EXCHANGE nf (Enntterttnit PUBLIC DOCUMENT SPECIAL REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS BY THE State Board of Health Under Authority of Chapter 220, Public Act of 1913. , i stated to th* General Assembly of 1915. HARTFORD PUBLISHED BY THE STATE c 6, PUBLICATION APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL MERIDEN, CONN. JOURNAL, PUBLISHING CO. 1915 uf (Entttwrttrut STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, Hartford, December 23, 1914. To THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF 1915 : The State Board of Health which was ordered by the last Legislature under Chapter 220, Public Acts of 1913, to in- vestigate the subject of stream pollution and report to this General Assembly, submits the following report: Chapter 220, Public Acts of 1913, reads as follows : "AN ACT CONCERNING THE POLLUTION OF WATERS. By the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly Convened: "Section 1. The State Board of Health shall have general oversight of all inland and tidal waters, including streams, lakes, and ponds used as sources of water supply, and all springs, streams, and water courses tributary thereto. "Sec. 2. The State Board of Health , shall investigate the subject of the pollution of waters within this state by sewage or other filth and recommend to the next General Assembly such legislation as will lead to the termination of all such pol- lution. "Approved, June 5, 1913." The board, at a regular meeting held July 8, 1913, voted to place the investigation in the hands of a committee con- sisting of Mr. J. Frederick Jackson, chairman, Dr. Edward K. Root, Dr. J. H. Townsend and Mr. Lewis Sperry, and the work has been done under the supervision of Mr. Jackson, the engineer member of the state board of health, assisted by Mr. R. C. Meeker. 4 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF It was decided that the scope of the present investigation should include all rivers of appreciable size and the collection of the following statistics relating to them : Stream flow. Tributary streams. Cities and towns on water sheds. Population of water sheds. Sewerage systems on water sheds. Manufacturing wastes discharged into streams. Analysis of river water. Samples of water to be collected at each town, one above and one below all points of pollution, and between towns at an average distance of one mile apart. The Laboratory work to determine dissolved oxygen and presumptive tests for B. Coli. On July 26th, 1914, the actual field work was started arid the major portion completed by September. The collection of statistics of the towns and cities on the different water- sheds involved a great deal of correspondence, and the Board wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to the U. S. Geologi- cal Survey ; U. S. Weather Bureau ; U. S. Public Health Ser- vice ; the " State Boards of Health of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont ; the Fish & Game Commission of this state, which kindly furnished the use of its launches, and the different city engineers and local health boards, and to Professor Conn and his assistants, whose co-operation and assistance at the State Laboratory has been invaluable. Connecticut, as will be seen from a glance at the accom- panying map, is a network of rivers. The natural drainage is controlled by the physiographic division of a highland west of a line running from New Haven to North Granby ; a highland between Rhode Island and a line through Rock- ville, Glastonbury, Middletown and Branford ; and a lowland occupying the remainder of the area. The three main river systems are the Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames, which together drain about 70 per cent, of the area of the state. The rivers extending beyond the boundaries of the state are the Housatonic, Connecticut, Farmington, Quinnebaug, Five Mile, Scantic, Moosup, French and Ten Mile River, which last is almost entirely in New York. The shore line is indented by numerous bays and tidal estuaries, and adjoining it are many salt marshes. In the interior are many swamps and numerous lakes. All rivers entering the Sound are tidal, which fact is of con- siderable importance in providing an additional volume of water for dilution. The rivers of the highlands have steep gradients and their flow is interrupted by numerous dams THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 6 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF and mill ponds, while the rivers of the lowlands have a slight fall and the dams and rapids are not nearly so frequent. The flow of the streams is variable and in most years there is a period of four to six months when the flow is below normal, while in some of the smaller ones there is scarcely any flow. The population of the state is grouped into three distinct areas. First, about 28 per cent, along the large rivers of the central portion of the state. Second, about 33 per cent, on the shores of Long Island Sound. Third, about 26 per cent, along the rivers in the highland areas, as the Farmington, Naugatuck and Willimantic, etc. The remaining 13 per cent. is distributed among the hill towns and other towns remote from the railroads and large streams. The pollution of streams is a question which has occa- sioned more or less agitation and litigation since mankind forsook the nomadic life and began to dwell in cities and towns. Serious consideration of the subject began with the raising of the Royal Sewage Commission in Great Britain in 1865. This commission has published many valuable re- ports and directed considerable beneficial legislation. In this country the states of Ohio, Illinois, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts have made careful study of the problem and have enacted legislation, more or less restrictive in char- acter, to control it. The subject may be considered from two viewpoints, de- pending on whether the stream in question is used, or is likely to be used, as a source of public water supply, when in a strictly sanitary sense the presence of pathogenic bac- teria in the water and their direct menace to public health is paramount ; or the violation of common decency by the crea- tion of nuisances, from the presence in the stream of large quantities of organic matter. With the first we are, in this investigation, but indirectly concerned. Most of the rivers examined are not used as a source of public water supply without some attempt at purification. Therefore, though we cannot say that the condition of the rivers most polluted is directly affecting the health of any community, we know that in many instances it is offensive to the sense of decency and that it threatens the existence of major fish life, which is a source of revenue and a means of sustenance to many hundreds of citizens of the state. The improvement of these conditions is not impossible nor would the expense be excessive, if remedial action is taken in time; the longer it is delayed the greater the cost will be. The principal agent in disposing- of organic matter in the streams is biological oxidation. This is accomplished pri- marily by innumerable bacteria breaking down and reducing THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 7 the organic wastes to their component parts, which are largely simple inocuous gases. These bacteria are of two general types, those requiring a considerable supply of oxy- gen for their existence and so termed aerobic, and those growing and multiplying in the absence of oxygen and called anaerobic. The work of the aerobic bacteria is most com- plete and is not markedly evident to the sense of sight or smell, since the gases produced are not objectionable. The work of the anaerobic bacteria is called putrefaction, it is less complete and is generally accompanied by the evolution of foul smelling gases and discoloration of the water. When the flow of the stream is large, naturally the supply of oxy- gen is greater, and the oxidizing of the organic matter progresses without producing offensive conditions ; where the flow is small, or for any reason the supply of oxygen is cut off, the organic matter is not completely oxidized and nuisances are created. In this connection just a word in relation to self-purification of streams. It has always been assumed that given a sufficient volume of water and velocity of flow a river would in time take care of any amount of wastes discharged into it. Since the important part that oxygen performs in the work of purification has been recognized, it has been found that not only must there be volume and velocity, but also time, as a function rather than distance, must be consider- ed. In other words in any stream receiving pollution at a given point the process goes on something like this. The sewage and manufacturing wastes having been dispersed in the wa- ter, the organic matter immediately begins to take up the oxygen contained therein and this proceeds until the organic matter is completely oxidized or until the supply of oxygen in the water is completely exhausted. While the supply of oxygen in the water is being depleted it is gradually drawing and storing more oxygen from the air. The rate at which absorption proceeds is variable, depending on conditions of temperature, wind, depth of water, etc., so long as the sup- ply of oxygen in the water is sufficient to oxidize the organic matter no objectional conditions will result. When, from any cause the amount of oxygen falls below a certain pro- portion, the organic matter is not completely disposed of, and foul gases and discoloration of the water accompanied by a large mortality among major fish life result. Now then, if the amount of oxygen in the river at the point considered were ample to take care of the pollution, after a certain length of time it would disappear completely. But let us go a step further, suppose a short distance below the point we are considering, the river receives an addition of sewage and wastes and that the elapsed time is not sufficient to dispose of 8 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF that already received ; we then have an additional burden placed on the purifying powers of the river which it is not able to meet. If we continue this reasoning we can see why a river receiving pollution at points relatively close together will soon be in a very bad condition. If between the points of pollution the volume of the river is increased by the flow of a tributary, its capacity for disposing of pollution is in- creased, provided the tributary itself is not already so pol- luted that, instead of helping, it acentuates conditions al- ready bad by the amount of its pollution. When the flow of the stream is not sufficient to take care of the pollution by dilution it is evidenced by floating matters objectional to the sight and the formation of foul smelling sludge banks. These banks occur particularly in streams where the dry weather flow is very small ; if the stream is, deep and its volume of flow large, they are not so noticeable except in the vicinity of sewer outlets which do not extend out to the current of the river, or on the bottom of mill ponds when the water is drawn down. There is considerable difference of opinion between author- ities as to the stream flow necessary for proper dilution, but it may be safely said that with a flow of four to six cubic feet per second to each 1,000 persons contributing, together with adequate dispersion, no nuisance will occur, provided, the sewage does not contain over fifteen parts per 100,000 of sus- pended matter, in which case it would require a flow as high as fourteen cubic feet per second per 1,000 persons. When the stream is receiving large quantities of trade waste the conditions are changed. The elimination of or- ganic matter as stated is accomplished through the work of numerous bacteria, and some trade wastes not only impede this process by the complex nature of their ingredients which resist the breaking down process, but often the wastes con- tain acids which have a sterilizing effect and destroy the bac- teria entirely. Again oxygen is essential for the preservation of major fish life. Some differences exist as to the amount of oxygen nec- essary, but it is generally agreed that below 30 per cent, saturation it is impossible for larger fish life to survive. We have tried to describe briefly the part that oxygen takes in assisting the rivers to dispose of the organic matter they receive, in order to explain why the measure of dissolved oxygen is a reliable index of the ability of the river to purify itself, and because it is the method most generally used now in investigations of stream pollution. In the tabulations the time factor is recognized in the two determinations for dissolved oxy- THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 9 gen, one made immediately after* collecting the samples, the other after a period of twenty-four hours. We will now proceed to the consideration of the rivers themselves. The method adopted can, we believe, be fol- lowed readily. Each river with its tributaries is treated sep- arately. First, there is a short description of its general characteristics and its condition, followed by tabulations of sampling stations, dissolved oxygen, statistics of towns on it and such diagrams and photographs as are necessary to make clear the results of the investigation. IO REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. The Connecticut River drainage basin extends over four New England states, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont. Its total area is about 11,085 square miles, of which about 1,525 square miles lie in Connecticut, It rises in the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire and flows southerly a distance of about 340 miles, forming part of the boundary line between New Hampshire and Vermont. It then crosses Massachusetts and Connecticut and enters Long Island Sound at Saybrook. In Connecticut from the state line to Middletown it flows through a broad valley of sandstone formation. At Middletown , it enters a gorge like valley of crystalline rock formation and flows southeast to the Sound. From Enfield Rapids to Hartford the river has a fall of about six-tenths of a foot to the mile, from Hartford to Saybrook there is practically no fall. CONNECTICUT RIVER, HARTFORD. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. II The river receives little sewage from New Hampshire and Vermont, though there are many factories on or near its banks which discharge their wastes into it. In Massachu- setts the principal sources of pollution are Turners Falls, which has several paper mills ; Amherst, a part of whose sew- age is treated ; numerous factories in the villages of Wil- liamsburg, Haydensville, Baystate, Leeds and the City of Northampton. Holyoke contributes a considerable amount to the pollution of the river, as does the village of South Hacl- ley. Below, the river receives all the sewage of Chicopee, Springfield and the town of Longmeadow. The effect of all this pollution is not. as great at the state line as would be expected, though the percentage of oxygen, as shown by the analyses, approaches dangerously near the limit necessary to preserve major fish life. CONNECTICUT RIVER, HARTFORD. 12 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF In Connecticut the river receives some pollution from the paper and silk mills at Windsor Locks, the distilleries at Warehouse Point, and the textile works at Thompsonville. At Hartford the river receives practically all the sewage of the city and the wastes from numerous factories. The sew- age enters the river through six outlets. CONNECTICUT RIVER, HARTFORD. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. The other main sources of pollution are the City of Middle- town, which discharges most of its wastes and sewage into it through fourteen outlets ; and factory wastes from Higganum, Chester and Deep River, and it is undoubtedly polluted to some extent by the boats which ply up and down it. CONNECTICUT RIVER, MIDDLE HADDAM. 14 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF Considerable pollution is also contributed to the river by its tributaries, the Scantic, Farmington, Park, Hockanum, Sebethe and Salmon Rivers. But as each of these is treated separately they need not be considered here. CONNECTICUT RIVER, MIDDLETOWN. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. i6 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. ESTIMATED POPULATION "* ^ ^ ^ cu.n. rcn sec STREAM TLOW TO looo POPOLATIOH oetP mvrn CHtiTCR i8 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF ntALTh REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTE MAP SHOWING DRAINAGE ARtA CONNECTICUT RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. imple Number c o amporature sntigrade amperature ahrenheit | issolved Oxygen arts Per Million sr Cent. Saturation j w Q K HO Hfc o Qfn OH Opposite Saybrook Point 13 7/27 10:10 23 73 2.14 27 A 3.74 47 At R. R. Bridge, Saybrook Junction. . 14 7/27 10:20 23 73 2 1.96 22 A 3.47 39 Opposite Nott Island 15 7/27 10:50 26 79 6 2.0 24 A 3.3 40 Below Eight Mile River Cove 16 7/27 11:50 27 81 2.04 25 A 3.3 40 Above Eight Mile River Cove 17 7/27 1:00 24 75 8 1.87 21 A 2.49 29 Below Deep River 18 7/27 1:20 22 72 1.82 20 A 2.0 22 Below Chester 19 7/27 1:25 22 72 1.51 17 A 1.96 22 Below Hadlyme Landing 20 7/27 1:40 23 73 3 1.42 16 A 2.6 29 At Tylerville 21 7/27 2 :00 23 73 1.24 14 A 1.69 19 At Salmon Cove 22 7/27 2:10 23 73 2 1.42 16 A 1.78 20 Below Higganum 23 7/27 2:45 23 73 2 1.16 13 A 1.42 16 Opposite Middle Haddam 24 7/27 3:15 23 73 4 1.40 16 A 2.0 23 Opposite South Farms 25 7/27 3.55 24 75 10 1.33 15 A 2.40 28 At Highway Bridge, Middletown .... 26 7/28 10:00 25 77 2 2.3 27 A 1.65 19 Above Willow Island 27 7/28 10:20 25 77 5 2.1 25 A 3.22 38 Below Cromwell 28 7/28 10:25 25 77 1 1.56 18 A 3.4 40 Below Rocky Hill 29 7/28 11:15 24 75 32 1.74 20 A 3.05 35 Above Roaring Brook 30 7/28 11 :35 24 75 2.02 23 A 2.57 30 Opposite Keeney Cove 31 7/28 12 :05 24 75 1 2.85 33 A 2.48 29 Below Hockanum River 32 7/28 12:30 24 75 1 2.1 24 A 3.22 37 Below Park River, Hartford 33 7/28 12:55' 24 75 3 2.95 34 A 2.48 29 Above Park River 34 7/28 1:00 24 75 2 2.85 33 A 2.85 33 At Highway Bridge, Hartford 35 7/28 1:05 24 75 22 2.39 28 A 3.13 36 At Railroad Bridge, Hartford 36 7/29 11 :30 24 75 42 3.02 35 A 2.75 32 At Bissel's Ferry 39 7/29 4:10 24 75 13 3.94 46 A 5.68 66 Below Windsor Locks 40 7/29 4:35 24 75 16 2.65 31 A 3.94 46 Above Windsor Locks at R. R. Bridge 41 7/29 5:05 24 75 5 3.57 41 A 4.12 48 Below Thompsonbille 42 7/29 5:45 24 75 1 2.75 32 A t 1 1.37 16 At State Line 43 7/29 6:00 24 75 3 3.48 40 20 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population CO Statistics of Manufactures. go J) I 1 I 1 1 III j ? ~ t ^ ^ ^ +3 t> v O< o3 Illplllll Breweries Quarries Old Saybrook, 300 Essex, 2,831 Deep River, 500 Chester, 1,455 Higganum, 800 Middletown, 13,204 Portland, 3,253 Cromwell, 400 Rocky Hill, 300 Glastonbury, 600 Hartford 105,541 Warehouse Pt., 400 Windsor Locks, 3,976 Thompsonville, 4,000 None Partial Factory Partial Partial Complete Partial Factory Factory Factory Complete Factory Partial Partial 1,000 50 500 300 12,000 2,000 50 100 300 105,000 200 3,000 3,000 1 2 1 4 1 3 3 2 1 . . .. 1 2 .. 1 6 3 ' '? 1 2 1 2 1 'i 1 5 5 .. 2 1173 .. 12 3 .. 2 3 4 4 . . 4 Total, 137,560 127,500 5 13 72129 10 2 42 32 THE SCANTIC RIVER. The Scantic River enters the Connecticut River from the east above Windsor. Its total drainage area is about 114 square miles, about 25 square miles of which are in the state of Massachusetts. It is a rapid stream with considerable fall, particularly at Hazard- ville. Below Scantic and Broad Brook the river is badly discol- ored, presumably by the wastes from the mills at these places. The river also receives some pollution from the factories at Haz- ardville. MASSACHU S tT TVS CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF HEALTH REPORT TO 'GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOWING THE DRAINAGE AREA SCANTIC RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 21 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. ! S n-* 3 Location jl> "o. 8 cS w 0) ei Q 1 , g a "o o |S a a> O n^ +3 a +2 ^ n ex X W O w cu o 03 HCU O)CQ E" Scantic 300 None o Broad Brook . . . 400 Factory 200 1 Hazardville .... 400 Factory 200 1 Scitico 200 Factory 100 1 Somersville . . . 200 Factory 100 1 Somers 200 None Total . . . 1,700 600 1 3 THE FARMINGTON RIVER. The Farmington River enters the Connecticut River from the west at Windsor. It has a drainage area of about 590 square miles, of which about 100 square miles are in Massachusetts. It is a very swift stream flowing through a region of sandstone for- mation and having a fall of about thirty feet to the mile from Cold Springs, Mass., to New Hartford. 22 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF 3oo J! To 60 C* *> *& ~ II * ^^ 2o looo s! * /// > Tesr ' V 5 lo \5 SCAWTIC RIVCR loo To fco So Zooo -Too THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF The sources of pollution are the sewage and factory wastes from Windsor, Foquonock, Rainbow, Tarifrville, Simsbury, Farmington, Unionville, Collinsville and New Hartford. The flow is variable and during the low six months when the flow is held back by dams at the several towns there is very little FARMINGTON RIVER, UNIONVILLE. water in some parts of the river. However, these dams and mill- ponds aid the river in disposing of the waste from the towns by affording means for aeration and sedimentation. This may ac- count, in part, for the fact that, at the date when the examinations were made, the river did not show excessive pollution except in the immediate vicinity of one or two towns. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location Sample Number Date Hour Temperature Centigrade c a 2 85 %z 5 O . t3.a "S n 9 > 0.2 fl "Q to 3 I 11 t-fa C^ Per Cent. Saturation At Mouth 38 7/29 3 :2 3 24 5 24 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 5 22 22 5 22 3 22 5 22 [) 22 9 22 5 22 3 22 22 3 22 75 8 3.85 45 3.39 43 75 29 5.41 63 5.68 66 72 24 2.99 33 5.27 59 72 3 3.69 41 Broken Bottle 72 6 4.58 49 6.05 65 72 2 4.86 52 4.4 47 72 6 4.13 45 6.36 69 72 10 4.99 54 4.87 53 72 24 5.77 62 Broken Bottle 72 3.45 39 Broken Bottle 72 4 4.3 48 3.34 37 72 1 4.53 51 6.6 74 72 6 3.57 40 6.6 74 72 12 4.76 53 3.85 43 72 1 4.86 55 3.94 44 72 3 4.4 49 4.67 52 72 1 4.26 48 5.13 58 Below Windsor . . 37 7/29 2:4 Below Poquonock .... A . 44 7/31 9:0 Below Rainbow Dam A . . 45 7/31 9 :2 Below Tariffville A 46 8/4 5:3 Below Simsbury A . . 47 8/4 5:4 A . 48 7/31 10 '4 At Avon Below Farmington .... A . . 49 7/31 11 :3 At Unionville A 50 7 /31 11 -5 Below Collinsville . 51 7 731 12 -3 Above Collinsville below Below Cherry Brook . A Nepaug River 52 8 /3 10 :1 53 8/3 10 :3 At Satan's Kingdom Bi At Pine Meadow above Above New Hartford . idge A .54 8/3 10:5 East Branch ..55 8/3 11 :0 . . 56 8/3 11 :2 At Pleasant Valley 57 8/3 11 '3 At Mouth of West Branch at Dam A ..58 8/3 12:0 A Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 s'l gs Is* 0> ft oJ ;3 fe to +3 P. 5 >> to o> p OTW WOJfu Textile Works Statistics of Manufactures to to X. ~ *H o a f-> -< Q> eS d CQ H O .J East Winsted 200 7,754 200 None Partial None 5,000 'i '3 'i 'i io Winsted .... West Winsted Total 8,154 5,000 1 3 i 1 10 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 31 THE PEQUABUCK RIVER. The Pequabuck enters the Farmington River near Farmington. It is a rather sluggish stream and between the towns of Bristol and Plainville flows through a thickly populated district. Its drain- COWeCTKUT STlTE B04RD Of nULTM TO GCttML 4S5CUBLY ON STBtiM POLLUTION U4P 5HOWINO 5CWCB OUTLETS BRISTOL CONN age area is about 58 square miles. There are numerous small dams and mill ponds on it which to some degree aid the river in dispos- ing of its excessive sewage by aeration and sedimentation. How- ever, during the low stage the river banks where the water has receded show many objectional deposits of sludge. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF The principal sources of pollution are the towns of Plainville, Forestville, Bristol and Terryville, all of which, with the excep- tion of Bristol, which has a disposal plant, discharge their sew- age into the river without treatment. In addition there are many factories which discharge their waste into it. PEQUABUCK RIVER, BRISTOL. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 33 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. & a 'r* t-< a .2 2 &5 3 Location 3 i 2^ D *J 05 * 03 GO o3 03 S- 0) ft a "5 ft~ a a > *o w 6 a -2 ^ ll g,a jo i* Gj Q o ffl u o II Mouth 274 10/29 9 :30 7 44 11 6.43 52 A 7.28 59 At Pla inville 273 10/29 9 :10 7 44 7 5.18 42 A 6.37 52 At Fo restville . 275 10/29 10 :00 7 44 45 8.09 66 A 6.82 56 Bel^ ,. A-nr Bristol 276 10/29 10 :30 7 44 18 6.91 56 A 5.82 47 At Br istol 277 10/29 10 :55 IT 44 6 5.82 47 A 5.09 41 Ab< 5ve Bristol 278 10/29 n :20 Y 44 5 8.37 68 A 7.37 60 At Te rrvvillfi . . 279 10/29 11 :55 7 44 5 6.64 54 A 6.00 49 Bel ow East Plymouth 280 10/29 12 :40 y 44 12 6 18 50 A 7.55 62 # TH O5 Statistics of Manufactures o> S t M M .2 7.3 Name of City or Borough 11 s 3 1 fl S N ^ I s ^ TJ 1 ce eg 03 g a csj 1=1 OT , W a; O MTO eaoaP- C3.T 03 o^ CM j O) EH Plainville 3,000 Partial 1,500 11 1 3 500 Partial 2,000 4 . . Bristol . 10,550 Disposal Plant 8,000 1 1 16 1 2 Terryville . . 800 Factory 200 3 . . 100 None Total . 17.950 11,700 1 1 34 1 3 34 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF >0 5$ ra.a o> p, fl Q> "c, o> be O ^ t O c g SP g^ .2 ^ti FH 3 & & ?8 Hfe 6 5=3 O Mouth 297 11/12 10:35 7 44 25 4.74 38 A 32 Hartford at Commerce street 298 11/12 11:00 7 44 16 4!oi 32 A 2.46 20 Hartford above Main street .... 299 11/12 11:55 7 44 2 7.12 58 A 35 Hartford at Broad street 300 11 /12 12 :25 7 44 4 7.12 58 A 5.75 47 Hog River Mouth 301 11 /12 1 :00 7 44 6 6.11 50 A 5^66 46 Hog River, Albany Ave. Hartford above 302 11/12 1:55 7 44 3 7.75 63 A 6.84 56 Washington Brook below Bloomfield 303 11/12 3:05 7 44 1 7.85 64 A 7.76 63 South Fork Mouth . . 304 11 /12 4 :00 7 44 3 6.93 56 A 7.76 63 South Fork above West Hartford . . 305 11/12 4:25 7 44 6.84 56 A 6.48 53 Statistics of ^|J Manufactures Ci CO Name of City or Borough si 1 1 1 I n +2 P. ^ "to '-*- ^ P< I 3 0) CD co O O> >> m 03 O COCO &302^ c3 (-, P Hartford 1,000 Complete 1,000 3 1 West Hartford 5,456 Partial 4,000 Newington 300 Factory 50 i ! ! Bloomfield 400 None Total . 7,156 5,050 1 3 1 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE HOCKANUM RIVER. 39 The Hockanum River enters the Connecticut from the east just below Hartford. It has a drainage area of about 84 square miles and is a rather sluggish stream flowing through a region of glacial 'CT1CUT 5TATE BOARD OP HEALTH REPOPT'TO GENtRM. ASSEMBLY ow STCEAM POLLUTION MAP 5MOYYIW6 THE DRAINAGE AREA HOCKANUM RIVER drift. Its principal sources of pollution are the mills at Burn- side, South Manchester, Manchester and Rockville. Rockville, Manchester and South Manchester treat their sewage before dis- charging it into the river. The river does not seem to be very badly polluted except at Burnside and Buckland. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location Sample Number Q> 03 P o . W' Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit Colon d fl.2 S5 Per Cent. Saturation Mouth At Bu Below Below Above Taucar Below At Re Above 288 A 289 A 290 A 296 A 291 A 292 A 293 A 294 A 295 A 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 10:30 11:25 12:40 5:30 1:55 2:40 3:15 3:50 4:20 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 2 8 1 6 6 13 25 2 5.47 3.83 4.83 3.65 3.37 3.10 5.84 4.28 5.29 4.01 6.66 7.11 6.93 7.48 6.84 4.56 6.66 6.48 43 30 39 29 24 24 46 34 42 32 53 57 55 59 54 36 53 51 rnside Buckland Manchester Manchester ihoosen River below Vernon Windermere ,ckville Rockville REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF HOCKANUM RIVER AT BURNSIDE. 1-1 O5 Statistics of Manufactures. ? 05 TO 1 | ,x & ^ Name of City -e c FH O CO o or Borough 2 & -2 r ^ > * ^ 11 & i a|| S |> >o C S 13 '-C a > *? 52 te ft Jri M to s o- $ *j CO O CO CD O 03 eS rt rt o HO. W73 E$S- OQ O ,J s East Hartford 8,000 Partial 4 000 Burnside '400 Factory 200 3 . . 1 Buckland. 300 Factory 50 'i South Manchester 9,000 Disposal plant 8,000 1 '. . '.'. 'i 'i ] | Manchester 3 500 Disposal plant 1 000 ' i 3 2 o Talcottville . 400 Factory 100 .. 2 Vernon 300 Factory 50 . . 1 Rockville 8 500 Disposal plant 7,000 1 9 i i 'i 30,400 20,400 2 14 i i 7 3 5 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 10 i5 MOCKAK/UM RIVER 42 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF ROARING BROOK. Roaring Brook enters the Connecticut from the east at South Glastonbury. It has a drainage area of about 25 square miles. It is a swift stream with many dams and mill ponds on it. It CONNECTICUT STATE BO^RD OF HEALTH REPORT TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTIOW MAP SHOWING DRAINAGE AREA ROARIMQ BROOK flows through a rough, hilly country. On the date of the exami- nation the condition was good, except below East Glastonbury where the water was very badly discolored. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 43 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location 1 j3 QJ H a 1 s Ul fi S"2 -4-J Q efe u ; "S S2 13 If a ^> ft 1 a +-> - 9 a M "^ P e 9 50 66 A 12.73 66 Below East Glastonbury 353 12 /8 12 30 1 34 2 9 12 64 A 8.55 60 Above East Glastonbury 354 12/8 1 00 1 34 o 8 83 62 A 8.17 56 of ^ Statistics H Oi T-l Manufactures ?? Name of City or Borough o bo | CO I 11 ga a ^3 !> T, a > ro *n fe Pi ^^ ti cS CO O ^ t*> to ^ O a> s HCU 02 CQ W^OH S H a South Glastonbury 700 Factory Factory 350 200 1 i 2 East Glastonbury 500 Total 1,200 550 1 i 2 THE SEBETHE RIVER. The Sebethe River enters the Connecticut just above Middle- town. It has a drainage area of about 113 square miles and is a sluggish stream flowing through meadows, and pasture land. The COMNECTICUT 5TATE BOARD OF HEALTH REPORT TO GENERM. ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOWING TbE DRAINAGE AREA SEBETHE RIVER 44 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF river is badly polluted for its entire length, but is particularly bad at Beckleys, a short distance above which the outlet from the New Britain sewage beds enters the river. The city is contemplating some change in its sewage treatment plant, which will help the condition of the river materially. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. - Sample Number Date Hour Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Mil lion Per Cent. Saturation | At Mouth 4 7/14 1 :40 26 10:15 26 10:55 26 12 :00 26 79 79 79 79 2.5 1.0 2.77 1.90 0.6 0.1 2.5 1.8 30 12 33 23 7 30 21 At Westfleld A ...1 7/14 At Beckleys A 2 7/14 At Berlin Junction . . 3 7/14 Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Statistics of Manufactures l -3 i la 1 1 1 1 J ! 1 Quarries New Britain . 50,200 Disposal Partial Factory Factory None None Factory Factory Factory plant 50,000 1,000 50 200 50 50 50 222 3 15 Berlin 2 000 East Berlin 200 .. 'i 1 3 Kensington . . . 500 Westfield 100 Beckleys 100 'i :: 'i 1 1 Rock Fall 200 Middlefield 300 Durham . 600 Total 54 200 51,400 322 4 21 1 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 45 Eoooo SEBCTHE RIVER 46 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE SALMON RIVER. The Salmon River enters the Connecticut just below Haddam. It has a drainage area of about 71 square miles and is a swift flowing stream with many falls and mill ponds on it. The river does not appear to be polluted except below Westchester Station. CCWtCJlCuT 5TATE BOARD OF HEALTH REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOWING THE ORMNAGE AREA SALMON RIVER It receives some pollution through Moodus Brook, from the facto- ries at Moodus, also through Pocotopaug River from those at East Hampton. The west branch of the Blackledge River, one of its feeders, appears polluted below Marlboro. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 47 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Number 1 Q * 0S

W HO Temperature Fahrenheit c "o o Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Mi] lion Per Cent. Saturation Mouth 314 11/17 11/17 11/17 11/17 11/17 11/17 12 :15 6 1:10 5 4:50 5 4:20 5 3:35 5 3:10 5 43 41 41 41 41 41 7.12 5.89 5.80 6.77 6.77 7.65 4.75 8.18 4.74 4.74 6.33 6.00 57 47 45 52 52 59 37 63 59 59 49 46 At Leesville A 316 Below Lyman Viaduct . At Westchester station At Turnerville A 322 A 321 A 320 Below Hebron A 319 A Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Statistics of Manufactures | 1 5 "3 $ s- 2 H OH S Moodus 2 000 Factory None None Factory None 1,000 1,000 4 'i 'i 2 Leesville 100 Westchester Station . . 100 2 000 Marlboro .... 100 Total .... 4,300 2,000 5 1 9 MOODUS BROOK. Location. OJ 03 Q Hour Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit fl "c O Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Mil lion Per Cent. Saturation Below Moodus . 315 11/17 12:40 5 41 JG RIVER. 11/17 1:40 7 44 LACKLEDGE RIVER. 11/17 2:20 5 41 4.57 7.04 5.80 5.89 4.57 4.48 35 55 47 48 35 35 Below East Hampton . A POCOTOPAI 317 WEST A BRANCH OF E 318 A 4 8 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF HEALTH REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOWING THE DRAINAGE AREA TMAME5 RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 49 THE THAMES RIVER. 'The Thames River has a drainage area of about 1,407 square miles, and is formed by the confluence of the Shetucket and Yan- tic Rivers at Norwich. It flows south through a narrow valley, emptying into Long Island Sound at New London. Its other tributaries are the Quinnebaug, French, Nachaug and Williman- tic. It is tidal to Norwich, a distance of about 15 miles. From the extreme upper end of its tributaries it has a total fall of about 600 feet in crossing the state. On it are the cities of Montville, Thamesville and Norwich. The volume of the river appears ade- quate to take care of the sewage and wastes of the towns and fac- tories discharging into it, but the analyses indicate that most of the oxygen in the river is being used to accomplish this and that the amount remaining to support major fish life is not sufficient. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. | "3 1 O >>^- S-. Location. a B. 2^ 8* w * 0> si P gs >dH d D. h ^S d a s 3 Sd ^/ ^ h a - CO Q K S >>< X S oS Satura 1 .2 "a +a -Cii> ?* 03 4,4 . sS 11 d fc o> o J>PLH 1 o a 3 Se a ,3 w ^ u 02 Q H HO H fa 6 PP^ S At Dump in Upper Norwich . Ill 8/14 9 so ^6 79 5 2.67 3? 5 A .669 8.1 Below Norwich Town above Falls. 112 8/14 9 :50 26 79 3 3.82 46.5 A 2.58 31.4 At Yantic 113 8/14 10 *J_0 26 79 4 5 35 65 A 3.44 41.0 Below Fitchville 114 8 /14 10 10 26 79 o 4 49 54 A 3.53 42.0 Above Fitchville 115 8 /14 1C "10 26 79 o 4 78 58 A 4.49 54,0 Below Bozrahville 116 8 /14 11 . -i pr 26 79 1 3 72 45 A 3.44 41.0 * Statistics of rH TV [anu: 'actures a a Name of City or Borough Si 0) be >d o | | m | II ga s$ a s *c3 0. 3 m 0) >> 02 O2 ^S& H^PH i^ 1 cj c3 Norwich (part) . . . Taftville . 8,000 Complete 300 Partial 8,000 200 300 200 100 2 13 1 4 1 3 1 5 Versailles 400 None 2 . . 1 .. .. Occum 100 None Baltic 400 Partial 1 .. .. i 1 1 South Windham . . 300 None Total , . 9.500 8.800 2 17 1 4 4 l l 7 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF ESTIMATCP fVPULATJOAJ P/SSOLVCO cwroev N M * M s* -4 o> t *, ~r *~-Z, f*XTS ree M/LLIOU V J 1 f / J 1 ^ov J/AT /KCSV THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE QUINNEBAUG RIVER. 59 The Quinnebaug River enters the Shetucket from the east be- low Taftville. It has a drainage area of about 688 square miles, of which about 265 square miles lie in Massachusetts. It is a swift flowing stream through broad valleys of crystalline rock formation. On it are the towns of Greenville, Jewett City, Pack- ersville, Danielsonville, Wauregan, Putnam, Mechanicsville, Grosvenordale, North Grosvenordale and New Boston in Con- necticut and West Dudley, Saundersdale, and Southbridge in Massachusetts. The river is considerably polluted by the fac- tories at Jewett City, Packersville, Canterbury and Wauregan, and from the sewerage systems of Danielsonville and Putnam. In Massachusetts the towns of Southbridge and West Dudley empty their sewage and factory waste into it. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 1 ^ 1 2 o emperature entigrade emperature ahrenheit a "o issolved Oxy arts Per Mil er Cent. Sati M Q a HU Hfa u Pfi- PH At Mouth 86 8/7 i :40 24 75 33 3.63 42.6 A 3.27 37.4 At Jewett City 87 8/7 2 :20 24 75 4 3.18 3.99 37.3 46.8 A Below Packersville 88 8/7 2 :45 24 75 9 4.17 48.7 A 3.36 39.2 At Wauregan 90 8/7 3 :50 24 75 3.9 6.27 45.7 73.5 A Above Five Mile River at Dan- ielsonville 91 8/10 10 :45 26 79 4 3.42 41.6 A 3.04 36.9 At Pomfret Landing .... 94 8 /10 11 :45 25 77 22 3.71 44.2 A 0 square miles. CONNECTICUT STATE" BOARD OP HEALTH REPORT TO THE 6ENCRAL ASSEMBLY OM STREAM POLLUTION SHOWING PRAIMAGE AREA PACHAUG RIVER It is a rather swift stream flowing through a rough, hilly coun- try. On it are several dams and mill ponds. The river receives pollution at Voluntown and Glasko, but at the time of the exam- ination seemed in very fair condition. 62 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 9 1 1 02 O ft S3 ffi HU Temperature Fahrenheit Colon I I Parts Per Million _p "S U Mouth 306 11/13 8 :45 6 43 7 7 so 59 6 84 54 At Hopeville 307 11/13 9:20 6 43 5 s o-} 64 A 7 21 57 At Pachaug 308 11 /13 9 :55 6 43 2 R oo \ \ 55 100 000 Boo 600 Boo RIVER 6 4 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE MOOSUP RIVER. The Moosup River enters the Quinnebaug from the east about one mile below Wauregan. It has a drainage area of about 68 CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD Of- HEALTH REPORT TO TH6 GEMERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POULUTIOKI MAP SHOWIN6 DRAINAQfe MOOSUP CBMTXAL WLLA.GE QUINXJE-BAUG RWtR square miles, part of which lies in Rhode Island. It is a very rapid stream with several dams and mill ponds on it. The river is polluted in its lower part, probably by wastes from Moosup and Central Village. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 2 3 0202 Estimated Sewage Population Statistics oi Manufactur Textile Wor Central Village . 300 Factory 200 3 100 None 400 Factory 200 3 Oneco . . . 200 None o Total . . . . .'. . . 1 000 400 Q THE FIVE MILE RIVER. The Five Mile River enters the Quinnebaug from the east at Danielsonville. It has a drainage area of about 76 square miles CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF REPORT TO THE 6ENBRAL ASSCMBcY OM STREAM POLIAJTIOM MAP SHOWING PRAINAOC >weA rive MIL.C Rivr-R and is a rather rapid stream flowing through a hilly woodland re- gion. The river receives some pollution at Killingly and becomes worse at Danielsonville. 66 R EPORT O N I N VEST 1 G A 1 1 ( ) N O I SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. c c o> o M- Location o Oi a c3 0! "e3 O Q a GC C-3 S. 1 Is Per Cen At Mouth 92 8/10 11:00 8/10 11:25 26 79 23 73 2.95 1.80 2 4.76 4.95 36.2 21.9 50.0 51.4 At Killingly A 93 A Name of City or Borough O5 T-l cits Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Statistics of Manufactures tB O M ! ti I I Killino'ly 600 Private Factory Factory Factory Factory None None 50 50 50 "i i i Dayville 100 East Killingly .... 400 Attawaugan. 100 Ballouville 100 Quaddick 100 East Thompson 200 Total 1 600 650 4 1 THE FRENCH RIVER. The French River enters the Quinnebaug from the east at Me- chanicsville. It has a drainage area of about 70 square miles, 30 square miles being in Massachusetts. It is a very rapid stream and has many dams and mill ponds on it. It flows through a hilly re- gion of crystalline rock formation. The river is badly polluted for its entire length but more particularly below North Grosvenor- dale and the State Line. The conditions at the State Line are probably due to the towns of Perryville, Webster, Leicester, Ox- ford, Charlton and Dudley in Massachusetts. All of these towns have one or more textile factories which discharge large quanti- ties of liquid wastes, besides the sewage from their employees. The town of Leicester treats its sewage, Webster and Dudley discharge theirs untreated into the river. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 6 7 68 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. imple Number ate 2 3 CO 3^J ^ Ss <2 3 BO SJ3 3lon issolved Oxygen irts Per Million i j i ! i 4 j i ] 5 j S 3 : j w Q ffi E-'O E-'fc D Dfi p Mouth .... 97 8/10 1 *40 24 75 5 2 85 33 | A 1.61 18 9 Below North Grosvenordale 99 8/10 2 :15 26 79 1 1 99 24 2 At State Line 101 8/10 3 '30 26 79 0.285 3 1 71 3. 20 47 1 A 0.476 5. 79 Name of City OS rH o w or BoroagL 2 w> 2 ^ Stj p; |3 H 3 ga o>2 S rt 3 ll ^0 a ^ o ^ rt c FH 300 None o 400 None 100 400 Factory 200 ' : Wilsonville . 100 None o * Total . . ... 1 200 300 1 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. ESTIMATED DISSOLVED oxroeu /wrrs FfffMttJUQU ro FLOW-CUFT.PfK. SiSC. LOW 51* WS. DILUTION .fT. ffe sec.. PCK IOOO I R 1 fi 7O REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE NACHAUG RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. The Nachaug River has a drainage area of about 165 square miles and flows through a broad valley encircled by hills. On its tributaries are many dams and mill ponds. A dam three miles above Willimantic forms a storage reservoir for supplying the city with water. The sewer outlets of the city discharge into the river above its junction with the Willimantic and pollute it badly. It also receives some pollution at Mansfield Hollow, North Windham and Phoenixville. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 3 zii 22 g| a.*? P, IS II At Mouth 79 8/7 10:45 24 75 A 4.81 4.99 58 Name of City or Borough Statistics of Manu- factures. 33 a ^ kg 03 >j -?3 03 O JiT MW HoQk 02 Hi^ Alansfield Hollow . . . 100 Factory 50 3 North Windham . . 400 Factory 200 1 Chaplin 50 None o Chaffeeville 50 None o Hank Hill ... . 100 Factory 50 Gurleyville 100 Factory 50 East Willington 100 None o Phoenixville . . 100 Factory 50 Eastford . 200 None o 50 None North Ashford 50 None o Total 1,200 400 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 7 2 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE WILLIMANTIC RIVER. The Willimantic River combines with the Nachaug and forms the Shetucket just below the city of Willimantic. It has a drain- age area of about 223 square miles, is 35 miles long and flows swiftly through a broad open valley. The principal sources of pol- lution are the city of Willimantic and the towns of South Cov- entry, Eagleville, Mansfield Depot, South Willington and Stafford Springs. The river is badly polluted at Willimantic and just below Stafford Springs where the water is slightly discolored by dyes from the mills. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Number o> t ta o P K Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit Colon Dissolved Oxygen I'arts Per Million Per Cent. Saturation | At Mouth 78 8/7 10:30 25 8/6 10:30 25 8/6 10:45 25 8/6 11:00 25 8/6 11:30 25 8/6 11:40 25 8/6 11:55 25 8/6 12:10 25 8/6 1:00 25 77 3 77 20 77 7 77 5 77 6 77 4 77 6 77 11 77 19 4.72 2.45 3.3 3.81 3.63 3.99 3.86 3.45 3.81 3.45 3.63 2.72 4.54 3.63 4.81 2.91 2.63 1.45 55 28 39 45 43 47 45 41 45 41 43 32 54 43 57 34 31 17 Above Highway Bridge, Willimantic. Above Willimantic below Hop River. Above Hop River A ...65 A . .. 66 A . . . 67 At South Coventry A 68 At Eagleville A 69 At Mansfield Depot . . . A 70 At South Willington A 71 Below Stafford Springs A 72 A * Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Statistics of Manufactures 1 --III 1 ~ gj ^ S * 5 ^ SJ ~ * ? 5* Metal Works Willimantic 11,278 Partial 11,200 Factory 600 Factory 50 None None Factory 50 None Partial 2.000 6 2 3 1 1 1 2 '2 2 South Coventrv 800 Eagleville ...'... 200 Mansfield Station .... 100 Merrow .... 100 South Willington . . . 300 1 .. .. Tolland Station . . . . 100 Stafford Springs 3 000 7 1 Total . . 15.878 13/900 9 12 1 2 3 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 73 EH MILLION N (H * 6 P 3j I \ ACc 74 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF MIDDLE RIVER, SQUARE POND BROOK, FURNACE BROOK. Square Pond Brook, Middle River and Furnace Brook unite to form the Willimantic. Their total drainage area is about 50 square miles. They are swift streams flowing through a hilly FURNACE BROOK, STAFFORD. country. Middle River receives some pollution from the fac- tories at Orcuttville and Square Pond Brook from those at West Stafford. Furnace Brook is very badly polluted below Stafford by the dyes and wastes from a large woolen mill. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. MIDDLE RIVER. 75 c o c r* *- o> o 2 < be Location. a So ~ 1 i ra *J "O +> CD -o ^ eg o5 eg ri s- ~ 7? p. a 60 m J- 33 a ^, n D.g rt o w ^ a -2 g as a^a ^ g "^ & Q ID iJO -S ... '- ,jf ll I IN .2 5^ ' Pi fe to *[~i > p. ed ^ ^ CO O O >> to 8 58 61 At Gaylordsville A 210 9 /8 10 10 24 75 4 5.56 5 09 65 50 At Kent A 212 9/8 1? 45 ?4 75 5 5.46 6 4 64 75 At Cornwall Bridge A 213 9 /8 1 40 24 75 5 6.31 6 12 73 71 At West Cornwall A 214 9/10 ? 00 94 75 4 6.31 6 5 73 76 At Falls Village A 223 9 714 10 15 18 64 21 5.09 6 6 59 69 Below Entrance of Blackberry River At State Line A 224 A 225 9/14 9 714 10 11 :50 40 17 17 63 63 3 4 6.5 5.94 5.09 4 71 68 60 52 48 A 4.52 46 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 79 Statistics of Manufactures. Name of City or Borough Estimated Population a Si n IM 5* S5f COW HccPn fc H> n -S alljllfl Slip a 1 11 03 H O^ O O J H- S Breweries Rubber Wor 2 500 Partial 100 Partial 5,500 Partial 4,500 None None None None None Factory 200 None 50 None None Partial 4,000 None None None None None None None None None None Factory 50 Factory 100 Private 50 None Derby . . . 6,000 1 .... 1 2 . . 9 2 3 2 8 1 . . Shelton .... 5,000 100 oquaniucK 100 100 100 100 400 1 1 1 . . 1 300 1 Hawleyville 200 Still River 200 New Milford 4 500 . . 1 2 Boardman's Bridge Merwinsville 100 100 200 South Kent 200 Kent ... . . 500 Flanders Macedonia 100 100 North Kent 100 Cornwall .... 200 Cornwall Bridge . . 200 1 1 West Cornwall . . . Lime Rock . . 200 .... 200 Falls Village .... 200 South Canaan .... .... 100 Total . . 22.100 14.550 2622121 21 1 1 8o REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE NAUGATUCK RIVER. 81 The Naugatuck River enters the Housatonic below Derby. It has a drainage area of about 331 square miles and is a very rapid stream flowing through a narrow valley with high hills on both sides. On it are many dams and mill ponds and its flow is quite variable, in fact, during the dry season there is very little water flowing in some portions of the river. The river is badly polluted. Ansonia, Naugatuck and Waterbury empty their sew- NAUGATUCK RIVER, DERBY. age untreated into it and the manufacturing wastes from the mills and factories tend to increase further a condition already deplor- able. Foul odors are very noticeable and decomposing sludge and other deposits are visible at low water all along the banks of the river. In a number of places outhouses are located directly on the river. Above Waterbury the condition of the fiver is im- proved but from Thomaston to Torrington there are evidences of pollution. 82 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF NAUGATUCK RIVER, NAUGATUCK. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF HEALTH REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP ShOWlNG 5EWER OUTLETS NAUGATUGK CONN 86 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Number V a Q M I Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit c Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Million a 3 1 a cc 1 h 03 Hi At Mouth 158 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/26 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8/28 8:40 8 :55 9:05 9:30 9:55 10:30 10:50 11:10 11:40 12:00 12:30 12:45 9:00 9:30 10:15 10:25 10:35 10:50 11 :15 11:30 11:40 11 :55 ' 12:10 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 70 72 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 68 21 4.33 49 2.26 25 23 5.74 65 4.52 51 24 4.99 56 3.01 34 55 4.90 55 4.24 48 19 4.05 45 1.98 22 6 6.22 70 3.30 37 2 5.84 66 3.77 42 9 4.80 54 4.43 50 1 1.60 18 .75 8 8 3.86 43 1.97 22 2 4.71 53 3.48 39 3 3.48 39 3.86 43 6 4.24 47 3.01 33 6 5.37 60 4.71 53 6 5.46 60 3.86 42 3 4.90 54 2.73 30 5 4.52 50 3.58 39 8 5.09 56 5.65 62 9 5.28 58 Broken Bottle 1 4.62 51 4.14 46 4 5.18 57 5.37 59 1 4.80 53 4.80 53 3 5.61 61 6.60 71 At Derby A 159 At Ansonia A 160 Below Seymour A 161 At Seymour A 162 At Pine Bridge A 163 At Beacon Falls Below Naugatuck A 164 A 165 At Naugatuck A . . . . 166 Above Union City A 167 At Hopeville A 168 Lower End Waterbury A 169 Upper End Waterbury A 170 Above Waterville A 171 At Reynolds Bridge A 172 Below Thomaston A 173 At Thomaston A 174 Above Thomaston . A 175 At Campville A 176 At East Litchfield A 177 Below Torrington A 178 At Torrington A 170 At West Torrington A 180 A 88 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Silk Mills Textile Works w Galvanizing U Works tt Dye Works of 1 "E 73 a 3 ctf J Manufactures. to CO ~ i* V) 53 m _ " a) 8 2 IS 2 fe PL, O W Rubber Derby . 3,000 Partial Partial Factory None Factory None Partial Partial None None Complete Factory Factory None None Factory None Factory None None None Partial, None None None 2,500 15,000 2,500 200 12,000 400 80,000 400 100 600 100 18,000 3 1 Ansonia . . . . 16,140 . . 1 . 1 1 . . 1 14 1 . . Seymour . 5,284 Oxford 100 Straitsville 100 . . . . 1 .... Naugatuck . 12,400 . . 1 . . .... 1 1 3 Union City . 1,000 3 Middlebury 100 Hopeville 100 Waterbury 81,800 800 1 . . 1 1 1 5 1 2 49 . 2 4 Waterville Greystone 300 Hancock 100 . . Reynolds Bridge. . . Thomaston 100 . 3,(52G 3 * * Plymouth 800 Northfield 400 100 . . . . 1 Fluteville Esst Litchfield . . . Harwinton 100 100 18,200 200 100 100 Tcrrington . . 1 . . 1 9 West Torrington . Daytonville " * Winchester Center Total 345,350 131,800 152 1 7 1 5 100 1 3 3 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. ! .. \ \ \ \ \ \ A 7 V NAUGATUCK RIVtR 9O REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF STEEL BROOK. Steel Brook enters the Naugatuck from the west at Water- bury. It has a drainage area of about 18 square miles and is a rapid stream flowing through a quite hilly country. The river receives some pollution for its entire length and its condition is particu- larly bad below Watertown where the water is somewhat discol- ored by wastes and sewage from that city. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 1 o> 0> o3 JD "o u 1<2 Mouth 329 11/25 8 :30 1 33 f> 6.17 4? Below Southford . . . , A , 336 11/25 3 :45 2 36 1 7.60 5.98 53 A 337 11/25 4 :00 1 33 o 5.98 7 03 43 A 6.46 45 rH 0) Name of City Ti e S O p or Borough +j3 bo 9s 0)0) Bft M 5 III -H fe Pi IS CQ 5) o Southford . . 200 Factory 50 1 92 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POMPERAUG RIVER. The Pomperaug River enters the Housatonic at Bennett's Bridge. It has a drainage area of about 92 square miles and is a swift stream, flowing through a very hilly country. The river receives some pollution at South Britain but in general its con- dition is very good. Location. 1 3 * "3, W Q a c S * 22 *s "5 303 3*3 OS *J-O -j-j & Tj t* g g.a |a * |^ | 6 Ou>c3 "o-SSei fe Mouth 330 11/25 9 :25 1 33 1 8 83 62 Below South Britain A 331 11/25 9.85 69 10 :15 1 33 ft s 4.R .^Q Below Pomeraug 332 11 /25 11 '00 1 3 9.21 64 ^ *; i7 P;? At Woodbury 333 11 /25 9.59 7 11 *40 133 3 8 36 58 Below Hotchkissville . 334. 11 /9R 6.46 45 12 '20 1 33 2 12 44 87 Below Minortown on Nonewaug river 335 11 /25 8.36 58 1:30 1 33 1 8.83 62 7.22 50 Name of City or Borough T-l 2 || a "S O S- w ill c8 c3 S3 If a &~ O ci 3 i^rt -S ft QJ R 4-i 03 O HP-, CCM K2^ 0>S^ South Britain 200 Factory 50 1 200 None None Factory 50 "i Woodbury 300 Hotchkissville 300 100 None Bethlehem 100 None Total 1,200 100 2 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE SHEPAUG RIVER. 93 The Shepaug River flows into the Housatonic about 17 miles above Derby. It has a drainage area of about 154 square miles and a fall of about 30 feet to the mile. It flows through a rough and hilly region of crystalline rock formation. The general con- dition of this river is quite good, though there appears to be some pollution where it enters the Housatonic. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. JO Z 2 ft a o> mp'arature Qtigrade mperature hrenheit a ssolved Oxy rts Per Mill 3 aS CO ^ 1 ;_, A CS P o W CD QJ EHO E-H P S PH At Mouth ... 186 9 /I 9 :55 24 75 3 3 58 41 A */ / J. 4^99 58 At Roxbury Falls 187 9/1 10:15 24 75 1 4.14 48 A 4.80 86 At Roxbury Station . . . 188 9 /l 10 :50 23 73 1 4 43 51 A *^ / * 4.62 53 Below Washington 189 9/1 11:15 23 73 12 4.62 53 A 4.90 56 Above New Preston . 190 9 /I 11 :40 23 73 21 5 09 58 A / 4.14 47 Name of City or Borough I Statistics of Manu- factures. II |1 ? M &% !f s 1 Roxbury Falls . . 100 None 1 Roxbury Station . 100 None Roxbury 500 Partial 100 Judd's Bridge 100 None o Washington 500 Partial 100 Washington Station 100 None o New Freston 100 None o Rjomford 100 None o Morris Station . . . ... 100 None o Woodvllle 100 None Warren 100 None Milton 100 None o East Cornwall 100 None o West Goshen 300 None o Bantam 500 Partial 300 2 Bantam Falls 100 None Litchfleld 1,500 Disposal plant 1,000 Goshen 300 None Total . . . 4,800 1,500 2 1 94 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE STILL RIVER. The Still River enters the Housatonic from the west at Still- river, about two miles below New Milford. It has a drainage area of about 63 square miles. It is a fairly rapid stream flowing STILL RIVER AT DANBURY. through a rolling country of low hills. On it are many small dams and mill ponds. The river is badly polluted for its entire length but conditions are particularly offensive just below Dan- bury. Danbury treats its sewage and most of the pollution is due to manufacturing wastes. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. u FOLurriotg REPORT ON INVESTIGATFON OF I' DfVOTC* A* 1. A, res \ V v STILL RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 97 Location. Sample Number 2 oJ p I 5 * if a> a> Temperature Fahrenheit Colon Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Million Per Cent. Saturation At Mouth . . . . .... . . 196 9/2 9/2 9/2 9/2 9/2 9/2 4:15 3:50 3:25 3:05 2:45 2:30 26 26 26 26 26 26 79 79 79 79 79 79 5 3 22 10 12 32 4.9 3.3 6.5 5.37 4.14 2.73 4.33 3.11 2.26 .47 4.71 1.98 59 40 7!) 65 50 52 57 27 5 57 24 Below Brookfield A . . 195 At Brookfield Junction A . . 194 Below Danbury A 193 At Danbury oppo R R Station.... A . . 192 Above Danbury A 191 A rH s Name of City ^ g or Borough , Estimated Sewage Population Silk Mills M Galvanizing Works a Textile Works 2 Cfi of 8 ^ w 5 Manufactures. m O W "c -a III!! W 3 P, -M Cd rf ^ oj CD Lanesville 100 None Plant 100 2,000 25,000 Brookfield . . 300 Factory 1 Brookfield Junction 50 None Bethel . . . 3,978 Partial 1 1 14 2 39 4 i o Danbury 25,122 Disposal 2 1 i 1 4 All 11 Plain 100 None 2 1 53 6 11 Total . . 29 600 27,100 2 i 1 4 THE TEN MILE RIVER. The Ten Mile River enters the Housatonic about two miles above Gaylordsville. It has a drainage area of about 75 square miles, most of which is in the state of New York. There are no towns in Connecticut on the river. At its entrance into the Hous- atonic is seems to be in very good condition. 98 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. I o ra II t HO At Mouth 211 9 /8 11 :45 26 79 13 6.88 80 A 6.44 75 THE BLACKBERRY RIVER. The Blackberry River enters the Housatonic from the east about three miles below the State Line. It has a drainage area of about 48 square miles and flows through a rather narrow lime- stone valley. The river shows some signs of pollution at Ca- naan and East Canaan but its general condition is not bad. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. | a a "5 03 O ? 03 J3 B Location. I ^ dS S Z F ^ -*^ 03 T3 ^< * d 03^ 03 - 1 -" ! 3 B I ,.P o, ? a "3 w o !-g g^ o g-g ^ 9 ia o g 02 Q M HO Hfc O QPi dn At Mouth 22fi 9/14 12 :00 13 KS 7 fi.03 fifi ^ 5.75 54 <\ t Canaan 227 9/14 12*45 1 3 55 3 6 22 58 A 5.56 52 At East Canaan . . 228 9/14 1 '30 ' 3 55 5 7.44 70 6.22 58 Statistics of * Manufactures. Cl Name of City or Borough si 03 | | a 4 J i 3 o> ' S a *3 1 115 S S <"> "^ ^ s a 13 n & "to *n fe P* ,* o a -2 cs w o 03 t^> CC ^) O HP- WtQ EHCCM W O H S C' 1,000 Disposal Plant 800 1 ... 1,000 Factory 500 1 .. 1 2 Cr w 100 None None pot NTnrfnlk 100 No rfnl1r 1,600 Disposal Plant 1,500 1 . . 1 . . .. Total , 3,800 2,800 12112 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 99 THE WEQUETEQUOCK RIVER. The Wequetequock River enters Long Island Sound just east of Stonington. It is practically a tidal estuary with the town of Wequetequock at its head. It shows some signs of pollution though its condition on the whole is fairly good. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. g 2-2 s &| HO fl O 02 I Is O QpLn Mouth at R. R. Bridge At Trolley Bridge 124 8/17 2:15 25 73 7 3.63 43 A 3.38 40 125 8/17 2.45 25 73 13 4.01 47 A 3.38 40 IOO REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE MYSTIC RIVER. The Mystic River flows into Mystic Harbor at Mystic. It has a drainage area of about 23 square miles and flows through a hilly, wooded region. On it are the towns of Mystic and Old Mystic. The river seems badly polluted for its entire length. Its condition is relieved somewhat by the tidal flow of water brought in from the Sound. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 1 "S a ca as i i* 3 ~ emperature entigrade emperature ahrenhelt "o issolved Oxyg arts Per Milli er Cent. Satur Q q HO Hfc O QP-i &< ^ r Mouth 120 8 717 10 :55 25 73 1 2 58 ?0 A 2.67 31 At Mystic 121 8/17 11 10 OK 70 14 2 67 31 A 2.19 26 Tlpl ow Old Mystic 122 8/17 11 45 25 73 3 2.86 34 A 1.91 22 THE POQUONOC RIVER. The Poquonoc River enters Long Island Sound just west of Stonington. It is practically a tidal estuary with the village of Poquonoc Bridge at its head. It shows signs of some pollution. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Dissolved Oxygen vocation H "n ej W -2 Q 3 s S* fil ft HO Temperatun Fahrenheit Colon Parts Per M Per Cent. 9a Mouth . 126 8/18 11:20 24 75 1 3.53 41 At Railroad Bridge A 127 8/18 12:00 24 75 4 2.77 3.63 32 42 At Poquonnoo Bridge A . 128 8/18 12:30 24 75 3 3.34 4.49. 39 52 A 3.53 41 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE NIANTIC RIVER. 101 The Niantic River flows into the Sound at Niantic. It has a drainage area of about 35 square miles and receives a large quan- tity of salt water at every tide. There are no towns of anv size on this river, but the camp grounds of the National Guard and a camp of the Spiritualistic sect are on its banks. The river shows some signs of pollution but its general condition is not bad. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. imple Number ri o' ?mperature mtigrade |1 a _O c c 3r Cent. Saturation 02 Q a HO H&H QPL, PM At Mouth 129 8/18 > 30 24 75 4 13 48 A 3.25 38 Opposite Division Point 130 8 /18 3 :00 24 75 4 01 47 A 3.25 38 Head of Navigation 131 8/18 g 15 24 75 8 3 91 -15 A 2.86 33 102 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE HAMMONASSET RIVER. The Hammonasset River flows into the Sound below Clinton. It has a drainage area of about 45 square miles and is a sluggish stream except in its upper reaches. There are no towns on this river and the houses on its drainage area are widely separated. The river shows signs of pollution at its mouth which is probably caused by fishery wastes. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 1 1- a G as 11 Saturation "Srt "S-S "S o *j a? "3, g -2 *H 0) bfl II l 6 w s w HO CI 5 5(S o> 0. Mouth ... . 349 12/4 2:00 1.8 35 ^> 4.65 3?; A 4.08 28 Five Miles above Mouth 350 12/4 3:00 7 33 1 5.41 38 A 5.89 41 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE WEST RIVER (Guilford). 103 The West River enters the Sound at Guilford. It has a drain- age area of about 19 square miles and is a sluggish stream flowing through marsh and meadow land. The river is discolored from its mouth to Guilford, above which place its condition improves. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Number 03 <3 p c fl o> o OJ p ? 4- OS 11 2l 11 m bo o> P 5 t, ev^ ft g c o _w O QJ 5) >> W O ^J cccc HwCM co ^j ^P IS Guilford 2,000 Partial 1,000 1 IO4 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE BRANFORD RIVER. The Branford River flows into Long Island Sound just below Branford. It has a drainage area of about 22 square miles and is a rather sluggish stream except in its upper reaches where it flows through a very hilly country sparsely settled. The river shows signs of pollution from its mouth to Branford. Above Branford its condition is fair. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. .Location. "p, & w S & 1 Temperatul Centigrade Temperatul Fahrenheit a _O "o Dissolved O Parts Per IV Per Cent. S Mouth 344 12/4 12/4 12/4 9:40 10:20 11:00 3 2 8 37 1 6 3 4.46 4.84 5.13 5.89 6.36 6.55 33 35 37 42 44 46 At Branford A 345 Below North Branford A 346 A I Statistics of * ! Manufactures. Name of City -a e EH or Borough .: o ^ ~ II s 1-2 w III S6& 1 cc 1(2 TOO} Pw^ % CJ Branford . 3,000 Partial 1,500 2 1 200 None Total . 3,200 1,500 2 , 1 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE QUINNIPIAC RIVER. 105 The Quinnipiac River flows into New Haven Harbor. It has a drainage area of about 155 square miles and is tidal to Quinni- piac, a distance of about 10 miles. It is a sluggish stream flow- ing through a wide valley of sandstone and glacial formation. From Plainville to New Haven the river falls only five feet to the mile. The principal sources of pollution are the sewer out- lets along its banks at New Haven, the sewage of Wallingford, the wastes from the factories at South Meriden, Milldale, Flants- ville and Southington and the factory wastes at Meriden through Harbor Brook. It also receives the effluent from the Meriden. sewage beds and that from the Southington sewage treatment plant. Major fish life has practically disappeared in the vicinity of New Haven and several private oyster beds have had to be abandoned. io6 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF REPORT TO GCNtRAL AiiCMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MF SHOWING stwtd OUfLtTS MCRIDtN CONN HARBOR BROOK AT MERIDEN. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 107 lONUtGTIGin STATE BOA.PD Or ntALTH RCPORT TO 6CICRAL A55tM8LY ON 5TRCAM POLLUTION MW> SHOWING itwtu OUTLETS HCW MAVCN COMN io8 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 109 Location. II I cl 1 w c3 Q K cti "3 5fi 03 cu At Mouth 202 9/3 10 "55 24 75 3.19 37 A 3.90 46 At New Haven, Grand Ave 203 9/3 11 :05 24 75 26 3.58 41 A 3.39 39 At Shore Line R. R. Bridge, New Haven . . . 20 t 9/3 11:15 24 75 20 3.48 40 A 2.73 32 Opposite Montowese . , 205 9/3 11 :30 24 75 3.11 36 A 2.83 33 Opposite North Haven . 206 9/3 12 :05 24 75 17 4.52 52 A 4.14 48 At Quinnipiac 207 9/3 1 :10 24 75 5.09 59 A 4.37 41 Below Wallingford 132 8/21 1 :30 26 79 2 5.84 71 A 6.78 82 At Yalesville 133 8/21 1 :50 26 79 5 5.46 66 A 5.09 61 At South Meriden 134 8/21 2 :30 25 77 17 2.04 31 A 1.31 15 Below Milldale 136 8/21 3 :40 24 75 35 3.77 44 A 4.52 52 At Plantsville 137 8/21 3 :50 24 75 6 3.11 36 A 1.41 16 At Southington 140 8/21 5 :50 24 75 32 3.30 38 A 3.58 41 Above Southington , . ,139 8/21 5 :20 24 75 34 3.96 46 A 4.14 48 Below Plainville 138 8/21 4 :50 23 73 97 4.52 52 A 4.05 46 Harbor Brook Mouth 135 8/21 3 :00 28 82 88 2.46 31 A 2.54 32 iH Statistics of Manufactures. bfl Name of City or Borough II 03 fcc 1.1 03 o | 5 1 3 II "-3 P, 2 If ^"" Q) c3 s * -o d C3 E3&H CO CO [j3 co j CQ of O OH *= CO New Haven (part) 26.700 Complete 26,500 1 1 1 4 . . 100 None o 300 None o Quinnipiac 100 None Wallingford 8,690 Partial 8,500 . . 7 1 13.. . . Yalesville .... 600 Factory 300 . . 1 Meriden 33,414 Disposal plant 33,400 1 6 1 2 22 3 3 South Meriden 300 None o Milldale 300 Factory 150 2 Marion 100 None . . Plantsville 3 000 Partial 2 000 5 Southington .... 3,000 Disposal plant 2,000 . . - .. .. 6 .. Total 76,604 72,850 2 14 4 43 no REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF qUIMMIPIAC RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. Ill THE MILL RIVER. The Mill River enters the Quinnipiac just above the head of New Haven Harbor. It has a drainage area of about 44 square miles, is a sluggish stream and in the lower part of the town of Hamden is dammed to impound water for one of the main sup- plies of New Haven, Lake Whitney. The river is badly polluted in its lower portion by storm overflows f rorn the New Haven sew- erage system and by several factories along its banks. Below Centerville the river shows considerable pollution probably from the textile factory located there. This factory is installing a plant for the treatment of its wastes which will no doubt improve the condition of the river at this point. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Nt -2 oj Q o W 2 sJ? CD O E-0 Temperati. Fahrenhei H "o O Dissolved Parts Per Per Cent. 5 Mouth 201 9 /3 10 10 24 75 5 3 01 35 New Haven State St Bridge . . , A , . . 150 8 /25 11 : 40 94 75 23 2.45 1 79 28 Augerville A 151 8/25 12 20 24 75 o 2.07 4 99 24 Below Centerville A 152 8 /25 12 in 24 75 o 5.75 4 05 67 47 At Mt Carmel A 153 8 /25 1 00 22 72 16 2.35 4 62 27 A 4.71 53 Name of City or Borough CO 03 S New Haven (part) 45,000 Complete 45,000 Augerville 100 None Centerville 200 Factory 100 Mt. Carmel 400 Factory 200 Cheshire 500 Private 100 Total 46,200 45,400 12 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF NEW HAVEN N S 4 V *s 1$~ *$ lo U fc3 ?> Mi " 3.000 le.o. 7 Miues z 4- G> MILL RIVER So ZS Zo 'bo Zoooo \ / THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 113 THE WEST RIVER. The W r est River flows into the New Haven Harbor. It has a drainage area of about 37 square miles. It is a sluggish stream in its lower reaches and flows through salt meadows. Its upper por- tion has considerable fall and several dams and mill ponds are located on it. It receives the wastes of fertilizing factories in West Haven and of factories and paper mills in Westville. Two storm overflow sewers from the New Haven system discharge into it. The condition of the river is bad. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 2 2 5- 5' o, a a a o &A 3 PC At Mouth . 200 9 /3 10 :15 24 7S 1 2 45 9S At Allingtown 157 8 /25 4 :00 24 75 2.45 3 1.88 28 ?? Below Westville 1 fifi R /2R 3 -30 24 75 .56 12 4 05 6 47 Lower portion of Westville 155 8 /25 3 :00 24 75 3.67 1 .471 43 5 A Above Westville and Pond Lily Laundry 1K4- * /?? 2 '40 24 75 .282 5 18 3 60 A 3.86 45 Statistics of H Manufactures Name of City or Borough Oi T-t ?| a 8 1 t 8 N 1 .9 o in 1 11 gg I Si +3 te P, i 9 d 3 H CQCQ W 5,0 HC- a Si m i 8 543 Partial 6,000 . . 2 . . 25 000 Complete 25,000 . . 1 1 Westville 3 000 Factory 2,500 1 ^ 4 Total . . 36,543 33,500 1 i 2 1 5 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OK Soooo Eoooo MILES WEST RIVER THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 115 THE PEQUONIC RIVER. The Fequonic River flows into Bridgeport Harbor. It has a drainage area of about 36 square miles. It is a sluggish stream and its lower portion is tidal up to Berkshire Dam. The river is very badly polluted all along Bridgeport ; 23 sewer outlets empty into it in a distance of one and one-half miles. The water is badly discolored and at periods of low water the odor is extremely of- fensive. REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF CONNECTICUT STATE BOARO Or HEALTH REPORT TO GENERAL A55CMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION SHOWING SEWER OUTLETS Of THE CITY BRIDGEPORT CT THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 117 u8 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF YELLOW MILL POND, BRIDGEPORT. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 119 Location. Sample Number o> cS Q - 1 Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit a o Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Million - I 3 c3 CD I h a; "-. At Mouth, opp. N. Y. N. H. & H. R. R. . 275 J 9/29 9/29 ) 9/29 9/29 L J 9 /29 9/29 5 9/29 L 5 9/29 1 t 9/29 ^ 9/29 k. J 9/29 L L 9/29 i. ) 9/29 L 9/10 L 5 9/29 L 1 1:15 1 :00 12:50 12:40 12:30 12:20 12:10 12 :00 11:55 11 :45 11:30 11 :15 11:00 4:25 4:50 18 18 IS IS IS IS 18 IS IS 18 IS IS IS 23 2:; 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 04 64 64 64 64 73 73 12 14 18 3 25 3 1 1 4 2 3 o 2.51 3.81 1.30 0.18 1.30 0.27 0.74 0.37 2.51 0.46 0.83 0.46 1.11 0.37 1.02 0.83 0.93 0.55 1.39 1.39 1.02 0.55 0.55 0.27 1.02 0.55 3.39 0.84 6.22 4.05 26 39 L3 1 L3 2 7 3 26 4 8 4 1 1 3 10 8 '.) 5 1 1 1 1 LO 5 5 2 IK 5 39 l) 71 46 Freight Yards Below Salts Textile Company . A 271 Oppo McNeil Coal Co 1 27( Below Congress St Bridge . . . A 26! Oppo Bridgeport Crucible Co 1 265 Oppo. Conn. Web & Buckle Co. Oppo Sprague Ice & Coal Co 1 26 r 1 . ?(\< 1 Below East Washington Ave. Bridge. 26? 1 Oppo F Miller Lumber Co ... 2fU Oppo. Armstrong Mfg. Co. . . . 1 .... 2er Oppo. A. W. Burritt Lumber Co. Oppo. J. A. Black Coal & Wood Oppo. Berkshire Coal Yard . . . ; .... 26: J: Co. . 26] 1 26( Above Berkshire Coal Yd., above At Trumbull 1 Dam 22] i 22* ! Yellow Mill Pond, Bridgeport . .... 22( > 9/10 3: 45 23 73 1 2.16 0.84 24 1 1 J * rH OS rH Name of City ^ fl or Borough gi II gi -i- O, fe OT wo 5 &30-I CCCO Estimated Sewage Population Silk Mills Breweries w Textile Works g. Galvanizing Works Dye Works Mj Manufactures. X 53 O M K 2 a * s . s s ! o E N to <5 ;> ! 1 1 fe 1 ! a CJ C3 S^ OS ^ O H^ fe^ PH CC ^ I o " 0) Bridgeport 114,447 Complete N. Bridgeport, 200 None Trumbull 100 None Long Hill 100 Factory Stepney 100 None 114,400 50 1 3 6 5 2 2 10 1 8 2 1 83 i Total 114,977 114,450 1 3 7 5 2 2 10 1 8 2 1 83 120 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE PEQUONIG RIVER AT BRIDGEPORT THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. THE SAUGATUCK RIVER. 121 The Saugatuck River enters Long Island Sound at Westport. It has a drainage area of about 95 square miles. It is a shallow CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD Of MEALTM REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP 5HOWNG THE DRMNAGE AREA SAUGATUCK & NORWALK. RIVERS stream in some portions and flows through a hilly wooded re- gion. The river does not show much sign of pollution except along Westport and below West Redding. 122 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAUGATUCK RIVER, WESTPORT. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. I2 3 Location. Sample Number -2 ci Q & Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit "o u Dissolved Oxyge Parts Per Millio Per Cent. Satura At At Bel Abi Al At Bel Mouth (Saugatucks 229 9/15 9/15 9/15 9/15 9/15 9 /1 5 9/15 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 :30 :30 :45 :45 :45 :45 :30 24 24 24 22 19 19 17 75 75 75 72 66 66 63 () 2.86 3.58 3.48 1.69 8.86 7.92 10.46 8.01 7.73 8.20 S.20 7.54 5.G5 4.71 45 41 40 19 103 92 118 90 82 87 87 80 58 48 Westport ow Entrance of West Branch... )ve Entrance of Aspetuck River . Lyon Plains A . 230 A . 231 A . 233 A 234 Valley Forge ow West Reddirg . A . 235 A 236 A <* Statistics of Manufactures C3 K x M CO Name of City * T3 H W i* O 15 or Borough V g 2 t ( 5 ^ 1 11 -i- ft CO O S| 5 * "5 cu X LUTN MAP SHO^IWG 3tWtR Oo'LETa flows through a hilly, well wooded country. The river is badly polluted from South Norwalk to Norwalk and is very much dis- colored below Georgetown. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 125 NORWALK RIVER, SOUTH NORWALK. 126 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF NORWALK RIVER, NORWALK. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 127 Location. Sample Number p t- s o Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit Colon Dissolved Oxygen Parts Per Million 1 1 0) GO I c C- At Mouth (Norwalk Harbc At South Norwalk r) . . . . 250 9/18 3:45 9/18 4:00 9/18 4:30 9/17 11:00 9/15 6:45 9/15 6:25 9/15 6:00 22 22 22 22 IS 15 15 72 72 72 72 64 59 59 17 4.92 3.25 3.44 2.60 2.79 0.93 7.62 5.24 6.33 6.60 8.48 6.21 6.78 5.84 55 36 38 29 LO S7 (Hi 66 69 s:; 66 57 A 251 At Norwalk A . . . 252 Below Winnepaug A 240 At Wilton A 239 Below Georgetown A 238 Below Sanford Station A 237 A Name of City or Borough Estimated Population 1914 Sewerage System Estimated Sewage Population Metal Works 5? Paper Mills ? Laundries o Textile Works Manufactures V. M t-i X I c 1 | ~ -S -3 ^ CC C W % P 5 S >! | 1 S ffi 0^ S South Norwalk 4,450 7,200 200 100 100 100 400 200 50 Partial Partial None None None None Factory Factory None 4,000* 6 2 7,000 8 2 7,000 .... 1 1 4 6 . 11 3 . . 1 1 1 Norwalk Winnepaug South Wilton Wilton Cannon 1 Georgetown 100 100 2 Branchville Sanford 12,800 11,200 17 4 2 10 3 11 1 1 1 'Not sewage from South Norwalk empties into Norwalk Harbor. 128 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE FIVE MILE RIVER. The Five Mile River enters Long Island Sound at Rowayton. It has a drainage area of about 23 square miles and flows through CONKCTICUT STATE BOARD Of HEALTH REPORT TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOWN6 THE DRNNAGE AREA FWEMILE^NOROTON'MILL'MIAMJS RNERS'HORSENBA BR/GREEW1GH CR, a hilly region in its upper portion. The river is in fair condition except at its mouth and below New Canaan. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 129 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. o o s 1 I *= 2 Location. , :-> o^ 02 ft 0) 8 a sS IV OP ^0 II a _0 "3 t! .253 GPU Cu At Mouth 249 9 718 2:45 22 7? o 5.58 63 A 5.20 58 Below West Norwalk 242 9/17 12:10 23 73 12 6.23 71 A 5.57 64 Below New Canaan . . . 241 9/17 12:00 23 73 3 5.08 58 A 4.75 54 THE NOROTON RIVER. The Noroton River enters Long Island Sound between Noroton and Stam'ford. It has a drainage area of about 13 square miles. It flows sluggishly through a rolling country. There are no towns on this river but several highways border the river with scattered houses on them. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. h o o ~CS 2 >SiH 3 Location h p ^ G a 4- 1 3 II ft| a || oj CQ S B O> QJ o> eS cu At Mouth , . 246 9/18 11:50 22 72 2.54 28 A 6.20 29 Above R. R. Bridge near Mouth 243 9/17 2:45 25 77 6.06 72 A 3.93 46 At Darien and New Canaan Boundary 244 9/17 4:00 23 73 15 5.57 64 A 4.51 51 I3O REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE MILL RIVER (Fairfield County). The Mill River enters the Sound at Stamford. It has a drain- age area of about 30 square miles. It flows slowly through a roll- STATE s Of ntAUn StNtPUl 1SSCM81Y ON STREAM POLLUTION MAP SHOW!*; 5C*CR OUTLETS STAMfORO CT ing well wooded region. Stamford is about the only town from which it receives pollution, at which place the condition of the river is not very good. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. Sample Number % H Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit a o Dissolved Oxvgen Farts Per Million p 2 3 4-J A 4. 65 47 Above Stamford 254 9 724 9 ' 30 17 63 7 'H 76 A 5, 67 58 Below North Stamford . . . 328 11 724 8: 30 2 36 16 7 6"} *>*) A 7 12 51 Statistics of ^ Manufactures. a CO Name of City or Borough H H p | 1 a o si 5 1 a Works 1 a M S 1 "3 05 O mm E o>P CQHH 1 1 09 a O 3 eS CM 0) Stamfoftf . 28,836 Comnlete 100 1 3 1 3 2 10 North 100 Non o Tota 1 . . 28,936 100 1 3 1 3 2 10 THE MIANUS RIVER. The Mianus River flows into Cos Cob Harbor. It has a drain- age area of about 30 square miles. It is a sluggish stream flow- ing through a rolling region of meadow and farm land. It is badly polluted in its lower portion and its condition is particu- larly bad at Mianus where it receives the wastes from a large tex- tile factory. * Stamford discharges its sewage into Long Island Sound through two out- lets. (See map.) 132 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AXD DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location (H | 01 1 1 & Q h I Temperature Centigrade Temperature Fahrenheit Colon Dissolved Oxygen Farts Per Million Per Cent. Saturation At Mouth (Cos Cob) 259 9/24 11 :30 20 68 7 2 11 12 Above Mianus 255 9/24 10-35 18 64 1.02 11 9 U Above Mianus Mfg Co 256 9 /24 11 *00 18 64 0.0 0.0 1 7 71 SO Below Stanwich A 258 9 /24 12 -9n 17 63 5.85 61 6 88 70 6.97 70 Opposite Stanwich 257 9 / 9 4 1 i -i=;n 17 63 8 65 1 RR A 6.69 68 Name of City Oi rH p :!! or Borough % 2 Si 2 .H 03^ | | s S3 " 3 ^O C ft f to sf 3^ H cn w Hota 03 (2 300 Factory 200 i Stanwich .... .... 100 None o Total 4 )0 200 i GREENWICH CREEK. Greenwich Creek enters Indian Harbor just east of Green- wich. It has a drainage area of about 10 square miles. At its mouth it shows signs of pollution but for the remainder of its course its condition is not bad. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location e Number s o> DS fi- 2 ^ fl 1 l nt. Saturation ft C..S? e, g a o a e ~ fli W t^ as o 0) o a; oi cti 50 Q w E-0 Pl^ Mouth . 324 11 /24 11:00 4 39 5 5.51 41 A 10.07 77 Above Greenwich . . 327 11/24 12 -40 1 qo 11 6.93 48 A 10.54 74 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 133 HORSENECK BROOK. Horseneck Brook enters Greenwich Harbor. It has a drain- age area of about eight square miles. It is badly polluted at its mouth but above, its condition is not objectionable. SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. a a S3 h Location 2 3 05 fr-0 ^g 3 E S Mouth . 323 11/24 10:20 5 41 11 4.46 c. 4 A 7.88 61 Opposite Greenwich Center 325 11 /24 11 :45 2 36 2 7.69 55 A 11.59 83 Above Greenwich 326 11 /24 12 :10 2 36 7 7.12 51 A 11.59 83 134 REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF THE BYRAM RIVER. The Byram River enters Long Island Sound at Portchester, and is for the most part a shallow stream flowing through a rugged well wooded region. It is tidal for a distance of about one and one-half miles from its mouth and has a drainage area of about 30 square miles, part of which is in New York state. LOMG ISLAND SOUND During a part of the year the entire flow of the west branch above the state line is diverted into the Bronx River drainage ba- sin. On the date of the examination the river appeared to be in fair condition except below Glenville, where the water was some- what discolored and at Portchester where it was badly discolored and carried considerable floating matter. THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 135 SAMPLING STATIONS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN. Location. 1 ~ > 22 h t** 1 -* oi cd 3. a 2 g ^ bJD c.~ il o 1? cS 02 Q o W 0) 0> HO