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THE 
 
 COTTON TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN: 
 
 ITS 
 
 RISE, PROGRESS, & PRESENT EXTENT, 
 
 BASED UPON THE MOST CAREFULLY DIGESTED STATISTICS, 
 
 FURNISHED BY THE SEVERAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, 
 AND MOST EMINENT COMMERCIAL FIRMS. 
 
 BY JAMES A. MANN, F.S.S., M.R.A.S. 
 
 ETC. ETC. 
 
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION 
 
 TO THE PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT, AND COUNCIL OF THE 
 COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, MANCHESTER. 
 
 _ _ * 
 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co. ; MANCHESTER ; JOSEPH THOMSON & SON. 
 
 1860. 
 
TO THE 
 
 PRESIDENT, .VICE-PRESIDENT AND COUNCIL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 It is with a feeling of considerable diffidence that I 
 dedicate to you these pages, from a consciousness that your 
 % intimate knowledge of the subject will render their deficiences 
 ^ at once apparent. 
 
 As a tribute to the important interest you represent, I 
 
 offer this Dedication, the acceptance of which on your part, 
 from your individual eminence in the commerce of our country, 
 and the national purpose for which you are associated, cannot 
 but be both a pleasure and an honor to 
 
 OS 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 
 DC 
 DO 
 
 a 
 
 Yours very faithfully, 
 
 JAMES A. MANN. 
 
 Kensington, 
 March, 1860. 
 
 A 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The importance of correct statistical information to the Merchant, to enable him to 
 purchase the raw material and sell his manufactures in the best market — to the Political 
 Economist, to enable him to grasp the intricacies of the trade with which he intends to 
 deal, or to the Historian who would trace its phases and features — is everywhere 
 admitted ; and whether we would study the history of the trade in cotton or any other 
 article, we must learn it as anatomy is learnt; in short, we must first study thoroughly 
 the bones if we would successfully trace the intricate ramifications of nerves and arteries. 
 The object in view in the compilation of this work is to furnish the Merchant, Political 
 Economist, or Historian, with the statistics bearing on the cotton trade of Great Britain, 
 in as concise yet comprehensive a form as the data at our command will permit. 
 
 The statistical tables which form the basis of the work may be fully relied on ; they 
 have been carefully collated from official or the most reliable sources ; the object has 
 been throughout to obtain all the available statistics of weight and value, to the exclu- 
 sion of undefined denominations of measure, such as bales, and except in those cases 
 where "the trade" have become used to their employment they are excluded, 
 
 Although some of the tables are not strictly of the trade of Great Britain, they will 
 be found in all cases to have a bearing on the question of the demand and supply of that 
 trade. 
 
 The letter-press is divided into three books or chapters, which may be thus defined: — 
 
 Book No. 1. Traces the ancient history of the cotton manufacture — its introduction and 
 progress in India, China, Africa, America, and Europe— its tardy development in 
 Great Britain — the mechanical inventions of Wyatt, Paul, Kay, Hargreaves, Arkr 
 wright, Crompton, and Watt ; their causes and effects — and the progress of the 
 trade to the close of the eighteenth century. 
 
11 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Book No. 2. Treats of the progress of economy in the manufacture, with a review of 
 the actual effects thereby produced on the trade — glances at the present expense or 
 cost of the several departments of manufacture as compared with that under the old 
 and rude systems — traces the features of the trade in its progress during this 
 century — and the effect it has produced on places and people — and exhibits a picture 
 of its present extent and greatness. 
 
 Book No. 3. Is devoted almost exclusively to the question of supply of the raw material, 
 giving a review of the more prominent facts in regard to supply from the United 
 States, East Indies, Brazil, Africa, West Indies, and other parts — Avith a few 
 closing remarks on the extent of the home and export trade of Great Britain. 
 
 In the department referring to the supply of cotton from India in Book No. 3., are 
 included certain remarks relating more particularly to the cotton manufacture of that 
 empire ; as exerting a great influence upon the future demand for British manufactures, 
 they are not thought irrelevent or unworthy of a place in these pages ; the whole of that 
 department formed the subject of a paper read before the Royal Asiatic Society on the 
 21st January in this year, and is therefore better given in its entirety. 
 
 The Map of India, fronting page 64, will exhibit particularly the means of 
 transit enjoyed by the several districts of India, while the accompanying table (to which 
 the numbers on the map refer) will show the area and population. It is hoped that to- 
 gether these will assist to a view of the advantages of India, as yet to be developed, 
 while they evidence the progress making in internal communications to meet the transit 
 difficulties, which have hitherto been considered the greatest obstacles to the develop- 
 ment of the export trade in cotton in India. 
 
 The Diagram fronting the work will show the relation of the four great elements of 
 supply, demand, stocks, and prices, over a space of thirty-four years ; the figures em- 
 ployed in its compilation will be found in Tables No. 29 and 36 ; and it is to be hoped, 
 if it serves no other purpose, that it will indicate to the Cotton Broker, Merchant, or 
 Manufacturer, the insecurity of allowing so great a declension in the stocks of the raw 
 material as that now existing. 
 
 It is right to state that it was the original intention of the author merely to have 
 compiled the statistical tables illustrative of the trade ; but that, at the request of 
 several friends, he was induced to edit a few remarks to lead the mind of the reader in 
 their perusal, and to publish them in the form they now assume. As such, then, these 
 pages are presented in their crude state. The author is cognizant he has much 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 indulgence to crave for their incomplete and desultory character,, put together without 
 sufficient regard to order ; but if he has committed any errors in the use of his figures, 
 it is hy inadvertance and not intention or want of care. 
 
 The author takes this opportunity of expressing the great obligation he is under to 
 those gentlemen who have so liberally accorded him their time and assistance (with whem 
 must be shared any credit which may be due for the completeness of the statistical tables). 
 His special thanks are, however, due to A. W. Fonblanque, Esq., of the Boctrd of Trade; 
 0. 0. Prinsep, Esq., of the Statistical Department of the India House ; Dr. J. Forbes 
 Watson, Reporter on the Products of India at the India House ; J. A. Messenger, 
 Esq., Inspector General of Imports and Exports ; A. 0. Eraser, Esq., Custom House ; 
 J. Carpenter, Esq. ; H. B. Joyner, Esq. ; Thomas Bazley, Esq., M.P. for Manchester ; 
 Henry Ashworth, Esq,, of Bolton, Lancashire; Messrs. Stolterfoht, Sons and Co., 
 Liverpool; Richard Burn, Esq., Manchester; Messrs. George Holt and Co., Liver- 
 pool ; Charles Speakman, Esq., Manchester ; G. R. Haywood, Esq., of the Cotton 
 Supply Association ; J. 0. Ollerenshaw, Esq., Manchester ; Messrs. Niell Brothers 
 and Co., of New York ; Messrs. Piatt Brothers and Co., Oldham ; James Landon, 
 Esq., of Broach (East Indies), and London ; Alexander C. Brice, Esq., of Bombay, 
 Cochin, and London ; Messrs. Thomas Houldsworth and Co., Manchester ; and Messrs. 
 Du Fay and Co. Manchester ; while, at the same time, he has not failed to avail himself 
 of the valuable information afforded by such works as are extant upon the subject, and 
 many periodical price currents published by merchants and others. 
 
INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Table No. 1. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Annually Imported, Exported, 
 and Taken for Consumption in the United Kingdom ; with the Rate of Duty 
 and Revenue collected therefrom, from 1781 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 2. — Shows the Annual Average Prices of Wheat ; " United States 
 Uplands/' "Brazil and Pernambuco," and " East India Surat" Cotton ; and 
 of No. 100's, and No. 40's Best Seconds' Mule, and No. 30's Water Twist 
 or Cotton Yarn, from 1782 to 1859 
 
 Table No. 3. — Shows the Official and Declared Real Yalue of Cotton Goods and 
 Yarns Exported from the United Kingdom, from 1785 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 4. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported Annually from the 
 United States of America ; the Average Price per lb.; and the Total Yalue in 
 American and Sterling Money, from 1791 to i858. 
 
 Table No. 5. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the Port of 
 Calcutta, and its destination, from 1795 to 1834. 
 
 Table No. 6. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the Roadstead of 
 Madras, and its destination, from 1824 to 1834. 
 
 Table No. 7. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the British East 
 Indies (distinguishing the three Presidencies, Bengal, Madras, and Bombay,) ; 
 and its destination, from 1834 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 8. — Furnishes a Resume of the Principal Features of the entire British 
 Cotton Trade ; and particularly illustrates the Yalue of the Home and Export 
 Trade, from 1834 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 9. — Shows the Declared Real Yalue of Textile and other Articles 
 (distinguishing Cotton, Wool, Silk, and Linen Manufactures,) Exported from 
 the United Kingdom, from 1820 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 10. — Shows the Prices of Beef and Mutton at St. Thomas's Hospital, 
 from 1688 to 1860. 
 
 Table No. 11. — Shows the Amount and Annual Cost of the National Debt, from 
 1691 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 12. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into the United 
 Kingdom from each of the producing countries, from 1815 to 1859. 
 
vi 
 
 INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Table No. 13. — The Crops of Raw Cotton in each of the United States (Cotton 
 Growing States), from 1824 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 14. — Shows the Annual Average Weight of Bales of Cotton Imported 
 into the United Kingdom, from 1816 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 15. — Shows the distribution of the Crops of the United States, from 
 1826 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 16. — ■ Shows the number of Bales of Cotton Imported into the Port of 
 Liverpool, from 1785 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 17. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into the United 
 Kingdom, from India, from 1783 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 18. — Shows the quantity and value of Cotton Manufactures Exported 
 from the United Kingdom to India; and the quantity of Raw Cotton and 
 Cotton Manufactures Exported from India, from 1840 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 19. — Shows the Imports from, and Exports to India, from 1827 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 20. — Shows the Imports from, and Exports to China and Hong Kong, 
 from 1827 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 21. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Imported from each of the 
 British Possessions, from 1831 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 22. — Shows the quantity and destination of Raw Cotton Re-exported 
 from the United Kingdom, from 1827 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 23. — Shows the quantity (in detail) of British Cotton Manufactures 
 Exported from the United Kingdom, from 1820 to 1852. 
 
 Table No. 24. — Shows the quantity and value (in detail) of British Cotton Manu- 
 factures Exported from the United Kingdom, from 1853 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 25. — Shows the Declared Real Value of British Cotton Manufactures 
 Exported from the United Kingdom to each country, from 1820 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 26. — Shows the quantity of Cotton, Wool, Silk, Flax, and Hemp 
 Imported into the United Kingdom, from 1820 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 27. — Shows the quantity of Cotton (in bales) Imported into the United 
 Kingdom, from each source, from 1801 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 28. — Shows the Supply of, and Demand for Cotton (in bales) in Europe 
 and America, from 1827 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 29. — Shows the Monthly Average Price of Fair Uplands (American) 
 Bowed Cotton in the Liverpool Market, from 1826 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 30. — Shows the quantity or value of Foreign Cotton Manufactures 
 Imported, Exported, and Consumed Jn the United Kingdom ; with the Amount 
 of Revenue collected thereon, from 1831 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 31. — Shows the Value of Raw Cotton Exported from each of the 
 Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, from 1834 to 1858. 
 
INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES, 
 
 vii 
 
 Table No. 32, — Shows the Official and Declared Eeai Value of Imports into, and 
 Exports from the United Kingdom ; distinguishing Raw Cotton Imported, and 
 British Manufactured Cottons Exported, from 1801 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 33. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the Port of 
 Alexandria (Egypt), and its destination, from 1855 to 1859. 
 
 Table No. 34. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the British East 
 Indies, and its destination, from 1850 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 35. — Shows the quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the United 
 States of America, and its Destination, from 1851 to 1858. 
 
 Table No. 36. — Appendix to Diagram. — Shows the figures employed in the compi- 
 lation of the Diagram; showing the quantity of Raw Cotton Imported, 
 Exported, and taken for Consumption, with the quantity held in stock, in 
 the United Kingdom, from 1825 to 1859. 
 
 Note. — The Official Values given in the Tables are calculated at a fixed 
 price settled by the Government so early as the close of the seventeenth century, when 
 prices were very different to those of the present day ; these prices are so perfectly 
 anamolous as to render the Official Values of worth only as a criterion by which to 
 judge of the progress of quantities. In the case of Imports, until the year 1854, 
 there was no other calculation or return of values made by the Government. 
 
 The Declared Real Value applies only to Exports of British Produce or 
 Manufactures from the United Kingdom, and is the actual value returned by the 
 exporting merchant. 
 
 The Computed Real Value applies only to Foreign Produce Imported into, 
 and Re-exported from the United Kingdom since 1854, when the system was first 
 instituted ; it is the value calculated at the average price fixed annually by the Customs' 
 authorities. 
 
THE COTTON TRADE 
 
 OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 BOOK 1. 
 
 In the most uncivilized states of mankind the process of manufacturing vegetable 
 as well as animal substances for use must early have attracted the attention of the 
 people. Even in the most barbarous times the requirements of life in such a state 
 would lead to the employment of substances combining flexibility and strength, for 
 which nothing better could be obtained than the skins of animals and vegetable fibres, 
 In the earlier period of the world skins would probably form the clothing of man, but still 
 for many purposes they would be unsuited ; and the very intertwining of strips of hide 
 for the manufacture of a rope would suggest the great utility of any fibrous matter, par- 
 ticularly flax and other such self-evidently useful substances. To the inhabitants of 
 the temperate and tropical zones, too, the great weight and toughness of skins would 
 make patent the advantage of any material which could be made of the necessary 
 strength, and at the same time light and flexible. Our mother, Eve, employed the 
 leaves of a neighbouring fig tree to hide her shame ; and, with this exception, we 
 know nothing of the mode adopted to dress the person, whether for comfort or vanity, 
 until about 1715 years before our era, at which period the linen manufacture in 
 Egypt, according to the Bible, had reached considerable perfection. But before the 
 manufacture of linen was established in Egypt, the cotton manufacture was no doubt 
 extant in India. In one of the hymns of the Rigveda, said to have been written 
 fifteen centuries before our era, reference is made to cotton in the loom in India, 
 so that at this early date some considerable proficiency had there been attained in 
 the manufacture of textile fabrics. 
 
 India is, according to our knowledge, the accredited birth-place of the cotton 
 manufacture, and it seems probable that the process of spinning and weaving 
 was carried on at the earliest date of which we have any record, in much the same 
 manner as it is there in the present day. The strictly conservative character of the 
 Asiatic, the profusion of labour in the present mode of manufacture, the primitive 
 form of implements, and the carelessness of the cultivation, all tend to this view. 
 Whether the quality of the native cotton has improved or deteriorated is a matter of 
 doubt ; but this is certain, in former times large irrigation works existed there, and 
 equally so that the poorer cultivator, by a combination of circumstances, is in the 
 
2 
 
 present day considerably imposed upon by bis superior, either in power or pecuniary 
 advantage. 
 
 Considering the disadvantages of their primitive mode of manufacture, it is 
 somewhat a matter of admiration that the natives of India should have arrived 
 at such proficiency in the delicacy of the fabrics manufactured by them. Muslins 
 (so called from Mosul in Mesopotamia), were among the earliest articles of 
 foreign trade in the East ; those manufactured by the natives, particularly at 
 Dacca, are still unequalled in fineness by either our hand or machine wove 
 fabrics. Tavernier said " they are so fine that you can scarcely feel them 
 in your hand ; " and some of the finer muslins have been woven from thread of 
 such extraordinary delicacy that a single pound of cotton was spun from it into a length 
 of two hundred and fifty miles.* Though the manner in which this wonderful delicacy 
 of texture was wrought is very surprising, it is not astonishing that the natives of 
 India should have excelled in the manufacture. In such a climate the delicacy and 
 fineness of the garment must necessarily have been of first consideration, and when 
 we regard how greedily fabrics eminently combining these qualities must have been 
 sought after by the wealthy and licentious nobles of India — not fallen India of modern 
 times, but the India of poetry and romance, of splendour and glory ! — every stimulus 
 to excellence in this direction must have been afforded by their luxurious mode of 
 living and their vanity. Utility and economy were to be the characteristics of the 
 energetic and thrifty European, but to the Asiatic no expenditure of labour or 
 material was too great which could add in the slightest to their wishes in this respect. 
 
 The earlier condition of India and its cotton manufacture are fields for speculation. 
 To attempt any conclusive argument on the subject would be mere empiricism ; but 
 the opinion may be ventured, that at the climax of the former greatness of India, the 
 population would not have been less than that of the present day, or, indeed, it may 
 for some time past have even diminished, and our knowledge of their social, moral, 
 and religious institutions support this view. During the period in which those 
 circumstances existed which wrought its downfall, the people of India, as a whole, 
 must undoubtedly have been considerably impoverished, and this would not only tend 
 to check an increase of population, but also to diminish the demand for cotton manu- 
 factures. The long period for which the manufacture has existed there to our know- 
 ledge should, under a prosperous condition* have given rise to a greater consumption ; 
 and perhaps the fact that the plant is now found throughout all India is as con- 
 clusive testimony as any we have of the antiquity of the trade and its extent. 
 In these surmises is not of course embraced the period in which India has 
 been under the civilizing auspices of the British Government — the progress which 
 civilization has made in that period has doubtless raised the energies of the people 
 and caused an increase in the consumption of cotton goods. 
 
 Of the origin or extent of the earlier export trade of India, and afterwards of China, 
 little more is known. We have reason to believe that five centuries before our era 
 cotton was exported from India ; for in the reign of Amasis, 569-525 years b.c, 
 cotton was known in Egypt, where it is not probable any then was grown. Herodotus 
 writing, 445 B.C., speaking of the usages of the Indi, says (lib. iii, cap, 106) " the 
 wild trees bear fleeces for their fruit surpassing those of the sheep in beauty and 
 
 * To prevent misconception, it may be remarked here that Messrs. Ilouldsworth, of Manchester, have 
 spun yarn in length nearly equal to 400 miles to the pound. 
 
3 
 
 excellence, and the natives clothe themselves in cloths made therefrom," and (lib. iii, 
 cap. 47) calls it tree wool (upiov clvo ftAov). From India the manufacture 
 seems to have reached Persia, where, according to Strabo (lib. xv), who died a.d. 25, 
 it grew in Susiana, a province of Persia, at the head of the Persian Gulf, and was 
 manufactured into cloth. At the Christian era the growth and manufacture were 
 carried on in Egypt ; and Pliny (His. Nat., lib. xix, cap 1) mentions, a.d, 70, that 
 the cotton plant was grown in Upper Egypt towards Arabia. Arrian, who wrote in 
 the second century (Arrian Indi, c. 16, p. 582), stated that cotton cloths were 
 among the articles received from India by the Romans of his time, though at this 
 date the importations must have been of a desultory character, as no mention is made 
 of the different kinds by any writers of the period, or in the Roman law de Publicanis 
 et vectigalibus, which detailed all the different kinds of merchandize then imported ; 
 indeed until Justinian's Digest of the Laws, in which, in a list of goods then im- 
 ported, is enumerated (a.d. 552) Indian cotton goods, we do not find notice taken of 
 them by any writer, though other goods are repeatedly mentioned, and the reason 
 seems to have been, that while these goods could not compete with silks as articles of 
 luxury, they did not, being comparatively dearer, displace woollen and flax manu- 
 factures, particularly as these latter must from long employment have been adapted 
 to the tastes and wishes of the people. 
 
 In the Circumnavigation of the Erythcsan Sea by Arrian, written in the second 
 century, cotton goods are first distinctly mentioned as an article of trade, and parti- 
 cular mention is made of the imports and exports of several Indian towns in their trade 
 with the Arab Greeks. The Arab traders brought Indian cotton to Aduli, a port on 
 the Red Sea — the ports beyond the Red Sea had an established trade with Patali (on 
 the Indus), Ariake and Barygaza (the modern Baroche on the Nerbudda), and 
 received from them, among other things, cotton goods. Barygaza is said to have 
 exported largely the calicoes, muslins, and other goods, both plain and figured with 
 flowers, made in the provinces of which it was the port, and in the interior of the 
 more remote provinces of India. The muslins of Bengal were then, as in the present 
 day, superior to all others, and received from the Greeks the name of Gangitiki, from 
 being made on the borders of the Ganges. Surat was famous for its coloured chintzes 
 and piece goods, but the Baroche muslins were inferior to those of Bengal and 
 Madras, as were the printed chintzes of Guzerat to those of the Coromandel coast. 
 
 While India thus carried on not only an internal manufacture but an export trade, 
 China appears to have cultivated the cotton plant in entire ignorance of its use, though 
 silk was not only spun and woven but also exported to the Roman empire, from the 
 people of which considerable sums were received in return ; and it is supposed that 
 the cotton fibre was not turned to any account there till the sixth century of the 
 Christian era, and not even until the eleventh century was the manufacture of any 
 extent. Its introduction met with strong opposition from the spinners of wool 
 and silk, an opposition which was not overcome, it is supposed, until 1368; since 
 which, however, it seems to have steadily progressed, and now the immense population 
 of that empire, where formerly, and even to the ninth century, none but silk garments 
 were known, are principally clothed in manufactured cottons, by which, no doubt, 
 the article silk has been considerably liberated for export to the more opulent nations 
 of the West. A small export trade in cottons (particularly Nankeens, so called from the 
 city of Nankin) likewise arose in China, but has long since begun to languish. The 
 
4 
 
 imports of this peculiar manufacture into the United Kingdom reached its greatest 
 height ahout 1824, when 1,010,494 pieces were imported. Since that date our 
 Imports have become gradually smaller, and at present the trade is almost 
 annihilated. 
 
 Though India is the accredited birth-place of the cotton manufacture, the in- 
 habitants of Western and Southern Africa, it is extremely probable, carried on the 
 manufacture before any foreign goods could have found their way into the country. 
 America also had her cotton manufactures at an early period, for the European con- 
 querers, when they first invaded Mexico, found the people using cotton manufactures, 
 mixed and unmixed with fine hair. They were well acquainted with the art of dyejng, 
 for some of these manufactures which were sent as a present to the Emperor Charles V. 
 created great curiosity from figures of animals and other devices being dyed upon them ; 
 they also used cotton in the manufacture of a species of paper, and one of their kinds of 
 money consisted of a peculiar cotton fabric manufactured for the purpose. When 
 Christopher Columbus landed, 12th October, 1492, at Guania, one of the Lucaye 
 Islands, the first land he saw after crossing the Atlantic, his vessels were surrounded 
 by canoes filled with natives bringing cotton in skeins to exchange. It was singular 
 that these yellow men, of a race till then unknown to the old world, should possess 
 ideas of commerce truly innate ; nevertheless their advance, which was equalled through- 
 out roost of the West India Islands, is not so marvellous when we consider that accord- 
 ing to our preconceived ideas of the peopling of the world the inhabitants in the remotest 
 corners of the globe must all have migrated thither, and that to have passed the 
 boundless oceans they must have either enjoyed considerable enlightenment or a mar- 
 vellous instinct. It is stated that five days after Columbus landed at Cuba, the 
 island he at first thought the mainland, he saw there cloths made of cotton of which 
 the native women wore dresses, and a sort of network, in the language of the country 
 called " Hamacas" which they stretched between two poles, and in which they slept 
 at night. They had also there, so great a quantity of spun cotton distributed in spindles, 
 that that of a single house was estimated at 12,000 lbs. weight. Oviedo states the 
 same of Haiti — and at the discovery of Gaudaloupe in the same year, cotton thread 
 in skeins was found everywhere, and utensils with which to weave it ; and here, as at 
 Haiti and Cuba, the idols were of cotton. The cultivation of the plant in Central and 
 South America is evidently of great antiquity ; and if we recognize the race of 
 Zoltyns, people who ought to be placed first in the annals of the New world, if it is true, 
 as they deduce it from the Aztec hieroglyphics that it belonged (in the year 544 of 
 our era) to another nation situate to the north, and who came after a migration of 
 104 years to settle in the Valley of Anahuac, the famous town of Mexico, we learn 
 that the use of cotton among these people was as common and almost as diversified 
 as it is now among the nations of Europe — they made of it clothing of every sort, 
 hangings, defensive arms and innumerable other things, and a tribute paid by the 
 provinces to the Emperor was in a quantity of cotton; indeed it appears the cultivation 
 was restricted only by the limits imposed by nature in the climate. Peru had, 
 according to all accounts, also acquired the art of manufacture at a very early date, 
 and we must unquestionably recognise in Peru and Mexico the two empires of the 
 earlier American civilization. It is recorded that in the former place the dress of the 
 Inca or sovereign, from the formation of the empire at an unknown date, had been 
 made of cotton, and of many colours, by virgins consecrated to the worship of the sun. 
 
5 
 
 To return to the European trade, it seems almost inexplicable that while silk and 
 other goods from India and China regularly found their way to Rome, the manufacture 
 of cotton fabrics must, to our knowledge, have lingered thirteen hundred years on " 
 the shores of the Mediterranean before it crossed over to Greece or Italy, and more 
 so when we see that in the former place not only had cotton goods been for centuries 
 imported, but as early as the close of the eighth century the raw material was im- 
 ported and used in the manufacture of paper. The date of the introduction of the 
 cotton manufacture into Europe is veiled in obscurity, but it is generally assigned to 
 the period of the conquest of Spain by the Moors in the eighth century. In the 
 reign of Abderahman the Great, about the year 950, the cotton plant is said to have 
 been naturalized in Spain, and the manafacture was carried on at Seville, Cordova, 
 and Granada, where it continued to flourish for several centuries. Barcelona was 
 famous in particular for her manufacture of sail cloth. The term fustaneros (from 
 which the word fustian is taken) was given in Spain to the weavers of cotton goods 
 of a stout make, or as the Spanish word signifies substantial. The mutual hatred 
 which existed at the period between the Moors and Christians prevented its extension 
 into other parts of Europe, for when, in the latter end of the fifteenth century, the 
 Saracens were expelled from Spain, the manufacture of that country became extinct 
 with them. The trade, however, carried on with the African coast doubtless helped 
 to propagate the manufacture in that country, though, as before remarked, there is 
 every reason to believe it had previously existed there. 
 
 The manufacture did not appear in Italy until the fourteenth century, when the 
 fustians and dimities of Venice and Milan were much esteemed, and among the most 
 valuable articles exported to Northern Europe ; and at this period the manufacture of 
 yarn is said to have been begun in Turkey. The progress in Europe, which, 
 up to this time, was very circumscribed, now became more rapid, for half a 
 century later it had crossed the Alps and was established in Saxony and Suabia, 
 whence it was carried into the Netherlands. At Bruges and Ghent a large trade arose. 
 In 1430 we have mention of fustians being manufactured and imported into Flanders 
 from Prussia and Germany, and thence exported to Spain. Antwerp, which in 1560 
 carried on a large trade, imported considerable quanties of fustians from Germany, 
 which, with cotton wool obtained from Portugal, it exported to England. Thus, in 
 the sixteenth century, the European trade was extending rapidly, but we must re- 
 member that its production was still confined almost entirely to fustians, which were 
 heavy and clumsy cloths, half cotton and half flax, while the finer cloths or muslins 
 were yet obtained from India. 
 
 In 1253 linen was first manufactured in England by Flemish weavers, and 
 though we have account of raw cotton imported as early as 1298 it probably 
 found its way from Portugal, and was wholly employed in the manufacture of 
 candlewicks. At the beginning of the fourteenth century nearly the whole of the 
 cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics consumed in England were manufactured on the 
 continent, and a great quantity of British w r ool was exported to Flanders and Holland. 
 Edward the Third, however, took measures to invite foreign skill to the country, and 
 the result was the immigration of some Flemings in 1328, who, settling in Man- 
 chester, laid the basis of the British woollen manufacture in the manufacture of what 
 were called Manchester cottons, — the pioneer of the great cotton era, — and we may 
 believe, that the impetus thus given to the trade in woollen fabrics, aided and paved the 
 
6 
 
 way for the great mechanical improvements, which gave to the British textile manufac- 
 m ture the start of all other nations. In 1560 cotton was imported into England from 
 the Levant, and at the period some anxiety was evinced to compete in the manu- 
 facture with other countries, though yet principally in woollen fabrics, for in 1582 a 
 commercial treaty was entered into with Turkey, a Levant company established, and 
 a commission of enquiry sent to Constantinople and other parts of Turkey, to learn 
 any secrets in the art of manufacturing, dyeing, &c. No material benefit resulted 
 to the country from these measures, and the slight impetus given to the trade about 
 the period is owing rather to the number of Flemings who were driven to the 
 country in 1585. In 1641 the cotton imported came almost exclusively from the 
 Levant, a large proportion probably from Cyprus and Smyrna ; and it was then that 
 the cotton-woollens, fustians, dimities, and other articles were exported to the continent. 
 
 Though it was in 1530 that the spinning wheel was invented by Jurgen, up to 
 the beginning of the seventeenth century the distaff and spindle continued to be 
 used as in the earlier times ; the weaving was by the old loom, the same as that 
 introduced by the Flemings three hundred years before. While the woollen and 
 linen manufactures progressed more rapidly, the manufacture of cotton remained 
 almost stationary ; indeed, looking to the statistics left to us, the quantity of the raw 
 material imported even diminished, thus : — • 
 
 Cotton wool imported. Manufactured goods imported, 
 lbs. £. 
 
 1697 1,976,859 5,915 official value. 
 
 1701 1,985,868 23,253 
 
 1710 715,008 5,698 " 
 
 1720 1,972,805 16,200 
 
 1730 1,545,472 13,524 
 
 We have not, however, the statistics of the quantity of cotton yarn imported, so that 
 we cannot determine the point ; and, indeed, from a newspaper of 1739, in which 
 the progress of the manufacture of the antecedent twenty years is looked upon as 
 immense, we might infer that the import of yarn was considerable, and that a large 
 quantity of linen yarn was mixed with all descriptions of cotton goods. 
 
 In 1738 commences the history of those wonderful inventions which, giving the 
 power of almost unlimited production to our people, have revolutionized the manu- 
 facturing world. Though the distaff had been laid aside for the spinning wheel, the 
 process of spinning by the latter means was so slow, that a person could spin only a 
 single thread ; and when we say that a man employed eight hours a day could only 
 spin three quarters of a pound of yarn of a low count or quality, and that therefore 
 to spin the nine hundred million pounds, or that at present consumed in Great Britain, 
 would alone require the constant application of four million persons. We shall be 
 able to recognize the extreme rudeness of the then mode of manufacture and its pro- 
 ductions at the period, being then little in advance of that existing in the most 
 ancient times of which we have record. The cost of spinning counts from 10 to 60, 
 at the period of which we are speaking, ranged from Is. to 13s. per pound, or say, 
 as the counts were very low, the moderate average of 3s., which would make that 
 item alone in our manufacture now amount to the enormous sum of £135,000,000, 
 or double the total value of the whole of the present multifarious, beautifully fine, 
 and costly productions therefrom ; and then only admit of paying the spinner at the 
 
7 
 
 rate of 2s. per diem, while we have it on record that in 1760 they earned really only 
 2s. to 3s. per week — weavers and dyers of course much higher — but on an average 
 (as estimated by Mr. Baines) about 5s. per week, than which they now receive 
 not only much higher but more advantageous wages. We will endeavour to trace 
 the several improvements which have assisted to produce the present state of seem- 
 ing perfection, and in following them we shall be able to appreciate the immense 
 advantage wrought by such apparently insignificant means. In this year a patent 
 was taken out by one Lewis Paul, a foreigner, for a machine for spinning by rollers, 
 invented by a John Wyatt, of Birmingham, and it forms the basis of all the spinning 
 machinery in our present stupendous factories. The great advantage of the instru- 
 ment, however, was not apparent at the time, nor does it appear that beyond the 
 principle was it complete, for it seems to have failed to bring in any profit to the 
 parties concerned, though a spinning engine with rollers was constructed in 1741, 
 by Wyatt, at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, and turned by cattle ; in 1743, up to 
 which date India yarns had been wholly employed in the manufacture of all the finer 
 qualities of goods, another of a like construction was erected at Northampton, for a Mr. 
 Edward Cave, the projector and proprietor of the Gentleman's Magazine, and contained 
 250 spindles, turned by water : and this in like manner appears to have been barren of 
 results. It is probable that without a corresponding increase in the power of 
 weaving, over which perhaps even the laborious process of spinning had the ad- 
 vantage, the demand would not exist for the increased production, for the manner in 
 which the shuttle was then thrown was very tedious and attended witb great labour, 
 and so rude were the whole appliances, that the weaving of a width exceeding 36 inches, 
 required two bands in the operation at the loom. In the same year, however, com- 
 menced the era of improvement in this branch of the manufacture. Mr. John Kay, 
 of Bury, invented the fly shuttle and picking peg, which enabled one man, unaided, to 
 weave double the quantity he had theretofore done. In lieu of throwing the shuttle by 
 hand, which required the constant stretching of the arms to the sides of the warp, the 
 lathe (in which the shuttle runs) was extended a foot on either side, and by means of 
 two strings attached to the opposite ends of the lathe, and both held by a peg in the 
 weavers hand, he was able with a slight and sudden pull to give the proper impulse 
 to the shuttle. Next followed Mr. Lawrence Earnshaw in 1753, who, it is said, 
 invented a spinning machine and cotton reel, which he destroyed, on the plea that it 
 would be the ruin of the working class. In 1758 a second patent was taken out by 
 Lewis Paul, for an improvement in the carding process, and the arrangement of the 
 rollers. This patent, which, like the previous one, expired without any benefit to the 
 inventor, contained many admirable points, especially in the mode of carding by rollers, 
 which formed the basis of a great improvement made and patented afterwards by 
 Arkwrigbt, by which the carding or roving was made continuous, and the operation 
 performed principally by the machine. In 1759 Mr. Bobert Kay (son of the inventor 
 of the fly shuttle and picking peg) invented the drop box, which enabled the weaver 
 to use at ease one of three shuttles, and thereby produce a fabric of three colours 
 with nearly the same expedition as he could weave a common calico. 
 
 The period thus embraced from 1738 to 1760, though strictly after the era in our 
 cotton trade, may be perhaps more truthfully considered the transition state. These 
 inventions of Wyatt, Paul, Earnshaw, and the Kays formed the principles the benefits of 
 which others were to reap by improving upon them. The erection of machinery to employ 
 
8 
 
 profitably the magnificent ideas embodied in them, required considerable capital, which 
 was not forthcoming, and consequently their advantages remained undemonstrated. But 
 though so fruitless to the inventors, and at the time apparently so barren of effect up- 
 on the trade, the period and the circumstances were not lost upon the country; the 
 minds of the people were prepared for the reception of the improvements which were 
 to work out the practicability of in a great measure superseding hand labour, and em- 
 ploying in its stead the combination of inert matter devised to assist man, and the 
 prejudices against which could not be overcome but by time. The practicability of 
 an extension of production, and of demand, as well as the question of supply of the 
 raw material, were all being arranged ; and in proof of the interest then attaching to 
 the subject, it may be stated that in 1760 the Royal Society of Arts offered a pre- 
 mium for the first invention of a machine for spinning six threads of wool, cotton, 
 flax, or silk, at one time, and that would require one person only to work and attend 
 it. The manufacture too was being as it were centralized'. About 1741, Manchester 
 merchants began to give out warps and raw cotton to the weavers, receiving them back 
 in cloth, and paying for carding, roving, spinning, and weaving. The weaving of a 
 piece containing twelve pounds of Is. 6d. weft occupied a weaver's family about 
 fourteen days, and he received for the weaving 18s., spinning the weft at 9d. per lb., 
 picking, carding, and roving, 8s. Manchester did not, however, rise into celebrity 
 for its cotton manufactures until about 1759. 
 
 In 1741 the imports of raw cotton wool into the United Kingdom was only 
 1,645,031 lbs., and the official value of goods exported ,£20,709, while for the seven 
 years following 1743 the movements were as follows:— 
 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Exported. 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 '.lbs. 
 
 1743 
 
 1,132,288 . . 
 
 .. 40,870 
 
 1,091,118 
 
 1744 
 
 .. 1,882,873 .. 
 
 .. 182,765 .... 
 
 1,700,108 
 
 1745 
 
 .. 1,469,523 .. 
 
 73,172 
 
 1,369,351 
 
 1746 
 
 .. 2,264,808 .. 
 
 .. 73,279 .... 
 
 2,191,529 
 
 1747 
 
 2,224,869 .. 
 
 .. 29,438 
 
 2,195,431 
 
 1748 
 
 .. 4,852,966 .. 
 
 .. 291,717 
 
 4,561,249 
 
 1749 
 
 .. 1,658,365 . 
 
 .. 330,998 
 
 1,327,367 
 
 The improvement apparent up to 1748 was not fully maintained, for in 1751 the im- 
 port was only 2,976,610 lbs., and the official value of cotton goods exported £45,986. 
 The progress, doubtless, of the manufacture of many of our continental neighbours, up 
 to this period, must have quite equalled, if not exceeded that of our own. Taking 
 France as a case in point, in 1688 the import of raw cotton from the Levant into 
 that country was 450,000 lbs., and of cotton yarn 1,450,000 lbs. ; while in 1750 the 
 imports were of raw cotton 3,831,620 lbs., and cotton yarn 3,381,625 lbs. 
 
 Legislative enactments, which had hitherto indiscriminately imposed restrictions, 
 now endeavoured to foster and encourage the home trade, and in 1757 a duty of 4d. 
 per lb. was imposed on cotton yarn imported from India, the duties and prohibitions 
 on certain other goods still remaining unaltered ; but with this, the total value of the 
 cotton manufactures of the country was only about £200,000. In 1762 the secret 
 of dyeing Turkey red was introduced by Mr. John Wilson, of Ainsworth, and in the 
 year following bleaching came generally into use. British muslins were also first 
 manufactured by Mr. Shaw, of Anderton, near Chorley, though with small success 
 
9 
 
 from the limited supply of yarn suited to the purpose. The art of printing calicoes, 
 which had been introduced since 1675, was in 1764 for the first time practised in 
 Lancashire. 
 
 The grand idea conceived by Wyatt had now slumbered a quarter of a century, 
 for although it had, as we have before observed, been employed in two particular in- 
 stances, and doubtless at frequent times in a smaller way, there existed a want, 
 without which it could not be profitably employed — it was that of an inventive genius 
 to perfect the detail, to which Wyatt appeared unequal — when, in 1763, one 
 Thomas Highs, a reed maker of Leigh, is said to have invented the spinning jenny, 
 so called after his daughter Jane. Great uncertainty, however, prevails on the point, 
 but whether such were the case or not, it does not appear that he thoroughly under- 
 stood its merits, or even turned it to other account than as a mere curiosity. Mr. 
 Baines surmised, and with reason, that it is probable Highs was aware of Wyatt's 
 design, and as he appears to have abandoned his craft for that of a mechanician, was 
 employed in endeavours to improve upon it ; but though his success was small, he 
 seems to have originated ideas, which thereafter, through a combination of circum- 
 stances came into the hands of the genius Arkwright. In the following year, James 
 Hargreaves, a poor weaver of Blackburn, is supposed to have conceived the original 
 idea of the spinning jenny, patented by him in 1770, but which he had at a much 
 earlier date put into practice, in 1767, at which time he and his family spun 
 the weft for their own use, though he endeavoured to retain the secret, its prac- 
 ticability was so well understood, that he became the subject of persecution, and was 
 attacked by a mob of the working people, who broke into his house and destroyed 
 the jenny, and ultimately forced him in 1768 to flee with his family from his native 
 place to Nottingham, as the inventor of the fly shuttle had done before him. In the 
 same year, however, he entered into partnership with a joiner, Mr. Thomas James, 
 who raised sufficient money for them to erect a small mill, which, fitted with the ma- 
 chine, enabled them to give the twist necessary to reduce the roving or slubbin, into 
 the form of yarn, and admitted of a number of spindles being worked by one hand ; 
 at first the number of spindles was eight, at the time of the patent (1770), they had 
 been increased to sixteen, then twenty, and thirty, and continued to increase till its 
 supercession by the present form of machine. 
 
 Hargreaves, scarcely second to Arkwright in the matter of genius, was not pos- 
 sessed of the knowledge the latter enjoyed of the mode of working his invention to 
 his own benefit, for it appears that he made several machines for other parties previous 
 to having patented his invention ; and as may be imagined, in such a time when 
 the opinion, not alone of the working people, but the general public, was averse to the 
 adoption of machine power, which they ignorantly imagined would cause the starva- 
 tion and ruin of the humbler classes, it gave a key by which the jealousy of the other 
 manufacturers could set at nought Hargreaves' patent right. Having failed in an offer 
 made by a delegate in their behalf, they continued their aggressions on his patent, 
 and permitted an action commenced by Hargreaves to proceed, which he was forced 
 to abandon on that ground alone. Thus was poor Hargreaves like others, by the gross 
 selfishness of his opponents, ousted from the benefits that in fairness accrued to him ; 
 and though he does not seem to have died in the straitened circumstances which have 
 been stated, he yet enjoyed but small fruit from his labours in the interest of his 
 country. 
 
10 
 
 We now reach the crisis when not one alone, hut several, are engaged on the im- 
 provement of the process of manufacturing cotton. Up to this date a large number 
 of minor inventions for spinning wheels and appliances many of great merit, had 
 been brought to light, principally by the encouragement of the Royal Society of Arts, 
 which had offered several premiums and prizes for the attainment of improvements in 
 the spinning of textiles ; and though we have recorded Hargreaves as the inventor of 
 the spinning jenny, it must be remembered that this machine, though very ingenious, 
 was but a modification of the spinning wheel, and applicable only to the spinning of 
 cotton for the weft, being unable to give to the yarn the necessary degree of firmness 
 and hardness to fit it for employment as the longitudinal thread or warp in the manu- 
 facture of cloth. In 1769, Mr., afterwards Sir Richard Arkwright, patented the 
 spinning or water frame, which, while drawing out the carding or roving, gave to it 
 the twist and pressure necessary to produce the hardness and firmness which fitted it 
 so admirably to the purposes of the warp ; it was at the same time also capable of 
 producing in equally vast quantities yarns of finer quality. This invention, while em- 
 bodying the principles of Wyatt and Paul's, then extinct patents, was so totally 
 different in detail, and so relatively superior to that to which Highs laid claim, as 
 not in any way to detract from the undoubtedly superior genius of Arkwright. 
 It consisted of two pairs of rollers, turned by means of machinery, the lower one 
 of each pair being furrowed or fluted longitudinally, the upper ones covered with 
 leather, and pressing upon the 'lower, enabled them to take hold of the carding or 
 roving of cotton, which as soon as it had begun to pass through was received by 
 the second rollers, which revolved with (as the case may be) three, four, or five 
 times the velocity of the first pair. By this admirable and simple contrivance the 
 roving was drawn out into yarn of the necessary degree of tenuity, a twist being 
 given to it by an adaptation of the spindle and fly of the common flax wheel ; thus re- 
 quiring only that a person should feed it with rovings, and join any threads which 
 might happen to break during the process. While struck with the simplicity of the 
 contrivance, it is difficult to say which to admire and praise most, — the profound and 
 fortunate sagacity which led to so great a discovery, or the consummate skill and master 
 mind by which it was so speedily perfected and reduced to practice. 
 
 The effect of these two most important and valuable inventions was in time to cause 
 , a total revulsion in the character of the operations of the spinners. Spinning had 
 previously been carried on almost entirely as a domestic manufacture ; but now the 
 manufacturers who had adopted the practice generally of giving out the warp and cot- 
 ton for the spinning of the weft, with which the weaver manufactured the required 
 cloth, discovered that a yarn of better quality, made by machine, could be had at a 
 cheaper rate, the warp being supplied from the spinning frame, and the weft from the 
 jenny. And were it not that the sordid jealousy and the insatiable cupidity of the old 
 manufacturers succeeded in wresting from the originators the well-deserved fruits of 
 their labours, we should regard with unmixed pleasure a period so rife of intellectual 
 conquest and wonderful effect. 
 
 With the precedents in the case of Kay and Hargreaves before his eyes, Arkwright 
 deemed it expedient to remove to Nottingham, where Hargreaves had now found 
 security, which he did along with Kay, the clockmaker, in 1768. Nottingham thus 
 became the cradle of the three greatest inventions in the art of spinning and weaving 
 cotton. Having arrived there, he was fortunate enough to meet with some men of 
 
 I 
 
11 
 
 capital ; resulting in a partnership with Messrs. Need and Strutt ( the latter the 
 improver and patentee of the stocking frame), and in the following year, the 
 machine was perfected and the patent taken out. 
 
 "We have thus seen the process of reducing the roving of cotton hy attenuation 
 and twisting into the form of yarn ; but the processes of first carding and afterwards 
 roving the cotton were still very imperfect and required much hand labour, and 
 thereby assisted in preventing that extension of the trade to be looked for as a result 
 of such wonderful improvements. Although there is proof that Paul patented in 
 1748 the identical process of carding by cylinders, the invention had been allowed 
 to fall into obscurity ; but now that other branches had progressed sufficiently 
 to attract attention to the subject, and to prove the necessity for a revision 
 of the manufacture, the long forgotten idea of Paul's was reclaimed, and brought 
 forth for improvement and active employment. The machines erected by Paul at 
 Northampton had passed into other hands, and it is remarkable that the carding 
 cylinders had been purchased by a hat manufacturer of Leominster, and employed hy 
 him in the carding of wool in his business ; and that its re-application to the cotton 
 manufacture in Lancashire did not occur till 1760. Mr. Peel, the grandfather of 
 the late Sir Robert Peel, is said to have been among the foremost to adopt it, and, 
 with the assistance of Hargreaves, to have erected a mill with cylinders at Black- 
 burn ; but from the labour required to feed it and strip the fleece off the cards, which 
 operations had to be performed by hand, it was soon abandoned, and only came into 
 general use after further improvements had been perfected, and about the same time 
 that spinning machines were generally adopted. The operation of feeding was im- 
 proved by Mr. John Lees, a quaker, of Manchester, who invented a contrivance by 
 which a given weight of wool being spread upon an endless cloth, wound upon two 
 rollers, was by it conveyed to the carding cylinders. In 1773, it has been said, 
 James Hargreaves invented the crank and comb, which facilitated the taking off of 
 the cotton in a continuous roving from the cylinders by machinery. It consisted of a 
 plate of metal finely toothed at the edge, which, being worked by a crank in a 
 perpendicular direction, with slight but frequent strokes on the teeth of the card, 
 stripped off the cotton in a continuous filmy fleece, which, as it came off, was con- 
 tracted and drawn into and through a funnel at a little distance in front of the 
 cylinder, and thereby reduced into a roll or sliver, which, passing between the rollers, 
 was compressed into a flat riband, and fell into a deep can, where it was coiled up iu 
 continuous length until the can was filled. This beautiful contrivance was, however, 
 embodied in Arkwright's patent taken out in December, 1775, and from some 
 testimony, adduced by Mr. Baines, appears to have been the result of his genius. 
 It forms the next epoch with which we have to deal. The improvement and 
 combination of all these varied material which was effected by Arkwright, and formed 
 the substance of his second patent of 1775, and the admirable adaptability of the 
 embodiment and combination to the purpose, presents unmistakable proofs of 
 Arkwright's mechanical genius. By it the raw cotton was put in an entangled and 
 knotted mass, the fibres lying in every direction, which, being spread, was conveyed 
 by an improved method, invented by Arkwright on Lee's form of feeder, to the 
 carding cylinders, where they were carded, and became regularly placed as they 
 should lie in a piece of yarn ; here the crank and comb took it off in filmy con- 
 tinuous fleece, which was drawn through a funnel to compress it to the needful size 
 
12 
 
 to pass through the roller, which sent it forth in the form of ribands or cardings 
 ready for the drawing machine. This important operation of drawing was undoubt- 
 edly Arkwright's original idea, and forms perhaps the most important operation in the 
 whole manufacture. It has the two-fold object of straightening and laying the 
 fibres at their full length, and of equalizing the thickness of the cardings. It is 
 effected first by drawing out the cardings, and then doubling and redoubling the 
 slivers or ends so as to make them of the same substance as at first ; thus, while the 
 drawing out of the fibres loosely straightens them so as to fit them for the preparation 
 of fine thread, the drawing and doubling averages the irregularities, and renders it 
 of an uniform and continuous thickness. The number of times that the operation of 
 drawing and doubling may be repeated depends first on the kind of cotton used, and 
 then on the quality of yarn required. If of long and strong staple it requires to be 
 doubled more than if weak and short, and the harder and finer the yarn wanted the 
 more drawing will the sliver require. The sliver is thus prepared for the roving frame, 
 consisting of three pairs of rollers, which, revolving with different velocities, stretch it 
 out to the required tenuity, and then allow it to fall into an upright can revolving 
 rapidly on its axis, which, imparting to it the necessary twist, it is ready for winding 
 on the bobbins. 
 
 With this admirable series of machines, manufacturers were compelled to yield to 
 the conviction that yarns of a cheaper and better quality could be produced by 
 machine than by hand labour, but still continued with insatiable and sordid jealousy 
 to oppose their introduction in every way, and moreover leagued themselves together 
 in a refusal to purchase the manufactured yarn, the result of which was that Messrs. 
 Arkwright and Co. became encumbered with a large and valuable stock, and incon- 
 veniences and disadvantages of no small consideration followed. "Whatever were the 
 motives which induced its rejection, they were driven to attempt by their own 
 strength and ability the manufacture into woven fabrics. Their first trial was in the 
 manufacture of stockings, in which they succeeded, and soon established the manu- 
 facture of calicoes. But another and still more formidable obstacle arose: the orders 
 for goods which they received were suddenly countermanded, the Officers of Excise 
 insisting on the additional three-pence per yard, making the duty six-pence as on 
 foreign calicoes ; besides which, the calicoes when printed were prohibited, and a 
 large and very valuable stock of calicoes necessarily accumulated. An application to 
 the Commissioners of Excise was attended with no success ; the proprietors, therefore, 
 had no alternative but to apply to the legislature for relief, which, in 1774, after 
 much money had been expended, and against a strong opposition of the manufacturers of 
 Lancashire, they obtained. Such malicious, and blinded policy as that of the 
 manufacturers in this opposition is unequalled in the annals of commerce ; it 
 forms a prototype of the period, and its successful combat serves all the more to 
 illustrate the strength of mind possessed by Arkwright to overcome difficulties. 
 When the decision was promulgated, the fame of Arkwright resounded through the 
 land ; capitalists flocked to him to buy his patent machines or permission to use 
 them, and he sold to many adventurers residing in the counties of Derby, Leicester, 
 Worcester, Nottingham, Stafford, York, Hertford, and Lancaster, many of his 
 patent machines. Though the opposition continued to smoulder, a mighty impulse was 
 given to the manufacture ; the weavers found they could obtain an unlimited supply 
 of yarn, and besides, use cotton in lieu of linen warps, which permitted a greater 
 
13 
 
 reduction in the cost than had hitherto heen known. The demand for these goods 
 consequently increased, the shuttle flew with increased energy, and the weavers 
 earned immoderately high wages. But here it seems probable, in consequence of the 
 increase in demand, prices of the raw material must have temporarily increased, and, 
 while holding out an inducement for an extension of the cultivation abroad, or an 
 increased import, must also have checked the bound of demand ; for, looking at the 
 increase in the power of production, and the consequent falling off in the demand for 
 hand labour from a not equivalent increase of material, we should expect a total 
 stagnation of employment among the spinners ; but as the weaving and spinning had 
 up to this date been combined very much under one roof, and the shuttle had 
 frequently drooped for want of the yarn, the increase in the demand, small as it 
 w r as, was able, in the statu quo state of the loom, to afford an equivalent extension of 
 demand for the labour liberated under the improved process of spinning. 
 
 The great and wonderful factory system here takes its birth, for although there had 
 previously existed mills for the manufacture of silk, they were isolated cases, forming 
 no part of a system. Hitherto the manufacture required no larger apartment than that 
 of the weaver's cottage ; but the ponderous water frame and carding engine required 
 not only more space, but a stronger building, and more power for their application 
 than could be exerted by the human arm. The employment of these machines, too, 
 required a greater division of labour, the material in them going through many more 
 processes; and had its removal from house to house been necessary, a greatly-increased 
 waste and loss of time would have been the inevitable result, so that it became obvious 
 a great advantage was obtained in carrying on all the many operations in the same mill, 
 — an economy of power in every department, as in all the detail, was the result. The 
 whole formed a system in itself, dependent in a lesser degree on extraneous and 
 fluctuating aid, superintended by the master spinner himself, who could, by his 
 command of means, employ any improvement that might arise with more facility 
 than could have been done under a sub-division of the processes of manufacture. 
 Like Wyatt, Arkwright had abandoned the animal power for that of water, 
 and the employment of the latter had become general, all the mills erected being on 
 the falls of considerable rivers, except in a few instances where Newcomen's and 
 Savery's engines had been employed, with ill-success from their waste of fuel and 
 continued disorder. 
 
 Arkwright is said to have first directed his attention to the matter of spinning 
 machinery about 1767, when, having connected himself by marriage with, a family of 
 Leigh, the native place of Highs, he appears to have met with, and employed one Kay, 
 a clockmaker, of Warrington, who, having been engaged in the manufacture of some 
 rollers and other pieces of mechanism for Highs, it is probable he was the source 
 whence Arkwright received the germ of the invention he afterwards perfected and 
 patented. In 1769, he erected his first mill at Nottingham, and in 1771 the large 
 one at Cromford, in Derbyshire. The fairness of the means by which Arkwright 
 reaped the mede of success, almost solely his, has always been a matter of con- 
 troversy ; there is much bitterness in the generality of writings upon the subject, 
 arising, not unlikely, from the jealousy with which any successful man is ever re- 
 garded, especially where, in comparison, others have not shared in the pecuniary 
 advantage. It does appear an act of injustice to endeavour to detract on that account 
 from the fame which Arkwright deserves for his inventive genius and unerring skill 
 
14 
 
 and judgment. His memory we should cherish; a substantial benefactor to the 
 country, his reward was none too much, that those of others were less was not 
 his fault. The simple fact that Arkwright, when comparatively a poor man, was 
 able to demonstrate, even theoretically, the working of the conceptions, and to obtain 
 the assistance which others with equal advantages failed to command, is ample evidence 
 of his perfect superior mastery of the subject. In recalling his faults, let us 
 not forget the state of commercial morality at the time, and an old true saying 
 " that circumstances in a great measure make the man." Apart from the question 
 of the strict originality of the first principles of all the parts of his machine, 
 their working out and improvement to such perfection, as to render the manufacture 
 by machinery a source of profit, in face of the ignorant opposition of popular opinion, 
 which no one previously had done, was the link, without which it had been, hitherto, 
 but a component of the great design, as any one material of which the machine might 
 be composed, would be. 
 
 Though Arkwright was rapidly acquiring a fortune, he had yet to contend for his 
 rights; his success continued to excite the cupidity of the cotton manufacturers, 
 particularly of Lancashire, still in league against him. From the obscure wording 
 of his patents, and the fact of many of the principles being claimed as the 
 invention of other parties, it was in 1781, when he lost an action instituted against a 
 Colonel Mordaunt for an infraction of his patent rights, that his second patent was 
 thrown open to the public. Goaded by the decision in this instance, he prepared, in 
 1782, a document representing his claim upon the country for consideration, 
 intended to have been presented in the House, but confined to circulation for 
 some unexplained reason, and never formally brought before the legislature. 
 In the following year his partnership expired with Messrs. Need and tStrutt, and 
 in 1785 he made another attempt to establish the validity of his patent by an action 
 for infringement in the Court of Common Pleas. A decision in his favour being 
 given by Lord Loughborough, an application was made nominally by the crown, 
 but actually by the associated cotton manufacturers for the issue of a writ of 
 scire facias, to try the validity of the second patent, and came off in the Court of 
 King's Bench. On the 24th June, a sentence of nullification of the patent was 
 passed; and an application made for a new trial was refused, so that the inventions be- 
 came public property, which, had the patent continued in force, would not have been 
 the case till 1789. 
 
 In thus noticing the fruits of Arkwright's patents, we have departed somewhat 
 from chronological order ; it is however perhaps justified by the perspicacity to which 
 it has tended. Though the inventions of Hargreaves and Arkwright had established 
 the spinning of cotton by machinery, they were yet unadapted to the production of 
 the finer qualities of yarn which the manufacturers of British goods required in order 
 to compete with the qualities imported from India ; the water frame spun twist for 
 warps, but it could not be advantageously used for the finer qualities, as yarn of 
 greater tenuity had not strength to bear the pull of the rollers when winding itself on 
 the bobbins, though by repeating the process of drawing and doubling, it would be 
 possible to produce yarn of sufficient fineness. The great waste of labour and time 
 rendered a combination of the two machines eminently desirable ; and it was in 1779, 
 three years after Arkwright had taken out his second patent, that Samuel Crompton, 
 of Hall-in-the-Wood, near Bolton, invented the admirable machine which, combining 
 
15 
 
 the essential principles of Ark Wright's frame with the property of stretching possessed 
 by the machine invented by Hargreaves, has come to be known as the mule jenny, and 
 to be so universally adopted, as entirely to supersede the spinning jenny, and 
 to be employed to a far greater extent than the water frame. By means of the mule 
 jenny, the roving was first drawn out by the rollers as in the water frame, and then 
 stretched and spun by spindles without bobbins after the rollers had ceased to give 
 out the rove, thereby making the yarn finer and of a more uniform degree of tenuity ; 
 for it will be seen, when delivered by the rollers, the yarn would be thicker in some 
 parts than in others, and these thicker parts not being so effectually twisted as the 
 * smaller parts, w r ere consequently softer and yielded more readily to the stretching 
 power of the mule, and by this means the twist became equalized throughout. The 
 mule jenny was a very complex piece of machinery, and required all its parts fitted 
 and adjusted with great nicety. At first it was constructed with only twenty spindles, 
 but by successive improvements, has been increased to as high as 1,200 ; these 
 are regularly arranged on a moveable carriage, which, when in motion, recedes 
 from the rollers at a rate somewhat greater than that at which the reduced rovings 
 are delivered from them, the yarn receiving its twist by the rapid revolving 
 of the spindles ; and when the rollers are made to cease giving out the rovings, 
 the jenny still continues to recede, but with a slower motion, the spindle 
 revolving much more rapidly than before in order to save time. The distance which 
 the spindles recede from the rollers while both are in motion is called a stretch, — this 
 is usually about fifty-four or fifty-six inches ; the space through which the mule or 
 carriage moves greater than and during the giving out of the rollers is called the 
 gaining of the carriage ; and the further space accomplished by the carriage after 
 the rollers are stopped is called the second stretch. This having been completed, and 
 the yarn sufficiently twisted by the rotation of the spindles, the mule disengages itself 
 from the parts of the machine by which it has been driven, and the attendant spinner 
 returns the carriage toPthe rollers again to perform its task, the yarn thus manufactured 
 being the while wound on the spindles in a conical form, and is called a cop. 
 
 Crompton, whose name with Arkwright's must ever be associated with the rise of 
 the manufacture, appears to have been the very antipodes of Arkwright in disposition. 
 Retiring and unambitious, he did not take out a patent for his mule-jenny, which it has 
 been asserted he invented without any previous knowledge of Arkwright's frame ; he 
 endeavoured to retain his secret in order to work himself a competency ; in this, 
 however, he did not succeed, and a grant of £5.000 formed his sole reward. The 
 original mule, with several improvements in the detail for effecting the manufacture 
 of still finer qualities of yarn, as well as for speeding the rate of spinning, was the 
 same in principle as that employed in the present day. The extent, however, of its 
 powers in the rude form was to produce counts no higher than No. 80's (or 80 hanks 
 of 840 yards each to the pound), while 800's have since been spun by it. To 
 illustrate the important effect the introduction, improvement, and employment of the 
 mule jenny has exerted on the price of the manufactured article, we need only remark 
 that Crompton, according to his own statement, received for spinning No. 40's 14s., 
 No. 60's 25s., and No. 80's 42s. per pound, while at the present day, allowing 
 9d. as the cost of the material employed, the margin for the same purposes would be 
 respectively 4d., 7|d., and Is. per pound. 
 
 At this period ( 1779 ) we have in the riots at Blackburn evidence that the 
 
16 
 
 use of machine labour was beginning to produce an effect on the working classes. 
 It was on the 9th of October that the mob arose and scoured the country for 
 miles around, destroying all the jennies and other machines with which Hargreaves 
 and others had supplied the weavers and spinners. Nor was it only the working 
 people who joined in this devastating outrage; for the middle and upper classes 
 too, ignorantly supposed that the only tendency of the power afforded by the ma- 
 chines was to cause a contraction of the demand for hand labour, not having yet 
 learned that the improved and cheapened manufacture would inevitably cause a 
 corresponding increase of demand. But among all this ignorance, we find it was even s 
 then acknowledged that some partial good was derivable from their employment ; for 
 such jennies as worked not more than twenty spindles were spared, and those which 
 exceeded this were generally cut down to the prescribed limit or altogether destroyed. 
 Perhaps we may attribute this to a combination against the larger manufacturers who, 
 of course, in the economy of their system, were enabled to undersell in a measure 
 those who employed the smaller number of spindles ; and it may be recorded, as 
 illustrating the wide-spread popularity of the rioters' cause, that the destruction of a 
 mill belonging to Arkwright at Birkacre, near Chorley, was even permitted in the 
 presence of a powerful body of police and military. The effect may easily be 
 imagined; capitalists and manufacturers found their security could only be purchased 
 by flight to a more genial neighbourhood, and many afterwards settled in Manchester. 
 Mr. Peel, the grandfather of the late Sir Robert Peel, a skilful and enterprising 
 spinner and calico printer, having had his machinery at Oldham thrown into the river 
 and destroyed, retired in disgust to Burton, in Staffordshire, where he erected a 
 cotton mill on the banks of the Trent. It was many years ere Blackburn recovered 
 from the effects of this disturbance, which nearly extinguished the manufacture in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Notwithstanding this opposition, however, which was doubtless aggravated by 
 the then general distress, the cotton trade of the country was now established 
 and rapidly extending ; and as a result of the facility afforded by the mule 
 for the manufacture of the finer counts, the muslin trade in the following year 
 began to flourish, as well as the art of bleaching and printing, which legislators 
 endeavoured to foster and retain. In 1782 an act was passed prohibiting the 
 exportation of engraved copperplates and blocks, or the enticing of any workmen 
 employed in printing calicoes to go beyond the seas, under a penalty of £500 or 
 twelve months' imprisonment. In the year following, Arkwright's machinery for 
 spinning, with the assistance of the atmospheric engine, was first used in Manchester, 
 and an act passed reducing the duty on foreign muslins, calicoes, and nankeen cloths 
 imported, to 18 per cent, ad valorem, with 10 per cent, drawback on exportation, 
 while iu the same year bounties were given on the export of British printed and dyed 
 cottons, viz.: — 
 
 Under the value of 5d. per yard before printing, |d. per yard. 
 Over 5d. and under 6d. ,, ,, Id. ,, 
 
 Over 6d. ,, 8d. ,, ,, l|d. ,, 
 
 besides the drawback of excise duty ; it was however very soon after repealed. The 
 enactments passed by the legislature, too, about the period in the matter of the cotton 
 manufacture, were very diffuse, — the result of Pitt's legislation. In 1784 bleachers, 
 printers, and dyers were compelled to take out licences under an annual tax of two 
 
17 
 
 pounds ; while a tax of one penny per pound was imposed on all bleached cottons, 
 which was, however, repealed in the following year. If we may judge by the rapidity 
 with which these and other enactments were rescinded, the period seems to have been 
 fraught with absurdities ; for in this year Pitt brought forward his famous " fustian 
 tax," which caused such great consternation and commotion in Manchester and its 
 neighbourhood, that fifteen houses, employing 38,000 persons in different branches of 
 the cotton trade, petitioned against it — and the master dyers and bleachers announced 
 " that they were under the sad necessity of declining their present occupation until 
 the next session of parliament;" and, as a natural consequence, in the next year it was 
 repealed, the event being celebrated in Manchester by a grand procession. The art 
 of printing, which was receiving great attention at the hands of Messrs. Peel and 
 others, was heretofore effected solely by blocks and plates ; but in this year a 
 Mr. Bell, of Glasgow, invented the machine by which printing could be effected by 
 cylinders ; it was, however, afterwards greatly improved upon by Mr. Lockett, of 
 Manchester. 
 
 The position of the art of weaving at this period, as may readily be imagined, was 
 far in arrear of that of spinning, for although several minor improvements had been 
 effected, the operation still required little less labour than in the rudest states of the 
 art. In 1784, Dr. Edmund Cartwright, of Hollander House, Kent, commenced his 
 endeavours to perform the operation by machine ; and it is worthy of remark, as illus- 
 trating the relative positions of the two operations, that in a conversation at a meeting 
 of some Manchester gentlemen, it was argued, that as it would be impracticable to employ 
 any mechanical agency for the purpose, when Arkwright's patent should come into 
 operation effectually, the quantity of material spun would be so great that hands 
 could not be found sufficient to weave it. Having contended that the same excellence 
 would in time be arrived at in weaving as in spinning, which met decided contradiction, 
 Dr. Cartwright resolved upon entering on the subject himself practically and unaided, and 
 the result was the production of a very rude model of the afterwards famed power loom, 
 which he himself thus graphically described in its incompleteness : — " the warp was 
 placed perpendicularly, the reed fell with the weight of at least half-a-hundred weight, 
 and the springs which threw the shuttle, were strong enough to have thrown a congreve 
 rocket ; in short, it required the strength of two powerful men to work the machine at a 
 slow rate, and but for a short time. " Led by this invention, he was induced to under- 
 take the manufacturing with power looms atDoncaster,but the concern was unsuccessful, 
 and he was at length forced to abandon it. Thus this machine, the parent of the present 
 power loom, was originally rude in its construction, and the labour requisite, from the 
 necessity for stopping the machine very frequently in order to dress the warp as it 
 unrolled from the beam, rendered it even after the mechanism had been somewhat im- 
 proved, as expensive to work as the ordinary hand loom ; neither was it during the 
 century permanently improved upon. It ended in the total wreck of Cartwright's 
 fortune, which was said to have been forty thousand pounds ; to mitigate which, parlia- 
 ment granted £10,000 as compensation for his endeavours in the interest of the 
 country. 
 
 As evidence of the jealousy with which our manufacture was guarded at the time, 
 the act of 1782 was in this year (1785) put in force, and a German named Baden, 
 tried at Lancaster, and fined £500 for having visited Manchester, and seduced cotton 
 operatives to Germany. In the following year another person was fined £200 
 for having had in his possession a quantity of machinery with a view to export 
 
 B 
 
18 
 
 it to Germany, and for having seduced workmen to go abroad with it. The 
 career of one John Holken, inspector-general of cotton and woollen manufactures 
 in France, who died in this year, affords an illustration of the inutility of such 
 persecution, as that before cited ; having effected his escape from Newgate with 
 Captain Moss before trial, he succeeded effectually in eluding pursuit, passed over to 
 France, and his applications for pardon proving ineffectual, he established at Rouen 
 a cotton manufactory, by which he amassed great wealth, and gave, by his example, a 
 considerable impetus to the manufacture of that country. 
 
 Among other drawbacks to the rapid advancement of the British cotton trade was 
 the laborious process of bleaching, which occupied six to eight months ; and though 
 in 1774, this process had been shortened by one-half, yet with this improvement the 
 great length of time requisite rendered it an effectual bar to our successful competition 
 in the foreign markets. The art of bleaching was, doubtless, originally introduced 
 from the east, where it had been practiced immemorially; the old process was simply 
 by the application of sour milk, and exposure to the light. This was improved by 
 Dr. Home, of Edinburgh, about the middle of the century, by the adaptation of 
 water acidulated with sulphuric acid ; but at that time the art was so little understood 
 in this country, that all the linens manufactured in Scotland, were sent to Holland to 
 be bleached, and were kept there more than half a year, undergoing in the bleach 
 fields around Haarlem the tedious processes just described. The bleaching properties 
 of chlorine, formerly termed oxy muriatic acid, which had been discovered by Scheele, 
 the Swedish philosopher, in 1774, had not till 1785 been turned to account in the 
 bleaching of cloths. In this year the celebrated French chemist Berthollet, having 
 found that it answered the purpose, made known the great discovery, which at once 
 diminished the time required for bleaching from months to days, and even hours. But 
 it is to James "Watt, the mechanician, that we owe its introduction into this country. 
 Having learned the art from Berthollet in Paris, he returned to England at the close 
 of 1786, and introduced the practice into the bleach fields of his father-in-law, Mr. 
 M'Gregor, of Glasgow. The application of oxymuriatic acid, however, imparted a 
 very disagreeable odour to the cloth, and it was not until several years after that Mr. 
 Henry, of Manchester, and Mr. Tennent, of Glasgow, discovered that the addition 
 of lime destroyed the offensive odour without injuring the bleaching qualities of the acid. 
 
 Even with the increasing demand, caused by the improvements to which we have 
 referred, the greatly increased supply of cotton manufactures at several periods 
 caused great uneasiness in Manchester; and in 1787 a very large import of muslins 
 and calicoes having taken place from India, a memorial was forwarded to the Board 
 of Trade, praying that restriction might be placed on the East India Company's sales, 
 in reply to which it was stated that the greater part of the goods had been exported. 
 In 1788 a feeling of depression overtook the manufacturers from the great increase 
 of manufactures and consequent competition, which was naturally assigned as 
 the effect of the large importation of Indian goods ; and government was solicited 
 to allow a drawback as an encouragement to the export of English products. 
 As evidence of the rapidly increasing supply of the raw material, as compared with 
 the demand, we may see that the price of the raw material actually declined, while 
 the quantity consumed increased, as will be subsequently shown, fully evidencing 
 greater eagerness or ability in the production at that time, than is generally recorded. 
 
 We must now rapidly pass over the improvements which were made to the end of 
 the century, being more in the finish of the detail than in any new principle, sup- 
 
19 
 
 passing those already shown. Several improvements were made in the mule by a 
 man named Baker, and one Hargreaves, of Toddington; and in 1790, Mr. William 
 Kelly, of Lanark Mills, applied the agency of water power to the mule. So soon as 
 this potent agent came to be employed, Mr. Wrightja machine maker of Manchester, 
 invented the double mule ; while Arkwright applied the steam engine to his machinery, 
 as Mr. Drinkwater had done in the year previous. Mr. Kelly also invented in 1792 
 a self-acting mule, which dispensed with a considerable amount of hand labour in 
 the process. It was, however, at the time abandoned; but, by these additions, it was 
 made capable of working four hundred spindles. In 179.3, Mr. Kennedy made some 
 considerable improvements in the wheel work of the mule, which greatly accelerated 
 the action of the machine. And we must not omit here to notice the efforts, made 
 though unsuccessfully, to improve the power loom and lessen the expenses of its em- 
 ployment. In 1790, Messrs. Grimshaw, of Gorton, erected a weaving factory at 
 Knott Mill, Manchester, under a license from Dr. Cartwright, and endeavoured to 
 improve the power loom at great cost to themselves, in which they did not succeed, 
 and the factory being burned down, they abandoned the undertaking. In 1794, 
 another power loom was invented by Mr. Bell, of Glasgow, which was, however, like- 
 wise abandoned; and on the 6th of June, 1796, Mr. Robert Miller, of Glasgow, took 
 out a patent for a machine of the same nature, which was of considerable worth, but 
 doomed to be early superseded by other improvements. 
 
 Having then recorded the epochs in the progress of the trade, we may proceed to 
 take a retrospective glance up to the close of the century. We have briefly noticed 
 the origin, in as far as the materials left to us will permit, and have shown, beyond a 
 doubt, that not only the cultivation of cotton, but that the art of manufacture has 
 existed in Asia now more than three thousand three hundred years. We have seen that, 
 independent of its rise and progress there, a similar development has taken place in 
 America ; we have every reason to believe that in all those portions of Africa near 
 the sea, the cultivation had been at some early period established ; and have not 
 failed to note its languid and sickly existence in Southern Europe. There 
 exist in these facts, to one who studies the matter, many inconsistencies, perhaps 
 irreconcilable, and though, for all material and useful purposes, we might ignore 
 the subject, it is one, nevertheless, worthy the researches of the student and the 
 lover of early history, as bearing much upon the condition of the inhabitants of the 
 world in former ages. But while we survey the rise and progress of the trade from 
 the pinnacle of greatness to which it has arrived, we must acknowledge, apart from 
 the suppositions to which they might lead as to the advance made by other nations in 
 former periods, that in the progress of the world, the present intellectual supremacy 
 of one, or the rude and base animal desires of the other, are but the result of ad- 
 ventitious circumstances, or if not adventitious, circumstances over which the power 
 of man, taken individually, had no control. We shall also be ready to admit, therefore, 
 that a combination of natural circumstances, or the product of natural causes, have 
 alone given to the European the energy with which to attain the present high standing 
 among the people of the world. And could we but see the past, we should probably 
 be able to trace the duration and extent of advance of the great powers of the time 
 in a measure to the climate in which they originated and thrived. I may be accused 
 o£ departing from my subject, but I hold it necessary to form some idea hereon, 1 
 vague as it must necessarily be, before we can appreciate the position or relative 
 value of our trade, or presume to surmise the place it holds, either as to the past, 
 
20 ' 
 
 or in the present condition of the world, or the prospects of its future extension in 
 our particular instance, or in other countries. 
 
 Our own condition, at a period very recent, would hut ill-compare with the then 
 inhahitants of the New World or of India ; our moral condition, with all the 
 advantages of climate, was absolutely "below the latter, and the position of the 
 manufacturing art in America, at the date of its discovery, or in India, surpassed 
 even that of our woollen manufacture ; and to this day, with all our appliances, we 
 cannot surpass in fineness the muslins of the East, or the solidity and elegance of 
 the Hamacd'sy the Brazilians and Carihbees were wont to weave. When our 
 people were in primeval darkness, East and West were in comparative light. Little 
 could Columhus have deciphered the book of destiny opened before him, when these 
 Carihs, in their primitive state, offered to trade in cotton yarn; he could not have for 
 a moment thought that the fine threads would become some years afterwards a source of 
 riches, surpassing all those treasures the Spaniards sought to obtain from the mines of 
 the two America's. India, too, is the source whence we received indirectly our ideas 
 of trade ; it was the manufactures of that country, as of China, that inspired the minds 
 of our forefathers with the wish for luxuries according to the received notions of the 
 times. The period in which the manufacture was carried on in India, formed 
 comparatively speaking, the dawning of our day ; the sun was then travelling from 
 another and ;past era in the world's commerce. The Indian manufacture was the 
 forecast of that light, which, intensifying on its road hither, gained the needful 
 warmth to dispel the early mists of morn, and develop the embryo state ; and 
 strengthened by the energy of the European, it has given rise to a new era of com- 
 mercial splendour never before witnessed. 
 
 Though the transactions of the period are now shrouded in the obscurity of the 
 past, we yet have sufficient data left to show that from India we received a con- 
 siderable portion of our cotton yarns and goods in earlier years. A table, furnished 
 in 1836 by James Cosmo Melville, Esq., of the India House, to Dr. Ure, shows 
 the decline in the imports of yarn from India from 1700 to 1760: — 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1703 
 
 
 .. 114,100 
 
 1726 
 
 
 .. 54,300 
 
 1740 .. 
 
 .. 3,339 
 
 1704 
 
 
 72,938 
 
 1727 
 
 
 .. 27,254, 
 
 1741 .. 
 
 .. 20,055 
 
 1705 
 
 
 .. 39,155 
 
 1728 
 
 
 .. 11,424 
 
 1742 .. 
 
 .. 11,366 
 
 1706 
 
 
 .. 48,120 
 
 1729 
 
 
 .. 18,816 
 
 1743 .. 
 
 . . 9,904 
 
 1707 
 
 
 .. 219,879 
 
 1730 
 
 
 .. 32,351 
 
 1744 .. 
 
 .. 14,593 
 
 1713 
 
 
 .. 135,546 
 
 1731 
 
 
 .. 20,496 
 
 1750 .. 
 
 .. 14,112 
 
 1714 
 
 
 .. 12,768 
 
 1732 
 
 
 .. 46,405 
 
 1751 .. 
 
 . . 4,704 
 
 1718 
 
 
 .. 37,714 
 
 1733 
 
 
 .. 70,976 
 
 1752 .. 
 
 336 
 
 1720 
 
 
 .. 21,350 
 
 1734 
 
 
 . . 5,924 
 
 1755 .. 
 
 .. 37,632 
 
 1721 
 
 
 50,624 
 
 1735 
 
 
 .. 91,394 
 
 1756 .. 
 
 .. 6,061 
 
 1722 
 
 
 .. 10,800 
 
 1736 
 
 
 40,274 
 
 1757 .. 
 
 .. 4,357 
 
 1723 
 
 
 . . 24,025 
 
 1737 
 
 
 . . 2,083 
 
 1758 .. 
 
 .. 12,869 
 
 1724 
 
 
 .. 21,588 
 
 1738 
 
 
 . . 8,024 
 
 1759 .. 
 
 4,390 
 
 1725 
 
 
 5,809 
 
 1739 
 
 
 . . 8,445 
 
 1760 
 
 .. 2,814 
 
 Thus, while in 1710 the total imports of cotton wool from all parts were 715,008 lbs., 
 the imports of yarn from India in 1707 amounted to 219,879 lbs. ; and when the 
 imports of raw cotton had increased, in 1764, to 3,870,392 lbs., the Indian yarn 
 imported in 1760 had decreased to 2,814 lbs. ; and we must not omit to recall the 
 
21 
 
 fact, that a large contraband trade was being prosecuted in Indian yarn at the period, 
 the figures of which would doubtless greatly eclipse those now given. 
 
 To the Genoese is probably due the credit of having introduced the raw material 
 into this country, and to the Flemings the requisite skill with which to employ it ; 
 but to our countrymen are reserved those flights of mechanical genius which must 
 always be regarded as having given to us the primogenitorship in the cause of civili- 
 zation. 
 
 The importance of the mechanical part of those inventions acting directly 
 upon the manipulation of the fibre, will be fully demonstrated in their wonderful 
 effects ; but we shall also have observed of how little avail the ingenious dis- 
 coveries of Arkwright, Hargreaves, and Crompton would have been had not 
 some substitute been found for the inadequacy of the animal power. When 
 machine labour came first to be employed, the application of atmospheric and 
 steam engines was unprofitable from their incompleteness ; but fortunately for the 
 trade and prosperity of our people, the manner in which to apply the accumulative 
 force of water was well known, and superseded animal power almost ere it had been 
 employed ; the mills were consequently generally built on the falls of considerable 
 rivers, and available land in that position greatly improved in value. This power, 
 likewise, would have proved totally inadequate to subsequent requirements, but the 
 adaptation of Watt's engine to the turning of the various machines in the manu- 
 facture met all requirements, admitting of an almost indefinite production of power ; 
 it also allowed of the sites being chosen among the people suited to the employment, 
 and in localities having the advantage of an abundant supply of water, coal, and iron. 
 The introduction imparted to the trade new life and vigour ; and should any one, 
 pondering over the causes which have led to the prodigious expansion of the cotton 
 trade, omit it from his calculation, he will have erred much in the thesis. Its inex- 
 haustible power and uniform regularity of motion supplied the most urgent want of 
 the time, and without which probably at this day not alone our cotton manufacture, 
 but general commerce would have formed as insignificant an appearance as in those 
 earlier times. We may indeed recognise its successful application towards the end of 
 the century in the statistics of the period. 
 
 Looking at these statistics, we have seen that up to 1745 the imports of the raw 
 material had not reached 2,000,000 lbs., and the slight increase we have shewn as 
 having occurred thereafter up to 1748 was ascribable, we may believe, to the tem- 
 porary impetus given by the inventions some years previously of Wyatt and Paul in 
 spinning and of Kay in weaving, — more particularly that of the latter, which came 
 universally to be adopted. In 1764 the import was 3,870,392 lbs,, and the official 
 value of British manufactured cotton goods exported £200,354 ; the increase, then, 
 up to the end of the century, may be seen as follows : — 
 
 From 1771 to 1775 the average annual import of raw cotton was 4,764,589 lbs. 
 1776 „ 1780 „ „ „ 6,766,613 „ 
 
 1781 „ 1785 „ „ „ 11,328,989 „ 
 
 1786 „ 1790 „ „ „ 25,443,270 „ 
 
 1791 1795 ;, „ „ 26,683,002 „ 
 
 1796 „ 1800 „ „ „ 37,350,276 „ 
 
 and the intermediate detail given in table No. 1. serves further to illustrate the 
 matter. While the importations of the first fifty years of the century seem only to 
 have increased 50 per cent., in the latter half the increase was equal to 1,782 per 
 
22 
 
 cent, or nearly thirty-six times as great. We will note the great bound of demand 
 in 1785, the year in which Arkwright's patent was thrown open. 
 
 Between 1780 and 1790, the quantity of cotton increased jive-fold. The per cent 
 of increase decenially from 1741 appears to have been — 
 
 1741 to 1750.. 81 per cent. 1771 to 1780.. 75| per cent. 
 
 1751 to 1760. .211 „ 1781 to 1790. .319| 
 
 1761 to 1770.. 25J „ 1791 to 1800... 67J 
 
 And this extraordinary impetus is the result, then, of those ingenious inventions which 
 the preceding pages have attempted to depict, — a phenomenon in commerce surpassed 
 only by the present rate of advancement of our trade. 
 
 The cotton trade, unlike most others, was no nursling of government protection. In 
 the suddenness of the impulse with which it arose it had to contend agafnst stubborn 
 and erroneous popular prejudices, which were at the time decidedly opposed to the 
 science of economical production as applied to the arts, while the recipients of bounties 
 in other fostered trades looked with jaundiced eyes on the intruder, which threatened 
 then to outstrip all its compeers. Legislators watched ever anxiously the wealth in 
 prospsct as affording a fair field whereon to apply the heavy hand of financial 
 oppression, but it overthrew other established and opposing branches of trade, and 
 absolutely forced legislators to withdraw oppressive taxes levied during the American 
 war, and concede to it the proper mede of governmental support. The bounties, 
 however, by which it has been assisted, have been almost nil, and for a long time the 
 prohibitions were actually as much against the British manufactured goods as those of 
 foreign manufacture ; and the duties which were first imposed upon the raw material in 
 1798, produced so miserable a sum compared with the trade lost by its imposition as 
 to have rendered it decidedly hurtful, not alone to the trade itself, but to the country, 
 and perhaps to the revenue. Yet the trade has' overcome all obstacles, and continued to 
 prosper and flourish beyond all precedent, and to be the means, not only of supplying 
 all our wants, but has raised up a prodigious demand from other countries, which 
 gives profitable employment to the people. 
 
 The progress of this export trade may be seen from table No. 3 ; the following 
 figures will, however, show the more salient points : — 
 
 In 1765 the official value of British Cotton goods exported was £248,845 
 
 „ 1766 „ „ „ 220,759 
 
 „ 1780 „ „ „ 355,060 
 
 „ 1785 „ „ „ 864,710 
 
 From 1786 to 1790 the annual average was 1,232,530 
 
 „ 1791 „ 1795 „ „ .... .. 2,088,526 
 
 „ 1796 „ 1800 „ „ 4,211,828 
 
 The actual economy which caused this great revulsion of trade cannot be better made 
 evident than by the simple fact that, while about 1780, Crompton received 42s. per lb. 
 for his No. 80's yarn (which was equal then to about 60s. for 100's, which, at that 
 period, however, it was impossible to spin in this country), the prices received at several 
 subsequent periods up to the close of the century, which we take from table No. 2, 
 would appear to have been : — 
 
 1786 for those same No. 100's 38s. per lb. 
 
 1790 „ „ 30s. „ 
 
 1795 „ „ 19s. 
 
 1800 „ „ ...... 9s, » 
 
23 
 
 in short the same article was selling in 1800 at one-sixth of the value in 1780, 
 or twenty years previous. And here we may record the prices received by the East 
 India Company for their imported yarns taken from another table furnished by 
 J. C. Melville, Esq., to Dr. Ure, thus: — 
 
 1707.. Is. llJcLperlb. 1743.. 7s. 2±d. „ Some 
 
 1730.. 2s, 4fd. per lb. few bales sold at 12s. 8d. per lb. 
 
 1735. ,3s. Od. „ 1745.. 6s. OJd. per lb. 
 
 1737.. 3s. 5£d. „ (Some few^j 8s. Id. per lb. 1750.. 3s. 5§d, „ 
 1738. .3s. 9jd. „ 1 bales I 8s.8d. ,, 1755 . .3s. lOd. „ 
 1739. .5s. fijd. „ t sold at J 2 Is. 2d. „ 1757 . .2s. 9|d. „ 
 
 illustrating either an increasing demand up to 1743, when the maximum price was 
 reached, or a finer class of yarn having been imported ; and although the fact of a 
 rather diminished than increased rate of import, would suggest the latter as the cause, 
 we have the best reason for believing that the figures represent an actual increase in 
 the demand and prices. The figures at the same time further ^serve to show the coarse 
 nature of the yarns spun at the time,— these Indian yarns were generally employed in 
 the manufacture of fine goods, and yet, from the prices quoted, they could not have 
 exceeded No. 16's or 20's, though some small quantity towards the later years may 
 have been as fine as No. 50's, which sold for about 40s. per lb. 
 
 A considerable reduction took place, too, in the price of the raw material, notwith- 
 standing the greatly increased demand. The supplies, which, up to the middle of the 
 seventeenth century, were from the Levant and Mediterranean, more particularly from 
 the infancy of the knowledge of navigation, were greatly increased by considerable 
 quantities being imported from the West Indies. In 1778, the Royal Society of Arts 
 gave a gold medal to Mr. Andrew Bennett, of Tobago, for the best specimen of "West 
 India cotton, and from this period to the end of the century (up to which date we 
 have no statistical data to enlighten us on the quantity received from each source of 
 supply) the West Indies were our most regular and largest suppliers. In 1780, the 
 finest grained and cleanest cotton came from Berbice, and in the following years 
 Brazilian cotton was first imported from Maranham in a dirty state. The rate of 
 supply seems to have amply adjusted itself to the requirements of the trade, and this is 
 amply borne out by the annual average prices of West India and Berbice cotton, which 
 appear to have been as follows : — 
 
 1782. ,31d. per lb. 1787. .31d. per lb. 1792. .25d. per lb. 1797. ,S9d. per lb. 
 1783.. 25d. ,; 1788.. 33d. „ 1793.. 20d. „ 1798. ;S3d. „ 
 1784.. 19d. „ 1789.. 17d. „ 1794.. 20d. „ 1799.. 37d. „ 
 1785.. 21d. „ 1790.. I7d. „ 1795.. 23d. „ 1800.. 29d, „ 
 1786.. 32d. „ 1791.. 22d. „ 1796.. 25d. „ 
 
 by which we perceive that, excepting a temporary increase at the time that 
 Arkwright's patents were thrown open, the price had even declined, until the impetus 
 given to demand by the application of steam power again caused an upward movement. 
 Supply, indeed, was so liberal that uneasiness was felt by the traders, and it is 
 recorded that in 1782, a panic occurred in Manchester in consequence of 7,012 bags 
 or about 1,400,000 lbs. having been imported between December and April. 
 America had not then commenced to supply us with cotton ; indeed it is believed that 
 up to this time it was not grown to any extent in North America. 
 
24 
 
 Notwithstanding, however, the onward progress we have depicted in demand and 
 supply, the trade was not without sudden and frequent convulsions; though the 
 advance had been extremely rapid, the mercantile community were inclined to extremes 
 in their proceedings, which, under such circumstances, adjusted themselves in violent 
 re-actions. The "causes were many which led to these irregularities, and perhaps not 
 the least may have been the continual improvement springing up, rendering expensive 
 works comparatively valueless, from the backward and clumsy principles on which 
 they were constructed. Mr. R. Finlay stated to a committee of the House of 
 Commons, in 1833, that he had seen many overthrows in the cotton manufacture. 
 In 1788, he thought it would never recover ; in 1793, it received another blow ; and in 
 1799, a severe one. The revulsions he referred to, however, were the natural conse- 
 quences of the conduct of the manufacturers, and perhaps inseparable from the period 
 and a new trade. When the great discoveries became known, and the economy they 
 produced, capitalists came to the trade with the idea of taking as much of this 
 advantage to themselves as possible, and by all their means endeavoured to maintain 
 such an arbitrary and artificial scale of prices, offering thereby a premium for 
 others to follow their example ; and so long as this could be maintained numbers 
 would pour into the manufacture, until, by such corrections, the competition which 
 their selfishness had invited was the cause of a sudden re-action and decline in prices, 
 ending perhaps in their almost entire ruin. These fluctuations doubtless furnish the 
 key to the sudden, alterations and decline we see in prices in No. 2, especially in the 
 years 1792 and 1798. 
 
25 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 The mechanical inventions in the eighteenth century formed so important a part of 
 the cause of the great and unprecedented development we have described in the cotton 
 trade, that I could not, if I would, have omitted them from my notice of its rise and 
 progress, forming, as they do, the basis of the new era. And although the progress 
 in the improvement of those machines has continued almost uninterruptedly in the 
 present century, and fully cognizant of the magnitude, of the subject I feel that I 
 could not present of it an approximation to a complete history, nor properly estimate 
 the value of its relative effects. The impossibility of obtaining the assistance of a 
 person practically conversant in the matter has prompted me, not without regret, to 
 expunge the subject from my paper. It is, however, wrapped in considerable obscurity, 
 and certainly deserving a tome. 
 
 In all the departments of spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, and printing, the 
 same development has been equally effected, though the process of weaving, which 
 at the close of the century, formed the most difficult part of the manufacture, from 
 the yet rude application of Dr. Cartwright's power loom, and the expense attending 
 the frequent stoppage of the machine, for the purpose of dressing the warp, has ren- 
 dered the improvement in that department comparatively of more importance. 
 Through the ingenuity of several persons, the power loom was early perfected by a 
 re-arrangement of the mechanism, and the process of dressing and sizing the warp, 
 and the early difficulties surmounted, so that it came generally into use, and finally 
 supplanted the hand machine. It is in its present form a triumph of mechanical 
 skill, and so very compact that a large number of them may be seen at work in one 
 room, four looms only requiring the attendance of one weaver. But these machines 
 are only employed in the fabrication of plain goods ; the more costly woven, 
 coloured, figured, or fancy goods are manufactured almost entirely upon an im- 
 proved form of the Jaequard loom, so called after the inventor, one Jacquard, a 
 straw hat manufacturer of France, who fled thither under the persecution to which he 
 was subjected in his native place on account of his invention ; and although the 
 beauty of the contrivance is almost unequalled, there is, perhaps, no department in 
 the manufacture in the present day which presents greater scope for improvement. 
 Indeed, I believe that, ere long, the application of electricity will greatly facilitate the 
 process and vastly economise the cost, especially of elaborate patterns. An invention 
 of Mr, Donelli, now in this country, certainly seems to meet the case, and it is 
 
26 
 
 earnestly to be hoped it may do so, for it would inevitably cause a great reduction in 
 price, and consequent extension of demand. In*%spinning, the inventions of 
 Arkwright and Crompton still form the principles of the machines employed ; 
 though the improvements which have been effected are almost numberless, and still 
 continue to add to their usefulness. The water frame is for the greater part em- 
 ployed in the manufacture of low counts. Some of the mule jennies are on the 
 self-acting principle, dispensing almost entirely with hand labour, except to join the 
 broken ends ; these are, however, only employed in the manufacture of coarse 
 numbers, say up to 60's, though on a late improvement they can be used up to 
 80's. But, as evidencing the vast improvement in the mechanical parts of the 
 mule, qualities have been spun up to 800's, or equal to 382 miles to the pound 
 weight ; this last count was spun by Messrs. Houlds worth, but only in a very 
 small quantity, from a little very fine cotton found in a bale of Sea Island. 
 700's have not been exceeded as a marketable article, and this is employed only in 
 the manufacture of very fine lace. 300's is the highest count that can be expedi- 
 tiously and satisfactorily woven by machine. Some samples of fabulously fine yarn 
 have, however, been produced by the mule. Messrs. Thomas Houldsworth & Co. 
 exhibited some at the Exhibition of 1851, in short lengths of six or eight inches, 
 stated to count 2150's, but admitting the correctness of the calculation by which this 
 extraordinary delicacy of texture is asserted, which by the way would be 2,150 by 840 
 yards=l,806,000 yards, or 1,026 miles to the pound, it could only serve as a 
 curiosity to show the tension of the fibre, for it could never be wound upon a 
 spindle. It was found in this experiment that the fineness of the simple fibre of the 
 cotton used, assuming each of them to be one and a half inches in length, averaged 
 about No. 8,000, according to the English cotton yarn standard of 840 yards to the 
 hank ; and, consequently, that in one pound weight of such cotton there were 
 161,280,000 fibres, which, placed end to end, would reach 3,817 miles; or one 
 grain in weight of which would extend 960 yards. Messrs. Mair, of Glasgow, 
 exhibited a piece of muslin, manufactured from No. 540's yarn, which is considered 
 the finest muslin that has ever been manufactured by machine. 
 
 Notwithstanding that I am compelled thus to dismiss the subject of the history of 
 these magnificent ideas and improvements in the mechanism of the manufacture, 
 which have tended not only to stimulate and enlarge that trade, but to maintain 
 our position as the first commercial nation in the world. It is fortunate that 
 the statistics I have been permitted to cull from various sources will abundantly illus- 
 trate the wondrous power they have exerted, and the wealth which has accrued to us 
 therefrom. The economy they have originated has permeated the whole system of 
 our trade ; nor has it been confined to this, the contagion has spread into other 
 countries, indeed, I may say is pervading the whole civilized world. 
 
 As instancing the relative values of the material prepared by hand in the old times, 
 and the economy the improvements have effected, an old MS. written by Wyatt in 
 1743, informs us that spinners then received for spinning counts respectively about— 
 40's 60's 80's 
 
 6s. per lb. 13s. per lb. 20s. 6d. per lb. 
 
 While, when Crompton had completed the first rough form ofhis mule jenny, we find 
 he received for spinning the same counts, 14s., 25s., 42s., and these latter jprices 
 stand as compared with those of the present day, thus — 
 
27 
 
 1779 | 1859 
 
 Count. 
 
 Cost of 
 spinning. 
 
 Raw material, 
 18 ounces. 
 
 -sTotal market 
 value. 
 
 Cost of spinn- 
 ing, spinner's, 
 profit, &c. 
 
 Raw material, 
 18 ounces. 
 
 Total market 
 value. 
 
 Count. 
 
 40 
 
 14s/0d. 
 
 3s. 3d. 
 
 20s. 9d. 
 
 0s. 6d. 
 
 0s. 7d. 
 
 Is. Id. 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 25s. Od. 
 
 3s. 3d. 
 
 34s. Od. 
 
 0s. 8Jd. 
 
 0s. 8d. 
 
 Is. 4±d. 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 42s. Od. 
 
 3s. 3d. 
 
 54s. 3d. 
 
 0s. lid. 
 
 0s. lOd. 
 
 Is. 9d. 
 
 80 
 
 The quality of the yarn spun by hand, however, in 1£43, must have been somewhat 
 inferior to that spun by Crompton in 1779. And we fortunate people are supplied with 
 the latter quality, but of finer finish, at ane-twentieth part of the price charged eighty 
 years ago ; and, moreover, receive the article in all its ramifications of manufacture 
 at a proportional decline. 
 
 It is less than a century since the trade in cotton was very insignificant, not alone 
 in its own extent, but its relative proportion to the trade of the country, consuming 
 only 2,000,000 lbs. weight of the raw material, conducted in a rough, rude manner, 
 requiring not the assistance of those appliances, the preparation of which now gives 
 so extensive an occupation to all other branches of trade, No necessity then 
 existed for working mines of coal and metals, for cutting down forests to build 
 merchant navies for carrying hither the raw material and other articles required in 
 their preparation, nor the transit abroad of those manufactures in exchange for 
 luxuries, which the wealth derived in their sale permits of our now taking over and 
 above the value of the raw materals. Looking at the monstrous strides made in 
 that trade, and the accompanying development of civilisation since its origin, one is 
 almost led to ascribe to it this advance in civilisation ; but in doing so, we should be 
 ascribing to it an all-powerful influence above its merits, making it the cause rather 
 than the effect. The manufacture had been the subject of savage industry among all 
 the semi-developed nations of antiquity, and probably existed early in the 
 history of mankind ; yet in all that period no advance was made, so far as we 
 can tell, in rendering it useful even to an approximate extent of that caused by the 
 European era of economy. "We should rather ascribe the discovery in our country to the 
 advance made in civilization and science at the period, and the increasing importance 
 of the demand for the textile fabrics, acknowledging, at the same time, the advent of 
 our success in the start we received by those discoveries. At the period, however, 
 the intricate rudiments of both science and the useful arts had many explorers, and 
 almost as a thunder cloud burst with overwhelming force from the pent up elements, 
 lighting up a path of immense and glorious splendour. Though some considerable 
 wealth must have at the time been acquired, a large portion of the capital which was 
 forthcoming wherewith to prosecute the channel opened up, took its origin from the 
 increased value of almost every product of the land by the stimulus given to trade. 
 The trade indeed arose at a most critical period in our history ; the conquests of the 
 British had raised up the ire of the world against them ; the American colonies had 
 just been lost to us ; the year 1773, when Arkwright and Hargreaves were maturing 
 their grand discoveries, saw the American war just breaking out, and the whole sequel of 
 revolutionary conquests looming thickly in the distance ; the defensive position neces- 
 sary to be maintained threatened fast to bear down the energies of the people ; and, indeed 
 it is difficult to conceive how but for the development it is justly our pride to dwell upon, 
 the funds wherewith to meet the immense war expenditure incurred thereafter till the 
 commencement of this century, could have been raised. And it was in this dire 
 
28 
 
 emergency that the British cotton trade proper took its birth; mayhap the hard 
 school in which it was reared has added to the stability of the whole fabric, by draw- 
 ing out the otherwise latent energies of the people. In its origin and progress Mr. 
 Baynes graphically likens it to " a little rill issuing like a silver thread out of the 
 mountain side, gathering strength as it descends, laughing, sparkling, bounding and 
 leaping over every obstacle which opposes its progress ; it increases in volume as it 
 rushes onwards ; the rill becomes a brook, the brook a rivulet, and a number of the 
 streams united form the mighty river which, rolling majestically onwards to the great 
 ocean, fertilizes and enriches the countries through which it flows." And truly it 
 presents in its progress, rapid development, and present stupendous extent, — a pheno- 
 menon in commerce unequalled in the annals of the world. Conjecturing the pigmy 
 character of the trade a century since, and then realizing the present colossal fabric, 
 it strikes the imagination with awe ; for its magnitude is unequalled, whether we 
 consider it as the source of immense individual and national wealth, the amount of 
 capital to which it gives employment, the large proportion it forms of our entire 
 trade, the stimulus it has given to other departments, the millions of people directly 
 and indirectly engaged in it, the comfort to which it has tended, the effect the 
 intercourse necessitated by it has exerted upon civilization, or its particular effect 
 on places and people either socially, politically, or morally. And we may glance at 
 these separate heads as affording an idea of its actual importance. 
 
 The collection of 547,317 tons of the simple fibre cotton, at a distance of upwards of 
 four thousand miles, and even thirteen thousand miles, the conveyance home, the redis- 
 tribution of about 78,189 tons in an unmanufactured state, the conversion of the remain- 
 ing 469,128 tons into yarn and woven manufactures of all kinds, and their disposal at 
 three times the original cost of the raw material when landed on our shores, presents 
 a field unsurpassed for the acquisition of wealth. But these duties come to be divided 
 among as many different classes of our countrymen, striving to outdo each other as 
 much as their foreign compeers ; and this competition, though doubtless tending to an 
 increased consumption and trade, when carried to a legitimate extent, is susceptible 
 of being overstrained. The efficiency of the trade as a source of wealth depends upon 
 a combination of many circumstances, the result of the discretion and foresight of 
 those engaged in it ; and we shall see perhaps from the figures in table No. 8, that 
 these circumstances have lately assumed a form engendering a dangerous dilation of 
 trade, and opposed to its fullest production. "We will therefore, for the sake of com- 
 parison, take the aggregate of each of the five quinquennial periods, ending respec- 
 tively 1838, 1848, 1848, 1853, and 1858 3 and we discover the margin for wages, 
 the cost of implements, buildings, premises, dye and other drugs, interest and profit, 
 and every expense attending the manufacture, was — 
 
 
 1834-8. 
 
 1839-43. 
 
 1844-8. 
 
 1849-53. 
 
 1854-8. 
 
 Value of manufac-) 
 
 Ccst of raw material\ 
 actually consumed J 
 
 £ 
 
 203,472,942 
 65,059,075 
 
 £ 
 
 206,354,480 
 60,072,831 
 
 £ 
 
 209,978,931 
 59,325,874 
 
 £ 
 
 244,397,313 
 83,089,646 
 
 £ 
 
 287,450,156 
 112,180,596 
 
 Surplus for expnses &c. 
 
 138,413,867 
 
 146,281,649 
 
 150,653,057 
 
 161,307,667 
 
 175,269,560 
 
29 
 
 for working up the raw material in quantity as follows :— 
 
 1834-8. 1839-43. 1844-8. 1849-53. 1854-8. 
 
 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 
 
 1,793,209,371 2,371,616,156 2,807,296,602 3,356,800,000 4,258,600,000 
 or equivalent to — 
 
 18-53d. 14-80d. 12-88d. 11-533. 9'87d. 
 a rate of successive decline equal to — 
 
 .... 20 per cent 13 per cent. 10 per cent. 14| per cent 
 
 We see thus, at a glance, the proportion of surplus for the cost of manufacture at 
 these several periods, and are irresistably driven to the conclusion, that at no former 
 period has the profits of the manufacturer "been at so low an ebb as in the last period. 
 Now there are certain causes that may mitigate this, and these are — -abundant and 
 cheap food, rendering the item of wages less ; the low price of the materials employed; 
 or facilities of production, lessening the expenditure^ In the most important item of 
 breadstuffs, the average prices per quarter of wheat in the like periods has been — 
 
 1834-8. 1839-43. 1844-8. 1849-53. 1854 8. 
 s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 
 
 As per Table No. 2 50 11 61 10 55 5 43 5 63 4 
 
 Of Mutton, as per Table No. 10.. 3 8 3 8£ 3 \1\ 3 7f 4 5 
 
 And it is undeniable that every necessary of life has been higher than at any of the 
 former periods, and the rate of wages proportionately so ; the same remark applies, 
 though not with equal force, to the dyes and other articles employed. And looking at 
 the bank rate of discount as the criterion of the value of money, we discover that, 
 excepting the year 1847, the rate in the earlier years ranged below four per cent, and 
 from 1849 to 1852 below three per cent, while from 1852 to the end of 1857, it steadily 
 increased until it reached ten per cent ; since which it has declined to the present low 
 rate. The facilities of production or economy in the manufacture resolves itself now 
 almost entirely into the speeding of the machinery, and has made fair progress, such 
 as might account for the decline shewn in 1843, 1848, and 1853 ; but as in the case 
 of spinning, this progress, as it reaches perfection, is gradually lessening — that is, as 
 far as the mechanical partis concerned. The speeding, for instance, of spindles does 
 not produce a proportionately increased quantity of yarn, from the more frequent 
 occurrence of breakages and mishaps. The qualities of the manufacture, or expense 
 of finish, has unquestionably become more lavish ; and as a whole, everything goes 
 to prove that the manufacturers' expenses have even increased, while the margin for 
 that purpose has palpably lessened. The only manner in which the manufacturers 
 have gained strength to sustain the incubus, must have been in the comparatively 
 steady employment of their machinery. But putting aside the question of increased 
 expenditure, and adopting the rate of progressive economy indicated in the previous 
 twenty years — as 20 per cent, 13 per cent, and 10 per cent, and allowing for the in- 
 creased quantity worked up, or the more uniform and continuous employment of the 
 mills, the rate of economy would not be more than nine per cent in the last quin- 
 quennial period ending 1858, or making the surplus that should have been reserved 
 to cover expenses and adequate profit lOJd. per lb., or on 4,258,600,000 lbs.= 
 .£186,313,750 ; whereas the sum shewn as left for that purpose was only 
 £175,269,560, or a loss of £2,208.838 per annum in the last five years. The 
 business of manufacture may not be one in which exorbitant profit should be made, 
 but there should be over and above providing for all contingencies, and paying a fair 
 
30 
 
 interest on capital, a fair margin of profit to those engaged in it. Adopting the 
 capital of the manufacturers ( i.e. of spinners and weavers) employed as about sixty 
 millions in the last quinquennial period, the interest taken at five per cent, and profit at 
 an equivalent sum, the amount of these two items should give six millions per annum ; 
 and this embraces only the departmeuts of spinning and weaving, the numberless 
 other divisions of the manufacture can only be roughly estimated, as they are so widely 
 diffused and so intermingled with silk, wool, and other textile trades. But supposing, 
 for the sake of argument, that one half the amount of capital is employed in them, 
 and that therefore the interest and profit in these branches be taken at another three 
 millions, we have a total of £9,000,000, and of this, profit forms one half, or four 
 million five hundred thousand pounds per annurn % In the last period, we shall see 
 that forty-nine per cent has been sacrificed to competition — that is, unless in the 
 former periods which form the basis of our theory, the profits of our manufacturers 
 were unduly large. 
 
 The capital to which the British cotton trade gives employment is prodigious ; no 
 correct data can be obtained of its extent. Mr. Ellison, in his excellent "Hand- 
 Book of the Cotton Trade," made an estimate upon the basis of 23s. to 24s. per 
 spindle, and £24 per loom. Upon this mode of reckoning, it will appear that for 
 every factory hand there is equal to £90 sunk in machinery, showing the extent to 
 which manual labour is now assisted. 
 
 2,310 mills* containing 28,010,217 spindles, costing 23s. 6d. each, would 
 
 give £33,000,000 
 
 298,847* looms at £24 per loom . . . . 7,250,000 
 
 * These are the figures returned by the Factory Inspectors in 1856 ; the number 
 of both spindles and looms has, however, since wonderfully increased. 
 
 Estimated floating capital . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000,000 
 
 And Mr. Ellison also estimates the cash in the hands of bankers . . 10,000,000 
 
 Total capital embarked in the operations of spinning and weaving. £6 5,250,000 
 Probable capital employed by manufacturers in subsequent processes 
 
 of bleaching, dyeing, printing, &c. .. .. .. 30,000,000 
 
 Probable floating capital of importers of raw material . . . . 6,500,000 
 
 ,, ,, shipowners .. .'. .. .. 3,000,000 
 
 Total, independent of all subsidiary trades ministering indirectly. £ 104,750,000 
 
 to which may even be added £2,000,000 as the capital of the buying and exporting 
 merchant. The miscellaneous character of all the numerous trades ministering directly 
 and indirectly to the prosecution of this industry, renders it impossible to estimate 
 their extent of capital. From the large stocks held by retailers in the country, the 
 capital in that branch alone must be considerable, perhaps more than one year's con- 
 sumption, or twenty millions sterling. 
 
 The proportion which the cotton trade forms of the entire of our national industry, 
 it is impossible to guess at ; the large proportion it bears of our entire export trade is 
 amply evidenced in table No. 9. We find the quinquennial average of the declared 
 real value of exported cotton manufactures, as compared with other articles, to be as 
 follows : — 
 
31 
 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Woollen, Linen, 
 and Silk. 
 
 Total Textiles. 
 
 Exports of 
 . all kinds. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 jg 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1820-24 
 
 16,921,770 
 
 8,419,169 
 
 25,340,939 
 
 36,781,519 
 
 1825-29 
 
 16,973,897 
 
 7,377,181 
 
 24,351,078 
 
 36,048,359 
 
 1830-34 
 
 18,616,850 
 
 8,473,914 
 
 27,090,764 
 
 38,635,243 
 
 1835-39 
 
 23,210,917 
 
 10,761,762 
 
 33,972,679 
 
 49,206,309 
 
 1840-44 
 
 23,820,lo2 
 
 11,555,021 
 
 35,375,173 
 
 52,175,999 
 
 1845-49 
 
 24,901,744 
 
 12,390,931 
 
 37,292,675 
 
 58,637,161 
 
 1850-54 
 
 30,536,617 
 
 17,293,606 
 
 47,830,223 
 
 84,002,394 
 
 1855-59 
 
 40,659,014 
 
 21,018,620 
 
 61,677,634 
 
 116,126,064 
 
 showing the proportions to have been — 
 
 Cotton Other Textile 
 
 All other 
 
 
 Manufactures. Manufactures. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1820-24 . 
 
 
 3 1 per cent. 
 
 1825-29 « 
 1830-34 . 
 1835-39 , 
 1840-44 , 
 1845-49 , 
 
 47 „ 
 
 
 
 32 „ 
 30 „ 
 
 48 h 
 
 ...... 22 
 
 
 47 „ 
 
 t 22 
 
 
 31 „ 
 
 32 „ 
 36 „ 
 43 „ 
 
 46 „ 
 
 
 
 43 „ 
 
 ...... 21 
 
 
 1850-54 , 
 1855-59 , 
 
 36 „ 
 
 21 
 
 
 35 „ 
 
 18 
 
 
 47 „ 
 
 If we were to regard the progress and development in our general trade as the re- 
 sult of the discoveries and improvements in the manufacture of Cotton, with which, 
 in the earlier years above shown, it could not keep pace, the value of the progress 
 we have already shown in that manufacture in the last eighty years, prodigious as it 
 appears, Would dwindle into comparative insignificance, not only in amount, but, 
 latterly, in the rate of progression, for the above figures would show the rate to have 
 been :~ 
 
 Cotton Other Textile All other 
 
 Manufactures. Manufactures. Articles. 
 
 1825-29 3-10ths per cent. .... 
 
 1830-34 . 10 „ 
 
 1835-39 25 
 
 1840-44 ...... 2 
 
 1845-49 4 
 
 1850-54 ...... 23 
 
 1855-59 .. 33 
 
 15 per cent. 
 27 „ 
 7 „ 
 7 „ 
 39 „ 
 22 „ 
 
 7 per cent. 
 27 „ 
 6 „ 
 12 „ 
 44 „ 
 38 „ 
 
 This immense development in our general trade has been by some attributed to the 
 impetus received from the discoveries in the cotton manufacture ; with this, as before 
 stated, I do not agree. The advance made in civilisation at the time, the knowledge 
 of science, and of the application of the useful arts generally, caused equally the 
 development in the cotton trade and general commerce. While we do not seek to 
 underrate the importance of those discoveries, the trade they gave rise to, or the im- 
 portant effect they have exerted on the trade of the country generally, we will observe 
 that, as a manufacture in which the main value imparted to it is in the labour ex- 
 
32 
 
 pended on it, and as an easily acquired auxiliary to the comfort of the nations 
 inhabiting the frigid and temperate zones, it presented the field, holding out the 
 greatest indcement to the application of economy in the employment of power, and 
 consequently that in which the greatest advantage would be gained by its application. 
 The effect, nevertheless, has been immense on all departments of trade, the appli- 
 cation of economical machine power has equally assisted other departments where 
 the necessity existed, though the progress in this particular manufacture has much 
 exceeded all others, and the wealth it has raised up has given rise to an immense 
 demand for other luxuries. 
 
 The incalculable importance of the cotton trade in ministering to the comfort of 
 millions of the human race is amply evidenced by the fact that its produce now forms 
 an inseparable element in their wants. Contributing alike to the comfort of both rich 
 and poor the cotton cloth which covers emaciation in the squalid haunts of the poor is 
 made from the same material as the gaudy draperies which adorn the luxurious 
 saloons of fashion, or those superbly delicate fabrics which encircle as with gossamer 
 folds the rounded forms of beauty. But, though in the sense in which we mean it, 
 the humbler classes are they who have received the most munificent advantage from 
 its development; those tasteful luxuries of the more fortunate in pecuniary wealth 
 confer a considerable boon on those to whom they are denied, in the occupation it 
 gives to labour and skill in their manufacture. How many poor homeless creatures, 
 prostrated by starvation, enervated by bodily disease, or the cankering sorrows of the 
 world, would have succumbed but for the protection this simple fibre has afforded 
 against the inclemency of our winter. How many homes glow with warmth and 
 plenty from the product of this industry, and but for which perhaps many more sad 
 tales of cold starvation would be surged up from those hidden haunts of sorrow in the 
 homes of our poor. 
 
 Though the numberless and intricate ramifications into which the manufacture 
 divides itself does not permit of our forming an idea of the number of people to whom 
 it gives employment even in our own small islands, still the admirable census returns 
 of Great Britain enable us to comprehend its extent in the two fundamental departments 
 of spinning and weaving. 
 
 The information furnished to parliament at different periods furnishes considerable 
 information on these points, and we will therefore present an analysis as far as will be 
 interesting, and it appears as follows : — ■ 
 
 Year. 
 
 Nnmber 
 of 
 
 factories 
 
 Number 
 of 
 
 Spindles. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Looms. 
 
 Amount of Moving Power. 
 
 Number of Persons. 
 
 Steam.* 
 
 Water. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1835 
 1839 
 1850 
 1856 
 
 
 
 109,626 
 
 46,827 
 71,005 
 88,001 
 
 12,977 
 11,550 
 9,131 
 
 59,804 
 82,555 
 97,132 
 
 113,815 
 141,501 
 157,186 
 
 145,570 
 189,423 
 222,027 
 
 259,385 
 330,924 
 379,213 
 
 1,819 
 1,932 
 2,210 
 
 
 20,977,017 
 28,010,217 
 
 248,627 
 298,847 
 
 * Consuming 15£ tons of coal per annum per horse power, or equal to a total of 1,359,355 tons of coal. 
 
 And we cannot but be struck by the insignificance of the number here shown as 
 employed, when compared with the immense production to which it gives rise. But this 
 happily forms but an atom of those receiving sustenance from its fruitful influence. 
 It has been estimated that for each of these workers there are employed three non- 
 
33 
 
 workers, not being subject to factory inspection, raising the number of those imme- 
 diately employed in the manufacture to one and a half million ; but this is still but 
 
 a tithe of the immense number to which it indirectly gives employment. The 
 
 population of the towns immediately concerned in one or other of the great staple 
 manufactures, shows the relative progress to have been— 
 
 Cotton. Silk. Wool. Wool & Silk. Flax. 
 
 1801 319,072 74,880 169,495 36,238 39,548 
 
 1811 406,982 95,367 195,515 36,478 45,U6 
 
 1821 546,052 124,231 260,691 49,705 48,530 
 
 1831 743,259 161,300 350,857 60,505 67,031 
 
 1841 983,001 190,926 425,555 61,846 87,286 
 
 1851 1,220,104 227,622 507,886 68,195 102,252 
 
 Annual rate of in-") 2 -719 o/o 2'249 olo 2'219 olo 1-273 o/o l-918o/o 
 crease m |-century3 ' / / / 
 
 No more weighty argument perhaps could be adduced of the beneficial effects of 
 the cotton trade than the density of population in those districts which have come to 
 be the centres of the manufacture. A glance at the chart which accompanies the 
 last Census Returns, will amply show that in and around these, which we may call 
 Liverpool, Manchester, and Glasgow, the prosperity must have exceeded that of any 
 other department in the kingdom, if the density of the population in their vicinities 
 may be taken as any indication. 
 
 The destinies of countries and towns, as with states and kingdoms, have always been 
 dependent on the tracks of commerce. Cities have been made and unmade, and king- 
 doms elevated or depressed by simple and silent changes in the course of trade. The 
 mighty ruins in Asiatic plains mean often nothing more than the adoption of some 
 new route by a line of caravans, leaving a proud and stately emporium stranded and 
 desolate ; and in our Northern clime a tract of swampy and marshy land, on which 
 no signs of trade existed, has been mainly reclaimed to agriculture and commerce, 
 and become populous and wealthy by the diversion of that track in the one simple 
 article — cotton. It has been the happy destiny of the port of Liverpool to be the 
 place of ingress for almost the whole of the enormous supply of American cotton to 
 this country ; and as a consequence, the circumstance has assisted materially in the 
 prodigious rise it has made in the last century. In 1555 the population was only 138 ; 
 we may mark its progress : — 
 
 1555 138 1777 34,107 1831 165,221 
 
 1693 4,851 1790.... 55,732 1841.... 223,003 
 
 1730.... 12,074 1801.... 77,708 1851.... 258,346 
 
 1760 25,787 1811 94,396 
 
 1770.... 35,600 1821.. ..118,972 
 
 and with the adjoining townships or suburbs, exclusive of seamen, even amounts to 
 376,065. The rapid strides made in the trade are equally apparent from the follow- 
 ing figures, obligingly furnished by George J. Jefferson, Esq., the Treasurer of the 
 Mersey Dock and Harbour Board : — 
 
34 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 450,060 
 734,391 
 805,033 
 1,411,964 
 2,445,708 
 3,536,337 
 4,451,969 
 
 Dock Duties. 
 1,776 
 3,566 
 4,004 
 33,380 
 65,782 
 94,412 
 151,359 
 178,196 
 211,743 
 366,939 
 comes almost the whole 
 but few, however, un- 
 
 Vessels. 
 1752 — 
 
 1768 1,808 . 
 
 1769 2,054 . 
 
 1800 4,746 . 
 
 1840 6,729 . 
 
 1820 7,276 . 
 
 1830 11,214 . 
 
 1840 15,998 . 
 
 1850 20,457 . 
 
 18&9 21,214 . 
 
 - Every one knows that Manchester is now the focus whence 
 of the cotton manufactures, which every where meet the eye 
 less immediately connected with the trade, can form any idea of the magnitude of the 
 productive power constantly employed in that manufacture, and, still less, of the 
 small number of operatives, comparatively, by which that power is wielded. There 
 are also numerous other towns around Manchester creeping quickly into importance, 
 and which may, ere long, in the course of development become amalgamated with 
 the great city. Taking, however, the city of Manchester, we shall discover an im- 
 mense increase in the population, all of whom, directly or indirectly, are connected 
 with the staple manufacture. 
 
 Thus, in 1757, the population of the township was estimated as only 16,000 
 
 In 1788 it had risen to 42,821 
 
 Manchester, Salford, and the suburbs in 1801 were returned at .... 109,166 
 
 1811 „ 132,099 
 
 1821 „ .... 180,948 
 
 1831 „ .... 261,584 
 
 1841 „ .... 339,734 
 
 1851 „ 439,797 
 
 and while these people, with those in the surrounding towns, by their joint exertions, 
 assisted by all the appliances the knowledge of science can suggest, are able to spin 
 and weave the greater portion of the entire cotton imports, they form, notwithstanding, 
 as we have already seen, but a tithe of the number employed ; but these two simple 
 and primary processes of spinning and weaving are effected by an employment of 
 productive power equal to that of six million people, if engaged in the operations of 
 hand spinning and weaving continuously throughout the year, if unassisted by science ; 
 and yet, in the whole number of factories in which this powerful task is performed, 
 the number of hands employed was, at the date of the last returns (1856), but 
 379,213. We may safely say that Manchester is the receiver and dispenser of 
 thirty millions sterling per annum, an immense consumer and producer ; the districts 
 ministering to its efficacy and power, however, spread far and wide over the length 
 and breadth of the land ; and this, though the greatest is but one of the seats of the 
 trade, for, as tastes alter and the desire for luxuries increases, other kinds of manu- 
 factures than those peculiar to Manchester come into augmented demand, so other 
 departments adding to the beauty and value of the article are equally progressing, 
 forming new or enlarging old ones as nebuli in the great system. The most important 
 of these are Glasgow and Paisley, in the former a large amount of the operation of 
 
35 
 
 dyeing is now carried on, particularly of what is called the Turkey red dye, a very fine 
 red colour in considerable demand in the Oriental markets, as well as the important 
 task of bleaching and the manufacture of muslins and thread. 
 
 Though it is in towns that prosperity so accumulates as to attract attention, whole 
 districts equally share in it, and Lancashire as the country in which the principal 
 concentration of the trade has taken place by reason of its natural advantages, presents 
 in the increase of its population the most extraordinary features of the whole country, 
 containing 1,219,221 acres; the increase, as shown by the last census returns, appears 
 to have been : — 
 
 1801 683,252 1831 1,360,946 
 
 1811 840,095 1841 1,698,609 
 
 1821 1,067,287 1851 2,067,301 
 
 These instances of prolific increase of population in those places where the trade 
 has established itself, while carrying great weight with them in solving the question 
 of the prosperity to which it has given rise, must not be considered solely the effect of 
 that trade. It may be the first cause ; yet many other circumstances, some engendered 
 by it, but many arising from local natural advantages, have contributed to the 
 development. But the relative value of property as compared with the present time 
 presents equally remarkable features. Henry Ashworth, Esq., in an able paper, 
 delivered to the Society of Arts in 1858, instanced two cases which serve prominently 
 to illustrate the subject : — 
 
 The entire county of Lancashire was, in 1692, returned for 
 
 the Land Tax at a value of £97,242 
 
 While the valuation, in 1853, for the County Rate was .... £6,913,073 
 showing an improved value of seven thousand per cent. 
 
 And the Hundred of Salford taken by the same valuation was, 
 
 in 1692 £25,907 
 
 While the valuation, in 1853, for the County Rate was .... £3,051,347 
 or an increased value of eleven thousand seven hundred per cent. 
 
 But perhaps the most extraordinary instance of development is apparent in the 
 Township of Chorlton-upon-Medlock, — 
 
 The return for the Land Tax of which, in 1692, was £256 
 
 While, in 1853, the valuation for the County Rate had in- 
 creased to £143,151 
 
 or an increase of fifty-five thousand seven hundred and seventy-three per cent. 
 
 And, indeed, in every description of produce and property an equal tendency to 
 development is presented. Taking the price per quarter of the great necessary of 
 life, wheat, the annual average of decennial periods appear to have been — 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 In 1687 .. 24 Average 10 years 1790-9 .. 55 11 
 Average 10 years 1730-9 „ 28 „ „ 1800-9 . . 82 2 
 1740-9 .. 27 5 „ „ 1810-9 ..88 8 
 „ „ 1750-9 .. 31 11 „ „ 1820-9 ..58 5 
 „ „ 1760-9 .. 35 8 „ „ 1830-9 ..56 8 
 „ „ 1770-9 .. 45 „ „ 1840-9 ... 55 11 
 „ „ 1780-9 ,, 45 9 „ „ 1850-8 44 11 
 
36 
 
 And that I may not l>e charged with presenting an ex-parte statement, T annex the 
 average price of heef per stone : — 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1690-9 
 
 .. 1 
 
 HI 
 
 1750-9 
 
 1 
 
 10J 
 
 1810-9 .. 
 
 .. 5 
 
 If 
 
 1700-9 .. 
 
 .. 1 
 
 8 
 
 1760-9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1820-9 .. 
 
 .. 3 
 
 8 
 
 1710-9 .. 
 
 ... 1 
 
 H 
 
 1770-9 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1830-9 .. 
 
 .. 3 
 
 H 
 
 1720-9 .. 
 
 .. 1 
 
 n 
 
 1780-9 
 
 o 
 
 . • • • 4 
 
 7i 
 
 1840-9 .. 
 
 .. 3 
 
 3 
 
 1730-9 .. 
 
 .. 1 
 
 8 
 
 1790-9 
 
 3 
 
 « 
 
 1850-9 .. 
 
 .. 3 
 
 Of 
 
 1740-9 .. 
 
 .. 1 
 
 10* 
 
 1800-9 
 
 4 
 
 10* 
 
 
 
 
 These figures speak volumes, embracing as they do the century and a half in 
 which we have made the great advance as a commercial nation ; we cannot but be 
 struck with the marked regularity of the rate of advance and decline. Thus, we 
 find in the case of wheat, that from 1687 up to the close of the second French 
 revolutionary war the price had gradually and irresistibly advanced, in which the 
 price of meat amply sympathised. Since that period the prices have continued to 
 decline ; but we find that it has been the greatest in the case oT wheat, and discover 
 in this the effect of commercial intercourse and free trade. The facilities opened up 
 for the import from other countries, has prevented a continued rise, which the still 
 increasing demand would have imposed upon us but for the enlightened administration 
 with which we are blessed. 
 
 From the immediate connection of the causes which have promoted the development 
 of the cotton trade and the trade of our country generally, as well as our national 
 wealth, it becomes impossible to separate or assign the proportion of the effect on the 
 general trade and prosperity to which the cotton trade directly or indirectly gave rise, 
 and much more difficult is it to guess the extent to which that particular trade has contri- 
 buted to produce the general wealth which we see every where around us ; but whatever 
 proportion is ascribable to it, or its cause, we may see that the advantage accruing 
 from the trade is immense. The economy effected in the manufacture forms as much 
 wealth to the nation, — not wealth acquired merely by one class, but pervading the 
 entire mass of the people, — the scope of which it is a little difficult to comprehend. 
 The distribution of everything in the universe is consummately beautiful. Wherever, 
 as in our case, the intelligence of a people causes an expansion of knowledge, a 
 desire to acquire wealth, by persevering energy, and the employment of the mind 
 and body with the luxuries it brings, there the demand for all the natural products 
 which they work, transform and render more productive, as a consequence, increases 
 relatively in value ; and though we have always acquired considerable wealth fronu 
 our foreign trade, yet, had it all been so obtained, the extent of our true wealth or 
 surplus of production over consumption would be that of our possession of the 
 precious metals or other imported produce ; but this, great as it is, forms but a 
 small part of the national wealth. By the increased productiveness and value of 
 all property to which we have alluded, an immense wealth has taken its birth, which 
 is, however, convertible only within the kingdom, and dependent on the continuance 
 of that demand for its existence, and, so long as the increased value is acknowledged 
 and obtainable, that value is the national wealth. This increased value has pro- 
 portionately raised the cost of luxuries, the demand for which formed the first cause, but 
 it has been so amply met by the economy of production as to be almost imperceptible ; 
 indeed, the wealth it has raised up is so immense, and credit consequently so good, 
 
37 
 
 that though property has become enormously dear, yet that very increase in its value, 
 and the wealth it has raised up, is such as to render it a cheap commodity. Credit 
 being good, money, the means wherewith to obtain it, is cheap. Now, paper money 
 supplies a large proportion of our wants ; and again, much of our wealth is loaned 
 out, and rendered productive simply upon an undertaking between the parties. This 
 wealth then of our people, while greatly assisting in our commercial operations, is only 
 rendered productive by a continued employment of the energies of the people to the 
 satisfaction of legitimate passions. The increased demand for property, while increasing 
 its value, and acting eventually on the cost of all the productions, has permitted of a 
 greatly increased rate of consumption, and extended to the labourer his share in the 
 sweets of the world, while the economy has permitted of his wants being cheaply and 
 more fully supplied. The demand for luxuries, for the possessors of wealth, in the 
 increased value of property, and its further extension by thrift, necessitates so active 
 an employment of the whole mass of the people as to permit of the payment also of 
 a higher rate of wages. 
 
 Certain things we see have increased in value — these are stationary or natural 
 products, — the extent of which cannot be increased with their greater productiveness 
 and value; others have fallen in value by the economy in the production, discovered 
 and exercised, exceeding the increased demand. The increase in the value of the 
 former forms a large part of our national wealth, but forming, as they do, the basis 
 of the production of the other, were it not for the institution of credit, and the im- 
 mense proportion of wealth seeking employment, that value would militate much 
 against the cheapened production and consequent demand upon which that wealth 
 hinges. The product of the cotton industry as the second necessary of life, and as 
 that in which the most radical employment of the economy could be exercised, must 
 necessarily have formed a most important part in these changes, which have raised 
 us to the wealthy position we hold. 
 
 The national debt of the United Kingdom affords some basis on which to found 
 speculations as to the extent of the national wealth. The table No. 11, furnishes the 
 needful data ; we see, by it, that the progress of the debt has been as follows : — 
 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 f'cent 
 
 1691 
 
 £3,130,000 
 
 £232,000 
 
 7-41 
 
 1781 
 
 £189,258,681 
 
 £7,451,052 
 
 3-94 
 
 1701 
 
 12,552,486 
 
 1,219,147 
 
 9-71 
 
 1791 
 
 241,675,999 
 
 9,513,507 
 
 3-94 
 
 1711 
 
 22,398,425 
 
 2,274,377 
 
 10-15 
 
 1801 
 
 517,511,871 
 
 19,819,839 
 
 3-83 
 
 1721 
 
 54,405,108 
 
 2,855,380 
 
 5-25 
 
 1811 
 
 678,200,436 
 
 25,484,765 
 
 3-76 
 
 1731 
 
 50,738,786 
 
 2,219.986 
 
 4-38 
 
 1821 
 
 827,984.498 
 
 31,105,319 
 
 3-76 
 
 1741 
 
 48,382.439 
 
 2,099,950 
 
 4-34 
 
 1831 
 
 782,716,684 
 
 28,329,986 
 
 362 
 
 1751 
 
 77,197,026 
 
 2,769,484 
 
 3-58 
 
 1841" 
 
 792,209,685 
 
 29,462,030 
 
 372 
 
 1761 
 
 114,294,987 
 
 4,148,999 
 
 3-63 
 
 1851 
 
 782,869,382 
 
 27,907,068 
 
 3-56 
 
 1771 
 
 128,986,012 
 
 4,733,694 
 
 3-67 
 
 1859 
 
 805,078,554 
 
 28,204,299 
 
 3-50 
 
 "We shall perceive that from 1691, when the debt proper took its rise up to 1711, 
 the rate of interest payable upon the whole funded and unfunded debt, increased from 
 7| to 10 o/o, showing that the amount of floating capital or wealth was not equal to 
 the demand, while at the time Hargreaves and Arkwright took out their patents 
 (1769-70) it had declined to a rate no higher than that of the present day; but then 
 the amount raised comparatively was so insignificant, — being only one hundred and 
 twenty-nine millions in eighty years?— while in the next forty years it was augmented 
 
38 
 
 "by seven hundred and thirty -two millions, the result of the American war and French 
 revolutions. That this burden has been much mitigated by the astonishing develop- 
 ment of trade since the improvements in the cotton manufacture, is evidenced by the 
 comparatively trifling increase in the rate at which it was supplied, even with the 
 tendency to the destruction of confidence in such a lavish expenditure; may we even 
 find cause for congratulation in the beneficial effects the burden has exercised, but cer- 
 tainly cannot fail to observe the critical nature of the period in which the cotton trade 
 took its birth. 
 
 As a criterion of wealth, the national debt serves more to show the resources of the 
 conntry at the period in which it was raised, or up to about the year 1815, since 
 which it has continued steadily, though slowly, to be paid off; up to that period, mark- 
 ing the opening of a new era in our export trade, when the foreign trade was per- 
 manently opened up, the enormous amount of eight hundred and sixty-one million 
 pounds sterling had been subscribed to the wants of the government, as the surplus 
 wealth over and above the wants of trade ; since that period the exigencies of the 
 state have not necessitated any permanent addition, but, on the contrary, a reduction 
 of the debt, so that the wealth, since accumulated, has been forced to seek employ- 
 ment in other and happily more fruitful channels, in works of improvement in place 
 of the execrable work of destruction ; for all this burden is the result of War. For 
 the purpose of comparison we may glance at the comparative amount of the national 
 debt of the several states of Europe, which appear thus : — 
 
 Great Britain £805,078,554 Belgium £30,000,000 
 
 France 400,000,000 Sardinia 30,000,000 
 
 Austria 280,000,000 Portugal 20,000,000 
 
 Spain 140,000,000 Turkey 20,000,000 
 
 Russia 132,000,000 Denmark .. 13,000,000 
 
 Holland 90,000,000 Hamburg .. 5,000,000 
 
 Prussia 35,000,000 Sweden 500,000 
 
 making the debt of this country nearly forty -two per cent., of the entire European 
 debt of two thousand million pounds sterling. The immense accumulation of wealth 
 which has taken place since 1815 in this country, has come to be embarked in rail- 
 ways, canals, docks, harbours, bridges, mines, banking, gas, insurance, steam, 
 and shipping companies, and a host of other joint stock undertakings, which have 
 assisted and promoted the development of industry ; in colonial and foreign stocks and 
 shares, and landed and household property, as well as the immense amount of the 
 circulating medium ; and though unable at present to present any accurate statement 
 of the capital embarked in these multifarious undertakings, we may find that in the one 
 item of railways alone, the enormous amount of £308,824,851 is so embarked. As 
 evidence of the comparative extent of our wealth as compared with other countries, 
 while all other nations have difficulty in raising the amount of their requirements in 
 cases of emergency, and the invariable necessity which arises for an application to 
 this country for a part or the whole ; it is our happy fortune, and the result of developed 
 trade, that though the mass of the people cannot think so lightly of our burden as 
 a late Chancellor of the Exchequer essayed to do, we have an abundant surplus 
 to meet those demands whenever a sufficient guarantee can be offered. 
 
 The table No. 1 1 amply indicates the one great cause of this immense drain of 
 £28,204,299 annually on our national resources— war in all its stern reality! And 
 
39 
 
 if any means has been ordained by which the curse shall some day be effaced from 
 the earth, civilization and trade will assuredly be the means. The community of in- 
 terest which trade promotes and fosters, must be working towards that end, the 
 artificial and arbitrary boundaries which nations or sections have raised up, are 
 yielding to a system of mutual confidence and reciprocity ; and all find that the acme 
 of comfort, wealth, and prosperity, is more surely and effectually obtained by the 
 peaceful interchange of the fruits of industry. And how large a proportion does the 
 delicate fibre cotton afford in this bond of amity ? What more grateful intercourse can 
 be imagined than the trade between this country and all the cotton growing and con- 
 suming countries, offering as we do a market for the raw material produced, whence 
 it can be manufactured and distributed to other countries in the shape and quantity 
 required ? We return to the producer the articles of luxury and necessity he requires, 
 obtained from every quarter of the globe, enjoying ourselves alike a compatible share 
 in these luxuries the incentive of our labours. It must ever exert a large influence 
 in preserving a state of peace, which, when it can be maintained with honour, it is 
 the true glory and interest of every nation to maintain ; few stronger ties of interest 
 can be interposed, few better securities for continued good-will can be devised than 
 the mutual benefits the cotton trade affords. 
 
40 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Having thus shown the importance of the cotton trade, and the hearing it exerts 
 upon our national industry, we may now proceed to analyse the two most important 
 elements of demand and supply, the collateral circumstances which have aided or 
 retarded their mutual progress, and the consequent wealth it should yield. 
 
 The progress up to the present time may he best delineated by considering their 
 advance together, since the changes in one inevitably produce corresponding alterations 
 in the other, the scale of prices in the greater degree forming the index of the relative 
 conditions of the two. The Table No. 1. will illustrate the progress year by year, but 
 our purpose will be met by taking the quinquenuial averages of the period embraced 
 from the commencement of the century to the present time ; while the Diagram 
 will serve further to illustrate the features it presents. In the earlier years of 
 the century the statistics do not attain the completeness which we find in the later 
 years ; indeed, up to 1 820, I am told it is impossible to obtain from official sources 
 the quantity of cotton consumed in the country, owing to the system of bonded 
 warehouses not having been then established ; previous to that date, therefore, we 
 cannot form an idea of the comparative progress of supply and demand, except in so 
 far as prices assist us to a conclusion : — 
 
 
 Supply, 
 lbs. 
 
 Per cent of excess Demand, 
 over demand. lbs. 
 
 Per cent of excess 
 over supply. 
 
 1805-9. . 
 
 . . . . 65,840,452 
 
 
 
 
 1810-4,. 
 
 .... 86,787,911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 164,502,068 
 
 7 
 
 1825-9, . 
 
 . ..225,717,931 
 
 
 227,324,998 
 
 0-rV 
 
 1830-4, , 
 
 
 
 297,918,941 
 
 1t 3 o 
 
 1835-9 , , 
 
 
 
 407,839,645 
 
 
 
 
 5t 3 o- 
 
 556,630,623 
 
 
 1845-9.. 
 
 
 
 645,102,940 
 
 3 
 
 1850-4.. 
 
 
 U T(J 
 
 824,386,045 
 
 
 1855-9... 
 
 . 1,029,057,680 
 
 
 1,033,281,872 
 
 4 
 
 To 
 
 But here let me 
 
 guard against an error sometimes committed among men immediately 
 
 concerned in forming a correct idea of the extent of either of the two great elements, 
 demand and supply ; I allude to that of considering the rate of demand to be expressed 
 by the quantity consumed, without making allowance for the increased price required 
 to be paid for the article in a time of inadequate supply, which necessarily checks 
 consumption. In reality, both consumption and supply, looking at the matter through 
 a period of time,, is limited by the extent of the other, since the necessity in one case 
 causes a countervailing effect on prices, which, with the extent of accumulated stocks, 
 forms perhaps the fairest criterion of their relative proportions. 
 
41 
 
 The continued decline in prices in the first few years of the century would indicate 
 that supply was then equal to, if not in excess of, demand, until 180.4, when the 
 commencement of the second French revolutionary war, the orders in council, and the 
 non-intercourse and various embargoes on the part of the United States caused the 
 available supply of American cotton to diminish, and prices consequently to advance ; 
 for in 1807 the import was 74,925,306 lbs., and the price 17^d. per lb., while in 
 the following year, 1808, it was 43,605,982 lbs., and the price 25£d. per lb. Neither 
 was this the only case in which the blind policy of the United States had injured our 
 trade, and, consequently, the demand for their own produce. In 1814, the value of 
 American cotton had risen more than 100 per cent in this market, from the effect of 
 the American war, which had lasted throughout that and the two previous years. 
 Throughout the portion of the century up to 1819, the excess of supply over demand, 
 and vice versa, occurred at almost certain intervals. In 1816, however, the growth 
 of cotton received a permanent stimulus ; the demand, which under a state of war of 
 nearly twenty years' duration, had continued oppressed, assisted by the opening up of 
 the foreign trade of the country, and the close of the war in 1815, exhibited a great 
 tendency to increase, which became firmly established, and as a result in the year 1817 
 we received a greatly increased supply, followed in the next by a still greater import, 
 which, in 1819, brought about a corresponding decline in prices, which has, until 
 lately, continued with but few intermissions. Tooke, in his " History of Prices," 
 remarked on the great fall in prices which took place at the period, " that the error 
 usual in such case was committed, the stocks on the spot had been greatly reduced in 
 1816, and a rise in price on this reduced stock was justified, but then, as in more recent 
 instances, the advance in price was not confined to the small stocks on the spot, but 
 was paid for a large quantity in the country of growth to be shipped hither. Could 
 it be imagined that the importation at the close of 1818, being within a trifle of 
 double of what it was in 1816, could be sold at near the price to which the scarcity 
 had raised it, or what more natural, according to the ordinary rules which govern 
 markets, than that the price of Bowed Georgia cotton should have fallen from Is. I0d., 
 which it had reached between 1816-8, to Is. in 1819 ? The result of over trading on 
 a large scale was felt in numerous and extensive failures." But the extended cultiva- 
 tion which gave rise to this decline also tended to economy and improved cultivation, 
 and to so vast an extent that, notwithstanding the immensely increased demand, the 
 great fall in price became not a temporary but a settled and permanent one. 
 
 From 1820 to 1825 the demand continued largely in excess of supply, and up to 
 1834 continued more or less so, as a glance at the Diagram will evidence* In 
 that year, the stocks had become smaller than they had been for sixteen years before, 
 or have ever been since, and prices consequently fluttered upwards. From that 
 period, however, up to 1846, the supply was more than equal to demand, and prices 
 continued to decline until 1846, when United States Uplands cotton reached 4|d. per 
 lb.; fortunately, though low prices had stimulated demand, there yet accumulated 
 a considerable stock, and in the three years to 1845, the stock increased at the rate of 
 seventy million pounds a year. At the end of that year, it was four hundred and fifty- 
 three million pounds. — a larger stock than had ever before or has since been accumu- 
 lated ; and but for this providence, the failure of the two succeeding American crops 
 must have been much more severely felt among the manufacturing districts of this 
 country. 
 
42 
 
 The great falling off in the rate of supply at this period, the result of the low 
 prices and failure of the crops, appears thus : — ■ 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1845... 721,979,953 
 
 1846.... 467,856,274 
 
 1847 474,707,615 
 
 1848 713,020,161 
 
 showing a decline in 1846 of two hundred and sixty-four million pounds, of which 
 two hundred and eight millions were supplied from the accumulated stocks — the price, 
 nevertheless, rising disproportionately from 4jd. to 7fd. per lb. It however proved 
 fortunate that this immense augmentation of the price took place, seeing that there 
 subsequently proved to be an equally short supply in 1847, or a deficiency as com- 
 pared with 1845 of two hundred and forty-seven million pounds, of which the stock 
 made up only sixty-one millions — the price fluctuating about the same range as in the 
 previous year. The prospect of increased energy on the part of the planters, with hopes 
 of a fair yield in America, caused prices to fall in six weeks from 7fd. to 5fd. per lb. 
 The greatly increased cost of the article, occurring as it did at the time of the potato 
 failure in Ireland — which caused the monthly average price of wheat to rise from 
 42s. 6d. to 92s. 6d., — must have added much to the commercial and financial diffi- 
 culties of the period. 
 
 A glance at the Diagram renders the movements at this critical period very 
 transparent ; the green colour will show the period and extent of the demand where it 
 exceeded the supply ; and the red the period and extent of the supply where it ex- 
 ceeded demand ; we have since experienced alternate periods of a preponderance of 
 supply and demand. The stocks, however, which up to 1853 had again slowly but 
 steadily increased, have since as steadily declined, till it now becomes a cause of 
 great uneasiness; for in the event of another cotton dearth similar to that of 1846 
 and 1847, and without the advantage of the stocks then on hand, it is difficult to 
 surmise the extent of mischief to which it will give rise. In place of the stocks 
 increasing with the increased demand and rate of supply, we see they have since 1853 
 continued to decline; and the rise in prices in 1851 and L857 apparent in the 
 Diagram A. sufficiently attests the feeling of anxiety with which the subject is regarded. 
 
 Table No. 12. will furnish the sources whence the supply of the raw material is 
 obtained, but our purpose will be again better served by condensing the matter into 
 annual averages of quinquennial periods. The rate of progression evident in some, 
 and the absolute decline in others, indicate local or constitutional advantages or disad- 
 vantages for its production. Thus the average quantities annually received from each 
 
 source, 
 
 since 1815 
 
 have been 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 United States 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 British 
 East Indies. 
 
 B.W.Indies 
 and British 
 Guiana, 
 
 Other 
 Parts. 
 
 Grand I 
 Total. J 
 
 1815-9 
 1820-4 
 1825-9 
 1830-4 
 1835-9 
 1840-4 
 1845-9 
 1850-4 
 1855-9 
 
 59,404,980 
 103,844,292 
 159,326,280 
 231,337,114 
 327,551,781 
 470,417,078 
 525.590,127 
 647,205,152 
 782,274,506 
 
 19,084,711 
 24,360,668 
 24,357,882 
 26,530,522 
 22,972,862 
 17,286,643 
 21,116,077 
 24,007,892 
 23,483,264 
 
 322,362 
 2,463,078 
 10,293,685 
 4,750,988 
 7,768,755 
 8,798,307 
 11,661,824 
 27,159,431 
 33,751,470 
 
 34,293,655 
 13,553,256 
 23,793,450 
 27,828,314 
 51,260,320 
 84,344,421 
 66,370,532 
 125,621,264 
 180,213,488 
 
 11,223,446 
 7,515,002 
 6,129,023 
 2,450,003 
 1,580,566 
 1,192,119 
 994,996 
 427,735 
 666,974 
 
 6,109,353 
 1,829,610 
 1,817,611 
 1,103,277 
 3,904,904 
 4,268,406 
 873,047 
 2,248,717 
 8,667.978 , 
 
 130,438,507 
 153,565,906 
 225,717,931 
 294,000,218 
 415,039,188 
 586.306,974 
 626,606,603 
 826,670,191* 
 1029,057,680 
 
43 
 
 The relative proportions, therefore, would appear to have been — 
 
 Years. 
 
 United States 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 British 
 East Indies. 
 
 BW. Indies 
 and British 
 Guiana. 
 
 Other 
 Parts. 
 
 -3 
 
 G rand 
 Total. 
 
 1815-9 
 
 •46 
 
 •15 
 
 
 •26 
 
 •08 
 
 •05 
 
 1-00 
 
 1820-4 
 
 •68 
 
 •15 
 
 •02 
 
 •09 
 
 •0^ 
 
 •01 
 
 1*00 
 
 1825-9 
 
 •70 
 
 •11 
 
 •05 
 
 •10 
 
 •03 
 
 •01 
 
 1-00 
 
 1830-4 
 
 •79 
 
 •09 
 
 •02 
 
 •09 
 
 •01 
 
 
 1-00 % 
 
 1835-9 
 
 •79 
 
 •06 
 
 •02 
 
 •12 
 
 
 '•01 
 
 1-00 
 
 1840-4 
 
 •81 
 
 •03 
 
 •01 
 
 •14 
 
 
 •01 
 
 1-00 
 
 1845-9 
 
 •84 
 
 •03 
 
 •02 
 
 •11 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 1850-4 
 
 •78 
 
 •03 
 
 •03 
 
 •16 
 
 
 
 1-00 
 
 1855-9 
 
 •76 
 
 •02 
 
 •03 
 
 •18 
 
 
 '•01 
 
 1-00 
 
 and the considerations presented are — the wonderfully overpowering supply received 
 from the United states as compared with all other countries, having at one period 
 reached 84 per cent of the whole ; that the supply from the Brazils has been almost 
 stationary during the forty-five years embraced, not showing any symptom of a pro- 
 portional increase with the aggregate ; that the supply from the West Indies has 
 continued steadily to decline, until it is now almost insignificant, and ceases to be 
 regarded ; the miscellaneous supply from other parts, which had also steadily declined 
 until the last few years, has, through the exertions of the Manchester Cotton Supply 
 Association and several private individuals, again received an impetus, and gives hopes 
 of opening up new and independent sources of supply; the supply from the Mediter- 
 ranean has slowly but steadily declined ; and that of the East Indies, which had 
 threatened almost to be extinguished under the low prices of 1846, has at length made 
 an effort to respond to the wants of the times in a considerable, and it is to be hoped 
 permanent increase. No one would regret that the cultivation should be trans- 
 ferred to those countries having facilities for its cheap production, since it would 
 simply become an act of felo de se to bolster up prices in order that the production 
 should be sustained in our own colonies ; and yet, when a field presents itself in them 
 which can successfully compete with our foreign supplies, undoubtedly it should receive 
 every legitimate encouragement that a well wisher to the colonies could desire. 
 
 The proportion of our imports which come from foreign sources may be thus shown : 
 
 
 From Foreign Countries. 
 
 
 From British Possessions. 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Proportion. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Proportion 
 
 1815-9 
 
 .... 78,812,053 ... 
 
 . *60 o/o . 
 
 . .. 51,626,454 .... 
 
 •40 o/o 
 
 1820-4 
 
 130,668,038 ... 
 
 . -85 „ . 
 
 .. 22,897,868 
 
 •15 „ 
 
 1825-9 
 
 193,977,847 ... 
 
 . -86 ., . 
 
 .. 31,740,084 
 
 •14 „ 
 
 1830-4 
 
 262,618,624 ... 
 
 . '89 „ 
 
 31,381,594 
 
 •11 „ 
 
 1835-9 
 
 .... 358,293,398 ... 
 
 . -86 „ . 
 
 .. 56,745,790 
 
 •u „ 
 
 1840-4 
 
 496,502,028 ... 
 
 . -85 „ . 
 
 .." 89,804,946 
 
 •15 „ 
 
 1845-9 
 
 558,368,028 ... 
 
 . -89 „ .. 
 
 .. 68,238,575 
 
 •11 
 
 1850-4 
 
 698,372,475 ... 
 
 . -84 „ . 
 
 . .. 128,297,716 .... 
 
 •16 „ 
 
 1855-9 
 
 839.509,240 ... 
 
 . -83 „ . 
 
 . .. 189,548,440 .... 
 
 •18 „ 
 
 And reflecting that in the last century the larger proportion was supplied by our own 
 colonies, the present diminutive proportion so supplied evidences, one would think, a 
 palpable superiority in foreign countries in this respect, or gross mismanagement in 
 our own colonies, which are abundantly equal to the production for our requirements. 
 Upon this subject we will however hereafter discourse, and consider the relative abilities 
 of each cotton producing country, as shown by their past and present rate of progress. 
 
44 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The immense strides made in the cultivation of cotton in the United States ; the 
 comparatively cheapened supply, since it entered into competition in our market; 
 Jtnd the power its effect on prices exerts on the supply from other sources, gives to it 
 an importance second to none in the world. Anything which may throw light on the 
 subject of the cultivation and prospects of supply, therefore becomes of general 
 interest, forming, as it does, the mainspring of the most important manufacture of 
 our country. 
 
 Our knowledge of the production of cotton in North America is comparatively 
 recent ; indeed it seems probable it was very insignificant until the close of last 
 century ; but whatever may have been the proportion, it was confined entirely to the 
 supply of a domestic manufacture which could not have been of any extent. In 
 1748, seven small bags of cotton were exported from Charleston, and again a few 
 in 1754. In 1770 ten bags were shipped to Liverpool; and eight bags imported into 
 the latter port in 1784 were seized by the Customs officers, on the ground that so 
 much cotton could not have been produced in the States. The export of American 
 cotton to Europe was thereafter as follows :- — 
 
 1785 14 bags. 1788 389 bags. 
 
 1786 6 „ 1789 842 „ 
 
 1787 100 „ 1790 81 „ 
 
 The progression of the trade since the last date has been prodigious. The 
 Table No. 4. furnishes the detail, from which we extract the following, showing the 
 progress of the exports from the United States :— 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1791 189,316 
 
 1801 20,911,201 
 
 1811 62,186,081 
 
 1821 124,893,405 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1831 270,979,784 
 
 1841 530,204,100 
 
 1851 927,237,089 
 
 1858 1,118,624,012 
 
 The falling off apparent in the rate of increase in the last few years, under a 
 greatly increased rate of demand, has suggested the idea that the productive power of 
 the country is not equal to the growing demand. It will be our aim in the following 
 remarks, to analyse the resources at command to meet these wants, and discover, if pos- 
 sible, what causes do or may stand in the way of the needful extension of production. 
 
 Glancing at Table No. 13, we shall see that the proportion yielded by each of the 
 several States of the Union has been as follows, in bales : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 New Orleans, 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Arkansas and 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Texas, &c. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 S. Carolina 
 
 N. Carolina 
 and 
 Virginia. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1824 .. 
 
 126,481 
 
 
 152,735 
 
 134.518 
 
 46,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 44,924 
 
 509,158 
 
 1834 ... 
 
 454.719 
 
 
 258 665 
 
 227,359 
 
 77,945 
 
 36,738 
 
 149,978 
 
 1,205,394 
 
 1844 .. 
 
 832,171 
 
 
 255,597 
 
 304,870 
 
 23,118 
 
 145.562 
 
 467,990 
 
 2,030,409 
 
 1854 .. 
 
 1,346.925 
 
 122,755 
 
 316,005 
 
 416,754 
 
 33,460 
 
 155,444 
 
 538,684 
 
 2.930,027 
 
 1859 .. 
 
 1,669,274 
 
 277,283 
 
 475,788 
 
 480,653 
 
 70,593 
 
 173,484 
 
 704,406 
 
 3,851,481 
 
45 
 
 The inequalities thus apparent in the relative progress of the cultivation in the 
 several States, arises from a combination of various causes, as the over working and 
 impoverishment of the soil, want of labour, the more profitable employment of the 
 land in other branches of agriculture, the working of more fertile soils rendering that 
 on poorer soils unprofitable, and other varied circumstances without number. 
 
 The port whence comes our greatest supply of cotton is New Orleans, the chief 
 city and port of Louisiana, situated on the Mississippi, at its outlet into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. The mighty Mississippi, of which it thus forms the terminal port, and which 
 gives to New Orleans its immediate advantages, greater than any other in the Union, 
 presents, with its tributary rivers and their branches, a total of 16,674 miles navigable 
 for steamers, delivering at New Orleans the principal part of the produce of the 
 States through which it and all its many tributaries flow, — Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Alabama, or nearly one half the total crops of the 
 United States. We will, however, proceed to notice the peculiar features of each of 
 the cotton growing states. 
 
 Mississippi, one of the western States, lies west from Alabama to the Mis- 
 sissippi River, and contains 23,895,628 acres, of which 344,358 are culti- 
 vated. The soil presents great variety. In North Mississippi it varies from 
 sandy plains to rich dark productive alluvial soils. On the northern and eastern 
 sections from Mississippi down along the Alabama boundary lie the prairie lands ; 
 in these the soil is a dark heavy loam of great strength and fertility, and strongly 
 impregnated with lime. The Tombigbee River flows through this section, and delivers 
 its cotton to Mobile, another of the Gulf ports. East Mississippi has a mixed soil, 
 some poor and some rich land ; cotton is not, however, extensively grown in it. In 
 the west and south-west the soil is very rich. From fifty miles below the mouth of 
 the Yazoo River, extending one hundred miles into the interior from the Mississippi 
 River, and stretching north with a sweep to Memphis, lie the swamp lands ; these are 
 the most productive in the State, having all the strength of the prairie lands without 
 their corrosive nature. But on the whole the soil and climate of Mississippi are 
 admirably adapted to the cultivation of cotton. 
 
 The chief rivers in the State which flow into the Mississippi are the Yazoo and 
 Big Black Rivers, the Pearl River runs into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Tombigbee, 
 as before stated at Mobile ; there are as yet but few railways, the one between Jackson 
 Brandon and Vicksburg, on the mouth of the Yazoo River at its junction with the 
 Mississippi, sixty miles in length, is the chief one which assists in the delivery of 
 cotton, but several other lines are in progress. Mississippi was admitted into the 
 union in 1817 ; the statistics are included with its neighbour state Louisiana. The 
 increase of population has been as follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 cent 
 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 cent of 
 
 1840. 
 
 cent of 
 
 1850. 
 
 of in- 
 
 
 
 
 increase. 
 
 
 increase. 
 
 
 crease. 
 
 Slave population . 
 
 .32,814 
 
 65 s 6i8 
 
 100 
 
 192,986 
 
 195 
 
 300,419 
 
 57 
 
 Free population . 
 
 .42,634 
 
 71,158 
 
 60 
 
 182,665 
 
 157 
 
 306,136 
 
 68 
 
 
 .75,448 
 
 136,806 
 
 81 
 
 375,651 
 
 183 
 
 606,555 
 
 61£ 
 
 Louisiana, one of the western States, lies south and west of Mississippi, contain- 
 ing 29,715,840 acres, of which only 1,590,000 are cultivated. It is very flat and 
 
46 
 
 level ; the swamp and prairie lands in the south-west are only ten to fifty feet above 
 the level of high tide ; generally the land is of a rich alluvial character and highly 
 productive ; that bordering on the Red River and the Mississippi is of extraordinary 
 fertility, but its crops are liable occasionally to almost total destruction by inundation, 
 as in 1849 and 1850, The cultivation of the sugar cane has lately greatly interfered 
 with the more rapid development of cotton cultivation in this State. The chief rivers 
 running through Louisiana are the Red, Wachita, Saline, and Tensas Rivers, affording 
 ample means of conveyance, through the Mississippi, to New Orleans. The increase 
 in the population has been as follows : — 
 
 Slave population, 
 Free population , 
 
 Total 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 1830. 
 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 1840. 
 
 f cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 1850. 
 
 p cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 34,660 
 41,896 
 
 69,114 
 87,293 
 
 100 
 108 
 
 109,588 
 105,987 
 
 58 
 21 
 
 168,350 
 184,061 
 
 54 
 74 
 
 244,786 
 272,953 
 
 45| 
 48 
 
 76,556 
 
 156,407 
 
 104 
 
 215,575 
 
 40i 
 
 352,411 
 
 64 
 
 517,739 
 
 47 
 
 The progress of the cotton crops of Louisiana and Mississippi have been as follows : — 
 
 Average of three years ending. . 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 469,000 
 492,000 
 
 ' 811,000 
 716,000 
 
 45£ 
 
 1,232,000 
 1,167,000 
 
 51£ 
 63 
 
 Arkansas, another of the western States, lying north of Louisiana and west of 
 Mississippi, containing 33,406,720 acres, of which only 781,531 are cultivated. The 
 land in the southern portion is best calculated for the growth of cotton ; there is much 
 swamp and prairie. On the margin of the rivers the lands are very rich and yield 
 heavy crops ; the resources of the State are however, comparatively undeveloped, 
 having been admitted into the Union so lately as 1836. The means of conveyance 
 are very ample, the Arkansas River is navigable 650 miles from the Mississippi, the 
 Red River crosses the south-west corner of the State, and the St. Francis, White, 
 and Wachita Rivers also afford excellent facilities of transport. The increase in the 
 population has been as follows : — 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 4,572 
 25,816 
 
 10,918 
 85,656 
 
 140 
 
 234 
 
 46,982 
 162,657 
 
 135| 
 88 
 
 30,388 
 
 97,574 
 
 223 
 
 209,639 
 
 115 
 
 The increase in the crops of cotton have been as follows : — 
 
 Average of three years ending 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 7,000 
 8,000 
 
 47,000 
 48,000 
 
 571i 
 500 
 
 105,000 
 97,100 
 
 123| 
 100 
 
 Tennessee, another of the western States, lying north of Mississippi and Alabama, 
 containing 28,160,000 acres of which only 5,175,173 are cultivated. The soil in 
 Western Tennessee is black, rich, and fertile ; in Eastern Tennessee the valleys from 
 five to ten miles in width, lying between the mountain ridges, are very rich land, 
 
47 
 
 impregnated with lime. This is the largest Indian corn growing State in the Union. 
 Admitted into the Union in 1796 ; its population has increased as follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ° «* 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 z » 
 
 
 o • 
 ** m 
 
 
 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 C ca 
 
 0) !D 
 U t- 
 
 1820. 
 
 S3 
 
 1830. 
 
 S3 c3 
 0) 0) 
 
 1840. 
 
 1 8 
 
 1850. 
 
 § 1 
 
 
 
 
 5 g 
 
 
 f-( ° 
 
 
 n ° 
 0) C 
 
 
 <3 S3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ah 
 
 
 (V s 
 
 
 Ph " 
 
 
 p.- 
 
 
 IV" 
 
 Slave popula- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,584 
 
 44,525 
 
 238| 
 
 80,185 
 
 82 
 
 141,603 
 
 761 
 
 183,059 
 
 36f 
 
 239,461 
 
 30i 
 
 Free popula- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 92,018 
 
 217,202 
 
 136 
 
 342,628 
 
 58 
 
 540,301 
 
 58 
 
 646,151 
 
 19 
 
 763,164 
 
 18 
 
 Total 
 
 105,602 
 
 261,727 
 
 
 422,813 
 
 61| 
 
 681,904 
 
 614 
 
 829,210 
 
 211 
 
 1,002,625 
 
 201 
 
 With the cotton crops of this State are included those of North Alabama, the increase 
 appears as follows : — 
 
 Average of three years ending. 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 69,000 
 108,000 
 
 217,000 
 218,000 
 
 214 ± 
 101§ 
 
 317,000 
 284,000 
 
 46 
 30| 
 
 ' ■* The growth of Tennessee is collected by the Tenessee River navigable for 1,000 miles, 
 and the Cumberland River navigable 500 miles, both emptying into the Mississippi, 
 through the Ohio River. The Tennessee River also flows through North Alabama and 
 forwards the cotton of that district to New Orleans. A railway has recently been 
 opened from Nashville to Chattanooga, 150 miles, which may divert some portion of 
 the cotton grown in Tennessee to Charleston and Savannah, thus apparently increasing 
 the crop at those points. There was on the 1st January, 1852, about 200 miles of 
 railroad in operation in Tennessee, and about 600 miles in course of construction. 
 
 Texas is the newest and most western of the cotton growing States, containing about 
 300,000,000 acres, of which about 640,000 only are cultivated. The lands so far as 
 known are rich, alluvial, and prairie, yielding heavy crops. The population in 1850 
 was 187,403, of whom 53,346 were slaves; the population, however, must have much 
 increased since by immigration from the other states which is said to continue on a 
 large scale. 
 
 The cotton crop of Texas in 1847 was 8,000 bales, and in 1859, 192,000 bales, 
 showing an increase of 2,300 per cent in twelve years. Galveston is the chief port of 
 Texas ; a considerable portion, however, of the Texas cotton is forwarded direct to 
 New Orleans by way of the Red River, and thus comes into the Louisiana receipts. 
 
 Georgia, one of the Atlantic States, lies east of Alabama, north of Florida, and west 
 of South Carolina, containing 37,120,000 acres, of which about 6,500,000 acres are 
 cultivated. Tt presents great diversity of soil. The islands and shores produce the 
 famous Sea Island cotton. Extending inland 90 to 120 miles from the coast are 
 pine barrens, and tide swamps, on which but little cotton is grown. The middle 
 region of the State has a red loamy soil, once very productive, but now much 
 impoverished by the exhaustive system of growing cotton year after year, without 
 rotation of crops or sufficient manure. The lands in the south-west portion of the 
 State are of a light sandy nature, and soon wear out under such treatment. Northern 
 Georgia does not produce largely of cotton. Georgia was one of the States which 
 
48 
 
 originally formed the Union, and the increase in the population is thus shown :— 
 
 
 
 
 ■nt of 
 ;ase. 
 
 
 ° 6 
 c c§ 
 
 
 >nt of 
 
 ;ase. 
 
 
 nt of 
 
 ase. 
 
 
 nt of 
 ■ase. 
 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 er ce 
 
 1820. 
 
 9 22 
 <3 c 
 
 1830. 
 
 ° is 
 
 *-> a 
 
 1840. 
 
 er ce 
 ncre 
 
 1850. 
 
 er ce 
 'mere 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 p-"" 
 
 
 PL. 
 
 
 P-T 
 
 
 
 Slave population . . 
 
 59,404 
 
 105,218 
 
 78 
 
 149,656 
 
 42 
 
 217,461 
 
 45i 
 
 280,546 
 
 29 
 
 381,681 
 
 
 Free population 
 
 102,697 
 
 147,215 
 
 43 
 
 199,333 
 
 35 
 
 299,362 
 
 51 
 
 410,846 
 
 37 
 
 524,318 
 
 27 
 
 Total 
 
 162,101 
 
 252,433 
 
 55i 
 
 348,989 
 
 38* 
 
 516,823 
 
 ~48~ 
 
 691,392 
 
 34 
 
 905,999 
 
 31 
 
 The increase in the cotton crops has been has follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 o 6 
 
 +i CO 
 
 
 
 
 o « 
 -fj to 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 1839. 
 
 C « 
 
 2 s 
 
 1849. 
 
 o.S 
 Ph 
 
 1859. 
 
 f= 25 
 
 OJ CD 
 CJ H 
 
 o 
 <D .S3 
 
 Average of three years ending. . 
 
 246,000 
 211,000 
 
 205,000 
 257,000 
 
 24 
 21| 
 
 391,000 
 296,000 
 
 90| 
 15| 
 
 476,000 
 360,000 
 
 21| 
 21| 
 
 The chief city and port of Georgia is Savannah, situate at the mouth of the Savannah 
 River ; the principal rivers are the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha Rivers flowing 
 into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers, which join to form 
 the Apalachicola River, emptying at the port of that name in Florida into the Gulf of 
 Mexico ; a considerable portion of the cotton, the growth of Georgia, finds its way 
 thus to Apalachicola, and is included in the Florida receipts. The principal transport 
 of cotton, however, is effected by means of railroads of which no cotton growing state 
 has so complete and efficient a system as Georgia. The railroads are Savannah to 
 Macon, Augusta to Atlanta, Macon to Atlanta, Atlanta to Chattanooga, Macon to 
 Oglethorpe, Columbus to Port Valley, Macon to Eatonton, Augusta to Erinsonville ; 
 there are also branch lines, making a total of about 900 miles of railroad in operation, 
 besides additional lines now in course of construction. 
 
 South Carolina, another of the Atlantic States, lies north-east of Georgia, con- 
 taining 17,920,000 acres, of which 4,073,000 acres are cultivated ; the soil of this 
 State is very similar to that of Georgia. Sea Island cotton grows on the coast and 
 islands; pine barrens, marshes, and swamps extend from 80 to 100 miles inland 
 from tbe coast, producing chiefly rice. Cotton is grown on the banks of the rivers and 
 creeks, but is chiefly the produce of the interior and northern portion ; the soil there 
 is of the same red loamy description as that of Middle Georgia, the upper portion is 
 generally fertile. South Carolina was another of the original states of the Union. 
 The increase of population has been as follows : — 
 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 2 ° 
 
 C $ 
 
 <u CU 
 
 CJ IH 
 
 M CJ 
 
 * .5 
 
 Ph 
 
 10 
 
 1820, 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1 Per cent of 
 j increase. 
 
 1840. 
 
 ° i 
 
 Ph"" 
 
 ~?T 
 i 
 
 1850. 
 
 384,925 
 283,544 
 
 ° o 
 
 S3.S 
 
 Pu 
 
 'l7f 
 6 
 
 Slave population . . 
 Free population . . 
 
 146,151 
 199,440 
 
 196,365 
 218,750 
 
 258,475 
 244,266 
 
 31£ 
 12 
 
 315,401 
 265,784 
 
 22 
 09 
 
 327.038 
 267,360 
 
 
 345,591415,115 
 
 20£ 
 
 502,741 
 
 21 
 
 581,185 
 
 15| 
 
 594,398 
 
 n 
 
 668,469 
 
 "lii 
 
49 
 
 The progress of the cotton crops appear as follows : — 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Average of three years ending. . 
 
 195,000 
 161,000 
 
 210,000 
 233,000 
 
 12| 
 
 44f 
 
 458,000 
 356,000 
 
 118 
 
 52| 
 
 481,000 
 428,000 
 
 5* 
 20 * 
 
 The chief city and port is Charleston, The principal rivers are the Pee, Dee, Santee, 
 and Edisto, but more than three-fourths of the cotton crop is conveyed to Charleston 
 by railroad. In 1848 there were 274,000 bales ; in 1849, 340,000 ; and in 1850, 
 285,000 bales thus conveyed. On the 1st January, 1852, there were 340 miles in 
 operation in South Carolina, and 298 miles in course of construction, much of which 
 must have been since completed. The means of early delivery at Charleston is thus 
 secured. 
 
 North Carolina and Virginia contribute only comparatively a trifling pro- 
 portion of the total cotton crop ; the soil of these States is sandy and poor, and the culti- 
 vation of cotton has in a great measure been abandoned for that of tobacco and other 
 crops ; the crops of cotton now yielded by them is less than thirty years ago. The 
 decrease will be observed from the following statement : — 
 thirty years ago. 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Average of three years ending . . 
 
 72,000 
 87,900 
 
 33,000 
 45,000 
 
 27,000 
 19,000 
 
 71,000 
 57,000 
 
 Neither has the slave population increased as in the other cotton growing states ; 
 the progress may be seen thus : — 
 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 =!r cent of 
 lcrease. 
 
 ' 1840. 
 
 ircent of 
 lcrease. 
 
 
 1850. 
 
 ?rcent of 
 lcrease. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 Slave population, Virginia .... 
 
 425,183 
 205,017 
 
 479,757 
 245,701 
 
 12| 
 19£ 
 
 448,886 
 215,331 
 
 7 
 
 
 473,026 
 288,412 
 
 M 
 
 17* 
 
 
 
 
 The very low rate of increase of late years is due to the fact that numbers of slaves 
 have been removed to the more fertile lands in the south and west, and also to their 
 having been largely superseded in these states by free labourers. 
 
 Florida lies south of the Atlantic States, and of part of Alabama, and forms the 
 tongue of land, or as it were the breakwater of the Gulf of Mexico, containing 
 37,931,000 acres, of which only 349,000 are under cultivation. Cotton is 
 grown almost solely in the north-west portion ; the State was ceded to the United 
 States in 1821 ; but owing to the Indian war, which was only terminated in 1842, 
 its progress has been materially checked. The population has increased as follows : — 
 
 D 
 
50 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 
 15,500 
 19,230 
 
 25,800 
 28,647 
 
 661 
 49 
 
 39,341 
 48,046 
 
 52 
 68 
 
 
 34,730 
 
 45,447 
 
 59 
 
 87,387 
 
 63 
 
 The progress in the cotton crops may be thus seen. It will be observed that the 
 increase, which between 1839 and 1849 was very considerable, has been considerably 
 lost in the last ten years. 
 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Cotton Crop, bales 
 
 Average of three years, ending 
 
 75,000 
 88,000 
 
 200,000 
 160,000 
 
 i66f 
 81f 
 
 173,000 
 144,000 
 
 13| 
 10 
 
 Apalachicola is the chief port of Florida, and situate at the mouth of the river of 
 that name. A considerable quantity of cotton, the growth of Alabama and Georgia, 
 comes down the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers into the Apalachicola river, and thence 
 to the port, thereby swelling the receipts which are returned as from Florida. 
 
 Alabama lies west of the Atlantic States, and contains 32,027,690 acres (or 
 nearly equal to the entire area of England and Wales), of which 4,435,614 acres are 
 cultivated. The soil in the south and east is sandy and poor, but that in the north and 
 west is more fertile. Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1810. The progress 
 in the population has been as follows : — 
 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1840. 
 
 "Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Slave population. 
 Free population- 
 
 41,879 
 86,022 
 
 117,549 
 191,978 
 
 180| 
 123 
 
 253,425 
 337,331 
 
 76 
 
 342,894 
 428,777 
 
 35| 
 27 
 
 Total 
 
 127,901 
 
 309,527 
 
 142 
 
 590,756 
 
 90| 
 
 771,671 
 
 30i 
 
 
 The crops of cotton appear as follows : — - 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase, 
 
 1859. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Average of 3 years, ending... 
 
 80,000 
 80,000 
 
 252,000 
 264,000 
 
 215 
 230 
 
 519,000 
 426,000 
 
 106 
 61i 
 
 704,000 
 576,000 
 
 35| 
 35 1 
 
 The chief city and port of Alabama is Mobile, situate at the mouth of the Mobile 
 River, which is formed by the confluence of the principal rivers of the State, and 
 thus delivers nearly all its produce to Mobile. The river navigation of Alabama is 
 very complete. The Tombigbee River, navigable for 540 miles, rises in North 
 Mississippi, and by its junction with the Alabama River, 60 miles above Mobile, 
 forms the Mobile River, contributing to the receipts of cotton at Mobile from 80,000 
 to 100,000 bales annually of cotton grown in Mississippi, together with a considerable 
 quantity from Western Alabama. The Black Warrior River, navigable for 150 
 miles, flows through the north-west of Alabama and delivers into the Alabama River. 
 
51 
 
 The Alabama River, navigable for 450 miles, gathers the cotton from East and 
 Central Alabama, and, joining the Tombigbee, forms the Mobile Eiver. So complete 
 is this magnificent system of river navigation, 1,370 miles in extent, that but a very 
 small proportion arrives by land carriage at Mobile, though the quantity brought in 
 by that means has lately considerably increased. 
 
 The following statement shows the proportions in which these different sources 
 supply the receipts of cotton at Mobile : — 
 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 1856. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 lleceipts from Alabama River 
 Tombigbee „ 
 „ Black Warrior 
 ,, Wagons, rail, &c... 
 
 Bales. 
 240,608 
 234,522 
 
 64,666 
 6,094 
 
 Bales. 
 254,990 
 214,415 
 
 62,191 
 7,058 
 
 Bales. 
 223,907 
 154,59,8 
 36,907 
 21,292 
 
 Bales. 
 260,000 
 300,000 
 59,000 
 40,000 
 
 Bales. 
 214,000 
 148,000 
 61,000 
 80,000 
 
 Bales. 
 226,000 
 121,000 
 
 66,000 
 109,000 
 
 Bales. 
 346,000 
 116,000 
 
 84,000 
 139,000 
 
 
 545,890 
 
 538,654 
 
 436,704 
 
 659,000 
 
 503,000 
 
 522,000 
 
 685,000 
 
 
 Railway communication in Alabama is comparatively in its infancy; there is, 
 however, considerable railway enterprise now existing. The Mobile and Ohio Railway, 
 of which about 232 miles are already in operation, will extend north 520 miles, and 
 .connect Mobile with the mouth of the Ohio, opening up a rich field for the ex- 
 tension of cotton cultivation throughout the entire length of Eastern Mississippi and 
 Western Tennessee, which will, no doubt, largely increase the trade of Mobile, and 
 improve the character of its cottoo. Other important lines are also projected. 
 
 The cotton statistics of the United States are generally treated of in bales, though 
 that standard is very vague and undefined. Apart from the different form and 
 weight of the bale adopted by the various States, the weight is perpetually altering, 
 as may be seen from the figures given in Table No. 14 ; there is a decided tendency 
 to an increase, particularly in the bales from the United States, from the circumstance of 
 inland transit charges, in that country, being charged on the bale or package, and not 
 on the weight ; from the East Indies and other places likewise, where the home- 
 iward freight is charged on the measurement, there exists, also, an inducement to 
 Inress the bales as far as practicable. Thus the average weight of all kinds imported 
 
 ~3 this country has been at different periods : — 
 
 1820 249 lbs. per bale. 1850 392 lbs. per bale. 
 
 r ' 1830 .... 300 „ 1859 .... 421 
 
 f 1840 .... 365 
 
 n considering the statistics therefore so presented, we must take into consideration 
 this increase. 
 
 To glance at the cotton crops of the United States, as given in Table No. 13, and 
 taking the quinquennial averages, we shall discover that the rate of increase has been 
 - follows 
 
 Aggregate. Average. Rate of Increase. 
 
 ) Bales. Bales. Bales. 
 
 1825-9 3,837,565 767,513 
 
 ( 1830-4 5,279,001 1,055,800 . . 288,287 
 
 1835-9 ....... 7,200,012 ., 1,440,002 384,202 
 
 1840-4 9,905,638 1,981,128 541,126 
 
 1845-9 11,349,921 2,269,984 288,856 
 
 1850-4 13,659,901 2,731,980 461,996 
 
 1855-9 16,280,146 3,256,029 ...... 524,049 
 
52 
 
 If we were to adopt the theory of trade running in certain fixed grooves, we should be 
 justified, by the marked regularity in the rate of increase between 1830 and 1844, and 
 1845 and 1859, in predicting, ere long, a return to the low prices of 1846, and another 
 great fall in the production; and though it might guide our prognostications if it were pos- 
 sible to divine all the attendant circumstances, we must bear in mind that the relative posi- 
 tion and extent of the demand in 1845 and 1860 are very dissimilar; and, moreover, that 
 the system of quinquennial averages is not always reliable, from its embracing more or less 
 good or bad seasons (as the case may be) at one time than another; thus, next year the 
 rate of progression will be more equal, and the quinquennial periods ending then 
 would, perhaps, give a fairer average, from their embracing two good, two bad 
 seasons, and one fair one. But, taking the figures as they stand, what was a source 
 of much uneasiness, or the signs of a diminished rate of increase of supply from 
 this source, upon which we have so long learned to depend, at the very time when 
 requirements were greater than usual, has been somewhat meliorated by the great 
 increase in the past two crops, as well as the anticipations as to that now being har- 
 vested. To render the decline more apparent we will take decennial in place of 
 quinquennial averages, and the annual rate of increase in the crops will then appear : — 
 
 Average Price decennially of 
 Bales. United States Uplands. 
 
 1830-9 .... 336,244") 7g 747 7| 
 1840-9 .... 414,991 j ' 5| 
 1850-9 .... 493,0223 78,031 6| 
 In these figures at first sight we discover little valid reason for so much anxiety, since 
 the decline apparent is only T or about one per cent. But looking at the compara- 
 tive prices, it will be remarked that apart from the small decline apparent in the extent 
 of the crops, the years 1840-9 were years of low prices succeeding higher prices than 
 those now existing ; and that, therefore, the rate of increase should have been much 
 greater in 1850-9, which were years of comparatively high prices following low ones ; 
 and that while the spur of high prices has been maintained throughout the last decen- 
 nial period, by reason of the inadequacy of the supply to meet the demand, the 
 increased production in the States induced by it has neither been equal to that in the 
 former period, nor adequate to the growing demand. 
 
 Although these facts tend to support the reason for the prevailing uneasine>~ 
 it is not to be supposed that the United States have reached the climax of the. 
 producing power, as some people seek to essay. There is not a question but tha 
 many circumstances, apart from the decline in the relative rate of progression in 
 production to that of demand, tend to show a reason for a prospective declension of 
 the power of increased production — simply that circumstances which formerly existed 
 in favour of a development of that power, are working out to their fullest extent. 
 Thus it is stated, the most eligible lands have been put under cultivation, althougFV 
 communication further opens up, lands equally so will be brought into cultivation^ 
 that where new lands have been opened up and wrought without manuring, (and up 
 which system the cheap prices were maintained), the land has become impoverished 
 and been ultimately abandoned ; that to make of it a permanent cultivation, there 
 must be a rotation of crops and the application of manure, in which case it necessi- 
 tates a higher value being obtained for the produce ; and lastly, and most important, 
 that the amount of available labour is quickly being employed. 
 
53 
 
 A cursory perusal of the review which I have given of each of the cotton producing 
 States, (the data for which I have obtained from the annual statement of Messrs. Neill 
 Brothers and Co., Cotton Merchants of New Orleans, Mobil*, and New York, through 
 the kind permission of J. C. Ollerenshaw, Esq. of Manchester,) will suffice to show 
 that the power of these States to increase their production of cotton is not limited by 
 any lack of lands adapted to its growth — scarcity of labour and capital are the only 
 restrictions to their producing power, so long as cotton continues a remunerative crop. 
 
 The nature and scarcity of the labour employed is, however, a serious obstacle to 
 the progress of the cultivation. The capital, which should find its sphere of action in 
 agricultural extension and improvement, is locked up in the purchase of slaves to work 
 the land ; and the number of these is limited, so that any greatly increased demand 
 for them, raises the price so high as to neutralise in a great measure the profit of 
 extending the cultivation by means of newly purchased hands, — thus preventing the 
 planters and the world from deriving that advantage which ought to accrue to all 
 parties from an increase of consumption, and forcing English spinners to seek for 
 supplies from countries less fitted for the growth of cotton. That there has, however, 
 been a considerable diversion of labour out of its old channels into the cotton fields, 
 in consequence of the profitable nature of the cotton culture, is shown by the follow- 
 ing aggregate summary of the slave population in the principal cotton states, the 
 increase in which in the decennial periods ending 1830, 1840, and 1850, amounted 
 to the annual averages respectively of 5f, 4|, and 3f per cent. In effect- 
 ing this transfer of labour to the cultivation of cotton, which has only been done in 
 periods of high prices like the present, the price of a good field hand, which in ordinary 
 seasons did not exceed 500 to 700 dollars, is occasionally raised, as is now the case, to 
 from 1,200 to 1,500 dollars. 
 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Slave population in cot- j 
 ton States, excluding J- 
 North Carolina & Texas J 
 
 Or an annual increase of . . 
 
 632,600 
 
 987,000 
 
 56| 
 H 
 
 1,451,000 
 
 47 
 
 1,979,000 
 
 36£ 
 3| 
 
 But, while presenting these figures, which, showing a slight increase in the actual 
 rate of progress, exhibit a decline in the per cent of increase, if we glance at the 
 relative increase made in the other and non-cotton producing States, we shall discover 
 that, while in the former in the twenty years 1830 to 1850, the slave population has 
 more than doubled itself, in the latter the increase has been only equal to twenty per 
 cent, illustrating the amount of drain which has taken place from them to supply the 
 wants of the cotton cultivation. Thus the slave population of the — • 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Rate 
 of increase. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Cotton producing States with the exceptions 
 Non-cotton producing States and including 
 
 987,000 
 1,022,043 
 
 1,979,000 
 1,225,313 
 
 992,000 
 203,270 
 
 100 
 20 
 
 Total slave population of United States .... 
 
 2,009,043 
 
 3,204,313 
 
 1,195,270 
 
 
54 
 
 If we look at the yield of cotton per acre in the several States, as returned by the Mar- 
 shalls in 1850, we shall discover that in those States which have been longest worked the 
 yield is much less than in the comparatively new cotton producing States ; but, since 
 the employment of manures on the older lands, I am informed the yield per acre has 
 largely increased. 
 
 Yield of Seed Cotton per acre. Clean Cotton. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 112 
 135 
 144 
 
 225 
 236 
 247 
 292 
 315 
 337 
 
 Florida 250 
 
 Tennessee 300 
 
 South Carolina 320 
 
 Georgia 500 
 
 Alabama 525 
 
 Louisiana 550 
 
 Mississippi 650 
 
 Arkansas 700 
 
 Texas 750 
 
 So far as price is concerned, the great discrepancy apparent in the yield of the several 
 States, is considerably mitigated and equalised by the additional cost and uncertainty 
 of carriage with which the new and more distant lands are burdened, as compared 
 with the older lands with their organised means of conveyance. The comparatively 
 smaller yield of the older States, which may be ascribed to the overworking of inferior 
 soils, we may take to show the falling off in the yield in them ; and, as the new and 
 more fertile lands have larger costs of carriage to bear, we may infer that the cost of 
 production has increased, apart from the increased price required to be paid for slave 
 labour, which has been greatly neutralised by the improvements in cultivation and 
 the economy of labour. But it is sometimes asserted that the system is arriving at 
 perfection, — that we cannot look for much further improvement to compensate for the 
 continued decrease in the yield exhibited, — that we cannot hope for a return of the 
 low prices of 1845 and 1848, and that, admitting the United States can supply the 
 increasing demand, it must be effected by a corresponding increase in the price of 
 cotton. 
 
 As already stated, the extent of land really in cultivation, as compared with that 
 which is capable of it, is yet very small. From a table compiled by the American 
 Government, it appears the present crops could be easily quintupled were the neces- 
 sary labour and capital forthcoming. The paper purports to give the extent of land 
 capable of producing cotton in the States, the extent in cultivation, and the hands 
 employed thereon in 1852, thus — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feople 
 
 Probable 
 
 
 Acres under 
 
 
 Acres adapted 
 
 necessary 
 
 Produce in 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 People 
 
 to Cotton 
 
 to its 
 
 Bales of 400 lbs 
 
 
 Cultivaton. 
 
 Employed. 
 
 Cultivation. 
 
 Cultivation. 
 
 each. 
 
 
 160,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 
 440,000 
 
 55,009 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 250,050 
 
 1,000.000 
 
 
 620,000 
 
 77,500 
 
 200,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 162,500 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 
 1,480,000 
 
 185,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 187,500 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
55 
 
 The question of the extent of future supplies resolves itself almost exclusively 
 into that of the extent of available labour and of cost. There is reason to believe that 
 formerly, during the period of low prices, the cultivation was carried on without 
 sufficient attention to rotation of crops or manuring — partly the cause, and partly the 
 effect of those low prices ; but now, manures are being extensively used in the older 
 States, with excellent results. The rate of increase of the slave population in the 
 cotton growing States, we have seen advanced with regularity, except in North Carolina 
 and Virginia, where it has remained almost unaltered during the last thirty years ; and 
 it is amply proved that there is still a very large reserve of labour in the sugar, rice, 
 and tobacco plantations transferable, and indeed, being transferred to cotton cultiva- 
 tion, which at present prices pays better than other produce. An immense extension 
 of production is now taking place and will continue so long as the prices hold up. 
 The stimulus, however, of increased prices would increase it still more and produce 
 for us the surplus stock we require to give us again a range of low prices, while any 
 disaster which may check consumption, as war, or famine, or crisis in monetary 
 matters, though undesirable contingencies may assist the increased production in 
 restoring the low price range. 
 
 The extent to which the want of labour can be supplied is a question peculiarly 
 deserving a few remarks. The total number of slaves in the cotton States was, 
 in 1850, 1,979,000; and by the Government table already quoted only 787,500 
 of these were employed in the cotton cultivation. The planters state that on rich 
 bottom lands seven bales to the hand are picked, and half the number of slaves on 
 the plantations are employed in picking; with the uplands six bales to the hand is a 
 fair proportion, which gives 350,00 slaves to pick the crop of 1850, and 700,000 
 of all kinds on. the plantations, which, as the crop was a small one, is not far from the 
 mark, and tallies with the official statement for the next crop of 1851. The past crop 
 by this rule employed 640,000 to pick it, and there must have been 1,280,000 slaves 
 on the cotton plantations, an increase of over ten per cent per annum in the slaves 
 employed in cotton cultivation ; thus, the slave labour in the United States in 1850 
 was equal to pick six million hales if all were employed in the cotton cultivation. 
 But at present there are no spare hands in the United States, that is, those who are 
 not employed in cotton cultivation are employed in some other ; and no more than a 
 very few could be added to the regular available force, for the reason that there are no 
 spare hands anywhere, except the domestic slaves, and the planters will not spare 
 these while they can afford to keep them in their service at home, and they are now 
 almost always working in the fields where owned by small farmers. Not more, 
 however, than one half the slave population in the cotton States is now employed in 
 picking the crop. The increase in the slave population in the United States has 
 varied but little during the last sixty years, having, during that time, always ranged 
 within 2% to 3-|- per cent per annum ; it is therefore quite clear that the immense 
 requirements of the cotton cultivation can only be met by a proportionate declension 
 in other branches of agriculture, and at the present time the cultivation of sugar, 
 which had sprung up in Louisiana, is yielding to this more profitable cultivation. 
 Slavery is at present working its extension by its profitable employment, so far as 
 cotton is concerned. Ruinously low prices of cotton would extinguish slavery, but in 
 the Southern States of America it is now more prosperous than ever. How long this 
 
56 
 
 can continue is a question which must arise in every mind, and one as difficult to 
 find a reply to. While acknowledging its terrible strength from its deep rooted 
 vitality, we must all dread the severity of the revulsion which must sooner or later 
 arrive, and of which we have even lately received practical and unmistakeable warning ; 
 though, thus extending its sphere, it must ere long work its own extinction. The 
 increasing value or cost of that labour, unless it can be fed by the return of the 
 execrable external trade, will inevitably force on the planters the advantage of a free 
 labouring class. All the world are daily yielding to a Christian repugnance of such 
 an institution, and justly so, for allowing for all the wild exaggerations of the misery 
 it entails, it is unquestionably an inhuman law. In truth it is an expensive luxury, a 
 dangerous and artificial state, and even in a worldly point of view, an error. The cost 
 of a first-class negro in the United States is about £300, and the interest on the 
 capital invested in, and the wear and tear of this human chattel is equal to ten per 
 cent, which, with the cost of maintaining, clothing, and doctoring him, or another 
 five per cent, gives an annual cost of £45 or 17s. 4d. per week ; and the pampered 
 Coolies in the best paying of all the tropical settlements, Trinidad, receive wages 
 that do not exceed, on an average all the year round, 6s. per week, or about 
 two-Jifths, while in the East Indies, with perquisites, they do not receive so much 
 as one-third even of this. In Cuba the Chinese immigrants receive not more than 
 Ss. to 4s. per week. Is it not then an error, the maintainance of so barbarous and 
 loathsome an institution, which must ere long explode, or crumble beneath the weight 
 of its own superstructure ? Of the ability of Coolie, Chinese, or even European immi- 
 grants to labour in the cotton States, there does not seem much doubt ; indeed, in 
 Texas at the present day, there is some extent of cotton land in cultivation by free 
 European settlers. But a radical change must occur in the constitution of these States 
 before this free labour will pour in naturally. The treatment of the Coolies and Chinese 
 in Cuba, which is far worse than that of the slaves, of whom it is the interest of the 
 owner to take care, has already gone far to stay the tide of immigration in that 
 direction ; but the numbers of Chinese already in California may still be drawn down 
 to the cotton fields by the inducement of high pay, though I much fear before a per- 
 manent alteration is made the accumulation of evils in the system may yet force a 
 solution of the difficulty and even rend the constitution. 
 
 The anxiety to which the deficient supply of cotton received from the United States 
 gives rise, is ascribable in a great measure to the increased consumption taking 
 place in the manufactories of that country, as well as in those on the Continent of 
 Europe, to meet which a considerable diversion of the exports takes place, thus 
 \ diminishing the quantity or proportion of the crop available to meet our demand, 
 ^ith a view of illustrating this, we may take a summary of Table No. 15, by which 
 we shall discern the distribution of the crops for the last thirty years in annual averages 
 of quinquennial periods thus : — 
 
 
 
 
 Other 
 
 
 Consumption of 
 
 Stocks, 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 France. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Total. 
 
 United States. 
 
 1st September 
 
 1830-4 
 
 645,803 
 
 191,794 
 
 42,130 
 
 879,727 
 
 174,656 
 
 54,748 
 
 1835-9 
 
 861,645 
 
 268,621 
 
 61,503 
 
 1,191,769 
 
 239,648 
 
 50,667 
 
 1840-4 
 
 1,142,675 
 
 364,639 
 
 151,516 
 
 1,658.830 
 
 306,441 
 
 83,397 
 
 1845-9 
 
 1,246,950 
 
 321,595 
 
 247,029 
 
 1,815,574 
 
 457,894 
 
 149,320 
 
 1850-4 
 
 1.506,879 
 
 362,629 
 
 304,503 
 
 2,174,011 
 
 555,297 
 
 131,731 
 
 1 855-9 
 
 1,745,838 
 
 431,724 
 
 439,103 
 
 2,612,666 
 
 632,172 
 
 101,785 
 
57 
 
 showing the following proportions and rate of increase : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 Per Cent. 
 
 France. 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Other 
 Countries. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Consumption of 
 United States, 
 Rate of 
 Increase. 
 
 Stocks, 
 1st September, 
 Rate of 
 Increase. 
 
 1830-4 
 
 •74 
 
 •22 
 
 •04 
 
 1-00 
 
 
 
 1835-9 
 
 •72 
 
 •23 
 
 •05 
 
 1-00 
 
 64,992 
 
 
 1840-4 
 
 •69 
 
 •22 
 
 •09 
 
 1-00 
 
 66,793 
 
 32,730 
 
 1845-9 
 
 •G8 
 
 •18 
 
 •14 
 
 1-00 
 
 151,453 
 
 65,923 
 
 1850-4 
 
 •69 
 
 •17 
 
 •14 
 
 100 
 
 97,403 
 
 
 1855-9 
 
 •67 
 
 •16 
 
 •17 
 
 1-00 
 
 76,875 
 
 
 It must, however, be observed, that the consumption of the United States here given 
 only includes that north of Virginia ; the consumption south and west of Virginia is 
 omitted, as well as in the totals given of the crops. The consumption south and 
 west of Virginia is given for part of the time in Table No. 15 ; in the three last 
 periods it would appear to have been, in annual averages of quinquennial periods, 
 thus : — 
 
 1845-9 80,000 Bales. 
 
 1850-4 .... 87,500 „ 
 
 1855-9 .... 117,500 „ 
 exemplifying the fact that the manufacture is gaining ground in the cotton producing 
 States. 
 
 The fact that other countries are now carrying off a gradually increasing proportion 
 of the production, is a valid reason for a proportional falling off in our supply. But 
 then, again, as this does not entirely arise from an increased demand for goods in 
 those countries, there would be an equivalent decline in our rate of production of 
 manufactures, and consequently of demand for the raw material ; so that the falling 
 off in the rate of increase of production of the raw material, as compared with the 
 demand, is in our case still unaltered. The diversion of supplies is, however, worthy 
 of comment. It is by the figures above adduced, unpleasantly substantiated, that 
 some grounds of vantage must exist in favor of the manufacture rising up in the 
 Continental countries of Europe. Thus, in the last twenty-five years, those countries, 
 excluding France, have increased their demand wonderfully as compared with ours ; 
 and though their comparative extent is yet insignificant, should they continue their 
 rapid advance, it is evident we shall soon have to contend with formidable rivals. But 
 every one who has given any attention to the matter, knows full well that as to com- 
 peting with us in foreign markets, excepting in one or two particular classes of goods, 
 which it does not serve the purpose of our manufacturers to produce, we have almost 
 every ingredient for ultimate success in our favor. That we must, however, lose some " 
 portion of the Continental markets as customers, seems rational and probable. The 
 proportion which France has and should have borne as a consumer of the raw material, 
 is painfully indicated in the last thirty years even, and exhibits the folly of protective 
 duties, by impoverishing the protected manufacturers. The decline apparent at the close 
 of the revolutionary period 1849, shows the dire effect of those internal disturbances 
 which, while tending to destroy the national industry of that country, has also fettered 
 the trade of our own. 
 
 The increase in the home consumption of the United States is considerable. The 
 low prices, 1845 to 1849, greatly assisted the trade \ it has withal an ^appearance 
 
58 
 
 of steady increase throughout. The proportion of the home trade to the export 
 demand is thus shown : — 
 
 Export. Home Consumption. 
 
 1830.4,. .. 
 
 83 Per Cent." 
 
 . . * • 
 
 17 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 1835-9 
 
 83 
 
 JJ 
 
 ( • , • 
 
 17 
 
 j> 
 
 1840-4.. .. 
 
 84 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 16 
 
 »j 
 
 1845-9..., 
 
 80 
 
 5? 
 
 • . . ♦ 
 
 20 
 
 >> 
 
 1850-4.... 
 
 80 
 
 J J 
 
 
 20 
 
 5> 
 
 1855-9 
 
 80 
 
 J J 
 
 
 20 
 
 JJ 
 
 showing that the consumption keeps pace with both the growth and export ; hut if we 
 add to this the quantity shown to he consumed in the cotton growing States, we shall 
 discover that the consumption in the United States is increasing in a greater ratio 
 than either. The home consumption usually referred to is only that in what may he 
 termed the manufacturing portion of the Union, or north of Virginia. That south 
 and west of Virginia, until lately, was not recorded, and even now is not included in 
 the return of crops. The crops, as returned, are only the receipts at the ports. 
 Taken as a whole, the consumption of the United States would appear to he — 
 
 
 Consumption 
 
 
 
 North of Virginia. 
 
 All other Places. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1848... 
 
 . 523,892 
 
 92,152 
 
 616,044 
 
 1849... 
 
 . 504,143 
 
 138,342 
 
 642,485 
 
 1850... 
 
 . 476,486 
 
 137,012 
 
 613,498 
 
 .1851... 
 
 . 386,429 
 
 
 485,614 
 
 1852... 
 
 . 588,322 
 
 . .... 111,281 
 
 699,603 
 
 1853... 
 
 . 650,393 
 
 153,332 ...... 
 
 803,725 
 
 1854.. . 
 
 . 592,284 
 
 
 737,236 
 
 1855.. . 
 
 . 571,117 
 
 135,295 
 
 706,412 
 
 1856.. . 
 
 . 633,027 
 
 
 770,739 
 
 1857... 
 
 . 665,718 
 
 154,218 
 
 819,936 
 
 1858... 
 
 . 452,185 
 
 143,377 
 
 595,562 
 
 1859.. . 
 
 . 760,218 
 
 
 927,651 
 
 extent of 
 
 the cotton crops 
 
 of the United States is perha 
 
 )S more particularly 
 
 dependent upon the nature of the seasons than any other crop in any part of the 
 world. The length of the season, upon which so much depends, is hut just 
 sufficient for the full development of the plant, and a week later in the spring, or a 
 week earlier in the fall, maybe the ruin of an otherwise plentiful crop ; besides which, 
 of course, the period and extent of the rainy and dry seasons is as much im- 
 portant. The following table will show the features of the last ten seasons and their 
 results : — 
 
59 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 Showing date of frosts ; time of cotton growing ; dates of "bloom and receipts of first 
 bale ; and crops and features of the last ten seasons in the United States of 
 America. 
 
 Season. 
 
 WHITE 
 
 Latest in 
 Spring. 
 
 FROSTS. 
 
 Earliest in 
 Fall. 
 
 Time of 
 Cotton Growing 
 in Months and 
 Days. 
 
 Dat; of 
 First Blcom, 
 
 Receipt of 
 First Bale. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 
 
 
 Mths. Days. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1849-50 
 
 April 16 
 
 Nov. 8 
 
 6 
 
 .. 22 
 
 June 
 
 6 
 
 Aug. 7 
 
 2,096,706 (a) 
 
 1850-51 
 
 » 7 
 
 Oct 26 
 
 6 
 
 .. 19 
 
 >> 
 
 24 
 
 >, 11 
 
 2,355,257 (6) 
 
 1851-52 
 
 „ 22 
 
 Nov. 6 
 
 6 
 
 .. 14 
 
 V 
 
 5 
 
 July 25 
 
 3,015,029 (c) 
 
 1852-53 
 
 6 
 
 „ 7 
 
 7 
 
 .. 1 
 
 }» 
 >» 
 
 3 
 
 Aug. 2 
 
 3,262,882 (d) 
 
 1853-54 
 
 March 15 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 7 
 
 .. 10 
 
 10 
 
 » 9 
 
 2,930,027 (e) 
 
 1854-55 
 
 April 29 
 
 Nov. 5 
 
 6 
 
 .. 6 
 
 jj 
 
 12 
 
 July 25 
 
 2,847,339(/) 
 
 1855-56 
 
 March 28 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 6 
 
 .. 27 
 
 May 
 
 30 
 
 „ 26 
 
 3,527,845 (g) 
 
 1856-57 
 
 » 3 
 
 » 16 
 
 7 
 
 .. 13 
 
 June 
 
 4 
 
 » 15 
 
 2,939.519 (h) 
 
 1857-58 
 
 April 23 
 
 Nov. 20 
 
 * 6 
 
 . 28 
 
 j> 
 
 24 
 
 Aug. 15 
 
 3,113,962 (i) 
 
 1858-59 
 
 V, 24 
 
 „ 7 
 
 6 
 
 .. 14 
 
 ti 
 
 1 
 
 July 25 
 
 3,851,481 {j) 
 
 (a) Frost in April. Great overflow of Mississippi in Spring. Fine season thereafter. 
 (6) Another great overflow of the Mississippi. Long drought in Summer. Open Winter. 
 
 (c) Genial Spring. Weather very dry from May to August. Fine picking season. 
 
 (d) Fine Spring. Rain till middle of July. Storms in August. Picking season prolonged. 
 
 (e) Late Spring. Drought till middle of July. Frost in October. Fine picking season. 
 (/) Spring late and unfavorable. June fine. July wet. Fine August. Storm in September. 
 
 Fine picking season. 
 
 (g) Late Spring. Fine Midsummer. Wet July. Maturing and picking season very fine. 
 (A) Late cold Spring. Drought in Summer. Storms in August. Rapid maturing and pick- 
 ing- 
 
 (i) Very backward Spring. Frosts in April. Cold Summer. Light frosts, and fine picking 
 season. 
 
 ( i ) Spring favourable. Fine Summer. Overflow of Mississippi. Extremely fine maturing 
 and picking season, 
 
 BAST INDIES. 
 
 Apart from the reasons which point to the inadequacy of the rate of production 
 in the United States to meet the growing demand, there are also numerous others which 
 render it of the utmost importance that the supply of cotton from India should be 
 encouraged to the largest possible extent. As a colony in which we have a deep 
 interest, enjoying an abundance of labour, with almost every diversity of soil and 
 climate, and adapted to cotton cultivation, as is unmistakeably proved in its present extent 
 and antiquity, there is every incentive to probe the reason and endeavour to discover 
 the means by which that desirable end may be attained. 
 
 The following figures will show the quinquennial average proportion which the annual 
 imports of East India cotton bears to the total quantity imported from other countries, 
 and exhibits the gradual ascendancy of American produce in our markets, thus : — 
 
 J 
 
60 
 
 
 East India. 
 
 
 
 
 All other kinds. 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 1815-9 .... 
 
 34,293,655 
 
 or 
 
 26 
 
 per cent. 
 
 .... 96,144,852 or 74 per cent 
 
 1820-4 .... 
 
 13,553,256 
 
 or 
 
 09 
 
 
 140,012,650 or 91 
 
 j» 
 
 1825-9 .... 
 
 23,793,450 
 
 or 
 
 10 
 
 ) j 
 
 201,924,481 or 90 
 
 •i 
 
 1830-4 
 
 27,828,314 
 
 or 
 
 09 
 
 jj 
 
 266,171,904 or 91 
 
 j» 
 
 1835-9 
 
 51,260,320 
 
 or 
 
 12 
 
 >» 
 
 363,778,868 or 88 
 
 jj 
 
 1840-4 
 
 84,344,421 
 
 or 
 
 14 
 
 jj 
 
 501,962,553 or 86 
 
 jj 
 
 1845-9 
 
 66,370,532 
 
 or 
 
 11 
 
 »> 
 
 560,236,071 or 89 
 
 jj 
 
 1850-4 
 
 125,621,264 
 
 or 
 
 16 
 
 jj 
 
 701,048,927 or 84 
 
 jj 
 
 1S55-9 
 
 180,213,488 
 
 or 
 
 18 
 
 JJ 
 
 848,844,192 or 82 
 
 jj 
 
 The first recorded import of East India cotton took place in 1783, and though there 
 is an evident and considerable rate of increase up to the present time, it is still unsatis- 
 factory when compared with the increase shown from the United States. Up to the 
 beginning of the present century the quantity of East India cotton imported was so 
 fluctuating as to render it almost impossible to ascribe to it any general or rather 
 specific ratio of increase ; by taking for our basis however, the annual averages of 
 decennial periods, we shall be able to arrive at a rate of progression and account 
 intelligibly for the variations which are so frequent and apparently uncertain, thus: — 
 
 1789 to 1798 487,230 lbs. 
 
 1799 „ 1808 3,661,134 
 
 1809 1818 19,776,975 
 
 1819 „ 1828 23,058,315 
 
 1829 „ 1838 38,025,505 
 
 1839 „ 1848 72,990,689 
 
 1849 „ 1858 140,768,139 
 
 The most novel and important feature presented is the sudden check which arrested 
 the onward progress in the period 1819-28, as the consequence doubtless of the 
 immense reduction in price established in the interval ; and we cannot fail to observe 
 the unpreparedness of the growers of India for this fall in price, as is evidenced by 
 the rate of progress in the succeeding period having even increased under a still ' 
 further decline, though not at so rapid a pace as that which happily characterises the 
 two last decennial periods, arising partly from the higher prices prevailing in Liver- 
 pool, and partly from better cultivation, combined with greater facilities of internal 
 communication, and speedier correspondence with Europe. The variations are caused 
 principally by the fluctuations in prices in the Liverpool market ; stimulating doubtless 
 to a certain extent the industry of the native grower in times of high prices and 
 'deficient supply, but chiefly supplied from the quantity which otherwise would have 
 been exported to China direct from India. The proportions which the several divisions 
 <of our Indian empire have furnished of these imports in the last nine years appears : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Bombay. 
 
 Madras. 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Singapore. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 lbs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1850 
 
 112,408,140 
 
 5.571,450 
 
 85,789 
 
 807,363 
 
 
 118,872,742 
 
 1851 
 
 112 373,721 
 
 6,460,782 
 
 1,175,940 
 
 2,616,519 
 
 14 
 
 122,626,976 
 
 1852 
 
 80,492,272 
 
 3,808,224 
 
 557,088 
 
 64,848 
 
 
 84,922,432 
 
 1853 
 
 159,069,494 
 
 12,718,114 
 
 7,660,242 
 
 1,817.642 
 
 582,668 
 
 181,848,160 
 
 1854 
 
 110,179,104 
 
 5,420,576 
 
 1,144,416 
 
 3,044,135 
 
 47,778 
 
 119,836,009 
 
 1855 
 
 137,089,232 
 
 6,310,528 
 
 86,912 
 
 1,692,544 
 
 
 145,179,216 
 
 1856 
 
 168,263,536 
 
 8,696,128 
 
 1,418,928 
 
 1,966,384 
 
 151,648 
 
 180,496,624 
 
 1857 
 
 228,521,328 
 
 17,245,424 
 
 2,534,560 
 
 2,036,832 
 
 
 250,338,144 
 
 1858 
 
 123,769,408 
 
 5,438,944 
 
 190,400 
 
 3,323,824 
 
 
 132,722,576 
 
61 
 
 Our statistics of the Indian export trade do not extend back sufficiently far to allow 
 of any correct idea being formed of its earlier features. The earliest period we have 
 any statistics to bear on the subject is of the port of Calcutta from the year 1795-6, 
 at which date almost the whole of the cotton exported from India was made through 
 that port ; and even since that date a small quantity of the produce of India has gone 
 direct to the United States. But save the novelty thus presented, the features of the 
 trade were very incongruous, and in the later years when it did not present a propor- 
 tion of the entire exports of India, the figures are of little value, except as instancing 
 the decline in the one particular port, which, adopting again the averages of decennial 
 periods, appears thus : — 
 
 1796 to 1805 3,903,738;ibs. 
 
 1806 „ 1815 16,470,990 
 
 1816 „ 1825 33,533,285 
 
 1826 „ 1834 16,934,258 
 
 In the case of Madras, the figures show the annual average to have been for the period, 
 
 1825-34 5,041,713 lbs. 
 
 It is only in the year 1834-5, however, that the statistics at our command assume 
 a complete form. The exports from the three Presidencies were respectively in 
 annual averages of quinquennial periods. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Bombay. 
 
 Madras. 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 Total 
 all India. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1835-9 
 
 91.309,665 
 
 13,576,300 
 
 31,380,575 
 
 136,266,540 
 
 1840-4 
 
 141,802,690 
 
 18,992,400 
 
 13,976,820 
 
 174,771,910 
 
 1845-9 
 
 133,886,826 
 
 13,969,569 
 
 9,900,497 
 
 157,756,892 
 
 1850-4 
 
 179,838,889 
 
 18,770,256 
 
 22,663,188 
 
 221,272,333 
 
 1855-8 
 
 222,076,713 
 
 15,962,242 
 
 9,702,974 
 
 247,741,829 
 
 And we will observe the important part the Bombay Presidency has hitherto played in 
 furnishing even these supplies : In Bengal there are evident signs of a decay in the 
 cultivation — at all events for export, while Madias is yet quite unable to extend its 
 sphere of production, as is amply evidenced by its sluggish response to an advance in 
 prices. Even in the Bombay Presidency the low-priced years 1843 to 1849 produced 
 a great decline in the export trade; but this is not surprising, considering that even 
 in the United States it was stated the planters were at the time for the most part work- 
 ing their estates at a loss. 
 
 The distribution of this export has not, however, been made entirely to Great 
 Britain, for the statistics show it to have been — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 Other Parts. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 ^~ 
 
 
 1835-9 
 
 lbs. 
 51,161,059 
 
 lbs. 
 85,105,481 
 
 lbs. 
 136,266,540 
 
 1840-4 
 
 88,868,685 
 
 85,903,225 
 
 174,771,910 
 
 1845-9 
 
 70,757,425 
 
 ^82,427,227 
 
 4,572,240 
 
 157,756,892 
 
 1850-4 
 
 130,557,160 
 
 84,332,450 
 
 6,382,723 
 
 221,272,333 
 
 1855-8 
 
 185,229,082 
 
 42,973,429 
 
 19,539,418 
 
 247,741,929 
 
62 
 
 The steadiness apparent thus in the rate of supply to China until the last period, and the 
 then sudden falling off is very remarkable. It will be at a glance detected that though 
 the supply to this country has of late considerably increased, the total export from India 
 has not proportionately done so. In short, that as the demand for and export to Europe 
 increases, and raises the market price, that for China almost in an equal ratio declines ; 
 showing it to be subservient to and contingent on the British demand. And further, 
 that in years of low prices, when the export from India to Europe is small, a corres- 
 ponding increase takes place to the China market. By the figures adduced, we see 
 that in the case of the export to Great Britain the increase in the last twenty years 
 has been two hundred and sixty-two per cent, while the increase in the total exports 
 to all parts was only eighty-two per cent. The simple fact seems to be, then, that 
 our increased importation of raw cotton from India, attracted by a high price ruling 
 in the home market, does not necessarily imply an enlarged growth in India itself, 
 but a proportionate decline in the quantity exported to China from Calcutta and 
 Bombay — the Chinese not being purchasers of the raw material at the high prices 
 current in London and Liverpool. 
 
 And in India, as in all the cotton exporting markets of the world, we find the quantity 
 exported to Continental Europe has wonderfully increased in the last period 1854-8 ; 
 in that period the following have been the quantities so exported : — 
 
 lbs, 
 
 1854- 5 .. 1,160,660 
 
 1855- 6 .. .. 5,235,916 
 
 1856- 7 .. 13,389,719 
 
 1857- 8 .. .. 33,846,464 
 
 Much controversy has arisen as to whether the increase apparent in the exports of 
 raw cotton from India in the last twenty years is really the result of an increased pro- 
 duction. If we were to consider the wants of the natives of India to have remained 
 stationary, the greatly increavSed export of British cotton manufactures thence to India 
 go far to make up for the increased exports of cotton hence. Looking at the Table 
 No. 18. furnished in Dr. Forbes Watson's excellent paper read before the Society of 
 Arts in the last session, the weight of cotton exported from this country to the East 
 Indies in manufactured goods, taken in annual averages of quinquennial periods, 
 appears to have been : — 
 
 Weight of Cotton in Cotton Weight of Cotton Exported 
 Manufactures Exported to India. from India. 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 1840-4 49,837,791 174,771,910 
 
 1845-9 59,118,201 157,756,892 
 
 1850-4 87,789,303 221,272,333 
 
 1855-7 101,993,544 272,395,875 
 
 (average 
 3 years.) 
 
 But the basis upon which the weight of exported goods is here calculated does not 
 make any allowance for difference in the class of goods now exported ; the exports of 
 cotton goods to the East Indies now run much more on fine goods ; the coarser kinds, 
 which in former years were exported thither, are now scarcely ever shipped, so that 
 H increase shown in the weight is perhaps a little overdrawn. Still making allowance 
 
63 
 
 for this, if We deduct also for the decline in the exports of India piece goods, the in- 
 crease in the weight of cotton exported from India is very trifling. There is, however, 
 ahundant proof that the wants of the people have not remained stationary, the 
 immense increase in the demand for and production of all East India produce cannot 
 but have given to them the power of satisfying a wish for greater luxury, which with 
 them displays itself in the decoration of the person. As instancing the demand for 
 Indian produce of all kinds, the computed real value thereof imported into the United 
 Kingdom in the last five years, the rate of increase has been, as compared with the 
 declared real value of British manufactures exported thither, as shown in Table 
 No. 19 thus:— - 
 
 East Indian Produce Imported, British Manufactures Exported 
 computed real Value. to the East Indies. 
 
 £ £ 
 
 1854 12,973,613 10,025,969 
 
 1855 14,758,721 10,927,694 
 
 1856 19,373,524 11,807,659 
 
 1857 21,094,301 13,079,653 
 
 1858 17,407,185 18,283^852 
 
 And therefore we may infer, that there has been an increased internal demand for and 
 consequent production of native manufactures, even though the quantity of the raw 
 and manufactured cotton exported has not greatly increased. And there are good 
 reasons which substantiate this view in another manner, thus : taking the effect of 
 prices upon the Indian market, we shall see that the quantity available for export has 
 increased, while the price has actually declined, thus in decennial averages : — 
 
 Price per lb. of Cotton Imported from 
 
 East Indian Cotton. East Indies.* 
 
 d. lbs. 
 
 1790 21 422,207 
 
 1800 14 6,629,822 
 
 1810 15± 27,783,700 
 
 1820 8£ 20,294,400 
 
 1830 5 12,324,200 
 
 1840 4f 77,011,839 
 
 1850 5i 118,872,742 
 
 1857 5| 250,338,144 
 
 If, therefore, as is here shown, the imports from India have continued to increase, 
 notwithstanding a comparatively reduced price, it is evident that the market value of 
 the article in the Indian market is comparatively lower, either arising from an in- 
 creased production, or an improved and cheapened mode of cultivation; and applying 
 a very commonplace rule, this fully proves that the people are permitted and will 
 exercise a greater consumption under the cheapness, necessitating an increased pro- 
 duction if a profitable one, and which, if it were not, would force a corresponding 
 increase in price until it became so. 
 
 * Though figures here adopted are the imports into the United Kingdom, the first quantity 
 ^presenting the entire exports from India (nearly all the cotton then being exported to this 
 country), the deductions drawn from them are quite correct. 
 
61 
 
 We may now proceed to notice more particularly tlie extent of cotton cultivation in 
 India; the districts in which this cultivation is carried on; the causes which have 
 prevented or retarded its extension ; and the means which have been pointed out as 
 necessary to be employed in the accomplishment of this most important and national 
 object, viz., an increased supply of Indian cotton, to do away with the present 
 suicidal dependence on one source for the maintenance of our position as a manu- 
 facturing nation. 
 
 The extent of cotton production in India is a question which has been much can- 
 vassed of late years, and various estimates have been made, all more or less differing 
 according to the basis upon which they have been formed. Major- General Briggs 
 assumed that 375 millions of pounds weight are required annually by the natives for 
 a portion of their dress weighing 2\ lbs., and that for various domestic uses double 
 this quantity is required, making the total consumption in native manufactures not 
 less than 750 million pounds. Dr. Wight, on the other hand, sets down the con- 
 sumption at 20 lbs. per capita, or 3,000 million pounds. This estimate in the 
 opinion of the late Dr. Forbes Royle is too high, but others have even considered it 
 too small. It may be remarked, that such a quantity would require for its production 
 nearly twelve times the surface, assumed as the extent of the cotton farms, in a report 
 made to the Government at the time. Dr. Forbes Watson estimated the total quantity 
 grown to be 2,432,395,875 lbs., distributed thus : — 
 
 lbs. 
 
 For Internal Consumption 2,160,000,000 
 
 Exportation 272,395,875 
 
 being nearly equivalent to double the quantity grown in the United States. He 
 (Dr. Watson) assumed twelve pounds of raw cotton to be employed by each one of 
 the native population, or 180 millions of people;* and taking Dr. Royle's average of 
 the yield per acre to be 100 lbs., it follows necessarily that 24,300,000 acres are at 
 present under cotton cultivation. Dr. Watson in working out his results, has adopted 
 a mean from former estimates ; but even this makes the consumption of cotton per 
 capita sixty per cent greater in India than in the United Kingdom. At the date of 
 the last census in 1851, the population of the United Kingdom was 27,724,849 
 persons, while in the same year the consumption of raw cotton was $05,086,622 lbs., 
 or equal to 7 J lbs. per capita, whereas the basis of Dr. Watson's estimate is 4| lbs. 
 more for each individual consumer in India ; and it as been objected that the manu- 
 facture of so large a quantity under the rude modes of manipulation existing there, 
 would require an immense proportion of the native inhabitants to be continually and 
 exclusively employed in it. It must be acknowledged however, that the people of 
 India differ essentially from Europeans, in that cotton is the material employed for 
 their almost entire clothing, whereas in this country, the additional employment of 
 wool, flax, and silk will probably swell the total quantity of textile substances con- 
 sumed per head to sixteen pounds, the wool and cotton alone amounting to 12 lbs. 
 In India, in addition also to being worked into every kind of fabric, from the coarsest 
 canvas to the finest muslin, an immense quantity of cotton is employed for stuffing 
 and like purposes, requiring little labour in its preparation. The native custom of 
 burning the whole of the clothing and bedding of the dead is another frequent source 
 
 * This includes the population in the native and so called independent states. 
 
J4C Wdlrer. l.ith 
 
TABLE 
 
 Showing the Names of the different Indian DIVISIONS and COLLECTOEATES, ivs well as that of NATIVE and OTHER POSSESSIONS not British,— indicating (as far i 
 
 present ascertained) the Area and Population of each district, and the Number of Persons to the square mile. 
 
 I'OI.UXTOKATES 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 i'l>°°' yw\'Yl*!WM.»it 
 
 2'J.I.S.Spankia 
 
 [ooi»he.labad 2fi F. A. D. Glover ... 
 
 "- 1 1 sin 
 
 I .- ■■ ■ 
 
 ;.hi,m». 
 2,2 i-.-mi 
 
 :i....-,.-,.i;mi 
 :i."!-.'.v... 
 
 !■ iu^ . 
 
 l.l'..»MN»i 2KO 
 
 I.I III. 
 
 2.V.|..I..| 
 
 I'.n.KN 
 ''.™.«. 
 
 Mi.lna|«m- and Hid- 
 
 I'roin Toola Ilain 
 
 s'Li'h . 
 
 1 ,MI-.,«» 
 I ...."..». 
 
 1.7.-l.:l2i 
 - J . I' » 
 I 
 
 I.-3I.2KI 
 
 J..-.r,n.l««] 
 
 1 - M I.Vj 
 
 -Z-.r.i, 
 
 M;.32> ua 
 
 
 
 872,21 
 
 iili 
 
 .' IT.KKl li UilKS NTI.Y I'NlIKU IlKSliAI,. 
 
 «ttleinenu| 
 
 • I II 11- 
 
 :■ l; 11:1., 
 II I' I U 
 
 I II I':,: 
 
 I'.i2.»2i) r.l.vwi 
 41o.'jr:i 
 ,;,i:,.-:.-, 
 
 i i 
 
 n-:u .111,1 ll„u 11 
 
 Mainrarrah (Uritiahl.. 
 
 37ii,:,r,i. 
 
 37.715 
 
 25,400 
 
 COLLECT OP.ATX3 
 
 Kaira ... 
 Broach.. 
 
 -'.sir, 
 
 8K0,I«H) 
 8G4.II40 
 348,480 
 WW"' 
 
 ;.72'.','.ijii 
 
 12,800 
 
 i"i: l .:.::.).: — 
 :<!•!'' I 2 1 
 
 ll {1 
 
 -- - - ■ I 
 
 ^ 1 
 ■- ! 
 
 22.",! IH. I'.'i.T 
 22.-.H23 .-.27.: 
 
 r,2:lHifi 
 .VJ3.2I3 
 
 ■I.-72ll:U 
 
 2.M7.-...-.2.1 
 2.4M,'iO0 
 G.033,280 
 .'l/.IS.OOO 
 3.IM.IO0 
 
 .Mil ii,»»l 23,2-2 22- 
 
65 
 
 of consumption unknown in this country, and which must be taken into account. 1 
 am disposed to think, however, that Dr. Watson's estimate is rather over than under 
 the mark. 
 
 If then it be correct that upwards of twenty-four millions of acres are at present 
 under cotton cultivation in India, and which it may be remarked is nearly four times 
 the area of that under cotton cultivation in the United States, it must be remembered 
 that this immense area is scattered over, in a more or less degree, the whole of the 
 great Peninsula, and yet hardly a single district throughout the whole extent of this 
 magnificent territory is developed to one-third of its capabilities, or rendered sufficiently 
 productive. The Bombay Presidency, containing 76,841,600 acres, and a population 
 of 11,109,067, is calculated by Mr. Chapman to contain forty-three million acres of 
 land admirably adapted to the growth of cotton, greater by nearly one-tenth than the 
 extent of such land in the whole of the United States as estimated by their Government ; 
 but if only one-fourth of this extent were cultivated, and each acre produced on an 
 average 1 00 lbs. of clean cotton (which by improvements it is reasonable to expect may 
 be doubled), we should have 1,075 million pounds, or equal to the quantity at present 
 imported into the United Kingdom from all countries ; and it is said this quantity 
 might be sold to a profit in Liverpool at 3|d. per pound. 
 
 The chief cotton-growing district in the Bombay Presidency at the present day is 
 Guzerat, which embraces under that name Surat, Broach, Kaira, Ahmedabad, and 
 Kattywar, and in all of these there are millions of acres suited to cotton cultivation 
 lying utterly waste and unproductive ; nevertheless this district is said to yield 56 per 
 cent of the whole cotton crop of the country available for export. Its average exports 
 of cotton to Bombay from 1834 to 1846 alone was sixty million pounds, but in 
 1840-41 they were better than ninety-six millions. The yield per acre of cotton in 
 Guzerat is said to vary from 250 lbs. to 2,000 lbs., one-third of this nearly being 
 clean cotton, or from 80 lbs. to 600 lbs., the average yield to good cultivators 
 being 150 lbs. per acre ; and this fact furnishes irrefragable proof and illustration 
 of the immense capability of the soil of India for cotton cultivation when properly 
 conducted. Experiments in Broach have demonstrated, that on moist (not damp) 
 land, of which there is abundance, 600 lbs. of clean cotton can be produced per 
 acre; indeed, Mr. Landon stated the average yield of irrigated land there to be 
 from 350 lbs, to 400 lbs. per acre, and this while the entire produce in the United 
 States ranges from 150 lbs. to 400 lbs. The collectorate of Kandeish, after 2,306 
 square miles are deducted for roads, rivers, mountains, villages, and unarable lands, 
 is said still to possess 6,058,640 acres every way suited to the growth of cotton; and 
 this is only one of the sixteen collectorates in the Presidency, which is again only 
 one-sixth of the vast territory even subject to British rule in India. Scinde, again, 
 as attached to this Presidency, embraces a large tract of land adapted to the purpose, 
 with all the advantages of a considerable system of internal navigation, and the means 
 of cheap freightage and a thriving commerce ; at present it labours under the dis- 
 advantages of a spare population, which will, however, doubtless eventually be 
 attracted from other, and in this respect, more favoured spots. In the Bombay 
 Presidency it is stated 2,890,279 acres, or one-twenty-sixth of the entire area, is 
 under cotton farm cultivation; and that, in 1854, 52,313 acres were reported as 
 being planted with American cotton, and the extent of the latter may now be said to 
 
66 
 
 be three times as great. In old times the Presidency supplied Bengal with consider- 
 able quantities of the raw and manufactured material, and continues still to be by far 
 the most enterprising in the matter of production ; indeed, it is alone in this Presi- 
 dency that the quantity available for export has shown any signs of increase. 
 
 The Madras Presidency, containing 84,537,600 acres, and a population of 
 22,301,697, has made little progress in the cultivation, either for home consumption 
 or export. In the year 1854-5, it contained only 917,374 acres of land under cotton 
 farm cultivation. At that date there were 2,320 acres under the American kind. 
 Dr. Wight reported that the four southern provinces of Coimbatore, Salem, Madura, 
 and Tinnevelly, contained an area of 28,500 square miles, of which 2,480,000 
 acres were readily susceptible of cotton cultivation, and certainly capable, with a 
 proper application of skill and capital, of yielding 100 lbs. per acre of clean cotton, 
 or, in other words, an aggregate of 200 millions annually. The export cotton trade 
 of Madras has hitherto been comparatively insignificant, though we may reasonably 
 hope that ere long it will become a source of considerable supply. 
 
 The Bengal Presidency, containing 185,502,720 acres, and a population of 
 49,855,137, consumes in its native manufactures nearly the entire cotton crop, yet 
 it possesses the excellent cotton growing district of Berar, perhaps the best field in 
 India, were the means of transport and otlier matters developed. The export 
 trade in cotton has been very small ; the largest quantity ever exported was in 
 . 1817-8, in which year from the port of Calcutta there were shipped 75,252,225 lbs., 
 and, excepting one or two attempts at an increase in times of high prices, it has 
 since that date continued to decline ; by far the larger portion of that exported being 
 to China. It is to be hoped, however, that the opening up of the Grand Canal in the 
 Doab will prove to be attended with a considerable increase in the growth of cotton 
 for the British market ; the extent of land it is said to be capable of irrigating is 
 5,400,000 acres, which had become utterly waste for want of moisture ; if one-third 
 of this quantity only were under cotton cultivation, we might have an increased export 
 from this source alone of 180 million pounds, that is, if the opinions are correct as 
 to its adaptability to the cultivation. The great cotton field of Berar, however, pre- 
 sents perhaps the largest scope for action ; were it but put on the same footing with 
 the seaboard districts in regard to means of transport, there is little doubt but that a 
 breadth of land would then become available, adequate to supply the full demands of Great 
 Britain. There are, however, political considerations connected with the question of a 
 railroad into the dominions of the Nizam which perhaps weigh against its expediency. 
 The North-Western Provinces and the Punjaub contain 105,022,720 acres, and a 
 population of 40,025,975, showing it to be the most densely populated district of 
 India; and here again there is reported to be thousands of miles of good land free to 
 a great extent from jungle and timber and adapted to the cultivation of cotton ; and 
 yet this great area does little or nothing in an export trade, though the fact of its 
 lying out of the reach of the monsoons, abounding with streams and rivers fed by 
 the waters springing from the mountains of Cashmere and Kunawar, renders it 
 certainly fitted to become a future source of supplies. There is further attached to 
 this presidency the kingdom of Oude, containing 15,192,320 acres, and a popu- 
 lation of 2,970,000, and the Eastern Settlements, including Pegu, estimated to 
 contain 55,492,480 acres, but very thinly inhabited, the number being estimated 
 
67 
 
 at 1,639,493 ; making the total area of the presidency to be 361,210,240 acres, 
 and the population 94,490,605. 
 
 Looking hack through this meagre and scattered data, and comparing the facts 
 with those presented on the subject of the United States, they appear very startling. 
 India containing in its three presidencies (exclusive of the native, or so-called 
 Independent States) 522,589,440 acres of land, and a population of 127,901,369, 
 or about one person to every four acres. The southern and cotton growing States of 
 America (including Texas), containing about 530,000,000 acres, with a population 
 of about 5,718,925, or one to every ninety acres ; it is astonishing that while from 
 the latter the average export of cotton in the four years ending 1858, has been 
 1,131,690,697 lbs., that from India, during the same period, did not exceed 
 247,741,929 lbs., and this arising from the fact that the present means and 
 system of cultivation there does not admit of a successful competition in regard to price. 
 The soil of India having been worked daring thousands of years, while that of the 
 United States is comparatively new, is a valid reason for a discrepancy existing, 
 inasmuch as that it requires twice as much land in India (taken throughout) to 
 produce 100 lbs. of clean cotton as in the United States. The cost of the land is 
 about the same ; but then the important item of labour is about 80 per cent cheaper 
 than in the United States. Again, the States have their Mississippi and magnificent 
 rivers ; our Indus and Ganges avail us little in the matter of cotton supply. What the 
 former may do remains to be demonstrated ; one point is certainly proved, and that is, 
 that with a yield of 100 lbs. per acre, under facilities of cheap transit, India can, 
 even under the present system of cultivation, sell cotton in Liverpool at a price, 
 which, making allowance for inferiority of quality, is more advantageous to the manu- 
 facturer than other kinds for employment in about 70 per cent of his business. But 
 we must not conclude that because throughout the length and breadth of the peninsula 
 there is 2,400,000,000 lbs. of clean cotton now produced, that, therefore, any large 
 portion of it can compete on those terms,' — much of it is grown at a great 
 distance from a shipping port, and though railroads may in some measure meet this 
 objection, the yield obtainable, though sufficient to maintain the production for con- 
 sumption at the spot, vrould not be able to sustain itself in a competition in our 
 markets. A large portion of it is grown in inaccessible spots for native use, and 
 would not therefore enjoy those advantages, to fit it to compete with America ; the 
 future increase must rather come from its systematic cultivation in soils chosen as 
 favourable to its growth, and places having ready means of transit to the selling 
 markets. 
 
 The question of the relative abilities of the United States and India to compete for 
 the supply of our great staple manufacture, is in the main contingent on the facilities 
 of cheap labour and transit. For the immeasurable superiority of the soil of Texas, 
 with its 300,000,000 acres, as compared with our Indian possessions, which do not 
 seem to be capable of producing a greater average yield, under the present careless 
 system of cultivation, than 100 lbs. of clean cotton per acre (although as before said, 
 where care has been employed, and particularly by the application of judicious 
 irrigation, greatly increased results have been obtained), is only counterbalanced by 
 the relative scarcity of labour in the former, and perhaps an almost equal rate of 
 charges for transit as compared with that of our Indian supply, which is now for the 
 
68 
 
 most part obtained from the coasts and spots having facilities of easy and compara- 
 tively cheap communication ; and as instancing the importance of this transit on the 
 abilities of India to supply our wants, a table furnished by Mr. A. C. Brice to the 
 India House, and quoted by Dr. Watson, will serve to show, that while in those 
 parts contributing to the exports from Bombay having means of easy transit, the 
 production for export has increased, other parts with long coast navigation and at a 
 distance in the interior have even declined,— 
 
 
 1852-3. 
 
 1853-4. 
 
 1854 5. 
 
 1855-6. 
 
 1856-7. 
 
 Surat, Cutcb, Broach, and 
 
 lbs. 
 99,923,544 
 
 75,488,224 
 
 39,200,000 
 
 lbs. 
 106,888,992 
 
 63,066,136 
 
 17,640,000 
 
 lbs. 
 58,119,096 
 
 40,537,504 
 
 13,284,096 
 
 lbs. 
 
 143,656,534 
 
 59,440,528 
 13,565,160 
 
 lbs. 
 196,809,872 
 
 65,243,304 
 
 29,008,000 
 
 Candeish, Ahmednuggur. 
 Poonah, Sattara, Sholapore, 
 
 Belgaum, Dharwar, Raichoor, 
 Beliary (west side), and 
 
 » 
 
 Thus hope may exist from this fact alone, that with the development of the means of 
 conveyance, a steady and considerable increase will take place in the exports of cotton. 
 
 The causes which have prevented or retarded the cultivation of cotton in India for 
 the British and other markets, is a subject of great importance, and may be shortly 
 touched upon here. The discussion or analysis of the several deterrent causes 
 of social and industrial progress, either in detail or generally, point out incidentally 
 the remedies and the means necessary to be employed for the regeneration of India, 
 and the proper development of her vast capabilities as a cotton growing country. 
 The extreme poverty of the native growers is acknowledged by all who have had the 
 opportunity of observing them, and among the Government officials, from the Governor- 
 General to the Revenue collector, it is an admitted fact ; hence the secret of the 
 " social despotism " excercised by the exorbitant money-lenders, who in reality 
 grasp the fruits of the grower's industry. The want in India of purchasers on the 
 spot, with improved modes of cultivation, and of cleaning and packing the cotton for 
 the market is an equally admitted evil. The system of advances to cultivators of 
 whatever description of produce is of general practice in India, and if it were con- 
 ducted on proper principles would be of great advantage ; it might be adopted by 
 English capitalists to a large extent, and be productive of mutual advantage and 
 profit. As it is, it is well known that the " middlemen " exact exorbitant interest 
 for their advances, and when the cotton is received by them from the ryot, it is and 
 always has been carelessly treated, adulterated, exposed to the weather and to dirt, 
 to the great deterioration of its value. Hence much of its present inferiority in price 
 to the American produce in the English market, and an extended demand for it only 
 in case of a dearth of cotton from the United States. Under the present order of 
 things the systematic adulteration of Indian cotton will always exist ; the poverty of 
 the native growers and the absence of English agents to make reasonable advances to 
 them on the spot, compels them to borrow money at a ruinous rate of interest, and 
 to sell their cotton much below its real value ; the consequence is, they become 
 
69 
 
 indifferent as to its quality or condition, in fact as to everything pertaining to it except 
 mere quantity. Ignorant, and a prey to the native money lenders, improvement with 
 them in the art of cultivation is entirely out of the question ; they are unassisted, 
 incapable of progress, and bound, as in fetters of iron, to the imperfect modes of 
 culture pursued by themselves and their forefathers. Under more favourable circum- 
 stances, however, they would make greater advances in improvement, and by the aid 
 of knowledge, and implements and machines of European or American construction, 
 speedily and successfully compete in favoured localities with their rivals on the banks 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 The want of a regular rotation of crops in many districts, and the almost universal 
 mismanagement in the cultivation itself, or especially in the gathering of the produce 
 and the cleaning and packing processes, tend to depreciate the cotton at least fifteen 
 'per cent in value, and at the same time to render it (except at intervals) almost 
 unmarketable in the Liverpool market, because the buyer there expects a dirty article 
 in exchange for his money. 
 
 The absence of a regular or steady demand for the article, and the fact of the 
 prices always fluctuating according to a sanguine or gloomy prospect of the coming 
 crop in the Southern States of America, regardless of the condition of that in the 
 East, operates as an effectual bar to the steady progression of shipments of Indian 
 cotton to this market ; and this because it is well-known that American cotton will 
 command the preference, and that the Indian varieties will only realize remunerative 
 prices readily when the English manufacturers are threatened with a real or fancied 
 scarcity in the supply from New Orleans. One great reason, therefore, of cotton not being 
 extensively grown in India for export must be palpably evident. It is because the mer- 
 chant is never sure of the produce he might purchase realizing in the English market a 
 sufficiently remunerative price — it becomes a speculation entirely, and he cannot afford to 
 trade on contingencies ; and this is particularly the case with the cultivator, because he 
 is ever at the mercy of his insatiable creditor, the money lender of his village, and 
 should he be disappointed in the price actually obtained, he would find it difficult to 
 provide for himself and family the bare necessaries with which he is compelled from 
 his position to rest satisfied. I do not mean to insinuate, nor do I think, that fault 
 lies in any quarter, for it is the natural result of circumstances. The course now 
 adopted by the Government of aiding the march of civilization and enlightenment by 
 the means of intercommunication and transit, will do more than any other thing 
 towards its eradication ; and until this is effected, the natives of India will never 
 increase their growth of cotton for export to the extent of its capabilities. 
 
 As the Indian cultivator shall be freed from this unnatural incubus the production 
 will increase — he will be able to cope with his American competitor, and his position 
 will be then doubly improved, when the success or failure of his own crops shall 
 impart the tone to the market, and influence our prices accordingly. That it is 
 possible for them, wilh facilities of cheap transit, to compete with the Americans as 
 cotton growers, cannot I think, admit of a reasonable doubt, but in order to do so 
 they must have immunity from the tyranny of the " middlemen " ; in short they 
 must be so elevated and enlightened as to be able to triumph over or resist the 
 machinations or impositions of the money lender ; and there is every probability that 
 ere long European houses, one and all, will find it to their advantage to advance to 
 
70 
 
 the grower all his requirements on a moderate charge, and furnish machines and 
 instruct him in tbeir use. Raw cotton can he purchased in most of the cotton dis- 
 tricts at from lid. to 2d. per lb., which price leaves the ryot a fair rate of profit, 
 considerably higher than he can ever expect from the grasping middleman. It 
 is further found that, notwithstanding the enormous cost of carnage to the coast, and 
 of freightage, insurance, and charges to England, it can be sold in the Liverpool 
 market at from 3§d. to 4d. per lb. As before said, much of the present inferiority of 
 the East India cotton arises from the systematic adulteration, and carelessness of the 
 picking and cleaning, all of which is susceptible of amelioration or entire removal, 
 and the disparity, therefore, between the price of American and East India cotton 
 must diminish. That the produce of India can be considerably improved, and 
 brought at least to the standard of " American uplands " with an increased yield is a 
 fact of great interest; and if we look at some of the samples of East Indian 
 Egyptian seed cotton in the Industrial Museum at the India House, yielding even a 
 greater quantity of produce per acre than the indigenous kind, and worth upwards of 
 60 per cent more, we may reasonably conclude that there is every room for improve- 
 ment, and for our Indian possessions becoming the first cotton growing country of the 
 world. 
 
 It is universally acknowledged that means of cheap transit are essential to the 
 development of India's industrial resources and its onward march in the path of 
 civilization and material improvement, and that without such means the culture of 
 cotton by the natives will always be on a limited scale for export ; for we have it on 
 the best official authority, that transport charges have more to do with the cotton 
 movement in India than perhaps any one single deterrent cause, and the reduction of 
 even a halfpenny per pound or so would give such an impetus to it as would lead to a 
 supply equal to a large portion of our wants as a manufacturing nation from this 
 source alone. " The cost of conveyance " says Mr. Ashworth, in his admirable 
 lecture before the Society of Arts, "of a bale of 400 to 500 lbs. of cotton a distance 
 of a thousand miles on the Mississippi river has been as low as one dollar, and ranges 
 from that sum to one-and-a-half dollars, or 6s. 3d., and it is therefore in commo- 
 dious and cheap conveyance more than in cost of growth that the present advantage 
 of America over India as a cotton growing country is to be accounted for." Looking 
 at the expenses of land and coast carriage in India, we find it interferes considerably 
 with the extension of the export cotton trade ; for instance, the cotton producing 
 districts south of the Nerbudda, and those of Oomrawutty and Nagpore, in Berar, 
 situated remote from Mirzapore on the Ganges, lying between Benares and Allahabad, 
 where if we take their average distance to the entrepot in question, each pound of 
 cotton costs in transit 2£d. per 3b. This heavy charge arises from the fact that the 
 cotton is exported on the backs of oxen, each carrying 160 lbs., at the extreme rate 
 in fine weather of seven miles a day. But this is not all ; it has then to be borne by 
 water carriage little short of five hundred miles further, viz., to Calcutta, from which 
 port, if conveyed to England, any idea of profit is absolutely out of the question, 
 unless a much higher range of prices should exist at Liverpool than is consistent with 
 the rates usually current. Writing of these cotton districts and on this point, General 
 Briggs informs us " that in the absence of a defined and good road, a drove of 
 several hundred head of cattle requires to be constantly watched and prevented from 
 
71 
 
 straying on the march, and this leads to the necessity of travelling "by day in the hot 
 weather, when the thermometer is seldom less than 100 deg. and frequently 130 deg. 
 of Farenheit. These droves are seldom so few as a hundred and often exceed a 
 thousand; every morning after daylight each has to he laden, and before the operation 
 is over the sun is already high above the horizon. The cattle have then to proceed 
 at the slow rate of two miles an hour, and seldom perform a journey of more than 
 eight or nine miles a day. The horde generally halts one day in seven. If the 
 caravan is overtaken by rain, the cotton becoming saturated with moisture, is so 
 heavy as to prevent its transport on the cattle ; and the roads, if lying through the 
 cotton-ground, are such that men even sink to the ankles at every step, and cattle to 
 their knees. It may easily be supposed that under such a calamity the merchant and 
 the carrier are both ruined." 
 
 It is impossible to deny that the subject of internal communication in India had 
 not received that attention which its vast importance demanded, until — -chiefly in con- 
 sequence of the facts elucidated by Mr. Bright's Committee — the pressure of public 
 opinion in this country had been brought to bear upon the Home Government of 
 India. There is, however, good reason for believing that such matters now receive 
 the anxious attention of the authorities, and it is gratifying to think that within 
 probably three years nearly five thousand miles of railway will have been stretched 
 through most important divisions of that vast and hitherto commercially inaccessible 
 country. The means, however, by which further transit facilities shall be afforded 
 involve a grave subject of consideration. Every one concurs in the assertion that 
 the greatest civilizer and improver is the means of cheap and rapid transit, and 
 latterly the Government has readily given its support to the projects set on foot with 
 that view. It has sanctioned railroads, which involve an expenditure of capital of 
 near £40,000,000, and on which an annual charge of nearly two millons sterling 
 will accrue, and it is certain that a long period must elapse before taken as a whole 
 these will pay the guaranteed rate of interest. No one would attempt to deny the 
 prospective importance of the railroads now in progress, but, perhaps excepting some 
 seaboard districts which might be advantageously opened up by such means, it is 
 probable enough has been done for the present in this direction ; and the general 
 feeling now exists that sufficient pecuniary aid has been granted to this description of 
 transit, and that attention ought to be directed to the formation of canals and to 
 measures calculated to render as far as possible the different rivers navigable, The 
 climate of India is such that the means of irrigation is as much a matter of importance 
 as transit ; it is equally the interest of the cultivator to produce good crops as to 
 have the means of conveying them to a better market. Moreover, many kinds of 
 produce which can ill afford the cost of carriage by railway could be borne by this 
 means without the uncertainty and deterioration which is entailed by the present 
 bullock carriage. It is asserted, and with much force of argument, that canals, 
 unlike railways, will, with the improvement of agricultural knowledge there, very 
 soon defray their cost out of the income from irrigation, while the expense of transit 
 by that means is immeasurably less. The labour too employed in the construction of 
 canals is for the major part mere hand labour, which in India is cheap and comparatively 
 abundant, while in the case of railways the European civil engineers and mechanics 
 all receive far higher wages than in this country, while they at the same time, from 
 
72 
 
 the greater temperature, are fitted to perform but half the work. Throughout the 
 larger portion of India, if we except the Western Ghauts, the nature of the country 
 is admirahly adapted to the formation of canals. The Government has extended a 
 helping hand to at least one such enterprise, and will doubtless in like manner do so 
 towards others where required. We understand that there is now the prospect of 
 every effort being made to open up the Godavery, the great highway into the cotton 
 field of Berar ; and we have the opinion of Colonel Cotton that the navigation of the 
 Godavery alone would do much to restore a large district in India to a state of agri- 
 cultural prosperity, and to raise its inhabitants in the scale of social well-being. 
 
 So far, then, Government is affording evidence of its willingness to promote 
 works calculated to assist in opening up the country, and in affording those 
 means of irrigation so essential to the development of its resources. Thoroughly 
 to accomplish this much, will nevertheless depend on private enterprise directed on 
 the spot. In addition, however, to the transit and other difficulties now in course of 
 removal, two causes especially preventive of efforts on the part of both the British 
 and native capitalist to expend on schemes for such a purpose have been in operation, 
 namely — the uncertain tenure of land, and the imperfect administration of justice. 
 With regard to the latter, the majority of those examined on the point before the 
 Colonization (India) Committee, were agreed as to the great room for improvement 
 in this department; one involving the rights of property and other questions of great 
 moment. With respect to land tenure, public opinion both in this country and in 
 India has gradually arrived at the conclusion, that not only should lands now in the 
 hands of Government be finally sold in fee simple, but that the redemption of the 
 land tax in all parts of India cannot be too soon effected. For a number of years in 
 a few remote parts of India, Government has granted land in what has been so far 
 entitled to he called " fee simple," but attached to the transfer were certain privileges 
 which have tended to nullify the advantage. In December, 1858, the Home Govern- 
 ment sent orders to India, which we believe are now being acted upon, and which do 
 so far facilitate the transfer of land in the manner wished for. Much, however, in 
 this way still remains to be done, and it is to be hoped that the subject will at an early 
 date receive the attention of the authorities, both here and in India. 
 
 With reference to the legislative enactments affecting the Cotton Trade of India, 
 a few words may he ventured upon, as well as upon the question of the currency as 
 having an important bearing on the general welfare of that country. 
 
 The course to be pursued by the Government of India in the matter of the Cotton 
 Trade has not been clearly defined, and though the unquestioned policy of free and 
 unfettered trade in this as in every other article may he said to meet the question, it 
 does not in fact do so. The expenses of Government in India must be defrayed, and 
 legislation in the matter, therefore, resolves itself into a question of to what extent, 
 if any, the article among others shall subscribe to the revenue. We, as a manu- 
 facturing, rather than as a producing nation in England, have come to recognise the 
 benefit of exempting the raw material from taxation, on the ground that the employ- 
 ment of the people in the trade to which it indirectly ministers, more than compensates 
 for the loss, and further that as an article almost of necessity, and certainly con- 
 ducive to the comfort and happiness of the people, it does not form so fit a subject of 
 taxation as articles of luxury, which, in like manner, can better bear such an 
 
73 
 
 imposition. It may be remarked, that no special legislation becomes necessary, and 
 moreover that it is an undeniable advantage to the country to find a consumer for its 
 surplus produce, the growth and export of which, therefore, should not be checked 
 by the imposition of any duty. This is generally admitted, I think, but India must 
 not be viewed solely as a producing nation. India may and does produce twice the 
 weight of cotton exported by the whole of the United States ; the question arises— is 
 it India's advantage to export the whole of this immense quantity, and thereby become 
 a customer to Lancashire of an almost equivalent extent ? It is, of course, the interest 
 of this country that it should do so. Or, should India retain her raw cotton, and 
 clothe her people unaided and independent ? The whole difficulty is one of figures and 
 cost. In the ordinary course of events the river will find its own bed adjusted by the 
 law of supply and demand, but to predict the future course of the Government be- 
 comes a matter of considerable difficulty, for in this is also involved the troublesome 
 consideration of the occupation of the people. 
 
 It is a fact that cotton can be carried from the producing districts often 200 or 300 
 miles inland to the seaboard, thence to Bombay and to Lancashire, and there be spun 
 and woven, and travels back in its manufactured state to the very places whence the 
 raw material first came, and still enters into competition with, and is in fact displacing 
 the twist, not to say the cloth, which is spun in the very cotton-field itself. This tends to 
 show that Indian labour is at present unprofitably and disadvantageously employed in 
 spinning and weaving, and by imposing a duty on raw cotton, or an import duty on 
 British twist and cloths, we are giving a premium to the maintenance of an unwholesome 
 condition of trade. Here, however, the question arises, why then has not more raw 
 cotton been drawn out from the country ? A number of circumstances, some natural, 
 some artificial, are the reasons, and these cannot be overcome but by time. First and 
 foremost, the great difficulty of inefficient means of transit and communication, and 
 the poverty and ignorance of the larger part of the producers and consumers, who in 
 selling the cotton obtain but a tithe of that we pay for it, and, in purchasing the 
 English manufactured article, in a similar way become the sufferers hy the craftiness 
 of the middlemen or native merchants ; until it is clear, the poor ryot 6nds it more to 
 his advantage to retain it for his wants, and during the hot season, when little labour 
 in agriculture is required, convert the raw material by hand into coarse and heavy 
 manufactures. But the means of transit, which are undergoing great improvement 
 and extension, will afford the surest guarantee of the removal of this unnatural 
 incubus on the native and the country, and while enriching both, form a source of 
 great advantage to our trade. Meantime it may be questioned, whether it is the 
 proper policy to be pursued by the Government to levy a tax on imported British cotton 
 manufactures, which tends to foster the native hand manufacture. And so far from the 
 labour not being required, it is on the contrary greatly needed, the cry has lately 
 been — the want of labour in the cotton fields for picking and cleaning. The cotton 
 districts are among the most thinly peopled of India, and when we remember that it 
 requires 750 adults, working ten hours, to free from seed one ton of cotton, we can 
 comprehend how the diversion of part of this labour has effected an already deficient 
 supply. It is chiefly in the cotton districts that cotton spinning and weaving maintain 
 their position, and interfere with cotton picking and cleaning. It is better that native 
 manufacture should die out, unless it can sustain itself without protection. Let 
 
74 
 
 Government do all in its power to disenthral the poorer native from the vicious 
 influence of the middlemen, and the people will devote themselves to such occupations 
 as will be most to their own interests, which will, I imagine, at present be in the 
 proper production of the raw material Great Britain so much needs ; and reaping from 
 it a fair mede of profit, will, with the cheaper and better adapted cloths of Europe, 
 be placed in a position to enjoy greater luxuries of life. India should on no account 
 be governed for the English. I would deprecate the course now advocated, if it 
 simply tended to help British shipping and Lancashire mills; but if the import duty 
 on twist and calicoes imported into India is continued, or even raised to a very great 
 extent, haud spinning and weaving must die out, and we merely prolong the struggle 
 to make the cotton yield the grower in India less money, or to make it cost the spinner 
 in Lancashire more; while a tax is thereby levied on the consumer of either native 
 or British fabrics in India, which is paid to the native manufacturer to protect him in 
 his unprofitable business. The case is different with mills conducted on English 
 principles and with English machinery ; if Government decides that it will be a national 
 object to foster such, most of the objections to an import duty on twist and cloths 
 vanish. I believe, however, the true policy of government is primarily to legislate 
 so as to drain the raw cotton out of the country, and create a demand for our manu- 
 factured goods in lieu of those now manufactured in India. To acquire an increased 
 interchange of products with other countries is the aim of every aspiring nation ; to 
 sell as much of its produce, and receive in return foreign articles to please the taste 
 or fancy of the people, is one of the greatest incentives of trade; though it must be 
 admitted that if the ingredients of manufacturing success exist, India acquires more 
 wealth by itself manufacturing either for its own wants or for export. 
 
 We have heretofore considered the native cotton manufacture of India only as that 
 conducted under the old and rude hand processes ; but we must now regard the matter 
 from another and distinct point of view. We will look at the advantages accruing to 
 India from adopting our more improved processes for her own benefit, and consider 
 its seeming practicability. We hear that the quantity of the raw material employed 
 in the Indian native manufacture, is more than double that imported into this country, 
 and this under all the disadvantages of the present expensive and wasteful mode of 
 cultivation and manufacture there. How much the demand might expand were the 
 processes economised more in accordance with those we employ, may be judged by the 
 great development we have seen as having occurred in our own trade in the past 
 century. That there is abundant room for economy is amply proved in the successful 
 competition of British manufactures in all those parts of India into which they have 
 gained access ; and this economy must in part come from the substitution of machine 
 for hand labour. The cry of there being no other occupation for the native population, 
 is certain to be raised against the destruction of the native trade ; but its fallacy was 
 never more palpably evident than in this particular case. Taking India as a whole, 
 it is the consumer of its entire production; what advantage then can it enjoy in 
 spending one week in the manufacture of a piece of cloth which can be as well made 
 in one day? It is argued, that throughout the dry season, when vegetation is 
 checked, there is no occupation for the people in agriculture, and that it is then they 
 are employed in spinning and weaving for the wants of the coming active season. If 
 this applied in its full sense each family would work for itself, and British manufac- 
 
75 
 
 tures would probably never force their way against the hand-wove fabrics, so long as 
 it existed ; and if, on the other hand, it is merely a class trade followed only by a 
 limited number, it is clear that the number of consumers must pay so much more, 
 which is an additional burden upon them for the advantage of the manufacturing few. 
 These are, however, exploded objections, and it is unnecessary further to dwell upon 
 them ; every one now acknowledges that India's advance must be attained by aiding, 
 and if need be, forcing its forward progress by the economical employment of science 
 and art, to material and useful purposes. Whether Great Britain or Bombay 
 can supply some of India's wants cheaper than heretofore has yet to be decided ; 
 but it is clearly the consumer's interest to buy from the cheapest market. Granted, 
 labour is cheap there (that it is not over abundant however, is proved by its being too 
 dear to compete with machinery even at this great distance); but it follows, that if 
 assisted by science and art, it may become as valuable and comparatively as scarce 
 as with us. There is the soil, the climate, all the natural facilities of production ; 
 knowledge is all that is required to render it advantageous to more fully employ it ; 
 and if we should throw the native weaver out of that employment, we, in doing so, 
 only lead him to a more profitable one, and advance his own condition. 
 
 The question mainly resolves itself into whether Lancashire shall manufacture the 
 material to supply the place of the native fabrics ; or India manufacture for itself on 
 the same economical principles, instead of sending the raw material several thousands 
 of miles for that purpose, to be returned charged with all the immense attendant 
 expenses which apparently might be saved ? In looking at the subject — the advant- 
 ages to the capitalist, the people, and the country, ail command attention. Unless 
 there is a clear benefit to be gained by the capitalist, it is fruitless for us to hope that 
 the manufacture by machinery will ever be established in India; except that Govern- 
 ment, regarding the advantages to the people and the country, should extend a helping, 
 or rather protective, hand ; and this is always a questioned, if not condemned, policy. 
 Whether it will be advantageous to the capitalist in India, when all the difficulties 
 shall have been cleared away, to admit of a fair competition, is likely to remain an 
 open point until some further practical solution shall have been effected. The disad- 
 vantages under which Great Britain labours in competing with any properly organised 
 Indian mills, in having to carry the material backwards and forwards, are so great as 
 apparently to more than counterbalance the disadvantages under which India labours. 
 There are, however, so many contingent circumstances which enter into the calculation, 
 and the pros and cons are so numerous, and withal so prodigious, that the whole 
 question seems to hinge on those very contingencies. 
 
 The first cost of mills will in India be double what it is with us, arising from 
 the large freight and charges which would have to be incurred in the transport of the 
 machinery, &c., and greatly increased cost of European superintendence in erection, as 
 in all the attendant cirt&mstances. 
 
 Wear and tear of buildings and machinery in India, is stated certainly not to be 
 less than 10 per cent, while in this country it is about 5 : thus— the machinery 
 requires renewal every 15 years, buildings every 45 years ; say, as value of buildings 
 are one-fourth of that of machinery, every 20 years or 5 per cent. 
 
 Wages : the proportion of " skilled " to the " mere hand labour " is in this 
 country not much more than 1 in 10 ; but it is estimated by those well acquainted 
 with the subject that it would in India amount to 3 in 10. 
 
76 
 
 Operatives in India would be paid at the rate of 2s. per week, while in England 
 the extreme average would give 15s. per week ; but as in India the day's work 
 effected is much less per man, besides other drawbacks, the amount of work done is 15 
 to 20 per cent less than in England, while in the rate of wages they have an advantage 
 equal to 87 per cent. 
 
 Skilled labour, or that which would have to be supplied by Europeans, will be 
 increased by 150 per cent. 
 
 Raw material will cost the manufacurer in India less by all the transit, and home 
 merchants' charges ; and Manchester, London, transit, and Bombay selling charges 
 on British manufactures, which would in like manner be saved. 
 
 Let us then, from this data, endeavour to work out the relative cost of manu- 
 facturing the material employed in our trade in the year 1856, the date at 
 which the last return was made by the Factory Inspectors ; and it will better answer 
 our purpose to deal only with the operations of spinning and weaving. We may 
 suppose, that out of the entire manufacture, the value of which in that year was 
 £57,000,000, £40,000,000 was the value of the produce of those two primary 
 
 operations, made up as follows : — 
 
 £ 
 
 Labour 10,000,000 
 
 Cotton actually consumed, 856,700,000 lbs 22,000,000 
 
 Wear and tear of machinery, valued by Mr. Ellison at £40,250,000, 
 
 at 5 per cent 2,012,500 
 
 Interest on capital employed, as estimated bv Mr. Ellison at 
 
 £64,750,000, at 4 per cent 2,590,000 
 
 Profit and incidental expenses 3,397,500 
 
 40,000,000 
 
 This would in India stand thus : — 
 
 Labour, skilled, say 30 per cent, or £3,000,000, would be increased 
 
 150 per cent........ 7,500,000 
 
 Operatives, 70 per cent, or £7,000,000. would do, say 17^ per cent 
 less work, say increased to £8,225,000, on which there would be 
 
 a saving of 87 per cent 1,069,250 
 
 8,569,250 
 
 Cotten is charged to us with 12 per cent merchants' charges in Bom- 
 bay, of which say 8 per cent would be saved to Indian manufacturer; 
 exchange 6 percent; and with freight, insurance, home merchant, 
 and sale charges, and loss of weight, &c, equal to another 22 per 
 cent, makes up a total of 36 per cent ; but as instead of using 
 
 Indian cotton we use better qualities from other countries, upon 
 which the charges are not near so severe, we may safely say 30 per 
 cent may be allowed for these on £22,000,000, less 30 per cent ; 
 
 say on £15,400,000 17,380,000 
 
 Wear and tear of machinery and buildings, being on £80,500,000 at 
 
 the increased rate of 1 per cent 8,050,000 
 
 Interest on capital employed, being £105,000,000 at 7 per cent . . . 7,350,000 
 
 Profit and incidental expenses v . . . . 6,795,000 
 
 48,144,250 
 
 From which deduct Manchester, London, transit, insurance, and Bom- 
 bay charges, allowing for advantage in exchange, or 30 per cent 
 on £40,000,000, the value of our manufacture 12,000,000 
 
 36,144,250 
 
 And if we take from off this 10 per cent, which is charged in addition 
 (as duty) on the British manufactures imported into India, or 
 £40,000,000 ; , . 4,000,000 
 
 £32,144,250 
 
77 
 
 These figures would appear to show the startling fact, that India could manufacture 
 by machinery at a cost 20 per cent less than Great Britain can sell British manufac- 
 tures in the Bombay market ; and when we regard the results of Mr. Landon's efforts 
 at Broach, and the good repute in which the projected companies are held in Bombay, 
 as is shown by the shares of the " Spinning and Weaving Company," being quoted 
 58 per cent premium (having paid a dividend equal to 16 per cent); the " Oriental 
 Weaving and Spinning Company" at 39 per cent; the "Throstle Mill Company" at 
 5 per cent ; and the " East India Spinning and Weaving Company, Limited, at par;"* 
 we might be disposed to condone any fostering spirit Government might display for 
 the new branch of industry there. But these circumstances which we regard as 
 showing in favour of India, are not of the great weight we might at first sight be 
 disposed to think them. The present experimental manufacture, which we may iake 
 to be embraced in the before-mentioned mills, extend only to the manufacture of yarns 
 of no higher number than No. 40's (or 40 hanks, of 850 yards each, to the pound), 
 while in this country we spin up to 700's for useful purposes. This is in a great 
 measure accounted for from the fact of the indigenous cotton which is used being so 
 very inferior, for in Lancashire it is not spun into higher numbers than 16's. But 
 supposing the exotic cotton to be grown of the finest quality, of which there seems 
 every probability, would it then become possible to spin the finer counts to compete 
 with the British yarn? For that purpose the machinery becomes much more compli- 
 cated and expensive, and the immense charge for interest greatly accumulates against 
 India. The manufacture of the coarser counts must first be fully established before 
 the latter can be attempted ; and this will take some time. That machinery can be 
 successfully employed there in particular localities in the manufacture of low counts, 
 cannot be doubted ; it is merely a question of time and of first cost. One of the 
 greatest, drawbacks to the enterprise, is the high rate of interest paid for money there ; 
 but ere a very few years have rolled by, this must yield considerably to the necessities 
 of the times. As confidence is imparted, the immense stores of wealth which must 
 be locked up^ the ill-got gains of the despised middleman, all will come out for 
 employment in the development of the resources of the country, the increase in the 
 value of property will yield a capital which will more than equal demand. As the 
 people learn to bring science to bear upon their pursuits their wealth must vastly 
 increase, and pari passu, despite the demand, the present exorbitant rate will be 
 lowered nearer to our standard. As this development is going forward too, the 
 demand for labour will increase, and so far from its being necessary to maintain an 
 expensive and fruitless occupation for a part of the population, the application of 
 machinery will be fully required to maintain the advantages of a cheap labouring 
 class to aid and feed it. 
 
 Although we find that the Companies before named have erected or are erecting in 
 Bombay altogether 60,000 spindles and 300 looms, and adding to these 18,000 
 spindles in the Broach mills and 30,000 in the Fort Glo'ster Mills in Calcutta, we 
 have a total number of 108,000 spindles and 300 looms, which evidences some con- 
 siderable enterprise in the matter ;-j~ I still believe, however, that the policy of the 
 
 * Since this was written the position of the shares of these companies has again further improved 
 upon the announcement of Mr. Wilson's policy in regard to the Indian machine manufacture. 
 
 t Several other companies, with the same objects, have been formed since this was written, and 
 have, or are about, to send home orders for the necessary machinery. 
 
78 
 
 Government should be to drain out the raw produce from the country, and allow the 
 native hand manufacture to expire. India is not yet prepared to invest to the full 
 extent in cotton mills, and so long as English capital is employed, there is little 
 advantage gained by the people of India from the change. The present tax will 
 bring in little revenue, being collected on only about one-twentieth of the entire 
 Indian consumption, while the other ninety-jive per cent, or the native manufacture, 
 is increased in cost to the native consumer to nearly an equivalent extent; doing 
 certain harm to the consumer, and perhaps under present circumstances fostering more 
 the hand than machine manufacture. 
 
 I have already alluded to the currency of India, and it forms a subject of such 
 importance to the effectual development of its trade and commerce, that I cannot 
 conclude without a few remarks on the subject, though it scarcely comes within the 
 scope of our present object. During the last three years of which we have accounts, 
 the import of bullion into the three Presidencies has been upwards of 41 millions 
 sterling, or equal to the entire value of imported merchandise, while the exports have 
 not exceeded two millions, leaving to have been employed in the country 39 million 
 pounds sterling during the period cited ; of course some part has been employed in 
 the manufacture of ornaments and jewellery, but the Indian Mint Returns show that 
 an immense proportion was converted into coin. By the increase in the trade with 
 the East in the last few years, there has been an immense drain of bullion to pay for 
 the produce we have imported from that source. In 1856 and 1857 alone, nearly 
 £30,000,000 sterling was exported from this country, though some portion of this 
 was of course on Government account; and in the year just closed it reached 
 £15,000,000. It is not the immense proportions of this drain that is most startling, 
 but that it consists almost entirely of silver, and this is caused, or greatly increased, 
 from silver being the only legal tender in our Indian Colonies. To illustrate the 
 effects of this drain upon our reserves of silver ; the price of the article in our 
 market, which in 1850 ranged about 5s. per ounce, has, within the past year, reached 
 the enormous sum of 5s. 2|d. per ounce ; to this country, this is a master of great 
 importance. The yield of silver in the world has steadily increased from six millions 
 in the commencement of the century up to £8,000,000 per annum at the present 
 time, and this supply does not appear capable of extension : while that of gold, which 
 ranged about four to five millions up to 1840, has increased to about £35,000,000, 
 at which it has stood since 1853. It is obvious, therefore, that, should this 
 condition of circumstances continue with the extension of our trade with the East, 
 there are difficulties in store which must ultimately seriously affect the position of our 
 own coin ; but hoping, as we must do, that the difficulty will be met by the Govern- 
 ment of India as far as lays in their power, the rest cannot be provided against, and 
 the law of supply and demand must work out the solution. The cumbersome 
 and expensive form of silver, as the sole circulating medium and only legal 
 tender in India, entails great expense and waste on trade conducted on such a basis ; 
 the leading transactions between 180 million people involves an immense use of the 
 coin ; the wear and tear, and the restricted employment which is necessitated by its 
 bulky form, imposes on the Government and the trader alike a heavy tax, and cripples 
 the capabilities of the country. There does not appear any reason why the trade of 
 the country should not be relieved of this heavy encumbrance by the partial substi- 
 
79 
 
 stution of a more easy form of media, such as the issue of Government notes, or at 
 all events gold coin, and the nation relieved of the immense cost of maintaining one 
 so expensive as the present, while we on our part would be relieved of the dread of 
 seeing our silver coin reach an unpleasant premium, and of the enormous gold dis- 
 coveries of America and Australia forcing on our gold a rate of depreciation in value 
 equally undesirable. As indicating the feeling in the matter, for several mails past, 
 merchants have been shipping fine gold in bars of 12 oz., which, being worth 84s. 
 per oz., cost about £50 sterling each. These are shipped to Bombay, then stamped 
 after assay, when they pass for 500 rupees. The novelty may be the beginning of 
 an important movement. If these 500-rupee gold bars are so convenient, some 
 considerable relief may be thus granted. There are unquestionably some reforms 
 called for in this respect ; the necessity for a gold coinage must force itself upon 
 public opinion, and sooner or later be followed by the issue of some readily con- 
 vertible form of paper or credit, for which there exists a great want, which, along 
 with other financial arrangements, it is to be hoped the Government will not delay the 
 consideration of, and that the adoption of some comprehensive scheme may be the 
 result.* 
 
 In conclusion, we have shown, I think, that India embodies all the constituent 
 qualities necessary to enable her to become the first cotton producing country in the 
 world. We have seen that means are being vigourously employed to assist her 
 onward progress in this and other respects, and there is great hope that before long 
 she will rival America both in the quality and quantity of produce in the English 
 market. The cloud which has so long o'ershadowed the vast Asiatic Continent is 
 quickly dissipating before the dawn of civilization, and in opening up the country, 
 and developing its resources, our legislators will have followed the most certain road 
 for securing its emancipation and forward march in the sure path of moral and 
 material development. 
 
 WEST INDIES AND BRITISH GUIANA. 
 
 Our West India Colonies have now almost ceased to be regarded as a source of cotton 
 supply, and, were it not that the quality of the cotton imported from them is very good, 
 and well suited to the finer phases of our manufacture, it would long since have been 
 erased from commercial notice. In 1787, we have seen that, the quantity imported from 
 this source formed nearly thirty -eight per cent of the total import into the United King- 
 dom ; but in the present day there is barely a sixteenth part of the quantity imported, 
 while it forms but part of the entire imports. The causes which have brought 
 
 about this decline are totally dissimilar from those which have affected the other cotton 
 growing countries ; the main cause being the scarcity of labour, hastened on perhaps by 
 the greater adaptibility of the principal part of the soil to the cultivation of sugar and 
 other products, and the greater decline which has taken place in the price of cotton 
 as compared with sugar. Thus, looking at the period 1817 to 1822, we find the 
 relative decline to have been 
 
 * Since this paper was delivered to the Royal Asiatic Society, it has been resolved by the Govern* 
 ment of India to issue Government Notes. 
 
80 
 
 Value of Cotton per lb. Value of Sugar per cwt. 
 
 1817 ". 20|d . .. 49s. 8d. 
 
 1818 20d. 50s. Od. 
 
 1819 lSJd 41s. 4d. 
 
 1820 Hid 36s. 2d. 
 
 1821 9£d 33s. 2d. 
 
 Which exhibits a decline in the case of cotton of fifty-jive per cent, and in sugar of 
 only thirty-three per cent, while the last prices may be said to represent very nearly 
 their present position. But, added to this, we have also another and very plausible reason 
 for the decline — in the great reduction of the duty formerly charged on foreign as com- 
 pared with West India cotton, which was effected in 1833, at the very time the 
 Emancipation Act was working the ruin of the planters. 
 
 At the time of the discovery of the West Indies by the Europeans, we know that 
 large quantities of the cotton plant were cultivated, and the material itself manufactured 
 by the native Indians ; and we may suppose that the 6,600,000 lbs. imported by us 
 in 1787 formed but a mere tithe of their then exporting power. Indeed, we know 
 that in 1803 Essequibo and Demerara together exported 46,435 bales, and that at 
 that date it was rather a cotton than sugar producing country. At the close of the 
 war in 1815 it had, however, declined to 30,315 bales, and in 1832, the year immedi- 
 ately following upon the passing of the great Emancipation Act, it had fallen to 5,000 
 bales ; and, though Demerara and Berbice continue to export a small quantity 
 Received from Surinam, there has not been a single pound produced in either since 
 1841. Formerly, it is stated, the yield per acre, under the great care bestowed on 
 the cultivation there, was 300 lbs. ; but, at the time of its final extinction, there is 
 reason to believe it was under 150 lbs. That the quantity produced might now 
 under favourable circumstances be greatly increased, there does not appear a doubt, 
 for the quality and yield are very favourable ; yet these circumstances, as compared 
 with the abundant facilities enjoyed by other more favoured colonies, are not likely to 
 occur within the time of the present generation, for it does not appear probable that 
 anything short of an abundant population can ever cause an extension of the cultiva- 
 tion there sufficient to exert any perceptible effect on the question of cotton supply. 
 When the West Indies took rank as one of the supplying countries, the major portion 
 of that imported was from the Mainland or British Guiana, and there is abundance of 
 soil suited to its cultivation there, as well as in many of the Windward and Leeward 
 Islands ; and, if ever it should enjoy an abundant population, there is no doubt but 
 it will form a colony well fitted to supply all the finer qualities of cotton — that at 
 present imported being equal to Egyptian, and only surpassed by the fine Sea Island 
 cotton of the islands and shores of the United States. 
 
 The proportion which the West India cotton has formed of our total imports since 
 1815 is shown in Table No. 12, as well as at page 42 ; from those figures the great 
 decline which has taken place will be apparent, and it will be seen how much it was 
 accelerated by the emancipation of the negroes, notwithstanding that a decided falling 
 off was apparent prior thereto — the result of the great decline taking place in the 
 price of the raw material from the greatly extended production opening up in the 
 United States, as well as in other parts, destroying the monopoly which was thereto- 
 
81 
 
 fore vouchsafed to our colonies. We have the detail of the quantity received from 
 each of the British West India possessions during the last twenty-eight years ; and 
 it will be found in Table No. 20. The main features it presents are in the imports 
 from — 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 Deraerara. 
 
 Berbice, 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 St. Vincent. 
 
 Barbadoes. 
 
 Bahamas. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs 
 
 1831 
 
 979.720 
 
 554,083 
 
 141,038 
 
 49,576 
 
 333,405 
 
 183.794 
 
 1836 
 
 818,648 
 
 262,049 
 
 117.935 
 
 71,864 
 
 121,752 
 
 157,118 
 
 1841 
 
 83.285 
 
 3,154 
 
 61.776 
 
 49,622 
 
 99,032 
 
 925,751 
 
 1846 
 
 275,901 
 
 113,638 
 
 9,335 
 
 53,382 
 
 380,248 
 
 257 507 
 
 1851 
 
 157,596 
 
 
 24,715 
 
 42,687 
 
 86 948 
 
 8,532 
 
 1856 
 
 210,560 
 
 
 67,760 
 
 35,616 
 
 51,632 
 
 
 1857 
 
 112,224 
 
 
 42,336 
 
 69,328 
 
 28,000 
 
 1,113,392 
 
 1858 
 
 227,696 
 
 
 57,476 
 
 57,120 
 
 3,472 
 
 
 The effect of slavery abolition is here very marked. But the Table also illustrates 
 the fact that it was not only the want of labour which caused the decline in the cultiva- 
 tion, since, prior to the passing of the Emancipation Act the falling off in the 
 cultivation had been very great. In Barbadoes, an island still abundantly supplied 
 with labour, the cultivation has continued steadily to decline, and to give place to the 
 more profitable one of the sugar cane ; and other places, in which the traces of cultiva- 
 tion are still maintained, happen to be those where the scarcity of labour most exists ; 
 from Union Island, a dependency of St. Vincents, and Carriacou,of Grenada, low, rocky, 
 sandy islands, comes the principal part of that grown on the islands, and this only on 
 account of their comparative unfitness for the more profitable sugar cultivation. 
 From the Bahamas the quantity is very fluctuating; for, while the import in 1857 
 was 1,113,892 lbs., in 1856 and 1858 there was not a single pound imported thence. 
 
 In British Guiana, as I have before said, there exist large wastes of land admirably 
 adapted to the cultivation, and with labour, in every probability it could compete with 
 the United States of America — but it is useless indulging in bootless lamentations ; 
 As regards the schemes that are being put forward to promote the cultivation in 
 Jamaica and other islands, I am almost of opinion that the energy and abilities so 
 employed might select numberless better fields, both as regards soil, climate, and the 
 most important item of labour. While expressing this opinion, it is not because 
 there is not land adapted, but that the scarcity of labour must render any success but 
 very partial. In British Guiana the extent and quality of the land for the purpose is 
 infinitely superior ;' six million acres are said to be admirably adapted, which might 
 produce a prodigious quantity ; but equally with the islands, the scarcity of labour is 
 there a certain stop to progress ; there is not sufficient for the purposes of the more 
 profitable sugar crop, and so there cannot be for any extended cotton cultiva- 
 tion. Labour is so scarce, that a good hand is paid Is. to Is. 4d. per day, with 
 perquisites ; and at this price the colonists would gladly employ large numbers of 
 immigrants. Government have at length conceded greater scope to the Colonial 
 Governments ; and for the sake of the colonists, it is to be hoped the present tide of 
 immigration may continue, for they are at present helplessly at the mercy of the inde- 
 pendent and capricious Creoles, who want some steady competition in the market, as in 
 F 
 
82 
 
 Barbadoes, to rouse their dormant energies. The success attending the immigrants 
 is amply proved by the large sums they carry away in savings on their return to their 
 native country, which they have the power of doing at the end of five years, 
 at the expense of the planter or employer. The system of immigration, how- 
 ever, is a heavy burden on the West India planter, and clogs his action very 
 materially — the only countervailing circumstance in his favour being the comparative 
 proximity to Great Britain, which admits of the produce reaching market early. 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 Is and ever has been properly the home of the cotton plant. In America the cotton 
 plant and labour is exotic ; and, in fact, both were transplanted from African soil. 
 Through a series of ages Africa has grown in darkness, and its capabilities, therefore, 
 are yet unknown and unopened up, and though our commercial relations with the 
 "West Coast have long existed, hitherto or until quite recently there has been no trade in 
 cotton ; indeed,- the efforts of a merchant of Manchester, twenty years since, to pro- 
 duce cotton on the Gold Coast for this market signally failed, and entailed on him 
 considerable loss. The efforts of Mr. Clegg, with the assistance of the missionaries 
 out there, have, however, now imparted a new life to the subject, and assisted by the 
 inducement of high prices here, there is great hope of its becoming a source of large 
 supplies. Cotton is now and could be procured there to any extent, cheaper than 
 from the United States. In the States the supply of cotton fluctuates, no two years 
 giving an equally good crop. In Africa the supply might be furnished both regularly 
 and abundantly. 
 
 Egypt, the source whence we have up to the present time almost wholly received 
 our supplies of African cotton, grew no cotton until 1823 ; and Tooke, in his 
 History of Prices, remarked that the " quantity, which previously to 1824, had 
 been imported from Egypt into this country, was perfectly insignificant, reached in 
 1826, 21,000,000 lbs., and the effect of this sudden increase, (which was not there- 
 after maintained), was greater than the mere quantity relatively to the total supply, 
 inasmuch as it operated on the minds of the buyers as opening a great and indefinite 
 source of supply, at a reduced cost." The quantity exported from Alexandria during 
 the last ten years has been : — 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 1850 46,059,965 1855 56,874.300 
 
 1851 30,347,338 1856 54,419,90* 
 
 1852 66,424,960 1857 49,489,55.2 
 
 1853 43,885,201 1858 52,369,408 
 
 1854 43,546,500 1859 49,259,210 
 
 The quality of its cotton is second only to the Sea Island, or long staple American. 
 The Pasha of Egypt, with true sagacity, introduced the cultivation as a means of in- 
 creasing his revenue, and he has largely benefited by its introduction, At this moment, 
 steps are being taken to render the Delta of the Nile more extensively available for 
 cotton culture. The average exports from Alexandria during the last ten years has 
 been about 49,000,000 lbs., while in 1823 it was only 5,623 bales, or two to three 
 million pounds. Besides the quantity now exported, there are 50 to 60,000 bales 
 annually consumed in the factories established by the Pasha. 
 
83 
 
 The imports into the United Kingdom of cotton from Egypt have been : — 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 1852 45,823,568 1856 34,399,008 
 
 1853 28,067,984 1857 24,532,256 
 
 1854 23,353,120 " 1858 38,232,320 
 
 1855 32,622,6&8 
 
 Algeria, under Napoleon III., has become a cotton growing colony. In 
 1850 the Emperor set operations on foot for the purpose, and last year some nine 
 or ten thousand acres were under cultivation. Samples worth 12^-d. per lb. have been 
 shown here. The people entered so enthusiastically upon the cultivation for the first year 
 as to exceed their means of carrying on the farms successfully, and in 1856-7 their 
 energies languished so much as to render a bounty necessary from the Government to keep 
 them at work ; but no doubt, eventually, there will be a large growth of cotton in Algeria. 
 With such ready means of transit to the manufacturing market, with all the advantages 
 of climate and labour, the French colonists have all the elements of success in their 
 favour. As yet none of their produce has reached our markets, and except in the 
 event of some great dearth in America forcing prices up to a high pitch here, it is not 
 probable it will do so for some time. 
 
 Morocco and Tunis are both well suited to the growth of the staple, and efforts 
 are being made in both countries to promote its growth. The Bey of Tunis, 
 having witnessed the success attending the exertions of the Pasha of Egypt, is most 
 anxious to encourage his people to take up cotton growing. A Tunisian cotton company 
 was formed two or three years since, but their experiments have not resulted in any- 
 thing worthy of report. 
 
 In Loanda and Angola cotton is attracting some attention. The Portuguese 
 merchants, and others, are endeavouring to create a trade in cotton, and, from the 
 reports furnished by Portuguese papers, there is expectation of a considerable export 
 this next year — it is a question of freight merely. The cotton can be bought to 
 advantage, but the expenses of shipment are heavy, otherwise an immense quantity 
 might be obtained from the interior of the country, which has been reported upon by 
 Dr. Livingstone as abounding with it ; and it seems really only a question of time 
 now that attention has been awakened in these quarters by the Cotton Supply 
 Association. 
 
 On the east coast, or rather along the banks of the Zambesi which empties 
 itself into the Mozambique Channel, cotton already grows wild, and Dr. Livingstone 
 states in a recent letter to James Aspinall Turner, Esq., Member for Manchester, 
 that he bought a rove of this cotton at the cost of about Id. It seems probable that 
 if a company were formed with capital to send out a flat bottomed steamer of small 
 draught to traverse this river, a large quantity of cotton could be collected at a fraction 
 of Id. per lb. Machinery for cleaning, with a station and agent upon the coast, 
 would enable this cotton to reach Liverpool at 3d. to 4d. per lb., and there is no 
 doubt that a profit of £35,000 would be realised on every 10,000 bales sent home. 
 Indeed, seldom has any opening of so profitable a character occurred as s here presented. 
 
 The West Coast, embracing Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Gold Coast, and the 
 Yoruba country, having its outlet at Lagos, and at the mouths of the Niger, is that 
 part of Africa to which we must look for immediate results — merchants and traders 
 
84 
 
 have had their attention earnestly directed to the question of cotton exportation 
 throughout these districts by »the Cotton Supply Association. At Sierra Leone 
 persons have heen furnished with the necessary gins for cleaning cotton, and steps 
 are being taken both for its growth and purchase from the natives, but here the 
 success has not been so complete. At Elmina a native proprietor and merchant, the 
 owner of about 160 square miles of land, is about to enter largely into the trade ; 
 he is raising capital for the purpose, and can control the labour of half a million of 
 the natives in the interior and along the coast ; this gentleman (who, by the way, 
 speaks five or six European languages) has an establishment at Accra and another at 
 Lagos ; at the latter place he has erected an extensive ginning and packing establish- 
 ment within the last year. By the letters of a mail or two back the Cotton Supply 
 Association received an interesting letter from Accra, stating that a district had just 
 been discovered, not far inland, where 70,000 Africans were engaged growing and 
 spinning and weaving cotton. An enterprising firm has offered to the Gold Coast 
 Agricultural Society to purchase all the cotton they can procure, and has given carte 
 blanche for the price. From the newly-discovered district just referred to 1,085 bags 
 of 30 lbs. each were immediately purchased, and are on the point of shipment to this 
 order. Numerous firms have expressed their determination of going into the trade, 
 and constant shipments are now being made to Liverpool. Prizes have been offered, 
 and various kinds of machinery have been sent by the Cotton Supply Association to 
 each of the districts just named, and there is at this time considerable activity along 
 the coast to induce the natives to become traders in cotton instead of slave. A 
 movement is also on foot in the United States to send out, as colonists to the West 
 Coast, a number of free negroes, acquainted with cotton cultivation, in order that they 
 may take with them those mechanical and agricultural arts of which the rude natives 
 are not yet masters. By these means the people will become attracted to industrial 
 pursuits for the sake of profit, and the inducement to sell the negro will diminish in 
 the same ratio ; they are eager for our manufactures, and while elevating their 
 condition by commerce, we shall extend our own trade very considerably. 
 
 Dr. Baikie has just tendered his services to the Cotton Supply Association in the 
 region where he is stationed, viz., at Rabba, some 4 to 500 miles up the Niger ; he 
 is in the heart of a cotton country. It is to be hoped that steamers will soon traffic 
 up the Niger until it shall become the Mississippi of Africa, and the great outlet 
 for cotton. 
 
 Lagos is the most considerable cotton port at present. The operations of 
 Mr. Thomas Clegg, at Lagos, Abbeokuta, and the interior, gave the first great 
 impulse in this quarter, and now there are many merchants endeavouring to establish 
 the cotton trade on a firm and extensive basis. 
 
 Lagos, until very recently, was the seat of a great slave mart. The first efforts 
 for promoting the trade in cotton were made at Badagry in the Bight of Benin, which, 
 however, was not well suited to the purpose, and was furthermore continually threatened 
 with destruction, so that it was well nigh abandoned, when the efforts of Commodore 
 Bruce finally dispersed the nest of slave traders, and Lagos became an open port for 
 legitimate commerce, since which the trade has gradually increased. The Yoruba 
 nation of this district is famous for enterprise and skill in trade ; the country is well 
 adapted to the growth of cotton ; and water communication connects Lagos with a 
 
native town of 100,000 inhabitants, called Abbeokuta, about sixty miles in the 
 interior. The receipts from Abbeokuta and Lagos may be thus summarised : — 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 1852 1,810 1855 1,651 
 
 1853 4,617 1856 11,492 
 
 1854 1,588 1857 35,419 
 
 And since 1857 the cotton has come home through several channels, but principally 
 through the Abbeokuta Institution, which, for the last two years, has transmitted 
 monthly more than 100 bags or 150,000 lbs. annually. The quality of the cotton 
 is found to be of the most serviceable kind, very similar to Middling Orleans cotton. 
 During the year 1857, the relative price was : — 
 
 d. 
 
 African 7.15 per lb. 
 
 Middling, New Orleans 7.25 „ 
 
 The fractional advantage in favour of the latter arising from the superior process by 
 which it was cleaned. 
 
 The President of Liberia, as well as the Gold Coast Agricultural Society, has sent 
 out messengers among the tribes, calling attention to cotton as an article of trade, 
 and in a very few years there can be no doubt but that cotton will become the leading 
 article of growth ; thus taking its stand upon its own ground, as that fibre which was 
 especially designed to grow and be cultivated in Africa "above all other countries in 
 the world. Africa is the proper home of the cotton plant, and will, eventually, supply 
 the world. Slavery in America will, no doubt, sooner or later come to an end, and 
 where must w r e then look for supplies but to Africa and India. The population along 
 the West Coast is ample to ensure cheap labour. The towns in the interior, not far 
 from the coast, are numerous and well populated, ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 
 inhabitants. The colony of Natal has taken up the cultivation of cotton, and a 
 correspondent reports that he has fifteen tons of cotton ready for shipment. The 
 Governor of the colony is also anxious to introduce the culture among the Zulus and 
 native tribes, and has proposed to the Home Government that the hut tax paid by 
 the Aborigines should be allowed to be paid for in cotton as an incentive to its growth. 
 The value of a sample bale of native cotton just received is 9d. per lb., and it is well 
 adapted to the trade of Lancashire, and superior to average New Orleans. 
 
 The opening of the African cotton trade, which thus bids fair to become of large 
 dimensions, must ever be considered as having been greatly assisted by the Cotton 
 Supply Association. There is no question but that Africa is the most hopeful source 
 of future supply, and it is to be hoped the Association will receive the support it 
 deserves, and persevere in its very successful efforts. As an Association, working out a 
 far more noble destiny than that of a mere trading company, it is deservedly popular. 
 Had the twenty million pounds sterling allowed for the abolition of slavery, or one tithe 
 of that now spent annually in the maintainance of war steamers for the control of the 
 slave trade, been applied to its objects, a far more sure and effectual settlement of 
 the question would have been effected than is now presented by the Southern States 
 of America and Cuba. 
 
86 
 
 BRAZIL 
 
 Is the only other source of cotton supply of note which remains to be particularly 
 noticed. It was among those countries which furnished our earlier supplies of the raw 
 material ; but the quantity has not increased since the beginning of the century. 
 Our imports from this source are given in Table No. 12 ; by that we shall see the 
 largest import into this country was in the year 1825, and that since that period it has 
 even declined, Mr. Ellison, in his hand-book, stated the exports from Brazil to 
 have been : — 
 
 1840 ........ 22,335,520 lbs. 1848 20,457,116 lbs. 
 
 1841 22,140,030 1849 27,181,312 
 
 1842 20,466,566 1850 35,498,048 
 
 1843 22,324,718 1851 28,270,080 
 
 1844 26,056,160 1852 28,744,000 
 
 1845 26,446,240 1853 31,933,056 
 
 1846 20,651,040 1854 28,551,584 
 
 1847 19,419,224 1855 27,838,720 
 
 There is a diversity of opinion as to the capabilities of Brazil as a source of cotton 
 supply ; but it seems to be admitted that there are almost boundless tracts of suitable 
 land. The quality of the cotton now produced is excellent ; the means of transit are good 
 and improving ; the San Francisco Eiver has an uninterrupted internal navigation of 
 upwards of 1,000 miles, furnishing the means of transport, which, with the Pernambuco, 
 and other railways to be completed, will give great facility to the extension of the cultiva- 
 tion but then there is the same want felt which ruined the West Indies as producers, viz., 
 the want of labour ; since the abolition of the external slave trade in Brazil, in 1850, 
 caused an extension of the available supply impossible, the slaves have increased 
 in demand and value, the labour being almost wholly employed in the more 
 profitable cultivations to the detriment of the cotton planters. Although the decline 
 in the rate of production has not been so severe as in the West Indies, the causes are 
 about the same, save the advantage of abundant and fertile lands enjoyed by the 
 former. If Brazil could command the needful labour, there is no question but that 
 she would become a large supplier of our wants in the finer class of staple ; but 
 until some change occurs favourable to that end, we must not look for any con- 
 siderable increase in the supply. 
 
 Among other places we must not omit to note Australia. At present efforts are 
 making in our Australian Colonies, and strong hopes are entertained of great success. 
 Samples have been received of excellent quality from the neighbourhood of Moreton's 
 Bay. The great distance causes a considerable drawback to our being thus supplied, 
 and, with a scanty population, it seems at present ill fitted to compete with other cotton 
 producing colonies. Labour can, doubtless, be obtained from China, and even India, 
 and it may not be long before, in the progress of the Australian world, cotton is both 
 largely grown and manufactured there, sufficient not only for its own immediate 
 wants, but for export. 
 
 Looking then to these remarks, our hopes for the future are somewhat gloomy as 
 regards supply. It is amply substantiated that available land in everyway suited to 
 the production of unlimited quantities is readily obtainable ; each quarter of the globe 
 
87 
 
 enjoying land of different degrees of fertility, producing from 100 to 400 lbs. of 
 clean cotton per acre, and quality ranging in market value from 3d. to 2s. 6d. per lb., 
 with different distances of sea and land transit, and of available labour. Thus, 
 America has abundance of new and suitable land, adequate to yield on an average 
 300 lbs. per acre, and of a quality worth 7d. per lb. ; but then the want of labour 
 prevents any extensive addition to the present growth, and where it can be effected it 
 is only with a charge for labour equal to about 3d. per lb. In India, with a very 
 slight increase in the rate of freight as compared with America, there is also abundance 
 of land, producing 80 to 100 lbs., but which, it seems fair to essay, will produce, 
 with ordinary improvements, 150 lbs. per acre, worth about 5d, per lb., and a 
 redundance of labour to be had at less than Id. per lb., but, with a large additional 
 charge, however, for inland transit, at present equal to Jd. to 1 Jd. per lb. In Africa 
 the data is not obtainable as to the yield per acre, but land is so abundant and fertile, 
 and labour so cheap, that cotton can, it is stated, be obtained in almost unlimited 
 quantities at fd. to l|d. per lb., and this for a quality worth from 6d. to 7d. per lb. ; 
 so that allowing for an increase in price by virtue of a created demand, it seems 
 likely to undersell even the Americans themselves in our markets. But this success 
 is contingent to a large extent on the demand continuing as active as at present, that 
 the extraordinary expenses incurred by the promoters in starting the new trade may 
 be returned to them, else, like the French colonists in Algeria, they may yet turn 
 away from it in disgust. For my own part I am almost inclined to expect 
 that, except in case of a failure of the next or future American crops, the 
 present large crop in America, with a steady prospective increase from all other 
 sources, will cause a fall in price sufficiently inimical to this advance, to retard in a 
 great measure the relief which otherwise would be afforded. Everyone must agree, 
 that it is decidedly a matter of national interest, apart from any bias, that we should 
 be relieved of our present critical dependence on America ; that we should also have 
 supplies from other sources to compensate for deficient crops, which recur at certain 
 cycles of time there ; moreover, it is a matter of philanthropic as well as Christian 
 feeling that we should withdraw our support from raising the value of slave labour, 
 as our present demand for the raw material does in the States, and doing this we 
 should be following the surest road to the erasure of the blot of slavery from our time. 
 
 Having thus glanced at the prospects of supply, we now draw to the close of our 
 subject ; but we may say a few words on some of the more salient points in the phases 
 of demand in this country. First we have the demand for the raw material which we 
 import, to be exported again to other manufacturing countries or consumed in our 
 own manufactories. The proportion will be seen in Table No. 1, which furnishes 
 the data since 1781, and, taking decennial averages, it appears thus : — 
 
 Quantity Imported. Re-exported. Taken for Consumption 
 
 1789-1798 
 1799-1808 
 1809-1818 
 1819-1828 
 1829-1838 
 1839-1848 
 1849-1858 
 The year 1859 
 
 28,480,000 lbs. 861,131 lbs. 27,618,869 lbs. 
 
 56,786,950 1,819,478 54,967,472 
 
 104,555,923 6,625,417 97,930,506 
 
 182,480,492 15,613,500 171,976,732 
 
 337,856,788 25,587,242 .... 311,656,814 
 
 569,849,543 50,500,006 .... 516,561,275 
 
 880,811,929 124,968,995 .... 761,570,000 
 
 1,225,989,072 .... 175,143,136 .... 976,600,000 
 
88 
 
 It will not, however, be inferred that these figures form any index to the progress of 
 the Continental manufactories during the same last-mentioned period. All those nations 
 possessing a mercantile navy have prodigiously increased their demand and imports 
 direct from the places of growth, as we have already before shown. 
 
 The Table No. 21 furnishes in detail the destination of cotton re-exported from 
 this country ; the features it presents generally are not very striking, except in the 
 slow but steady rate of progression of the exports to each of the manufacturing 
 countries up to within the last few years. The increase in the exports to France 
 since 1848 is very great. The effect of the Russian war upon "the Continental 
 markets is strikingly pourtrayed in these tables. Previous to the commencement of 
 the war, Russia took away twenty-five per cent of the whole quantity re-exported by 
 us, and the closing of the ports for nearly two years naturally gave an impetus to the 
 trade of other countries ; one-half the deficiency was made up to Russia, by indirect 
 receipts through Prussia; thus we find our exports thence were with that object. The 
 Russian demand has not yet recovered itself, though some portion of the deficiency 
 is compensated for by direct shipments from America and other producing countries. 
 
 A considerable and increasing proportion of the East India cotton is thus taken for 
 export. Looking at the statistics of the last ten years, in bales, as returned by the 
 trade, it appears thus : — 
 
 East India. Other Kinds. Total Exported. 
 
 1850 96,300 176,100 272,400 
 
 1851 103,450 .... 165,050 268,500 
 
 1852 100,740 182,060 ' 282,800 
 
 1853 151,500 198,100 349,600 
 
 1854 168,050 147,780 315,830 
 
 1855 188,600 128,300 316,900 
 
 1856 216,200 140,500 356,700 
 
 1857 226,540 110,710 .. . 337,250 
 
 1858 173,900 174,800 348,700 
 
 1859 272,500 163,400 435,990 
 
 And the only tangible reason for this apparent partiality is the comparative cheapness 
 of the article, and perhaps from the merchants receiving orders with prices limited, 
 which precludes other and cleaner qualities being purchased by them ; it cannot surely 
 be that our manufacturers are so blinded as to undervalue the Indian qualities to 
 such an extent as to benefit their Continental neighbours and competitors ? 
 
 The quantity retained by our own manufacturers may be seen in the same table, 
 No. 1 ; and the columns 25 and 27 in Table No. 8, furnishes the relative proportions 
 employed in the fabrication of manufactures for the home and export trades. Taking 
 them in quinquennial averages they appear thus : — - 
 
 Home Trade. Export Trade, 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 1834-1838 .... 136,180,152 = 38 per cent .... 222,461,722 = 62 per cent 
 
 1839-1843 171,678,178 = 36 „ 302,645,053 = 64 „ 
 
 1844-1848 193,631,389 = 34 „ 367,827,931 = 66 „ 
 
 1849-1853 .... 221,207,238 = 33 „ .... 450,152,762 = 67 „ 
 1854-1858 .... 245,226,342 = 29 „ .... 606,493,658 = 71 „ 
 
89 
 
 Showing that the larger proportion of our increased manufacture has gone to meet the 
 foreign demand. 
 
 It must, however, he ohserved, that the quantities of the raw material thus given 
 are not necessarily a criterion of value ; it will be seen that the qualities of cotton 
 goods exported, as compared with those for the home trade, are mostly plain goods, 
 and to the new markets opened up of a coarser grade and heavier make, it being 
 generally estimated by the trade that the relative value of the two classes of fabrics 
 is one-third less in the former than in the latter. Columns 26 and 28 in the same 
 table furnish the value of both ; thus, in quinquennial averages, they appear : — 
 
 Home Trade. Export Trade. 
 
 1834-1838 £18,291,029 £22,403,559 
 
 1839-1843 17,701,738 23,569,158 
 
 1844-1848 17,288,000 24,707,786 
 
 1849-1853 19,336,990 29,542,472 
 
 .1854-1858 20,123,535 37,406,496 
 
 Showing that though the relative value of the manufactures, which furnish the home, 
 is greater than that for the foreign trade, as compared with the quantity, yet the 
 increase in the value, or improvement in quality, is greater in the case of the latter ; 
 which is accounted for by the improved quality of the manufactures taken by the 
 Indian and other markets, which have been some time opened up. 
 
 A very able writer on the subject of the cotton manufacture, in the Companion to the 
 British Almanac, remarks that the quantity of cotton used in the mills does not always 
 show the amount of work done. The quantity thus consumed was enormously greater in 
 1848 than in 1847, in 1852 than in 1851, but the quantities of work done and wages paid 
 did not increase in a similar ratio. The latter two elements depend in a great measure on 
 the weight of cotton used in making a particular size of cloth or yarn. In some states of 
 the market heavy goods pay the manufacturer better than those of lighter texture ; and 
 at such a time the consumption of cotton is increased, though neither the manu- 
 facturers' profits, nor the workman's wages, may have reached a higher aggregate. 
 In some cotton fabrics the material is worth two-thirds of the whole value, in others 
 it amounts to only one-fiftieth ; these are extreme cases, and between them every 
 kind of ratio is observable in some or other of the numerous varieties of manufacture. 
 In the case of yarns the material is worth three-fourths of the whole price in some 
 specimens, and only one-twentieth in others. A given number of spindles employed 
 in making cotton twist of the thickness called No. 20, would use up 1 .340 lbs. of 
 cotton, in the time which would elapse in producing No. 30's out of 840 lbs., No. 40's 
 out of 525 lbs., and No. 60's out of 224 lbs., in the high numbers the relative value 
 of the material is lower than in the low numbers. In some of the gigantic cotton 
 mills 30,000 or 40,000 lbs. less of cotton will be used in some weeks than in others, 
 although all the machinery and all the hands may be employed at both the periods ; 
 the difference arising from fine light goods being made at one time, and coarse heavy 
 goods at another. When the demand for printed "muslins" and other light goods, is 
 relatively brisker than that for "domestics" or coarser cotton goods, the consumption 
 of cotton in England is found to lessen. An advance in the price of cotton is much 
 more strongly felt in respect to coarse goods and yarns, than in fine, so much so, 
 indeed, that the demand from many foreign markets almost ceases, if the price 
 
90 
 
 fluctuates beyond its usual limits ; whereas, in lighter goods wherein labour forms a 
 larger ratio of the cost, the manufacturer has an inducement to produce light goods 
 instead of heavy ; and for a like reason, when the demand is slack, there is less 
 dead weight, in a stock of light goods, than of heavy goods of equal market value. 
 
 The nature of our export trade in cotton manufactures may be seen from the Table 
 No. 3, which furnishes from the year 1820 (the earliest date at which we have official 
 or complete statistical records), the total official and declared real value of both goods 
 and yarns ; but the Tables No. 22 and 23 will furnish the detail which our purpose 
 requires. Looking at their declared real value and reducing the data again for brevity 
 sake into quinquennial averages, it will appear— 
 
 
 GOODS. 
 
 YARNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Yds. 
 
 £ 
 
 lbs. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1820-4 
 
 293,266,567 
 
 14,203,493 
 
 21,427,732 
 
 2,718,277 
 
 16,921,770 
 
 1825-9 
 
 346,970,665 
 
 13,410,712 
 
 46,331,408 
 
 3,563,185 
 
 16,973,897 
 
 
 475,817,439 
 
 14,067,538 
 
 70,247,712 
 
 4,549,312 
 
 18,616,850 
 
 
 629,616,947 
 
 16,596,325 
 
 99,028,685 
 
 6,614,592 
 
 23,210,917 
 
 1840-4., .. 
 
 848,233,492 
 
 16,555,693 
 
 131,604,978 
 
 7,264,459 
 
 23,820,152 
 
 
 1,106,794,951 
 
 18,214,707 
 
 140,568,360 
 
 7,687,037 
 
 24,901,744 
 
 1850-4 
 
 1,539,199,542 
 
 23,884,743 
 
 143,096,515 
 
 6,651.874 
 
 30,536,617 
 
 1855-9 
 
 2,168,112,850 
 
 32,064,065 
 
 183,233,832 
 
 8,594,948 
 
 40,659,013 
 
 The relatively retrogressive aspect of the demand for our yarns attracts attention ; 
 this is not the result of any lack of energy on the part of our manufacturers or 
 spinners, but of the progress making in the process of spinning on the Continent. 
 Where formerly an immense proportion of yarn was received hence for weaving 
 abroad, new spinning factories have been established, and the entire process of manu- 
 facture is oftentimes performed independent of our aid. But this, of course, applies 
 only to the European demand, particularly that of Russia and Sweden, which have 
 latterly taken but a tithe of what they were formerly wont to do. The demand for our 
 Colonial Possessions and of other countries out of Europe is that to which we must 
 look for the increased consumption and demand necessary to maintain our position 
 as a manufacturing nation. 
 
 The proportion of our exported cotton manufactures, taken by our British 
 Possessions and Dependencies, and by foreign countries, may be seen by Table No. 
 20, and taking annual averages of quinquennial periods, the relative rate of progression 
 of the declared real value of such exports appears thus : — 
 
 British Possessions and Foreign 
 Dependencies. Countries. 
 
 1820-4 £3,471,282 £13,450,288 
 
 1825-9 3,547,685 13,426,211 
 
 1830-4 3,449,589 15,167,260 
 
 1835-9 3,462,495 17,748,422 
 
 1840-4 6,710,755 17,109,397 
 
 1845-9 6,522,680 18,379,063 
 
 1850-4 9,100,895 21,435,722 
 
 (4 years.) 1855-8 11,451,071 27,320,585 
 
91 
 
 Another point which the Table No. 8 illustrates is the relatively prodigious increase 
 in the quantity as compared with the value, or decrease in the value as compared with 
 the quantity of the raw material worked up ; the result of the diminished price of the 
 material and improvements in the process of manufacture, and, perhaps, in the 
 diminished rate of profit taken by our manufacturers as the result of competition. 
 The first two reasons admit, I think, of little doubt, but the last, which formed the 
 subject of remark at page 28, may be deserving of a little closer scrutiny ; and the 
 Table No. 8 will assist us in the investigation. Admitting the correctness of those 
 figures, the following will show the price per lb. left to the manufacturers, 
 merchants, &c. in each of the last twenty-six years thus : — 
 
 
 
 Cost of the 
 
 Leaving Surplus 
 
 
 Equal to 
 
 
 Total Value of 
 
 Raw Material 
 
 for Cost of 
 
 Upon the Quantity 
 
 in Pence 
 
 Years. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Employed. 
 
 Manufacture. 
 
 Worked up. 
 
 Per Pound. 
 
 1834 
 
 £38,304,409 
 
 £11,550,553 
 
 £26,753,856 
 
 lbs.311,335,657 
 
 2062 
 
 1835.'.'. '. '. 
 
 40,257,875 
 
 14,518,058 
 
 25,739,817 
 
 329,207,692 
 
 18-76 
 
 1836,'..'. 
 
 43,691,658 
 
 15,081,011 
 
 28,610,647 
 
 355,684,232 
 
 1931 
 
 1837."" 
 
 36,101,141 
 
 10,777,351 
 
 25,323,790 
 
 359,245,035 
 
 16-91 
 
 1838 
 
 45,117,859 
 
 13,132,102 
 
 31,985,757 
 
 437,736,755 
 
 17-54 
 
 1839 
 
 DO,OU^,Olo 
 
 1 o AQO 1 
 
 OQ Q1 A 1 KQ 
 
 Q7(? KAA 077 
 
 1 K 00 
 
 1840 
 
 49,616,655 
 
 13,243.773 
 
 36,372,882 
 
 511,342,743 
 
 17-07 
 
 1841 
 
 39,744,285 
 
 12,089,309 
 
 27,654,976 
 
 451,093,631 
 
 14-71 
 
 1842 
 
 37,220,311 
 
 10,664,723 
 
 26,555,588 
 
 461,676,400 
 
 13-80 
 
 1843 
 
 43,270,911 
 
 11,382,861 
 
 31,888,050 
 
 572,003,105 
 
 1337 
 
 1844 
 
 42.865,638 
 
 11,621,328 
 
 31,244,310 
 
 553,396,602 
 
 13-55 
 
 1845 
 
 46,988,094 
 
 11,400,319 
 
 35,587,775 
 
 606,400,000 
 
 14 09 
 
 1846 
 
 44,574,592 
 
 13,018,609 
 
 31,555,983 
 
 622,900,000 
 
 12-16 
 
 1847 
 
 36,446,714 
 
 13,004,679 
 
 23,442,035 
 
 462,800,000 
 
 1216 
 
 1848 
 
 39,103,893 
 
 10,280,939 
 
 28,822,954 
 
 561,800,000 
 
 12-31 
 
 1849 
 
 43,441,576 
 
 13,859,999 
 
 29,581,577 
 
 630,000,000 
 
 11-27 
 
 1850 .... 
 
 45,826,992 
 
 17,937,100 
 
 27,889,892 
 
 588,100,000 
 
 11-38 
 
 1851 
 
 48,299*356 
 
 16,225,429 
 
 32,073,927 
 
 656,900,000 
 
 11-72 
 
 1852 
 
 51,256,194 
 
 16,641,239 
 
 34,614,955 
 
 720,400,000 
 
 11-53 
 
 1853 
 
 55,573,195 
 
 18,425,879 
 
 37,147,316 
 
 761,400,000 
 
 11-71 
 
 1854 
 
 55,094,047 
 
 18,251,081 
 
 36,842,966 
 
 802,700,000 
 
 11-11 
 
 1855 
 
 54,736,520 
 
 19,619,888 
 
 35,116,632 
 
 839,200,000 
 
 10-04 
 
 1856,.... 
 
 57,074,852 
 
 22,129,599 
 
 34,945,253 
 
 856,700,000 
 
 9-79 
 
 1857 
 
 60,157,703 
 
 25,925,228 
 
 34,232,475 
 
 858,000,000 
 
 9-57 
 
 1858 
 
 60,387,034 
 
 26,254,800 
 
 34,132,234 
 
 902,000,000 
 
 9-08 
 
 1859 
 
 71,373,214 
 
 27,530,774 
 
 44,842,440 
 
 966,643,000 
 
 10-77 
 
 The figures here presented show that in those years of abundant supplies, and conse- 
 quent cheap prices of the raw material, the margin for labour and expenses of 
 manufacture gives way, on account of a larger proportion of a heavier and consequently 
 less expensive description of goods being manufactured ; but apart from this fact, 
 there has been a steady decline in the item of margin for expenses, even while 
 these expenses have actually increased. The more marked decline, however, of 
 1855-56-57-58, the result of over competition, leaves but one impression, con- 
 vinced as we must be, that neither the price of food, labour, or material, nor the 
 improvements in manufacture have been such as to account for it. We cannot but 
 infer that this over-competition has resulted in great loss to the manufacturers ; and, 
 if such is really the case — and it is almost admitted — the sooner it is destroyed the 
 better ; indeed, looking at the figures for 1859, the difficulty would seem to have 
 found its own solution, mayhap in connection with the late crisis. It may be supposed 
 
92 
 
 that competition cannot be overdone, but this is a delusion ; whenever it occurs in 
 such extremes it cannot but end in harm to trade and loss to the manufacturers, and 
 prevent those salutary effects which a legitimate competition would produce. If the 
 manufacturer has made losses or disproportionately diminished profits without an 
 adequate consideration, then there must necessarily follow a check to improvement in 
 the trade — a retrogressive movement to compensate for them — and capital is with- 
 drawn in distrust until the cause is satiated in its results ; indeed, work whichever 
 way it will, it cannot but result in a paralization and weakening of the manufacturing 
 interest especially to compete with foreign countries. 
 
 A feature in the subject of cotton cultivation, and the uses of the products of the 
 plant, may be noted before finally closing. The cotton seed, which until lately, Was 
 not employed to any considerable extent, is found to yield a valuable oil and cake. 
 The oil is well fitted for burning, lubricating, and perhaps painting, while the cake 
 is employed to feed cattle and hogs, and for manure, and as material for the 
 manufacture of gas for illuminating ; while the waste cotton fibre is employed for the 
 manufacture of paper, and the bark stripped off the plant yields a good and useful 
 fibre. 
 
93 
 
 TABLE No. 1. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into, Exported from, 
 and Consumed in the United Kingdom;* with the Rates of Duty 
 Imposed, and Amount of Revenue Collected therefrom,, since 1781. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Consumed-! 
 
 Exported. 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Duty. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 ■" 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 £ 
 
 . • 
 
 1781 
 
 k •* A£> turret 
 
 5,198,778 
 
 f -t r\ -* a a a 
 
 5,101,990 
 
 O f* f"7 A a 
 
 96,788 
 
 
 free 
 
 1782 
 
 "i ~t aoa Aon 
 
 11,828,039 
 
 11,406,810 
 
 A O "1 AAA 
 
 421,229 
 
 ... 
 
 free 
 
 1783 
 
 A nor f* f* o 
 
 9,735,663 
 
 a k f c > a o r7 
 
 9,558,037 
 
 inn f* d r* 
 
 177,626 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1784 
 
 11,482,083 
 
 11.280,238 
 
 201,845 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1785 
 
 18,400,384 
 
 1 P7 a a A a a a 
 
 17,992 888 
 
 A (\n A C\ f* 
 
 407,496 
 
 
 free 
 
 1786 
 
 19,475,020 
 
 19,151,867 
 
 323,153 
 
 :::: 
 
 free 
 
 1787 
 
 23,250,268 
 
 OO "1 n f* oorr 
 
 22,176,887 
 
 h at o oai 
 
 1,073,381 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1788 
 
 20,467,43b 
 
 1 A i*1 A OOA 
 
 853,146 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1789 
 
 O O t?nf* Ann 
 
 32,576,023 
 
 OO orro "* a/* 
 
 32,278,x86 
 
 297,837 
 
 
 free 
 
 1790 
 
 31,447,605 
 
 30,603,451 
 
 844, 1 54 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1791 
 
 28,706.675 
 
 28,343,233 
 
 O f* O A A O 
 
 363,442 
 
 
 free 
 
 1792 
 
 34,907,497 
 
 33,422,032 
 
 1,485.465 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1793 
 
 19,040,929 
 
 17,869,363 
 
 1,171,566 
 
 
 free 
 
 1794 
 
 24,3o8,567 
 
 23,008,617 
 
 "1 O A a A CO 
 
 1,349,950 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1795 
 
 26 401,340 
 
 25,207,603 
 
 1,193,737 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1796 
 
 OO "1 0£? otr7 
 
 o2,12b,oo7 
 
 oi,4ol,oyo 
 
 d(\A nan 
 
 o94,yb2 
 
 .... 
 
 free 
 
 1797 
 
 23,354,371 
 
 OO r7 /4 f oio 
 
 22,745,313 
 
 609,058 
 
 
 Duty first imposed in 1798. 
 
 1798 
 
 31,880,641 
 
 31,279,502 
 
 /» A l "(OA 
 
 601,139 
 
 Ti Q1 A 
 
 / ljOlU 
 
 West India, 8/9 ; Bowed Georgia, 
 
 
 
 
 
 b/o, and Jrernambuco 12/6 per 
 lOOlbs.; ii.ast India 4o/o ad val. 
 
 1799 
 
 43,379,278 
 
 jn ko^ r* r\n 
 
 42,534,607 
 
 844,671 
 
 OA7 1 CO 
 
 same 
 
 1800 
 
 56,010,732 
 
 -t r* r\ A *J oo 
 
 51,594,122 
 
 4,416,610 
 
 O A A OOO 
 
 24U,o22 
 
 same 
 
 1801 
 
 56,064,305 
 
 4 aao i oo 
 
 54,203,433 
 
 -* a/»a or?o 
 
 1,860,872 
 
 lio, y/o 
 
 same 
 
 1802 
 
 60,345,600 
 
 56,615,120 
 
 3,730,480 
 
 1 AKQ 
 i/D,U0o 
 
 ii«ast India, 44 lbs. o\o ad val.; Tur- 
 
 
 
 
 key and United otates, 7/10; 
 British Possessions 10/6 ; other 
 parts, lo/U per IUU lbs. 
 
 ■1803 
 
 53,812,284 
 
 tfO O f? 1 OO 1 
 
 52,2ol,231 
 
 1,561,053 
 
 £)00,0lo 
 
 Irernams, 25/0; all other kinds, 
 
 1 A A 11 
 
 16/8 per 100 lbs 
 
 
 
 1804 
 
 61,867,329 
 
 61,364,158 
 
 503,171 
 
 599, 4ob 
 
 same 
 
 1805 
 
 59,682,406 
 
 58,878,163 
 
 OA A O^O 
 
 804,243 
 
 KCO 1 AO 
 
 Pernams 25/3| ; all other kinds, 
 
 1C/1A1 „ 1 AA 11.™ 
 
 Ib/lU^ per IUU lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 1806 
 
 58,176,283 
 
 errr an a a-\ c 
 57,524,41b 
 
 CK1 QC7 
 
 bol,ob7 
 
 
 same 
 
 1807 
 
 74,925,306 
 
 P7 c\ n A C\ OPO 
 
 72,748,363 
 
 2,176,943 
 
 076,975 
 
 same 
 
 1808 
 
 +43,605,982 
 
 41,961,115 
 
 1 £ A A OZ?T 
 
 l,644,ob7 
 
 /(OK QOd 
 
 same 
 
 1809 
 
 92,812,282 
 
 88,461,177 
 
 4,351,105 
 
 867,694 
 
 All kinds, 16/11 per 100 lbs. 
 
 1810 
 
 132,488,935 
 
 123,701,826 
 
 8,787,109 
 
 "f AOO AAA 
 
 1,032,029 
 
 same 
 
 1811 
 
 91,576,535 
 
 90,309,668 
 
 1,266*867 
 
 796,753 
 
 same 
 
 1812 
 
 ||63,025,936 
 
 61,285,024 
 
 1,740,912 
 
 proi A /** O 
 
 731,063 
 
 same 
 
 1813 
 
 
 Records destr 
 
 oyed by fire. 
 
 
 
 1814 
 
 ||60,060,239 
 
 53,777,802 
 
 6,282,437 
 
 584,227 
 
 same 
 
 1815 
 
 100,709]l46 
 
 93,928,754 
 
 6,780,392 
 
 780,199 
 
 All kinds, 8/7 per 100 lbs. 
 
 1816 
 
 95,280,965 
 
 88,175,931 
 
 7,105,034 
 
 379,125 
 
 same 
 
 1817 
 
 126.303,689 
 
 118,148,247 
 
 8,155,442 
 
 501,749 
 
 same 
 
 1818 
 
 178,745,577 
 
 163,586,124 
 
 15,159,453 
 
 484,683 
 
 same 
 
 1819 
 
 151,153,154 
 
 134,530,185 
 
 16,622,969 
 
 407,099 
 
 West India 6/3 ; all other kinds 8/7 
 
 
 
 
 
 per 100 lbs. 
 
 1820 
 
 151,672,655 
 
 152,829,633 
 
 6,024,038 
 
 426,957 
 
 Foreign, 6 o\o ad val.; West India, 
 
 
 
 
 
 6/3 per 100 lbs.; E. India and 
 other B. P., 6 o\o ad val. 
 
 1821 
 
 132,536,620 
 
 137,401,549 
 
 14,589,497 
 
 287,349 
 
 11 March : West India, free : other 
 
 
 
 kinds as before. 
 
 1822 
 
 142,837,628 
 
 143,428,127 
 
 18,269,776 
 
 258,614 
 
 same 
 
 * For Great Britain only prior to 1815, and for the United Kingdom thereafter. 
 
 t The quantities given as Consumed previous to 1820, are the calculated differences between the quantities 
 imported and those exported. . 
 
 J 1808 was the year of the American embargo on foreign trade. 
 || The years 1812-14 were those of the American War. 
 
94 
 
 TABLE No. 1. — Continued. 
 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into, Exported from, 
 and Consumed in the United Kingdom; with the Rates of Duty 
 Imposed, and Amount of Revenue Collected therefrom. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 lbs. 
 191,402,503 
 
 149,380,122 
 228,005,291 
 177,607,401 
 272,448,909 
 227,760,642 
 
 222,767,411 
 263,961,452 
 288,674,853 
 
 286,832,525 
 303,656,837 
 
 326,875,425 
 363,702,963 
 406,959,057 
 407,286,783 
 507,850,577 
 389,396,559 
 592,488,010 
 487,992,355 
 531,750,086 
 
 673,193,116 
 646,111,304 
 721,979.953 
 467,856,274 
 474,707,615 
 713,020,161 
 755,469,012 
 663,576,861 
 757,379,749 
 929,782,448 
 895,278,749 
 887,333,149 
 891,751,952 
 1,023,886,304 
 39,318,896 
 1,034,342,176 
 1,225,989,072 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 lbs. 
 186,311,070 
 
 141,038,743 
 202,546,869 
 162,889,012 
 249,804,396 
 208,987,744 
 
 204,097,037 
 269,616,640 
 273,249,653 
 
 259,412,463 
 293,682,976 
 
 302,935,657 
 326,407,692 
 363,684,232 
 368,445,035 
 455,036,755 
 352,000,277 
 528,142,743 
 437,093,631 
 473,976,400 
 
 581,303,105 
 554,196,602 
 606,600,000 
 614,300,000 
 441,400,000 
 576,600,000 
 629,900,000 
 588,200,000 
 658,900,000 
 739,600,000 
 760,900,000 
 776,100,000 
 839,100,000 
 891,400,000 
 826,000,000 
 905.600.000 
 976,600,000 
 
 Exported. 
 
 lbs. 
 9,318,402 
 
 13,299,505 
 18,004,953 
 24,474,920 
 18,134,170 
 17,396,776 
 
 30,289,115 
 8,534,976 
 22,308,555 
 
 18,027,940 
 17,363,882 
 
 24,461,963 
 32,779,734 
 31,739,763 
 39,722,031 
 30,644,469 
 38,738,238 
 38,673,229 
 37,673,585 
 45,251,302 
 
 39,619,979 
 47,222,541 
 42,916,332 
 65,930,732 
 74,954,336 
 74,019,790 
 98,893,508 
 102,469,717 
 111,980,394 
 111,884,321 
 148,569.680 
 123,326,112 
 124 368,160 
 146,660,864 
 131,927,600 
 149,609,600 
 175,143,136 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 £ 
 
 327,700 
 
 255,258 
 526,651 
 228,916 
 332,355 
 281,178 
 
 238,378 
 359,988 
 363,538 
 
 626,687 
 473,011 
 
 373,812 
 399,262 
 430,006 
 450,658 
 557,892 
 416,257 
 648,937 
 528,508 
 567,156 
 
 742,491 
 682,042 
 
 Duty. 
 
 West India, free ; foreign, 6 o/o ad 
 val.; East India and other 
 British Possessions, 6 o/o ad 
 valorum. 
 
 same 
 
 same 
 
 same 
 
 same 
 
 Aug. 10th : Foreign, 6 o/o ad val.; 
 BritishPossesions, 4d. per cwt. 
 same 
 same 
 
 Foreign, 5/10 per cwt.; all British 
 Possessions, 4d. per cwt. 
 same 
 
 June 1st: Foreign, 2/11; British 
 Possessions, 4d. per cwt. 
 same 
 same 
 
 same 
 same 
 same 
 
 5 o/o additional on former duties. 
 
 same 
 
 July 9th: Foreign, 2/11; British 
 Possessions, 4d. per cwt. 
 same 
 same 
 
 March 19th ; Duty finally repealed, 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 free 
 
 All the figures in this Table are from official sources, excepting of the quantity Consumed since 1845, in which 
 year the Duty was finally repealed, and consequently no official record has since been kept ; the figures given 
 in the Table are furnished by Messrs, George Holt and Co,, of Liverpool, and are those adopted by the trade 
 
95 
 
 TABLE No. 2. 
 
 Showing the Annual Average Price of Wheat; of United States 
 Uplands, Brazils and Pernambuco, and Bast India Surat Cotton; 
 and of 100's and 40's Best Seconds Mule, and 30's Water Twist of 
 Common Quality. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 
 COTTON YARN. 
 
 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 
 
 united 
 
 i_> „_ „ ; l o_ 
 
 Brazil cs 
 
 East 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 States 
 
 Pernam- 
 
 India 
 
 JNO.IUU S 
 
 IN 0.40 S 
 
 JNo. 30 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uplands 
 
 buco. 
 
 Surat. 
 
 Mule. 
 
 Mule. 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 — — — — 
 Per Qr- 
 
 Years, 
 
 Ppr Or 
 
 XTCl 'ail. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Per (air. 
 
 Jl cl ID, 
 
 "Pov IK 
 
 Jrer id. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 1 er id. 
 
 Jrer id. 
 
 Jrer id. 
 
 Years. 
 
 s. u. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1664 
 
 
 1744 
 
 20/0 
 
 1786 
 
 38/10 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 38/6 
 
 
 
 1665 
 
 
 1745 
 
 22/0 
 
 1787 
 
 41/2 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 38/0 
 
 
 
 1666 
 
 
 1746 
 
 30/0 
 
 1788 
 
 45/0 
 
 
 24 
 
 : • 
 
 35/0 
 
 
 
 1667 
 
 
 1747 
 
 25/0 
 
 1789 
 
 51/2 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 34/0 
 
 
 
 1668 
 
 
 1748 
 
 33/0 
 
 1790 
 
 53/2 
 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 30/0 
 
 
 
 1669 
 
 
 1749 
 
 30/0 
 
 1791 
 
 47/2 
 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 29/9 
 
 
 
 1670 
 
 * * 
 
 1750 
 
 30/0 
 
 1792 
 
 41/9 
 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 16/1 
 
 
 
 1671 
 
 
 1751 
 
 33/0 
 
 1793 
 
 47/10 
 
 '17 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 15/1 
 
 
 
 1672 
 
 * ■ 
 
 1752 
 
 32/0 
 
 1794 
 
 50/8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 15/1 
 
 
 
 1673 
 
 
 1753 
 
 35/0 
 
 1795 
 
 72/11 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 1 7 
 
 X 1 
 
 19/0* 
 
 
 
 1674 
 
 
 1754 
 
 23/0 
 
 1796 
 
 76/3 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 19/0 
 
 
 * ' 
 
 1 (W*> 
 
 ±\J 1 o 
 
 
 1755 
 
 26/0 
 
 1797 
 
 52/2 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 19/0 
 
 
 
 J.U • U 
 
 
 1756 
 
 37/0 
 
 1798 
 
 50/4 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 93 
 
 9/10+ 
 
 
 
 1 fi77 
 
 
 1757 
 
 40/0 
 
 1799 
 
 66/11 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 10/11 
 
 
 * | 
 
 1 A78 
 J.0 i o 
 
 * • 
 
 1758 
 
 36/0 
 
 1800 
 
 110/5 
 
 26 
 
 32£ 
 
 14. 
 
 9/5 
 8/9 
 
 
 
 1 fi7Q 
 
 
 1759 
 
 26/0 
 
 1801 
 
 115/11 
 
 274 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 100U 
 
 
 1760 
 
 28/0 
 
 1802 
 
 67/9 
 
 26 
 
 29i 
 
 1 A 
 
 8/4 
 
 <jyx 
 
 
 
 ±00 J. 
 
 * * 
 
 1761 
 
 22/0 
 
 1803 
 
 57/1 
 
 124 
 
 26| 
 
 1 1± 
 
 8/4 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 1762 
 
 32/0 
 
 1804 
 
 60/5 
 
 14 
 
 25 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 7/10 
 
 
 
 J.OOO 
 
 
 1763 
 
 32/0 
 
 1805 
 
 87/1 
 
 164 
 
 26^ 
 
 14-A 
 
 m 
 
 7/10 
 
 
 
 1684 
 
 
 1764 
 
 36/0 
 
 1806 
 
 76/9 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 7/2 
 
 
 
 1685 
 
 
 1765 
 
 42/0 
 
 1807 
 
 73/1 
 
 m 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 6/9 
 
 
 
 1686 
 
 
 1766 
 
 36/0 
 
 1808 
 
 78/11 
 
 254 
 
 24| 
 
 19i 
 
 
 
 
 1687 
 
 24/0 
 
 1767 
 
 48/0 
 
 1809 
 
 94/5 
 
 24 
 
 30£ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 1689 
 
 30/0 
 
 1768 
 
 44/0 
 
 1810 
 
 103/3 
 
 18| 
 
 26 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 
 1727 
 
 32/0 
 
 1769 
 
 37/0 
 
 1811 
 
 92/5 
 
 14 
 
 20i 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 1728 
 
 48/0 
 
 1770 
 
 41/4 
 
 1812 
 
 122/8 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1729 
 
 42/0 
 
 1771 
 
 47/2 
 
 1813 
 
 106/6 
 
 mi 
 
 29 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 
 1730 
 
 26/0 
 
 1772 
 
 50/8 
 
 1814 
 
 72/1 
 
 30 
 
 ll| 
 
 214 
 
 
 
 
 1731 
 
 23/0 
 
 1773 
 
 51/0 
 
 1815 
 
 63/8 
 
 214 
 
 31 
 
 174 
 
 
 3/O4 
 2/74 
 
 
 1732 
 
 20/0 
 
 1774 
 
 52/8 
 
 1816 
 
 76/2 
 
 181 
 
 26 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 1733 
 
 24/0 
 
 1775 
 
 48/4 
 
 1817 
 
 94/0 
 
 20* 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 
 2/6 
 
 
 1734 
 
 32/0 
 
 1776 
 
 38/2 
 
 1818 
 
 83/8 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 15 1 
 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/9 
 
 1735 
 
 34/0 
 
 1777 
 
 45/6 
 
 1819 
 
 72/3 
 
 isi 
 
 18| 
 
 9| 
 
 
 1/104 
 
 2/1 
 
 1736 
 
 30/0 
 
 1778 
 
 42/0 
 
 1820 
 
 65/10 
 
 114 
 
 16* 
 
 8| 
 
 
 1/7* 
 
 m 
 
 1/104 
 
 1737 
 
 30/0 
 
 1779 
 
 33/8 
 
 1821 
 
 54/5 
 
 9i 
 
 12| 
 
 91 
 
 
 1/64 
 
 1738 
 
 27/0 
 
 1780 
 
 35/8 
 
 1822 
 
 43/3 
 
 8i 
 8i 
 
 HI 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 
 l/4f 
 
 1/54 
 
 1739 
 
 34/0 
 
 1781 
 
 44/8 
 
 1823 
 
 51/9 
 
 12 
 
 
 1/4| 
 1/34 
 1/54 
 
 1/8| 
 
 1740 
 
 40/0 
 
 1782 
 
 47/10 
 
 1824 
 
 62/0 
 
 84 
 
 HI 
 
 6! 
 
 
 1/71 
 
 1741 
 
 34/0 
 
 1783 
 
 52/8 
 
 1825 
 
 66/6 
 
 HI 
 
 15| 
 
 6| 
 
 
 1/7* 
 
 1742 
 
 20/0 
 
 1784 
 
 48/10 
 
 1826 
 
 56/11 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 1/1 
 
 1/1 
 
 1743 
 
 20/0 
 
 1785 
 
 51/10 
 
 1827 
 
 56/9 
 
 n 
 
 6* 
 
 
 1/04 
 
 1/04 
 
 * The 100's Mule Yarn in 1795 was spun from Bourbon Cotton, 
 t The 100's Mule Yarn in 1798 was spun from Sea Island Cotton, 
 
96 
 
 TABLE No. 2. — Continued. 
 Showing^ the Annual Average Price of Wheat; of United States 
 Uplands, Brazil and Pernambuco, and East India Surat Cotton; 
 and of 100's and 40's Best Seconds Mule, and 30's Water Twist of 
 Common Quality. 
 
 
 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 
 COTTON YARN. 
 
 Years. 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U. S. 
 
 Brazil and 
 
 East India 
 
 No. 100's. 
 
 No. 40's. 
 
 No. 30's. 
 
 
 
 Uplands. 
 
 Pern am s. 
 
 Surat. 
 
 Mule. 
 
 
 Mule. 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 Per Quarter. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 Per lb. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1828 
 
 60/5 
 
 61 
 
 H 
 
 4f 
 
 
 1/21- 
 
 l/0£ 
 
 1829 
 
 66/3 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 3/2 
 
 1/2 
 
 i/o| 
 
 1830 
 
 64/3 
 
 H 
 
 81 
 
 5 
 
 2/11 
 
 1/2 
 
 I/O* 
 
 
 
 
 1831 
 
 66/4 
 
 6 
 
 7| 
 
 4| 
 
 
 1/1* 
 
 10| 
 
 1832 
 
 58/8 
 
 6| 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 2/11 
 
 1/04 
 
 111 
 
 1833 
 
 52/11 
 
 
 10| 
 
 61 
 6j 
 
 3/3 
 
 
 11* 
 
 
 
 1834 
 
 46/2 
 
 
 11| 
 
 3/6 
 
 1/2 
 
 
 1835 
 
 39/4 
 
 10J 
 
 95 
 
 Ui 
 
 74 
 
 4/3 
 
 im 
 
 
 1836 
 
 48/9 
 
 12| 
 
 6| 
 
 5/6 
 
 1/4 
 
 
 1837 
 
 55/10 
 
 7 
 
 9| 
 
 4£ 
 
 3/6 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 1838 
 
 64/4 
 
 7 
 
 9f 
 
 5 
 
 3/9 
 
 1/2 
 
 
 1839 
 
 70/6 
 
 7| 
 
 10 
 
 5| 
 
 4/1 
 
 
 11 
 
 1840 
 
 66/4 
 
 6 
 
 9| • 
 
 4§ 
 
 3^7 
 
 l/Oi 
 
 
 1841 
 
 64/4 
 
 6| 
 
 8f 
 
 41 
 
 3/0 
 
 11* 
 
 9* 
 
 1842 
 
 57/3 
 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 9 /Q 
 
 J.U4 
 
 
 1843 
 
 50/1 
 
 4| 
 
 6| 
 
 31 
 
 2/11 
 
 11| 
 
 9 
 
 
 01/3 
 
 Al 
 *S 
 
 63 
 
 3# 
 
 3/2 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 1845 
 
 50/10 
 
 4f 
 
 6f 
 
 3 
 
 3/2 
 
 101 
 
 8| 
 
 1846 
 
 54/8 
 
 4f 
 
 7| 
 
 3f 
 
 3/2 
 
 111 
 
 101 
 
 1847 
 
 69/9 
 
 6| 
 
 71 
 
 41 
 
 1/8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 1848 
 
 50/6 
 
 4£ 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 VH 
 
 
 n 
 
 1849 
 
 44/3 
 
 
 5£ 
 
 31 
 H 
 
 2/0 
 
 
 8 
 
 1850 
 
 40/3 
 
 n 
 
 
 2/6 J 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 1851 
 
 38/6 
 
 H 
 
 
 4 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 9f 
 
 1852 
 
 40/9 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 2/H 
 
 9* 
 
 91 
 
 1853 
 
 53/3 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 8* 
 
 2/5 
 
 91 
 
 9f 
 
 1854 
 
 72/5 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 4| 
 
 2/3 
 
 8| 
 
 8| 
 
 1855 
 
 74/8 
 
 5| 
 
 7 
 
 2/5 
 
 8f 
 
 9 
 
 1856 
 
 69/2 
 
 6 
 
 7£ 
 
 2/8 
 
 91 
 
 1857 
 
 56/4 
 
 7| 
 
 8| 
 
 5| 
 
 2/1 
 
 H£ 
 
 11 
 
 1858 
 
 44/2 
 
 6i 
 
 8* 
 
 4| 
 
 2/4 
 
 10| 
 
 
 1859 
 
 43/9 
 
 6| 
 
 8| 
 
 4| 
 
 2/4 
 
 HI 
 
 hi 
 
 * The price of No. 40's Mule Yarn, previous to 1849, is the market price at the close of each year; from that 
 year it is the average of twelve monthly averages, furnished by Messrs. Du Fay & Co. 
 
97 
 
 TABLE No. 3. 
 Showing the Official and Declared Real Value of Cotton Goods 
 and Yarns Exported from the United Kingdom* since 1785. 
 
 
 OFFICIAL VALUE. 
 
 DECLARED REAL VALUE. 
 
 Years 
 e 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Yarns & lwist. 
 
 1 otal. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Yarns & lwist. 
 
 lotal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1785 
 
 
 .... 
 
 864 71 
 
 
 
 
 1 78fi 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 915 046 
 
 
 
 
 1787 
 
 
 
 1 101 457 
 
 
 
 
 1788 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1 252 240 
 
 
 
 
 1789 
 
 .... 
 
 
 1 231 537 
 
 
 
 
 1790 
 
 
 
 1 662 B69 
 
 
 
 
 1791 
 
 
 
 1,875,046 
 
 
 
 
 1792 
 
 
 
 2,024^368 
 
 
 
 
 1793 
 
 
 
 1 733 807 
 
 
 
 
 1794 
 
 
 
 2 376 077 
 
 
 
 
 1795 
 
 
 
 2 433 331 
 
 
 
 
 1796 
 
 
 
 3 214 020 
 
 
 
 
 1797 
 
 
 
 2 580 568 
 
 These par 
 
 
 
 1798 
 
 3,572,217 
 
 30,271 
 
 3,602,488 
 
 ticulars cannot 
 
 be rendered, 
 
 1799 
 
 5^593,407 
 
 204,602 
 
 5,808,009 
 
 the records ha 
 
 ving been distr 
 
 oyed by fire. 
 
 1800 
 
 5^406,501 
 
 447.556 
 
 5,854,057 
 
 
 
 
 1801 
 
 6^606,368 
 
 444,441 
 
 7,050,809 
 
 
 
 
 1802 
 
 7^195,900 
 
 428 605 
 
 7 624 505 
 
 
 
 
 1803 
 
 6^442,237 
 
 639,404 
 
 7,081,641 
 
 
 
 
 1804 
 
 7^834,564 
 
 902,208 
 
 8',736,772 
 
 
 
 
 1805 
 
 8,610,990 
 
 914,475 
 
 9,525,465 
 
 
 
 
 1806 
 
 9' 75 3' 824 
 
 736,225 
 
 10^490,049 
 
 
 
 
 1807 
 
 9,708,046 
 
 601,719 
 
 lo'309,'765 
 
 
 
 
 1808 
 
 12,503,918 
 
 472,078 
 
 12975996 
 
 
 
 
 1809 
 
 1 q 4.05 614 
 
 l,02o'352 
 
 19 445 Qfift 
 
 
 
 
 1810 
 
 1 7 898 519 
 
 l!o53,475 
 
 18,951,994 
 
 
 
 
 1811 
 
 1 1 529 551 
 
 483^598 
 
 12 01 3 149 
 
 XAjV/XtJjXttt/ 
 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 1 5 703 225 
 
 794^465 
 
 16 517 690 
 
 
 
 
 1813 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1814 
 
 1 ft KQK 528 
 
 1 119 850 
 
 1 7 655 378 
 
 1 7 279 576 
 
 9 7Q1 9A.fi 
 
 Ofl (Y7C\ Q94. 
 ZU,0<U,O44: 
 
 1815 
 
 
 808 853 
 
 22 289 64 1 
 
 19 038 206 
 
 1 A7J 09 1 
 
 OA "71 O 007 
 
 1816 
 
 16 183 975 
 
 1,380,486 
 
 17 564 461 
 
 1 3 055 71 3 
 1 4 047 049 
 
 9 ft9ft 44ft 
 
 10,0o4:,101 
 
 1817 
 
 90 1 33 966 
 
 1 1 25 258 
 
 21 259 224 
 
 nil ifti 
 
 ^5,U14:,lol 
 
 I0,U01,<a0U 
 
 1818 
 
 91 9Q9 354 
 
 1 2Qfi 77fi 
 
 29 589 1 30 
 
 1 ft 100 31 9 
 
 9 3Q5 304 
 
 1 Q r7ftK /JOQ 
 
 lo,7yo,o4D 
 
 1819 
 
 1 ft ftQft ^39 
 
 1,585,753 
 
 1 S 989 999 
 
 1 9 1 «Q 4.75 
 
 2,519,783 
 
 1 A rrno OCQ 
 
 14, /(Jy,^oo 
 
 1820 
 
 OH K(\Q Q9ft 
 
 9 099 1 53 
 
 99 539 07Q 
 
 1 3 707 111 
 10, <U/,111 
 
 O QOtX RA Q 
 
 ^,oZ0,04:O 
 
 1 /? (TOO r7£T/l 
 
 lb, 5oo,754: 
 
 1821 
 
 91 ftA9 9Rft 
 
 1 ftQft fi7Q 
 
 X,OyQ,U < V 
 
 93 5/L1 ftl 5 
 
 .<50,0'±X,UX£) 
 
 1 3 ft! ft 707 
 1o,o1D, 1U1 
 
 O QA5 QQO 
 
 1 G 1 OO 
 
 lb,l^^,oo/ 
 
 1822 
 
 24,559,272 
 
 2,351,771 
 
 26,911,043 
 
 14,581,666 
 
 2,697,590 
 
 17,279,256 
 
 1823 
 
 24,119,359 
 
 2,425,411 
 
 26,544,770 
 
 13,698,768 
 
 2,625,947 
 
 16,324,715 
 
 1824 
 
 27,171,556 
 
 2,984,345 
 
 30,155,901 
 
 15,315,141 
 
 3,135,396 
 
 18,450,537 
 
 1825 
 
 26.597,575 
 
 2,897,706 
 
 29,495,281 
 
 15,153,270 
 
 3,206,729 
 
 18,359,999 
 
 1826 
 
 21,445,743 
 
 3,748,527 
 
 25,194,270 
 
 10,602,414 
 
 3,491,338 
 
 14,093,752 
 
 1827 
 
 29,203,138 
 
 3,979,760 
 
 33,182,898 
 
 14,095,023 
 
 3,545,578 
 
 17,640,601 
 
 1828 
 
 28,981,575 
 
 4,485,842 
 
 33.467,417 
 
 13,639,695 
 
 3,595,368 
 
 17,235,063 
 
 1829 
 
 31,810,474 
 
 5,458,958 
 
 37,269,432 
 
 13,549,916 
 
 3,976,787 
 
 17,526,703 
 
 1830 
 
 35,649,805 
 
 5,657,624 
 
 41,307,429 
 
 15,285,222 
 
 4,133,663 
 
 19,418,885 
 
 1831 
 
 33,903,249 
 
 5,674,617 
 
 39,577,866 
 
 13,274,957 
 
 3,974,951 
 
 17,249,908 
 
 1832 
 
 37,206,430 
 
 6,726,563 
 
 43.932,993 
 
 12,670,255 
 
 4,722,652 
 
 17,392,907 
 
 1833 
 
 40,133,344 
 
 6,279,076 
 
 46,412.420 
 
 13,777,277 
 
 4,703,962 
 
 18,481,239 
 
 1834 
 
 44,278,035 
 
 6,802,238 
 7,399,879 
 
 51,080,273 
 
 15.293,991 
 
 5,210,939 
 5,706,476 
 
 20,504,930 
 
 1835 
 
 44,915,901 
 
 52,315,780 
 
 16,413,420 
 
 22,119,896 
 
 1836 
 
 50,733,587 
 
 7,844,837 
 
 58,578,424 
 
 18,501,754 
 
 6,120,282 
 
 24,622,036 
 
 1837 
 
 41,918,547 
 
 9,211,743 
 
 51,130,290 
 
 13,629,760 
 
 6,955,856 
 
 20,585,616 
 
 * The figures in this Tahle, prior to 1800, apply only to Great Britain, but thereafter to the United Kingdom. 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 TABLE No. 3. — Continued. 
 Showing the Official and Declared Real Value of Cotton Goods 
 and Yarns Exported from the United Kingdom since 1785. 
 
 
 OFFICIAL VALUE. 
 
 DECLARED REAL 
 
 VAT TTT? 
 
 Years. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Yarns & Twist. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Yarns & Twist. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1 QQ.Q 
 
 54,610,502 
 
 10,202,027 
 
 64,812,529 
 
 16,702,022 
 
 7,431,845 
 
 OA 1 QQ OC7 
 
 44, loo, bo/ 
 
 1 eon 
 
 58,491,986 
 
 9,400,689 
 
 67,892,675 
 
 17,676,246 
 
 6,858,145 
 
 OA KO A oni 
 
 44,oo4,oyi 
 
 1 HA rt 
 
 62,596,791 
 
 10,532,401 
 
 73,129,192 
 
 17,553,004 
 
 7,101,289 
 
 OA P.KA OO.Q 
 44,0o4,4yo 
 
 ±o4± 
 
 58,818,802 
 
 10,960,468 
 
 69,779,270 
 
 16,222,496 
 
 7,266,950 
 
 OQ A QQ A AC. 
 40,4oy,440 
 
 1 QA O 
 
 56,448,592 
 
 12,239,280 
 
 68,687,872 
 
 13,900,794 
 
 7,771,420 
 
 OI A70 01 A 
 61, Oi 4,414 
 
 ±o4o 
 
 69,707,174 
 
 12,482,425 
 
 82,189,599 
 
 16,251,708 
 
 7,193,904 
 
 OQ A A K CI O 
 4O,440,ol4 
 
 Io44 
 
 78,714,981 
 
 12,324,594 
 
 91,039,575 
 
 18,814,869 
 19,156,096 
 
 6,988,580 
 
 OK QftQ A A Q 
 4o,oUo,44y 
 
 1 QA PC 
 ±o40 
 
 81,630,939 
 
 12,034,895 
 
 93,665,834 
 
 6,963,235 
 
 oc im sol 
 
 zo,iiy,ooi 
 
 1846 
 
 78,966,648 
 
 14,419,171 
 
 93,385,819 
 
 17,717,778 
 
 7,882,048 
 
 25,599,826 
 
 iol i 
 
 71,530,572 
 
 10,706,618 
 
 82,237,190 
 
 17,375,244 
 
 5,957,980 
 
 40,000,444 
 
 1848 
 
 81,101,212 
 
 12,083,891 
 
 93,185,103 
 
 16,753,369 
 
 5,927,831 
 
 22,681,200 
 
 1849 
 
 99,112,670 
 
 13,303,624 
 
 112,416,294 
 
 20,071,046 
 
 6,704,089 
 
 26,775,135 
 
 1850 
 
 102,087,890 
 
 11,687,490 
 
 113,775,380 
 
 21,873,697 
 
 6,383,704 
 
 28,257,401 
 
 1851 
 
 113,558,361 
 
 12,808,128 
 
 126,366,489 
 
 23,454,810 
 
 6,634,026 
 
 30,088,836 
 
 1852 
 
 112,103,349 
 
 12,937,509 
 
 125,040,858 
 
 23,223,432 
 
 6,654,655 
 
 29,878,087 
 
 1853 
 
 118,586,493 
 
 13,124,153 
 
 131,710,646 
 
 25,817,249 
 
 6,895,653 
 
 32,712,902 
 
 1854 
 
 123,075,911 
 
 13,085,063 
 
 136,160,974 
 
 25,054,527 
 
 6,691,330 
 
 31,745,857 
 
 1855 
 
 138,992,779 
 
 14,718,699 
 
 153,711,478 
 
 27,578,746 
 
 7,200,395 
 
 34,779,141 
 
 1856 
 
 147,783,412 
 
 16,138,706 
 
 163,922,118 
 
 30,204,166 
 
 8,028,575 
 
 38,232,741 
 
 1857 
 
 143,347,278 
 
 15,741,206 
 
 159,088,484 
 
 30,372,831 
 
 8,700,589 
 
 39,073,420 
 
 1858 
 
 164,442,350 
 
 17,778,831 
 
 182,221,181 
 
 33,421,843 
 
 9,579,479 
 
 43,001,322 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 
 38,742,740 
 
 9,465,704 
 
 48,208,444 
 
99 
 
 TABLE No. 4. 
 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Exported prom 
 States of America ; the Average Price Per Pound 
 Yalue in American and Sterling Money. 
 
 the 
 
 AND 
 
 United 
 Total 
 
 Y ar 
 e s. 
 
 a t i i 
 oea Island. 
 
 Other kinds. 
 
 Tnfal Onnntitv 
 XUlcAl Vs&Ualllliy 
 
 Exported. 
 
 1?* Icg in 
 
 lb. 1U. 
 
 -ir i 
 Y cutie. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1791 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1 QO Q1 A 
 
 ioy,oio 
 
 • » » * 
 
 .... 
 
 1792 
 
 .... 
 
 . . . 
 
 1 OO OOO 
 loOjOiiO 
 
 .... 
 
 . . , . 
 
 1793 
 
 
 .... 
 
 A Q7 AAA 
 
 4o/,0UU 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1794 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1 AA1 7AA 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1795 
 
 .... 
 
 . . . 
 
 o, a 07A QAA 
 
 *0,4/o,oUU 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1796 
 
 
 
 * A' 1 AA 70Q 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1797 
 
 .... 
 
 . . j .. 
 
 O 7QQ AOC\ 
 
 o, /©o,44y 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1798 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 Q QAA AAK 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1799 
 
 
 .... 
 
 A KQO OAQ 
 
 y,oo4,4Dd 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1800 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 i n nan, oao 
 17,7oy,oOo 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1801 
 
 
 
 OA Ol 1 OA1 
 
 au,yii,^ui 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1802 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 an CA1 f\nK 
 
 27,5Ul,U7o 
 
 .... 
 
 
 1803 
 
 .... 
 
 
 /Ml f\K AOQ 
 
 41,lU0,D^d 
 
 189 
 
 7 QOA AAA 
 
 1804 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 oo,llo,04i 
 
 19*0 
 
 /,4U4,11< 
 
 1805 
 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 A A OOQ A A1 
 
 40,ooo,4yi 
 
 23-4 
 
 Q AAK AAA 
 y,440,UUU 
 
 1806 
 
 .... 
 
 
 on Ad'i oqo 
 d7,4yi,ZoZ 
 
 22'2 
 
 Q QQO AAA 
 
 1807 
 
 
 .... 
 
 AA Ol O 7Q7 
 
 21*5 
 
 11 0Q9 AAA 
 
 1808 
 
 . . . 
 
 .... 
 
 ; 1 O AA /( OA A 
 ilZ,0o4,OOb 
 
 18*5 
 
 O 001 AAA 
 
 1809 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 KQ 01 A OOK 
 
 14-1 
 
 Q K-| K AAA 
 CJ,010,UUU 
 
 1810 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 AO 0*7/i OA1 
 
 9o,o/4,<2Ul 
 
 160 
 
 1 K 1 AQ AAA 
 10,1UO,UUU 
 
 1811 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 AO 1 QA AQ1 
 
 155 
 
 Q A£0 AAA 
 
 1812 
 
 
 .... 
 
 inn AfTO K A A 
 
 +20,952,544 
 
 106 
 
 o AQA AAA 
 
 1813 
 
 
 .... 
 
 + 1 A QAA 01 1 
 
 jiy,oyy,yii 
 
 11*9 
 
 O QOl AAA 
 
 1814 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .!. 1 rr OAfi /i 7A 
 
 |17,oUo,4/y 
 
 14-9 
 
 O AP.Q AAA 
 
 1815 
 
 
 
 OO AOQ 7/< 7 
 
 oJ,yyo, /4< 
 
 211 
 
 1 7 KOQ AAA 
 
 1816 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 Ol rr,(7 1 1 fi 
 bl, /4/,llt> 
 
 29 - 4 
 
 01 1 AA AAA 
 ^4,1U0,UUU 
 
 1817 
 
 
 .... 
 
 00,b4y,oZo 
 
 23-6 
 
 OO AOQ AHA 
 
 1818 
 
 
 .... 
 
 AO /{ r7l 1 170 
 92, 4/1, I/O 
 
 33'8 
 
 Q1 QQO AAA 
 
 1819 
 
 .... 
 
 
 or/ AAT C\A VL 
 
 8/, 997, 045 
 
 23*9 
 
 Ol AGO AAA 
 
 1820 
 
 
 
 i orr OCA "1 KO 
 12 / ,O0U,l0^ 
 
 17*4 
 
 00 QAQ AAA 
 
 1821 
 
 11,344,066 
 
 113,549,339 
 
 1 OA QAQ /) AK 
 
 lii4,oyo,4U0 
 
 16 - 2 
 
 OA 1 f^7 181 
 
 1822 
 
 11,250,635 
 
 133,424,460 
 
 1 A A CL<~1K AAK 
 
 I44,o/o,uyo 
 
 166 
 
 01 AQ£ A^ft 
 /4,UO0,U0O 
 
 1823 
 
 12,136,688 
 
 161,586,582 
 
 "1 no r/OQ 0<7A 
 
 11*8 
 
 OA iiK £OA 
 ^U,440,0ZU 
 
 1824 
 
 9,525,722 
 
 132,843,941 
 
 142,oD9,bbo 
 
 15*4 
 
 Ol Q/l 7 1A1 
 /I,y4/,4U1 
 
 1825 
 
 9,655,278 
 
 166,784,629 
 
 t nO A OA AAT 
 
 176,439,907 
 
 20-9 
 
 QA Q/l A A/fQ 
 O0,o40,04y 
 
 1826 
 
 5,972,852 
 
 198,562,563 
 
 204,535,415 
 
 17 2 
 
 35,025,214 
 
 1827 
 
 1 K 1 A A 7QQ 
 10,1411, iV<5 
 
 07Q 1 RQ Q1 7 
 
 OQl Q1 A 115 
 
 i a-a 
 
 29,359,545 
 
 1828 
 
 11,288,419 
 
 299,302,044 
 
 310,590,463 
 
 10-7 
 
 22^487,229 
 
 1829 
 
 12,833,307 
 
 252,003,879 
 
 264,837,186 
 
 10-0 
 
 26,574,311 
 
 1830 
 
 8,147,165 
 
 290,311,937 
 
 298,459,102 
 
 9-9 
 
 29,674,883 
 
 1831 
 
 8,311,762 
 
 268,668,022 
 
 276,979,784 
 
 9-1 
 
 25,289,492 
 
 1832 
 
 8,743,373 
 
 313,471,749 
 
 322,215,122 
 
 9-8 
 
 31,724,682 
 
 1833 
 
 11,142,987 
 
 313,555,617 
 
 324,698,604 
 
 11-1 
 
 36,191,102 
 
 1834 
 
 8,085,937 
 
 376,631,970 
 
 384,717,907 
 
 12-8 
 
 49,448,402 
 
 1835 
 
 7,752,736 
 
 379,606,256 
 
 387,458,992 
 
 168 
 
 64,961,302 
 
 1836 
 
 7,849,597 
 
 415,721,710 
 
 423,571,307 
 
 16-8 
 
 71,284,925 
 
 1837 
 
 5,286,971 
 
 438,964,566 
 
 444,251,537 
 
 14-2 
 
 63,240,102 
 
 1838 
 
 7,286,340 
 
 588,615,957 
 
 595,902,297 
 
 10-3 
 
 61,556,811 
 
 1839 
 
 5,107,404 
 
 408,566,808 
 
 413,674,212 
 
 14-8 
 
 61,238,982 
 
 1840 
 
 8,779,669 
 
 735,161,392 
 
 743,941,061 
 
 8-5 
 
 63,870,307 
 
 * 1795-6 : The figures for these years include a quantity of Foreign Cotton in the Exports, 
 
 t 1808 was the Year of the embargo on foreign trade. 
 
 t 1812-13-14: These years were those of the American War. 
 
 § The American money is converted into Sterling at 4s, 2d. per dollar, 
 
100 
 
 TABLE No. 4. — Continued. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the United 
 States of America; the Average Price Per Pound; and Total 
 Value in American and Sterling Money. 
 
 
 
 
 Total Quantity 
 
 Average 
 
 
 Value 
 
 Years. 
 
 Spa T<alanf1 
 
 OfTipr Irinrlc: 
 
 Vliiti AUJUOl 
 
 TT, vnnrt.prl 
 
 Price in 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cents'^ lb. 
 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 £ 
 
 1841 
 
 6,237,424 
 
 523,966,676 
 
 530,204,100 
 
 102 
 
 54,330,341 
 
 11,318,821 
 
 1842 
 
 7,254,099 
 
 577,462,918 
 
 584,717,017 
 
 81 
 
 47,593,464 
 
 9,915,305 
 
 1843 
 
 7,515,079 
 
 784,782,027 
 
 792,297,106 
 
 62 
 
 49,119,806 
 
 10,233,292 
 
 1844 
 
 6,099,076 
 
 657,534,379 
 
 663,633,455 
 
 8-1 
 
 55,063,501 
 
 11,471,562 
 
 1845 
 
 9,380,625 
 
 863,516,371 
 
 872,896,996 
 
 5-92 
 
 51,739,643 
 
 10,779,092 
 
 1846 
 
 9,388,533 
 
 538,169,522 
 
 547,558,055 
 
 7-81 
 
 42,767,341 
 
 8,909,862 
 
 1847 
 
 6,293,973 
 
 520,925,985 
 
 527,219,958 
 
 10-34 
 
 53,415,848 
 
 11,128,301 
 
 1848 
 
 7,724,148 
 
 806,550,283 
 
 814,274,431 
 
 7-61 
 
 61,998,294 
 
 12,916,311 
 
 1849 
 
 11,969,259 
 
 1,014,633,010 
 
 1,026,602,269 
 
 6-4 
 
 66,396,967 
 
 13,832,701 
 
 1850 
 
 8,236,463 
 
 627,145,141 
 
 635,481,604 
 
 11-3 
 
 71,984,616 
 
 14,996,795 
 
 1851 
 
 8,299,656 
 
 918,937,433 
 
 927,237,089 
 
 12-11 
 
 112,315,317 
 
 23,399,024 
 
 1852 
 
 11,738,075 
 
 1,081,492,564 
 
 1,093,230,639 
 
 8-05 
 
 87,965,732 
 
 18,326,194 
 
 1853 
 
 11,165,165 
 
 1,100,405,205 
 
 1,111,570,370 
 
 9 85 
 
 109,456,404 
 
 22,803,417 
 
 1854 
 
 10,486,423 
 
 977,346,683 
 
 987,833,106 
 
 9-47 
 
 93,596,220 
 
 19,499,212 
 
 1855 
 
 13,058,590 
 
 995,366,011 
 
 1,008,424,601 
 
 8-74 
 
 88,143,844 
 
 18,363,300 
 
 1856 
 
 12,797,225 
 
 1,338,634,476 
 
 1,351,431,701 
 
 949 
 
 128,382,351 
 
 26,746,323 
 
 1857 
 
 12,940,725 
 
 1,035,341,750 
 
 1,048,282,475 
 
 1255 
 
 131,575,859 
 
 27,411,637 
 
 1858 
 
 12,101,058 
 
 1,106,522,954 
 
 1,118,624,012 
 
 11-70 
 
 131,386,661 
 
 27,372,221 
 
 § The American money is converted into Sterling at 4s. 2d. per dollar. 
 
101 
 
 TABLES No. 5 and 6. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the Port of Calcutta, 
 and the Roadstead of Madras, and distinguishing its Destination. 
 
 Table No. 5.— PORT OF CALCUTTA. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 America. 
 
 Other Parts. 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1795-96 
 
 608,256 
 
 
 864 
 
 244,800 
 
 853,920 
 
 1796-97 
 
 296,400 
 
 
 
 360,450 
 
 656,850 
 
 1797-98 
 
 517,632 
 
 314,880 
 
 68,736 
 
 80,544 
 
 981,792 
 
 1798-99 
 
 
 
 970 81 
 
 1,166,112 
 
 4,444,224 
 
 1799-1800 
 
 315,264 
 
 
 316,896 
 
 192 
 
 632,352 
 
 1800- 1 
 
 1801- 2 
 
 1802- 3 
 
 146,000 
 66,600 
 621,600 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 146,750 
 66,600 
 3,361,200 
 
 
 
 2,405,400 
 
 
 334,200 
 
 1803-4 
 
 726,000 
 
 14,061,300 
 
 239,400 
 
 503,700 
 
 15,530,400 
 
 1804-5 
 
 180,600 
 
 11,658,300 
 
 120,000 
 
 404,400 
 
 12,363,300 
 
 1805-6 
 
 726,900 
 
 17,770,500 
 
 267,300 
 
 9,000 
 
 18,773,700 
 
 1806-7 
 
 2,194,500 
 
 7,159,200 
 
 1,342,200 
 
 373,500 
 
 11,069,400 
 
 1807-8 
 
 1,115,100 
 
 12,331,200 
 
 1,159,200 
 
 326,700 
 
 1 14,932,200 
 
 1808 9 
 
 604,800 
 
 15,288,600 
 
 
 41,400 
 
 15,934,800 
 
 1809-10 
 
 12,234,300 
 
 10,697,100 
 
 
 842,100 
 
 23,773,500 
 
 1810-11 
 
 1,043,100 
 
 8,124,000 
 
 
 1,200,900 
 
 10,368,000 
 
 1811-12 
 
 48,000 
 
 9,778,800 
 
 
 292,500 
 
 10,119,300 
 
 1812 13 
 1813-14 
 
 
 1,659,300 
 22,815,300 
 
 
 234,000 
 22,800 
 
 1,893,300 
 26,349,600 
 
 3,511,500 
 
 
 1814-15 
 
 6,476,100 
 
 24,762,000 
 
 
 258,000 
 
 31,496,100 
 
 1815-16 
 
 5,168,400 
 
 22,341,600 
 
 600 
 
 788,100 
 
 28,298,700 
 
 1816-17 
 
 23,262,238 
 
 25,651,404 
 
 1,730,200 
 
 4,908,110 
 
 55,551,952 
 
 1817-18 
 
 38,890,875 
 
 22,374,375 
 
 6,050,925 
 
 7,936,050 
 
 75,252,225 
 
 1818-19 
 
 35,721,988 
 
 15,703,246 
 
 t7,OUO,000 
 
 
 68,696,238 
 
 1819-20 
 
 9,204,900 
 
 11,101,500 
 
 441,900 
 
 709,800 
 
 21,458,100 
 
 1820-21 
 
 O OOl r7AA 
 
 3,881,700 
 
 21,119,100 
 
 
 OO QAA 
 
 oo, oUU 
 
 or AOi "1 A A 
 
 25,034,100 
 
 1821-22 
 
 1,617,368 
 
 17,744,144 
 
 
 247,230 
 
 19,608,742 
 
 1822-23 
 
 1,951,272 
 
 5,567,554 
 
 
 291,182 
 
 7,810,008 
 
 1823-24 
 
 3,475,078 
 
 9,508,720 
 
 
 40,180 
 
 13,023,978 
 
 1824-25 
 
 3,647,688 
 
 16,344,568 
 
 
 606,554 
 
 20,598,810 
 
 1825-26 
 
 4,805,200 
 
 14,535,812 
 
 
 22,550 
 
 19,363,562 
 
 1826-27 
 
 4,149,036 
 
 25,752,264 
 
 
 81,098 
 
 29,982,398 
 
 1827-28 
 
 1,398,756 
 
 16,202,380 
 
 
 117,752 
 
 17,718,888 
 
 1828-29 
 
 1,191,952 
 
 15,172,378 
 
 
 124,476 
 
 16,488,806 
 
 1829-30 
 
 611,884 
 
 10,382,266 
 
 
 70,356 
 
 11,064,506 
 
 1830-31 
 
 2,117,158 
 
 15,517,024 
 
 
 47,888 
 
 17,682,070 
 
 1831-32 
 
 1,267,556 
 
 12,369,700 
 
 
 19,762 
 
 13,657,018 
 
 1832- 33 
 
 1833- 34 
 
 897,080 
 1,078,464 
 
 11,424,076 
 13,055,466 
 
 
 
 12,321,156 
 14,139,916 
 
 
 5,986 
 
 Table No. 6.— ROADSTEAD OF MADRAS. 
 
 
 
 
 Other Foreign 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Internal Ports. 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1824-25 
 
 482,551 
 
 3,789,790 
 
 180,042 
 
 507,761 
 
 4,960,144 
 
 1825-26 
 
 659,478 
 
 3,101,643 
 
 114,653 
 
 2,735,586 
 
 6,611,360 
 
 1826-27 
 
 312,818 
 
 3,345,043 
 
 48,695 
 
 819,364 
 
 4,525,920 
 
 1827-28 
 
 204,200 
 
 3,713,261 
 
 113,991 
 
 154,660 
 
 4,186,112 
 
 1828-29 
 
 300,995 
 
 4,073,005 
 4,154,003 
 
 443,750 
 
 1,536,794 
 
 6,354,544 
 
 1829-30 
 
 244,551 
 
 35,216 
 
 2,793,926 
 
 7,227,696 
 
 1830- 31 
 
 964,902 
 
 2,997,544 
 
 228,397 
 
 167,749 
 
 4,358,592 
 
 1831-32 
 
 3,684,241 
 
 675,680 
 
 123,975 
 
 329,416 
 
 4,813,312 
 
 1832-33 
 
 1,567,634 
 
 856,970 
 
 47,483 
 
 1,997,385 
 
 4,469,472 
 
 1833-34 
 
 612,051 
 
 431,413 
 
 188,042 
 
 1,678,478 
 
 2,909,984 
 
 Note. —In the case of the exports from Calcutta, "Other Countries" includes some small Shipments to 
 " Internal Ports" on the Coromandel and Malabar Coasts. 
 For Continuation, see Table No, 7. 
 
102 
 
 TABLE No. 7. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from the Three 
 Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, from the Year 1834. 
 
 BENGAL 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 Other Places. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1834-35 
 
 3,051,190 
 
 25,459,994 
 
 398,622 
 
 1835-36 
 
 11,681,706 
 
 43,540,518 
 
 2,457,366 
 
 1836-37 
 
 1,586,408 
 
 33,103,486 
 
 1,442,970 
 
 1837-38 
 
 380,074 
 
 15,888,232 
 
 152,258 
 
 1838-39 
 
 293,350 
 
 17,334,105 
 
 130,597 
 
 1839-40 
 
 2,100,346 
 
 11,451,420 
 
 1,276,558 
 
 1840-41 
 
 106,434 
 
 13,316,521 
 
 1,656,919 
 
 1841-42 
 
 365,620 
 
 6,878,397 
 
 2,000,794 
 
 1842-43 
 
 158,732 
 
 12,365,300 
 
 1,659,118 
 
 1843-44 
 
 143,142 
 
 16,087,935 
 
 316,863 
 
 1844-45 
 
 I 109,636 
 
 16,396,944 
 
 72,240 
 
 1845-46 
 
 12,154 
 
 7,334,314 
 
 357,266 
 
 1846-47 
 
 
 8,872,801 
 
 638,013 
 
 1847-48 
 
 1,624,433 
 
 10,415,585 
 
 731,487 
 
 1848-49 
 
 30,513 
 
 2,618,227 
 
 288,871 
 
 1849-50 
 
 27,306 
 
 1,389,532 
 
 428,439 
 
 1850-51 
 
 985,026 
 
 18,248,478 
 
 3,897,662 
 
 1851-52 
 
 642,537 
 
 38,151,251 
 
 1,965,364 
 
 1852-53 
 
 6,853,728 
 
 24,848,383 
 
 1,782,028 
 
 1853-54 
 
 2,065,056 
 
 11,663,904 
 
 367,248 
 
 1854-55 
 
 59,136 
 
 7,436,128 
 
 135,968 
 
 1855-56 
 
 598,192 
 
 12,372,080 
 
 43,198 
 
 1856-57 
 
 3,434,928 
 
 12,610,864 
 
 1,181,040 
 
 1857-58 
 
 164,948 
 
 635,488 
 
 139,928 
 
 1858-59 
 
 296,386 
 
 30,268 
 
 25,550 
 
 Total. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 28,909,806 
 57,679,590 
 36,132,864 
 16,420,564 
 17,758,052 
 14,828,324 
 15,079,874 
 9,244,811 
 14,183,150 
 16,547,940 
 16,578,820 
 7,703,734 
 9,510,814 
 12,771,505 
 2,937,611 
 1,845,277 
 23,131,166 
 40,759,152 
 33,484,139 
 14,096,208 
 7,631,232 
 13,013,470 
 17,226,832 
 940,364 
 352,204 
 
 MADRAS 
 
 Years 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 1834- 35 
 
 1835- 36 
 
 1836- 37 
 
 1837- 38 
 
 1838- 39 
 
 1839- 40 
 
 1840- 41 
 
 1841- 42 
 
 1842- 43 
 
 1843- 44 
 
 1844- 45 
 
 1845- 46 
 
 1846- 47 
 
 1847- 48 
 
 1848- 49 
 
 1849- 50 
 
 1850- 51 
 
 1851- 52 
 
 1852- 53 
 
 1853- 54 
 
 1854- 55 
 
 1855- 56 
 
 1856- 57 
 
 1857- 58 
 
 1858- 59 
 
 lbs. 
 
 3,039,500 
 7,761,500 
 8,316,000 
 1,256,500 
 2,400,500 
 
 12,991,500 
 3,888,500 
 
 13,384,000 
 2,629,000 
 1,576,500 
 7,166,000 
 3,123,000 
 3,466,500 
 3,147,746 
 3,033,728 
 5,026,023 
 9,037,889 
 4,632,380 
 
 16,575,197 
 8,721,984 
 8,006,035 
 4,792,388 
 
 19,597,302 
 
 11,699,984 
 6,432,353 
 
 China. 
 
 Other Places. 
 
 lbs. 
 1,712,500 
 11,974,500 
 18,873,500 
 3,908,000 
 8,569,000 
 6,978,500 
 
 3,405,920 
 
 7,810,768 
 19,484,416 
 11,791,248 
 17,600,688 
 
 6,506,832 
 
 8,635,872 
 
 6,200,946 
 
 7,801,543 
 
 7,676,468 
 
 9,155,350 
 10,737,153 
 13,026,102 
 
 2,480,400 
 
 1,711,500 
 54,000 
 
 1,003,200 
 651,600 
 
 3,596,400 
 
 5,244,580 
 2,799,732 
 1,835,084 
 
 1,142,252 
 1,307,812 
 653,168 
 634,128 
 114,386 
 455,491 
 362,489 
 1,245,281 
 2,011,986 
 2,157,948 
 1,004,632 
 3,208,978 
 2,303,176 
 2,952,844 
 7,867,961 
 4,023,522 
 
 Total. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 4,752,000 
 19,736,000 
 27,189,500 
 
 5,164,500 
 10,969,500 
 19,970,000 
 12,539,000 
 23,994,500 
 23,948,500 
 14,510,000 
 26,074,500 
 10,283,000 
 12,736,500 
 
 9,463,078 
 11,290,765 
 13,064,980 
 19,438,520 
 17,381,519 
 31,759,247 
 12,207,016 
 12,926,513 
 
 7,149,564 
 23,553,346 
 20,219,545 
 14,052,275 
 
103 
 
 TABLE No. 7.— Continued. 
 Showing the Quantity op Baw Cotton Exported from the Three 
 Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, from the Year 1834. 
 
 BOMBAY. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 
 Other Places 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1834-35 
 
 32,177,712 
 
 32,408,532 
 
 64,586,244 
 
 1835-36 
 
 45,795,596 
 
 32,398,8 
 
 96 
 
 78,194,592 
 
 1836-37 ' 
 
 68,163,901 
 
 44,464,364 
 
 
 2,627,563 
 
 115,255,828 
 
 1837-38 
 
 38,100,472 
 
 56,161,928 
 
 
 2,901,016 
 
 97,163,416 
 
 1838-39 
 
 31,800,887 
 
 67,672,812 
 
 
 1,874,548 
 
 101,348,247 
 
 1839-40 
 
 59,001,134 
 
 29,168,699 
 
 
 5,040,453 
 
 93,210,286 
 
 1810-41 
 
 81,581,688 
 
 33,711,049 
 
 
 16,270,700 
 
 131,563,437 
 
 1841-42 
 
 104,795,091 
 
 47,409,464 
 
 
 8,812,013 
 
 161,016,568 
 
 1842-43 
 
 69,839,914 
 
 76,444,744 
 
 
 5,494,672 
 
 151,779,330 
 
 1843-44 
 
 91,781,824 
 
 52,318,538 
 
 
 27,343,466 
 
 171,443,828 ' 
 
 1844-45 
 
 50,854,590 
 
 67,102,790 
 
 
 3,866,617 
 
 121,823,997 
 
 1845-46 
 
 40,042,243 
 
 63,908,435 
 
 
 4,340,138 
 
 108,290,816 
 
 1846-47 
 
 87,607,744 
 
 57,461,490 
 
 
 1,764,283 
 
 146,833,517 
 
 1847-48 
 
 89,429,561 
 
 45,579,529 
 
 
 3,073,622 
 
 138,082,712 
 
 1848-49 
 
 64,139,278 
 
 85,700,135 
 
 
 4,563,677 
 
 154,403,090 
 
 1849-50 
 
 105,637,028 
 
 43,379,222 
 
 
 1,738,713 
 
 150,754,963 
 
 1850-51 
 
 131,423,883 
 
 49,646,801 
 
 
 2,833,313 
 
 183,903,997 
 
 1851-52 
 
 75,829,306 
 
 111,829,247 
 
 
 7,753,607 
 
 195,412,160 
 
 1852-53 
 
 157,932,069 
 
 37,797,257 
 
 
 1,935,462 
 
 197,664,788 
 
 1853-54 
 
 127,396,389 
 
 41,632,704 
 
 
 2,429,448 
 
 171,458,541 
 
 1854-55 
 
 111,448,366 
 
 36,746,295 
 
 
 5,027,786 
 
 153,222,447 
 
 1855-56 
 
 165,380,930 
 
 44,265,032 
 
 
 7,370,953 
 
 217,016,915 
 
 1856-57 
 
 230,377,806 
 
 35,170,497 
 
 
 13,325,043 
 
 278,873,346 
 
 1857-58 
 
 185,356,315 
 
 19,237,031 
 
 
 34,600,797 
 
 239,194,143 
 
 1858-59 
 
 157,289,419 
 
 38,607,749 
 
 
 7,559,925 
 
 203,457,093 
 
 ALL INDIA. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 China. 
 
 Other Places 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1834-35 
 
 38,268,402 
 
 60,051,648 
 
 98,320,050 
 
 1835-36 
 
 65,238,802 
 
 90,371,380 
 
 155,610,182 
 
 1836-37 
 
 78,066,309 
 
 100,511,883 
 
 178,578,192 
 
 1837 38 
 
 39,737,046 
 
 79,011,434 
 
 118,748,480 
 
 1838-39 
 
 34,494,737 
 
 95,581,062 
 
 130,075,799 
 
 1839-40 
 
 74,092,980 
 
 53,915,630 
 
 128,008,610 
 
 1840-41 
 
 85,576,622 
 
 50,433,490 
 
 23,172,199 
 
 159,182,311 
 
 1841-42 
 
 118,544,711 
 
 62,098,629 
 
 13,612,539 
 
 194,255,879 
 
 1842-43 
 
 72,627,646 
 
 108,294,460 
 
 8,988,874 
 
 189,910,980 
 
 1843-44 ' 
 
 93,501,466 
 
 80,197,721 
 
 28,802,581 
 
 202,501,768 
 
 1844-45 
 
 58,130,226 
 
 101,100,422 
 
 5,246,669 
 
 164,477,317 
 
 1845-46 
 
 43,177,397 
 
 77,749,581 
 
 5,350,572 
 
 126,277,550 
 
 1846-47 
 
 91,074,244 
 
 74,970,163 
 
 3,036,424 
 
 169,080,831 
 
 1847-48 
 
 94,201,740 
 
 62,196,060 
 
 3,919,495 
 
 160,317,295 
 
 1848-49 
 
 67,203,519 
 
 96,119,905 
 
 5,308,042 
 
 168,631,466 
 
 1849-50 
 
 110,690,357 
 
 52,445,222 
 
 2,529,641 
 
 165,665,220 
 
 1850-51 
 
 141,446,798 
 
 77,050,629 
 
 7,976,256 
 
 226,473,683 
 
 1851-52 
 
 81,104,223 
 
 160,717,651 
 
 11,730,957 
 
 253,552,831 
 
 1852-53 
 
 181,360,994 
 
 75,671,742 
 
 5,875,438 
 
 262,908,174 
 
 1853-54 
 
 138,183,429 
 
 55,777,008 
 
 3,801,328 
 
 197,761,765 
 
 1854-55 
 
 119,513,537 
 
 45,893,923 
 
 8,372,732 
 
 173,780,192 
 
 1855-56 
 
 170,771,510 
 
 56,691,112 
 
 9,717,327 
 
 237,179,949 
 
 1856-57 
 
 253,410,036 
 
 48,784,561 
 
 17,458,927 
 
 319,653,524 
 
 1857-58 
 
 197,221,247 
 
 20,524,119 
 
 42,608,686 
 
 260,354,052 
 
 1858-59 
 
 164,018,158 
 
 42,234,417 
 
 11,608,997 
 
 217,861,572 
 
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 5*^*COOCOOTl>NNOMCOOlONr-!15CONOONtOflNCOOCoaoON'-icON 
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 t^COPH- 
 
 rH CM CO 
 
 ClficXcoiOWCN'— ICSCOOOJ 
 VCDf-WCDSOCOXW*CO 
 
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 i>.aKcoNcootvcocoNoi( 
 
 rfi CO O CO OO < 
 
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 i CM CM ' 
 
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 CM Oi O io I 
 
 t O W 00 CO O) 
 
 00 CO oo iCcc"'* JcC 
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 COCOLONCO*aM(NlNMO^TCO(Ncocoiooa*OCO 
 
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 ^^coeNfflffi^socon^ioaf- 1 a a r- 1 co n n cq in ^ n n co_ io v o oo 1-1 to co 
 
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 CSlt^^Os<3500ca>3:t^COCOC000COCMO- 
 
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108 
 
 TABLE No. 10. 
 Showing the Price of Beef and Mutton at St. Thomas's Hospital, 
 
 SOUTHWARK, AT LjADY-DaY AND MlCHAELMAS, IN EACH YEAR FROM 1688 
 
 to 1858. 
 
 BEEF 
 
 MUTTON. 
 
 BEEF. 
 
 MUTTON. 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 Lady Day. 
 
 mas. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 
 s d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1688 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1 nnn 
 
 1736 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/6 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 1689 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1737 
 
 1 /o 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 1690 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 
 1738 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 2 
 
 1/8 
 
 1691 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 
 1739 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 . 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/10 
 
 1692 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1740 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 1693 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/10 
 
 
 
 1741 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/2 
 
 .... 
 
 2/4 
 
 1694 
 
 .2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 
 
 1742 
 
 2/3 
 
 2/0 
 1/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/2 
 
 1695 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/11 
 
 
 
 1 HA Q 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 1696 
 
 2/3 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1 n a a 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 1697 
 
 2/1 
 
 1/11 
 
 
 
 1745 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/8 
 
 1698 
 
 2/3 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1746 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/10 
 
 1699 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1 h a n 
 
 174:7 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/10 
 
 1700 
 
 1/11 
 
 1/7 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1748 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 1701 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/74 
 
 
 
 1749 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/4 
 
 1/10 
 
 1702 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 „ 
 
 
 
 1750 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 1703 
 
 1/11 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1751 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/10 
 
 1704 
 
 1/7 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1752 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/9 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/10 
 
 1705 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1753 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/0 
 
 1706 
 
 1/8* 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 1754 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/0 
 
 1707 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1755 
 
 2/0 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 1708 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1756 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 1709 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/6 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1757 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/3 
 
 2/4 
 
 1710 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1758 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/6 
 
 1711 
 
 1/104. 
 
 1/94 
 
 
 ..... 
 
 1759 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/2 
 
 1712 
 
 1/11 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1760 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/3 
 
 2/0 
 
 1713 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1761 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/0 
 
 1714 
 
 1/lOA 
 1/11* 
 
 l/9§ 
 
 
 
 
 1762 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/3 
 
 2/10 
 
 1715 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 
 1763 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/4 
 
 2 2 
 
 1716 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1764 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/2 
 
 1717 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1765 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/4 
 
 1718 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1766 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/8 
 2/8 
 
 1719 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1767 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/0 
 
 1 I70A 
 
 9 /9 
 
 1/11 
 1/11 
 
 
 
 ± 1 Oo 
 
 9 /A 
 
 9 /A 
 
 9 /Q 
 
 9 /A 
 
 A/0 
 
 1721 
 
 1/11 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 
 1769 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 1722 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/7 
 
 
 
 1770 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/8 
 
 1723 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/8 
 
 1724 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/9 
 
 
 
 1772 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 1725 
 
 1/9 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 i'/ii" 
 
 1773 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 1726 
 
 1/11 
 
 1/8 
 
 
 2/0 
 
 1774 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/2 
 
 2/10 
 
 1727 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/8 
 
 *2/2 
 
 2/0 
 
 1775 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/4 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 1728 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/10 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/2 
 
 1776 
 
 2 '4 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 1729 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/0 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/4 
 
 1777 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 1730 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/0 
 
 1778 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 1731 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/2 
 
 2/0 
 1/8 
 
 1779 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/8 
 
 1732 
 
 2/0 
 
 1/8 
 
 2/6 
 
 1780 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 1733 
 
 1/10 
 
 1/6 
 
 2/2 
 
 1/8 
 
 1781 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/4 
 
 1734 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 1/8 
 
 1/6 
 
 1782 
 
 2/4 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/8 
 
 1735 
 
 1/7 
 
 1/6 
 
 1/7 
 
 1/6 
 
 1783 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 Note. — The above are the prices per stone of 8 lbs. The pieces of beef are two rounds, chucks, clods, and leg 
 mutton pieces. The pieces of mutton are legs and loins ; the average quantity is about 32 stone per day. The 
 extra quantity of mutton-fat is returned. The beef is delivered -without bone, the weight of which was six stone 
 and six pounds in making the 32 stone and 4 pounds of meat sent to the Hospital. 
 
109 
 
 TABLE No. 10. — Continued. 
 Showing the Price of Beef and Mutton at St. Thomas's Hospital, 
 
 SoUTHWARK, AT LiADY-DaY AND MlCHAELMAS, IN EACH YEAR FROM 1688 
 
 to 1858. 
 
 BEEF. 
 
 MUTTON. 
 
 BEEF. 
 
 MUTTON. 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 
 Michael- 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 Lady Day 
 
 mas. 
 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Ppr Stnnp 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 Per Stone 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s, d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1784 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/lo' 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/4 
 
 1823 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/8 
 
 1785 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/2 
 
 3 2 
 
 1824 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/8 
 
 / 
 
 3/8 
 
 1786 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/2 
 
 1825 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/8 
 
 1787 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/0 
 
 1826 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/4 
 
 1788 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/0 
 
 1827 
 
 4/0 
 
 / 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/4 
 
 1789 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/0 
 
 1828 
 
 -3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/0 
 
 1790 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 1829 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/10 
 
 4/0 
 
 1791 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/2 
 
 1830 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/2 
 
 / 
 
 3/6 
 
 1792 
 
 3/0 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/2 
 
 1831 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/2 
 
 4/2 
 
 1793 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/0 
 3/0 
 
 1832 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/0 
 
 4/2 
 
 3/10 
 
 i 
 
 1794 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/2 
 3/6 
 
 1833 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/10 . 
 
 -4/2 
 
 1795 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/8 
 
 1834 
 
 3 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/10 
 
 3/6 
 
 1796 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 1835 
 
 2/10 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/0 
 
 / 
 
 3/4 
 
 17Q7 
 
 J. I V 1 
 
 4/2 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/2 
 
 4/4 
 
 1836 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/8 
 3/10 
 
 3/10 
 
 1798 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 1837 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/2 
 
 17QQ 
 
 3/6 
 
 4/2 
 
 3/6 
 
 4/2 
 
 1838 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/4 " 
 
 3/6 
 3/10 
 
 3/10 
 
 1 800 
 
 J.OUU 
 
 4/4 
 
 5/0 
 
 4/6 
 
 4/8 
 5/4 
 
 1839 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/10 
 
 1801 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 6/0 
 
 1840 
 
 3/4 
 
 / 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 1802 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/4 
 
 5/4 
 
 1841 
 
 4/0 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/0 
 
 1803 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/0 
 
 1842 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/4 
 
 1804 
 
 4/6 
 4/4 
 
 4/10 
 
 4/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 1843 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/4 
 
 1805 
 
 4/6 
 
 4/6 
 
 4/4 
 
 1844 
 
 2/8 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/4 
 
 1806 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/10 
 
 4/10 
 
 4/10 
 
 1845 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/0 
 
 1807 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/0 
 
 1846 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/0 
 
 1808 
 
 4/6 
 
 5/0 
 
 4/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 1847 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/8 
 
 1809 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 5/4 
 
 1848 
 
 4/0 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 1810 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 ■5/4 
 
 5/8 
 
 1849 
 
 3/0 
 2/8 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 1811 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 1850 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/4 
 
 1812 
 
 6/0 
 
 6/0 
 
 6/0 
 
 6/0 
 
 1851 
 
 2/6 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/8 
 
 1813 
 
 6/4 
 
 6/4 
 
 6/4 
 
 6/4 
 
 1852 
 
 2/8 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/8 
 
 1814 
 
 6/4 
 
 5/8 
 
 7/0 
 
 6/0 
 
 1853 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/10 
 
 4/4 
 
 1815 
 
 5/4 
 4/0 
 
 4/6 
 
 5/4 
 
 4/8 
 
 1854 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/4 
 
 4/2 
 
 4/2 
 
 1816 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/8 
 
 1855 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/8 
 
 4/2 
 
 4/8 
 
 1817 
 
 3/8 
 
 3/8 
 
 . 4/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 1856 
 
 3/0 
 
 3/6 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/8 
 
 1818 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/8 
 
 5/0 
 
 1857 
 
 3/2 
 
 3/2 
 
 4 '8 
 
 4/8 
 
 1819 
 
 4/10 
 
 4/10 
 
 5/8 
 
 5/8 
 
 1858 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/10 
 
 4/4 
 
 4/6 
 
 1820 
 
 4/10 
 
 4/6 
 
 3/8 
 
 5/4 
 
 5/4 
 
 1859 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/2 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/6 
 
 1821 
 
 4/0 
 
 4/8 
 
 4/0 
 
 1860 
 
 3/2 
 
 
 4/6 
 
 
 1822 
 
 2/10 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/4 
 
 3/6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note.— The above are the prices per stone of 8 lbs. The pieces of beef are two rounds, chucks, clods, and leg 
 mutton pieces. The pieces of mutton are legs and loins ; the average quantity is about 32 stone per day. The 
 extra quantity of mutton-fat is returned. The beef is delivered without bone, the weight of which was six stone 
 and six pouuds in making the 32 stone and 4 pounds of meat sent to the Hospital, 
 
110 
 
 TABLE No. 11. 
 Showing the Amount of the Funded and Unfunded Debt of the United 
 Kingdom since 1691: the Amount of Inteeest Payable Thereon, 
 and Charges for Management. 
 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest 
 
 
 
 
 Interest 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 Funded. 
 
 Unfunded. 
 
 Charge. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Funded. 
 
 Unfunded. 
 
 Charge. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 3b 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 3b 
 
 1 AQ1 
 
 ioyi 
 
 
 3,130,000 
 
 OQO AAA 
 
 2o2,UUU 
 
 1744 
 
 50,049,532 
 
 6,692,886 
 
 O OAD QAO 
 
 2,2yo,oUZ 
 
 1 AQ9 
 
 loy^s 
 
 
 3,310,547 
 5,902,839 
 
 OQA AAA 
 
 4oU,UUU 
 
 i n a k 
 
 1745 
 
 52,049,532 
 
 7,668,285 
 
 O /iOQ QOQ 
 
 ^,4zo,ojy 
 
 1 AQQ. 
 
 
 KA7 1 f\-l 
 
 50/, 101 
 
 1746 
 
 56,073,070 
 
 8,544,774 
 
 O CCA OQ1 
 
 2,o0U,2ol 
 
 1 AQA 
 
 ioy4 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 5,534,297 
 
 Q1 Q OflQ 
 OlOj^yb 
 
 1 T A T 
 
 1747 
 
 61,473,070 
 
 7,642,344 
 
 O QQO K9Q 
 4,004,000 
 
 ioyo 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 7,236,846 
 
 qot 1 ao 
 oo7,ly2 
 
 1748 
 
 68,420,147 
 
 7,391,985 
 
 o 1 ne TAK 
 O,100, /OO 
 
 1 AQA 
 
 ioyo 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 10,379,178 
 
 1 AOC AT1 
 
 i,08o,y71 
 
 1749 
 
 71,492,619 
 
 5,996,321 
 
 Q OA/I OKQ 
 
 o,2U4,o0b 
 
 1 AQ7 
 
 ioy / 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 13,322,925 
 
 1 QOO K 1 A 
 
 1,024, oiy 
 
 1 TKA 
 
 1750 
 
 71,657,717 
 
 5,202,093 
 
 O 7QQ OKI 
 
 4, /oy,ooi 
 
 1 AQQ 
 
 ioyo 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 12,245,416 
 
 l,4oo,011 
 
 1 TK1 
 
 1751 
 
 71,480,824 
 
 5,716.202 
 
 O 7CA AQA 
 
 2, /0y,4o4 
 
 1 AQQ 
 
 ±oyy 
 
 3,200.000 
 
 10,599,355 
 
 l,44o,0oy 
 
 1752 
 
 70,964,793 
 
 5,466 3 890 
 
 O TQK 010 
 
 2, /o0,ol2 
 
 i von 
 
 1 / OO 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 9,407,080 
 
 1 OKO AQA 
 
 l,404,Uou 
 
 1 TKQ 
 
 i/oo 
 
 70,964,793 
 
 4,070,022 
 
 O CXQA AQQ 
 
 2,0y4,Uoo 
 
 1 7A1 
 1 /Ul 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 9,352,486 
 
 l,4iy,14/ 
 
 1 na A 
 
 1754 
 
 70,869,162 
 
 1,259,120 
 
 O O.A q a ko 
 2,04(5,404 
 
 1 7A9 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 9,567,225 
 
 1 OIK QO/l 
 
 1,410, o44 
 
 1 TKK 
 1/00 
 
 71,769,162 
 
 736,410 
 
 O AKA A/i 1 
 4,00O\U41 
 
 1 7AQ. 
 1 / UO 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 9,125,779 
 
 1 1 KQ A df\ 
 
 l,10o 40U 
 
 1/00 
 
 73,759,470 
 
 815,555 
 
 O TKQ KAA 
 
 2, /0o,00O 
 
 1 7AA 
 1 /U4 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 9,163,474 
 
 1 OO /< m A 
 
 1,4d4,U1U 
 
 1757 
 
 76,759,470 
 
 1,065,927 
 
 O TOC OK/f 
 
 2, /oo,404 
 
 1 7AK. 
 1 / UO 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 8,935,351 
 
 1 Ol A AK1 
 l,4lU,Uol 
 
 1 TKQ 
 1 /OO 
 
 81,756,147 
 
 1,371,862 
 
 O Ol Q TAT 
 
 4,yio, IV I 
 
 1 7AA 
 1 /UO 
 
 3,864,263 
 
 8,523 ; 767 
 
 1 A A Q KfiQ 
 
 1,440,000 
 
 1 TKA 
 
 1/59 
 
 89,346,147 
 
 1,927,312 
 
 O 1 Q1 QAK 
 
 o,ioi,oyo 
 
 1 7A7 
 1 /U / 
 
 5,064,263 
 
 10,180,036 
 
 1 KAA CQA 
 
 l,0y(J,oou 
 
 1760 
 
 97,862,793 
 
 4,151,225 
 
 Q KTC OTK 
 
 0,0/0,2/0 
 
 1 7AQ 
 1 /UO 
 
 5,064,263 
 
 10,454,143 
 
 1 TOO A TO 
 
 1, / 44,4 / 4 
 
 l/ol 
 
 109,908,947 
 
 4,386,040 
 
 A 1 A Q OQO 
 
 4,i4o,yyy 
 
 1 7AQ 
 
 l /uy 
 
 7,239,291 
 
 11,694,048 
 
 1 001 All 
 
 i,y4i,4/ / 
 
 1 TPO 
 
 1762 
 
 122,088,947 
 
 4,705,990 
 
 A T A T Q 1 O 
 
 4, /4/,o4y 
 
 1 71 n 
 x / ±u 
 
 7,239,291 
 
 14,096,354 
 
 O AA/1 QOQ 
 
 4,U04,o4y 
 
 1 TfiQ 
 
 1 / Oo 
 
 129,160,193 
 
 3,555,856 
 
 K AQO TOO 
 0,UoZ, / OO 
 
 1 71*1 
 1/11 
 
 11,770,061 
 
 10,628,364 
 
 O OT/( QTT 
 4,4 /4,o / / 
 
 1 Id A 
 
 1/04 
 
 128,257,089 
 
 5,030,851 
 
 K AAO QAK 
 0,UU4,o00 
 
 1 71 O 
 
 25,569,559 
 
 9,353,129 
 
 Q AQ/I ATO 
 
 o,Uo4,U/o 
 
 1 T/? K 
 
 1/00 
 
 128,849,647 
 
 2,966.526 
 
 A AOO OKA 
 
 4,U4o,20U 
 
 1 71 Q. 
 1 / lo 
 
 26,078,085 
 
 8,621,762 
 
 Q AA/1 OQT 
 0,UU4,4o / 
 
 1 TAA 
 1/00 
 
 129,561,835 
 
 2,075,096 
 
 A QQ7 0/1 A 
 
 4,oo /,o40 
 
 1 71 A 
 
 27,820,321 
 
 8,355,139 
 
 q acq lot; 
 o,U0o,lo0 
 
 1 TCT 
 
 1/0/ 
 
 130,181,716 
 
 1,929,106 
 
 A OTK KKQ 
 
 4,o/0,00o 
 
 1 71 PC 
 ± / 10 
 
 29,617,622 
 
 7,805,612 
 
 Q 1 1 1 AOK 
 0,114,040 
 
 1 TAQ 
 1 / Oo 
 
 130,322,486 
 
 2,264,918 
 
 A QTA 1 AO 
 4,o /U,10o 
 
 1 71 A 
 1 / ID 
 
 29,493,388 
 
 8,425,080 
 
 Q 1 AT £1 (i 
 
 o,i0/,0lo 
 
 1 TAQ 
 
 i /oy 
 
 128,567,870 
 
 1,745,410 
 
 A, 7QA OA 1 
 4 1 , /o0,y41 
 
 1717 
 1 /l / 
 
 32,702,786 
 
 7,605,471 
 
 OTAA OOQ 
 
 o,i44,4yo 
 
 1 T7A 
 1 / /U 
 
 127,132,485 
 
 2,065,148 
 
 A 71 A7Q 
 
 4, / i/,o/y 
 
 1 71 Q 
 1 / lo 
 
 34,766,199 
 
 5,613,485 
 
 o OAK oon 
 
 4,yoo,ooy 
 
 1 771 
 1 / /l 
 
 127,198,393 
 
 1,787,619 
 
 A 700 AQA 
 
 4, / oo,oy4 
 
 1 71 Q 
 
 i / iy 
 
 37,462,943 
 
 4,409,298 
 
 O QOO Q7A 
 4,044,0 /U 
 
 1 770 
 1 / /4 
 
 125,790.701 
 
 2,245,832 
 
 A 7AA qOA 
 4, /UO,oZO 
 
 1 79A 
 
 49,844,890 
 
 4,134,818 
 
 O Q A A /f Q /( 
 
 4,©40,4o4 
 
 1 TTO 
 1 / /o 
 
 125,763,009 
 
 3,108,488 
 
 A 71Q KA7 
 
 4, /4y,oo/ 
 
 1 701 
 
 49,811,715 
 
 4,593,393 
 
 O QKK oqa 
 
 4,b00,ooU 
 
 1 77/1 
 1 / /4 
 
 124,763,009 
 
 2,399,404 
 
 A AQQ 01 
 
 4,oyo,oio 
 
 J TOO 
 
 49,920,899 
 
 4,281,467 
 
 2,807,584 
 
 1 7TK 
 
 1 / /o 
 
 123,763,009 
 
 3,079,802 
 
 A 7AO K1 Q 
 
 4. /uo,oiy 
 
 1 TOO 
 1/40 
 
 48,551,160 
 
 4,445,830 
 
 O TOO AOA 
 
 4, / 4O,0oU 
 
 "! TT£ 
 1/ /O 
 
 125,899,532 
 
 5,337,751 
 
 A Q7A KO/1 
 4,o/U,0o4 
 
 i no a 
 1/Z4 
 
 48,132,895 
 
 5,190,675 
 
 O TOT Ol T 
 
 2,727,317 
 
 1 TTT 
 
 17/ 7 
 
 131,052,578 
 
 5,724,059 
 
 K 1 1 O Q A A 
 
 0,112,o44 
 
 1 TOK 
 ±//0 
 
 48,107,625 
 
 4,131,452 
 
 o T1 t koa 
 2,71/ ,089 
 
 1 TTQ 
 
 1 / /o 
 
 137,052,578 
 
 6,000,056 
 
 K A Q7 OOO 
 
 0,4o/,oZo 
 
 1 TOA 
 1/40 
 
 49,093,295 
 
 3,757,502 
 
 O 7<">A COO 
 
 2, / oy.o2o 
 
 1 TTA 
 
 1/ /y 
 
 144,052,578 
 
 9,521,772 
 
 A 1 AA AAA 
 O,lUU,U0U 
 
 i tot 
 172 i 
 
 47,993,125 
 
 4,530,798 
 
 O OP A AO i 
 
 2,000,934 
 
 1 TQA 
 
 1 /oU 
 
 156,246,424 
 
 11,214,550 
 
 d AQ1 TOQ 
 
 o,$oi, /oy 
 
 1 TOO 
 
 1728 
 
 47,711,205 
 
 4,249,371 
 
 O OA/ 1 f*0 
 
 2,30o,4o2 
 
 1 TO 1 
 
 1 /ol 
 
 177,283,347 
 
 11,975,334 
 
 T A K 1 AKO 
 
 7,401,U02 
 
 172y 
 
 A 7 891 A3Q 
 
 4 /,o44,ooy 
 
 Q 71 A KQ1 
 O, / 10,001 
 
 2,292,150 
 
 1 TOO 
 
 1/04 
 
 1 Q7 773 34-7 
 
 1 A OKA OQO 
 
 O A 1 Q /( /1 1 
 o,41o,441 
 
 1730 
 
 46,824,639 
 
 4,005,671 
 
 2,227,127 
 
 1783 
 
 212,773,347 
 
 19,070,284 
 
 9,065,585 
 
 1731 
 
 47,024,639 
 
 3,714,147 
 
 2,219,986 
 
 1784 
 
 228,627,049 
 
 14,436,096 
 
 9,541,256 
 
 1732 
 
 46,116,947 
 
 3,719,691 
 
 2,189,391 
 
 1785 
 
 239,693,900 
 
 5,892,570 
 
 9,678,942 
 
 1733 
 
 45,116,947 
 
 3,611,150 
 
 2,153,405 
 
 1786 
 
 239,200,719 
 
 6,266,136 
 
 9,664,541 
 
 1734 
 
 45,094,147 
 
 3,727,269 
 
 2,136,147 
 
 1787 
 
 237,697,666 
 
 6,581,559 
 
 9,595,379 
 
 1735 
 
 45,094,147 
 
 3,853,942 
 
 2,141,600 
 2,108.793 
 
 1788 
 
 236,191,315 
 
 7,446,101 
 
 9,572,217 
 
 1736 
 
 44,680,947 
 
 3,743,704 
 
 1789 
 
 234,632,465 
 
 8,120,446 
 
 9,567,359 
 
 1737 
 
 43,680,947 
 
 3,550,352 
 
 2,057,073 
 
 1790 
 
 233,044,965 
 
 9,416,615 
 
 9,585,712 
 
 1738 
 
 42,962,486 
 
 3,535,014 
 
 2,025,898 
 
 1791 
 
 231,537,865 
 
 10,138,134 
 
 9,513,507 
 
 1739 
 
 42,962,486 
 
 3,651,397 
 
 2,030,884 
 
 1792 
 
 229,614,445 
 
 10,048 976 
 
 9,432,179 
 
 1740 
 
 42,949,562 
 
 4,173,017 
 
 2,051,572 
 
 1793 
 
 234,034,716 
 
 13,839,718 
 
 9,711,238 
 
 1741 
 
 42,949,562 
 
 5,432.877 
 
 2,099,950 
 
 1794 
 
 247,877,235 
 
 15,445,420 
 
 10,396,645 
 
 1742 
 
 45,454,516 
 
 6,392,807 
 
 2,157,136 
 2,181,586 
 
 1795 
 
 301,861,304 
 
 19,601,375 
 
 12,699,310 
 
 1743 
 
 47,254,516 
 
 5,946,473 
 
 1796 
 
 355,323,772 
 
 8,575,123 
 
 14,765,095 
 
Ill 
 
 TABLE No. 11. — Continued. 
 Showing the Amount of the Funded and Unfunded Debt of the United 
 Kingdom since 1691: the Amount of Interest Payable Thereon, 
 and Charges for Management. 
 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest 
 
 
 
 
 Interest 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 Funded. 
 — 
 
 Unfunded. 
 
 Charge. 
 
 x ears. 
 
 Funded. 
 
 Unfunded. 
 
 Charge. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1797 
 
 381,525,835 
 
 7,434,755 
 
 
 1829 
 
 771,251,932 
 
 25,547,600 
 
 
 1798 
 
 414,936,332 
 
 12,589,570 
 
 16 887 399 
 
 1830 
 
 757,486,997 
 
 27,317,000 
 
 28 325 936 
 
 1799 
 
 423,367,546 
 
 18,956,831 
 
 1 7 560 127 
 
 1831 
 
 755,543.884 
 
 27,172,800 
 
 OQ QOQ QQfi 
 
 1800 
 
 447,147,163 
 
 23,747,117 
 
 18 582 950 
 
 1832 
 
 754,100,549 
 
 27,357,050 
 
 28 351 318 
 
 1801 
 
 497,043,488 
 
 20,468,383 
 
 1Q «1 Q QQQ 
 
 1833 
 
 751,658,883 
 
 28,071,496 
 
 28 481 1 Si 
 
 1802 
 
 522,231,786 
 
 15,421,222 
 
 20,268,551 
 
 1834 
 
 743,675,300 
 
 29,559,101 
 
 28 517 236 
 
 1803 
 
 528,260,642 
 
 19,472,154 
 
 20,812 962 
 
 1835 
 
 758,549,866 
 
 30,114,335 
 
 29 135 811 
 
 1804 
 
 545,803,318 
 
 25,328,000 
 
 21^658',890 
 
 1836 
 
 761,422,571 
 
 28,074,325 
 
 29 667 464 
 
 1805 
 
 573,529,932 
 
 26,339,915 
 
 22,568,359 
 
 1837 
 
 762,275,189 
 
 25.253,925 
 
 29 537 333 
 
 1806 
 
 593,954,868 
 
 27,141,815 
 
 23 196 582 
 
 1838 
 
 761,347,690 
 
 25,492,475 
 
 OQ AM Q03 
 
 1807 
 
 601,733,073 
 
 32,073,339 
 
 23 373 092 
 
 1839 
 
 766,547,685 
 
 20,683,375 
 
 29 385 451 
 
 1808 
 
 604,287,475 
 
 39,258,308 
 
 23 595 01 3 
 
 1840 
 
 766,371,726 
 
 22,272,675 
 
 OQ 4.1 K QOA 
 
 1809 
 
 614,789,092 
 
 39,672,219 
 
 24,292,276 
 
 1841 
 
 772,530,760 
 
 19,678,925 
 
 29 462 030 
 
 1810 
 
 624,301,937 
 
 37,891,919 
 
 24 553 1 62 
 
 ■ 1842 
 
 773,068,341 
 
 18,689,475 
 
 29 300 112 
 
 1811 
 
 635,583.448 
 
 42,616,988 
 
 25,484,765 
 
 1843 
 
 772,169,093 
 
 20,495,650 
 
 9Q 047 473 
 
 1812 
 
 661,409,958 
 
 44,844,629 
 
 26 853 846 
 
 1844 
 
 769,193,644 
 
 18,793,550 
 
 28 272 652 
 
 1813 
 
 740,023,535 
 
 48,070,246 
 
 29,893,737 
 
 1845 
 
 766,672,822 
 
 18,442,400 
 
 28 125 113 
 
 1814 
 
 752 859 907 
 
 60 280 269 
 
 3l' 105' 644 
 
 1846 
 
 764,608 284 
 
 18 369 400 
 
 28.025,253 
 
 1815 
 
 816,311,941 
 
 44,727,108 
 
 32,645,618 
 
 1847 
 
 772i40l',851 
 
 17,974,500 
 
 28,442,683 
 
 1816 
 
 796,200,191 
 
 49,768,292 
 
 32,055,350 
 
 1848 
 
 774.022,638 
 773,168,316 
 
 17,794,700 
 
 28,307,343 
 
 1817 
 
 776,742,403 
 
 62,639,742 
 
 31,591,927 
 
 1849 
 
 17,758,700 
 
 28,091,579 
 
 1818 
 
 791,867,314 
 
 48,715,350 
 
 31,485,753 
 
 1850 
 
 769,272,562 
 
 17,756,600 
 
 28,025,523 
 
 1819 
 
 794,980,482 
 
 41,550,500 
 
 31.168,540 
 
 1851 
 
 765,126,582 
 
 17,742,800 
 
 27,907,068 
 
 1820 
 
 801,565.310 
 
 33,335,650 
 
 31.354,749 
 
 1852 
 
 761,622,704 
 
 17,742,500 
 
 27,842,286 
 
 1821 
 
 795,312,767 
 
 32,671,731 
 
 31,105,319 
 
 1853 
 
 755,311,701 
 
 16,024,100 
 
 27,597,645 
 
 1822 
 
 796,530,144 
 
 38,677,150 
 
 29,722,533 
 
 1854 
 
 753,073,849 
 
 16.008,700 
 
 27,715,203 
 
 1823 
 
 791,701,614 
 
 35,778,550 
 
 30,142,582 
 
 1855 
 
 752,064,119 
 
 23,151,400 
 
 27,363,889 
 
 1824 
 
 781,123,222 
 
 37,900,450 
 
 29,174,122 
 
 1856 
 
 775,730.994 
 
 28,182,700 
 
 28,444,274 
 
 1825 
 
 778,128,268 
 
 31,703.200 
 
 28,987,773 
 
 1857 
 
 780,119,722 
 
 27,989,000 
 
 28,550,039 
 
 1826 
 
 783,801,740 
 
 25,024,850 
 
 29,415,102 
 
 1758 
 
 779,225,495 
 
 25,911.500 
 
 28.401.950 
 
 1827 
 
 777,476,892 
 
 27,622.050 
 
 29,328,782 
 
 1859 
 
 786,801,154 
 
 18,277,400 
 
 28,204,299 
 
 1828 
 
 772,322,539 
 
 27,709,750 
 
 29,167,877 
 
 
 
 
 Note. — From 1854 the financial year ends 3lst March ; thus 1859 represents the year ending 31st March, 1859. 
 
112 
 
 TABLE No. 12. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton, in Pounds Weight, Inported 
 into the United Kingdom from Each of the Producing Countries 
 since 1815. 
 
 United States 
 
 lbs. 
 54,407,299 
 51,291,997 
 60,695,293 
 68,217,656 
 62,412,654 
 89,999,174 
 93,470,745 
 101,031,766 
 ] 42,532, 112 
 92,187,662 
 139,908,699 
 130,858,203 
 216,924,812 
 151,752,289 
 157,187,396 
 210,885,358 
 219,333 628 
 219,756.753 
 237,506,758 
 269,203,075 
 284,455,812 
 289,615,692 
 320,651,716 
 431,437,888 
 311,597,798 
 487,856,504 
 358,240,964 
 414,030,779 
 574,738,520 
 517,218,622 
 626,650,412 
 401,949,393 
 364,599,291 
 600,247,488 
 634,504,050 
 493,153,112 
 596,638,962 
 765,630,544 
 658,451,796 
 722,151 346 
 681,629,424 
 780,040,016 
 654,758,048 
 833,237,776 
 961,707,264 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 lbs. 
 13,104,267 
 20,131,581 
 16338,861 
 24,987,979 
 20,860,865 
 29,198,155 
 19,535,786 
 24,705,206 
 23,514,641 
 24,849,552 
 33,180,491 
 9,871,092 
 20,716,162 
 29,143,279 
 28,878,386 
 33,092,072 
 31,695,761 
 20,109,560 
 28,463,821 
 19,291,396 
 24,986,409 
 27,501,272 
 20,940,145 
 24,464,505 
 16,971,979 
 14,779,171 
 16,671,348 
 15,222,828 
 18,675,123 
 21.084,744 
 20,157,633 
 14,746,321 
 19,966,922 
 19,971,378 
 30,738,133 
 30,299,982 
 19,339,104 
 26.506,144 
 24,190,628 
 19,703,600 
 24,577,952 
 21,830,704 
 29,910,832 
 18,617,872 
 22,478,960 
 
 Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 30,466 
 239,966 
 44,532 
 1,109,982 
 186,864 
 472,684 
 1,131,567 
 518.804 
 1,492,413 
 8,699.924 
 22,698,075 
 10.308,617 
 5,372,562 
 7,039,574 
 6,049,597 
 3,428,798 
 8,460,559 
 9,163,692 
 1,020,268 
 1,681,625 
 8,451,630 
 8,226.029 
 9,326,979 
 6,409,466 
 6,429,671 
 8,324,937 
 9,097,180 
 4,489,017 
 9,674,076 
 12,406,327 
 14,614,699 
 14,278.447 
 4,814,268 
 7,231,861 
 17,369,843 
 18,931,414 
 16,950,525 
 48,058,640 
 28,353,575 
 23,503,003 
 32,904,153 
 34,616,848 
 24,882,144 
 38,248,112 
 38,106,096 
 
 B. E.Indies, 
 Singapore, 
 and Ceylon. 
 
 lbs. 
 7,175,243 
 6,972,790 
 31,007,570 
 67,456,411 
 58,856,261 
 23,125,825 
 8,827,107 
 4,554,225 
 14,839,117 
 16,420,005 
 20,005,872 
 20,985,135 
 20,930,542 
 32,187,901 
 24,857,800 
 12,481.761 
 25,805,153 
 35,178,625 
 32,755,164 
 32,920,865 
 41,429,011 
 75,949,845 
 51,532,072 
 40,217,734 
 47,172,939 
 77,011,839 
 97,388,153 
 92,972,609 
 65,709.729 
 88,639,776 
 58,437,426 
 34,540,143 
 83,934,614 
 84,101,961 
 70,838,515 
 118,872,742 
 122,626,976 
 84,922,432 
 181,848,160 
 119,836,009 
 145,179,216 
 180,496,624 
 250,338,144 
 132,722 576 j 
 192,330,880 
 
 B.W.Indies 
 and British 
 Guiana. 
 
 lbs. 
 15,341,197 
 12,731,822 
 9,743,605 
 11,249,851 
 7,050,753 
 6,836,816 
 7,138,980 
 10,295,114 
 7,034,793 
 6,269,306 
 8,193,948 
 4,751,070 
 7,165,881 
 5,893,800 
 4,640,414 
 3,429,247 
 2,401,685 
 2,040,428 
 2,084,862 
 2,293,794 
 1,815,270 
 1,714,337 
 1,595,702 
 1,529,356 
 1,248,164 
 866,157 
 1,533,197 
 593,603 
 1,260,444 
 1,707,194 
 1,394,447 
 1,201,857 
 793,933 
 640,437 
 944,307 
 228,913 
 446,529 
 703,696 
 350,428 
 409,110 
 468,452 
 462,784 
 1,443,568 
 367,808 
 592,256 
 
 Other 
 Countries. 
 
 10,650,674 
 3,912,809 
 8,473,828 
 5,723,698 
 1,785,757 
 2.040.001 
 2,432.435 
 1,732,513 
 1,989,427 
 953,673 
 4,018,206 
 833,284 
 1,338,950 
 1,743,799 
 1,153,818 
 644.216 
 978,087 
 583,467 
 1,825,964 
 1,484,670 
 2,564,831 
 3,951,882 
 3,240,169 
 3,791,628 
 5,976,008 
 3,649,402 
 5,061,513 
 4,441,250 
 3,135,224 
 5,054,641 
 725,336 
 1,140,113 
 598,587 
 827,036 
 1,074,164 
 2,090,698 
 1,377,653 
 3,960,992 
 2,084,162 
 1,730,081 
 6,992,755 
 6,439,328 
 7,986,160 
 11,148,032 
 10,773,616 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 lbs. 
 100,709,146 
 95,280,965 
 126,303,689 
 178,745,577 
 151,153,154 
 151,672,655 
 132,536,620 
 142,837,628 
 191,402,503 
 149,380,122 
 228,005,291 
 177,607,401 
 272,448,909 
 227.760,642 
 222,767,411 
 263,%] ,452 
 288,674,853 
 286,832,525 
 303,656.837 
 326,875,425 
 363,702,963 
 406,959,057 
 407.286,783 
 507,850,577 
 389,396,559 
 592,488,010 
 487,992,355 
 531,750,086 
 673,193,116 
 646,111,304 
 721,979,953 
 467,856,274 
 474,707,615 
 713,020,161 
 755,469,012 
 663.576,861 
 757,379,749 
 929,782,448 
 895,278,749 
 887,333,149 
 891,751,952 
 1,023,886,304 
 969,318,896 
 1,034,342,176 
 1,225,989,072 
 
113 
 
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 TABLE No. 14. 
 
 Showing the Average "Weight of Cotton Bales Imported Annually 
 into the United Kingdom since 1816. 
 
 lbs. 
 350 
 348 
 365 
 365 
 379 
 382 
 383 
 386 
 386 
 377 
 395 
 396 
 392 
 399 
 392 
 398 
 408 
 396 
 l 414 
 404 
 420 
 421 
 
 TABLE No. 14.— Continued. 
 
 Showing the Average Weight of each description of Cotton Bale 
 Imported Annually into the United Kingdom since 1850. 
 
 Years. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 West India. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 East India. 
 
 All Kinds. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1850 
 
 423 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 245 
 
 383 
 
 392 
 
 1851 
 
 425 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 245 
 
 384 
 
 399 
 
 1852 
 
 418 
 
 180 
 
 210 
 
 250 
 
 385 
 
 392 
 
 1853 
 
 425 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 248 
 
 380 
 
 398 
 
 1854 
 
 430 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 295 
 
 383 
 
 408 
 
 1855 
 
 422 
 
 182 
 
 210 
 
 306 
 
 383 
 
 396 
 
 1856 
 
 445 
 
 181 
 
 175 
 
 308 
 
 385 
 
 414 
 
 1857 
 
 443 
 
 181 
 
 175 
 
 313 
 
 387 
 
 404 
 
 1858 
 
 445 
 
 181 
 
 180 
 
 355 
 
 387 
 
 420 
 
 1859 
 
 447 
 
 181 
 
 180 
 
 369 
 
 385 
 
 421 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1816 256 
 
 1817 266 
 
 1818 ; 263 
 
 1819 264 
 
 1820 249 
 
 1821 262 
 
 1822 267 
 
 1823 281 
 
 1824 266 
 
 1825 270 
 
 1826 295 
 
 1827 303 
 
 1828 293 
 
 1829 297 
 
 1830 300 
 
 1831 310 
 
 1832 319 
 
 1833 327 
 
 1834 337 
 
 1835 331 
 
 1836 342 
 
 1837 347 
 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 1853 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 
115 
 
 TABLE No. 15. 
 Showing the Crops op Cotton in the United States, in Bales, and 
 their Distribution since 1827. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Estimated 
 
 
 
 
 
 exported to. 
 
 
 Consumption 
 of 
 
 Consumption 
 in Cotton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 Growing 
 States, viz. 
 
 Stock 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 North 
 
 on 
 
 Years. 
 
 Crops t 
 
 Great 
 
 
 Other 
 
 
 of 
 
 south & west 
 
 Hand. 
 
 
 
 Britain. 
 
 l? ranee. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 of Virginia. 
 
 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales, 
 
 Bales, 
 
 1826-7 
 
 957,281 
 
 646,139 
 
 157,952 
 
 49,707 
 
 853,798 
 
 103,483 
 
 
 . . 
 
 1827-8 
 
 720,593 
 
 424,743 
 
 148,519 
 
 26,738 
 
 600,000 
 
 120,593 
 
 
 
 1828-9 
 
 870,415 
 
 489,001 
 
 184,821 
 
 66,178 
 
 740,000 
 
 104,853 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1829-30 
 
 976,845 
 
 595,713 
 
 200,791 
 
 42,212 
 
 838,716 
 
 126,512 
 
 t # 
 
 34,895 
 
 1830-1 
 
 1,038,847 
 
 618,718 
 
 127,029 
 
 27,036 
 
 772,783 
 
 182,142 
 
 { , 
 
 119,423 
 
 1831-2 
 
 987,477 
 
 628,148 
 
 207,209 
 
 56,371 
 
 891,728 
 
 173,800 
 
 
 41,599 
 
 1832-3 
 
 1,070,438 
 
 630,145 
 
 207,517 
 
 29,793 
 
 867,455 
 
 194,412 
 
 
 48,205 
 
 1833-4 
 
 1,205,394 
 
 756,291 
 
 216,424 
 
 55,236 
 
 1,027,951 
 
 196,413 
 
 
 29,617 
 
 1834-5 
 
 1,254,328 
 
 722,718 
 
 252,470 
 
 48,313 
 
 1,023,499 
 
 216,888 
 
 
 41,623 
 
 1835-6 
 
 1,360,725 
 
 771,148 
 
 266,188 
 
 79,267 
 
 1,116,603 
 
 236,733 
 
 • • 
 
 43,341 
 
 1836-7 
 
 1,422,930 
 
 850,786 
 
 260,722 
 
 56,917 
 
 1,168,425 
 
 222,540 
 
 
 75,820 
 
 1837-8 
 
 1,801,497 
 1,360,532 
 
 1,165,155 
 
 321,480 
 
 88,994 
 
 1,575,629 
 
 246,063 
 
 
 40,305 
 
 1838-9 
 
 798,418 
 
 242,243 
 
 34,028 
 
 1,074,689 
 
 276,018 
 
 ' i a 
 
 52,244 
 
 1839-40* 
 
 2,177,835 
 
 1,246,793 
 
 447,465 
 
 181,747 
 
 1,876,003 
 
 295,193 
 
 
 58,442 
 
 1840-1 
 
 1,634,945 
 
 858,742 
 
 348,776 
 
 105,759 
 
 1,313,277 
 
 297,288 
 
 
 72,479 
 
 1841-2 
 
 1,683,574 
 
 935,631 
 
 398,129 
 
 131,487 
 
 1,465,247 
 
 267,850 
 
 
 31,807 
 
 1842-3 
 
 2,378,875 
 
 1,469,711 
 
 346,139 
 
 194,280 
 
 2,010,130 
 
 325,129 
 
 • • 
 
 94,486 
 
 1843-4 
 
 2,030,409 
 
 1,202,498 
 
 282,685 
 
 144,307 
 
 1,629,490 
 
 346,744 
 
 60,000 
 
 159,772 
 
 1844-5 
 
 2,394,503 
 
 1,439,306 
 
 ooy,do / 
 
 400.UVO 
 
 2,083,756 
 
 389,006 
 
 65,000 
 
 98,420 
 
 1845-6 
 
 2,100,537 
 
 1,102,369 
 
 359,703 
 
 204720 
 
 1,666,792 
 
 422,597 
 
 70,000 
 
 107,122 
 
 1846-7 
 
 1,778,651 
 
 830,909 
 
 241,486 
 
 168,827 
 
 1,241,222 
 
 427,967 
 
 80,000 
 
 214,837 
 
 1047-0 
 
 O OA rr CO A 
 
 2,d47,oo4 
 
 1 DO A f 
 
 l,o24,isb5 
 
 279,172 
 
 254,824 
 
 1 ocro nei 
 l,ooo, Jbl 
 
 531,772 
 
 75,000 
 
 1 (71 a no 
 
 1848-9 
 
 2,728,596 
 
 1,537,901 
 
 368,259 
 
 321,684 
 
 2,227,844 
 
 518,039 
 
 110,000 
 
 154,753 
 
 1849-50 
 
 2.096,706 
 
 1,106,771 
 
 289,627 
 
 193,757 
 
 1,590,155 
 
 487,769 
 
 107,500 
 
 167,930 
 
 1850-1 
 
 2,355,257 
 
 1,418,265 
 
 301,358 
 
 269,087 
 
 1,988.710 
 
 404,108 
 
 60,000 
 
 128,304 
 
 1851-2 
 
 3,015,029 
 
 1,668,749 
 
 421,375 
 
 353,522 
 
 2,443,646 
 
 603,029 
 
 75,000 
 
 91,176 
 
 1852-3 
 
 3.262,882 
 
 3,736,860 
 
 426,728 
 
 364,812 
 
 2,528,400 
 
 671,009 
 
 90,000 
 
 135,643 
 
 1853-4 
 
 2,930,027 
 
 1,603,750 
 
 374,058 
 
 341,340 
 
 2,319,148 
 
 610,571 
 
 105,000 
 
 135,603 
 
 1854-5 
 
 2,847,339 
 
 1,549,716 
 
 409,931 
 
 284,562 
 
 2,244,209 
 
 593,584 
 
 85,000 
 
 143,336 
 
 1855-6 
 
 3,527;845 
 
 1,921,386 
 
 480,637 
 
 552,583 
 
 2,954,606 
 
 652,739 
 
 117,500 
 
 64,171 
 
 1856-7 
 
 2,939,519 
 
 1,428,870 
 
 413,357 
 
 410,430 
 396,487 
 
 2,252,657 
 
 702,138 
 
 117,000 
 
 49,258 
 
 1857-8 
 
 3,113,962 
 
 1,809,966 
 
 384,002 
 
 2,590,455 
 
 452,185 
 
 125,000 
 
 102,926 
 
 1858-9 
 
 3,851,481 
 
 2,019,252 
 
 '. 
 
 450,696 
 
 551,455 
 
 3,021,463 
 
 760,218 
 
 143,000 
 
 149,237 
 
 * Down to 1810 the Seasons end 30th September, but after that, the 31st August. 
 
 t The totals of the Crops here given do not include the quantity consumed south and west of Virginia. 
 
lit! 
 
 TABLE No. 16. 
 
 Showing the Expansion of the Cotton Trade op Liverpool, in the 
 Imports of the Raw Material, since 1785. 
 
 I ears. 
 
 bales. 
 
 Years. 
 
 I3aies. 
 
 x ears. 
 
 — 
 
 bales. 
 
 x ears. 
 
 bales. 
 
 1 78£ 
 X < OO 
 
 K 
 O 
 
 1 804 
 
 lOO, J-*aU 
 
 1823 
 
 K7Q 303 
 
 1842 
 
 1 94Q 81 1 
 
 X, Ota ,OX J. 
 
 1 78ft 
 X ( OO 
 
 a 
 D 
 
 1 80£ 
 
 1 77 p;o8 
 
 X / / ,OUO 
 
 
 447 083 
 
 ^t^r ( ,UOO 
 
 1 843 
 
 1 KK7 ^Q7 
 
 1 787 
 X 1 o / 
 
 108 
 
 1 80fi 
 
 1 73 074. 
 
 1825 
 
 70fi 31 fi 
 
 1 844 
 
 J. City: 
 
 1 4Q0 Q84 
 
 1 788 
 J. / OO 
 
 * * " • 
 
 1 807 
 XOU / 
 
 1 Qfi 4fi7 
 xyo,^fco / 
 
 1 89fi 
 
 48Q 904 
 
 1 84^ 
 
 1,652,731 
 
 1789 
 
 
 1808 
 
 66,215 
 
 1827 
 
 756,296 
 
 1846 
 
 1,134,194 
 
 1790 
 
 
 1809 
 
 267,283 
 
 1828 
 
 630,245 
 
 1847 
 
 1,087,058 
 
 1791 
 
 68,404 
 
 1810 
 
 320,594 
 
 1829 
 
 640,998 
 
 1848 
 
 1,568,000 
 
 1792 
 
 72,364 
 
 1811 
 
 174,132 
 
 1830 
 
 793,605 
 
 1849 
 
 1,732,700 
 
 1793 
 
 24,971 
 
 1812 
 
 171,551 
 
 1831 
 
 791,582 
 
 1850 
 
 1,573,100 
 
 1794 
 
 38,022 
 
 1813 
 
 141,188 
 
 1832 
 
 779,071 
 
 1851 
 
 1,748,946 
 
 1795 
 
 54,841 
 
 1814 
 
 182,626 
 
 1833 
 
 840,953 
 
 1852 
 
 2,205,700 
 
 1796 
 
 63,526 
 
 1815 
 
 270,635 
 
 1834 
 
 841,474 
 
 1853 
 
 2,028,400 
 
 1797 
 
 58,258 
 
 1816 
 
 276,715 
 
 1835 
 
 970,717 
 
 1854 
 
 2,065,700 
 
 1798 
 
 66,934 
 
 1817 
 
 314,181 
 
 1836 
 
 1,023,587 
 
 1855 
 
 2,142,700 
 
 1799 
 
 89,784 
 
 1818 
 
 425,344 
 
 1837 
 
 1,036,005 
 
 1856 
 
 2,308,700 
 
 1800 
 
 92,580 
 
 1819 
 
 365,365 
 
 1838 
 
 1,328,415 
 
 1857 
 
 2,250,500 
 
 1801 
 
 98,752 
 
 1820 
 
 458,736 
 
 1839 
 
 1,019,229 
 
 1858 
 
 2,334,500 
 
 1802 
 
 135,192 
 
 1821 
 
 413,182 
 
 1840 
 
 1,415,341 
 
 1859 
 
 2,709,400 
 
 1803 
 
 140,291 
 
 1822 
 
 453,732 
 
 1841 
 
 1,164,269 
 
 
 TABLE No. 17. 
 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into the United Kingdom 
 from the British East Indies, in each year since 1783. 
 
 Years. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Years. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 . Years. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Years. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1783 
 
 114,133 
 
 1803 
 
 3,182,960 
 
 1823 
 
 13,487,250 
 
 1843 
 
 65,658,696 
 
 1784 
 
 11,440 
 
 1804 
 
 1,166,355 
 
 1824 
 
 16,420,005 
 
 1844 
 
 88,638,824 
 
 1785 
 
 99,455 
 
 1805 
 
 694,050 
 
 1825 
 
 20,005,872 
 
 1845 
 
 58,255,306 
 
 1786 
 
 
 1806 
 
 2,725,450 
 
 1826 
 
 20,985,135 
 
 1846 
 
 34,033,721 
 
 1787 ' 
 
 
 1807 
 
 3,993,150 
 4,729,200 
 
 1827 
 
 20,930,542 
 
 1847 
 
 83,542,864 
 
 1788 
 
 
 1808 
 
 1828 
 
 32,187,901 
 
 1848 
 
 83,773,078 
 
 1789 
 
 ' 4,973 
 
 1809 
 
 12,517,400 
 
 1829 
 
 24,857,800 
 
 1849 
 
 70,162,364 
 
 1790 
 
 422,207 
 
 1810 
 
 27,783,700 
 
 1830 
 
 12,481,761 
 
 1850 
 
 118,065,379 
 
 1791 
 
 3,351 
 
 1811 
 
 5,126,100 
 
 1831 
 
 25,805,153 
 
 1851 
 
 120,010,443 
 
 1792 
 
 
 1812 
 
 915,950 
 
 1832 
 
 35,178,625 
 
 1852 
 
 84,857,584 
 
 1793 
 
 729,634 
 
 1813 
 
 497,350 
 
 1833 
 
 32,706,453 
 
 1853 
 
 179,447,850 
 
 1794 
 
 239,245 
 
 is 1 ^ 
 
 4,725,000 
 
 1834 
 
 32,906,752 
 
 1854 
 
 116,744,096 
 
 1795 
 
 197,412 
 
 1815 
 
 7,175,243 
 
 1835 
 
 41,190,201 
 
 1855 
 
 143,486,672 
 
 1796 
 
 609,850 
 
 1816 
 
 6,972,790 
 
 1836 
 
 75,618,344 
 
 1856 
 
 178,378,592 
 
 1797 
 
 912,844 
 
 1817 
 
 31,007,570 
 
 1837 
 
 51,075,562 
 
 1857 
 
 248,301,312 
 
 1798 
 
 1,752,784 
 
 1818 
 
 67,456,411 
 
 1838 
 
 40,217,613 
 
 1858 
 
 129,398,752 
 
 1799 
 
 6,712,622 
 
 1819 
 
 58,856,261 
 
 1839 
 
 46,994,253 
 
 1859 
 
 190,520,400 
 
 1800 
 
 6,629,822 
 
 1820 
 
 23,125,825 
 
 1840 
 
 *76,148,296 
 
 
 1801 
 
 4,098,256 
 
 1821 
 
 8,827,107 
 
 1841 
 
 *97,008,199 
 
 
 
 1802 
 
 2,679,483 
 
 1822 
 
 4,554,225 
 
 1842 
 
 *88,365,250 
 
 
 
 * A considerable increase took place in the imports of cotton from India in 1840-1-2, in consequence of the 
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125 
 
 TABLE No. 26. 
 Showing the Quantity, of Cotton, Wool, Silk, Flax, and Hemp Imported 
 into the United Kingdom since 1820. 
 
 x ears. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 olIK. 
 
 x lax. 
 
 Hemp. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1820 
 
 1 CI /»to />fff 
 
 151,672,655 
 
 A ttc PAC 
 
 9,775,605 
 
 O O A 1 OOO 
 
 2,641,866 
 
 A o oorr r" A O 
 
 42,827,568 
 
 a rr toa oc/* 
 
 47,730,256 
 
 1821 
 
 *l oo h o /» AAA 
 
 132,536^620 
 
 *i a aoo c /*t 
 
 16,622,567 
 
 O C y< O *l A C 
 
 2,542,195 
 
 CC OOO A yl O 
 
 55,838,048 
 
 28,649,376 
 
 1 GOO 
 
 1822 
 
 1 A o oot /? o o 
 
 142,837,628 
 
 1 A AC O AOA 
 
 19,058,080 
 
 O AOA C/*0 
 
 . 2,680,568 
 
 OO OOI OTO 
 
 68,331,872 
 
 A A t\ A C\ C\ A Ci 
 
 69,042,848 
 
 1823 
 
 1 A"1 A AO f AO 
 
 191,402,503 
 
 1 a OAA TOC 
 
 19,366,725 
 
 O OOA A O 
 
 2,880,634 
 
 A O A -1 A A 4 < 
 
 62,040,944 
 
 74,719,792 
 
 1824 
 
 1 A A OOA lOn 
 
 149,380,122 
 
 22,554,485 
 
 O < TT /} iq 
 
 o, 477, 648 
 
 OO 1 /*o yl to 
 8o,16o,472 
 
 OA AHA OOO 
 
 64,056,832 
 
 1825 
 
 OOO AAr* OA"! 
 
 228,005,29,1 
 
 O Ol /* A/*/ 1 
 
 43,816,966 
 
 o OA A P7 rr a 
 
 3,894,770 
 
 1 1 O "1 O A AAA 
 
 118,186,096 
 
 66,649,968 
 
 i one 
 1826 
 
 177,607,401 
 
 "1 C AOA 1 1 O 
 
 I5,y8y,ii2 
 
 O OOC ooc 
 
 2,555,225 
 
 1717 1 OCT flflj 
 
 77,125,664 
 
 CA Of\ A AAA 
 
 54,804,960 
 
 1827 
 
 OTO A A o AAA 
 
 272,448,909 
 
 OA O y( 1 
 
 29,115,341 
 
 O A 1 a TOT 
 
 3,610,727 
 
 "1 A1 C AO O A O 
 
 101,592,848 
 
 A J OOA A1 A 
 
 64,220,016 
 
 J.o2o 
 
 oorr t/*a OAc\ 
 
 227,760,642 
 
 OA OO^ AC A 
 
 o0,2o6,059 
 
 >l T O C O ^ 1 
 
 - 4,765, 241 
 
 no 1 00 1 00 
 
 y8,ldo,168 
 
 1 AO O /"* O ,1 OA 
 
 103,268,480 
 
 CO A Ot A A A 
 
 56,461,440 
 
 1829 
 
 OOO i~f f* n A ~1 ~t 
 
 222,767,411 
 
 21,516,649 
 
 O O A C AO O 
 
 3,805,933 
 
 i -J AAO ,4 A A 
 
 41,992,496 
 
 1830 
 
 263,961,452 
 
 OO OAf O "1 * 
 
 32,305,314 
 
 A 01 O "f 1 
 
 4,318,181 
 
 1 At TOO TCO 
 
 105,738,752 
 
 56,758,352 
 
 1 001 
 
 1831 
 
 non f*n A o h* o 
 
 288,674,853 
 
 O"! /*CO AOA 
 
 31,6d2,029 
 
 /4 AA1 OT,4 
 
 4,621,874 
 
 1 A A OTO AOO 
 
 104,878,032 
 
 CA A C "1 A ^ A 
 
 59,451,840 
 
 1832 
 
 flO/> OOO f rtf 
 
 286,832,525 
 
 OO 1 OO A TO 
 
 28,128,y7o 
 
 * ^ OO/I OAT 
 
 4,224,8y7 
 
 110,041,792 
 
 A A JHA AO 
 
 66,479,168 
 
 1833 
 
 oao aca oorr 
 
 303,656,837 
 
 OO A A O AOr? 
 
 38,046,087 
 
 o ooo f*nc\ 
 
 3,663,679 
 
 "to/? tin on/i 
 
 126,518,896 
 
 CA ATh* A AO 
 
 59,075,408 
 
 1 OO A 
 
 1834 
 
 On/* nrrcf A cit? 
 
 326,875,425 
 
 .rf /? ^ C C OOO 
 
 46,455,2o2 
 
 A a Ao at o 
 
 4,848,612 
 
 AA A1 O Oc? A 
 
 90,912,864 
 
 T C i A A TOA 
 
 75,466,720 
 
 1835 
 
 363,702,963 
 
 in t rr A COO 
 
 42,174,532 
 
 £? OI7C OOrr 
 
 5,375,327 
 
 OO ATI 1 /? O 
 
 82,971,168 
 
 TT AA/* AAO 
 
 77,006,608 
 
 1836 
 
 i A A AKA ACT 
 
 406,959,057 
 
 £? ^ ooa at t 
 
 64,239,977 
 
 £ /ICO AOA 
 
 6,458,0o0 
 
 1 171 OCA AAO 
 
 171,260,992 
 
 c. £?o c co /i 
 
 b5, 635, 584 
 
 1837 
 
 a r\n ooa nAn 
 
 407,286,783 
 
 A O OTA rr A o 
 
 48,379,708 
 
 C OOA A£?C 
 
 5,320,965 
 
 IIO AA/? OOA 
 
 112,096,880 
 
 0£? O A C CPrt 
 
 86,645,552 
 
 1838 
 
 507,850,577 
 
 CO CA -4 O C f 
 
 52,594,355 
 
 ^ /» A A AOA 
 
 4,669,484 
 
 1 OO ~1 A C% A1 O 
 
 182,142,912 
 
 Ol OAO -| -f O 
 
 81,802,112 
 
 1839 
 
 OOA O A /» K C A 
 
 389,396,559 
 
 err OTA AO o 
 
 57,379,923 
 
 5,014,006 
 
 1 OT ACT £ 1 O 
 
 137,054,512 
 
 "111 C"l T A1 
 
 111,517,616 
 
 1840 
 
 f Art i o A A "1 A 
 
 592,488,010 
 
 /4A A Of? OO ,1 
 
 49,4o6,284 
 
 A rr AO OOC 
 
 4,748,836 
 
 1 A A OOO OOA 
 
 14U,362,ooU 
 
 HO A-| jf A1 /> 
 
 76, 615,616 
 
 1841 * 
 
 487,992,355 
 
 H A "1 P7 A A rr A 
 
 56,170,974 
 
 a nop aao 
 
 4,966,098 
 
 1 CT A O A & A~i Q 
 
 150,846,416 
 
 T O A /I O j OA 
 
 73,042,480 
 
 1842 
 
 531,750,086 
 
 J f r>A"l AOA 
 
 45,881,639 
 
 C HOC CAT 
 
 5,785,507 
 
 "1 OO Otllf AAO 
 
 128,325,008 
 
 i?C A O "1 oAA 
 
 65,621,360 
 
 1843 
 
 APT A 1 AO 1 1 P 
 
 673,193,116 
 
 A A O -4 O AAO 
 
 49,243,093 
 
 5,347,776 
 
 1 CC\ A/JA OAA 
 
 160,960,800 
 
 OO A AO Ol O 
 
 o2,40o,21o 
 
 1844 
 
 646,111,304 
 
 /* C HI O T A I 
 
 65,713,761 
 
 6,300,173 
 
 1 nn ff 1 000 
 
 177,351,328 
 
 -| AO OOO AAA 
 
 102,282,096 
 
 1845 
 
 to*1 a rr A nro 
 
 721,979,953 
 
 rr /? ol o oc c 
 
 76,813,855 
 
 £? OOO "1 £A 
 
 6,328,159 
 
 1 KG OCO 1 17 <? 
 
 158,852,176 
 
 1 Ai OAT OAA 
 
 104,367,200 
 
 1846 
 
 467,856,274 
 
 65,255,462 
 
 5,735,338 
 
 128,474,304 
 
 98,884,128 
 
 1847 
 
 474,707,615 
 
 62,592,598 
 
 5,598,747 
 
 117,833,968 
 
 90,895,280 
 
 1848 
 
 713,020,161 
 
 70,864,847 
 
 6,588,755 
 
 163,930,032 
 
 94,726,352 
 
 1849 
 
 755,469,012 
 
 76,768,647 
 
 7,034,977 
 
 202,347,376 
 
 118,932,016 
 
 1850 
 
 663,576,861 
 
 74,326,778 
 
 7,159,176 
 
 204,166,816 
 
 117,447,120 
 
 1851 
 
 757,379,749 
 
 83,311,975 
 
 6,597,178 
 
 133,748,608 
 
 144,862,144 
 
 1852 
 
 929,782,448 
 
 93,761,458 
 
 8,015,211 
 
 157,775,968 
 
 119,633,360 
 
 1853 
 
 895,278,749 
 
 119,396,449 
 
 9,436,433 
 
 210,937,888 
 
 141,438,416 
 
 1854 
 
 887,333,149 
 
 106,121,995 
 
 10,739,053 
 
 145,962,320 
 
 137,531,968 
 
 7.855 
 
 891,751,952 
 
 99,300,446 
 
 8,904,648 
 
 144,864,720 
 
 145,541,088 
 
 1856 
 
 1,023,886,304 
 
 116,211,392 
 
 10,251,926 
 
 188,948,592 
 
 171,105,312 
 
 1857 
 
 969,318,896 
 
 129,749,898 
 
 15,035,027 
 
 209,020,000 
 
 161,099,904 
 
 1858 
 
 1,034,342,176 
 
 126,738,723 
 
 8,513,525 
 
 143,797,360 
 
 183,496,320 
 
 1859 
 
 1,225,989,072 
 
 133,284,634 
 
 12,578,849 
 
 160,388,144 
 
 241,917,760 
 
126 
 
 TABLE No. 27. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Imported into the United 
 Kingdom from Each Source, in Bales, since 1801. 
 
 Years. 
 
 United States, 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 Egypt. j West India, &c. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1801 
 
 86,360 
 
 Not defined. 
 
 14,610 
 
 .... 
 
 Not defined. 
 
 260,485 
 
 1802 
 
 107,494 
 
 74,720 
 
 8,535 
 
 
 90,634 
 
 281,383 
 
 1803 
 
 106,831 
 
 76,297 
 
 10,296 
 
 .... 
 
 45,474 
 
 238,898 
 
 1804 
 
 104,103 
 
 48,588 
 51,251 
 
 3,561 
 
 
 86,358 
 
 242.610 
 
 1805 
 
 124,279 
 
 1,983 
 
 .... 
 
 75,116 
 
 252,629 
 
 1806 
 
 124,939 
 
 51,934 
 
 7,787 
 
 .... 
 
 77,978 
 
 261,738 
 
 1807 
 
 171,267 
 
 18,981 
 
 11,409 
 
 .... 
 
 81,010 
 
 282,667 
 
 1808 
 
 37,672 
 
 50,442 
 
 12,512 
 
 .... 
 
 67,512 
 
 168,138 
 
 1809 
 
 160,180 
 
 140,927 
 
 35,764 
 
 ... 
 
 103,511 
 
 440,382 
 
 1810 
 
 246,759 
 
 142,846 
 
 79,382 
 
 .... 
 
 92,186 
 
 561,173 
 
 1811 
 
 128,192 
 
 118,514 
 
 14,646 
 
 .... 
 
 64,879 
 
 326,231 
 
 1812 
 
 95,331 
 
 98,704 
 
 2,607 
 
 .... 
 
 64,563 
 
 261,205 
 
 1813 
 
 37,720 
 
 137,168 
 
 1,429 
 
 
 73,219 
 
 249,536 
 
 1814 
 
 48,853 
 
 150,930 
 
 13,048 
 
 .... 
 
 74,800 
 
 287,631 
 
 1815 
 
 203,051 
 
 91,055 
 
 22,357 
 
 .... 
 
 52,840 
 
 369,303 
 
 1816 
 
 166,077 
 
 123,450 
 
 30,670 
 
 
 49,235 
 
 369,432 
 
 1817 
 
 199,669 
 
 114,518 
 
 120,202 
 
 
 44,872 
 
 479,261 
 
 1818 
 
 207,580 
 
 162,499 
 
 247,659 
 
 • • • • 
 
 50,991 
 
 668,729 
 
 1819 
 
 205,161 
 
 125,415 
 
 184,259 
 
 . . . 
 
 31,300 
 
 546,135 
 
 1820 
 
 302,395 
 
 180,086 
 
 57,923 
 
 
 31,247 
 
 571,651 
 
 1821 
 
 300,070 
 
 121,085 
 
 30,095 
 
 .... 
 
 40,428 
 
 491,678 
 
 1822 
 
 329,906 
 
 143,505 
 
 19,263 
 
 
 
 40,770 
 
 533,444 
 
 1823 
 
 452,538 
 
 144,611 
 
 38,393 
 
 5,623 
 
 27,632 
 
 668,797 
 
 1824 
 
 282,371 
 
 143,310 
 
 50,852 
 
 38,022 
 
 25,537 
 
 540,092 
 
 1825 
 
 423,446 
 
 193,942 
 
 60,484 
 
 111,023 
 
 31,988 
 
 820,883 
 
 1826 
 
 395,852 
 
 55,590 
 
 64,699 
 
 47,621 
 
 18,188 
 
 581,950 
 
 1827 
 
 646,776 
 
 120,111 
 
 73,738 
 
 22,450 
 
 30,988 
 
 894,063 
 
 1828 
 
 444,390 
 
 167,362 
 
 84,855 
 
 32,889 
 
 20,056 
 
 749,552 
 
 1829 
 
 463,076 
 
 159,536 
 
 80,489 
 
 24,739 
 
 18,867 
 
 746,707 
 
 1830 
 
 618,527 
 
 191,468 
 
 35,019 
 
 14,752 
 
 11,721 
 
 871,487 
 
 1831 
 
 608,887 
 
 168,288 
 
 76,764 
 
 38,124 
 
 11,304 
 
 903,367 
 
 1832 
 
 628,766 
 
 114,585 
 
 109,298 
 
 41,183 
 
 8,490 
 
 902,322 
 
 1833 
 
 654,786 
 
 163,193 
 
 94,698 
 
 3,893 
 
 13,646 
 
 930.216 
 
 1834 
 
 733,528 
 
 103,646 
 
 89,098 
 
 7,277 
 
 17,485 
 
 951,034 
 
 1835 
 
 763,199 
 
 143,572 
 
 117,965 
 
 43,721 
 
 22,796 
 
 1,091,253 
 
 1836 
 
 764,707 
 
 148,715 
 
 219,493 
 
 34,953 
 
 33,506 
 
 1,201,374 
 
 1837 
 
 844,812 
 
 117,005 
 
 145,174 
 
 41,193 
 
 27,791 
 
 1,175,975 
 
 1838 
 
 1,124,800 
 
 137,500 
 
 107,200 
 
 29,700 
 
 29,400 
 
 1,428,600 
 
 1839 
 
 814,500 
 
 99,300 
 
 132,900 
 
 33,500 
 
 36,000 
 
 1,116,200 
 
 1840 
 
 1,237,500 
 
 85,300 
 
 216,400 
 
 38,000 
 
 22,300 
 
 1,599,500 
 
 1841 
 
 902,500 
 
 94,300 
 
 273,600 
 
 40,700 
 
 32,900 
 
 1,344,000 
 
 1842 
 
 1,013,400 
 
 87,100 
 
 255,500 
 
 19,600 
 
 17,300 
 
 1,392,900 
 
 1843 
 
 1,396,800 
 
 98,700 
 
 182,100 
 
 48,800 
 
 17,700 
 
 1,744,100 
 
 1844 
 
 1,246,900 
 
 112,900 
 
 237,600 
 
 66,700 
 
 17,500 
 
 1,681,600 
 
 1845 
 
 1,499,600 
 
 110,200 
 
 155,100 
 
 OO AAA 
 
 82,000 
 
 8,800 
 
 1,855,700 
 
 1846 
 
 932,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 49,500 
 
 59,600 
 
 9,000 
 
 1,134,100 
 
 1847 
 
 874,100 
 
 110,200 
 
 222,800 
 
 20,700 
 
 4,900 
 
 1,232,700 
 
 1848 
 
 1,375,400 
 
 -1 r\f\ OAA 
 
 100,200 
 
 0017 f on 
 
 J27,500 
 
 29,000 
 
 7,900 
 
 *t n A A AAA 
 
 1,740,000 
 
 1849 
 
 1.477,700 
 
 163,800 
 
 182,200 
 
 72,600 
 
 9,100 
 
 1,905,400 
 
 1850 
 
 1,184,200 
 
 171,800 
 
 307,900 
 
 79,700 
 
 5,700 
 
 1,749,300 
 
 1851 
 
 1,393,700 
 
 108,700 
 
 328,800 
 
 67,400 
 
 4,900 
 
 1,903,500 
 
 1852 
 
 1,789,100 
 
 144,200 
 
 221,500 
 
 189,900 
 
 12,600 
 
 2,357,300 
 
 1853 
 
 1,532,000 
 
 132,400 
 
 485,300 
 
 105,400 
 
 9,100 
 
 2,264,200 
 
 1854 
 
 1,665,800 
 
 106,900 
 
 308,300 
 
 81,100 
 
 10,400 
 
 2,172,500 
 
 1855 
 
 1,623,600 
 
 134,700 
 
 396,100 
 
 114,800 
 
 8,900 
 
 2,278,100 
 
 1856 
 
 1,758,300 
 
 121,600 
 
 463,000 
 
 113,000 
 
 11,400 
 
 2,468,200 
 
 1857 
 
 1,482,000 
 
 168,900 
 
 680,500 
 
 75,900 
 
 11,300 
 
 2,418,600 
 
 1858 
 
 1,863,300 
 
 106,200 
 
 361,000 
 
 105,600 
 
 6,500 
 
 2,442,600 
 
 1859 
 
 2,086,300 
 
 124,900 
 
 510,700 
 
 101,400 
 
 6,800 
 
 2,830,100 
 
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130 
 
 TABLE No. 31. 
 
 Showing the Value of Raw Cotton Exported from the Three Presidencies 
 of Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, to all Foreign or External Ports, 
 since 1834-5. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Bombay. 
 
 Madras. 
 
 Bengal. 
 — — - — 
 
 Grand Total. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1834-5 
 
 1,159,780 
 
 64,663 
 
 312,531 
 
 1,536,974 
 
 1835-6 
 
 1,856,084 
 
 255,109 
 
 631,620 
 
 2,742,813 
 
 1836-7 
 
 1,765,310 
 
 357,154 
 
 383,799 
 
 2,506,263 
 
 1837-8 
 
 1,392,276 
 
 60,953 
 
 181,205 
 
 1,634,434 
 
 1838-9 
 
 1,430,945 
 
 146,533 
 
 218,155 
 
 1,795,633 
 
 1839-40 
 
 1,463,583 
 
 271,593 
 
 183,376 
 
 1,918,552 
 
 1840-1 
 
 1,898,408 
 
 270,328 
 
 196,650 
 
 2,365,386 
 
 1841-2 
 
 2,167,866 
 
 363,744 
 
 119,997 
 
 2,651,607 
 
 1842-3 
 
 1,892,544 
 
 325,704 
 
 173,129 
 
 2,391,377 
 
 1843-4 
 
 2,093,565 
 
 197,335 
 
 202,553 
 
 2,493,453 
 
 1844 Z 
 
 
 354 613 
 
 201 874 
 
 1 QQQ OKA 
 
 1845-6 
 
 1,102,866 
 
 139,846 
 
 93'507 
 
 1,336,219 
 
 1846-7 
 
 1,611,760 
 
 173,119 
 
 115,809 
 
 1,900,688 
 
 1847-8 
 
 1,234,752 
 
 131,970 
 
 155,373 
 
 1,522,095 
 
 1848-9 
 
 1,581,967 
 
 157,571 
 
 35,771 
 
 1,775,309 
 
 1849-50 
 
 2,018,260 
 
 160,482 
 
 22,436 
 
 2,201,178 
 
 1850-1 
 
 2,943,021 
 
 250,505 
 
 281,263 
 
 3,474,789 
 
 1851-2 
 
 2,903,340 
 
 221,112 
 
 495,537 
 
 3,619,989 
 
 1852-3 
 
 2,837,216 
 
 385,176 
 
 407,102 
 
 3,629,494 
 
 1853-4 
 
 2,469,760 
 
 162,739 
 
 169,651 
 
 2,802,150 
 
 1854-5 
 
 2,166,402 
 
 169,490 
 
 92,872 
 
 2,428,764 
 
 1855-6 
 
 3,067,475 
 
 89,361 
 
 158,115 
 
 3,314,951 
 
 1856-7 
 
 3,912,253 
 
 316,362 
 
 209,334 
 
 4,437,949 
 
 1857-8 
 
 4,010,997 
 
 279,407 
 
 11,365 
 
 4,301,769 
 
 1858-9 
 
 3,892,479 
 
 197,379 
 
 4,242 
 
 4,094,100 
 
 TABLE No. 32. 
 Showing the Quantity of Raw Cotton Exported from Egypt (Port of 
 Alexandria), and the Countries to which Exported, from 1855 to 
 1857 inclusive. 
 
 Countries Whither Exported. 
 
 1855. 
 
 1856. 
 
 1857. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 26,520,270 
 
 31,609,704 
 
 27,875,120 
 
 
 10,608,304 
 
 9,280,796 
 
 10,765,300 
 
 
 13,760,376 
 
 11,942,574 
 
 9,246,398 
 
 
 48,118 
 
 11,368 
 
 
 
 109,760 
 
 35,280 
 
 "13,230 
 
 
 
 29,008 
 
 214,816 
 
 
 51,046,828 
 
 52,908,730 
 
 48,114,864 
 
 
 
131 
 
 TABLE No. 33. 
 Showing the Official and Computed Real Value of Raw Cotton, and Foreign and Colonial 
 Merchandise Imported into the United Kingdom ; the Official and Computed Real 
 Value of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise Re-Exported; and the Official and 
 Declared Real Value of 'British Cotton and other Manufactures Exported from the 
 United Kingdom since 1801. 
 
 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 1803 
 
 1804 
 
 1805 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 1808 
 
 1809 
 
 1810 
 
 2811 
 
 1812 
 
 1813 
 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 1S16 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 
 1825 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1828 
 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 OFFICIAL VALUE. 
 
 IMPORTS 
 
 All 
 
 Foreign 
 
 and 
 Colonial 
 Merchandise 
 
 £ 
 
 31,786,262 
 29,826,210 
 26,622,656 
 27,819,552 
 28,561,270 
 26,899,658 
 26,734,425 
 26,795,540 
 31,750,557 
 39,301,612 
 26,510,186 
 26,163,431 
 
 33,755,264 
 32,987,396 
 27,431,604 
 30,834,299 
 36,885,182 
 30,776,810 
 32,438,650 
 30,792,760 
 30,500,094 
 35,798,707 
 37,552,935 
 44,137,482 
 37,686,113 
 44,887,774 
 45,028,805 
 43,981,317 
 46,245,241 
 49,713,889 
 44,586,741 
 45,952,551 
 49,362,811 
 48,911,542 
 57,230,967 
 54,737,301 
 61,268,320 
 62,004,000 
 67,432,964 
 64,377,962 
 65,204,729 
 70,093,353 
 75,441,555 
 85,281,958 
 75,953,875 
 90,921,866 
 93,547,134 
 105,874,607 
 100,460.433 
 110,679,125 
 109,331,158 
 123,099,313 
 124,426,159 
 117,284,881 
 131,937,763 
 136,215,849 
 138,159,144 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 All 
 
 Foreign 
 and 
 
 Colonial 
 Merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 British Produce and 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Cotton 
 Manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 All Kinds. 
 
 £ 
 
 10,336,966 
 12,677,431 
 8,032.643 
 8,938,741 
 7,643,120 
 7,717,555 
 7,624,312 
 5,776,775 
 12,750,358 
 9,357,435 
 6,117,720 
 9,533,065 
 Records 
 19,365,981 
 15,748,554 
 13,480,780 
 10,292,684 
 10,859,817 
 9,904,813 
 10,555,912 
 10,629,689 
 9,227,589 
 8,603,904 
 10,204,785 
 9,169,494 
 10,076,286 
 9,830,728 
 9,946,545 
 10,622,402 
 8,550,437 
 10,745,071 
 11,044,869 
 9,833,753 
 11,562,036 
 12,797,724 
 12,391,711 
 13,233,622 
 12,711,318 
 12,795,990 
 13,774,306 
 14,723,151 
 13,584,158 
 13,956,113 
 14,397,246 
 16,280,870 
 16,296,162 
 20,036,160 
 18,368,113 
 25,561,890 
 21,893,167 
 23,732,703 
 23,328,308 
 27,733,537 
 29,803,044 
 31,494,391 
 33,423,724 
 30,797,698 
 33,887,888 
 
 £ 
 
 7,050,809 
 7,624,505 
 7,081,641 
 8,736,772 
 9,525,465 
 10,490,049 
 10,309,765 
 12,975,996 
 19,445,966 
 18,951,994 
 12,013,149 
 16,517,690 
 destroyed by 
 17,655,378 
 22,289,645 
 17,564,461 
 21,259,224 
 22,589,130 
 18,282,292 
 22,532,079 
 23,541 615 
 26,911,043 
 26,544,770 
 30,155,901 
 29,495,281 
 25,194,270 
 33,182,898 
 33,467,417 
 37,269,432 
 41,307,429 
 39,577,866 
 43,932,993 
 46,412,420 
 51,080,273 
 52,315,780 
 58,578,424 
 51,130,290 
 64,812.529 
 67,892,675 
 73,129,192 
 69,779,270 
 68,687,872 
 82,189,599 
 91,039,575 
 93,665,834 
 93.385,819 
 82,237,190 
 93,185,103 
 112,416,294 
 113,775,380 
 126,366,489 
 125,040,858 
 131,710,646 
 136,160,974 
 153,711,478 
 163,922,118 
 159,088,484 
 182,221,181 
 
 £ 
 
 24,927,684 
 25,632,549 
 20,467,531 
 22,687,309 
 23,376.941 
 25,861,879 
 23,391,214 
 24.611,215 
 33,542,274 
 34,061,901 
 22,681,400 
 29,508,508 
 fire. 
 34,207,253 
 42,875,996 
 35,717,070 
 40,111,427 
 42.700,521 
 33,534,176 
 38,395,625 
 40,831,744 
 44,236,533 I 
 43,804,372 
 48,735,551 
 47,166,020 
 40,965,735 
 52,219,280 
 58,797,455 
 56,213,041 
 01, 140,864 
 60,683,933 
 65,026,702 
 69,989,339 
 73,831,550 
 78,376,731 
 85,229,837 
 72,548,047 
 92,459,231 
 97,402,726 
 102,705,372 
 102,180,517 
 100,260,101 
 117,877,278 
 131,564,503 
 134,599,116 
 132,2S8,345 
 126,130,986 
 132,617,681 
 164,539,504 
 175,416,709 
 190,658,314 
 196,176,601 
 214,327,452 
 214,071,848 
 226,920,262 
 258,505,653 
 255,396,713 
 271,654,822 
 
 ACTUAL VALUE. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 All 
 
 Foreign 
 
 and 
 Colonial 
 Merchandise 
 
 Computed 
 Real Value. 
 
 Raw 
 Cotton. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 All Foreign 
 and 
 Colonial 
 Merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 British Produce and 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Cotton 
 Manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Computed Computed 
 Real "Value, Real Value 
 
 389,053 
 542,850 
 544,154 
 844,441 
 583,832 
 334,981 
 
 20,175,395 
 20,848,515 
 26,448,224 
 29,288.827 
 30,106,968 
 34,559,636 
 
 18,636,366 
 21,003,215 
 23,393,405 
 24,108,194 
 23,174,023 
 25,203,163 
 
 Declared 
 Real Value 
 
 20,070.824 
 
 20,712,227 
 
 15,684,161 
 
 16,061,230 
 
 18,795,623 
 
 I4,70y,258 
 
 16,533,754 
 
 16,122,537 
 
 17,279,256 
 
 16,324,715 
 
 18,450,537 
 
 18,359,999 
 
 14,093,752 
 
 17,640,601 
 
 17,235,063 
 
 17,526,703 
 
 19,418,885 
 
 17,249,908 
 
 17,392,907 
 
 18,481,239 
 
 20,504,930 
 
 22,119,896 
 
 24,622,036 
 
 20,585,616 
 
 24,133,867 
 
 24,534,391 
 
 24,654,293 
 
 23,489,446 
 
 21,672,214 
 
 23,445,612 
 
 25,803,449 
 
 26,119,331 
 
 25,599,826 
 
 23,333,224 
 
 22,681,200 
 
 26,775,135 
 
 28,257,401 
 
 30,088,836 
 
 29,878,087 
 
 32,712,902 
 
 31,745,857 
 
 34,779,141 
 
 38,232,741 
 
 39,073,420 
 
 43,001,322 
 
 48,208,444 
 
 All Kinds. 
 
 Declared 
 Real Value. 
 
 £ 
 
 39,730,659 * 
 45,102,330 * 
 36,127,787 * 
 37,135,746 * 
 38,077,144 
 40,874,983 
 37,245,877 
 37,275,102 
 47,371,393 
 48,438,680 
 32,890,712 
 41,716,964 
 No Records. 
 45,494,219 
 51,603,028 
 41,657,873 
 41.761,132 
 46,603,249 
 35,208,321 
 36,424,652 
 36,659,630 
 36,968,964 
 35,458,048 
 38,396,300 
 38,877,388 
 31,536,723 
 37,181,335 
 36,812,756 
 35,842,623 
 38,271,597 
 37,164,372 
 36,450,594 
 39,667,347 
 41,649,191 
 47,372,270 
 53,368,571 
 42,214,938 
 50,060,970 
 53.233,580 
 51,308,740 
 51,545,116 
 47,284,988 
 52,206,447 
 58,534,705 
 60,111,082 
 57,786,876 
 58,842,377 
 52,849,445 
 63,596,025 
 71,367,885 
 74,448,722 
 78,076,854 
 98,933,781 
 97,184,726 
 95,688,085 
 115,826,948 
 122,066,107 
 116,608,756 
 130,444,725 
 
 * The Declared Value of British Produce and Manufactures Exported in the years 1801 to 1804, applies to Great 
 Britain only, the real value of Exports from Ireland not having been recorded earlier than 1805. 
 
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134 
 
 APPENDIX TO DIAGRAMS. 
 
 Table No. 36.— Showing the Figures Employed in the Compilation of 
 the Diagram — Showing the Demand for, and Supply and Stock of 
 Cotton in the United Kingdom since 1825. 
 
 SUPPLY. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 228,005,291 
 177,607,401 
 272,448,909 
 227,760,642 
 222,767,411 
 263,961,452 
 288,674,853 
 286,832,525 
 303,656,837 
 326,875,425 
 363,702,963 
 406,959,057 
 407,286,783 
 507,850,577 
 389,396,559 
 592,488,010 
 487,992,355 
 531,750,086 
 673,193,116 
 646,111,304 
 721,979,953 
 467,856,274 
 474,707,615 
 713,020,161 
 755,469,012 
 663,576,861 
 757,379,749 
 929,782,448 
 895,278,749 
 887,333,149 
 891,751,952 
 1,023,886,304 
 969,318,896 
 1,034,342,176 
 1,225,989,072 
 
 DEMAND. 
 
 Exported. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 18,004,953 
 24,474,920 
 18,134,170 
 17,396,776 
 30,289,115 
 8,534,976 
 22,308,555 
 18,027,940 
 17,363,882 
 24,461,963 
 32,779,734 
 31,739,763 
 39,722,031 
 30,644,469 
 38,738,238 
 38,673,229 
 37,673,585 
 45,251,302 
 39,619,979 
 47,222,541 
 42,916,332 
 65.930,732 
 74,954,336 
 74,019,790 
 98,893,508 
 102,469,717 
 111,980,394 
 111,884,321 
 148,569,680 
 123,326,112 
 124,368,160 
 146,660,864 
 131,927,600 
 149,608,480 
 175,143,136 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 202,546,869 
 
 162,889,012 
 
 249,804,396 
 
 208,987,744 
 
 204,097,037 
 
 269,616,640 
 
 273,249,653 
 
 259,412,463 
 
 293,682,976 
 
 302,935,657 
 
 326,407,692 
 
 363,684,232 
 
 368,445,035 
 
 455,036,755 
 
 352,000,277 
 
 528,142,743 
 
 437.093,631 
 
 473,976,400 
 
 581,303,105 
 
 554,196,602 
 
 606,600,000 
 
 614,300,000 
 
 441,400,000 
 
 576,600,000 
 
 629,900,000 
 
 588,200,000 
 
 658,900,000 
 
 739,600,000 
 
 760,900,000 
 
 776,100,000 
 
 839,100,000 
 
 891,400,000 
 
 826,000,000 
 
 905,600,000 
 
 976,600,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 220,551,822 
 187,363,932 
 267,938,566 
 226,384,520 
 234,386,152 
 278,151,616 
 295,558,208 
 277,440,403 
 311,046,858 
 327,397,620 
 359,187.426 
 395,423,995 
 408,167,066 
 485,681,224 
 390,738,515 
 566,815,972 
 474,767,216 
 519,227,702 
 620,923,084 
 601,419,143 
 649,516,332 
 680,230,732 
 516,354,336 
 650,619,790 
 728,793,508 
 690,669,717 
 770,880,394 
 851,484,321 
 909,469,680 
 899,426,112 
 963,468,160 
 1,038,060,864 
 957,927,600 
 1,055,208,480 
 1,151,743,136 
 
 Stock. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 115,500,000 
 110,900,000 
 164,800,000 
 147,000,000 
 115,500,000 
 118,800,000 
 114,400,000 
 103,700,000 
 94,400,000 
 82,300,000 
 89,600,000 
 116,300,000 
 115,600,000 
 160,900,000 
 125,800,000 
 207,000,000 
 216,700,000 
 242,300,000 
 342,000,000 
 390,200,000 
 453,500,000 
 245,400,000 
 184,100,000 
 220,100,000 
 240,300,000 
 231,600,000 
 225,900,000 
 300,900,000 
 306,900,000 
 271,200,000 
 208,900,000 
 196,200,000 
 211,700,000 
 189,958,000 
 230,257,000 
 
 The quantities given as imported and exported are those returned by the Board of Trade. 
 
 Consumption, down to 1844 is that returned by the Board of Trade; thereafter it is the quantity taken by 
 the trade, being the computation of Messrs. G. Holt and Co. of Liverpool. 
 
 Stock, is the quantity held in merchants', dealers' and spinners* hands in the United Kingdom as far as can 
 be ascertained, and is also the computation of the last-named firm. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 2. line 11, for " was spun from it," read " was spun for it." 
 Page 25, bottom line, for "Donelli," read '"Bonelli." 
 
 Page 50, Table at the head of page, the total for 1840 should be 54,447, in place of 
 45,447. 
 
 Page 81, line 3, for Table No. 20," read "Table No. 21." 
 Page 88, line 5, for " 21," read 22." 
 
 Page 90, line 8, for " No. 22 and 23," read " Nos. 23 and 24." 
 Page 90, line 2 from the bottom, for " 20," read " 25." 
 
j 
 
 I 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 Los Angeles 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 JAN 3 1956 | 
 
 OCT 1 8 1957 m , ?jim 
 
 MAR 2,6 1962 , 
 
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 QL APR l 
 
 5 1991 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 ONIVEKSlTr OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES