag- 1862] Second Manassas. 195 nificent charge Lee rode to the front through the storm of shells from the Federal artillery. Longstreet closed in the Confederate right wing with vigour; across the hills he pushed batteries and brigades against the flank of the flying foe. Far in front of the extreme Confederate right, dashed Stuart with his horse artillery. Warren's Federal brigade left a vast tribute of dead and wounded just east of Groveton ; Schenck made gallant defence of the Bald Hill summit, but the Confederates swarmed up in front and flank and the knoll was won. Hood swept the turnpike eastward to the Stone House. Against this tide of Confederate victory, on his left, Pope's reserves made final stand on the Henry Hill. Down-stream for more than a mile Jackson continued to push the Federal rout until darkness fell upon his brigades at the Carter House. Across the Bull Run, between Sudley and Stone Bridge, many Federal reg- iments had rushed in retreat. Darkness upreared a protecting wall about the demoralized Federal brigades, gathered in a mass on the Bull Run bluffs between the Henry and Robinson houses. Long before sunset, the Stone Bridge began to choke with the rush of fugitives; the coming dark ness saw a turbid stream of defeated soldiers rolling back in rout to find refuge behind Franklin's corps approaching from Alexandria. At dusk, Pope sounded the bugle of general retreat and fled in the night to his fortress at Centreville. The field of Saturday claimed from Pope's army nearly twenty thousand men in dead, wounded, and prisoners. Since the first blow delivered by Jackson upon his 196 Robert E. Lee. [1862 rear, the Federal commander had lost thirty thou- sand men and thirty heavy guns, and stores and small arms innumerable. Lee had paid eight thou- sand men for the wondrous victory. Through the rain and mud of the early morn- ing of Sunday (August 31), Lee pushed his horse- men across Bull Run in search of Pope. Frowning upon Stuart from the Centreville heights were the heavy guns of the Federal army. Lee now despatched Jackson by Sudley Ford toward the Little River turnpike with orders to turn the enemy's right and cut off his retreat to Washing- ton. Jackson's men were still eager in spirit, but their feet were battle-weary, and the heavy downpour of rain delayed their progress. Pope was resting in the arms of twenty thousand fresh troops, but when he learned of Jackson's ap- proach he issued orders for a retreat to Fairfax. At the same time he arrayed Reno's corps across the turnpike to fight a rearguard battle ; Heintzel- man gave support to Reno. In the face of a blind- ing storm of rain, Jackson's divisions fell upon this Federal force in the afternoon of Monday, Septem- ber i. In the midst of the rolling thunder and the lightning, bayonets were freely used in the place of firearms that would not fire. Jackson gave Pope a staggering blow, but the darkness checked his ad- vance. Longstreet did not reach the field of Ox Hill in time to take part in the struggle. Lee's consideration for the family of a Federal officer was shown the following day when he sent the body of Kearney from the battle-field to Pope under 1 86 2] Second Manassas. 197 a flag of truce. The night of September 2 found the shattered divisions of Pope's army behind the fortifications at Washington. Lee at Chantilly was giving rest to the hungry veterans, who had out- marched their supply train. The pause gave the Confederates time to discover that they had worn the shoes from their feet in the hot pursuit of Banks, McClellan, and Pope since the days of the previous May and June. In a campaign of about four months, under Lee's guidance, eighty thousand Confederate soldiers had driven two hundred thousand Federal troops beyond the borders of Virginia, with the ex- ception of a small band that still troubled the lower valley. CHAPTER IX. THE CAMPAIGN IN MARYLAND THE CAPTURE OF HARPER'S FERRY SHARPSBURG. 1862. (ENERAL LEE determined to carry the war at once beyond the Potomac River. To President Davis he made the suggestion, September 3, 1862, that this was " the most propitious time since the commencement of the war for the Confederate army to enter Maryland." Concern- ing the difficulties of the movement, he said in the same despatch : " The army is not properly equipped for an invasion of an enemy's territory. It lacks much of the material of war, is feeble in trans- portation, the animals being much reduced, and the men are poorly provided with clothes, and in thousands of instances are destitute of shoes. Still we cannot afford to be idle, and though weaker than our opponents in men and military equipments, must endeavour to harass if we cannot destroy them. I am aware that the movement is attended with much risk, yet I do not consider success impossible, and shall endeavour to guard it from loss." On September 4, without awaiting the reply of 198 1862] The Campaign in Maryland. 199 Davis, Lee turned the head of his column from Leesburg toward Frederick, Maryland. " The only two subjects that give me any uneasiness," he wrote, " are my supplies of ammunition and subsistence." The two divisions of D. H. Hill and McLaws with Hampton's cavalry had marched the entire distance from Richmond, and were once again under Lee's banner. This forced journey on foot had left by the way many wearied men. The fare of green apples and green corn, and the continuous bivouac and battle engaged in by the two corps of Jackson and Longstreet left thousands of other stragglers behind. Clad in fluttering rags and with feet either bare or only half-shod, the depleted Confederate army moved forward in high spirit, with shout and song. They looked like a band of scarecrows. Ministers of the Gospel, college professors, lawyers, merchants, physicians, planters, and farm labourers composed the incomparable battalions who followed Lee. They were without tents, and their torn gar- ments were discoloured with battle-stains. But a word from their great leader could change their noisy, irregular column into a steady line of battle in whose valour and skill an equal number of the choicest veterans of the European armies would find metal more than worthy of their steel. Both shores were made to ring with the melody " Mary- land, My Maryland " as they waded the Potomac. The groves and green fields of Maryland were made vocal with laughter as the gray-jackets marched toward Frederick. Within six months they had de- 200 Robert E. Lee. feated Banks, Milroy, Shields, McClellan, and Pope, and now they were eager for battle in front of Washington. Lee forbade all depredations upon private prop- erty, and ordered his quartermasters to purchase all supplies needed by the army. A general order issued from headquarters announced a Confederate victory in the West, and encouraged the soldiers in the following terms : "Soldiers, press onward! Let' each man feel the responsibility now resting on him to pursue vigorously the success vouchsafed to us by Heaven. Let the armies' of the East and the West vie with each other in discipline, bravery and activity, and our brethren of / our sister States will soon be released from tyranny, and our inde- pendence be established upon 'a sure and abiding basis." On September 8, Lee and his brigades were in camp at Frederick, Maryland. Jackson, Long- street, and Stuart pitched their tents near General Lee in Best's Grove. Lee wrote to President Davis, September 8, suggesting that the Confed- erate Government should propose to the Federal Government " the recognition of our independ- ence." Concerning this proposal, he added, " The rejection of this offer would prove to the country that the responsibility of the continuance of the war does not rest upon us but that the party in power in the United States elect to prosecute it for purposes of their own." On the same day Lee issued this proclamation : " To the people of Maryland : It is right that you should know the purpose that brought the army under my command within the limits of your State, so far as that purpose concerns yourselves. The 1862] The Campaign in Maryland. 201 people of the Confederate States have long watched with the deepest sympathy the wrongs and outrages that have been inflicted upon the citizens of a Commonwealth allied to the States of the South by the strongest social, political and commercial ties. They have seen with profound indignation their sister State deprived of every right, and reduced to the condition of a conquered province. Under the pre- tence of supporting the Constitution, but in violation of its most valuable provisions, your citizens have been arrested and imprisoned upon no charge, and contrary to all forms of law. The faithful and manly protest against this outrage made by the venerable and illus- trious Marylander [Taney], to whom in better days no citizen ap- pealed for right in vain, was treated with scorn and contempt ; the government of your chief city has been usurped by armed strangers ; your legislature has been dissolved by the unlawful arrest of its mem- bers ; freedom of the press and of speech has been suppressed ; words have been declared offences by an arbitrary decree of the Federal Executive, and citizens ordered to be tried by a military com- mission for what they may dare to speak. Believing that the people of Maryland possessed a spirit too lofty to submit to such a Govern- ment, the people of the South have long wished to aid you in throw- ing off this foreign yoke, to enable you again to enjoy the inalienable rights of freemen, and restore independence and sovereignty to your State. In obedience to this wish our army has come among you, and is prepared to assist you with the power of its arms in regaining the rights of which you have been despoiled. " This, citizens of Maryland, is our mission, so far as you are concerned. No constraint upon your free will is intended ; no in- timidation will be allowed within the limits of this army, at least. Marylanders shall once more enjoy their ancient freedom of thought and speech. We know no enemies among you, and will protect all, of every opinion. It is for you to decide your destiny freely and without constraint. This army will respect your choice, whatever it may be ; and while the Southern people will rejoice to welcome you to your natural position among them, they will only welcome you when you come of your own free will." " R. E. LEE, General Commanding." The section of Maryland near Frederick was hos- tile to the Confederacy, and time was not given for 2O2 Robert E. Lt [1862 the men of eastern Maryland to array themselves under Lee's banner. From Washington with a host of nearly ninety thousand men, composed of new and old soldiers, the restored commander McClellan was approaching. In the fortifications about Wash- ington, Banks commanded a garrison of seventy-two thousand five hundred. McClellan rested his left on the Potomac and his right on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, as he slowly pushed forward his line, in convex form, in search of Lee's army. In order to draw McClellan away from his base of supplies, Lee began to withdraw his forces toward Hagers- town, there to offer battle or to threaten Harris- burg and Baltimore. But the Federal troops had not been altogether removed from the Valley of Virginia. At Martinsburg and at Harper's Ferry, a Federal force of over twelve thousand stood on guard over the stores and munitions of war. Lee had already ordered Loring to clear the Kanawha valley and then to advance upon Martinsburg. Winchester he had designated as a depot for Confed- erate supplies and as a rendezvous for the great army of stragglers yet south of the Potomac. PThe Confederate chieftain's plans were now laid for the immediate capture of the forces in and near Harper's Ferry, as preliminary to the massing of his entire army at Hagerstownrj Order 191 was issued from the Frederick headquarters, on September 9, giv- ing direction for the movement of the Confederate brigades the following day. The leading posi- tion was assigned to Jackson. Across the South Mountain and through Sharpsburg he was ordered 1862] The Campaign in Maryland. 203 to lead his command of fourteen brigades. Beyond the Potomac he was directed to seize the Baltimore and Ohio railway, capture the force in Martinsburg, and cut off the way of escape from Harper's Ferry. This movement was to be completed by the morning of Friday, September 12. Behind Jackson, Lee sent McLaws, reinforced by R. H. Anderson. Ten brigades were combined in this band, which was to move from Middletown toward the left and by Friday morning plant heavy guns on Maryland Heights overlooking Harper's Ferry. J. G. Walker, with two brigades, was sent with orders to establish his guns on the Loudoun Heights. Beleaguered thus on every side, it was expected that Harper's Ferry would yield at once to the Confederate guns, and that Friday, September 12, would see these three detachments in motion again toward the main body of the army at Boonsborough or Hagerstown. This main body was made up, in part, of nine brigades under Longstreet, who was moved across South Mountain toward Boonsborough, there to hold watch over the supply trains; the other part was composed of D. H. Hill's five brigades as a rear- guard. Cavalry was assigned to each of the march- ing divisions ; the main body of the horsemen under Stuart made ready to deliver battle against the heads of McClellan's columns. The dawning of September 10 marked the be- ginning of the great game of war. Lee's horse, by a sudden spring, had caused painful injury to his hands, and he rode in an ambulance. The reported advance of a Federal force from Chambersburg in- 204 Robert E. Lee. [1862 duced Lee to move Longstreet as far as Hagers- town. The evening of September 1 1 found him in bivouac there, while D. H. Hill at Boonsborough guarded the upper end of Pleasant Valley. Stuart was as yet east of the South Mountain, holding in check the advance of McClellan. The same evening marked Jackson's bivouac beyond the Potomac; his infantry held the railroad, and the cavalry had drawn the toils about Martinsburg. The morning of Sep- tember 12, the hour appointed by Lee, saw Jack- son in position at Martinsburg with all the Federal troops corralled at Harper's Ferry. Pleasant Valley was the camping-place of McLaws on the night of September 11. He had marched behind Long- street and the ordnance trains as far as Middletown, hence his progress was retarded. Daybreak of Sep- tember 12 saw McLaws advancing to attack the Maryland Heights, but the ledges of rock and dense undergrowth prevented a vigorous assault. Walker's brigades were across the river at Point of Rocks on the morning of the nth. That entire day, they re- mained in camp to rest; the morning of the I3th brought them only to the foot of the Blue Ridge, and the morning of the I4th saw Walker's guns in position on the Loudoun Heights. Lee was engaged in a difficult game on the mili- tary chessboard. At Hagerstown on the I2th he awaited reports concerning Harper's Ferry. In a letter to President Davis, on that day, he expressed anxiety concerning food and clothing for his men. September 13 found him still waiting for news from Walker and McLaws. To the latter he wrote, 1862] The Capture of Harper s Ferry. 205 " Jackson will be at Harper's Ferry by noon to- day." The depletion of the army by straggling now began to oppress Lee, and he sent this message to the President: " Our ranks are very much dimin- ished I fear from a third to one half of the original numbers." The afternoon of Saturday, September 13, brought news of McClellan's rapid approach toward the Boonsborough mountain-pass. The morning of that day had given to McClellan, in Frederick, a copy of Lee's order (No. 191) outlining the cam- paign. Two copies had been sent to D. H. Hill, since Hill had been previously made subject to Jack- son's commands. The copy of the order received by Hill at Frederick and displayed by him after the close of the war was in Jackson's handwriting. The copy sent to Hill directly from Lee's headquarters was left in the camp by a careless subordinate ; a Federal soldier discovered it wrapped about some Confederate cigars. McClellan saw at a glance Lee's entire plan. At once he hastened his main body toward Boonsborough in pursuit of Lee. Franklin's corps was urged toward Crampton's gap to harass McLaws and bring relief to Harper's Ferry. At the close of this day, therefore, Lee was pushing D. H. Hill back again to the defence of his rear, while McLaws was urged to expedite his opera- tions and to join Lee with speed via Sharpsburg. Sunday morning, September 14, as Lee was mov- ing Longstreet's brigades from Hagerstown to Boonsborough, he was greeted with the roaring of heavy guns from the entire eastern and southern 206 Robert E. Lee. [1862 horizon. Upon the mountain's crest near Boons- borough, Hill's five thousand men were wrapped in the smoke of battle ; until the middle of the after- noon they held Fox's Gap against the onset of Reno's corps. At three o'clock the corps of Hooker fell upon Hill's left near Turner's Gap, north of the National road. Eight of Longstreet's brigades, four thousand men, now gave aid to Hill. The battle raged in both gaps until the coming of the darkness, and the nine thousand Confederates continued to hold the mountain-top in the face of twenty-eight thousand Federal soldiers. Six miles to the southward from Turner's Gap, another battle raged that afternoon, in Crampton's Gap. Franklin sent his advance column of eight thousand to drive McLaws's rearguard of twelve hun- dred men from the summit. The hour of darkness brought complete success to the Federal force. Franklin planted his banner on the mountain's crest, and McLaws now seemed to be imprisoned in Pleas- ant Valley. The Sunday afternoon had likewise borne to Lee's ears the sound of guns from the direc- tion of Harper's Ferry, giving indication that this fortress had not yet fallen. So steep and rocky were the sides of the Maryland Heights, that mid-day of the I4th came and passed ere the guns of McLaws were ready to respond to Jackson's signals to begin the battle. The outlook was not cheerful as Lee stood on South Mountain in the gathering darkness of Sep- tember 14. Over half his army, in three separate divisions, was more than a dozen miles away. The 1862] The Capture of Harper s Ferry. 207 two divisions under his own direction were not all in line together, and his position was assailed in front and on both flanks by McClellan's main body. At 8 o'clock in the evening, September 14, Lee wrote this order to McLaws: " The day has gone against us, and the army will go by Sharpsburg and cross the river. It is necessary for you to abandon your position to-night. . . . Your troops you must have in hand to unite with this command which will retire by Sharpsburg." But McLaws bravely held his post and began to array his troops in line across the Pleasant Valley to withstand the advance of Franklin. His guns were ready to open on Harper's Ferry with the dawning of the follow- ing morning. Lee's forces in the South Mountain passes had won a day's time from McClellan, and had thus secured the sucess of the movement against Harper's Ferry, although Lee, as yet, knew it not. At daybreak on the morning of the I5th, Lee stood in the roadway on the crest of the ridge at Sharpsburg, directing his forces to positions on the right and left of the turnpike as they retired from Boonsborough. Noonday brought him a note from Jackson, written at an early morning hour : Through God's blessing, Harper's Ferry and its garrison are to be surrendered." Not until the re- ceipt of this news, with the additional knowledge that " Stonewall " was making all speed to join him, did Lee determine to stand and give battle at Sharps- burg. At 2 P.M. of the 1 5th, the advanced troopers of McClellan's great host were watering their horses in the Antietam Creek, and Lee was posting 208 Robert . Lee. [1862 his twelve thousand with their batteries on the Sharpsburg hills. In deciding to stand and deliver battle, with his divisions still widely separated, Lee was passing almost beyond precedent in the matter of courageous daring. With cautious step and slow, McClellan came across the South Mountain into the Antietam valley. Signal flags were waving throughout the day from remote summits; the Federal cavalry snuffed at Lee's banners from afar, and McClellan's long- range guns began to creep into position on the bluffs east of the Antietam, and there exchanged greetings with the Confederate cannon. McClellan was bring- ing forward in his main column about sixty thousand men. Franklin and Couch, with twenty thousand men, he had left in Pleasant Valley confronting Mc- Laws's line of battle. Franklin spent this beautiful Monday in reconnoitring the position of McLaws and in sending despatches to McClellan to the effect that the Confederate force there, only six thousand in fact, outnumbered his own Federal troops " two to one"! McClellan passed away the morning hours in his rearguard bivouac, sending telegrams to Washington made up of such alliterative phrases as " routed rebels," " perfect panic," and " flying foe!" McClellan's foeman stood defiant all that day at Sharpsburg with his meagre line of troops, only about twelve thousand men of every arm. Lee well knew that his other divisions were soon to reach him. Already Jackson was in full march from Harper's Ferry. " Stonewall " had not paused to feast his eyes on the captive garrison and the 1862] Sharpsburg. 209 seventy-three heavy guns and other spoil of war left in charge of A. P. Hill. His footsore veterans were on the march before the surrender was com- pleted. A brief respite on the way gave time to cook and eat, and then a forced march during a part of the night brought Jackson with six thousand men to Lee's bivouac at an early hour on September 16. J. G. Walker's thirty-two hundred men came just behind " Stonewall." Lee stood in the Boons- borough roadway, on the hill-top at Sharpsburg as Jackson and Walker approached. There was joy in the face of the Confederate chieftain as he gave cordial greeting and congratulation to his lieuten- ants. Complete confidence now marked Lee's words and actions when Jackson stood with him once again. Walker thus refers to Lee at this hour: " Anxious enough no doubt, he was ; but there was nothing in his look or manner to indicate it. On the contrary, he was calm, digni- fied and even cheerful. If he had had a well-equipped army of a hundred thousand veterans at his back, he could not have appeared more composed and confident. On shaking hands with us, he simply expressed his satisfaction with the result of our operations at Har- per's Ferry, and with our timely arrival at Sharpsburg ; adding that with our reinforcement, he felt confident of being able to hold his ground until the arrival of the divisions of R. H. Anderson, McLaws and A. P. Hill." To President Davis on the same day, Lee referred in the following terms to the result of the campaign : " This victory of the indomitable Jackson and his troops gives us renewed occasion for gratitude to Almighty God for His guidance and protection." September 16 brought McClellan to the front 2io Robert E. Lee. [1862 at Keedysville. As he peered through the heavy fog and saw the men in gray jackets on the Sharps- burg ridges, the tone of his despatches was changed from that of the day before, and he sent messages concerning Lee's " strong force," and " strong posi- tion." Most of the day he spent in arranging his troops for the attack. The afternoon marked the advance of Hooker's corps across the upper Antie- tam against the left flank of the Confederate line of battle. The corps of Mansfield also moved across the creek to give support to Hooker. Lee's army now stood on the defensive along the ridges between Sharpsburg and the Antietam Creek. During the battle, the Confederate chieftain took his station for the most part upon a ledge of rock near the right-hand side of the Boonsborough road. This rock, recently demolished by the Federal Gov- ernment, was within the limits of the present Fed- eral cemetery on the summit of the hill. At first he placed his men to defend the direct approaches from the Boonsborough bridge in front and from the Burnside bridge to -the right. The entire right wing of his line of battle under Longstreet extended from the turnpike about one mile to the southward where a cluster of heavy guns faced the Antietam on a bold spur below the Burnside crossing. The left wing of the Confederate line, extending north- ward from this turnpike, consisted of D. H. Hill's five brigades and Hood's two brigades, on Hill's left. Hood was posted in the woods west of the Dunkard Church to defend the approach offered by the Hagerstown turnpike. The advance of Hooker 1862] Sharpsburg. 2 1 1 across the Williamsport bridge, far up the Antietam, was reported by the cavalry to Lee in Sharpsburg. He was in council over a map in an old house with Jackson and Longstreet. At once Jackson was sent forward late in the afternoon of the i6th, to rule the entire battle of the left wing. When Jackson stood in the roadway at the Dunk- ard Church, he was in the central field of the ap- proaching conflict. A broad plateau with rolling surface was spread out for some distance on every side. Behind Jackson to the southward ran the Hagerstown turnpike along the summit of the ridge ; and just one mile from the Church this road reached Sharpsburg. To the northward from the Church, through the midst of the rolling plateau, ran this same Hagerstown road. On the western side of the roadway stood a forest of oaks, known in this battle as the West Wood. At the Church this forest skirted the turnpike, but two hundred yards north- ward the woods fell away to leave room for a grass- field at the roadway's edge. On the eastern side of the turnpike, and north of the Church, the central space was held by a large field of ripening corn, skirted by broad grass-plots. These fields had as a common eastern boundary an irregular forest, known as the East Wood. The two tracts of forest, the West Wood and the East Wood, with the corn and grass lands lying between them, were to witness the most formidable blows of McClellan in his vain attempt to drive Lee from the hills of Sharpsburg. At 5 P.M., on September 16, Jackson arrayed his line of muskets facing northward, across the 212 Robert E. Lee. [1862 turnpike, seven hundred yards beyond the Dunkard Church. In the cornfield on the eastern side of the turnpike were the brigades of Hood and Law, seven- teen hundred muskets. Howitzers were posted in the open ground, and Law's right was advanced to the East Wood. Across the open field, behind a group of stacks on the western side of the turnpike, with its left in the West Wood, stood the Stonewall division under J. R. Jones. These sixteen hundred muskets were arrayed in two lines of battle, with Poague's battery on a knoll in front. Early's brigade in the West Wood gave strength to the left flank, while the brigade of Hays stood behind Early. The brigades of Lawton and Trimble went into bivouac in the woods around the Church. A com- manding hill, beyond the West Wood to Jackson's left, was crowned by Stuart's artillery, while the horsemen hovered about the flank. The sunset rays were gleaming upon Hooker's muskets as his corps advanced along the ridge southward against Jackson. A Federal battery ran forward and at the distance of five hundred yards opened fire on Jackson's left; but Poague silenced the guns in twenty minutes. Hooker's skirmishers advanced into the East Wood, where Law's veter- ans grappled with them and drove them back to the edge of the forest. Darkness fell, and both contest- ants rested on the field to await the coming of the dawn. For three days the brigades of Hood and Law had not tasted bread; they had subsisted on green corn .with only a " half ration of beef for one day." Under cover of night they were with- 1862] Sharpsburg. 213 drawn to the West Wood to prepare food ; the brigades of Lawton and Trimble took their place. Lee could now discern McClellan's plan to over- whelm the Confederate left. Hooker's advance was only the prelude to the assault of the three corps of Hooker, Mansfield, and Sumner, a com- bined force of forty thousand men. If an advantage should be gained by these against Jackson's end of the line, McClellan proposed then to throw Burnside across the stream with thirteen thousand men against Longstreet's wing; this blow was to be followed, later, by the attack of Porter and Franklin with twenty-five thousand muskets against the Confeder- ate centre. Long-range guns were planted on the eastern bluffs of the Antietam to command the entire Confederate line of battle. McClellan re- vealed his plan to assault Lee's right by making Burnside's corps approach the lower bridge on the afternoon of the i6th. The steep, wooded bank at the western end of this bridge was occupied by Toombs with about six hundred Georgian muskets. Lee ordered J. G. Walker to move his thirty -two hundred men at dawn of the i/th to the hill's crest in the rear of Toombs. At the close of the i6th, Lee had nearly twenty-five thousand men of all arms to withstand McClellan's eighty-seven thousand; he sent urgent messages to McLaws, Anderson, and A. P. Hill to hasten forward their ten thousand. With mutual confidence in each other and with grim de- termination, Lee and his hungry band made ready to hold the position. As early as 3 o'clock on the morning of Sep- 214 Robert E. Lee. [1862 tember 17, skirmishing began in the East Wood. Hooker pushed his corps of twelve thousand five hundred infantrymen against Jackson's front line of thirty-five hundred, and at 5.30 A.M., Shumaker's six Confederate batteries began the harvest of death. Meade commanded Hooker's central divi- sion ; on his right Doubleday swept down both sides of the Hagerstown turnpike, and Ricketts gave sup- port to Meade's left and rear. This force was sup- ported by a battery of thirty guns posted on the hills near the turnpike in their rear and by the enfilading fire of twenty rifled guns beyond the An- tietam. Fierce reply was roared by Jackson's cannon in the centre, by Stuart from the Nicode- mus hill, and by S. D. Lee's twenty-six guns near the Church. In the East Wood and the contiguous cornfield, Lawton's men fought long and well in opposition to Meade and Ricketts. West of the turnpike the Stonewall division was forced back into the woods; Jones was wounded, and Starke fell dead as the battle swayed to and fro, but Grigsby rallied the men forward and Doubleday was repulsed. The left of Jackson's line thus remained firm. Against Lawton's right flank came Ricketts through the East Wood facing westward. Into the awful storm of fire that made the eastern cornfield a place of blood, rushed the brigade of Hays, five hundred and fifty muskets. Stubbornly the Confederates fought for every inch of ground ; slowly they fell back from the field heaped with dead. With a wild yell, Hood's brigades rushed forward from the Church to stay the tide of Federal advance. Their 1862} Sharpsburg. 2 1 5 breakfast was left uncooked by the campfires; in the midst of the corn their weight was thrown against Hooker. The wounded Lawton was borne out as Hood entered. On Hood's right three of D. H. Hill's brigades advanced from the Confeder- ate centre and fell upon the flank of Ricketts near the Mumma house. Little resistance was made by Hooker's broken corps to this fresh onset ; his bri- gades had been torn into fragments, and nearly one fourth of his men lay prostrate on the field. Hook- er's shattered regiments found shelter with the Federal guns and with Mansfield's corps in the rear. One-half of Jackson's first line of battle lay in long rows upon the field, but he still stood defiantly awaiting the second Federal assault. During the night Mansfield had led the old corps of Banks across the Keedysville bridge and en- camped near J. Poffenberger's, a mile in Hooker's rear. At 7.30 A.M., three hours after the beginning of Hooker's battle, Mansfield's two divisions came upon the field, resting their right on the turnpike at Miller's, while their left was extended through the East Wood. In the wood and in the cornfield again did carnage reign. Hood's eighteen hundred and the eighteen hundred of Ripley, Colquitt, and Garland stood face to face with the fresh Federal force of seven thousand muskets. Mansfield fell in the be- ginning of the assault, and Williams took the baton. Hooker's troops had nearly all vanished from the plateau ; his captains could not assemble as many as three hundred men of the First corps. The Twelfth corps had to face alone the awful crash of musketry 216 Robert E. Lee. [1352 that met them from the Confederate line. Greene's division began to swing around on the Federal left and advanced in a westward course past the Mumma house toward the Church ; and from thence across the turnpike into the edge of the West Wood Greene forced his troops. The Stonewall division and Stuart's guns paralysed the forward movement of the Federal right, and it did not cross the road- way. The Twelfth corps was held in check, for the Federal troops had been fought until they were finished. The corn in the eastern field was cut as with a knife, and the dead and wounded lay there in long heaps. Jackson's corps had been forced back with the loss of half its numbers, but it was posted now in a strong fortress. The ledges of rock, the trees and fences of the West Wood offered shelter to his wearied heroes, and there they still presented an unshaken front. With seventy-six hundred muskets thus far in action, Jackson had met the successive onslaughts of nineteen thousand five hundred Federal infantry. He had cut in pieces the two corps of Hooker and Mansfield, and had driven the survivors as stragglers from the field with the exception of Greene's division. Grigsby and Stafford with only three hundred men of the Stone- wall division retired from rock to rock, and still held the northern end of the West Wood, near Miller's house. Early's brigade of one thousand faced eastward in the central portion of the wood. Stuart brought his guns to a hill-top nearer Jackson's line. From early dawn Lee had watched the battle 1862] Sharpsburg. 2 1 7 around the Church. At the same time he kept an eye on Burnside at the lower bridge. Along the Sharpsburg ridge Lee had eighty heavy guns in action against McClellan's batteries beyond the An- tietam. The sky was obscured by the smoke of cannon and bursting shells. The shouting of the captains, the fierce yells of the Confederates, and the sharp rattle of musketry made a pandemonium of that Sharpsburg plateau. Lee stood alert on his rock of observation, and prepared a counterstroke against McClellan by hastening Walker, McLaws, and a part of R. H. Anderson's division to the aid of Jackson. Since early morning McLaws and And- erson had been giving rest, near Sharpsburg, to their brigades, wearied by the night march from Maryland Heights. The hour of 8.30 A.M. brought the head of Sumner's corps of eighteen thousand men across the Antietam into the East Wood. Sedgwick's division followed Sumner himself across the scene of the morning's carnage. Sumner's spirit was not cheered by the sight of many unwounded Federal soldiers assisting wounded comrades to the rear. This game of generosity was here played by Mansfield's men in their desire to escape from the Confederate front. Complete silence reigned on Jackson's field. Hooker's corps had disappeared; Greene's men in the edge of the West Wood were incapable of further effort ; Jackson was forming his line for an advance. In three deployed brigades, Sumner's division of six thousand soldiers stood in the East Wood facing the bloody cornfield. The 218 Robert E. Lee. [1862 three lines moved westward toward the Hagerstown road, and then directly across the turnpike into the open field north of the Church. As Sumner moved his brigades toward the West Wood, Stuart's guns poured in a torrent of shells, and Jackson's batteries raked his lines with canister. Immediately in Sum- ner's front stood the gallant Grigsby and his three hundred. All honour to these noble sons of Vir- ginia. With the courage of lions they fought behind the ledges of rock and kept back the progress of Sumner's division until Lee and Jackson could set the battle in array for his annihilation. Hood's division at the Church was wrecked, and Hood sent S. D. Lee to tell the chief-commander that unless reinforcements were sent at once, the day was lost. S. D. Lee met General Lee approaching on horse- back with one orderly, half-way between Sharpsburg and the Dunkard Church. Lee's wounded hand was in a sling, and the orderly was leading his horse, Traveller. Hood's message was delivered. General Lee quietly replied: " Don't be excited about it, Colonel; go tell General Hood to hold his ground ; reinforcements are now rapidly approach- ing between Sharpsburg and the ford. Tell him that I am now coming to his support." A moment later General Lee pointed to McLaws's division then in sight and approaching at a double-quick. Jackson sent Early's brigade through the West Wood south of the Church, and drove the greater part of Greene's command across the turnpike. As Early turned toward the north at the Church, he found himself on Sumner's left flank. Into the fight 1862] Sharpsburg. 219 against Sumner rushed a new thunderbolt of war. Grigsby and Early were made strong by sixty-five hundred muskets under McLaws, G. T. Anderson, and Walker. A volcano of fire leaped from behind the rocks and oak-trees of the West Wood. Against Sumner's front, left flank, and rear the fierce Con- federates, eight thousand strong, poured their vol- leys. Sumner's six thousand were in the field west of the turnpike. Nearly two thousand Federal soldiers fell where they stood. Sumner attempted to face his third line, the Philadelphia brigade, to meet the fire from the rear, " but the line," says Sumner, " moved off in a body to the right in spite of all the efforts that could be made to stop it." Sumner's biographer declares that this officer be- came " panic-stricken," and eagerly moved out along the turnpike to the northward with the frag- ments of his first and second lines to seek refuge with the Federal batteries. McLaws had come too late to swing around against the Federal right, and thus did Sumner escape destruction. The pillar of stone recently erected in this field to the Philadelphia brigade, marks the storm-centre of " Stonewall's " whirlwind of fire that sent panic into the hearts of the brigade, and terrorised their corps-commander. As this division melted away from Jackson's front, at 9.15 A.M., French's division of Sumner's corps, between five and six thousand strong, was advanc- ing to assault the Confederate left centre. French came up the hill in Sedgwick's rear, but at the East Wood he turned to the left and marched southward against D. H. Hill. The Bloody Lane leaves the 220 Robert E. Lee. (\&62 Hagerstown road just south of the Dunkard Church, and pursues a zigzag course in six directions toward the Boonsborough road. From the field near Rou- lette's house, D. H. Hill had sent the three brigades already mentioned against the left flank of Hooker and Mansfield. When Hill drew back from Sumner's advance he posted Rodes and Colquitt in the lane between the Hagerstown road and the Clipp gateway; to the right of Rodes he arrayed G. B. Anderson in the sunken lane as far as the hill-top at the second turning. Fifteen hundred muskets and a park of artillery made up this defensive band; from Hill's left to the West Wood stood fifteen hundred more from the commands of McLaws and Walker. Hill's wings formed a right angle with each other at the junction of the lane and the turnpike. Into this tri- angular ambuscade, advancing between the houses of Mumma and Roulette, came French's front brigade. Down upon the right flank of French rushed Hill's left wing from the Hagerstown road; their " sudden and terrible fire " sent French's men reeling backward in flight with heavy loss. French sent his next line to assail Anderson in the second portion of the lane, but the musketry of Rodes and Anderson hurled the entire division of French back- ward behind the crest of the hill. French's brigades were shattered, and one-third of his men lay pros- trate. Richardson's division of Sumner's corps, six thousand strong, approached Hill's right, along the ridge's crest, at the second angle of the lane; at the same hour, eleven o'clock, came thirty-five hun- 1862] Sharpsburg. 221 dred men of R. H. Anderson's division to Hill's aid. Lee was keeping watch over his centre, and it was he who hastened this reinforcement through the fields near the Piper house. Richardson secured an enfilade fire upon the Confederate line in the sunken road near Clipp's house. R. H. Anderson's bri- gades failed to check Richardson and were put to flight. Rodes was flanked, and Hill's entire line was forced back to the Piper house. The gallant Hill brought up batteries, rallied his broken line, and thrust Richardson back again toward the lane. While Richardson wrestled with Hill at the hour of noon, Franklin's corps clambered to the plateau. Franklin thought to try his fortune in Jackson's field, where an artillery battle was still in progress. He filled the woods about Miller's house with Han- cock's men, and advanced Irwin's brigade in a charge against the West Wood at the Dunkard Church. But the crash of Jackson's musketry sent Irwin scampering back. Lee from his post on the central summit still kept watch over the battle of his left and centre. As Richardson urged his men against Hill, Lee sent swift message to Jackson to make assault against the Federal right flank. Orders were also sent to Walker to charge upon the line in front of the Church. Jackson was ready to move upon the instant ; Stuart's guns were thrown out to test the Federal batteries, and Stuart attempted to lead his cavalry up the bank of the Potomac to turn the Federal line. Mc- Clellan's guns commanded this entire region as far as the Potomac, and the movement could not be 222 Robert E. Lee. made. But the left wing and centre of Lee's army at one o'clock stood with defiance ready to defend the line of the Hagerstown road. McClellan feared to assail again the grim gray-jackets, lest he should lose the entire field. Since early morning at the lower bridge the six hundred Georgians under Toombs had inspired cau- tion in Burnside's corps. Longstreet's guns spent their fire in support of Toombs. In a narrow wood above the margin of the Antietam these riflemen were stationed. The steep bluff was like a fortress, for it commanded the bridge and all its approaches. With great gallantry, Sturgis led his Federal division upon the bridge. A heavy cannonade lent aid to his bayonet charge. All in vain. The storm of bullets from the sheltered Georgians kept back the Federal advance during four hours of fierce battle. Cool and determined were the six hundred, as they drove back four separate storming parties. Rod- man's division sought a ford below the bridge; Toombs was assailed in flank, and at one o'clock Burnside's corps crossed the bridge. Sturgis's division had spent its strength at the bridge and dropped behind. An hour was consumed in array- ing the corps for the advance against Lee's right wing. In spite of the approach of this formidable force, Lee was then ordering Jackson to assault the Federal right. Couriers brought to Lee news of A. P. Hill's rapid approach from Harper's Ferry. Up the steep ascent Burnside continued to advance. A Confederate battery became his spoil, and D. R. Jones's division was broken and driven back to 1862] Sharpsburg. 223 Sharpsburg. Three o'clock marked the full tide of Burnside's success against Longstreet, for Long- street had only two thousand to set in array against twelve thousand. But that hour brought A. P. Hill from the Boteler ford against Burnside's left flank. His thirty-four hundred men had marched seventeen miles in seven hours. Like a clap of thunder they now burst upon the Federal brigades. A circle of Confederate artillery fire crowned the crest of the hill and poured its storm upon the masses of the Federal troops ; one-fifth of the latter were disabled. They could only break in flight to seek the shelter of their guns beyond the Antietam. Against the actual assaults of about sixty thou- sand Federal soldiers, courageously and boldly de- livered, Lee maintained his position in open, pitched battle with only thirty-five thousand men. This small band of Confederates was weary from long marches and their only food during the day was plucked from the apple-trees that stood in the field of battle. More than twenty-five thousand addi- tional Federal soldiers by their presence on the field gave moral support to McClellan's attacks. McClel- lan's battle was a failure; he was defeated with heavy loss in every movement. The Confederate soldiers out-fought the Federal troops in fair conflict. Four of McClellan's corps were shattered, and the fragments deserted the scene of strife ; they could not be collected for a renewal of the fight. Both armies suffered vast losses. Eight thousand Con- federates, one-fourth of Lee's army, lay upon the field ; many regiments, and even brigades, had well- 224 Robert. E Lee. [1862 nigh disappeared. McClellan's loss was about twelve thousand five hundred. The survivors on both sides sank down to rest where they had fought, amid the after horrors of the bloodiest field of the entire war. Lee still held the line of the Hagerstown turnpike, and even yet the unconquerable Confederate soldiers were ready for battle. An hour after nightfall, ac- cording to the statement of S. D. Lee, General Lee summoned his chief officers to meet him on the roadway leading toward the Potomac. In quiet tone he asked each one as he came up, " General, how is it on your part of the line ? " " As bad as bad can be," said Longstreet. " My division is cut to pieces," replied D. H. Hill. " The greatest odds I have ever met . . . losses terrible," was Jack- son's quiet response. Hood displayed great emo- tion, seemed completely unmanned, and declared that he had no division. General Lee with un- wonted excitement exclaimed, " Great God! Gen- eral Hood, where is your splendid division you had this morning?" Hood replied, " They are lying on the field where you sent them." All of these officers, says S. D. Lee, suggested that General Lee should cross the Potomac before daylight. After an awful silence, Lee rising more erect in his stirrups, said: " Gentlemen, we will not cross the Potomac to-night. You will go to your respective com- mands, strengthen your lines; send two officers from each brigade towards the ford to collect your strag- glers and get them up. Many others have come up. I have had the proper steps taken to collect all the 1862] Sharpsburg. 225 men who are in the rear. If McClellan wants to fight in the morning, I will give him battle again. Go!" S. D. Lee, watching the group disperse, thought that he read in their countenances, " This is a rash conclusion, and we fear the Army of Northern Virginia is taking a great risk." The moon came up over the mountains to cast her glow on the field where the dead, the dying, and the wearied were in bivouac in that place of unspeak- able suffering. About five thousand Confederate stragglers came up during the night. The morning dawned upon the two lines face to face at short range with shotted guns in readiness. Both stood on the defensive. Silence reigned upon the long ridge. Not a gun was fired. Lee's spirit of com- bativeness became more and more aroused. He de- termined to attack the passive McClellan by sending Jackson and Stuart around the Federal right. He ordered Jackson to establish fifty heavy guns under S. D. Lee and crush the Federal batteries north of the Dunkard Church. When Jackson, Stuart, and S. D. Lee reported McClellan's right flank as impregnable, a shade of disappointment passed over General Lee's face, and he gave up the plan of assault. The afternoon of September 18 brought news to Lee that Humphreys and Couch were advancing to support McClellan, and that the Pennsylvania militia was ready to swarm into Maryland. Under cover of the dense darkness, in good order, Lee crossed the Potomac into Virginia, and left not a waggon nor a gun behind him. He sent Stuart to the northern bank of the Potomac at Williamsport 226 Robert E. Lee. [1862 to assail McClellan's rear. McClellan raised not a hand to molest the march of the Confederates, for he did not discover their absence until the morning of September 19. Three Federal brigades crossed the Potomac in pursuit, and laid their hands on four Confederate guns. But they immediately suffered serious disaster from the division of A. P. Hill under the direction of Jackson. McClellan dared not at- tack Lee in Virginia, for the Federal army was de- spondent, and was daily growing weaker from straggling and desertion. The Potomac now held the two armies apart for a season of rest. Mc- Clellan began to demand more troops, and Lee began to besiege the authorities in Richmond for supplies of shoes for the army. To the anxious wife he sent this message soon after the battle : " I have not laid eyes on Rob since I saw him in the battle of Sharpsburg going in with a single gun of his battery for the second time after his company had been withdrawn, in consequence of three of its guns having been disabled. Custis has seen him, and says he is very well and apparently happy and content. My hands are im- proving slowly, and with my left hand I am able to dress and undress myself, which is a great comfort. My right is becoming of some assistance, too, though it is still swollen and sometimes painful. The bandages have been removed. I am now able to sign my name. It has been six weeks to-day since I was injured, and I have at last discarded the sling." Upon the field of Sharpsburg, Lee had held his position until he forced McClellan to stand on the defensive. As to the campaign of invasion, Lee's fears concerning the lack of equipments had been 1862] Sharpsburg. 227 realised. The movement was not successful because Lee's army was depleted by the failure of barefooted thousands to march with him into Maryland. From his headquarters near Winchester, October 2, 1862, Lee issued the following address to his soldiers: " In reviewing the achievements of the army during the present campaign, the commanding general cannot withhold the expression of his admiration of the indomitable courage it has displayed in bat- tle and its cheerful endurance of privation and hardship on the march. Since your great victories around Richmond, you have defeated the enemy at Cedar Mountain, expelled him from the Rappahannock, and after a conflict of three days, utterly repulsed him on the plains of Manassas, and forced him to take shelter within the fortifications around his Capital. Without halting for repose you crossed the Potomac, stormed the heights of Harper's Ferry, made prisoners of more than 11,000 men and captured upward of seventy-five pieces of artillery, all their small-arms, and other munitions of war. While one corps of the army was thus engaged, the other insured its success by arresting at Boonsborough the combined armies of the enemy, ad- vancing under their favourite general to the relief of their beleaguered comrades. On the field of Sharpsburg, with less than one-third his numbers, you resisted from daylight until dark the whole army of the enemy, and repulsed every attack along his entire front of more than four miles in extent. The whole of the following day you stood pre- pared to resume the conflict on the same ground, and retired next morning without molestation across the Potomac. Two attempts subsequently made by the enemy to follow you across the river have resulted in his complete discomfiture and being driven back with loss. Achievements such as these demanded much valour and patriot- ism. History records few examples of greater fortitude and endur- ance than this army has exhibited, and I am commissioned by the President to thank you in the name of the Confederate States for the undying fame you have won for their arms. Much as you have done, much more remains to be accomplished. The enemy again threatens with invasion, and to your tried valour and patriotism the country looks with confidence for deliverance and safety. Your past exploits give assurance that this confidence is not misplaced." 228 Robert E. Lee. [1862 On the same day, Lee wrote thus of himself in response to a communication from President Davis : " I wish I felt that I deserved the confidence you express in me. I am only conscious of an earnest desire to advance the interests of the country and of my inability to accomplish my wishes. The brave men of this army fully deserve your thanks, and I will take pleasure in communicating them." CHAPTER X. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF FREDERICKS- BURG. 1862. Y the waters of the Opequon in the lower Shenandoah Valley, the Army of Northern Virginia enkindled its campfires in September, 1862. The mellow autumn days brought rest and health, and the harvest-fields furnished bread. But the marching and fighting of the summer had left the men in rags, and now upon the bare earth they bivouacked, without shelter, awaiting a supply of shoes and blankets. The Commander-in-chief dwelt among his soldiers in a plain pole-tent. So thickly strewn with boulders was the ground about head- quarters that horsemen found difficulty in mak- ing their approach. A farm-house stood near and offered shelter, but Lee's general orders for- bade interference with private property, and this rule he first followed himself by sleeping under the thin canvas. No guard was on duty near his per- son ; everything was arranged with neatness, but 229 230 Robert E. Lee. use 2 with the utmost simplicity. A small army-chest contained his entire private equipment of pewter plates, forks and spoons. A simple suit of plain grey cloth formed the outward apparel of the grave, courtly Virginian. Upon his person were displayed none of the insignia of rank except three stars upon each side of the collar of his coat. The grey slouch hat was in keeping with the unassuming dignity of the man. The hair was silvered ; the lines in the brow were becoming deeper, but in the eye there was an intense glow which spake of the fire that slumbered within. The strong temper of a Wash- ington was held under bit and curb. In moments when the patience was tried, the veins in Lee's temples would swell, the neck would twitch ner- vously, and a deep flush would crimson the forehead, to show that the will to control was stronger than the hidden passion. One of Lee's aides, W. H. Taylor, relates this incident : " He had a great dislike to reviewing army communications ; this was so thoroughly appreciated by me that I would never present a paper for his action unless it was of decided importance and of a nature to demand his judgment and decision. On one occasion, when an audience had not been asked of him for several days, it be- came necessary to have one. The few papers requiring his action were submitted. He was not in a very pleasant humour ; something irritated him, and he manifested his ill humour by a little nervous twist or jerk of the neck and head peculiar to himself, accompanied by some harshness of manner. This was perceived by me, and I hastily concluded that my efforts to save him annoyance were not appreciated. In disposing of some cases of a vexatious character matters reached a climax ; he became really worried, and, forgetting what was due to my superior, I petulantly threw the paper down at my side and gave evident signs of anger. Then in a perfectly calm 1862] Fredericksburg. 231 and measured tone of voice, he said, ' Colonel Taylor, when I lose my temper don't you let it make you angry." " While encamped near Winchester, Lee received a visit from Colonel Garnet Wolseley and other English officers. One of these has recorded the following account of Lee at this time : " Every one who approaches him does so with marked respect ; although there is none of that bowing and flourishing of forage-caps which occurs in the presence of European generals ; and while all honour him and place implicit faith in his courage and ability, those with whom he is most intimate feel for him the affection of sons to a father. Old General Scott was correct in saying that when Lee joined the Southern cause it was worth as much as the accession of twenty thousand men to the ' rebels.' Since then every injury that it was possible to inflict, the Northerners have heaped upon him. Notwithstanding all these personal losses [the pillage of Arlington], however, when speaking of the Yankees he neither evinced any bit- terness of feeling nor gave utterance to a single violent expression, but alluded to many of his former friends and companions among them in the kindest terms. He spoke as a man proud of the victor- ies won by his country, and confident of ultimate success under the blessing of the Almighty, whom he glorified for past successes and whose aid he invoked for all future operations." A half-year's service as Commander in the field had brought Lee face to face with one of the great crises of the war. The prestige of victory was his; inadequate numbers alone prevented him from driving the flag of McClellan from the Maryland Heights and from winning peace beyond the Poto- mac. The zeal of the Northern people was waning ; McClellan's army was growing weaker from deser- tion and straggling, when Mr. Lincoln boldly threw off the mask by proclaiming the emancipation of 232 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Southern slaves as a military measure. In his In- augural Mr. Lincoln declared that he had neither the " lawful right " nor the inclination " to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists." Lee's view of Lincoln's course was thus expressed officially to President Davis : " The military Government of the United States has been so per- fected by the recent proclamation of President Lincoln, which you have no doubt seen, and civil liberty so completely trodden under foot, that I have strong hopes that the conservative portion of that people, unless dead to the feelings of liberty, will rise and depose the party now in power." With complete lack of personal resentment toward any individual in the North the above opinion was set forth, for two days later Lee was asking permis- sion of the Confederate Government to return the Federal officer Kearney's sword and horse to his widow "as an evidence of the sympathy felt for her bereavement and as a testimony of the apprecia- tion of a gallant soldier." All the resources of the South were needed to meet the openly declared war of social reconstruction as well as of conquest announced by the Federal Ad- ministration. Lee gave every energy to the task of calling all the forces of the South into the field. In the midst of these manifold labours, the father's heart was wrung with anguish by the death of a be- loved daughter. The spirit of the man in personal trial shines forth in the message sent to the mourn- ing home-circle: " But God in this, as in all things, has mingled mercy with the blow in selecting that 1862] Fredericksburg. 233 one best prepared to leave us. May you be able to join me in saying, ' His will be done.' ' From Winchester Lee besieged the Richmond authorities with letters asking ammunition and sup- plies of clothing, and urging the Government to re- cruit the army. " The number of barefooted men," he wrote, " is daily increasing, and it pains me to see them limping over the rocky roads." He asked that proper arms be imported from Europe for the cavalry. The stragglers began to flock to their old regiments. From Leesburg alone came ten thousand barefooted veterans, and some new sol- diers marched to the front. The Confederacy had begun already to wrestle with that economic problem which was to overwhelm it in the end. From the army and the country, shoemakers were detailed and set to work that the soldiers might be shod. It soon transpired that blankets were not to be obtained in all the South ; therefore the shivering Confederates all the more sternly resolved to capture them from the enemy. The financial scheme of a paper currency, issued on the credit of the Confederacy, began also to work ruin. The inflation of prices foreboded commercial disaster to the Southern com- monwealths. Shoes were rated at fifty dollars per pair, and salt was sold for one dollar and ten cents a pound. These financial and economic difficulties were greater obstacles in the way of Lee's success than all the Federal armies in the field. Discipline in the Confederate army was tightened, and incapable officers were removed. As corps- commanders over the two wings, Longstreet and 234 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Jackson were appointed at Lee's suggestion. To the President he wrote as follows, concerning the latter: " My opinion of the merits of General Jackson has been greatly enhanced during this expedition. He is true, honest, and brave ; has a single eye to the good of the service, and spares no exertion to accomplish his object." When Lee's eldest son, G. W. C. Lee, brought messages from Richmond, he sought his father's headquarters near the centre of the camp, but found him in bivouac on the flank of the army, among the boulders near Longstreet's quarters. The latter had pitched his dwelling-place in a beautiful, shaded grass-plot. When asked the reason, General Lee replied: " General Longstreet is so slow. I am compelled to encamp near his headquarters, in order to hasten his movements." This practice Lee con- tinued almost throughout the war. It was, no doubt, his high estimate of Longstreet's ability on the immediate field of battle that led Lee to retain him as permanent commander of the First corps. The gallant Stuart kept close watch upon Mc- Clellan. The saddle seemed to be his constant home, and his eye appeared never to sleep along the forty-mile line of pickets that guarded the mouth of the valley. An humble Christian of joyous tem- perament was this bold Virginian knight. To the accompaniment of Sweeney's banjo, he sang merry camp-songs as he rode slowly along. Often he would dash at full speed through the bivouac of the in- fantry, shouting the wild refrain, " Jinethe cavalry." 1862] Fredericksburg. 235 With Stuart on guard at the front, Lee's army was always safe from surprise. One week after Sharpsburg, Lee was sending the suggestion to Loring to press forward from the Kanawha through Morgantown into Pennsylvania, in the hope that a combined movement might be made in that direction. To Davis he wrote, Septem- ber 25 : " In a military point of view, the best move, in my opinion, the army could make would be to advance upon Hagerstown and endea- vour to defeat the enemy at that point. I would not hesitate to make it even with our diminished numbers, did the army exhibit its former temper and condition." The former temper of the soldiery was rapidly restored. Military enthusiasm glowed around the brightening campfires, and to this was added a deep and growing religious sentiment. The Confederate chaplains were untiring in their labours. Each night found eager groups of men gathered in wooded glades, lending earnest attention to the appeals of these men of God. Among the men were often seen Lee and Jackson, with heads bowed reverently in prayer. In many brigades, increasing numbers ac- cepted the Christian faith, and thus began that widespread interest in religion that rendered the Army of Northern Virginia more than the equal of Cromwell's Ironsides in piety and in fighting quali- ties. The opening days of October marked great in- crease in the muster-rolls of the two armies that were keeping watch upon each other across the Potomac. 236 Robert E. Lee. (\B62 Lee was still more than overmatched in numbers by McClellan, but the Confederate General had the strong desire that the Army of the Potomac should be led into the Valley. McClellan showed no dis- position as yet to set his soldiers in battle array. Therefore Lee despatched Stuart with eighteen hun- dred troopers in quest of information concerning Mc- Clellan's plans. Across the river above Williamsport dashed the Confederate cavalry, and October u dawned upon them in Chambersburg. Over the mountain to Cashtown marched Stuart ; thence he moved southward and passed between the Federal army and Washington. Mid-day of October 12 saw the Confederate horsemen on the southern bank of the Potomac eighty miles distant from Chambers- burg, while Pleasanton's troopers were left panting with exhaustion on the Maryland shore at the end of a fruitless chase. This ride of Stuart secured fresh horses for his corps, furnished Lee with in- formation as to McClellan's position, and aroused the Federal Administration. The latter soon stirred McClellan into activity; and he moved the head of his column along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge ; a guard being posted in each gap of the ridge as the army passed it, in order to secure the right flank from surprise. Lee guessed McClellan's object- ive point to be Richmond. Instantly he moved Longstreet's corps eastward across the mountain. November 6, the day of McClellan's arrival in Warrenton, found the Confederate chieftain with Longstreet at Culpeper Court House. McClellan began to reach out from Warrenton toward the upper 1862] Fredericksburg. 237 Rappahannock, but Jackson yet remained in the valley on the Federal flank at the western outlet of the Manassas Gap. Lee's two wings were sixty miles apart ; while McClellan was seeking to strike one of Lee's two lines of communication, Jackson was ready to rush between the Federal army and Washington as in the campaign against Pope. The defence of Richmond, as the chief requisite in any strategic plan, bound fast the hands of Lee. Jackson was eager to spring through the passes of the ridge and fall upon McClellan's flank and rear. Lee was just as eager that such a blow should be delivered, or that Jackson should move into Mary- land and call the Federal force again north of the Potomac. But a strategic manoeuvre was out of the question in the face of the political and economic necessity which Lee felt constrained to set before his lieutenant: " You must keep always in view the probability of an attack upon Richmond from either north or south, when a concentration of forces will become necessary." For the defence of his cannon foundry and central commissary, and in behalf of the sentiment that regards the Capital as the country's citadel, the Confederate leader was forced to give up his vantage-ground in the mountains and to stretch out his thin lines as a shield in front of Richmond. " As long as General Jackson can operate with safety," said Lee, " and secure his retirement west of the Massanutton Mountains, I think it advantageous that he should be in position to threaten the enemy's flank and rear, and thus prevent his advance southward on the east side of the Blue Ridge. General Jackson has been directed 238 Robert E. Lee. [1862 accordingly, and, should the enemy descend into the Valley, General Longstreet will attack his rear and cut off his communications. The enemy, apparently, is so strong in numbers that I think it preferable to attempt to baffle his designs by manoeuvring, rather than to resist his advance by main force. To accomplish the latter without too great risk and loss, would require more than double our present numbers." In order to be able to operate on either side of the Blue Ridge, Lee established two lines for the trans- mission of supplies one through Culpeper and the other through Staunton. His antagonist, McClellan, now commanded one hundred and twenty-five thou- sand men between Manassas and the Rappahannock ; eighty thousand were in the defences of Washing- ton, and twenty-two thousand were near Harper's Ferry. Lee's numbers were short of seventy-two thousand. At Warrenton, McClellan was removed from com- mand, and Burnside entered the military arena with plans for a swift flank movement through Freder- icksburg upon Richmond. On November 15 the Federal advance was pushed toward the lower Rap- pahannock; Stuart's vigilance made known to Lee this movement, and Lee's sagacity was easily equal to the task of divining the Federal plan of campaign. Before Burnside's pontoon bridges could be brought to his army encamped on the Stafford Heights, Lee had thrown Longstreet's corps from Culpeper to Fredericksburg, and on November 22 stood in- trenched upon the heights south of the town, ready to dispute the passage of the Rappahannock. Jack- son left behind him in the Valley the wreckage of 1862] Fredericksburg. 239 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and a wide-spread consternation in the North as to his whereabouts, and in a march of forty-eight hours, pressed through the mountain-passes as far as Orange Court House. Among Lee's last orders at Culpeper was the com- mander's protest against the vice of gambling in the army. " It was not supposed," ran the order, " that a habit so pernicious and demoralising would be formed among men engaged in a cause, of all others, demanding the highest virtue and purest morality in its supporters." One week later at Fredericksburg the great Christian soldier, unmoved by the danger from Burnside's parks of artillery, was stirred by the conduct of the people of Fredericksburg. Without a murmur they yielded their town as a battle-field, and took up their abode in barns and brush-huts. Lee has left on record the following tribute: " His- tory presents no instance of a purer and more unsel- fish patriotism, or a higher spirit of fortitude and courage, than was evidenced by the citizens of Fred- ericksburg." In a letter to his wife, he said: " I tremble for my country when I hear of confidence expressed in me. I know too well my weakness, and that our only hope is in God." Lee had at first resolved to make a stand behind the North Anna River. This policy was also advo- cated by Jackson. But the Richmond authorities were anxious to save Virginia's territory from de- vastation, and Lee acquiesced in the plan of establishing his army on the southern bank of the Rappahannock. Herein we observe the fatal defen- sive policy pursued by the Confederate Administra- 240 Robert E. Lee. [1862 tion. Hitherto, the Federal armies in Virginia had been defeated so near to their base of supplies on the Potomac and the James, that the Confederates could not reach the flank and rear of the routed enemy to accomplish their destruction. In December, 1862, the Confederate Government held the corn crops be- tween the Rappahannock and North Anna rivers to be of more importance than the strategic advantage of luring Burnside as far as the Anna, where a Fed- eral defeat, so far from water communication, would most probably result in the destruction of the Army of the Potomac. Jackson was brought at once from Orange, and D. H. Hill's division was set to watch the lower river at Port Royal; Ewell's division under Early took position at Skinker's Neck; the divisions of A. P. Hill and Taliaferro went into camp near the rail- road in readiness to give support to D. H. Hill or Longstreet. Amid the falling snow of the early December days the Army of Northern Virginia stood ready behind their guns on the hills fringing the plain of Fredericksburg. Nearly three thousand Confederate soldiers were still barefooted ; many were without muskets, and still more destitute of blankets. Yet Lee wrote of his band of seventy-two thousand, that it " was never in better health or in better condition for battle than now." Upon the Stafford Heights stood Burnside's host of one hun- dred and sixteen thousand men and three hundred and fifty heavy guns. Burnside supposed that all of Jackson's corps was at Port Royal, eighteen miles from Fredericksburg. He therefore decided to cross 1862] Fredericksburg. 241 the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, and to move immediately toward Richmond, between the wings of Lee's army. Provisions for twelve days were as- signed to the Federal army as its portion until sup- plies should be drawn in the Confederate Capital! Through the dense fog, at the dawning of De- cember n, two Confederate guns boomed out the signal calling Lee's men to arms. The Federal bridge-builders were advancing to the river's edge to float their pontoons for the passage of Sumner at Fredericksburg and Franklin near the mouth of Deep Run. One hundred and forty-three wide-mouthed guns, planted in a line of three and one half miles, began to roar defiance to the Southern soldiers from the Stafford Heights. Defiance was hurled back by the Mississippi riflemen under Barksdale posted on the southern bank of the Rappahannock. Behind the river-bluffs, in cellars and behind houses, these marksmen were sheltered. Their unerring aim brought down the foremost Federal bridge-makers and drove the rest in panic. Until the middle of the afternoon Barksdale held his dangerous position and thwarted nine different attempts to float the pontoons. At length the great batteries were turned upon the houses and bluffs that gave shelter to Barks- dale's men. Flame and smoke and battle-yell made the river-bank a pandemonium. An assaulting party of infantry under cover of the iron storm moved across in boats, but darkness had come at the hour when Burnside won passage into the town of Fredericksburg. Lee at once sent request to Jackson for aid, and the morning of December 12 16 242 Robert E. Lee. [1862 saw A. P. Hill and Taliaferro moving into position at Longstreet's right. D. H. Hill and Early con- tinued to watch the lower river. Lee supposed that the movement at Fredericksburg was only a feint. The heavy fog of the morning of the I2th veiled the passage at the Deep Run bridges of forty-five thousand five hundred muskets, and one hundred and sixteen guns under Franklin, and of thirty- one thousand under Sumner at Fredericksburg. When the noonday sun shone upon the glittering Federal array. Lee saw Burnside's plan to make direct assault, and at once he called Jackson's re- maining divisions to the field and made ready for battle. During the night D. H. Hill marched eigh- teen miles and took position at the dawn of the I3th. It was in Burnside's thought to surprise Lee by a quick assault against the Confederate right at Hamil- ton's Crossing, three miles below Fredericksburg. But Jackson's swift feet brought his entire corps face to face with Franklin on the early morning of December 13. A. P. Hill's division of ten thou- sand men was drawn up to form Jackson's first and second lines, twenty-six hundred yards in length. Fourteen heavy guns were planted on his right and thirty-three guns on his left, near Deep Run. Stuart pushed his horsemen in advance of Jack- son's right flank. Behind these two lines stood Early and Taliaferro; D. H. Hill was in reserve to the right rear. A. P. Hill's front line was two hun- dred yards in rear of the railroad, along the wooded brow of a slight declivity. The continuity of this front was broken by a marshy jungle, somewhat tri- 1862] Fredericksburg. 243 angular in shape, projecting its wooded face into the plain toward the river. From Deep Run on Jackson's left the divisions of Longstreet held position along the line of hills as far as the Rappahannock above Falmouth. Hood and Pickett held the central field between Deep Run and Hazel Run; R. H. Anderson occupied the extreme left, touching the river, while Ransom and McLaws were posted to defend the salient of Marye's Hill. Like a great fortress this plateau stood in the centre of Lee's left wing, its summit bristling with the guns of the Washington artillery and its flanks guarded by Alexander's guns. The Confederate position was stronger on the left ; on the right there was an open field in front of Jack- son's corps. Burnside ordered Franklin to begin the battle against the Confederate right. Federal reinforce- ments had continued to cross the river. The heavy fog of the morning concealed the deployment of the Federal troops, but the sunshine broke through in the middle of the forenoon and laid bare to the Con- federates the mighty panorama of war. In all the pomp and circumstance of spectacular array, with fluttering flags, polished gun-barrels, and bright- coloured uniforms, fifty-five thousand Federal sol- diers were marching across the plain to attack the corps of Jackson. Lee took his station on a hill near the left centre of his line, since called Lee's Hill. The deep, luminous glow was in the eye of the chieftain as he gave orders, in quiet tone, for the array of battle. Stretching away to 244 Robert E. Lee. ti862 his left he could discern the line of Longstreet, partly fortified, eager for the fight ; but Sumner had not yet thrust his head outside of the town. To Lee's right were Jackson's ragged veterans without fortifications, except the woods in which they lay concealed. Jackson's skirmishers were stationed behind the railroad embankment. Lee and Jackson both manifested eager expectancy as they rode toward Hamilton's Crossing, to watch the first ex- change of blows. Meade came bravely onward toward the railroad, leading forty-five hundred men in threefold line of battle. Far to Jackson's front and right Stuart sent Pelham with one Napoleon gun. Fairly upon the Federal left flank he planted his piece. Straight along Meade's front line Pelham began to fire his solid shot. Five Federal batteries ran out to de- fend the Federal flank and Pelham had to retire, but the advance of Meade's division was checked nearly one hour. During the rest of the day, Doubleday's entire division was kept on guard facing down the Rappahannock to prevent the repetition of the daring gunnery. As Lee watched the effect of the cannon-shot, he is reported to have said to Jackson, " You should have a Pelham on each flank. " At the same time, however, he said that Pelham began his fire too soon, and thus halted Meade too far away from the Confederate line of infantry. Meade moved forward again to the assault after eleven o'clock. Jackson's batteries destroyed his left brigades, and the Federal advance was driven back in dismay before they came within rifle range 1862] Fredericksburg. 245 of the woodland that concealed the Confederate in- fantry. When Lee now saw Jackson's full batteries paralyse Franklin's initial effort, he turned his per- sonal attention to Longstreet's front. At n A.M. Sumner was ready to despatch a division across the open field against Marye's Hill. At that hour a great artillery duel began to belch out the flame and smoke of four hundred guns across the Rappahan- nock valley. One and a half hours these cannon continued to hurl their shell and solid shot while Hooker was hastening two divisions to the aid of Franklin for the grand assault upon Jackson at I P.M., and while Sumner was offering up a vain sacri- fice of blood in front of Longstreet's veterans. Marye's Hill looks down upon the plain at Freder- icksburg that now became a field of blood. Around the base of the hill runs the Telegraph road. This roadway was sunk below the surface of the earth to the depth of four feet, and was bordered on each side by a solid stone wall. A broad rifle-pit was thus furnished to the Confederates at the base of a high plateau crowned with artillery. From hills to the right and the left a cross-fire of heavy guns was directed upon the sloping fields in front. Two thousand riflemen from Georgia and North Carolina under T. R. R. Cobb held the stone wall. The fire of these men, assisted by a line on the brow of the hill and by the artillery, sent havoc into every Fed- eral line of assault. French's division of Sumner's corps advanced from the river along two parallel streets of Fred- ericksburg, and about eleven o'clock looked across 246 Robert E. Lee. the terraced plain toward the Confederate parapet. Over the canal bridges they advanced in two columns. Behind the first embankment near the canal the two columns were swung around into line of battle, and onward they came in brigade front with intervals between the brigades of two hundred yards. A fierce fire from the long-range guns on the Stafford Hills lent support to the assault. The guns from the Marye Hill crest had point-blank range; from Stansbury's Hill and Lee's Hill, a cross-fire of shot and shell was poured upon the brave Federal brigades. Cobb's muskets behind the wall blazed out in a flame of fire, and the Fed- eral lines went down one after another to redden the field with their blood ; twelve hundred men was the tribute of dead and wounded rendered up by French's division. As Hancock's division came on in gallant form, Ransom sent another regiment into the sunken road eager to avenge the fall of the chivalrous Christian, T. R. R. Cobb. With fierce courage Hancock's brigades, in threefold line of battle, faced the smoking cannon of the Marye summit. The riflemen behind the wall reserved their fire until the Federal line was just one hundred paces distant; then the muskets spoke while the Confederates rolled forth their yell of defiance. Two thousand men left prostrate on the field fur- nished evidence to the deadly aim of the Confeder- ate riflemen. Howard's division at one o'clock moved out toward the deadly Confederate guns. Kershaw took command in the sunken road, and two regiments of South Carolinians and one from 1862] Fredericksburg. 247 North Carolina came with him, while the line on the brow of the hill was made stronger. Under their additional fire Howard's lines withered from the field ; nearly seven hundred of his soldiers fell, and Sumner's men could fight no longer in this battle. Nine regiments in the sunken road and seven in reserve on the hill's crest had aided the artillery in visiting ruin upon the Second corps. At one o'clock two great corps d ' armte of sixty thousand men were advancing against Jackson's thirty thousand. Meade and Gibbon came in ad- vance with bristling bayonets supported by the fire of fifty-one guns. They pressed through the gap made by the projecting tongue of marsh and broke A. P. Hill's first line of battle. The gallant Gregg of the second line gave up his life in the attempt to check the Federal tide. Disaster and bloody re- pulse fell to the lot of Meade and Gibbon at the hands of Early and Taliaferro. In confusion and dire disorder the Federal divisions were driven back beyond the railroad, with Trimble's brigade in hot pursuit. Their heavy guns were abandoned on the field. The Sixth Federal corps under Smith had kept respectful distance, and only made a noisy artillery battle against the Confederate centre. About two o'clock Lee was looking upon the flight of Franklin's shattered lines from Jackson's front, and at the same time saw Sturgis's division of the Ninth Federal corps set its face against the Marye Hill. A thousand blue uniforms were soon out- stretched upon the field to tell the story of Sturgis's defeat. 248 Robert E. Lee. [1862 Two o'clock came and passed. The sounds of strife began to die away on the Confederate right where Jackson had given a quietus to Franklin's grand-parade attack. Burnside was just then order- ing Franklin to begin the battle anew, and Franklin was flatly disobeying the command. The latter had lost confidence, he declared, in his soldiers and in Burnside himself. Some of Sumner's men were still crouching under the embankments or hugging the plain in front of Marye's Hill. Lee stood in the midst of his men upon the crest, unmindful of the Federal shells. His presence added inspiration to his gunners, and the fire of enthusiasm leaped from heart to heart as the beloved leader passed in view. Alexander heard him say, " It is well war is so terri- ble or we would grow too fond of it." Against Hooker's advice Burnside pushed the Fifth corps into the field already covered with the wreckage of the Second corps. Sheltered behind dead horses and dead men lay the scattered and ter- rorized Federal musketeers, who could not escape from the presence of the Confederate sharpshooters. Two regiments were brought to the base of the hill and two more to the crest by Ransom to face the advance of Humphreys's division. Alexander's guns now took the place of the Washington artillery on the Marye summit. The spirit of Humphreys was bold, and he pushed his men forward with bay- onets fixed. A sheet of flame again enwrapped the base of Marye's heights, and the Federal soldiers fell like leaves. Human valour was not equal to the task laid upon the Federal regiments. One after 1862] Fredericksburg. 249 another the brigades of Humphreys broke and fled. A storm of death roared from that hill-slope which no organised body of men could face and live. Cool and methodical were the veterans of Kershaw, Ran- som, and Alexander as they visited death and wounds upon one thousand men of this Federal division. Hooker held Sykes in check to cover the retreat of Humphreys, while Griffin's division rushed toward the southern end of the stone wall. Carroll's brigade was followed by one of Getty's in making this battle strong. From five to six o'clock the fighting was terrific ; confusion and death reigned in all the Fed- eral lines of assault. Night settled down upon disaster and disorder in Burnside's right wing. More than thirty thousand men from three different corps had been launched against Longstreet's posi- tion ; seven thousand men of Georgia and the Caro- linas had kept them easily at bay. Not a Federal soldier touched the stone fence, while eight thou- sand eight hundred lay prostrate on the field in front of it. Along the river-bank that night in shelterless bivouac lay the disheartened Federal regiments. Burnside made ready to renew the assault against the Marye heights. But the morning brought the universal opposition of his subordinate officers, and he countermanded the order of battle. He waited quietly until the storm of the night of the I5th gave the Federal army a way of escape, and without further harm they sought the northern bank of the river. Twelve thousand six hundred and fifty -three men Burnside left behind him, as the victims of 250 Robert E. Lee. nee 2 battle. The Confederate casualties were five thou- sand three hundred and nine ; the larger part of this loss was in the corps of Jackson. Into active conflict Burnside had sent more than fifty thousand men ; less than twenty thousand Con- federates drew trigger in hurling them back. No breastworks offered the Confederates shelter along Jackson's front. The fierce valour of " Stonewall's " men was unconquerable. Like the grass before the scythe Franklin's soldiers went down under the Con- federate fire. The ascent was not steep, the field was open, and the Federal lines had great opportun- ity to crush Lee's right. Franklin withheld his men from slaughter after the grand assault of I P.M. Burnside's attacks against Lee's left were made to relieve the pressure against Franklin. The valour and buoyant spirit of the Confederate privates were the chief factors that wrought out the great Con- federate victory along the entire line. Burnside assigned as the reason for his defeat the fact that the " enemy's fire was too hot "! Lee was convinced that the attack would be re- newed on the I4th. Silence had just descended upon the field of strife on the evening of December 13 when Lee sent the order to Jackson to despatch immediately all the ordnance waggons to bring am- munition from Guinea depot. To this order Lee added these words: " I need not remind you to have the ammunition of your men and batteries re- plenished to-night and everything ready by daylight to-morrow. I am truly grateful to the Giver of all victory for having blessed us thus far in our terrible 1862] Fredericksburg. 251 struggle. I pray He may continue it." Long- street affirms that a Federal courier was captured with Burnside's order for renewed battle ; otherwise, Lee might have made a counter assault against the town itself. But the guns on the Stafford hills, and the solid front displayed by Burnside's brigades, ad- monished him that heavy loss would follow a rash advance. Jackson was given permission to make a counterstroke against Franklin. At sunset he ordered all his batteries forward to shatter Franklin's line on the Richmond road. Stuart made a fierce attack against the Federal flank. But the fire from Franklin's one hundred field-guns, and from the bat- teries on the Stafford bluffs, compelled Jackson to abandon the movement. Jackson then desired to make a bayonet charge after nightfall, but Lee deemed this plan hazardous, and it was not at- tempted. Moreover, Lee's ranks were not full enough to justify offensive work; more men were needed, and yet upon the very day of battle there came a call for re-inforcements from his small army to aid in the defence of Wilmington, North Carolina. The different States were continually demanding the defence of all their borders, and thus the Con- federacy was handicapped in the presence of the chief invading army. This constant local demand for soldiers from the chief armies to stand at the threshold of nearly every city and State must, to some extent, vindicate the policy of the dispersion of forces adopted by the Confederate Government. December 16, immediately after Burnside's with- drawal, Lee wrote the following: 252 Robert E. Lee. [1862 " I had supposed they were just preparing for battle, and was saving our men for the conflict. Their hosts crown the hill and plain beyond the river, and their numbers to me are unknown. Still, I felt a confidence we could stand the shock, and was anxious for the blow that is to fall on some point, and was prepared to meet it here. Yesterday evening I had my suspicions that they might return [to the Stafford Heights] during the night, but could not believe they would relinquish their hopes after all their boasting and preparation, and when I say that the latter is equal to the former, you will have some idea of the magnitude. This morning they were all safe on the north side of the Rappahannock. They went as they came in the night. They suffered heavily as far as the battle went, but it did not go far enough to satisfy me." Amid the snows and rains of December the two armies sat down to watch each other across the river. Burnside's men were sheltered in tents and had abundance, but Lee's soldiers were forced to build rude log-huts and booths of tree-branches to protect their nakedness from the biting cold. Man and beast in the Confederate service were placed on short allowance ; yet the fire of enthusiasm was un- quenchable in the bosoms of these heroes. The spirit of earnest religious zeal ran through the camp, and the voice of the chaplain was often heard in preaching and praying. Hundreds were led to ac- cept the Christian faith. The Commander-in-chief thus penned to his wife the reflections brought by Christmas Day, 1862: " I will commence this holy day by writing to you. My heart is filled with gratitude to Almighty God for the unspeakable mercies with which He has blessed us in this day, for those He has granted us from the beginning of life, and particularly for those He has vouchsafed us during the past year. What should have become of 1862] Fredericksburg. 253 us without His crowning help and protection ? Oh ! if our people would only recognise it and cease from vain self-boasting and adula- tion, how strong would be my belief in final success and happiness to our country. But what a cruel thing is war ; to separate and destroy families and friends, and mar the purest joys and happiness God has granted us in this world ; to fill our hearts with hatred instead of love for our neighbours, and to devastate the fair face of this beauti- ful world. I pray that on this day when only peace and good-will are preached to mankind, better thoughts may fill the hearts of our enemies and turn them to peace. " Our army was never in such good health and condition since I have been attached to it. I believe they share with me my disap- pointment that the enemy did not renew the combat on the 13th. I was holding back all that day and husbanding our strength and ammunition for the great struggle for which I thought I was prepar- ing. Had I divined what was to have been his only effort, he would have had more of it. My heart bleeds at the death of every one of our gallant men." Before the year closed, Lee sent his cavalry on raiding expeditions to Burnside's rear as far as Fair- fax and Occoquan. In January, the Federal com- mander entered upon his famous 4< Mud march." Up the Rappahannock as far as Banks's Ford he marched his men, but a storm began to beat upon him, and then through the deep mire the army plodded its way back to camp. At every crossing the Confederates stood ready for battle. They found amusement in erecting these signs, legible to Burnside's men: " Stuck in the mud! " " This way to Richmond!" Anxiety for the upbuilding of the Confederate armies filled Lee's thoughts continually. To the Secretary of War, January 10, he wrote concerning " the absolute necessity " of increasing the forces in the field. 254 Robert E. Lee. nee 2 " The success with which our efforts have been crowned, under the blessing of God, should not betray our people into the dangerous de- lusion that the armies now in the field are sufficient to bring this war to a successful and speedy termination. . . . The great increase of the enemy's forces will augment the disparity of numbers to such a degree that victory, if attained, can only be achieved by a terrible expenditure of the most precious blood of the country. This blood will be upon the heads of the thousands of able-bodied men who re- main at home in safety and ease, while their fellow-citizens are bravely confronting the enemy in the field, or enduring with noble fortitude the hardships and privations of the march and camp. . . . In view of the vast increase of the forces of the enemy, of the savage and brutal policy he has proclaimed [Emancipation Proclamation of January I, 1863], which leaves us no alternative but success or degra- dation worse than death, if we would save the honour of our families from pollution, our social system from destruction, let every effort be made, every means employed, to fill and maintain the ranks of our armies, until God, in His mercy, shall bless us with the estab- lishment of our independence. " When an officer suggested the formation of a bat- talion of honour, Lee replied : " The fact is, General, we have now an army of brave men. The formation of a battalion of honour would reward a few and leave many, equally brave and equally faithful, unnoticed and, perhaps, with the feeling that an improper distinction had been made between themselves and their comrades." During these months of snow and rain, the ques- tion of campaign plans filled a place in Lee's mind next to the questions of food and clothing for his army. On the one hand, he sent Longstreet's corps to find subsistence south of the James River. He received frequent reports that the dilapidated railroads could furnish to his men little corn and a daily ration of only one-fourth of a pound of bacon ; 1862] Fredericksburg. 255 when April drew near he ordered his soldiers to gather a daily supply of " sassafras buds, wild onions, garlic, lamb's quarter, and poke sprouts! " On the other hand Lee was waging continual cavalry war- fare against the enemy's communications. Imboden and Jones cut the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Stuart and his lieutenants made fre- quent dashes across the upper Rappahannock. March 3 found him writing as follows: " Your poor mamma has been a great sufferer this winter. I have not been able to see her and fear I shall not. She talks of coming to Hickory Hill this month, when the weather becomes more fixed. We are up to our eyes in mud now, and have but little comfort. Mr. Hooker looms very large over the river. He has two balloons up in the day and one at night. I hope he is gratified at what he sees. Your cousin, Fitz Lee, beat up his quarters the other day with about four hundred of his cavalry, and advanced within four miles of Fal- mouth, carrying off one hundred and fifty prisoners with their horses, arms, etc. The day after he recrossed the Rappahannock, they sent all their cavalry after him . . . but the bird had flown. . . . I hope these young Lees will always be too smart for the ay." In February, Lee gave his opinion against a flank movement through Culpeper on account of " the liquid state ' ' of the roads. In March, he was mourn- ing the loss of the gallant Pelham, slain in battle against Federal cavalry "before he could receive the promotion he had richly won. ' ' In February, he was advising Secretary Seddon to stand ready to meet the foe in South Carolina, because it seemed " the true policy of the enemy now to apply his whole strength to take Charleston, and it is proper for us to expect him to do what he ought to do." In March again 256 Robert E. Lee. [1862 he was dealing as follows with the suggestion offered by General Trimble, to bridge the Rappahannock and surprise the enemy : " I am much obliged to you for your suggestions presented in your letters of February and March. I know the pleasure experienced in shaping campaigns [and] battles, according to our wishes, and have en- joyed the ease with which obstacles to their accomplishment (in effigy) can be overcome. The movements you suggest in both letters have been at various times studied, canvassed with those who would be engaged in their execution, but no practicable solution of the diffi- culties to be overcome has yet been reasonably reached. The weather, roads, streams, provisions, transportation, etc., are all powerful elements in the calculation, as you know. What the future may do for us, I will still hope, but the present time is unpropitious, in my judgment. The idea of securing the provisions, waggons, guns of the enemy, is truly tempting and the desire has haunted me since December. Personally I would run any kind of risk for their attain- ment, but I cannot jeopardise this army." From all the difficulties that beset him, Lee could turn aside to stimulate his army to offer up their prayers on the day set apart by President Davis: " Soldiers ! no portion of our people have greater cause to be thankful to Almighty God than yourselves. He has preserved your lives amidst countless dangers ; He has been with you in all your trials ; He has given you fortitude under hardships, and courage in the shock of battle ; He has cheered you by the example and by the deeds of your martyred comrades ; He has enabled you to defend your country successfully against the assaults of a powerful oppressor. Devoutly thankful for His signal mercies, let us bow before the Lord of Hosts, and join our hearts with millions in our land in prayer that He will continue His merciful protection over our cause ; that He will scatter our enemies and set at naught their evil designs, and that he will graciously restore to our beloved country the blessings of peace and security." CHAPTER XI. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF CHANCELLORS- VILLE. 1863. JIHE year 1863 began with the proclama- tion of the policy of military emanci- pation on the part of the Federal government. President Lincoln an- nounced his purpose to destroy the institution of slavery by force of arms, and this purpose was presented to the Northern people as the chief motive for a more zealous prosecution of the war against the South. He proposed to change, through the power of the sword, the entire social and political basis of the Federal Constitution, under the guise of alleged military necessity. This social war was now to be waged by larger armies than those previously mustered. Joseph Hooker was placed in charge of the Army of the Potomac, and in April, with a force of about one hundred and thirty-four thousand men, he prepared to advance across the Rappahannock against Lee's army of fifty - 17 257 258 Robert E. Lee. [1863 three thousand. From Hamilton's Crossing down- stream as far as Port Royal, Jackson kept watch with thirty-three thousand men. From Jackson's left as far as Banks's Ford stood McLaws with eight thousand muskets ; the fords of the river above were guarded by Stuart's two thousand, seven hundred horsemen supported by Anderson's eight thousand infantrymen. The hill-tops along this extended line were crowned with artillery. The remaining brigades of Longstreet's corps were in winter quar- ters near Suffolk, south of the James River. Hooker's scheme ran as follows : A great pretence of crossing the river below the town will be made by Sedgwick with three corps d'armte ; at the same time the other four corps must steal up the river to Kelly's Ford. Suddenly these will cross and fall upon the Confederate left flank and rout the Con- federate army from the heights in front of Freder- icksburg. Two weeks in advance of the infantry movements, Stoneman was ordered to lead ten thousand horsemen across the upper Rappahannock against Gordonsville and the Fredericksburg rail- road. On the southern bank of the Pamunkey River, Stoneman was expected to intrench himself in order to capture the Army of Northern Virginia as Hooker should drive it into the toils! The days that followed April 13 brought the de- scending rains, and upon the northern bank of the Rappahannock, Stoneman waited until the river should flow more gently, and Stuart should cease to keep close watch. Lee's letter to Jackson, April 23, shows that he already divined Hooker's purpose : 1863] Chancellorsville. 259 " I think from the account given me by Lieutenant-Colonel Smith of the Engineers, who was at Port Royal yesterday, of the enemy's operations there, the day and night previous, that his present pur- pose is to draw our troops in that direction while he attempts a passage elsewhere. I would not, then, send down more troops than are actually necessary. I will notify Generals McLaws and Ander- son to be on the alert, for I think that if a real attempt is made to cross the river it will be above Fredericksburg." April 27 saw the abatement of the flood and three Federal corps under Slocum began to move up the stream. The morning of the 2Qth found this force across the Rappahannock in swift march toward the Ely and Germanna fords of the Rapidan. The same day marked the advance of Stoneman upon Culpeper, where Stuart stood on guard. Hooker's flanking column had thrust itself between Lee and his cavalry. At the dawn of April 29, Lee was roused from his cot by J. P. Smith, Jackson's aide, with the news that Sedgwick was crossing the river near Hamil- ton's, below Fredericksburg. Lee playfully said to Smith : " Well, I thought I heard firing and was be- ginning to think it was time some of you young fel- lows were coming to tell me what it was all about. Tell your good general that I am sure he knows what to do. I will meet him at the front very soon." Such was Lee's message to Jackson. During the forenoon of the 29th, Stuart's message informed Lee of Hooker's passage at Kelly's Ford. Later in the day Stuart sent news of the two Federal columns approaching the Rapidan. It was evident that Hooker was aiming a blow at Lee's rear. The close of the day, therefore, found Lee sending 260 Robert E. Lee. Anderson westward to meet Hooker and ordering Stuart to resist the Federal column near the Ger- manna Ford. At midnight, Anderson found Mahone and Posey at Chancellorsville falling back before Hooker's advance. His head of column had crossed the Rapidan. Anderson made intrenchments at the junction of the mine and plank roads near the Taber- nacle Church on the morning of April 30. On the night of April 29 Stuart was sending W. H. F. Lee with two regiments to oppose Stoneman's movement against Gordonsville, while he led Fitz Lee's brigade southward across the Raccoon Ford to keep in touch with the Confederate infantry. The next morning found him between Hooker and Fred- ericksburg, skirmishing with the vanguard of the Ger- manna column. The Fifth Corps under Meade was in bivouac at Chancellorsville. During the night of the 3Oth Stuart fought his way through the Federal cavalry, and rode via Todd's Tavern to join Lee. April 30 closed upon Hooker at Chancellorsville with fifty thousand men ready for battle. Eighteen thousand more were near at hand under Sickles. Over forty thousand under Sedgwick were threaten- ing Lee's right wing on the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg. Hooker's thirteen thousand horse- men at the same time were advancing against Lee's railway communications. When Hooker thus dis- covered himself occupying the coveted position in the rear of Lee's army, he made proclamation to his soldiers, April 30, that " our enemy must inglori- ously fly or come out from behind his defences and give us battle on our own ground, where certain de- 1863] Chancellor sville. 261 struction awaits him." Lee acted with despatch. The midnight hour of April 30 found Jackson on the march from Hamilton's Crossing, and eight o'clock the following morning, May i, brought a part of his corps to Anderson's support in front of Hooker near Chancellorsville. Early's division of Jackson's corps, Barksdale's brigade of McLaws's division, and Pendleton's reserve artillery, remained in front of Fredericksburg to oppose Sedgwick. Lee's army was between Hooker's divided wings, and Hooker's cavalry was swinging off in the dis- tance. Lee faced both ways and prepared to deliver a double battle. He moved the mass of his army within four miles of Chancellorsville and left Early to oppose Sedgwick with eight thousand five hun- dred muskets and thirty guns. Jackson, Anderson, and McLaws with forty-one thousand men at II A.M., May i, were moving upon Hooker. At that hour, Lee was on Lee's Hill giving orders to Early and Pendleton " not to be deceived by pretended movements of the enemy and when his real move- ments came, to meet him with the utmost energy and determination." At the Tabernacle Church, Jackson ordered An- derson's men to lay aside their spades and at once moved westward to attack the Federal army in the dense jungle of the wilderness. McLaws marched on the turnpike and Anderson on the plank road ; Jackson supported Anderson on the left. At the same time, Hooker was pushing out his forces on the same highways toward Fredericksburg. The hostile columns met face to face in the tangled forest, 262 Robert E. Lee. [is 63 and the clash of arms began. Alexander's battalion of artillery accompanied the Confederate advance. One battery moved in front with the infantry on the turnpike, and fourteen guns at the head of the in- fantry column on the plank road one howitzer with the line of skirmishers. The Confederate line marched steadily forward through the unfenced fields and woodlands. Cheer after cheer rolled up from the grey jackets as Lee and Jackson both rode abreast of the line on the Confederate left. McLaws repulsed Sykes on the turnpike, after the latter was flanked by Jackson. Anderson turned the right flank of Slocum and both of Hooker's columns re- treated to Chancellorsville. There they were com- forted by the presence of eighteen thousand under Sickles. The Confederates advanced until they dis- covered Hooker in " a position " says Lee, " of great natural strength, surrounded on all sides by a dense forest filled with a tangled undergrowth, in the midst of which breastworks of logs had been con- structed, with trees felled in front, so as to form an almost impenetrable abatis. His artillery swept the few narrow roads, by which his position could be approached from the front, and commanded the adjacent woods." Hooker's position was the following: The Fifth Corps (Meade) looked eastward from strong intrench- ments two miles in length, extending from the Rap- pahannock to the White House near Chancellorsville. The Second Corps (Couch) lay behind fortifications that ran southward from the White House to Chan- cellorsville and thence eastward along the turnpike 1863] Chancellor sville. 263 to Mott's Run. The Twelfth Corps (Slocum) dwelt in a fortress that looked southward between Fairview and Hazel Grove ; the divisions of Berry and Whip- pie lay just north of Chancellorsville ; Birney's divi- sion of the Third Corps (Sickles) supported by Williams and his log-works defended the woods north of Hazel Grove. The Eleventh Corps (How- ard), forming Hooker's right wing, was extended for more than a mile along the turnpike west of Dowdall's Tavern. On the road leading to the Ely Ford, Hooker's rear was guarded by Sykes's division of the Fifth Corps. More than seventy-five thou- sand men with many heavy guns were thus mustered under Hooker's banner in his lair of strength at Chancellorsville. In the forest of scrub-oak and pine, east and south of Hooker's fortifications, Lee drew up his forty-one thousand men in a line across the two roadways, extending as far to the left as the Well- ford furnace where Stuart held the flank. Wilcox stationed his brigade on Lee's extreme right to guard Banks's Ford. After sunset, Lee and Jackson met at the edge of the plank road, where another road turned south-westward to the furnace. The slight elevation upon which they stood was carpeted with dry pine-needles from the trees that towered above them. Talcott and Boswell were despatched from this point to make a moonlight reconnaissance of Hooker's fortress where it faced eastward. At 10 P.M. these officers returned to report the Federal line as presenting no favourable point for attack in front. Lee then said to Jackson, " We must 264 Robert E. Lee. attack on our left as soon as practicable," and he bade Jackson prepare to execute this movement. Afterwards the two chieftains made ready their bivouac for the night. At the foot of a pine tree, wrapped in army blankets, with the head pil- lowed on a saddle, they stretched themselves upon the ground. Later in the night, J. P. Smith re- turned from an errand and aroused General Lee. " Come here and tell me what you have learned on the right," said Lee. " Laying his hand on me," writes Smith, " he drew me down by his side, and, passing his arm around my shoulder, drew me near to him in a fatherly way that told of his warm and kindly heart," After expressing his thanks for the service rendered, Lee began to jest with the young officer about an incident of the advance during the afternoon. As the latter broke away, he was fol- lowed by General Lee's hearty laugh that broke again and again upon the stillness of the night. Meanwhile the cavalry had brought news of the extended position of Hooker's right wing. Before the dawn of May 2, Jackson sent Jed. Hotchkiss and Rev. B. T. Lacy to search for a roadway leading westward from the furnace. In the early morning twilight Hotchkiss returned from the reconnaissance to find Lee and Jackson seated on cracker-boxes over a fire of twigs. He indicated on a map the position of the desired pathway. The general plan of a flank movement under Jackson had been already ordered by Lee. When the aide reported a feasible route across Hooker's front, Jackson pointed out the possibility of leading a force in circuit around Hook- 1863] Chancellor sville. 265 er's flank against the rear of the Federal right wing. After some discussion, Lee gave Jackson permission to lead his entire corps around the Federal right, while Lee held the two divisions of McLaws and Anderson between Hooker and Fredericksburg. On January 25, 1866, in a letter to the wife of General Jackson, General Lee thus described the origin of the great flank march : " . . . I decided against it [an attack upon Hooker's central works] and stated to General Jackson, we must attack on our left as soon as practicable, and the necessary movement of the troops began immediately. In consequence of a report received about that time from General Fitz Lee, describing the position of the Federal army, and the roads which he held with his cavalry leading to its rear, General Jackson, after some inquiry concerning the roads leading to the furnace, undertook to throw his command entirely in Hooker's rear, which he accomplished with equal skill and bold- ness ; the rest of the army being moved to the left flank to connect with him as he advanced." With the rising of the sun, Rodes began to lead D. H. Hill's old division past the furnace in the advance westward through the dense forest. Col- ston and A. P. Hill followed next in order in the march made by the twenty-six thousand ragged and sturdy infantrymen, flanked by four regiments of horsemen under Stuart and Fitz Lee. When Jack- son was in full progress directly across Hooker's front, General Lee inaugurated fierce demonstrations against the Federal left and centre. Artillery was moved forward against Meade, and strong bands of skirmishers assailed Couch and Slocum. Sickles caught sight of the column moving past the Well- 266 Robert E. Lee. [1863 ford furnace, and his rifled cannon induced Jack- son's veterans to seek another course farther south. Sickles then hastened a force beyond the furnace to the unfinished railroad where he made prey of a part of the 23d Georgia regiment, Jackson's rear- guard. When this news ran through the Federal camp, most of the Federal officers were seized with the idea that Lee's entire army was in re- treat toward Richmond. Sickles organised a strong pursuing column. At first, Birney, and then Whip- pie, of his own corps, and then Williams of the Twelfth Corps, led their divisions southward from the furnace in pursuit of Jackson ! Lee turned the guns of Anderson upon Sickles, and the latter called for reinforcements. After 4 P.M., Barlow's brigade of Howard's corps was sent to the furnace. Twenty thousand men from Hooker's centre were thus astray in the wilderness seeking Jackson at the very hour when the latter was preparing to launch a thunder- bolt of war against Hooker's right flank. Noonday marked Jackson's arrival at a point upon the plank road two miles south-west of Howard's position. He left the "Stonewall" brigade with Fitz Lee's horsemen on this road, and pushed the main column to the Orange turnpike. At 3 P.M. Jack- son was sending from a point in Hooker's rear this last message to Lee: " I hope as soon as practicable to attack. I trust that an ever-kind Providence will bless us with great success." He was then arraying Rodes in line of battle across the turnpike at the Luckett Farm, two miles west of Dowdall's Tavern. Jackson's left wing was directly in How- 1863] Chancellorsville. 267 ard's rear. Colston formed the second line; A. P. Hill followed in column. At 5.15 P.M., Jackson's bugles rang out, and the fierce Confederate yell startled the deer from their lair into Howard's camp, and sent terror throughout the Eleventh Corps, com- posed chiefly of Germans. Six guns of Stuart's horse artillery under Beckham moved at a gallop along the turnpike, with the riflemen, in sections of two guns each, and poured canister into Howard's regiments. A concentric fire was directed against every band of Federal soldiers that dared to stand, and multitudes were made prisoners. The roadway was soon blocked with the dense mass of fugitives that fled in panic and wild rout toward the Chancellor House two miles away. Jackson's men dashed forward with fierce eagerness. Colquitt, commanding Rodes's right brigade supposed that he saw a Federal force on his flank; he halted, faced southward, and re- tarded the advance of Jackson's right wing for one hour. This delay allowed Schurz's division to escape. But Howard's corps was an utter wreck and the fragments were carrying dismay and terror into the very heart of Hooker's army. The lines of Rodes and Colston became mingled in the pursuit, and all together leaped over the Federal works at Dowdall's Tavern. Still onward Jackson pressed the routed corps until he captured the log-works north of Hazel Grove, and drove Howard's battered regiments behind the divisions of Berry and Williams. Dark- ness had descended upon the field. Rodes and Col- ston declared that their lines had lost formation in the forest, and Jackson reluctantly ordered a halt and 268 Robert E. Lee. [1953 prepared for a night attack by bringing A. P. Hill to the front. He had reached a point within one mile of Hooker's headquarters, and held control of the Bullock road leading to the White House directly in rear of the Federal army and only two thousand yards distant. The entire Federal army was just within his grasp. At 9 P.M. Jackson rode forward to reconnoitre, remaining behind his own pickets. He had just given Hill the order: " Press them; cut them off from the United States Ford, Hill; press them! " As he listened to the ringing of axes that told of the construction of Federal defences the pickets began firing, and Jackson rode back with his staff toward Hill's line of battle. Hill's i8th North Carolina regiment fired upon the party, sup- posing them to be Federal cavalry. Two fell dead and Jackson was severely wounded and borne from the field. Soon afterward, Hill was stricken down, and Jackson sent for Stuart to take command of his corps. Stuart spent the hours after midnight in arranging the artillery for the assault. At midnight Sickles reached Hazel Grove on the return march from the furnace. Neither Sickles nor Anderson, nor McLaws, had heard, at first, the sound of Jackson's battle. This was due to the peculiar condition of the atmosphere. The attack ordered by Lee was, therefore, not made until Jack- son's pyrotechnic display after nightfall brought McLaws into a heavy skirmish against Hooker's left. Anderson suffered Sickles to march back again to Hazel Grove. That point had witnessed a tragic comedy about the time when Jackson was ordering 1863] Chancellor sville. 269 his front divisions to halt. Two hundred Georgians from Rodes's line found their way as far as Hazel Grove, one mile to the right of Jackson's position and there met the fire of some Federal guns under the eye of Pleasanton, leader of Hooker's cavalry. Pleasanton reported that Keenan led four hundred Federal horsemen into the midst of the Confederate line of battle, and that the Federal artillery at Hazel Grove swept back the advance of five thousand rifle- men and checked Jackson's assault! At midnight, came Sickles from the furnace to repeat the drama. Some of his skirmishers entered the forest north of Hazel Grove and were easily repulsed by the pickets of Hill's regiments. The larger part of Sickles's force then moved against the flank of Hooker's Twelfth Corps and entered into conflict with Slo- cum's men. Out of this battle against his Federal associates, Sickles manufactured the report that his men recaptured the plank road and inflicted the fatal wound upon Jackson ! * During the night Wilbourne and Hotchkiss made a wide devour around the corps of Sickles and brought the news of Jackson's success to General Lee. They found him beneath the same pine-trees whence he had despatched Jackson to assault Hooker's rear. By the light of a candle, these officers saw the shadow of deep grief pass over Lee's countenance when they told of Jackson's injury in the hour of victory. After a pause occa- sioned by the struggle to suppress his emotion, Lee * The Battle of Chancellor sville, by Augustus Choate Hamlin, Historian, Eleventh Army Corps. 270 Robert E. Lee. said, " Any victory is dearly bought which deprives us of the services of General Jackson, even for a short time." Lee at once sent orders to Stuart to drive Hooker from the Chancellor House by direct assault ; at the same time he bade Stuart to press toward his right in order to unite his force with the division under Anderson. He then dictated the following letter to Jackson : " I have just received your note informing me that you were wounded. I cannot express my regret at the occurrence. Could I have directed events, I should have chosen for the good of the coun- try to be disabled in your stead. ' ' I congratulate you upon the victory which is due to your skill and energy. "Very respectfully, your obedient servant, " R. E. LEE, General." This message was read to Jackson while the battle of May 3 was in progress. The suffering hero turned away his face and said, " General Lee is very kind, but he should give the praise to God." At an earlier time during the war, Jackson said of Lee: " General Lee is a phenomenon. He is the only man whom I would be willing to follow blindfold." The fall of his lieutenant aroused all the fierceness of Lee's combative ardour. " Those people shall be pressed immediately," he said to his staff-officers, and the early dawn of May 3 found him in the saddle making ready his divisions for the battle. The sun arose upon Lee's two wings advancing against the central part of Hooker's position at Chancellorsville. Between Stuart and Anderson there was at first a 1863] Chancellor sville. 271 gap of one mile. Stuart moved eastward, for the most part south of the plank road, with Hill's divi- sion led by Heth in the front line. From his position Lee moved McLaws westward along the plank road and Anderson northward over the space between that road and the furnace. Hooker had been strengthened by Reynolds's First Corps of seventeen thousand men. Exclusive of losses, he had now a force of nearly eighty thou- sand. These were arranged in the form of the letter V ; the sharp angle on the high ground at Fairview, south of Chancellor's house, was defended by a park of forty-three guns. In the line facing westward were Sickles and Williams with twenty-three thousand men. Opposed to these were Stuart's twenty thou- sand. In the Federal line facing eastward stood Geary, Hancock, and a fragment of Howard's corps, twenty thousand effectives. McLaws and Anderson were directing fourteen thousand against them. Meade, Reynolds, and Couch with thirty-seven thousand, stood within ready call of both these Federal lines. Stuart began the battle by sending Jackson's corps against Hooker's westward ramparts. An abatis of sharpened stakes and brushwood defended the approach to the heavy works constructed of felled trees. Over the entire defence rushed Stuart's left wing, north of the plank road. Stuart himself rode behind the line like another Henry of Navarre, his black hat-plume waving and his merry voice singing at the highest pitch, " Old Joe Hooker, come out of the wilderness! " Stuart's right wing 272 Robert E. Lee. captured four Federal guns at Hazel Grove and held that plateau. As the sun lifted the mist that enshrouded the field, Stuart saw the advantage of this elevation on his right, and he there concentrated thirty guns under Walker. These secured an en- filade fire northward along the two Federal lines. A similar enfilade was poured in from the direction of the furnace by Hardaway's guns of Anderson's division. This fierce cross-fire of artillery in little more than one hour rendered Hooker's entire posi- tion untenable. McLaws was assailing Hooker's left from the direction of Fredericksburg; Anderson was pressing his centre from the furnace road, and Stuart was sending line after line against the Federal right. Eight o'clock marked the junction of Lee's two wings. The fighting on both sides was stubborn and desperate. Over tremendous barriers the Con- federate infantrymen rushed, only to be driven back by the Federal reserves. Three times the Federal defences were captured and lost again. But the guns of Walker and Hardaway gradually broke the strength of the Federal artillery. A shell rendered Hooker himself unfit to direct the battle, and Couch was left in command without a plan of defence. At 10 A.M. Hooker's key-point, Fairview, was in the hands of the Confederates, and his troops were re- treating past the flames of Chancellor's house. Hooker was literally driven from strong intrench- ments into new fortifications nearer the Rappahan- nock. Lee rode with his troops as they pressed forward 1863] Chancellor sville. 273 in pursuit. The air was filled with Confederate shells passing over the infantry in search of Hooker's rear. The surrounding forest was in flames. Charles Marshall, Lee's aide, thus describes the scene when Lee spurred Traveller up to the burning house from which Hooker had fled : 1 ' His presence was the signal for one of those uncontrollable out- bursts of enthusiasm which none can appreciate who have not wit- nessed them. The fierce soldiers, with their faces blackened with the smoke of battle, the wounded crawling with feeble limbs from the fury of the devouring flames, all seemed possessed with a common impulse. One long unbroken cheer, in which the feeble cry of those who lay helpless on the earth blended with the strong voices of those who still fought, rose high above the roar of battle and hailed the presence of the victorious chief. He sat in the full realisation of all that soldiers dream of triumph ; and as I looked on him in the com- plete fruition of the success which his genius, courage, and confidence in his army had won, I thought that it must have been from some such scene that men in ancient days ascended to the dignity of the gods." This witness affirms that Lee's first thought was in behalf of the wounded who were endangered by the fire that raged around them. At the same time a message was brought from Jackson congratulating Lee upon the great victory. " I shall never forget the look of pain and anguish that passed over his face as he listened," says Marshall. " With a voice broken with emotion he bade me say to General Jackson that the victory was his and that the con- gratulations were due to him. ... I forgot the genius that won the day in my reverence for the generosity that refused its glory." While Lee was urging forward the preparations 18 274 Robert E. Lee. for a renewed attack against Hooker, a courier turned his attention toward Fredericksburg. On the previous day, a member of Lee's staff misinter- preted his commands and ordered Early to march from Hamilton's crossing to Chancellorsville. Early's withdrawal permitted Sedgwick, then on the southern bank of the Rappahannock, to move up the river against Barksdale on the Marye Heights. On Sunday morning, May 3, Early returned to his former position, only in time to see twenty thousand Federal troops assailing Barksdale's front and right flank. Sedgwick's success against Barksdale's artil- lery and his one thousand muskets was won with difficulty and at a great cost; but it enabled the corps of thirty thousand Federal soldiers to move past Early's left flank to the westward, and to threaten Lee's rear on the plank road. Wilcox marched at once from Banks' s ford, threw his bri- gade across the path of Sedgwick at the Salem Church and sent news of the situation to General Lee. With the same quiet courage that always marked him, Lee immediately despatched McLaws with four brigades to assist Wilcox in the battle against Sedgwick. The remaining Confederate bri- gades were retained in front of Hooker. Thus for the second time Lee took measures to withstand the advance of a numerous foe against the rear of his main army. He then wrote to President Davis as follows: " We have again to thank Almighty God for a great victory. ' ' McLaws moved toward Fredericksburg with all speed, arrayed his regiments across the roadway at 1863] Chancellor sville. 275 the Salem Church, and at once began the fierce con- flict which forced Sedgwick backward one mile toward Fredericksburg. On the morning of May 4, Early marched along the Telegraph road and recaptured the heights near the town. He now stood in Sedg- wick's rear. Noonday brought Lee with Anderson's brigades to the Salem Church. By 6 P.M. Anderson had extended his line eastward until he joined hands with Early. Their advance forced Sedgwick north- ward across the plank road as far as the Rappahan- nock, but McLaws was slow to perceive his retreat and did not attack. A pontoon bridge near Banks's ford enabled Sedgwick to save his entire force from capture. Lee returned at once to Chancellorsville to assail Hooker with his entire army. But the early dawn of May 6 revealed to Lee the deserted Federal trenches, and the rising sun found Hooker on the northern bank of the Rappahannock issuing the order, " General headquarters to-night will be at the old camp near Falmouth." Before night, Hooker himself was in camp at Falmouth tendering "congratulations" to his army! He had aban- doned beyond the Rappahannock more than seven- teen thousand of his men killed, wounded, and captured, fourteen heavy guns, twenty thousand stand of arms, and thirty-one thousand knapsacks, and yet in the order of May 6 he said, " The events of the last week may swell with pride the heart of every officer and soldier of this army " ! Moreover, he made this declaration: " Profoundly loyal and conscious of its strength, the Army of the Potomac 276 Robert E. Lee. will give or decline battle whenever its interest or honour may demand " ! Lee's casualties numbered thirteen thousand. Many of his brigadiers were wounded, and the brave Paxton was slain at the head of the " Stonewall " bri- gade. The flower of Lee's matchless army was, in part, destroyed at Chancellorsville, and the South was unable to send others to fill the vacancies. In his official report Lee spoke of " the dangers and difficulties which under God's blessing, were sur- mounted by the fortitude and valour of our army. The conduct of the troops cannot be too highly praised. Attacking largely superior numbers in strongly intrenched positions, their heroic courage over- came every obstacle of nature and art and achieved a triumph most honourable to our arms." In mentioning individual instances of gallantry, he wrote : " Among them will be found some who have passed by a glorious death beyond the reach of praise, but the memory of whose virtues and devoted patriotism will ever be cherished by their grateful coun- trymen. ... To the skilful and efficient management of the artillery the successful issue of the contest is in great measure due." On May 7, the commander summoned his soldiers to return " grateful thanks to the only Giver of vic- tory for the signal deliverance He has wrought." Lee's personal affection for Jackson was exceed- ingly strong. Immediately after the battle, sanguine hopes were entertained that Jackson would recover from his wounds. Lee's messages to his lieutenant were many, and they all indicated the tender love and sincere generosity of the Southern chieftain. 1863] Chancellor sville. 277 " Give him my affectionate regards," said Lee to a messenger, " and tell him to make haste and get well, and come back to me as soon as he can. He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right." When it was announced that Jackson's wounds were serious and might prove fatal, Lee manifested strong emotion and said: " Surely, General Jackson must recover. God will not take him from us, now that we need him so much. Surely he will be spared to us, in answer to the many prayers which are offered for him." Then, after a moment's silence, spent in evident anguish of spirit, Lee sent this message : " When you return I trust you will find him better. When a suitable occasion offers, give him my love, and tell him that I wrestled in prayer for him last night, as I never prayed, I believe, for myself." The death of his great colleague and beloved friend brought to Lee the keenest personal sorrow and a sense of irreparable loss to his country. Gen- eral Order No. 61, issued on May n, ran as follows: "With deep grief, the Commanding-General announces to the army the death of Lieutenant-General T. J. Jackson, who expired on the roth instant, at 3.15 P.M. The daring, skill and energy of this great and good soldier, by the decree of an all-wise Providence, are now lost to us. But while we mourn his death, we feel that his spirit still lives, and will inspire the whole army with his indomitable cour- age and unshaken confidence in God as our hope and our strength. Let his name be a watchword to his corps, who have followed him to victory on so many fields. Let officers and soldiers emulate his in- vincible determination to do everything in the defence of our beloved country. R. E. LEE, General." Lee's right arm was removed when the noble Christian hero passed beyond the river. From this 278 Robert E. Lee. time onward Lee's mind dwelt almost continually upon the sore calamity of Jackson's departure.. After the experiences of the summer of 1863, Lee wrote in September his official report of the Chan- cellorsville campaign, wherein he made the following reference to Jackson : " The movement by which the enemy's position was turned and the fortune of the day decided, was conducted by the lamented Lieu- tenant-General Jackson, who, as has already been stated, was severely wounded near the close of the engagement on Saturday evening. I do not propose here to speak of the character of this illustrious man, since removed from the scene of his eminent usefulness by the hand of an inscrutable but all-wise Providence. I nevertheless desire to pay the tribute of my admiration to the matchless energy and skill that marked this last act of his life, forming as it did a worthy con- clusion of that long series of splendid achievements which won for him the lasting love and gratitude of his country." As Lee turned to face the new situation, on May II he wrote to his wife concerning " the loss of the good and great Jackson. ' ' To this he added : ' ' Any victory would be dear at such a price. His remains go to Richmond to-day. I know not how to replace him, but God's will be done. I trust He will raise some one in his place." CHAPTER XII. THE CAMPAIGNS OF GETTYSBURG AND MINE RUN. I86 3 . jENERAL LEE was eager to follow up the victory of Chancellorsville by an aggressive movement against the Federal army. The lack of subsist- ence had restrained him, early in the spring, from driving Milroy out of the valley. Lee declared, on April 16, that such a movement would recall Hooker north of the Potomac, and that " greater relief would in this way be afforded to the armies in middle Tennessee and on the Carolina coast than by any other method." He urged Davis to recruit the strength of the army by bring- ing northward the troops stationed in South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida. " I know there will be difficulties raised to their withdrawal," wrote Lee, " but it will be better to order General Beauregard in with all the forces which can be spared, and to put him in command here, than to keep them there inactive and this army inefficient from paucity of numbers." 280 Robert E. Lee. [1863 When Longstreet returned from the regions be- yond the James River, Lee divided his army into three corps under Longstreet, Ewell, and A. P. Hill. Of Ewell and Hill he expressed the following opin- ion: " The former is an honest, brave soldier, who has always done his duty well. The latter, I think upon the whole, is the best soldier of his grade with me." Lee had used these identical words just after the battle of Sharpsburg to set forth his opinion of Hill. This estimate of A. P. Hill must be placed in the balance against Longstreet's charge that Lee showed partiality in behalf of Hill as a Virginian, by not assigning to the Third Corps either D. H. Hill the Carolinian, or McLaws the Georgian. The last days of May found Lee still " endeavour- ing to get this army in a condition to move to anticipate an expected blow from the enemy." He was not in favour of sending Pickett's division to as- sist Pemberton on the Mississippi, and expressed the hope that J. E. Johnston would at once assail Grant. To the cry of alarm raised about the safety of Wil- mington he paid little heed, and continued to advo- cate the ordering of all Confederate soldiers into the two arenas of Virginia and Mississippi, leaving the Atlantic coast to be defended by local troops. He urged aggression, lest the weight of Hooker's num- bers should finally force the Confederate army back to the trenches in front of Richmond. Since the battle of Fredericksburg, Lee had not abated his urgency in asking for an army of sufficient strength to destroy the Army of the Potomac. He recognised the latter as his true objective. The Confederate administra- 1863] Gettysburg and Mine Run. 281 tion, however, seemed never to recognise the wisdom of concentration in order to strike a decisive blow. Lee's government left him vastly outnumbered on every battle-field ; he always gave the enemy a stag- gering blow and sent him bleeding from the field, but the latter soon presented himself with undimin- ished numbers. In June, 1863, as in December, 1862, and in May, 1863, Lee was moving forward to deliver battle with an army that was matchless in everything except in numbers. Thirty thousand additional soldiers at any of the above dates would have enabled him to destroy or capture the Army of the Potomac. Lee's plan of campaign was laid before A. L. Long in the camp near Fredericksburg. When Long entered Lee's tent, he found that the latter had a map spread on the table before him." Lee " traced on the map the proposed route of the army and its destination in Pennsylvania." " In his quietly effective manner " Lee outlined his plan to manoeuvre Hooker out of his position on the Rap- pahannock, and bring him to battle at Chambers- burg, York, or Gettysburg. Lee's design was to transfer hostilities to Northern soil and there subsist / his army, cause the evacuation of Washington by a ^ victory in Pennsylvania, and at the same time force the recall of Federal troops from the siege of Vicks- burg. Hampton, Robertson, and Jones increased the number of Stuart's horsemen a little beyond six thousand. The artillery organised in battalions under General W. N. Pendleton made a park of more than two hundred guns. With a total force 282 Robert E. Lee. of about sixty thousand enthusiastic veterans Lee made ready to move northward. On May 31, he wrote this: " I pray that our merciful Father in Heaven may protect and direct us. In that case I fear no odds and no numbers." On June 2, Lee sent this parting message to Davis: " If I am able to move, I propose to do so cautiously, watching the result, and not to get beyond recall until I find it safe." On June 3, he began to push Longstreet toward Culpeper; Ewell followed, and A. P. Hill was left in front of Fred- ericksburg to restrain Hooker from advancing against Richmond. June 8 witnessed the concen- tration of the two advanced Confederate corps and Stuart's cavalry near Culpeper. Of the cavalry re- view held the same day, Lee wrote thus to his wife: " It was a splendid sight. The men and horses looked well. They had recuperated since last fall. Stuart was in all his glory. Your sons and nephews are well and flourishing. The country here looks very green and pretty, notwithstanding the ravages of war. What a beautiful world God in His loving kindness to His creatures has given us ! What a shame that men endowed with reason and knowledge of right should mar His gifts ! " The Federal cavalry crossed the Rappahannock to engage in battle with Stuart near Brandy Station, on the ninth of June. Confederate infantry assisted to drive the enemy across the river, leaving large spoil in Stuart's possession. As Lee rode upon the field he met his second son, Brigadier-General W. H. F. Lee, borne wounded from the battle, " more concerned," as the father wrote, " about his brave 1863] Gettysbiirg and Mine Run. 283 men and officers who had fallen in the battle than himself." At this juncture a growing party in the North was making itself heard in denunciation of the Federal President's arbitrary assumptions of power. This party's suggestions of peace were treated with scorn by some of the Southern newspapers. Lee rebuked the latter as acting unwisely and blindly : "We should not, therefore, conceal from ourselves that our re- sources in men are constantly diminishing, and the disproportion in this respect between us and our enemies, if they continue united in their efforts to subjugate us, is steadily augmenting. . . . Under these circumstances, we should neglect no honourable means of divid-. ing and weakening our enemies, that they may feel some of the diffi- culties experienced by ourselves. It seems to me that the most effectual mode of accomplishing this object now within our reach, is to give all the encouragement we can, consistently with truth, to the rising peace party of the North." But these reflections were interrupted by reports of the incursions of Federal cavalry, and Lee's wrath was roused to say : ' ' I grieve over the desolation of the country and the distress to innocent women and children, occasioned by spiteful excursions of the enemy, unworthy of a civilised nation." He called upon the citizens at home to organise themselves for defence " against outrages of our barbarous enemy." On June 10, Lee despatched Ewell from Culpeper toward the valley to capture Milroy. The cavalry of Jenkins at the same time moved down upon Winchester, and Imboden was ordered to lead his horsemen as far as Romney. Three days passed, and Ewell stood before the 284 Robert E. Lee. defences of Winchester, with his advance holding Martinsburg; Jenkins was pressing northward to Williamsport, and Imboden held control of the Baltimore and Ohio railway. On this thirteenth day of June, Longstreet was encamped at Culpeper, and A. P. Hill still remained before Fredericksburg. Hooker had folded his tents and was marching to- ward Washington. At the same time Lee was calling upon the Confederate authorities for a larger force of cavalry. June 15 saw Ewell scattering Milroy's ten thou- sand from Winchester, driving the Federal garrison from Harper's Ferry, and asking his soldiers to unite with him ' ' in returning thanks to our Heavenly Father for the signal success ' ' evidenced by the capture of four thousand prisoners and twenty-nine guns. The evening of this eventful day marked the advance of Jenkins toward Chambersburg, and the passage of Swell's vanguard across the Potomac. Longstreet was moving out of Culpeper to seize the passes of the Blue Ridge, while Hill, who had watched the muskets of Hooker's rearguard dis- appear behind the Stafford Hills, was now drawing nigh unto Culpeper. The Army of Northern Virginia was pressing steadily northward. Lee's plan now was to ad- vance Ewell into Pennsylvania to seek supplies. If Ewell should meet with success, Lee intended to march his entire army into the Cumberland valley. June 17 saw the Confederates outstretched from Culpeper to Chambersburg. The latter place was held by Jenkins's horsemen; one of Ewell's divi- 1863] Gettysburg and Mine Run. 285 sions was encamped near Hagerstown, another occu- pied Sharpsburg, and the third was approaching the Potomac. Longstreet was guarding the passes of the Blue Ridge, and Hill remained at Culpeper. Stuart kept watch at the gaps of the Bull Run Mountains to repress the curiosity of Hooker, whose camp-fires were ablaze from Manassas to Leesburg. During five successive days Stuart was engaged with Hooker's cavalry in the game of advance and retreat, until at length he stood at bay in the Ashby Gap of the Blue Ridge. While Stuart thus veiled the Confederate manoeuvres, Longstreet stood on the Ridge's summit, and A. P. Hill passed behind his line through Chester Gap into the valley. The next movement in the game is thus described by Lee: " As these demonstrations did not have the effect of causing the Federal army to leave Virginia, and as it did not seem disposed to advance upon the position held by Longstreet, the latter was with- drawn to the west side of the Shenandoah." On June 18, Lee drew nigh unto Millwood, and gave orders to throw his entire army across the Po- tomac, since Stuart's reports indicated the advance of Hooker's main body northward from Manassas. Hill set forth through Shepherdstown in search of Ewell ; Longstreet began to follow Hill, while Stuart, assisted by the division of McLaws, remained to de- fend the passes of the Blue Ridge. Lee directed Imboden to enter Pennsylvania, suggested to Sam Jones to advance into Western Virginia, and called for some of the brigades left at Richmond. The 286 Robert E. Lee. [1863 men of all arms under Lee's immediate command were in number about sixty thousand. As the heads of columns pressed toward northern territory, Lee issued an order that began with the injunction, 4 ' No private property shall be injured or destroyed. ' ' Lee now took final measures to guard his right flank and rear; his left was made safe by Jones and Imboden. The morning of June 22 found this mes- sage on the way to Stuart : " Do you know where he [Hooker] is and what he is doing? I fear he will steal a march on us and get across the Potomac before we are aware. If you find that he is moving northward, and that two brigades can guard the Blue Ridge and take care of your rear, you can move with the other three into Maryland and take position on General Ewell's right, place yourself in communication with him, guard his flank, keep him informed of the enemy's movements and collect all the supplies you can for the use of the army." On the same day, Lee's commands to Ewell were these : " Toward the Susquehanna. ... If Harrisburg comes within your means, capture it." June 23 was a day of momentous events. Ewell was sweeping up the Cumberland valley toward Carlisle. Lee was preparing to lead the First and Third corps northward across the Potomac. To Stuart he made the suggestion that two brigades of cavalry should keep watch upon Hooker while the other three should cross the Potomac. Shepherds- town and some point east of the Ridge were suggested as alternative places for this passage. Stuart must select one ford or the other, just as Hooker's own movements should permit, but Lee laid this injunc- tion upon Stuart: " In either case, after crossing 1863] Gettysburg and Mine Run. 287 the river, you must move on and feel the right of Swell's troops." H. B. McClellan tells us of Lee's later message, received during the night of June 23, giving Stuart discretion to pass around Hooker's rear and to cross the Potomac to the eastward of Hooker's army, at the same time placing Stuart under bond to bring his cavalry " as speedily as possible " into touch with Ewell's advance (under Early) at York, Pennsylvania. The same day, Lee urged President Davis to withdraw the troops from the Southern Atlantic coast and to concentrate them at Culpeper Court-House under Beauregard as a men- ace to Washington. Lee asserted that this move- ment " would not only effect a diversion most favourable for this army, but would, I think, relieve us of any apprehension of an attack upon Richmond during our absence." The Federal government called for one hundred thousand troops to defend Pennsylvania against Lee's advance; they also concentrated a force in Maryland, and Hooker moved to the northern bank of the Potomac. Consternation reigned in the North, and Mr. Lincoln, at Washington, as he him- self said, was making this prayer: " Oh Lord, this is your fight; but we your humble followers and supporters here can't stand another Fredericksburg or Chancellorsville. " From Williamsport, June 25, Lee sent this message : " It is plain that if all the Federal army is concentrated upon this, it will result in our accomplishing nothing and being compelled to return to Virginia. If the plan ... of organising an army, even in effigy, under General Beauregard at Culpeper Court-House, 288 Robert E. Lee. [1863 can be carried into effect, much relief will be afforded. ... I have not sufficient troops to maintain my communications, and there- fore, have to abandon them. I think I can throw General Hooker's army across the Potomac and draw [Federal] troops from the South, embarrassing their plan of campaign in a measure, if I can do nothing more and have to return." So urgent was Lee concerning the advance of an- other Confederate force upon Washington from the direction of Culpeper, that he pressed the matter at great length upon the attention of President Davis in a second letter this same day. June 27 found Longstreet and Hill in Chambers- burg, Ewell in Carlisle, and Early approaching York. Hooker had commenced the passage of the Potomac the very day (June 25) on which Lee turned his back upon that river. Two days later, Lee in Chambers- burg was unaware of Hooker's advance, for Stuart was just then (June 27) crossing the Potomac at Seneca, near Washington. On the 28th, four Federal corps were in bivouac at Frederick and three near Middletown, Maryland. Hooker's demand that the ten thousand men at Harper's Ferry should take the field under his orders brought to a climax the Fed- eral administration's lack of confidence in their commander. He was relieved from duty, and Gen- eral George G. Meade was promoted to the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac. Lee at Chambersburg issued an address to his troops (June 27) commending their spirit and forti- tude, and forbidding injury to private property. He reminded them that " civilisation and Christianity " forbade retaliation againt their foes : 18631 Gettysburg and Mine Run. 289 " It must be remembered that we make war only upon armed men, and that we cannot take vengeance for the wrongs our people have suffered, without lowering ourselves in the eyes of all whose abhor- rence has been excited by the atrocities of our enemies, and offend- ing against Him to whom vengeance belongeth, without whose favour and support our efforts must all prove in vain." On the night of June 28, the scout Harrison brought to Lee at Chambersburg the first intelli- gence that Hooker had crossed the Potomac and was approaching the South Mountain. Lee feared that the Federal army would cross the mountain and secure his line of communication with Virginia. He therefore sent couriers to recall Swell's di- visions from the Susquehanna and ordered the entire army to concentrate east of the mountains at Cashtown. The morning of June 29 witnessed the advance toward Cashtown of Heth's division from Hill's corps. Longstreet remained near Cham- bersburg. Near the close of the day Ewell at Car- lisle received Lee's order just as he was moving forward to attack Harrisburg. The 29th also marked Meade's advance northward from Fred- erick in search of Lee. At sunset, two Federal corps were near Emmittsburg, one was at Taney- town, and four at varying distances behind Pipe Creek. Buford's cavalry patrolled the Federal front at Fairfield. The heads of the hostile columns were not far removed from each other, yet each leader was ignorant of his foe's proximity. The morning of June 29 was utilised by Stuart in the work of tearing up the railway between Meade and Washington. Westminster was his place 290 Robert E. Lee. [1863 of bivouac. From this point he set forth northward at the dawning of the 3Oth, still retarding his own progress by driving a captured train of two hundred mule teams. As he fought his way into Hanover through the squadrons of Kilpatrick, Stuart was not aware of the opening scenes of the great drama little more than a dozen miles to the westward from his line of march. That last day of June saw Petti- grew's brigade of Heth's division marching over the eight-mile course from Cashtown to Gettysburg in search of shoes to cover their naked feet. In the town they found Buford's cavalry. The heads of the converging columns had collided ; the news was flashed to both armies, but as yet the significance of the meeting was unknown to both Lee and Meade. Pettigrew returned in haste to Cashtown, Lee's appointed rendezvous. The night of June 30 saw the camp-fires of the larger part of Hill's corps kindled on the eastern slopes of South Mountain. Longstreet was still west of the Mountain at Green- wood, with Pickett guarding the trains at Chambers- burg. Of Ewell's corps, Johnson's division was near Longstreet ; the divisions of Rodes and Early were near Heidlersburg on the return march from the Susquehanna to Cashtown. As Stuart moved all night with weary pace from Hanover toward York, he passed within seven miles of Early's bivouac. The fatal waggon train had delayed his march. Stuart afterwards asserted that Early failed to fol- low Lee's order to warn the approaching cavalry of the return march southward. The horsemen moved on to York and thence to Carlisle, while Lee in the 1863] Gettysburg and Mine Run. 291 distance on the eve of battle was anxiously awaiting their aid. Perhaps Stuart's presence on the Fed- eral right flank, on June 30, caused Meade to dis- perse his seven corps from Westminster to a point north of Emmittsburg, a dispersion that proved advantageous to Lee on the following day. But it is more probable that a speedier march of the cavalry would have permitted Lee to capture Harris- burg and then to offer defensive battle at the eastern base of the South Mountain, either at Cashtown or at some point farther northward. Lee spent June 30 in Longstreet' scamp at Green- wood. July I found him riding with the latter through the mountain-pass eastward. The Con- federate forces were pressing toward Cashtown. At 5 A.M., however, Hill had sent the divisions of Heth and Fender from Cashtown toward Gettysburg, " to discover what was in my [Hill's] front." Hill sup- posed that naught but Federal cavalry was in the town. His advance precipitated a battle with two of Meade's corps d'arm for treason, 428, 440 ; contem- Madison Court House, 326 plates writing history, 428 ; Magruder, 134, 137, 148, 154, President of Washington Col- 165 lege, 429, 430, 432, 437, 438, Mahone, 260, 363, 397 454, 455 ; testimony before Malvern Hill, 151, 165-167, 174, Congressional Committee, 440; 389 view of Constitution, 422, 446, Manassas, first battle of, 112, 450, 453 ; on parole, 442 ; 113; second battle of, 185 et view concerning Federal pris- seq. 464 Index. Manassas Junction, 182, 185 0. Mansfield, 213, 215 Marion, 12 Gates, 306 Marshall, C., 273 Opequon, 229 Marshall, Louis, 435 Orange Court House, 332 Marti nsburg, 408 Ord, 419 Maryland, 198, 199 Owen, 357 Maryland Heights, 204, 217, Ox Hill, 196 243, 245, 247, 248 Mason, George, 9 P McCall, 143, 150, 163 McClellan, George B., 44, 109, Pamunkey River, 158, 258, 382, I32, 146, 149, 176, 202, 221, 386 223, 392 Parke, 406 McClellan, H. B,, 287 Pegram, 402, 404, 415 McDowell, 112, 137, 140, 172, Pelham, 244, 255 1 88 Pender, 150 McGowan, 376 Pendleton, W. N., 154, 261, McLaws, 180, 199, 203, 216, 281 297, 3" Pennsylvania, 284 McLean House, 423 Perry, 307, 311 McMahon, 386 Petersburg, 388, 391, 396 Meade, 214, 244, 247, 288, 290, Pettigrew, 311, 313, 314, 323 304, 323, 400 Pickens, Fort, 88 Meagher, 154 Pickens, Governor, of South Mechanicsville, 147, 149 Carolina, 12 Merrimac, 134, 138, 139 Pickett, George E., 44, 156, 290, Mexican War, 28, 31, 33 et seq. 300, 311, 380, 389, 420 Milroy, 138, 140, 283 Poague, W. T., 212, 260 Mine Run, 329 Pope, J., 171, 173, 188 Mississippi, 156, 376 Po River, 372 Mobile, 394 Porter, Fitz J., 143, 150, 166, Monitor, 134 188 Monocacy, 398 Port Republic, 141, 143 Monroe, Fortress, 177 Port Royal, Virginia, 240, 258 Morell, 152 Posey, 260, 307 Morgan, n Potomac River, 198 Mount Vernon, 15, 27 Princeton, 8, 10 N Q Quaker road, 165 Negro, emancipation, 67, 76, 77 ; Qujncy, Josiah, 58 slavery, 63 ; soldiers, 399, 416 ; suffrage, 441, 450 R New Orleans, 398 Norfolk, 139 Raccoon ford, 177 North Anna River, 239, 380 Race problem, 441 Nullification, in New England, Ramseur, 376 58-61 ; in South Carolina, 63 Randolph, George W., 448 Index. 465 Randolph, John, 21 Seven Pines, 141 Ransom, 246 Seward, W. H., 71, 91 Rapidan, 174, 259, 328, 332 Rappahannock, 171, 176, 182, Sharpsburgh, 205, 210 Shepherdstown, 285, 398 237, 327 Sheridan, P. H., 397, 398, 400, Reconstruction, 426 408, 409, 422, 423 Reno, 176, 187 Sherman, W. T., 342, 394, 409 Republican - Democratic party, Shields, James, 136, 140, 144 14, 18, 21 Shirley, 16 Republican party, 91, 392 ; ori- Sickles, D. E., 260 gin of, 73, 74 ; nominates Lin- Sigel, Franz, 172, 187, 379 coln, 82 ; platform in 1860, 83 Slavery, origin of American, 63 Reynolds, 193, 293 65 ; views of Southern states- Richardson, 220 men, 65-68 ; Abolitionists, 67 Richmond, capital of Southern et seq. ; Missouri Compro- Confederacy, 132, 237, 332, mise, 67 ; in Congress, 68, 69 ; 391, 407 ; burning of, 426 Compromise of 1850, 71; views Rich Mountain, battle of, no of Dr. Charles Hodge, G. T. Ricketts, 172, 184, 359 Curtis, and Theo. Roosevelt, Ripley, 128, 150, 215 76, 77 Roanoke Island, 130, 133 Slocum, H. W., 152, 163, 259, Robertson, 173, 281 295, 309 Rodes, 219, 265, 290, 308, 370 Smith, Gov. Wm., 294 Rosecrans, 114, 124, 324 Smith, W. F., 383 Rosser, 344 Society of Cincinnati, 435 Round Top, 304, 305, 311 Southern Confederacy, fall of, Ruffner, Henry, 435 426 South Mountain, 202 S Southside railroad, 396 Spotswood, Gov. Alex., 5 Sailor's Creek, 422 Spotsylvania, 340, 367-369, 371 Salem, 181, 183 Stafford, 194, 216 Salem Church, 275 Stafford Heights, 238, 240, 241, Salient, 370, 371 246 Savage's Station, 161 Stanton, E. M., 164 Savannah, 394, 409 Starke, P., 189, 191, 214 Scales, A. M., 311 Staunton, 140, 238 Scott, Dred, 75 Staunton River, 397, 415 Scott, Winfield, 36, 37 Stephens, A. H., 73, 103, 105, Schurz, Carl, 267 410 Secession, of Cotton States, 75, Steuart, Geo. H., 373 84 ; of Border States, 87, 93 ; Stevens, Thaddeus. 439 party in South, 94, 95 ; in Stoneman, 258 New England, 7, 21, 54, 59 ; Stonewall Brigade, 436 from Union under Articles of Stratford, 2, 16, 18, 20 Confederation, 54, 55 Stratford-Langton, 3 Seddon, James A., 215, 414 Stuart, J. E. B., 48, 145, 146, Sedgwick, John, 164, 259, 307, 149, 159, 174, 180, 182, 214, 358 216, 225, 234, 236, 251, 271, Seminary Ridge, 292, 299 285, 319, 378 466 Index. Sudley Church, 185, 187, 191 Venable, C. S., 302 Suffolk, 258 Vethake, H.,435 Sumner, Chas., 71 Vicksburg, 324 Sumner, Edwin V., 141, 182, Virginia and Kentucky resolu- 213, 217, 241 tions, 15, 56, 73 Sumter, Fort, 12, 88-90 Sykes, George, 155, 248 Virginia, colony of, 2-4, 7, 8, 17 ; commonwealth, 8, 9; Constitu- tion, 9 ; convention, 9, 92 ; T 102 ; peace convention, 87 ; secession of, 95 Taliaferro, Wm. B., 120, 185, W 186, 240, 242, 247 Tariff, 60-62 Tarleton, 12 Taylor, W. H., 230, 413 Tennessee, 394 Texas, 33, 34, 156 Thomas, 187, 189 Thoroughfare Gap, 182, 184, 187 Todd's Tavern, 260, 369, 371 Totopolomy, 149, 382 Toombs, Robert, 94, 213, 222 Torbert, 403 Treaty of 1783, 53, 54 Trenton, 10 Trevilian, 397 Trimble, Isaac, 182, 212, 247, Wadsworth, Jas., 357 Walker, F. A., 309, 314, 364, 387, 388, 392, 403, 405 Walker, Jas. A., 373 Walker, John G., 180, 203, 216 Walker, R. L., 312 Wallace, Lew, 398 Warren, G. W., 164, 195, 306, 326, 356, 381 Warrenton, 236 Washington Academy, 434, 435 Washington Artillery, 243 Washington City, 138, 397 Washington College, 429, 432 315, 3i& Turkey Hill, 152, 157, 384 Turner's Gap, 206 435. 43 Washington, George, 5, 7, 10, ii, 14, 15, 434 Waterloo Bridge, 181, 182 Webster, Daniel, views on slav- U ery, 70, 72 Weisiger, D. A., 402 Ulstermen, 433 ; origin of, 7 ; Weldon railroad, 396, 403 in Seven Years' War, 7 ; form Westover, 138, 176 Republican party, 7, 8 ; form West Point, 26 American Democracy, 17 ; in Whig party, 34, 69 Texas, 33 ; Confederate sol- Wliite House on Pamunkey diers, 347 River, 28 Upton, 373 White Oak Swamp, 158, 159 V 162, 163, 389, 407 White Plains, 183 Valentine, sculptor, 457 Whiting, 144, 148, 155 Valley of Virginia (Shenandoah Wickham, W. C., 345 Valley), 136 140, 144, 387, 407 Wigfall, L. A., 409 Wilcox, C. M., 192, 274, 307, Vance, Z. B., Governor, of North 3", 38i Carolina, 410, 417, 418 Wilderness, battle of, 352 Vaughan road, 406 Wilderness Tavern, 356, 358 Index. 467 William and Mary College, 6, 17 Williamsburg, battle of, 139 Williams, 215 Williamsport, 225, 321 Wilmington, 324, 410 Wilson, Jas. H., 397, 403 Winchester, 133, 134, 140, 143, 284, 407, 408 Winder, Chas. S., 155, 173 Wise, Henry A., 109, in, 115 et seq. Witherspoon, John, 8 Wolseley, Garnett, 231 Wright, 401 Yorke County, 3 York, Pennsylvania, 288, 290 York River, 133, 145 Yorktown, 12, 132, 137, 138 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. A.M. 7|8|9llOllHlg|l|3'4 Form E 467.1 L4W5