THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED BY SrOTTISTOODE AND CO., NEW-STEEET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STEEEI 007* DICTIONARY GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. EDITED BY WILLIAM L SMITH, LL.D. EDITOR OF THE " DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES." ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I. ABAEUS — DYSPONTEUS. LONDON : JAMES WALTON, 137 GOWER STREET. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. M.DCCC.LXIX. DR. WILLIAM SMITH'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARIES. Sufrseripttoit (iBinticm. These important dictionaries — written by the most eminent Scholars, and edited by Dr. William Smith — have been long acknowledged to be indispensable to every Library, and. every Student. 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The Works may also be obtained of any Bookseller at the above prices for Cash. JAMES WALTON, Bookseller and Publisher to University College. 137, Gower Street, W.C., London, October 1st, 1869. LIST OF WRITERS. £>E AT! A. A. Alexander Allen, Ph. D. C. T. A. Charles Thomas Arnold, M. A. One of the Masters in Rugby School. J. E. B. John Ernest Bode, M. A. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Ch. A. B. Christian A. Brandis, Professor in the University of Bonn. E. H. B. Edward Herbert Bunburt, M. A. Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. A J. C. Albany James Christie, M. A. Late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. A. H. C. Arthur Hugh Clough, M. A. Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. G.E.L. C. George Edward Lynch Cotton, M. A. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; one of the Masters in Rugby School. Samuel Davidson, LL.D. William Fishburn Donkin, M. A. Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford. "William Bodham Donne. Thomas Dyer. Edward Elder, M.A. Head Master of Durham School. John Thomas Graves, M.A., F.R.S. "William Alexander Greenhill, M. D. Trinity College, Oxford. A. G. Algernon Grenfell, M. A. One of the Masters in Rugby School. S. D. W. F. D. W. B. D. T.D. E.E. J. T. G. W. A. G, vi LIST OF WRITERS. INITIALS. NAMES. W. M. G. William Maxwell Gunn, One of the Masters in the High School, Edinburgh. W. I. William Ihne, Ph. D. Of the University of Bonn. B. J. Benjamin Jowett, M. A. Fellow and Tutor of Baliol College, Oxford. H. G. L. Henry George Liddell, M. A. Head Master of Westminster School. G. L. George Long, M. A. Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J. M. M. John Morell Mackenzie, M. A. C. P. M. Charles Peter Mason, B. A. Fellow of University College, London. J, C. M. Joseph Calrow Means. H. H. M. Henry Hart Milman, M. A. Prebendary of St. Peter's, Westminster. A. de M. Augustus de Morgan. Professor of Mathematics in University College, London. W. P. William Plate, LL. D. C. E. P. Constantine Estlln Prichard, B. A. Fellow of Baliol College, Oxford. W. R. William Bamsay, M. A. Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow. L. S. Leonhard Schmitz, Ph. D., F.R. S.E. Rector of the High School of Edinburgh. P. S. Philip Smith, B. A. Of University College, London. A. P. S. Arthur Penryhn Stanley, M. A. Fellow and Tutor of University College, Oxford. A. S. Adolph Stahr, Professor in the Gymnasium of Oldenburg. L. U. Ludwig Urlichs, Professor in the University of Bonn. R. W. Robert Whiston, M. A. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. The Articles which have no initials attached to them are written by the Editor. PREFACE. The present work has been conducted on the same principles, and is designed mainly for the use of the same persons, as the " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities." It has been long- felt by most persons engaged in the study of Antiquity, that something better is required than we yet possess in the English language for illustrating the Biography, Literature, and Mythology, of the Greek and Roman writers, and for enabling a diligent student to read them in the most profitable manner. The writings of modern continental philologists, as well as the works of some of our own scholars, have cleared up many of the difficulties connected with these subjects, and enabled us to attain to more correct knowledge and more comprehensive views than were formerly possessed. The articles in this Dictionary have been founded on a careful examination of the original sources ; the best modern authorities have been diligently consulted ; and no labour has been spared in order to bring up the subject to the present state of philological learning upon the continent as well as at home. A work, like the present, embracing the whole circle of ancient history and literature for upwards of two thousand years, would be the labour of at least one man's life, and could not in any case be written satisfactorily by a single individual, as no one man possesses the requisite knowledge of all the sub- jects of which it treats. The lives, for instance, of the ancient mathema- ticians, jurists, and physicians, require in the person who writes them a competent knowledge of mathematics, law, and medicine ; and the same remark applies, to a greater or less extent, to the history of philosophy, the arts, and numerous other subjects. The Editor of the present work has been fortunate in obtaining the assistance of scholars, who had made certain departments of anti- quity their particular study, and he desires to take this opportunity of returning his best thanks to them for their valuable aid, by which he has been able to pro- duce a work which could not have been accomplished by any single person. The initials of each writer's name are given at the end of the articles he has written, and a list of the names of the contributors is prefixed to the work. The biographical articles in this work include the names of all persons of any importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down to the extinction of the Western Empire in the year 476 of our era, and to the extinction of the Eastern Empire by the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the year 1453. The lives of historical personages occurring in the history of the Byzantine empire are treated with comparative brevity, but accom- viii PREFACE. parried by sufficient references to ancient writers to enable tbe reader to obtain further information if he wishes. It has not been thought advisable to omit the lives of such persons altogether, as has usually been done in classical dictiona- ries; partly because there is no other period shoit of the one chosen at which a stop can conveniently be made ; and still more because the civil history of the Byzantine empire is more or less connected with the history of literature and science, and, down to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, there was an interrupted series of Greek writers, the omission of whose lives and of an account of their works would be a serious deficiency in any work which aspired to give a complete view of Greek literature. The relative length of the articles containing the lives of historical persons cannot be fixed, in a work like the present, simply by the importance of a man's life. It would be impossible to give within any reasonable compass a full and elaborate account of the lives of the great actors in Greek and Roman history ; nor is it necessary : for the lives of such persons are conspicuous parts of history and, as such, are given at length in historical works. On the contrary, a Dic- tionary of Greek and Roman Biography is peculiarly useful for the lives of those persons who do not occupy so prominent a position in history, since a know- ledge of their actions and character is oftentimes of great importance to a proper understanding of the ancient writers, and information respecting such persons cannot be obtained in any other quarter. Accordingly, such articles have had a space assigned to them in the work which might have been deemed dispropor- tionate if it were not for this consideration. Woodcuts of ancient coins are given, wherever they could be referred to any individual or family. The draw- ings have been made from originals in the British Museum, except in a few cases, where the authority for the drawing is stated in the article. More space, relatively, has been given to the Greek and Roman Writers than to any other articles, partly because we have no complete history of Greek and Roman Literature in the English language, and partly because the writings of modern German scholars contain on this subject more than on any other a store of valuable matter which has not yet found its way into English books, and has, hitherto, only partially and in a few instances, exercised any influence on our course of classical instruction. In these articles a full account of the Works, as well as of the Lives, of the Writers is given, and, likewise, a list of the best editions of the works, together with references to the principal modern works upon each subject. The lives of all Christian Writers, though usually omitted in similar publi- cations, have likewise been inserted in the present Work, since they constitute an important part of the history of Greek and Roman literature, and an account of their biography and writings can be attained at present only by consulting a con- siderable number of voluminous works. These articles are written rather from a literary than a theological point of view ; and accordingly the discussion of strictly PREFACE. IX theological topics, such as the subjects might easily have given rise to, has been carefully avoided. Care has been taken to separate the mythological articles from those of an his- torical nature, as a reference to any part of the book will shew. As it is necessary to discriminate between the Greek and Italian Mythology, an account of the Greek divinities is given under their Greek names, and of the Italian divinities under their Latin names, a practice which is universally adopted by the continental writers, which has received the sanction of some of our own scholars, and is moreover of such importance in guarding against endless confusions and mistakes as to require no apology for its introduction into this work. In the treatment of the articles them- selves, the mystical school of interpreters has been avoided, and those principles followed which have been developed by Voss, Buttmann, Welcker, K. O. Miiller, Lobeck, and others. Less space, relatively, has been given to these articles than to any other portion of the work, as it has not been considered necessary to repeat all the fanciful speculations which abound in the later Greek writers and in modern books upon this subject. The lives of Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, have been treated at considerable length, and an account is given of all their works still extant, or of which there is any record in ancient writers. These articles, it is hoped, will be useful to the artist as well as to the scholar. Some difficulty has been experienced respecting the admission or rejection of cer- tain names, but the following is the general principle which has been adopted. The names of all persons are inserted, who are mentioned in more than one passage of an ancient writer : but where a name occurs in only a single passage, and nothing more is known of the person than that passage contains, that name is in general omitted. On the other hand, the names of such persons are inserted when they are intimately connected with some great historical event, or there are other persons of the same name with whom they might be confounded. When there are several persons of the same name, the articles have been arranged either in chronological or some alphabetical order. The latter plan has been usually adopted, where there are many persons of one name, as in the case of Alexander, Antiochus, and others, in which cases a chronological arrangement would stand in the way of ready reference to any particular individual whom the reader might be in search of. In the case of Roman names, the chronological order has, for obvious reasons, been always adopted, and they have been given under the cognomens, and not under the gentile names. There is, however, a separate article devoted to each gens, in which is inserted a list of all the cognomens of that gens. In a work written by several persons it is almost impossible to obtain exact uni- formity of reference to the ancient Writers, but this has been done as far as was possible. Wherever an author is referred to by page, the particular edition used by the writer is generally stated ; but of the writers enumerated below, the following vol. i. a X PREFACE. editions are always intended where no others are indicated : Plato, ed. H. Stephanus, 1578; Athenaeus, ed. Casaubon, Paris, 1597; the Moralia of Plutarch, ed. Francof. 1620; Strabo, ed. Casaubon, Paris, 1620; Demosthenes, ed. Reiske, Lips. 1770; the other Attic Orators, ed. H. Stephanus, Paris, 1575 ; the Latin Grammarians, ed. H. Putschius, Hanov. 1605; Hippocrates, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1825-7; Erotianus, ed. Franz, Lips. 1780; Dioscorides, ed. Sprengel, Lips. 1829-30; Aretaeus, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1828; Rufus Ephesius, ed. Clinch, Lond. 1726; Soranus, ed. Dietz, Regirn. Pruss. 1838; Galen, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1821-33; Oribasius, Aetius, Alexander Tral- lianus, Paulus Aegineta, Celsus, ed. H. Stephanus, among the Medicae Artis Prin- cipes, Paris, 1567 ; Caelius Aurelianus, ed. Amman, Amstel. 4to. 1709. Names of Places and Nations are not included in the Work, as they will form the subject of the forthcoming " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography." WILLIAM SMITH. J^ondon, October, 1844. LIST OF COINS ENGRAVED IN THE FIRST VOLUME. In the following list AV indicates that the coin is of gold, M of silver, M of copper, 1/E first bronze Roman, 2.3S second bronze Roman, 3iE third bronze Roman. The weight of all gold and silver coins is given, with the exception of the aurei and denarii, which are for the most part of nearly the same weight respectively. When a coin has been reduced or enlarged in the drawing, the diameter of the original coin is given in the last column, the numbers in which refer to the subjoined scale : those which have no numbers affixed to them are of the same size in the drawing as the originals. - o w A. * . - - CD a = s 5 riC a a - 5 S © ] 30 80 81 82 83 86 90 93 « 94 114 116 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 M 1 2 1 2 118 2 119 1 122 1 126 2 128 1 132 1 137 2 155 1 156 1 180 2 188 2 189 2 192 1 194 2 I 196 1 197 2 198 1 » I 2 199 1 Aemilianus Agrippa Agrippina I Agrippina II Ahala Ahenobarbus Albinus Do Do Do. (Emperor.) . . Alexander Balas, king of Syria Alexander I., king of Epeirus Alexander II., king of Epeiru9 Alexander I., king of Macedonia Alexander II., king of Macedonia Alexander III. (the Great), king of Mace- donia Alexander (Roman em- peror) Alexander Zebina, king of Syria Allectus Amastris An^Titas, king of Mace- donia Amyntas, king of Galatia Annius Antigonus, king of Asia Antigonus Gonatas . . Antinous Antiochus, king of Com- magene Antiochus Hierax . . . Antiochus I., king of Syria Antiochus II Antiochus III Antiochus IV Antiochus V Antiochus VI 2JE M M M M M M M IM M AV M M M M 2M M AV M M JE M M M M M M M M M M M JR. -=■5 2214 240 4424 254 143i 1601 264 61 262J 265 253 263 249 239 250i 9 11 84 9 H H 9 7 n 199 200 210 212 216 217 253 257 263 278 284 285 286 287 350 354 355 356 360 367 » 405 412 418 420 431 435 438 443 455 456 457 458 Antiochus VII. . . . Antiochus VIII. . . . Antiochus IX Antiochus X Antiochus XI Antiochus XII. . . . Antiochus XIII. . . Antonia Antoninus Pius . . . M. Antonius ; . . . . C. Antonius L. Antonius Julia Aquilia Severa . Arcadius Archelaus Aretas Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII. ... Ariobarzanes I. . . . Ariobarzanes III. . . Arrius Arsaces III Arsaces V Arsaces VI Arsaces VII Arsaces XIV Arsaces XXVIII. . . Arsinoe Do Atilius Attalu? Audoleon Augurinus Augustus Avitus Aurelianus Aurelius Balbinus Balbus, Acilius . . . Balbus, Antonius . . Balbus, Atius .... Balbus, Cornelius . . Balbus, Naevius . . . Balbus, Thorius . . . *> s ^ & ^R 251$ ^l 255 M 245 M 242 M 2504 M I M M 1JE ^R 185 M M 1JE AV ^R 55 M M 61 M 66$ M 63 M 63 M 60* M 604 M M 51A M 60 M 241 M 60 M 143 M 184| AV 425* AV M AV M 190 JR. M AV AV \M M M JR m M M M 81 H 71 Xll LIST OF COINS. d. 1 a a Coin. s M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M JR M M M M M M M M M M m. M M M •2JE o/p, "S -.5 fe" i 107 326 199 51 504 CO 9 9 to PL, 1 3 o Coin. S Isl 5 a CO 482 492 505 50G 512 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 •j 1 ] ■2 1 2 I •j 1 1 2 ■j 1 2 ] 1 2 1 2 1! 1 1 2 1 2 „ 805 807 810 8J9 828 831 837 846 848 849 850 852 858 863 868 870 871 882 891 892 895 946 949 955 956 965 55 967 )5 968 996 1004 1014 1033 1037 1061 1062 1063 1064 1071 1086 1087 1092 » 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 •2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 •2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 ■2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 »j n M M AV AV AV AV M M M M JR M M M M AV M M M AV M 2M 1JE M im M M M M m M M M M M M JR JR JR JR •2M JR JR Ai M 119 261 262 260 148 26 3§ Constantinus, the tyrant Constantinus I. (the 516 Do 518 539 555 556 557 561 Caesar, Sex. Julius . . Caesar, C. Julius . . . Do C. and L. Caesar . . . CalduB 563 565 Capito, Fonteius .... Do Capitolinus, Petillius . 602 Do. 603 604 610 613 99 617 Do Demetrius I., ' king of Demetrius II., king of Demetrius I., king of Demetrius II., king of C18 621 650 Casca <) Do 663 Do 665 9 " Do M M M M AV ;5t \M M M M M M M M M M 81 Do Demetrius III., king of Do 672 Diadumenianus .... 675 74i; Dionysius, of Heracleia Dionysius II., of Syra- 757 760 Claudius (emperor). 1st 775 777 Drusus, Nero Claudius 800 802 Do. 2nd coin . Cleopatra, wife of An- Cleopatra, queen of Cleopatra, wife of Juba A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. ABARIS. ABAEUS ('AffaTos), a surname of Apollo de- vi . ed from the town of Abae in Phocis, where the pod had a rich temple. (Hesych. s. v."A€ai • Herod, viii. 33 ; Paus. x. 35. § 1, &c.) [L. S.] ABAMMON MAGISTER. [Porphyrias.] ABANTI'ADES {'A€avria5r)s) signifies in peneral a descendant of Abas, but is used especi- ally to designate Perseus, the great-grandson of Abas (Ov. Met. iv. 673, v. 138, 236), and Acrisius, a son of Abas. (Ov. Met. iv. 607.) A female descendant of Abas, as Danae and Atalante, was called Abantias. [L. S.] ABA'NTIAS. i'Abantiades.] ABA'NTIDAS ('ASavriSas), the son of Paseas, became tyrant of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias, the father of Aratus, B. c. 264. Aratus, who was then only seven years old, narrowly escaped death. AbantidfJ3 was fond of literature, and was accus- tomed to attend the philosophical discussions of Deinias and Aristotle, the dialectician, in the agora of Sicyon : on one of these occasions he was mur- dered by his enemies. He was succeeded in the tyranny by his father, who was put to death by Nicocles. (Plut. Arat.2. 3; Paus. ii.8. § 2.) ' ABARBA'REA ('A€ap§ape-n), a Naiad, who bore two sons, Aesepus and Pedasus, to Bucolion, the eldest but illegitimate son of the Trojan King Laomedon. (Horn. //. vi. 22, &c.) Other writers do not mention this nymph, but Ilesychius (s. v.) mentions 'A§ap€apeai or 'A§apSa\aiai as the name of a class of nymphs. [L. S.] A'BARIS ("Agopis), son of Seuthes, was a Hyperborean priest of Apollo (Herod, iv. 36), and came from the country about the Caucasus (Ov. Met. v. 86) to Greece, while his own country was visited by a plague. He was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and by this as well as by his Scythian dress and simplicity and honesty he created great sensation in Greece, and was held in high esteem. (Strab. vii. p. 301.) He travelled about in Greece, carrying with him an arrow as the symbol of Apollo, and gave oracles. Toland, in his History of the Druids, considers him to have been a Druid of the Hebrides, because the arrow formed a part of the costume of a Druid. His history, which is entirely mythical, is related in various ways, and worked up with extraordinary ABAS. particulars : he is said to have taken no earthly food (Herod, iv. 36), and to have ridden on his arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. (Lobeck, Aylaophamus, p. 314.) He cured diseases by in- cantations (Plat. Chat-mid. p.158, B.), delivered the world from a plague (Suidas, s. v. *A§a.pis), and built at Sparta a temple of Koprj ffooreipa. (Paus. iii. 13. § 2.) Suidas and Eudocia ascribe to him several works, such as incantations, Scythian oracles, a poem on the marriage of the river Hebrus, expiatory formulas, the arrival of Apollo among the Hyperboreans, and a prose work on the origin of the gods. But such works, if they were really current in ancient times, were no more genuine than his reputed correspondence with Phalaris the tyrant. The time of his appearance in Greece is stated differently, some fixing it in 01. 3, others in 01. 21, and others again make him a contemporary of Croesus. (Bentley, On the Epist. of Phalaris, p. 34.) Lobeck places it about the year B.C. 570, i. e. about 01. 52. Respecting the perplexing traditions about Abaris see Klopfer, Myihologisches Worterbueh, i. p. 2 ; Zapf, Disjmta- tio historica de Abaride, Lips. 1707; Larcher, on Herod, vol. iii. p. 446. [L. S.] ABAS ("Agas). 1. A son of Metaneira, was changed by Demeter into a lizard, because he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the house of her mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst. (Nicander, Theriaca ; Natal. Com. v. 14; Ov. Met. v. 450.) Other traditions relate the same story of a boy, Ascalabus, and call his mother Misme. (Antonin. Lib. 23.) 2. The twelfth King of Argos. He was the son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, and grand- son of Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him twin sons, Acrisius and Proetus. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 1 ; Hygin. Fab. 170.) When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was re- warded with the shield of his grandfather, which was sacred to Hera. He is described as a successful conqueror and as the founder of the town of Abae in Phocis (Paus. x. 35. § 1 ), and of the Pelasgic Argos in Thessaly. (Strab. ix. p. 431.) The fame of his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his death, when people 2 ABELLIO. revolted, whom he had subdued, they were put to flight by the simple act of showing them his shield. (Virg. Aen. iii. 286 ; Serv. ad loc.) It was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were called by the patronymic Abantiads. [Abantiades.] [L. S.] ABAS ("A§as). 1. A Greek sophidt ar.d rhetorician about whose life nothing is known. Sfludas (s. v. "A§as : compare Eudocia, p. 51) ascribes to him laropiKa diro/xvij^aTa and a work on rhetoric (Tex vr l pyropM-r)). What Photius (Cad. 190. p. 150, b. ed. Bekker) quotes from him, belongs probably to the former work. (Compare Walz, Rltetor. Graec. vii. 1. p. 203.) 2. A writer of a work called Troica, from which Servius (ad Aen. ix. 264) has preserved a frag- ment. [L. $.] ABASCANTUS C ASdcrKavros), a physician of Lugdunum (Lyons), who probably lived in the second century after Christ. He is several times mentioned by Galen (De Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, ix. 4. vol. xiii. p. 278), who has also preserved an antidote invented by him against the bite of serpents. (De Antid. ii. 12. vol. xiv. p. 177.) The name is to be met with in numerous Latin in- scriptions in Gruter's collection, five of which refer to a freedman of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (AddUam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabricio in " Dibl. Gr." Eocidb.) to be the same person that is mentioned by Galen. This however is quite uncertain, as also whether T\.apa.Kk7\Ti.os 'ASdaKavOos in Galen (De Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, vii. 3. vol. xiii. p. 71) refers to the subject of this article. [W. A. G.] ABDOLO'NIMUS or ABDALO'NIMUS, a gardener, but of royal descent, was made king of Sidon by Alexander the Great. (Curt. iv. 1; Just, xi. 10.) He is called Ballonymus by Diodorus. (xvii. 46.) ABDE'RUS ("A§07)pos), a son of Hermes, or according to others of Thromius the Locrian. (Apol- lod. ii. 5. § 8 ; Strab. vii. p. 33 1.) He was a favourite of Heracles, and was torn to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which Heracles had given him to pursue the Bistones. Heracles is said to have built the town of Abdera to honour him. Accord- ing to Hyginus, (Fab. 30,) Abderus was a servant of Diomedes, the king of the Thracian Bistones, and was killed by Heracles together with his master and his four men-devouring horses. (Com- pare Philostrat. Heroic. 3. § 1 ; 19. § 2.) [L. S.] ABDIAS ('AffSias), the pretended author of an Apocryphal book, entitled The History of tlic Apo- stolical contest. This work claims to have been written in Hebrew, to have been translated into Greek by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri- canus. It was however originally written in Latin, about a. i>. 910. It is printed in Fabiicius, Codex Apocn/phus Nori Test. p. 402. 8vo. llanib. 1703. Abdias was called too the first Bishop of Babylon. [A.J. C] ABE'LLIO, is the name of a divinity found in inscriptions which were discovered at Comminges in France. (Gruter, Inscr. p. 37, 4 ; J. Scaliger, Lectiones Ausonianae, i. 9.) Ruttmann ( Myihologus, i. {i. 167, &c.) considers Abellio to be the same name as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called 'AgtAios, and by the Italians and some Do- rians Apollo (Fest. 8. v. Apellinem ; Eustath. ad II. ii. 99), and that the deity is the same as the Gallic Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Hell. Gall. vi. ABISARES. 17), and also the same as Belis or Belenus men- tioned by Tertullian (Apologet. 23) and Herodian (viii. 3; comp. Capitol. Maximin. 22). As tha root of the word he recognises the Spartan Be'Aa, i.e. the sun (Hesych. s. v.), which appears in the Syriac and Chaldaic Belus or Baal. [L. S.] ABE'RCIUS, ST. (Agepmos), the supposed successor of St. Papias in the see of Hierapolis, flourished A. D. 150. There are ascribed to him, 1. An Epistle to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, of which Baronius speaks as extant, but he does not produce it ; and, 2. A Book of Discipline (/3i§Aos 5i5a<7KaAi'as) addressed to his Clergy ; this too is lost. See lllustr. Eccles. Orient. Scrij/t. Vilae, a P. Halloix. Duac. 1636. [A. J. C] A'BGARUS, A'CBARUS, or AU'GARUS ( "ASyapos, "Aic§apos, Avyapos), a name common to many rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of Osrhoene in Mesopotamia. It seems to have been a title and not a proper name. (Procop. Bell. Pers. ii. 12.) For the history of these kings see Bayer, "Historia Osrhoe'na et Edessena ex nummis illustrata," Petrop. 1734. Of these the most important are : 1. The ally of the Romans under Pompey, who treacherously drew Crassus into an unfavorable position before his defeat. He is called Augarus by Dion Cassius (xl. 20), Acbarus the phylarch of the Arabians in the Parthian history ascribed to Appian (p. 34. Schw.), and Ariamnes by Plu- tarch. (Crass. 21.) 2. The contemporary of Christ. See the follow- ing article. 3. The chief, who resisted Meherdates, whom Claudius wished to place on the Parthian throne : he is called a king of the Arabians by Tacitus (Ann. xii. 12. 14), but was probably an Osrhoenian. 4. The contemporary of Trajan, who sent pre- sents to that emperor when he invaded the east, and subsequently waited upon him and became his ally. (Dion Cass, lxviii. 18. 21.) 5. The contemporary of Caracalla, who acted cruelly towards his nation, and was deposed by Caracalla. (Dion Cass, lxxvii. 12.) A'BGARUS, Toparch of Edessa, supposed by Eusebius to have been the author of a letter written to our Saviour, which he found in a church at Edessa and translated from the Syriac. The letter is believed to be spurious. It is given by Eusebius. (Hist. Eccl. i. 13.) [A.J. C] A'BIA ('A€ia), the nurse of Hyllus, a son of Heracles. She built a temple of Heracles at Ira in Messenia, for which the Heraclid Cresphontes afterwards honoured her in various other ways, and also by changing the name of the town of Ira into Abia. (Paus. iv. 30. § 1.) [L. S.] ABELOX, ABELUX or ABILYX (Ag/Au|), a noble Spaniard, originally a friend of Carthage, betrayed the Spanish hostages at Saguntum, who were in the power of the Carthaginians, to the Roman generals, the two Scipios, after deceiving Bostar, the Carthaginian commander. (Liv. xxii. 22 ; Polyb. iii. 98, &c.) ABI'SARES or ABI'SSARES ('A§tffdprjs), called Embisarus ('E/j.Siaapos) by Diodorus (xvii. 90), an Indian king beyond the river Hydaspes, whose territory lay in the mountains, sent embas- sies to Alexander the Great both before and after the conquest of Porus, although inclined to espouse the side of the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to retain his kingdom, but increased it, and ARKOCOMAS. on his death appointed his son as his successor. (Anion, Anab. v. 8. 20. 29 ; Curt. viii. 12. 13. 14. ix. 1.x. 1.) ABI'STAMENES was appointed governor of Cappadocia by Alexander the Great. (Curt. iii. 4.) He is called Sabictas by Arrian. {Anab. ii. 4.) (ironovius conjectures that instead of Abistameaie Cappadociae praeposito, we ought to read Abida rnagnae ( 'oppadociae, §c. ABITIA'NUS ( 'ASn-fiwo's), the author of a Creek treatise De Uriiris inserted in the second volume of Ideler's Pkysici et Medici Gracci Mi- tures, Berol. 8vo. 1842, with the title Uepl Oiipoiv llpay/xarda 'Apiary rov 2,o(pu>rdrov irapd /u.ev *lv8oh "AWrj ''Ep.-jrvi rov Sira ijroi "AWrj vlov rov 2v). 1 Son of the Attic orator Lycurgus. (Plut. Vit. dec. Orat. p. 843.) 2. The son of Callias, of the deme of Bate in Attica, wrote on the festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. (Steph. Byz. 5. v. Barrj.) He also wrote a work vepl Trapuvv/j.wi', which is frequently referred to by Stephanus Byz. (».». 'A7d07),"Ap7os,&.c.)and other writers. 3. A grammarian, a Phrygian or Rhodian, a pupil of Tryphon, and originally a slave, taught at Rome under the first Caesars. (Suidas, s. v. "A§p(*v.) 4. A rich person at Argos, from whom the pro- verb "ASpoovos /iios, which was applied to extrava- gant persons, is said to have been derived. (Sui- das, s. v.) ABRO'NIUS SILO, a Latin Poet, who lived in the latter part of the Augustan age, was a pupil of Porcius Latro. His son was also a poet, but degraded himself by writing plays for pantomimes. (Senec. Suas. ii. p. 21. Bip.) ABRO'NYCHUS ( 'Afyoivuxos), the son of Lysicles, an Athenian, was stationed at Thermopy- lae with a vessel to communicate between Leomdas and the fleet at Artemisium. He was subse- quently sent as ambassador to Sparta with The- mistocles and Aristeides respecting the fortifications of Athens after the Persian war. (Herod, viii. 21 ; Thuc. i. 91.) ABRO'TA ('Aepcir-o), the daughter of On- chestus, the Boeotian, and the wife of Nisus, king of Megaris. On her death Nisus commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment of the same kind as Abrota had worn, which was called aphubroma (d(pd€pu:/j.a), and was still in use in the time of Plutarch. (Quuest. Grace, p. 295,a.) ABRO'TONUM ( 'ASpdrovov ), a Thracian harlot, who according to some accounts was the mother of Themistocles. There is an epigram pre- served recording this fact. (Plut. Them. 1; Athen. xiii. p. 57b', c; Aelian, V. II. xii. 43.) Plutarch also refers to her in his'EpoiTiKos (p. 753, d.j; and Lucian speaks of a harlot of the same name {DM, Meretr. 1). ABRU'POLIS, an ally of the Romans, who attacked the dominions of Perseus, and laid them waste as far as Amphipolis, but was afterwards driven out of his kingdom by Perseus. (Liv. xlii. 13. 30. 41.) ABSEUS. [Gigantes.] ABS1MARUS. [Tibehius Absimarus.] ABSYRTUS or APSYRTUS ('A^vpros), a son of Aeetes, king of Colchis, and brother of Medeia. His mother is stated differently : Hygi- b2 4 ACACALLIS. Tins (Fab. 13) calls her Ipsia, Apollodorus (i. 9. §"23) Idyia, Apollonius (iii. 241) Asterodeia, and others Hecate, Neaera, or Eurylyte. (Schol. ad Apollo?i. I. c.) When Medeia fled with Jason, she took her brother Absyrtus with her, and when she was nearly overtaken by her lather, she mur- dered her brother, cut. his body in pieces and strewed them on the road, that her father might thus be detained by gathering the limbs of his child. Tomi, the place where this horror was committed, was believed to have derived its name from renvoi, " cut." (Apollod. i. 9. §24 ; Ov. Trist. iii. 9 ; compare Apollon. iv. 338, &c. 460, &c.) According to another tradition Absyrtus was not taken by Medeia, but was sent out by his father in pursuit of her. He overtook her in Corcyra, where she had been kindly received by king Akinous, who refused to surrender her to Absyrtus. When he overtook her a second time in the island of Minerva, he was slain by Jason. (Hygin. Fab. 23.) A tradition followed by Pacuvius (Cic. denat. deor. iii. 19), Justin (xlii. 3), and Diodorus (iv. 45), called the son of Aee'tes, who was murdered by Medeia, Aegialeus. [L. S.] ABULI'TES ('APovX'iT-ns), the satrap of Susi- ana, surrendered Susa to Alexander, when the latter approached the city. The satrapy was re- stored to him by Alexander, but he and his son Oxyathres were afterwards executed by Alexander for the crimes they had committed in the govern- ment of the satrapy. (Curt. v. 2; Arrian, Anab. iii. 16. vii. 4; Diod. xvii. 6.5.) ABU'RIA GENS, plebeian. On the coins of this gens we find the cognomen Gem., which is perhaps an abbreviation of Geminus. The coins have no heads of persons on them. 1. C. Aburius was one of the ambassadors sent to Masinissa and the Carthaginians, b. c. 171. (Liv. xlii. 35.) 2. M. Aburius, tribune of the plebs, B.C. 187, opposed M. Fulvius the proconsul in his petition for a triumph, but withdrew his opposition chiefly through the influence of his colleague Ti. Gracchus. (Liv. xxxix. 4. 5.) He was praetor peregrinus, B. c. 176. (Liv. xli. 18. 19.) ABURNUS VALENS. [Valens.] ABYDE'NUS ('A/3uS»/^s), a Greek historian, who wrote a history of Assyria ('Acro-upia/ca). The time at which he lived is uncertain, but we know that he made use of the works of Megas- thenes and Berosus ; and Cyrillus (adv. Julian, pp. 8, 9) states, that he wrote in the Ionic dialect. Several fragments of his work are preserved by Eusebius, Cyrillus and Syncellus: it was particu- larly valuable for chronology. An important frag- ment, which clears up some difficulties in Assyrian history, has been discovered in the Armenian translation of the Chronicon of Eusebius. The fragments of his history have been published by Scaliger, " Ue Emendatione Temporum," and Richter, " Berosi Chaldaeorum Historiae," &c, Lips. 1825. ACACALLIS ('AKa/cccAAk), daughter of Minos, by whom, according to a Cretan tradition, Hermes begot Cydon ; while according to a tradition of the Tegeatans, Cydon was a son of Tegeates, and im- migrated to Crete from Tegea. (Paus. viii. 53. §2.) Apollo begot by her a son Miletus, whom, for fear ol her father, Acacallis exposed in a forest, where wolves watched and suckled the child, until he was found by shepherds who brought hini up. ACACIUS. (Antonin. Lib. 30.) Other sons of her and Apollo are Amphithemis and Garamas. (Apollon. iv. 1490, &c.) Apollodorus (iii. 1. § 2) calls this daughter of Minos Acalle ('A/caAAr;), but does not mention Miletus as her son. Acacallis was in Crete a common name for a narcissus. (Athen. xv. p. 681 ; Hesych. s. v.) [L.S.J ACA'CIUS('A«aKios), a rhetorician, of Caesarea in Palestine, lived under the emperor Julian, and was a friend of Libanius. (Suidas, s. v. 'AkAkws, AiSavLos : Eunapius, Acacii Vii.) Many of the letters of Libanus are addressed to him. [B. J.] 2. A Syrian by birth, lived in a monastery near Antioch, and, for his active defence of the Church against Arianism, was made Bishop of Berrhoea, A. d. 378, by St. Eusebius of Samosata. While a priest, he (with Paul, another priest) wrote to St. Epiphanius a letter, in consequence of which the latter composed his Panarium (a. D. 374-6). This letter is prefixed to the work. In a. d. 377- 8, he was sent to Rome to confute Apollinaris be- fore Pope St. Damasus. He was present at the Oecumenical Council of Constantinople a. d. 381, and on the death of St. Meletius took part in Flavian's ordination to the See of Antioch, by whom he was afterwards sent to the Pope in order to heal the schism between the churches of the West and Antioch. Afterwards, he took part in the persecution against St. Chrysostom (Socrates, Hist. Feci. vi. 18), and again compromised himself by oidaining as successor to Flavian, Porphyrius, a man unworthy of the episcopate. He defended the heretic Nestorius against St. Cyril, though not himself present at the Coun- cil of Ephesus. At a great age, he laboured to re- concile St. Cyril and the Eastern Bishops at a Synod held at Berrhoea, a. d. 432. He died A. D. 437, at the age of 116 years. Three of his letters remain in the original Greek, one to St. Cyril, (extant in the Collection of Councils by Mansi, vol. iv. p. 1056,) and two to Alexander, Bishop of Hierapolis. (Ibid, pp.819, 830, c.41. 55. §129, 143.) 3. The One-eyed (6 Mov6