THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES REMARKS ON A DANISH RUNIC STONE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, FOUND IN THE CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. BY CHARLES CHRISTIAN RAFJN. LM FT7K (\ 1 c o s totcmtoi 115 19 REMARKS 0,\ A DANISH RUNIC STONE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, FOUND IN THE CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. BY CHARLES CHRISTIAN RAEN. PUBLISH!-:!) BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. COPENHAGEN. PRINTED BY BERLING BROTHERS. 1854. » -> , • . ■ ■ - 1 #■ . * , ' w A . ',. • • • « • . ». • y • ■ • • - * . • » . ■ ". en CC CD O UJ L_£> Ft 1 DANISH RUNIC STONE, FOUND IN TIIK CENTRAL PART OF LO^DOY 2 :NffiNWir c o JlA l/INv/ i-EPltWl "LuKDUNABORG ei allra borga most ok ag«zt of oil Nordrliind:" The city of London is of all cities the lar- gest and most distinguished in all the Northern countries: is an expression which we find already in the Saga of Kagnar Lodbrok 1 . Visits paid by Northmen to king Athelstane residing in London are mentioned in the Egils Saga- and in the Sagas of the kings of Norway a . At that time the Danish dominion in Northumberland and other parts of England, more particularly in Norfolk and Suffolk, had for some centuries been of great importance. Alter Canute the Great had taken London and subsequently established himself as supreme ruler, this dominion became equally important for the whole of England and remained unshaken for many years. A great many Northmen, and more par- ticularly Danes, at that time, no doubt, settled in England, and occupied high stations, in London, ol course, as elsewhere. ') Fornaldar Soyiu Nordrlauda ed. C. C. Ram, I, p 289. -) K^ils Saga Skallagrfmssonar c. 65 p. 4(57. Dial's sapa Trygg- vasonar <• S — !). 3 ) Kornmanna Sncm I. p. Mi - 17. A bAMSli RUNIC STOi>E 10UIND IN LOKOON. O ll is ;i monument undoubtedly erected by two such men which here comes under our consideration. A Fellow of our Society residing in London — and who with great zeal watches over the Society's interests — Mr. John Brown, has enabled us to desciibe this object of antiquity with great accuracy. As soon as its discovery had become known in London, he applied to Mr. James T. Knowles Jun., the architect who had the superintendence of the works, by means of which the stone was brought to light; and the latter gentleman did not only, with the greatest readiness, communicate to us a circumstantial report about this cu- rious monument, but made the Society a most welcome present of a cast of the stone, which enables us to exa- mine the inscription with greater accuracy and certainty. Along with a letter dated the 11th Dec. 1852 he sent to our Society the cast of this very interesting Runic Monu- ment, which was dug up in the last month of August in the central part of London (or as he expresses it li in the heart of the city of London"). In his letter he adds: "Should the course of my profession — (an architect's) bring me into contact with more such relics as the one which forms the subject of this communication, 1 shall feel proud in any way to further the object of Scandinavian archaeology — by transmitting some notice of them to you." London was in ancient limes divided in two parts by a pretty brook of excellent water, and running from North to South. The water was gathered from the fields lying to the North of the city. This brook had a passage through the city wall and ran through the centre of the city into the Thames. Down to the 13th century London was di- vided into 24 wards, of which 13 lay to the East and 1 1 to the West of the said brook which on account of its passage through the city wall was named "'Wallbrooke". (J a liAMSII KUNIC ST01NK FOUND IN LONDON. The wards on the West side increased in extent much more rapidly than those on the East, and on that account the one of them Farringdon, which had been considerably en- larged also by buildings without the gates, was in the vear 1393, by an Act of Parliament, divided into two wards, the one called Farringdon without, (the waif) and the other, which was older, Farringdon within, in the latter ward . Farringdon within , was situate the church of St. Paul, with the Monastery and other buildings there- to belonging, in the same place which still is occupied by this Church and its nearest environs. The church was sur- rounded, as it still is, by St. Paul's churchyard, but in modern times this is a churchyard only in name, for it is nothing but an open space surrounded on both sides by an oval or elliptical row of houses. This row of regularly num- bered houses is what now is called 4; St. Paul's churchyard", which appellation at present, accordingly, is but the name of a street. The foundation of this cathedral was first laid about the year 010 by Ethelred, king of Kent, who endowed St. Paul's Monastery with landed estates. Among the kings, who at a subsequent period most munificently en- dowed this church, Alhelstane, Edgar, Canute the Great, Ed- ward the Confessor, and William the Conqueror are mentioned. In the year 1086 the church of St. Paul was burnt down in the great fire which at the same time destroyed the greatest part of the city. The Bishop Mauricius then laid the foundation of a new Church of St. Paul , a build- ing of so vast an extent that many at that time believed it never would be finished. For the purpose of securing it against fire it was erected on arches of stone, a mode of architecture till then unknown in England, which was introduced from France: even the stone was brought from Caen in Normandv. Richard Beamor, the successor In A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND TN LONDON. 7 Mauricius in the Bishoprick , enlarged the territory of the church, by adding to it, at his own expense, several large streets and lanes. In the 14 th century the church-yard was surrounded by a wall. In the middle of the church- yard, the celebrated Cross was erected, with the Pulpit be- side it. This was considered as one of the most remark- able as well as also one of the most sacred and solemn places in England. Here the most renowned Divines, and Scholars of the highest distinction, had preached during the course of centuries; and here business of stale had been solemnly transacted. According to a resolution of Parlia- ment the cross and pulpit were taken down in the year 1643. The Cathedral of St. Paul was again destroyed in the great fire of London 1660, and was rebuilt in a style fully equalling its former magnificence in the years 1075 to 1710. The new church of St. Paul is the largest and most magnificent in the protcstant world, and in the list of the churches of Europe it is always placed imme- diately after the Church of St. Peter in Rome. Numerous monuments recorded the names of those buried in the ancient church. Erkenwalde, Bishop of London, was buried in the ancient church about the year 700, and his body was translated into the new church in the year j 140. Sebba, king of the East Saxons, was also buried in the ancient church and translated to the new, and also Elhelred king of the West Saxons *. Both in the Saga of Harald the Severe and also in that of Edward the Confessor it is stated that the latter died in London and was buried in the Church of St. Paul (var jardadr i Pals kirkju), and the *) See "The history and antiquities of London, hy Thomas Allen, vol. III., London 1828" and 4t A Survey of London, conteyning the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Description, writ- ten in the year 1598 by John Stow; a new edition by William J. Thorns, London 1842." 8 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. historian adds that immediately after his death he was glori- fied by miracles, and he lay in the earth till St. Thomas, the Archbishop of Canterbury, removed him and caused him to be laid in a magnificent sarcophagus. In the Saga of Harald the Severe, it is further stated that Harald, the son of Godwin, who at the decease of Edward was proclaimed king, was anointed and crowned the eighth day of Christmas in the Church of St. Paul (var vigdr komings vigslu i Pcils kirkjii) t . These preliminary observations may be deemed suffi- cient to establish the locality, which, although the citizens of London and even Englishmen in general may be suffi- ciently convinced that the church of St. Paul still stands where it has stood these thousand years, is, in treating of matters so ancient, by no means superfluous, since the truth of the popular tradition thus is fortified by the testimony of ancient authors, English as well as Northern. And we shall now insert Mr. Knowlcs's communication concerning this relic: Clapham Park, December 1852. Runic Grave Stone from St. Paul's Church- Yard, London. The stone, of the monumental portion of which the accompanying cast is a fac- simile, was discovered in the process of excavating for the foundations of a new ware- house for Messrs. Cook Sons & Co. on the South side of St. Paul's Church-Yard, in the month of August this year. At the depth of rather more than 20 feet from the surface the natural ground level was attained, consisting of a compact dark yellow grilty sand, overlying gravel. Upon the surface of this sand the sculptured stone was ') The Saga of Harald the Severe c. 112, Fornmanna Sogur VI, p. o90; Saga Jatvatdar konungs hins tielga c. 6, Annaler for nordisk Oldkjndiglicd og Historie 1852, p. 30. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON'. 9 found; and to the North of it, a rude long hollow was scooped out, dipping from South to North at an angle of from 16° to 20°, containing the skeleton of a human being. The skull, with almost the whole of the bones, was thrown into the new excavation, and reburicd; but the femur and tibia of one leg, with the tibia of the other, fortunately preserved, are in my possession, and at the service of the British Museum. The stone slab itself is of a rather friable oolite, pro- bably Bath. The dimensions, when complete, were 1 foot 10.! inches wide by 2 feet 4| inches long; 10£ inches of the lower part being buried in the soil; the thickness was 4 inches at the upper, and 5 inches at the lower, imbedded, and roughly finished end. The exact size of the sunk panel containing the sculpture is 18.1 inches by l.S^ inches. The faces of the sculpture itself are flat, and come up to the general surface plane of the slab; the interstices are sunk out to a depth of barely i of an inch, giving of course a relief to that amount. The only inscription is found on the left hand edge of the slab, and extends from the lop to a little below the bottom of the sculpture panel. The characters , which are Bunic, are deeply incised, and indicate great antiquity of execution for the relic. It may be remarked that although the Bunjc inscription is considered incomplete by several English scholars — yet that no trace whatever of any farther writing is to be dis- cerned upon the slab — the finish and entire preservation of which lead to the certain inference that no additional inscription did at any lime exist upon it. And as to the missing fragment — as has been already noticed — it must have been entirely rough, and buried out of sight. 1 would direct attention moreover — as settling this doubt — lo the terminal line upon the edge of the slab, 10 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. which, heing a continuation of the curved line on the face of the stone , appears to indicate a completion of the writing in that direction. It will be perceived that the slab is broken into 4 fragments, a fifth was thrown into one of the concrete trenches, but its loss is unimportant, as all the lower portion of the stone is but roughly hewn in the very rudest manner, and was evidently inserted in the ground. The remainder of the slab is neatly squared. The edge of the slab displays by the method of ter- minating its tooled surface — (i. e. all of the stone which was not buried) — the angle of inclination at which this antique head-stone was pitched. This was of about 30 °; the sculptured panel and front face of the stone making an obtuse angle of nearly 60 ° with the ground-surface. The faces of the sculpture have been coloured with a uniform deep tone of an almost black blue, still very per- ceptible in the original; slight traces of red are also \isible, but are possibly stains of iron oxide. The cast which accompanies this communication may be relied upon as a faithful transcript of so much of the interesting monument as it includes. The remainder will be clearly and sufficiently understood from the subjoined sketch. From The Illustrated London News vol. XXI, p. 157. "The extraordinary figure of the animal filling the panel will be understood by the drawing. I would call attention particul- arly to the horned head and spurred claws, the combination of which seems eminently fantastic. A smaller head on the model of the principal one will be observed towards the upper right hand of the panel. The meaning of the scrolls and details surrounding the main figure I am quite at a loss to conjecture. The whole composition looks very mytho- logic, or possibly heraldic." James T. Knowles, jun. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 11 From the cast presented by Mr. Knowles we have made a draft of the Stone (tab. I) exhibiting a side view of it, so that the Runic inscription on the edge becomes plainly visible. As for the rest this draft shews the whole face of the stone as it was found, on a scale of , / 6 of its real size. Only the upper part of the front is sculptured with figures in basrelief, surrounded by a frame which in both the lop corners is ornamented with Arabesques. The face of the stone exhibits the figure of a fantastic quadruped. The head with antlers backward bent has two tusks and a protruded tongue. The claws have a peculiar curvature. Fanciful volutes and flourishes are observed over the hinderparfc of the animal and also across and between its tail. A smaller Dragon figure is placed before the larger one, and its hinder part ending in a divided tail is coiled up between the crossed forelegs of the larger animal. Similar representations of animals we find on a great many Runic stones here in the North, engravings of which may be seen in Bautil n° 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 758, 760, 956, 96S, and with regard to the volutes, more particularly in n° 560, 649, 653, 660 etc. We recognise the same themes and the same taste as is exhibited in the Iellinge monuments, as well in the relics found in the tomb of Queen Thyrc, chiefly consisting of curved work, as more especially on the tomb-stone of King Gorm, sur- named the Old. The Runic inscription is placed on the edge of the stone on the left, equalling in vertical extent the sculpture on the front, from which its completeness may be inferred. It is sculptured in two lines, divided by a transversal line, so that the latter line begins just below the last Rune of the first line, and we must turn round to the opposite side in order to read it aright. On ancient Greek monuments such inscrip- tions are said to be written (iovGTQocftjddv. The subjoined 12 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. engraving shews the place and character of the inscription o i o an tH it If & YMf o M • *Mm • *(*S + N\ rT\t>4 YhMA, kub : hjalbi : hos alu kubs mubir, i.e. kub hjalbi hons salu uk ku|js mubir; the Lofstad stone (L 141, B 477): r+KU+K • +hK • IVmiK, Karbar: auk; utirik i. e. Karbar auk Kutirik; the Tiursakcr stone (L 441, B 99): Hill: +r\K : IfcYhVTK., Sibi : auk: irmunlr, i. e. Sibi auk Kirmuntr; the Hiiringe stone (L 264): Mfcfclhfcl- : +hK : WTK., Purbiurn : auk: nulr, i. e. fcurbiurn auk Kniitr; the Hb'gelby stone (L 816, B 685) : +hK • fM>Yf\t>, auk: uhinup, i. e. auk Kubmub. lecia: we have here indeed a K £and not a F) but the cast will shew that that part of the stone which lay between the vertical stroke and the crane stroke is broke off, and in that part most probably a point or dot was inserted, whereby the breaking off of the piece of the stone might more easily be occasioned. When the Y is redoubled, we have leggja according to the usual Icelandic orthography. SUN instead of stein, the accusative case of steinn , a parsimonious Runic mode of spelling of frequent occurrence. fiENSl, a form of the pronoun which also occurs very often instead of the accusative case penna of the nominat. pesst\ e. g. on the Siiderby stone (L 1356), the Larfs- stone (L 1390). auk: thus this conjunction is commonly spelt in Runic inscriptions. Tuki, a Northern man's name of frequent occurrence, more particularly in Denmark. This inscription accordingly will read as follows, when spelt in the usual Icelandic manner which in modern times has been employed for Old Danish: Kona'll let leggja stein I>e\si Q>e:sna) ok Tuki i. e. Konal and Tuki caused this stone to be laid. *) J. G. Liljegien, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. s ) liautil with notes by Gbransson, Stockh. 1750, 14 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. Konall is an Icelandic or Old -Northern man's name of Irish origin. "Oct Conaill'', eight Conalls, were killed in the battle of Magh Rath in the year 637. The narrative of this battle is from the close of the 12th century. The Editor, Mr. O'Donovan, adds in a note: "Conall is still in use among a few families as the proper name of a man, but most generally as a surname, though it does not appear that the surname O'Connell is formed from it, that being an Anglicised form of the Irish O'Conghail''. * The family ofConall are descendents of Conall Gulban , who was a son of Niall of the Nine Hostages, monarch of Ireland in the fourth century. - One of the Saints which were worshipped on the Scottish isle of Arran was Saint Conall. 3 In the ancient writings of the North, and more parti- cularly in those of Iceland, Konall is a name which fre- quently occurs. The Landnamabok alone mentions six persons of that name. The sons of Berse or Brese, Thormod the Old and Ketil, set out from Ireland to Iceland, and took possession of the whole of Akranes, in the West part of Iceland, between Aurridaa and Kalmansa; they were Irishmen; Kalman who gave his name to the river was also an Irishman, and had formerly resided in Kalanes. Thormod was the father of !) See The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh Bath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, publish- ed by the Irish Ai etiological Society, Dublin 1842, p. 290-291. 2 ) Cinel Conaill. the race of Conall, is mentioned in ''The Circuit of Ireland, by Muirchcaitach Mac Neill, Prince of Aileach; a poem, written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the north of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan," publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1841, p. 50. 8 ) See Chorographical description of West or H-Iar Connaught, by OTlnherty, edited by J. Hardiman, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1846, p. 75. "Castle Connell" is mentioned in Jacobi Grace, Kilkenniensis, Annates Hiberniae, ed. by the Bev. B. Butler, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1842, p. 83. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 15 Bcrse and Geirlang, who was married lo Anund Breidskegg (Broad-beard); their son was the renowned Odd of Tunga. Kctil's son was Jiirund surnamed the Christian; he resided in Jorundarholt, subsequently named Gardar. Edna was Ketil Bersason's daughter , she was married to an Irish- man of the name of Konall; their son was Asolf Alskik; he emigrated to Iceland and landed in Osar in the Eastern Firths. He was thoroughly Christian and would have no in- tercourse with heathens, and not receive food from them. With eleven companions he set out from the East, and journeyed westward till he came to the residence ofThorgeir Bardarson from Hordaland [hinn hordski) at Holt at the foot of the mountains of Eyafjoll, and there they pitched their tent. There Asolf built himself a cabin (skulty at the foot of the mountains of Eyafjoll at the place which now is called the Eastermost Asolf's Cabin. The neighbours were curious to know what his nourishment might be, and they discovered a great many fishes in the cabin. A river ran close by Asolfs Cabin; at that time it was the beginning of winter; the river was immediately most plentifully stocked with fish. Thorgeir complained of Asolf making use of his fishery. Asolf then removed from thence and built himself an other cabin, which afterwards was called the Middle Cabin, further West close to an other river, which was called 1st a (i. e. Ira «, the river of the Irish) because they were Irishmen. As soon as they came to this river, it was immediately full of fish, and the people said they had never seen such a wonder; but now all fish had deserted the Eastern river. The inhabitants of the district then expelled Asolf from thence, and now he removed lo the Wcstermost of the three cabins which he built, and still the result was the same. The country-people believed that Asolf and his companions must be wizards, although Thorgeir maintained that they were very good people. In the spring they departed, and 16 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. journeyed westward to Akranes to Jiirund Asolf's relative. Jorund invited him to stay with him; but in as much as Asolf did not like to reside with other people, Jorund caused a house to be built for him at Innra-Holm; thither they brought him victuals, and there he remained as long as he lived. There he was also buried, and a church is now erected over his grave. He was considered to be a very holy man, and legends are told concerning him 1 . The above named Kalman was of Hebridian origin ; he emigrated to Iceland and landed in the Whalefirlh (Hval- fiord) in the Western quarter of that country and first set- tled near Kalmansa; but subsequently he took land in pos- session to the West of Hvita (The white River) between that river and the river Fljot viz the whole of Kalmans- lunga ([the Doab of Kalman), and there he made his do- mestic establishment. The brother of Kalman was called Kylan; his son was Kare who had a quarrel with Karle of Karlastad, a freed-man of Rolf of Geitland; the father of this Karle was called Konall and he, no doubt, was also an Irishman". The name may doubtless be supposed to have been brought from Ireland to Iceland, where there were several owners of it, both during the time the occupa- tion of Iceland was going on, and subsequently. Thus the grandson of Olver Barnakarl was called Konall whose daugh- ter Alfdis from Barey married Olaf Feilan, a grandson of that celebrated settler lady Auda the Vastly - Wealthy , this Olaf being a son of her son Thorstein the Red , who had been king over a part of Scotland and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Scotch s . By the same name was also called a son of Kelil of Hordaland in Norway and the grandson of that Konall, or the son of his son Sokke !) Landn.imabdk I, 15, Islendinga Sogur 1, p. 49-52. 2 ) Landn. Ill, 1, islend. Sogur 1, p. 64-65. ») Landn. II, 19, V, 1 1 , Islend. Sogur 1, p. 116, 309. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 17 was again named Konall. The founder of the family, Ketil Thorsleinson, resided at Reykiadal in the Northland of Ice- land, where Natlfari, a Dane who in the year 8(33 had ac- companied the first discoverer of Iceland, Gardar Svavarson, had settled ten years before the Norwegian Ingolf came to that country, and had indicated his occupation of the district by marks on the trees; but he was expelled from thence by Einar, the brother of Ketill , and he was thus obliged to repair to an other place, since called Nattfaravik (the Bay of Nattfare) after his name, and settle there. The name Konall is thus found both in the Western Quarter and also in the Northland of Iceland , at the period of the occupation of that country, and in subsequent ages it has also there been preserved. In the very curious clergy list of 1143 which had been drawn up on account of an approaching election of a Bishop, and which contains the names of some distinguish- ed parsons who were natives of Iceland, we find in the Northland Biarne Conalsson l . In the account of the battle of Vidanes which in the year 1208 was fought by the Bishop Gudmund Arason against Ivolbcin Tumason , Konall Sockason is mentioned as one of the followers of the Bishop who fought with great bravery on his side, and, no doubt, judging from the names, which often were preserved in the families, he was a descendant of the aforementioned man of the same name-. In the account of Eyulf Thorsteinson's attack on Gissur Thorvaldson of Flugumyre 1253 the sons of Ragnhild Brynjuhall and Konall are mentioned among the comrades of Eyulf 3 . Also here in Scandinavia the name of Konall is found in earlier ages; thus it occurs in an inscription on a Runic stone in Upland, on the Troekhammar stone in the parish J ) Isl. Sogur 1, p. 384 the facsimile tab. iij. s ) Sturlunga Saga II, p. 5, 6, 12. 3 ) Sturl, Saga III, p. 184. 18 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IX LONDON. of Ska, the district of Farentuna ( L 35G, B 286): Kiu- lakr: lit : raisa: stain : iftir : kvih svain sin: Kunal CrTM-hr'), which in the usual orthography would read as follows: Kjiilakr let reisa stein eflir kviksvein sinn Kunal, i. e. Kjulak caused this stone to be erected after (i e. in memory of) his page Kunal. The name of Toki frequently occurred in ancient times in Denmark as well as in other parts of the North. Among the warriors of Harald Hildetbnn in the battle of the Field of Bravellir one Toki is mentioned in the Fragment of Skibldunga Saga i , and among the many whom Saxo com- mends as very distinguished in that battle, this same "Toki Jumcnsi provincia orlus" (probably from Jum or Join in Pomerania) was one. Saxo as well as other historical authors, both at earlier and later periods mention several persons of this name. The same name does also very frequently occur in Runic inscriptions in Denmark as well as in Sweden, and in these it is some times spelt T^KI , but most frequently quite as in the stone of London , TftKI, which in modern Danish has been transformed into Tt/ye (latinized Tycho). The variations TriKlR. and ^PiKIR. are more rare. We shall here only mention three Runic stones in Sweden where this name occurs. In the parish of Angara, the district of Vallentuna, in Upland there is a stone (X 969, B 94) commemorative of one Tukir, who lost his life in Greece. In the parish of Hugby, district of Gostring, in East Goth- land we find a stone (L 1180, B 882), which a certain I'ukir (read Thookir) placed here in memory of his cousin Asur, who also died in Greece. On the Kaga stone, district of Hanekind, in East Gothland (L 1145, B 850) we read *) See the editions of this fragment (Sogubrot) by C. C. Rafn in Fornaldar Sogur Nordrlamla I, p. 379 and in AntiquitesRusses I, p. 79. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 19 the following inscription: Ruhr: risti : stin : bansi : eftir : Tuki : brubur : sin: sar : varp : tribin : a: 1 lati : trikr.: arba : kubr, which in the usual way is spelt thus: Rutr risti stein |)enna eftir Tuka, Iiruour sinn , sa er varo drepinn a Iiilanti (a Englandi or a Eylandi), drengr hardla goor i. e. "Rutr (Hrulr) carved this stone after (i. e. in memory of) his brother Tuki, who was killed in England, being a right good gentleman." On the Runic stones of Denmark this name is still more frequent, and on these 'V[\Y\ is the most common spelling. On the Hiarup stone, parish of Upakra, district of Bara, in Scania (L 1439, W 154) we read: "-Nafni : rispi : stin: pisi : ifiir : Tuka: bropur sin .... han : varb : vistr : tubr : arf " i. e. "Nafni carved this stone after his brother Tuki .. . he died in the Western countries, viz. in the British isles." In the churchwall of Hellestad, district of Torna, also in Scania , the name of Tuki occurs £Tuka in Gen. and Accusat.) on three stones five times (L 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172), and one of the persons named is called TftM KIM^YH : HIM-, Tuki Kurms sun i.e. Toke Ciormsson. On the Brcgninge stone, district of Musse, in Laaland (L 1490, W 262) two Tukes are mentioned. The Aars stone in the county of Aalhorg has two inscrip- tions, (one being in the ancient metre called Fornyrdalaff^) over the chieftain Valtoke, h'I'hT'fM'-r' (Siccus.), a name which is formed from valr^ a hawk or a battlefield, and Tuki, in the same way as Valbrandr, Valborg 3 . The Thordrup stonc^ district of Hundborg, county of Thisled (L 1507, W 293) mentions a certain Tuku Tr\Kh (accus.) : the same name is, also in accus., spelt Tuko , TIM'^, on the Falsberga stone, parish of Valby. district of Trogd in Upland. On the Til— lidse stone, the South district in Laaland (]„ 1009, W >) O. Worm, Monnmcnta Danica. 2 ) See the disquisition of Finn Magnusen in Antiqu. Tidsskrift 1848-45., p. 182-85, tab. V. 20 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 252-3}, as also on the Slaby stone, parish of Ostmo in Sodcrmanland (L 834, B 673), the name of Toki, Wl, occurs exactly as in the ancient Mss. and on a censer (X 19C0) in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenha- gen we find Toke. Elsewhere Tuki is common. That TftKl HY!t>R, Tuki smith, which is mentioned on the Runic stone near the churchdoor at Grendsteen ; county of Viborg, (L 1513, W 313) may possibly be the same person as he from whom we have a lately discovered Runic stone found in the field of Horning, county of Skanderborg, where we read: Tuki: smibr : rip : stin : iTt : Purgisl : Kupmutar ; sun: is: hanum : kaf: ku]> : uk : frialsi ; spelt in the or- dinary way it runs thus : Toki smidr reit stein eftir Por- gisl Gudmundarson, er honum gaf gud ok frjalsu: i. e. Toke the smith carved the Runes on the stone after Thor- gils Gudmundson who gave him god (converted him to Christianity) and liberty. Besides those monuments which already for some time have been pretty well known, the name of Tf\KI also occurs an two monumental stones lately found, the one in the village of Gylling, near the town of Horscns, the other in the field ofFiellerad, parish ofGun- derup, county of Aalborg. However, among the Danish Tokes the most remark- able in history are those of the renowned Fionian fami- ly *, Toki a Fj6ni, Toke of Funcn, had by his wife Thor- vor two sons Aki (mod. Dan. Aage) who was killed by the warriors of Harald Blatonn (_Blue-Toolh) because the king was jealous of his power, and Palner or Paine. Palne's son was the renowned Palnatoke of Funen, one of the mightiest men of Denmark at that period. About the year 956 he made an expedition to England, and arrived as far as Bretland (Britain) or Wales, where he married Olo'f, a daughter J ) See JEi\si although the stone seems to be a little damaged in this place. As the Inscription contains a complete sentence or proposition , so it also manifestly is quite entire, and there is no part of it missing: It begins at the limit of the stone's sculptured part, and the reverting line almost reaches the same limit again. There is not room for a word more nor for a third line. Mr. Knowles's assertion: that the Inscription is entire, is fully proved. Rut concise, and clear, and even entire as our In- scription is, it materially differs as to its stile from all Runic inscriptions hitherto known. Its place and posture render it in the highest degree probable that it is in some way or other monumental, and the human skeleton found to the North of it still further confirms such a supposi- tion ; yet the person whose memory it was to preserve is not at all mentioned or in any way alluded to. This is as much contrary to custom as it would indeed be contrary to reason, if we suppose that this was the only inscription exhibited on this tomb. The ordinary stile of Runic tomb- inscriptions is quite simple and has in the most essential part of the inscription but few variations. It generally runs as follows: "N. raised this stone after (i. e. in memory of) N.'\ and if it is a Christian monument the prayer: u God help his soul!" is commonly added. In every case the name of the person entombed is mentioned, and this seems to be so rational, that we cannot easily conceive how it ever could be omitted; such an omission A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 29 would make what was intended to be a monument, no monument at all. The word lekia — which means legr/ia, to lay — is also unusual, though I shall not venture to say that it is an una% Xtyo^svov in Runic tomb -literature: one thing however is quite clear viz. that if this verb '"lay" is supposed to refer to that self same stone, which bears the inscription, it would be quite inappropriate, as appears from the sloping posture of the stone described by Mr. Knowles. Our an- cestors would not have said that such a stone was laid, but rather raised. If in spite of such improbabilities as we here have hinted at, we still were determined to consider this stone with its inscription as an independent monument, we would have to suppose that Konall and Tuki (av may be, Tuki and his wife — although this would be very quainQ in their life time caused the stone to be laid or raised to mark a burying ground which they had appropriated to themselves. But such a supposition is the more improbable since the inscription, such as we find it, would be insufficient for such a purpose. Besides it would be difficult to shew in ancient limes any example of a similar description. Autopsy often suggests correct notions , which do not so readily present themselves to the minds of persons placed at a great distance. Autopsy has clearly suggested to Mr. Knowles the idea of calling this stone a head stone; and here we probably have the clue to the true history of the same. It is not at all uncommon, at the present day, neither in England nor in other countries to place a white marble slab at the head of the grave, on which some short inscrip- tion is ingraven , and this being put up in a slanting po- sture, is called a head stone; but then there generally is a tomb-stone beside, which is placed horizontally on the top of the grave and covers its whole length. On this 30 A DAMSH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. tomb-stone the real epitaph, the date of the deceased one's birth and death etc. are ingraven. But on the white slab there often is sculptured a rhymed verse, and some-times averse from the Bible. The object of this head-stone clearly is to draw attention to the tomb, lest passengers should pass by it without noticing it. It is highly probable that this is a very ancient custom in Christian church- yards , and that head-stones in London perhaps may be a thousand years old or upwards. The white marble slab, of course, is of more modern dale, but the slanting posture of the ancient head-slone and the sculpture on the face of it, probably was deemed sufficient to mark it out for attention. Here thus we most likely have the true explanation of the origin of this stone. It merely is a head -stone and the verb lay refers to the horizontal tomb- stone below, which in the course of eight centuries most likely has been broken into many pieces, and then mouldered to atoms. The position of the inscription on this head-stone, moreover, shews that it was considered to be of a subordinate interest. It is most unobtrusively placed on the edge of the stone, and not very easily observed except on closer inspection. No doubt, those who erected the monument in the first place wished to draw public attention to the epitaph on the tomb- stone of their friend, and in the second place to record in a manner as modest (we might almost say, as concealed), as possible their own merit in causing the tomb-stone to be laid. This supposition, I believe, may satisfactorily account for the end and object of the London Runic stone. Thorl. Gudm. Repp. From the paper here inserted it will appear that Mr. Repp as well as also the Correspondent of the Morning Chronicle at Copenhagen coincide with me in the opinion, which the A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 31 sculpture on the stone and a careful examination of the .Inscription both with regard to palaeography and language have led me to, viz. that we here have a Danish monument from the 11th century, or perhaps, more precisely from the time of Canute the Great. The ground of this opinion however will gain both ampler solidity and clearness by a comparison with an ana- logous Danish monument, the age of which may be deter- mined with tolerable certainty, and with other Danish inscriptions of the same class. In the Society's u Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie" for the year 1852 I have communicated some observations on the tomb-stones of King Gorm the Old and of his Queen Thyre Danabot at Jellinge, and in the Society's Archaeological Journal u An- tiquarisk Tidsskrift 1S52-1854" on some other Runic stones of the same age. Referring those who seek a more precise information on the subject to those papers, I shall here confine myself to a short abstract of them. The modern village of Jellinge, situate about seven miles to the North of Veile in Jutland, is one of those places which are very early mentioned in the ancient writ- ings. Frode, the son of Fridleif, commenced his reign in Denmark at the time when the Emperor Augustus establish- ed peace all over the world: then Christ was born. Rut Frode being the most mighty and puissant of all kings in the Northern countries ("« JSordrlbndum^ the peace was, as far as the Danish tongue was spoken, named after him, and the Northmen call it Frode's peace. l No one did then any injury to another, nor was there in those days any thief or robber, so that a gold-ring lay many years untouched on the high-road of Jalangr's heath. Later, viz. in the 2d ') Snorra Edda, skaldskaparmal, c. 43, ed. Arna-Magn. 1, p. 374-376; Fornmanna Sogur 11, p. 413. 32 THE RUMC TOMB-STOIS'ES AT JELLI.NGE IN JUTLAND. cenlury, King Yermund, the son of Frode, lived at the manor of Jalang. * In the historical age Jalang still was a royal manor; at the close of the 9th cenlury and during the former half of the 10th Ring Gorm the Old who first united the Danish slates under one sceptre, resided here, and with him his no less illustrious Queen Thyrc, who obtained the significant cognominalion of Danabot i. e. Danes' boot, or blessing, because she by her foresight and good advice saved the country in years of scarcity. Here also after their death both of them were entombed, or rather incaiined accord- ing to the heathen rile; for Christianity was first introduced during the reign of their son Harald Blue-Tooth. The two cairns, which are of unusual dimensions, corresponding to the rank of the persons over whom they are erected, are still speaking witnesses of yon distant age. They are si- tuate on each side the church of Jellinge: Gorm's cairn on the south of the church -yard, and that of Thyre to the north of it. Some works executed in the year 1820 occasioned a closer examination of the Queen's cairn, which led to very interesting antiquarian discoveries. The diameter of the cairn was found to be 180 feel; in the middle of it was found a grave -chamber built of wood, whose length was 21 f. 6 inch., the breadth e\ery-where fully 8 feet and the height 4 f. G inch. The side-walls were made of oaken planks , the ceiling of round oaken stems of varying thick- ness , on which the bark partly still remains, and below was a lining of ploughed oaken boards. Behind tire side- walls and also below the floor some stamped clayey mould was observed. The floor is made of oaken boards of the thickness of one inch. The inner part of the grave- i) Saionis Hist. Dan. ed. P. E. Bliillcr p. 163. THE RUNIC TOMB-STO.NES AT JELLIiNGE IX JUTLAND. 33 chamber where the boards lie length -ways , is divided exactly in the middle, by means of an oaken plank raised on its edge. Thus it seems that the grave chamber was destined to receive two coffins, which were to be placed the one beside the other. It was manifest that the chamber had been opened at some earlier period. There was, how- ever found a chest resembling a round trunk almost entirely consumed by rottenness; this was supposed to have been an outer coffin, and nothing was found in it. Further there was found a silver beaker, two inches high, lined with gold on the inner side, and on the outer side decorated with dragon coils inlaid with gold; two figures of birds made of copper, covered with thin plates of gold; two ornaments of thin copper-plates cut through, with a cross in the middle whose limbs were of equal length; the plates had been gilt on the outside; several things of wood and among these some carved objects in the same taste as the spiral ornaments on the stone of Gorm, which will be men- tioned hereafter: these wooden things are painted in black dusky brown and yellow oil colours *. On the two cairns there formerly stood the two monu- mental stones, which we here shall consider more atten- tively, and which now, for the purpose of being more securely preserved, have been brought over to the church- yard. According to the inscription on the tomb-stone of the Queen, her cairn must under Gorm's direction have been built during her lifetime, and the stone even placed thereon for the honour of the Queen, and as a memorial of her in time to come, since, according to historical writings, she survived her husband by some years. It is supposed that he died, aged nearly a hundred years, in the year 935, and she, aged seventy years, four years later, viz. in 939. That King Gorm, as many similar examples are to be found *} See Antiquariske Annaler IV 1 p. 64 sq. 34 THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. in ancient as well as modern times, has caused the grave chamber and cairn to be erected in the queen's life-time, will appear to be the more likely, when we consider the high old age which he attained. Olaus Worm has in the Monumenta Danica ed. 1643 (p. 331 — 341) exhibited drawings of both the stones, and added an interpretation of the inscription, which however stood in need of further correction, towards which the draft executed by S. Abildgaard in 1771, and the copy sub- sequently made in 1811 by M. F. Arendt may be con- sidered as valuable contributions. Finn Magnuson who in the year 1821 visited the place in person, and examined the inscriptions, has in "Ar.tiquariske Annaler" l communi- cated very valuable information respecting them, and also respecting two others which have a reference to these monu- ments; and E. Rask who at a subsequent period (July 1823) also personally inspected the inscriptions, added some fur- ther remarks on the same. This apparatus supplies us with an excellent guidance. I have also made use of the beautiful drawings executed on a large scale by Adam Miiller, which are intended to embellish that edition of Saxo which was prepared by his father P. E. Miiller, late Dishop of Sealand. These drawings were kindly lent to me by Prof. Velschow, who has undertaken the completion of this edition. Besides I have, in order, if possible, to complete the interpretation of the Inscription, corresponded with the parson of the place The Rev. Charles E. Kemp, who has compared the copy, Avhich had been made, with the In- scriptions themselves, and endeavoured, guided by the hints which I in the course of our correspondence communicated to him, to discover some of the traits, which had been omitted in the draft. His communications have supplied materials to a fuller information respecting these monuments. >) IV 1 p. 100-123, 267-271. THE RUNIC TOMB-STOXES AF JELLlNGE IN JUTLAND. 35 THE TOMB-STONE OF THYRE DANABOOT AT JELLlNGE. Thyre Danadoot was according to Icelandic authors a daughter of Klack-Harald, who was an Earl over Jutland ' or Holstein 3 , but in all probability more particularly over Angeln. But Saxo , on the contrary, says that she was a daughter of the English King Ethelred QAngiorum regis Edelradi filiti). P. F. Suhm has endeavoured to reconcile these statements, by supposing her father Flarald to have been a son of Gurmund or Guthrum, a Danish king in East- Anglia, whereby the English descent of Thyre would be established 3 . Ancient historical records agree in praising her excellent qualities, her beauty, her prudence, and ma- sculine firmness. Svein Akason's description of these 4 com- pletely agrees with the statements of the Icelanders. Saxo calls her in his quaint language: "DanUe majestatis caput" and Svein Akason u rcgni decus ," or u decus Daci(e" The annals call her by that name, by which she still is most commonly distinguished, Danahot, the Improver of the Danes, as her oldest son Canute obtained the cognomina- tion of ^Dana-dsV the Danes' Love. But again in the Icelandic Sagas, as well with Snorre, as in the Saga of Olaf Tryggvason and in the Jomsvikinga Saga she bears the same cognomination as on the tomb-stone of Jellinge a Danmarknrbdt" i. e. The boot or improvement of Denmark. The tomb-stone of Thyre Danaboot is of granite. 5 feet in height and 3 in breadth. The foremost side being flat *) Fornmanna Stigur 1, p 2, 115 — 116. °) Jomsvikinga Saga c. 2, Fornm. S. 11 p. 3-8. — 3 ) Historie af Danmark 2 p. 438. More probable it is that the father's name, with Saxo, has arisen from a misunderstanding of the word Angli, which he has under- stood as if it meant Englishmen instead of Angles (in South Jut- land). This mistake of the word's meaning has been the cause o Eddradi being substituted for Haraldi. 4 ) Sven Agg. hist. reg. Daniae. Langebek, Script, ier. Dan. 1 p. 28. 36 THE TOMB-STONE OF T1IYR.E DANABOOT AT JELLINGE. has three Runic lines, the other is convex, and has, as it were, three surfaces, and on the middle one of these we find the conclusion of the Inscription, being one line in a broad frame. The drafts here subjoined exhibit the Inscription com- plete on both sides 1 : Written in Latin uncial letters this Inscription has the following appearance: KURMR : KDNUKR : KARfcl : KUBL : t>AUSI : AFT: t>URVl : KUNU : SINA : TANMARKAR : BUT, which exhibited in the usual Icelandic orthography would read as follows: ct Gormr konungr gerM kumbl pelta ([icssi) eftir tyri , konu sina , Danmarkar but" i. e. King Gorro made this cairn in memory of Thyrc Denmark's boot, his wife. J ) On the foremost side some traits are now damaged. Such a damage did not exist in Worm's time, whose drawing gives these Runes quite entire. THE RUISIC TOMB-STO\ES AT JELLINGE IX JUTLAND. 37 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. Ki.ng Gorm's toinb- stone is also made of granite: its basis forms a triangle; and the breadth of the one side, containing the chief part of the inscription, has at its base a breadth of 8 feet 10 inches; the other, exhibiting a fan- tastic figure of an animal, is 5 f. 2 inch, broad; and the third containing an image of Christ 5£ f., the entire stone accordingly has a periphery of 19 feet at the bottom. The stone, the height of which above the ground is 8 f. 2 i- tapers towards the top after the manner of a pyramid. On the first side we find the greatest part of the In- scription in four lines, which are separated from each other by double horizontal strokes, and at the ends of the lines these are transformed into flourishes, which are continued even above the inscription. The draft exhibited here in the text shews this side of the slone, together with the chief part of the inscription which is continued and completed on the other two sides. On the second side, whereof a draft is exhibited here tab. II, we see a fantastical quadruped, which has some resemblance to that which is represented on the London monument, although the claws of the latter, in other re- spects similar, are somewhat better executed. It has like the London animal a protruding sideward bent tongue with antlers raised on high. The tail is at the end divided into four branches: about the neck and body and tail of the beast there is twisted a complete figure of a serpent with head and tail. The second side is separated from the third by a kind of a double Gothic column, which is formed of two hvisl- ings. These further develop themselves in continuous wind- ings and twislings, which serve as a frame for the sculp- ture exhibited on the two sides. Below this frame the 38 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. Inscription is continued in one line on the second side and it also concludes by one line on the third. On the third side, of which a drawing is exhibited lab. IIF, there is represented a bearded figure of a man, with a cruciform glory round his head. This unquestion- ably is an image of Christ; the open arms seem not to be extended but only indicative. The image is dressed in a close fitted short tunic, and the legs seem to be uncovered. Twistings which resemble the twislings of a serpent, al- though here no serpent's head is visible, surround the figure on all sides and inclose the body as well as the arms. The taste in which these representations are executed is the very same that prevails in the several objects found in the tomb of the Queen Thyre. The execution of these monumental stones thereby indicates the same age as that in which the funeral exequies were performed. The inscription on the first side has by earlier inquirers been almost quite satisfactorily explained. The words (+H or) |+H K|sA in the fourth line have been subject to a variety of interpretations. Finn Magnuson, with whom Rask seems to have agreed, makes K|*/k, sor, an imperfect tense of sverja: who swore, viz. who made an oath that he would introduce Christianity into the country. N. M. Petersen x supposes that this word must be s.er, ser, sibi; and P. A. Munch 2 that as is the verb is, er and not the relative pronoun. The mode of expression in these various interpretations does not however appear to me to be very probable. When we consider the first letter I, we arc led to believe that in this place there is an error in (he carving, so that we here ought to read +h ; this probably has occasioned that the Rune -carver, for making *) Danmarks Historic i Hedenold, 2, p. 153. 2 ) Kortfallet Frem- slilling af den aMdste nordiske Runcskrift, p. 38. THE TOMB-STOKE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 39 the sense more plain, repealed the relative, and added h!=/k, sa'r, viz sd er. The inscription in the line below the animal figure on the second side has been read before, and is subject to no doubt. But of the concluding line on the third side below the human figure only the first word , the first letter of the second word, and the last word have been exhibited; of the 8 or 9 Runes in the middle only some faint traces were observed, which however did not afford any basis for a true reading. Our first Runologist, and after him our first Northern Linguist, have, as afore observed, made the monument itself a subject of a careful examination; but neither of them ventured to fill up the blank, and, as far as I know, nobody else either before or after them. An experiment therefore to find out what there must have been carved was likely to turn out very hazardous, and to afford but a small hope of a satisfactory result. At the same time it appeared to me, more particularly since this monument is one of the most important in Denmark, that this inscription ought not to be exhibited without making a new attempt. Erudi- tion and acumen in interpreting a difficult text, is not always combined with an eye that is capable of discerning half worn and antiquated tracings; add to this that by a continual and often repeated survey of such an inscription which is almost half effaced, in a variety of light, not only when the light of the sun falls upon it, but also after sunset, wc may possibly have the satisfaction to discern a few before undiscovered traces. In this respect mouldering lapidary inscriptions resemble the bleached and worn out writing in membranes and in old paper volumes, where, by frequently repeated attempts, we sometimes can read much even with certainty, which at first was deemed entirely illegible. Following this rule I desired the Rev. Charles E. Kemp 1845-1849. 21 40 THE TOMB-STOINE OF GO P. SI THE OLD AT JELLIISGE. to mate repeated attempts at discovering some traces. With the greatest readiness lie afforded me this very important assistance, which I greatly appreciate. He surveyed the inscription at different hours of the day, and in different light, also after sunset, and then he communicated to me such traits as he imagined he had discovered with certainty. Before I had not ventured on any conjecture, hut supposing that the second word, which with certainty could be dis- cerned to begin with a T, must be a verb, I next recpiesled him to examine whether this word might not be TIM'; I supposed that the word must be tok in case it could not be read NT {let). He described very exactly every visible trace, and made it manifest that this conjecture could not be right, and 1 was since, by the drawing and descriptions of the traces, led to another interpretation. The inscription of this line was partly seen and partly faintlv discerned to be as follows; " WtlMtn ItfRlNtil 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 15 16 17 18 19 '0 After these statements it does not appear to be a very hazardous conjecture to fill up the places 10 — 12 by M'-J' and to read the whole line thus: AUK : TANAFULK : AT : KRISTNO If we suppose that kristno is the prcs. tense iufin. of the verb, we are led to an interpretation, which in my opinion seems probable. This supposition is strengthened by the circumstance that such an infinitive actually occurs in another Runic inscription, viz on the Froso stone in Jamteland (L 1085, B 1112, W 522), where it is stated about Austmod Gudfastson (>UViTYfci>/k N\DMh'M/k hhk) *t=r- NT KKhTr-ts UsT-ihfchT: hjn let kristno Jota- lost, where accordingly fs occurs in more words than one instead of the usual + or H: "he caused Jamtaland to be christened." But it is not at all uncommon that fs in THE TOMB-STONE OF GOP.M THE OLD AT JELLING E. 41 Danish as well as in Swedish Runic inscriptions is used instead of + for denoting the sound of a or : GAURUA : KUBL : fcAUSI : AFT : GURM : FAfUR : SIN : AUK : AFT : I>1URUI : MU&UR : THE TOMB-STOiNG OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLIINGE. 43 SINA : SA : HARALDR : [AS : SA'R : VAN : DANMAURK : ALA : AUK : NURVIAG : AUK : DANAFULK: AT: KRISTNO. This spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way reads as fol- lows, and at the same time it may be observed that in many of the oldest Icelandic Mss. the words u bap , fapur, Danmaurk" are spelt quite in the same way as in this inscription: Haraldr koniingr bao" gorva kumbl bessi eftir Gorm, fodur sinn, ok eftir f>yri , modur sina, sa Haraldr es (sa er) vann Danmork alia ok Norveg ok Danafolk at kristna. ;i King Harald caused these cairns to be made after (in me- mory of) Gorm his father and after Thyre his mother, that Harald who conquered the whole of Denmark and Norway and (executed that work) to christen the Danish people. My aforewritten observations on the tomb-stone of King Gorm and more particularly the reading by which I, assisted by Mr. Kemp, have endeavoured to fill up the blank in the line on the third side, have afforded Mr. Repp an opportunity of publishing his reading and interpretation of the inscription, he having previously communicated the same to me. It is only in the latter part of the inscrip- tion that Mr. Repp's reading differs from those which have been published before; this latter part Mr. Repp reads as follows: sa Haraldr as sori 1 uan Danmaurk ala auk Nur- uiag auk Danafulk (or Danakun) at kristna, i. e. "that Harald who made an oath the whole of Denmark, and Nor- way, and the Danish people to christen. I shall here observe that in the word Danafulk (or *) This j Mr. Repp supposes to be transposed from its right place by the stone-carver's blunder and to have been put after the first ^ in the line instead of the second: at the same time he does not deny, lhat there may be such an ancient form of the noun as SOU or S.ER, without any I; but he demonstrates that some such noun here is absolutely necessary. 44 THE TOMB-STONE OF GOP.M THE OLD AT JELL1.NGE. Danakun) my reading DANA which 1 consider as certain, is the main point : the latter part may as well be read IUJN as FULK, unless FOLK be preferred. Worm has in his draft a Y and not an Y. In considering the language of these inscriptions, we ought to observe that the scanty Runic alphabet, wherein one character is used for several kindred sounds, which otherwise are distinguished, e. g. Y for K. and G, T for T and D, gives to the words at first sight an appearance greatly deviating from the usage of ordinary orthography. When the inscriptions are transsrribed according to the rules of orthography more particularly prevailing in the most ancient MSS, we will easily discover that the lan- guage in Denmark has at yon period been the very same as that which through the Eddas and the Sagas has been transplanted to Iceland, and there preserved through centu- ries till the present lime, the same words, and, excepting a few varieties of dialect, the same grammatical forms. This language which in ancient limes extended over (Saxland,) Denmark, Sweden, Norway and over a part of England, 1 the Icelanders, as is well known, in remotest antiquity called the Danish tongue (donsk tunga), subsequently also very often Norse or the Northern language (norrckna). The Danish inscriptions here exhibited belong to the age of Gorm the Old and to that of Harald Blue-tooth, accordingly to the tenth century , and they may be taken as specimens of the language here in Denmark at that time. The language of the Runic stone in London is Ihe same Danish tongue, and the characters also are of the same description. The resemblance of the taste prevailing in the sculpture I have above adverted to. *) "ok gekk sii tunga tun Saxland, Danmork ok Svipjdd, Noreg ok mil nokkurn hluta Englands," Fornmanna So'gur XI, p. 412. THE RUMC STOiNE OF BEKKE. 45 These and the following Danish monuments are of such importance in themselves, even independently of this comparison, that it is but fair and reasonable, that they should be more exactly known, also beyond the boundaries of the North, more particularly in England, since they belong to the age of the grandfather of Canute the Great, and partly refer to him. THE BEKKE STONE. Bekke is situate 3Vo Danish miles NW of Holding. The stone is a hard stone of the most common kind, and its natural form is quite unchanged. It is 4 feet 7 inches long and three feet broad. The inscription * is cut fiov- (jTOOtfriddv lengthways in the stone, beginning at the bot- tom and proceeding upwards : : mmim «iv- rlMt/htM^YIMMMUM^lM' RmriKi°tn r h int ; rntii ■ with Latin uncials: RAFNUnGA : TUFI : AUK : FUnDINn : AUK : KNUBLI : TjAIR : I)RIR : GAr£U : fURVIAR : HAUG : spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way : Rafnunga-Tofi ok Fu??d- \mi ok Knubli, ^eir brfr gorou ^yrviar (f»yrar) haug, i.e. "Rafnunga-Tofi and Fundinn and Knubli (Knyfli), those three made the cairn of Thyre". These are names of three men who erected the cairn of Thyre, no doubt of Thyre Danabot. !) See the inquiries of Finn Magnuson and Rask respecting the stones of BekUc and of Laeborg in Ant. Annaler IV, 1 p. 114- 119, 268-269, also the drawing tab. II, fig. VI, VII. 46 THE RUiMC STOiNE OF L.EBORG. Tofi is a very ancient name here in the North, and a warrior of the nameofTovi is mentioned even among the champions of Sigurd Ring at Bravellir. It occurs on se- veral Runic stones. The name is also found among the Danes in England in the age of Canute and of the imme- diately subsequent kings; several times it occurs in diplomas of that age, being spelt in different ways 1 as: Tofi, Tobi, Tovi, Tofig, Tofyg; among these we find Toui whita, Toui reada and Toui pruda. Rafnungap. is the name of a race or lineage from the founder Rafn, just as Ynglingar from Yngvi , Skjoldiingar from Skjoldr, Gjukiingar from Gjiiki, Knytlingar from Knutr, Sturliingar from Sturla. The Tofi here mentioned must have belonged to this line or been their servant. On the next mentioned stone the name Rhafniingar is spelt with an aspirate after the R , while the root, according to the ortho- graphy commonly used, has the aspirate before the R : Hrafn. The word K+fch must be completed by an fc, and read K+R.l>r\ ; the liquids are sometimes omitted, and must be inserted. THE L^BORG STONE. L.ebop.g is situate about 3 3 / 4 Danish miles WNW from Kolding. The Runic stone has been blasted from the top of a larger rock, which is 12 feet long, and more than 3 feet broad, and lies a little way to the North of the church. As in the case of the Runic stone itself which has been brought to the churchyard, orders have been issued that the rock also should be preserved. The inscription is cut in two lines to be read (Joixfrooyi]- dov. At the conclusion of the first line there is the sign of Thor's hammer, as it is called, carved lengthways, and J ) Cod. dipl. aevi Sax., op. J. 31. Kemble t. IV p. 3, 31, 34, 47, 67; t. VI p. 191. THE RUMC STONE OF SOlNDERVISSLNG. 47 at the conclusion of the second another cut transversally in the line. The height of the Runic letters in the first line is 8V 4 inch and of those in the second 7 1 /, 2 inch, and the deptli of the cut is proportionate to this height. These Runic letters accordingly are some of the most conspicuous we know. ittrtnmnri:*i+n:RnwA:MHw* ^ ?lilh»JUU» : In With Latin uncials : RHAFNUnGA-TUFI : HIAU : RUNAR : f>ASI : AFT : |>urVI : DRUTNInG : SINA : Spelt in the common way: Hrafniinga - Tofi hjo runar pessar (paersi) efU'r f>yri drottning sina. This man, who, as we have seen from the Rekkc stone, had had a hand in the erection of queen Thyre's cairn, has been desirous of also doing honour to her memory by an inscription on the large rock lying near Lseborg. Worm and some others have, no doubt led by (his inscription, supposed that this large rock has been the same as that, which, according to the statement of Saxo, * Harald Blue-tooth caused by the joint powers of men and oxen to be removed by the crew of his fleet from the shore of Jutland, with the intention of placing it on his mother's tomb. The distance of thirty four English miles from the shore of Koldingfiord to Jellinge seems, however, to be rather long. THE SONDERVISSIING STONE. Sondervissi.ng is situate 2% Danish miles to the west of Skanderborg, and at a distance a little longer to the NW of Horsens. The stone is 8 feet high, 4 feet broad, and 7 feet thick. The inscription consists of three *) Historia Daniae, ed. P. E. Miiller p. 489. 48 THE RUMC STONE OF SONDERVISSIING. complete lines, with a fourth supplementary and final line 1 ; it runs as follows: (w^N/P'N'nkiU'Nur htmiK « tnti IV I I AMD mii4Wfii'^t!ii'i / riN''rnR?ii ^ in £ 4 nm In Roman capitals it reads thus: TUFA: LET: GAURVA : KUmBL : M1STIVIS : DUTtIR: UFT: MUfcUR: SINA: KUNA: HARAlDS: HINS: GUt>A : GURMSSUNAR, and in the ordinary Icelandic spelling: Tofa let gorva ku/^bl: Mislivis dottir, eftir moour sina, (kona) Hara/ds hins gooa Gorms sonar. Tofa caused the cairn to be made : the daughter of Mistivi, after her mother, the wife of Harald the Good Gorm's son. Tufa is a woman's name of frequent occurrence in the ancient history of the Northern countries, more parti- cularly in that of Denmark; it is also found in several Runic inscriptions. In the oldest redaction of the Saga of lienor- the wife of the berserk Angantyr, a daughter of t) A description more at large of these three Runic stones is to be found in Anliquarisk Tidsskrift J852-IS54. The Sondervissing stone has been particularly noticed by P. (1. Thorsen in a mono- graph} published by bun in 1839; see also Jabrbiicher des Vereins fur meklenburgische Geschichte und Alterlhumskunde XII p. 124- 135; XVI p. 173-174, 203. — 2 ) See my editions of the Saga in the Fornaldar Sogur Nordrlanda I p. 519 and in Antiquites Ilusses et Orientates I p. 121. RUNIC STOKES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 49 Ihe Earl Biartmar of Alcleiguborg, is called Tola. Also in ancient historical records this name occurs; and more par- ticularly the beautiful Tofa, the leman of Valdemar Atter- dag (New-day) is celebrated in traditionary tales and popular ballads, where sbe commonly is called Tovelille. She is supposed to be of Rugian origin and of a Podebuskian descent; the Podebusks were descendants of tbe old princes of Rugen of Slavish ancestry. Mistivis, gen. of Misti\i, which much resembles tbe Vendic Mislui, or as Safafik calls him Mestiwoj 1, a name of a prince who ruled over the Obotrits of Meklenburg in the years 960-9S5, who was converted to Christianity with many of his subjects, but subsequently apostatized. The name is a genuine Slavic name and probably denotes an avenger (from Vendic mcst, Russ. MCTh, revenge). Harald the GoodGorm's son no doubt is Harald Blue- tooth (bldtdnn). His mother in law has probably resided and died in Denmark, and her daughter Tofa has caused a cairn to be erected over the bones of her mother with this mo- numental stone on the top. Harald's father in law cannot, as some authors have supposed , have been the aforenamed prince of the Obotrits Mistui , or Mestiwoj I; but he most likely has been his grandfather, who also may have been an Obolritian prince. RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS IN WHICH THE WESTERN COUNTRIES ARE ALLUDED TO. The Danish Runic stone found in London naturally recalls in our remembrance those Runic stones in the Northern countries on which England and the Western countries have been mentioned. These, like so many other relics of antiquity, are irrefragable testimonials of the fre- 50 RUNIC STOlNES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. qucnt visits paid by the men of the North to the British Isles. These relics, no doubt, particularly deserve to be brought into notice, and to be made subjects of inquiry, and this is more especially the case with the Runic stones^ in as much as almost every one of these requires a very careful examination, when certain results are to be founded on the inscriptions which they exhibit. Many have, in the course of time, unfortunately been lost; but in as far as they still are preserved, more accurate copies of the in- scriptions than hitherto have been published ought to be procured. I here only propose to lay before the antiquarian reader a new edition of those inscriptions hitherto known, in which the Western countries are mentioned, hoping that such an edition may be the means of occasioning a careful examination of all these monumental stones and a more searching investigation into the contents of the inscriptions, whereof the results might suitably be communicated to the public at large in the a Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndig- hed og Historie", a periodical work which enjoys a vast circulation. This new edition must, with due regard to space ; be framed on a plan of the most concise brevity, and it is laid before the public with no other pretentions than that of occasioning a more careful investigation of these inscriptions. These Runic stories are here arranged according to the places where they have been found, or where they still are found. They exhibit an irrefragable proof of the inter- course between these places and the British Isles in the days of yore. In this edition I have chiefly used for my guidance J. ( H. Liljegren's Runlara p. 108-110 ami the "Run-Urkun- der" edited by the same author (here bearing the quotation- mark L) , also J. Goranssons Bautil (B) and Worm's Mo- numenta Danica (W). The Runic inscriptions are given RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 51 with such exactness as is attainable by the existing types; after the Runic text the inscriptions are exhibited in their own orthography with Roman capitals, and partly supplied with such amendments as may be considered certain; then follows the same inscription with the ordinary Icelandic spelling, and last of all the translation. 1. UPLAND (Tiundaland, harad or district of Habo, parish of Haggeby): in the northern cellar wall of Kalstad, in serpentine windings, surrounds a decorated cross. (L 50, B 349). •ww+R-+nMi*Rivri>nR-Nin-wim wk+ • tHit • « - r+wiR • hi* : r«w- • hny • MfR-HW-H'iKmi'i-rnMiirci-httn STERKAR : AUK : HIORVARtR : LETU:REISA : I>EnSA : STEIN : AT : FAl>UR : SINn : FEIRA : SUM : VASTR : SAT : At : InGLAnEI : GU|» : HIALB1 : SALU : Styrkar and Iljorvaror lelu reisa Jtenna stein at foour sin?i Feira, sem vestr sat a Ewglandi; gud hjalpi salu: "Styrkar and Hior- vard caused this stone to be raised after their father Feiri. who resided westward in England; God help the soul." The name Feiri is uncommon (KIIR.I, Geiri?). This man has been resident in England , and his sons Sterkar and Hiorvard must, after his decease in that country, have erected him this monumental stone for the preservation of his memory at home. 2. ■ ( — , district of Vaksala, parish of Old Upsala) : in the church, on the altar. The inscription forms a ser- pentine band, surrounding a large erect double cross. The head of the serpent is visible, but not the tail, because a piece of the stone is broken off. (L 184, B 387). 52 RUiNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. WHIM*" i ~ " wm* r«r#nK-HH ° SIHVJfcR : reistI : STAIN : £INnA : IkGLAnTS : FARI : AFTIR : VITARF : FAfUR SInn : Sigvidr ret'sti stein henna, Englandsfari eftir Vifiarf foour s'mn: "Sigvid, Ihc England seafarer raised Ihis slonc after Vidarf his father." The name Sigvior (the gainer of victory, or the con- queror) is found on many Runic stones, most frequently spelt as here with an % , but also very often hIKfMPK.. Here it may be observed, that in Old Upsala stones arc found which exhibit curious glyplical representations of ships (B 3S0. 382). On one of these, said to be fixed in the churchdoor in 1138, a large cross may be seen, sculp- tured in the ship. Sigvid who has resided at this place, has on account of his voyages to England obtained the sig- nificative surname of Englandsfari , as manv Northmen were named after the places which they visited, _ when these were remarkable or very far remote, e. g. the Norwegian king Sigurd Jorsalafari (traveller to Jerusalem) and in a subsequent age the Icelander Biorn Jorsalafari (Griinlands hist. Mindesmaerker 1 p. 110-122): also Vi3biurn Grikfari (^traveller to Greece) -in the Vedyxe slonc in the parish of Danmark, Upland (X211 5 cfr. L41G); but more particularly after the places which they were in the habit of visiting for commercial purposes, as for example the Icelander Rafn Fllymrcksfari, so called on account of his voyages to Limerick (Antiqiiilates Americans p. 211), and also Rafn Ilolmgarosfari , who resided at Tonsberg, on account of his visits to Holmgard or Novgorod ([Antiquites Russes et Orien- tates t. II, p. 221-223); £6rir Englandsfari (|>attr afGunn- ari £>idrandabana, sec Laxdaelasaga , ed. Ama -Magnaeana p. 3G4. 370). RUNIC STOISES ME.MIO.MNG THE WESTERN TARTS. 53 3. (Attuisdalmnd, district, of Bro, parish of Dro) : in the church wall without the western door. The inscription forms two curved bands, and these have a zigzag shape be- low. There is an outer and an inner band; within the inner there is a cross in a slanting posture. (L 3 J 2, B 207, cfr. N. R. o Brocman, Undersokning om vare Nordiske Runstenars Alder, after Saga af Ingvari vioforla, Stockholm 1762, p. 105-125). HI WYKIN • tftriA - HjMIA HHrTOU '= inr '- MIAI^FI M > ■t t- / A • m / \1 mii°nU'{nv,*m > X " I? ft- Hit" HM c >:, m i\" ii ^«Mf/K« i\ i r r nv\ n*nw>R - ys^ • rati ■ ro - wbi - m dm *nt i w « mm - GINLUG : HULMGIS : DUTIR : SUSTIR :SUGURT>AR : AUK : T>AIRA : GAUtS : HUN : LIT : GEARA : BRU : I'ESI : AUK : RAISA : STAIN : 5INA : EFTIR : ASUR : BUNDA : SINn: that which follows is cut in the inner band: SUN: HAKUNAR : JARLS : SA'R : VAR : VIKInGA : VAURI>R : Mil) : GAETI : GUt> : 1ALBI : hANS : AUnD : UK : SALU. : Gwnnlaug Holmgeirs duttir, systir Sugrudar (Sigurdar) ok peirra Gau/s, bun let gora bru bessa ok roisa stein jienna eflir Asur bonda sinn , son Hakonar jails, sa er var vikiwgavoror mei} Gauti; guo />jalpi bans 6nd ok salu ; "Gunrilaug, the daughter of Ilolmgeir, sister to Sigurd and to Gaut (and his brothers), she caused this bridge to be made, and this stone to be raised after Asur her husband, the son of the Earl Hakon, who was (went out as) a viking- 54 KUXIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. guard (j. c. protector against vikings) together with Gaut; God help his spirit and soul !" Gaetr, no doubt, is an other spelling, or misspelling for Gautr. This Gaut, who accordingly derived his origin from this place , the parish of Bro, we find by the Gosinge stone, (which see below sub n° 14,) has made an expedition to the Western countries, in which beside that Asur, who is mentioned here, Svein of Gosinge and probably also Ubbe or Ubbcr from the parish of Ludgo in Sodermanland and likewise Thialfc of Landaryd in Eastgotland accompa- nied him. As that Gaut who is mentioned twice in the inscription must be one and the same person, Asur must have been his brother in law. In Gaut's expedition Asur had a peculiar command as vikingavbrdr, i. e. one who was to take care of vikings , search out vikings or corsairs. To find out who the Eari, Hakon mentioned here may have been, demands a separate inquiry. The erection of a bridge enhanced the importance of the monument, and it has also been of some sacred import. On several Runic stones (e. g. L 644, 645) we find it expressly stated, that such a bridge was made for the soul of the departed. Possibly the name of the parish of Bro derives its origin from this very bridge, which was erected in memory of a man of distinction in the place. 4. - (] — , district of Langhundra, parish ofNiirtuna): in the fields ofUdby; the inscription forms a curved band, and above it is placed a cross standing upright. (L 587, B 21G, Peringskiold, Notse in vilam Theodorici p. 458). / A IKK/ I If l'H- A A >: \A It I K p 1M / A J > wnt-ru>n t-H .. y. HU*MH- to A $ 8 nMVitll'AhlHtN^i'i'iil RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 55 KITILFASTR : RISTI : STIN : pINA : IFTIR : ASGUT : FADUR : SIN : SA'R : VAS : VISTR : UK : USTR : GUp : IALRi : hAnS : SILU : : Ketilfastr reisti stein pcnna eftir Asgf/ut, fodur sin/?, sa cr vas veslr ok wustr; gu6* //jalpi hans salu : "Retilfast raised this stone after Asgaul his father, who made voyages westward (i. e. to England} and eastward (i. e. to Gardarike or Greece}; God help his soul!" 5. ( — , district of Lyhundra, parish of Husby) : at the south-west corner of the church. (L 608, Acta lit. Svecise, Upsaliae 1730, 3 p. 85.) n\ »Y& II N l\ mi4 A Hfli"HU"irm"Hnil"BRnM1R"HI^HU" rR[>« A R-t-intrm-tt-Hi'nrti-r+iii t ir -iK mm * m '■■ m wH-n *n K-wri w m mu m ■ m n \ /v.fK TTARFR : UK : GRIMr : UK : VIKI : UK : IUGIR : UK GIRhJALMR : pIR : BRUpR : ALUR : L1TU : RISA : STIN pINA : IFTIR : SV1N : BRUpUR : SIN : SA'R : VARp: DUpR A : JUTLAinDI : ON : SKULDI : FARA : TIL : InGLANDS GUp : IALBI : hANS : AnD: UK: SALU : UK : cUiSrMUpIR BITR : pAN : hAN : GARpI : TIL : Tjarfr (Djarfr) ok Grimr ok Viki (Vigi) °k Jo § eir ( or Jo/geir) ok Gc'ir/ijalmr, pdr braedr al/ir lelu rds_a stdn benwa eftir Svein brodur sinw, sa ex varfl drcudr a Jotlawdi en skyldi fara til Iwglands; gud />jalpi /*ans o?*d ok salu ok gwd% mudir belr enn /Jann g6rt)i til: "Diarf and Grim and Vigi and Jogeir (or Jo/geir) and Geirhealm, all these brothers caused this stone to be raised after Svein their 56 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. brother, who died in Jutland, but was going to England; God and the mother of God help his spirit and soul belter than his deeds deserved." (cfr. L 949, B 724.) This Svein, whose five brothers ereeted this monument to his memory, died in Jutland, being then on his lra\el to England. In the armamenfary of the same ehurch there is a monumental stone over a man who died in Greece. 6. (Tjlrdhundraland, district of Lagunda, parish of Iljellstad): in the church wall; the inscription in a complete serpent with head and (ail, surrounding a cross which stands upright. The beginning is probably cut on that side of the stone which is hid in the wall. (L 764, B 625.) WnR"W"HM*nW»fWIH - { / t : FApUR : SIN : SA'R : VABp : DAUpR : : EnGLOnDI : fodur sin// sa er var<3 dau^r a E//gla//di: u his father who died in England." 7. SODERMANLAND. (district of Rono, parish of Lud- gou) : Aspa, between the Thing hill (Assize hill) and the bridge. The first eight words are cut in a band on one side of the stone; the rest is placed on the other side in three bands, and in the two first of these the inscription is cut (1ov(rrQO I 1° t: m. r tin\{'H ^iimmnmm>\rmmt u ■\uw'mmmm>m'MWA bURA : RAISbl : STI.N : blNSl : AT : IBI : BUANDa : SIN : STAIN : SIR : SI : STANdR : AT : UBI : 0: plNGSTApI : AT : bURU : VAB : HAN : VISTARLA : VAKTI : KA RLA .... MIR G .. . RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 57 Tora reisti stein henna at "Thora raised this stone Ubbi bonda sinw: over Ubhe her husband": Stein?* bersi "This stone stendr at Ubbi stands at Ubbi a bw/gslaoi in the assize-place at foruvar; at Thoruvar; hanrc vestarla he westward vakti karla, roused warriors (er hann) merjr G(auti) (when he) along with G(aut) (gunni ha<5i). (waged war)." In the third band only three complete Runic letters are legible in the drawing of Bautil, but it is indicated by strokes that several could not be read at all, and this band has in all probability contained a complete distich, and the whole has made a stanza of eight lines fornyroalag. It is very likely that after Yl/k in the third line K+ftTI (Gauli) has followed, and that this Ubbe has been one of the men who followed Gaut in his expedition to the Western countries. The name Thoruvar may have denoted the landing- place of Thora (var being the same as the Iceland. vor, gen. varar), which perhaps got its name from Ubbe's widow. I have corresponded with the parson of the place, the Rev. Charles R. Graff, about this stone, and he has furn- ished me with a new copy of the inscription, adding the information that it appears from incontrovertible signs, that the Bailie in times of yore has been conjoined with those lakes which now lie between the coast and the place, and that there accordingly was na\igable water all the way up to Aspa, which satisfactorily explains the local name Thoruvar, or Thora's landing-place. Thura in the fourth line might also be taken as the name of a locality only, and var be referred to the words that follow. 8. ( — , parish of Raby): alSponga; the inscription in a curved band with a crossband below, which surrounds 58 RUMC STONES SIENTIOiNItSG THE WESTERN PARTS. a decorated cross, resting on a ship, below which there are some Runic signs; but these it will be difficult to in- terpret. (L 884, B 822). KriMMtli MIAWIHMM Til: WW! o L4K° °1l 1 ° mm* : m »nH a Hit : HTTIfr D /\\ ) 3 1 h JKI:r | HtWi : '#11 : nm : nihtra %L o 4 ° GUpBIRN : auk : UDdI : pAIR : RAISpU : STIN : pANSI : AT : GUpMAR : FApUR : SIN : STUp : TRINGILJca : I : STAF . . : SKIPI : LIGU : VISTARLA : Guobjorn (Gunnbjorn) ok Od'/i, peir reistu stein jienna at Guomar (Gunnmar), fodur sin», er stod drengili^a i staf/// i skipalegu vestarla: "Gudbiorn and Odde, they raised this stone after Gudmar their father who stood trustily at the poop in the harbour westward (much doubtful in the latter part)." 9. (district of Jonaker, parish ofBarbo): Tackham- mar; a part of the inscription in a band which forms a cross, and an other part without the same. (L 892; I. H. Schroder, Ad Runographiam Scandinavia? Accessiones novae p. 2-5.) I'll [\V ° K IPk c I 4 AUBIRN : RAISpI : STAIN ■ pANSI : AT : KARI : HAN : VARp : DAUpR : A : inGLAnDI : I Llpl. Eybjorn rcisli stein jienna atlvari; hann varfi daudr d Eng- landi i lioi(Lioi): '•Auhiiirn raised this stone after Kar; he died in England onboard the ship (or inLeilh? cfr. p. 352). 10. ( — , parish of Nykyrke): in the fields of Harmesta; the inscription forms a curved band, and sur- rounds an upright standing cross, the upper part of which RUNIC STONES MENTlOMlNG THE WESTERN PARTS. 59 is furnished with serpentine decorations; the last part of the inscription, containing the name of the man who built the cairn , runs along the perpendicular pole of the cross. (L 895, D 771.) '#[[>- inr-Kw-nwYiffi^iuiHtn-iiitf! >W\ : Its Bf»» :Hlt:rtll M:+H:|tfN> A mw = On the cross: 'immki'mwfmhHtwi- ESKIL : AUK : KNAUpIMANR : RA1STU : STAIN : pANSI : AT : BRUpUR : SIN : SVIRA : AS : VARp : DAUpR : : En GLAND I. KUML : GIARpI : pATSI : RITIL : SLAKR : Askel/ ok Knauoimanr reislu stein penna at broour sin« Sverri, es var6 daudr a Englandi: '-Estill and Knaudimanr (or Gnaudimanr) raised this stone after their brother Sverre, who died in England.' 7 On the cross: Kuml goroi patsi "This cairn made Ketil/ slakr. Ketil the Yielding." 11. (district of Oppunda, parish of Bettna): Ilval- stad; the stone is placed in a ship-formed enclosure or stone- grouping made in the form of a ship; the inscription forms a curved band. (L 899, B 794.) w^tm^ANSI : At : RAGNA : SUN : SIN : IR : pANI[VA]G : VARp : DAypR : VASTR. Gun«i reisli sle/n }>enna at Ragna, son sin/?, er pan/jig wwo da»t)r vestr: "Gunni raised this stone after Ragne his son, who died there (yonder} in in the Western parts." 13. (district of Yillallinge, parish of Ardala) : on the hillock of Sannerby ; the inscription forms a curved band with a cross-band below, surrounding a cross, around which the concluding part of the inscription runs. (L 912, B 824). mm : mi / +LkBinW:r+l>nR:HI*:« M nmt FIMbR : GIARpl : KUML : pAUSI : AFTIR : GAIRBJURN : FApUR SIN : HAN : VARp : DAUpR : VISTR. Finnvidr gordi kuml |tes*i eftir Geirbjorn, fodur sin/*; hann varfl daudr vestr: ' ; Finnvid made this cairn after Geirbirn his father; he died in the Western parts." 14. (district ofDaga, parish of Gasinge): in the door of the armamentary; the inscription forms a coiled up serpent, RUMC STO\ES MENTIOMiNG THE WESTERN PARTS. 61 and the concluding part is placed within the same; there is a cross between the curvatures; a small part of the stone is broken off. (L 925, B 718.) Yl WMHtl-htW-WHI-tt-hniHn fa m y°h n ■ in k- wm n nr ■ it < hit- rn> n V / ^•♦IWI-lt-tttHrnitH' A l\ Hhit'fuiitK-fii'-Knf! RAGNA : RAIST1 : STAIN : DANS1 : AT : SUIN : BUvDa : sin : AUK : S1FA : AUK : RAGNBURG : AT : SIn : FApUR : GUb : HJALBI : Ai\D : HANS . sYI.\ : 1AK : plT : IVARs : SVIT: YESTR.MIp : GUT] : Ragna reisli stein bansi (jienna) at Svein honda n»n, ok Sifa dk Ragnborg at sinw fodur; gud hj.ilpi o«d hans! «$vein» jok pelf I vary svril vestr meo Gr/uti : W -Ragna raised this stone after Svein her husband, and Sifa and Ragnborg at their father; God help his spirit! Svein was a brave follower in the troop of Ivar in the Western parts along with Gaut. The interpretation of the concluding part of the inscrip- tion is difficult; still it does appear, that Svein, in whose memory the stone was erected , accompanied Gaut on his expedition to the Western countries, and, it I have rightly apprehended the meaning, that he has by his bravery distinguished himself in that army or squadron which was commanded by one lvar. 15. (district of East Rckarne, parish ofKjula): on the brow of the Kjula mountain near the assize hill; the in- scription forms two long serpentine bands, which terminate in a cross in the middle. (L 979, B 753; Verelii Runographia p. 87; Peringskiold . Nota in vitam Theodorici p. 475.) C2 RUNIC STORES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. ttNKAsMIHtUHt+lt-Hltt-H II! I Hk*t I mm * HBfkt-HU-niKfWi 1/ 4 R > 'J' -7 •B V mmmu i m .1/ HtH >; k m-rw^Mirnm* ALRIKR : RAISTI : STAIN : SUN : SIRI|)AR : AT : SIN • FApUR : SPJUT : SA'R : VISTARLA : UM : VARIT : HAFpI: BURG : UMRRUTNA : AUK : UMBARt>A : FIRp : HAN : KARSAR : GUtI : AUIR : "Alrek raised this stone: the son of Sigrid Alrekr reisti stein: son Sbjriuar, at sin« fiitiur Spjot, sa ex vestarla um varit hafoi borg um brolna ok um baroa, (for) harm (ok) garsar (mod) Gftu^i al//r. at his father Spiot, who in the Western parts had in the spring-time broken a caslle and beaten eke, he and all his lads went with Gaut." After the first line in prose here also follows a complete stanza of eight lines in the ancient metre (fornyrdalag). Sukrudr on the Bro stone (n° 3 above p. 335-336) we must suppose to be a man's name Siguror or Sigraudr, and it may be inferred from a stone in the Mora mountain opposite to the garden of Sundbyholm in the neighbouring parish of Jader, that this has been the husband (bondi) of Sigrid, the daughter of Orm and mother of Alrik (L 984): ''Siyridr goroi brii j>cssw, mooir Alriks, doltir Orms, fur salu Holm- gars, foflur Sukrudar buanda sins". This Sigraud has been named Sigraudr spjot, after the same manner as Siguror bildr, one of Olaf Tryggvason's champions in the sea-fight of Svolder (see Fornmanna Siigur 2 p. 252). This man RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 63 has died long before Sigrid, and from this may be explained that Alrik is* called the son of Sigrid. The explanation of the last dislich is difficult. The penultimate word may perhaps be read Guti rather than kuni. Karsi occurs as a man's name on two Runic stones (L 506, 515), and it means probably the same as gasse, a lad in modern Swedish ; it is analogous to Finnish kossi, French gargon, Celtish gas, a young boy. 16. (district of West Rekarne, parish of Tumbo): above the door of the church; the stone has been put in in such a manner that the Runic letters turn topsy-turvy; the inscription forms a band with serpentine coils below; the beginning is wanting. (L 987, R 761.) ttsWttl'MlrWPttt hAN : DRUKNAbI : I El\GLANdS : HAn : hann druknaOi i Englanrfs ha/?: "he drowned in the Eng- lish ocean (Jhe North Sea)." 17. VESTMANLAND (district of Norrbo, parish of Skul- tuna): the stone lay in the cellar, with its back resting on the floor, and the one end passing trough the wall was visible on its outside; it was removed and placed in an upright posture in a place called Jacobsberg near the br.issworks of Skultuna. The inscription forms a serpent-coil, and its conclusion is placed without the same. (L 1002; N. H. Sjoborg, Samlingar for Nordens fornalskare 1 fig. 141.) WW v/v i 11 R-rltt- W-Ht+lt-MM-lTtlR W- \ wm° hiu • mi- mrmi'iwm \m\ h i m\M ■ mn> i - to • wn • wh IHNVALDR : LIET : R1SA > STAIN : tINSA : IFT1R : GERFAST : SUN : SIN : DRInG : cUDAN : AUK VAS FARIN : TIL : EnGLANdS : HJALB1 : GUi> : SALU : HANS : 64 RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. fngvaldr let reisa stein penna cftir Ge/rfast, son sinn, drewg f/odan, ok vas faring til England; hjalpi gud salu hans : ' : Jngvald caused this stone to be raised after Geir- fast liis son , a worthy (young) man, and lie had gone to England: God help his soul!" 18. (district of Tuhundra, parish of Lundby) : in the bridge of Sal tang; the inscription in a serpent-coil sur- rounds a cross. (L 1016, B 1082; Verelii Runographia p. 74.) / HhNt-Kiw-jnRR B »ru-*Hr-Hni hit-*rt-'MR-wni>-wr+ti-Kn > « i m • m • w - wn GISL : L1T:GERA : BRU : IFTiR : OSL:SUN : SIN:HAN : VARi> : |)AUDr:AEnGLAnD1:GUI>:JALBI:HAnS:AND:AUK:SILU. Gisl let gera bru eflir Osl, son sinn; harm yard daudr a Euglandi; guo //jalpi bans ond ok salu: '-Gisl caused this bridge (and burial-cairn) to be made aftei Osl his son; he died in England; God help his spirit and soul!'' 19. ( — , parish of Dingluna) : the stone lay in Vendelcbv within the hostclrv, where it was used as a seal. ■J * 7 The inscription, in the form of serpents, was partly worn away and illegible, and a part of the stone at the top broke off and missing. These are the observations made by O. Celsius who examined the stone the 27"' July 1727. The inscription makes five lines, and a part of the conclusion is missing. (X 1021 ; 0. Celsii Svenska Runstenar, Ms. 2 p. 417.) Kwiftn- If " Mh } t - Hlf ' - IUH * f\ (III - fir ,: imn- tni- WBIIN ! 1-2, Something of the inscription, at the lop of tlie slone, is missing here. RU.MC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. C5 * i IH#n : m\ « Kill ) a H ri-inK-ni GRAuHNaki : LIT : RESA : stain : VAS : FAR1N : TIL : InGLAndS : DU : I : SBELBU pA ISApU : HELBI : Gib : SElu hans : SIGI JUK : . . . Grahnr/Av let m'sa stem vas fariim lil E//g- Ia?/r/s; do i Spelby (or Sperby: h£IR&r\), |ia isadu; hjalpi gut) sii/n hans: Sigi //jo : "Grahnakki (Grey nook) caused the stone to be raised was gone to England, died in Spelby; God help his soul! Sigi carved the (Runes}." As far as I can judge, here is a proper name of a place in England, where that man of the parish of Dingtuna, for whom the stone is raised , died. Perhaps Spelby means Spilsby in the county of Lincoln. 20. GESTRIKLAND (Gene) : on the fields of Hamlmge, by the road. Lieut. Colonel Weslfell who on topographical travels made drawings of several Runic stones for our Society has also furnished a new drawing of this one. The inscrip- tion forms two serpent-coils. (L 1049, B 1101; Ada lit. Svcciae II 1725-1729 p. 197-198.) TimnmH BtlMINBRTtltHIt: «Mki>ttnwmrwwti".tHrMYU rwiAiriiHitBittfttnKnwYnwA' rwihnrmYntttiMnYWM-wknm BRUSI : LIT : RITA : Stai\ : iainsi : iPTIR : 1H1L : BRUR SIN : IN : HAN : VARb : DAUpR : I : TAFSTALONDI HON : FUR : MIR : FRAYG1R1 : GUb : HJALBI : HONS 66 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. sALU : uK : cUbS : MUDIR : SVAIN : UK : OSMVNDR bAm : MARKApU : bO : bRUSI : FUR : TIL : ANGLANdS : IPTIR : BRUR SIN. Brusi let rita stem penna eptir Egil brricJur sinn, en hanH varo daue)r a Tafeir miirkuou, |j;'i Brusi for til Englanr/s, eftir brodur sin/*: •'Brusi caused this stone to be inscribed after Egil his brother, and he died in Tavastaland (Finland}; he went with Freygeir; God and the mother of God help his soul! Svein and Asmund marked, when Brusi went to England, after (in memory of) their brother." Egil, one of Bruse's brothers, died in Tafastland in Finland on an expedition probably to Gardarike, in which he accompanied a certain Freygeir. His two brothers Svein and Asmund added the other part of the inscription, in memory of their brother Bruse, when he set out for England. 21. EAST-GOTLAND (district of Bankekind , parish of Landeryd) : in the steeple wall; the inscription in a serpent-coil surrounds a double cross. (L 1131, B 854.} "A:MH WWtlAWWMMMIt- c A Vl / m i u : nu i tia •• rmi VIR1KR : RESTI : STAiN : IFTIR : pi ALFA : BRUPUR : SIN : DRAnG : t>AN : AR : YAR : MIR : GAUTI. Virikr re/sti stein eftir pjalfa, broour sin??, dre;?g ban?? er var medrGauli: "Virik raised this stone after his brother Thialfe, that youth who was with Gaut." It thus appears that the said Gaut has in his expedition to the Western countries had several companions from different parts of Sweden. 22. (district of Hanekind, parish of Kaga): RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 67 near Rackegatan; the inscription forms a coiled up serpent, and the tail is twisted about the neck. (X 1145, B 850). K : Whtl : [ lf II : MINI : IftU ° W *\ , m°-hu°-mmnm°t4 RIMi : +RM : KIM : RUpR : RJSTI : SUN : pANSI : 1FTIR : TUK1 : BRUpUR : SIN : SA'R : VARp : DRiBIN : A : IgLAnDI : DUIoR : ARbA : GUpR : Rauftr reisli stein henna eflir Tuki (Tokr/), broiW sin??, sa ex varo drepinn a En^Iandi, dre//gr //ar6/a goOr: '*Raud raised this stone aflir Toke his brother, who was killed in England, being a very worthy man." Here we must in all probability read England, and not Eyland. 23. SMALAND. (Njudingen, East district, parish of Nafvelsio): Rosas; the stone is broke; the inscription forms three bands, and is to be read povGTQOffijdov; beside one of the lines there is a cross. The drawing of the inscription is made by M r Wallman (L 1233). IfltKlh httl :ht»: M"M : f tiif MIR % o A \W\\W\ mmmm\°4k 'M \\' ) \.IIP I vHlM °H / ^ / VMM W m\ w< GUNTKEL : SATI ; STEN : pANSI : EFTIR j GUNAR : FApUR : SIN : SUN : HRUpA : IIALGI : LAGpI : HAN : I : STENpRu : BRUpUR : SIN ; A : HAnGLAnM : I ; BApUM. Gunnkell sat/i ste/n benna eftir Gun»ar fiiihir sinw, son Ilruoa; Helgi lagoi bann i ste/npro, brodur sinw, a E»g- la«di i Baoum : "Gunnkell set this stone after Gunnar his 68 RUNIC STOINES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. father, Ihe son of Rut; FTelge laid him in a stone-trough (j. e. stone-coffin}, his brother, in England in Bath." This inscription is remarkable in as much as the name of an English city, Bath in Somersetshire, is mentioned here. Ilelge, it seems, was a brother of Gunnar, GunnkePs father, and he (^Helge) effected Gunnar's interment by laying him in a stone coffin. 24. Q — , the West district, parish of Sandsio) : in the meadow of the manse near the road; the inscription is arranged (]ov(rroo(frjddv in three lines. QL 1239, B 1046.) UI^'If'HtlWIWFt A HI! : III : **im : i : mn VRAI : SATtI : SUN : pONSI : EFTIR : GUNnA : BRUpUR : SIN : HAN : VAR ; DAUpR ; I : AnGLAnDI : Vrai (Urai, Vrain, Orri?) sat/i stt'in henna eftir Gun/ia broour sinw; hann var daudr i E??gla»di: "Urai set this stone after Gun»e his brother; he died in England." 25. ■ (Finnhepen (district of Westho, parish of Berga): in the church door forming the step. (L 1255.) IIIMI "k-MHt m-H mmmm VIRIKRRe1STI:KUML- pi DApIS : : AnGLOnDF. Virikr reisti kuml \tessi andabi&t a E»g- landi: "Virik raised this cairn expired in England." The name of the person who died in England is lost. 26. ( , district of Sunnerbo, parish of Berga): Ihe mill oflngelstad near the Laga brook. (X 1262, Sven Bring Diss, de Otlingia Berga) n 1 n whim : htit ? rm • urn - mm. flUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 09 VI . . ET : RISpI : STIN : EFTIR : pURIR : FApUR : SIN : SA'R : EnDA|)IS : O : InGLANDI. .... reisti stHn eftir pori fodur sin?/, sa er c^da^is/* a Ewglandi ; " raised this stone after Thorir, who expired in England." 27. WEST GOTALAND, (district of Skaning, parish of Edsvara): Haraldstorp, near a brook; the inscription forms two curved bands with a cross-band below. (L 1351, B 962.) QN-Mfl-hliW \IYI-HM Hinmt mm IS L HM)HU> : tni>R : 1 ° IWtR n • i : niKiKn TULA : SATtI : STIN : pensi IRRR : SUN : SIN : HARpA : GUpON ; DRONG : SA : VARp: DUpR : I : VASTR- VAGuM: I: VIKIxGU. Tola sat/i sit-in \>enna eptir . . irkr, son sin«, haru/a goi^an dreng, sa vard dtfuor i VestrvegMin i \iki//gu: "Tola set this stone afler Sviikr her son, a very worthy young man; he died in the Western parts being on a viking- or roving expedition." The man's name who died in the Western countries on a viking excursion has probably been Sverkr or Serkir. 28. SKANE (district of Bara, parish of Uppakra) : Hjarup; the inscription forms four bands, two on each side. (L 1439, W 154.) mhm - hw - mhi ■ +rm ■ tnn - itnwiit-Hit"*n»MR^nihffc-fnwt NAFM : RISpI : STIN : piNSI : AFTIR : TUKA : BRUpUR : SIN : MAN j VARp • VISTR : DUpR : ARF. 70 RUMC STO\ES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. Nafni reisti slc'm })cnna eftir Toka brotiur sinn; harm varfl vestr dauflr arf: "Nafne raised this stone after Tuke his brother; he died in the West." The concluding word 4^ may perhaps be incorrectly copied, and it may be we ought to read I fMKIKI\, i vikingu, as on the Slro stone, L 1448, W 147. 29. NORWAY (county of Bratsberg, district of Ovre Thclemarken, parish of Evic): Evie-Moe near Fennie Foss ; the inscription forms two straight bands, the one beside the other, and has a cross at the end. (L 1457, W 493; Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed 1 p. 310, 411-413). M* W1lhP1hHlhNH^f1l^Blft^llh & lh M> H°MM» V H-KH1tfc rf Mt 4 i ARNSTINN : RIST1 : SUN : : bENA : EFTIR : BJORn : SUN : SIN : SA : VAR : DUbR : I : LIbl : IS ; KNUTR : SOTtI: InGLOnD. Arnstdnn reisti stdn benraa eftir Bjiirn, son simi; sa var drcudr i liOi, is Knulr sot/i E»gla/?d : "Arnstein raised this stone after his son Biorn; he died in the host (or more properly: in the fleet), when Knut invaded England." Lid here and on the Tackhammar stone (above p. 340) is probably not the name of the town (Leith), England and not Scotland being expressly named; lid signifies a ship, a fleet, see Snorra Edda I, p. 252, 5-14 and Hervarar saga c. 5 (my edition in Antiquiles Russes et Orientales 1 p. 149). This Bio'rn may have accompanied Canute the Great to England; or he may have partaken in the expedition to that country of the Danish prince Canute Sveinson 1075. The sense of the words "nis gop" is uncertain , per- haps the meaning is '"have an eye upon us, oh God I" BEMMRMGER OM EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, FUNDEN MIDT I LONDON OG OM FLERE DANSKE RUNESTENE. AF CARL CHRISTIAN RAFN. SjErskilt aftryk af det KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT-SELSKABS ANNALER FOR NORDISK OLDKYiNDIGHED OG HISTORIE. KJOBENHAVN. TRYKT HOS J. D. QVIST , BOG- OG NODETRYKKBR. 1854. BEMiERKNINGER OM EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, FUNDEN MIDT I LONDON; vkd Carl C. Rafn. Jevnfor den bag tilfoiede Afbildning af Stenen tab. I. l^uivDtiNABORG er allra borga mest ok agsezt of oil Nororlond, London er den storste og beromteste af alle Borge i de nordiske Lande. Saaledes hedder det allerede i Ragnar Lodbroks Saga 1 . Nordboers Besog hos Kong Athelstan, som residerede i London, omtales i Egils Saga og de norske Konge-Sagaer 2 . Den Gang var alt i flere Aarhundreder de Danskes Herredomme i Northumberland og andre Dele af England, navnligen i Norfolk og Suffolk, af stor Betydning. Efterat Knud den Store havde ind- taget London og senere tiltaget sig Eneherredonimet, vandt det en lignende Betydning i hele England, der varede i mange Aar. En stor Deel Nordboer, isaer Danske, vare naturllgviis den Gang nedsatte i England i betydelige Stillinger, navnligen ogsaa i London. ') Fornaldar SO gar Nor5rlanda 1 p. 289. — 2 ) Egils saga Skallagn'mssonar c. 65, p. 467 ; Olafs saga Tryggvasonar c. 8 — 9; Fornmanna Stigur 1, p. 16 — 17. t)4 RN DANSK RUNESTBEN *' ITS DEN I LONDON. Det er et Monument, oprettet upaatvivlelig af tvewle at' disse , vi her naermere skulle omtale. Vi skylde vort Selskabs i London boende, for dets Anliggender sairdeles nidkjaere Medlem John Brown, at vi blive i Stand til at give en noiagtig Meddelelse om dette Fund. Han henvendte sig nemlig, strax efterat Fundet var blevet bekjendt i London, til Mr. James T. Knowles junior, Architect, ved hvis foretagne Arbeider Stenen var fremkommen, som med storste Beredvillighed ikke alene meddelte os en omstaendelig Beretning om Fundet, men ogsaa sendte Selskabet den hoist velkomne Forsering af en Afstobning af Stenen, hvorved man saettes i Stand til at foretage en sikrere Undersogelse af Ind- skriften. Ved Brev af lite Decbr. 1S52 sendte han vort Selskab Afstobningen af dette hoist interessante Rune- monument, som opgroves forrige August midt i London, (Jn the heart of the city of London", som han udtrykker sig). I sin Skrivelse tilfoier han: ti Skukle jeg ved Udforelsen af mine Arbeider som Architect traffe flere saadanne Levninger fra Oltidcn, som den der er Gjenstand for naervrcrende Meddelelse, vil jeg fole en sajrdeles Tilfreds- stillelse ved at oversende Beretning desangaaende til dem og saaledes at kunne paa nogen Maade fremme For- maalet for den skandinaviske Archaeolosie". EN DANS! RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 65 London var fra Byens forste Tider deelt, i Retning fra Nord til Syd, ved en sniuk Baek med godt Vand, dcr koni fra de norden for Byen beliggende Marker, gjennem- skar den Staden omgivende Muur og lob midt igjennem Byen tid i Themsen. Lige til det 13de Aarhundrede var London inddeelt i 24 Ovarterer, af hvilke 13 laa paa Ostsideu og 1 1 paa Vestsiden af den naevnte Baek, der formedelst dens Lob gjennem Murene (wall) kaldtes Wallbrooke. De paa Vestsiden liggende Ovarterer til- toge nieget mere end de paa Ostsiden, hvorfor det ene af dem, Farringdon, som var betydelig udvidet ogsaa ved Bygninger udenfor Portene, blev ved en Parlamentsact i Aaret 1393 deelt i to Ovarterer, det ene udenfor Murene, det andet og aeldre indenfor sanime. I dette Ovarteer it Farringdon ward within the walls" var St. Pauls Kirke med tilhorende Kloster og ovrige Bygninger beliggende paa sanime Plads, som denne Kirke og naermeste Om- givelser endnu indtage. Kirken omgaves, som den endnu omgives, af St. Pauls Kirkegaard, der dog nu for en stor Deel er tagen til Bebyggelse for Privathuse, saa at man nu ved dette Navn alene betegner en Gade eller oval Plads, der er omgiven af Huse. Cathedralkirken grund- lagdes forst omtrent ved Aaret 610 af Ethelred, Konge af Kent, som skjenkede Landgods til St. Pauls Kloster. Blandt de Konger, som i den naermest folgende Tid rige- ligst begavede denne Kirke, naevnes Athelstan, Edgar, Knud den Store, Edvard Confessor og Vilhelm Erobreren. I Aaret 1086 brnendte St. Pauls Kirke i den store Ildebrand, som fortaerede, tilligemed den, den storste Deel af Byen. Biskop Mauricius lagde da Grundvolden til en ny St. Pauls Kirke, en Bygning af saa betydeligt Ora- fang, at Folk den Gang troede den aldrig kunde ventes fuld- fort. For at sikkre den mod lid, opfortes den paa Steen- buer, en indtil den Tid i England ubekjendt Bygnings- 5 66 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. maade, der var indfort fra Frankrig, ligesom ogsaa Stenene hentedes fra Caen i Normandiet. Mauricius's Eftermand i Bispedommet, Richard Beamor udvidede Kirkens Terri- torium ved paa egen Bekostning at laegge til samme flere store Gader og Straeder. I det 14de Aarhundrede oingaves Kirkegaarden med en Muur. Omtrent midt paa Kirke- gaardens nordre Deel var det beromte Kors med der an- bragte Praedikestol, som holdtes for en af Nationens maerk- vaerdigste og hoitideligste Pladse, hvor gjennem Aar- hundreder de anseteste Theologer og storste Laerde havde praediket og hvor ogsaa hoitidelige Statsforhandlinger vare foretagne. Efter en Parlaments-Beslutning nedbrodes dette Kors i Aaret 1643. St. Pauls Cathedral odelagdes atter i Londons store Ildebrand 1666 og opfortes igjen i Aarene 1675 til 1710, svarende til sin forrige Betydning. Den nye St. Pauls Kirke er den storste og pragtfuldeste i den protestantiske Christenhed og ved Opregningen af Kirkebygningerne i Europa anfores den bestandig umiddel- bar efter St. Peterskirken i Rom. Talrige Monumenter vidnede om de i den aeldre Kirke begravne. Erkenwalde, Biskop af London, var be- gravet i den gamle Kirke ved Aaret 700 og bans Legeme fortes over i den nye Kirke i Aaret 1140. Ost-Saxernes Konge Sebba begroves ogsaa i den gamle Kirke og flytte- des til den nye, ligeledes Vest-Saxernes Konge Ethelred 1 . Saavel i Harald Haardraades som i Edvard den Helliges Saga berettes det, at Kong Edvard dode i London og blev begra\en i Pauls Kirke (var jardadr i Pals kirkju), J ) Jvfr. t< The history and antiquities of London, by Thomas Allen, vol. Ill, London 1828" j og isa;r „A Survey of London, conteyning the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate, and Description, written in the year 1598 by John Stow; a new edition by William J. Thorns, London 1812". EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUSDRN I LONDON. 67 og tilfoies der at ban strax efter sin Dtid forherligedes ved Mirakler, og han laa der i Jorden, lige til den hel- lige Erkebiskop Thomas tog ham op og lod ham laegge i et anseeligt Skriin. I Harald Haardraades Saga herettes endvidere, at Harald Godvinson, som derefter udraabtes til Konge, blev den 8de Dag i Julen 1060 salvet i St. Pauls Kirke (var vigdr konungs vigslu i Pals kirkju) 1 . De forudskikkede Bemaerkninger ville tjene til at be- tegne Localiteten. Vi ville derna3st indfore Hr. Knowles Meddelelse om Fundet. Clapham Park December 1852. RUNE-GRAVSTEEN FRA ST. PAULS KIRKEGAARD 2 , LONDON. Den Steen, af hvis monumentale Afdeling den her- med folgende Astobning er en noiagtig Efterligning, blev opdaget ved Opgravning efter Grundvold for Messrs Cook Sonner & Co.'s nye Pakhuus paa Sydsiden af St. Pauls Kirkegaard, i August Maaned dette Aar. I en Dybde af noget mere end 20 Fod fra Overfladen, naaede man den naturlige Grundflade, bestaaende af en compact morkeguul sandsteenagtig Sand, som bedaekker et Lag af Kiselsteens-Gruus. Paa Overfladen af denne Sand fandtes den udhugne Steen, og ved dens nordre Side var der udgravet en lang ildegjort Fordybning, haeldende fra Syd til Nord med en Vinkel af 16° til 20°, og denne indeholdt et Menneskeskelet. Hovedskallen med naesten alle Benene blev kastet i den nye Udhulning og saaledes begravet igjen ; men femur og tibia af det ene Been ') Haralds saga har5ra5a c. 112, Fornmanna SOgur VI, 396} Saga Jatvar5ar konungs hins helga c. 6, Annaler f. nord. Oldk. og Hist, naerv. Bind p. 30. — 2 ) Church-yard, et Navn paa en Gade, eller rettere den Ra;kke Huse paa begge Sider, som danne en oval Figur omkring St. Pauls-Kirken. 5* 68 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. tilligemed tibia af det andet bleve heldigviis opbevarede, og disse ere nu i ruin Besiddelse og gjemmes for det Bri- tiske Museum. Selve Stenen er af en meget skjor Oolith sandsynlig af Bath-Oolifh. Dens Dimensioner ere: 1 Fod 10' Tonime bred; 2 Fod 4| Tonime laiig ; da I0| Tonime af den nederste Deel vare nedgravne i Jorden, var Tykkelsen 4 Tommer ved den overste Deel 02; 5 Tonimer ved den nederste nedgravne og kun grovt tilhuggede Ende. Den noiagtige Storrelse af den indhuggede Deel er 18£ Tomme den ene Vei og 13| Tomme den anden. Det vil bemaerkes at Pladen er sonderbrudt i 4 Stykker, det femte Stykke blev kastet i en af de opfyldte Grave, men dets Tab er af ingen Vigtighed , eftersom hele den nederste Deel af Stenen er kun grovt tilhugget paa den mest kluntede Maade, og denne Iiavde uiensynlig vaeret nedgravet i Jorden. Kanten af Pladen viser , ved den Maade hvorpaa dens tilhuggede Overilade ender (det vil sige hele den Deel af Stenen, som ei var nedgravet), den Heldings- Vinkel, under hvilken denne antiqve Hoved-Steen blev op- stillet. Denne var omtrent 30 °, idet Stenens indhuggede Front dannede en stump Vinkel med Jordens Overflade af naesten 60 °. Sculpturens overste Overflade har vaeret bedaekket med en meget morkeblaa Farve, som endnu er ret kjende- lig paa Orginalen. Runerne ere dybt indhuggede. Den Afstobning, som ledsager denne Meddelelse, kan man forlade sig paa som en tro Afskrift og et paalideligt Facsimile afsaa meget af dette interessante Monument, som den indeholder. Det ovrige kan klart opfattes af efter- folgende Skitse (jfr. den her tillbiede Afbildning af Stenen). P. S. Man kan gjore den Bemaerkning, at, hvorvel Kune- Insciiptionen bliver betragtet som ufuklstaendig af EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN 1 LONDON. 69 adskillige engelske Laerde — saa opdages dog aldeles intet Spor af nogensomhelst anden Skrift paa Pladen — hvis Fuldendthed og fuldstaendige Opbevaring fore til den sikre Slutning, at ingeo videre Indskrift nogensinde for fandtes derpaa. Og hvad det tabte Stykke angaaer, saa maa det, som allerede er bemaerket, have vaeret aldeles utilhugget — og saaledes nedgravet at det aldrig kom til- syne. Jeg vilde ogsaa hendrage Opmgerksomheden — som noget der er aldeles afgjorende — paa Slutnings-Linien, paa Pladens Kant, som.. da den er en Fortsaettelse af den krumme Linie paa Stenens Front, synes at tilkjendegive Skriftens Fuldstsendighed i den Retning. James T. Knowles. Efter den meddelte Afstobning give vi her (tab. I) en Afbildning af Stenen, seet fra Siden, saa at ogsaa den derpaa anbragte Runeindskrift bliver synlig. Iovrigt fremstiller denne Afbildning hele Pladen i en Sjettedeels Storrelse, saaledes som den forefandtes, Kun den overste Deel af Forsiden er udhugget med Forestillinger i Relief indenfor en Indfatning, der foroven i begge Hjorner er prydet med Arabesker. Der forestilles paa Pladen en phantastisk fiirfoddet Dyrfigur; det med tvende tilbage- staaende Takker forsynede Hoved er tilbagevendt og har to Hugtsender og fremstaaende Tunge; Kloerne have en saeregen krummet Form. Forunderlige Boininger og Sno- ninger ere anbragte over Dyrets bageste Deel samt tvaers over og mellem dets Hale og Bagbeen. En mindre Drage- figur er anbragt foran den storre Dyrfigur og med den bageste Deel, der ender sig i en tvedeelt Hale, snoet ind imellem det store Dyrs krydslagte Forbeen. Lignende Forestillinger af Dyr finder man paa ikkc faa Ruueslene her i INorden; man sammenligne isaer 70 EN DA1V8K RITNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. f. Ex. de svenske Runestene, som ere afbildede i Bautil Nr. 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 758, 760, 956, 968, og med Heosyn til Snoningerne isaer Nr. 560, 649, 653, 660 med flere. Vi gjenkjende de samme Motiver og den samme Kunstsmag, som Monumenterne fra Jellinge fremvise, saa- ve! de i Thyres Hoi fundne Oldsager, for en stor Deel bestaaende af Snitvaerk, som i Saerdeleshed Kong Gorm den Gamles Mindesteen 1 . Runeindskriften er anbragt paa Kanten til Venstre i samme Udstraekning som Forestillingen paa Siden, hvilket lader antage at den er fuldstaendig. Den er indhugget i to ved en Tvaerstreg afdelte Linier, saaledes at Slutnings- linien begynder ved den Ende, hvor den forste Linies sidste Rune staaer, og man maa vende sig for at laese den, hvad man i gammel graesk Skrift pleier at kalde (3oi)CTpC97)5ov. Vedstaaende Afbildning viser Indskriftens Stilling og Characterer: Udtrykt med latinske Bogstaver lapses denne Ind- skrift saaledes : KONA : LET : LEGIA : ST : imi ■ XQV : ISM3<£ : NI Kona; den forste Rune er noget beskadiget, men sees dog tydelig at vaere K, eftersom Begyndelsen af Tvaer- stregen foroven er bestemt. Af den anden Rune er kun Hovedstaven tilbage; men fnran denne er afskallet et Stykke af Stenen, saa at det maa ansees rimeligt at der har staaet s|. Der kan ikke have staaet h, da den bevarede *) man sammenholde den njeste Artikel i naerv;crende Bind. EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN 1 LONDON. 71 Stav, der maatte have vaeret den bageste af dette Bogstav. gaaer heelt op til Kanten. Kona, der som Faellesnavu betyder en Kvinde eller Hustru, kunde vel, ligesom Kuna i enkelte svenske Runestene (Liljegren 431, 1317), vaere et Kvindenavn; imidlertld antager jeg det dog for rimeligere at f 1 fra det folgende Old her maa, taenkt fordoblet, foies til det foregaaende Ord, saa at vi maa laese Navnet Konal eller egentlig Konall. Det var nemlig en Regel, som saedvanlig iagttoges i Runeindskrifter, at man ikke satte samme Bogstav to Gange ved Siden af hinanden men kun een Gang og antog det fordoblet. Man kunde synes at det havde vaeret rimeligere at have foiet h til Navnet og udeladt det i det folgende Gjerningsord let, imprf. aildta, men Runeristeren har vel anseet den her fulgte Fremgangs- maade for tydeligere. Som overeensstemmende Exempler an- fores Vedyxestenen (L 1 211, B 2 404): kup hjalbi h6s al uk unsmupir, d. e. ku[) hjalbi hons salu uk kups mupir; Lof- stadstenen (L 141, B 477): Kardar : auk : utirik, d. e. Kardar auk Kutirik; Tjursakerstenen (L 441, B 99): Sibi : auk : irmuntr, d. e. Sibi auk Kirmuntr ; Haringe- stenen (L 264): Jburbiurn : a "k : nutr • • • non sa ' u ^ups, d. e. Jurbiurn auk Knutr . . . hons salu uk kuos; Hogelbystenen (L 816, B 685): auk . upmup, d. e. auk Kupmup. legia; der staaer egentlig Y, men af Afbildningen vil bemaerkes, at her den Deel af Stenen mellem Hoved-Staven og Tvaerstregen foroven er afskallet, og har hoist rimelig en Prik vaeret anbragt i Aabningen, hvorved denne Afskalling lettere har kunnet foranlediges. Naar Y taenkes fordoblet, bliver det leggja efter almindelig islandsk Skrivemaade. sim fox stein, ace. af steinn, en hyppig forekommende Skrivemaade af Ordet. J ) J. G. Liljegren, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. — 2 ) Bautil m. Anra. af J. Goransson , Stockholm 1750. 72 EN DANSK RITNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. J)ensi, en Form som ogsaa jevnlig forekommev for ace. penna af pessi, f. Ex. paa Soderby-Stenen (L 1356), Larfs-Stenen (L 1390). auk; saaledes skrives denne Conjunction saedvanlig i Runeindskrifterne. Tuki, et ofte forekommende nordisk, navnlig dansk Mandsnavn. Dcnne Indskrift bliver altsaa efter Olddanskens senere anvendte ssedvanlige islandske Skriveniaade : Konall let leggja stein })ensi (henna) ok Tuki, d. e. Konal og Tuke lode laegge denne Steen. Konall er et islandsk eller oldnordisk Mandsnavn af irsk Oprindelse. , 4 Oct Conaill", otte Konall bleve draebte i Slaget ved Magh Rath i Aaret 637 1 . Fortaellingen om dette Slag er fra Slutningen af det P2te Aarhundrede; Ud- giveren O'Donovan tilfoier i en Note: Conall er endnu i Brug blandt enkelteFamilier som et Mands Egennavn, men almindeligst som et Familienavn, i hvorvel det ikke synes rimeligt at Familienavnet O'Connell udledes fra det , efter- som dette er en angliseret Form fra det irske O'Conghail. Familien Conall nedstammer fra Conall Gulban . Son af Niall of the nine hostages, Eneherre over Irland i det 4de Aarhundrede 2 . Een af de Helgene, som dyrkedes paa den skotske 6 Arran, bed ogsaa St. Conall 3 . ') Jvfr. The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh Rath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, published by the Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin 1812 p. 290—291. — a ) Jvfr. The Circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach Mac Neill, Prince of Ailcach; a poem, written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the North of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan, published by the Ir. Arch. Soc. , Dublin 1841 p. 50. — 3 ) See A chorographical description of West or H-lar Connaught, by O'Flaherty, edited by J. Hardiman, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc, EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDED I LONDON. 73 I vort Nordens, navnligen Islands, Oldskrifter, er Konall et oftere forekommende Navn. Landnamabok an- forer alcne sex Personer, der bare det. Berses Sonner Thormod den Gamle o 4'h (Kunal) , der efter den saedvanlige Retskrivning maatte hedde: Kjulakr let reisa stein eftir kvikati svein sinn Kunal, d. e. Kjulak lod reise denne Steen efter sin raske Svend Kunal. Navnet Toki var allerede fra aeldgamle Tider anvendt i Danmark saavelsom i andre Dele af Norden. Blandt Harald Hildetands Kaemper i Slaget paa Brovallahede naevnes i Sogubrot af Skjoldiinga Saga 1 en Toki og blandt de flere, soni Saxo fortrinsviis anforer som ypperlige i dette Slag, var ogsaa denne tl Toki Jumensi provincia ortus (fra Jum eller Jom)" 2 . Saavel Saxo soni andre historiske Skrifter anfore baade tidligere og senere flere Personer af dette Navn. Meget hyppig forekommer ogsaa det samme Navn i Runeindskrifter saavel i Danmark som i Sverige, og skrives det der stunduin T4KI, men oftest, aldeles som i Londoner- Stenen, 'TIM' I, der i nyere Dansk er gaaet over til Tyge (Tycho). Sjeldnere forekomme Formerne 'MM' IK. og t>r\K I K. Vi ville her indskraenke os til at naevne alene tie af de Runestene i Sverige, paa hvilke dette Navn forekommer. I Angarns Sogn, Vallentuna Herred i Upland, ligger en Steen (L 969 , B 94) til Erindring om en Tukir , som onikom i Gra:kenland; i Hogby Sogn , Gostrings Herred i Ostergotland Andes en (L 1180, B 882), som en Jukir bar sat efter sin F fetter Asur , der ogsaa dode i Graeken- land. Paa Kaga-Stenen, Hanekinds Herred i Ostergotland (L 1145, B 850) laeses : Rupr : risti : stin : pansi : eftir; Tuki : brupur : sin : sar : varp : tribin : a: I lati : Uikr: arpa : kunr:, efler saedvanlig Skrivemaade: Riitr (Hnitr) risti stein penna eftir Tuki, broi^ur sinn, sa er var5 drepinn a Englandi (a I^lanti eller a Eylandi) , drengr harMa go5r, d. e. Rut ristede denne Steen efter sin Broder Tukir , J ) Fornaldar SOgur IVorSilanda, ed. C. C. Rafn, 1 p. 379. — s j Hist. Danica, rec. P. E. Miiller 1. p. 379. EN DA38K RUNESTEEN FUNDED I LONDON. 77 som blev draebt i England, en meget brav Mand. Paa Rune- stene i Danmark finder man dette Navn endnu hyppigere, og er der Formen TIM' I almindeligst. Paa Hjarup-Stenen, Up- akra Sogn, Bara Herred i Skane (L !439, W 154 1 ) laeses: ISafni : rispi : stin : pisi . iftir : Tuka : brojnir sin .... han : varp : vistr : tupr : d. e. Nafne ristede denne Steen efter sin Broder Tuke , han dode i Vesterleden , altsaa paa de britiske Oer. I Hellestad Kirkemuur, Torna Herred, lige- ledes i Skane, forekommer Navnet Tuki {gen. og ace. Tuka) paa tre Stene (L 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172) fern Gange og naevnes en TIM" I : KhK.YH: hIYt>, Tuki Kurms sun d. e. Toke Gormsson. Paa Bregninge Stenen , Musse Herred paa Laaland (L 1490, W 262) naevnes tvende Tuke'r. Aars Stenen i Aalborg Amt har tvende Indskrifter, den ene i Fornyr5alag, over Hovdingen Valtoke, h+f"PIM''+ (ncc.\ et Navn dannet af valr, en Hog eller en Valplads, og Tuki, ligesom Valbrandr, Valborg 2 . Thordrup-Stenen, Hundborg Hoved, Thisted Amt, (L 1507, W 293) naevner en Tuku, ThKh (ace.), ligesom Navnet anfores, ligeledes i ace., Tuko , thN 5 paa Falsberga-Stenen , Valby Sogn, Trogds Herred i Upland (L 688, B 615). Tillidse-Stenen i Sonder Herred paa Laaland (L 1609, W 252-25-3), ligesom Staby-Stenen i Ostmo Sogn i Sodermanland (L 834, B 673), har Navnet Toki f^N , aldeles som Oldskrifterne, og et Rogelse- kar (L 19G0) i Museet for nordiske Oldsager i Kjoben- havn: Toke. Ellers forekommer Tuki. Den Tuki smipr, som omtales paa Runestenen ved Kirkedoren i Grendsteen i Viborg Amt (L 1513, W 313) er mulig den samme, hvem en nylig paa Horning Mark i Skanderborg Amt funden, hidtil ubekjendt, Runesteen skyldes , paa hvilken laeses : Tuki : smibr : rip : stin : ift : Jurgisl : Kupmutar : ') 0. Worm , Monumenta Danica. — *) Finn Magnusens Undersogelse i Ant. Tidsskiift 1843-1845 p. 182-185 og tab. V. 78 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN PUNDEM I L0ND01V. sun : is : hanum : kaf : kun : uk : frialsi , efter saedvanlig Skrivemaade : Toki smior reit stein eftir Jorgisl Guo- mundarson, is honum gaf guo ok frjalsi, d. e. Toke Smed ristede Runerne paa Stenen efter Thorgils Gudniundson, som gav ham Gud (onivendte ham til Christendommen) og Fribed. Foruden paa tidligere bekjendte forekommer Navnet "fhH ogsaa paa tvende nylig fundne , den ene i Gylling By i INaerheden af Horsens, den anden paa Fjelle- rad Mark i Gunderup Sogn , Aalborg Amt. Blandt de danske Toker ere imidlertid de, der tilhore den beromte fyenske Slaegt, de i Historien maerkeligste *. Toki a Fjoni havde med sin Kone Thorvor tvende Sonner Aki eller Aage , som draebtes af Harald Blaatands Maend, fordi man frygtede bans Magt, og Palner eller Paine. Palnes Son var den beromte Palnatoke i Fyen, en af den Tids maegtigste Maend i Danmark. Han gjorde, omtrent i Aaret 956, et Tog til England og kom til Bretland eller Wales, hvor ban aegtede Olof, en Datter af Stefner Jail; ban fik da Jarlsnavn og det halve af Stefner Jarls Rige, hvis Be- styrelse ban overdrog til Bjorn den Bretske , Olofs Fost- broder , der havde raadet til Giftermaalet. Med sin Kone havde han Sonnen Aage {Aki), der var Fostbroder til Kong Haralds Son Svend Tveskaeg, hvem Palnatoke understottede imod bans Fader. Palnatoke besogte jevnlig sin Sviger- fader i Bretland , men opholdt sig dog i laengere Tid for det meste i Danmark. Efter Styrbjorns Dod blev han Hovding i Jomsborg og gav Jomsvikingerne Love. Efterat han (i 985) havde draebt Harald Blaatand, og Svend Tveskaeg var udraabt til Konge , reiste han igjen til Bretland , hvor hans Svigerfader var dod , hvis Rige han nu tog i Be- siddelse. Da han , ledsaget af Bjorn den Bretske , efter Jvflr. J6nisvikinga Saga c. 14 fig., Fornmanna SoguT 11 p. 43 fig. EN OANSK RFNESTEEN KUVDEN I LOM>0\. 79 Svend Tveskaegs Indbydelse, var tilstede ved det af denne (i 988) foranstaltede Gravol efter Faderen, var Halvdelen af bans Mandskab Danske og den anden Halvdeel Britter. Paa dette Gravol vedkjendte Palnatoke sig Haralds Ural) og drog derefter igjen tilhage til Bretland og herjede efter Olofs Dtid i flere Somre paa Skotland og Irland. Hans Sonneson, den unge Vagn Aageson (Akason) var optagen i Forbundet i Jomsborg og deeltog med Jomsvikingerne i Slaget i Hjorungavaag 995 , hvor han toges til Fange men skjenkedes Livet. Han havde en Son, som hed Aage og var Hovding paa Bornholm (f 1020) og denne igjen en Son Vagn (f c. 1050), hvis Son Aage ogsaa var Hovding paa Bornholm (f 1080). Grev Pallig eller Paling, upaatvivlelig Paine, som var gift med Gunnhild, en Datter af Harald Blaatand, kom fra Danmark til England , hvor han med sin Kone gik over til Christendommen. Han holdt snart med det ene, snart med det andet af de da i England stridende Partier. Han blev rigelig begavet med Jordegods , Guld og Solv af Kong Ethelred , men , da Kongen hadede de i Landet vaerende Danske, lod ogsaa denne sig bestemme til at tage sine Landsmaends Parti. Efter Kong Ethelreds Befaling, udstaedt til de forskjellige Landskaber i England, at myrde alle der boende Danske uden Hensyn til Stand, Alder eller Kjon, udfortes dette skraekkelige Blodbad paa St. Briccii Dag, den 13de November, 1002. Blandt de ved denne Leilighed myrdede var ogsaa Grev Paine og hans Hustru Gunnhild samt deres spaede Son. Denne Paine var hoist rimelig, hvilket Suhm ogsaa antager, en Son af Palnatoke, opkaldt efter dennes Fader. Derfor synes at tale saavel Navnet som Svogerskabet og den Betydning, denne Mand vandt i England strax ved hans Ankomst i dette Land; ') Suhms Hist, af Danmark 3 B. S. 337 flg., 350-351. 80 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. og neppe har han eller Broderen undladt , efter den Tids alniindelige Skik , at opkalde en af sine Sonner efter sin beromte Fader. At en saadan Toke ikke naevnes i vore nordiske Oldskrifter , kan have sin rimelige Grund i den Onistaendighed , at han er bleven opdragen i England og er forbleven der bosiddende. Antager man en saadan Toke fodt i 990 og en Son af ham , hvem man har givet det i Familien hyppige Navn Aage, 30 Aar derefter i J 020, saa vilde i Aaret 1050 Faderen have vaeret 60 Aar gaminel og Sonnen 30 Aar. Omtrent fra dette Aar, eller i alt Fald fra eet af Aarene 1046-1000, er et Gavebrev af Biskop Ealdred (Wigornensis ecclesiae episcopus) til Munkene ved vor Frue St. Mariae Kirke i Worcester (Uuigornaceastre), ifolge hvilket han skjenker til denne Kirke et Landgods (rus), kaldet Deotinctun , tilligemed en dertil liggende Landsby iElfsigestun. Dette Landgods havde Kongens meget maegtige og rige Hirdmand (prcepotens et dives minister regis) Toke for sin Levetid besiddet frit for alle Afgifter med Undtagelse af de Kongelige , men han havde for sin Dod ved Testament skjenket det til Biskoppen formedelst det mellem dem bekraeftede Venskab og for sin Sjaels Fred; men hans Son ved Navn Aage (Aki), en maegtig Mand og ligeledes Kongens Hofsinde , vilde gjore Faderens Testa- ment ugyldigt og tilbagefordrede Landgodset som sig til— horende ifolge hans Arveberettigelse efter Faderen. Da imidlertid saavel Kongen som Leofric Jarl og denne Pro- vinds's ovrige ypperste Maend bifaldt og samtykte Gaven, havde Aage mod et Vederlag af 8 Mark reneste Guld overdraget ham det, frigjort saavel fra hans Fordring som fra hvilkensomhelst Fordring , der kunde grunde sig paa Arveberettigelse, og ved et ved Vidner bekraeftet skriftligt Document bestemt, at Biskoppen skulde kunne uden nogen Modsigelse give eller saelge det til hvemsomhelst han vilde. EN DWSK RUNKSTEEN FUXDEN I LOI\DO.\. 81 Dette mserkeliare Document er underskrevet af Kons: Edvavd og Dronning Eadgid, af selve Biskop Ealdred, af Hoveds. m.-endene Leofric , iElfgar og Odda , og af Hirdmaendene Owine, Wagen, Berthric iElfgarson, Atsor og Osgod. Af de her naevnte Vidner er Wagen (Vagn) rinieligviis af selv samme Slsegt, og, ligesom Odda, Adzer (Ozur) og Asgaut, af dansk Herkomst. Det er upaatvivlelig den samme her naevnte Toki, der ogsaa an fores i en Deel and re Documentor fra den naermest foregaaende Tid , saaledes i et af Knud den Store af 1059, hvor han naevnes : Toga minister, i et af samme 1033: Tokig miles, i et af Biskop iEdelnod i 1033: Tokig, i et af Hardeknud 1042 ligeledes: Tokig miles, i et af Eadweard 1042: Toky minister, i et af Eadvveard 1043: Dokig minister. Siinner upaatvivlelig af denne Toke: Care (Kari), Ulf og Askyl naevnes i Documenter af 1046 og 1000' 2 . Vi have her en Toke fra den Tid, den i London fundne Runesteen kan antages at vaere, og er det vist ikke usandsynligt , at det er netop ham , som naevnes i dens Indskrift. De puncterede Rimers Anvendelse i lndskriften, ♦, som forekommer tre Gange, og Y , der rimeligviis maa lasses saaledes i det tredie Ord , henviser til en noget senere Tid, end den de aeldste bevarede Runeindskrifter tilhore, og passer godt for den her angivne Tidsalder. En Saeregenhed ved Runerne er ogsaa de paa Bi- stavene eller Tvaerstregerne anbragte Prikker. Aldeles lig- nende findes paa den ene af Sjonhem-Stenene paa Gulland J ) See Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici ; opera Johannis M. Kcmble, Londini t. IV. 1816, p. 75, 138-139; 141-113; t. VI. 1818 p. 191, 195, 197. Jvfr. The Savon Chronicle ed. John . Ingram p. 281-285. hvor der ved Aaret 1079 nasvnes en Tokig Viggodes sun. 6 82 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. (L ]"y9'2) ifolge en mig af Carl Save velvilligen med- deelt , nylig af hans Broder P. A. Save udfort Tegning; og kan denne Indskrift , som omtaler en Mand , der blev draebt i Valachiet , rimeligviis ogsaa antages at vaere fra det samme Aarhundrede. Paa disse Sjonhem-Stene findes Slangefigurer med Slyngninger, der ligne dem, som ere an- bragte paa og ved de paa Londoner-Stenen forestillede Dyr. Som ovenanfort, findes de samme Motiver paa Gorm den Gamles Mindesteen ved Jellinge, der egner sig til at fremstilles til Sammenligning. De her ommeldte Documenter ere udgivne i tt Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici opera Johannis M. Kemble". Da dette vigtige Vaerk er sjeldent her i Norden , har jeg troet det hensigtsmaessigt at vedfoie her fire af disse Documenter, af hvilke de tvende angelsaxiske meddeeltes med Oveisaettelse af George Stephens. De to forste af disse Documenter vedkomme Donationer af Kong Knud den Store til St. Pauls Monasterium eller Kirke i London, det tredie af Erkebiskop iEdelnod anmelder en testamen- tarisk Bestemmelse af Tokigs (rimeligviis den samme Tokes) Frsende Wulfnad , og det fjerde er ovenmeldte Actstykke af Biskop Ealdred, vedkommende det Testament, hvorved Kongens ma3gtige og rige Hofsinde Toke over- drog Biskoppen Landgodset Deotinctun med tilliggende Landsby iElfsigestuu. MCCCXIX. CNUT, omtrent 1033 (t. VI p. 183). *j~ Ic Cnud cyng grete mine biscopes and mine eorles and ealle mine jiegenas on oan sciran Saer mine preostas on sanctes Paules mynstre habbafi land inne freondl/ce; and ic cioe eow )> medens derimod Worm og Abildgaard her have alene M. Jeg antog denne Tvarstreg , som maatte antyde et "r, der ikke her kunde passe, for en tilfasldig Ridse i Stcnen, og bad derfor Pastor Kemp niiie at eftersee denne Rune, om der fandtes nogen Tvterstreg paa (7*) f 00 RORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEJV I JELLINGE. AFF: fcURVI: KUNU: SINA : TANMARKAR: BUT. Omskreven efter saedvanlig islandsk Orthographie: Gormr koniingr geroi kunibl petta (|)essi) eftir 3>yri, konu si'na, Dan- niarkaibot, d. e. Kong Gorm gjorde denne Hoi over sin Kone Thyre Danmarks Pryd. GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. Kong Gorms Mindesteen er ligeledes af Granit; dens Grundflade danner en Trekant, hvis ene Side med Hoveddelen af Indskiiften har forneden en Brede af 8 Fod 10 Tommer, den anden, hvorpaa en phantastisk Dyrefigur, 5' 2" og den tredie, hvorpaa en Christusfigur, 5', altsaa den hele Steen 19' i Omkreds forneden. Stenen, hvis Hoide over Jorden er 8' 2" gaaer pyramidalsk op i en Spids. Paa den anden Side er foroven til venstre ct stort Stykke borte, omtrent 1' i Hoide, 13" i Laengde og 8" i Brede eller Dybde. Paa den forste Side findes den storste Deel af Ind- skiiften i fire ved dobbelte Tvaerstreger fra hinanden ad- skilte Linier. Tvferstregerne udvikle sig for Enderne i Sno- ninser, der fortsnettes ovenfor Indskiiften. Den her i Texten p. 318 tilfdiede Afbildning frenistiller denne Side af Stenen med Hoveddelen af Indskiiften, der fortssettes og fuldfores paa de tvende andre Sider. dens Hovedstav, hvilken i eaa Fald rimelig kunde vaere vendt den modsatte Led, betegnende "J", ei 1". Hr. Kemp bcmairker at der staaer tydelig ft og aldeles sikkert at den forste Stav ikke har Tvaerstregen for "S- , ihvorvcl man kan skjelne Grunden til at denne Rune er trgnct saaledes, da der neden for Stavens Midte findes en tilfseldig Ridse i Stenen. Oiu deiimod denne Runes forreste Stav liar ovenover denne tilfteldige Ridse, altsaa paa Stavens Midte, en den modsatteVei vcndende Tvarstreg (t ), tar han ikke bekrafte og heller ikke ben^gte, da dcrvirkelig (( sces Spor af en saadan Streg". GORM DEN GAMLES M1NDESTEEN 1 JELL1JVGE. 10 1 Paa den anden Side, af hvilken en Afl)ildning her med- deles tab. II, sees et phantastisk fiirfiiddet Dyr, der har nogen Overeenssteinnielse med dct paa Londoner -Sfeiieti fremstillede, hvis lignende Kltier dog ere noget mere ud- fcirte; det liar, ligesom dette, en fremstaaende omboiet Tunge men opreiste Takker. Halen ender sig i en fiirdeelt Svands; onikring Dyrets Hals, Krop og Hale er snoet en fuldstaendig Slangefigur med Ho red og Hale. Den anden Side adskilles t'ra den tredie af en Slasjs dobbelt gothisk Soile, der er dannet af tvende Snoninger. Disse udvikle sig i fortsatte Slyngninger og Snoninger, der tjcne som Indfatning af de paa de tvende Sider anbragte Forestillinger. Underneden denne Indfatning fortsaettes Ind- skriften med een Linie paa den anden Side og sluttes liseledes med een Linie paa den tredie. Paa den tredie Side, som er her afbildet tab. Ill, forestilles en skaegget Mandsfigur med en ved Kors betegnet Giorie omkring Hovedet. Denne er upaatvivlelig en Christus- figur; dens aabne Arme synes ikke at vsere udstrakte men kun betegnende. Den er ifoit en snaevert sluttende kort Kjole, og Benene synes at vaere ubedaekkede. Slyngninger, der have Lighed med Slangesnoninger, skjont dog intet Slangehoved her er synligt, omgive Figuren til alle Sider og omfatte tillige saavel Kroppen som Armene. Indskriften paa den ftirste Side er ved de ovenanforte tidligere Undersogelser bragt til naesten fuldstaendig Klarhed 1 . Ordene (+4 eller) |+h:H^A i 4de Linie, som tidligere vare urig- tig aftegnede (hos Worm K+H h" A), lseste, ligesom Arendt tid- '_) Ved den 16de Rune i anden Linie *P bemscrkes, at Adam Miillers Tegning her forneden har to smaae Hager, som skuldc antyde A; disse have hverken Worms eller Abildgaards Afbildninger, og de maae derfor antages tilfoiede i en senere Tid, upaatvivlelig af en Rune-Dilettanf, der ikke har forstaaet Oldspmgets Former; de have altsaa ingen Yard og maa udelades. 102 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. ligere, Finn Magnusen, efterat Indskriften var renset, upaa- tvivlelig saaledes ligtig, og Adam Miiller har ligeledes gjen- givet dcm i sin Tegning, ligesom Pastor Kemp har, efter min Anmodning, netop noie efterseet disse Ord og derved gjort den Bemaetkning, at der niellem det forangaaende Navns Slutningsrune R. og Begyndelsesbogstavet I er en paa den nedenstaaende Afbildning bemaerket Udspaltning i Stenen, rimeligviis foranlediget ved et Skilletegn, som der har vaeret anbragt. Midtstregen i det andet Ords- Slutningsrune A er nu aldeles usynlig, og Figuren viser sig som A. Af disse Ord gav Finn Magnusen den Fortolkning at l+h var det relative Pronomen is, es, der siden gik over til at blive er, og h^A, sor, Imperfectum af sverja, svaerge. Han formente nenilig at der sigtedes til den Ed, Kong Harald hoitidelig aflagde on) at antage og be ford re den christne Tro. Rask, som bemaerker: : tW\>K : + : ll\?h+T| : fch : HKhhTl : f+R.+ : W : IfNtPl, d. e. SAR VARp TUpR A LUTLATI ON ') Hist, af Danmark 3, p. 138. 104 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. SKULTI FARA TIL IKLANJS, efter almindelig Ret- skrivning: tt sa er var5 dauor a Jotlandi en skyldi fara til Englands". Det kunde ogsaa vaere taenkeligt at der oprindelig ikke har staaet |+h, som dog er en noget tvivlsom, neppe i aeldre Runeindskiifter forekonunende, Form, uagtet man vel senere finder l+A, men alene: 4/h, som oftere traeffes, f. Ex. paa den ene Steen i INykirke Sogn, Jonakers Herred i Sodermanland (L S95, B77I), som tvende Brodre havde reist til Erindring om deres Broder Svire ellcr Sverre, som dode i England: +h : IVHU) : T-H\t>fc : (s : IKN-VTl d. e. AS YAR£ TAUTR O IKLANTI, efter almindelig Skrive- brug c es varo dauor a Englandi". For at betegne at det folgende Old var en tilfoiet Forklaring af det alt staaende foraeldede Ord, har Runeiisteren forlaenget Skilletegnet (:) til en Streg og udhugget et nyt Skilletegn foran, der bar foranlediget den omtalte Udspaltning. Arendt allerede har laest disse to Old "fh : HhA og antager at den foregaaende Streg er en mislykket Rune, der ikke skulde medtages ved Lsesningen ; ban har bem.nerket at dens Afstand fra den folgende Character er lidt storre end ssedvanlig. Uden at antage noget Tidsforlob inden den paafolgende Slutnings Indristning kunde man ogsaa antage at den her ommeklte Misristning af 1+4 istedenfor tH har foranlediget Risteren til strax at tilfiiic H^A, for at Meningen sikrere skulde kunne fattes. De 4 sidste Runer i fjerde Linies Slutningsord ere temmelig utydelige i Tegningen og have af flere vaeret an- sete for ulaeselige. Imidlertid har Hr. Kemp gjentagne Gauge under fordelagtig Belysning tydelig kunnet see disse Runer og, naar Belysriingen faldt skarpt paa dem, kunnet sikkert forfolge Traekkene, om hvis Laesning der vistnok ingen Tvivl kan va're. GORM DEN GAMLES MIXDESTEEX I JELLINGE. 105 Indskriften i Linien underneden Dyrefiguren paa den anden Side er ogsaa tidligere laest og utvivlsom 1 . I Slutningslinien under Mandsfiguren paa tredie Side har man derimod alene gjengivet det forste Ord, den forste Rune af det andet Ord og Slutningsordet; af de midterste 8 eller 9 Runer Meve kun enkelte svage Traek med Usik- kerhed bemaerkede. Vor forste Runolog og ei'fer ham vor forste nordiske Sprogforsker har, som ovenfor bemserket, hver isaer uoder- kastet selve Monumentet en nciiagtig Undersogelse, men ingen af dem har dristet sig til at udfylde Lacunen og, saavidt mig bekjendt, heller ingen anden for eller efter dem. Noget vovelig og uden stort Haab om et gunstigt Resultat syntes derfor et Forsog paa at udfinde hvad der har staaet at maatte blive. Imidlertid forekom det mig, isaer da dette Mindesmaerke horer til vore allervigtigste her i Danmark, at man ikke burde meddele denne Indskrift uden at gjore et fornyet Forsog. Laerdom og Skarpsind til at fortolke en vanskelig Text er ikke altid forenet med Oie til at skimte halvt udslidle eller foraeldede Trsek; hertil kommer at man ved fortsat, ofte gjentagen Betragtning af en saadan neesten halvt udsletlet Indskrift under forskjellig Belysning, ikke alene naar den er beskinnet af Sollyset men ogsaa efter Solnedgang, dog muligen kan have den Tilfredsstillelse at skimte enkelte forhen ubemaerkede Traek. Det gaaer i den Henseende med forvittret Lapidarskrift J ) Alle Runerne i denne Linie ere tydelige og den sidste har baade Worm, Abildgaard og Adam Muller gjengivet som Y , men da den i A. Fabricius's Iliustreret Danmaiks Historie meddelte Ra- dering her har \ med Tvairstregen noget lavere end paa den fore- gaaende Rune, eftersaae Hr. Kemp denne Limes Slutning^-rune og bemanker at der sstaaer (< aldeles tydelig Y uden at der er mindste Spor af nogen TvaM'btreg over Linien, hverken forsaHlig eller til- fcldig". IOG GORM DEN GAMLES MUVDE9TEEN I JELLINGE. ligesom med de udslidte eller afblegede Skrifttraek i Skind- boger og paa gamle Papirsblade, hvor man ved off ere gjen- tagne Forsog stundum kan laesc meget endog med Sikkerhed, som man fdrste Gang bavde anseet fuldkommen ulaeseligt. Foranlediget af saadau Betragtning anniodede jeg Pastor Kemp om at gjore gjentagne Forsog paa at spore enkelte Traek. Med storste Bcredvillighed ydede ban mig denne vaesentlige Bistand, snm jeg meget paaskjonner. Han be- tragtede Indskriften til forskjellige Tider paa Dagen og under forskjellige Belysninger, ogsaa efter Solnedgang, hvorefter ban meddelte mig de Traek, som ban troede nied Sikkerhed at have opdaget. Jeg bavde tidligere ikke vovet nogen Gisning, men i den Tanke, at det andet Ord, der sikkert saaes at begynde med et T, maatte vaere et Verbum, bad jeg ham dernaest at eftersee, om Ordet ikke knnde vaere ThK; jeg taenkte nemlig at der maatte staae tok (til), naar det ikke kunde vaere NT (let). Han beskrev noie hvert synligt Trsek og bragde det til Vished, at denne Gisning ikke kunde vaere l'igfig, og jeg lededes derefter ved de be- tegnede og beskrevne Traek til en anden Fortolkning. Liniens Indskrift deels saaes. deels skimtedes at vaere som den her gjengives: 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 o? folgende. Runerne 1 — 4 ere aldeles tydelige og allerede af Worm, Abildgaard og Arendt gjengivne. Arendt har dog kun af 4, 5, (5 gjengivet det overste Parti *" og, ligesom Abild- gaard, af de naermest folgende til Slutningsordet aldeles intet. Sogende, som ovcnanlort, et Verbum i denne Linie, forespurgte jeg mig dog, om ikke den forste Rune kunde vaere T, men fik den Oplysning at der aldeles ingen Tvivl var om at denne Rune maatte laeses +. Rnnen 5 bavde Hr. Kemp betegnet som I ^fuldkommen tydelig", ligesom Worm ogsaa havde givet den; men jeg GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLIIVGE. 107 bad ham, efter at jeg liavde fattet Meningen, at eftersee, om der ikke skulde findes den antydede Tvaerstreg, og ban svarede derpaa at der kan foles og tildeols sees en svag Fordybning eller Afskygning i Stenen som en Tvaerstreg, men at Indskriften paa dette Sted ikke gaaer meget dybt ind i Stenen. Foist senere saae jeg at ogsaa Adam Miiller havtle paa sin Tegning svagt antydet den samme Tvaerstreg. Tvaerstregen over C (*) er ganske tydelig, og allerede Worm liar her den selvsamme Rune. At' Runen 7 (+), som Worm har laest I, er Hoved- staven aldeles tydelig og Tvaerstregen kan temmelig sikkert baade sees og foles, saa at der om samme ikke kan vaere nogen Tvivl. Derimod skjonnes der ikke at vaere noget Skilletegn efter. Runen 8 viser sig kun som en Streg, hvoraf dog kun den nederste Deel er aldeles tydelig; ganske utydelige Spor sees eller tildeels foles af opadgaaende Tvaerstreger, saaledes som antydet. Med Sikkerhed kunde denne Rune ikke af Hr. Kemp laeses. Worm har givet den som Y, har altsaa kun seet een opadgaaende Tvaerstreg, uagtet han har for- modet, at det maatte vaere Y. Runen 9 er temmelig tydelig at see; istedenfor r\ har Worm her + :, men sin Laesning af denne og de 4 naermest folgende Runer CMshK) har han anseet for usikker. De tvende Runer, som skulde lolge naermest efter, nemlig Nr. 10 og II, ere aldeles usynlige, da Stenen der kun er en tabula rasa; det er aldeles umuligt at opdage mindste Spor af nogen Rune paa Pladsen. For en tredie Rune her, Nr. 12, er der kun liden Plads, men en saadan Rune synes dog at vise sig som I, (eller maaskee som 1*, ikke som +). Runen 13 er tydelig at see som T, uagtet dog Adam Miiller kun har vovet at gjengive en yderst svag Tvaerstreg til hoire I\ Runerne 14 og folgende ere, som tidligere bemaerket, aldeles tydelige. 108 GORM DEN GABLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. For at have en Forestilling om Forholdet, bemaerkes, at hele Lioien udgjor 3' 9"; fra Rune 4 til 13, begge in- clusive, 1' S£"; tVa Rune 8 til 13, begge inclusive 1' 1". Efter tie saaledes meddelte Oplysninger skulde man vist ikke ansee det for en meget vovet Gisning at supplere Pladserne 10 til 12 hKl og at laese hele Linien: : AUK : TANAFULKIT : KRIS T NO : Kristno kan ikke vaere Substantivet, der hedder kristni oAUSI : AFT : KURM : FA£UR : SIN : AUK : AFT 3>1URUI : MUJ>UR : SLNA : SA : HARALTR : [AS SO R : UAN . TANMAURK : ALA : AUK : NURUIAK AUK : TAISAFULK1T : KRISTNO. GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELL1NGE. II! Omskrevct efter den for Olddansken senere indforte almindeligste islandske Skrivemaade, bliver denne Indskrift at laese saaledes, hvorved imidlertid maa bemaerkes, at mange af de aeldste islandske Haandskrifter have Oidene (l bab, gaurva, fa[)ur, daomaurk" skrevne tildels eller aldeles som i Runeindskriften : Haraldr koniingr ba?) gora kunibl [)e(ta(f)essi) 1 eftirGorm, foour sinn, ok eftir 3>y rl > ni6&ur si'na, sa Haraldr es (d: sa er) vann Danraork alia ok Norveg ok Danafolkit kristna. D. e. Kong Harald lod gjore denne Hoi efter sin Fader Gorm og efter sin Moder Thyre, den Harald som vandt (blev Herre over) hele Danmark og Norge og (udforte det Veerk) at kristne (d. e. kristnede) Danefolket. Det maa ved Kong Gorrns Mindesteen bemaerkes, at Forestillingerne paa dens anden og tredie Side ere udforte ganske i den samme Smag som beinaerkes i de i Thyre Danehods Gravboi fundne Gjenstande, hvorved saaledes Runestenens Udforelse henvises til samme Tidsalder. ') I Grougaldr i den aeldre Edda (str. lj forckommcr det sammensatte Ord „kumbl - dys" ', dys svarer i Betydning til det grrcske i\?, opkastet HOi, agger, og det persiske diz , en Hoi (jfr. det svenske dos, en Hostak) j kumbl betyder vel oprindelig en Dynge (cumulus), navnlig en Steendynge, Stecnsretning; kumbl-dys er da en Steen-Dysse og, ligesom senere kumbl sacrskilt, en over en steensat Grav opfort Gravhoi; ,,kumbl bausi" antager jeg her brugt i plur. mcd denne Betydning i collectiv Forstand, og at der ligeledes i lndskriften paa Thyre Danebods Mindesteen (ovenfor p. 307) maa lapses u kumbl bausi" og ikke busi, forklaiet biisi s= ■' bonsi, ace. sing. masc. , da kumbl er neutr. Paa samme Maade finder man Ordet i collectiv Foistand anvendt i Flertal paa andre Runestene: L 1383, 1205, 1254 og paa Liifsfalund-Stenen (ovenfor p. 237, jfr. p. 235): kubl bausi, bisi, besi; medens det dog ogsaa stundum forckommcr i sing. : L 895, 890: kuml Jjatsi og L331: kubl bita. Tab. I PUKBEN PA A .ST l'AIM,.S Kl I! K I'', I'.AAII \) I l,0>hli>'. s5 /-■" Tab .II. \j r i -- ^^\ \ J A \ i < / A ^f V AJ^ T 5 'J y M j \ vx v^ li f,f)!'..\| DK.N CA.MI.K.S y\\'S DMTKK.N'. Tab II! CTH ' ^K ,x 1,M'..M HEX BATTLES MIMBESTEEK ffilffiffi 1 8W&m&i2®wm @!P ©®H,35S SH31 ®S5B A5? jnilLSjJIB&iE:!. 5115 2 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. SEP 29 SEP 2 6 \ JAN t « ^ n aL9-42m-8,'49(B5573)444 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES £A UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY lllll AA 000 390 284 8