ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.
 
 In crown Svd, price Ss. 6il. 
 
 % ^Ijort frstorjT of tbc (gnglblj |caplc. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN RICHARD GREEN. 
 
 U'ith Coloured Maps, Genealooical Table;:, and Chrono- 
 logical Annals. 
 
 Sixty-second Thousand. 
 
 % listorjT of 1I)£ (Bnglislj |]top(c. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN RICHARD GREE->J. 
 
 Vol. I —EARLY ENGLAND— FOREIGN KINGS— 
 THE CHAR'IRR— THE PARLIAMENT. 
 With Maps. 8vo. i6.f. 
 
 Vol. II.— THE MONARCHY— THE REFORMA- 
 TION. Svo. i6i. 
 
 VoL.III.-PURITAN ENGLAND-THE REVOLU- 
 TION. With Maps. Svo. i6s. 
 
 [Vol IV. in t lie press. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., LONDON.
 
 ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, 
 
 BASED ON 
 
 GREEN'S SHORT HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
 BY 
 
 C. W. A. TAIT, M.A., 
 
 ASSISTANT MASTER IN CLIFTON COLLEGE. 
 
 LONDON : '^ 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. .:■ , ^ 
 
 \ 
 1879. 
 
 The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Rtserved.
 
 1/ 
 
 London : 
 
 K. CLAY, SOKS AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS 
 llBIiAD STREET HILL.
 
 DA 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This little work was begun in the form of fly-leaves for the 
 use of boys on the Modern side at Clifton, who were reading 
 Mr. Green's Short History in school. 
 
 As it has now been tried for two years as an aid to teaching, 
 I venture to publish it in the hope that it may assist other 
 students. 
 
 Mr. Green is no way responsible, either as regards its 
 plan or its contents, but I am glad to take this opportunity 
 of thanking him for his kindness in allowing it to appear 
 before the public. 
 
 My best thanks are also due to my friend and colleague, 
 Mr. J. G. Grenfell, and to the Rev. S. B. Philpotts, Fellow of 
 King's College, Cambridge. 
 
 Clifton, April, 1878. 
 
 1006168
 
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 ANALYSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
 A Britain and tlie Englisli. Pp- i— 7- 
 
 1. Slcswick and lower Hanover, the fatherland of the English. 
 To the N. of the Enghsh the Jutes in Jutland, to the E. and 
 \V. the Saxons in Holstein from the Weser to the Rhine. 
 
 2. Enghsh social and pohtical life. Pp. 2—4. 
 
 a A nation of farmers living in villages, i.e., in dusters 
 
 of hoDiesteads. 
 b Each village composed of families, not of individuals ; 
 
 thus, 
 
 1 The "blood-wite" (compensation for wrong) paid 
 
 not by man to nian, but by family to family. 
 
 2 Each man accused of wrong condemned or acquitted 
 
 by the oath of his family. 
 c Each village consists oi freemen, "ceorls," and men 
 of noble blood, "eorls," from whom the freemen 
 chose leaders, called Heretogan in war, and Ealdor- 
 mcn in peace. 
 d The sovereign power lies with the body of ceorls ; 
 judgments given, and peace and war settled, by the 
 village Witan, i.e., the wise men of the village, 
 round whom all ceorls gather and have their voice; 
 " Si displicuit sententia. frcmitu adspcrnantur : sin 
 placuit, frameas concutiunt." 
 3. English religion. P. 4. 
 
 Each ceorl his oiun priest, sacrificing to the god of his 
 hearth. 
 
 Woden, the war-god, the father of the race, who taught 
 his children letters, and gave them ways and 
 boundaries. ' 
 
 Thor, the god of air and storm and rain. 
 
 Frea, the goddess of peace and joy and fruitfulncss. 
 
 Tiiu, to meet whom is death. | 
 
 Eostre, the god of the dawn and of spring. I 
 
 Behind these the remnants nf an older mytliology, and 
 the deities of popular fancy.
 
 IQ ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4. TIic British. Pp. 5—7. 
 
 a The Roman conquest. 
 
 Britain discovered by Julius Csesar, B.C. 55. Caradoc, 
 who ruled by the Severn, conquered by Claudius, 
 A.D. 50. Mona (Anglesey') the sacred isle, and 
 Buddug (Boadicea) queen of the Icenians (Norfolk 
 and Suffolk), conquered by Suetonius PauHnus, 61. 
 Britain finally subdued by Julius Agricola, who 
 sails round the island, discovers the Orkneys, builds 
 a line of forts from the Forth to the Clyde to keep 
 out the barbarians of Caledonia. 78— 8i. 
 d The Roman civilization. 
 
 The whole city population becomes Roman. Walled 
 towns (Castra Clusters) connected by roads, 
 Wailing Street, from the S.E. coast through 
 
 London to Chester ; 
 Ikeniid Street, semicircularly through Forest of 
 Arden, Cirencester, Goring, Cambridge, Caistor ; 
 Irmiji Street, from S. David's to Southampton. 
 The Foss, between Cornwall and Lincoln. 
 Tin mmes worked in Cornwall, lead mines in 
 Somerset and Northumberland, and iron mines 
 in the Forest of Dean. London a centre for export 
 of corn ; Christianity introduced through Mediter- 
 ranean commerce ; but no freedom, no self- 
 government; vieii forgot hew to fight for a country 
 which they had forgot how to govern, 
 c The British and the Picts. 
 
 The country population remain unromanizedand form 
 alliances with the Picts; Hadrian's dyke from the 
 Tyne to fhe Solway P>ith to keep out the Picts, 120, 
 afterwards strengthened by a chain of stone forts 
 under Severus, 207—210. 
 d The departure of the Romans. 
 
 The Invasion of the Western Empire by the Franks 
 in (iaul, the West-Goths in Spain, the Burgundians 
 between the Rhone and Italy, the East Goths in 
 Italy. Roman troops recalled from Britain, 410. 
 Britain exposed to internal strife between Town 
 and Country, and foreign pillage from Picts, Scots 
 (from Ireland^ and English pirates, "sea-wolves 
 that live on the pillage of the world." The aid of 
 the English pirates called in against the Picts and 
 Scots. 449. 
 
 B The English Conc^uest. Pp. 7—17- 449—597. 
 
 1, Landing of the Jutes, Hengist and Horsa at Ebbsflect in the 
 isle of Thanet. Thanet chosen for purposes of defence. 
 449, Quarrels between the English and the natives. Battle 
 of Aylesford, on the Medway. Foundation of Jutish king-
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 17 
 
 doms of East and West Kent. Princi])al town, Cant-ivarn- 
 dyrii^, Kcntmensboroiigh, Caiilcrbtiry. Extermination of the 
 natives. Pp. 7 — 10. 
 
 2. Landing of the Saxons under /Elle and Cissa. 477. " Tliey 
 beset Andciida (near Pevensey), and slew all that were 
 therein." 491. Foundation of Sussex (Kingdom of the 
 South-Saxons. Principal town, Cissanccaster, the camp of 
 Cissa, CJiichester). Saxon advance inland checked by the 
 Andredsweald. 
 
 3. Landing of the Ealdormen Cerdic and Cymric in Southampton 
 water. 495. Victory at Charford (Ccrdic's-ford) and founda- 
 tion of the kingdom of Wessex. 519. (Principal town 
 Wint-ceaster, Winchester.) Resistance of the native prince 
 Arthur : the English defeated by him at Badbury in Dorset- 
 shire (Mons Badonicus), 520 ; no further advance of the 
 English for 30 years. Capture of old Sarum, 552. Battle 
 of Deorham and capture of Bath, Gloucester, Cirencester, 
 and Uriconium (" Wroxeter"), "the white town in the 
 valley," near the Wrckin, 577. Descent of the West Saxons 
 on Oxfordshire and Berkshire, 571. Extermination of the 
 natives and stamping out of Christianity. 
 
 4. Landings in the H umber by the Angles (English), from 
 Sleswick. 
 
 1 Occupation of Sherwood and the wooded country 
 
 between the Trent and the Humber. The North 
 English. 
 
 2 Occupation of the Soar round Ratiii (" Leicester "). 
 
 The Middle English. 
 
 3 Occupation of the head waters of the Trent near 
 
 Lichfield and Repton. The West English or 
 Mercians, i.e. Borderers. Dates uncertain. 
 
 5. Landing of Ida (the Angle), and settlement at Bamborough. 
 Foundation of kingdom of Bernicia. 547. Northward 
 march from the Humber and foundation of Dcira in Holdcr- 
 ness and to the west of York. Deira and Bernicia made 
 into one kingdom by /Ethclfrith, 603. 
 
 6. Further settlements of the East Saxons in Essex (principal 
 town, Colchester), of the Middle Saxons in Middlesex (prin- 
 cipal town, London), of the East Anglians in North-folk and 
 South-folk ; between 500 and 600. 
 
 7. No regular Heptarchy, but seven English settlements 
 prominent from time to time. Kent (Jutis'h), Sussex, Essex, 
 Wessex (Saxon), East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia (An- 
 glian). 
 
 C Conversion of the English, and struggle between Northumbria 
 the Christian, and Mercia the licathen kingdom. 607— 
 685. Pp. 16—34. 
 
 1. Pjritish Christianity rooted out by the English conquest. 
 
 2. Marriage of yEthelberht of Kent to Bcrcta, daughter of the 
 Christian West-Frankish king, and consequent landing of 
 
 B
 
 13 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Augustine in the isle of Thanet. 597. England once more 
 brought into contact with Europe. Pp. 17, 18. 
 
 3. Marriage of Eadwine of Northumbria, the founder of Edin- 
 burgh, " in whose day a woman with her babe might walk 
 scatheless from sea to sea," to the daughter of the King of 
 Kent. Consequent conversion of Northumbria by Paulinus. 
 627. Pp. 18—20. 
 
 4. The Heathen struggle. Pp. 20, 21. 
 
 a Defeat of Eadwine by Penda of Mercia, at Heathfield 
 
 on the Don. 633. 
 b Defeat of the Welsh allies of the Mercians by Oswald, 
 
 at Heavenfield (Heaven's field), near Hexham, 
 
 635. 
 
 5. Activity of the Irish Church. Pp. 21 — 23. 
 
 a Irish missionaries found among the Picts, Frisians, 
 Burgundians. 
 
 b Columba at lona, and Aidan at Lindisfarne. 636. 
 Conversion of Wessex. 
 
 6. Continuation of the Heathen struggle. Pp. 23, 24. 
 
 a Defeat of Oswald by Penda at Maserfield, 642, and 
 
 ravaging of Northumbria. 
 b Overthrow of Penda by Oswi at Winwaed, near Leeds, 
 
 655. 
 
 7. Peace and growth of Christianity. 642—670. Pp. 24— 30. 
 
 a Ceadda of Lindisfarne (S. Chad) the missionary of 
 
 Mercia. 
 b Cuthbert the missionary of the Northumbrians, and 
 
 especially of Teviotdale and Tweeddale. 
 
 c Northumbrian monasteries based on the Celtic model 
 of the clan round some one person : especially 
 Whitby, the Westminster of Northumbria, founded 
 by Hild the Northumbrian Deborah, and made 
 famous by 
 
 1 The beginning of English song by Caedmon, who 
 
 sang " the beginning of created things, the 
 terror of judgment, and the joys of heaven." 
 New world of feeling opened by Christianity ; 
 " he learnt not poetry from men, nor of men, but 
 from God." 
 
 2 The Synod of Whitby to decide between the rival 
 
 claims of Irish and Roman Christianity. 664. 
 By the victory of Rome England saved from the 
 clan system and clannish quarrels of the Irish 
 Church, and made part of the European system. 
 Pp. 26—29. 
 
 ii Theodore of Tarsus Archbishop of Canterbury. 668. 
 Pp. 29—30. 
 
 I Organization of the Episcopate by the creation of 
 new sees and their subordination to Canterbury.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 19 
 
 followed at a later date by the orf^anization of 
 the parish system ; settled clergy taking the place 
 of missionaries. 
 
 2 Politicai effect of Theodore's work. Preparation 
 for national unity by the supremacy of Canter- 
 bury and the convening of general synods. 
 e Literary greatness of NorthiDubria. 700—750. Pp. 
 36-38. 
 
 1 Famous schools at Jarrow and York. 
 
 2 Baeda, the father of English learning, English 
 
 history y English theology. 
 
 8. Growth of Mercia under Wiilfhere. Pp. 30 — 32. 
 
 a Progress of lordship over Mid-England to London and 
 Sussex, leading to the West-Saxon western progress 
 to the Parret. ^ 658. 
 
 b Industrial and moral progress seen in clearing of forests 
 and foundation of abbeys, ^.^., Peterborough, Crow- 
 land, Ely, 
 
 c Defeat of Wulf-here by the Northumbrian Ecgfrith and 
 surrender of Lincolnshire. 670. 
 
 9. Fall of Northumbria. Pp. 32—34. 
 
 a Ambition of Ecgfrith. Conquest of Cumbria. 
 b Invasion of the Land of the Picts, north of the Forth. 
 Defeat and death of Ecgfrith at Ncchtansmere. 
 The death-blow to Northumbrian greatness. 685. 
 10. The work of Northumbria. The beginnings of Christianity, 
 literature, national unity. 
 
 D The Ovcrlordship of Mercia. 685-823. Pp. 34—42. 
 
 1. Ine of Wessex. 688—726. 
 
 a Further westward advance of the West-Saxons, includ- 
 ing all Somerset ; the frontier guarded by a fort on 
 the Tone, Taunton. 
 
 b Earliest West-Saxon code of laws. Building of Gla!?- 
 tonbury Abbey, an addition to an earlier church 
 "built by no art of man." 
 
 c Abdication, and pilgrimage to Rome. " See, how the 
 fashion of this world passeth away." 726. 
 
 2. j^thelbald of Mercia. Pp. 35, 36. 
 
 a Invasion of Wessex and capture of Somerton. 733. 
 Adoption of the title '^ Ki)ig of Britain." 
 
 b Resistance of the Northumbrians, and defeat of ^Ethel- 
 bald by the West-Saxons at Rurford, in Oxfordshire, 
 752 ; and Secandun, in Warwickshire, 755. 
 
 3. Offa of Mercia. 757—796. Pp. 39, 40. 
 
 a War with the Welsh, and capture of Pengwem, Shreivs- 
 bury (the Town in the Scrub). Building of Offa's 
 dyke from the Wye to the Dee, and drawing up of 
 
 B 2
 
 £0 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Offa's laws to settle relations between English and 
 Welsh. 
 
 b Extending of OfFa's authority, partly by battle, chiefly 
 by peaceful means of securing influence. 
 
 4. England and the West-Franks. P. 40. 
 
 a The West-Frankish policy to strengthen the weaker 
 kingdoms against Mercia, and so prevent a united 
 England. 
 
 i The Court of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) a 
 refuge for the enemies of Mercia. After Offa's 
 death, Ecgberht restored as King of Wessex, and 
 Eardwulf as King of Northumbria, by Frankish 
 support. 800. 
 
 5. Fall of Mercia and rise of Wessex. Pp. 41, 42. 
 
 a Victory of Ecgberht over the Mercian King Beomwulf 
 
 at Ellandun, near Salisbury, 823. Submission of 
 
 Kent, East Anglia, Sussex. 
 b Conquest of Devon by the West-Saxons. English 
 
 boundary fixed at the Tainar. 
 c Submission of the Mercians, and consequently of the 
 
 Welsh, to Ecgberht' s overlordship, 827. 
 
 d Submission of Northumberland, 827. 
 
 e Ecgberht overlord from the British Channel to the 
 Forth. King 0/ the English. 
 
 E Wessex and the Danes. 800—880. Pp. 42—58. 
 
 1. The Danes. 
 
 a Three stages of Danish Conquest. 
 
 1 Simple plundering raids. 787 — 855. 
 
 2 Raids followed by settlement. 855 — 980. 
 
 3 Political conquest. Attempt of the Kings of all 
 
 Denmark to make themselves Kings of England 
 as well. 987—1016. 
 b The Danish invasion a return of barbarism. 
 
 2. First stage of Danish Conquest. P. 43. 
 
 a Alliance between the Danes and the British against 
 the English, checked by Ecgberht's victory at 
 Hengestesdun in Cornwall, 835, and .(Ethelwulf's 
 victory over the North Welsh, 838. 
 
 b ^thelwulf's reign taken up by battles against the 
 Danes. Victories of the English at the mouth of 
 the Parjet, 845, and at Oclea (Oak-lea) in Surrey, 
 851. 
 
 3. Seeond stage of Danish Cottquest. Pp. 43 — 45. 
 
 a Danish settlement in Northumbria. 836. 
 b Danish settlement in East Anglia. Murder of S. 
 Eadmund, King of East Anglia. Burning of Ely,
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPI.E. 21 
 
 Crowland, Peterborough. Mcrcia becomes tribu- 
 tary to the Danes. 870. 
 
 c Danish invasion of Wessex ; defeat of the Danes at 
 Ashdown and Wareham. 876. 
 
 d Fresh invasion of Wessex. Alfred escapes to the isle 
 of Athelney in the marshes of the Parret. Victory 
 of Alfred at Ethandun (Edington, near Trow- 
 bridge) ; baptism of the Danish Guthorm, king of 
 East AngUa, and peace of Wedmore ; NortJiumhria, 
 East Atiglia, the Danelagh and all east of 
 Watling Street fall to the Danes. 879. 
 
 e The rapidity of the Danish conquest due to the weak- 
 ness of the English national bond. 
 
 4. yElfrcd the Great. 871—901. Pp. 45—49- 
 
 a Simple and practical, he makes the best of what is 
 closest at hand, as in his revision of Ine's and Offa's 
 laws. 
 
 b The good of his people the object of his reign, 
 
 1 " Every well-born youth to abide at his book till he 
 
 can well understand English writing." 
 
 2 Introduction of foreign scholars, especially from the 
 
 land of the West- Franks. 
 
 3 Translations and editions of the popular manuals of 
 
 the day, e.g. the Consolation of Bathius^ and the 
 History of Ba;da. 
 
 4 Encouragement of exploration and voyages, to the 
 
 White Sea, to India, to Jerusalem. 
 
 5 Beginning of the English Chronicle j the earliest 
 
 monument of Teutonic prose. 
 c The foundation of the English navy. " He timbered 
 long ships, swifter and steadier and eke higher 
 than the others ; some had sixty oars, some mo." 
 897. 
 
 5. Danish attack upon English Mcrcia. Pp. 49, 50. 
 
 a Danish invaders defeated by Ealdorman yEthelred at 
 Buttington in Montgomeryshire, and prevented 
 from uniting with North Welsh. 894. 
 
 b The Danes abandon their attack and make peace. 
 897. 
 
 6. Wessex and the Danelagh {i.e. the district occupied by the 
 Danes). 918—942. Pp. 50, 51. 
 
 a Attack on the five Danish boroughs : Derby, Lincoln, 
 Leicester, Stamford, Nottingham, by .Ethcltla:d, 
 daughter of /Elfred, and widow of ^thelred, " the 
 lady of the Mercians." 913—918. 
 
 b Conquest of Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and 
 all the country between the Nen and the Ouse, by 
 Eadward the Elder. 921.
 
 22 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c The Northumbrians and Scots and British of Strath- 
 clyde " choose Eadward to father and lord." 924. 
 Eadward King of the Enghsh and Emperor of 
 Britain. Emperor because England owes no alle- 
 giance either to Eastern or Western Empire. 
 
 d Rebellion of North Welsh, Northumbrians, and Scots 
 against vEthelstan through fear of Wessex. West 
 Welsh driven out of Exeter, 926. North Wales 
 made tributary, 926 ; Scots and Danes defeated at 
 Brunanburh (in Northumberland), 937. 
 
 e Revolt of the Danes against Eadmund I. Watling 
 Street once more the boundary of the two nations. 
 942. 
 
 7. Dunstan, the completer of the West-Saxon realm. Pp. 51 — 
 54. 
 
 a Appointed Abbot of Glastonbuiy by Eadmund. 943. 
 
 b _ Detaches the King of Scots from the side of the Danes 
 by the grant of Cumberland as a fief. 945. 
 
 c Banished by Eadwig, 957 ; recalled on Eadwig's death 
 by his brother Eadgar, 958. 
 
 d Divides Northumberland into three earldoms : Lothian, 
 Northumberland {i.e. all north of the Tees), and 
 Deira. Lothian graiited to the King of Scots. 
 966. 
 
 e Pursues a ;M//i?«rt/ not a West-Saxon policy. Common 
 weights and measures, Danish customs preserved 
 in the North : so the reproach, " He gave too 
 much power to the Dane, and too much love to 
 strangers." 
 
 / Encourages the regular clergy as against the secular, 
 in order to bring in higher education and better 
 modes of life. 7'he abbeys ivere schools as well as 
 monasteries. 
 
 8. The constitution of the later English kingdom. Pp. 54 — ■ 
 56. 
 
 a The King, more sacred than formerly, "'the Lord's 
 anointed" and less seen by the people, therefore 
 more mysterious. 
 
 b The old nobility of blood superseded by a new nobility 
 of courtiers, the King's thegns, i.e. servants, who 
 perform personal service and receive estates out of 
 the common folk-land. 
 
 c Decline of the English Freeman. 
 
 1 No man can exist without a lord : and so the free 
 
 ceorl bccom'is a villein. Due mainly to need 
 of protection during the stress of the Danish 
 wars. 
 
 2 The Freemen prevented by distance from attending 
 
 at the Witau ; the National Council gradually
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 23 
 
 limited to great officers of Church and State and 
 King's thegns. 
 
 d Decline of Slavery owing to the efforts of the Church. 
 Slave trade forbidden by law, but not put down 
 till the reign of William the Conqueror. 
 
 9. Fall of the West-Saxon Kingdom. Pp. 57, 58. 
 
 a Tliird stage of the Danish Conquest, ^thelred the 
 Unready {i.e. the deaf to counsel), buys a peace 
 from Olaf Tryggvesson, King of Norway. 991. 
 The first payment of Danegeld. 
 
 b Danish attack on Kent and Wessex, the heart of the 
 West - Saxon Realm, under Swegen Forkbeard. 
 997—1002. 
 
 c The Massacre of the Danes in Wessex on S. Bricc"s 
 Day. 1002. 
 
 d Harrying of Wessex by Swegen. 1003—1007. 
 
 e Final attack of Swegen assisted by Mcrcia and North- 
 umbria on Wessex. Capture of London and flight 
 of /Ethelred to Richard the Good, Duke of Nor- 
 mandy. 1013—1014. 
 
 F The Danish Rule. 1014—1042. Pp. 59-63- 
 
 1. Effects in England of the rule of Foreign Kings (Danes, 
 Normans, or Angevins), which lasts till the loss of Normandy 
 under John. 1204. 
 
 a Provincial differences crushed into national unity. 
 
 b A middle class formed by the degradation of the 
 English lords, and the rise of traders in the 
 towns. 
 
 c The priests being foreigners, religion pyasses from the 
 hands of the priests to those of the people. 
 
 d England brought into the stream of European life. 
 
 e Internal peace made more secure and lasting. 
 
 2. StiTjggle of Eadmund Ironside against the Danes. Victory 
 of Cnut (son of Swegen) at Assandun (Ashington) in Essex 
 (the last of six battles) and division of England: Eadmund 
 Lord over Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and London ; Cnut 
 Lord over Northumbria and Mercia. Death of Eadmund. 
 Election and Coronation of Cnut as King. 1016. 
 
 3. Cnut. 1016—1035. 
 
 a Foreign policy. 
 
 I Attempt to make Englatid the head of a great Scan- 
 dinavian empire. 
 
 1 Lothian granted as a fief to the King of Scots ; 
 hence Edinburgh becomes the capital of Scot- 
 land, and the Scots a mixed people. 
 b Home policy. 
 
 1 Equal treatment of Dane and Englishman. 
 
 2 Division of England into four earldoms, Mercia,
 
 24 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Northumberland, Essex, Wessex, recognising 
 provincial independence, while binding the nobles 
 closer to the Crown. 
 
 3 Support given to the Church notwithstanding its 
 
 constant opposition to the Danes. 
 
 " / have vozved to God to lead a right life in 
 all tilings, to rule justly and piously my realms 
 and subjects and to administer just judgment to 
 all." 
 
 4 The establishment of internal peace. 
 4. Fall of the Danish rule. 1035—1042. 
 
 a Harold tears out the eyes of Alfred, brother of 
 Eadmund Ironside, when he attacked England 
 from Normandy. " Never a bloodier deed done 
 since the Danes came." 
 
 b Death of Harthacnutj "he died as he stood at his 
 drink in the house of Osgod Clapa at Lambeth." 
 1042, 
 
 The Danes fall, from the indignation of the 
 English at their brutality and barbarism. 
 
 G The English Restoration. 1042—1066. Pp. 63—77. 
 
 1. Edward the Confessor. Pp. 63 — 66. 
 
 The work of Government done first by Earl Godwine, then 
 by Earl Harold. 
 
 a Earl Godwine. 1042—1052. 
 
 1 Earl Godwine, the first English statesman who 
 
 is neither king nor priest. 
 
 2 Godwine attempts to carry out Cnut's policy of a 
 
 united England in connection with the North. 
 Finding this impossible, he supports Eadward. 
 
 3 The fall of Godwine, due mainly to his excessive 
 
 greed for his own family. 1051. 
 
 4 Godwine quickly recalled as the only barrier 
 
 between England and the foreign rule of the 
 Confessor's favourites (shown even in the quarrel 
 at Dover, for which he is banished). 
 
 b Earl Harold. 1053—1065. 
 
 1 Under Harold, England materially prosperous. 
 
 Famous especially for gold work and em- 
 broidery. 
 
 2 Nobler elements of national life— literature, history, 
 
 religious art — still rudimentary. 
 
 3 The tendency of his rule—ifiaction and repose. 
 
 2. Normandy and the Normans. 912—1066. Pp- 63—74. 
 
 a Rolf the Ganger obtains the land on either side the 
 Seine from Charles the Simple by the Treaty of 
 Clair-sur-Epte, 912, Baptism and vassalage of Rolf. 
 
 b William Longsword, his son, a pagan and Dane in
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 25 
 
 heart, calls in a fresh Danish colony to the Cotentin. 
 927—943. 
 
 c Under Richard the Fearless, son of Longsword, the 
 heathen pirates become feudal Christians. French 
 spoken instead of Norse, and Norman nobles 
 supersede the Norse freemen ; cf. in England. E. 
 8. (4 945-996. 
 
 d First political connection between England and Nor- 
 mandy through the marriage of Emma, daughter 
 of Richard the Fearless, 
 
 1 to ^thelred II. 
 
 2 to Cnut. 
 
 e The Norman crusades, leading to Norman conquests 
 in Sicily and Calabria. 1054— 1090. L)ue mainly 
 to the old Norse restlessness, as in the invasion of 
 England, projected by Robert the Magnificent. 
 
 f William the Conqueror. 1027. 
 
 1 Victory over the rebellious Norman barons at Val- 
 
 ds-Dunes, near Caen. 1047. 
 
 2 Victory over Geoffry Martel, Count of Anjou, and 
 
 the French army at Mortcmer (1054) and Lisieux 
 (1058). Acquisition of Maine (1060). 
 
 3 Protection of the traders against the Norman 
 
 barons, " William could never love a robber." 
 Revolt of the barons, William's victory at \'ara- 
 ville. 
 
 4 Reform of the Church by means of Lanfranc. 
 3. William of Normandy and the English. 
 
 a William receives a promise of succession from Eadward 
 the Confessor. — Valueless sinless confirmed by the 
 Witan. 1052. 
 
 b Harold's visit to Normandy and oath to William. 
 1064. (Possibly he swears to marry William's 
 daughter, and docs homage to William as his future 
 father-in-law.) 
 
 c William, notwithstanding Harold's election, claims the 
 
 right of presenting himself for election. 1066. 
 d Victory of Harold at Stamford Bridge, near York, 
 
 over his brother, Tostig, and Harold Hardrada of 
 
 Norway. Sept. 25, 1066. 
 e Harold marches to London and collects the land-fyrd 
 
 (general levy of fighting men) of the South and East 
 
 of England. Oct. 1 — 12. 
 f Harold entrenches himself on the hill of Senlac to 
 
 cover London and stop the Norman ravages. Oct, 
 
 13. 
 g Battle of Senlac. Oct. 14, 1066. 
 
 I The shield- wall of the English resists the Norman
 
 26 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 attack ; cf. the subsequent formations at Falkirk 
 and Waterloo. 
 
 2 William pretends flight, and so breaks the English 
 
 line ; only the hus-carls remain firm. 
 
 3 Harold shot by an arrow. The hus-carls killed at 
 
 their post. 
 
 h William marches by Dover and Canterbury on London ; 
 burns Southwark ; crosses the Thames at Walling- 
 ford ; forces Eadwine of Mercia and Morkere of 
 Northumbria, supporters of Eadgar yEtheling, to 
 submit ; is crowned by Archbishop Ealdred. Dec. 
 1066. 
 
 / William rules over England east of a line from Norwich 
 to Dorsetshire. 
 
 William tlj£ OT'Onqucror. 1066—1087. 
 
 A Struggles of the English. I'p. 78—80. 
 
 1. A league of the western towns, headed by Exeter ; they are 
 willing to pay tribute, but not to recognise William as King. 
 February, 1067. 
 
 2. First conquest of Central and Northern England. Summer 
 and Autumn, 1067. 
 
 3. Great national revolt in the North, West, and on Welsh 
 borders, caused by the arrival of Swegen of Demark. 1068. 
 William 
 
 1 bribes the Danes to withdraw ; 
 
 2 lays waste all the country between York and the 
 
 Tees, partly as a punishment, partly to prevent 
 future invasions of the Danes. A hundred 
 thousand hutnan beings said to have been de- 
 stroyed by the consequent famine. 
 
 3 takes Chester, the last English fortress. Autumn, 
 
 1069— February, 1070. 
 
 4. Last struggle of the English in the Ely marshes, under 
 Hereward the Wake. 1070—1071. 
 
 Causes of the Failure of the English Struggle. 
 
 1. Absence of men fit to lead the nation. 
 
 2. William not a self-made King, but crowned by the choice of 
 the Witan. 
 
 3. Lack of communication. Revolts therefore put down piece- 
 meal. 
 
 4. Norman garrisons and castles planted in all English towns, 
 e.g. London, Newcastle, York. 
 
 B William and his Nobles. Pp. 80—82 and 84. 
 
 1. The older freedom, even before the conquest, partially super- 
 seded by feudalism. The soil now occupied by an army of 
 conquerors subject to the King.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 27 
 
 2. William keeps the nobles from being too strong for tlie 
 Crown, 
 
 a by making all their vassals swear to him personally ; 
 
 b by keeping up the old county courts, and so preventing 
 
 military rule ; 
 
 c by putting down the great earldoms ; 
 
 d by ascertaining the extent and value of all royal dues, 
 &c., from property. Domesday Book. 
 
 The King thus becomes the greatest landowner in the 
 realm ; the great difference between feudalism in 
 England and on the Continent. 
 
 C William and the Church. (Lanfranc, Archbishop), p. 82. 
 
 1. Lanfranc, abbot of Bee, made Archbishop. The great ad- 
 ministrator and statesman. 
 
 2. Increase of the royal power over the Church. Homage de- 
 manded from the Bishops and refused to Gregory VH. 
 
 3. Establishment of distinct ecclesiastical courts, whereas before 
 bishops and sheriffs had presided jointly in the "hundred" 
 court. 
 
 4. Appointment of good bishops and abbots, but not English; 
 many remam foreigners to the nation. 
 
 D William and Foreign Policy. P. 85. 
 
 1. Fear of Denmark removed by the dispersion oi Danish fleet 
 by mutiny and murder of S. Cnut. 1085. 
 
 2. Scotland kept in check by the new Castle upon Tync. 
 1080. 
 
 3. Systematic and gradual conquest of Wales begun by means 
 of Barons of the Marches. 
 
 4. Revolt of William's eldest son Robert, who wishes to be Duke 
 oi Normandy in his father" s lifetime. 1077. 
 
 5. Quarrel of William with France; death injury at Mantes, 
 dies at Rouen. 
 
 (Remark the desertion of the King after his death, and the 
 strange scene at his funeral.) 
 
 E Character. Pp. 72 and 83. 
 
 1. " Stark man he was, and men had great awe of him." 
 
 E.g. mutilation of prisoners at Alen^on. Refusal to bury 
 Harold. Harrying of Northumbria. Laying waste of 
 Hampshire to make the New Forest (" he loved the wild deer 
 as if he had been their father"). Building of castles. The 
 murder of Waltheof, and in a lesser degree the arrest and 
 imprisonment of Odo. 
 
 2. " He could never love a robber. He made good peace in the 
 land, so that a man might fare over his realm with a bosom 
 full of sold." 
 
 a^ 
 
 3. " He was mild to them that loved God." Liberal tendency 
 
 of his government.
 
 28 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 a Introduction of and shelter to Jews, hence improvement 
 in architecture, and in physical science, through 
 connection with Jewish schools in Spain. 
 
 b Abolition of the punishment of death. 
 
 c Abolition of slave trade at Bristol through the efforts 
 
 of Lanfranc and Wulfstan. 
 d Upbringing of his youngest son as an English Prince. 
 4. Gradual deterioration in his character from the beginning of 
 English revolts. Three great crimes : — 
 a Harrying of Northumbria. 
 b Murder of Waltheof. 
 c Making of New Forest. 
 He won England wrongfully and had to keep it wrongfully. 
 
 Saniiam ilie KcK ming. 1087—1100. 
 
 A William and the English. Pp. 85—87. 
 
 William driven to rely on loyalty of his English subjects in 
 order to make head against the barons, who support his elder 
 brother Robert. Capture of Rochester by 2S\ English army. 
 
 B William and the Church. 
 
 1. Vacant sees not filled up, to keep the revenues for the royal 
 treasury. 
 
 2. Opposition and banishment of Anselm, the successor of 
 Lanfranc at Bee and at Canterbury. The living teacher, 
 the firm preacher of righteousness, the first Christian 
 philosopher. (Pp. 69, 70.) Spirit of independence in the 
 nation begins to revive at finding a man who can withstand 
 the King. 
 
 C William and Foreign Policy. 
 
 1. Normandy held in pledge from his brother Robert. 1096 — 
 1100. 
 
 2. Edgar, son of Malcolm, made King of Scotland as an English 
 vassal. Cumbria secured by the fortress of Carlisle. 
 
 3. A too rapid advance into Wales checked by the Welsh in the 
 passes of Snowdon. 
 
 D Character. 
 
 " He feared God but little^ and man not at all." 
 
 I^cnry tfjc ,^fIjolar. 1100-1135. 
 
 A Henry and the English. Pp. 87, 88. 
 
 1. Brought up from his birth as an English prince. 
 
 2. Thrown on Efiglish for support against his brother Robert 
 who claims to unite Normandy and England. Normandy 
 is won and disgrace of Senlac avenged by Eiiglish victory 
 at Tenchebray. 1106.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 20 
 
 3. His Charter the first written embodiment of the old custom- 
 ary restraint on despotism. 
 
 4. His marriage with Matilda, great granddaughter of Eadmund 
 Ironside. Taunts of the Norman nobles, ''^ Codric and 
 Codgi/u" but joy of the English people. 
 
 B Henry's Administration. Pp. 9-) 93- 
 
 1. Clerks of Royal Chapel formed into a body of Secretaries. 
 
 2. Justiciar (Lieutenant-General of kingdom) and King's Court 
 
 which permanently represents the Great Council of the 
 nation, and is thus 
 
 1 A court to revise and register laws, and to give them 
 
 a formal "counsel and consent." 
 
 2 The highest court of appeal. 
 
 3 A court to collect and assess revenue, known as the 
 
 Court of Exchequer, from the room in which 
 meetings are held. 
 
 C Political Progress of Nation. Pp. 88— gr. 
 
 1. Gradual fusion of Norman and Saxon in towns. 
 Gilbert Bcket, a Norman, becomes Portreeve of London. 
 
 2. Charters confirming the old rights of freedom of speech, Justice, 
 and jueeting in arms granted to towns grown up upon the 
 royal demesne. 
 
 3. Transition from pure serfage to comparative freedom in towns 
 grown up round abbeys or castles. 
 
 D Religious Progress of Nation. Pp. 91, 92. 
 
 1, Revival of religious feeling in the nation shown in the recep- 
 tion of the austere Cistercians. 
 
 2. Increased power of leading bishops. Anselm, Roger of 
 Salisbury, Henry of Winchester, Theobald, and later Thomas 
 (Beket) of Canterbury. 
 
 E Difficulties of Succession. 
 
 1. Loss of Prince William in White Ship. 1120. 
 
 2. Hatred of the King to Robert's son William Clito, the 
 natural heir, who is supported by France and Anjou. 
 
 ,3. Marriage of Matilda to Gcoffry the Handsome of Anjou, 
 to disarm his hostility. 1127. 
 But 
 
 a The hostility between Anjou and Normandy continues. 
 
 b The English barons consider their assent needful for 
 Matilda's marriage. 
 
 4. Death of William Clito in Flanders. 1128. 
 
 F History of Anjou. Pp. 94—97. 
 
 1. Foundation of the race by Tortulf the Forester in the days of 
 the Danish invasion. 870. 
 
 2. Fulc the Red adds Western to Eastern Anjou. 8S8-.
 
 30 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 3. Fulc the Good. "A King unlearned is a crowned ass." 
 938. 
 
 4. Fulc the Black. (He burns his wife and harnesses his son 
 like a beast.) Wins Touraine and Maine. 987—1040. 
 
 5. Geoffry IMartel captures Tours. Stopped by William the 
 Conqueror on the Norman frontier. 1054. Maine becomes 
 part of Normandy, 1060. 
 
 6. Fulch Rechin, weak and profligate. 
 
 7. Fulc of Jerusalem, father of Geoffry the Handsome. 1109. 
 
 G Character. 
 
 " The peace lover." " Peace he tnadefor man atid beast." 
 
 C7V 
 
 tcpljcn of a3Iois. 1135—1154. Pp.97— loo. 
 
 A Stephen, son of Adela, daughter of the Conqueror, the nearest 
 male heir, elected King by Cily of London in absence of the 
 Council of the Nation. 
 
 B Chief Events of his Reign. 
 
 1. 1136 — 1138. Years of peace secured by the government of 
 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (the Justiciar). 
 
 2. 1138. David of Scotland, the uncle of Matilda, defeated at 
 Northallerton. Battle of the Standa7'd. 
 
 3. 1139. Arrest of Bishop of Salisbury (the Justiciar) and of 
 Bishop of Lincoln for building strong castles, and consequent 
 collapse of all government. 
 
 4. The IVest of England declares for Matilda, London and the 
 East for Stephen. 
 
 5. 1141. Stephen defeated at Lincoln, kept as prisoner at 
 Gloucester. 
 
 6. 1141. Matilda enters London, is received as Lady, but, 
 disregarding the old city privileges, has to fly. 
 
 7. 1146. Matilda besieged f.t Oxford, escapes on ice, and so 
 to Normandy. 
 
 8. 1153. Henry (Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and 
 Touraine, and married to the Duchess of Aquitaine) lands 
 in England. Treaty of Wallingford, securing the destruction 
 of castles, the banishment of foreign mercenaries, the recog- 
 nition of Henry and Stephen as heirs to one another. 
 
 9. 1154. Death of Stephen. 
 
 C Character of Reign. Misery of people and power of barons. 
 
 Stephen no kimi but the first of the barons. The one great 
 
 development of feudalism in England. 
 
 Nature of feudal system throughout Europe. 
 1. Originally for defensive purposes. Service and homage 
 
 given ; fiefs and protection received. 
 2 Gradually almost all land is held on these terms, i.e. is 
 
 feudal J little remains free or allodial (family domam land).
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 31 
 
 Vassals get vassals of their own. Kingdoms become 
 camps. 
 
 3. Different kinds of homage (by which the vassal becomes the 
 man — (homo) — of his lord) : — 
 
 a Liege homage (Ligare). Personal service. Connection 
 with lord can never be separated. 
 
 b Simple homage. Service can be done by a substi- 
 tute. Connection can be broken by giving up 
 fief. 
 
 4. Royal power eclipsed by that of powerful barons. 
 Nature of Feudalism in England. 
 
 a Tenants in capite, holding directly from the King. 
 
 b Mesne lords, not holding directly from the King. 
 
 a were much the more numerous and wealthy, hence 
 power of the Crown in England was compara- 
 tively great, and that of barons little. (Compare 
 above — "William and the Nobles.") 
 
 D Condition of the People. 
 
 Utter misery. " They hanged up men by their feet or thumbs ; 
 they writhed knotted strings round their head till they went 
 into the brain; many thousands they afflicted with hunger." 
 
 E Influence of the Church. 
 
 1. By their alternate depositions of Stephen and Matilda, 
 the Church vindicates the right of the people to declare 
 sovereigns unworthy of the throne. 
 
 2. Archbishop Theobald settles the terms of peace. 
 
 " To the Church Henry owed his crown and England its 
 .ieliverance." 
 
 li^cnrti II, 1154—1189. 
 
 (" The hardest worker of his time.") 
 
 Physical and Mantal Characteristics. P. loi. 
 
 1. Physical strength combined with restlessness ("on his legs 
 from morning to night "), passing at times into great excite- 
 ment. " A lion and more ferocious than a lion." 
 
 2. Little reverence for past (as in his sweeping reforms and 
 irreligious temper), or sympathy with the growing ideas of 
 his own day (as in his attempt to found an empire which 
 had no national bond to connect it.) But immense powers 
 of work and organization. 
 
 Henry's Foreign Possessions. P. 102. 
 
 1. Anjou and Touraine, from his father. 
 
 2. Nortnandy and Maine, from his mother.
 
 32 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 3. Aquitaine and Poi/ott, with his wife, Eleanor, the divorced 
 wife of Lewis VII. of France. 
 
 C Henry and the Church. Pp. 102— 105. 
 
 1. Thomas Beket (the confidant of Archbishop Theobald, and 
 afterwards Henry's chief minister) made Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 1162. Breach between the Archbishop and 
 the King on the question of clerical offenders. 
 
 2. Constitutions of Clarendon (in Wiltshire). "A re-enaction in 
 most parts of the system of the Conqueror." 1164. 
 
 a Clerics, after conviction and degradation in their own 
 courts, to be handed over to lay courts. 
 
 b The King to approve the election of bishops, 
 c No tenant in capite to be excommunicated without 
 the King's leave. 
 
 d No serf's son to be admitted to orders without his 
 lord's consent. 
 
 With regard to a: — The lay courts were courts of men often 
 
 in conflict with the clergy, always 
 jealous of them ; but the clergy were 
 depraved. See the attacks made on 
 them later by Walter de Map, Lang- 
 land, Chaucer. 
 
 With regard to /': — Notice the danger of robbing the Church 
 
 of its spiritual independence. Compare 
 the French King and Pope at Avignon : 
 and the Russian Church. 
 
 With regard to ^.•— Notice the danger of robbing the Church 
 
 of its power of moral censure of 
 powerful culprits. 
 
 With regard to d: — Notice the danger of destroying the one 
 
 democratic society which received all 
 men as equal. (Mill's essay on " Mich- 
 elet's France.") 
 
 3. Contest of Bekst with King. 1164—1170. 
 
 a Beket retracts the consent he had given to the 
 Constitutions. 
 
 b Vexatious charges of embezzlement brought against 
 
 Beket at Northampton ; he escapes to Flanders. 
 
 1164. 
 c Great violence shown both by Henry and Beket. 
 
 Lewis VII. of France supports Beket. General 
 
 weariness of the struggle. 
 
 d Under fear of excommunication, Henry allows Beket 
 to return. 1170. 
 
 e Murder of Beket. "No traitor, but a priest of God." 
 
 29th Dec. 1170. 
 f Bckct becomes the most popular of English saints; but 
 
 the victojy rests with the King (aided by the
 
 OF THE ENGLISH rEOI'LE. 33 
 
 separation j^rowing up between the literary class 
 and tlie Church). 
 
 D Henry and the Barons. Pp. 105, 106. 
 
 1. The military service of the lesser barons changed into a 
 money payment or "scutage" (shield-money). Thus the 
 King gets money to keep mercenaries. 1160. 
 
 2. The office ol sheriff t?^^<zn from the greater barons, and tilled 
 by lawyers and courtiers. 1170. 
 
 3. Rebellion of barons, headed by Henry's sons, Henry, Richard, 
 Geoffry, and supported by France, Flanders, Scotland. 
 
 Public penance of Henry to atone for the murder of 
 Thomas Bekct. 
 
 Scotch King, William the Lion, defeated and captured at 
 Alnwick. (Scotch crown for a time held of England.) 
 English barons on this lay down their arms. 
 
 His son Henry and the French defeated at Rouen by 
 mercenaries. 
 
 Richard and Geoffry, in Aquitaine, submit. 1174, 
 
 4. The Assize (code) of Arms. Every freeman, as of old, com- 
 pelled to bear arms. Thus the King has at his disposal the 
 universal leiy of the armed nation. 1181. 
 
 E Henry and the Law. Pp. 106, 107. 
 
 " Initiation of the rule of law." 
 
 1. Assize of Clarendon. 1166. 
 
 a Frankpledge, i.e., Mutual security, revived. 
 b Origin of Trial by Jury. 
 
 1 Twelve men of each hundred, and four from each 
 
 township, to present criminals for trial by ordeal. 
 Hence our modern " Grand Jury." 
 
 2 After presentation by the jury prisoners arc tried no 
 
 longer by compurgation, 'i.e., the voluntarv oath 
 of neighbours, but by ordeal, till 1216, when the 
 abolition of the ordeal paves the way for the 
 petty jury. 
 
 3 Witnesses of the particular fact added to the 
 
 general jury (in the reign of Edward IV. See 
 Edward IV. A 3-) 
 
 4 Later separation of these two classes. The wit- 
 
 nesses cease to have judicial powers, and the 
 general jury cease to be witnesses, and are only 
 judges of fad J the Jnodemjury. 
 
 2. Assize of Northampton (after barons' revolt). 1176. 
 
 Division of England into six circuits, each with three 
 justices, who represent the King's Court {Curia. Regis). 
 " Before our sovereign Lord the King." Appeal per- 
 mitted to the King in Council
 
 84 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 a After the Charter, the King's Court, when not acting as 
 a Court of Appeal, is divided permanently into— 
 
 1 Exchequer, for suits concerning the revettue. (This 
 
 division had begun in reign of Henry I.) 
 
 2 Common Pleas, for decision oi private suits. 
 
 3 King's Bench, for suits concerning the King and 
 
 realm: i.e., for all that does not belong to the 
 other two. The main trunk of the old court. 
 b From the King's Court acting as a Court of Appeal are 
 derived the judicial powers of the Privy Council, 
 the equitable jurisdiction of the Chancellor, and 
 (unconstitutionally) the Star Chamber (a criminal 
 court for cases in which justice is baffled in the 
 lower courts). 
 C Further, from the King's Court as it develops with 
 the growth of the Great Council of the nation 
 (which it always represents) are derived the legis- 
 lative powers of the Privy Council, and the judicial 
 powers of the House of Lords. 
 d Table to illustrate the origin of the English Law 
 Courts.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH I'EOPLE. 
 
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 36 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 F Henry and Ireland. Pp- 431—433- 
 
 1. Decay of Ireland from eighth to twelfth century. 
 
 a Religiously. No organization in Church. 
 
 b Politically. No central authority. Civilization de- 
 stroyed in the war with the Danes. Nothing left 
 but some coast towns (Dublin, Watcrford), Danish 
 rather than Irish, and a number of isolated " septs" 
 (communities resembling enlarged families). 
 
 2. Henry forms the idea of attacking Ireland, nominally to put 
 down the slave trade from England, and to bring Ireland 
 into the Latin obedience. 
 
 3. The conquest of Ireland really begun by Strongbow (Earl of 
 Pembroke), acting as jnercenary of Derviod, King of 
 Leinster. 1169. 
 
 4. Henry passes over to Ireland, and begins erection of castles. 
 1171. Recalled by troubles at home. 1172. 
 
 5. The English pale (boundary) consists of Drogheda, Dublin, 
 Wexford, Waterford, Cork : so the country is split into 
 two halves, whose conflict has never ceased. 
 
 G Henry and his Sons. P. io8. 
 
 1. Richard (now his eldest son), governor of Aquitaine, docs 
 homage to Philip of France. 1189. 
 
 2. Burning of Le Mans, Henry's birthplace. 1189. 
 
 3. Henry discovers his son John to be among the rebels. 
 " Now let things go as they will : I care no more for myself 
 or the world." 
 
 IHidjnrtJ Uton |Bcari. 1189—1199. 
 
 A As a Crusader. 1189—1191 Pp. io8— in. 
 
 1. First Crusade, 1098. Preached by Peter the Hermit, and 
 ends in the setting up of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 
 under Godfrey of Bouillon. 1099. 
 
 2. Second Crusade, 1137. Preached by S. Bernard, led by 
 Conrad, King of the Romans, and Lewis VII. of France, 
 and ends in utter failure. 1148. 
 
 3. Third Crusade followed the capture of Jerusalem by the Seljuk 
 Turks, 1187. Led by Richard of England, Philip Augustus 
 of France, and Frederick Barbarossa I. of Germany. Less 
 religious earnestness than the earlier Crusades. 
 
 Principal events : — 
 
 a Great sale of town charters, fortresses, and even the 
 vassalage of Scotland, to raise money. 
 
 b Massacre and persecution of Jews in England, espe- 
 cially at York, severely punished by Richard. 
 1189. 
 
 c Quarrels between Richard and Philip Augustus, and
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 37 
 
 war with Cyprus. Winter, 1190, and Spring, 
 1191. 
 
 d Siege and capture of Acre. Massacre of 5,000 Turkish 
 hostages. 
 
 e Victory of Richard over Saladin, at Azotus, neutralized 
 by Richard's quarrel with the Duke of Austria. 
 
 / Richard marches on Jerusalem, but has to retreat 
 through revolt of his army. 1192. l^nd of 
 Crusade. 
 
 Great acts of bravery, made useless by quarrels, and 
 tarnished by cruelty. 
 
 g Richard's captivity in Austria through the enmity of 
 Duke Leopold, and accusation before the Diet of 
 the Empire, at Worms. Dscember, 1192— Feb- 
 ruary, 1194. 
 
 h Richard does homage (even for England) to the 
 Emperor, and is liberated. 
 
 B As a King. 
 
 1. England four years without a ruler, and exhausted by taxes 
 for the King's ransom. 1190 — 1194. 
 
 2. Richard and his enemies. 1194 — 1199. 
 
 a John intrigues with Philip II. of France against 
 Richard. 
 
 b Aquitaine rises in revolt. 
 
 c Nofmandy has no loyalty to, or fellow feeling with, the 
 Anjou King. 
 
 3. Richard's measures against his enemies. 1194 — 1199. 
 
 a Flanders detached from France by bribes. 
 
 b Britanny and Champagne stirred up to revolt against 
 France. 
 
 c Alliance set on foot with Germany against France in 
 consequence of the election of Otto, Richard's 
 nephew, by the Welfs as King of the Romans. 
 1197. 
 
 d Normandy secured by building of Chateau Gaillard 
 (vSaucy Castle) south of the valley of the Canibon at 
 Gaillon, on the left bank of the Seine. 1197. 
 
 4. Money required to enable Richard to act against Philip. 
 In trying to get the treasure-trove at Chaluz, Richard is 
 killed'. 1199. 
 
 C Character. 
 
 1. A bold and cool statesman. " The devil is loose j take care 
 of yourself" Compare in B 2 and 3. 
 
 3, His three great faults : self-indulgence, violence, indifference 
 to honour.
 
 38 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 fjoljn 3Lac!iIautJ. 1199-1216. 
 
 A John and Foreign Policy. Pp. m, 112. 
 
 1. Loss of Normandy. 
 
 a John recognised by England, Normandy, and Aqtti- 
 
 taine. 
 Anjou, Maine, Tottraine, backed by France, recognise 
 
 Arthur, son of Geoffry. 
 b Capture and murder of Arthur ; possibly by John. 
 
 1203. 
 c Subsequent invasion and conquest of Normandy by 
 
 France. Normans prefer Philip, their overlord, to 
 
 John, an Angevin, and a foreigner. 
 d Capture of Chateau Gaillard. 1204. 
 
 B 2. John and the Church. Pp. 119— 122. 
 
 a Barons and Prelates refuse aid for recovery of Nor- 
 mandy. 1205. 
 b Innocent III. overrules the English elections to the 
 see of Canterbury, and appoints Stephen Langton. 
 Opposition of John to this usurpation. 1206. 
 c The Interdict. " The church bells are silent, the dead 
 
 lie unburied on the ground." 1208. 
 d Excommunication, 1209, and deposition, 1212, of 
 John. 
 France, attempting to carry out the Pope's sentence of 
 deposition, checked by English fleet. 1212. 
 e John's submission; "he becomes the Pope's man;" 
 due to the discovery of the French conspiracies 
 among the barons in England ; possibly also to get 
 the Papal sanction to his league of Flanders, 
 Poitou, Germany, against France and its allies, 
 Scotland, Wales, and the disaffected English nobles. 
 1215. 
 3. John's great league against France broken by the defeat of 
 Bouvines. 1214. 
 
 C The Great Charter. 1215. Pp. 122— 125. 
 
 1. Before the battle of Bouvines Archbishop Langton appears 
 as the champion of the old English liberties (" Laws of 
 Edward the Confessor" and " Charter of Henry /.") against 
 personal despotism of John. 
 
 2. After Bouvines John is alone in the nation. Barons, 
 prelates, lawyers, people, all against him. Voluntary sur- 
 render of London, Exeter, Lincoln, to the barons, " the 
 ar?ny of Cod and Holy Church j'' march of troops from 
 Norths promise of aid from Scotland and Wales. 1214.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 39 
 
 3. ]\Tccting of John and the barons at Runnymcde, on the 
 Thames, between Staines and Windsor, and unconditional 
 surrender of John. The Great Charter — discussed, agreed 
 to, signed in one day. June 15, 1215. 
 
 4. The nature and provisions of the Great Charter : — 
 
 a Based on Charter of Henry I., and judicial reforms 
 of Henry II. Not an introduction of new prin- 
 ciples, but a change froiii jiinvritten tradition to 
 written legislation. 
 
 b Rights of Englishmen to justice. " To no man will we 
 sell, or deny, or delay, right or justice." 
 
 1 Judges of Assize to hold their circuits annually. 
 
 2 Ki?tg's Court for Common Pleas not to follow the 
 
 king's wanderings, but to sit in a fixed place. 
 Thus is formed the Court of Common Pleas for 
 all private suits. 
 c Rights of Englishmen to security of peison and pro- 
 perty. Means of actual livelihood to be left even 
 to the worst. 
 " No freeman shall be seized or imprisoned, or dis- 
 possessed, or outlawed, or in any way brought to 
 ruin, save by legal judgment of his peers or by the 
 law of the land. 
 d Right of Englishmen to good government. 
 
 1 " No scutage or aid (other than the three customary 
 
 feudal aids) shall be imposed in our realm save by 
 the common cotmcil of the realm." Barons, pre- 
 lates, tenants in Capite to be summoned to the 
 council at least fo7-ty days before, 
 (a) A stop thus put to arbitrary exactions of late 
 kings, {e.g., Carrucage — i.e., a tax upon carts 
 (a re-imposition of the land-tax or Danegeld). 
 Taxes upon personal property, such as wool, 
 church-plate, &c.) 
 {b) The customary feudal aids restricted to three 
 occasions : knighting of King's eldest son, 
 marriage of King's eldest daughter, ransom 
 of King's person from captivity. 
 
 2 Wardship. Heirs during minority and widows pro- 
 
 tected against unequal or compulsory marriages. 
 
 3 Towns secured : — 
 
 {a) in charters of freedom of speech, justice, and 
 meeting in arms (see Henry 1., C 2) ; 
 
 {b) in freedon^ of journeying and trade iovfonign 
 merchants J 
 
 (c) in uniformity of weights and measures for ihe 
 whole country. 
 
 e Church secured in free election to bishoprics. Crown 
 to issue a conge d'elire, and to confirm election.
 
 40 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 / A council of- twenty-four barons to enforce observance 
 of Charter, if necessary by force of arms. " They 
 have given me four-and-tweiity overkings." 
 
 D John's Attempts to evade Charter. Pp. 125, 126. 
 
 1. Gets Pope Innocent III., as his overlord, to annul Charter and 
 suspend Langton. 
 
 2. Hires merce7iaries, captures Rochester, lays England waste up 
 to Berwick, only Londoji withstands him. 1215, 1216. 
 
 3. The barons call in Fi'eiich aid, April 1216 ; John's French 
 mercenaries refuse to fight against French Dauphin, Lewis : 
 Lewis enters London, John falls back on Wales, rallies, 
 relieves Lincoln, marches to relieve Dover, is cut off by the 
 tide in the Wash, dies at Newark. 1217. 
 
 E Character. 
 
 '■ The ablest and the most ruthless of the Angevins." P. 118. 
 
 1. Ability. 
 
 a In war. Defence of Chateau Gaillard (p. 112), defeat 
 and capture of Arthur at Mirabeau, defeat of barons 
 in his last struggle. 
 
 b In diplomacy. Successful struggle with the papacy ; 
 alliance with the papacy to crush discontent in 
 England ; great league against France. 
 
 2. Rnthlessness. 
 
 a Conduct to his own family. Rebelled against his 
 father and his brother ; believed to have murdered 
 his nephew ; divorced his first wife and cousin 
 Isabella of Gloucester. 
 
 b Conduct to his subjects. Cruel punishments (as in 
 crushing the Archdeacon of Norwich under a cope 
 of lead for acting on the excommunication), no 
 sense of national honour (as in becoming the Pope's 
 man), faithlessness (as in attempts to evade Charter), 
 shamelessness (as in his marriage to Isabella of 
 Angouleme), espoused to the Count de la Marche. 
 " Foul as it is, hell itself is defiled by the fouler presence 
 of Johfi." 
 
 F Effect of loss of Normandy on the Nation. Pp. 112 and 121. 
 
 1. The unification of the English people. Loss of foreign 
 possessions completes amalgamation of Norman and Saxon. 
 
 Even before this, in reign of Henry II., "sic permixtse 
 erant nationes ut vix discern! posset, quis Anglicus, 
 quis Normannus esset genere." 
 
 2. The winning of the Great Charter. To win the Charter «// 
 classes (barons, prelates, traders, peasants) join together to 
 take advantage of John's defeat. 
 
 G State of Literature under the Norman and Angevin Kings. 
 Pp. 113— 117.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 41 
 
 1. Gradual separation of the literary class from the Church. 
 
 a Ansclm's influence on England not theological or 
 metaphysical (as in France), but historical. 
 
 b William of Malmcsbury ; the first of the Court his- 
 torians ; distinguished by departure from eccle- 
 siastical annalistic model, supply of official docu- 
 ments, freedom from ecclesiastical bias. 
 
 c The growth of romance seen in the Arthurian legends 
 preserved by Geoffry of Monmouth, opposed by 
 the Clerics with their legend of the San Graal, and 
 christianised by Walter de Map. 
 
 2. Direct attack of the literary class upon the Church, as in 
 Walter de Map's "Bishop Goliath," supporting Henry II. 
 in his struggle with Beket. 
 
 3. Attack of thQ literary class upon the Government in the 
 reign of Henry II., as in the pamphlets of Gerald de Barri 
 (the beginning of political pamphlets) — on the conquest of 
 Ireland — an account of Wales. 
 
 4. Revival of the English tongue. Layamon, a priest, at 
 Earnley, near Radstone. " It came in mind to him that he 
 would tell the noble deeds of England, and whence they 
 came who first had English land." 1200, Since Stephen's 
 reign, when the English Chronicle died out, English had 
 only been written in small religious works. 
 
 H Oxford. Pp. 127—136. 
 
 1. A concentration of the nation's young life. 
 
 When Oxford draws knife, 
 England 's soon at strife. 
 
 2. The European Universities the great assertors of intellectual 
 kinship against the Feudal principles of local isolation and 
 nobility of birth. 
 
 3. The European Universities the great assertors of intellectual 
 inquiry against the dogmatism of the Church ; till reclaimed 
 for the Church by the Friars. This tendency of Oxford 
 best shown in Roger Bacon. 1214 — 1292. 
 
 a Bacon introduces the science of Optics. 
 
 b After forty years of teaching, seeing the old enthusiasm 
 for learning dead, literature and science neglected, 
 he renounces the world and joins the Franciscans. 
 
 c Forbidden by the Brotherhood to publish, he obtains 
 permission and invitation from the Pope, Clement 
 IV. Publication of the Opus Majus. 1267. "A 
 map of existing knowledge and the means for 
 improving it." "The Encyclopaedia and Novum 
 Organum of the thirteenth century." 
 
 d His work unappreciated by his own century and even 
 by the Pope.
 
 42 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 f^enrg ffl. 1216—1272. 
 
 A The King's early years. The government of the Earl 
 Marcschal, Langton, and Hubert de Burgh. 1216—1232. 
 
 1. William of Pembroke, the Earl Mareschal, a firm supporter , 
 of the Charter. Pp. 126, 127. 
 
 French army defeated at Lincoln, by the Earl Mareschal. 
 May 1, 1217. " The fair of Lincoln." 
 
 French fleet defeated in Channel by sailors of the Cinque 
 ports and the Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh. 
 
 Treaty of Lambeth and expulsion of French. 1217. 
 Fresh issue of the Charter, Pp. 137 — 139. 
 
 2. Archbishop Langton. 
 
 The Charter the great object of his life. 1217 — 1228. 
 Addition of a separate Charter of the Forest. No man to 
 lose life or limb for poaching. 1217. Confirmation of 
 Great Charter. 1225. No legate to be sent to England in 
 Langton' s life. 
 
 3. Hubert de Burgh. Champion of order rather than of 
 freedom. Foreign policy, national and Englisli. England 
 for the English. 1217—1232. 
 
 a Struggle of the old baronage, who held the centre of 
 England, for feudal itidcpcndencc, crushed by 
 Hubert, who takes Bedford and hangs the garrison. 
 1228. 
 
 b Hubert's struggle with Pahdulf (the legate) and the 
 Court of Rome. 
 
 1 The Pope demands a tithe from the whole realm. 
 
 1228. 
 
 2 Italian priests appointed to English livings. 
 
 3 National discontent and assaults on Papal Commis- 
 
 sioners, encouraged by Hubert. 1231. 
 c Hubert's purely National and English policy. 
 
 1 Invitations to the King from Norman barons re- 
 
 jected. 1229. 
 
 2 Henry's campaigns in Poitou opposed and thwarted. 
 
 1299, 1230. 
 d Hubert' s f^tll brought about by influence of the Pope 
 and the war party. 1232. 
 
 B The Government of the Foreign Favourites. 1232—1258. 
 Pp. 139—143. 
 
 1. Henry's desire to reconquer Normandy and the lost French 
 possessions. The influence of his mother, and of his wife, 
 tleanor of Provence, paramount. 
 
 a Poitevins, Bretons, and Provengals fill all the honours, 
 and offices of the Court. " We have nothing to do 
 with the law of England."
 
 . OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 43 
 
 b War with France to get possession of Poitou. DiTc it 
 at Taillebour^r. Guienne nearly lost to England. 
 1242. 
 
 2. Gross Misgovemment. 
 
 a English livings filled by Italian absentees — sometimes 
 Italian boys. 
 
 b Extravagance of King. One sixth of royal revenues 
 given in pensions to foreigners ; the debts of the 
 Crown four times its annual income. 
 
 c Papal taxation of the clergy ; Archbishop Edmund 
 (Rich) retires in despair. 
 
 d Crown debts further increased by acceptance of the 
 Pope's tender of the Sicilian crown to Henry's 
 second son, Edmund ; England to pay the ex- 
 penses of the conquest of the kingdom. 1255. 
 
 e Great and continued exactions and tallages from the 
 towns, "contrary to their known customs and 
 liberties." 
 
 f Ineffectual invasion of Wales by Prince Edward ; great 
 misery in the Border, 1257. 
 
 Simon de Montfort and the Barons' War. 1258—1265. 
 Pp. 146—154, 
 
 1. Early life of Simon de Montfort. 
 
 a Earl of Leicester in right of hjs mother. Marries 
 
 Henry's sister Eleanor. 1238. 
 b Appointed Governor of Gascony. Unpopular from his 
 
 strict justice, but supported by the Barons. 1248 — 
 
 1252. 
 c Returns to England. 1253. 
 
 2. De Montfort's character. Patience and constancy. He 
 waits patiently through ten years of tyranny (1248—1258) 
 and then "stands like" a pillar." ^^ I ivonUiJight, were 1 and 
 my sons left tojigiit alone." 
 
 3. De Montfort's struggle for English freedom. 
 
 a Great Council of the Barons summoned at Oxford, 
 through the influence of the ncwly-clected knights 
 of the shire. See C 3, ^ (2). 1258. Irritation 
 produced by the King's exactions for his Sicilian 
 expedition, the disasters in Wales, and the pressure 
 of famine. 
 The provisions of Oxford ordained by the first royal 
 proclamation in I^nglish. 
 
 1 Justiciar, Chancellor, Treasurer, to give an account 
 
 to a new Council oj State of twenty-four, half 
 appointed by the King, half by the Barons. 
 
 2 A permanent council of Jijteen to advise the King.
 
 U ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 3 The Great Council of the Nation {Parllamenf) to 
 
 meet three times whether summoned by the King 
 or not. 
 
 4 The Commonalty to elect twelve honest men to 
 
 meet the Parliament (Great Council) on each 
 occasion. 
 b Acts of the new Council. 
 
 1 Payments to Rome stopped. 
 
 2 Peace with Ft mice. Claim to Normandy, Anjou, 
 
 Touraine, Maine, Poitou, given up. 
 
 3 Attempt of the Earl of Gloucester and a party of 
 
 the barons to make a governing clique of barons 
 
 and a nation of serfs. Union of this feudal party 
 
 and King against De Montfort and the earnest 
 
 reformers. Tower of London seized by Henry. 
 
 1261. 
 
 c De Montfort's struggle with the King and the feudal 
 
 party, in which he is backed by the " Communes " 
 
 {i.e., the municipal governments of large Enghsh 
 
 towns). 
 
 1 De Montfort takes arms and besieges Dover, 
 
 Prince Edward being absent in Wales. 1263. 
 
 2 Arbitration of the King of France. The Pro- 
 
 visions of Oxford annulled in the ''' Mise of 
 Amiens." January, 1264. 
 
 3 Henry's forces victorious over the country. Only 
 
 London loyal to the Provisions. 
 
 4 De Montfort and the Londoners defeat and capture 
 
 Henry at Leives. May 14, 1246. 
 d De Montfort's policy. 
 
 1 The political principles of the patriots as stated by 
 
 the Friars and schoolmen. 
 
 {a) Constitutional restrictions on power of King. 
 " It is one thing to rule according to a King's 
 duty, anotJier to destroy a Jdngdom by re- 
 sisting the law." 
 
 {b) Right of the whole nation to decide its own 
 affairs. " They who are ruled by the laws, 
 know the laws best; and about their own 
 affairs they will act with an eye to their own 
 peace." 
 
 {c) Right of the nation to select administrators of 
 justice. " It concerns the community to see 
 what sort of men ought justly to be chosen 
 for the weal of the realm." 
 
 2 His political measures. 
 
 {a) Supreme power to reside in King assisted by 
 
 council. 
 ib) Two burghers summoned to Parliament from 
 
 each town. Commencement of what is now
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 45 
 
 the boroui^^/t franchise. Two knights already 
 summoned (125i) from each county to repre- 
 sent the smaller tenants. Commencement of 
 what is now called the coitnty franchise. 
 
 e De Montfort's fall. 
 
 1 The people alienated by the constraint put upon 
 
 King. 
 
 2 The ba7-ons greedy for the spoils of victory alienated 
 
 by his strict justice. 
 
 3 De Montfort cut off in Wales by Prince Edward. 
 
 Battle of Evesham. August 3, 1265. 
 Death of De Montfort, " the Righteous Earl," " the 
 Founder of the House of Commons." 
 
 D D3ath of the King. November 16, 1272. 
 
 Ictiluartr L 1272-1307. 
 
 The first national King with purely national aims. 
 
 /\ His attempt to make one British Government by the annexation 
 of Wales and Scotland. 
 1. The history of Wales. Pp. 155—163. 
 a Wales submits to the ovcrlordship 
 
 1 of Mcrcia (under Offa) 
 
 2 of Wessex. 
 
 b The Welsh combine with the Danes in their attacks 
 
 upon Wessex. 
 c English supremacy re-asserted by Harold. 
 d William the Conqueror curbs the Welsh by means of 
 
 the barons of the Marches. 
 e The Welsh rise against William Rufus ; William 
 
 pressing into North Wales is checked by famine 
 
 and mountains. 
 / Conquest of South Wales under Henry \. English 
 
 landings in Glamorganshire, Cardiganshire; Flemish 
 
 and English settlement at Milford Haven. 
 g Resistance of the "Lords of Snowdon " to Henry II. 
 
 and John. 
 // Outburst of Welsh poetry in the twelfth century — 
 
 gorgeous, marvellous, above all sympathetic with 
 
 nature, and pure. 
 / The annexation of Wales. 1282. 
 
 I The "lords of Snowdon" become "Princes of 
 Walcsr 1267. 
 
 " Their Lord they shall praise, their speech they 
 shall keep, their land they shall lose, — except 
 wild Wales."
 
 46 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 2 Edward defeats the Welsh and annexes to England 
 
 the country as far as Conway. 1277. 
 
 3 Llewellyn renews the struggle, is slain on the Wye. 
 
 1282. 
 
 4 Henceforward no serious trouble from Wales. 
 
 2. The attempt to annex Scotland. 1290—1305. Pp. 178— 
 
 1S7. 
 a Scotland an aggregate of four races. 
 
 1 The Angles between the Forth and the Tweed. 
 
 2 The Welsh between the Solway and the Clyde. 
 
 3 The Picts nortli of the Forth and the Clyde. 
 
 4 The Scots, Irish in blood, in S. IV. A7'gyle. 
 These four races unified by the Danish invasions. 
 
 b Relations between England and the Scot Kings pre- 
 vious to Edward I. 
 
 1 Commendation of Scots beyond the Forth to 
 
 Eadward the elder as " father and lord." 924. 
 
 Not a feudal vassalage, but a military cojivention 
 between a stronger and a weaker people. 
 
 2 Grant of Strathclyde to Scot King on feudal tenure. 
 
 945. 
 
 3 Grant of northern Northumbria {i.e., the Lothians) 
 
 by Cnut doubtful whether on feudal tenure — as 
 in 2 — or on "commendation" — as in i. 
 
 4 The Scotch Court in consequence fixed at Edin- 
 
 burgh, which becomes the head-quarters of dis- 
 contented Englishmen. This is stopped by the 
 ' marriage of Matilda to Henry I. : after which 
 David of Scotland appears as the first noble of 
 the English Cotirt. (See Stephen, B 1.) 
 
 5 Capture of William the Lion at Alnwick. 1175. 
 
 Scotch Crown held of England. 
 
 6 Scotland re-purchases her independence from 
 
 Richard Lion Heart. (See Richard, C 3i b.) 
 
 7 Proposed marriage between "the Maid of Norway," 
 
 grandchild of Scotch Kmg (Alexander III.), and 
 son of Edward I. Scotland to remain a separate 
 and free kingdom. Death of "the Maid." 1290. 
 
 c First conquest of Scotland. 1290 — 1296. 
 
 1 Disputed succession between Balliol, Bruce, and 
 
 Plastings, referred to Edward. Thus some sort 
 of overlordship is recognised. Edward however 
 claims and assumes the full rights of a feudal 
 suzerain for all Scotland, decides in favour of 
 Balliol. 1291. 
 
 2 Edward treats Balliol not only as a dependent 
 
 King, but as 2l feudal vassal.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
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 48 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 id) Enforces 7-ighi of appeal from Scotland to 
 England. 
 
 {b) Summons Scotch nobles against France. 1293. 
 
 3 Edward, to enforce his orders, attacks Berwick, 
 
 and massacres the citizens. Total ruin of the 
 town. Takes Edinbia-gh, Stirling, Perth, im- 
 prisons Balliol. 1296. 
 
 4 Government intrusted to Warrenne, Earl of Surrey. 
 d Second conquest of Scotland. 1297 — 1305. 
 
 1 The Scotch peasants, especially those on the east 
 
 coast north of the Tay, rise in revolt under 
 Wallace. 
 
 {a) Wallace, deservedly the national hero as the 
 first to c\d.\nifreedo}n as a national right. 
 
 {b) Battle of Stirling. 1297. Death-blow to 
 feudalism. '" The peasant can fight as well 
 as the knight." 
 
 if) Biittle of Falkirk. 1298. Wallace's foot- 
 soldiers drawn up in squares, as at Senlac 
 and Waterloo J thrown at last into confusion 
 by Edward's archers ; but Edward remains 
 master of the ground he stands on, and no 
 more. 
 
 2 BaUiol withdraws to France (1299). A regency 
 
 under John Comyn and Robert Bruce (supported 
 by France) continues the struggle. 
 
 3 Scotland deserted by France, owing to a quarrel 
 
 between the French King Philip IV. (Le Bel), 
 and Pope Boniface VIII. Capture of Stirling, 
 and conquest of Scotland. 1305. 
 
 4 Edward's policy in Scotland— to knit England and 
 
 Scotland together. 
 
 {a) General amnesty to all concerned in the 
 resistance. 
 
 {b) Convocation summoned at Perth to elect council 
 of Scotch nobles to govern Scotland, under 
 Edward. 
 
 if) Scotland divided into four judicial districts, 
 Lothian, Galloway, Highlands, and land 
 between Lothian and Highlands. 
 
 {d) Murder of Wallace. " The darkest blot on 
 Edwards Scotch rule.'" 
 
 B His Judicial Reforms, Organization of the institutions of his 
 predecessors. Pp. 164 — 166. 
 
 1. Bishops' Courts limited to purely spiritual causes. 
 
 2. Creation of a new magistracy. Conservators (now fusticcs) 
 of the Peace for the maintenance of public order. 1285,
 
 OF TUi: KNCLISII PEOPLE. 49 
 
 3. Abolition of the office v,{ Justiciar, leading to still further 
 division between, and or^^anizatii^n of, the three Common 
 Law Courts, each having its distinct staff of Judges. (See 
 Henry II., E 2, /5 2.) 
 
 4. The appellate jurisdiction of the King in Council [Henry II. 
 
 E 2. b i] gives rise to the equitable jurisdiction of the 
 Q\\Awc€i\ox for gr-ievances for which the cotnmon law provides 
 710 adequate remedy. 
 
 C His Legislltive Raforms. Consolidation of principles which 
 came into practical wor/cing under Henry II. Pp. 166, 
 167. 
 
 1. Assize of Winchester follows up the Assize of Arms (Henry 
 II. D 4 and E I <0) in putting at the King's disposal the 
 u}iiversal levy 0/ the armed nation. 1285. 
 
 2. Statute of Merchants to enable traders to get their debts by 
 imprisonment of the debtor and distraint of his goods. 
 1284. 
 
 3. Statute of Mortmain, to prohibit alienation of lands to the 
 Church (a milder landlord than the baronage) in such wise 
 as to cease to render their due service to the King. 1279. 
 
 4. Statute of " Quia emptores " (to check the growth of smalicr 
 laud proprietors aud yeomen), but with the opposite effect. 
 Under-tenants to hold their lands not of the barons' tenants, 
 but of the barons themselves, and to pay their feudal duty 
 to them as their superior lords. 1290. Tends rather to 
 increase the subdivision of land, as both land and feudal 
 duty admit of being transferred to new holders. 
 
 (Notice the reactionary tendency of the baronage in 3 
 and 4.) 
 
 D The King and the Nation. Pp. 196—200. 
 
 1. The Baronage. 
 
 a Political power in the hands of baronage acting 
 through the continual council. 
 
 1 The towns devote their energies to commerce, not 
 
 to state matters. 
 
 2 The barons in possession of the confidence of the 
 
 people. (Magna Charta and De Montfort.) 
 
 b Struggle of the King against this political power. 
 
 1 The writ "quo warranto," to force barons to pro- 
 
 duce titles to their lands. " Uur swords are our 
 title-deeds." 
 
 2 Strict enforcement of public order, and suppression 
 
 of private war. 
 
 3 The King placed at the mercy of the baronage by 
 
 the expulsion 0/ tlie/ews {\2Q0), and the demands 
 of the Scotch war. Money required and no 
 means of getting it except from the baronage. 
 
 D
 
 50 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4 The King's attempt to extort money and men for 
 
 his expedition to Flanders fails. The barons 
 refuse to follow him beyond seas. " By God, Sir 
 King, I will neither go nor hang." 1297. 
 
 5 Confirmation of the Great Charter. (" The King 
 
 may not raise taxes without the general consent 
 of the realm,") and of the Charter of Forests. 
 1297. (See Henry III. B 1.) 
 
 2. The landowners. P. 195. 
 
 The baronage, notwithstanding their corporate political 
 power, individually a declining class ; increasing sub- 
 division of land, and growth of the squirearchy and 
 yeoman class. (See C 4.) 
 
 3. The English Towns. Pp. 187—195. 
 
 a The township originally the same in constitution with 
 the country outside, from the time therefore of 
 the Danish invasions, subject to the lordship of the 
 King or of some great noble. (See Early England 
 E8^.) 
 
 b The towns grown up round castles oi nobles and abbeys 
 emancipate themselves slowly from serfdom. 
 
 c The towns, however, grown up in the royal domain 
 only externally {e _^. in fees and tolls) subject to the 
 lord, internally free (in speech, justice, right of 
 meeting in arms. See Henry I. Q 2, and John B 
 4 I). 
 
 c {^^ Let all share the same lot, if any viisdo, let all bear 
 it.") The townsmen held together by an organized 
 system of mutual responsibility. 
 
 1 First by the Frith-Gild {Peace-Gild) for self- 
 
 defence. 
 
 2 Then as commerce becomes more developed, by the 
 
 Merchant-Gild. (Even as early as the Norman 
 conquest, Frith-Gild superseded by Merchant- 
 Gild.) 
 
 3 By the Craft- Gilds, or gilds of men without landed 
 
 holdings, and engaged in trades held inferior. 
 
 These gilds, first heard of in reign of Henry 
 
 I., have to struggle for their life till the reign of 
 
 John. 
 c Intense struggle in the towns for miinicipal power 
 between the landed citizens and the nnlandcd in- 
 habitants (the greater folk and the lesser folk, the 
 " prudhommes" and the "commune") shown in the 
 London riot led by William of the Long Beard, and 
 the violent election of a Mayor of London by the 
 craftsmen. 1281. 
 This struggle, first co7mnercial, between the Merchant- 
 Gild and the Craft-Gilds, then mtmicipal, consti-
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 61 
 
 tutes the ^((reat civic revolution of the Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth centuries. 
 
 4. The Jews. 
 
 a The Jews introduced by William the Conqueror ; but 
 
 only the King's clnttels, not citizens of the country ; 
 
 hence the conversion of Jews forbidden by William 
 
 Rufus. 
 b Insolence of the Jews relying' on royal protection 
 
 answered by the hatred of the people. 
 c Edward L sacrifices the Jews to the hatred of the 
 
 people against usury and fanaticism. 1290. 
 d No Jews in England until the days of Cromwell. 
 
 E The Nation and the Parliament. Pp. 167—174. 
 
 I. History of the Parliament or Great Council of the realm to 
 the end of this reign. 
 
 a Before the Conquest kno^vn as Witanagemote ; theo- 
 retically open to all freeholders, practically becomes 
 a meeting of nobles, bishops, and King's thegns, as 
 the freeholders are prevented by distance from 
 attending. 
 
 b After the Conquest till Henry IL known as the Great 
 Council of Baronage, and permanently represented 
 by the King's Court ; theoretically the same, prac- 
 tically a royal court of greater barons, who, being 
 originally the simple tenants in capite, had grown 
 more powerful than, and distinct from the majority 
 of that body : its direct power almost nominal : that 
 of registering and giving formal " council and 
 consent " to laws. Under Henry H. meets more 
 regularly, passes the great reforms of his reign. 
 
 c By the Great Charter power of the Common Council of 
 the realm over taxation recognized, and all tenants 
 in capite{i.e. all who hold land directly of the Crown) 
 once more invited to attend; this invitation, how- 
 ever, is unsuccessful, owing to the increasing 
 numbers of the lesser tenants, 
 
 d The knights of the shire, therefore, appear in John's 
 reign as deputies of the lesser tenants in matters 
 concerning taxation. Indications of the first begin- 
 ning of Parliamentary representation: the "four 
 discreet knights" from every county (1254), (theo- 
 retically the representatives only of the lesser 
 baronage, practically of all rural freeholders) de- 
 velop afterwards into the county franchise. 
 
 * Two burj^esses summoned from each town by Simon 
 de Montfort, 1265; "two burgesses summoned 
 /rom every to7vn, borough, and leading city in Eng- 
 land,^' by Edward I, ' 1295. First beginning of 
 
 borough franchise. 
 
 D 2
 
 52 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 f Edward summons representatives of the clergy to 
 attend (1295) ; but the clercry by refusing to vote 
 except in their own assemblies, or convocations, 
 forfeit their place in the National Council hence- 
 forward called Parliament. 
 
 2. Further history of the Parliament to the accession of the 
 Tudors. Pp. 224 — 226 and 265 — 267. 
 
 a By the beginning of the reign of Edward III. the four 
 orders — clergy, barons, knights, citizens — have 
 become two, the birons (Hou-^e of Lords) and the 
 combined knights and citizens (House of Commons): 
 the knights of the shires act as a link between the 
 barons and burgesses, and so hold the «hole Par- 
 liament together. 
 
 b The petitions of the Comnons, when assented to by 
 the King, become statutes, and have the force of 
 law, 
 
 c The Commons, under pressure of war and famine, 
 demand a voice in matters of general policy as well 
 as of taxation. TJic Good Parliainent. 1376. 
 
 d In the reign of Henry VI. Parliament tends to decline 
 into a mere representation of baronage and great 
 landowners. 
 
 1 The borough franchise limited by the action of 
 
 bttrgesses obtaining charters of incorporation (for 
 the protection of the civic property from strangers) 
 and thus becoming close bodies. 
 
 2 The county franchise rapidly widening, owing to 
 
 subdivision of estates, curtailed by the large 
 landowners by the restriction of suffrage to free- 
 holders holding land worth forty shillings (20/.) a 
 year, and by management of elections. 
 
 e The barons and large landowners destroyed in their 
 turn by the Wars of the Roses. Parliament is for 
 a very short time superseded by the King and Royal 
 
 Council. 
 
 F Character of the King. Pp. 175—178- 
 
 1. A typical Englishman — proud and narrow in sympathy — but 
 just and duty-loving. 
 
 2. Open to outer influence, especially to that of the French, then 
 growing into an organized nation : hence 
 
 a The adoption of an unreal chivalry. 
 
 b His introduction of the Tournament, and his "Vow of 
 the Swan " to be avenged on Bruce for the murder 
 of Comyn. 
 
 3. His sympathies confined to the noble class, to the exclusion 
 of the labourer and craftsman (as in the massacre of 
 Berwick).
 
 OF THE ENCI.ISII PEOPLE. 53 
 
 4. His legal spirit. Hence bis refusal to acknowledge un- 
 chartered— /.c unwritten privileges — as in his behaviour to 
 tlie champions of Scotch independence. 
 
 IfDUiarli CE 1307—1327. 
 
 A Internal Fistory. Struggle between the King and the baron- 
 age. Pp. 200 — 204. 
 
 1. The King attempts to make a ministry of men of inferior 
 rank vjliolly dependent on tlie Crown, under Piers Gaveston 
 (of Guienne) as head. 1307. 
 
 a Gaveston dismissed and sent to Ireland as King^s 
 lieutenant; the King assents to the principle that 
 ^^ redress of grievaJices should precede grafits of aid." 
 1308. 
 
 b Return of Gaveston from Ireland ; fresh opposition of 
 the barons ; ordinances of the Lord Ordainers, 
 tntnsferring all real power for a year from the King 
 to the barons. 1310, 1311. 
 
 c Fruitless struggle of Edward, and surrender of Gaves- 
 ton at Scarborough ; execution of Gaveston. 
 1312. 
 
 2. The King makes a long attempt to evade the Ordinances 
 (1312 — 1318); utter absence of rule in the country; famines; 
 foreign defccit ; King formally accepts the Ordinances. 
 1318. 
 
 3. Temporary reaction of the tiation against the baronage. 
 
 a Rise of the Despensers with the policy of strengthening 
 the Crown by supporting the power of the Three 
 Estates against the separate action of the barons. 
 
 b Execution of Thomas of Lancaster (the King's cousin 
 and head of the baronage). 1322. 
 
 c Statute that all matters be established in Parliament 
 by the King, with the consent not only of the 
 baronage, but also of the universality of the realm. 
 1322. 
 
 4. Final reaction of the nation against the public weakness and 
 domestic vices of the King. 
 
 a The Queen Isabella (daughter of Philip the Fair) goes 
 with Prince Edward to France to do homage for 
 Aqu tiinc and Gascony. From thence she intrigues 
 witii the baronage, lands at Orwell in arms, along 
 with Roger Mortimer the younger. 1326. 
 
 b Capture and execution of Despenser. 1326. 
 
 c Deposition and murder of tlic King. 1327. Roger 
 Mortimer seizes the Government, to the exclusion 
 of the other nobles.
 
 54 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 B External History. The Scotch War of Independence. 1306. 
 Pp. 204 — 210. 
 
 1. The war continued by Robert Bruce ; co-regent with Comyn. 
 1299 — 1305 ; murders Comyn, 1306 ; is crowned King of 
 Scotland. Edward I. swears the "Oath of the Swan," and 
 punishes Bruce's adherents with terrible pitilessness, 1306 
 —1307. 
 
 2. Bruce gradually gains ground in Scotland, till at last only 
 Stirling withstands him. 1307 — 1313. 
 
 3. Edward II. marches to relieve Stirling. Battle <:>{ Bannock- 
 burnj the Scotch formed in rings (the same formation as 
 at the battles of Senlac, Falkirk, and Waterloo, and notice 
 the two systems of warfare, tho. feudal and theyV^^). June, 
 24, 1315. 
 
 4. Reception of Edward Balliol at the English Court as vassal- 
 king of Scotland, leads to Scotch invasion of Northumberland. 
 1327. 
 
 5. Treaty of Northampton. Independence of Scotland recog- 
 nised. 1328. 
 
 6. Continuation of struggle after the recognition of indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 a Edward Balliol lands in Scotland on the death of 
 Robert Bruce, and is crowned King at Scone. 
 1332. 
 
 b Balliol expelled by the Scotch ; English siege of 
 Berwick, battle oi Halidon Hill, won hy the English 
 bowmen; capture of Berwick, the only town that 
 remains to justify the English claim of overlordship 
 over Scotland. 1337. 
 
 c Edward Balliol supported as vassal-king of Scotland. 
 1333—1337. 
 
 d Scotland saved from further aggressions by Edward 
 III. by outbreak of French war. 1337. 
 Henceforward, the Scotch war of independence be- 
 comes a mere quarrel between two angry neigh- 
 bours. 
 
 lEtitonriJ ffl. 1327—1377. 
 
 A Characteristics of Reign. Pp. 211— 217. 
 
 1. Outburst of a new and keener sense of national unity : the 
 struggle for exislejice is over. 
 
 a Constitutional freedom ; Parliament has control of 
 taxation (Ed. I. D i ^, 5), right of deposition (Ed. 
 II. A 4 <:), a voice in public policy (Ed. I. E 2 c). 
 
 b General vigour of English life. 
 
 I Growing disuse of the French tongue, even among 
 
 the nobler classes.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH I'EOI'LE. 55 
 
 2 The extension of the carrying trade, especially of 
 
 wool to Flanders. 
 
 3 The settlement of Flemish weavers and growth of 
 
 the woollen manufactures in the East {Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, Essex) and the West near Bristol. 
 
 4 Rise of the tenant farmer and development of 
 
 agriculture. 
 c Moral and intellectual freedom. The independence of 
 Wyclif, and the socialism of the Lollards. 
 " This tu'zv glailness of a i^reat people titters itself in the 
 verse of Geoffrey ChaucerP 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 1 A courtier, an adherent — possibly a brother-in-law 
 
 — of John of Gaunt. 
 
 2 Reality and gaiety of his poems. It is an age of 
 
 talk and of action, not of books. 
 
 3 His poems thoroughly English. Types of every 
 
 class of English society. 
 
 4 His poem serious and pure (in contrast to his Italian 
 
 models). 
 2. Misery and stagnation produced by the hundred years' war. 
 The age which began with the good Parliament encfed with 
 the despotism of the Tudor s. 
 
 B Early Years of Edward III. 1327—1336. 
 
 1. Unsuccessful attempt by Henry Earl of Lancaster to over- 
 throw Roger Mortimer's government after Treaty of North- 
 ampton. 1328, 1329. 
 
 2. P'dward arrests Mortimer with his own hands at Nottingham. 
 Execution of Mortimer. Nov. 1330. 
 
 3. Peace with France in order to act against Scotland. (See 
 Edward 11. B 6.) 
 
 C The Hundred Years' War with France. Pp- 217—224. 
 
 1. French anxiety to win Guienne leads to constant inter- 
 ferences in Scotch war ; pretexts for interference found in 
 the rivalry between the French mariners and those of the 
 Cinque Ports. 
 3. Edward 111. declares war against France (1336), relying— 
 a On the riches of England. 
 
 Edward becomes paymaster of foreign powers : {e.g. 
 the German princes and the Emperor Lewis.) 
 b On the alliance between Flanders, the great weaving, 
 and England, the great wool-producing country, 
 supjiortcd by Jaccjues Van Arteveld ; federative 
 treaty of England and the Flemish towns against 
 France. 1339. 
 c English victory over the French fleet at Sluys, 1340, 
 but failure to capture Tournay. Truce with France. 
 Death of Van Arteveld in a trnde riot at Ghent. 
 13-15.
 
 50 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d His own claim to the French crown : 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 ( ! 
 
 Philip IV. Charles of Valois 
 
 Lewis X. Philip V. Charles IV. Isabel. Philip VI. 
 
 I 
 
 Jane John Edwapd. John II. 
 
 (died an infant) 
 
 Charles the Bad (King of Navarre). 
 
 This claim, hardly tenable in law, and possibly put forward to 
 win the Flemish alliance, is regarded by both sides as a 
 mere formality. 
 
 4. Expiration of truce with France and collapse of all hopes of 
 foreign aid. An Eiii^IisJi army lands at La Hogue (1346), 
 marches across the N. of France to join the Flemish at 
 Gravelines ; being pursued by the French, halts to give 
 battle at Cressy, near Abbeville. August 26, 1346. 
 
 a The English bowmen drawn up behind a ditch in "the 
 form of a harrow," with bombards between the 
 teeth, which " with fire threw little balls to frighten 
 the horses." The battle decided by the English yeo- 
 men with their bows, "it seemed as if it snowed." 
 
 b Results of the battle : — 
 
 1 To Kurope—/a/^ of cliivalry and feudalisin (as in 
 
 England, the battles of Stirling and Banno.k- 
 burn), the churl had struck down the noble. 
 
 2 To England — followed by the victory over the 
 
 Scotch at Neville's Cross, Octobsr, 17, 1346— 
 the opening of a career of military glory. For 
 the inevitably bad effects see A 2. 
 
 4, Edward attacks Calais, 
 
 a as the girat pirate haven, to secure freedom of trade 
 in the Channel ; 
 
 b to get the command of the keys of the Channel (Dover 
 and Calais), takes it after a year's siege. 1347. 
 
 c To have a means of communication with his one ally, 
 Flanders. 
 
 5, Truce with France (1347 — 1355), during which a victory over 
 the Spanish pirates in the Channel makes Edward "King 
 of the Sea," 1350, and the Imperial Crown is offered to 
 him.
 
 OK THE ENGLISH PEOTLE. 57 
 
 6. Campaign of the Black Prince up the Garonne among "a 
 good simple people, who did not know what war was till the 
 Prince came." 1355. 
 
 7. A similar campaign for plunder up the Loire stopped by the 
 French King John. The Black Prince retreats, olTcri terms, 
 is obliged to light at Poitiers, Sapt. 19, 1356. 
 
 a The battle decided by an ambush of ar:hers along the 
 hedgerows of a narrow lane, and a cavalry charge 
 on the French flank. 
 
 b Rcsiilti of the battle : — 
 
 1 Two years' truce with France. 1356. 
 
 2 Companies of bandits lay waste France in the 
 
 absence of her King. " The streets are deserted, 
 the roads overgrown with weeds, the whole is a 
 vast solitude." 
 
 3 Revolt of the peasants, butchering their lords and 
 
 burning their castles. "Jacques Bonhomme." 
 
 8. Peace of Bretigny. May, 13S0. 
 
 a Surrender of English claim 07i Normandy and Crown 
 of France. 
 
 b English King to be independent sovereif^n of Aquitaine 
 and Ponthieu, and to retain Calais. 
 
 9. Truce between England and France (1360—1339), during 
 which the Black Prince undertakes his Spansh campaign 
 and restores Peter the Cruel to Castile, to secure the aid of 
 Spain in the retention of Aquitaine, which is discontented at 
 its absolute transference to English rule. 
 
 10. The renewal of the war and loss of Aquitaine. 
 
 a The King of France, Charles V. summons the Black 
 Prince to Judgment as one of his vassals for undue 
 taxation of the Gascons, especially for the hearth- 
 tax. Anger of the Prince, and cruel sack of 
 Limoges. 1369. Illness of the Prince. 
 
 b Defeat of the English fleet by the Spaniards, under 
 Henry of Tra^tamara, after the expulsion of Pedro 
 otf Rochelle. The Spaniards masters of the 
 Channel and communication between England 
 and Flanders cut off. 1372. 
 
 c Victories of Du Guesclin for the French in Guienne. 
 Fruitless campaign of John of Gaunt, who cannot 
 bring the Frcn ^h to an engagement. English army 
 destroyed by winter in the Auvergne mountains. 
 1373. 
 
 d Consequent revolt of Aquitaine ; only Bordeaux and 
 Bayonnc left to the English. 1374. 
 
 C The Beginnings of Religious Revolution. Pp. 228—237 and 
 X43— 147-
 
 53 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 1. The position of the clergy in the nation. 
 
 a The higher prelates, for long political rather than 
 spiritual, having furnished a long succession of 
 great statesi/ien, — Lanfranc, Henry of Winchester, 
 Roger of Salisbury, Theobald, Beket, Langton. 
 
 b The religious houses of the regular clergy always in 
 danger of degenerating into societies of landowners, 
 rich, but bearing as few as possible of the national 
 burdens. 
 
 c The foreign priests, "unlearned and unworthy caitiffs, 
 worse than Jews or Saracens ; promoted by the 
 sinful brokers of the City of Rome." Boys of 
 twelve years old sometimes appointed. 
 
 d The secular or parish priests, some ignorant and non- 
 resident, others " threadbare, learned, and devout." 
 
 2. Church Reform from within ; attempt to bring the Church 
 nearer to the nation. 
 
 a The Friars land in England. 1221. The black Friars 
 of S. Dominic of Spain ("zeal must be met by 
 zeal"), and the grey {i.e. brown) Friars of S. Francis 
 of Assisi, who claims Poverty as his bride and all 
 created things as his brothers and sisters ("we 
 thank Thee, O Lord, for our sister the death of the 
 body"). 
 
 b These begging Friars devote themselves to the towns, 
 and fight fever, plague, and leprosy in the lazar- 
 houses and unhealthy suburbs. 
 
 c The Friars, at first the enemies of learning, are drawn 
 by the necessities of their work to study physical 
 science, by the necessities of their preaching to 
 study theology. They found theology and philo- 
 sophy (scholasticism) at Oxford. (Bacon, Duns 
 Scotus, Ockham.) 1270. 
 
 d The political influence of scholasticism in framing a 
 theory of the constitution seen notably in the 
 poems at the period of the Barons' War. (See 
 Henry III. C 3. {d). 
 
 e Great influx, sometimes of mere children, into the 
 Friars' orders ; decay of enthusiasm till at last 
 they are known only as impudent beggars. 1366. 
 
 3. Church Reform from without. 
 
 a Ciuised by the selfishness and greed of the regular 
 clergy, and hastened by — 
 
 I The Papal exactions dating from the reign of 
 Henry III. calling forth — 
 
 (a) The first statute of " Praemunire " to prohibit 
 Papal bulls in England. 1353.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 59 
 
 {d) The statute of " Provisors " to deny papal 
 claim to dispose of livings. 1351. These 
 statutes only partially successful, ending in 
 compromise. 
 
 2 The transfer of the papacy to Avignon, and the 
 English dislike of a French Pope (shewn in the 
 English alliance with Lewis of Bavaria while 
 excommunicated, and the disregard of the Papal 
 interdict by the English priests). 1339. 
 
 b The antagonism to the selfish clergy and anti-national 
 Papacy headed and represented by Wyclif. 
 
 c Wyclif as a reformer. 
 
 1 Writes his book, " De Dominio Divino," by which 
 
 he sweeps away the whole idea of a mediating 
 priesthood. Dominion only belongs to God, 
 power delegated by Him to all who hold it. 
 1388. Condemned by Pope Gregory XI. 1378. 
 
 2 Supports John of Gaunt in his policy of Church 
 
 spoliation, believing that the loss of worldly 
 goods will lead to a gain of spiritual power. 
 Summoned before the Bishop of London. 1376, 
 1377. 
 
 3 Denies the doctrine of Transubstantiation, i.e. of 
 
 the miracle wrought in the mass. 1381. I^e 
 thus becojiics tlic first Protestant, a?id begins the 
 Reformation. 
 
 4 Hopes of Church reform from the baronage scat- 
 
 tered by the outbreak of the Peasants' Revolt, 
 for which his teaching is held responsible. 1381. 
 
 5 Supported by the University of Oxford in spite 
 
 of King and Pope, he appeals to the English 
 nation, 
 
 (a) by the preaching of the " Simple Priests " ; 
 
 (d) by his English Tracts ; 
 
 (t) by his English Bible. 
 
 6 Increase in his followers, Lollards (literally idle 
 
 babblers) especially in Oxford, ichere, however, 
 they are crushed by Arxhbishop Court enay. 1383. 
 Religious freedom and intellectual life extinct in 
 Oxford till the days of Colet and Erasmus. 
 1499. 
 
 7 Wyclif summoned to appear before the Papal 
 
 Court ; dies at his parish of Lutterworth. Dec. 
 31, 138i. 
 
 8 After the death of Wyclif, and the Oxford Perse- 
 
 cution, LoUardry ceases to be an organized 
 movement, and is mixed up with the general 
 spirit of social and religious discontent.
 
 60 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 9 The social and political side of Lollardry asserts 
 itself most clearly in the reign of Richard II., 
 and is crushed under Henry IV. and V. by the 
 statute de Haeretico Comburendo, and the ex- 
 ecution of Sir John Oldcastle. 1418. 
 
 lo The religions side lives on, showing itself in a vague 
 feeling of discontent (not without outrages against 
 the received religion) and perusal of Wyclif's 
 tracts and Bible, till the days of the Protestant 
 Martyrs. 1535. 
 
 D Til 3 Beginnings of Social Revolution. 1377—1381. Pp. 
 
 237—247- 
 
 1. The English Manor. 
 
 a The "demesne," or home-farm (about one-quarter of 
 the whole), in the hands of the lord, farmed by his 
 bailiff. 
 
 b Small estates possessed by the freeholders, free-tenants 
 or "villeins," originally " ceorls," become dependent 
 on lords in the time of the Danish invasions (early 
 England E 8. c) and bound to render definite 
 services, subsequently entered on the roll of the 
 manor ; hence the villeins get the name of " copy- 
 holders." 
 
 c The huts of the "landless men," "cottarii," "serfs," 
 bound to work all the year on the home-farm, but 
 with a legal right to their homesteads. 
 
 d The waste over which all tenants had right of 
 pasture. 
 
 2. The introduction of leasing or " fa7'}ni7ig" in the twelfth 
 century. The owner lets the " demesne " out to a tenant 
 instead of cultivating it through the bailiff. Hence 
 
 a the tie of feudal organization broken ; 
 
 b the wealthier tenantry rise in importance by becoming 
 farmers. 
 
 3. The emancipation of the " cottarii " and rise of the free 
 labourer. 
 
 a The influence of the Church in freeing serfs. 
 
 b Fugitive serfs find refuge in the chartered towns, and 
 become free after a residence of a year and a 
 day. 
 
 c Commutation of services both of the "villeins " and 
 the " cottarii " for money payment, hastened by the 
 necessities of the landowners, and the increase of 
 the number of tenants through the sub-division of 
 holdings produced by the law of "gavelkind;" 
 thus in the reign of Edward III., lords and farmers 
 have to depend on the hired free labourer. 
 
 d Labour no longer bound to the soil.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH rEOPI.E. 61 
 
 4. The snpplv of free labourers made insufficient by the Black 
 Death. 1348. 
 
 a More than half the population swept away. In Bristol 
 the living could scarcely bury the dead. 
 
 b Lawless self-indulgence of the " landless men or free 
 1 ibourers," now masters of the labour market, who 
 soon become " sturdy beggars." 
 
 5. The Statute of Labourers, to check the lawlessness of the 
 "sturdy beggars wandering in search of work" (1351); 
 labourers to accept the wages of two years before the 
 plague (though not enough to live on, owing to the rise in 
 the price of corn), and once more tied to the soil ; fugitives 
 to be branded. 
 
 Attempts made to reduce villeins who have redeemed them- 
 selves and the lower craftsmen in towns to their old state. 
 
 6. Strikes and combination of craftsmen, especially in Kent 
 and the eastern counties ; John Ball the preacher of the 
 movement — the defiance of socialism to the tyranny of 
 property. 
 
 7. Gloom and discontent of the time reflected in Langland's 
 Piers the Ploughman. 1362—1380. 
 
 8. (Accession of Richard II.) The labourers still masters of 
 the market ; with high wages at harvest time, but in the 
 intervals with great scarcity of food and Avork. A severer 
 poll-tax imposed for the French war ; the labourers and crafts- 
 men inflimed by a tax to which the poorest ina>i contributes 
 as 7nucli as the ricJicst. 1380. 
 
 a The revolt begins in Essex, Kent, under Jack Straw, 
 and spreads over Hertfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 Cambridge, and even to Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 in one direction — Sussex, Surrey, and westward to 
 Devon in another. 
 
 b Entrance of the Kentish peasants, under Wat Tyler, 
 into London ; burning of the Savoy and Temple, 
 and execution of .Archbishop Sudbury. 
 
 c Tyler slain in a scuffle. Brave conduct of the youn^ 
 Prince. He frees the peasants of Essex and of 
 Kent. Loyal confidence of the peasants in the 
 King. 
 
 d Suppression of the remains of the revolt, chiefly by 
 the energy of Spenser, Bishop of Norwich, and by 
 the slaughter or execution of 7,000 peasants. 
 
 e The Parliavtent of landowners refuse to ratify the 
 King's letters of freedom : " Our consent we have 
 never given and never will give, were we all to 
 die in one day." 
 
 9. Fears of another outbreak ; the work of emancipation 
 
 continues in spite of
 
 62 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 a fresh legislation, forbidding villeins to send their sons 
 to school, and excluding them from the colleges 
 being founded at the Universities, that they may 
 not enter the Church. 
 
 b The substitution of sheep farming for tillage, which 
 perpetuates a populace of " sturdy beggars." 
 
 10. Spread of Lollardry, though dead in Oxford, through the 
 country. Blending of religious and social discontent. Every 
 third man in the streets is a Lollard. 
 
 E The political progress of the Commons, i.e. of the propej-ty- 
 holditig classes in the nation ; 
 
 a In matters of taxation, subsidies set upon wool with- 
 out consent of Parliament made illegal, and 
 purveyance restricted by enforcement of immediate 
 payment. 1332. 
 
 b The Commons obtain that their petitions when as 
 sented to by the King, become statutes and have 
 the force of laws, but when consulted by the King 
 on the subject of the war, they refer him back to 
 the lords of the Council. 1354. 
 
 c The Commons obtain additional weight from the 
 struggle between the Church and the Baronage, 
 headed by John of Gaunt ; seen most in the Good 
 Parliament, 1376, in which 
 
 1 The Commons complain of the mismanagement of 
 
 the French war and of excessive taxation, and 
 being supported by the Black Prince, force John 
 of Gaunt to retire from the Council. 
 
 2 The Commons further complain generally of the 
 
 abuses of the King's government, and demand— 
 
 {a) the annual assembly of Parliament ; 
 
 ij?) freedom of election for knights of the shire ; 
 
 (f) freedom from arbitrary taxation (the first 
 national opposition to royal misrule) ; 
 
 (d) freedom of the Church from the Pope, by 
 whom the work of the Good Parliament is 
 
 undone. 
 
 F Misrule of last years of Edward III. The King mainly 
 under the influence of Alice I'crrers. Death of Edward III., 
 the merchant King; the King of all properly-holding 
 Englisiuiicji. 1377. 
 
 Bkfcsrtr IJ. 1377—1399. Pp. 254—257. 
 
 A Th8 Condition of the Nation : social and religious discontent. 
 (See Edward III., C and D.)
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 63 
 
 B The King's Minority. 1377—1388. 
 
 a Ihe work of the Good Parliament continued. The 
 Commons assign two members to regulate ex- 
 penditure. 1377. 
 
 b Fresh defeats in the French war under John of Gaunt, 
 both by land and sea. 1378. 
 
 c The taxes imposed in pursuance of John of Gaunt's 
 policy, to defray the expenses of the war, kindle the 
 peasant revolt. 1381. (See Edward I IL, D). 
 
 d French victory at Rosbecque, death of Philip van 
 Arteveld, leader of the English party among the 
 Flemish. 1382. France mistress of the seas ; 
 French landing in Scotland, capture of Ghent, and 
 fear of French invasion of England. 1385. John 
 of Gaunt forced to leave the country ; goes to 
 Spain to assert his claim to the Spanish throne, 
 as son-in-law of Peter the Cruel. 1388. 
 
 e Michel de la Pole, trying to make the Crown inde- 
 pendent of Parliament, overthrown by the King's 
 uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, and the government 
 put in the hands of a continual council by the 
 Merciless (Wonderful) Parliament. 1388. 
 
 C The King's Reign. 1387—1397. 
 
 a His reign as a wise and constitutional King. 1388 — 
 139 7. 
 
 1 The King being of age frees himself from the restraint 
 
 of Gloucester and the Continual Council. 1389. 
 
 2 Pursues a peace policy and consents to govern by 
 
 advice of Parliament. Third statute of Provisors. 
 1390. Second of Praemunire. 1393. 
 
 3 Protects the Lollard Reformers, owing to the in- 
 
 fluence of his first wife, Anne of Bohcinia. 
 
 4 Undertakes a campaign to Ireland, reforms the 
 
 English misgovernment, and receives the sub- 
 mi;,sion of the natives. 1394. 
 
 5 The peace policy strengthened by the second 
 
 marriage of the King to Isabella, daughter of 
 the French king, Charles V., and a truce of 
 twenty-Jive years. 1396. 
 ^ His reign as a revengeful and absolute King. 1397 — 
 1399. 
 
 1 Supported by John of Gaunt (returned from Spain) 
 
 and his son Henry (afterwards Bolingbrokc), 
 he takes vengeance on his uncle Gloucester. 
 Gloucester found dead in his prison at Calais, 
 the pardons of 13S8 recalled, seventeen counties 
 outlawed at once for supporting the King's 
 enemies. 1397. 
 
 2 He attacks the house of Lancaster to secure for 
 
 himself absolute government.
 
 64 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Banishes Henry of Bolins^broke (Hereford) and the 
 
 Duke of Norfolk. 1398. 
 Confiscates the Duke of Lancaster's estates. 1399. 
 3 He attacks Parliament by obtaining from packed 
 assemblies : 
 (a) the grant of a tax upon wool for life, 1397 ; 
 
 {i) the transference of the functions of Parliament 
 to a Cflniinission of Twelve; four days, 
 Jan. 28— Jan. 31, 1398, overthrew the 
 constitution of the countjy. 
 
 D Th^ Lancastrian Rsvolution. 
 
 1. Henry of Hereford, or Bolingbroke, lands at Ravenspur, in 
 Yorkshire, nominally to recover his lands. 
 
 2. Richard returns from Ireland to meet him, but finds Boling- 
 bro' e master of the realm. Submits to Bolingbroke at 
 Flint, and finally resigns, Sspt. 29, 1399, but is also 
 deposed. Dies Feb. 14, 1400. 
 
 3. Parliament passes over Edmund Mortimer, the great- 
 grandson of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and confers the 
 Crown on Bolingbroke, the son of John of Gaunt, Clarence's 
 younger brother. The Lancastrian title is, therefore, purely 
 Parliamentary, though Henry also claims the Crown — 
 
 a by descent from Henry III. ; 
 
 b by conquest. 
 
 P:^tiuP IF. 1399-1413. Pp. 258, 259. 
 
 A Supremacy of the Parliament : i.e. of the property-holding 
 classes. (See Richard II., Q 3.) 
 
 1. The renewal of the French war, to win the support of the 
 noble^. 
 
 a Owing to the lunacy of Charles VI., France divided 
 between the Duke of Burgundy and Flanders (head 
 of the peace party), and the Duke of Orleans (head 
 of the war party). 
 
 b As vet no open warfare, but desultory fighting in the 
 Channel. 1403-1404. 
 
 c The French encourage Scotch invasion of England, 
 beaten back at Homildon Hill 1402, recognize 
 Owen Glendower as Prince of Wales 1404, and 
 assist him 1407. 
 
 d Murder of Duke Lewis of Orleans ; struggle between 
 the Burgundians and Orlcanists (now called Ar- 
 magnacs) 1407 ; the Duke of Burgundy, by the 
 help of the English, captures Paris. 1411. 
 
 2. The Persecution of the Lollards, to win the support of the 
 Church. Statute "deHa:rctico Comburendo" — '■'■ the first 
 legal enactment of religious bloodshed." 1401.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOrLE. 
 
 6i 
 
 B Revolts against Henry, kept up by the resentment of the 
 Lollards, the Welsh desire for independence and attachment 
 to Richard II., and supported by the hostility of France. 
 
 1. Welsh revolt, under Owen Glendower, encouraged and 
 finally supported by France. 1400 — 1415. Glendower, 
 however, permanently crippled by a defeat in 1409. 
 
 2. Revolt of Henry Percy to put Edmund Mortimer, Earl of 
 March, on the throne ; crushed by battle of Shrewsbury. 
 1403. 
 
 3. Revolt of Earl of Northumberland and Archbishop Scrope. 
 Execution of Scrope, and llight of Northumberland to 
 Scotland. 1405. 
 
 4. Tiie Lollard conspiracy. 
 
 a Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cobham) opens his house to 
 the Lollards, defying the law, and advocates the 
 seizure of the temporalities of the Church. 
 
 b On the accession of Henry V. he is condemned as a 
 heretic ; escapes from the Tower ; great Lollard 
 rising in London, crushed by the activity of the 
 young King ; thirty-nine Lollard leaders executed ; 
 the political strength of Lollardry broken. 1414. 
 
 c Capture and burning of Cobham, the former friend 
 of Heniy V., the Havelock of his time. 141^ 
 (See Edward HI., Q.) 
 
 C Gradual decline of the King's health— leprosy and epileptic 
 tits. Power passes into the hands of a Continual Council 
 under the presidency of Prince Henry 1406—1411; the 
 Council dissolved by the King 1411; death of the King, 
 March 1413. 
 
 Itjciuy T7. 1413—1422. Tp. 260—264. 
 
 A Condition of France. 
 
 The King, Charles VI., a madman ; struggle for power 
 between the Burgundians (the peace party) and tlte Ar- 
 magnacs, Orlcanists (the war party). 
 
 John II. (captured at Poitiers). 
 
 Charles V. 
 
 Charles VI. 
 (a madman). 
 
 I 
 Charles VII. 
 
 Louis of Orleans 
 
 (murdered 1407). 
 
 I 
 Charles of Orleans 
 
 (taken at Agincourt). 
 
 Philip the Bold, 
 Duke of Burgundy. 
 
 John the Fearless, 
 (murdered 1418). 
 
 Philip the Good. 
 
 fc
 
 66 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 B Henry V. resumes the war mainly to g^-atify the wounded pride 
 of the English. 
 
 1. The Conquest of Normandy. 
 
 a Henry captures Harfleur ; marches through the north 
 of France. 
 
 b Finds a large French army at Agincourt, on the other 
 side of the Somme, drawn up deep, waiting for 
 his attack. The Enghsh archers goad the French 
 into attack, and the unwieldy masses soon get into 
 confusion : the battle decided by a charge of the 
 English men-at-arms. Capture of the Duke of 
 Orleans. October 25, 1415. 
 
 c Henry returns to England ; struggle for mastery of 
 Channel ; Henry lands again in Normandy, takes 
 Caen, besieges Rouen for six months, takes it in 
 spite of brave resistance of Alan Blanchard, whom 
 he puts to death. 1417, 1418. 
 
 2. The Conquest of France. 1419—1422. 
 
 a Assassination of the Duke of Burgimdy makes the 
 Burgundians Henry's friends. 1419. 
 
 b Treaty of Troyes. May 1420. Henry, Regent of 
 France during Charles's life, and to succeed him as 
 King ; marries Charles's daughter, Catherine. 
 
 c Henry continues the conquest of France ; reduces 
 Dreux and Meaux ; dies regretting that he has not 
 lived to achieve the conquest of Jerusalem. 1422. 
 (Such a crusade might have saved Constantinople 
 from the Ottoman Turks). 
 
 f^tnrLi FE, 1422—1470. 
 
 A Condition of England. Pp. 265—268. 
 1. Politically. 
 
 a Parliament becomes a mere representation of the 
 baronage and great landowners. 
 
 1 The borough franchise limited by the action of 
 
 burgesses obtaining charters of incorporation 
 (for the protection of the civic property from 
 strangers) and thus becoming close bodies. 
 
 2 The county franchise rapidly widening owing to 
 
 subdivision of estates, curtailed by the large 
 la?tdowners by the restriction of the suffrage to 
 freeholders holding land worth 40 shillings (20/.) 
 a year, and by management of elections. 
 
 b The foreign policy of the baronage dictated by love of 
 gold. " If God had been a captain nowadays, he 
 would have turned marauder."
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOI'LE. 67 
 
 2. Socially. 
 
 a The Church a mere section of the landed aristocracy. 
 i The lawlessness of the baronage: as at the Club 
 Parliament. 1426. 
 
 c Immorality even of cultivated men, as Humphrey, 
 Duke of Gloucester (founder of the University 
 Library at Oxford), and the Earl of Worcester, 
 "the Butcher" (Caxton's patron). 
 
 d Decay of English literature. Nothing but mystery 
 plays and riming chronicles. 
 
 e Prevalent belief in astrology ; penance and imprison- 
 ment for life of (Eleanor Cobham) the Duchess of 
 Gloucester, burning of Joan of Arc, and later, pen- 
 ance oi Jane Shore. 
 
 B Joan of Arc. Pp. 268—273. 
 
 1. The Duke of Bedford (brother of Henry V.) by making an 
 alliance with the Duke of Britanny, and marrying the sister 
 of the Duke of Burgundy, completes the conquest of northern 
 France. 
 
 a English victory at Verneuil. 1424. A third of the 
 French knighthood left on the held. 
 
 b The Duke of Burgundy deserts the English through 
 jealousy of the Duke of Gloucestei-'s marriage with 
 the divorced Duchess of Brabant. 1424. 
 
 c Bedford on the defensive, partly owing to the desertion 
 of Burgundy, partly to the struggle in England 
 between Gloucester (returned from Brabant) and 
 Cardinal Beaufort. (See table, p. 69). 
 
 d Bedford pushes on to the conquest of the south. 1427. 
 
 e Siege of Orleans by 3,000 English. 1428, 1429. The 
 battle of the Herrmgs. Feb. 1429. 
 
 2. The Maid. 
 
 a Her message to the Dauphin : " You shall be anointed 
 and crowned in the town of Rhcims, and you shall 
 be lieutenant of the heavenly King, who is the 
 King of France ; " and to Bedford : " Work no 
 more distraction in France, but come with me and 
 rescue the Holy Sepulchre from the Turk." 
 
 b The Maid enters Orleans, and leads the attack on the 
 English forts. May 7, 1429. 
 
 c Coronation of the Dauphin (Charles VII.) as King of 
 France at Rheims. July 18, 1429, 
 
 d The Maid continues in the war against her own will ; 
 is captured at Compiegne bv the Burgundians 
 (May 26, 1310), and sold to the English. 
 
 e Trial of the Maid. " God has ever been my Lord ; 
 the Devil has never had power over me." Resumes 
 her male dress to protect her from insult— and 
 
 E 2
 
 68 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 for this act is doomed to death. Burned at Rouen. 
 " We are lost, we have burned a saint." June 14 
 1431. 
 C Loss of France. 1431—1451. Pp. 273—275. 
 
 a Attempt to secure Normandy, at least, for England, 
 made by Bedford, in France, and Cardinal Beau- 
 fort, at home, partly by loans of money, partly by 
 preventing reconciliation between Burgundy and 
 France. 1432—1434. 
 
 b Death of Bedford ; Duke of Burgundy leaves English 
 alliance. 1434. Paris surrenders to French. 
 1436. 
 
 c Successful struggles of the Duke of York, Regent of 
 France. 1436 — 1438. Recalled through Lancas- 
 trian jealousy. 1438. Returns to France. 1440. 
 Assisted in his struggle by Lord Talbot. Super- 
 seded by Edmund Beaufort. 1444. 
 
 d Truce with France. 1444. Marriage of Henry VI. 
 to Margaret of Anjou urged on by the Beauforts, 
 partly to secure peace with France, partly to hinder 
 the possibility of York's succession to the throne, 
 and promised surrender of Anjou and Maine. 
 1445. Murder of the Duke of Gloucester, the 
 great opponent of peace. 1447. 
 
 e French conquest of Normandy imputed to the incapacity 
 of Edward Beaufort (Duke of Somerset). 1449. 
 
 / French conquest of Guienne. Capture of Bayonne. 
 Final expulsion of the English p'om all France, ex- 
 cepting Calais, and end of the Hundred Years' War, 
 which built up France into a great tiafion. 1451. 
 
 D Discontent in England at the Issue of the War. Pp. 275, 
 276. 
 
 1. William de la Pole, the Duke of Suffolk, impeached for the 
 cession of Anjou, and murdered. 1450. 
 
 2. Insurrection in Kent, the great manufacturing district of 
 the day, and hostile to France, owing to the piracy in the 
 Channel, under John Cade — " a young man of goodly stature 
 and pregnant wit " — spreading to Sussex and Surrey ; the 
 popular feeling towards the Duke of York shown by Cade's 
 assumed name — Mortimer. 
 
 a The " Complaint of the Commons of Kent " touches 
 no longer on social or religious, but on political 
 questions. They demand a change of ministry, 
 economy, freedom of election. 
 
 b The Complaint refused by the Council. Cade occupies 
 
 London, July i. Is beaten out by the Londoners, 
 
 July 5. 
 c The Complaint received by the Council. Pardons 
 
 granted to all concerned in the revolt. Cade 
 
 pursued and slain. 1450.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
 69 
 
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 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
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 OF THE ENGLISH TEOrLE. 71 
 
 3. The Civil War. 1454—1485. Pp. 276—279. 
 
 a Contest between the Houses of Parh'ament (in favour 
 of York) and the King (in favour of Beaufort 
 Somerset). 
 
 b Birth of Edward Prince of Wales, consequent lull in 
 the dispute between York and the Bcauforts as to 
 the succession, and the appearance of Queen 
 Margaret, mother of the future King, as leader of 
 the royal party. 1453. 
 
 c Madness of Henry VI. Richard, Uuke of York, 
 Protector. 1454. 
 
 d Recovery of Henry. Return of Edmund, Duke of 
 Somerset, to power. York taking arms defeats and 
 kills Somerset and captures the King at S. Albans, 
 May 23, 1455. 
 
 e Second illness of the King and Protectorship of York. 
 1456. 
 
 / Apparent reconciliation of the rival parties, 1456 — 
 1458, followed by the flight of York to Ireland, his 
 return, and defeat and capture of the King at 
 Northampton. 1460. York claims the crown ; 
 by a compromise he is to succeed Henry (Prince 
 Edward being put aside). 
 
 g The industrial and conwiercial classes {London afid the 
 great merchant towns) iti faDoiir of York, owing to 
 the disgraceful issue of the war; the persecution of 
 the Lollards, and the general misgovernment of the 
 King. The House of Lancaster supported by 
 Wales, the N. and S.W. of England. Its strongest 
 claims, its long possession of the throne, and the 
 legal parliamentary sanction of its title. 
 
 h Rising of the North and West for the King. Battle 
 of Wakefield, Dec. 31, defeat and execution of 
 York. 1460. 
 
 / The Lancastrians advance on London. Second battle 
 of S. Albans and defeat of the Yorkist Earl 
 Warwick by Queen Margaret. Feb. 17, 1461. 
 
 j Want of energy and discipline among the Lancastrians 
 and the firmness of London enable Edward, son 
 of Richard of York, to enter London, where he 
 is declared King as Edward IV. March 3, 1461. 
 
 k Battle of Towton field, near Tadcaster ; utter defeat of 
 the Lancastrians. No such battle seen in England 
 since the battle of Senlac, 120,000 men engaged, 
 no quarter given. Palm Sunday, March 29, 
 1461. 
 
 / Power of Warwick, Governor of Calais, Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, Warden of the Western Marches, 
 Head of the Nevilles, the king-maker, the last of 
 the barons: not however a soldier, but a crafty 
 diplomatist.
 
 72 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 m Defeat of the Lancastrians at Hedgley Moor and at 
 Hexham by Montague, Earl of Northumberland, 
 Warwick's brother. 
 
 11 Commencement of struggle between Edward and 
 Warwick. 
 
 1 Anxiety of Warwick to form a French alliance with 
 
 Lewis XL, Edward, however, secretly marries the 
 widow of a Lancastrian, Elizabeth Grey, daughter 
 of Sir Richard Woodeville. 
 
 2 Edward weds his sister Margaret to Charles the 
 
 Bold of Burgundy (the enemy of Warwick and 
 of Lewis XL of France). Warwick escapes to 
 France, meets Queen Margaret, marries his 
 daughter Anne to Prince Edward. 1467. 
 
 3 Warwick returns to England, rises in arms, joins 
 
 the Lancastrian party, finds support in Kent, 
 drives Edward from England. Oct. 1470. 
 
 4 Edward lands in Yorkshire, nominally to recover 
 
 his hereditary duchy. March 14, 1471. Defeats 
 Warwick in the battle of Barnet, "a medley of 
 carnage and treachery." Easter Monday, April 
 14. 
 Queen Margaret and Prince Edward slain at Tewkes- 
 bury, May 4; Henry VI. found dead in the Tower. 
 1471. 
 
 15t)toarli 3IF. 1461—1483. 
 
 A Character of the Wars of the Roses. P. 282. 
 
 1, " The mischief falls on those who make war." Bloodshed 
 and ruin confined to the feudal lords and their retainers. 
 
 2, The towns, though on the whole Yorkist, stand aloof from 
 the struggle, and give themselves to commerce. 
 
 3, The course of justice undisturbed ; gradual development of 
 
 the jury system by separation of jurors and witnesses. (See 
 Henry II.' E 1. b.) 
 
 B Result of the Wars of the Roses i the establishment of the 
 New Monarchy. Pp. 283—286. 
 1. Destruction of the previous political system. 
 
 a The older baronage, as yet the champions of freedom, 
 weakened by the war. 
 
 b The Church, chiefly eager for the preservation of its 
 
 property, without sympathy for religious reform, or 
 
 for intellectual progress. 
 c The Commons growing in wealth, but powerless, owing 
 
 to the narrowing of the franchise (see Henry VI. 
 
 A 1. «•) and the "management" of elections.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 73 
 
 2. The Crown the only remaining political power. 
 
 a The Church finds in it protection from heresy. 
 
 b The landowners and moneyed classes from social revolt^ 
 which, dating from the Statute of Labourers (1351), 
 is increased by the breaking up of the Feudal 
 Households, and the growing tendency to turn 
 arable into pasture land remaining the greatest 
 danger of England for the next hunclred years. 
 
 3. Consequent growth of the Royal power. 
 
 a Extension of the legislative and judicial powers of 
 the Royal Council in spite of established freedom 
 from arbitrary legislation, and established respon- 
 sibility of state officers to Parliament {e.g., the Good 
 Parliament, 1376). 
 
 b Exaction of benevolences and forced loans in spite of 
 established freedom from arbitrary taxation. 
 
 c Organisation of spy-system, supported by frequent 
 bills of attainder and the use of torture in spite of 
 established freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. 
 
 C Edward IV. The founder of the new monarchy. Pp. 286, 287. 
 
 1. Total discontinuance of Parliamentary Hfe in consequence 
 of the confiscations and the increased wealth of the Royal 
 Treasury. After the Battle of Towton {e.g.) the property of 
 twelve nobles and one hundred knight's appropriated by 
 Edward. The first reign since that of John in which no 
 measure is passed for the good of the people. 
 
 2. Further increase of the wealth and therefore of the inde- 
 pendence of the King, 
 
 a by the subsidies granted by Parliament to support his 
 
 claim to the French crown ; 
 <5 by a "benevolence" demanded from the merchants 
 
 1473 (the beginning of forced loans). 
 
 3. In spite of the affectation of indolence and gaiety, Edward's 
 real aim that of Ferdinand of Arragon and Lewis XL of 
 France — " the tres magi of Kings of those ages "—the 
 establishment of absolute power. 
 
 D State of English Literature. 1400—1476. Pp. 2S7— 293. 
 
 1. Dying out of the purely intellectual class. 
 
 a Ignorance of the clergy, the representatives of the 
 learning of the middle ages. 
 
 b Decline of Oxford and decrease of students in spite of 
 erection of new colleges. "Oxford Latin" a by- 
 word. 
 
 2. Increased influence of literature over the people at large. 
 
 a Growth of popular literature (compendiums, rimed 
 chronicles, mysteries, fly-sheets) ; increased number 
 of readers, more accurate writing. See the Paston
 
 74 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Letters, the first instance in English history of a 
 family correspondence. 
 
 b Printing originated by Gutenburg, Fust, and Schceffer, 
 brought into England by Caxton. 1476. 
 
 1 Caxton as a printer. 
 
 Though a practical man of business, anxious to 
 get a living from his trade, he does not 
 neglect the higher English literature ; prints 
 Chaucer, Lydgate, Gower, the Chronicle of 
 Brut, the History of the San Graal. 
 
 2 Caxton as a translator of Boethius, Vergil, Cicero. 
 
 Avoids French affectation and English pedantry, 
 and in spite of conthcting dialects, lays a 
 foundation for literary English. 
 
 3, Literature patronised by kings and nobles. 
 
 a By kings and royal houses, e.g., Henry VL, Edward 
 IV., Richard III., and Humphrey, Duke of Glou- 
 cester, the founder of the University Library (now 
 called the Bodleian) at Oxford from the spoils of 
 the Louvre. 
 
 b By nobles, e.g., Sir John Fastolf, Earl Rivers (brother 
 of the Queen), and John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester 
 (the BuTcher). 
 
 I5t(toarU F. 1489. 
 
 Supposed to have been murdered along with his brother Richard, 
 Duke of York, by order of his uncle, Richard, Duke of 
 Gloucester, who succeeds him after an interregnum of four 
 days. June 22—26. 
 
 micOarb 111. 1483—1485. 
 
 A Richard as Protector. Pp- 293—295. 
 
 1. Seizes the person of Edward V., procures execution of the 
 Queen's relations (the Greys) and his own appointment 
 as Protector. 
 
 2. Accuses Hastings, the chief minister of Edward IV., of 
 sorcery. " I will not dine till they have brought me your 
 head." June 13. 
 
 3. Declares marriage of Edward IV. invalid. Accepts the 
 Crown, June 26. 
 
 B Richard as King, appeals for national support as the restorer 
 of the national liberties. 
 
 1. Parliament again convoked. 148 L
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 75 
 
 2. Measures of reform. 
 
 a "Benevolences" declared illegal. 
 
 b Interests of commerce protected by enactments. 
 
 c " Freedom for artificer or merchant stranger, of what 
 nation or country he be, to bring into this realm 
 and sell any manner of books, written or im- 
 printed." 
 
 d Liberation of unenfranchised bondmen on the Royal 
 domain. 
 
 e Seizure of goods before conviction of felony made 
 illegal. 
 
 Fall of Richard. 
 
 1. Disappearance and alleged murder of Edward V. and 
 Richard of York. 
 
 2. Failure of revolt raised by Buckingham, constable of 
 England. Nov. 1483. 
 
 3. Morton, Bishop of Ely, supports claim of Henry, Earl of 
 Richmond, descended on the mother's side from John of 
 Gaunt, through the House of Somerset (Beauforts) — see 
 table of the rival claims (Henry VI., E !.)• Proposed 
 marriage of Henry to Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 
 to unite the claims of the Houses. 
 
 4. Landing of Richard at Milford Haven. Battle of Bosworth 
 Market (near Leicester). Death of Richard ; Richmond 
 crowned on the field of battle. Aug. 22, 1485. 
 
 IDcniD Vll. 1485—1509. 
 
 A The Revolts. P. 295. 
 
 1. Lambert Simnel personates Edward, Earl of Warwick, a 
 prisoner in the Tower, the last male Planias;enet : recog- 
 nised in Ireland, defeated at Stoke, June 16, and made a 
 scullion in the Royal kitchen. 1487. 
 
 2. Pcrkin Warbeck personates Richard, Duke of York : recog- 
 nised by his aunt, Margaret of Burgundy, Charles VIII. 
 of France, and James IV. of Scotland : finally captured at 
 Beaulieu, and after two years imprisonment hanged at 
 Tyburn. 1499. 
 
 The introduction of gimpowder makes resistance to the Crown 
 impossible, as the artillery is in the King's possession. 
 
 B Henry VII. as a King. Resumption of Policy of Edward IV. 
 Pp. 295—297. 
 
 1. Thouirh his right to the Crown rests on Parliamentary 
 sanction, yet Parliament is only once convened during the 
 last thirteen years of his reign. 1496 — 1509. 
 
 2. The King's aim is to accumulate a treasure to make himself 
 independent of Parliament, by means of economy, benevo-
 
 76 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 lences, fines, subsidies granted under pretext of a French 
 war (1492), aided in this by Cardinal Morton. 
 
 3. The power of the barons kept down 
 
 a by the enforcement of the Statute of Liveries (Edward 
 IV.) ; 
 
 b by the revival of the m;;z/;m/ jurisdiction of the Royal 
 
 Council. 
 
 4, Po\yer given to justices of assize, or conservators of the 
 peace, to try all cases except those of treason or felony 
 without a jury. (Repealed at opening of next reign). 
 
 C The New Learning. Pp. 297—301. 
 
 1. The age of the Renascence. " The discovery of the world 
 and of fiian." 
 
 a The discovery of the world. Copernicus, Vasco di 
 Gama, Columbus, Cabot. 
 
 b The discovery of man. The travels of Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci. Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman 
 Turks under Mahomet II. (May 29, 1453), and 
 flight of the Greek scholars to Italy. " iMen opened 
 their eyes and saw." 
 
 Re-discovery of the lost Greek poetry, philosophy, 
 and art. " Greece crosses the Alps." 
 
 c Florence, the home of the Renascence, as formerly 
 of Liberty. From Florence Oxford receives physical 
 science in Linacre, and rational Christianity in 
 Colel. 
 
 D The Oxford Reformers : Colet, Erasmus, afterwards More. 
 
 1. Colet, the representative of the English Renascence, religious 
 
 and social rather than artistic. The aim of Colet's theology 
 — a vivid realisation of the person of Christ. '•'■ About the 
 rest let divines dispute as they will. " 
 
 2. Erasmus, the representative of the union of culture and 
 
 liberal religion. Studies Greek at Oxford, introduces it at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 E Foreign Relations. Pp. 302, 303. 
 
 1. France centralised and made more powerful by Lewis XL; 
 the great feudatories being extinguished, and war with 
 England twice avoided. 1474 and 1492. 
 
 2. Spain formed into one great state by the union of Castile 
 and AiTagon, and enriched by the discovery of the New 
 World. 
 
 3. Alliance between Henry and Spain to recover Guienne. 
 1489. Marriage between Arthur of England and Catherine 
 of Arragon. 1501. After the death of Arthur, a papal 
 dispensation obtained for the marriage of his youngest son 
 Henry to Catherine. 1502.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 77 
 
 4. Hcnr/s eldest daughter Margaret married to James IV. of 
 Scotland. 1502. 
 
 F Death of the King. April 21, 1509. 
 
 P.^enry FHL 1509-1547. 
 
 A Accession of Henry VIII. Hopes of a new order. P. 301. 
 
 1. Execution of Empson and Dudley, thereby condemnation of 
 his father's extortions. 
 
 2. The King stWl young; and a friend of the New Learning. 
 
 . Erasmus writes the " Praise of Folly," an ironical song of 
 triumph over the old world of ignorance vanishing away. 
 1510. 
 Exhortations of Colet, now Dean of S. Paul's. 1505. 
 
 B Disappointment of these early hopes. 
 
 1. Attempt of the French to conquer Italy under Charles A^'III. 
 and Lewis XII. French "chased beyond the Alps" by 
 Pope Julius II. as head of the Italian States, supported by 
 Spain and England. 1512. 
 
 2. English invasion of France and battle of the Spurs. Scotch 
 invasion of Engkmd and battle of Flodden. Desertion of 
 Henry by Ferdinand, Sept. 19, 1513, and consequent peace 
 with France, England having gained nothing by the war. 
 1514. 
 
 C The New Learning. Pp. 303—316. 
 
 1. Opposition to the war. The tirst time religion dissociates 
 itself from the horrors of war. 
 
 2. Education favoured by Wolsey's peace policy and the 
 election of a liberal Pope, Leo X. 
 
 a Foundation of S. Paul's school by Colet. 1512. The 
 expulsion of the scholastic logic to make room for 
 Greek ; sympathy made the first requisite for 
 teaching, followed by the foundation of grammar 
 schools all over the country under Henry VIII., 
 Edward VI., and Elizabeth. 
 
 3 Revival of Cambridge under Erasmus, Fisher ; at 
 (9r/^;v/ foundation of Corpus Christi with a Greek 
 lectureship by Bishop Fox, of a professorship of 
 Greek by the Crown, of Cardinal College bv 
 Wolsey. 
 
 3. Religious aims of the New Learning. 
 
 a Not a rcfonn of doctrine so much as a reform of life 
 
 and personal worship of Christ. 
 b A sound biblical criticism and freedom of inquiry. 
 c Hence a gradual separation between the New Learning 
 
 and the dogmatic system of Luther.
 
 is ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4. Social and political aims ot the New Learning best seen in 
 Thomas More's Utopia (Nowhere). 1516. 
 a Character of More. 
 
 1 Sense of public duty. 
 
 (a) " First to look to God, and after God to the 
 King." 
 
 (d) His resistance to Henry VII. 's demand for a 
 heavy subsidy. " A beardless boy has dis- 
 appointed the King's purpose." Forced to 
 abandon public life till the King's death. 
 
 2 Affection for his wife and children and friends. 
 "When did nature mould a temper more gentle, 
 
 and endearing, and happy, than the temper of 
 Thomas More ? " 
 
 3 His intellectual activity. His life of Edward V. 
 
 (derived from Cardinal Morton) the first work 
 written in Modern English prose (written during 
 his forced retirement from public life). 
 
 d The Utopia. 
 
 1 Labour. The end of labour laws is the good of 
 
 the labourers, not as in England to strengthen 
 the rich against the poor. The period of toil 
 shortened to nine hours a day, that labourers may 
 garnish their minds, " for herein they conceive 
 the felicity of life to consist." 
 
 2 Ptiblic health. Light, air, comfort, cleanliness, 
 
 necessary for morality. 
 
 3 Crime. 
 
 {a) Prevention, i.e., Education more effective than 
 
 Punishment. 
 {b) Punishment should be proportioned to the 
 
 crime. " The end of all punisliment is the 
 
 destruction of vice and the saving of 
 
 men." 
 
 4 Religion. 
 
 {a) Religion made to rest on nature and reason, 
 hence atheists and disbelievers in immortality 
 excluded from office as irrational. 
 
 ib) Religious toleration extended to all, for they 
 are " perstiaded that it is not in a 7nan's 
 power to believe what he list." 
 
 {c) Liberty of conscience combined with religious 
 unity and a common worship ; contrast with 
 this the strife of the Reformation (which 
 begins the next year, 1517). 
 
 D Wolsey. 1515—1531. Pp. 316—324. 
 
 1. Aim of Wolscy's foreign policy to secure a French alliance, 
 i.e., to secure peace.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 79 
 
 2. Aim of Wolscy's home policy, to use peace to advance 
 despotism. 
 
 a By means of the law-courts and legal decisions in 
 favour of the royal prerogative. 
 
 l> By means of concentration of power into the hands of 
 a single minister. Wolscy presides over the Law 
 as Chancellor, over the Church as Legate — thus 
 accustoming men to what afterwards became the 
 royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters. In con- 
 sequence of crush of business in Chancery, sub- 
 ordinate courts — e.(;., that of the Master of the 
 Rolls — appointed to relieve it. 
 
 c By personal government without Parliament. 1515 — 
 1522. 
 
 3. In spite of Wolsey's opposition (shewn in the attitude of 
 Buckingham, 1521, and the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 
 1520) Henry VIII. joins with his nephew, the Emperor 
 Charles V. in declaring war against France, " to regain his 
 lost inheritance." 1522. 
 
 4. Parliament therefore summoned, after eight years' interval, 
 to provide for war expenses. Wolsey attempts to raise a 
 forced loan, fails ; falls back on a property-tax of twenty per 
 cent. 1524. Forced by the Commons to accept one of ten 
 per cent.; he demands a second forced loan, finally volun- 
 tary benevolences, but is driven to abandon his claim even 
 to benevolences in consequence of the discontent, especially 
 in London, Kent, and Suffolk. 
 
 5. Prevalence of agrarian discontent, owing to the increase of 
 sheep-farming on a large scale, and the throwing together 
 of small holdings, increased by the breaking up of the old 
 feudal households (Edward IV. B 2. b, and Henry VII. B 
 2. a). M ore's only remedy, the gradual introduction of the 
 woollen manufacture. 
 
 6. The divorce. 
 
 a Battle of Pavia and prostration of France. Henry, 
 getting no advantage from Spanish success, is 
 induced by Wolsev to make peace with France. 
 1525. 
 
 b Wolsey supports the idea of a divorce between Henry 
 and Catherine, his b/'otJier's widow, in order to 
 make a deadly quarrel between England and Spain, 
 and hopes to negotiate a French marriage. 
 
 c Flenry defeats Wolsey's plans by announcing his re- 
 solve to marry Anne Boleyn. 1527. 
 
 d In spite of the general disapproval of the divorce and 
 second marriage, a Papal Commission is procured 
 for the Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio to try the 
 facts of the case. Delays of the Cardinals in 
 procedure : and adjournment to consult the PopC; 
 Clement VII.
 
 80 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 7. Fall of Wolsey. 1529, 1530. 
 
 a Wolsey banished from the Court for lack of zeal in 
 furthering Henry's second marriage. 
 
 b Ministry of Norfolk and More. Attempt made to 
 settle the divorce by negotiation with Charles V., 
 and by the support of Parliament. 
 
 c Wolsey prosecuted for acting as Papal Legate in 
 England, and thus transgressing the Statute of 
 Praemunire. 
 
 d Wolsey at York ; through jealousy at his popularity in 
 the North arrested for high treason ; dies on his 
 way to London. Nov. 29, 1530. 
 
 8. Political character of Wolsey. 
 
 The one object of Jus public life to serve his King, not 
 to serve his country, but the latter years of Hetirys 
 reign are far more tyrannical than those guided by 
 Wolsey s counsel. 
 
 E Cromwell. 1530—1540. Pp. 325—340- 
 
 1, Cromwell's earlier life. Pp. 325, 326. 
 
 a After being a soldier in Italy, and a merchant and 
 
 scrivener in Flanders, he enters Wolsey's service. 
 
 1517. Faithful to him even in his fall. 
 b Gains the ear of the King by his faithfulness to Wolsey, 
 
 and advises him to settle the divorce by his own 
 
 supremacy. 
 
 2. Ministry of Norfolk and More. 1530. Pp. 326—328. 
 
 a Parliament again summoned. Close of Wolsey's 
 policy of absolutism. 
 
 b More's policy as Chancellor : religious reform taken up 
 as a national matter and combined with the pre- 
 servation of the unity of the Church. 
 
 1 A remonstrance against the legislation of the Clergy 
 
 in Convocation without the consent of the nation 
 (see Edward I. E 1. _/), and against other eccle- 
 siastical abuses ; the clergy restricted from lay 
 employments ; pluralities restrained, and a cor- 
 rect translation of the Bible undertaken. 
 
 2 Laws against sectaries strictly enforced. 
 
 c Fall of the ministry owing to the failure of its negotia- 
 tions for divorce. 
 I The Pope (Clement VIL) anxious to obtain the 
 restoration of Florence from Charles V. delays 
 /' ., ^ his decision. 
 
 ■^ . 2* Cranmer proposes an appeal to the Universities of 
 
 C V/ ^' I Europe. T he result adverse to the King. 
 
 . . , f 3. Cromwell's policy. Pp. 328 — 334. 
 
 a The King to declare himself Head of the Church 
 within his realm, and obtain the divorce from his 
 own courts.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 81 
 
 h The Church (the only surviving check on the royal 
 absolutism) to be reduced to a department of the 
 State, and all authority to be concentrated in the 
 Crown. 
 
 1 The clergy fined for accepting Wolsey's authority 
 
 as Legate (under the Statute of Praemunire) and 
 forced to acknowledge the King as ''■Protector 
 and only sic p rente Head jf the Church and Clergy 
 of England." 1531. 
 
 2 Remonstrance of the Pope (Clement VII.) followed 
 
 by the Statute of Appeals, forbidding all further 
 appeals to the Courfof Rome, and the coronation 
 of Anne Boleyn. The King's marriage with 
 Katherine proclaimed null and void. 1533. 
 
 3 Bishops to be appointed by the King : chapters 
 
 compelled to act on the King's conge d'elire (still 
 in force, though practically the appointment has 
 passed from the King in person to the Minister 
 who represents the will of the nation). 
 
 4 The Act of Supre?nacy, vesting all authority, eccle- 
 
 siastical as well as civil, in the Crown, and the 
 Act of Succession sanctioning the marriage with 
 Anne Boleyn and declaring the religious validity 
 of the divorce. 1534. 
 
 5 Cromwell appointed as Vicar-General (the King's 
 
 representative in all matters ecclesiastical). 
 1535. 
 {a) The pulpits "tuned" by means of preaching 
 
 licences, and thus made instruments of the 
 
 Royal Power. 
 
 {b) A purified Catholicism to be the religion of 
 the land ; based on the Bible, the three 
 Creeds, the thiee Sacraments (Baptism, the 
 Lord's Supper, Penance), Transubstantiation, 
 Justification by Faith, prayers but not masses 
 for the dead, general retention of the cere- 
 monies of the Church, but suppression of 
 pilgrimages and discouragement of image 
 and relic worship. 
 
 {c) Translation into English of the Creed, the 
 Lord's Prayer, and the Ten Commandments, 
 preliminary to the translation of the Bible 
 by Coverdale, which is issued 1536. 
 {li) Dissolution of the monasteries whose income 
 falls below 200/. a year ; their revenues 
 granted to the Crown. 1536. Practically 
 the realisation of the aims of Erasmus and 
 the New Learning, but brought about by 
 brute force, not by enlightemnent. 
 4, The Reign of Terror. Pp. 334— 337. 
 
 a An organised spy-system. " Men felt as if a scorpion 
 
 F
 
 82 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 lay sleeping- under every stone ; " even silence 
 interpreted into misprision of treason. 
 b The Executions. The Church, the New Learning, the 
 Baronage, struck at through their noblest repre- 
 sentatives, the Carthusians, Bishop Fisher, Thomas 
 More, Lady Salisbury. 
 
 1 Seven of the Brethren of the Charter House 
 
 hanged, five imprisoned in Newgate till they 
 died, for unsatisfactory answers about the Royal 
 Supremacy. 
 
 2 Bishop Fisher, of Rochester, "the most inflexibly 
 
 honest Churchman of the age," beheaded, for 
 refusal to take the oath of supremacy. June 22 
 1535. 
 
 3 Thomas More. 
 
 («) More (the representative of the New Learning) 
 resigns the Chancellorship. Civil freedom 
 too dear a price for religious reform. 
 
 [b) Imprisoned for refusal to take the part of the 
 oath of succession, declaring the religious 
 validity of the divorce ; executed July 2, 
 1535. (See Froude's account of his death.) 
 
 5. The Revolts. Pp. 337 — 339. 
 
 a In Lincolnshire, religious and agrarian discontent. 
 1536. 
 
 b In Yorkshire and Durham, the Pilgrimage of Grace, 
 meeting of a Parliament of the North at Pomfret, 
 to obtain reunion with the Catholic Church, the 
 recognition of Princess Mary, Catherine's daughter, 
 as heir, the restoration of the monasteries, the fall 
 of Cromwell. 1536, 1537. 
 
 c The Pilgrimage dispersed by the promise of a Free 
 Parliament at York. 
 
 d Ruthless execution of those concerned in the Pilgrim- 
 age. Lady Buhner burnt at tJie stake. Execution 
 of Lord Montague (elder brother of Reginald Pole) 
 and attainder and imprisonment of Margaret 
 Plantagoiet {the last of the race), Countess of 
 Salisbury, on the charge of treasonable correspond- 
 ence with her son (Reginald Pole), author of "The 
 Unity of the Church," in which he appealed to the 
 Emperor to execute the bull of deposition by Pope 
 Paul IV. 1538. Margaret executed 1541. 
 
 e The suppression of the revolts followed by the disso- 
 lution of the greater abbeys. 1539. 
 
 6. The success of Cromwell's measures involves the ruin of his 
 policy. Pp. 340—342. 
 
 a The wealth proceeding from dissolution of the lesser 
 monasteries (1536) and the greater abbeys (1539) 
 spent by Cromwell in forming a Royal party.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 83 
 
 Hence the rise of a new aristocracy, {e.g., Russells, 
 Cavendishes,) and consequent reappearance of 
 political independence among the nobles. 
 
 b Cromwell's religious changes inspire new energy into 
 the people at large, for which a centre is provided 
 by Cromwell himself through his revival of Parlia- 
 ments. 
 
 7, The Protestants. Pp. 342 — 347. 
 
 a The Protestants before the quarrel with Rome. 
 
 1 Tyndale revives the religious side of Lollardism. 
 
 His Scriptures and tracts (printed in Germany) 
 read eagerly at Cambridge and Oxford, in spite 
 of Wolsey's interference. 
 
 2 Latimer (born 1490), a Cambridge student, the 
 
 greatest of English popular preachers, not a 
 theologian, but a moral reformer. Protected 
 from persecution by Wolsey, as patron of the 
 New Learning. 
 
 3 Wolsey's fall followed by keener measures against 
 
 the sectaries under Norfolk and More (1530). 
 
 b The quarrel with Rome, followed by an outbreak of 
 Protestant violence ; destruction of images, and 
 travesties of the mass " hocus-pocus." 
 
 c Consequent reaction of the King and nation. 
 
 1 The Law of the Six Articles, sanctioning transub- 
 
 stantiation, communion in one kind, celibacy of 
 the clergy, monastic vows, private masses, auric- 
 ular confession. 1539. 
 
 2 Revival of persecution : arrested by Cromwell's 
 
 counter-influence. 
 
 8. Fall of Cromwell. Pp. 347, 348. 
 
 a To the last, sole administrator of all departments of 
 the State, and president of the Star Chambi.r 
 {representing tlie criminal jurisdiction of the Royal 
 Council in cases where justice was baffled by the 
 power of the offenders In the Lower Courts). See 
 Henry IL E 2, and Table of Law Courts. 
 
 b After the execution of Anne Boleyn for adultery (1536), 
 and the death of Jane Seymour in childbirth (1537), 
 Cromwell negotiates a marriage with Anne of 
 Cleves, /;/ order to form a league of the North 
 German Princes and France for the overthrow of 
 the Empire. (This if carried out might have saved 
 the Thirty Years' War.) 
 
 c Failure of the political project ; discontent of Henry 
 with his bride and with Cromwell. Cromwell 
 arrested for treason, and condemned without being 
 heard, "judged bv the bloody laws himself had 
 made." July 28, 1510. 
 
 F 2
 
 84 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d Devotion to the King not loyalty to the law his guiding 
 principle. He loved the King no less than he loved 
 God. 
 
 F The last Years of Henry VIII. 1540—1547. P. 349- 
 
 1. Separation from Anne of Cleves, and marriage with Cathe- 
 rine Howard, beheaded for unchastity. Feb. 12, 1542. 
 Marriage with Catherine Parr. 1543. 
 
 2. Norfolk resumes his previous policy, religious reform and 
 preservation of unity by means of a general council. 
 
 3. Treaty between England and the Emperor Charles V., to 
 bring about a General Council for the Purification of the 
 Church. 1543 — 1546. War with France in conjunction 
 with the Emperor ; Boulogne held in pledge by the English 
 for the payment of the war expenses. 1544. 
 
 4. Council meets at Trent. Disappointment of Norfolk's hopes. 
 Establishment of Inquisition in Flanders by Charles V. 
 1543. 
 
 5. Reaction of Norfolk towards Rome in consequence of his 
 failure in a middle course ; burning of Anne Ascue for 
 denying transubstantiation. 
 
 6. Henry, determined not to go back to obedience to Rome, 
 changes the mass into a communion service, imprisons 
 Norfolk, makes Lord Hertford, brother of Jane Seymour, 
 head of the Council of Regency. 1547. 
 
 7. The Crown settled by Parliament on Henry's children 
 (Edward, Mary, Elizabeth) and their heirs ; in failure of 
 them bequeathed by Henry to the descendants not of his 
 elder sister Margaret (married to James IV. of Scotland), 
 but to his younger sister Mary (married to the Duke of 
 Suffolk). (See Table at beginning of Mary's reign.) 
 
 8. Death of Henry VIII. January 28, 1547. 
 
 G Henry and his People. Perfect fear cast out love. 
 
 ^titoartJ F3I. 1547—1553. 
 
 A Chief Points in which the Reformed is Opposed to the 
 Old Religion. (See Hallam, Const. Hist., chap. II.) 
 
 1. Substitution of English for the old Latin Ritual. 
 
 2. Removal of images from churches, leading to wanton de 
 struction, and defacement of them. 
 
 3. The rejection of the popular deities (virgin and saints) of 
 the Old Religion, and of prayers and masses for the dead. 
 
 4. Disuse (though without formal condemnation) of Auricular 
 Confession. 
 
 5. Rejection of the old doctrine of Transubstantiation in the 
 T.tid's Supper. The Reformers divided between three 
 theories :
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 85 
 
 a The Theory of Luther — Consubstantiation. The two 
 substances so united that the elements may either 
 be called bread and wine, or the body and blood. 
 
 d The Theory of Zwingle and the Calvinists. The 
 Lord's Supper a commemoration, the bread and 
 wine merely symbols. 
 
 c The Theory of Bucer, Christ's body and blood not 
 locally present in the elements, but really, and 
 •without figure, received by the worthy commu- 
 nicants through faith. A real but not a corporeal 
 presence. 
 
 6. Release of the priesthood from its obligation to celibacy. 
 
 B The Protectorate of Lord Hertford, afterwards Duke of 
 Somerset. 1547—1549. Pp. 35°, 35 1- 
 
 1. Somerset, in defiance of Henry's will, expels the representa- 
 tives of the Old Religion from the Council of Regency, and 
 seizes the sole power with the title of Protector. 
 
 2. Somerset's invasion of Scotland, in pursuance of his policy 
 to unite England and Scotland by a marriage between 
 Edward and I\Lan,' Stuart, daughter of James V. Defeat 
 of the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh. Sept. 10, 1547. Mary 
 however married to Francis, Dauphui of France, son of 
 Henry IL 
 
 3. Somerset seeks popularity by retreating from Henry's posi- 
 tion of pure absolutism. Repeal of the statute giving royal 
 proclamations the force of law. 
 
 4. Prohibitions of LoUardry removed ; law of Six Articles 
 repealed ; images ordered to be removed from churches ; 
 Communion administered in both kinds, and in English ; 
 a Catechism drawn up by Cran/nerj an English Book of 
 Common Prayer put forth. 1548. 
 
 5. Imprisonment of Gardiner for denouncing all ecclesiastical 
 changes made in the King's minority. Restrictions in 
 preaching and " tuning " of the pulpits. 
 
 6. Opposition to the Protector. 1549. 
 
 a Lord Seymour of Sudcly marries Queen Catherine 
 Parr, and plots against his brother the Protector. 
 Executed without a trial, March 20, 1549. 
 
 b In the West (Cornwall and Devon), from religious 
 discontent. 
 
 c In the East (Norfolk), from agrarian discontent ; the 
 demands of the insurgents not discouraged by the 
 Protector, hence his resignation. 1549. Execution 
 of Somerset, Jan. 22, 1552. 
 
 C The Protectorate of Warwick, afterwards Duke of North- 
 umberland, and Increase of Protestant Misrule. 15 i9 
 —1553. Pp. 351-353- 
 1. Revision of the Prayer Book, a nearer apjM-oach made to 
 tlie Protestantism of Geneva : framing of the Forty-tw o
 
 86 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Articles of Religion, to be signed by all clerg}'men and 
 schoolmasters. 1552. 
 
 2. Quarrels among the Protestants ; no uniformity or even 
 decency ir ritual ; decrease in the number of students at the 
 Universities. 
 
 3. Foundation of grammar schools out of the spoils of the 
 monasteries, the one noble measure of the time. 
 
 4. General misrule, both under Somerset and Warwick. 
 
 a Royal expenditure four times as great as before. 
 
 b Crown lands given away to personal friends of the 
 two Protectors. 
 
 c Debasement of the coinage. 
 
 d Surrender of Boulogne to France (see Henry VIII. 
 F 3.), to prevent its being taken. 
 
 iNarg. 1553—1558. 
 
 A Northumberland's (Warwick's) "Plan" to Regulate the 
 Succession. Pp. 353> 354- 
 
 1. Table showing the descendants of daughters of Henry VII. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 I 
 
 I I 
 
 James IV. (i) = Margaret = Earl of Angus (2) Mary = Duke of 
 
 I Suffolk 
 
 James V. Margaret Douglas 
 
 Frances Brandon 
 
 1 
 
 ^/"P^""" = Mary = Lord Darnley Earl of Jane Gray Catherine 
 
 of France 
 
 Lennox 
 
 Grev 
 
 James I. 
 
 Edward Seymour 
 
 Arabella ==V/illiam Seymour. 
 
 2. The settlement of the succession, though confirmed by Act 
 of Parliament, illegally altered. Mary and Elizabeth passed 
 over as bastards ; Jane Grey, grand-daughter of Marj^, 
 younger daughter of Henr>' VII., named as successor, to the 
 exclusion of her mother, Frances Brandon, and married to 
 Northumberland's son, Guildford Dudley. 
 
 3. Failure of the " plan," owing to the discontent of the nation. 
 Even in Protectant London "not one calls 'God speed 
 ye.'" Imprisonment of Northumberland and Jane Grey. 
 1553.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 87 
 
 4, Renction in favour of the old relifjion, except in the matter 
 of the confiscation of the Church lands and the rejection of 
 the Papal supremacy. 
 
 B The Spanish Marriage (with Philip, son of Charles V.), Pp. 
 354—356. 
 
 1. Mary attracted to the marriage partly by religious, partly by 
 political reasons, to secure herself against the claims of Mary 
 Stuart, married to the Dauphin of f" ranee. 
 
 2. Discontent of the English : the marriage involves the ruin of 
 the >\"e\v Religion, and also the New Learning. Insurrection 
 of Kent, under Sir Thomas Wyatt, through hatred of the 
 Spaniards, crushed by the courage of the Queen. 1554. 
 
 3. The Queen's revenge. Execution of Jane Grey, Suffolk 
 (her father), and Thomas Wyatt. 1554. 
 
 4. Marriage of Mary and Philip at Winchester. July, 1554. 
 
 C The Submission to Rome and the Protestant Martyrs. 
 
 1. Arrival of Reginald Pole, as Papal Legate ; the Houses of 
 Parliament receive absolution on their knees. Nov. 30 
 1554. 
 
 2. Opposition of Parliament to a purdy Catholic policy. 
 Refusal to settle the succession on Philip or to give up the 
 Church lands. 
 
 3. Effect produced by the Protestants, who know at least how to 
 die. 
 
 a Revival of the Statute de Haeretico Comburendo (see 
 Henry IV. A 2.)- Martyrdom of Taylor, vicar of 
 Hadleigh. 
 
 b Martyrdom of Bishop Hooper at Gloucester ; of Bishop 
 Ferrars, at Carmarthen ; of Bishops Latimer and 
 Ridley, at Oxford. Oct. 16, 1555. 
 
 c Recantation and martyrdom of Cranmer, the second 
 Bishop in Western Christendom ; these martyr- 
 doms, especially that of Cranmer, the death-blow 
 to Catholicism in England. 
 
 'O' 
 
 D The Death of Mary. Pp. 360, 361. 
 
 1. Departure of Philip, partly owing to the failure of the 
 Catholic policy, partly owing to Mary's childlessness. 
 
 2. Persecution urged on by Mary. Growing indignation of the 
 people. " You have lost the hearts of twenty thousand 
 that were rank Papists within these twelve months." 
 
 3. War with France to support Philip. Capture of Calais bv 
 the Duke of Guise, the last English possession in Fnnce. 
 Jan. 7, 1558. 
 
 4. Death of Mary. Nov. 17, 1558.
 
 88 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 15lt?nbcHj. 1558-1603. 
 
 A The Time. P. 362. 
 
 1. Defeat abroad (France mistress of the Channel, and the old 
 social discontent at home. 
 
 2. Religiously, the party of the New Learning dissolved ; the 
 Protestants fiercer, the Catholics bound closer to Rome. 
 
 3. The stvle and arms of an English Sovereign adopted by 
 Mary Stuart of Scotland, wife of Francis IL of France. 
 
 4. Exhaustion of the Treasury by the Protestant misrule under 
 Edward, Mary's attempted restoration of the Church lands, 
 and French war. 
 
 B The Character of Elizabeth, Pp- 362—370. 
 
 1. Beneath her love of pleasure and flattery her nature, purely 
 intellectual, hard as steel, untinctured by the affections. 
 
 2. Her policy marked by a woman's simphcity and tenacity of 
 purpose. 
 
 a In the choice of her aims—to preserve her throne, to 
 
 keep England out of war, to restore order. 
 b In the pursuit of her aims. 
 
 1 The rejection of large schemes of ambition, e.^., 
 
 the presidency of a Protestant league and the 
 sovereignty of the Low Countries. 
 
 2 Her scheming policy, which gains time, i.e., 
 
 strength. 
 
 3 Her self-confidence and vigour, when she believes 
 
 she is strong enough to act. 
 c In the selection of the right men to carry out her aitns 
 — statesmen, financiers, discoverers, divines. 
 
 3. Her real greatness lies in her power over her people^ gained 
 
 a By the wide range of her sympathies. 
 
 h By the wisdom and vigour of her government. 
 
 c By her boldness in the solution of the agrarian diffi- 
 culty through the system of poor-laws. 
 
 d By her economy and maintenance of peace. 
 
 e By the absence (especially in her earlier years) of 
 persecution. 
 
 / By her respect for the opinion of the people (as in the 
 surrender of monopolies). 
 
 g By her love for the people. " No worldly thing jindcr 
 the su>i is so dear to me as the love a)id goodwill of 
 my subjects." 
 
 4. Her life marked by a terrible loneliness. 
 
 a The loneliness of her position. The last of the 
 Tudor.s, " I am but a barren stock." Marrias:©
 
 OF THE ENGLISH TEOrLE. 89 
 
 impossible to her owing to the strife between the 
 Old and New Religion. 
 
 b Moral isolation : her nature purely intellectual without 
 love and without hate (see her ingratitude to Drake 
 in the matter of stores against the Armada, to 
 Walsingham, to Davison). 
 
 c Religious isolation from her people and the religious 
 feelings of the time. Public order her leading 
 idea. No conception of theological zeal, hence her 
 requirement of outer conformity, which "leaves 
 opinion free." 
 
 C The Settlement of Religion. Pp. 369—372. 
 
 1. Elizabeth at first adopts her father's policy — royal supremacy 
 and dissolution of the monasteries, with the addition of 
 freedom of conscience. 
 
 2. Driven on by the Protestant feeling of the people, she gives 
 up the celibacy of the clergy and the use of the crucifix. 
 
 3. Appointment of Parker as Primate to restore order in 
 discipline and worship. 1559. 
 
 a Catholics forbidden, by a prohibition from Rome, to be 
 present at the new worship. Absentees thereupon 
 fined for " recusancy." 1562. 
 
 b Thirty-nine Articles (of Edward's forty-two) constituted 
 the Standard of Belief. 1563. 
 
 c A commission appointed to enforce the Act of Uni- 
 formity in Pubhc Worship. 1564. 
 
 D Elizabeth and Scotland. Pp. 372—374- 
 
 1, History of Scotland from the beginning of the Hundred 
 Years' War. 1339. (See Edward I. A 2, and Edward II. 
 
 B.) 
 
 a Scotland as an ally of France in the war. 
 
 1 Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, October 
 
 12, 1346. David Bruce defeated and kept a 
 prisoner till 1357. 
 
 2 Raids and skirmishes such as Otterburn (near the 
 
 Reed), where a dead Douglas wins the field, 
 August 19, 1388 (see the ballad of Chevy 
 Chase) ; and Homildon Hill, September 14, 
 1402. 
 b The power of the Crown sinks into insignificance. 
 Strife between the Houses of Douglas and of 
 March. Invasion by Donald of the Isles and 
 the Highlanders of the West. Donald defeated 
 at Harlaw (near Aberdeen), July 21, 1411. The 
 Lowlands saved from the rule of the Celt. 
 c Return of James I. from his captivity and education 
 in England, 1424. Organisation of Scotland, and 
 submission of the Highland clans. Murder of 
 James. 1436.
 
 90 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d Strife between the House of Douglas and the Crown. 
 Final supremacy of the Crown in the Lowlands by 
 the defeat of the Douglases at Arkinholm (in 
 Eskdale), 1454.; in the Highlands by the annexa- 
 tion of Orkney and Shetland as pledges for the 
 payment of the marriage dowry of Margaret of 
 Norway, 1469, find by the breaking up of the 
 Lordship of the Isles. 1504. 
 
 e Marriage of James IV. to Margaret Tudor, daughter 
 of Henry VII. 1502. 
 
 / Henry VIII. revives claim of English supremacy. 
 
 1 Invasion of England by James IV., and battle of 
 
 Flodden. Sept3mb2r 9, 1513. 
 
 2 James V. intrigues with the English CathoHcs, 
 
 defeated by Somerset at Solway Moss. Birth of 
 Mary Stuart. "It came with a lass, and it will 
 go with a lass." 1542. 
 
 3 Somerset's invasion of Scotland to bring about 
 
 marriage of Edward VI. and Mary Stuart. 
 Fruitless victory of Somerset at Pinkie Cleugh 
 (near Musselburgh), 1547. Mary of Lorraine 
 (widow of James V. and Regent) marries Mary 
 Stuart to Francis II. then Dauphin of France, 
 leading in consequence to the counter-marriage 
 between Mar>' of England and Philip of Spain. 
 
 2, Elizabeth's accession and Mary Stuart's claims to the 
 English Crown. 
 
 a Elizabeth gains a year by raising the hopes of the 
 English Catholics as to her conversion, while she 
 intrigues with the Scotch Protestant nobles, " The 
 Lords of the Congregation." 
 
 b Ehzabeth suddenly attacks the French force in Scot- 
 land. Siege and capitulation of Leith. Treaty 
 of Edinburgh, and admission by the French of 
 Elizabeth's title. 1560. 
 
 3. Mary Stuart. Pp. 375 — 384. 
 
 a Death of Francis II., and landing of Mary Stuart in 
 Scotland. 1561. Mary's charm of manner, and 
 political ability, wins to her all Scotchmen except 
 Knox. Refusal of her claim to be recognised in 
 Parlia'-nent as Elizabeth's successor. " I am not 
 so foolish as to hang a winding sheet before my 
 own eyes." France parted from Scotland by the 
 downfall of the Guises, and the supremacy of 
 Catherine of Medicis. 1563. 
 
 b Disappointed in France, Mary appeals to the English 
 Catholics, suffering from the passing of the Test 
 Act (1562), by a marriage with Henry Darnley, 
 grandson of Margaret Tudor, thus uniting their 
 sympathies.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 91 
 
 James IV. = Margaret Tudor = (2) Earl of Angus. 
 
 James V. Margaret Douglas =Earl of Lennox. 
 
 I I 
 
 Mary Stuart = Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. 
 
 c The Darnley murder, Mary ruins her cause by her 
 marriage with the Earl of Both well, the reputed 
 murderer of Lord Darnley. 1567. Mary's surrender 
 to the nobles at Carberry (near Musselburgh), 
 June 15, 1567, and imprisonment at Loch Levcn. 
 
 d Mary in England. Mary escapes from Loch Leven 
 but is defeated at Langsyde (on the Clyde). 1568. 
 She then makes her way to Carlisle, where she 
 demands 
 
 1 Restoration to her Throne. Impossible, without 
 
 public examination of her crimes. 
 
 2 If not a free passage to France. Also impossible, 
 
 without bringing on French intervention in 
 Scotland. 
 e Fruitless attempts of Elizabeth to effect a compromise 
 
 between Regent Murray and Mary. 
 / The Catholic Revolts. 
 
 1 Fierce political strife between Cecil, urging a 
 
 Protestant League, war with Spain, and sur- 
 render of Mary to the Scots, and the Duke of 
 Norfolk (supported by the merchants from their 
 anxiety to keep the Flemish trade), and recog- 
 nition of Mary Stuart as successor to the Crown. 
 
 2 Rising of the Percies and Nevilles. 1569. Fails 
 
 through inaction of the mass of the Catholics in 
 the country. 
 
 3 Bull of excommunication and deposition against 
 
 Elizabeth issued by Pius V. 1571. 
 
 4 Mary wins over Norfolk by hopes of marriage and 
 
 appeals to Spain to interfere with arms. All 
 public magistrates in England compelled to sign 
 the Articles of Faith. (A measure of precaution 
 against suspected treason.) Norfolk and North- 
 umberland executed. 1572. Fears of an English 
 revolt in favour of Mary at an end. 
 
 E The England of Elizabeth. 
 
 1. The removal of the old social and agrarian discontent. 
 (See Edward III. D, Edward IV. B 2.^ ^ Henry VIII. D 
 5., Edward VI. B 6.) 
 
 a A distinction made between "sturdy beggars" and 
 "paupers"; labour made compulsory tor the 
 vagabond, and each parish made responsible for 
 its paupers. 
 b Improvement in methods of agriculture necessitating 
 the employment or a greater number of hanus.
 
 92 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c Development of manufactures (see Henry VIII. Q 5.)« 
 
 1 Woollen manufacture in the West. 
 
 2 Worsted manufacture at Norwich and in the 
 
 Eastern counties. 
 
 3 Iron manufactures in Kent and Sussex beginning 
 
 to be threatened with decline from exhaustion of 
 the forests. 
 
 4 Tin and copper mining in Cornwall. 
 
 5 Mining and manufactures chiefly confined to the 
 
 South and West. But even in the North, friezes 
 made at Manchester, coverlets at York, cloth at 
 Halifax. 
 
 d English commerce encouraged by the peace and order 
 of Elizabeth's reign. 
 
 1 Beginning of the carrying trade, especially with 
 
 Flanders. 
 
 2 Siege and capture of Antwerp by the Duke of 
 
 Parma, and flight of the merchants mainly to 
 London ; transfers the commercial supremacy 
 from Antwerp to London. 
 
 3 Increasing commercial prosperity shown by the 
 
 foundation of the Royal Exchange, by Sir 
 Thomas Gresham, 1566; the growth of Boston, 
 Hull, and the importance of Bristol, as the head- 
 quarters of the trade with Ifehmd, now for the 
 first time conquered and colonised (see Henry II. 
 F). 
 
 4 Expeditions to find a northern passage to India 
 
 leading to the discovery of Archangel and opening 
 of Russian trade. 
 
 5 Voyages to the coast of Guinea for gold-dust and 
 
 ivory leading to the begitinings of the Slave 
 Trade, under John Hawkins. 1562. 
 
 6 Increasing number of English fishers in the 
 
 Channel, German Ocean, off the Coast of 
 Ulster, and in the cod-banks of Newfoundland. 
 
 7 Formation of great merchant companies {e.g., 
 
 Russian and Indian companies). 
 
 e Consequent general well-being of the country. 
 
 1 Growth of luxury. Disuse among the yeomen of 
 
 salt fish for meat, pewter for silver ; large con- 
 sumption of wine. 
 
 2 Rise of the co7iception of domestic comfort: first 
 
 introduction of the chimney corner, and of 
 pillows, carpets, and windows. 
 
 3 Change in architecture shewing the extinction of 
 
 the feudal nobility (see Edward IV. B 2. b, and 
 Henry VIII. D 5.); the Elizabethan hall takes 
 the place of the mediaeval fortress.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 93 
 
 2. State of English Literature. Pp. 390 — 393. 
 
 a As yet little literary effect produced by the Renascence ; 
 intelligence now quickened among the traders by 
 the growth of the grammar schools, translations 
 of Greek and Latin classics {e.g., Chapman's 
 Homer) : among the nobles by the love of foreign 
 travel. 
 
 b Change in historical writing from pure narrative to 
 an attempt to reconstruct the past {e.g., the 
 writings of Daniel) and extension of historical re- 
 search beyond the national bounds {e.g., Knolle's 
 History of the Turks, and Raleigh's History of 
 the World). 
 
 c Influence of Italy on English Literature. 
 
 1 Euphuism (with a " mint of phrases " and " the 
 
 music of its ever vain tongue,'' but proceeding 
 from the delight in increased vocabulary, and 
 greater delicacy of style). 
 
 2 The rise of English prose seen first in Sydney's 
 
 Defence of Poesy, then in the " pamphlets " of 
 Nash and Greene, originally in imitation of the 
 Italian novelettes : in which finally English 
 prose discards euphuism, literature, and descends 
 from the closet to the street. 
 
 3. Political state of the country. Pp. 393 — 397. 
 
 a Theoretically, the power of the Crown remains un- 
 impaired ; practically, exercised with caution and 
 moderation. Edward VL, Mary, and Elizabeth 
 driven to " pack " the Lower House, from the diffi- 
 culty of "managing" it. 
 
 b Increasing wealth of the country gentry shown by 
 discontinuance of the payment of members by 
 their constituencies. 
 
 c Elizabeth, though averse to Parliaments, compelled 
 to call them to procure subsidies ; hence fresh 
 privileges gained by the House of Commons. 
 
 1 Freedom of its members from arrest, save by 
 
 permission of the House. 
 
 2 Freedom of speech on matters of State (though 
 
 resisted by the Queen), notably on the settlement 
 of the succession, the ecclesiastical supremacy 
 of the Crown, and Royal interference with trade 
 {abolition oj monopolies, 1601). 
 
 4. Religious state of the country. Pp. 398 — 402. 
 
 a The new Protestantism. 
 
 1 The growth of a learned and heartily Protestant 
 
 clergy (Hooker, George Herbert). 
 
 2 General revolution in English religious thought 
 
 seen by the increase of Puritanism in the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford.
 
 94 ANALYSIS OF THE PIISTORY 
 
 3 Protestantism and loyalty made almost synonymous 
 
 by the Bull of Deposition published by Pius V. 
 1570. 
 
 4 Protestantism made intenser by Alva's butcheries 
 
 in Flanders and the massacre on S. Bartholo- 
 mew's day in France. 1572. 
 b New outburst of Roman Catholic zeal. 
 
 1 Establishment of a seminary of priests at Douay. 
 
 Influence of the seminary priests on the Roman 
 Catholic gentry, leading to a strict execution of 
 the Test Act and the martyrdom of seminary 
 priests (z>., the English priests educated abroad, 
 chiefly at Douay), such as Cuthbert Mayne. 
 
 2 Establishment of a Jesuit mission in England, 
 
 under Parsons and Campian, both Oxford 
 scholars. 1580. Torture and martyrdom of 
 Campian, and extermination of Jesuits, leading 
 to the severance of the English Roniafi Catholics 
 from the National Church. 
 
 F The Armada. 
 
 1. Horror of Catholic Europe at the Jesuit martyrdoms. Spain 
 only withheld from attacking England by Philip's European 
 ambition, the wide distribution of his domi?iions, and his 
 tmtural timidity, 
 
 2. Elizabeth's Spanish Policy. 
 
 a Originally, to use France as a balance against Spain. 
 France soon powerless through religious strife. 
 
 b Then to use the revolt of the Netherlands "as a bridle of 
 Spain to keep war out of our own gate," hence her 
 refusal of the possession of Holland and Zealand, 
 1575, and her advice to the Netherlands to submit 
 religiously if they retained their political rights. 
 
 3. The Sea-dogs. Pp. 405—407. 
 
 a The balanced neutrality of Elizabeth not shared by the 
 country. 
 
 1 The seamen of the southern coast accept letters of 
 
 marque from the Prince of Condd and the Hu- 
 guenots. The Sea-dogs. 1562. 
 
 2 Englishmen volunteer under the Prince of Orange, 
 
 up finally to the number of five thousand. 1583. 
 b After the suspension of war in France, the " Sea-dogs " 
 sail to the West Indies, selling negroes and making 
 raids on the Spanish Main ; notably Francis Drake, 
 who sails through the Straits of Magellan, sweeps 
 the coasts of Chili and Peru, and returns by the 
 Cape of Good Hope with plunder of half-a-million. 
 1577—1580. Knighted by the Ouccn on his 
 return.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 95 
 
 4. Spanish Policy towards England altered by three events. 
 Pp. 407—409. 
 
 a Assassination of the Prince of Orange (1584), which 
 seems to settle the fate of Flanders, in spite of the 
 exertions of an English army under Leicester. 
 1585. 
 
 b Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, becomes heir to the 
 CrowH of France. Consequent resumption of the 
 religious war in France, to prevent the succession 
 of a Huguenot King; Philip H. thus freed from 
 danger on the side of France. 
 
 c The death of Mary Stuart. February 8, 1587. 
 
 1 The murder of WiUiam of Orange, combined with 
 
 Elizabeth's persecution at home, gives rise to 
 assassination plots among the English Roman 
 Catholics {e.g., Somerville, Parry, Babington). 
 
 2 Consequent indignation of the nation, especially 
 
 with Mary Stuart, as the fomentor of them. 
 Trial and condemnation of Mary ; Elizabeth 
 gives a sullen consent, throwing the responsibility 
 on her ministers ; Mary executed February 8, 
 1587. 
 
 In consequence of this Philip of Spain claitns the 
 succession to the Crown of England as the nearest 
 in blood 0/ the Catholic faith. 
 
 5. The Armada. Pp. 409— 411. 
 
 a At the news of the approaching invasion Drake 
 " singes the Spanish King's beard," by burning the 
 ships in the harbour of Cadiz. 1587. 
 
 b The Duke of Parma collects an army of 30,000 men, 
 and a transport fleet at Cadiz. 1587. The sailing 
 of the Arniada delayed till ne.xt year. 
 
 c The Armada seen off the Lizard. July 29, 1588. 
 
 d The defeat of the Armada. 
 
 1 The Armada harassed by a running fight of a week 
 
 up the Channel to Calais. " Its feathers plucked 
 one by one." 
 
 2 Lord Howard forces an action in Calais Roads, by 
 
 sending fireships among the Spanish fleet. Panic 
 of the Armada ; attempts to make its way back 
 to Spain by sailing round the Orkneys. 
 
 3 The Armada destroyed by the storms, and by the 
 
 wild Islesmenand Irish. (Eight thousand Span- 
 iards lost between Giant's Causeway and the 
 Blaskets.) 
 
 e The causes of the defeat of the Armada.
 
 96 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 1 The increase of the strength of England through 
 
 the quiet of Elizabeth's reign. 
 
 2 The united feeling of the country. (No chance of 
 
 a Roman Catholic rising in favour of a Spanish 
 King.) 
 
 3 The superiority of the English fleet in ships and 
 
 men. English ships twice as fast as the Spanish ; 
 
 Howard (High Admiral) backed by Hawkins, 
 
 Frobisher, Drake. 
 f English military preparations in case of a Spanish 
 landing : an army under Leicester at Tilbury ; the 
 militia of the midland counties gathering on London, 
 the militia of S. and E. guarding the coast. 
 
 G The Elizabethan Poets. 
 
 1. Characteristics of the age. 
 
 a Restlessness and curiosity produced by the discoveries 
 of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo ; the conquests of 
 Cortez and Pizarro ; the voyages of Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci, Jenkinson, Willoughby, and Drake. 
 
 b A special interest in man stimulated by the many 
 voyages and discoveries (seen in Shakespeare's 
 study of Caliban, Bacon's essays, and the popularity 
 of the drama). 
 
 c The thrill of national triumph over the Armada. 
 
 2. Edmund Spenser. 
 
 a Early history of Spenser. A courtier under the patron- 
 age of Sidney and Leicester ; publishes the Shep- 
 herds' Calendar, 1579 ; loses his position at court 
 through Burleigh's ill-will, and leaves for Ireland 
 as Lord Grey's secretary ; finishes the first three 
 books of the Faerie Queen, at Kilcolman, near 
 Cork, 1590. 
 
 b The Faerie ()ueen. 
 
 1 Beginning of the conttimoiis stream of English 
 
 poetry. 
 
 2 An expression of the life of the time ; of the mystic- 
 
 ism of the middle ages, and the intellectual 
 freedom of the revival of letters. 
 
 3 In its religious theory, serious and Puritan to the 
 
 core. The "false Duessa" represents Rome and 
 Mary Stuart ; the end of the poem the Divine 
 glory as the true end of human effort. Spenser's 
 Puritanism free from narrowness. Outer beauty 
 springs from the beauty of the soul within. 
 c The end of Spenser's life. 
 
 Marriage, and completion of other three books of the 
 P'aerie Queen, 1598 ; and of the View of the 
 Present State of Ireland. Revolt in Ireland, burn- 
 ing of Spenser's house at Kilcolman. Spenser
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 97 
 
 himself said to have died from want of bread in 
 an inn at Westminster. 1599. 
 
 3. 'Ihe Elizabethan drama. Pp. 417 — 421. 
 
 a Partly Italian, in its grossness, and its free use of the 
 horrible and unnatural. 
 
 d Resembles the Spanish drama, in its use of the lan- 
 guage of ordinary life, its complicated plot, its 
 intermixture of comedy and tragedy. 
 
 c In its main points the work of the English people. 
 " T/i£ dratna represents the very age and body of the 
 ii?ne, his form and pressure." 
 
 d The first public play-house erected at Blackfriars, by 
 the "Earl of Leicester's servants," 1576. By 1603 
 eighteen play-houses in London alone. 
 
 e Greene and Marlowe representatives of the early 
 dramatists. 
 
 Greene, wild in life but pure in writing, dies in a 
 shoemaker's house. 
 
 " Time loosely spent will not again be won : 
 My time is loosely spent, and 1 undone." 
 Marlowe. 1564—1594. The first historical play- 
 writer, as in his play of Edward II.; the first 
 philosophic dramatist, as in his play of Faustus. 
 
 4. Shakespeare. Pp. 421 — 428. 
 
 a Shakespeare as an actor and refitter of pieces for the 
 stage (Pericles, Titus Andronicus). "Shakescene 
 an upstart crow beautified with our feathers." By 
 this he gains a sense of theatrical necessities, and 
 tests his pieces, as he writes them, by the stage. 
 
 b 1593—1598. The first period of independent creation. 
 
 Venus and Adonis, " the first heir of my invention." 
 
 Love's Labour Lost, "i i j u ^u • . c 
 
 a^ ■ r ,, cu (marked by the gaiety of 
 
 lammg of the Shrew, ) ^. 
 
 r- 1 f T7 I youth. 
 
 Comedy of Errors, j ■' 
 
 The Two Gentlemen of Verona. 
 
 ( The first appear- 
 Midsummer Night's Dream. J ance of rich fancy, 
 Romeo and Juliet. \ and of " resistless 
 
 V Passion." 
 His historical plays (King Richard III., King John, 
 King Henry IV., King Henry V.) marked by a 
 larger and deeper conception of human nature, 
 I-nglish humour, love of hard fighting, belief in 
 the doom of the guilty, pity for the fallen. 
 c 1598—1608. Publication of the Sonnets. 
 
 Merchant of Venice, Merry Wives of Windsor, 
 
 Twelfth Night. 
 As You Like It. Touches of sadness mingling 
 with his laughter. Revolt and execution of Essex, 
 Southampton imprisoned, Pembroke banished 
 
 G
 
 93 ANALYSTS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 from Court (1601), the play of Richard II. possibly 
 suggested by and connected with the revolt. 
 (Gloom of Shakespeare's mind.) Measure for 
 Measure, Hamlet, Lear, Timon, all presenting 
 one idea — the censure of mankind. 
 
 d 1608 — 1616. The classical plays : Caesar, Antony, 
 Coriolanus, the last assertion of the Renascence 
 against the inroads of Puritanism ; ma7i and fuatt's 
 natjtre Shakespeare's chief subject of interest: as to 
 all beyond he is silent, " We are such stuff as dreams 
 are made of, and our little life is rounded by a 
 sleep." 
 
 5. Ben Jonson's Plays. 
 
 a A return to classical severity as against writers who 
 " had small Latin and less Greek." 
 
 b A moral and satirical effort to reform manners. 
 c Decay of the drama before new and graver themes — 
 preparing the way for the great rebellion. 
 
 H The Conclusion of the War with Spain. P. 43°- 
 
 1. Spanish coast plundered by Drake and Norris. 1589. 
 
 2. The West Indies plundered by Drake ; Philip plans a new 
 Armada ; English descent upon Cadiz. 1596. 
 
 3. Wreck of the second Armada in the Bay of Biscay. 1597. 
 From this time Spanish attempts on England are made 
 through France. 
 
 4. Elizabeth supports Henry of Navarre as French King 
 against Philip and the League ; Henry submits to the faith 
 of the majority of his people, and France becomes again a 
 united nation. 
 
 I Elizabeth and Ireland. 
 
 1. Ireland and the Angevins and Plantagenets, Pp. 431— 435. 
 a Decay of Ireland between the eighth and the twelfth 
 century. 
 
 1 Religiously. No organization in Church, 
 
 2 Politically. No central authority. Civilization 
 
 destroyed in the wars with the Danes. Nothing 
 left but some coast towns (Dublin, Waterford), 
 Danish rather than Irish, and a number of 
 isolated "septs" (communities resembling en- 
 larged families). 
 b Henry II. forms the idea of attacking Ireland nomi- 
 nally to put down the slave trade from England, 
 and to bring Ireland into the Latin obedience. 
 c The conquest of Ireland really begun by Strongbow 
 (Earl of Pembroke), actins; as Der7not's jnercetiary. 
 1169. 
 d Henry II. passes over to Ireland, and begins erection 
 of castles. Recalled by troubles at home.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 99 
 
 e The English Pale (boundary) consists of Drogheda, 
 Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork : so the country 
 is split into two halves, whose conflict has never 
 ceased. 
 
 f John divides the Pale into counties, and introduces 
 
 English law. 1210. 
 g Victory of the Barons over the Irish clans, supported 
 
 by Edward Bruce, at Athenry, near Dundalk. 
 
 1317. 
 h The Statute of Kilkenny forbidding marriage between 
 
 the English and the Irishry, the adoption of the 
 
 Irish dress, the use of the Brehon law. 1357. 
 / Efforts of Richard II. to enforce law and conciliate 
 
 the nations. 1394. 
 j Till the days of the Tudors Ireland left to itself. 
 
 2. Ireland and the Tudors. Pp. 435 — 445. 
 a Henry VII. 
 
 1 The great barons defiant of royal authority. 
 
 2 Growing " degradation " of the English ; border 
 
 of the Pale retreats towards Dublin. 
 
 3 Henry VII.' s policy to make the Earl of Kildarc, 
 
 the most turbulent man, governor. " All Ireland 
 cannot rule this man, then shall he rule all 
 Ireland." 
 
 b Henry VIII. Beginning of an effective rule. 
 
 1 Utter defeat of the Geraldines of Kildare, who 
 
 threatened Dublin from their fortress at May- 
 nooth. First introduction of a train of artillery 
 into Ireland. 1535. 
 
 2 A commission of inquir)' sent to Ireland. 1537. 
 
 The power of the Crown acknowledged all through 
 Ireland. 1542. 
 
 3 The attempt to civilize Ireland : i.e. to make it 
 
 English in manners, in law, in tongue. The 
 chiefs to accept an English title, and send one 
 son to be educated in England. 
 
 4 Henry VIII., King of Ireland (instead oi Lord). 
 c The Reformation. 
 
 1 Quiet acceptance of the Royal Supremacy and the 
 
 dissolution of the Monasteries. 
 
 2 No desire for change in the ceremonies or doctrine 
 
 of the Church. The pressing of change unites all 
 Ireland against the Crown. 
 d Mary. 
 
 1 Disappearance of the Irish Protestantism called into 
 
 being by Henry VIII. 
 
 2 Arbitrary political measures of the English Govern- 
 
 ment ; the country of the O'Connors made into 
 
 G 2
 
 100 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 the King and Queen's county, in honour of Mary 
 and Philip. Feud between settlers and natives ; 
 extermination of the natives. 
 e Elizabeth. 
 
 1 Return to the more conciliating policy of Henry 
 
 VIII. 
 
 2 Alarm of the natives leads to the revolt of Shane 
 
 O'Neill, elected by his sept as Earl of Tyrone. 
 Defeat of the English at Armagh. Shane, master 
 of the north, invades Connaught ; put down by 
 the skill of Henry Sidney, the deputy. 1567. 
 
 3 Spanish attempts on Ireland. English sack the 
 
 Spanish Fort of Smerwick and massacre the 
 garrison. 1579. 
 
 4 Rising of the tribes of Ulster, under Hugh O'Neill. 
 
 Futile resistance of Essex, 1599 ; the revolt sup- 
 pressed by Lord Mountjoy (Charles Blount). 
 1601—1603. 
 f Continuance of Elizabeth's policy under James I. 
 
 1 The chiefs become landlords, the clansmen tenants- 
 
 Everything Celtic rejected as barbarous. 1605 
 —1608. 
 
 2 The colonization of Ulster. 1611. Two-thirds of 
 
 Ulster confiscated to the Crown and divided 
 between Irish, Scotch, and English settlers. Its 
 material results brilliant : its moral result to 
 destroy all faith in English justice. 
 
 ij Th3 Death of Elizabeth. Pp. 445, 446. 
 
 1. Insurrection of Essex, claiming to be a scheme to deliver the' 
 Queen from intriguers, and to settle the succession. 1601. 
 Execution of Essex, Feb. 1601. 
 
 2. Gloom of the Queen's last years. No sympathy with the 
 serious religious tone of the people. Solitary by nature 
 and by the circumstances of her reign. Marriage for- 
 bidden her by religious and political necessity. 
 
 3. The Queen's mind gradually affected by melancholy. Death 
 of the Queen, March 24, 1603. 
 
 ^)amcs I. 1603—1625. 
 
 A Moral and Religious State of England. Pp. 447—461. 
 
 I. The Puritans. Pp.447 — 454- England becomes the people 
 of a book, and that book the Bible. 
 
 a Literary influence of the Bible (the only literature 
 accessible to the bulk of the people) seen most in 
 the colour it gives to ordinary speech. Pp. 447 — 
 449-
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 101 
 
 b Moral influence of the Bible seen in the type of men it 
 produces, sfrioies, orderly, equable. The nation 
 becomes a church. Pp. 449, 450. 
 
 c The Puritan loss : disappearance of the wide sym- 
 pathies, the brightness and variety of life, the 
 sense of humour and delight of the Elizabethan 
 age. 
 
 The Puritan gain : tenderness of home fieelings, self- 
 respect and self-control, the conception of social 
 equality. Piiritanism tlie first syslein thai recog- 
 nises the grajuieur of the people as a whole. 
 
 d Puritanism as seen in Milton, Cromwell, and Bunyan, 
 Pp. 451 — 454; 58c — 586, and 613— 615. 
 
 Jo'in Milton. 
 
 a His earlier verse (L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Comus, 
 Arcades), shows the gaiety, poetic ease, intellectual 
 culture of early Puritanism. So his education by 
 his father, in Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Italian, French, 
 English. 
 
 b His pamphlets artd prose works show the political 
 and social side of Puritanism : a struggle for 
 religious freedom, freedom of social life, freedom of 
 the press. 
 
 c The Paradise Lost the epic of Puritanism. Pp. 5S4, 
 585. 
 
 1 Its main idea — the resistance to human evil, and 
 
 the striving for the attainment of a great 
 purpose. 
 
 2 Its absence of mystery, " God the Father turns a 
 
 school divine." 
 
 3 Its self-control and self-repression, as in the expul- 
 
 sion of Adam from Eden. 
 
 Cromwell. 
 
 a Total separation between the godly and the world that 
 lieth in wickedness ; seen even in Milton's "reser- 
 vedness of temper" and contempt for "the false 
 estimates of the vulgar." This explains behaviour 
 such as Cromwell's after signing the death-warrant 
 of the King. 
 
 b A sense of Divine Purity which makes the life of 
 ordinary men appear sin. " Oh, I lived in and 
 loved darkness, and hated light. I hated godli- 
 ness " (Cromwell). This explains the shrinking of 
 the Puritans irom the amusements of other men. 
 
 Bunyan. 
 
 a Religious zeal heightened by an imaginative temper. 
 Hence his despair owing to the pleasure he finds m 
 hockey, dancing, and bell-ringing, until his conver-
 
 102 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 sion, 1653, in spite of his services in Cromwell's 
 godly army, and his marriage to a godly wife. 
 
 b 1653—1660. A preacher in the Baptist Church at 
 Bedford. 1660—1671. Imprisoned by Charles II. 
 in Bedford Gaol. Writes the Pilgrim's Progress, 
 one of the noblest English poems. 
 
 1 Its pictures of ordinary life transformed and en- 
 
 nobled by the study of the Bible. He lives in the 
 Bible- till its wofds become his own. 
 
 2 Its freedom from bitter words, even in dark and 
 
 evil days. 
 
 3 Its revelation of the poetry inspired even into the 
 
 meanest by contact with the spiritual world. 
 
 II. The Presbyterians. Pp. 454—458. 
 
 1, Thomas Cartwright returns to England after the death of 
 Mary with a fanatical enthusiasm for the Church of Geneva. 
 " Heretics ought to be put to death now. If this be bloody 
 and extrefne, 1 am content to be so counted with the Holy 
 Ghost." 
 
 2, Effect of the appearance of the Admonition to the Parlia- 
 ment. 1572. 
 
 a Persecution by the Archbishops according to their 
 personal opinions. 
 
 b Vigorous action of the Ecclesiastical Commission in 
 taking cognizance of all offences against the Statutes 
 of Supremacy and Uniformity. 1583. 
 
 3, Cartwright opposed more rationally by Hooker, who in his 
 Ecclesiastical Polity sets up reason against dogmatism. 
 1591 
 
 III. The Separatists. Pp. 458—461. 
 
 1. Rapid growth of the belief that every established church — 
 i.e. every church that has a Court like the Ecclesiastical 
 Commission — is contrary to the Word of God. Rise of the 
 Brownists. 
 
 2. Escape of " a poor people " from Scrooby in Nottingham- 
 shire, after much difficulty, to Holland, 1608; thence, being 
 wearied with a foreign land, in two ships, the " Speedwell " 
 and the "Mayflower," (of which only the "Mayflower" 
 makes the voyage) to America, 1620. Landing of the 
 " Pilgrim Fathers " at New Plymouth, and foundation of 
 New England. 
 
 3. Attack on the Bishops by " Martin Marprelate," in conse- 
 quence of Whitgift's attempt to gag the press, 1588. Gene- 
 ral growth of discontent preparing the way for the great 
 contest for liberty in the succeeding reigns. 
 
 B The Catholic Reaction. Pp. 461—463. 
 
 1. Controversies and persecution among the Protestants.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH r.EOPLE. 103 
 
 2. Revival of religious zeal among the Roman Catholic-s. 
 
 a Rise of the Capuchins — the great preachers. 
 
 b Rise of the Order of Jesus under Ignatius Loyola — 
 organizers, schoolmasters, missionaries, diploma- 
 tists. 
 
 3. Southern Germany re-Catholicized, owing partly to the 
 reviving religious zeal of the house of Austria. Poland 
 lapsing into Socinianism. In the Netherlands, the Walloon 
 provinces, Brabant and Flanders, re-Catholicized. In France, 
 accession of Henry IV. and his acceptance of the Catholic 
 Faith in the interests of the majority of his people. 1598. 
 
 C The Plots. Pp. 463, 464. 
 I. Ihe Plot to put Arabella Stuart on the throne by Raleigh, 
 Lord Cobham, and others. 1603- 
 a Punishment of the conspirators. 
 
 1 Raleigh imprisoned, 1603 — 1615 ) sent on an expe- 
 
 dition to the Spanish Main, and on the failure of 
 his expedition executed on his old sentence, 
 1618. 
 
 2 Arabella imprisoned 1611 for marrying Seymour. 
 
 Dies insane, 1615. 
 b Table showing the claim to the throne of Arabella and 
 of her husband. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 James IV. (^i) = Margaret = Earl of Angus (2) Mary = Duke of 
 
 I I Suffolk 
 
 James V. Margaret Douglas Frances Brandon 
 
 MARY = Lord Darnley Earl of Jane Grey Catherine 
 
 Lennox Grey 
 
 Edward Seymour 
 
 I 
 James I. Arabella= Wilhatn Seymour. 
 
 II. The Gunpowder Plot. 1605. 
 
 1. A plot to blow up King and Parliament, formed by English 
 Roman Catholics aggrieved by persecution and hopeless of 
 aid from abroad. 
 
 2. The plot discovered mainly by the foolish preaching of the 
 Jesuits in Paris. 
 
 3. General alarm and increased bitterness against the Roman 
 Catholics : this alarm shown even before the olot is dis-
 
 104 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 covered by the Millenary Petition for the suppression of 
 Popish Usages in the Prayer-book. 1603. 
 
 D The King's Political and Religious Views. Pp. 464—467- 
 
 1. TJie divine right of Kings. A King to be obeyed as the 
 representative of God. " An absolute jnonarchy" one in 
 which the monarch is free from the control of law; not as to 
 the Ttidor statesmen, a realm complete in itself. 
 
 2. The divine right of bishops. " No bishop, no King." Re- 
 action in James from the insults of the Scotch Presbyterians, 
 who, like Andrew Melville, call him " God's silly vassal." 
 Hence the King's conduct to the Puritans at the Hampton 
 Court Conference. 1604. " I will make them conform, or 
 I will harry them out of the land." 
 
 3. A real desire to Jinite England and Scotland. In this 
 beyond his age. 
 
 E The King and his Parliament. Pp. 467—478. 
 
 1. Past relations of the Crown and the Parliament since the fall 
 of Cromwell. Pp. 467 — 469. 
 
 a The reviving power of the Houses shown by the efforts 
 of the Crown to pack Parliament by the recommen- 
 dation of members and the creation of new boroughs. 
 Thirty-two created under Edward VI. ; fourteen 
 under Mary. 
 
 b Attempts of Elizabeth to rule without Parliaments ; a 
 failure owing to the political necessities of her reign. 
 
 6 Elizabeth obliged to yield to the interference of Parlia- 
 ment in the matter of monopolies. 
 
 2, James and the Parliament. Pp. 469 — 472. 
 
 a James concludes peace with Spain to free the Crown 
 from its pecuniary dependence on Parliament ; but 
 is driven by his extravagance to ask Parliament for 
 money immediately afterwards. 1604. 
 
 b The Parliament of 1604. 
 
 1 Claim for redress of ecclesiastical grievances, and 
 
 on refusal, solemn remonstrance with the King. 
 " Let your Majesty be pleased to receive public 
 information from your Commons in Parliament, 
 as well as of the abuses in the Church as in the 
 Civil State and Government." 
 
 2 The King imposes Custom duties on merchandise 
 
 imported or exported. 
 
 c The ParHament of 1610. 
 
 1 Parliament forbidden to enter on the subject of 
 
 taxation, with regard to the Custom duties ; the 
 forbiddal disregarded. 
 
 2 Ecclesiastical matters claimed as within the cog- 
 
 nizance of Parliament. Dissolution.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 105 
 
 d The Parliament of 1614. 
 
 1 Rejection of the Court candidates all through 
 
 England. 
 
 2 First appearance of John Pym (member for Somer- 
 
 setshire), Thomas Wentworth (member for York- 
 shire), John Eliot (member for St. Germans). 
 
 3 Dissolution of Parliament owing to a quarrel on a 
 
 point of privilege between the Commons (many 
 of whom are new members) and the Lords. 
 
 Growth of public resistance. 1614 — 1621. Pp- 472 — 476. 
 Imprisonment of leading members of Commons. 
 
 a Refusal to pay the benevolences demanded by the 
 King, especially in Herefordshire and StaffordsJiire. 
 
 b Alienation of the gentry by the King's expedients for 
 raising money. 
 
 1 The straining of the feudal privileges of the Crown, 
 
 e.g. wardship of heirs and marriage of heiresses. 
 
 2 The sale of peerages, 
 c Alienation of the people. 
 
 1 By the disgrace of Chief Justice Coke for resisting 
 
 the King's claim to be consulted as to the deci- 
 sion of the Courts in cases of prerogative. 
 November, 1616. 
 
 2 By the immorality of the Court. 
 
 3 By the unworthiness of the favourites who suc- 
 
 ceed Cecil. 
 
 {a) Carr, Earl of Rochester, who marries the 
 divorced Lady Essex, and with her poisons 
 Sir Thomas Overbury. 
 
 (p) George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, beautiful, 
 selfish, and reckless. 
 
 4 By the King's foreign policy. 
 
 {a) Maintenance of Elizabeth's foreign policy — 
 alliance with United Provinces and friend- 
 ship with France — during Cecil's life. 
 Hence the marriage of James's daughter 
 Elizabeth to the Elector Palatine as a sup- 
 port to the Protestant Princes of Germany 
 against the House of Austria. 1612. 
 (p) After the death of Cecil, pursuance of the 
 King's own policy — the Spanish policy. 
 (i) Negotiations for a Spanish marriage for 
 
 his son. 1615. 
 (2) Attempt of the King's Protestant ministers 
 to bring on a war with Spain. Hence 
 the expedition of Raleigh, 1617, 1618. 
 Indignation of the people at Raleigh's 
 execution, 1618.
 
 106 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (3) Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 
 
 Germany, 1618. The King rehes on 
 Spanish friendship ; threatens war with 
 Holland. Expulsion of his son-in-law, 
 the Elector Palatine, Frederick, now 
 King of Bohemia, from Bohemia, and 
 occupation of the Palatinate by the 
 Spaniards^ 1621. 
 
 (4) The King compelled to call a Parliament, 
 4. The Parliament of 1621. Pp. 476—478. 
 
 a Enthusiasm of the Parliament for war for the recovery 
 of the Palatinate; — the Commons "lifting their 
 hats as high as they could hold them." 
 
 b Impeachment of Lord Bacon, as an attack on the 
 corruption of the Court. 
 
 c The King, after threatening war with Spain, falls back' 
 on his old policy. 
 
 d Remonstrance of Parliament : " Set twal chairs, there 
 are twal Kings coming." The King forbids Parlia- 
 ment to meddle with mysteries of State. Protest 
 of the Commons ; the King tears it out with his 
 own hand, and dissolves Parliament. "/ will 
 govern according to Ike Coininon weal, but not 
 according to the Comtnon will." 
 
 F The King's Last Years and Downfall of the Spanish Policy. 
 1621—1625. Pp. 479> 4^o. 
 
 1. Continued and fruitless efforts to bring about peace in 
 Germany by his influence with Spain. 
 
 2. Final failure of the schemes for the Spanish marriage. 
 '• The King of Spain must never fight against the Emperor." 
 Joy of the nation. 
 
 3. The Parliament of 1624. Impeachment of Middlesex, the 
 head of the Spanish party ; urged on by Buckingham. 
 "You are making a rod for your own back." War resolved 
 against Spain. 
 
 4. Marriage of Prince Charles to Henrietta Maria, daughter of 
 Henry IV. of France. Death of the King, 1625. 
 
 QTIjarles I. 1625—1649. 
 
 A The King and the Parliament. 1625—1629. Pp. 480—490. 
 1. The first differences. Pp. 481, 482. 
 
 a The King's toleration of the Catholics. Catholics 
 suspected by the Parliament not as religiously 
 wrong, but as politically disloyal. 
 
 b The King's refusal distinctly to state that the great 
 ' fleet he is manning is against Spain.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. I07 
 
 c Limitation of the grant of tonnage and poundage to 
 a year. Indignation of the King. 
 
 d Parliament proceeds to consider grievances. Disso- 
 lution. 1626. 
 
 2. Kiiot as the leader of the Country party. Pp. 482 — 484. 
 
 a Buckingham makes a descent on Cadiz. Failure and 
 return of the Spanish expedition. 1625. 
 
 b Exclusion of Wentworth, Coke, and four other leading 
 patriots from the next Parliament, by making 
 them sheriffs, and withholding of writs from the 
 Earl of Bristol and the Bishop of Lincoln. 1626. 
 
 c Sir John Eliot, member for St. Germans, ardent in 
 temper, cool in intellect. 
 
 1 Urges the respotisibility of Royal Ministers to 
 
 Parliament as the critical point for English 
 freedom. 
 
 2 Denounces and impeaches Buckingham for incom- 
 
 petence and corruption. 
 
 d Dissolution of Parliament. 
 
 3. Growth of public resistattce. 1626—1628. Pp. 484, 485. 
 
 a Refusal of Middlesex, Kent, Bucks, and Cornwall to 
 pay the voluntary benevolence asked for by the 
 King. 
 
 b Attempt to levy a forced loan resisted by the northern 
 counties, Shropshire, Devon, and Warwickshire. 
 Imprisonment of Hampden, who "never after- 
 wards did look like the same man he was before." 
 1627. 
 
 c Attempt to quiet the popular discontent by a great 
 military success. Buckingham, owing to a private 
 quarrel, encourages the revolt of the Huguenots 
 at I^a Rochelle. Utter defeat of the English under 
 Buckingham in the Isle of Rh^, with a loss of two 
 thousand men, 1627. Fall of La Rochelle, and 
 ruin of the Huguenot cause in France. 
 
 4. The Parliament of 1628. Pp. 485—488. 
 
 a Rejection of the Court candidates, and triumphant 
 return of the patriot leaders. 
 
 b The Petition of Right, reciting the former Statutes 
 against, 
 
 1 Arbitrary taxation. 
 
 2 Arbitrary imprisonment. 
 
 3 Billeting of soldiers. 
 
 4 Martial law. 
 
 " Our Petition is for the laws of England*^ 
 
 c The King returns an evasive answer, and forbids the 
 Commons to cast aspersions on his Ministers.
 
 108 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d Increased bitterness of the Commons against Buck- 
 ingham as "the author and source of all these 
 miseries." The King consents to the Petition of 
 Right. 
 
 e Assassination of Buckingham by John Felton. Popular 
 joy ; " God bless thee, little David ; the Lord com- 
 fort thee." 1628. 
 5. The King's attack on the National Religion. Pp. 488 — 490. 
 
 a Appointment of Laud as Bishop of London, afterwards 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. 1636. Aims of the 
 High Churchmen, 
 
 1 To separate the Church of England from the 
 
 Reformed Churches, and draw it closer to the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 2 Dependent on the Crown themselves to make the 
 
 nation equally dependent. Preaching of passive 
 obedience. 
 b Protest of the Parliament stopped by the King's 
 command. The Speaker held down in his chair 
 till the Commons pass the resolution that whoso- 
 ever should bring in innovations in religion is a 
 capital enemy to the King and Coimnonwealth. 
 1629. 
 c Dissolution of the Parliament. 
 
 B New England. Pp. 490— 499- 
 
 1. Relations between England and America up to 1640. 
 
 a Voyages of the Cabots, Hudson, Frobisher, and 
 
 Gilbert. 
 b Unsuccessful settlement of Virginia by Raleigh owing 
 
 to the greed for gold and the hostility of the 
 
 natives. 1584. 
 c First permanent settlement at Jamestown in Virginia 
 
 under James Smith. 1606. 
 d Voyage of the Pilgrim Fathers in the " Mayflower " ; 
 
 settlement in Massachusetts. 1620. Charter 
 
 granted. 1629. 
 e Settlement of Maryland (called after Henrietta Maria) 
 
 by Lord Baltimore. A Roman Catholic colony 
 
 based on toleration. 1634. 
 / The great Puritan emigration to New England, espe- 
 cially from the eastern counties. 1630 — 1640. 
 
 2. Progress of Laud's ecclesiastical policy in England the cause 
 of this emigration. 
 
 a Enforcement of the use of the surplice and of cere- 
 monies offensive to the Puritans. 
 
 b Suppression of the afternoon lectureships in towns — 
 chiefly held by Puritans. 
 
 c Suppression of the Geneva pocket-Bibles.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 109 
 
 li Issuing of the Royal declaration in favour of SuncUiv 
 sports. 1633. 
 
 e Restoration of the Archbishop's palace at Lambeth, 
 and issuing of a Royal injunction to remove the 
 communion-table from the nave to the chancel of 
 the church, and fence it in with a rail. 1635. 
 
 / Appointment of Juxon, Bishop of London, as Lord 
 High Treasurer ; No Churchman in this office since 
 Henry the Seventh's time." 1636. 
 
 C The Tyranny. 1629—1640. Pp. 499— Si 8. 
 
 1. The suspension of Parliament for eleven years. Pp. 499 — 
 501. 
 
 a Imprisonment of the leaders of the Country party. 
 Death of Eliot in prison. 
 
 b Attempts to dispense with the necessity of a Parlia- 
 ment by peace and economy. 
 
 1 In the middle of the Protestant victories of 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, peace is made between 
 England, France, and Spain. 1630. 
 
 2 Money saved by the frugal labour of the King 
 
 and the administration of Weston, Earl of 
 Portland. 
 
 2. The King^s rule, and attempts to fill his treasury. Pp. 501 
 
 -503 
 
 a By illegal proclamations such as that prohibiting the 
 extension of London, 1627 and 1630, and the tines 
 imposed on the recusants. 
 
 b By means of the Star Chamber : the Star Chamber 
 revived by Wolsey as a check on the nobles as 
 well as to make up for shortcomings of justice in 
 the lower Courts ; now used to try ordinary cases 
 in order to levy fines for the Crown. 
 
 c By imposing heavy fines for trivial offences. 
 
 d By demanding ship-money from the principal ports. 
 
 e By means of monopolies. 
 
 3. Strafford (formerly Sir Thomas Wentworth). Pp. 503 — 507. 
 
 a Thrown into opposition by jealousy of Buckingham. 
 Supports the Petition of Right. " 1/ I do not 
 fixithfully insist for the covinwn liberty of the 
 subject to be preserved whole and entire, may I 
 be set as a beacon on a hill for all men else to 
 wonder at." 
 
 b After the death of Buckingham, admitted to the Royal 
 Council and the King's chief adviser, though un- 
 popular at Court and disliked by the Queen. 
 
 c Kis policy in Ireland. 1633—1640. "■Everything 
 for the people y nothing by the people." 
 
 I Justice enforced, linen manufacture introduced, 
 commerce developed.
 
 110 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 2 His system of Absolutism carried out not in spite 
 of Parliament but by means of Parliament [cp. 
 the policy of Thomas Cromwell). 
 
 4. S:otland and the Stuarts from the flight of ?Iary Stuart. 
 Pp. 507 — 510. 
 
 a The ruin of Catholicism in Scotland made complete 
 by the horror excited by the massacre of S. Bar- 
 tholomew. 1572. 
 
 b Establishment of Presbyterianism, oligarchical in 
 theory, democratic in practice. Its national cha- 
 racter shown most by the power of the Church 
 over nobles and King. Hence the reaction of 
 James I. of England. 
 
 c James reintroduces Prelates under the guise of per- 
 manent Moderators, 1610, but opposes Laud's 
 more violent schemes ; " He knows not the stomach 
 of that people.'^ 
 
 d Charles allows Laud to have his way. Introduction of 
 a Book of Canons and a new Liturgy. 1636. 
 
 5. Growth of the Resistance. Pp. 510 — 517. 
 
 a Protest of the less cultivated Puritans ; e.g. Prynnc^s 
 Histrio-Mastix. or attack upon the stage ; Bast- 
 wick's Elenchus Papismi and new Litany ; Burton^ s 
 sermons calling on Christians to resist the Bishops 
 as " limbs of the Beast and factors of Antichrist." 
 All the three sentenced to be exposed in the pillory 
 and imprisoned for life. 1633 and 1637. 
 
 b Protest of the more cultured Puritans equally against 
 the Prelates and against the less cultured among 
 themselves. Especially shown in Milton, 
 
 1 Milton, originally designed for the Church of 
 
 England, " Church-outed by the Prelates." 
 
 2 Notwithstanding this, his earlier poems, L' Allegro 
 
 and II Penseroso unconsciously, and Comus {a 
 masque) consciously, are to be considered as 
 answers to the bigotry of the less cultured 
 Puritans. 1633, 1634, 
 c Protest of Hampden against the payment of ship- 
 money by the inland counties. November, 1637. 
 
 1 The Tax formerly only levied on sudden emergency, 
 
 and confined to the coast. 
 
 2 Decision of the Judges against Hampden. 
 
 d Growing indignation of the more cultured Puritans 
 
 shown in Milton's Lycidas. 1638. 
 e The Covenant. 
 
 1 Riots in Edinburgh caused by the introduction of 
 
 the new Liturgy. July, 1687. 
 
 2 Formation of the Tables in Scotland. Negotiation 
 
 between the Tables and the Crown, 1637, 1638
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. Ill 
 
 3 The Tables sign the Covenant at Stirling (first 
 
 sworn to in the days of Mary), "in the great 
 name of the Lord our God," with tears on their 
 cheeks ; some underwriting their names with 
 their own blood. 
 
 4 The Scots rise in arms under General Leslie, "the 
 
 old crooked little soldier." 
 
 f Leslie marches from Uunse Law on the border ; Charles 
 driven to retreat before him. Pacification of lier 
 ■wick and promise of a Parliament for Scotland. 
 1639. Meanwhile Strafford (Wentworth) raises 
 troops for the King in Ireland. 
 
 6. The Short Parliament. 1640. 
 
 a The Parliament dissolved after three weeks sitting, 
 in consequence of its firmness on the necessity of 
 redress of grievances. " Things must go worse 
 before they go better." 
 
 b Owing to the stress of the Scotch war, " the Bishops' 
 war" Charles calls a Council of Peers at York. 
 
 c Finding the peers unwilling to assume the duties of 
 a Parliament, he calls a second Parliament at 
 Westminster. Nov. 13, 1640. 
 
 D The Long Parliament. 1640—1660. Pp. 518— 530. 
 
 1. Pym (•' King Pym ") ; "the embodiment of law." Pp. 518 
 —530. 
 
 a Imprisoned at the end of the Parliament of 1614. 
 
 d One of the " twal Kings" who waited on James I. 
 
 1620. 
 c In the Long Parliament, member for Tavistock ; rides 
 
 through England before the elections to organize 
 
 the Opposition. 
 
 d Pym the discoverer of the doctrine of constitutional 
 proportion. Parliament higher than the Crown; 
 the Commons more essential than the Lords. The 
 Commons may have " to save the kingdom alone." 
 
 e Exposed by his wide range of sympathy and action to 
 the scandal of narrower natures. 
 
 2. The early measures of the Parliament. Pp. 520 — 523. 
 
 a Abolition of the illegal courts. Star Chamber, High 
 Commission, Council of the North, of Lancaster, 
 of Chester, and others ; illegality of ship-money 
 declared. 
 
 b Passing of the Triennial Bill for the regular meeting 
 of Parliament every three years at least. 
 
 c Imprisonment of Laud. Sorrow of his poor neigh- 
 bours, who stand and pray for his safety and return 
 to his house. 
 
 d Death of Straftord, " that grand apostate."
 
 11-2 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 1 Strafford, forced by Charles to attend Parliament, 
 
 determines to charge the leaders of the Com- 
 mons with treasonable correspondence with the 
 Scots. Anticipated by his own impeachment. 
 
 2 Attempt of Charles to save Strafford by consenting 
 
 to form a ministry of patriots under Lord Bed- 
 ford. Frustrated by the death of Bedford and 
 the discovery of the Army Plot — i.e. of the 
 King's design to stir up the army to attack the 
 Parliament. 
 
 3 Progress of the impeachment. Weakness of tech- 
 
 nical proof of treason. Treason restricted by 
 the Statute of Edward III. to (a) levying war 
 against the King, ip) compassing the King's death, 
 {c) succouring the King's enemies. 
 
 4 St. John and Lord Falkland, in spite of Pym and 
 
 Hampden, press for a Bill of Attainder, as the 
 sole means of punishittg a public enemy who falls 
 luithin the scope of no written law. 
 
 5 Condemnation and execution of Strafford. Joy of 
 
 the people, " His head is off ! His head is off! " 
 May, 1641. 
 
 3. The Grand Remonstrance. Pp. 523 — 526. 
 
 a Hyde and the " modei'ate men" in fear of the King's 
 designs, bring in a Bill that the Parliament be not 
 dissolved but by its own consent. 
 
 b Departure of the King for Edinburgh. Intrigues 
 between the King and the Earl of Montrose. 
 
 c Insurrection in Ireland, due to the anarchy following 
 on the fall of Strafford. Massacres of the Pro- 
 testants by the Catholics, who style themselves 
 " the King's army." October, 1641. 
 
 d Appearance of a new Royalist party in the Commons. 
 
 1 Lord Falkland, learned and accomplished, a centre 
 
 of liberal thought, but led by sentiment to fight 
 against his convictions. 
 
 2 Hyde. 
 
 3 Loyal soldiers like Sir Edmund Vemey ; " I have 
 
 eaten the King's bread, and served him thirty 
 years, .ind I will not do so base a thing as to 
 distrust him." 
 
 e Pym meets the dangers by an appeal to the nation in 
 a solemn Remonstrance, recounting the work of the 
 Parliament and claiming 
 
 1 Observance of the laws against Papistry. 
 
 2 Securities for administration of justice. 
 
 3 Employment of ministers whom Parliament can 
 
 trust.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH TEOPLE. 113 
 
 The Remonstrance carried at midnight by a majority 
 of eleven. The first i^reat crhis in the strui^^i^/e 
 between the Kins; and the nation. November 
 1641. 
 
 Arrest of the Five Members. Pp. 526 — 528. 
 
 a Pym and Falkland demand in reference to the 
 Church, 
 
 1 The severance of the clergy from State offices. 
 
 2 The expulsion of the Bishops from the House of 
 
 Lords. 
 
 b This demand backed by the Presbyterians, the leading 
 power among the middle classes, especially in 
 London and the Eastern Counties. 
 
 c The demand resisted in the House of Lords. Excite" 
 ment of the people. Withdrawal of ten Bishops 
 from the House, and protest against all proceedings 
 in their absence. 
 
 d Brawls in the streets between "Round Heads" and 
 " Cavaliers." Refusal of the King to grant Par- 
 liament a guard. " On the honour of a King I 
 will defend you from violence as completely as my 
 own children." 
 
 e The King sends to arrest Hampden, Pym, Mollis, 
 Strode, Haslerig, for treasonable correspondence 
 with the Scots. 
 
 / On the refusal of the Commons to surrender them, 
 the King goes in person to arrest them, January 
 4, 1642. 
 The Five Members take refuge in the City, and after 
 four days return by river, guarded by the Trained 
 Bands and the Watermen, " sworn to guard the 
 Parliament, tlie Kingdotn, and the King." 
 
 Preparations for War. Pp. 529, 530. 
 
 a The King leaves London, and the Queen sails from 
 Dover to Holland with the Crown jewels to raise 
 munitions of war, but on the pretext of the mar- 
 riage of her daughter Mary to William of Orange. 
 January 10, 1642. 
 
 b The Earl of Newcastle raises troops for the King in 
 the north. 
 
 c Pym secures for the Parliament, the Tower, and the 
 Arsenals of Portsmouth and Hull. January 12. 
 He appeals to the Lords not to force the Commons 
 to save the kingdom alone. 
 
 d Hull refuses to open its gates to the King. April 
 1642. 
 
 e Falkland, Colepepper, Hyde, with the new Royalist 
 party, thirty-two Peers and sixty Commoners, leave 
 Westminster to join the King. May, 1642. 
 
 H
 
 114 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 / Proposals of the Parliament to the King, demanding 
 
 1 The power of appointing and dismissing ministers. 
 
 2 Power of naming guardians for Royal children. 
 
 3 Power of controlling military, civil, and religious 
 
 affairs. 
 
 " If I granted your demands, I should be no more 
 ihajt the mere phanto)n of a King." 
 
 E The Civil War. August, 1642— August, 1646. (For the 
 details of the battles in the Civil War, see ''^ Kitig and Co?n- 
 monwealth," by Phillpotts and Cordery.) 
 
 1. The Edgehill Campaign. Pp. 530 — 532. 
 
 a The King raises the Royal Standard at Nottingham 
 "on the evening of a very stormy and tempestuous 
 day," August 23, 1642. Little response from the 
 country. 
 
 b Delay of Lord Essex (commanding for the Parliament). 
 The King falls back on Shrewsbjtry j strengthened 
 by the Catholics, advances on London. Essex 
 leaves Worcester to oppose him, meets him at 
 Edgehill, near Banbury. Essex victorious in the 
 centre with his foot, is defeated on the flanks by 
 Rupert's horse, retires to Warwick, leaving the 
 moral advantage of a drawn battle with the King. 
 October 23, 1642. 
 
 c The King advances to Oxford, thus gaining a hold over 
 the Midland Counties. 
 
 d Newcastle (commanding in the north for the King) 
 advances on York. Sir T. Fairfax (commanding 
 in the north for the Parliament) falls back on the 
 tnanufacturing towns of the West Riding. New- 
 castle, strengthened by the Queen's arrival with 
 arms (Feb. 1643), crosses the Trent, threatening 
 the Eastern Counties. 
 
 e The Parliament fortifies London, and orders Essex to 
 advance to Oxford. 1643. 
 
 2. Oxford Campaign and the Cornish rising. Pp. 532, 533. 
 
 a Essex remains at Reading, spreading his army out in a 
 chain of weak detachments ; hence skirmishes, 
 but no decisive action. Death of Hatnpden after a 
 skirmish at Chalgrove field, near Chiselhampton 
 bridoe, twelve miles from Oxford. June 18 and 24, 
 1643. 
 
 b The Cornish men, roused by an attack on Launceston, 
 gather under Sir Bevil Greenvil (the grandson of 
 Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge), May, 1643; 
 advance through Devon and Somerset, defeat Sir 
 William Waller on Lansdown hill, near Lath, July
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 115 
 
 5; death of the Cornish leaders, Greenvil and Hop- 
 ton. The Cornish horse defeat Waller a second 
 time on Rotindway Down, in Wiltshire {\.\\(i\x foot 
 being cooped up in Devizes). July 13, 1643. 
 
 c Bristol surrenders to Prince Rupert. July 27. The 
 news falls on Parliament " like a sentence of death." 
 
 3. The end of the Western Campaign and taking of the Cove- 
 nant. Pp. 533, 534- 
 
 a The King master of the West. Gloucester alone 
 between his westerti and northern armies. The 
 King lays siege to Gloucester ; obliged to raise the 
 siege by the stout resistance of the "godly" citizens 
 and the approach of Essex. August 10 — Septem- 
 ber 6, 1643. 
 
 b Essex returns towards London, cut off by the King at 
 Newbury. Indecisive battle and death of Lord 
 Falkland. September 20, 1643. 
 
 c Pym's negotiations with Scotland to obtain aid, 
 sanctioned by the English, mainly owing to the 
 King's intrigues with the Irish rebels. The 
 Covenant signed in Scotland and by the English 
 Commons in S. Margaret's Church at West- 
 minster. September 25, 1643. 
 
 d Death of Pym just before the hour of triumph. 
 December, 1643. 
 
 4. Marston Moor and the Campaigns in Cornwall and bcot- 
 knd. Pp. 534—536. 
 
 a Three Parliamentary armies sent into the field. 
 
 1 That of Essex, to watch the movements of the King 
 
 at Oxford. 
 
 2 That of Waller, to oppose Prince Maurice in Dorset 
 
 and Devon. 
 
 3 That of Manchester and Cromwell, to join Sir T. 
 
 Fairfax and the Scots in Yorkshire. 
 
 b The King's Irish auxiliaries cut to pieces by Waller 
 in the south, and by Fairfax in Cheshire. January 
 25, 1644. 
 
 c Oxford besieged by Essex and Waller, April. York 
 besieged by Manchester and Fairfax. 
 
 d Prince Rupert relieves York and attacks Manchester, 
 Fairfax and the Scots, on Marston Moor. Fi:.;ht 
 of the Scots; the battle won by Cromwell's Iron- 
 sides. A victory not only of the Parliament over 
 the King, but also of the Independents over the 
 Presbyterians. July 1, 1644. 
 
 e The King breaks out of Oxford, and taking advantage 
 
 H 2
 
 116 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 of the absence of Essex, defeats Waller at Cropredy 
 bridi^e, near Banbury. June 29, 1644. 
 
 / Essex marching into the West cut off and obliged to 
 capitulate at Fowey, in Cornwall. {The seco?id 
 defeat of the Presbyterians^ September 2, 1644. 
 
 g Montrose defeats the Covenanters at Tippennnir, near 
 Perth, occupies Perth, sacks Aberdeen. September, 
 1644. 
 
 ?i The King advancing from the West on London met -by- 
 Essex, Manchester, and Cromwell at Newbury. 
 Second battle of Newbury and defeat of the King. 
 Disinclination oi Manchester to make it a crowning 
 victory. The King retires to Oxford. October 
 27, 1644. 
 5. Cromwell and the New Model, and Close of the War. Pp. 
 536—541. 
 
 a Cromwell's earlier life. After sitting in the Parliament 
 of 1628, a farmer at S. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, 
 a victim to religious melancholy encouraged by 
 Puritanism. (See James I. A 1.) 
 
 b Cromwell a member of the Long Parliament. Advises 
 Hampden to get as soldiers 7nen of religion. 
 Forms his regiment of " Ironsides," a "lovely com- 
 pany" of men of religion, with ^^ plain men" as 
 captains. 
 
 c Cromwell made tolerant by his practical nature ; he 
 takes good sober soldiers wherever he can find 
 them. 
 
 d After Manchester's fatal delay at Newbury, Cromwell 
 becomes a political character, pressing for a speedy 
 termination of the war and a change of officers and 
 military tactics. 
 
 e The self-rettouncing ordinance removes the command 
 of the army from Parliamentary leaders, and trans- 
 fers it to Sir Thomas Fairfax, who reorganises the 
 army. April 3, 1654. Results of the change :— 
 
 1 A mixture of tnen of different ranks among the 
 
 officers. 
 
 2 A mixture of religions among the soldiers, prepar- 
 
 ing the way for absolute religious freedom. 
 
 3 The great youth of the officers, Fairfax himself 
 
 only thirty-three. 
 
 / Negotiations carried on at Uxbridge during the winter 
 between the King and the Parliament on the sub- 
 jects of religion, the militia, Ireland; broken off 
 by the King in consequence of Montrose's victory 
 at hiverlochy, February 2, 1645. 
 
 g The King marches to join Montrose; storms Leicester,
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 117 
 
 and threatens the Eastern Counties ; overtaken by 
 Fairfax and Cromwell at Nascby, x\.W. of North- 
 ampton. The King victorious on the right, and 
 driving back the centre, routed by the Ironsides 
 on the left, and attacked by them on the flank. 
 Utter rout of the King's army, June 14, 1645. 
 Fairfax conquers ///<? HVj'/ between July 3 and July 
 30. Prince Rupert surrenders Bristot, September 
 10. Final defeat of Montrose at Philiphaugh, in 
 Selkirkshire, Septamber, 1645. 
 
 k Publication of the Royal papers captured at Naseby, 
 and consequent discovery of the King's intrigues. 
 
 / Defeat of the last Royalist troops under Sir Jacob 
 Astley at Stow. 1646. "You have done your 
 work now, and may go to play, if you do not fall 
 out among yourselves." 
 
 F The Army and the Parliament. 1646—1649. 
 
 1. Rise of the Independents as the representatives of political 
 progress and religions freedom. Pp. 542 — 546. 
 
 a Meeting of divines at Westminster to draw up a Con- 
 fession of Faith and to remodel the Church on a 
 Presbyterian basis. December, 1643. 
 
 l> Presbyterianism welcomed only in London and Lanca- 
 shire. Growing demand for freedom of conscience, 
 which the Presbyterians would not grant. "New 
 Presbyter is but old priest writ large.'' 
 
 c Growth of religious dissent in the army. Cromwell 
 presses for toleration after Naseby and after the 
 capture of Bristol. " From brethren in things of 
 the mind we look for no compulsion but that of 
 light and reason." 
 
 2. The Presbyterians and the King. Pp. 546, 547. 
 
 a Fairfax advances on Oxford, the King escapes, April 
 26, and takes refuge with the Scots, May 5, 
 1646. 
 
 b Proposals of the English Parliament to the King, 
 pressed upon him by the Scots " with tears." 
 
 1 Parliamentary command of the army and fleet for 
 
 twenty years. 
 
 2 The exclusion of " Malignants" {i e. those who had 
 
 fought for the King) from public offices. 
 
 3 The abolition of Episcopacy and establishment of 
 
 a Presbyterian Church. 
 
 The King, to the joy of the Independents, who were 
 anxious for religious freedom, rejects the proposals. 
 
 c The Scots surrender the King to a Committee of the 
 Houses, receiving 400,000/. (one-half paid down at 
 once) in discharge of their claims on the English 
 Government. February, 1647.
 
 118 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d Parliament votes that the army be disbanded and a 
 new Presbyterian army raised. March. 
 
 3. The Army and the Parhament. Pp. 547 — 549. 
 
 a Election by the army of a Council of Adjutators, two 
 appointed by each regiment. April, 1647. 
 
 b The Adjutators carry off the King from the Parlia- 
 mentary Commissioners at Holmby House. June 
 4, 1647. 
 
 c Refusal of the army to disband till they have finished 
 the work God has given them to do. June 10, 
 1647. 
 
 1 Religious freedom and liberty of conscience. 
 
 2 Political and social reform. " On becoming soldiers 
 
 we have not ceased to be citizens." 
 
 d " Humble Representation " of the Army to the Parlia- 
 ment, demanding 
 
 1 Toleratio7i, not revolution, ecclesiastical or political. 
 
 2 The expulsion oi HoUis and ten other Members as 
 
 a means of bringing about this settlement. The 
 army march to Uxbridge, and the Parliament 
 give way. June 25, 1647. 
 
 4. The Army and the King. Pp. 549 — 551. 
 
 a Ireton proposes an Act of Settlement to the King. 
 
 1 A general Act of Oblivion for all but seven leading 
 
 delinquents. 
 
 2 Parliamentary control of the army and fleet for ten 
 
 years. 
 
 3 Parliamentary nomination of great Officers of State. 
 
 4 Freedom of belief and worship even to Papists. 
 
 5 Triennial Parliaments and reform of representation, 
 
 taxation, legal procedure, and commerce. 
 
 b The King attempts "to play his own game," and to 
 balance the Army against the Parliament. 
 
 c Agitation in London in favour of negotiations with the 
 King and return of the Eleven Members : fourteen 
 Peers and a hundred Commoners escape from 
 London to the Army, and are by it restored. 
 August 6, 1647. 
 
 d Demands of the Armr)' — 
 
 1 Abolition of the House of Peers. 
 
 2 Election of a new House of Commons, 
 
 Resisted by Ireton and Cromwell, who still hope for 
 the King's consent to the Act of Settlement. 
 
 e The King attempts to bring about an invasion of 
 Enc'land bv the Scots in his favour, and escaoes
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 119 
 
 from Hampton Court. Dismay of Cromwell : "7^//^ 
 King is so great a dissembler and so false a man 
 that he cannot be trusted.'^ November 12, 1647. 
 
 5. The Second Civil War. February, 1648. I'p- 551—553- 
 
 a The King escapes to the Isle of Wight, but finds 
 himself once more a prisoner. November 14, 
 1647. 
 
 b The King signs a secret treaty with the Scots for the 
 invasion of England. December, 1647. Depres- 
 sion of Argyle and the Liberal p.irty in Scotland, 
 and ascendancy of Hamilton and the reactionary 
 party. 
 
 c Outbreak of a Royalist revolt in England — in S.JValrs, 
 Essex, Kent, Hert/o?d, and in tkejlect. February 
 —May, 1648. 
 
 d The Parliament strengthen the revolt by the " Ordi- 
 nance for the Suppression of Blasphemies and 
 Heresies," crushing all hopes of religious freedom. 
 
 e Resolution of the Army to "call Charles Stuart, that 
 man of blood, to account, if the Lord bring us back 
 in peace.'' 
 
 f Suppression of the revolt. 
 
 1 Defeat of the insurgents in Kent by Fairfax, in 
 
 Wales by Cromwell. June — July, 1648. 
 
 2 The Scotch reaction-ists crushed at Warrington by 
 
 Cromwell, in Scotland by the rising of the 
 Covenanters in the " Whiggamore Raid." 
 August, 1648. 
 
 6. The King's Death. Pp. 553, 554. 
 
 a The Army press for "justice on the King"; demand- 
 ing also 
 
 1 Election of a new Parliament, 
 
 2 Electoral reform. Redistribution of seats, and 
 
 election of four hundred members by all house- 
 holders rateable to the poor. 
 
 3 Supremacy of Parliament in all things. 
 
 4 Change of kingship into a magistracy elected by 
 
 Parliament. 
 
 b The Parliament reply by opening fresh negotiations 
 with the King. 
 
 c The Army seize the King, and convey him to Hurst 
 Castle. November 30. Fairfax advances on Lon- 
 don. Pride's Purge — i.e. exclusion by force from 
 the House of Commons of thuse who were on the 
 side of the King, not on the side of the people. 
 D3cember 6, 1648. 
 
 " Let us not glo?'ify revolutions."
 
 120 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d Nomination by the Commons of a High Court of 
 Justice, under the presidency ol John Bradshaw, to 
 try the King. Rejection of the Court by the Peers, 
 and consequent abolition of the House of Lords. 
 " The people are — under God — the 07'iginal of all 
 just power, and the Commofis — being chosen by, atid 
 npresetitins,, the people — have the supreme power hi 
 tills reahn." 
 
 e Trial and condemnation of the King "as a tyrant, 
 traitor, murderer, and enemy of his country." 
 
 Execution of the King at Whitehall : 
 
 " He nothing common did, or mean, 
 Upon that memorable scene." 
 
 January 30, 1649. 
 
 ®f)e Commontocalif). 1649—1660. 
 
 A The Early Years of the Commonwealth. 1649—1653. 
 
 1. The Council of State. Pp. 555, 556. 
 
 a Creation of a Council of State of forty-one Members 
 selected from the Commons with full executive 
 powers at home and abroad, March, 1649 ; and 
 proclamation of England as a Commonwealth or 
 Free State without KiJtg or House of Lords, 
 May 19, 1649. 
 
 b Effect of the King's execution, 
 
 1 On Europe. Open hostility shown to the Common- 
 
 wealth by Russia, France, Holland. 
 
 2 At home. Charles II. proclaimed King in Scotland, 
 
 and invited to land in Ireland. 
 
 2. The Rump and the Army. Pp. 556, 557. 
 
 a Publication of the " Eikon Basilike" by Dr. Gauden, 
 supposed to be the King's writing during his 
 captivity. Growing discontent among the people 
 increased by the execution of the Duke of Hamilton 
 and Lords Holland and Capell, March 9; protest 
 of John Lilburne, Oct. 28. 
 
 b Refusal by the majority of the Council of State of the 
 oath pledging them to the execution of the King, 
 and establishment of the Commonwealth. 
 
 c Mutiny in the army caused by the delay of the 
 Parliament in dissolving and adopting the reforms 
 demanded by the Army. Crushed by Fairfax and 
 Cromwell 
 
 3. The Conquest of Ireland. Pp. 557—559- 
 
 a Two apologies for Cromwell's severity in Ireland. 
 I Whatever was done, had to be done quickly.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH TEOPLE. ]oi 
 
 2 The Catholic atrocities had roused a spirit of 
 vengeance : {cp. the feeling in England, after 
 the Indian mutiny), and yet no man, not in arms, 
 was massacred, destroyed, or burnt by Cromwell's 
 soldiers. 
 
 b Cromwell storms Droghcda; three thousand men 
 massacred, besides 'those burnt in the steeple of 
 S. Peter's Church : the soldiers, taken prisoners, 
 shipped as slaves to the Barbadoes. September 
 12, 1649. 
 
 c Cromwell besieges Wexford; massacre of Wexford. 
 
 Oct. 9. 
 d Prince Rupert's fleet driven from Ireland to the 
 
 Tagus by Blake. March, 1650. The 7tavy e>i- 
 
 tirely reconstructed by the energy of Sir Harry 
 
 Vane. 
 
 e Cromwell storms Clonmel and defeats the Irish under 
 Hugh O'Neile ; leaves Ireland to oppose Prince 
 Charles, who is expected to land in Scotland. 
 March, 1650. 
 
 4. The Scotch Campaign. Pp. 559 — 561. 
 
 a Cromwell invades Scotland. July, 1650. Leslie cuts 
 off the retreat of the English by seizing Cockburn's 
 path, near Dunbar. 
 
 b To gratify the preachers, Leslie leaves his position ; 
 
 total defeat of the Scots in less than an hour, 
 
 September 3, 1650. 
 c Effects of the Battle of Dunbar, 
 
 1 On Europe. Holland and Spain recognise the 
 
 CommonM-ealth. 
 
 2 On Scotland. Power transferred from Argyle to 
 
 Hamilton and the Royalists. Charles II. freed 
 
 from the demands of the Covenanters ; crowned 
 
 King at Scone. January 1, 1651. 
 
 d The Scotch Royalist army invade England ; overtaken 
 
 and attacked by Cromwell at IVorcester ; "as stijp 
 
 a contest as ever I ha^'e seen." The Cro7vning 
 
 Mercy. September 3, 1651. 
 
 5. The Dutch War and the Parliament. 1651—1653. Pp. 
 
 561 — 564. 
 
 a The Rump stimulated into activity by Vane to prevent 
 its dissolution. Reform of the Law undertaken ; 
 unio7i with Scotland passed both in Scotland and 
 England ; union with /r^/^z/rt' proposed. 
 
 b Reconstruction of the navy by Vane. Passing of the 
 "Navigation Act," which, interfering with the 
 Dutch carrying trade, and only allowing importa- 
 tion in the ships of the 'import-producing country, 
 brings about a Dutch war. 1652.
 
 122 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c The Army press for a new Representative. Their 
 petition refused. August 13, 1652. 
 
 d Three battles between the Dutch and the English, 
 ending in the victory of the Enghsh. September 
 28, November 28, 1652, and February 18-21, 
 1.653. Parliament, relying on the navy, determines 
 to retain its power. 1653. 
 
 e Cromwell dissolves the Parliament by force. " Yoic 
 mistake, Sir, if you think the Parliament dissolved. 
 No power on earth can dissolve the Parliament but 
 itself, be sure of that ! " April 19, 1653. 
 
 B The Fall of Puritanism. 1653—1660. Pp. 564—586. 
 
 1, The Puritan Convention (Barebones Parliament). July 4, 
 1653, Pp. 564—568. 
 
 a Nomination of new Council of State of eight officers 
 and four civilians {Vane being offered a seat). 
 
 b Summoning of a Constituent Assembly of "men of 
 our own judgment, faithful, fearing God, and hating 
 covetousness, who had fought in the wars— w/{y, 
 surely these men will hit it." July 4, 1653. 
 
 c Work of the Convention — 
 
 1 As a Constituent Assembly ; The Instrument of 
 
 Government, 
 (a) Preparations for a National Parliament. 
 
 (i) Parliament to consist of four hundred 
 English, thirty Scotch, and thirty Irish 
 Members. 
 
 (2) Transference of seats from rotten boroughs 
 
 to larger constituencies and to counties. 
 
 (3) General right of suffrage, based on pro- 
 
 perty to the value of 200/., to all except 
 Catholics and Malignants. 
 {b) Establishment of the Protectorate. The poAver 
 of the Protector limited — 
 
 (i) By the administrative check of a Council. — 
 The Council nominated but not removable 
 by the Protector, to be consulted in all 
 foreign matters, to give their consent to 
 peace or war, appointment of great 
 officers, disposal of military power. 
 
 (2) By the political cluck of Parliajnent. — 
 Parliament to be held at least every three 
 years, to impose taxes, make laws, even 
 without the assent of the Protector, who 
 can only delay them twenty days. 
 
 2 As a reforming body {beyond its legal powers). 
 
 (a) Proposed abolition of the Court of Chancery. 
 {b) Establishment of civil marriage.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 123 
 
 (c) Abolition of compulsory tithes and lay-patron- 
 
 age. 
 
 (d) Committee to consider necessary reforms. 
 
 ii Alarm of the classes attacked — e.^. lawyers, clei-gy, 
 landed proprietors — shared by Cromwell, iv/w is 
 in temper eminently practical and conservative . 
 " Nothing was in the hearts of these men but 
 overturn, overturn." 
 
 e Dissensions in the Convention. Resignation of its 
 powers to Cromwell. December 13, 1653. 
 
 2. The Parliament of 1654. September 4. Pp. 568—570. 
 
 a The first National Parliament of English, Scotch, and 
 Irish members. 
 
 b A " Free Parliament" (Malignants and a few ultra- 
 Republicans alone excluded;. 
 
 c Consideration and passing of the Instrument of 
 Government. 
 
 1 Interference of Cromwell, as being already called 
 
 to the Protectorate by the voice of the nation. 
 September 12. 
 
 2 Growing impatience of Cromwell with the Parlia- 
 
 ment. 
 
 His own work in the interval between the Con- 
 vention and the Parliament. 
 
 {a) Peace with Holland. April 5. 
 
 (J?) Regulation of the Law and the Church. 
 
 {c) Completion of the Union with Scotlajid. April 
 12. 
 
 He looks to Parliament to complete his work, " to 
 heal and to settle." 
 
 {a) By making peace with Portugal and an alli- 
 ance with Spain. 
 
 {b) By codifying the Law. 
 
 ic) By settling and planting Ireland. 
 
 d The Parliament continue to busy themselves with 
 Constitutional questions. Signs of movement 
 among the Royalists. Cromwell dissolves the 
 Parliament ; his act fatal to liberty and to Puri- 
 tanism. January, 1655. 
 
 3. The New Tyranny : end of all appearance of legal 7-ule. 
 
 ^?- 570,571. 
 
 a Cromwell levies taxes in his own name. " The people 
 will prefer their real security to forms." 
 
 b The Royalist revolt in Devon, Dorset, Welsh Marches. 
 March.
 
 124 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c Suppression of revolt, and division of the country 
 into ten imlitarj/ districts, each wider a Major- 
 general. 
 
 d Censorship of the Press (October), and persecution of 
 Episcopahan ministers (forbidden to act as ministers 
 or tutors). 
 
 4. The Protector's Pohcy in Scotland and Ireland. Pp. 571 — 
 573- 
 
 a In Scotland. 
 
 1 The Highlands reduced to tranquillity by General 
 
 Monk. April— July, 1654. 
 
 2 Suppression of the General Assembly,' July, 1654, 
 
 and protection of religious freedom. 
 
 b In Ireland. 
 
 1 Completion of the Conquest of Ireland by Ireton 
 
 and Ludlow. 1650 — 1652 and 1652 — 1654. 
 Transportation of prisoners to forced labour in 
 Jamaica and West Indies. 
 
 2 Settlement of Ireland by Henry Cromwell. 1654 
 
 —1659. 
 (a) All who have taken part in the massacres 
 
 sentenced to banishment or death. 
 {b) Catholic proprietors who have borne arms 
 
 deprived of their estates and settled in 
 
 Connaught. 
 
 {c) Catholic proprietors of suspected loyalty de- 
 prived of a third-part of their estates. 
 
 {d) Completion of the Legislative Union between 
 Ireland and England. 1654. 
 c General effect of the settlement. The native popu- 
 lation utterly crushed ; but peace and order restored, 
 and commerce encouraged by the Protestant im- 
 migration. 
 
 5. The Protector's Policy in England : "healing and settling." 
 
 P. 573- 
 
 a Reform of the Court of Chancery. 
 
 b Institution of a Board of Triers to check the abuses of 
 
 lay-patronage. 
 c Absolute religious toleration. Even the Quaker openly, 
 and the Jew tarcitly, tolerated, December, 1655. 
 
 6. The Protector's Pohcy in Europe. Pp. 573 — 576. 
 
 a Rise of Fi-ance to be the dominant power of Europe, 
 owing to its compact territory, its internal peace, 
 and the centralizing rule of Henry IV., Richelieu, 
 and Mazarin. 1589—1643. 
 
 h Cromwell's desire to make England head of the 
 Protestant cause in Europe against Spain, which 
 is still to him " head of the Papal interest."
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 125 
 
 1 Peace with Holland, to unite the Protestant coun- 
 
 tries ; and abandonment by Cromwell of the 
 plan of the Long Parliament to make a political 
 union of Holland and England. 1654. 
 
 2 Massacre of the Vaudois by the Duke of Savoy, 
 
 Charles Emmanuel H.; interference of England. 
 1656. 
 
 3 Destruction by England of the piratical fleet of 
 
 Algiers ; capture of Jamaica, May, 1655 ; de- 
 struction of the Plata fleet at Santa Cruz in the 
 Canaries, and death of Blake. April 20, 1657. 
 
 4 Cromwell, blind to the dangers to be feared from 
 
 France, joins France against Spain, in attacking 
 Flanders. Conquest of Flanders by the French 
 and English occupation of Dunkirk. June, 
 1658. 
 The great result of Cromwell's foreign policy is to increase the 
 aggrandisement and aid the ambition of France. 
 
 7. The Parliament of 1656. Pp. 576—579- 
 
 a Desire of Cromwell to give his tyranny a legal basis ; 
 summoning of a Parliament, but }io longer of a free 
 Parliament. September 17, 1656. 
 
 1 The Scotch and Irish members nofninees of the 
 
 Government. 
 
 2 Malignants and Catholics still disqualified from 
 
 voting. 
 
 3 Half the members of the House placemen. 
 
 4 Each nietnber returned to be approved by the 
 
 Council; a hundred excluded for disaffection or 
 want of religion. 
 
 b Work of the Parliament, 
 
 1 The support of the Protector in his foreign policy. 
 
 2 The opposition of the Protector in his home policy. 
 
 (rj) By insisting on the withdrawal of the powers 
 of the Major-generals. 
 
 {b) By offering to Cromwell the title of King — a 
 title limited by constitutional precedents — 
 instead of that of Protector— a title unknown 
 to and unlimited by the law. Refusal of the 
 crown by Cromwell owing to the temper of 
 the Army. March— May, 1567. 
 c Parliamentary sanction to the Act of Government, and 
 inauguration of the Protector. June 26. 
 
 1 A practical acknowledgment of the illegality of his 
 
 former rule. 
 
 2 Restoration of the House of Lords. 
 
 3 Taxes only to be levied by consent of Parliament.
 
 126 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4 Liberty of worship secured for all but Papists, 
 Prelatists, and Socinians, axA liberty of conscience 
 for all. 
 
 8. Death of Cromwell. Pp. 579> S^O- 
 
 a Dissolution of Parliament, owing to Cromwell's im- 
 patience of the strife between the two Houses. 
 February 4, 1658. 
 
 b " I would be willing to live, but my work is done ! 
 Yet God will be with His people:' September 3, 
 1658. 
 
 9. The Fall of Puritanism, Pp.. 580—582. 
 
 a General submission to the new Protector, Richard 
 
 Cromwell. 
 b Parliament summoned on the old system of election. 
 
 The first step in reaction. January 29, 1659. 
 c The Army still strong enough to obtain a dissolution of 
 
 Parliament. April 22, 1659. 
 
 d Recall of the remnants of the Long Parliament by 
 the Army, in the hopes of procuring a settled 
 Government. May 7. 
 
 e Jealousy between the Rump and the Army, and quarrels 
 and division in the Army itself. 
 
 / The Rump driven out by the Army. October 23, 1659. 
 Meanwhile, Monk advances from Scotland with 
 offers of a "Free Parliament." Enters London 
 unopposed. February 3, 1660. 
 
 g Meeting of a new House of Commons styled the 
 Convention, and bound by subscription of the 
 Solemn League and Covenant. April 25, 1660. 
 
 h The Declaration of Breda, promising pardon, religious 
 toleration, and satisfaction to the Army. Restora- 
 tion of Charles 11., May 29, 1660. 
 
 10. Milton. Pp. 582—586. 
 
 a During the Civil War in strife with the Royalists and 
 Presbyterians for 
 
 1 Religious freedom. 
 
 2 Freedom of social life. 
 
 3 Freedom of the Press. 
 
 b During the Protectorate, Latin, i.e. foreign, secretary 
 to Cromwell: publishes "the Eii^onoklastes in 
 answer to the Eikon Basilike," October, 1649 ; 
 "The Defence of the English People," April, 
 1651. 
 
 c After the Restoration lives in poverty and blindness ; 
 appearance of Milton's great poem "The Paradise 
 Lost," the epic of Fallen Puritanism. 1667.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 127 
 
 1 Its name, Paradise Lost. 
 
 2 Its main idea the resistance to human evil, and the 
 
 striving for justice and law. 
 
 3 Its self-control and self-repression as in the ex- 
 
 pulsion of Adam from Eden. 
 
 4 Its absence of mystery, " God the Father turns a 
 
 school divine." 
 
 11. The Victory of Puritanism. P. 586. 
 
 Its silent effects on the characters of Englishmen appearing 
 
 a politically, in the Revolution of 1688 ; 
 
 b religiously, in the Wesleyan revival ; 
 
 c morally, in the increasing purity of English literature 
 and honesty of English politics. 
 
 arf)arles 11. 1660—1685. 
 
 A England between the Fall of Puritanism and the Revolu- 
 tion. Pp. 587—604. 
 
 1. The Reaction from Puritanism. Pp. 587 — 591. 
 
 a Confined in its most violent forms to the Capital and 
 the Court. 
 
 b As far as it affects the nation, not sudden, but gradual ; 
 produced by the despotism of the real and the 
 hypocrisy of the false Puritans. 
 
 2. Rise of a modem England. 
 
 a Beginnings of English science ; science takes the 
 place of theology as the chief subject of interest. 
 
 Pp. 591—599- 
 I Lord Bacon, whose influence is now for the first 
 time felt. 
 
 {a) Bacon's Life. Pp. 591—594. 
 
 (i) At twenty-three a member of the House of 
 Commons. " The fear of every man 
 that heard him was lest he should make 
 an end." 
 
 (2) Fails to obtain political employment ; partly 
 because Elizabeth sees his moral weak- 
 ness, partly from the grandeur of his 
 political views : — 
 
 (a) Codification of the law. 
 
 {U) Civilization of Ireland. 
 
 if) Eventual union of England and Scot- 
 land. 
 
 (^) Reforms in the Church, education, and 
 the like.
 
 12S ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (3) Patronized by Lord Essex ; supports the 
 
 charge of treason agaitist Essex at Ids 
 trial. 1601. 
 
 (4) First obtains Court favour under James. 
 
 Finally Lord Keeper and Lord Chan- 
 cellor, after the disgrace of Coke, during 
 the most disgraceful years of fames's 
 reign. 1617—1620. 
 
 (5) Impeachment of Bacon for corruption. He 
 
 confesses his guilt : " I beseech your 
 Lordships to be merciful to a broken 
 reed." 162L 
 
 (J?) Bacon's science. Pp. 594 — 597. 
 
 (i) Its weakness. Want of reverence for the 
 past, and excess of dogmatism blinding 
 him to the scientific discoveries of his 
 own day — such as the Copernican Theory 
 and the discoveries in terrestrial mag- 
 netism, by Dr. Gilbert of Colchester. 
 1591. 
 
 (2) Its strength. 
 
 (a) Experimental analysis the key of science* 
 as in his Essays the key of morals. 
 
 (p) The unity of knowledge and of inquiry. 
 
 {c) Confession of the liability of the in- 
 quirer to go astray, owing to the idols 
 {vain shows) of the Tribe {i.e. the 
 spirit of system that pervades all 
 masses of men), of the Den {i.e. indi- 
 vidual peculiarities), of the Forutn 
 {i.e. the power of words over the 
 mind), of the Theatre {i.e. the tradi- 
 tions of the past). 
 
 {d) The belief in the future of mankind and 
 of science. 
 
 {c) Bacon's attitude to Theology ; Theology to 
 him outside the province of reason : " If I 
 proceed to treat of it, I shall step out of the 
 bark of human reason, and enter into the 
 ship of the Church." 
 
 2 The Royal Society. Pp. 597, 598. 
 
 (<2) Meeting of a little group of students in London., 
 "inquisitive into natural philosophy," partly 
 no doubt from political apathy or despair, 
 1645. Afterwards in London and Oxford. 
 
 {p) The London Society broken up by the troubles 
 of the second Protectorate. 
 
 (<:) The Society revived at the Restoration, pat-
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOrLE. 129 
 
 ronizcd by the King, and called the "Royal 
 Society." 1662. 
 
 3 Popularity of science, and increase of scientific 
 discovery. P. 599. 
 
 (a) The National Obseriiatory at GreeWiVich ; 
 observations of F/ainstced, and investigation 
 of the tides, of terrestrial magnetism, of 
 comets, by Halley. 
 
 (J?) Practical Chemistry founded by Boyle, philo- 
 looy by IVilkins, jiihicralogy by VVoodward, 
 zoolo!^ by Ray, botany by Ray and Morrison, 
 vegetable physiology by Grow, improvement 
 of the microscope by Hooke. 
 
 {c) Isaac Neivton, the author of the theory of 
 planetary fluxions, and the discoverer of the 
 law of gravitation. The Theory of Fluxions, 
 published 1665, the Theory of Light, 1671, 
 the Principia, 1685. 
 
 b Change in English Theology. Pp. 599 — 602. 
 
 1 Lord Falkland the beginner of a new era in English 
 
 Theology by denyitig the authority of tradition 
 in matters of faith. 
 
 2 Chillingworth grounds the "Religion of Protes- 
 
 tants '■' on the Bible as interpreted by the common 
 reason of men. 
 
 3 feremy Tavlor. The Liberty of Prophesying, pub- 
 
 lished 1647. 
 
 (a) Condemns Protestant dogmatism as much as 
 Catholic infallibility. Asks for only one 
 standard of faith — the Apostles' Creed, and 
 pleads for the union of Christian Churches 
 by the simplification of formularies. 
 
 {b) Pleads for toleration— even for the Papist and 
 the Anabaptist. 
 
 4 {a) Compare these Latitudinarians — Chilling\vorlh. 
 
 Taylor, Burnet, Tiliotson, Butler, with the 
 advocates of the New Learning — Colet, 
 Erasmus, More (see Henry VII. D, and 
 Henry VIll. C). 
 
 (<5) Compare the Latitudinarian plea for toleration 
 — the imperfections of human reason— with 
 the Puritan plea— the personal communion 
 of each soul with God. 
 
 c Impulse of political and social inquiry bv Hobbes in 
 his "de Cive" and " Leviathan." 1651. 
 
 1 Men originally equal and in a state of war. 
 
 2 All human relations grounded on prudent selfishness.
 
 130 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Friendship, a sense of social utility ; Religion, 
 the fear of invisible powers. 
 
 3 That great Leviathan, the State, created by a 
 covefiant between man and man, to secure 
 greater strength. 
 
 (a) All rights resigned by the individual to the 
 State and its represetttative. 
 
 {b) Education of prince and people the only check 
 on tyranny ; the end of the Government 
 being the good of the Commonwealth. 
 
 d Hobbes' doctrines enlarged and modified by LoCK-e, 
 the basis of the revolutionary political philosophy. 
 1689—1690. 
 
 1 All power derived from the people. 
 
 2 All power to be exercised for the good of the 
 
 people, and all rulers responsible to the people. 
 
 3 Right of the people to withdraw power from the 
 
 unworthy holder. (These last not found in 
 Hobbes.) 
 
 B The First Years of the Restored Monarchy. 1660—1667. 
 
 Pp. 604 — 616. 
 
 1. The First Ministry and Convention. 1660. Pp. 605—608. 
 
 a The King's first ministry a compromise — of Royalists 
 such as Hyde and Ormond, and Presbyterians who 
 had brought about the Restoration, such as Monk 
 and Ashley Cooper. 
 
 b Passing of the Bill of Indemnity. 
 
 1 Only seven regicides originally excluded from 
 
 pardon : finally ten of the King's judges executed 
 after trial, and Vane and Lambert, though not 
 regicides, exempted from the general pardon. 
 
 2 Compensation claimed by the Royalists for losses 
 
 owing to forced sales of their lands, refused. In- 
 dignation of Royahsts : "^ Bill of Inde7nuity for 
 the King's enemies and oblivion for his friends." 
 
 3 The constitutional work of the Long Parliament 
 
 accepted as the base of future government. No 
 attempt made to revive illegal courts, or jnojto- 
 polies, or ship-money, or taxation without cottsent 
 of Parliament J but the union of Scotland and 
 Ireland with England undone. 
 
 4 Abolition of feudal privileges of the Crown — ward- 
 
 ship, marriage of heiresses, and feudal aids — in 
 exchange for an annual grant of 100,000/. to the 
 King. • 
 
 5 Proposed reconstitution of the Church. Bishops 
 
 to be Presidents of Boards of Presbyters ; the
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 131 
 
 Liturgy to be adopted with the omission of 
 "superstitous practices." Rejected by the in- 
 fluence of Hyde. 
 
 6 Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, disinterred and hum^ 
 in gibbets, January 30, 1661, the bodies of Fym 
 and Blake expelled from Westminster Abbey. 
 
 2. The Cavalier Parliament. 1661—1681. Pp. 608—61 1. 
 
 a Prosecution and execution of Vane, in spite of the 
 King's pledge to save his life. January 14 
 1662. 
 
 b Religious zeal of the Parliament. 
 
 1 Burning of the Solemn League and Covenant by 
 
 the common hangman. 
 
 2 Passing of the Corporation Actj all municipal 
 
 officers 
 
 {a) To receive the Communion according to the 
 
 Anglican use. 
 
 {b) To renounce the Covenant. 
 
 {c) To take an oath of non-resistance. 
 
 An attempt to drive the Presbyterians out of the 
 boroughs, their greatest strongholds. 
 
 3 Renewal of the Act of Uniformity. 1662. 
 
 {a) The use of the Prayer-book enforced in public 
 worship. 
 
 {b) Unfeigned consent and assent demanded from 
 all ministers to all contained in it. 
 
 (f) All but episcopal orders legally disallowed (for 
 the first time since the Reformation). 
 
 4 Driving out of tivo thousand rectors and vicars 
 
 (one-fifth of the clergy of the Church) as Non- 
 conformists. S. Bartholomew' s day, August 24 
 1662. Effects of the expulsion. 
 
 (a) Severance of the Church of England from the 
 other Reformed Churches, and consequent 
 immobility. 
 
 {b) Appearance of Disse7it as a religious and 
 political power, leading finally to absolute 
 religious freedom. 
 
 3. Religious Persecution. Pp. 611— 615. 
 
 a The King proposes a Bill to enable him to dispense 
 with the Act of Uniformity — really to favour the 
 Roman Catholics. 1663. 
 
 The Nonconformists object to its unconstitutional 
 cliaracter, the Church to its liberal tendency. 
 
 b Parliament replies by insisting on the banishment of 
 
 I 2
 
 132 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Roman Catholic priests, and by passing the Con- 
 venticle Act, 1664, and the Five Mile Act, 1665. 
 The Conventicle Act, forbidding meetings of 
 more than five persons for any religious 
 worship but that of the Common Prayer. 
 
 The Five Mile Act, forbidding any Noncon- 
 formist minister who declines the oath of non- 
 resistance to come within five miles of a 
 borough or town. As most of the Noncon- 
 formists lived in towns, this meant expulsion 
 of their ministers and loss of all religious 
 teaching. 
 
 c A special Act against Quakers, 1662 ; in 1672 twelve 
 thousand Quakers are in prison. 
 
 d Bunyan an illustration of the severity of the persecu- 
 tion. 
 
 1 After his conversion — 1653 — a preacher in the 
 
 Baptist church at Bedford. 
 
 2 Imprisoned at the Restoration from 1660 to 1672. 
 
 3 Writes while in prison the first part of the Pilgrim's 
 
 Progress and other treatises and meditations. 
 The first part of the Pilgrim's Progress published 
 1674, the second part 1678, the Holy War 
 1682. 
 The Pilgrim's Progress one of the noblest English 
 poems, 
 
 (a) In its sunny kindliness unbroken by a word of 
 
 bitterness. 
 
 (b) In its revelation of the poetry created by con- 
 
 tact with the spiritual world ; ordinary life 
 transformed and glorified by the Bible atmo- 
 sphere. Hence the most widely known of 
 English books. 
 
 4. War with Holland. Pp. 615, 6 1 6. 
 
 a Quarrel between Dutch and English merchants as to 
 the monopoly of gold-dust and slaves from the 
 Guinea Coast. 1664. War declared against the 
 Dutch, February, 1665. 
 
 b English victory o'H Lowestoft, June 3, 1665, Doubtful 
 battle in the Downs, June 1—4, 1666. English 
 victory and ravaging of the coast of Holland, July 
 25,1666. Obstinacy of the stru-ggle. "They may 
 be'killed, but they cannot be conquered." 
 
 c English victory counterbalanced by disasters at home. 
 
 1 The Plague of London carrying off a hundred 
 
 thousand in the course of the year. 1665. 
 
 2 The Fire of London, destroying all the city from
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOrLE. 133 
 
 the Tower to the Tempk. Ssptember 2 — 6, 
 
 1666. 
 d The Dutch, taking advantage of this, sail up to 
 Cravesend, burn the men-of-war in the Medway, 
 and are via^ters of the Channel from June 9 to 
 July 21, 1667. 
 
 C The King and his Policy. 1667—1673. Pp. 616—628. 
 
 1. The King's Character and Policy, Pp. 616—619. 
 
 rt His character : Incapable of love or hate, only 
 7'etaini)i>r for his fellcw-mcn a feeling of amused 
 contempt. 
 
 b His policy : To rule as independently as he could 
 without having to set out on his travels again. 
 
 2. The carrying out of his policy in the earlier years of his 
 reign. Pp. 616 — 622. 
 
 a Undoing of the Union with Scotland. 1660, P. 619. 
 
 1 Meeting of the " Drunken Parliament," January 1, 
 
 1661, and annulling of all proceedings of Parlia- 
 ment during the last eight-and-twcnty years. 
 
 2 Abolition of the Covenant and re-establishment of 
 
 Episcopacy. DscBmber 15. 
 
 3 Execution of the Earl of Argyle, May 27. 
 
 4 Government of Scotland entrusted to Lauderdale, 
 
 who devotes himself to crtcshing Presbyterianisni, 
 and raisifig a Royal army. 
 
 b Undoing of the Union with Ireland. 1660. P. 620. 
 
 1 Restoration of the Bishops to their sees. 
 
 2 The land still re?nains in the hands of CromwelPs 
 
 settlers. 
 
 c Attempts to raise a Royal army in England. P. 620. 
 
 1 Five thousand horse and foot retained as the King's 
 
 guards, after the rising of the Anabaptists under 
 Venner. January, 1661. 
 
 2 These guards gradually increased till, at the end of 
 
 the reign, they consist of seven thousand foot, 
 one thousand seven hundred horse, and six King's 
 regiments serving in the employ of the United 
 Provinces. 
 
 d Attempts to gain freedom from Parliamentary control 
 by the aid of France. 
 
 1 The King consents not to interfere with the policy 
 
 of Lewis XIV. {i.e. the annexation of the Spanish 
 Netherlands, which he claims in right of his wife 
 Maria Theresa). 
 
 2 The King marries Catharine of Portugal (just
 
 134 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 revolted from Spain and dependent on France), 
 in spite of Spanish remonstrance. 1662. 
 
 3 The King sells Dunkirk, the one result ofCromweU's 
 
 victories, to France. National irritation: "We 
 all naturally love the Spanish, and hate the 
 French." 
 
 4 Lewis obliged to support Holland in its war with 
 
 England, January, 1666. Desire in England 
 for war with France ; serious hostilities avoided 
 by the dexterity of Charles and Lewis. 
 
 5 The national irritation calmed by the sacrifice of 
 
 Clarendon (Hyde), who is unpopular — with the 
 nation from his pride and corruption ; with the 
 Parliament from the disgraces of the Dutch war. 
 August to November, 1667. 
 
 3. Ashley (Shaftesbury) succeeds Clarendon, heading the 
 " Cabal " Ministry, and practically thwarts the King's 
 schemes. Pp. 623, 624. 
 
 a By pressing first for a scheme of Protestafit compre- 
 hension, and union of Protestant Churches : then 
 for toleration, at least, y^r all but Romati Catholics. 
 
 b By pressing for a league of Protestant Powers, after the 
 French occupation of Flanders, in 1667. Sir 
 William Temple negotiates the Triple Alliance 
 between Englajtd, Holland, and Swedeji, forcing 
 Lewis to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668. 
 Irritation of Lewis at being foiled by "a nation of 
 shopkeepers^^ and rise of English reputation on the 
 Continent. National exultation " The Oftly good 
 public tJmig that has been done since the King catne 
 to Englatid." 
 
 4. The King enters into a secret alliance with France. The 
 Treaty of Dover, negotiated by Arlington, the author of the 
 Triple Alliajice, May 22, 1670. P. 624. 
 
 a The King to announce his conversion to Roman 
 Catholicism (afterwards deferred). 
 
 b To join the French in declaring war in Holland. 
 
 c To support the French claim on Flanders, in event of 
 the King of Spain dying without an heir. 
 
 5. The Dutch War. Pp. 625, 626. 
 
 a Ashley induced to consent to the war, hy a. Declaratioji 
 of Indulgence to all but Roman Catholics, March, 
 1672. Twelve thousand Quakers liberated from 
 gaol. 
 
 b Money obtained for the war by closing the Exchequer, 
 and the suspension of payment of interest or 
 principal on the loans of the Treasury. January 
 2, 1672.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 135 
 
 c War declared against Holland. March, 1672. 
 
 1 Delay of France and England in prosecuting the 
 
 war. 
 
 2 Intrepidity of William, the young Prince of Orange. 
 
 "Do you not see that your country is lost?" 
 "There is a sure way never to see it lost, and 
 that is, to die in Ike last ditch." 
 
 6. The Parliament of 1673, called owing to the necessities of 
 the Dutch War. Pp. 627, 628. 
 
 a Parliament insists on the revocation of the Declaration 
 of Indulgence, as unconstitutional. 
 
 b Parliament passes the Test Act, demanding from civil 
 and military officers the oaths of allegiance and 
 supremacy, a declaration against iransubstantialion 
 and the reception of the Sacratnent according to 
 the Anglican use. 7'ke Duke of York, Lord High 
 Admiral, and Clifford acknowledge themselves 
 Catholics and resign their offices. 
 
 c Dismay of the people. All trust in the King at an end. 
 
 D Danby's Administration. 1674—1678. Pp. 628-638. 
 1, Shaftesbury's Early Life and Policy. Pp. 628 — 632. 
 a His early life. 1622—1660. 
 
 1 Even when a boy, distinguished for self-reliance. 
 
 2 In the Civil War, originally on the King's side, 
 
 then passing over, eventually a member of the 
 Council of State, "the loudest bagpipe of the 
 squeaking train." 
 
 3 After the Restoration, apparently the wildest in the 
 
 wild Court, but in reality devoted to business, 
 and with a distinct and liberal policy. 
 
 b His policy. 
 
 1 Originally to acquiesce in the King's policy in the 
 
 hopes of obtaining Protestant Toleration, possibly 
 Protestant Comprehension. 
 
 2 After the discovery of the King's perfidy, to oppose 
 
 the King, with the same hopes in view. 
 
 {a) Presses for the withdrawal of the Declaration 
 of Indulgence. 
 
 (p) Supports the Test Act. 
 
 {c) Protests against the marriage of James to the 
 Catholic Mary of Modena. 
 
 3 On his dismissal by the King he passes into open 
 
 opposition. " It is only laying down my gown, 
 and buckling on my sword." November, 1673. 
 
 {a) Spreads the report of a Papist rising and Irish 
 revolt.
 
 136 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 {b) Presses the Bill for Protestant securities, that 
 any Prince marrying a Roman Catholic be 
 excluded from the throne. The Bill is rejec- 
 ted, but the King gives way to the popular 
 feeling. Buckingham and Arlington dis- 
 missed. Osborne, Earl of Danby, a Cavalier 
 Churchman, called to power. 1674. 
 
 2. Danby, a Chuj'chman, hating Popery and Dissent, a Cavalier, 
 but with a belief in Parliament and law, and a patriotic wish 
 to shake off dependence on France. Pp. 632 — 638, 
 
 a Divides the Opposition. P. 633. 
 
 1 By bribery. The first English Minister who 
 
 bribed. 
 
 2 By reviving the spirit of religious persecution ; 
 
 proposes the extension of the Test Act to all 
 functionaries. 
 
 b Deceived by the King, who, in spite of his entreaties, 
 signs a second secret treaty with France (February) 
 1676, receiving an annual pension from Lewis of 
 100,000/.), he determines to rescue the King from 
 his bondage by reconciling the Parliament to him. 
 P. 634. 
 
 1 Sends Shaftesbury to the Tower for contempt of 
 
 the House. February, 1677. 
 
 2 Introduces the Bill for the security of the Church, 
 
 that a Roman CathoUc King have no Church 
 patronage. 1677. 
 
 c Danby's foreign policy marked by the same patriotic 
 tendency. Pp. 634, 635. 
 
 1 The Prince of Orange invited to England, a7id 
 
 married to Alary, eldest child of the Duke of York, 
 presu7nptive heiress of the Crown. November, 
 1677. 
 
 2 Indignation of Lewis. Danby, though eager for 
 
 war with France, consents to write, at the Kittg's 
 order, a demand to Lewis for a pension for three 
 years as the price of peace. May, 1678. 
 
 3 Danby's policy defeated by his own delay. The 
 
 Treaty of Nimwegen leaves France its conquests 
 in Flanders and towards the Rhme, and the King 
 of England with an army of twenty thousand 
 men and a million of French money. 1678 and 
 1679. 
 
 d The Popish Plot. Pp. 635, 636. 
 
 I The panic first spread by Titus Gates, originally a 
 Baptist, then a Jesuit, who brings information of 
 a plot to subvert Protestantism and kill the King. 
 August, 1678.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 137 
 
 2 The belief in the existence of a plot strengthened 
 
 (a) by the seizure of the papers of Coleman, 
 secretary to the Duchess of York ; Coleman 
 executed, December, 1678. 
 
 (l>) by the efforts of Shaftesbury ; 
 
 (c) by the death of Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey, 
 October 15, 1678. 
 e The Fall of Danby. Pp. 636—638. 
 
 1 Shaftesbury trusts, fy means of the plot, to separate 
 
 the King from France, and to exclude James 
 from the throne. 
 
 2 Shaftesbury carries a Bill for the exclusion of 
 
 Catholics from either House. James exempted 
 by a special clause, and Shaftesbury practically 
 defeated. 
 
 3 Bedloe comes forward as a fresh informer of a plot 
 
 to land a Papist army and massacre the Protes- 
 tants. January, 1679. 
 
 4 Recall of the English Ambassador (Montagu) from 
 
 Paris through a quarrel with Danby, and pro- 
 duction by him of the letter written to Lewis by 
 Danby at the King's order. 
 
 5 Retirement of Danby to save impeachment. De- 
 
 cember, 1678. 
 
 E Shaftesbury's Administration. Pp. 638—641. 1678, 1679. 
 
 1. Temple's plan for a new Council (really a restoration of the 
 Royal Council to its older powers). Pp. 638, 639. 
 
 a The Council to consist of thirty members. 
 
 1 Fifteen appointed by the Crown. 
 
 2 Fifteen appointed by Parliament. 
 
 3 Their joint income not to fall below 300,000/., 
 
 nearly the collective income of the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 b Its inherent faults. 
 
 1 Too large for secrecy and expedition. 
 
 2 Too small for wide-reaching deliberation. (See 
 
 Macaula/s Essay on Sir William Temple.) 
 
 2. The Exclusion of James from the Throne. P. 640. 
 
 a The King's concessions ; withdrawal of James to 
 Holland, March, 1679; a Catholic Sovereign to have 
 no civil or military patronage, nor power to dissolve 
 Parliament. 
 
 b Shaftesbury still presses for absolute exclusion, and 
 prepares a Remonstrance from the Commons, and an 
 Address from the City of London.
 
 138 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c The King gains time by proroguing Parliament. May, 
 1679. 
 
 3. Monmouth as Claimant for the Throne. Pp. 640, 641. 
 
 a Monmouth (a bastard son of the King) put forward by 
 Shaftesbury as the heir to the Crown, to the ex- 
 clusion of James and of the Prince of Orange. 
 Consequent dissolution of the Country Party. 
 
 b Deserted by his colleagues, Shaftesbury urges on more 
 vehemently the panic of the Popish plot. The 
 Meal-tub Plot. 
 
 c The King, seeing the breach in the Opposition, dis- 
 solves the Cavalier Parliament and dismisses 
 Shaftesbury. November, 1679. 
 
 F Shaftesbury again in Opposition. 1679—1682. Pp. 642— 
 646. 
 
 1. The King re-opens secret negotiations with France. 
 
 2. Beginning of re-action against the story of the Popish 
 plot, in spite of Shaftesbury's efforts to keep up the 
 excitement. 
 
 3. Progress of the re-action ; feeling begins to rise against 
 the Exclusion Bill, Petitioners and Abhorrers. Return of 
 James to England from Scotland. February, 1680. 
 
 4. Resolute attempt of Shaftesbury to force the Exclusion 
 Bill through Parliament. The Bill defeated by Halifax, the 
 mouthpiece of the Prince of Orange. November, 1680. 
 
 5. Shaftesbury procures the impeachment and execution of the 
 aged Lord Stafford as an accomplice in the Polish plot. 
 December. 
 
 6. Halifax introduces the Limitation Bill, depriving James of 
 right— 
 
 a of veto on any measure passed by Parliament ; 
 
 b of negotiating with foreign powers ; 
 
 c of civil or military appointments. 
 
 Opposed by the King. 
 
 7. The King, having obtained supplies from France, dissolves 
 his second Parliament (January, 1681) and summons his 
 third Parliament to Oxford, as an appeal against the dis- 
 loyalty of the capital (March, 1681). 
 
 8. The riotous Parliament at Oxford : dissolution after a session 
 of seven days. 
 
 9. The King summons his fourth Parliament to London. 
 
 a A burst of loyalty from the nation. 
 
 b Arrest of Shaftesbury, for suborning false witnesses. 
 Acquittal of Shaftesbury, to the joy of London. 
 November, 1681.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE, 139 
 
 c Renewal of the persecution of the Nonconformists. 
 
 d Flight of Shaftesbury to Holland, and death there. 
 " A champion for English freedom, who associated 
 the 7ioblest of causes with the vilest of crimes'^ 
 January, 1683. 
 
 G The Royal Tyranny to the Death of the King. 1683—1685. 
 Pp. 646—649. 
 
 1. The Royal Triumph. 
 
 a The Whig defeat leads to the Rye-house Plot to kill 
 the King and James on their road from London 
 to Newmarket. Execution of Russell and Alt^er- 
 non Sidtiey, and flight of Monmouth. July, 1683. 
 
 b The University of Oxford proclaims passive obedience 
 as a religious duty. July, 1683. 
 
 2. In spite of the Tyranny real constitutional progress made 
 during this reign ; due to the work of the Long Parliament. 
 " The King was restored to nothing but what the law gave 
 him." 
 
 a Cessation of illegal proclamations, and no attempt to 
 revive illegal courts. 
 
 b Expiration of the statute for the regulation of printing. 
 1679. No attempt to re-enact it. 
 
 c The Habeas Corpus Act, abolishing all exceptions to 
 the old practice of the law. 
 
 1 Every prisoner, except for treason or felony, entitled 
 
 to see the warrant for his imprisonment, even in 
 the vacation of the courts. 
 
 2 Prisoners for treason or felony to be released on 
 
 bail if not indicted at the next sessions, to be 
 discharged if not indicted at the sessions which 
 follow. May 27, 1679. 
 
 3. The Despotism of the King. 
 
 a James re-appointed Lord High Admiral, and re- 
 admitted to the Council in spite of the Test Act. 
 1684. 
 
 b Parliament not re-assembled, in spite of the Triennial 
 Act. 
 
 c Opposition crushed by 
 
 1 The quashing of town charters, as of London. 
 
 June, 1683. 
 
 2 The increase of the Royal army by the withdra\val 
 
 of the garrison from Tangiers which is dis- 
 mantled. 1683. 
 
 4. The Death of the King. February 6, 1685. 
 
 a The grief of the people at the King's illness.
 
 140 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b The King's reconciliation to the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 c The King's bravery and humour even in the presence 
 of death. " I am sorry I have been so unconscion- 
 able a time in dying." 
 
 d The King's death the salvation of English freedom. 
 
 gjamcs IS, 1685—1688. 
 
 A Continuation of the Tyranny. Pp. 649—657. 
 
 1. Enthusiasm of the country at the pledge of the King to 
 preserve the laws and to protect the Church. " We have 
 the word of a King, and of a Kittg who was never worse 
 than his word. " 
 
 2. The Rebellions. Pp. 649, 650. 
 
 a In Scotlatid by Argyle, who had escaped to Holland, 
 after being sentenced to death on grounds " on 
 which we should not Jiang a dog here." Argyle 
 fails, owing to the insubordination of his followers 
 — Sir Patrick Hume and Sir John Cochrane — 
 and is executed. June 30, 1685. 
 
 b In the West of England by Monmouth. Monmouth, 
 supported by the jniners of Cornwall, the fanners 
 and traders of Devon and Dorset, and the clothier- 
 towns of Somerset, the gentry standing aloof. 
 Defeat of Monmouth at Sedgemoor, July 6. 
 Execution of Monmouth, July 15, 1685. 
 
 3. The Bloody Assize, and Judge Jeffreys. Pp. 650, 651. 
 
 a Three hundred and fifty rebels hanged, eight hundred 
 sold into slavery, besides those whipped and im- 
 prisoned. 
 
 b Even women scourged from market-town to market, 
 sentenced to death and to the stake for sheltering 
 rebels. (See the cases of Mrs. Lisle and Elizabeth 
 Gaunt, and compare Macaulay's account of the 
 proceedings in his History of England.) 
 
 c Sale of Pardons by the Queen, the Maids of Honour 
 (the Maids of Taunton), and the Judge. 
 
 d Ruthlessness of the King. " This marble is not harder 
 than the King^s heart" (See Macaulay's account 
 of his interview with Monmouth.) 
 
 4. The King's Tyranny. Pp. 651 — 657. 
 
 a The King's Foreign Policy. Pp. 651, 652. 
 
 I In absolute subtnission to France. " Tell your 
 master that without his protection I can do 
 nothing."
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 141 
 
 2 Events in France. 
 
 (a) Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. October 
 12, 1685. 
 
 {p) Stamping out of Protestantism in blood, and 
 flight of Huguenots to England ; foundation 
 by them of the silk trade at Spitalfields. 
 
 3 The Royal army in England increased to twenty 
 
 thousand and filled with Roman Catholic officers : 
 a camp opened at Hounslow to keep London 
 quiet. 1686. Halifax dismissed, October, 1685, 
 and Catholics admitted to the Royal Council. 
 
 b The King's Policy in Scotland and Ireland. Pp. 652, 
 653- 
 
 1 In Scotland. 
 
 {a) Government put into the hands of Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 {p) Refusal even of the Scotch Parliament to pass 
 a Toleration Act for Roman Catholics, 
 although bribed by the offer of free trade 
 with England. "^ Shall tue sell our God?" 
 March, 1686. 
 
 {c) Treatment of the laws against Catholics as 
 null by the King's command. 
 
 2 In Ireland. 
 
 {a) Government put into the hands of Tyrconnel 
 and Roman Catholics. 1687. 
 
 {b) The army re-organized by the dismissal of 
 Protestant officers. 
 
 c The King's attack on the Church. Pp. 653, 654. 
 
 1 Directly. 
 
 {a) Re-appearance of Roman Catholic priests and 
 Jesuits in London. 
 
 {b) Appointments of seven Commissioners under 
 Jcftreys for the Government. Suspension 
 of the Bishop of London for permitting 
 preaching against Poperv. September, 
 1686. 
 
 {c) Opposition of the clergy, especially Tillotson 
 and Stillingfiect. 
 
 2 Indirectly through the Universities. 
 
 {a) Dismissal of the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge 
 for refusing to confer a degree on a Bene- 
 dictine monk. May, 1687. 
 
 {b) Retention of the Roman Catholic Master of 
 University College, Oxford. 
 
 Appointment of a Roman Catholic to the
 
 142 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 deanery of Christ Church. December, 
 1686. 
 
 Military installation of a Roman Catholic as 
 President oi Magdalen College; expulsion of 
 the protesting Fellows and Demies ; intro- 
 duction of Roman Catholics in their place. 
 December, 1687. 
 
 d The King's Policy in the State. Pp. 654—657. 
 
 1 Dissolution of Parliament and disgrace of Clarendon 
 
 and Rochester. The King proceeds with his work 
 alo7ie. July, 1687. 
 
 2 Attempt to win over the Nonconformists by a 
 
 Declaration of Indulgence. 1687. Refusal of 
 the Declaration by the Nonconformists. 
 
 3 Attempt to call a Parliament to repeal the Test Act ; 
 
 the House of Lords packed by the creation of 
 new peers ; abandonment of the scheme, owing 
 to the impossibility of getting a House of 
 Commons. 
 
 4 Issue of a fresh Declaration of Indulgence to be 
 
 read in Church, April 7, 1688. 
 
 5 Refusal of the clergy to read it, and protest of 
 
 seven Bishops. 
 
 6 Trial of the Seven Bishops, June 29, 1688. 
 
 Acquittal, to the joy of the nation, attd even 
 of the army. 
 
 B William the Deliverer. Pp. 657—668. 
 
 1. The state of Europe, and the predomirKince of France. Pp. 
 657—659- 
 
 a State of the other European nations, 
 Spain falling into decrepitude. 
 
 The Etnpire still suffering from the effects of the 
 Thirty Years' war, and the independence of the 
 German Princes secured by the Peace of West- 
 phalia. 1648. 
 
 Austria engaged in fighting against the Turks. 
 
 Sweden exhausted by the efforts made under 
 Gustavus. 
 
 The United Provinces struggling with England for 
 the mastery of the sea. 
 
 England a dependency of France. 
 b Rise of France. 
 
 I Industry and trade of the Huguenots south of the 
 Loire since the Edict of Nantes, 1598, and con- 
 sequent increase ot wealth.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 148 
 
 2 Suppression of feudal abuses by Richelieu. 1610. 
 
 3 Immense army and navy. 
 
 4 Ability of French Ministers ; Richelieu, 1610, who 
 
 defeated the House of Austria by his Protestant 
 alliance ; Mazarin, 1643, who disorganized the 
 Empire by the Peace of Westphalia, and weak- 
 ened Spain by the Treaty of the Pyrenees ; 
 Lionne, Louvois, Colbert. 1661. 
 
 5 Aim of Lewis XIV. the completion of the ruin of 
 
 Spam. 
 
 {a) By occupying the Spanish Netherlands. 
 
 (J>) By securing the succession to the Spanish 
 throne. 
 
 2. William, as Prince of Orange. Pp. 659 — 663. 
 
 a Invasion of Holland by the French, encouraged by 
 the French policy of the merchants headed by De 
 Witt. 1672. Holland saved by William's energy 
 in defeat. 
 
 d Formation by William of a coalition of Holland, 
 Spain, and the Empire, against France, ending in 
 the peace of Nimwegen, by which Lewis retains 
 his conquests in Flanders, and towards the Rhine. 
 1678-1679. 
 
 c French occupation of Franche-Comtd, Lorraine, and 
 Elsass. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 1685. 
 
 d William's plan for a larger coalition against France, 
 to include England ; seen in the last reign by his 
 marriage and by his opposition to the Exclusion 
 Bill, which would have given the throne to Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 <f The attitude of W^illiam to James II. 
 
 1 Refuses aid to the English malcontents in Holland. 
 
 1685. 
 
 2 Protests against the Declaration of Indulgence. 
 
 1687. 
 
 3 By exciting James's suspicions, makes him more 
 
 resolute in his Irish policy. 1687. 
 
 4 Sends Dykvelt to organize the English opposition, 
 
 to preserve Mary's future kingdom. 
 
 3. The English Invitation to William. Pp. 663 — 667. 
 
 a Announcement of the Queen's pregnancy. Alarm in 
 England for a Roman Catholic Prince of Wales. 
 Invitation to William signed by Danby, Compton, 
 Devonshire, as representing the Tories, the High 
 Churchmen, and the Whigs. 
 
 d Birth of the Prince of Wales, June 10, 1688. Flight
 
 144 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 of English nobles to the Hague, and desertion of 
 J;imcs by his Minister Stmderland. 
 
 c Lewis XIV. attacks Germany instead of Holland. 
 The greatest political erro7- of his reign. 
 
 d Landing of William in Torbay. November 5, 1688, 
 
 1 Desertion of James by Churchill (Marlborough), 
 
 his general, and his daughter Anne. Novembir 
 22 and 26. 
 
 2 Flight of James, and arrest on the sea coast, De- 
 
 cember 12. Second flight, and escape to France. 
 December 23, 1G88. 
 4. The Revolution. Pp. 667, 668. 
 
 a Summoning of the House of Peers and of all who had 
 
 sat in the House of Commons in the reign of 
 
 Charles H. 
 b By their advice, "William summons a Convention. 
 
 January 22, 1689. 
 c James declared to have abdicated the Government and 
 
 left the Throne vacant. 
 d William declining the Regency, William and Mary 
 
 declared King and Queen. William to have the 
 
 practical administration. 
 e The Declaration of Rights, denying the right of the 
 
 King, without the consent of Parliament, 
 
 1 to levy taxes, 
 
 2 to exert dispensing power, 
 
 3 to levy troops. 
 
 Claiming the right of the subject 
 
 1 to elect to Parliament, 
 
 2 to petition, 
 
 3 to have fair justice ; 
 
 and of Parliament to liberty of debate. 
 / Acceptance of the Declaration, and proclamation of 
 William and Mary as King and Queen. February 
 13, 1689. 
 
 Milliam Wk, 1689—1702. Pp. 668—686. 
 
 A The Grand Alliance. Pp. 668, 669. 
 
 1. The flight of James, involving the defeat of the policy of" 
 Lewis. 
 
 2. James acknowledged as King by Lewis. Declaration of war 
 by England. May 7, 1689.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 145 
 
 3. Formation of the Grand Alliance, — England, Holland, Spain, 
 the Empire, Austria. May. 
 
 B William and Scotland. Pp. 669—671. 
 
 1. Summoning of Scotch Convention. March 14. James 
 declared to hvivc forfeited the Crown by j/iisiioverninent. 
 
 2. Presentation of the Claim of Right, closing with a demand 
 for the abolition of Prelacy. March 4. 
 
 3. Revolt of the Highlands against the restoration of the House 
 of Ar gyle. 
 
 a Defeat of the Royal forces at Killiecrankie, counter- 
 balanced bv the death of Dundee (Claverhouse). 
 July 27, 1689. 
 
 b Submission of the clans and building of Fort William. 
 1690. 
 
 c Massacre of the Macdotialds of Glencoe for delay in 
 making submission. February 13, 1692. Known 
 at the time to few but the Master of Stair. 
 
 d The King urges a Toleration Act on the Scots. " So 
 long as I reign there shall be no persecution for 
 conscience sake." 
 
 C The Irish Revolt. Pp. 677, 672. 
 
 1. Tyrconnel begins the revolt in Dublin. James lands in 
 Ireland. March, 1689. 
 
 2. --^it-gt^ of Londonderry by James's army for one hundred and 
 three days. April 20 — July 30. The siege raised by the 
 re-victualling of the town. {See Macaulay's account of the 
 siege in his History). 1689. 
 
 3. Repeal by the Irish Parliament of the Act of Settlement. 
 A ttainder of three thousand Protestants. May, 
 
 D England and the Revolution. Pp. 672—676. 
 
 1. The Bill of Rights, restoring the iwomwchy to its old condi- 
 tion before the rise of the new monarchy under Edward Il\ 
 Re-establishment of the right of the people to depose their 
 King and set on the throne whom they would. October 25 
 1689. 
 
 2. The grant of the Royal revenue limited to a term of four 
 years. Irritation of the King, and consequent limitation of 
 the grant to one year. 
 
 3. The Mutiny Act, granting pay and disciplinary powers to the 
 array for one year. 
 
 Py these two statutes, 2 and 3, the annual assembly of 
 Parliament made an absolute necessity. 
 
 4. The Triennial Bill, limiting the duration of a Parliament to 
 three years, vetoed by the King. 
 
 5. Scheme for Protestant comprehension defeated, but Tolera- 
 tion Act passed. May 24, 1690. 
 
 a Active persecution made impossible. 
 
 K
 
 146 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b The dissenting bodies friendly to reform when opposed 
 by the Church. Thus religion not identified with 
 political re-action. 
 
 6. Expulsion of Bancroft and the Non-Jurors {i.e. those who 
 refused the oath of allegiance to the new Sovereigns). 
 February, 1690. 
 
 7. The King's Act of General Indemnity rejected by the Whigs. 
 The King, alarmed by the activity of the French, the virtual 
 defeat of the fleet off Beachy Head and in Bantry Bay, and 
 the appearance of a Jacobite party in England, dissolves 
 Parliament, and issues /« his own tiame an Act of Grace. 
 1690. 
 
 8. A new Parliament called, which is mainly Tory ; Danby first 
 Minister. 1690. 
 
 E The Irish Campaign. 1689—1691. Pp. 676—678. 
 
 1. Landing of Schomberg with the Royal forces. Autumn, 
 1689. 
 
 2. French auxiliaries sent over to James. Landing of William. 
 Battle of the Boyne. July 1, 1690. Panic of James and 
 total rout of his army. 
 
 3. S'xQgto^ Limerick. August 8 — 30. Sarsfieldoh\\gts\^\\Y\M-\\ 
 to raise the siege. 
 
 4. Marlborough captures Cork and Kinsale. Winter, 1690. 
 
 5. Ginkel captures Athlone ; routs the Irish army at Aughrim. 
 July. Sarsfield obliged to surrender Limerick, August, 
 1691. Capitulation of Limerick (that the Catholics should 
 enjoy such privileges as are compatible with law), not ratified 
 by Parliament. October. Ix^i'i.xvC^ 'ixXowl under legal tyra7i)iy 
 till the French Revolution. 
 
 F The Jacobite Plots. Pp. 678— 6S0. 
 
 1. Defeat of the English fleet off Beachy Head through the 
 treachery of Herbert, the Admiral. The last French naval 
 victory. July, 1690. 
 
 2. The King takes command in Flanders ; French capture 
 Mofts, the strongest fortress in the Netherlands. 1691. 
 
 3. Treason of Marlborough and Russell (the new commander of 
 the fleet). 
 
 a Marlborough's plan to depose William and enthrone 
 Anne, over whom his wife has complete power. 
 
 b Russell's sense of official duty stronger than his in- 
 trigues. " Do not think I will let the French 
 triumph over us in our own seas." Victory oi La 
 Hague, crushing the existetice of France as a naval 
 power. May 19, 1692. 
 
 4. French victories on land at Stcinkirk, August, 1692, find 
 Neerwinden, July 19, 1693, only end in loss of life and 
 exhaustion of France.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 147 
 
 G The First English Ministry. Pp. 680—684. 
 
 1. The sovereignty transferred b)- the Revolution yV^?;;/ the King 
 to the House of Commons, but the Commons still deficient 
 in power to make its will bear on public affairs ; hence per- 
 petual jealousy and friction. 
 
 2. Sunderland (formerly Minister of James) solves the difficulty 
 by advising that Ministers be chosen exclusively from the 
 party strongest in the House of Commons. 1693. Hence 
 
 a Unity and responsibility of ministers, who become the 
 servants of the country, not of the King, 
 
 b The House of Commons organised and satisfied. 
 
 3. The King gradually adopts the plan, being driven to the 
 Whigs by the Tory opposition to the war. P'ormation of the 
 Whig Junto under Somers, Montagu, Shrewsbury. 1694: 
 1695. Its effects. 
 
 a Triennial Bill becomes law. May, 1695. 
 
 b Recognition of the freedom of the press, and conse- 
 quent multiplication of public prints. 1695. 
 
 c Establishment of the Bank of England — forbidden to 
 lend monev to Crown without consent of Parlia- 
 ment. 1694. 
 
 d Creation of the National Debt, the greatest security 
 against the return of James, who would have 
 repudiated it. 
 
 e Reform of the debased coinage. 1696. 
 
 f Vigorous prosecution of the war. 
 
 1 Capture of Namur by the Allies. 1695. 
 
 2 The Peace of Ryswick. May— October, 1697. 
 
 {a) Abandonment by France of all her annexations 
 since treaty of Nimwegen, except Strassburg; 
 restoration of Lorraine, Luxembourg, and 
 conquests in Netherlands. 
 
 {b) Abandonment by France of Stuart cause. 
 Recognition of William as King of England. 
 
 (For the characters of these Whig statesmen, see Macaulay's 
 History.) 
 
 H The Spanish Succession. Pp. 684—686. 
 
 1. The claimants to the Spanish throne. 
 
 a The Dauphin, son of the Spanish King's elder sister. 
 
 b The Electoral Prince of Bavaria, son of the Spanish 
 King's younger sister. 
 
 c The Emperor, grandson of Spanish King's aunt. 
 
 The claims of the Dauphin and the Electoral Prince barred 
 by special treaties. 
 
 K 2
 
 148 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 Philip IV. Anne = Lewis XIII. Maria Anne = The 
 
 Emperor 
 Lewis XIV 
 
 Ferdinand III. 
 Leopold I., Emperor 
 
 Charles II. Maria Theresa Margaret Theresa (by second wife) 
 = LewisXIV. =LeopoldI. Charles III., 
 I I King of the Romans 
 
 The Dauphin A daughter = Elector 
 
 I I of Bavaria 
 
 r I 1 
 
 Lewis of Philip V. The Electoral Prince 
 
 Burgundy (of Anjou) of Bavaria. 
 
 Lewis XV. 
 
 2. The first Partition Treaty between England, Holland, and 
 France. 1698. 
 
 The Electoral Prince to succeed to Spain, the Dauphin 
 to the Two Sicilies, the Emperor to the Milatiese. 
 
 3. Death of the Electoral Prince ; weariness in England of the 
 war ; the "Whigs driven from office. 
 
 4. The second Partition Treaty. 1700. 
 
 Spain, the Indies, and the Netherlands to go to the 
 
 Emperor's second son, Archduke Charles. 
 The Two Sicilies and Lorrai7ie to be given to France. 
 
 I The Second Grand Alliance. Pp. 686—688. 
 
 1. Indignation of the Spaniards at the Partition Treaties. Will 
 of the King of Spain bequeathing all the Spanish Empire to 
 the Duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin. 
 
 2. Acceptance of the will by France. Little alarm or indigna- 
 tion in England, to the King's great grief. 
 
 3. The King's last illness. Vigour of his exertions against 
 France, although without allies abroad, and compelled to 
 accept a Tory Ministry under Godolphin at home. 1701. 
 
 4. Introduction of French troops into the Spanish towns. Dis- 
 regard of the English demand for their withdrawal Growing 
 indignation in England against France. 
 
 5 Death of James II. September, 1701. Lewis acknowledges 
 his son as King of England. Effect in England. 
 
 a Passing the Act of Settlement, settling the succession 
 (Princess Anne's last child being dead) in Sophia, 
 Electress of Hanover, and her heirs, being 
 Protestants.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
 Table showing the Hanoverian descent. 
 
 James I. 
 
 I 
 
 149 
 
 Henry (died young) 
 
 i I 
 
 Charles L Elizabeth = Frederic, Elector 
 
 Palatine 
 
 i ] 
 
 Charles II. James II. MARY=Prince of Henrietta 
 
 Orange =Duke of 
 Orleans 
 
 . , . • Sophia = Elector of 
 
 Anne (2) James (3) Mary (i) = William of Oranw Hanover 
 
 Charles Edward 
 (the Young Pretender) 
 
 Henry 
 (Cardinal of York), 
 last of the Stuarts. 
 
 George Lewis 
 (George I.) 
 
 i> The Second Grand Alliance between England, the 
 Empire, Holland ; joined afterwards bv Denmark, 
 Sweden, and most of the German States. 
 c A vote of forty thousand men for the war. 
 iMarlborough put in command of the armv. Death of the 
 King. March 8, 1702. "/ see another' scene, and could 
 wish to live a little longer." 
 
 anne. 1702—1714. Pp. 688—704. 
 
 A Marlborough and the War. Pp. 688—692. 
 
 1. Early life and character of Marlborough. 
 
 a First sees service under Turenne ; "the handsome 
 Englishman." 
 
 b Lays the foundation of his fortune as the lover of Lady 
 Castlcmaine. 
 
 c Commands for James at Sedgmoor. 1685. 
 
 d Betrays James and goes over to William after his 
 landing. Commands for William in Ireland. 
 1689. 
 
 e Plots to depose William, and enthrone Anne, his wife's 
 friend (Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman) in her 
 place. 
 
 f Disgraced and dismissed from Court. Corresponds
 
 150 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 with James, revealing the war secrets of the English 
 Ministers. Recalled by William to command in 
 Flanders. 1702. 
 
 2. Character of Marlborough. 
 
 a His tnind purely mtellectual, "untinctured by the 
 affections." 
 
 b One bright spot ; Jiis deep affection fo7- his wife. 
 
 ^ As a statesman ; " Patience will overcome all things." 
 
 d As a. soldier — 
 
 1 His age. He holds no great command till he is 
 
 fifty-two. 
 
 2 His success. " He never besieged a fqrtress which 
 
 he did not take, or fought a battle which he did 
 not win." 
 
 3 The vigour and audacity of his plans. 
 
 3. Marlborough and the War. Pp. 692 — 696. 
 
 a Prevented by the Dutch from forcing a battle in 
 Brabant, he reduces the French fortresses, Venloo, 
 Ruremonde, Liege, cutting the French off from 
 the Lower Rhine, and freeing Holland from fear 
 of invasion. 1702. 
 
 b The French armies press towards Vienna. Marl- 
 borough prevented by the Dutch from attacking 
 Antwerp and French Flanders, continues the 
 reduction of the French fortresses. 1703. 
 
 c Marlborough, after carefully concealing his purpose 
 both from the French and the Dutch, strikes across 
 Germany for the Danube, storms Donauworth, 
 penetrates into Bavaria, joins Prince Eugene, meets 
 the French on the Danube near Blenheim. Battle 
 of Blenheim. {See Creasy's "Fifteen Decisive 
 Battles.") 
 
 1 The whole Teutonic race represented in the armies 
 
 of Marlborough and Eugene. 
 
 2 Marlborough for once free from the timidity of his 
 
 allies. 
 
 3 The battle won by an attack on the French centre 
 
 over a road made across the morass. Rout of 
 the French. 
 
 4 The spell of French victory broken. August 13, 
 
 1704. 
 d Capture of Gibraltar by Sir George Rooke. 1704. 
 e Tory opposition to the war, 
 
 1 The Tories in power replaced by more moderate 
 
 Tories, supporters of the war, Barley (Oxford) 
 and St. John (Bolingbroke). 
 
 2 Still further modification of the Ministry. Coalition
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 151 
 
 between the moderate Tories and the Whig Juntc» 
 1.705. 
 
 /Continued opposition of the allies to Marlborough s 
 plans. " Had I had the same power I had last 
 year, I could have won a greater victory than 
 that of Blenheim." V^ictories of Lord Peterborouf,rh 
 (Mordaunt) in Spain, and recognition of the Arch- 
 duke, younger son of the Emperor, as Charles 111. 
 of Spain. 1705. 
 
 g Battle of Ramillies, near Tirlemont, between Villeroy 
 and Marlborough. Marlborough wins the battle 
 by a charge on the French right; total rout of 
 the French in an hour and a half. May 12, 1706. 
 The Frencli driven completely out of Flanders. 
 1706. 
 
 B The Union of England and Scotland. Pp. 696—698. 
 
 1. Projects for Union checked by religious and commercial 
 jealousies — England claiming a monopoly of colonial trade. 
 Scotland refusing to pay any part of English debt. 
 
 'A. Princess Sophia excluded from the Scotch Act of Security. 
 1703. Alarm of English statesmen for a return of the 
 Pretender. 
 
 3. Act of Union passed owing to the exertions of Lord Somers. 
 1707. 
 
 a Scotch Law and Church left untouched. 
 
 b Trade thrown open, and a universal coinage adopted, 
 
 c The Scots to send forty-five representatives to the 
 United House of Commons, England sending five 
 hundred and thirteen, and sixteen peers to the 
 United House of Lords, the English peers being 
 one hundred and eight. 
 
 4. Success of the Union ; an acknowledgment and enforcement 
 of a tiational fact. 
 
 C Marlborough, the Whigs, and the War. Pp. 698—700. 
 
 1. Marlborough's the last attempt to govern England except by 
 party government. 
 
 2. Marlborough driven more and more to the Whigs ; dismissal 
 of Harley and St. John to make room for Somers and 
 Wharton. Dissatisfaction of the Queen. Quarrel between 
 Mrs. Freeman and Mrs. Morley. 1709. 
 
 3. Marlborough defeats \''endome at Oudenarde, near Antwerp, 
 and Lille. July 11, 1708. Lewis proposes terms of peace ; 
 rejected, not by ALirlborough, but by the Whigs, who demand 
 that Lewis should compel his grandson to give up Spain. 
 " If I must wage war, I had rather wage it on my enemies 
 than on my children." 
 
 -■^ TJie defeat of the French at Malplaquet, near Mens ; but
 
 152 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 they retreat in such dense masses that Marlborough can 
 not break them. ''A deluge of blood." Saptember 11, 
 1709. 
 
 5. Growing Tory dissatisfaction, expressed by St. John, Prior, 
 and Swift. " Six millions of supplies and almost fifty 
 millions of debt ! The High Allies have been the ruin of 
 us." 
 
 6. Prosecution by the Whigs of Dr. Sacheverell for a sermon 
 on non-resistance. Practically acquitted, to the joy of 
 the nation. " 77ie Chio'ch and Dr. Sacheverell. March, 
 1710. 
 
 D The Fall of Marlborough. P. loo. 
 
 1. Marlborough's wife supplanted in the Queen's favour by 
 Mrs. Masham. 1711. 
 
 2. Return of the Tory Ministers, and finally a return of a Tory 
 House of Commons. 1711. 
 
 3. Marlborough dismissed, accused of peculation and found 
 guilty; retires from England till after the Queen's death. 
 November, 1712. 
 
 E The Rise of Walpole. Pp. lo\, 702. {See Macaulay's Essay 
 on Horace Walpole.) 
 
 1. Walpole the first of the great Covnnoners. 
 
 2. Walpole " the first who gave our Government its character 
 of lenity." 
 
 3. Even at his first appearance remarkable as a debater, finan- 
 cier, and administrator, " he does everything with the same 
 ease and tranquillity as if he were doing nothing." 
 
 F The Peace of Utrecht. P. 702. 
 
 Spain given to Philip^ grandson of Lewis. 
 
 Spanish possessions in Italy and Netherlands given to the 
 Arch-duke, now Emperor. 
 
 Sicily to the Duke of Savoy. 
 
 Minorca and Gibraltar given to England. Attne and the 
 Protestant Siiccession recognised, Dunkirk dismantled. 
 Prussia acknowledged as a kingdom. March — July. 
 
 G The Death of the Queen. P. 703- 
 
 1. Bolingbroke proposes free trade between France and Eng- 
 land ; defeated by the Whigs. 
 
 2. Illness of the Queen. Oxford (Harley) and Bolingbroke 
 (St. John) open intrigues with the Stuarts. 
 
 3. Sudden death of the Queen. July 30, 1714. George Lewis 
 of Hanover proclaimed as George \. without opposition, 
 the Jacobites being unprepared. 1714. 
 
 I
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOrLE. 153 
 
 Cjcorge I. 1714—1727, 
 
 A England and the House of Hanover. Pp. 704—706. 
 
 1. George 'I. "honest and straightforward, but with the temper 
 of a gentleman usher, and the one care of making mone/ 
 for himself and his favourites." 
 
 George II. " honest and brave, but with the temper of a drill 
 sergeant ; repeating the lessons his wife and Minister taught 
 him." 
 
 2. England ruled by Ministers, and by Ministers of one party 
 — the Tory party is dead and gone. The Whigs the sole 
 representatives of toleration, freedom, and commerce. 
 " Liberty, Property, and No Pretender." 
 
 3. Causes of the length of the Whig predominance in England. 
 
 a Their excellent organisation under the great families 
 — Bentinck, Campbell, Cavendish, Russell, Gren- 
 ville. 
 
 b Their attention to trade and finance. 
 
 c Their loyalty to their principles— toleration, liberty 
 of the press, free justice, parliamentary rule. 
 
 d Their conservative policy. 
 
 1 Their foreign policy a peace policy. 
 
 2 Their ecclesiastical policy inoft? vasive. 
 
 3 Their encouragement of material rather than of 
 
 political progress. 
 
 B The Townshend-Walpole Ministry and the Jacobite Revolt. 
 1714, 1715. 
 
 1. Impeachment of Oxford, and flight of Bolingbroke, 
 
 2. Revolt of the Highlands under Earl Mar against the House 
 of Argyle. Indecisive action of Sherifl"-Muir, near Stirling. 
 Arrival of the Pretender. 1715. Flight of the Pretender 
 and dispersion of the clans. 1716. 
 
 3. Revolt in England under Earl Derwentwater and Mr. 
 Foster ; surrender of the revolters at Preston. November 
 1715. 
 
 4. No rigorous measures taken to reduce the Highland clans. 
 
 C The Stanhope Ministry. 1716— 172L 
 
 1, Stanhope's Parliamentary Policy. 
 
 a Duration of Parliament extended to seven years by 
 the Septennial Act. 
 
 b Introduction of a Bill to limit the number of the Upper 
 YioM%Q, defeated by Walpole.
 
 154 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 2. Stanhope's Foreign Policy. 
 
 a Attempt of Cardinal Alberoni to recover the Spanish 
 possessions in Italy ; joined by Charles XII. of 
 Sweden and the Jacobites. 
 
 b A Triple Alliance, England, France, and Holland 
 against Spain, guaranteeing the Hanoverian suc- 
 cession in England and the Orleans succession in 
 France, should Lewis XV. die without an heir. 
 1717. 
 
 c The Triple Alliance joined by the Emperor. 1718. 
 Defeat and dismissal of Alberoni, death of Charles 
 XII. Sicily and Sardinia ceded by Spain. Re- 
 version of Tuscany and Parma secured for the 
 Infante. 
 
 3. Stanhope's Domestic Policy. 
 
 T/ie South Sea Bubble. 
 
 a Originally a scheme for reducing the national debt, in 
 exchange for the monopoly of the Spanish trade, 
 defeated by the jealousy of Spain. 1711. 
 
 b Developes into a scheme to buy up the unredeemable 
 annuities granted during the last two reigns, in 
 exchange for further privileges. Encouraged by the 
 Government in spite of the opposition of Walpole. 
 Bursting of the Bubble ; grief and death of Stan- 
 hope. 1720 and 1721. 
 
 D The Walpole Administration. 1721-1742. Pp. 708—712. 
 
 1. His rule almost without a History. Cessation of political 
 and legislative activity. 
 
 2. Walpole the first and greatest of our peace Ministers. The 
 state of Europe. 
 
 a The Emperor Charles VI., having no son, issues a 
 Pragmatic Sanction, as yet unguaranteed, be- 
 queathing his hereditary possessions in Austria, 
 Hungaty, Sicily, and Bohemia to his daughter, 
 Maria Theresa. 1720. 
 
 b Spain, anxious to recover Minorca and Gibraltar, 
 offers to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction in 
 exchange for Tuscany and Parma, to be given to 
 the King's second son, Don Carlos. 
 
 c Secret treaty between Catherine I. of Russia, Spain, 
 and the Ejnperorj Russia meditates an attack on 
 De7imark. 
 
 d Defensive treaty between England, France, and 
 Prussia; Sweden detached from Russia by a 
 subsidy ; Denmark protected by an English fleet 
 sent to the Baltic.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPI.E. 155 
 
 e Withdrawal of Prussia from the defensive treaty ; 
 Spanish siege of Gibraltar ; war threatened by 
 the Emperor. 1727. Firm attitude of Eui^land, 
 France, and Holland; death of Catherine of 
 Russia, and treaty ol Seville. 1729. 
 
 f Treaty of Vienna with the Emperor ; Tuscany and 
 Parma secured to Don Carlos. Pragtnatic Sanc- 
 tio7i guaranteed. 1731. 
 
 3. Walpole the first of our Fitiance Ministers. 
 
 a Diminution of taxation, owing to the progress of 
 manufactures, increase of commerce, and im- 
 provement of agriculture. Rise of Manchester, 
 Birmingham, and Liverpool. Introduction of winter 
 roots, artificial grasses, rotation of crops. 
 
 b Direct exportation of rice to any part of Europe 
 allowed to Georgia and Carolina. 1730. 
 
 c The Excise Bill (an attempt to supersede the land-tax 
 by indirect taxation). 
 
 1 First introduced by Pym in the Long Parliament. 
 
 2 Walpole's Bill aims at introducing 
 
 {a) Establishment of bonded warehouse. 
 
 {d) The collection of duties as Excise, not as 
 Custotns. Excise paid by the dealers ; 
 Customs by the importer. 
 
 Withdrawn in consequence of the opposition. 1733. 
 " 1 will not be the Minister to enforce taxes at the 
 price of blood." 
 
 4. Walpole and the Parliament. 
 
 a The first Minister to systematise bribery ; his policy 
 to be ascribed to the power of the House of Commons, 
 combined with its freedom from responsibility to 
 the nation, and his own failure to create enthusiasm. 
 
 b Growing opposition to Walpole, increased by his 
 jealous usurpation of power. "Rise of the "Patriots" 
 {i.e. discontented Whigs) under Pulteney and 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 (GcoiQc 11, 1727—1760. 
 
 A Continuation of the Walpole Administration. Pp. 712—715, 
 
 1. Queen Caroline and Walpole. 
 
 a Walpole supported by the Queen, and therefore, 
 though unwillingly, by the King. 
 
 b Walpole refuses to join in the war about the election 
 to the throne of Poland, which on the death of
 
 156 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Augustus the Strong is disputed by his son, and 
 Stanislaus wlio had been made king by Charles 
 XII. "There are fifty thousand men slain this 
 year in Europe, and not one Englishman." 1733. 
 
 2. The Spanish War. 
 
 a Walpole's power shaken by the death of the Queen, 
 1737, and by the support given to the " Patriots" 
 by Frederick, Prince of Wales. 
 
 (J Spanish jealousy of English trade with Spanish South 
 America. Walpole's efforts to keep peace ; " the 
 cur-dog of England and spaniel of France." Ex- 
 citement produced by the story of Jenkins' ears. 
 
 c Secret family compact between France and Spain 
 for the destruction of England's maritime power. 
 1733. As yet unknown. 
 
 d Walpole's struggle for peace against the " Patriots," 
 and the " Boys " headed by Fitt. 
 
 e Walpole consents to war. 1737. " They may ring 
 their bells now, but they will soon be wringing 
 their hands." 
 
 / The War. 
 
 1 Death of the Emperor Charles VI. 1740. Attack 
 
 on Maria Theresa by France, Spain, and Friissia. 
 England alone true to its word. 
 
 2 Hungarian enthusiasm for Maria Theresa, who had 
 
 restored their Constitution. " Moriamur pro rege 
 nostro Maria Theresa." Defeat of Frederick of 
 Prussia. 1742. 
 
 3 Enghsh defeat at Carthagena j anxiety and resigna- 
 
 tion of Walpole. 1742. 
 
 B William Pitt. 1742—1762. Pp. 7i6-737- 
 1. State of the Nation. Pp. 716—722. 
 a The Church and the Georges. 
 
 1 Indifference to religious speculation and public 
 
 affairs due in part to the suspension of Convoca- 
 tion. 1717. The Bishops Whigs ; the Clergy 
 Tories. 
 
 2 Want of religious activity. " The most remiss in 
 
 their labours, and the least severe in their lives." 
 
 3 No religious or educational effort to meet the 
 
 increase of population ; brutality of the people 
 increased by the introduction of gin. 
 
 b The Religious Revival. " The Methodists," so called 
 from the regularity of their lives, begin in the 
 University of Oxford. 
 I Whitfield the preacher ; his sermons marked by 
 sympathy with the sin and sorrow cf mankind.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 157 
 
 2 Charles Wesley " the sweet sinpfer ; " tones dcwn 
 
 the excitement of the movement and changes the 
 nature of public worship. 
 
 3 John Wesley, the preacher, the poet, above all the 
 
 or^^aniser. 1703—1791. 
 
 («) His asceticism, and belief in the supernatural. 
 
 (p) His Conservatism ; clings to the Church, for 
 long condemns lay-preaching, opposes the 
 Calvinism of Whitfield. 
 
 {f) His powers of administration ; the organisation 
 of the Methodists ; calming influence of his 
 common sense. 
 
 {d) His fondness for sole power. 
 c Effects of Methodism. 
 
 1 " The Evangelical Movement " in the Church 
 
 (Newton, Cecil), gradual disappearance of the 
 fox-hunting parson and absentee rector. 
 
 2 The New Philanthropy. 
 
 {a) Sunday Schools established by Mr. Raikes, of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 {b) Efforts among and for the as,ricuIhtrallaboiirer 
 
 by Hannah More. 1745—1833. 
 if) Feeling for the wretched and oppressed. 
 
 Burke's plea for the Hindoo against the English. 
 1786. 
 
 Crusade of Clarkson and Wilberforce against 
 
 the Slave Trade. 1786—1806. 
 Hospitals and asylums. 
 Missions to the heathen. 
 {d) John Howard and the prisons. 
 
 (i) Made High Sheriff of Bedfordshire. 1774. 
 
 (2) Visits and makes personal trial of the gaols 
 
 in England ; no distinction of sek or 
 crime ; starvation ; prevalence of gaol 
 fever. 
 
 (3) Visits the lazarettos of Europe. Dies of 
 
 fever at Cherson in Russia. 
 
 2. The Pclhams (Newcastle and Henry Pelham) in power. 
 Pp. 722 — 727. 
 
 a Cession of Silesia by Maria Theresa ; Carteret's wax 
 policy to ruin tlie House of Bourdon. 
 
 I Battle of Dettingcn, between Mt. Spessart and the 
 Main. Defeat of the French and evacuation of 
 Germany. June 27, 1743.
 
 l.'iS ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 2 Alliance between Frederick of Prussia and Frano, 
 
 to prevent the aggrandisement of Austria. 
 
 3 Cumberland defeated in Flanders by Marshal Saxe. 
 Battle of Fontenoy. Defeat but orderly retreat of 
 
 the English. May 31, 1745. 
 
 4 Landing of the Young Pretender in Scotland at 
 
 Moidart. July 25, 1745. 
 
 5 Convention of Hanover between England and 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 d The Young Pretender. 
 
 1 James VIII. (his father) proclaimed King in 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 2 Victory of the Pretender at Preston-pans, near 
 
 Edinburgh. September 21, 1745. 
 
 3 The Pretender advances to Derby, December 4 ; 
 
 the country fails to support him ; falls back to 
 Glasgow ; defeats the pursuing Royal army at 
 Falkirk. January 23, 1746. 
 
 4 Breaking up of the Pretender's forces ; final defeat 
 
 of the Pretender on CuUoden Moor, near Inver- 
 ness. April 16, 1746. Escape of the Pretender 
 to France. September, 1746. 
 
 5 Measures for the tranquillity of the Highlands. 
 
 {li) Abolition of feudal tenures, and hereditary 
 
 jurisdiction of chiefs. 
 ib) The wearing of tartan forbidden ; permitted to 
 
 Scotch regiments. 
 
 {c) Act of Indemnity. 
 c The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, a mere truce produced 
 by exhaustion. 1748. 
 
 1 Alliance between France and Spain (who still hold 
 
 to the Family Compact of 1733) and Maria 
 Theresa (who desires the recovery of Silesia and 
 partition of Prussia), aided by Russia. 1752— 
 1755. 
 
 2 Outbreak of the Seven Years' War. 
 
 [a) The French attack on England. 
 
 (i) Attempt to found a French empire in India 
 and expel the English merchants. 
 
 (2) To destroy the English colonies in America 
 by seizing the S. Lawrence, Mississippi, 
 Ohio, and Alleghanies. Defeat of the 
 English general Bcaddock. 1755. 
 
 {b) Outbreak of the war. 1755. 
 
 (i) Loss of Port Mahon in Minorca, through 
 the incapacity of Byng.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 159 
 
 (2) Defeat of Frederick at Kolin, and capitu- 
 lation of Cumberland at Closter-Seven. 
 1756. 
 The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry. 1757. I'p. 1:^1 — 731. 
 
 a Pitt the inspirer of the foreign policy. 
 Newcastle the manager of Parliament. 
 
 b The character of Pitt. " England has been a long time 
 in labour, but she has at last brought forth a man." 
 {See Macaulay's Essays on William Pitt and Earl 
 of Chatham.) 
 
 1 The first purely /«/'//r-jr//r/7£'rt' statesman since the 
 
 Restoration. Above corruption or flattery of 
 popular prejudice. 
 
 2 The first national statesman since the Restoration. 
 
 " Be one people ; forget everything but the public ; 
 I set you the example." 
 
 3 His power derived not from Parliament, but from 
 
 the great unrepresented m?is% of the nation. " It 
 is the people who sent me here." 
 
 4 Pitt's power as an orator due to earnestness, 
 
 sincerity, enthusiasm. The first national orator 
 (whose words address the nation at large). 
 
 The ^Jinistry and the War. Pp. 731 — 737. 
 
 a The re-creation of Germany by the victory of Rossbach, 
 won by means of English gold. 1757. 
 
 b The creation of the British Empire in India by Clive. 
 {See iMacaulay's Essays on Clivc.) 
 
 1 Attempt of Dupleix to found a French power in the 
 
 name of the Great Mogul. French conquest of 
 Hyderabad. Dupleix foiled by Clive' s surprise 
 and defence of Arcot, and defeat of the French 
 in conjunction with the Mahrattas. 1751. 
 
 2 Attack of Surajah Dowlah on Calcutta. Imprison- 
 
 ment of the English in the Black Hole. Clive 
 sent to revenge the crime. Battle of Plassey ; 
 defeat and death of Surajah Dowlah. June 23, 
 1757. 
 c English victories in Europe. 
 
 1 Defeats of Frederick by the Austrians at Hochkirch, 
 
 and at Kunersdorf by the Russians. 1759. 
 
 2 Defeat of the French by Frederick of Brunswick 
 
 and the English at Minden, on the Weser. 
 August 1, 1759. 
 
 3 Defeat of the French fleet at Ouibcron Bay, in the 
 
 midst of a furious storm. November 20, 1759. 
 d The Conquest of Canada.
 
 160 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 1 Continuation of the French attempt to cut off the 
 
 Enghsh colonies. 
 
 2 Enghsh conquest of Cape Breton island, and 
 
 capture of Fort Duquesne (on the OJiio). 1758, 
 Capture of Ticottderoga, on Lake Champlin, and 
 Fort Niagara, on the S. Lawrence. 1759. 
 
 3 Wolfe's attack and capture of Quebec, September 
 
 12, 1759. Death of Wolfe. Submission of 
 Canada. 
 
 ©corgt \\\. 1760-1820. 
 
 A Character of the King. Pp. 740—742. 
 
 1. His want of culture. "Was there ever such stuff as Shake- 
 speare ? " 
 
 2. His jealousy of superior men — as Pitt. 
 
 3. His obstinacy in his purpose to rule and "be a King:" 
 strengthened by the rallying of the Tories round " a British 
 Patriot King." 
 
 4. His loyalty to the nation up to his lights. 
 
 B The American Colonies. Pp. 737—739- 
 
 1. Their History since the Puritan Emigration. 
 
 a Final gain of Dutch possessions in America {New York, 
 New Jersey, Delaware) after the Dutch War. 
 1674. 
 
 b Foundation of the Quaker Settlement of Pennsylvania 
 by Penn. 1682? 
 
 c Foundation of Georgia by Oglethorpe, "driven by 
 strong benevolence of soul," as a refuge for debtors 
 and persecuted Protestants. 1739. 
 
 d Their population already a fourth of that of the mother 
 country. 
 
 2. Their Characteristics. 
 
 rt In the States south of the Poiottiac, slavery, large 
 
 plantations, aristocratic spirit. 
 b In the States north of the Potomac, free labour, towns 
 
 and villages, democratic institutions, education and 
 
 political activity. 
 c In all the States religious tolerance produced by the 
 
 medley of religions. 
 d Political and social difiTcrence from England. "Mr. 
 
 Grenville lost America because he read the American 
 
 despatches."
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 161 
 
 C The Peace of Paris and the Ministry of Bute. Pp. 742— 
 745- 
 
 1. Pitt Frederick's only ally : discontent of the Whigs at the 
 war, and Pitt's supremacy. 
 
 2. Fresh Family Compact between France and Spain. 1761. 
 Pitt presses for war with Spam, and refuses the peace pro- 
 posals of France. 
 
 3. The fall of Pitt. October, 176L 
 
 4. The Ministry of Bute, and the Peace of Paris. September 
 1763. Florida gained in exchange for Cuba and the I'hiiip- 
 pines. Canada and Nova Scotia and claim to military 
 settlement in India ceded by France. 
 
 5. The King strengthens the Royal power by buying seats and 
 votes in the House of Commons, and creating a party of 
 "King's friends." ' 
 
 6. Furious opposition to, and resignation of, Bute. 1763. 
 
 D The Ministry of George Grenville, and the Oligarchical 
 Whigs. Pp. 745—749- 
 
 1. Grenville's outrage on the Press. 
 
 a The prosecution of Wilkes, the author of the " North 
 Briton." 1764. Wilkes sent to prison on a 
 '\i!;eneral warrant'"' {i.e. a warrant not naming the 
 person to be arrested, and issued by the Secretary 
 of State, not by a magistrate). Wilkes expelled 
 from the House of Commons, Popular indig- 
 nation. 
 
 2. Grenville's outrage on the American Colonies. 
 
 a Grenville raises the import duties at colonial ports, to 
 defray part of the English debt. 
 
 b Restricts the colonial trade to British ports, undoing 
 Walpole's policy. 
 
 c Revives the scheme of a stamp or excise duty. Pro- 
 test of Virginia, Massaclutsetts, and of a General 
 Congress, on the ground that taxation implied 
 representation. 1765. 
 
 3. Resentment of the King at Grenville's arrogant treatment of 
 himself. " I would as soon see the Devil come into my 
 Cabinet." 
 
 4. Grenville succeeded by Rockingham. Resistance of the 
 Colonies seen in a Congress of Nine Colonies at New York, 
 October, 1765, and repeal of the Stamp Act. The right to 
 tax the Colonies still maintained. March 18, 1766. 
 
 5.^ Pitt consents to form a Ministry without regard to party 
 * distinctions. 
 
 a Pitt accepts the Earldom of Chatham. Sudden loss of 
 popular favour. 
 
 b Pitt's ilhiess. He retires from public affairs. 
 
 L
 
 162 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c Disorganisation of his Ministry ; change of character; 
 it becomes the King's Ministry guided by the Duke 
 of Grafton and Lord North. 1768. 
 
 E The King's Ministry. 1768—1782. The King his own 
 jninistcr. Pp. 749—758, and 761, 762. 
 
 1. The King's Policy at home. Pp. 749 — 752. 
 
 a The Middlesex election. Wilkes declared incapable of 
 sitting in Parliament although returned by the 
 people. Wilkes three times returned, and rejected ; 
 his opponent admitted to the House, although not 
 returned. Indignation of the people ; "the House 
 of Commons do not represent the people." Letters 
 of Junius, an anonymous writer (possibly Sir Philip 
 Francis). Failure of the prosecution. 1768. 
 
 b Rejection of Chatham's Reform Bill to increase the 
 County members. Agitation produced by the 
 Middlesex election and the prosecution of Junius ; 
 first appearance oi public fneetitigs as a means of 
 political influence. 1768. 
 
 c Attempt to stop the publication of Parliamentary de- 
 bates : dropped in consequence of public oppo- 
 sition. 
 
 Effects of this tacit permission. 
 
 1 Greater responsibility of members to constituents. 
 
 2 Greater national interest in public affairs. 
 
 3 Greater dignity of the press. Appearance of the 
 
 great English newspapers at this time — e.s^. the 
 Morning Chronicle, the Morning Post, the 
 Morning Herald, the Times. 
 
 2. The King's Colonial Policy. Pp.752 — 754. 
 
 a The Government alarmed by the attitude of the 
 colonists, withdraw all import duties except that on 
 tea. May 1, 1770. 
 
 b The Anti-Tea-duty riot at Boston. December 13, 
 1773. 
 
 c The port of Boston closed against commerce, June, 
 1774, and the rioters ordered to England for trial. 
 Massachusetts deprived of its charter for petitioning 
 in favour of its constitution. 
 
 d A Congress of the Colonies meets at Philadelphia, 
 September 5, 1774 ; Massachusetts refuses to 
 accept the charges of the English Government. 
 
 e The King's Ministry rejects the Reconciliation Bill 
 prepared by Chatham and Franklin, containing, 
 
 1 Repeal of the Acts. 
 
 2 Abandonment of clain) to taxation.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 1C3 
 
 / Invitation to colonists to deliberate how they may 
 best contribute to the payment of the public debt. 
 
 3. The War of Independence. 1775—1782. Pp. 754— 758. 
 
 a George Washington commander of the colonial army. 
 " The man first in war, first in peace, first in the 
 hearts of his fellow-countrymen." 
 
 b The battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775, and siege 
 of Boston by the colonists. Evacuation of Boston 
 by the English, March, 1776. 
 
 c Expulsion of the Governors from the Southern States, 
 
 1775. Colonial invasion of Canada under Arnold. 
 
 1776. Declaration of American Independence. 
 " The King of England has shown himself unfit to 
 be the ruler of a free people." July 4, 1776. 
 
 d English victory at Long Island, July, 1776. Bur- 
 goyne attempts to seize the line of the Hudson and 
 isolate N^ew England, and Howe marches on 
 Philadelphia. Washington evacuates Philadelphia, 
 holds the camp at Valley Forge against Howe all 
 winter. 1776—1777. 
 
 e Capitulation of Burgoyne at Saratoga, October 17. 
 1777. 
 
 / The last efforts and death of Chatham. April, 1778. 
 
 1 Proposal of a Federal Union between England and 
 
 the Colonies during Howe's successes, 1776 ; 
 rejected by the King. 
 
 2 French alliance with the colonists after Saratoga ; 
 
 despair of England. Chatham protests against 
 the surrender of America, and is borne home to 
 die. April 7, 1778. 
 g Fraiice and Spain join with the colonists, 1778. 
 Revival of the English spirit ; defence of Gibraltar 
 from 1779 to 1782; successes in America under 
 Cornwallis, capture of Charlestown, 1780 ; opposi- 
 tion by sea to the French, Spanish, and Dutch 
 fleets. 
 
 h End of the war. Capitulation of Cornwallis at York 
 Town in Virginia. October 19, 1781. 
 4. The treaties of Paris and Versailles. Pp. 761, 762. 
 
 a Disaffection of the Protestant Volunteers in Ireland ; 
 claim of Irish independence. 1779. 
 
 b Spain claims Cz(5r^//rtr; Yra-nce, all Indian possessiofis 
 except Bengal; as the price of peace. 
 
 c England saved by Admiral Rodne\-'s defeat of the 
 Spanish fleet off Cape S. Vincent, and the French 
 fleet in the East Indies, April 12, 1782, and by the 
 repulse of the allies before Gibraltar. September 
 1782. ' 
 
 L 2
 
 164 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d The treaties of Paris and Versailles, yielding Minorca 
 and Florida to Spain, and acknowledging the 
 independence of the United States. September, 
 1783. 
 
 F England and India. Pp. 758 — 761. (See Macaulay's Essays 
 on Ciive and Hastings.) 
 
 1. British rule over Southern India secured by the victory of 
 Wandewash over Lally the French governor of Pondicherry, 
 by Colonel Eyre Coote. 1760. 
 
 2. Give's organisation. 
 
 a The Company's servants forbidden to trade privately 
 or to accept presents. 1765. 
 
 b The Company obtain a warrant from Delhi to collect 
 and administer the revenues of Bengal, Orissa, and 
 Bahar. 
 
 3. Regulation Act of 1773, carried by Lord North, establishing 
 a Governor-General and Supreme Court of Judicature. 
 
 4. Trial of Clive ; censure of Indian misgovernment ; vote of 
 thanks to Clive personally. 1773. 
 
 5. Warren Hastings. Inauguration of a deliberate policy for 
 subjecting India to England. 
 
 a Abolition of the goverftment of native Bengal princes, 
 and organisation of Bengal. 
 
 b The Rohilla War undertaken to crush what might be 
 a nucleus for future resistance. 
 
 c The Mahratta War. 1779. 
 
 d Descent of Hyder Ali on the Camatic, 1780. Peace 
 made with the Mahrattas, and Hyder Ali defeated 
 at Porto Novo by Eyre Coote. July, 1781. 
 
 e Material results of Hastings'. government. 
 
 1 The annexation of Benares. 1780. 
 
 2 The reduction of Gude. 
 
 3 The appearance of English armies in Central India. 
 
 4 The defeat of rival powers, such as Hyder Ali. 
 
 G Th8 Second Pitt. 1783—1789. Pp. 762—782, and 787—791- 
 
 1. Effects of the American War upon England. Pp. 762, 763. 
 
 a Increased vigour and industrial activity. 
 
 b England no longer a mere European but a colonizing 
 power, a mother of nations. 
 
 2. The Rockingham Ministry. Pp. 763, 764. 
 
 a Discontents in Ireland appeased by the repeal of 
 Poyning's Act ('giving British Parliament legislative 
 power over Ireland). 1782. 
 
 b Negotiations wi'th America begun.
 
 OF THE EXGLISII TKOPLE. 165 
 
 c Reform Bill, disqualifying-^ revenue officers and others, 
 paid by the Crown, from sitting in Parliament, 
 accompanied by ecoiio/iiical reforms ; politically it 
 diminishes the power of Crown over Parliament 
 and puis an end to direct bribery of members: 
 otherwise inoperative. 
 
 d Death of Rockingham. July, 1783. Treaty of Paris 
 concluded by his successor, Lord Shelburne. Sep- 
 tember, 1783. 
 
 3. The coalition of Fox and North overthrown by the rejection 
 of Fox's India Bill, transferring the government of India to 
 seven Commissioners. 1783. 
 
 Defects of the Bill. 
 
 a Commissioners likely to be deficient in practical 
 knowledge. 
 
 b Absence of link between Commissioners and the 
 Ministry, and thus freedom from Parliamentary 
 control. 
 
 c Danger of giving more power to the House of Com- 
 mons while unreformed, and therefore not respon- 
 sible to the nation. 
 
 4. Pitt, First Lord of the Treasury, December, 1783, at first 
 with a minority in the Commons, then with a majority 
 after the elections of 1784. Pp- 764 — 766. 
 
 a Pitt's India Bill. 
 
 1 Acts of the Directors to be approved or annulled by 
 
 Board of Control. 
 
 2 Practically the powers of the Directors transferred 
 
 to a Secret Co?nmittee of themselves, and the 
 powers of the Board exercised by its President. 
 Advantages of the scheme. 
 
 1 The President in effect a Secretary of State for 
 
 India; the administration of India made a part 
 of the system of English government. 
 
 2 Practical knowledge supplied by the members of 
 
 Secret Committee. 
 
 b England and India. 
 
 1 Increased interest in the natives, and desire to 
 
 secure their just government produced by the 
 rival Bills, and shown in the prosecution of 
 Hastings. 1786. 
 
 2 Career of Hastings in India, 
 
 (41) Selling of British troops to crush the Rohillas. 
 (b) Extortion of money from the Rajah of Benares 
 and Begums of Oude. 
 
 (r) Straining of law to secure the execution of 
 Nuncomar.
 
 166 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 {d) Promotion of Impey to secure his acquiescence. 
 
 c The Prosecution of Hastings marks the end of illegal 
 rule in British India. 1786. 
 
 5. Character and Work of William Pitt. (See Macaulay's Essay 
 in his volume of Writings and Speeches.) 
 
 a Pitt's Character. P. 767. 
 
 Simplicity, reforming energy, wide humanity ; " fo 
 suppose any natiojt cati be unalterably the enemy 
 of another is weak and childish." 
 
 b Pitt's Finance Policy. Pp. 768, 769, and 771. 
 
 1 Industrial progress of the nation. 
 
 (a) Invention of the spinning-machine by Ark- 
 wright, 1768; of the spinning-jenny by 
 Hargreaves, 1764 ; of the mule by Crompton, 
 1776. Consequent growth of Lancashire. 
 
 {b) Improvement of communication by highways 
 and canals. 
 
 [c) Watt's application of steam to machinerv. 
 1765. 
 
 id) Extension and improvement of agriculture. 
 
 2 Modern political economy founded by Adam Smith 
 
 in the " Wealth of Nations." 1776. 
 
 {(.I) Labour the one source of wealth. All attempts 
 to force labour into artificial channels hurtful 
 to wealth. 
 
 {b) The "Wealth of Nations" the groundwork of 
 Pitt's policy. 
 
 3 Pitt's Financial Measures. 
 
 {a) Reduction of custom-duties to check smuggling 
 Revival of excise as a means of taxation. 
 
 {b) Attempt to establish free-trade between Eng- 
 land and Ireland "to draw what remained 
 of the shattered empire together." 1785. 
 Defeated by Grattan and the Irish Episco- 
 palian Protestant landowners combining with 
 the Whigs. 
 
 {c) Treaty of commerce with France, establishing 
 freedom of residence (without passports') and 
 of trade between the two countries. 1787. 
 
 c Pitt's RefoiTn Policy. Pp. 770 and 791. 
 
 1 Attempt to reform the House of Commons by 
 
 transferring the members of decayed boroughs 
 to the counties ; defeated by the Whigs ; Pitt 
 " terribly disappointed and beat." 1785. 
 
 2 The reform of the House of Lords by liberal
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 167 
 
 creation of Peers, making the House the strong- 
 hold not of blood but of property. 
 </ Pitt's Irish Pohcy. Pp. 787—791, 
 
 1 History of Ireland since the capitulation of Limerick. 
 
 1691. 
 
 (^a) Political power confined to the Episcopalian 
 Protestants, a twelfth of the population. 
 
 (b) The Episcopalian aristocracy impatient of the 
 control of the English Parliament. Demand 
 for Independence made by Grattan and Plood 
 and backed by the Protestant Volunteers, 
 1779 ; granted by Lord Rockingham, 1782. 
 
 {c) Ireland from 1782 to 1800 : ^' a corrupt aris- 
 tocracy, a ferociojis commonalty, a distracted 
 government, a divided people." 
 
 2 Pitt's Early Policy. 
 
 {a) Free trade between England and Ireland ; 
 rejected by Grattan and the Protestant land- 
 owners. i785. 
 
 {p) Bill for Catholic Emancipation urged on the 
 Irish Parliament. 1792. 
 
 3 Disturbances in Ireland. 
 
 {a) Formation of the Utiited Irishmen (among the 
 Protestants of Ulster) to set up an inde- 
 pendent republic; of \\\(i''' Defenders" and 
 '■'• Pecp-cP-day Boys" (among the Catholic 
 peasantry) ; of the Orange Societies (among 
 the landowners). 
 
 {b) Outrages by the Protestants, 1796, 1797 ; sup- 
 ported by the Irish Parliament. 
 
 {c) Roman Catholic revolt and atrocities in re- 
 taliation ; the revolt crushed at Vinegar HilL 
 June 21, 1798. 
 
 id) " The bigoted fury of the Irish Protestants." 
 Pitt resolves to put an end to the tragedy 
 of Independence. 
 
 4 The Union. 
 
 {a) One hundred Irish members to sit in the United 
 House of Commons, twenty-eight temporal 
 and four spiritual peers in the United House 
 of Lords. 
 
 ip) Commerce freed from all restrictions, and 
 taxation distributed. January 1, 1801. 
 
 5 Religious Emancipation. 
 
 (a) Pitt proposes 
 
 (i) To remove all religious tests limiting civil 
 rights (emancipating the Presbyterians as 
 well as the Catholics)
 
 168 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (2) To give a Government grant to the Presby- 
 
 terians and tlie Catholics. 
 
 (3) To introduce commutation of tithes. 
 
 {b) The scheme defeated by the opposition of the 
 King. " I count any man my personal enemy 
 who proposes any such measure." Resigna- 
 tion of Pitt 1801. 
 
 e Pitt's Foreign Policy. Pp. 772—72>2. 
 
 1 The state of Europe. 
 
 {a) Government tending to a pure despotism. 
 
 {b) Wide diffusion of intelligence ; hence the 
 enlightened rulers and statesmen of the 
 eighteenth century (Frederick the Great, 
 Joseph II, of Austria, Turgot). 
 
 2 The state of France. Pp. 773, 774. 
 
 {a) Power centralized in the Crown : the nobles in 
 possession of social privileges without poli- 
 tical responsibility. 
 
 {b) Intelligence of the middle class ; activity of 
 the literary class in popularizing English 
 ideas {Montesquieu, Voltaire) and spreading 
 conceptions of humanity {Rousseau). Hence 
 the eagerness of the French to assist the 
 Colonies in the War of Independence. 
 
 {c) Increasing financial embarrassments. Sum- 
 moning of the States-General and destruc- 
 tion of the Bastille. 1789. " How much is 
 this the greatest event that ever happened in 
 the world, and how much the best." 
 
 3 Pitt and the Revolution. Pp. 774 — 782. 
 
 {a) Conversion of the States-General into a 
 National Assembly ; abolition of the privi- 
 leges of the nobles and the Church ; a new 
 constitution forced on Lewis XVI. 1790. 
 
 {b) Alarm of the more Conservative Englishmen 
 fomented by Burke. 
 
 {c) Burke's political influence and attitude to the 
 Revolution. 
 
 (1) The first orator who deals with the philo- 
 
 sophy of politics. Reform necessary, but 
 only as the natural outcome of natural 
 development ; hence his antagonism to 
 the Revolution. 
 
 (2) Failing to move Parliament, he appeals to 
 
 the national love of order by the " Re- 
 flections on the French Revolution." 
 October, 1790.
 
 OF TPIE ENGLISH PliOPLE. 
 
 1C9 
 
 (3) Encourages the emigrant French Princes 
 at Coblentz. " lie alarmists ! diffuse 
 terror." 
 
 (d) Pitt's desire to remain on friendly terms with 
 the French and to leave them free to reform 
 themselves. 
 
 (i) The French nation refuses to assist Spain 
 in expelling the English from Nookta 
 Soutid^m California), Pitt acknowledges 
 their friendliness. 1790. 
 
 (2) Pitt's project for an alliance of France and 
 
 England for the defence of Turkey and 
 Poland from Russia and Prussia. 1789 
 1790. 
 
 (3) The Conference of Pillnitz. August 1790. 
 
 Owing to the neutrality of England, the 
 Emperor and King of Prussia refuse 
 actual military aid to the emigrant 
 Princes, only issuing a vague invitation 
 to the European Powers. 
 
 (4) The French nation, irritated by the invi- 
 
 tation of Pillnitz, declares war on the 
 Emperor. April 1792. Piit meajiw/nle 
 reduces the hngliih military forces, and 
 hinders Holland from joining against 
 P'rance. 
 
 (5) Progress of matters in France. 
 
 (a) The Tenth of August; suspension and 
 imprisonment of Lewis XVL 1792. 
 
 {p) End of the Revolution, and re-estab- 
 lishment of despotism — of the Mob 
 and Commune of Paris— of the 
 Directory— of Buonaparte. 
 
 (<r) The September massacres. 
 
 (d) The French Convention attacks Hol- 
 
 land. " All govc}-mnents are our 
 enemies, all peoples are our allies " 
 1792. 
 
 (e) Execution of Lewis XVI. Januarv 
 
 1793. •'' 
 
 (6) Pitt, pledges himself to abstain from war 
 against France, if France will respect the 
 independence of other nations. Decem- 
 ber, 1792. France declares war against 
 England. February, 1793. 
 
 H The War with France. 1793—1802. Pp. 783—797. 
 1. France and the Coalition. 1793—1797. Pp. 783—785.
 
 170 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 a Pitt's power ceases as soon as the war begins. 
 
 1 Pitt driven by the weakness of the English army 
 
 to be Paymaster of the Coahtion, and by the 
 increase of pubhc burdens to undo his own 
 work. 
 
 2 Pitt, at first opposed to the war, shares for a time 
 
 in the popular panic. The suspension of the 
 Habeas Corpus Act. The Scottish martyrs (now 
 commemorated by an obelisk in the Calton 
 burying-ground, Edinburgh). 1794:. Cessation 
 of the panic seen in the acquittal of Home 
 Tooke. 1794. 
 b Victories of the French owing to the greed of Austria 
 and Prussia in attacking Poland, and the union of 
 the French nation produced by the fall of Robes- 
 pierre. June 28, 1794. 
 
 1 Suppression of the revolts in Brittany and the 
 
 south. The English driven from Totdon by 
 Napoleon Buonaparte. 1794. 
 
 2 Victory of the French at Fleurus. June 26, 1794. 
 
 The French masters of Flanders. 
 
 3 Spaifi and Sardinia compelled to sue for peace. 
 
 The French enter Amsterdam. March, 1795. 
 Submission of Holland. 
 
 4 The French in Italy under Buonaparte. Submission 
 
 of Austria, and treaty of Campo Formio, the 
 Austrian Netherlands and the Milanese ceded to 
 France. French annexation of Piedmont and 
 Savoy. 1797. 
 
 2. The English Naval Victories. England at last alone in the 
 war. 1797-1799. Pp. 785, 786. 
 
 a Victory of Lord Howe over the French fleet off 
 Brest. June 1, 1794—" The First of June:' 
 
 b Victory of Admiral Jervis over the Spanish fleet 
 
 (forced to join the French) off Cape S. Vincent, 
 
 February 14, 1797. " Westminster Abbey or 
 
 victory." 
 c Victory of Admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet 
 
 (forced to join the French) off Camperdown. 
 
 Octobsr 11, 1797. 
 d Destruction of the French fleet in Aboukir Bay by 
 
 Admiral Nelson. August 1, 1798- The Battle of 
 
 the Nile. 
 
 3. The Second Coalition. 1799, 1800. Pp. 787 and 794. 
 
 a Buonaparte checked before Acre by 5ir Sydney Smith ; 
 
 failure of his Syrian campaign. 1799. 
 b The French driven out of Italy by the Russians under
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 171 
 
 Suwarow, and the Rhineland by the Archduke 
 Charles ; failure of the English attempt to recover 
 Holland. 1799. 
 
 c Fall of the Directory ; Buonaparte, First Consul of 
 the Republic. Rejection of his offers of peace by 
 England. 
 
 ^French victory at Marengo. French frontiers . ex- 
 tended to the Rhine. 1800. 
 
 e Surrender of Malta to the English, giving them the 
 command of the Mediterranean : indignation of 
 Russia; armed neutrality oi the Northern Powers 
 (Russia, Sweden, Denmark) against the right of 
 search exercised, by England to prevent impor- 
 tation of munitions of war into France. 1800. 
 
 / First Battle of Copenhagen, 1802 ; Denmark detached 
 from the Armed Neutrality; '■'the brothers of 
 Englishme7i the Danes." 1802. 
 
 g Assassination of Czar Paul, and abandonment of the 
 Armed Neutrality. 
 
 I The Addington Ministry and th3 Peace of Amiens. Pp. 794, 
 795. 
 
 1. Pitt resigns, owing to the King's opposition to his Irish 
 Religious Emancipation Bill. February, 1801. 
 
 2. Defeat of the French projects in the East by General 
 Abercromby's victory at Abotekir Bay. March 21, 1801. 
 
 3. Buonaparte makes peace with the Empire at Luneville, by 
 which the French frontiers are extended to the Rhine, 1801, 
 and with the English at Amiens, " of which everybody is 
 g tad, and nobody proud." March, 1802. Based on terms 
 of mutual restitution. 
 
 K The War against Buonaparte. 1803—1815. Pp. 795— 811. 
 1. The War to the Death of Pitt. Pp. 795— 79S. 
 
 a Buonaparte's ambition to be master of the western 
 world. 
 
 The means at his disposal. 
 
 1 The new social vigour derived from the Revolution. 
 
 2 The centralized system of government handed down 
 
 from the monarchy. 
 
 3 The craving for public order and the love of glory. 
 
 4 The absence of divisions caused by the recall of 
 
 the Church and the exiles. 
 
 b Declaration of war between England and France. 
 May, 1803. All classes of Englishmen united for 
 the war. 
 
 c Buonaparte's indirect attack on England in India foiled
 
 172 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 by the defeat of the Mahrattas at Assaye by Arthur 
 Wellesley. September 23, 1803. 
 d Buonaparte's direct attack on England. A camp 
 formed at Boulogne. 
 
 1 Coalition formed between England, Russia, Austria, 
 
 and Sweden to deliver Italy and the Low Coun- 
 tries from France. 
 
 2 Fear of French invasion removed by the victory of 
 
 Trafalgar. October 21, 1805. " England has 
 saved herself by her courage, she will save Europe 
 by her example.' ' 
 
 3 The Coalition crushed by the French victory over 
 
 the Russians and Austrians at Aiisterlitz. Oc- 
 tober 18, 1805. " Pitt's Austerlitz look." ''My 
 country ! How I leave my country ! " January 
 23, 1806. 
 
 2. The Grenville Ministry. " The Ministry of all the Talents " 
 (Fox, Erskine, Lord Howick (Earl Grey), &c.) 1806. P. 798- 
 
 a The French victory of Jena and conquest of Northern 
 Germany. October 14, 1806. 
 
 b The death of Fox. September 13. 
 
 c Napoleon attempts by the Berlin and Milan decrees to 
 ruin the British carrying trade. November 21, 
 1806, and December 17, 1807. The English 
 reply by Orders in Council compelling neutrals 
 trading with the coasts under blockade to touch at 
 some British port and pay British duty first. 
 January, 1807. 
 
 d Fall of the Ministry due to their liberal domestic 
 policy. 
 
 1 The abolition of the Slave Trade. February, 1807. 
 
 2 Proposals for Catholic Emancipation. 
 
 3, The Portland Ministry with Canning as Foreign Secretary. 
 1807—1809. The first of a series of Tory Ministries. 
 1807—1830. Pp. 798—801. 
 
 a Europe, except England, at Napoleon's feet. 
 
 1 Russia forced to the Peace of Tilsit by the defeat 
 
 of Eylau, and induced to alliance with Napoleon 
 in hopes of help to the conquest of Turkey. 
 July 7, 1807. 
 
 2 Attempt of Napoleon to use the Russian, Swedish, 
 
 and Danish fleets against the English ; foiled by 
 the Second Battle of Copenhagen and the capture 
 by the English of the Danish fleet. September 
 2— October 20, 1807. 
 
 3 Kingdom of Holland given to Napoleon's brother 
 
 Lewis, Westphalia to his \>xo\\\^x Jerome, Spam 
 and Naples to his \>xo\\iQx Joseph. 1808.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 173 
 
 b Resistance of the Spanish Nation supported by 
 English aid under Sir John Moore and Wellesley. 
 
 1 Early successes of the patriots in Andalusia, and 
 
 of the English in Portugal. Battle of Vimiera, 
 and capitulation of the French army at Cifiira. 
 August 30, 1808. 
 
 2 Appearance of Napoleon in Spain ; French capture 
 
 of Zaragoza, and death of Moore at Corn una. 
 January 16, 1809. 
 
 3 Dismay in England ; firmness of Canning and 
 
 Wellesley. " Portugal may be defended against 
 any force which the French can bring against 
 it." Soult driven from Portugal; the French in 
 Spain defeated at Talavera. "july 26—28, 1809. 
 
 4 Austria once more driven to submit by the defeat 
 
 of Wagram, and failure of the English attempt 
 to deliver Antwerp. The disasters at Wakheren. 
 July— November, 1809. The Treaty of Schon- 
 brunn between Napoleon and Austria. 
 
 4. The Perceval Ministry. 1809—1812. Pp. 801—804, and 
 S09. 
 
 a Fall of the Canning Ministry owing to the disasters at 
 Wakheren. Duel between Canning and Castle- 
 reagh. September, 1809. 
 
 b Perceval throws on Wellesley {Wellington) the re- 
 sponsibility of continuing the Peninsular War. 
 Wellington accepts it ; defends himself during the 
 winter against Massena in the lines of Torres 
 Vedras (1810), and forces him to retire from 
 Portugal. May, 1811. 
 
 c The American War. 1812 — 1814. 
 
 1 America passes a Non-Intercourse Act with England 
 
 and France (May, 1808), being irritated at their 
 restrictions on trade. Napoleon offers conces- 
 sions, the Perceval Ministry refuses any. 1811. 
 
 2 Further quarrel with reference to English *' right 
 
 of search " ; finally America declares war. June, 
 1812. 
 
 3 Subsequent history of the war. 
 
 (a) American successes at sea (1812) and tem- 
 
 porary American conquest of Upper Canada. 
 1813. 
 
 (b) English capture of Washington ; the public 
 
 buildings burnt ; few t/iore shameful acts are 
 recorded in our history. August, 1814. 
 
 {c) The struggle closed by the peace of 1814. 
 
 5. The Liverpool Ministry formed after the assassination of 
 Perceval. May 11, 1812. Pp. 804— 807 and S09— 811.
 
 I7i ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 a Napoleon's power at its height. 
 d The War in Russia. 1812, 1813. 
 
 1 Russia, jealous of the French occupation of the 
 
 northern coasts, refuses to suspend trade with 
 England. 
 
 2 Napoleon invades Russia ; enters Moscow in 
 
 triumph, is burnt out (Octobar, 1812), and loses 
 almost his entire army in the retreat. 1812, 
 1813. 
 c The War in Spain. 
 
 1 The best French soldiers withdrawn for the Russian 
 
 campaign. 
 
 2 Wellington on the aggressive. Captures Ciudad 
 
 Rodrigo, January 19, and Badajoz, March 16, 
 crushes Marmont at Sala?nanca, July 22, 1812. 
 Falls back on Portugal in winter. 
 
 3 Battle of Vittoria; the French driven across the 
 
 Pyrenees. June 21, 1813. 
 
 d State of the Country. 
 
 1 The war of classes — rich and poor, employers and 
 
 employed — to be dated from these years of war. 
 
 {a) Great increase of wealthy due to the predomi- 
 nance of the English fleet, and English 
 occupation of French, Spanish, and Dutch 
 colonies, but partial distribution. 
 
 {b) Unwholesome prospect of agriculture. Wheat 
 at famine prices ; no supply from the Conti- 
 nent or America. 1812—1814. 
 
 {c) Small trades ruined by introduction of ma- 
 chinery ; hence the Luddite (machine-break- 
 ing) riots, 1811, 1812. 
 
 id) Increase of public burdens, poverty and crime. 
 
 2 Revival of Reform. 
 
 {a) Appearance of the Edinburgh Review (the 
 organ of the Young Reformers — Brougham, 
 Jeffrey, Sidney Smith, Mackintosh). 1802. 
 
 {b) Jeremy Bentham. 1747—1832. " The aim 
 of political action is the greatest happiness of 
 the greatest number." 
 
 {c) Sir Francis Burdett's efforts to reform the 
 House of Commons, " a part of our fellow- 
 subjects collected together by means which it 
 is not necessary to describe." 1809. 
 
 {d) Catholic Emancipation adopted by the Com- 
 mons though rejected by the Lords. 1812. 
 
 3 Fall of Napoleon. 1813, 1814.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 175 
 
 {a) Napoleon, with the main body of French army, 
 driven back to the Elbe by the Prussians and 
 Russians. 
 
 {I/) Napoleon collects a fresh army at Mainz, 
 defeats the Russians and Prusiians at Lulzen 
 and Bautzen. May, 1814. 
 
 if) The French driven out of Spain by the battle 
 of F//A?r/(^, June 21, 1813, in spile of Soult's 
 attempt to regain the mountain passes ; the 
 Battles of the Pyrenees, July 27—30, 1813 ; 
 English capture of S. Sebastian, August 31 
 of Pampluna, October 31; Victory of the 
 Bidassoa, and advance of Wellington into 
 France. October. 
 
 {d) Overthrow of Napoleon in the " Volkei- 
 schtacht" at Leipzijr. October. Advance 
 of the Allies into France. Decsmber 31 
 1813. 
 
 {e) Soult defeated by Wellington at Orthez, 
 February 27; Toulouse, April 10, 1814. 
 Surrender of Paris to the Allies, March 31 
 1814. Napoleon permitted to retain the 
 imperial title and island of Elba. 
 
 4 Return of Napoleon. Pp. 809 — 811. 
 
 {a) Congress of Vienna. Claim of Russia to 
 annex Poland and of Prussia to annex 
 Saxony opposed by England, Austria, and 
 France. January 15, 1815. 
 
 {b) Napoleon lands in France, March 1, enters 
 Paris, M<\rch 15, 1815. Beginning of " the 
 Hundred Days." Napoleon, "as the general 
 enemy and disturber of the world, abandoned 
 to public justice." 
 
 {c) An English army despatched to the Nether- 
 lands ; Wellington's plan to unite with the 
 Prussians and enter France by Mons and 
 Namur, leaving the Austrians and Russians 
 to advance by Belfort and Alsace. 
 
 {d) Napoleon advances into Belgium ; separates 
 Wellington, at Quafrebras, from Blucher, at 
 Ligny. June 16, 1815. Wellington retreats 
 from Quatrebras on IVaterloo. 
 
 (e) Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815. (For an 
 account of the battle see ''Waterloo," Roman, 
 par MM. Erckmann-Chatrian, and Colonel 
 Chesney's Waterloo Lectures). "The un- 
 broken English squares ; "' compare the bat- 
 tles of Senlac and Falkirk.
 
 176 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 5 Second abdication of .Napoleon, June 22. End of 
 the Hundred Days, and entry of the Allies into 
 Paris, July 6. 1815. 
 
 ^ummarg of ISbtnts. 
 
 From the Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815, to the fall of the 
 Gladstone Ministry, February, 1874. Pp. 812 — 820. 
 
 A State of England after the War. 1815—1822. 
 
 1. Exhaustion and discontent produced by 
 
 a heavy taxation, debt of eight hundred millions ; 
 
 b depression of manufactures — the demand unequal to 
 the supply, 
 
 c attempt of landowners to keep up the price of com by 
 
 restricting importation. 1815. 
 
 d disbanding of the forces, revival of the Luddite (machine- 
 breaking) riots, prevalence of crime. 
 
 2. Opposition of Lord Castlereagh and the Ministry to reform. 
 Hence, 
 
 a First appearance of the " Radical" party. 
 
 b The general discontent breaks out in disaffection and 
 plots, — Peterloo, 1819; Cato-street Conspiracy, 
 1820 — is increased by the trial of Queen Caroline. 
 
 B The Canning Administration. 1822—1827. 
 
 1. Canning's Foreign Policy 
 
 a breaks with the Holy Alliance (formed (by Austria, 
 Russia, Prussia) for the suppression of liberal move- 
 ments) ; 
 
 b lays down the principle of non-interference with the 
 internal affairs of other countries. 
 
 2. Canning's Home Policy paves the way for Catholic Emanci- 
 pation and the Repeal of the Cortt Laws. 
 
 3. Treaty settled by Canning between Great Britain and Russia 
 to stop the Turkish cruelties in Greece. Death of Liverpool 
 and Canning, 1827; victory of Navarino o\er the Turkish 
 fleet, in defence of the Greeks of the Morea, 1827. A Tory 
 Ministry under Wellington and Peel, 1828. 
 
 C Reform. 
 
 1. Wellington consents to carry through the Lords a Bill for 
 Catholic Emancipation, 1829. 
 
 2. Revolution in France. Expulsion of Charles X. ; Louis- 
 Philippe "a constitutional King." 1830. Demands for 
 Reform resisted by Wellington ; fall of his Ministry. 
 
 3. Earl Grey atid the Reform Bill. 1830—1832. The first 
 Whig Ministry for twenty years. The Reform Bill.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 177 
 
 a 143 seats transferred from rotten or decayed boroughs 
 to counties and large towns. 
 
 b The Borough franchise, extended to 10/. householders. 
 
 The County franchise to leaseholders and copyholders. 
 
 The Bill passed by a specially elected House of Com- 
 mons, 1831 ; finally, after much agitation, by the 
 Lords, June 7, 1832. 
 
 4. General results of the Whig Ministry under Grey and Mel- 
 bourne. 1831—1841. 
 
 a Abolition of Colonial Slavery. 1833. 
 
 b Abolition of commercial monopoly of the East India 
 Company. 1833. 
 
 c New Poor Law Act. 1834. 
 
 d Restoration of the early right of sclf-govemment by 
 the Municipal Corporations Act. 1835. 
 
 e Act for Tithe Commutation, and Civil Marriages Act. 
 1836. 
 
 f Inauguration of a system of national education, by 
 annual grants (1834) and creation of Educational 
 Committee of Privy Council (1839). 
 
 D Sir Robert Peel. 
 
 1, Difficulties of the Whig Government. 
 
 a Bad harvests leading to national discontent and demands 
 for the "People's Charter" (universal suffrage, 
 vote by ballot, annual Parliaments, abolition of 
 property qualification for Members, and payment of 
 Members). 1839. 
 
 b Quarrels between Upper and Lower Canada. 1837. 
 
 c The Spatiish War ; quadruple alliance between Eng- 
 land, France, Spain, and Portugal to support 
 Donna Maria and Isabella. 1834. 
 
 d The Chinese War for the introduction of opium. 
 1840. 
 
 e The Affghan War ; defeat and destruction of the 
 English retreating from Cabul. 1841. 
 
 2. Fall of the Melbourne Ministry. Formation of a '"'• Conser- 
 vative" Ministry under Peel. 1841. 
 
 a Peel's Foreign Policy. 
 
 1 Peace with China partially establishing free trade. 
 
 2 Reduction of Cabul and struggle with the Sikhs 
 
 ending in the annexation of Scinde. 1846. 
 b Peel's Home Policy. 
 
 1 LTpholds the Corn Laws. Formation of the Anti- 
 Corn Law League. 1839. 
 
 2 Peel, in spite of his previous opposition, forced by 
 
 \
 
 178 ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY 
 
 failure of the potato crop in Ireland, and the bad 
 harvest, fo repeal the Com Laws. 1346. Peel 
 driven from office by the resentment of the 
 Conservatives. 
 
 E The Russell Ministry. 1847—1852. 
 
 1. In Home affairs : A Ministry of Free Trade, ^^ buying in the 
 cheapest market and selling in the dearest." 
 
 2. External Events : Insurrection in Ireland under Smith 
 O'Brien, crushed by a few police ; demonstration of the 
 Chartists in London ; victory of Goojerat over the Sikhs, by 
 Lord Gough, and annexation of the Punjaub by Lord Dal- 
 housie. 1848. 
 
 3. First International Exhibition. 1851. 
 
 F The Aberdesn Ministry. 1853—1855. 
 
 1. Outbreak of the Crimean War. Battle of the Ahna, Sep- 
 tember 20 and siege of Sebastopol : Russian attack on the 
 English at' Balaklava, Octobsr 25 — " The charge of the 
 Lii^ht Brigade"; and at Inkej-mann, November 5, 1854. 
 " the soldiers' battle." 
 
 2. Indignation at the sufiferings of the troops. Fall of the 
 Ministry. January, 1855. 
 
 G The Palmerston Ministries. 1855-1858, and 1859—1865. 
 
 1. Capture of Sebastopol, September, 1855," and Treaty of 
 Paris, limiting the power of Russia on the Black Sea, and so 
 depriving her of the sole protectorate of the Christian 
 provinces of Turkey. 1856. 
 
 2. Mutiny of the native troops in Bengal, 1857. Massacre of 
 " English men, women, and children " at Cawnpore ; defence 
 of Lucknow by Havelock, and relief by Sir Colin Campbell. 
 Suppression of the revolt ; government of India transferred 
 from the Company to the Crown. 
 
 3. Creation of the Volunteer Force owing to the violent language 
 of the French army. 1858. Conservative Ministry under 
 Lord Derby, 1858. Palmerston restored to power, 1859. 
 
 4. The Home Policy of Palmerston's Second Ministry — 
 inaction. 
 
 The Foreign Policy — non-intervention in three great wars. 
 The French and Austrian War, ending in the creation of 
 Italy. 1859. 
 
 The Civil War in America, causing the cotton famine in 
 Lancashire. 1861—1865. 
 The attack of Austria and Prussia upon Denmark. 1864. 
 
 H The New Reformers. 1865—1873. 
 
 1. The Conservative Ministry introduces a Reform Bill. 
 August, 1867.
 
 OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. ]79 
 
 a Boroui^h franchise extended to all ratepayers ; to 
 lodgers occupying rooms of \ol. value. 
 
 Cotrnty franchise reduced to 12/. 
 
 b Forty-six members withdrawn from English boroughs ; 
 twenty-five assigned to counties, the rest to Scot- 
 land and Ireland. 
 
 2. The Gladstone Ministry, including every section of the 
 Liberal party. 1868—1873. 
 
 a Disestablishment and disendowmcnt of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in Ireland, 1869; Irish Land 
 Bill, establishing tenant right, 1870. 
 
 b Aboliti jn of purchase and reorganisation of the armv. 
 18/1. 
 
 c Abolition of compulsory Church rates, 1868 • aboli- 
 tion of Tests, 1871. 
 
 d Furtherance of system of national education by estab- 
 lishment of School Boards, 1870. 
 
 e Introduction of voting by ballot as a protection against 
 intimidation. 1872. 
 
 3. Re-action in the coimtrv. Fall of the Gladstone Ministry. 
 1874. 
 
 THE END.
 
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 TAIT and STEELE—^ TREATISE ON DYNAMICS OF 
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 22 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
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 MATHEMATICS. ' 23 
 
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 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. For Schools and Colleges. 
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 24 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
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 A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORIES 
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 WOJ.STENnoi.MTi—MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, on 
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 8vo. 1 8 J.
 
 SCIENCE. 25 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 SCIENCE PRIMERS FOR ELEMENTARY 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Under the joint Editorship of Professors HuxLKY, ROSCOE, and 
 Balfour Stewart. 
 
 "These Primers are extremely simple and attractive, and thoroughly 
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 CHEMISTRY — By H. E. RoscoE, F.R.S., Professor of 
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 GIST. 
 
 PHYSICS— By Balfour Stewart, F.R.S., Professor of Natural 
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 PHYSICAL aEOGRAPHY— By ARCHIBALD GeIKIE, F.R.S., 
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 26 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
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 LOGIC — By Professor SxANLKY Jevons, F.R.S. New Edition. 
 
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 ASTRONOMY. 
 
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 SCIENCE. . 27 
 
 ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOKS Continued— 
 
 QUESTIONS ON LOCKYER'S ELEMENTARY LES- 
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 John Forbes-Robertson. i8mo. cloth limp. is. 6d. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY. With 
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 of Naturnl History in the Royal School of Mines. New 
 Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 41, 6d. 
 
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 BOTANY. 
 
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 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, IN- 
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 A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROBLEMS, prepared with 
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 Leeds. Adapted for the preparation of Students for the 
 Government, Science, and Society of Arts Examinations. With 
 a Preface by Professor RoscoE. Fifth Edition, with Key, 
 l8mo. 2s.
 
 28 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 ELEMENTARY CUV.SS-BOOKS Continued— 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGINNERS. By 
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 LOGIC. 
 
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 PHYSICS. 
 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS. By Balfour 
 
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 PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. 
 
 THE OWENS COLLEGE JUNIOR COURSE OF 
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 2s. 6d. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES IN CHEMISTRY. 
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 Manchester. [In preparation. 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
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 Fcap. 8vo. ts. 6d. 
 
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 SCIENCE. ap 
 
 ELEMENTARY CI.ASS-BOOKS Continued— 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By A. B. W. 
 Kennedy, C.E., Professor of Applied Mechanics in University 
 College, London. With Illustrations. [In preparation. 
 
 STEAM. 
 
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 QUESTIONS ON THE SAME. is. 6a. 
 
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 Maps. 35. 
 
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 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR BEGINNERS. By 
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 SOUND. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By W. II. Stone, 
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 PSYCHOLOGY. 
 
 ELEMENTAR Y LESSONS IN PSYCHOLOGY. By G. 
 
 Croom Rot^ertson, Professor of Mental Philosophy, &c., 
 
 • University College, London. [In preparation. 
 
 Others in Preparation.
 
 30 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 MANUALS FOR STUDENTS. 
 
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 DVER AND VIT^-RS— THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. By 
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 FAWCETT— ^ MANUAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
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 FLEISCHEH-.-/ SYSTEM OF VOLUMETRIC ANALL 
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 FLOWER (W. ^.)— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OSTE- 
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 POSTER and ■BA'UFQXSlli— THE ELEMENTS OF EMBRYO- 
 LOGY. By Michael Foster, M.D., F.R.S., and F. M, 
 Balfour, M.A. Part I. crown 8vo. ']s, 6d. 
 
 FOSTER and LANGLEY— ^ COURSE OF ELEMENTAR\ 
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 Crown 8vo. 6j. 
 
 HOOKER (Jir.)—THE STUDENTS FLORA OF THE 
 BRITISH ISLANDS. By Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., 
 C.B,, F.R.S., M.D., D.C.L. New Edition, revised. Globe 
 8vo. los. 6a,
 
 SCIENCE. - -- 31 
 
 MANUAIiS FOR STUDENTS Continued— 
 
 n-GTHJ^-Erv— PHYSIOGRAPHY. An Introduction to the Study of 
 Nature. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. With numerous Illus- 
 trations, and Coloured Tlates. New Edition. Crovra 8vo. "js.Sd. 
 
 HUXLEY and MARTIN—^ COURSE OF PRACTICAL 
 INSTRUCTION IN ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. By 
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 D.Sc. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 HUXLEY and VA.-R.\<.-E,-R— ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. 
 
 PARI II. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S., assisted by 
 
 — Parker. "With Illustrations. \^ln preparation. 
 
 JUVOtJS— THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. A Treatise 
 on Logic and Scientific MethocL By Professor W. Stanley 
 Jevons, LL.D., F.R.S. New and Revised Edition. Crown 
 8vo. 1 2 J. 6d. 
 
 OlAlWBJt.[Vrof6fiuoT)— FIRST BOOKOFINDIAN BOTANY. 
 By Professor Daniel Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., Keeper of 
 the Herbarium and Library of the Royal Gardens, Kew, 
 With numerous Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 PARKER and BETTANY — 7:^i5 MORPHOLOGY OF 
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 Illustrated. Crown Svo. lor. 6d. 
 
 T AIT— AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HEAT. By 
 Professor Tait, F.R.S. E. Illustrated. [In t/te press. 
 
 THOMSON— ZOOLOGY. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S. 
 Illustrated. [In preparation. 
 
 TYLOR and I^NK-ESTEH— ANTHROPOLOGY. By E. B. 
 Tylor, M.A., F.R.S., and Professor E. Ray Lankester, 
 M.A., F.R.S. Illustrated. [In preparation. 
 
 Other volumes of these Manuals will follow.
 
 32 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 BALL (R. S., K.VI.)— EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS. A 
 Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Science 
 for Ireland. By R. S. BALL, A.M., Professor of Applied 
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 for Ireland, Royal 8vo. i6s. 
 
 POSTER— /i TEXT -BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By Michael 
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 GAMGEE —A TEXT-BOOK, SYSTEMATIC AND PRAC- 
 TICAL, OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF 
 THE ANIMAL BODY. Including the changes which the 
 Tissues and Fluids undergo in Disease. By A. Gamgee, 
 M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology, Owens College, 
 Manchester. 8vo. \ln the press, 
 
 G-E.G^li-BA.VR~ELEMENTS OF COMPARATIVE ANA- 
 TOMY. By Professor Carl Gegenbaur. A Translation by 
 F. Jeffrey Bell, B. A. Revised with Preface by Professor 
 E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. 
 8vo. 21S. 
 
 KImAVSITJS— MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT. Trans- 
 lated by Walter K. Browne. 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 ■tfE.-WCOm^— POPULAR ASTRONOMY. By S. Newcomb, 
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 trations and 5 Maps of the Stars. 8vo. l2>s. 
 
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 Outlines of a Theory of Machines. By Professor F. Rkuleaux. 
 Translated and Edited by Professor A. B. W, Kennedy, 
 C.E. With 450 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 2IJ.
 
 SCIENCE. 33 
 
 SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BOOKS Continued— 
 
 ROSCOEand SCHORLEMMER— C//£'il//3'7Vv F, A Complete 
 Treatise on. By rrofessor II. E. RoscoE, F.R.S., and Pro- 
 fessor C. ScHORLEMMER, F.R.S. Medium 8vo. Vol. I. — 
 The Non-Metallic Elements. With numerous Illustrations, and 
 Portrait of Dalton. 2\5. Vol. II.— Metals. Tart I. Illus- 
 trated. \%s. {Vol. 11.— Metals. Part II. in the press. 
 
 SCHORLEMMER—^ MANUAL OF THE CHEMISTRY OF 
 THE CAKLWN COMPOUNDS, OR ORGANIC CHE- 
 MISTRY. By C. SciroRLEMMER, F.R.S. , Professor of 
 Chemistry, Owens College, Manchester. With Illustrations. 
 8vo. 14J. 
 
 NATURE SERIES. 
 
 THE SPECTROSCOPE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. By 
 J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. With Coloured Plate and 
 numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3J-. dd. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS. 
 By Sir John Lubbock, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L. With nume- 
 rous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3/. 6d. 
 
 THE TRANSIT OF VENUS. By G. Forbes, M.A., Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Philosophy in the Andersonian University, 
 Glasgow. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 3^. (>d. 
 
 THE COMMON FROG. By St. George Mivart, F.R.S., 
 Lecturer in Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary's Hospital. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. 
 
 POLARISATION OF LIGHT. By W. Spottiswoode, F.R.S. 
 With many Illustrations. Second Edition. Crowm 8vo. 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS CONSIDERED IN RE- 
 LATION TO INSECTS. By Sir John Lubbock, M.P., 
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 THE SCIENCE OF WEIGHING AND MEASURING, AND 
 THE STANDARDS OF MEASURE AND WEIGHT. 
 By H. W. Chisholm, Warden of the Standards. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4 J. ()d. 
 
 C
 
 34 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 NATURB SERIS3 Continued— 
 
 HOW TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE: a Lecture on Link- 
 ages. ByA. B. Kempe. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. \s. 6d. 
 
 LIGHT: a Series of Simple, entertaining, and Inexpensive Expe- 
 riments in the Phenomena of Light, for the Use of Students of 
 every age. By A. M. Mayer and C. Barnard. CrowiiSvo, 
 wath numerous liiustrations. 2s, 6d. 
 
 SOUND : a Series of Simple, Entei'taining, and Inexpensive Ex- 
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 (>t every age. By A. M. Maver, Professor of Physics in 
 the Stevens Institute of Technology, &c. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3.^. <Sd. 
 
 Other volu?nes to follow. 
 
 EASY LESSONS IN SCIENCE. 
 
 HE A T. By Miss C. A. Martineau. Edited by Prof, W. F. 
 Barrett. [In the press. 
 
 LIGHT. By Mrs. Awdry, Edited by Prof. W. F. Barrett. 
 
 [In the press. 
 
 ELECTRICITY. By Prof. W. F. Barrett. [In preparation. 
 
 SCIENCE LECTURES AT SOUTH 
 KENSINGTON. 
 
 VOL, I. Containing Lectures by Capt. Abney, Prof. Stokes, 
 Prof. Kennedy, F. G. Bramwkll, Prof. G. Forbes, II. C. 
 SoRBY, J. T. Bottomley, S. II. Vines, and Prof. Carey 
 Foster. Crown 8vo. 6^. 
 
 VOL. II. Containing Lectures by W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S., 
 Prof. Forbes, Prof. Pigot, Prof. Barrett, Dr. Burdon- 
 Sanderson, Dr. Lauder Brunton, F.R.S,, Prof. Roscoe, 
 and others. Crown 8vo. 6s.
 
 SCIENCE. 35 
 
 MANCHESTER SCIENCE LECTURES 
 FOR THE PEOPLE. 
 
 Eighth Series, 1876-7. Crown 8vo. Illustrated. (>d. each. 
 WHAT THE EARTH IS COMPOSED OF. By Professor 
 RoscoE, F.R.S. 
 
 THE SUCCESSION OF LIFE ON THE EARTH. By 
 Professor Williamson, F.R.S. 
 
 WHY THE EARTHS CHEMISTRY IS AS IT IS. By 
 J. N. LOCKTER, F.R.S. 
 Also complete in One Volume. Crown 8vo. cloth. 2j. 
 
 BLANFORD— riT"^ RUDIMENTS OF PHYSICAL GEO- 
 GRAPHY FOR THE USE OF INDIAN SCHOOLS ; with 
 a Glossary of Technical Terms employed. By H. F. Blanford, 
 F.R.S. New Edition, with Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 TiVUnnTT—PHYS/CAL UNITS. By Prof. J. D. Everett. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. [/« the press. 
 
 Git:\yi.lVi~OUT LINES OF FIELD GEOLOGY. By Prof. 
 
 Geikie, F.R.S. With Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo. y.6d. 
 GORDON— ^^ ELEMENTARY BOOK ON HEAT. By 
 
 J. E. li. Gordon, B.A., Gonville and Caius College, Cam- 
 
 bridge. Crown 8vo. 2s. 
 
 VI' KEVlTiRICK— OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY IN 176 
 RELATIONS TO MAN. By J. G. M'Kendrick, M.D., 
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 taiAIsI^— STUDIES IN COMPARA TIVE ANA TOMY. 
 
 No. I. — The Skull of the Crocodile : a Manual for Students. 
 By L. C. Miall, Professor of Biology in the Yorkshire College 
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 DIVINITY. 41 
 
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 44 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
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 46 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
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