UC-NRLF 
 
 :N 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
PL A T K 1 . 
 
 Fiff /. 
 
A 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HUMAN MUSCLES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 THEIR SEVERAL USES, AND THE SYNONYMA OF THE 
 BEST AUTHORS. 
 
 BY JOHN JMNNES. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, 
 WITH NOTES, PRACTICAL AND EXPLANATORY, 
 
 BY ROBERT HUNTER, 
 
 LECTURER ON ANATOMY AND SURGERY, AND MEMBER OF THE 
 FACULTY OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, GLASGOW. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH 
 
 EIGHTEEN NEW ENGRAVINGS OF THE MUSCLES, 
 BY W. H. LIZARS. 
 
 LONDON:. 
 
 PRINTED FOR T. TEGG, CHEAPSIDE; 
 T. HIGHLEY, AND T. & G. UNDERWOOD, FLEET-STREET 
 
 P. BROWN, EDINBURGH; 
 AND RICHARD GRIFFIN & CO. GLASGOW. 
 
 1822. 
 

TO 
 
 ALEXANDER MONRO, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND MEDICINE IN 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 HAVING been repeatedly solicited, for se- 
 veral years past, by many of your Pupils, 
 to publish a short Description of the Mus- 
 cles, as they appear upon Dissection of the 
 Human Body, I have at last ventured to 
 comply with their request, Your anxiety 
 to promote the Science of Anatomy, and 
 to encourage every thing that may be 
 useful to the Gentlemen who attend your 
 Theatre, was the principal motive which 
 induced me to undertake this task. I have 
 
iv DEDICATION. 
 
 no knowledge of the subject but what ] 
 derived from you. If, therefore, this Trea 
 tise which you have never seen till I nov 
 present it to you, should communicate an^ 
 advantage to the Gentlemen under youi 
 care, it is to you alone they are indebtec 
 for the obligation. I am, 
 
 SIR, 
 With respect. 
 
 Gratitude and esteem, 
 Your much obliged, 
 And very humble Servant, 
 
 JOHN INNES. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1776. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO FORMER EDITIONS. 
 
 SEVERAL full and accurate descriptions of the 
 Muscles have already been published. But their 
 size and prolixity have rendered them of less value 
 to the dissector than the small Treatise of Dr. 
 Douglas, which was first published about the be- 
 ginning of this century, and, since that time, has 
 undergone various impressions, without receiving 
 any improvement, excepting the addition of the 
 synonyma from Albinus. It is therefore presumed, 
 that a simple and concise description of the mus- 
 cles, which should contain all the improvements of 
 the moderns, is still wanting. 
 
 To class the muscles according to their uses^ 
 may do very well in a large work, or in describing 
 their compound actions ; but this method can never 
 answer the purposes of dissection. To remedy 
 this inconvenience, the muscles in the following 
 treatise are described chiefly as they appear in dis- 
 secting the human body. 
 
 The describing of the muscles according to their 
 origins and insertions prevents much circumlocu- 
 tion. This is the method pursued by Dr. Douglas ; 
 and wherever his descriptions seemed tolerably ac- 
 curate, they have been followed with little altera- 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 tion. But Dr. Douglas's book is peculiarly de- 
 fective with regard to the muscles of the abdomen, 
 back, and neck : in describing these, therefore, the 
 method of Albinus has been preferred. 
 
 Those who have not opportunity, or are averse 
 from undergoing the labour, of dissecting, may de- 
 rive considerable advantages from comparing the 
 descriptions now given with the beautiful and cor- 
 rect tables of Albinus ; and, to facilitate still more 
 the study of these intricate organs, I have caused 
 to be published eight of Albinus's tables, with con- 
 cise explanations on a small scale adapted for the 
 pocket, 
 
 For the benefit of those who wish to examine 
 the history of the muscles more minutely, the sy- 
 nonyma of the best authors are added; and, for 
 the sake of brevity, the compound action of the 
 muscles, and the origin and insertion of several 
 inconsiderable fibres are omitted. 
 
 The reader will observe, that, in general, the 
 muscles of one side only are described ; because all 
 the muscles of the body, with very few exceptions, 
 have correspondent ones on the opposite side. 
 
SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, 
 
 AND OF 
 
 HIS WRITINGS, 
 
 PREFIXED TO PORMER EDITIONS. 
 
 MR. JOHN INNES, author of the following Trea- 
 tise, was born at Callart, an obscure village in the 
 Highlands of Scotland. He came to Edinburgh 
 at an early period of life, where he obtained the 
 patronage and protection of Dr. Alexander Munro, 
 professor of Anatomy ; who instructed him in the 
 knowledge of the human body, and in the >art of 
 dissection. When about the age of eighteen years, 
 Dr. Monro appointed him dissector to the Anato- 
 mical Theatre. The functions of this important 
 and difficult office he continued to perform with 
 much reputation for near twenty years. 
 
 But his abilities were not confined to the dex- 
 terity of dissecting the most minute parts of the 
 human frame. He described the various organs 
 with ease and with perspicuity. This happy ta- 
 
Vlll SHORT ACCOUNT 
 
 lent attracted the notice of the students ; and, at 
 their solicitation, and by the approbation of Dr. 
 Monro, he opened an evening course of anatomi- 
 cal demonstrations. 
 
 The number of pupils who annually attended 
 these demonstrations afforded the best evidence pf 
 his abilities, and of the advantages derived from 
 his labours. During his last course, he was at- 
 tended by near two hundred students. 
 
 For some time before his death, he was troubled 
 with an affection of the lungs, which terminated in 
 a phthisis pulmonalis, and proved fatal to him on 
 the 12th of January, 1777. 
 
 On the 1 5th of the same month, the following 
 account of him appeared in the public papers : 
 
 " MR. JOHN INNES, at an early period of life, 
 had been educated in the dissecting art: he made 
 a rapid progress in his profession, and his genius 
 and industry were rewarded with the privilege of 
 giving private lectures for his own emolument. 
 The utility of his lessons was soon perceived. 
 Numbers of students resorted to him for instruc- 
 tion ; and all of them acknowledged the advantages 
 they had received. At that stage of life when men 
 are most capable of benefiting themselves, and of 
 being useful to the public, death hurried him out 
 of the world. He has given two small specimens 
 of what was to be expected from his anatomical 
 skill. The year before his death, he published 
 A Short Description of the Human Muscles as 
 they appear on Dissection, together with their se- 
 veral Uses, and the Synonyma of the best Authors/ 
 The merit of this work was universally acknow- 
 
OF THE AUTHOR. IX 
 
 ledged. Some months after, he published, as a 
 vade mecum for students, eight anatomical tables, 
 containing the principal parts of the skeleton and 
 muscles represented in the large Tables of Albi- 
 nus, with accurate explanations. These are all the 
 monuments he has left by which the public is to 
 judge of his ability. To his numerous friends and 
 acquaintance, it is unnecessary to mention the 
 warmth of his heart, or the integrity of his dispo- 
 sition." 
 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 DURING the illness of which Mr. Innes 
 died, he put into my hands the first edition 
 of his Description of the Muscles, with a 
 few, chiefly verbal, corrections of it. 
 
 On perusing that Work lately, at the 
 request of the Bookseller, I have found it 
 necessary to make a very considerable 
 number of alterations in what relates to 
 the description, as well as to the uses, of 
 the Muscles. 
 
 ALEX. MONRO. 
 
 EDINBURGH, 
 Jan. 1777. 
 
THE 
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 IN undertaking a new edition of this excellent 
 little Work, the Editor has been solely actuated by 
 the desire of rendering it still more extensively 
 useful. The numerous editions through which it 
 has passed, and its general use at present as a text- 
 book, in the medical schools of this country, prove 
 it to be a work of intrinsic excellence. Indeed in 
 point of conciseness, perspicuity, and general ac- 
 curacy of description, it stands almost unequalled 
 as a text-book on the muscles. While the Editor- 
 was thus feelingly alive to its general merits, he 
 had observed in the course of his own demonstra- 
 tions, that it was not incapable of several useful 
 improvements. It is not quite enough, he humbly 
 conceives, to mention merely the origin, insertion, 
 and action of the muscles : for all these may be 
 clearly known, and the student not only remain 
 deficient in other important points of their history, 
 but likewise continue totally ignorant of their sur- 
 gical importance. If he institute a really useful 
 examination of the muscles, he must likewise at- 
 
Xll 
 
 tend to the relations which they bear to each other 
 in position, and still more to their connection with 
 the important blood-vessels and nerves. 
 
 Accordingly, to direct the student in this prac- 
 tical and useful examination of the muscles, and 
 occasionally to point out such circumstances con- 
 nected with them as deserve his serious consider- 
 ation as a practical and surgical anatomist, have 
 been the principal objects of the Editor. This he 
 has attempted in the form of notes, in which he 
 has anxiously studied to be at once brief and cor- 
 rect. 
 
 Theatre of Anatomy > 
 32, Portland-street, Glasgow* 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 25, Note, line 1st, delete " the trachea, the thyroid gland, 
 
 and behind." 
 For " facia," which occasionally occurs, read " fascia." 
 
Fig Z. 
 
 shed by R. Griffin & C 
 
PLATS 
 
 Glasgow Published by R. Griffin &-C1 
 
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A 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HUMAN MUSCLES 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE TEGUMENTS OF THE 
 CKANIUM. 
 
 1 HE skin that covers the cranium is moved by 
 a single broad digastric muscle, and one small pair. 
 
 1. OCCIPITO-FRONTALIS, ( 
 
 Arises fleshy from the transverse protuberant 
 ridge near the middle of the os occipitis laterally, 
 
 * The muscles of the cranium and face, differ, in some respects, 
 from the muscles in other parts of the body. In general they are thin 
 and pale, and so intermixed with each other, that great care is requi- 
 site in dissecting them. If the junior student should commence his 
 practical career with these muscles, he would find himself discon- 
 certed. He should begin with those that require less manual dex- 
 terity, as the muscles of the extremities or abdomen ; and defer 
 these till he has made some progress in the dissecting art. 
 
 f Considerable difficulty is experienced in dissecting this muscle. 
 It is situated between the skin and pericranium, adhering firmly by 
 condensed cellular substance to the former, but loosely to the latter. 
 Inflammatory diseases of the scalp, often render its dissection totally 
 impracticable. 
 
 B 
 
2 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 where it joins with the temporal bone; and tendi- 
 nous from the rest of that ridge backwards, oppo- 
 site to the lateral sinus; it arises after the same 
 manner on the other side : from thence it comes 
 straight forwards, by a broad thin tendon, which 
 covers the upper part of the cranium at each side, 
 as low down as the attolens aurem, to which it is 
 connected, as also to the zygoma, and covers a part 
 of the aponeurosis of the temporal muscle ; when 
 it comes as far forwards as near the hair of the 
 front, it becomes fleshy, and descends with straight 
 fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the obicularis palpebrarum of each 
 side, and into the skin of the eyebrows, sending 
 down a fleshy slip between them, as far as the com- 
 pressor naris and levator labii superioris alaeque 
 nasi. 
 
 Use. Pulls the skin of the head backwards; 
 raises the eyebrows upwards; and, at the same 
 time, it draws up and wrinkles the skin of the fore- 
 head. 
 
 EpicraniuS) Albinus. 
 
 Frontalis et occipitalis, Winslow. 
 
 2. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII, * 
 
 Arises fleshy from the internal angular process 
 of the os frontis, above the joining of the os nasi, 
 and nasal process of the superior maxillary bone ; 
 from thence it runs outwards, and a little upwards. 
 
 Inserted into the inner and inferior fleshy part of 
 
 * This muscle is situated in the substance of the eyebrows, un 
 der the fleshy fibres of the occipito-frontalis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. J 
 
 the occipito-frontalis muscle, where it joins with 
 the orbicularis palpebrarum, and extends outwards 
 as far as the middle of the superciliary ridge. 
 
 Use. To draw the eyebrow of that side towards 
 the other, and make it project over the inner can- 
 thus of the eye : when both act they pull down the 
 skin of the forehead, and make it wrinkle, particu- 
 larly between the eyebrows. 
 
 Musculus supercilii, Winslow. 
 
 Musculus frontalis verus, sen Corrugator, Dou- 
 glas. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 OF THE MUSCLES OF THE EAR. 
 
 THE muscles of the ear may be divided into 
 three classes, viz. the common, proper, and inter- 
 nal. The common may move the whole ear; the 
 proper only affect the particular parts to which 
 they are connected; and the internal, the small 
 bones within the tympanum. * 
 
 The common muscles are, 
 
 * Vestiges only of the common muscles are, in general, to be dis- 
 covered. Savages, however, and some rare individuals in civilized 
 society, retain the power of these muscles, and, consequently, can 
 move their ears like the inferior animals. The proper muscles are 
 just a few disgregated muscular fibres, situated upon the pavilion 
 of the ear, and can seldom be demonstrated. The internal, are small, 
 slender muscles, moving the internal machinery of the ear, but can- 
 not be disclosed without a dissection of the temporal bone. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 I*. ATTOLLENS AUREM, 
 
 Arises thin, broad, and tendinous, from the ten- 
 don of the occipito-frontalis, from which it is al- 
 most inseparable, where it covers the aponeurosis 
 of the temporal muscle. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the ear, opposite 
 to the antihelix. 
 
 Use. To draw the ear upwards, and make the 
 parts into which it is inserted tense. 
 
 Superior awn's, Winslow. 
 
 2. ANTERIOR AURIS, 
 
 Arises thin and membranous near the posterior 
 part of the zygoma. 
 
 Inserted into a small eminence on the back o 
 the helix, opposite to the concha. 
 
 Use. To draw this eminence a little forwards 
 and upwards. 
 
 3. RETRAHENTES AURIS, 
 
 Arises, sometimes, by three, but always by two 
 distinct smalt muscles, from the external and pos- 
 terior part of the root of the mastoid process, im- 
 mediately above the insertion of the sterno-cleido 
 mastoid muscle. 
 
 Inserted into that part of the back of the ear, 
 which is opposite to the septum that divides the 
 scapha and concha. 
 
 Use. To draw the ear back, and stretch the 
 concha. 
 
 Posterior auris, Winslow. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 5 
 
 The proper muscles are, 
 
 1. HELICIS MAJOR, 
 
 Arises from the upper and acute part of the he- 
 lix anteriorly. 
 
 Inserted into its cartilage a little above the tra- 
 gus. 
 
 Use. To depress that part from which it arises 
 a little downwards and forwards. 
 
 2. HELICIS MINOR, 
 
 Arises from the inferior and anterior part of the 
 helix. 
 
 Inserted into the crus of the helix, near the fis- 
 sure in the cartilage opposite to the concha. 
 
 Use. To contract the fissure. 
 
 3. TRAGICUS, 
 
 Arises from the middle and outer part of the 
 concha, at the root of the tragus, along which it 
 runs. 
 
 Inserted into the point of the tragus. 
 
 Use. Pulls the point of the tragus a little for- 
 wards. 
 
 . 
 
 4. ANTITRAGICUS, 
 
 Arises from the internal part of the cartilage 
 that supports the antitragus; and, running up- 
 wards, is 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the antitragus, as far as 
 the inferior part of the antihelix, where there is a 
 .fissure in the cartilage. 
 
 Use. Turns the tip of the antitragus a 'little 
 
6 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 outwards, and depresses the extremity of the anti- 
 helix towards it. 
 
 5. TRANSVERSUS AURIS, 
 
 Arises from the prominent part of the concha on 
 the dorsum of the ear; the fibres not so fleshy as 
 in the former. 
 
 Inserted opposite to the outer side of the anti- 
 helix. 
 
 Use. Draws the parts to which it is connected 
 towards each other, and stretches the scapha and 
 concha. 
 
 The muscles of the internal ear are three : 
 
 1. LAXATOR TYMPANI, 
 
 Arises by a small beginning from the extremity 
 of the spinous process of the sphenoid bone, behind 
 the entry of the artery of the dura mater ; then 
 running backwards, and a little upwards, along 
 with the nerve called chorda tympani, in a fissure of 
 the os temporis near the fossa that lodges the con- 
 dyle of the lower jaw. 
 
 Inserted into the long process of the malleus, 
 within the tympanum, where it rests upon the edge 
 of the fissure, between the pars squamosa and pe- 
 trosa. 
 
 Use. To draw the malleus obliquely forwards 
 towards its origin, consequently the membrana 
 tympani, by which that membrane is made less 
 concave, or is relaxed. 
 
 Externus mallei, Albinus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 7 
 
 Anterior mallei, Winslow. 
 Obliquus awns, Douglas. 
 
 2. TENSOR TYMPANI, 
 
 Arises, by a very small beginning, from the car- 
 tilaginous extremity of the Eustachian tube, just 
 where it begins to be covered by the pars petrosa, 
 and spinous process of the sphenoid bone, near the 
 entry of the artery of the dura mater; from thence 
 running backwards near the osseous part of the 
 Eustachian tube, forms a very distinct fleshy belly, 
 below a thin osseous plate, between the pars squa- 
 mosa and labyrinth ; and sends off a slender ten- 
 don, which makes a turn into the tympanum along 
 with the nerve called chorda tympani. 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the handle of 
 the malleus, a little lower than the root of its long 
 process. 
 
 Use. To pull the malleus and membrana tym- 
 pani inwards towards the pars petrosa, by which 
 the membrane is made more concave and tense. 
 
 Interims mallei, Winslow. 
 
 Internus auri, Douglas. 
 
 3. STAPEDIUS, 
 
 Arises, by a small fleshy belly, from a little ca- 
 vern in the pars petrosa, near the cells of the mas- 
 toid process, before the inferior part of the passage 
 for the portia dura of the auditory nerve ; its ten- 
 don passes straight through a small round hole in 
 the same cavern, enters the anterior part of the 
 tympanum, and is 
 
8 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the head of 
 the stapes. 
 
 Use. To draw the stapes obliquely upwards to- 
 wards the cavern, by which the posterior part of 
 its base is moved inwards, and the anterior part 
 outwards. 
 
 Musculus stapedis, Winslow. 
 
 Stapidceus, Douglas. 
 
 HAP. III. 
 OF THE MUSCLES OF THfc E ELIDS. 
 
 THE palpebrae, or eyelids, have one muscle com- 
 mon to both, and the upper eyelid one proper to 
 itself. 
 
 1. ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM, * 
 
 Arises, by a number of fleshy fibres, from the 
 outer edge of the orbitar process of the superior 
 maxillary bone, and from a tendon near the inner 
 angle of the eye; these run a little downwards, 
 then outwards, over the upper part of the cheek, 
 below the orbit, covering the under eyelid, and 
 surround the external angle, being loosely con- 
 nected only to the skin and fat; run over the su- 
 
 * This muscle is situated around the edge of the orbit immediately 
 under the skin of the eyelids. It intermixes at its superior part 
 with the fibres of the occipito-frontalis, and covers the upper part of 
 the lachrymal sac. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 9 
 
 per ciliary ridge of the os frontis, towards the inner 
 canthus, where they intermix with those of the oc- 
 cipito-frontalis, and corrugator supercilii; then 
 covering the upper eyelid, descend to the inner 
 angle opposite to the inferior origin of this muscle 
 firmly adhering to the internal angular process of 
 'the os frontis, and to the short round tendon which 
 serves to fix the palpebrae and muscular fibres 
 arising from it. 
 
 Inserted, -by the short round tendon, into the 
 nasal process of the superior maxillary bone, co- 
 vering the anterior and upper part of the lachry- 
 mal sac; which tendon can be easily felt at the 
 inner canthus of the eye. 
 
 Use. To shut the eye, by drawing both lids close 
 together, the fibres contracting from the outer an- 
 gle towards the inner, press the eyeball, squeeze the 
 'lachrymal gland, and convey the tears towards the . 
 puncta lachrymalia. 
 
 The ciliaris of some authors is only a part of 
 this muscle covering the cartilages of the eyelids, 
 called cilia or tarsi. 
 
 There is often a small fleshy slip which runs 
 down from the outer arid inferior part of this mus- 
 cle above the zygomaticus minor, and joins with 
 the levator labii superioris alraque nasi. 
 
 2. JLEVATOR PALPEBRJE SUPERIORIS, * 
 
 Arises from the upper part of the foramen op- 
 
 -The fleshy portion of this muscle lies within the orbit, while its 
 tendon is situated between the arbicularis palpebrarum and superior 
 tarsal .cartilage. 
 
10 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 ticum of the sphenoid bone, through which the 
 optic nerve passes, above the levator oculi, near 
 the trochlearis muscle. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad thin tendon, into the carti- 
 lage that supports die upper eyelid, named tarsus. 
 
 Use. To open the eye, by drawing the eyelid 
 upwards ; which it does completely, by being fixed 
 to the tarsus, pulling it below the eyebrow, and 
 within the orbit. 
 
 Aperiens palpebram rectus, Douglas. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 MUSCLES OF THE EYEBALL. 
 
 THE muscles which move the globe of the eye 
 are six, viz. 
 
 Four straight and two oblique. 
 
 The four straight muscles very much resemble 
 each other; all 
 
 Arising, by a narrow beginning, a little tendin- 
 ous and fleshy, from the bottom of the orbit around 
 the foramen opticum of the sphenoid bone, where 
 the optic nerve enters, so that they may be taken 
 
 * In dissecting the muscles of the eyeball, recollect, that they, 
 like the eyeball itself, are enveloped in much fatty matter ; and are 
 still farther hid by the tunica conjunctiva, which is reflected from 
 the eyelids upon the anterior surface of the eyeball. By removing 
 the conjunctiva and the fatty matter from the orbit, the muscles are 
 -distinctly brought into view : but this is more easily effected and the 
 muscles better displayed, by removing the superior wall of the orbit, 
 after having taken away the scull-cap .from the cranium. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 1 1 
 
 out adhering to this nerve ; and all having strong 
 fleshy bellies. 
 
 Inserted at the forepart of the globe of the eye, 
 into the anterior part of the tunica sclerotica, and 
 under the tunica adnata, at opposite sides, which 
 indicates both their names and Use ; so that they 
 scarcely require any further description, but to 
 name them singly. 
 
 1. LEVATOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises from the upper part of the foramen opti- 
 cum of the sphenoid bone, below the levator pal- 
 pebrae superioris ; and runs forward to be 
 
 Inserted into the superior and forepart of the 
 tunica sclerotica, by a broad thin tendon. 
 
 Use. To raise up the globe of the eye. 
 
 Attolens 9 Albinus. 
 
 Elevator^ Douglas. 
 
 2. DEPRESSOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises from the inferior part of the foramen op- 
 ticum. 
 
 Inserted opposite to the foimer. 
 
 Use. To pull the globe of the eye down. 
 
 Deprimens, Albinus. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises, as the former, between the obliquus su- 
 perior and depressor, being from its situation, the 
 shortest. 
 
 Inserted opposite to the inner angle. 
 
 Use. To turn the eye towards the nose. 
 
' DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 4. ABDUCTOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises from the bony partition between the fo- 
 ramen opticum and lacerum, being the longest from 
 its situation; and is 
 
 Inserted into the globe opposite to the outer can- 
 thus. 
 
 Use. To move the globe outwards. 
 
 The oblique muscles are two : 
 
 1. OBLIgUUS SUPERIOR, SEU TROCHLEARIS, 
 
 Arises, like the straight muscles, from the edge 
 of the foramen opticum at the bottom of the orbit, 
 between the levator and adductor oculi ; from 
 hence runs straight along the pars plana of the 
 ethmoid bone to the upper part of the orbit, where 
 a cartilaginous trochlea is fixed to the inside of the 
 internal angular process of the os frontis, through 
 which its tendon passes, and runs a little down- 
 wards, and outwards, inclosed in a loose membra- 
 neous sheath. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad thin tendon, into the tu- 
 nica sclerotica, about halfway between the inser- 
 tion of the attolens oculi and optic nerve. 
 
 Use. To roll the globe of the eye, and to turn 
 the pupil downwards and outwards, so that the 
 upper side of the globe is turned inwards, and the 
 inferior part to the outside of the orbit, and the 
 whole globe drawn forwards towards the inner 
 canthus. 
 
 Obliquus major, Winslow. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 33 
 
 2. OBLIQUUS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow beginning, from the outer 
 edge of the orbitar process of the superior maxil- 
 lary bone, near its juncture with the os unguis ; 
 and, running obliquely outwards, is 
 
 Inserted into the sclerotica, in the space between 
 the abductor and optic nerve, by a broad thin 
 tendon. 
 
 Use. To draw the globe of the eye forwards, 
 inwards, and downwards, and, contrary to the 
 superior, to turn the pupil upwards, towards the 
 inner extremity of the eyebrow ; at the same time, 
 the external part of the globe is turned towards 
 the inferior side, -and the internal rolls towards the 
 upper part. 
 
 Obliquus minor, Winslow. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF THE MUSCLE OF THE NOSE. 
 
 THERE is only one muscle on each side that 
 can be called proper to the nose, though it is af- 
 fected by several muscles of the face. 
 
 COMPRESSOR NARIS,* 
 
 * This muscle is situated between the skin and cartilaginous por- 
 tion of the nose. Its origin is united with some fibres of the levator, 
 labii superioris alaeque nasi, and its upper margin with the occi- 
 pito-frontalis. 
 
14 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Arises^ by a narrow beginning, from the root 
 of the ala nasi externally, where part of the le- 
 vator labii superioris alaeque nasi is connected to 
 it; it spreads into a number of thin disgregated 
 fibres, which run up along the cartilage in an 
 oblique manner, towards the dorsum of the nose, 
 where it joins with its fellow, and is 
 
 Inserted slightly into the anterior extremity of 
 the os nasi and nasal process of the superior 
 maxillary bone, where it meets with some of the 
 fibres descending from the occipito-frontalis 
 muscle. 
 
 Use. To compress the ala towards the septum 
 nasi, particularly when we want to smell acutely ; 
 but, if the fibres of the frontal muscle which ad- 
 here to it act, the upper part of this thin muscle 
 assists to pull the ala outwards. It also corrugates 
 the skin of the nose, and assists in expressing 
 certain passions. 
 
 Rinteus, vel nasalts, Douglas. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH AND LIPS. 
 
 THE mouth has nine pair of muscles, which 
 are inserted into the lips, and a common one 
 
 * Before these muscles are dissected, the mouth of the subject 
 should be filled with hair or tow till completely distended, when 
 the lips should be neatly sewed together. By thus distending the 
 muscles, they will be more easily discovered, and their dissection 
 materially facilitated. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 15 
 
 formed by the termination of these, viz. three 
 above, three below, three outwards, and the com- 
 mon muscle surrounds the mouth. 
 
 The three above are, 
 
 1. LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS,* 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the hollow of the 
 superior maxillary bone, between the root of the 
 socket of the first dens molaris and the foramen 
 infra-orbitarium. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth and under- 
 lip, where it joins with its antagonist. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth up- 
 wards, and make that part of the cheek opposite 
 to the chin prominent, as in smiling. 
 
 Elevator labiorum communis, Douglas. 
 
 Caninus, Winslow. 
 
 2. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS AJL32QUE NASI,-f- 
 
 Arises by two distinct origins ; the first broad 
 and fleshy, from the external part of the orbitar 
 process of the superior maxillary bone which 
 
 * The levator aiiguli oris is situated upon the superior jaw along 
 the outer edge of the levator .labii superioris alaeque nasi, and in 
 part covered by that muscle. It is also partly concealed by the 
 xygomatici, and intimately connected at its insertion with the de- 
 pressor anguli oris. 
 
 f- Some describe this as two distinct muscles ; but the two por- 
 tions of which it is composed cannot be separated without dividing 
 some of the fibres. They ought, therefore, to be regarded as a 
 single muscle. It is situated superficially, and removed in a small 
 degree only from the alae of the nose. The origins of the muscle 
 are covered by the orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 
16 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 forms the lower part of the orbit, immediately 
 above the foramen infra orbitarium ; the second 
 portion arises from the nasal process of the supe- 
 rior maxillary bone, where it joins the os fronds 
 at the inner canthus descending along the edge of 
 the groove for the lachrymal sac. The first and 
 shortest portion is 
 
 Inserted into the upper lip and orbicularis 
 labiorum; the second and longest, into the upper 
 lip and outer part of the ala nasi. 
 
 Use. To raise the upper lip towards the orbit, 
 and a little outwards ; the second portion serves 
 to draw the skin of the nose upwards and out- 
 wards, by which the nostril is dilated. 
 
 Elevator labii superioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 Inctsivus lateralis, First portion ; Pyramidalis, 
 Second portion ; Winslow. 
 
 3. DEPRESSOR LABII SUPERIORIS AL^EQUE NASI, * 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the os maxillare 
 superius, immediately above the joining of the 
 gums with the two dentes incisivi, and the dens 
 caninus-; from thence it runs up under part of 
 the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 
 
 Inserted into the upper lip and root of the ala 
 nasi. 
 
 Use. To draw the upper lip and ala nasi 
 downwards and backwards. 
 
 * The easiest method of exposing this muscle is by inverting 
 the upper lip, and dissecting by the side of the frenum. For a 
 considerable extent it lies close to the superior jaw bone, and is 
 covered by the levator labii swperioris alaeque nasi et orbicularis 
 oris. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 17 
 
 Depressor alte nast, Albinus. s 
 
 Incisivus mediusy Winslow. 
 
 Depressor labii superioris proprius, Douglas, 
 
 The three below are, 
 
 1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS, * 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the lower edge 
 of the maxilla inferior, at the side of the chin, 
 being firmly connected to that part of the pla- 
 tysma myoides, which runs over the maxilla to 
 the angle of the mouth, to the depressor labii 
 inferioris within, and to the skin and fat without, 
 gradually turning narrower ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth, joining 
 with the zygomaticus major and levator anguli oris. 
 
 Use. To pull down the corner of the mouth. 
 
 Triangularis, Winslow. 
 
 Depressor labiorum communis y Douglas. 
 
 2. DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS, ( 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, intermixed with fat, 
 from the inferior part of the lower jaw next the 
 chin ; runs obliquely upwards ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the edge of the under-lip, extends 
 
 * The origin of this muscle is situated between the skin and 
 depressor labii inferioris, and intermixed with some fibres of the 
 platysma myoides and buccinator. Its insertion is particularly 
 united to the levator anguli oris. 
 
 j- Great care is requisite in dissecting this muscle, as it is firmly 
 united to the skin, and intermixed with fatty matter. Its origin is 
 situated behind the depressor anguli oris ; in its course it covers 
 the levator labii inferioris, and at its insertion mixes with the fibres 
 tf its fellow. 
 
J8 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 along one half of the lip, and is lost in its red 
 part. 
 
 Use. To pull the under lip and the skin of 
 the side of the chin downwards, and a little 
 outwards. 
 
 Quadratus, Winslow. 
 
 Depressor labii inferioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 3. LEVATOR LABII INFERIORIS, * 
 
 Arises, from the lower jaw, at the roots of the 
 alveoli of two dentes incisivi and of the caninus ; 
 is 
 
 Inserted into the under lip and skin of the chin. 
 
 Use. To pull the parts into which it is inserted 
 upwards. 
 
 Levator menti, Albinus. 
 
 Incisivus inferior, Winslow. 
 
 Elevator labii inferioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 The three outward are, 
 : 
 
 1. BUCCINATOR, ( 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the lower 
 
 * By inverting the lower lip and dissecting by the side of the 
 frenum this muscle will be discovered. Or, from without, it may 
 be found by cutting between the depressores labii inferioris, and 
 turning one of these aside. The muscle is situated in the promi- 
 nence of the chin, and covered by the depressor labii inferioris. 
 
 f- The Buccinator is situated close upon the lining membrane of 
 the mouth, and covered by much fatty matter. It is partly con- 
 cealed likewise by other muscles, as the zygomaticus major, pla- 
 tysma myoides, levator and depressor anguli oris. Opposite the 
 third grinding tooth of the superior jaw, it is perforated by the 
 parotid duct. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 19 
 
 jaw, as far back as the last dens molaris and 
 forepart of the root of the coronoid process ; 
 fleshy from the upper jaw, between the last dens 
 molaris and pterygoid process of the sphenoid 
 bone ; from the extremity of- which it arises ten- 
 dinous, being continued between both jaws to the 
 constrictor pharyngis superior, with which it joins ; 
 from thence proceeding with straight fibres, and 
 adhering close to the membrane that lines the 
 mouth, it is 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth within the 
 orbicularis oris. 
 
 Use. To draw the angle of the mouth back- 
 wards and outwards, and to contract its cavity, by 
 pressing the cheek inwards, by which the food is 
 thrust between the teeth. 
 
 Retractor anguli arts, Albinus. 
 
 . , ; , 2. ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the os malse, near the 
 zygomatic suture. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth, appearing 
 to be lost in the depressor anguli oris and orbicu- 
 laris oris. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth and 
 under-lip towards the origin of the muscle, and 
 make the cheek prominent, as in laughing. 
 
 Zygomaticus, Douglas. 
 
 * This muscle is situated superficially, except at its origin, where it 
 is covered by the orbicularis palpebrarum. It descends upon the 
 outer side of the zygomaticus minor, and crosses the masseter 
 and buccinator, but is separated from them by considerable quan- 
 tities of fat. 
 
20 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 3. ZYGOMATICUS -MINOR, * 
 
 .Arises from the upper prominent part of the 
 Os malae, above the origin of the former muscle ; 
 and, descending obliquely downwards and for- 
 wards, is 
 
 Inserted into the upper-lip, near the corner of 
 the mouth, along with the levator anguli oris. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth ob- 
 liquely outwards, and upwards, towards the ex- 
 ternal canthus of the eye. 
 
 This muscle is frequently wanting. 
 
 The common muscle is the 
 
 ORBICULARIS ORIS. -J- 
 
 This muscle is, in a great measure, formed by 
 the muscles that move the lips : the fibres of the 
 superior descending, those of the inferior as- 
 cending, and decussating each other about the 
 corner of the mouth, run along the lip to join 
 those of the opposite side, so that the fleshy .fibres 
 appear to surround the mouth like a sphincter. 
 
 Use. To shut the mouth, by contracting and 
 drawing both lips together, and to counteract all 
 the muscles that assist in forming it. 
 
 * The, origin of the zygomaticus minor is covered by the orbi- 
 cularis palpebrarum. Having cleared that muscle it descends 
 superficially nearer the nose than the zygomaticus major, and upon 
 the outer edge of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 
 
 "\" Some anatomists describe this as a double semi-orbicular muscle, 
 decussating at the angles of the mouth. The greater number, how- 
 ever, more justly view it as a single sphincter formed chiefly from 
 the neighbouring muscles. It should be cautiously dissected in the 
 course of its fibres, else it will be very imperfectly displayed. 
 
j 
 
 THE MUSCLES. 
 
 Sphincter labiorum, Douglas. 
 
 Semi orbicularis, Win slow. 
 
 Constrictor om, Cowper. 
 
 There is another small muscle described by Al- 
 binus, which he calls Nasalis labii superioris ; but 
 it seems to be only some fibres of the former con- 
 nected to the septum nasi. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW. 
 
 THE lower jaw has four pair of muscles for its 
 elevation or lateral motions, viz. two, which are 
 seen on the side of the face, and two concealed 
 by the angle of the jaw. 
 
 ~ 
 
 1. TEMPO RALIS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from a semicircular ridge of the 
 lower and lateral part of the parietal bone, from 
 all the pars squamosa of the temporal bone, from 
 the external angular process of the os frontis, from 
 the temporal process of the sphenoid bone, and 
 from an aponeurosis which covers it : from these 
 
 * The name of this muscle indicates its situation. It may ap- 
 pear to be quite superficial, but upon a careful examination will be 
 found covered at its origin by the tendinous edge of the occipito- 
 frontalis. The body of the muscle is likewise partly concealed by 
 the small muscles of the ear, and after passing the zygoma, its 
 insertion is entirely hid by the masseter. A puncture of this 
 muscle whilst opening the temporal artery which runs upon its sur- 
 face, has given rise to locked jaw and other serious tetanic affections. 
 
22 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 different origins the fibres descend like radii to- 
 wards the jugum, under which they pass ; and are 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the upper part 
 of the coronoid process of the lower jaw ; in the 
 duplicature of which tendon this process is in- 
 closed as in a sheath, being continued down all its 
 fore part to near the last dens molaris. 
 
 Use. To pull the lower jaw upwards, and press 
 it against the upper, at the same time drawing it 
 a little backwards. 
 
 N. B. This muscle is covered by a tendinous 
 membrane, called its aponeurosis, which arises 
 from the bones that give origin to the upper and 
 semicircular part of the muscle ; and, descending 
 over it, is inserted into all the jugum, and the ad- 
 joining part of the os frontis. 
 
 The use of this membrane is to give room for 
 the origin of a greater number of fleshy fibres, to 
 fortify the muscle in its action, and to serve as a 
 defence to it. 
 
 Crotaphite mnscle, Winslow. 
 
 2. MASSETER, * 
 
 Arises, by strong, tendinous, and fleshy fibres, 
 which run in different directions, from the supe- 
 rior maxillary bone, where it joins the os malse, 
 and from the inferior and interior part of the 
 
 * The greater part of this muscle is superficial. It is situated 
 upon the ascending plate of the superior maxillary bone. Its upper 
 part is crossed by the zygomaticus major ; below, it is overlapped 
 by some fibres of the platysma myoides : the parotid gland covers 
 its posterior edge : the labial artery ascends along its anterior mar- 
 gin, and the muscle is crossed about its middle by the parotid duct. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 23 
 
 zygoma, its whole length, as far back as the tu- 
 bercle before the socket for the condyle of the 
 lower jaw; the external fibres slanting backwards, 
 and the internal forwards. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw, and 
 from that upwards to near the top of its coronoid 
 process. 
 
 Use, To pull the lower to the upper jaw, and, 
 by means of its oblique decussation, a little for- 
 wards and backwards. 
 
 3. PTERYGOIDEUS INTERNUS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inner and 
 upper part of the internal plate of the pterygoid 
 process, filling all the space between the two 
 
 plates ; and from the pterygoid process of the os 
 r r j& f 
 
 palati between these plates. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw inter- 
 nally. 
 
 Use. To draw the jaw upwards, and obliquely 
 towards the opposite side. 
 
 Pterygoideus major, Winslow. 
 
 * The Pterygoidei muscles lie behind the ascending plate of the 
 lower jaw, and cannot be well exposed without a section of that bone. 
 Some have recommended that the jaw should be dislocated and 
 drawn forwards ; others that the bone should be divided at the sym- 
 phisis, and the opposite half removed, when an internal view of the 
 muscles will be obtained. Less injury will be done to the neighbour- 
 ing parts, and the muscles clearly exposed by making two sections of 
 the lower jaw ; one about half an inch nearer the symphisis than its 
 angle, and another midway between the angle and neck of the bone. 
 The muscles cross each other, and are connected by a considerable 
 quantity of loose cellular substance, in which the gustatory divi- 
 sion of the fifth pair of nerves, and the inferior maxillary artery, are 
 situated. 
 
24 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 4. PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises from the outer side of the external plate 
 of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, 
 from part of the tuberosity of the os maxillare 
 adjoining to it, and from the root of the temporal 
 process of the sphenoid bone. 
 
 Inserted into a cavity in the neck of the con- 
 dyloid process of the lower jaw ; some of its fibres 
 are inserted into the ligament that connects the 
 moveable cartilage and that process to each other. 
 
 Use. To pull the lower jaw forwards, and to 
 the opposite side ; and to pull the ligament from 
 the joint, that it may not be pinched during these 
 motions : when both external pterygoid muscles 
 act, the foreteeth of the under jaw are pushed for- 
 ward beyond those of the upper jaw. 
 
 fterygoideus minor, Winslow. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 THE MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE 
 ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK, 
 
 ON the side of the neck are two muscles or 
 layers. 
 
 * The student cannot bestow too much attention on the muscles 
 of the neck. Their relation to the neighbouring parts ought par- 
 ticularly to be studied, and these are neither few nor unimportant. 
 Indeed there is not another portion of the body of the same mag- 
 nitude in which such a number of really interesting parts are 
 congregated. In the middle of the neck anteriorly are the larynx, 
 
THE MUSCLES. 25, 
 
 1. MUSCULUS CUTANEUS, 
 
 VULGO, 
 
 PLATYSMA MYOIDES, * 
 
 Arises, by a number of slender disgregated 
 fleshy fibres, from the cellular substance that covers 
 the upper part of the deltoid and pectoral mus- 
 cles ; in their ascent they all unite to form a thin 
 muscle, which runs obliquely upwards along the 
 side of the neck, adhering to the skin. 
 
 Inserted into the lower jaw, between its angle 
 and the origin of the depressor anguli oris, to 
 which it is firmly connected, and but slightly to 
 the skin that covers the inferior part of the mas- 
 seter muscle and parotid glands. 
 
 Use. To assist the depressor anguli oris in 
 drawing the skin of the cheek downwards; and, 
 when the mouth is shut, it draws all that part of 
 the skin, to which it is connected, below the lower 
 jaw, upwards. 
 
 the trachea, the thyroid gland, and behind these, the esophagus. 
 On each side of the trachea, the great blood-vessels which carry 
 the blood to the brain, and return it again to the heart, and the 
 nerves which are destined for the thoracic and abdominal viscera, are 
 situated. All these are connected together by cellular substance, 
 and interspersed with numerous lymphatic glands. The dissection 
 ought, therefore, to be conducted with great care, lest any thing 
 important be omitted or removed. 
 
 * If we except the occipito frontaiis, another muscle like this 
 will not be found in the whole body. It is rather a muscular mem- 
 brane than a muscle, connected to the inner surface of the skin 
 by condensed cellular substance, and in emaciated subjects is often 
 so thin and pale, that it can with difficulty be recognised. The young 
 dissector is apt to remove it along with the skin. It should be dis- 
 sected in the course of its fibres, and afterwards raised from the 
 breast, that the subjacent muscles may be exposed. 
 
 c 
 
26 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Platysma myoides, Galen. 
 
 Musculus cutaneus, Winslow. 
 
 Quadratus gen*, vel Latissimus colli, Douglas. 
 
 Latissimus colli, Albinns. 
 
 2. STERNO-CLE1DO MASTOIDEUS, * 
 
 Arises by two distinct origins; the anterior, 
 tendinous and a little fleshy, from the top of the 
 sternum near its junction with the clavicle ; the 
 posterior, fleshy, from the upper and anterior part 
 of the clavicle ; both unite a little above the an- 
 terior articulation of the clavicle, to form one 
 muscle, which runs obliquely upwards and out- 
 wards, to be 
 
 Inserted, by a thick strong tendon, into the 
 mastoid process, which it surrounds; and, gra- 
 dually turning thinner, is inserted as far back as 
 the lambdoid suture. 
 
 Use. To turn the head to one side, and bend 
 it forwards. 
 
 Ster no-mast oideus and Cleido-mastoideus, Albinus. 
 
 Mastoideus, Douglas. 
 
 * This muscle is situated obliquely at the lateral part of the neck im- 
 mediately under the platysma myoides. It is often perforated by a 
 number of small cervical nerves, and always about its middle by the 
 spinal accessory. Along the tracheal edge of the muscle the carotid 
 artery will be found inclosed in a sheath of cellular substance, along 
 with the per vagum nerve and internal jugular vein. The descend- 
 ensnoni, a branch of the ninth pair of nerves, lies upon the anterior 
 surface of this sheath, and the great sympathetic nerve upon the pos- 
 terior. Wry neck has originated from a permanent contraction of this 
 muscle, and been cured by dividing the muscle] near its origins. 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 27 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER 
 JAW AND OS HYOIDES. 
 
 THERE are four layers before, and two muscles 
 at the side ; 
 
 The four layers are, 
 
 1. DIGASTRICUS, * 
 
 Arises, by a fleshy belly, intermixed with ten- 
 dinous fibres, from the fossa at the root of the 
 mastoid process of the temporal bone, and soon 
 becomes tendinous ; runs downwards and for- 
 wards: the tendon passes generally through the 
 stylo-hyoideus muscle ; then it is fixed by a liga- 
 ment to the os hyoides ; and, having received from 
 that bone an addition of tendinous and muscular 
 fibres, runs obliquely forwards, turns fleshy again, 
 and is 
 
 Inserted, by this anterior belly, into a rough 
 sinuosity at the inferior and anterior edge of that 
 part of the lower jaw called the chin. 
 
 * By removing the platysma myoides, both portions of this muscle 
 are brought into view. The origin, however, of the posterior portion, 
 or belly, is covered by the trachelo mastoideus, splenius capitis and 
 sterno-cleido mastoideus. The sub-maxillary gland lies in the trian- 
 gular space formed by the lower jaw and the two bellies of this 
 muscle. The gland lies chiefly on the mylo-hyoideus, and when 
 the base of the scull is [parallel with the horizon, is situated within 
 the protection of the lower jaw. When the chin is raised the gland 
 advances forwards, and becomes more exposed. 
 
28 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To open the mouth, by pulling the lower 
 jaw downwards and backwards ; and when the 
 jaws are shut, to raise the larynx, and consequently 
 the pharynx, upwards, as in deglutition. 
 
 Biventcr maxilla inferioris, Albinus. 
 
 2. MYLO-HYOIDEUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the inside of the lower jaw 
 between the last dens molaris and the middle of 
 the chin, where it joins with its fellow, 
 
 Inserted into the lower edge of the basis of the 
 os hyoides, and joins with its fellow. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides forwards, up- 
 wards, and to a side. 
 
 3. GENIO-HYOIDEUS, (* 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from a rough protuberance 
 in the middle of the lower jaw internally, or inside 
 of the chin. 
 
 Inserted into the basis of the os hyoideus. 
 
 Use. To draw this bone forwards to the chin. 
 
 * The anterior belly of the digastricus covers a small portion of 
 this muscle, the rest of it being covered immediately by the sub- 
 maxillary gland. Before sending off its salivary duct, the gland 
 turns round the posterior margin of this muscle, and lies in contact 
 with its inner surface. The duct runs upwards and forwards, till it 
 opens in the mouth upon the side of the frenum linguae. 
 
 The sublingual gland is likewise situated upon the inner surface 
 of this muscle, or rather betwixt it and the lining membrane of the 
 mouth. It usually sends off a number of ducts which open in the 
 mouth near the root of the^ tongue. 
 
 f- By removing the mylo-hyoideus, this muscle is brought into 
 view. It lies so closely in contact with its fellow at the symphisis 
 of the chin, that the two may be mistaken for a single muscle. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 29 
 
 4. GENIO-HYO-GLOSSUS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from a rough protuberance 
 in the inside of the middle of the lower jaw ; its 
 fibres run, like a fan, forwards, upwards, and 
 backwards ; and are 
 
 Inserted into the tip, middle, and root of the 
 tongue, and base of the os hyoides, near its cornu. 
 
 Use. According to the direction of its fibres, to 
 draw the tip of the tongue backwards into the 
 mouth, the middle downwards, and to render its 
 dorsum concave ; to draw its root and os hyoides 
 forwards, and to thrust the tongue out of the 
 mouth. 
 
 The two muscles at the side are, 
 
 1. HYO-GLOSSUS, -f- 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the base, cornu, 
 and appendix of the os hyoides; the fibres run 
 upwards and outwards, to be 
 
 Inserted into the side of the tongue near the 
 stylo-glossus. 
 
 Use. To pull the tongue inwards and down- 
 wards. 
 
 * This muscle is not completely concealed by the genio-hyoideus. 
 A small portion of it, merely, which arises from the chin is covered 
 by that muscle : the remainder being covered by the mylo-hyoideus. 
 
 f- The most internal or deep-seated layer of muscles between the os 
 hyoides and lower jaw, consists of two on each side, of the genio- 
 hyo-glossus nearest the chin, and of this muscle which is situated 
 nearer the angle of the jaw than the genio-hyo-glossus. The stylo- 
 glossus and hyo-glossus generally unite before they are inserted into 
 the tongue. 
 
30 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Basio cerato-chondro-glossus, Albinus, 
 Cerato-glossuS) Douglas . 
 
 2. LINGUALIS, * 
 
 Arises from the root of the tongue laterally ; 
 runs forwards between the hyo-glossus and genio- 
 glossus, to be 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the tongue, along with 
 part of the stylo-glossus. 
 
 Use. To contract the substance of the tongue, 
 
 and bring it backwards. 
 
 . 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS 
 HYOIDES AND TRUNK, f 
 
 THESE may be divided into two layers. 
 The first layer consists of two muscles. 
 
 1. STERNO-HYOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the cartilaginous 
 
 * The tongue is formed by the assemblage of four muscles upon 
 each side. Three of these come from the parts in the vicinity, as the 
 hyoid bone, the chin, and styloid process, and are calculated to im- 
 part great mobility as well as substance to that organ. The fourth, 
 or lingualis, is properly the muscle of the tongue, as it commences 
 and terminates there, and forms a large portion of its substance. 1 1 
 should be exposed upon the lower surface of the tongue. 
 
 f In the forepart of the neck a number of prominences are si* 
 tuated, which are often referred to as .points of origin and insertion 
 
THE MUSCLES. 31 
 
 extremity of the first rib, the upper and inner part 
 of the sternum, and from the clavicle where it 
 joins with the sternum. 
 
 Inserted into the base of the os hyoides. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides downwards. 
 
 of muscles, and are likewise the land-marks in guiding the surgeon 
 through some delicate operations. The student should, therefore, 
 accustom himself to recognise them familiarly in the undissected, 
 as well as the dissected state of parts. The uppermost is formed by 
 the os hyoides, and is situated behind, and nearly upon a level with 
 the base of the lower jaw, when the crown of the head is parallel 
 with the horizon. The next is formed by the thyroid cartilage, and 
 is always more conspicuous than the rest. The cricoid cartilage 
 forms the third, and is nearly in contact with the lower edge of the 
 thyroid cartilage ; while the fourth appears to be rather a gentle 
 swelling of the sides, than an eminence on the anterior of the neck. 
 This is attributable to the form of the thyroid gland, which is thin 
 and narrow where it lies before the trachea, but bulges out consi- 
 derably upon each side of the neck. 
 
 Between the anterior margins of the scernotcleido-mastodei mus- 
 cles, the sterno-hyoid, the sterno-thyroid, and the anterior portion 
 of the omo-hyoid muscles are situated. The sterno-hyoid will be 
 found upon the fore part of the trachea, immediately under the pla- 
 tysma myoides. The sterno-thyroid is broader than the sterno- 
 hyoid, and lies under it. The anterior portion of the omo-hyoid, is 
 placed on the outer edge of the sterno-hyoid. About two inches 
 and a half above the clavicle the omo-hyoid crosses the neck between 
 the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and the great blood vessels and 
 nerves situated there, and is covered at the shoulder by the tra- 
 pezius. 
 
 The other two small muscles which are situated close upon the 
 larynx anteriorly, viz. the thyreo-hyoideus and crico-thyroideus, 
 may either be dissected with the long muscles, or may be left till the 
 other muscles of the larynx are displayed. While dissecting this 
 part of the neck, the student should particularly study the following 
 points. First. The relative situation of the thyroid gland ; to the 
 muscles which cover it ; to the parts which it likewise covers, and 
 the probable effects of an enlargement of that gland. Secondly. 
 The comparative merits of opening the windpipe, below the thyroid 
 glandjand between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Thirdly. The 
 depth and relations of the carotid artery, above and below the omo- 
 hyoid muscle. 
 
32 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. OMO-HYOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, broad, thin and fleshy, from the superior 
 costa of the scapula, near the semilunar nitch, 
 and from the ligament that runs across it ; thence 
 ascending obliquely, it becomes tendinous below 
 the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; and, growing 
 fleshy again, is 
 
 Inserted into the base of the os hyoides between 
 its cornu and the insertion of the sterno-hyoideus. 
 
 Use. To pull the os 'hyoides obliquely down- 
 wards. 
 
 Coraco hyoideits, Albinus and Douglas. 
 
 The second layer consists of three muscles. 
 
 1. STERNO-THYROIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the whole edge of the up- 
 permost bone of the sternum internally, opposite 
 to the cartilage of the first rib, from which it re- 
 ceives a small part of its origin. 
 
 Inserted into the surface of the rough line at the 
 external part of the inferior edge of the thyroid 
 cartilage. 
 
 Use. To draw the larynx downwards. 
 
 2. THYREO-HYOIDEUS, 
 
 Inserted into part of the basis, and almost all 
 the cornu of the os hyoides. 
 
 Arises from the rough line, opposite to the 
 former. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides downwards, or the 
 thyroid cartilage upwards. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 33 
 
 Thyro-hyoideus, vel Hyo-thyroideus, Winslow, 
 
 3. CRICO-THYROIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the side and fore part of the cricoid 
 cartilage, running obliquely upwards. 
 
 Inserted by two portions ; the first, into the 
 lower part of the thyroid cartilage; the second, 
 into its inferior ^cornu. 
 
 Use. To pull forwards and depress the thy- 
 roid, or to elevate and draw backwards the cricoid 
 cartilage. 
 
 CHAR XL 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER 
 JAW AND OS HYOIDES LATERALLY. 
 
 THEY are five in number. Three proceed from 
 the styloid process of the temporal bone, from 
 which they have half their names; and two from 
 the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. 
 
 The three from the styloid process are, * 
 
 1. STYLO-GLOSSUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the styloid 
 
 * Besides .these three muscles, two ligaments will be found to 
 
 arise from the same point, one of. which is inserted into the os 
 
 hyoides, the other into the angle of the lower jaw. Of the three 
 
 . muscles, the stylo-hyoideus is the most superficial, the stylo-glossus 
 
 i the next, and the stylo-pharyngeus the most deep-seated. 
 
 c 2 
 
34 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 process; and from a ligament that connects that 
 process to the angle of the lower jaw. 
 
 Inserted into the root of the tongue, runs along 
 its side, and is insensibly lost near its tip. 
 
 Use. To draw the tongue laterally and back- 
 wards. 
 
 2. STYLO-HYOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a round tendon, from the middle and 
 inferior part of the styloid process 
 
 Inserted into the os hyoides at the junction of 
 the base and cornu. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides to one side, and a 
 little upwards. 
 
 N. B. Its fleshy belly is generally perforated 
 by the tendon of the digastric muscle, on one or 
 both sides. There is often another accompanying 
 it, called stylo-hyoideus alter ; and has the same 
 origin, insertion, and use. 
 
 3. STYLO-PHARYNGEUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the root of the styloid pra- 
 cess. 
 
 Inserted into the side of the pharynx and back 
 part of the thyroid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To dilate and raise the pharynx and thy- 
 roid cartilage upwards. 
 
 The two from the pterygoid process are, * 
 
 * The muscles which are situated about the velum and pharynx 
 can with difficulty be dissected, unless a perpendicular section be 
 made of the cranium. If the section, pass immediately before the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 35 
 
 1. CIRCUMFLEXUS, OR TENSOR PALATI, * 
 
 Arises from the spinous process of the sphenoid 
 bone, behind the foramen ovale, which transmits 
 the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves ; from 
 the Eustachian tube, not far from its osseous part : 
 it then runs down along the pterygoideus interims, 
 passes over the hook of the internal plate of the 
 pterygoid process by a round tendon, which soon 
 spreads into a broad membrane. 
 
 Inserted into the velum pendulum palati, and 
 the semilunar edge of the os palati, and extends 
 as far as the suture which joins the two bones. 
 Generally some of its posterior fibres join with 
 the constrictor pharyngis superior, and the palato- 
 pharyngeus. 
 
 Use. To stretch the velum, to draw it down- 
 wards, and to a side towards the hook. It has 
 little effect upon the tube, being chiefly connected 
 to its osseous part. 
 
 Circumflexus palati^ Albinus. 
 
 Spheno-salpingo-staphilinus, seu Staphilinus ex 
 ternus, Winslow. 
 
 Musculus iubtc novuSy Valsalva^ vel Palato-sal- 
 pingeuS) Douglas. 
 
 condyles of the occipital bone, it will lead between the longi colli 
 muscles and the back of the pharynx. By this dissection one can 
 obtain an excellent posterior view of the muscles of the velum, of the 
 muscles of the pharynx, and when these are removed, of the muscles 
 of the larynx. 
 
 * The fleshy belly of this muscle, where it lies between the laminae 
 of the pterygoid process, should be exposed first, and the muscle 
 then traced over the hook into the velum. 
 
36 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. LEVATOR PALATI, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the extremity 
 of the pars petrosa of the temporal bone, where it 
 is perforated by the Eustachian tube, and also 
 from the membranous part of the same tube. 
 
 Inserted into the whole length of the velum pen- 
 dulum palati, as far as the root of the uvula, and 
 unites with its fellow. 
 
 Use. To draw the velum upwards and back- 
 wards, so as to shut the passage from the fauces 
 into the mouth and nose. 
 
 Levator palati mollis, Albinus. 
 
 Petro salpingo-slaphilinus, vel Salpingo staphi- 
 linus interims, Winslow. 
 
 Salpingo-staphilinus, Valsalva. Pterygo staphi- 
 linus externus, vu/go, Douglas, 
 
 Spheno staphilinus, Cowper. 
 
 Previous to the description of the muscles si- 
 tuated about the passage into the throat, it will be 
 necessary to mention the .principal parts to which 
 they are connected. 
 
 Upon looking into any person's mouth, when 
 wide opened, we see a soft curtain hanging from 
 the palate-bones, named velum pendulum palali. 
 In the middle of which, we likewise observe a 
 papilla projecting from the velum, named uvula, 
 or pap of the throat. From each side of the uvula, 
 
 * The levator palati is separated from the internal side of the 
 tensor palati by a considerable quantity of cellular substance, and 
 its anterior surface is covered at its lower part by the palato-pha- 
 ryngeus. 
 
TtiE MUSCLES. 37 
 
 at its root, two arches, or columns, are sent down, 
 the anterior to the root of the tongue, the poste- 
 rior to the pharynx. Between these arches, on 
 each side, the cellular glands called amygdala, or 
 almonds of the ears*, are situated. 
 
 The common opening between the anterior arch 
 may be named fauces, or top of the throat, from 
 which there are six passages, viz. two upwards, 
 being one to each nostril ; two at the sides, or one 
 to each ear, called the Eustachian tubes ; two 
 downwards ; the anterior is the passage through 
 the glottis and larynx, into the trachea, which ter- 
 minates in the lungs ; the posterior is the largest, 
 named pharynx, or top of the oesophagus, which 
 leads to the stomach. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY TO 
 THE FAUCES. 
 
 THERE are two on each side, and a single one 
 in the middle. 
 
 The two on each side are, f 
 
 1. CONSTRICTOR ISTHMI FAUCIUM, 
 
 Arises, by a slender beginning, from the side of 
 the tongue, near its root; from thence running 
 
 * Tonsils, 
 t The two arches of the velum, which can be seen by looking into 
 
38 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 upwards, within the anterior arch, before the 
 amygdala, it is 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the velum pendu- 
 lum palati, at the root of the uvula anteriorly, 
 being connected with its fellow, and with the be- 
 ginning of the palato-pharyngeus. 
 
 Use. Draws the velum towards the root of the 
 tongue, which it raises at the same time, and, 
 with its fellow, contracts the passage between the 
 two arches, by which it shuts the opening into the 
 fauces. 
 
 Glosso-staphilinus, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 2. PALATO-PHARYNGEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a broad beginning, from the middle 
 of the velum pendulum palati, at the root of the 
 uvula posteriorly, from the tendinous expansion 
 of the circumflexus palati, and from the carti- 
 laginous extremity of the Eustachian tube. The 
 fibres are collected within the posterior arch be- 
 hind the amygdala, and run backwards to the top 
 and lateral part of the pharynx, where the fibres 
 are scattered, and mix with those of the stylo- 
 pharyngeus. 
 
 Inserted into the edge of the upper and back 
 part of the thyroid cartilage; some of its fibres 
 being lost between the membrane of the pharynx 
 and the two inferior constrictors. 
 
 the mouth, and between which the tonsils are situated, are formed 
 by the two following muscles. The anterior arch by the constrictor 
 isthmi faucium, and the posterior by the palato-pharyngeus. The 
 dissection principally consists in removing the mucus membrane 
 which covers them. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 39 
 
 Use. Draws the uvula and velum downwards 
 and backwards ; and at the same time pulls the 
 thyroid cartilage and pharynx upwards, and 
 shortens it ; with the constrictor superior and 
 tongue, it assists in shutting the passage into the 
 nostrils ; in swallowing, it thrusts the food from 
 the fauces into the pharynx, and dilates the mouth 
 of the Eustachian tube. 
 
 Thyro-staphilinitS) Douglas. 
 
 Thyro-pharyngo-staphilinus, Winslow. 
 
 The one in the middle is the 
 
 AZYGOS UVUL^j * 
 
 ^ Arises, fleshy, from the extremity of the suture 
 which joins the palate-bones, runs down the whole 
 length of the velum and uvula, resembling a small 
 earth worm, and adhering to the tendons of the 
 circumflex!. 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the uvula. 
 
 Use. Raises the uvula upwards and forwards, 
 and shortens it. 
 
 Palato-staphilmus, Douglas. 
 
 Staphtlinus, or Epistaphilinus, Winslow. 
 
 * The two preceding muscles must be dissected from before, but 
 as this muscle runs along the middle and back of the velum, it can 
 only be dissected from behind. By removing the membrane from 
 the posterior surface of the velum the muscle becomes exposed. 
 
40 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR 
 PART OF THE PHARYNX. * 
 
 OF these there are three pair. 
 
 1. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises from the side of the thyroid cartilage, 
 near the attachment of the sterno-hyoideus and 
 thyreo-hyoideus muscles; and from the cricoid car- 
 tilage, near the crico-thyroideus. This muscle is 
 the largest of the three,, and is 
 
 Inserted into the white line, where it joins with 
 its fellow; the superior fibres running obliquely 
 upwards, co-vefing nearly one-half of the middle 
 constrictor, and terminating in a point ; the inferi- 
 or fibres run more transversely, and cover the be- 
 ginning of the esophagus. 
 
 Use. To compress that part of the pharynx 
 which it covers, and to raise it with the larynx a 
 little upwards. 
 
 Thyrorpharyngeus, Crico-pharyngeus, Douglas. 
 
 -* -The pharynx, is that bag or tube which leads from the mouth to 
 the esophagus, or rather is the commencement of the esophagus itself. 
 It extends from the isthmus of the fauces, to the inferior margin of 
 the thyroid cartilage, when it becomes suddenly contracted, and re- 
 ceives the name of esophagus. The three constrictors form a stiong 
 wall, posteriorly, for the pharynx, and the one muscle will be found 
 to overlap the other ; the inferior to overlap the middle, and the 
 middle the superior. They are connected by loose cellular substance 
 to the rectus capitus anticus and longus colli. As foreign bodies are 
 more apt to lodge at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus, 
 than at any other part of the tube, the student should attend to the 
 relative connections of that part with particular care. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 2. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS MEDIUS, 
 
 Arises from the appendix of the os hyoides, from 
 the cornu of that bone, and from the ligament 
 which connects it to the thyroid cartilage; the 
 fibres of the superior part running obliquely up- 
 wards, and covering a considerable part of the su- 
 perior constrictor, terminate in a point 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the cuneiform process 
 of the os occipitis, before the foramen magnum, 
 and joined to its fellow at a white line in the mid- 
 dle back part of the pharynx. The fibres at the 
 middle part run more transversely than those above 
 or below. 
 
 Use. To compress that part of the pharynx 
 which it covers, and to draw it and the os hyoides 
 upwards. 
 
 Hyo-pharyngeuS) Syndesmo-pharyngeus, Douglas. 
 
 3. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS SUPERIOR, 
 
 Arises, above, from the cuneiform process of the 
 os occipitis, before the foramen magnum, near the 
 holes where the ninth pair of nerves passes out ; 
 lower down, from the pterygoid process of the 
 sphenoid bone; from the upper and under jaw, 
 near the roots of the last dentes inolares ; and be- 
 tween the jaws, it is continued with the buccinator 
 muscle, and with some fibres from the root of the 
 tongue and from the palate. 
 
 Inserted into a white line in the middle of the 
 middle of the pharynx, where it joins with its fel- 
 low, and is covered by the constrictor medius. 
 
42 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To compress the upper part of the pha- 
 rynx, and draw it forwards and upwards. 
 Cephalo-phari/Hgeus, Pterygo-phari/ngeus, 
 Mylo-pharyngeuS) Glosso-pharyngeus, Douglas. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS.* 
 
 THEY consist generally of four pair of small 
 muscles, and a single one. 
 
 * Before the student can understand the muscles of the larynx, 
 he must be acquainted, in some degree, with the structure of the la- 
 rynx itself. At all events, he must know the cartilages of which it 
 is composed. They are five in number, the thyroid, the cricoid, the 
 two arytenoid, and the epiglottis. The thyroid and cricoid are larger 
 than the others, and can be distinctly recognised through the skin 
 upon the anterior of the neck. They form the prominence which is 
 well known under the name of the pomum adami. The thyroid 
 forms the greater part of that prominence, and has a striking resem- 
 blance to the flood-gates of a canal. The cricoid is a cartilaginous 
 ring, deep, behind where it forms a support for the arytenoid carti- 
 lages, and narrow, before where it is connected to the lower margin 
 of the thyroid. The arytenoid cartilages, are two small pyramidal 
 bodies, which rise up from the margin of the cricoid cartilage, behind 
 the walls of the thyroid ; and when dissected have a slight resem- 
 blance to the spout of a ewer. The most important muscles of the 
 larynx are attached to these. The entrance to the windpipe is formed 
 between them and the thyroid. It is a longitudinal chink which ex- 
 tends from before, backwards, and is called glottis, or rima glottidis. 
 The epiglottis is a fibre-cartilaginous substance, resembling the ar- 
 tichoke leaf. It is more elastic than any of the other cartilages, and 
 being connected with the root of the tongue, has generally been con- 
 ceived useful for covering the glottis, when a morsel of food passed 
 into the esophagus. Magendie, however, by a number of convincing 
 experiments, has proved it to be an organ of voice, and not of deglu- 
 tition. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 43 
 
 1. CRICO-ARYTJENOIDEUS POSTICUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the back part of the cricoid 
 cartilage, and is 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the base of the 
 arytenoid cartilage. 
 
 Use* To open the rima glottidis a little ; and, 
 by pulling back the arytenoid cartilage, to stretch 
 the ligament so as to make it tense. 
 
 2. CRICO-ARYT^ENOJDEUS LATERALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the cricoid cartilage, later- 
 ally, where it is covered by part of the thyroid, 
 and is 
 
 Inserted into the side of the base of the arytenoid 
 cartilage near the former. 
 
 Use. To open the rima glottidis, by pulling the 
 ligaments from each other. 
 
 3. THYREO-ARYT^NOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the under and back part of the mid- 
 dle of the thyroid cartilage ; and, running back- 
 wards and a little upwards, along the side of the 
 glottis, is 
 
 Inserted into the arytenoid cartilage, higher up 
 and farther forwards than the crico-arytsenoideus 
 lateralis. 
 
 Use. To pull the arytenoid cartilage forwards, 
 nearer to the middle of the thyroid, and conse- 
 quently to shorten and relax the ligament of the 
 larynx or glottis vera. 
 
44 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 4. ARYT^NOIDEUS OBLIQUUS, 
 
 Arises from the base of one arytenoid cartilage: 
 and, crossing its fellow, is 
 
 Inserted near the tip of the other arytenoid car- 
 tilage. 
 
 Use. When both act, they pull the arytenoid 
 cartilages towards each other. 
 
 N. B. Very often one of these is wanting. 
 
 Aryttenoideus minor, Douglas. 
 
 The single .muscle is the 
 
 ARYTyENOlDEUS TRANSVERSUS, 
 
 Arises from the side of the one arytenoid carti- 
 lage, from near its articulation with the cricoid to 
 near its tip. The fibres run straight across ; and 
 are 
 
 Inserted, in the same manner, into the other 
 arytenoid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To shut the rima glottidis, by bringing 
 these two cartilages, with the ligaments, nearer one 
 another. 
 
 Aryt&noideus major, Douglas. 
 
 Besides these there are a few disgregated mus- 
 cular fibres on each side ; which, from their gene- 
 ral direction, are named, 
 
 1. THYREO-EPIGLOTTIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a few pale disgregated fibres, from 
 the thyroid cartilage; and is 
 Jnserted into the epiglottis laterally. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 45 
 
 Use. To draw the epiglottis obliquely down- 
 wards, or, when both act, directly downwards; 
 and, at the same time, it expands that soft cartilage. 
 
 2. ARYTJENO-EPIGLotTIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a number of small fibres, from the 
 lateral and upper part of the arytaenoid cartilage ; 
 and, running along the outer side of the external 
 rima, is 
 
 Inserted into the epiglottis along with the former. 
 
 Use. To pull that side of the epiglottis towards 
 the external rima ; or, when both act, to pull it 
 close upon the glottis. It is counteracted by the 
 elasticity of the epiglottis. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR 
 PART OF THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 THEY consist of three broad layers on each side 
 
 * Before commencing this dissection, the abdomen should be in- 
 flated through the umbilicus. This will render the dissection easier 
 to the young student, and give a fine appearance to the muscles. An 
 incision should then be made through the skin, from the sternum to 
 the pubis, and crossed by another at right angles about the umbilicus. 
 If the skin only be dissected off, a view will be obtained of the facia 
 superficialis, as it is called. It is not deserving the name of a facia, 
 but is just a layer of cellular and fatty matter, which connects the 
 skin to the subjacent parts ; and in which a number of lymphatic 
 glands near the groin are embedded. By removing the facia super- 
 ficlalis the abdominal muscles are exposed. 
 
 In dissecting the external oblique muscle, many important cir- 
 
46 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 of the belly; always a long one, and generally also 
 a short one, on each side of the linea alba. 
 
 The three layers are, 
 
 1. OBLIQUUS DESCENDENS EXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, by eight heads, from the lower edges of 
 an equal number of inferior ribs, at a little distance 
 from their cartilages: it always intermixes, in a 
 
 cumstances are to be noticed, viz. the exact situation of the abdomi- 
 nal ring ; its form ; its relation to the pubis ; to Poupart's liga- 
 ment ; the small membrane which closes it up, and the effects 
 which, a hernia, might be supposed to have, both on the ring and 
 this membrane. The inferior margin of this muscle ought now to be 
 completely exposed, and the parts which pass under it minutely ex- 
 amined. These are muscles, vessels, and a nerve. The vessels and 
 nerve will be found lying nearer the pubis than the muscles, and in 
 the following order. The lymphatic vessels nearest the pubis, and 
 in contact'with Gimbernaut's duplicature ; the femoral vein upon 
 the outside of the lymphatics ; the femoral artery upon the outside 
 of the vein, but closely connected to it ; and the anterior crural nerve 
 still farther removed from the pubis. When the obliquus externus 
 has been fully examined, it should be detached from the ribs and 
 Poupart's ligament, and carried forwards to the linea semilunaris, 
 that the muscle below may be displayed. This dissection will likewise 
 expose the inguinal canal, and the spermatic cord lying in it. The 
 cord will be discovered passing from under the inferior margins of 
 the internal oblique and transversalis, and running for more than an 
 inch behind the tendon of the external oblique, till it issues out at 
 the external inguinal opening. 
 
 The removal of the internal oblique so as to bring into view the 
 transversalis, requires some caution. The dissection should com- 
 mence at the crest of the ilium, as the circumflexa iliaca artery and 
 vein, with some cellular substance, are situated between the muscles 
 at that point. The internal surface of the transversalis is in contact 
 with the peritoneum, except near Poupart's ligament, where a mem- 
 brane called the facia transversalis lines the muscle. To obtain a 
 view of this facia, the peritoneum must be dissected from the trans- 
 versalis, or the muscle must be reflected from the ribs and cautiously 
 
THE MUSCLES. 47 
 
 serrated manner, with portions of the serratus ma- 
 jor anticus ; and generally coheres to the pectoralis 
 major, intercostals, and latissimus dorsi ; which last 
 covers the edge of a portion of it extended from the 
 last rib to the spine of the os ilium. From these 
 origins, the fibres run down obliquely forwards, 
 and terminate in a thin broad tendon, whose fibres 
 are continued in the same direction. 
 
 Inserted into the whole length of the linea alba, * 
 becomes thicker towards the lower part of the ab- 
 domen, and is perforated in the middle by the 
 umbilicus, t On the outside of the rectus muscle, 
 the tendon of the external oblique appears whiter 
 
 removed from the peritoneum. It will then be seen arising from Pou- 
 part's ligament, and ascending upon the inner surface of the trans- 
 versalis. About midway between the pubis and the anterior superi- 
 or spinous process of the ilium, there is an opening in this facia of a 
 crescentic form, through which the spermatic cord in the male, and 
 the round ligament in the female, passes. This is the internal open- 
 ing of the inguinal canal, into which the hernia must enter before it 
 can appear at the external opening. 
 
 The rectus muscle lies in a sheath formed by the tendons of the 
 three broad muscles upon the external^side of the linea alba. To ex- 
 pose it, an incision should be made through the sheath, along the 
 linea alba, and the muscle detached, so as to be elevated from the 
 posterior layer of the sheath. The relation of the epigastric artery 
 to the internal inguinal opening, and to the posterior surface of this 
 muscle should not be overlooked. 
 
 * The linea alba is formed by the tendinous fibres of the two ob- 
 lique and transverse muscles, interlaced with those of the opposite 
 side, the whole way from the cartilage ensiformis to the os pubis ; 
 so that some think they should be called three digastric muscles, 
 with a broad middle tendon and two fleshy bellies. 
 
 f- The umbilicus was originally the passage for the vessels that 
 connected the foetus to the secundines ; and is really a hole through 
 the teguments and tendons filled only by a cellular substance, and 
 covered within by the peritoneum. 
 
48 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 than elsewhere, by its being there connected with 
 the tendons of the internal oblique and transverse 
 muscles; so that this part has been called Linea 
 semilunaris, from its curved shape. The under 
 part of the tendon divides into two columns, which 
 leaves an oval space between them, named the 
 ring of the external oblique muscle, for the passage 
 of the spermatic cord in the male, or round liga- 
 ment of the womb : the anterior superior column 
 passes over the cartilage between the ossa pubis, 
 and is fixed to the opposite os pubis ; the other is 
 fixed to the os pubis of the same side. It is also 
 inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the middle of 
 the spine of the ilium. 
 
 From that part, which is named its anterior su- 
 perior spinous process, it is stretched tendinous to 
 the os pubis, and is named Pouparfs or Fallopius's 
 ligament. * From this ligament, it sends a ten- 
 
 * Pouparfs or Fallophts's ligament^ is the inferior part of the 
 tendon of the external oblique, extending from the anterior superior 
 spinous process of the ilium to the os pubis, where it is thickest, in 
 order to strengthen the inferior part of the abdomen : here it passes 
 over the blood vessels of the inferior extremity : and in women, from 
 the greater size of the pelvis, is longer and looser, by which they 
 are more subject to crural hernias ; but, by the size of the spermatic 
 cord, men are more liable to the inguinal. 
 
 This ligament splits into three fasciae, two superior and one infe- 
 rior. The first passes behind she transversalis muscle, and has been 
 called by Mr. Astley Cooper, the fascia transversalis { the second, 
 which has-been described by Gimbernaut, passes upon the iliacus in- 
 ternus muscle ; and the third, is the anterior part of the 
 fascia lata of the thigh. Through the fascia transversalis passes the 
 spermatic cord from the abdomen, the cord being united to the edge 
 of the aperture, by a thinner fascia than that of the transversalis. 
 Thus, then, the cord passes through the fascia transversalis, and 
 through the ring of the external oblique muscle. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 49 
 
 dinous layer, which is lost in the membranous fas^ 
 cia of the thigh. 
 
 Use. Supports and compresses the peritoneum 
 and adbomen; assists the evacuations of faeces and 
 urine, and likewise in the exclusion of the foetus ; 
 thrusts the diaphragm upwards, and draws down 
 the ribs in expiration ; bends the body obliquely 
 when the ribs are fixed, and raises the pelvis 
 obliquely. 
 
 Obliquus exlernus abdomims, Albinus. 
 
 Obliquus descendeiiS) Douglas., 
 
 2. OBLIgUUS ASCENDENS INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises from the spine of the ilium, the whole 
 length between the posterior, and superior an- 
 terior spinous process ; from the os sacrum and the 
 three undermost lumbar vertebrae, by a tendon 
 common to it and to the serratus posticus inferior 
 muscle; from Poupart's ligament, at the middle of 
 which it sends off the beginning of the cremaster 
 muscle; and the spermatic cord in the male, or 
 round ligament of the womb passes under its thin 
 edge, except a few detached fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilage ensiformis, into the car- 
 tilages of the seventh and those of all the false ribs; 
 but, at the upper part, it is extremely thin, resem- 
 bling a cellular membrane, and only becomes fleshy 
 at the cartilage of the tenth rib. Here its tendon 
 divides into two layers ; * the anterior layer, with 
 
 * To obtain a proper view of the two layers of the tendon of the 
 internal oblique muscle, both the oblique muscles should be raised 
 as far forwards as their joining near the linea semilunaris ; then the 
 
 D 
 
50 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 a great portion of the inferior part of the posterior 
 layer, joins the tendon of the external oblique, and 
 runs over the rectus to be inserted into the whole 
 length of the linea alba. The posterior layer joins 
 the tendon of the transversalis muscle as low as 
 half-way between the umbilicus and os pubis ; but 
 below this place, only a few fibres of the posterior 
 layer are seen, and the rest of it passes before the 
 rectus muscle, and is inserted into the linea alba ; 
 so that the whole tendon of the external oblique 
 muscle, with the anterior layer of the internal ob- 
 lique, passes before the rectus muscle; and the 
 whole posterior layer of the internal oblique, toge- 
 ther with the whole tendon of the transversalis 
 muscle, excepting at the inferior part, pass behind 
 the rectus, and are inserted into the linea alba. At 
 its undermost part it is inserted into the linea part 
 of the os pubis. 
 
 Use. To assist the former; but it bends the 
 trunk in the reverse direction. 
 
 Obliquus internus abdominis, Albinus and Wins- 
 low. 
 
 Obliquus ascendens, Douglas. 
 
 3. TRANSVERSALIS, 
 
 Arises tendinous, but soon becoming fleshy from 
 
 tendon before the rectus must be cut parallel to the linea alba, and 
 turned outwards as far as the outer edge of the rectus ; by which the 
 whole of the rectus is brought into view, and the tendons are pre- 
 served. But Douglas directs to cut the posterior layer of the inter- 
 nal oblique, where it joins with the transversalis : by this method 
 the rectus is laid bare ; but the structure of the tendinous sheath, 
 which encloses it, is destroyed. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 51 
 
 the inner or back part of the cartilages of the seven 
 lower ribs, where some of its fibres are continued 
 with those of the diaphragm and the intercostal 
 muscles, by a broad thin tendon, connected to the 
 transverse processes of the last vertebra of the back 
 and the four superior vertebrae of the loins : fleshy 
 from the whole spine of the os ilium internally, and 
 from the tendon of the external oblique muscle, 
 where it intermixes with some fibres of the internal 
 oblique. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilago ensiformis, into the 
 linea alba, and into the pubis. 
 
 Use. To support and compress the abdominal 
 bowels ; and it is so particularly well adapted for 
 the latter purpose, that it might be called the pro- 
 per constrictor of the abdomen. 
 
 Transversus abdaminis, Albinus. 
 
 The long muscle in the middle is named, 
 
 RECTUS ABDOMINIS, 
 
 Arises, by two heads, from the ligament of the 
 cartilage which joins the two ossa pubis to each 
 other ; runs upwards the whole length of, and par- 
 allel to, the linea alba, growing broader and thin- 
 ner as it ascends. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilages of the three inferior 
 true ribs, and often intermixes with some fibres of 
 the pectoral muscle. 
 
 It is generally divided by three tendinous inter- 
 sections ; the first is at the umbilicus, the second 
 where it runs over the cartilage of the seventh rib, 
 the third in the middle between these ; and there 
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 is commonly a half intersection below the umbili- 
 cus; these seldom penetrate through the whole 
 thickness of the muscle ; they adhere firmly to the 
 anterior part of the sheath, but very slightly to the 
 posterior layer. 
 
 Use. To compress the forepart, but more par- 
 ticularly the lower part of the belly ; to bend the 
 trunk forwards, or to raise the pelvis. By its ten- 
 dinous intersections, it is enabled to contract at any 
 of the intermediate spaces ; and, by its connection 
 with the tendons of the other musclesj it is prevent- 
 ed from changing place, and from rising into a 
 prominent form when in action. 
 
 A principal use of the tendinous intersections of 
 this muscle is to prevent its fibres being separated 
 by the pressure of the viscera. 
 
 The short muscle in the middle is named 
 
 PYRAMIDALIS, 
 
 Arises along with the rectus ; and running up- 
 wards within the same sheath, is 
 
 Inserted, by an acute termination, near half-way 
 between the os pubis and umbilicus, into the linea 
 alba and inner edge of the rectus muscle. 
 
 As it is frequently wanting in both sides, with- 
 out any inconvenience, its 
 
 Use seems to be to assist the inferior part of the 
 rectus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 53 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF 
 GENERATION. 
 
 THE testicles are said to have a thin muscle com- 
 mon to both, and have one proper to each. 
 
 The supposed common muscle is called the 
 
 DARTOS. 
 
 This appears commonly to be no more than a 
 condensation of the cellular membrane lining the 
 
 * The muscles of the perineum claim a considerable share of the 
 student's attention, as they are of the first importance in a surgical 
 point of view. Great care and management will be requisite to dis- 
 sect tli em properly. The subject siiould. De placed as in the lateral 
 operation of lithotomy, a staff introduced into the bladder through 
 the urethra, and the rectum distended with hair or tow. The parts 
 will thus be put upon the stretch, and the subsequent steps of the 
 dissection materially facilitated. An incision should now be made 
 across the root of the scrotum, extending about three inches. From 
 the extremities of this, another should run on each side to the tube- 
 rosity of the ischium, and carried beyond the anus ; while another 
 should pass behind the anus and join these together. By reflecting 
 this insulated portion of skin, a considerable quantity of fatty cellu- 
 lar substance will be brought into view. This receives the name of 
 external facia of the perineum, which should be cautiously raised 
 from the muscles and carefully examined. The muscles should now 
 be dissected, and as the transversus perinei is apt to be removed with 
 the fat, it ought to be cleaned first. As it runs directly across the 
 perineum from the tiiberosity of the ischium, its origin should be 
 first displayed, and the muscle then traced to its insertion. The ac- 
 celerator urinse covers the bulb and a considerable portion of the 
 urethra, and is prominent in the middle of the perineum. The erec- 
 tor penis lies on the outside of the ejaculator seminis, and conceals 
 the crus of the penis, to which it firmly adheres. The relation of 
 these two muscles to each other should be carefully noted, as the 
 
54- DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 scrotum ; yet the skin here is capable of being cor- 
 rugated and iclaxed in a greater degree than in 
 other places, and in some subjects muscular fibres 
 can be seen. 
 
 The muscle proper to each testicle is the 
 
 CREMASTER. 
 
 Arises from the internal oblique, where a few 
 fibres of that muscle intermix with the transversa- 
 lis, near the junction of the os ilium and pubis, 
 over which part it passes, after having pierced the 
 ring of the external oblique ; and then it descends 
 upon the spermatic cord. 
 
 Inserted into the tunica vaginalis of the testicle, 
 upon which it spreads, and is insensibly lost. 
 
 Use. To suspend and draw up the testicle, and 
 to compress it in the act of coition. 
 
 The penis has three pair of muscles. 
 
 1. ERECTOR PENIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the tuberosity 
 
 surgeon must cut between them in the operation of lithotomy. The 
 sphincter ani encircles the anus ; but is connected both to the tip of 
 the coccyx and muscles of the perineum by slips of muscular fibre. 
 
 The deep-seated muscles of the perineum lie within the pel vis, and 
 cannot be completely exposed by removing the superficial. The levator 
 ani is the great deep-seated muscle of the perineum ; the ischio-coccy- 
 geus may be viewed as a part of it. Upon removing the superficial 
 muscles, the student should attend to the following points : 1st, To 
 the bulb of the urethra : 2dly, To the triangular ligament under the 
 pubes : 3dly, To the relation of the urethra, where it passes through 
 this ligament, to the pubes : and 4thly, To the manner in which 
 the levator ani grasps the neck of the bladder and prostate gland. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 55 
 
 of the os ischium, and runs upwards, embracing 
 the whole crus of the penis. 
 
 Inserted into the strong tendinous membrane 
 that covers the corpora cavernosa penis, near as 
 far up as the union of these bodies. 
 
 Use. To compress the crus penis, by which the 
 blood is pushed from it into the fore-part of the 
 corpora cavernosa ; and the penis is by that means 
 more completely distended. < The erectores seem 
 likewise to keep the penis in its proper direction. 
 
 Ischio cavernosus, Winslow. 
 
 2. ACCELERATOR URIN^ SEU EJACULATOR 
 SEMINIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the sphincter ani and mem- 
 branous part of the urethra; and tendinous from 
 the crus, near as far forwards as the beginning of 
 the Corpus cavernosum penis; the inferior fibres 
 run more transversely, and the superior descend 
 in an oblique direction. 
 
 Inserted into a line in the middle of the bulb, 
 where it joins with its fellow, by which the bulb is 
 completely enclosed. 
 
 Use. To drive the urine or semen forwards; 
 and, by grasping the bulb of the urethra, to push 
 the blood towards its corpus cavernosum and the 
 glans, by which they are distended. 
 
 Sulbo-cavernosusy Winslow. 
 
 TRANSVERSUS PERI'NEI, 
 
 Arises from the tough fatty membrane that covers 
 the tuberosity of the os ischium ; from thence it 
 runs transversely inwards, and is 
 
56 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Inserted into the accelerator urinse, and into 
 that part of the sphincter ani which covers the 
 bulb. 
 
 Use. To dilate the bulb, and draw the perineum 
 and verge of the anus a little outwards and back- 
 wards. 
 
 Transversalis urethra, Winslow. 
 
 Transversus perinei, Albinus. 
 
 Levator parvus, seu externits, Douglas. 
 
 There is often a fourth muscle, named 
 
 TRANSVERSUS PERINEI ALTER, 
 
 Arises behind the former, runs more obliquely 
 forwards, and is 
 
 Inserted into that part of the accelerator urina? 
 which covers the anterior part of the bulb of the 
 urethra. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. 
 
 Inferior prostate, Winslow. 
 
 Transversus perinei alter, Albinus* 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE ANUS. 
 THE anus has a single muscle, and one pair. 
 The single muscle is 
 
 SPHINCTER ANI, 
 
THE MUSCLES. 57 
 
 Arises from the skin and fat that surround the 
 verge of the anus on both sides, near as far out as 
 the tuber of the os ischium ; the fibres are gradu- 
 ally collected into an oval form, and surround the 
 extremity of the rectum. 
 
 Inserted, before, by a narrow point, into the pe- 
 rineum, acceleratores urinae, and transversi perinei; 
 behind, by an acute termination, into the extremity 
 of the os coccygis. 
 
 Use. Shuts the passage through the anus into 
 the rectum ; pulls down the bulb of the urethra, 
 by which it assists in ejecting the urine and se- 
 men. 
 
 Sphincter externus, Albinus and Douglas. 
 
 Sphincter cutaneus, Winslow. 
 
 N. B. The sphincter internus of Albinus and 
 Douglas, is only that part of the circular fibres of 
 the muscular coat of the rectum which surrounds 
 its extremity. 
 
 LEVATOR ANI, 
 
 Arises from the os pubis 'within the pelvis, as far 
 up as the upper edge of the foramen thyroideum 
 and joining of the os pubis with the os ischium ; 
 from the thin tendinous membrane that covers the 
 obturator internus and coccygeus muscles; from 
 the spinous process of the os ischium ; and its fi- 
 bres run down like rays from a circumference to a 
 centre. 
 
 Inserted into the sphincter ani, acceleratores uri- 
 nae, and anterior part of the two last bones of the 
 coccyx; surrounds the extremity of the rectum, 
 .neck of the bladder, prostate gland, and part of 
 
 
58 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the vesiculse seminales ; so that its fibres behind 
 and below the os coccygis joining it with its fel- 
 low, they, together, very much resemble the shape 
 of a funnel. 
 
 Use. To draw the rectum upwards after the eva- 
 cuation of the faeces, and to assist in shutting it, to 
 sustain the contents of the pelvis, and to help in 
 ejecting the semen, urine, and contents of the rec- 
 tum ; and, perhaps, by pressing upon the veins, to 
 contribute greatly to the erection of the penis. 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF 
 GENERATION. 
 
 THE clitoris has one pair. 
 
 ERECTOR CLITORIDIS, 
 
 Arises from the crus of the os ischium internally, 
 
 * The muscles of the female organs of generation cannot be pro- 
 perly understood until the external organs themselves be explained. 
 Upon the pubis and origin of the recti muscles is a fatty eminence, 
 the mons vencris. From this the external laUae descend, and meet 
 about an inch before the anus. The space between the junction of 
 the labiae and anus forms the perineum. By separating the labiae we 
 discover the clitoris, which, like the male organ, is surrounded by a 
 duplicature of skin called the prepuce. From each side of the pre- 
 puce a folding of the integuments, or a triangular flap, descends upon 
 the inner side of the external labia, and disappears about its middle. 
 These are the nymphce, or labice minores. About an inch below the 
 clitoris, and between the nymphae,. the orifice of the urethra appears, 
 and below that, the opening of the vagina, which is generally partially 
 
THE MUSCLES. 59 
 
 and in its ascent covers the crus of the clitoris as 
 far up as the os pubis. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the crus and body 
 of the clitoris. 
 
 Use. Draws the clitoris downwards and back- 
 wards ; and may serve to make the body of the 
 clitoris more tense, by squeezing the blood into it 
 from its crus. 
 
 First muscle of the clitoris, Douglas. 
 
 The vagina has one pair. 
 
 
 
 SPHINCTER VAGINA, 
 
 Arises from the sphincter ani, and from the pos- 
 terior side of the vagina, near the perineum ; from 
 thence it runs up the side of the vagina, near its 
 external orifice, opposite to the nymphae, and co- 
 vers the corpus cavernosum vaginae. 
 
 Inserted into the crus and body, or union of the 
 crura clitoridis. 
 
 Use. Contracts the mouth of the vagina, and 
 compresses its corpus cavernosum. 
 
 Constrictor cunm, Albinus. 
 
 Second muscle of' the clitoris, Douglas. 
 
 closed in the child, by a crescentic-like membrane, the hymen. Au- 
 thors comprehend all these parts under the general appellation, vulva. 
 The muscles of the female organs are always weakly marked, and 
 consequently with difficulty brought into view. The sphincter va- 
 ginae surrounds the orifice of the vagina, but is often so pale that its 
 fibres can hardly be recognised. The erector clitoridis is situated 
 upon the outer side of the vagina, and covering the crus of the clito- 
 ris. The transversus perinei is likewise smaller, and embedded in 
 more fat than in the male subject. 
 
GO DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 The perineum has one pair. 
 
 TRANSVERSUS PERINEI, 
 
 Arises, as in the male, from the fatty cellular 
 membrane which covers the tuberosity of the os 
 ischium. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the sphincter ani, 
 and into a white hardish tough substance in the 
 perineum, between the lower part of the pudendum 
 and anus. 
 
 Use. To sustain and keep the perineum in its 
 proper place. 
 
 The anus, as in the male, has a single muscle, 
 and one pair. 
 
 SPHINCTER ANI, 
 
 Arises, as in the male, from the skin and fat sur- 
 rounding the extremity of the rectum. 
 
 Inserted, above, into the white tough substance 
 of the perineum ; and, below, into the point of the 
 os coccygis. 
 
 Use. To shut the passage into the rectum; and, 
 by pulling down the perineum, to assist in con- 
 tracting the mouth of the vagina. 
 
 LEVATOR ANI, 
 
 Arises, as in the male, within the pelvis, and 
 descends along the inferior part of the vagina and 
 rectum. 
 
 Inserted into the perineum, sphincter ani, extre- 
 mity of the vagina, and rectum. 
 
 Use. To raise the extremity of the rectum up- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 61 
 
 wards, to contract the inferior part of the rectum, 
 and to assist in contracting and supporting the 
 vagina ; and, perhaps, by pressing on the veins, 
 to contribute to the distension of the cells of the 
 clitoris and corpus cavernosum of the vagina. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS. 
 
 ' 
 Or these there are two pair. 
 
 1. OBTURATOR INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises from more than one half of the internal 
 circumference of the foramen thyroideum, formed 
 by the os pubis and ischium ; its inside is covered 
 by a portion of the levator ani ; and appears to be 
 divided into a number of fasciculi, which unite and 
 form a roundish tendon, that passes out of the pel- 
 vis, between the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament 
 and tuberosity of the os ischium, where it passes 
 over the capsular ligament of the thigh bone : it is 
 enclosed, as in a sheath, by the gemini muscles. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the large pit, 
 at the root of the trochanter major. 
 
 * Besides the obturator internus and coccygeus, the levator ani 
 may be considered as a muscle situated within the pelvis, for it is 
 found there covering the obturator internus. After the obturator in- 
 ternus escapes from the pelvis, it lies under the gluteus maximus and 
 between the gemini. The coccygeus is connected to the posterior 
 margin of the levator ani, and may be said to eke out that muscle. 
 
62 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To roll the os femoris obliquely outwards. 
 
 Marsupialis, seu Obturator interims, Douglas. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of this muscle should not 
 be prosecuted, until the muscles of the thigh, to 
 which it belongs, are dissected. Vid. Chap. xxix. 
 
 2. COCCYGEUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the spinous 
 process of the os ischium, and covers the inside of 
 the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament; from this 
 narrow beginning, it gradually increases, to form 
 a thin fleshy belly, interspersed with tendinous 
 fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the extremity of the os sacrum, 
 and near the whole length of the os coccygis late- 
 rally. 
 
 Use. To support and move the os coccygis for- 
 wards, and to tie it more firmly to the sacrum. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY 
 OF THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 THESE consist of a single muscle, and four pair. 
 
 DIAPHRAGMA. 
 
 This broad thin muscle, which makes a com- 
 
 * The muscles wit-Inn the abdomen cannot be examined till the 
 abdominal viscera be removed, and the peritoneum dissected from 
 
THE MUSCLES. 63 
 
 plete septum between the thorax and abdomen, is 
 concave below and convex above; the middle of it 
 on each side reaching as high within the thorax of 
 the skeleton as the fourth rib, and is commonly 
 divided into two portions. 
 
 1. The Superior or Greater Muscle of the 
 DIAPHRAGM, 
 
 Arises, by distinct fleshy fibres, from the carti- 
 lago ensiformis, from the cartilages of the seventh, 
 and of all the inferior ribs on both sides. The 
 fibres from the cartilage ensiformis, and from the 
 seventh and eighth ribs, run obliquely upwards 
 and backwards ; from the ninth and tenth, trans- 
 
 their surface. We then discover the diaphragm separating the tho- 
 rax from the abdomen, and other four muscles lying on each side of 
 the vertebral column. 
 
 The inferior surface of the diaphragm, only, can be seen in this 
 dissection, and in the natural state of parts is covered by the peri- 
 toneum, and in contact with the liver, stomach, and spleen. The 
 superior surface of the muscle is covered by the pleura, and in close 
 approximation with the lungs and pericardium, which encloses the 
 heart. The quadratus lumborum is an oblong square muscle, situ- 
 ated upon the lateral part of the lumbar vertebrae, between the psoas 
 magnus and transversalis. The psoas magnus lies nearer the spine 
 than the quadratus lumborum. The psoas parvus runs upon the 
 surface of the psoas magnus, and the iliacus internus is situated in 
 the concavity of the ilium, and descends to the ttiigh upon the external 
 margin of the psoas magnus. Upon carefully removing the perito- 
 neum from the last mentioned muscle, the facia iliaca will be discov- 
 ered. The facia iliaca is a thin membrane which runs upon the surface 
 of the iliac muscle, and is inserted into Poupart's ligament. It is sup- 
 posed to have a considerable effect in preventing the occurrence of her- 
 nia under that ligament. Where the femoral vessels pass, it is not in- 
 serted into Poupart's ligament, but gets behind the vessels to form 
 a part of the sheath which encloses them. As hernia is consequently 
 apt to occur at this point, it should be minutely examined by the 
 student. 
 
64 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 versely inwards and upwards ; and from the ele- 
 venth and twelfth, obliquely upwards. From these 
 different origins the fibres run, like radii from the 
 circumference to the centre of a circle ; and are 
 
 Inserted into a cordiform tendon, of a consider- 
 able breadth, which is situated in the middle of 
 the diaphragm; and in which, therefore, the fibres 
 from opposite sides are interlaced. Towards the 
 right side the tendon is perforated by a triangular 
 hole, for the passage of the vena cava inferior; and 
 to the upper convex part of it the pericardium and 
 mediastinum are connected. 
 
 2. The Interior, Lesser Muscle, or Appendix of the 
 DIAPHRAGM, 
 
 Arises from the second, third, and fourth lum- 
 bar vertebrae, by eight heads ; of which two in the 
 middle, commonly called its crura, are the longest, 
 and begin tendinous. Between the crura, the aorta 
 and thoracic duct pass; and on the outside of these, 
 the great sympathetic nerves and branches of the 
 vena azygos perforate the shorter heads. The 
 muscular fibres run obliquely upwards and for- 
 wards, and form in the middle two fleshy columns, 
 which decussate and leave an oval space between 
 them for the passage of the esophagus and eighth 
 pair of nerves. 
 
 Inserted, by strong fleshy fibres, into the poste- 
 rior part of the -middle tendon. 
 
 Use. The diaphragm is the principal agent in 
 respiration, particularly in inspiration ; for when it 
 is in action, the fibres, from their different attach- 
 ments, endeavour to bring themselves into a plane 
 
THE MUSCLES. 65 
 
 towards the middle tendon, by which the cavity of 
 the thorax is enlarged, particularly at the sides, 
 where the lungs are chiefly situated; and as the 
 lungs must always be contiguous to the inside of 
 the thorax and upper side of the diaphragm, the 
 air rushes into them, in order to fill up the in- 
 creased space. This muscle is assisted by the two 
 rows of intercostals, which elevate the ribs, and 
 the cavity of the thorax is more enlarged. In time 
 of violent exercise, or whatever cause drives the 
 blood with unusual celerity towards the lungs, the 
 pectoral muscles, the serrati antici majores, the 
 serrati postici superiores, and scaleni muscles, are 
 brought into action. And in laborious inspiration, 
 the muscles which arise from the upper part of the 
 thorax, when the parts into which they are insert- 
 ed are fixed, likewise assist. In expiration, the 
 diaphragm is relaxed and pushed up by the pres- 
 sure of the abdominal muscles upon the viscera o 
 the abdomen ; and at the same time that they press 
 it upwards, they also, together with the sterno cos- 
 tales and serrati postici inferiores, pull down the 
 ribs, and are assisted in a powerful manner by the 
 elasticity of the cartilages that join the ribs to the 
 sternum ; by which the cavity of the thorax is di- 
 minished, and the air suddenly pushed out of the 
 lungs : and in laborious expiration, the quadrati 
 lumborum, sacrolumbales, and longissimi dorsi, 
 concur in pulling down the ribs. 
 The four pair are, 
 
 1 . QUADRATUS LUMBORUM, 
 
 Arises, pretty broad, tendinous and fleshy, from 
 the posterior part of the spine of the os ilium, 
 
66 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Inserted into the transverse processes of the ver- 
 tebrae of the loins, into the last rib near the spine, 
 and by a small tendon into the side of the last ver- 
 tebra of the back. 
 
 Use. To move the loins to one side, pull down 
 the last rib, and, when both act, to bend the loins 
 forwards. 
 
 Quadratus, seu Lumbaris externus, Winslow. 
 
 2. PSOAS PARVUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the sides of the two upper 
 vertebrae of the loins, and sends off a small long 
 tendon which ends thin and flat, and is 
 
 Inserted into the brim of the pelvis, at the junc- 
 tion of the os ilium and pubis. 
 
 Use. To assist the psoas magnus in bending the 
 loins forwards ; and, in certain positions, to assist 
 in raising the pelvis. 
 
 N. B. This muscle is very often wanting. 
 
 3. PSOAS MAGNUS. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the side of the body, and 
 transverse process of the last vertebra of the back ; 
 and, in the same manner, from all those of the 
 loins, by as many distinct slips. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the trochanter minor 
 of the os femoris ; and fleshy into that bone, a lit- 
 tle below the same trochanter. 
 
 Use. To bend the thigh forwards ; or, when 
 the inferior extremity is fixed, to assist in bending 
 the body. 
 
 Psoas, seu Lumbaris internus, Winslow. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 6? 
 
 4. ILLIACUS INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the transverse process of 
 the last vertebra of the loins, from all the inner 
 lip of the spine of the os ilium, from the edge of 
 that bone between its anterior superior spinous 
 process and the acetabulum, and from most of the 
 hollow part of the ilium. It joins with the psoas 
 magnus, where it begins to become tendinous ; 
 and is 
 
 Inserted along with it. 
 
 Use. To assist the psoas in bending the thigh, 
 and to bring it directly forwards. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of the two last muscles 
 should not be prosecuted till the muscles of the 
 thigh are dissected. 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR 
 PART OF THE THORAX.* 
 
 THESE may be divided into two layers. The 
 first layer consists of one muscle, named 
 
 * Upon removing the skin and mammary gland, the pectoralis 
 major is brought into view. It is united to the deltoid by a line of 
 cellular substance, in which are imbedded the cephalic vein, and a 
 small thoracic artery. The sternal and clavicular portions of the mus- 
 cle are connected by a fatty line, which is worthy of observation, as 
 it can lead us to the subclavian artery. After the muscle has been 
 carefully dissected and examined, it should be raised from its origin 
 and suspended by its tendon. The deep-seated muscles will then be 
 
68 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PECTORALIS MAJOR, 
 
 Arises from the cartilaginous extremity of the 
 fifth and sixth ribs, where it always intermixes 
 with the external oblique muscle of the abdomen ; 
 from almost the whole length of the sternum, and 
 from near half of the anterior part of the clavicle : 
 The fibres run towards the axilla in a folding man- 
 ner. 
 
 Inserted, by two broad tendons, which cross each 
 other at the upper and inner part of the os hu- 
 meri, above the insertion of the deltoid muscle, 
 and outer side of the groove for lodging the ten- 
 don of the long head of the biceps. 
 
 Use. To move the arm forwards and obliquely 
 upwards, towards the sternum. 
 
 Pectoralis, Albums. 
 
 Die second layer consists of three muscles ; 
 
 1. SUBCLAVIUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the cartilage that joins 
 the first rib to the sternum. 
 
 Inserted, after becoming fleshy, into the inferior 
 part of the clavicle, which it occupies from within 
 an inch or so of the sternum, as far outwards as to 
 
 exposed. The subclavius will be found between the clavicle and first 
 rib. The pectoralis minor lies immediately under the pectoraiis ma- 
 jor, and at its insertion, often blended with the origins of the short 
 head of the biceps and coraco-brachialis. The serratus magnus is 
 situated upon the lateral part of the chest, close upon the ribs, and 
 concealed in part by the scapula ; a portion of it is likewise covered 
 by the pectoralis major and minor. 
 
THE MUSCLES, 69 
 
 its connexion, by ligament, with the coracoid pro- 
 process of the scapula. 
 
 Use. To pull the clavicle downwards and for- 
 wards. 
 
 2. PECTORALIS MINOR, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper 
 edge of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near where 
 they join with their cartilages. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the coracoid process of 
 the scapula ; but soon grows fleshy and broad. 
 
 Use. To bring the scapula forwards and down- 
 wards, or to raise the ribs upwards. 
 
 Serratus anticus, Albinus. 
 
 Serratus minor anticus, Douglas. 
 
 3. SERRATUS MAGNUS. 
 
 Arises from the nine superior ribs, by an equal 
 number of fleshy digitations, resembling the teeth 
 of a saw. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the whole base of the sca- 
 pula internally, between the insertion of the rhom- 
 boid and the origin of the subscapularis muscles, 
 being folded about the two angles of the scapula. 
 
 Use. TO move the scapula forwards ; and, when 
 the scapula is forcibly raised, to draw upwards the 
 ribs. 
 
 Serratus major anticus, Douglas, 
 
 
70 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS, 
 AND WITHIN THE THORAX. 
 
 BETWEEN the ribs, on each side, there are ele- 
 ven double rows of muscles, which are therefore 
 named intercostals. These decussate each other 
 like the strokes of the letter X. 
 
 INTERCOSTALES EXTERNI 
 
 Arise from the inferior acute edges of each su- 
 perior rib, and run obliquely forwards, the whole 
 length from the spine to near the joining of the 
 ribs with their cartilages ; from which, to the ster- 
 num, there is only a thin membrane covering the 
 internal intercostals. 
 
 I?iserted into the upper obtuse edge of each in- 
 ferior rib, as far back as the spine, into which the 
 posterior portion is fixed. 
 
 INTERCOSTALES INTERNI, 
 
 Arise in the same manner as the external ; but 
 they begin at the sternum, and run obliquely back- 
 wards, as far as the angle of the rib ; and from 
 that to the spine they are wanting. 
 
 Inserted in the same manner as the external. 
 
 Use. By means of these muscles, the ribs are 
 equally raised upwards during inspiration. Their 
 fibres being oblique, give them a greater power of 
 bringing the ribs near each other, than could be 
 performed by straight ones. But, by the obliqui- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 71 
 
 ty of the fibres, they are almost brought contigu- 
 ous ; and, as the fixed points of the ribs are be- 
 fore and behind, if the external had been continued 
 forwards to the sternum, and the internal back- 
 wards to the spine, it would have hindered their 
 motion, which is greatest in the middle, though 
 the obliquity of the ribs renders it less perceptible ; 
 and, instead of raising the fibres fixed to the ster- 
 num and spine, would have depressed the ribs. 
 
 N. B. The portions of the external intercostals 
 which arise from the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae, where the ribs are fixed to them, and 
 other portions that pass over one rib and terminate 
 in the next below it, Albinus calls Levatores costa- 
 rum longiores et breviores. 
 
 The portions of the internal that pass over one 
 rib, and are inserted into the next below it, Dou- 
 glas calls Costarum depressores proprii Cowperii. 
 Supra-costales, and Infra-costales, Winslow. 
 The muscles within the thorax are one pair, viz. 
 
 TRIANGULARIS, OR STERNO COSTALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, and a little tendinous, from all 
 the length of the cartilago ensiformis laterally, and 
 from the edge of the lower half of the middle bone 
 of the sternum, from whence its fibres ascend ob- 
 liquely upwards and outwards. 
 
 Inserted, generally by three triangular termina- 
 tions, into the lower edge of the cartilages of the 
 third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near where these join 
 with the ribs. 
 
 Use. To depress these cartilages, and the ex- 
 
72 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 tremities of the ribs ; and consequently to assist in 
 contracting the cavity of the thorax. 
 
 This muscle often varies ; and is sometimes in- 
 serted into the cartilage of the second rib, some- 
 times into the cartilage of the sixth rib. 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART 
 OF THE NECK CLOSE TO THE VERTEBRAE. 
 
 THESE consist of one layer, formed by four 
 muscles. 
 
 1. LONGUS COLLI, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the bodies of 
 
 * The muscles described in this chapter cannot be exposed till 
 the trachea and esophagus be removed. 
 
 The longus colliand rectus capitis internus major are situated be- 
 hind the pharynx, the esophagus, and principal vessels and nerves of 
 the neck, but connected to them by loose cellular substance. The 
 rectus capitis internus minor and rectus capitis lateralis are very 
 small muscles, which run between the first vertebrae and basis of the 
 cranium. The former is situated near the meisal line of the verte- 
 brse, and the latter at the side of the vertebral column behind the 
 jugular vein where it issues from the cranium. The scaleni mus- 
 cles lie upon the lower and lateral part of the neck, bounded 
 before by the platysma myoides, and sterno-cleido-mastoideus, and 
 behind by the trapezius and levator scapulas. They appear to be a 
 single muscle, but can easily be separated into three portions. The 
 brachial plexus of nerves and the subclavian artery, pass between 
 the anterior and middle scaleni to gain the axilla, while the sub- 
 clavian vein will be found before the scalenus anticus. Where the 
 subclavian artery issues from between these muscles, it can be com- 
 pressed on the first rib, or exposed by an incision, as in the opera- 
 tion for axillary aneurism. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 73 
 
 the three superior vertebrae of the back laterally; 
 and from the transverse process of the third, fourth, 
 fifth, and sixth vertebrae of the neck, near their 
 roots. 
 
 Inserted into the fore part of the bodies of all 
 the vertebrae of the neck, by as many small ten- 
 dons, which are covered with flesh. 
 
 Use. To bend the neck gradually forwards, and 
 to one side. 
 
 2. RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, from the anterior points of the trans- 
 verse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and 
 sixth vertebrae of the neck, by four distinct be- 
 ginnings. 
 
 Inserted into the cuneiform process of the os 
 occipitis, a little before the condyloid process. 
 
 Use. To bend the head forwards. 
 
 Rectus anterior longus, Winslow. 
 
 3, RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MINOR. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the fore-part of the body of 
 the first vertebrae of the neck, opposite to the su- 
 perior oblique process. 
 
 Inserted near the root of the condyloid process 
 of the os occipitis, under, and a little farther out- 
 wards than, the former muscle. 
 
 Use. To nod the head forwards. 
 
 Rectus anterior brevis, Winslow. 
 
 4. RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the anterior part of the 
 E 
 
74 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 point of the transverse process of the first verte- 
 bra of the neck. 
 
 Inserted into the os occipitis, opposite to the 
 foramen stylo-mastoideum of the temporal bone. 
 
 Use. To bend the head a little to one side. 
 
 Transversalis anticus primus, Winslow. 
 
 On the side of the neck, 
 
 1. SCALENUS ANTICUS, 
 
 Arises, from the fourth, fifth, and sixth trans- 
 verse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, by as 
 many tendons. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the upper 
 side of the first rib, near its cartilage. 
 
 Scalenus prior, Albinus. 
 
 Anterior portion of the first scalenus, Winslow. 
 
 First scalenus, Douglas. 
 
 2. SCALENUS MEDIUS, 
 
 Arises, from all the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae of the neck by as many strong tendons : 
 the nerves to the superior extremity pass between 
 it and the former. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and outer part of the 
 first rib, from its root, to within the distance of an 
 inch from its cartilage. 
 
 Posterior portion of the Jlrst scalenus, Winslow. 
 
 Second scalenus, Douglas. 
 
 3. SCALENUS POSTICUS, 
 
 Arises from the fifth and sixth transverse pro- 
 cesses of the vertebrae of the neck. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 75 
 
 Inserted into the upper edge of the second rib, 
 not far from the spine. 
 
 Posterior portion of the second scalenus, Winslow. 
 
 Third scalenus, Douglas. 
 
 Use of the three scaleni : to bend the neck to 
 one side ; or, when the neck is fixed, to elevate the 
 ribs, and to dilate the thorax. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR 
 PART OF THE TRUNK.* 
 
 THE following muscles are described as they 
 appear on dissection. 
 
 1. TRAPEZIUS, SEU CUCULARIS, 
 
 Arises, by a strong round tendon, from the 
 lower part of the protuberance in the middle of 
 
 The muscles situated on the posterior part of the trunk may 
 naturally be divided into three classes. 1st, the broad; 2dly, the 
 long ; and 3dly, the short muscles. 
 
 The Iroad muscles are the most superficial, and lie in three layers, 
 the trapezius and latissimus dorsi forming the first; the rhomboideus 
 and serratus posticus inferior, the second ; and the serratus posticus 
 superior, the third. 
 
 The long muscles lie immediately under the broad, and may be 
 divided into those of the back and those of the neck. In the back 
 three muscles are situated between the angles of the ribs and spinous 
 processes of the vertebrae, and form a single layer; they are the 
 sacro-lumbalis the longissimus dorsi, and spinalis dorsi. In the 
 neck the levator scapulae and splenius form the first layer, the tra- 
 chelo-mastoideus, transversallis colli and complexus, the second; 
 and the semi-spinalis colli the third. Great care and nicety are re- 
 
76 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the os occipitis behind ; and, by a thin membranous 
 tendon, which covers part of the splenius and 
 complex us muscles, from the rough curved line 
 that extends from the protuberance towards the 
 mastoid process of the temporal bone ; runs down 
 along the nape of the neck, where it seems to 
 arise from its fellow, and covers the spinous pro- 
 cesses of the superior vertebrae of the neck ; but 
 arises from the spinous processes of the two infe- 
 rior, and from the spinous processes of all the 
 vertebras of the back ; adhering, tendinous, to its 
 fellow, the whole length of its origin. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the posterior half of the 
 clavicle ; tendinous and fleshy, into the acromion, 
 and into almost all the spine of the scapula. 
 
 quisite in dissecting these muscles of the neck, for they are so 
 blended and entangled with each other, that they are apt to confuse 
 and bewilder the dissector. 
 
 The short muscles lie close to the spine under the long ones, and 
 chiefly run between the processes of the neighbouring vertebrae. Some 
 anatomists have described them with the utmost particularity, while 
 others have grouped nearly the whole together under the appellation, 
 multifidus spinae. The most remarkable of the short muscles are 
 those which are situated at the base of the cranium under the corn- 
 plexus, and which act upon the head, viz. the obliquus superior 
 and inferior, and rectus capitis major and minor. 
 
 To the surgical anatomist the muscles situated on the posterior 
 part of the trunk present few objects of consideration. If we except 
 the latissimus dorsi, there is not one of them that is interested in 
 any important surgical operation. But the latissimus dorsi forms 
 one of the boundaries of the axilla, a cavity containing such a num- 
 ber of important parts, all liable to disease, and often requiring sur- 
 gical operation, that it claims the undivided attention of the student. 
 The following are a few of the points which ought to be studied. 
 
 The form of the axilla ; its boundaries ; the course of the great 
 blood vessels and nerves in passing through it ; the relation of these 
 vessels and nerves to each other at the upper and lower part of the 
 cavity, with the principal situations of the lymphatic glands which 
 are lodged there. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 77 
 
 Use, Moves the scapula according to the three 
 different directions of its fibres ; for the upper 
 descending fibres draw it obliquely upwards, the 
 middle transverse straight fibres draw it directly 
 backwards, and the inferior ascending fibres draw 
 it obliquely downwards and backwards. 
 
 N. B. Where it is inseparably united to its 
 fellow in the nape of the neck, it is named Liga- 
 mentum Nuchce 9 or Colli. 
 
 2. LATISSIMUS DORSI, 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the poste- 
 rior part of the spine of the os ilium, from all the 
 spinous processes of the os sacrum and vertebrae 
 of the loins, and from the seven inferior ones of 
 the vertebrae of the back; also, tendinous and 
 fleshy, from the extremities of the three or four 
 inferior ribs, a little beyond their cartilages, by as 
 many distinct slips. The inferior fibres ascend 
 obliquely, and the superior run transversely, over 
 the inferior angle of the scapula, towards the axil- 
 la, where they are all collected, twisted, and folded. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong thin tendon, into the inner 
 edge of the groove for lodging the tendon of the 
 long head of the biceps. 
 
 Use. To pull the arm backwards and down- 
 wards, and to roll the os humeri. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of this muscle should not 
 be prosecuted till the muscles of the os humeri, 
 to which it belongs, are dissected, 
 
 3. SERBATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR^ 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, in common 
 
78 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 with that of the latissimus dorsi, from the spinal 
 processes of the two inferior vertebrae of the back, 
 and from the three superior of the loins. 
 
 Inserted into the lower edges of the four inferior 
 ribs, at a little distance from their cartilages, by 
 as many distinct fleshy slips. 
 
 Use. To depress the ribs into which it is inser- 
 ted. 
 
 3. RHOMBOIDEUS. 
 
 This muscle is divided into two portions. 
 
 1. Rhomboldeus major, arises, tendinous, from 
 the spinous processes of the five superior vertebrae 
 of the back. 
 
 Inserted into all the basis of the scapula below 
 its spine. 
 
 Use. To draw the scapula obliquely upwards 
 and directly inwards. 
 
 2. Rhomboideus minor, arises, tendinous, from 
 the spinous processes of the three inferior vertebrae 
 of the neck, and from the ligamentum nuchae. 
 
 Inserted into the base of the scapula, opposite to 
 its spine. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. 
 
 5. SERRATUS SUPERIOR POSTICUS, 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the spinous 
 processes of the three last vertebrae of the neck, 
 and the two uppermost of the back. 
 
 Inserted into the second, third, fourth, and fifth 
 ribs, by as many fleshy slips. 
 
 Use. To elevate the ribs, and dilate the thorax. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 79 
 
 6. LEVATOR SCAPULA, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the transverse 
 processes of the five superior vertebrae of the neck, 
 by as many distinct slips, which soon unite to form 
 a muscle that runs downwards and outwards. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the superior angle of the 
 scapula. 
 
 Use. To pull the scapula upwards, and a little 
 forwards. 
 
 Angularis, vulgo Levator proprtus, Winslow. 
 
 Elevator, seu Musculus patientiee, Douglas. 
 
 On the neck, 
 
 1. SPLENIUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the four superior spin- 
 ous processes of the vertebrae of the back ; tendin- 
 ous and fleshy, from the five inferior of the neck, 
 and adheres firmly to the ligamentum nuchae. At 
 the third vertebrae of the neck, the splenii recede 
 from each other, so that part of the complexus 
 muscle is seen. 
 
 Inserted, by as many tendons, into the five su- 
 perior transverse processes of the vertebrae of the 
 neck; and tendinous and fleshy, into the poste- 
 rior part of the mastoid process, and into the os 
 occipitis, where it joins with the root of that pro- 
 cess. 
 
 Use. To bring the head and upper vertebrae 
 of the neck backwards laterally ; and when both 
 act, to pull the head directly backwards. 
 
 N* B. Albinus divides this muscle into two ; 
 
80 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 viz. That portion which arises from the five infe- 
 rior spinous processes of the neck, and is inserted 
 into the mastoid process and os occipitis, he calls 
 Splenius Capitis ; and that portion which arises 
 from the third and fourth of the back, and is in- 
 serted into the five superior transverse processes 
 of the neck, is called by him Splenius Colli. 
 
 2. COMPLEXUS, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the se- 
 ven superior vertebrae of the back, and four infe- 
 rior of the neck, by as many distinct tendinous ori- 
 gins ; in its ascent it receives a fleshy slip from the 
 spinous process of the first vertebra of the back : 
 from these different origins it runs upwards, and 
 is every where intermixed with tendinous fibres. 
 
 Inserted^ tendinous and fleshy, into the inferior 
 edge of the protuberance in the middle of the os 
 occipitis,, and into a part of the curved line that 
 runs forwards from that protuberance. 
 
 Use. To draw the head backwards, and to one 
 side ; and, when both act, to draw the head direct- 
 ly backwards. 
 
 N. B. The long portion of this muscle, that is 
 situated next the spinous processes, lies more 
 loose, and has a roundish tendon in the middle of 
 it ; for which reason Albinus calls it Biventer cer- 
 vicis. 
 
 3. TRACHELO-MASTOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the three 
 uppermost vertebrae of the back, and from the five 
 lowermost of the neck, where it is connected to the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 81 
 
 transversalis cervicis, by .as many thin tendons, 
 which unite into a belly, and run up under the 
 splenius. 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the posterior side of 
 the mastoid process, by a thin tendon. 
 
 Use. To assist the complexus ; but it pulls the 
 head more to a side. 
 
 Complexiis .minor , seu Mastoideus.laleralis, Wins- 
 low. 
 
 Trachelo mastoideus, seu Capitis ,par tertium Fal- 
 lopti, Douglas. 
 
 .4. TRANSVERSALIS COLLI, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the five 
 'uppermost vertebrae of the back, by as many ten- 
 dinous and fleshy origins ; runs between the tra- 
 chelo-mastoideus, and splenius colli and cervicalis 
 descendens. 
 
 Inserted into the transverse processes of all the 
 cervical vertebrae, except the first and the last. 
 
 Use. To turn the neck obliquely backward, and 
 a little to one side. 
 
 5. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the external part of the spi- 
 nous process of the second vertebra of the neck ; 
 and grows broader in its ascent, which is not 
 straight, but obliquely outwards. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os occi- 
 ;pitis, near the rectus capitis lateralis, and the in- 
 sertion <of the obliquus capitis superior. 
 
 Use. To pull the head backwards, and to assist 
 & little in .its rotation. 
 
82 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Rectus major, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 6. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MINOR, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow beginning, close by its fel- 
 low, from a little protuberance in the middle of 
 the back part of the first vertebra of the neck, its 
 outer edge being covered by the rectus major. 
 
 Inserted, pretty broad, into the sides of a dimple 
 in the os occipitis, near its foramen magnum. 
 
 Use. To assist the rectus major in moving the 
 head backwards. 
 
 Obliquus minor, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 7. OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR, 
 
 Arises from the transverse process of the first 
 vertebra of the neck. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os occi- 
 pitis behind the back part of the mastoid process 
 of the temporal bone, and under the insertion of 
 the complexus muscle. 
 
 Use. To draw the head backward. 
 
 Obliquus major, Winslow. 
 
 Obliquus superior, Douglas. 
 
 8. OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the spinous process of the 
 second vertebra of the neck, its whole length ; 
 and forming a thick fleshy belly, is 
 
 Inserted into the transverse process of the first 
 vertebra of the neck. 
 
 Use. To give a rotatory motion to the head. 
 
 On the back, near to the spine, 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 83 
 
 1. SACRO-LUMBALIS, 
 
 Arises in common with the longissimus dorsi. 
 
 Inserted into all the ribs, where they begin to be 
 curved forwards, by as many long and thin ten- 
 dons; and, 
 
 From the upper part of the six or eight lower 
 ribs, arise as many bundles of thin fleshy fibres, 
 which soon terminate in the inner side of this 
 muscle, and are named Musculi ad Sacrolumbalem 
 Accessor it. 
 
 Use. To pull the ribs down, and assist to erect 
 the trunk of the body. 
 
 N. B. There is a fleshy slip which runs from 
 the upper part of this muscle into the fourth, fifth, 
 and sixth transverse processes of the vertebrae of 
 the neck, by three distinct tendons ; it is named 
 Cervicalis Descendens ; and its use is to turn the 
 neck obliquely backwards, and to one side. 
 
 2. LONGISSIMUS DORSI, 
 
 Arises, tendinous without, and fleshy within, 
 from the side, and all the spinous processes of the 
 os sacrum ; from the posterior spine of the os ili- 
 um ; from all the spinous processes ; and from the 
 roots of the transverse processes of the vertebrae 
 of the loins. 
 
 Inserted into all the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae of the back, chiefly by small double ten- 
 dons ; also, by a tendinous and fleshy slip, into the 
 lower edge of all the ribs, except the two inferior, 
 at a little distance from their tubercles. 
 
84 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use To extend the vertebrae, and to raise and 
 keep the trunk of the body erect. 
 
 N. B. Nrom the upper part of this muscle there 
 runs up a round fleshy portion which joins with 
 the cervicalis descendens. 
 
 3. SPINALIS DORSI 
 
 Arises from the spinous processes of the two up- 
 permost vertebrae of the loins, and the three infe- 
 rior of the back, by as many tendons. 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of the nine 
 uppermost vertebrae of the back, except the first, 
 by as many tendons. 
 
 Use. To erect and fix the vertebrae, and to as* 
 sist in raising the spine. 
 
 4. SEMI-SPINALIS DO RSI, 
 
 Arises, from the transverse processes of the se- 
 venth, eighth, ninth, and tenth vertebrae of the 
 back, by as many distinct tendons, which soon 
 grow fleshy, and then become tendinous again ; 
 and are 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of all the ver- 
 tebrae of the back above the eighth, and into the 
 two lowermost of the neck, by as many tendons. 
 
 Use. To extend the spine obliquely backwards. 
 
 Semi-spinalis externus, seu 7^ransverso-spinalis 
 dor si, Winslow. 
 
 On the neck, 
 
 1. SEMI-SPINALIS COLLI, 
 
 Arises, from the transverse processes of the up- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 85 
 
 permost six vertebrae of the back, by as many dis- 
 tinct tendons, ascending obliquely under the corn- 
 plexus. 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of all the 
 vertebras of the neck, except the first and the last. 
 
 Use. To extend the neck obliquely backwards. 
 
 Semi-spinalis, sive Transverso-spinalis colli, Wins- 
 low. 
 
 ' ' rV 
 
 2. MULTIFIDUS SPIN.E, 
 
 Arises, from the side and spinous process of the 
 os sacrum, and from the posterior part of the os 
 ilium, where it joins with the sacrum ; from all the 
 oblique and transverse processes of the vertebrae 
 of the loins ; from all the transverse processes of 
 the vertebrae of the back, and from those of the 
 neck, except the three first, by as many distinct 
 tendons, which soon grow fleshy, run in an ob- 
 lique direction, and are 
 
 Inserted, by distinct tendons, into all the spinous 
 processes of the vertebrae of the loins, of the back 
 and of the neck, except the first, 
 
 Use. When the different portions of this muscle 
 act on one side, they extend the back obliquely, 
 or move it laterally ; but if they act together on 
 both sides, they extend the vertebrae backwards. 
 
 Transverso-spinalis lumborum, veterib. Sacer. 
 
 Semi-spinalisi internus sive TransversO"Spinalis 
 dorsi. 
 
 Semi-spinalis, sive Transverso-spinalis colli. Pars 
 interna, Winslow. 
 
 Transversalis lumborum, vulgo Sacer* 
 
 Transversalis dorsi. 
 
86 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Transversalis colli, Douglas. 
 
 There are a number of small muscles situated 
 between the spinous and transverse processes of 
 contiguous vertebrae, which are accordingly named, 
 
 1. INTERSPINALES COLLI. 
 
 The space between the spinous processes of the 
 vertebrae of the neck, most of which are bifurcated, 
 is filled up with fleshy portions ; which 
 
 Arise, double, from the spinous process of the 
 inferior vertebrae of the neck ; and ascend to be 
 
 Inserted, in the same manner, into the spinous 
 process of the superior vertebras. They are five in 
 number. 
 
 Use. To draw these processes nearer to each 
 other. 
 
 2. INTERTRANSVERSALES COLLI. 
 
 They begin from the transverse process of the 
 first vertebrae of the back, and fill up the spaces 
 between the transverse processes of the vertebras 
 of the neck, which are likewise bifurcated ; and, 
 consequently, there are six distinct double mus- 
 cles, which 
 
 Arise from the inferior transverse process of 
 each vertebra of the neck, and first of the back, 
 and are 
 
 Inserted into the superior transverse processes. 
 
 Use. To draw these processes towards each 
 other, and turn the neck a little to one side. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 87 
 
 3, 4, 5. INTERSPINALES DORSI ET LUMBORUM, 
 AND THE INTERTRANSVERSALES DORSI, 
 
 Are rather small tendons than muscles, serving 
 to connect the spinal and transverse processes. 
 
 6. INTERTRANSVERSALES LUMBORUM, 
 
 Are four distinct small bundles of flesh which 
 fill up the spaces between the transverse processes 
 of the vertebrae of the loins, and serve to draw 
 them towards each other. 
 
 . 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles that 
 
 * Before the student exposes the muscles of the superior extremi- 
 ty, he should cautiously remove the skin, and examine the superfi- 
 cial veins in connexion with the cutaneous nerves. 
 
 In the fore-arm, the muscles are invested with a strong facia, 
 which binds them down, and supports their action. In the arm, 
 they are merely covered with a layer of cellular substance, which 
 possesses neither the texture nor strength of a facia. The veins and 
 cutaneous nerves lie exterior to these, and at the bend of the arm, 
 the nerves so twine around the veins, that they are liable to be wound- 
 ed in the operation of phlebotomy. The student should therefore 
 examine which of these veins is surrounded by the fewest nervous 
 filaments, as that one in general should be selected for bleeding. A 
 more important relation at the bend of the arm still remains to be 
 examined. The brachial artery at that point lies very superficial, 
 generally separated from the veins by the thin tendon of the biceps. 
 Sometimes, indeed, it lies immediately under the vein, and may be 
 punctured by an ignorant or incautious bleeder. The relation of the 
 artery to the vein ought therefore to be carefully noted. 
 
88 DESCRIPTION 'OF 
 
 are situated on the scapula, on the os humeri, on 
 the cubit or fore-arm, and on the hand. 
 
 Muscles situated on the scapula.* 
 
 These are called muscles of the os humeri ; and 
 are three behind, one along its inferior costa, two 
 before, and one beneath it. 
 
 Behind, 
 
 1. SUPRASPINATUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all that part of the base of 
 the scapula that is -above its spine ; also from the 
 spine and superior costa ; passes under the acro- 
 mion, and adheres to the capsular ligament of the 
 os humeri. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into that part of the large 
 protuberance on the head of the os humeri that is 
 next the groove for lodging the tendon of the long 
 head of the biceps. 
 
 Use. To raise the arm upwards. 
 
 2. INFRASPINATUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all that part <of the base of 
 
 * The muscles situated on the scapula cannot be displayed till the 
 deltoid be raised from its origin. Then we find the supraspinatus 
 situated upon the dorsurn of the -scapula, above the spine, and the 
 infraspinatus below the spine. The ; teres minor runs along the in- 
 ferior costa of the scapula, and is almost concealed between the infra 
 spinatus and teres major. The teres major lies along the inferior 
 margin of the subscapularis and teres minor, and passes before the 
 long head'of the triceps, previous to its union with -the latissimus 
 dorsi. The subscapularis is situated on the thoracic surface of the 
 scapula between that bone and the serratus magnus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 89 
 
 the scapula that is between its spine and inferior 
 angle ; from the spine, as far as the cervix of the 
 scapula. The fibres ascend and descend oblique- 
 ly towards a tendon in the middle of the muscle, 
 which runs forwards, and adheres to the capsular 
 ligament. 
 
 Inserted, by a thick and short tendon, into the 
 upper and middle part of the large protuberance 
 on the head of the os humeri. 
 
 Use, To roll the humerus outwards ; to assist 
 in raising, and in supporting it when raised. 
 
 N. B. These two muscles are covered with a 
 tendinous membrane, from which a number of their 
 fleshy fibres arise. It serves besides to strengthen 
 their actions, and keeps them from swelling too 
 much outwardly when in action. 
 _ 
 
 3. TERES MINOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the round edge of the in- 
 ferior costa of the scapula, and runs forwards along 
 the inferior edge of the infraspinatus muscle, and 
 adheres to the ligament. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the back- part of the large 
 protuberance on the head of the os humeri, a little 
 behind and below the termination of the last-nam- 
 ed muscle. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus outwards, and to draw 
 the humerus backwards. 
 
 Along the inferior costa of the scapula, 
 
 TERES MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inferior angle of the sea- 
 
<)<) nrsi-HirnoN or 
 
 , ;uul from nil that portion ol' its inferior cost a 
 tli.-it is rough and thicker tliiin the rest : its fleshy 
 fibres arc continued O'Ver part of tin- infraspinalus 
 muscle, to which they firmly adhere. 
 
 Instrtftl, by a broad, short, and thin tendon, in- 
 to the ridge nt the inner side of the groove for 
 lodging the tendon of the long head of tlie biceps, 
 along with the latissimns dor>i. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to drau 
 it backwards and downwards. 
 
 The two before the scapula, 
 
 1. DELTOIDKS, 
 
 4rist$, fleshy, from all the posterior part of the 
 
 clavicle that the pectondis major does not possess; 
 teudiuous and fleshy, from the acromion, and lower 
 margin of almost the whole spine of the scapula 
 opposite to the insertion of the cucularis muscle : 
 
 from these origin-;, it runs in three dilleient direc- 
 tions,, /. f , from the clavicle outwards and down- 
 
 wauls; from the spine of the scapula outwards, 
 
 forwards, ;md downwards; -md l'nin tlu- acromion 
 straight downwanls; ami is composed of a number 
 of fasciculi, which form a strong fleshy muscle 
 that covers the anterior part of the joint of the os 
 humeri. 
 
 /;;>(;//, tendinous, into a rough protuberance 
 in the outer side of theos humeii, near its middle, 
 where the fibres of this muscle intermix with some 
 
 part of the brachialis externus. 
 
 Use. To pull the arm directly outwards ;m d up- 
 
TIIK Ml s I I s. 01 
 
 wards, and a little forwards or backwards accord- 
 ing to the different directions of its fibres, 
 
 2. CORACO-BRACHIAMS, 
 
 ^ri'.sY.v, tendinous and fleshy, from the fore-part 
 of the coracoid process of the scapula; adhering, 
 in its descent, to the shoit head of the biceps. 
 
 Inserted^ tendinous and fleshy, about the middle 
 of the internal part of the os humeri, near the ori- 
 gin of the third head of the triceps, called brachia- 
 lis externitF, where it sends down a thin tendinous 
 expansion to the internal condyle of the os humeri. 
 
 Use. To raise the arm upwards and forwards. 
 
 N. n. There passes a nerve through this mus- 
 cle, called Musculn-cutancous. 
 
 I 
 
 The one beneath the scapula, 
 
 SUBSCAPULARI8, 
 
 y/r/.sr.s, fleshy, from all the base of the scapula 
 internally, and from its superior and inferior cos- 
 ta>, being composed of a number of tendinous and 
 IK shy fasciculi, which make prints on the bone; 
 they all join together, fill up the hollow of the sca- 
 pula, and pass over the joint, adhering to the cap- 
 sular ligament. 
 
 7//\< ;/<</, tendinous, into the upper part, of the 
 internal protuberance at the head oftheos humeri. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to draw 
 it to the side of the body. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI. * 
 THESE are called 
 Muscles of the Cubit or Fore-arm. 
 They consist of two before, and two behind. 
 Before, 
 
 1. BICEPS FLEXOR CUBITI, 
 
 Arises, by two heads. The first and outermost, 
 called longus, begins tendinous from the upper 
 edge of the glenoid cavity of the scapula ; passes 
 over the head of the os humeri within the joint ; 
 
 * In the text, the muscles on the humerus are said to be two be- 
 fore and two behind. With greater propriety they may be said to 
 consist of three before and two behind ; for the coraco-brachialis 
 more properly belongs to the humerus than to the shoulder. The 
 biceps lies immediately under the integuments, on the fore-part of the 
 humerus ; the coraco-brachialis runs upon the inner edge of the bi- 
 ceps, but somewhat behind it, and the brachialis internus is covered 
 immediately by the biceps, except a small portion which projects be- 
 yond its external margin. The triceps extensor cubiti is .situa- 
 ted upon the humerus posteriorly, and forms a large portion of the 
 arm. Theanooneus covers the capsular ligament of the elbow joint, 
 and annular ligament of the radius. It lies between the extensor 
 carpi ulnaris and olecranon process of the ulna, and may be mistaken 
 for a portion of the triceps. 
 
 In this dissection the biceps ought to engage the greatest share of 
 the student's attention, as it is the landmark in guiding us to the 
 brachial artery. That artery lies between its venae comites, along 
 the inner edge of the biceps, and connected likewise to the median 
 nerve. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 93 
 
 and, in its descent without the joint, is enclosed in 
 a groove near the head of the os humeri, by a 
 membranous ligament that proceeds from the cap- 
 sular ligament and adjacent tendons. The second, 
 or innermost head, called brevis, arises, tendinous 
 and fleshy, from the coracoid process of the sca- 
 pula, in common with the coraco brachialis muscle. 
 A little below the middle of the fore-part of the os 
 humeri, these heads unite. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong roundish tendon, into the 
 tubercle on the upper end of the radius internally. 
 
 Use. To turn the hand supine, and to bend the 
 fore-arm. 
 
 N. B. At the bending of the elbow, where it 
 begins to grow tendinous, it sends off an aponeu- 
 rosis, which covers all the muscles on the inside 
 of the fore-arm, and joins with another tendinous 
 membrane, which is sent off from the triceps ex- 
 tensor cubiti, and covers all the muscles on the 
 outside of the fore-arm ; and a number of the fi- 
 bres, from opposite fibres, decussate each other. 
 It serves to strengthen the muscles, by keeping 
 them from swelling too much outwardly, when in 
 action : and a number of their fleshy fibres take 
 their origin from it. 
 
 Biceps brachii, Albinus. 
 
 Coraco-radialis, seu biceps, Winslow. 
 
 fiiceps internus, Douglas. 
 
 2. BRACHIALIS INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the middle of the os humeri, 
 at each side of the insertion of the deltoid muscle, 
 covering all the inferior and fore-part of this bone, 
 
94 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 runs over the joint, and adheres firmly to the liga- 
 ment. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong short tendon, into the co- 
 ronoid process of the ulna. 
 
 Use. To bend the fore-arm. 
 
 Brachialis, Winslow. 
 
 Behind, 
 
 1. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CUBITI, 
 
 Arises, by three heads ; the first called longus, 
 pretty broad and tendinous, from the inferior cos- 
 ta of the scapula, near its cervix. The second 
 head, called brevts, arises by an acute, tendinous, 
 and fleshy beginning, from the back part of the os 
 humeri, a little below its head, outwardly. The 
 third, called brachialis externus, arises by an acute 
 beginning, from the back-part of the os humeri. 
 These three heads unite lower than the insertion 
 of the teres major, and cover the whole posterior 
 part of the humerus, from which they receive ad- 
 dition in their descent. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and external part of the 
 process of the ulna, called olecranon, and partly in- 
 to the condyles of the os humeri, adhering firmly 
 to the ligament. 
 
 Use. To extend the fore-arm. 
 
 Anconeus major, Anconeus externus, and Anco- 
 neus internus, Winslow. 
 
 Biceps externus, and Brachialis externus, Douglas. 
 
 2. ANCONEUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the posterior part of the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 95 
 
 external condyle of the os humeri; it soon grows 
 fleshy, and is continued from the third head of the 
 triceps. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy and thin, into a ridge on the 
 outer and posterior edge of the ulna, being con- 
 tinued some way below the olecranon, and covered 
 with a tendinous membrane. 
 
 Use. To assist in extending the fore-arm. 
 
 Anconeus minor, Winslow. 
 
 Anconeus vel Cubitalis Riolani, Douglas. 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE CUBIT OR 
 FORE- ARM.* 
 
 THESE may be divided into three classes : first, 
 flexors and extensors of the whole hand ; second, 
 flexors and extensors of the Jingers ; and, third, 
 supinators and pronators, or those that roll the 
 radius on the ulna, -f 
 
 * In the following description, the arm is supposed to hang by 
 the side with the palm turned forwards ; so that the radius and thumb 
 are upon its outer side, and the ulna and little finger upon its inner 
 side ; whereas, when the muscles are described in the less straining 
 posture of pronation, as has been generally done by authors, the ut- 
 most confusion is necessarily introduced in the application of the 
 terms outer and inner, from the decussation of the radius and ulna. 
 
 f- The arrangement of the muscles of the fore-arm according to 
 their actions, as in the text, is not adapted to the practical anatomist. 
 Such an arrangement will rather confuse than tend to give a just idea 
 of their situation. The student should dissect them as they lie, with- 
 out the least regard to the classification in the text. They are ar- 
 
96 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 First class consists of three flexors, and three 
 extensors. 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 I. PALMARIS LONGUS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle of 
 the os humeri, soon grows fleshy, and, after a short 
 progress, sends off a long slender tendon. 
 
 ranged by nature into layers. Let the student therefore examine 
 them layer after layer, till he arrives at the bone, and the difficulty 
 which may seem to envelope the subject will instantly vanish. For 
 he will find that there are only two layers upon the posterior of the 
 fore-arm, and three upon the anterior. These muscles, it must be 
 confessed, are numerous, but when thus broken down into such dis- 
 tinct compartments, we are not only led to form a correct idea-of their 
 relative situation, but also materially assisted in recollecting them. 
 
 The superficial layer upon the back of the fore-arm consists of 
 five muscles, and if enumerated from the radial to the ulnar edge of 
 the arm, run in the following order : 1st, Supjnator radii longus : 
 2d, Extensor carpi radialis longior : 3d, Extensor carpi radialis bre- 
 vior : 4th, Extensor digitorum communis : 5th, Extensor carpi 
 ulnaris. 
 
 The deeprseated layer is likewise composed of five muscles, and if 
 enumerated in the same order as the superficial, wilj run thus: 1st, 
 Supinator radii brevis : 2d, Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus : 
 3d, Extensor primi internodii: 4th, Extensor secun^i internodii: 
 5th, Indicator. 
 
 The superficial layer upon the anterior of the fore-arm consists of 
 four muscles : 1st, Pronator radii teres : 2d, Flexor carpi radialis : 
 3d, Palmaris longus : 4th, Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 The middle layer is formed by a single muscle, the Flexor subli- 
 nius perforatus. 
 
 The deep-seated layer is composed of three muscles : 1st, Flexor 
 longus pollicis : 2d, Flexor profundus perforans : 3d, Pronator 
 quadratus. 
 
 * The palmaris longtis is situated superficially upon the middle 
 of the fore-arm, and descends upon the surface of the flexor sublimis, 
 between the flexor carpi ulnaris upon the one side, and the flexor 
 carpi radialis upon the other. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 9? 
 
 Inserted into the ligamentum carpi annulare, and 
 into a tendinous membrane that is expanded on the 
 palm of the hand, named aponeurosis palmaris ; 
 which, above, begins at the transverse or annular 
 ligament of the wrist, and, below, is fixed to the 
 roots of the fingers. 
 
 Use. To bend the hand, and to stretch the mem- 
 brane that is expanded on the palm. 
 
 Ulnaris gracilis, Winslow. 
 
 N. B. This muscle is sometimes wanting; but 
 the aponeurosis palmaris is always to be found. 
 
 2. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the internal 
 condyle of the os humeri, and from the anterior 
 part of the upper end of the ulna, where it firmly 
 adheres to the pronator radii teres. 
 
 Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the fore and up- 
 per part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the 
 fore-finger, after running through a fossa in the os 
 trapezium. 
 
 Use. To bend the hand, and to assist in its pro- 
 nation. 
 
 Radialis internus, Albums and Winslow. 
 
 3. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS, ( 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle of 
 
 * The Flexor carpi radialis is situated upon the radial edge of the 
 fore-arm, anteriorly, and covered at its origin by the pronator radii 
 teres. Having passed that muscle, it runs superficially between the 
 supinator longus and palmaris longus. 
 
 f The Flexor carpi ulna-rig is situated anteriorly on the ulnar side 
 of the fore-arm, immediately under the skin, between the palmaris 
 
 F 
 
98 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the os humeri. It has likewise a small fleshy be- 
 ginning from the outer side of the olecranon ; be- 
 tween which and the condyle the ulnar nerve passes 
 to the fore-arm ; and a number of its fleshy fibres 
 arise from the tendinous membrane which covers 
 the fore-arm. 
 
 Inserted, by a short strong tendon, into the os 
 pisiforme ; at a little distance from its insertion, a 
 small ligament is sent off to the metacarpal bone 
 that sustains the little finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in bending the hand. 
 
 Ulnaris interims, Albinus and Winslow. 
 
 Extensors : 
 
 1. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR, * 
 
 Arises, broad, thin, and fleshy, immediately be- 
 low the supinator radii longus, from the lower part 
 of the external ridge of the os humeri, above its 
 external condyle. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the posterior 
 and upper part of the metacarpal bone that sus- 
 tains the fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and bring the hand backwards. 
 
 Radialis externus longior, Albinus. 
 
 Radialis externus primus, Winslow. 
 
 longus and extensor carpi ulnaris. The palmaris longus only lies in 
 contact with this muscle near the elbow. At the middle and lower 
 part of the fore-arm these muscles separate, and permit the flexor 
 sublimis to project between them. 
 
 * The Extensor c.arpi radialis longior is situated on the radial edge 
 of the fore-arm, somewhat posteriorly, and covered by the supinator 
 radii longus, except near the wrist, where it is crossed by the exten- 
 sor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus, and extensor primi internodii. 
 
 
THE MUSCLES. 99 
 
 2. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIOR, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle of 
 the os humeri, and from the ligament that connects 
 the radius to it, and runs along the outside of the 
 radius. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the upper and 
 back part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the 
 middle finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the last-mentioned muscle. 
 
 Radialis exlernus brevior, Albinus. 
 
 Radialis secundus, Win slow. 
 
 3. EXTENSOR CARPI ULXARIS, f 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle of 
 the os humeri; and, in its progress, fleshy from 
 the middle of the ulna, where it passes over it. Its 
 round tendon is enclosed by a membranous sheath, 
 in a groove which is situated at the extremity of 
 the ulna. 
 
 Inserted, by its round tendon, into the posterior 
 and upper part of the metacarpal bone that sus- 
 tains the little finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in extending the hand. 
 
 Ulnaris exlernus, Albinus and Winslow. 
 
 * The Extensor carpi radialis brevior is situated upon the radial 
 edge of the fore-arm, under the extensor carpi radialis longior. As 
 it descends it inclines to the ulnar edge of that muscle, and near the 
 wrist passes under the extensor ossi metacarpi pollicis manus, ex- 
 tensor primi internodii, and indicator. 
 
 -f- The Extensor carpi ulnaris is situated upon the ulnar side of the 
 fore-arm, posteriorly. At the condyle of the humeris, it lies hetween 
 the anconeus and extensor digitorum communis, whence it descends, 
 in contact with the ulna, upon the inner edge of the extensor digito- 
 rum communis. 
 
100 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PALMARIS BREVIS, * 
 
 Arises, from the ligamentum carpi annulare and 
 tendinous membrane that is expanded on the palm 
 of the hand. 
 
 Inserted, by small bundles of fleshy fibres, into 
 the skin and fat that covers the abductor minimi 
 digiti, and into the os pisiforme. 
 
 Use. To assist in contracting the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 Palmaris cutaneous, Winslow. 
 
 Second Class. 
 
 The flexors and extensors of the four fingers are 
 two long, and one small flexor to each finger, and 
 one extensor. 
 
 1. FLEXOR SUBLIMIS PERFORATUS,-)- 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the internal 
 condyle of the os humeri ; tendinous from the coro- 
 noid process of the ulna, near the edge of the ca- 
 vity that receives the head of the radius; fleshy 
 from the tubercle of the radius ; and membranous 
 and fleshy from the middle of the fore-part of the 
 radius, where the flexor pollicis longus arises. Its 
 fleshy belly sends off four round tendons before it 
 passes under the ligament of the wrist. 
 
 * The Palmaris brevis is situated upon the inner edge of the 
 palm of the hand, between the skin and palmar facia. 
 
 -J- The Flcjcor gublimis pcrforatua is situated at the anterior part 
 of the fore-arm, and concealed by the Pronator radii teres, flexor 
 carpi radialis, and palmaris longus. It descends between these and 
 the flexor profundus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 101 
 
 Inserted into the anterior and upper part of the 
 second bone of each finger, being, near the extre- 
 mity of the first bone, divided for the passage of 
 the perforans. 
 
 Use. To bend the second joint or phalanx of 
 the fingers. 
 
 Sublimis, Albinus. 
 
 Perforate, Douglas. 
 
 2. FLEXOR PROFUNDIS PERFORANS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the external side and upper 
 part of the ulna, for some way downwards, and 
 from a large share of the interosseous ligament. 
 It splits into four tendons, a little before it passes 
 under the ligamentum carpi annulare ; and these 
 pass through the slits in the tendons of thp flpvnr 
 sublimis. 
 
 Inserted into the fore and upper part of the third 
 or last bone of all the four fingers. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the finger. 
 
 ProfundiSy Albinus, 
 
 Perforans, Douglas. 
 
 The four small flexors are named 
 
 LUMBRICALES, -J- 
 
 Arise, thin and fleshy, from the outside of the 
 
 * The Flexor profundis perforans is situated upon the anterior part 
 of the fore-arm, close upon the interosseous ligament, except near 
 the wrist, where the pronator quadratus is placed. 
 
 f- The Lumbricales are situated in the middle of the palm of the 
 hand, under the palmar aponeurosis. 
 
102 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 tendons of the flexor profundus, a little above the 
 lower edge of the ligamentum carpi annulare. 
 
 Inserted, by long slender tendons, into the outer 
 sides of the broad tendons of the interrossei mus- 
 cles, about the middle of the first joint. 
 
 Use. To increase the flexion of the fingers while 
 the long flexors are in full action. 
 
 Extensors : 
 
 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS, * 
 
 Arises, by an acute tendinous, and fleshy begin- 
 ning, from the external condyle of the os humeri, 
 where it adheres to the supinator radii brevis. Be- 
 fore it passes under the ligamentum carpi annulare 
 externum, it splits into four tendons ; some of which 
 may be divided into several smaller ; and about the 
 fore-part of the metacarpal bones they remit tendi- 
 nous filaments to each other. 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of all the bones 
 of the four fingers, by a tendinous expansion. 
 Use. To extend all the joints of the fingers. 
 
 Third Class* 
 
 Consists of four muscles, viz. two supinator s, and 
 two pronators. 
 
 Supinators : 
 
 * The Extensor digitorum communis is situated, superficially on 
 the posterior part of the fore-arm, where it descends between the ex- 
 tensor carpi radialis brevior, and extensor carpi ulnaris. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 103 
 
 1. SUPINATOR RADII LONGUS, * 
 
 Arises, by an acute and fleshy origin, from the 
 external ridge of the os humeri, above the external 
 condyle, near as far up as the middle of that bone. 
 
 Inserted into the outer side of the inferior extre- 
 mity of the radius. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius outwards, and conse- 
 quently the palm of the hand upwards. 
 
 Supinator longus, Albinus, Winslow, and Doug- 
 las. 
 
 2. SUPINATOR RADII BREVIS, f 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle of 
 the os humeri ; tendinous and fleshy, from the ex- 
 ternal and upper part of the ulna, and adheres 
 firmly to the ligament that joins these two bones. 
 
 Inserted into the head, neck, and tubercle of the 
 radius, near the insertion of the biceps, and ridge 
 running from that downwards and outwards. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius outwards, and so bring 
 the hand supine. 
 
 Pronators : 
 
 * The Supinator radii longus is situated superficially upon the 
 outer edge of the arm and fore-arm, and can be easily recognised even 
 in the undissected state, by the particular swell which it communi- 
 cates to that part of the extremity. The radial artery and nerve are 
 covered, for a considerable space, by this muscle ; but near the wrist 
 they lie upon its inner margin. 
 
 f The Supinator radii Ire-vis is situated deep in the back of the 
 fore-arm, being covered by the extensor carpi radialis longior, and 
 brevior, extensor digitorum communis, and anconeus. As its ten- 
 dinous insertion turns round the radius, it becomes connected with 
 the biceps. 
 
104 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 I. PRONATOR RADII TERES y * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the internal eondyle of the 
 os humeri, and tendinous from the coronoid pro- 
 cess of the ulna. 
 
 Inserted, thin, tendinous, and fleshy, into the 
 middle of the posterior part of the radius. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius, together with the hand, 
 inwards. 
 
 2. PRONATOR RADII gUADRATUS, -f" 
 
 Arises, broad, tendinous, and fleshy, from the 
 lower and inner part of the ulna; the fibres run 
 transversely, to be inserted into the lower and an- 
 terior part of the radius, opposite its origin. 
 
 Use. To turn the radius, together with the hand, 
 inwards. 
 
 * The Pronator radii teres is situated obliquely at the upper and 
 anterior part of the fore-arm. Its origin is superficial, but as it cros- 
 ses to the radius it becomes deep-seated, and ultimately inserted into 
 that bone below the tendon of the supinator radii brevis. 
 
 f- The Pronator radii quadratus is situated at the lower and an- 
 terior part of the fore-arm, close to the interosseous ligament and 
 bones, and covered immediately by the flexor profundus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 105 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE HAND CHIEFLY. * 
 
 THESE may be divided into four classes, viz. 
 muscles of the thumb, fore-finger, little finger, and 
 metacarpal bones. 
 
 Muscles of the Thumb. 
 
 These consist of three flexors, three extensors, one 
 abductor, and one adductor. 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 1. FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS MANUS, "f 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the 
 upper part of the radius, immediately below its tu- 
 
 * The muscles on the hand are very simple. They may be di- 
 vided into three classes : 1st, Those on the ball of the thumb : 2d, 
 Those on the ball of the little finger : and 3d, Those on the middle 
 of the hand. 
 
 Four muscles belong to the first class, three to the second, and 
 eleven to the third. 
 
 The four composing the ball of the thumb are, 1st, Abductor pol- 
 licis manus : 2d, Opponens pollicis : 3d, Flexor brevis pollicis ma- 
 nus : 4th, Adductor pollicis. 
 
 The three belonging to the ball of the little finger are, 1st, Ad- 
 ductor metacarpi minimi digiti manus : 2d, Flexor parvus minimi 
 digiti : 3d, Abductor minimi digiti manus. 
 
 In the middle of the palm of the hand we find the four lumbrica- 
 ks, and between the metacarpal bones the interossei, three of which 
 look into the palm, and four into the back of the hand. 
 
 f- The Flexor longus pollicis manus is situated on the anterior 
 part of the fore-arm, under the flexor sublimis, and upon the exter- 
 nal margin of the flexor profundus. 
 F 2 
 
106 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 bercle, and is continued down for some space on 
 the fore-part of this bone. It has likewise gene- 
 rally another origin from the internal condyle of 
 the os humeri, which forms a distinct fleshy slip 
 that terminates near the upper part of the origin 
 from the radius. 
 
 Inserted into the last joint of the thumb, after 
 having passed its tendon under the ligament of the 
 wrist. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the thumb. 
 
 Flexor tertii internodii, Douglas. 
 
 2. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS MANUS, * 
 
 Arises, from the os trapezoides, magnum, and 
 unciforme of the carpus, and is divided into two 
 portions by the tendon of the flexor pollicis lon- 
 gus. 
 
 Inserted into the ossa sesamoidea and first bone 
 of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To bend the first joint of the thumb. 
 
 Flexor secundi internodii, Douglas. 
 
 3. FLEXOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS, OR 
 OPPONENS POLLICIS, f 
 
 Arises fleshy, from the os trapezium and liga- 
 
 * The Flexor brevis pollicis mantis is situated upon the inner side 
 of the ball of the thumb, and divided into two portions by the tendon 
 of the flexor longus pollicis, which is embedded in its substance. 
 The external portion is covered by the abductor pollicis manus, and 
 the internal by the tendons of the flexor profundus and first lumbri- 
 calis. 
 
 t The Opponens pollicis is situated ^om. the middle of the ball of 
 the thumb, under the abductor pollicis, and almost wholly concealed 
 by that muscle. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 107 
 
 mentum carpi annulare, lying under the abductor 
 pollicis. 
 
 Inserted^ tendinous and fleshy, into the under 
 and anterior part of the metacarpal bone of the 
 thumb. 
 
 Use. To bring the thumb inwards, opposite to 
 the other fingers. 
 
 Flexor primi internodii, Douglas. 
 
 Extensors : * 
 
 1. EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS 
 MANUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the middle and posterior 
 part of the ulna, immediately below the insertion 
 of the anconeus muscle, from the posterior part of 
 the middle of the radius, and from the interosseous 
 ligament. 
 
 Inserted, generally by two tendons, into the os 
 trapezium, and upper back-part of the metacarpal 
 bone of the thumb, and often joins with the abduc- 
 tor pollicis. 
 
 Use. To extend the metacarpal bone of the 
 thumb outwardly. 
 
 * The three Extensors of the thumb are situated on the back of 
 the fore-arm, under the superficial muscles. A little above the wrist 
 their tendons emerge from between the extensor carpi radialis, and 
 the extensor digitorum communis, and cross the other muscles ob- 
 liquely to reach the thumb. The first and second of the extensors 
 are so united, that they may be mistaken for a single muscle. The 
 tendon of the third, near the thumb, is separated to a considerable 
 extent from the other two, and in the interstice which is thus formed 
 Ihe tendons of the extensores carpi radiales are to be discovered. 
 
108 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Abductor longus pollicis manus, Albinus. 
 Extensor primi internodii, Douglas. 
 
 2. EXTENSOR PRIMI INTERNODII, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the ulna 
 near the former muscle, and from the interosseous 
 ligament. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of the 
 first bone of the thumb; and part of it may be 
 traced as far as the second bone. 
 
 Use. To extend the first bone of the thumb ob- 
 liquely outwards. 
 
 Extensor minor pollicis manus, Albinus. 
 
 This and the preceding muscle is called 
 
 Extensor pollicis primus, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor secundi internodii, Douglas. 
 
 3. EXTENSOR SECUNDI INTERNODII, 
 
 Arises, by an acute tendinous, and fleshy begin- 
 ning, from the middle back- part of the ulna, and 
 from the interosseous ligament; its tendon runs 
 through a small groove at the inner and back-part 
 of the lower end of the radius. 
 
 Inserted into the last bone of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To extend the last joint of the thumb ob- 
 liquely backwards. 
 
 Exttnsor major pollicis mantis, Albinus. 
 
 Extensor pollicis sccundus, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tertii inlernodii, Douglas. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 109 
 
 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS, * 
 
 Arises, by a broad, tendinous, and fleshy begin- 
 ning, from the ligamentum carpi annulare, and 
 from the os trapezium. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outer side of the 
 root of the first bone of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To draw the thumb from the fingers. 
 
 N. B. Albinus names the inner portion of this 
 muscle abductor brevis alter. 
 
 Abductor, Thenar Riolani, Douglas. 
 
 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS, f 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from almost the whole length of 
 the metacarpal bone that sustains the middle fin- 
 ger; from thence its fibres are collected together. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner part of the 
 root of the first bone. 
 
 Use. To pull the thumb towards the fingers. 
 
 Fore-finger, 
 
 INDICATOR, J 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the 
 
 * The Abductor pollicis manus is situated upon the outer edge of 
 the hall of the thumb, immediately under the skin. 
 
 f- The Adductor pollicis manus is situated deep in the palm of the 
 hand, and covered by the tendons of the flexor profundus and two of 
 the lumbricales. The muscle becomes superficial before it is insert- 
 ed into the thumb, and there lies at the inner edge of the flexor bre- 
 vis pollicis. 
 
 The Indicator is situated on the posterior part of the fore-arm, 
 under the extensor digitorum communis. Before it arrives at the 
 wrist it becomes superficial, and descends obliquely to its destination 
 along the ulnar edge of the extensor secundi internodii. 
 
110 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 middle of the posterior part of the ulna ; its tendon 
 passes under the same ligament with the extensor 
 digitorum communis, with part of which it is 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the fore-fin- 
 ger. 
 
 Adductor ad minimum digitum, Douglas. 
 
 Extensor secundi internodii indicis proprius, vulgo 
 Indicator, Douglas. 
 
 ABDUCTOR INDICIS MANUS, * 
 
 Arises, from the os trapezium, and from the su- 
 perior part and inner side of the metacarpal bone 
 of the thumb. 
 
 Inserted, by a short tendon, into the outer and 
 back part of the first bone of the fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To bring the fore-finger towards the 
 thumb. 
 
 Semi-interosseus, Winslow. 
 
 Little finger, 
 
 ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS, ( 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the os pisiforme, and from 
 that part of the ligamentum carpi annulare next 
 it. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side of the 
 upper end of the first bone of the little finger. 
 
 * The Abductor indicis manus lies superficial upon the back of 
 the hand, between the metacarpal bones of the thumb and fore-finger. 
 In the palm of the hand it is covered by the muscles of the ball of 
 the thumb. 
 
 f- The Abductor minimi digiti manus is situated upon the inner 
 edge of the hand, and covered by some fibres of the palmaris brevis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. Ill 
 
 Use. To draw this finger from the rest. 
 
 Hypothenar minor, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tertii internodii minimi digiti, Douglas. 
 
 ADDUCTOR METACARPI MINIMI DIGITI MANUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the thin edge of the os unci- 
 fbrme, and from that part of the ligament of the 
 wrist next it. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side and an- 
 terior part of the metacarpal bone of this finger. 
 
 Use. To bend and bring the metacarpal bone of 
 this finger towards the rest. 
 
 Flexor primi internodii minimi digiti, Douglas. 
 
 Metacarpus, Winslow. 
 
 FLEXOR PARVUS MINIMI DIGITI, [ 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the outer side of the os un- 
 ciforme, and from the ligament of the wrist which 
 joins with that bone. 
 
 Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the inner 
 and anterior part of the upper end of the first bone 
 of this finger. 
 
 Use. To bend the little finger, and assist the 
 adductor. 
 
 Abductor minimi digiti, Hypothenar Riolani^ 
 Douglas. 
 
 . _ . ! . --. 
 
 * The Adductor tnetacarpi minimi digiti tnanttt is situated along 
 the inner edge of the hand, and covered by the abductor and flexor 
 parvus minimi digiti. 
 
 f The Flexor parvus minimi digiti is situated upon the inner 
 edge of the hand, anteriorly, and covered by the fibres of the palma- 
 ris brevis. It descends upon the inner edge of the abductor minimi 
 digiti, to the tendon of which it becomes intimately united. 
 
112 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Between the metacarpal bones, there are four 
 internal) and three external muscles, named inter- 
 os<ei. 
 
 Interossei intern! : 
 
 1. PRIOR INDICIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper and 
 outer part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the 
 fore-finger. 
 
 Inserted into the outside of that part of the ten- 
 dinous expansion from the extensor digitorum 
 communis, which covers the posterior part of the 
 fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To draw the fore-finger inwards towards 
 the thumb, and extend it obliquely. 
 
 Extensor tertii internodii indicts, Douglas. 
 
 . 
 
 2. POSTERIOR INDICIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the root and 
 inner part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the 
 fore-finger. 
 
 Inserted into the inner side of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion which is sent off* from the extensor digito- 
 rum communis, along the posterior part of the 
 fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To extend the fore-finger obliquely, and 
 to draw it outwards. 
 
 First interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 3. PRIOR ANNULARIS, 
 
 Arises, from the root of the outside of the meta- 
 carpal bone that sustains the ring finger. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 113 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expan- 
 sion of the extensor digitorum communis which 
 covers the ring finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and pull the ring finger towards 
 the thumb. 
 
 Fourth interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 4. INTEROSSEUS AURICTJLARIS, 
 
 Arises^ fiom the root and outer side of the me- 
 tacarpal bone of the little finger ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expan- 
 sion of the extensor digitorum communis, which 
 covers the posterior part of the little finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the little finger out- 
 wards. 
 
 Sixth interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 Interossei externi, seu bicipites : 
 
 1. PRIOR MEDII, 
 
 Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the me- 
 tacarpal bones that sustain the fore and middle 
 fingers externally, and next each other : runs a- 
 long the outside of the middle finger ; and, being 
 conspicuous on both sides of the hand, is 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expan- 
 sion from the extensor digitorum communis, which 
 covers the posterior part of the middle finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the middle finger in- 
 wards. 
 
 Second interosseus, Douglas. 
 
114 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. POSTERIOR MEDII, 
 
 Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the me- 
 tacarpal bones, next each other, that sustain the 
 middle and ring fingers. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the tendinous expan- 
 sion from the extensor digitorum communis, which 
 runs along the posterior part of the middle finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the middle finger 
 outwards. 
 
 Third interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 3. POSTERIOR ANNULARIS, 
 
 Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the me- 
 tacarpal bones that sustain the ring and little fin- 
 gers next each other. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the tendinous expan- 
 sion of the extensor digitorum communis, which 
 runs along the posterior part of the ring finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the ring finger in- 
 wards. 
 
 Fifth tnterosseus 9 Douglas. 
 
 N. B. The internal interossei are only conspi- 
 cuous on the palm of the hand ; but the external 
 are apparent on both the palm and back of the 
 hand. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 115 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles situated 
 on the outside of the pelvis, on the thigh, on the 
 leg, and on the foot. 
 
 Muscles on the outside of the pelvis, which are 
 called muscles of the thigh. 
 
 These are composed of one layer before, and 
 three layers behind. 
 
 
 The layer before consists of five muscles. 
 
 * The muscles of the inferior extremity are invested with a strong 
 tendinous membrane, called fascia lata. 
 
 The vena saphena courses along the exterior surface of this mem- 
 brane, accompanied by a number of cutaneous nerves. About an 
 inch and a half below Poupart's ligament, this vein perforates the 
 fascia, to join the femoral vein ; and, as the inferior margin of the 
 opening through which it passes is of a crescentic form, it has been 
 denominated the falciform process of the fascia lata. Many authors 
 have been fond of describing, with the .minutest circumstantiality, 
 every trifling process of this fascia, but to the student they are of no 
 practical utility : his attention ought therefore to be directed to 
 more beneficial objects, to the opening under Poupart's ligament, 
 through which the hernia protrudes, and to the various relations 
 which that opening bears to the neighbouring parts. 
 
 After the fascia lata has been examined, and removed from the an- 
 terior part of the thigh, and before the student yet commences the 
 dissection of the muscles, he should carefully examine the femoral ar- 
 tery in the groin. The following points ought particularly to be ex- 
 amined. Its depth, and by what covered: its relation to the femoral 
 vein : to the anterior crural nerve, and to the sartorius muscle. 
 
116 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 1. PSOAS MAGNUS. ) 
 
 _ J- These were formerly described. 
 
 2. ILIACUS INTERNUS.J 
 
 Vid. p. 66, 67. 
 
 3. PECTINALIS, * 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the upper and 
 anterior part of the os pubis or pectinis, immediate- 
 ly above the foramen thyroideum. 
 
 Inserted into the anterior and upper part of the 
 linea aspera of the os femoris, a little below the 
 trochanter minor, by a flat and short tendon. 
 
 Use. To bring the thigh upwards and inwards, 
 and to give it a degree of rotation outwards. 
 
 Pectineus, Albinus. 
 
 4. TRICEPS ADDUCTOR FEMORIS. ( 
 
 Under this appellation are comprehended three 
 distinct muscles 
 
 1. ADDUCTOR LONGUS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, by a pretty strong roundish tendon, from 
 the upper and anterior part of the os pubis, and 
 ligament of its synchondrosis, on the inner-side of 
 the pectinalis. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, near the middle of the pos- 
 
 * The Pectinalis is situated on the anterior and upper part of the 
 thigh, and covered by the skin and femoral vessels. In its descent, 
 it lies between the psoas magnus and adductor longus. 
 
 f TheTriceps adductor femoris is composed of three layer of mus- 
 cles, which are situated upon the upper and inner part of the thigh. 
 The first is superficial, and runs parallel with the inner edge of the 
 pectineus. The second and third lie under the first, in immediate 
 succession. 
 
THE MUSCLES. II? 
 
 terior part of the linea aspera, being coutinued for 
 some way down. 
 
 Adductor femor is primus, Douglas. 
 
 Triceps minus, Winslow. 
 
 2. ADDUCTOR BREVIS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the os pubis near its 
 joining with the opposite os pubis below and be- 
 hind the former. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the inner and 
 upper part of the linea aspera, from a little below 
 the trochanter minor, to the beginning of the in- 
 sertion of the adductor longus. 
 
 Adductor femoris secundus, Douglas. 
 Triceps secundus, Winslow. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MAGNUS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, a little lower down than the former, near 
 the symphysis of the ossa pubis : tendinous and 
 fleshy, from the tuberosity of the os ischium ; the 
 fibres run outwards and downwards. 
 
 Inserted into almost the whole length of the li- 
 nea aspera ; into a ridge above the internal con- 
 tlyle of the os femoris; and, by a roundish long 
 tendon, into the upper part of that condyle, a lit- 
 tle above which the femoral artery takes a spinal 
 turn towards the ham, passing between this mus- 
 cle and the bone. 
 
 Use of these three muscles or triceps. To bring 
 the thigh inwards and upwards, according to the 
 different directions of their fibres ; and, in some 
 degree, to roll the thigh outwards. 
 Adductor femoris terlius, and 
 
118 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Adductor femoris quartus, Douglas. 
 Triceps tertius, Winslow. 
 
 5. OBTURATOR EXTERNUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the lower fore- part of the 
 os pubis, and fore-part of the inner crus of the 
 ischium; surrounds the foramen thyroideum; a 
 number of its fibres, arising from the membrane 
 which fills up that foramen, are collected like rays 
 towards a centre, and pass outwards around the 
 root of the back part of the cervix of the os femo- 
 ris. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the cavity at 
 the inner and back-part of the root of the trochan- 
 ter major, adhering in its course to the capsular 
 ligament of the thigh-bone. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh-bone obliquely outwards. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 First Layer. 
 
 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, *f- 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the 
 
 * The Obturator externus is situated at the upper and inner part 
 of the thigh, under the pectinalis. It is likewise concealed in part 
 hy the three adductors ; and, at its insertion, by the quadratus fe- 
 moris. 
 
 f The Gluteus maximus is a large, coarse muscle, which is situa- 
 ted superficially on the hip. All the deep-seated muscles of the hip, 
 and likewise the origins of the posterior muscles of the thigh, are 
 concealed by it. It should be dissected in the course of its fibres, 
 and then raised from its origin, that the muscles under it may be ex- 
 posed. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 119 
 
 spine of the os ilium, a little higher up than the 
 joining of the ilium with the os sacrum, from the 
 whole external side of the os sacrum, below the 
 posterior spinous process of the os ilium ; from the 
 posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament, over which part 
 of the inferior edge of this muscle hangs in a folded 
 manner, from the os coccygis. All the fleshy fi- 
 bres run obliquely forwards, and a little down- 
 wards, to form a thick broad muscle which is di- 
 vided into a number of strong fasciculi. The 
 upper part of it covers almost the whole of the tro- 
 chanter major, between which and the tendon of 
 this muscle there is a large bursa mucosa, and 
 where it is inseparably joined to the broad tendon 
 of the tensor vagina femor is. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong, thick, and broad tendon, 
 into the upper and outer part of the linea aspera, 
 which is continued from the trochanter major, for 
 some way downwards. 
 
 Use. To extend the thigh, by pulling it directly 
 backwards, and a little ^utwards. 
 
 Glutens ma gnus, AlbTiius. 
 
 Glutens major, Cowper. 
 
 ..' 
 . - -. 
 
 Second Layer. 
 
 GLtfTEUS MEDIUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the anterior superior spi- 
 
 * The posterior half of the Glutcus medius is covered by the last- 
 described muscle; the anterior half being quite superficial. The 
 muscle is connected to the posterior margin of the tensor vaginae fe- 
 moris, and bounded below by the pyriformis. 
 
120 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 nous process of the os ilium, and from all the out- 
 er edge of the spine of the ilium, except its poste- 
 rior part, where it arises from the dorsum of that 
 bone. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad tendon, into the outer and 
 posterior part of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To draw the thigh-bone outwards, and a 
 little backward ; to roll the thigh-bone outwards, 
 especially when it is bended. 
 
 JV. B. The anterior and upper part of this mus- 
 cle is covered by a tendinous membrane, from 
 which a number of its fleshy fibres arise, and 
 which joins with the broad tendons of the gluteus 
 maximus, tensor vaginae femoris, and latissimus 
 dorsi. 
 
 Third Layer consists of four muscles. 
 
 1. GLUTEUS MINIMUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from a ridge that is continued 
 from the superior anterior spinous process of the 
 os ilium, and from the middle of the dorsum of 
 that bone, as far back as its great nitch. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the fore and 
 upper part of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in pulling the thigh 
 outwards and backwards, and in rolling it. 
 
 Gluteus minor, Albinus. 
 
 * The Glutens minimus is situated immediately under the Glu- 
 teus medius, except a small portion of it posteriorly, which is co- 
 vered by the pyriformis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 2. PYRIFORMIS, * 
 
 Arises, within the pelvis by three tendinous and 
 fleshy origins, from the second, third, and fourth 
 pieces of the os sacrum; from thence growing 
 gradually narrower, it passes out of the pelvis along 
 with the posterior crural nerve, below the nitch in 
 the posterior part of the os ilium, where it receives 
 a few fleshy fibres. 
 
 Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the upper 
 part of the cavity at the inner side of the root of 
 the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To move the thigh a little upwards, and 
 roll it outwards. 
 
 Pyriformia, seu iliacus externus, Douglas. 
 
 3. GEMINI, -f- 
 
 Arise by two distinct origins ; the superior from 
 the spinous process, and the inferior from the tu- 
 berosity of the os ischium ; also, from the posterior 
 sacro-ischiatic ligament. They are both united by 
 a tendinous and fleshy membrane, and form a purse 
 for the tendon of the obturator internus muscle, 
 which was formerly described. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the cavity 
 
 * The Pynformls crosses the hip under the gluteus maximus, be* 
 tween the inferior margin of the gluteus medius and geminus super 
 rior. The sacro-schiatic nerve passes over its posterior surface, and 
 some of the branches of that nerve occasionally perforate the muscle, 
 
 f The two portions of this muscle are often described separately, 
 the upper, under the name of geminus superior, and the lower, of 
 geminus inferior. They traverse the hip under the gluteus max- 
 imus, between the lower edge of the pyriformis and the upper edge 
 of the quadratus feinoris. 
 
 G 
 
122 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 at the inner side of the root of the trochanter ma- 
 jor, on each side of the tendon of the obturator 
 internus, to which they firmly adhere. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh outwards, and to pre- 
 serve the tendon of the obturator internus from 
 being hurt by the hardness of that part of the is- 
 chium over which it passes ; also, to hinder it from 
 starting out of its place, while the muscle is in ac- 
 tion. 
 
 Gemdli, Winslow. 
 
 4. QUADRATUS FEMORIS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the outside 
 of the tuberosity of the os ischium ; and running 
 transversely, is 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into a rough ri<3ge, continued 
 from the root of the large trochanter to the root 
 of the small one. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh outwards. 
 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH. 
 
 THESE are called muscles of the leg ; and con- 
 sist of one on the outside ; two on the inside ; four 
 before; and four behind. 
 
 * The Quadratus femoris is situated at the lower part of the hip, 
 under the gluteus maximus, along the inferior margin of the gemini. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 123 
 
 Previous to the description of the muscles that 
 are situated on the thigh and leg, it is necessary 
 to take notice of a broad tendinous fascia or sheath,, 
 which is sent off from the back and from the ten*- 
 dons of the glutei and adjacent muscles. 
 
 It is a strong, thick membrane on the outside 
 of the thigh and leg : but, towards the inside of 
 both, it gradually turns thinner, and has rather 
 the appearance of cellular substance, than a ten- 
 dinous membrane. A little below the trochanter 
 major, it is firmly fixed to the linea aspera ; and, 
 farther down, to that part of the head of the tibia 
 that is next the fibula ; where it sends off the ten- 
 dinous expansion along the outside of the leg. 
 
 It serves to strengthen the action of the muscles 
 by keeping them firm in their proper places while 
 in action, particularly the tendons that pass over 
 the joints, where this membrane is thickest, and it 
 gives origin to a number of the fleshy fibres of the 
 muscles. 
 
 Outside ; 
 
 TENSOR VAGINA FEMORIS. * 
 
 Arises, by a narrow, tendinous, and fleshy be- 
 ginning, from the external part of the anterior su- 
 perior spinous process of the os ilium. 
 
 Inserted^ a little below the trochanter major, in- 
 
 * The origin of the Tensor vagina: femoris is situated between the 
 sartorius and gluteus medius ; but, as the muscle descends, it is 
 bounded externally by the gluteus medius, and internally by the 
 rectus femoris. 
 
124 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 to the inner side of the membranous fascia, which 
 covers the outside of the thigh. 
 
 Use. To stretch the membranous fascia, to as- 
 sist in the abduction of the thigh, and somewhat 
 in its rotation inwards. 
 
 Musculus aponeurosis, vel Fascia lata, Winslow. 
 
 Inside : 
 
 1. SARTORIUS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the anterior superior 
 spinous process of the os ilium, soon grows fleshy, 
 runs down for some space upon the rectus, and 
 going obliquely inwards, it passes over the vastus 
 internus, and about the middle of the os femoris, 
 over part of the triceps, it runs down further be- 
 tween the tendon of the adductor magnus, and that 
 of the gracilis muscle. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad and thin tendon, into the 
 inner side of the tibia, near the inferior part of its 
 tubercle. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg obliquely inwards, or to 
 bring one leg across the other. 
 
 2. GRACILIS, ( 
 Arises, by a thin tendon, from the os pubis near 
 
 * Even in the living subject, the Sartorius can be recognised 
 crossing the other muscles obliquely downwards and inwards, till it 
 reaches the knee. About a hand Vbreadth below Poupart's ligament, 
 the femoral artery lies along its inner edge, and can be exposed by 
 an incision through the skin and fascia lata. 
 
 f The Gracilis is situated along the inside of the thigh, imme- 
 diately under the skin. Its origin lies between the crus of the penis 
 and adductor longus, while its insertion is below that of the sartorius. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 the symphysis of these two bones ; soon grows 
 fleshy ; and, descending by the inside of the thigh, 
 is 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the tibia under the sar- 
 torius. 
 
 Use. To assist the sartorius. 
 
 .Graciiis internus, sive Rectus internus, Winslow. 
 
 ' 
 Before : 
 
 1. RECTUS, * 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inferior anterior spinous 
 process of the os ilium, and tendinous from the 
 dorsum of the ilium, a little above the acetabulum ; 
 runs down over the anterior part of the cervix of 
 the os femoris, the fibres not being straight, but 
 running down like the plumage of a feather ob- 
 liquely inwards, to a tendon in its middle. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of the 
 patella, from which a thin tendon runs down, on 
 the fore-part of this bone, to terminate in a thick, 
 strong ligament, which is sent off from the inferior 
 part of the patella, and inserted into the tubercle 
 of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg, and, in a powerful man- 
 ner, by the intervention of the patella, like a pul- 
 ley. 
 
 * The Rectus is situated on the anterior part of the thigh, super- 
 Jicially. It conceals the cruralis, and overlaps likewise the two vas- 
 ti. Its tendinous origin from the dorsum of the ilium is covered 
 by the edge of the gluteus minimus, and the belly of the muscle is 
 crossed at its upper part by the sartorius. 
 
126 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Rectus, sive Gracilis anterior, Winslow. 
 
 2. VASTUS EXTERNUS,* 
 
 Arises, broad, tendinous, and fleshy, from the 
 root of the trochanter major, and upper part of 
 the linea aspera, its origin being continued from 
 near the insertion of the gluteus minimus, the 
 whole length of the linea aspera, by fleshy fibres 
 which run obliquely forwards to a middle tendon, 
 where they terminate. 
 
 Inserted into a large share of the upper part of 
 the patella ; and part of it ends in an aponeurosis, 
 which is continued down to the leg, and, in its 
 passage, is firmly fixed to the head of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg. 
 
 3. VASTUS INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from between the 
 fore-part of the os femoris, and root of the tro- 
 chanter minor, and from almost all the inside of 
 the linea aspera, by fibres running obliquely for- 
 wards and downwards. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and inside of 
 the patella, continuing fleshy lower than the vastus 
 externus. Part of it likewise ends in an aponeuro- 
 sis continued down to the leg, and fixed in its pas- 
 sage to the upper part of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg. 
 
 * The Vastus externus, Vastus internus, and Cruralis, are three 
 muscles which completely envelope the femur, and have been descri- 
 bed by some anatomists as a single tricipital muscle. The vasti form 
 large masses of flesh upon the external and internal sides of the for- 
 mer, while the cruralis lies upon the fore-part of the thigh, between 
 the vasti, and under the rectus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 127 
 
 4. CRURALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from between the two trochanters 
 of the os femoris, but nearer the minor, and firm- 
 ly adhering to most of the fore-part of the os fe- 
 moris, and connected to both vasti muscles. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of the 
 patella, behind the rectus. 
 
 Use. To assist in the extension of the leg. 
 
 Cruralis, Albinus. 
 
 N. B. These four muscles before, being inserted 
 into the patella, have the same effect upon the leg, 
 as if they were immediately inserted into it, by 
 means of the strong tendon, or rather ligament, 
 which is sent off from the inferior part of the pa- 
 tella to the tibia. 
 
 Behind : * 
 
 1. SEMITENDINOSUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, in common with 
 the long head of the biceps, from the posterior 
 
 * The muscles on the posterior part of the thigh are three in num- 
 ber, and are generally known under the name of ham-string muscles. 
 
 They form two layers ; the semitendinosus and long head of the 
 biceps being the more superficial, and the semimembranosus and 
 short head of the biceps the deeper seated. Their origins are covered 
 by the gluteus maximus. 
 
 Between the ham-strings, a cavity will be found, containing parts 
 of considerable surgical importance. The popliteal nerve, vein, and 
 artery, lie there, imbedded in much fatty cellular substance, and sur- 
 rounded by many lymphatic glands. The nerve will be discovered 
 nearest the skin, and bifurcating into the tibial and fibular. The 
 vein lies deeper-seated than the nerve, and the artery the most deep- 
 seated. 
 
128 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 part of the tuberosity of the os ischium ; and send- 
 ing down a long roundish tendon, which ends flat, 
 is 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the ridge of the tibia, 
 a little below its tubercle. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg backwards and a little in- 
 wards. 
 
 Seminertiosus, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 2. SEMIMEMBRANOSUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the upper and posterior 
 part of the tuberosity of the os ischium, sends 
 down a broad, flat tendon, which ends in a fleshy 
 belly, and, in its descent, runs at first on the fore- 
 part of the biceps, and, lower, between it and the 
 semitendinosus. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner and back- 
 part of the head of the tibia, 
 
 Use. To bend the leg, and bring it directly back- 
 wards. 
 
 N. B. The two last form what is called the in- 
 ner ham-string. 
 
 3. BICEPS FLEXOR CRURIS, 
 
 Arises, by two distinct heads. The first, called 
 longus, arises, in common with the semitendinosus, 
 from the upper and posterior part of the tuberosi- 
 ty of the os ischium. The second, called brevis, 
 arises from the Irnea aspera, a little below the ter- 
 mination of the gluteus maximus, by a fleshy acute 
 beginning, which soon grows broader as it de- 
 scends to join with the first head, a little above 
 the external condyle of the os femoris. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 129 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the upper part 
 of the head of the fibula. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg. 
 
 Biceps cruris, Albinus. 
 
 Biceps, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 N". B. This muscle forms what is called the 
 outer hamstring ; and between it and the inner 
 the nervus popliteus, and arteria and vena pop- 
 litea are situated. 
 
 4. POPLITEUS,* 
 
 Arises, by a round tendon, from the lower and 
 back-part of the external condyle of the os femo- 
 ris ; then runs over the ligament that involves the 
 joint, firmly adhering to it, and part of the semflu- 
 nar cartilage. As it runs over the joint, it be- 
 comes fleshy, and the fibres run obliquely inwards, 
 being covered with a thin tendinous membrane. 
 
 Inserted, broad, thin, and fleshy, into a ridge at 
 the upper and internal edge of the tibia, a little 
 below its head. 
 
 * The Popliteus is situated on the posterior of the knee joint, and 
 covered by the origin of the gastrocnemius externus, plantaris, and 
 the popliteal vessels and nerves. 
 
130 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXXI. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE LEG.* 
 
 THESE are called muscles of the Foot ; and may 
 be divided into two classes, viz. Extensors and Flex- 
 ors of the Foot. 2. Common Extensors and Flexors 
 of the Toes. 
 
 First Class, 
 Extensors, 
 These consist of three : 
 
 1. GASTROCNEMIUS EXTERNUS SEU GEMELLUS f 
 
 Arises, by two distinct heads. The first head 
 
 * The practical junior student will find the arrangement of these 
 muscles in the text somewhat perplexing. A simpler arrangement 
 would be according to their situation on the posterior, anterior, and 
 external parts of the leg. Six muscles lie upon the posterior ; four 
 upon the anterior ; and two upon the external. Of the six muscles 
 on the posterior of the leg, the three first form each a distinct layer, 
 in the folio wing order : First, the gastrocnemius externus; second- 
 ly, the plantaris; and, thirdly, the soleus, while the three remain- 
 ing deeper-seated ones constitute a single layer on the back of the ti- 
 bia. These are First, the flexor longus digitorum pedis profundus 
 perforans ; second, flexor longus pollicis pedis ; and, third, tibialis 
 posticus. 
 
 The four anterior muscles of the leg are situated between the crest 
 of the tibia and the fibula, and form a single layer, consisting of- 
 First, tibialis anticus ; second, extensor proprius pollicis pedis ; third, 
 extensor longus digitorum pedis ; fourth, peroneus tertius. 
 
 The two external muscles run along the outside of the fibula, the 
 peroneus longus being the more superficial, and the peroneus brevis 
 the deeper-seated. 
 
 f- The Gastrocnemins externus is the most superficial of those mus- 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 181 
 
 arises from the upper and back-part of the internal 
 condyle of the os femoris, and from that bone, a 
 little above its condyls, by two distinct tendinous 
 origins. The second head arises tendinous from 
 the upper and back-part of the external condyle 
 of the os femoris. A little below the joint, their 
 fleshy bellies unite in a middle tendon ; and, be- 
 low the middle of the tibia, it sends off a broad, 
 thin tendon, which joins a little above the extremi- 
 ty of the tibia with the tendon of the following. 
 
 2. SOLEUS, SEU GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS. * 
 
 Arises by two origins. The first is from the up- 
 per and back-part of the head of the fibula, con- 
 tinuing to receive many of its fleshy fibres from 
 the posterior part of that bone for some space be- 
 low its head. The other origin begins from the 
 posterior and upper part of the middle of the ti- 
 bia ; and runs inwards along the inferior edge of 
 the popliteus, towards the inner part of the tibia, 
 from which it receives fleshy fibres for some way 
 down. The flesh of this muscle, covered by the 
 tendon of the gemellus, runs down near as far as 
 the extremity of the tibia; a little above which the 
 tendons, of both gastrocnemii unite, and form a 
 strong round chord, which is called tendo Achillis. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and posterior part of the 
 os calcis ; by the projection of which the tendo 
 
 cles that form the calf of the leg. The two heads by which it arises 
 lie between the ham-string muscles, and in part covered by them. 
 
 * The Soleus lies under the Gastrocnemius externus, but being 
 broader, projects.a little on each side of it. 
 
132 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Achillis is at a considerable distance from the ti- 
 bia. 
 
 Use. To extend the foot, by bringing it back- 
 wards and downwards. 
 
 Gemdlus and Soleus, Albinus. 
 
 Gastrocnemit and Soleus, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tarsi surcclis, vel Extensor magnus, 
 Douglas. 
 
 3. PLANTARIS, * 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the upper and 
 back-part of the root of the external condyle of 
 the os femoris, near the inferior extremity of that 
 bone, adhering to the ligament that involves the 
 joint in its descent. It passes along the second 
 origin of the sole us, and under the gemellus, 
 where it sends off a long, slender, thin tendon, 
 which comes from between the great extensors, 
 where they join tendons; then runs down by the 
 inside of the tendo Achillis. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the posterior part of 
 the os calcis, below the tendo Achillis. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. It seems likewise to 
 assist in rolling the foot inwards. 
 
 Tibialis gracilis, vulgo Plantaris, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tarsi minor, vulgo Plantaris, Douglas. 
 
 N. B. This muscle, though seldom, has been 
 found wanting on both sides. 
 
 The fleshy belly of the Plautarix is situated under the external 
 head of the gastrocnemius externus, whence it sends off a slender ten- 
 don, which runs superficially upon the innar edge of the tendo Achil- 
 lis. 
 
 
THE MUSCLES, 133 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 These consist of four; two that belong to the 
 tibia, and two to the fibula. 
 
 1. TIBIALIS ANTICUS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the middle of 
 that process of the tibia, to which the fibula is con- 
 nected above ; then it runs down fleshy on the out- 
 side of the tibia; from which, and the upper part 
 of the interosseus ligament, it receives a number 
 of distinct fleshy fibres; near the extremity of the 
 tibia, it sends off a strong, round tendon, which 
 'passes under part of the ligamentum tarsi annula- 
 re near the malleolas interims, 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the os cu- 
 neiforme internum, and posterior end of the meta- 
 tarsal bone that sustains the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bend the foot, by drawing it upwards, 
 and, at the same time, to turn the toes inwards. 
 
 2. TIBIALIS POSTICUS,^ 
 
 Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the 
 fore and upper part of the tibia, just under the 
 
 * The Tibiatis anticus runs along the external edge of the crest of 
 the tibia, immediately under the skin and fascia, and bounded upon 
 the outer edge by the extensor proprius pollicis pedis, and the extensor 
 longus digitorum pedis. The anterior tibial artery descends by the 
 external side of this muscle. 
 
 f- The Tibialis posticus is situated on the posterior part of the leg, 
 under the gastrocnemius externus and soleus. Near the ancle it be- 
 comes intimately united tg the flexor longus digitorum pedis, and 
 flexor longus pollicis pedis, and partly covered by them. 
 
134 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 process which joins it to the fibula ; then passing 
 through a perforation in the upper part of the in- 
 terosseus ligament, it continues its origin from the 
 back-part of the fibula next the tibia, and from 
 near one-half of the upper part of the last-named 
 bone ; as also, from the interosseus ligament, the 
 fibres running towards a middle tendon, which 
 sends off a round one that passes in a groove be- 
 hind the malleolus internus. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and inner 
 part of the os naviculare, being further continued 
 to the os cuneiforme internum and medium ; be- 
 sides, it gives some tendinous filaments to the os 
 calcis, os cuboides, and to the root of the metatar- 
 sal bone that sustains the middle toe. 
 
 Use. To extend the foot, and to turn the toes 
 inwards. 
 
 2. PERONEUS LONGUS, * 
 
 Arises tendinous and fleshy, from the fore-part 
 of the head of the perone, or fibula, the fibres run- 
 ning straight down ; also, from the upper and ex- 
 ternal part of the fibula, where it begins to rise in- 
 to a round edge ; as also, from the hollow between 
 that and its anterior edge, as far down as to reach 
 within a hand-breadth of the ancle, by a number 
 of fleshy fibres, which run outwards towards a ten- 
 don, that sends off a long round one, which passes 
 through a channel at the outer ancle, in the back- 
 part of the inferior extremity of the fibula; then, 
 being reflected to the sinuosity of the os calcis, it 
 
 * The Pcroneuslongus is situated superficially upon the outer side 
 of the -iibula, and bounded behind by the soleus, and before by the 
 extensor longus digitorum pedis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 135 
 
 runs along a groove in the os cuboides, above the 
 muscles in the sole of the foot. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root 
 of the metatarsal bone that sustains the great toe, 
 and by some tendinous fibres in the os cuneiforme 
 internum. 
 
 Use. To move the foot outwards, and to extend 
 it a little. 
 
 Peroneus maximus, vulgo Peroneus posterior, 
 Winslow. 
 
 Peroneus primus, seu Posticus, Douglas. 
 
 4. PERONEUS BREVIS, * 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from above 
 the middle of the external part of the fibula ; from 
 the outer side t>f the anterior spine of this bone; 
 as also, from its round edge externally, the fibres 
 running obliquely outwards toward a tendon on 
 its external side : it sends off a round tendon 
 which passes through the groove at the outer an- 
 cle, being there included under the same ligament 
 with that of the preceding muscle ; and a little fur- 
 ther, it runs through a particular one of its own. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the root and external 
 part of the metatarsal bone that sustains the little 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in pulling the foot 
 outwards, and extending it a little. 
 
 Peroneus medius, vulgo Peroneus anticus, Wins- 
 low. 
 
 * The Peroneus Ircvis is situated under the peroneus longus ; but 
 being broader than that muscle, projects upon each side of it. 
 
136 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Peroneus secundus, seu Anticus, Douglas. 
 
 Second Class. 
 Common Extensors. 
 These consist of two -: 
 
 1, EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS, * 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper 
 -and outer part of the head of the tibia, and from 
 the head of the fibula where it joins with the tibia, 
 and from the interosseus ligament ; also, from the 
 tendinous fascia, which covers the upper and out- 
 side of the leg by a number of fleshy fibres; and 
 tendinous and fleshy, from the anterior spine of 
 the fibula, almost its whole length, where it is in- 
 separable from the peroneus .ter tins. It splits into 
 four round tendons, under the ligamentum tarsi 
 annulare. 
 
 Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the root of the 
 first joint of each of the four small toes, and is ex- 
 panded over the upper-side of the toes, as far as 
 the root of the last joint 
 
 Use. To extend all the joints of the four small 
 toes. 
 
 Extensor longus, Douglas. 
 
 N. B. A portion of this muscle, which 
 
 Arises, from the middle x>f the iibula, continues 
 
 * The Extensor longus digitorum jpedis is situated upon the fore- 
 part of the leg. Near the knee, it lies between the tibialis anticus and 
 peroneus longus, and lower down, between the extensor proprius pdlli- 
 'ds and peroneus brevis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 137 
 
 down to near its inferior extremity, and sends its 
 fleshy fibres forwards to a tendon, which passes 
 under the annular ligament, and is 
 
 Inserted into the root of the metatarsal bone that 
 sustains the little toe : it is called by Albinus, Pe- 
 roneus tertius ; and by others, the Nonus Vesalii. 
 
 Use. To assist in bending the foot. 
 
 2. EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS. * 
 
 Arises, fleshy and tendinous, from the fore and 
 upper part of the os calcis ; and soon forms a fleshy 
 belly, divisible into four portions, which sends off 
 an equal number of tendons that pass over the up- 
 per part of the foot, under the tendons of the for- 
 mer. 
 
 Inserted, by four slender tendons, into the ten- 
 dinous expansion from the extensor longus, which 
 covers the small toes, except the little one ; also 
 into the tendinous expansion from the extensor 
 pollicis, that covers the upper part of the great toe* 
 
 Use. To extend the toes. 
 
 Extensor brevis, Douglas, 
 
 Flexors. 
 
 
 
 These may be reckoned three, 
 
 1. FLEXOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PERFORA- 
 TUS, SUBLIMIS, ( 
 
 * The Extensor brevis digitorum pedls is situated on the back 
 of the foot, under the tendons of the extensor longus digitorum, 
 and peroneus tertius. 
 
 -f- The Flexor brevis digitorum pedis is situated in the middle of 
 
138 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the 
 inferior and posterior part of a protuberance of the 
 os calcis, between the abductors of the great and 
 little toes; and soon forms a thick fleshy belly, 
 which sends off four tendons that split for the pas- 
 sage of the flexor longus. 
 
 Inserted into the second phalanx of the four les- 
 ser toes. The tendon of the little toe is often 
 wanting. 
 
 Use. To bend the second joint of the toes. 
 
 Perforatus, seu Sublimis, Douglas. 
 
 2. FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PROFUN- 
 DUS, PERFORANS, ( 
 
 Arises, by an acute tendon, which soon becomes 
 fleshy, from the back-part of the tibia, some way 
 below its head, near the entry of the medullary 
 artery; which beginning, is continued down the 
 inner edge of this bone by short fleshy fibres, end- 
 ing in its tendon; also, by tendinous and fleshy 
 fibres, from the outer edge of the tibia : and be- 
 tween this double order of fibres the tibialis posti- 
 cus muscle lies enclosed. Having passed under 
 two annular ligaments, it then passes through a 
 sinuosity at the inside of the os calcis ; and, about 
 the middle of the sole of the foot, divides into four 
 tendons, which pass through the slits of the perfo- 
 
 the sole of the foot, and strongly adhering to the plantar facia which 
 covers it 
 
 f The Flexor longus digitornm pedis is situated upon the back 
 of the tibia, along the inner side of the flexor longus pollicis, and 
 under the gastrocnemius externus and soleus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 139 
 
 ratus; and, just before its division, it receives a 
 considerable tendon from that of the flexor pollicis 
 longus. 
 
 Inserted into the extremity of the last joint of the 
 fourflesser toes. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the toes. 
 
 This muscle is assisted by the 
 
 FLEXOR DIGITORUM ACCESSORIUS, SEU MASSA 
 CARNEA JACOBI SYLVIJ, * 
 
 Arises, by a thin fleshy origin, from most part 
 of the sinuosity at the inside of the os calcis, which 
 is continued forwards for some space on the same 
 bone ; also, by a thin tendinous beginning, from 
 before the tuberosity of the os calcis externally; 
 and, soon becoming all fleshy, is 
 
 Inserted into the tendon of the flexor longus, 
 just at its division into four tendons. 
 
 Use. To assist the flexor longus. 
 
 3. LUMBRICALES PEDIS, "\" 
 
 Arise, by four tendinous and fleshy beginnings, 
 from the tendon of the flexor profundus, just be- 
 fore its division, near the insertion of the massa 
 carnea. 
 
 Inserted, by four slender tendons, into the inside 
 of the first joint of the four lesser toes, and are 
 
 * The Accessorius is situated at the back-part of the sole of the 
 foot, and concealed by the flexor brevis and muscles of the little toe. 
 
 f- The Lunibricalcs pedis are situated in the middle and anterior 
 part of the sole of the foot, and concealed by the flexor brevis and 
 plantar fascia. 
 
140 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 lost in the tendinous expansion that is sent from 
 the extensors to cover the upper part of the toes. 
 
 Use. To increase the flexion of the toes, and to 
 draw them inwards. 
 
 CHAR XXXIL 
 
 MUSCLES WHICH ARE CHIEFLY SITUATED 
 ON THE FOOT.* 
 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles of the 
 great toe, of the little toe, and of the metatarsal 
 bones. 
 
 Muscles of the great toe. 
 These are five : 
 
 * The muscles on the foot may be divided into three classes : 1st, 
 Those on the ball of the great toe: 2d, Those on the ball of the lit- 
 tie toe : 3d, Those on the middle of the sole of the foot. The mus- 
 cles belonging to the first .class are three in number: 1st, Abductor 
 pollicis pedis : 2d, Flexor brevis pollicis pedis : 3d, Abductor polli- 
 cis pedis. 
 
 The second class is composed of two muscles : 1st, Abductor mi- 
 nimi digiti pedis : 2d, Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis. 
 
 The third class is constituted by a considerable number of small 
 muscles, which should be dissected in the order here enumerated : 
 1st, Flexor brevis digitorum pedis : 2d, Flexor digitorum accesso- 
 rius : 3d, Lumbricales pedis : 4th, Transversalis pedis : and 5th, 
 Interosei. 
 
 The extensor brevis digitorum pedis, which is situated on the back 
 of the foot, may be enumerated as a fourth class of these muscles. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 141 
 
 ' 
 1. EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS PEDIS,* 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy begin- 
 ning, some way below the head and anterior part 
 of the fibula, along which it runs to near its lower 
 extremity, connected to it by a number of fleshy 
 fibres, which descend obliquely towards a tendon. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of the 
 first and last joint of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To extend the great toe. 
 
 Extensor longus, Douglas. 
 
 i 
 
 2. FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS PEDIS, -f- 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy begin- 
 ning, from the posterior part of the fibula, some 
 way below its head, being continued down the 
 same bone, almost to its inferior extremity, by a 
 double order of oblique fleshy fibres ; its tendon 
 passes under an annular ligament at the inner 
 ancle. 
 
 Inserted into the last joint of the great toe, and 
 generally sends a small tendon to the os calcis. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of this toe, 
 
 Flexor longus, Douglas. 
 
 3. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 * The Extensor proprius polticis pedis is situated upon the ante- 
 rior part of the leg, between the tibialis anticus and extensor digito- 
 rum communis, and concealed by them. At the ankle its tendon 
 becomes superficial, and continues so, till it is inserted in the great 
 toe. 
 
 f The Flexor longus pollicis pedis is situated on the back of the 
 tibia, between the flexor longus digitorum, and peroneus longus, and 
 under the gastrocnemius externus and soleus. 
 
142 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the under and fore-part 
 of the os calcis; where it joins with the os cuboides 
 from the os cuneiforme externum, and is insepa- 
 rably united with the abductor and adductor pol- 
 licis. 
 
 Inserted into the external os sesamoideum and 
 root of the first joint of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bend the first joint. 
 
 4. ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inside of the root of the 
 protuberance of the os calcis, where it forms the 
 heel ; and tendinous from the same bone, where it 
 joins with the os naviculare. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the internal os sesa- 
 moideum, and root of the first joint of the great 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the great toe from the rest. 
 
 Thenar, Winslow. 
 
 5. ADDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises by a long thin tendon, from the os calcis, 
 from the os cuboides, from the os cuneiforme ex- 
 ternum, and from the root of the metatarsal bone 
 of the second toe. 
 
 Inserted into the external os sesamoideum and 
 root of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bring this toe nearer the rest. 
 
 Antithenar, Winslow. 
 
 Muscles of the little toe. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 143* 
 
 These, besides the common extensors and ftex- 
 ors, are two, viz. 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the semicir*- 
 cular edge of a cavity on the inferior part of the 
 protuberance ofthe os calcis, and from the root of 
 the metatarsal bone of the little toe. 
 
 Inserted into the root of the first joint of the lit- 
 tle toe externally. 
 
 Use. To draw the little toe outwards from the 
 rest. 
 
 Parathenar major, and Mctatarseus, Winslow. 
 
 2. FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the os cuboides, near the 
 sulcus or furrow for lodging the tendon of the pe- 
 roneus longus ; fleshy from the outside of the me- 
 tatarsal bone that sustains this toe, below its pro- 
 tuberant part. 
 
 Inserted into the anterior extremity of the meta- 
 tarsal bone, and root of the first joint of this toe. 
 
 Use. To bend this toe. 
 
 Parathenar minor, Winslow. 
 
 The muscle which brings the extremities of the 
 metatarsal bones towards each other, is named 
 
 TRANSVERSALIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the under part of the 
 anterior extremity of the metatarsal bone of the 
 great toe, and from the internal os sesamoideum 
 
144 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 of the first joint, adhering to the adductor polli- 
 cis. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the under and outer 
 part of the anterior extremity of the metatarsal 
 bone of the little toe, and ligament of the next toe. 
 
 Use. To contract the foot, by bringing the great 
 toe, and the two outermost toes nearer each other. 
 
 N. B. The muscles situated on the sole of the 
 foot are covered by a strong tendinous aponeuro- 
 sis, which is extended from the os calcis to the 
 first joints of all the toes, and serves to preserve 
 the subjacent parts from being compressed in 
 standing and walking. 
 
 Muscles from the metatarsal bones. 
 
 These are four external and three internal inter- 
 ossei, and one muscle which is common to all the 
 metatarsal bones. 
 
 Interossei Pedis extern/, Bicipites, 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, by two origins, 
 from the root of the inside of the metatarsal bone 
 of the fore-toe, from the outside of the root of th 
 metatarsal bone of the great-toe, and from the os 
 cuneiforme internum. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of 
 the first joint of the fore-toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the fore-toe inwards from the rest 
 fttie small toes. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 145 
 
 2. ADDUCTOR INDIC1S PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of 
 the metatarsal bones of the fore and second toe* 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root 
 of the first joint of the fore-toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the fore-toe outwards towards the 
 rest. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PEQIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of 
 the metatarsal bones of the second and third toes. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root 
 of the first joint of the second toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the second toe outwards. 
 
 4. ADDUCTOR TERTII DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of 
 the metatarsal bones of the third and little toe. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root 
 of the first joint of the third toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the third toe outwards, 
 
 Interossei Pedis interni. 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside of 
 the root of the metatarsal bone of the middle toe 
 internally. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root 
 of the first joint of the middle toe. 
 Use. To pull the middle toe inwards. 
 H 
 
146 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. ABDUCTOR TERTII DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside and 
 inferior part of the root of the metatarsal bone of 
 the third toe. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of 
 the first joint of the third toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the third toe inwards. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside of 
 the root of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of 
 the first joint of the little toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the little toe inwards. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF TH^ PLATES. 
 
 147 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 IN this plate, the superficial and deep-seated 
 muscles of the face are represented. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Occipito-frontalis. 
 
 B. Atollens aurem. 
 
 C. Anterior auris. 
 
 D. Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 
 E. Compressor naris. 
 
 F. Levator anguli oris. 
 
 G. Levator labii superioris alasque nasi, 
 H. Zygomaticus major. 
 
 I. Zygomaticus minor. 
 
 K. Masseter. 
 
 L. Depressor anguli oris. 
 
 M. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 N. Platysma myoides. 
 
 O. Depressor labii inferioris. 
 
 P. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Corrugator supercilii. 
 
 B. Temporalis. 
 
 C. Masseter. 
 
 D. Buccinator. 
 
 E. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 F. Depressor labii inferioris. 
 
 G. Levator anguli oris. 
 
 H. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
148 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 THIS plate represents one of the deep-seated 
 muscles of the face ; a few of the muscles on the 
 anterior of the neck, and the principal muscles of 
 the eye. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 B. Buccinator. 
 
 C. Thyreo-hyoideus. 
 
 D. Sterno-thyroideus. 
 
 E. Scalenus anticus^ 
 
 F. Scalenus medius. 
 
 G. Thyroid cartilage. 
 H. Os hyoides. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Levator oculi. 
 
 B. Adductor oculi. 
 
 C. Abductor oculi. 
 
 D. Depressor oculu 
 
 E. Longus colli. 
 
THE PLATES. 149 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 IN this plate are exhibited the outermost of the 
 muscles on .the anterior part of the body. 
 
 A. Platysma myoides. 
 
 B. Deltoides. 
 
 C. Biceps brachii. 
 
 D. Pronator radii teres. 
 
 E. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 F. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 G. Palmaris longus. 
 
 H. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 I. Pectoralis major. 
 K. Obliquus descendens externus. 
 L. Linea semilunaris. 
 M. Linea alba. 
 
 N. Poupart's or Fallopius's ligament. 
 O.O. Sartorius. 
 
 P. Tensor vaginae femoris. 
 
 Q. Gracilis. 
 
 R. Iliacus internus. 
 
 S. Pectinalis. 
 
 T. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 U. Psoas magnus. 
 
 V. Vastus externus. 
 
 X; Vastus internus. 
 
 W. Rectus. 
 
150 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 SOME of the external muscles contained in the 
 first table being removed, the next order are 
 brought into view in this plate. 
 
 A. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 B. Sterno hyoideus. 
 
 C. Biceps brachii. 
 
 D. Flexor sublimis perforatus. 
 
 E. Pectoralis minor. 
 
 F. Serratus magnus. 
 
 G. Obliquus ascendens internus. 
 H. Pyramidalis. 
 
 I. Rectus abdominis. 
 
 K. Iliacus internus. 
 
 L. Psoas magnus. 
 
 M. Pectinalis. 
 
 N. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 O. Gracilis. 
 
 P. Vastus extern us. 
 
 Q. Cruralis. 
 
 R. Vastus internus. 
 
 S. Ligamentum patellae. 
 
THE PLATES. 151 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 MOST of the parts in the preceding plate being 
 removed, the third order of muscles are exhibited 
 in this plate. 
 
 A. Thyroid cartilage. 
 
 B. Sterno thyroideus. 
 
 C. Coracho brachialis. 
 
 D. Brachialis internus. 
 
 E. Brachialis externus. 
 
 F. Transversus abdominis. 
 
 G. Posterior Lamellae of the Aponeuroses 
 
 of the internal oblique muscles, spread 
 over the Aponeuroses of the transverse 
 muscles. 
 
 H. Peritoneum. 
 
 I. Gluteus maximus. 
 
 K. Flexor profundus perforans. 
 
 L. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 M. Iliacus internus. 
 
 N. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 O. Gracilis. 
 
152 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 THIS plate presents the fourth order of muscles, 
 with the bones and ligaments. 
 
 A. A. Subscapularis. 
 
 B. Pronator radii quadratus. 
 C.C. Diaphragma. 
 
 D. Psoas magnus. 
 
 E. lliacus internus. 
 
 F. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 ' 
 
 
THE PLATES. 153 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 IN this plate some of the muscles on the back- 
 part of the head and neck are represented. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Occipito frontalis. 
 
 B. Temporalis. 
 
 C. Trapezius sen cucullaris. 
 
 D. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 g. 3^t&#i"ar e.A'/^-Tt-s . 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Temporalis. 
 
 B. Complexus./^ 
 ,C. Slenius. 
 
 ... U 
 
154 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 THE deep-seated muscles of the neck, and those 
 on the side of the head and neck, are exhibited in 
 this plate. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Complexus. 
 
 B. Trachelo-mastoideus. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Temporalis. 
 
 B. Occipito-frontalis. 
 
 C. Platysma myoides. 
 
 D. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 E. Trachelo-mastoideus. 
 
 F. Splenius. 
 
THE PLATES. 155 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 IN this plate some of the external muscles on 
 the back part of the body are exposed. 
 
 A.A. Trapezius, seu cucullaris. 
 
 B. Latissimus dorsi. 
 
 C. Deltoides. 
 
 D. Triceps extensor cubiti. 
 
 E. Gluteus maximus. 
 
 F. Biceps flexor cruris. 
 r. Semitendinosus. 
 
 H. Semimembranosus. 
 
 I. Gastrocnemius externus. 
 
156 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 IN this plate are expressed the second order of 
 muscles on the back-part of the body. 
 
 A. Levator scapulae. 
 
 B. Supra spinatus. 
 
 C. Infra spinatus. 
 
 r> r>u i -j 
 
 u. jtnomboideus minor. 
 
 E. Rhomboideus major. 
 
 F. Triceps extensor cubiti. 
 
 G. Serratus posticus inferior. 
 H. Gluteus medius. 
 
 I. Obliquus ascendens internus* 
 
 K. Biceps flexor cruris. 
 
 L. Semitendinosus. 
 
 M. Semimembranosus. 
 
 N. Plantaris. 
 
 O. Gastrocnemius internus. 
 
 P. Srfratus superior posticus. 
 
 Q. Pyriformis. 
 
 R. Geminus superior. 
 
 S. Obturator internus. 
 
 T. Geminus inferior^ / 
 
 
// 
 
 L THE PLATES. 157 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 IN this plate the third order of muscles on the 
 back-part of the body are brought into view. 
 
 " ;>rfl 
 A. Trachelo mastoideus. 
 
 , \ 
 
 B. Teres major. \ 
 
 C. Extensor carpi radiali|i longior. 
 
 D. Extensor carpi radiatj$ 
 
 E. Sacro lumbalis. 
 
 F. Longissimus dorsi. 
 
 G. Transversus a 
 H. Gluteus minimus, 
 I. Trochanter major. 
 K. Obturator internus 
 L. Semimembranosus. 
 M. Gra cili, 
 
 N. Popliteus. w 
 
 O. Biceps flexor cruris Dr%vis/or shoft head. 
 
 J&Wg^' . 
 
 V- yS*" 
 //^^^ *^^. 
 
 - - - f 'L^+ > ~.S / * ^ y --3*? 
 
 * ? ^ "^^2--^^ ~^-^.<^sS*s^- 
 
 y ^'^^z^tG^s/ 
 
 ^^'^S^^r^ V " 
 ^ ^xi&- ^c^^ 
 
 " ^/^^- 
 
158 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 IN this plate the innermost layer of muscles on 
 the back-part of the body, together with some of 
 the bones, and ligaments, are exposed. 
 
 A. Scaleni. 
 B.B. Multifidus spinag. 
 
 C. Supinator radii brevis. 
 
 D. Obturator externus. 
 E.E. Tibialis posticus. 
 
 F. Peroneus brevis. 
 G.G. Ossa parietalia. 
 H. Os occipitis. 
 I. Clavicula. 
 K. Scapula. 
 L. Os humeri. 
 M. Ulna. 
 N. Radius. 
 O. Carpus. 
 ^-P- Olecranon. 
 Q. Os ilium. 
 R. Os innominatum. 
 
 5. Trochanter major. 
 T. Ischium tuberosity. 
 U. Os femoris. 
 
 V. Os femoris, condyles of. 
 W.Semilunar cartilages. 
 X. Fibula. 
 Y. Tibia. 
 Z. Os calcis. 
 
 6. Tarsus. 
 
THE PLATES. 159 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 IN this plate is represented a side view of the 
 external muscles. 
 
 A. Deltoides. 
 
 B. Biceps brachii. 
 
 C. Brachialis internus. 
 
 D. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 E. Triceps extensor cubiti. 
 
 F. Trapezius seu cucularis. 
 
 G. Latissimus dorsi. 
 H. Serratus magnus. 
 
 I. Obliquus descendens externus. 
 
 K. Gluteus maximus. 
 
 L. Gluteus medius. 
 
 M. Sartorius. 
 
 N. Vastus internus. 
 
 O. Vastus externus. 
 
 P. Rectus. 
 
 Q. Tendon of the biceps muscle, form- 
 ing the outer ham-string. 
 
 R. Tendons of the semimembranosus, 
 and semitendinosus muscles, 
 forming the inner ham-string. 
 
 S. Gastrocnemius externus. 
 
 
160 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 THIS plate represents some of the muscles on the 
 fore-arm and hand. 
 
 FIO. I. 
 
 .A. Supinator radii longus, 
 
 B. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 C. Palmaris longus. 
 
 D. Aponeurosis palmaris. 
 
 E. Abductor pollicis manus. 
 
 F. Palmaris brevis. 
 
 G. Flexor sublimis perforatus. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Extensor digitorum communis. 
 
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 C. Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 
 
 D. Abductor indicis manus. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Flexor sublimus perforatus. 
 
 B. Lumbricales. 
 
 C. Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 
 
 D. Abductor minimi digiti manus. 
 
 E. Flexor parvus minimi digiti. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 A. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus. 
 
 B. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 C. Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 D. Indicator. 
 
 E. Abductor indicis manus. 
 
 FIG. v. 
 
 A. Adductor metacarpi minimi digiti manus. 
 
 B. Lumbricales. 
 
 C. Flexor brevis. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 
 A. Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 
 
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 C. Adductor pollicis manus. 
 
 FIG. VII. 
 
 A. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 B. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 C. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus. 
 
 D. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 E. Extensor secundii internodii. 
 
THE PLATES. 
 
 161 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 THE deep-seated muscles of the fore-arm and 
 hand are displayed in this plate. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Pronator radii quadratus. 
 
 B. Flexor brevis pollicis manus. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Adductor pollicis manus. 
 
 
 FIG. in. 
 A. Extensor digitorum communis. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 A. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus* 
 
 B. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 C. Extensor secundii internodii. 
 
 D. Extensor digitorum communis. 
 
 FIG. v. 
 
 A. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 B. Extensor secundii internodii. 
 
 C. Indicator. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 
 A. Abductor minimi digiti manus. 
 
 B. Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis. 
 
 4 
 
162 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 THIS plate exhibits the muscles which are si- 
 tuated upon the anterior part of the leg and back 
 of the foot. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Tibialis anticus. 
 
 B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis. 
 
 C. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Tibialis anticus. 
 
 B. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. 
 
 C. Malleolus internus. 
 
 FIG. III. AND IV. 
 
 A. A. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. 
 B.B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis. 
 C.C. Malleolus internus. 
 
 FIG. V. AND VI. 
 
 A.A. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. 
 
THE PLATES. 163 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 IN this plate the muscles on the posterior and 
 external parts of the leg are represented. 
 
 FIG. I. AND II. 
 
 A.A. Tibialis posticus. 
 
 FIG. III. AND IV. 
 
 A.A. Peroneus brevis. 
 B.B. Peroneus longus. 
 C.C. Tendo achillis. 
 
 FIG. V. AND VT. 
 
 A.A. Gastrocnemius internus. 
 
 B.B. Gastrocnemius externus, part cut off. 
 
 C.C. Tendo achillis. 
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 IN this plate some muscles on the anterior, ex- 
 ternal and posterior parts of the leg are displayed. 
 
 FIG. I. AND II. 
 
 A. A. Flexor longus digitorum pedis, pro- 
 
 fundus perforans. 
 B.B. Flexor longus pollicis pedis. 
 C.C. Peroneus longus. 
 D.D, Peroneus brevis. 
 E.E. Os calcis. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. A. Peroneus brevis. 
 
 B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis. 
 
 C. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 A. Plantaris. 
 
 B. Gastrocnemius. 
 
 C. Tendo achillis. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 Page 
 
 ABDOMEN, muscles situated on the anterior 
 
 part of the ~ - - 45 
 
 ^^ ___ . ___ within its cavity ~ 62 
 
 Abductor indicis manus ~ ~ 110 
 
 indicis pedis ~ ~ ~ 144 
 
 _ minimi digiti manus ~ ~ 110 
 
 . minimi digiti pedis ~ ~ 143 
 
 _ oculi ~ ~ - 12 
 
 ,^ pollicis manus ^ - 10Q 
 
 pollicis pedis ^ ^142 
 
 ____ medii digiti pedis ~ ~ 145 
 
 ___ tertii digiti pedis ^ ^146 
 
 Accelerator urinae ^ 55 
 
 Adductor brevis femoris ~ ^ ^117 
 
 ___ indicis pedis ~ ~ 145 
 
 __ ^^, longus femoris ^ ^ ..116 
 
 ___ . ___ medii digiti pedis _ ~ 145 
 
 ____ magnus femoris ~ ^ ^117 
 
 ___ ^ ____ metacarpi minimi digiti manus ~ 111 
 
 minimi digiti pedis ~ ^ 
 
 oculi ~ ^ - ^. 11 
 
 pollicis manus ~ ^ 109 
 
166 INDEX. 
 
 Adductor pollicis pedis ~ ~ _ 1 42 
 
 _^_ tertii digit! pedis ~ ~ 145 
 
 Amygdalae ~ ~ ~ 37 
 
 Anconeus ~ ~ ~ ~ ^94 
 
 Angularis ~ 79 
 
 Ani sphincter ~ _ ~ 56, 60 
 
 levator ~ ~ ^ 57, 60 
 
 Anterior auris 4 
 
 Antithenar ^ ~ ^ ^ 142 
 
 Antitragicus ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 
 
 Anus, muscles of the ~ * ~ 56 
 
 Arytenoideus minor ~ ~ ^44 
 
 ^ obliquus ~ ib. 
 
 trans versus ~ ib. 
 
 Arytaeno-epiglottideus ^ 45 
 
 Attollens aurem 4 
 
 J3JJJjrTJJtttjrr oculi ~ ~ ... - 11 
 
 Auris anterior ~ ^ ^ ~ 4 
 
 ^^^ retrahentes -, - &. 
 
 ,^^^ posterior - ~ ib. 
 
 ^~~~ internus . ~ 7 
 
 transversus 6 
 
 WJWrrr obliquus ^. ~ ^. ~ 6 
 
 Azygos uvulae ^ ~ ^ ^39 
 
 B 
 
 Basio cerato-chondro glossus ~ 30 
 
 Biceps brachii ~ ^92 
 
 flexor cubiti ~ - />. 
 
 ^ flexor cruris ~ - ~ -128 
 
 internus ^ - ~ ~ 93 
 
 .^ externus ~ . - ~ 9* 
 
 Biventer maxillae inferioris ~ - ^ 28 
 
 Brachilis internus - ~ - 9 
 
INDEX. 167 
 
 Buccinator ~ ~ 18 
 
 Bulbo cavernosus . ~ ~ - 55 
 
 C 
 
 Capitis obliquus superior 82 
 
 obliquus inferior ~ ~ ib. 
 
 par tertium _ 81 
 
 __.. rectus .. .. ib. 
 
 posticus _ 82 
 
 Cephalo-pharyngeus -. ~ N -.42 
 
 Cerato glossus ~ -. ~ 30 
 
 Cervicalis descendens ~ * -.83 
 
 Circumflexus, or Tensor palati ^. 35 
 
 Clitoridis erector ~ ^ ~ * 58 
 
 Coccygeus ~ ~ ~ 62 
 
 Colli latissimus ^ ~ -. -.26 
 
 ,. longus - ~ ^ - 72 
 
 transversalis ~ ~ - ~ 81 
 
 semispinalis ~ -. ~ 84 4 
 
 interspinalis ~ ~ ~ 86 
 
 intertransversales ~ ib. 
 
 Complexus ^ 80 
 
 ...-.-. minor ^ 81 
 
 Compressor naris ~ - - ~ 13 
 
 Constrictor oris ~ ~ ^ ~ 2J 
 
 isthmi faucium ^ ^ -.37 
 
 pharyngis ~ ~. . 40, 41 
 
 Coracho-brachialis -. -. ~ 9* 
 
 hyoideus -. - 32 
 
 JJJ _, JJJJJJJ .^^ radial is *,,...- 93 
 
 Corrugator supercilii ~ - ~ 2 
 
 Cranium, muscles of its teguments 1 
 
 Cremaster ^ 54 
 
168 INDEX. 
 
 Crico-arytenoideus lateralis ~ _ ~ 43 
 
 ~~~~~ arytenoideus posticus ~ ib. 
 
 thyroideus ~ 33 
 
 ~~~ pharyngeus _ 40 
 
 Crotaphyte muscle ~ 22 
 
 Cruralis ~ ~ ^ 127 
 
 Cubit, or fore-arm, muscles of 95 
 
 Cucularis ~ 75 
 
 Cutaneus ~ 26 
 
 Dartos<, ~ ^ ^ ^ 53 
 
 Deltoides ~ - ^ 90 
 
 Depressor anguli oris ~ 17 
 
 labii inferior! s ~ z'6. 
 
 labii superioris alaeque nasi ^ 16 
 
 ~,., ,. labiorum communis ~ ^ 17 
 
 oculi ~ ^ ^ ^ 11 
 
 Diaphragma ^ ^ ^. ^62 
 
 Digastricus ~ ^ ^. ^ 27 
 
 Dorsi interspinales ~ ^. _ -,87 
 
 ~ latissimus 77 
 
 ^^,^ spinnlis <,. ~ ^ ^84 
 ^^,^ longissimus ~ 83 
 ^<, semispinalis ~ ~ ^84 
 
 Ear, muscles of the ^ 3 
 
 Elevator oculi ~ <. ^ - 1 1 
 
 ^^ labii superioris ~ ^ ^ 1 6 
 
 labii inferioris ~ . 18 
 
 Epicranius . *, 2 
 
 Epistaphilinus <. ^ _ ^39 
 
 Erector Clitoridis ^. 58 
 
INDEX. 169 
 
 Erector penis ~ 54 
 
 Extensor brevis digitorum pedis ~ ~ 137 
 
 carpi radialis brevior ~ ~ 99 
 
 , carpi radialis longior ~ 98 
 
 carpi ulnaris ~ ~ 99 
 
 ,.,.. digitorum communis ~ ~ 1 02 
 
 - ^ W-M . longus digitorum pedis ~ 136 
 
 ossis raetacarpi pollicis manus ~ 107 
 
 primi internodii pollicis raanus ~ 108 
 
 propri us pollicis pedis ~ ~ 141 
 
 __ secundi internodii pollicis manus ~. 108 
 
 _^_~_~~~ major pollicis manus *. ~ 16. 
 
 pollicis secundus ~ s'6. 
 
 tertii internodii ~ ^ i^. 
 
 ^ tarsi suralis ~ ~ ^132 
 
 _^_ tarsi minor ^ s'6. 
 
 Extremities, superior, muscles of ^87 
 
 inferior, muscles of ^ ^ 115 
 
 Eye-ball, muscles of ~ ^ 10 
 
 Eye-lids, muscles of ~ ^ . 8 
 
 Fallopii capitis par tertium ^ ~ ^ 81 
 
 Fauces, muscles about the , 37 
 
 Faucium isthmi constrictor _ ^ t'5. 
 
 Flexor accessorius digitorum pedis ^. 139 
 
 ^^^, brevis digitorum pedis ~ ^137 
 
 brevis minimi digiti pedis _ 143 
 
 brevis pollicis manus ^ _ 106 
 
 ^_^_ brevis pollicis pedis ^ ^ 141 
 
 ^^^, longus digitorum pedis ^ ^.138 
 
 primi internodii ^ 107 
 
 tertii internodii ^ _ ^106 
 
 secundi internodii ib. 
 
> 
 
 170 INDEX. 
 
 Flexor carpi raclialis - 97 
 
 ^ carpi ulnaris ~ ~ ib. 
 
 ~~ longus pollicis manus ~ ~ 105 
 
 _ longus pollicis pedis ~ 14,1 
 
 _ ossis metacarpi pollicis ~ ~ 106 
 
 ^,, parvus minimi digiti manus ^ 111 
 
 ^^ profuridus perforans ~ . - 101 
 
 sublimis perforatus _ _ 100 
 
 Foot, muscles on the ~ ~ 140 
 
 Frontal is ~ 2 
 
 Gastrocnemius externus ^ <. ^ 1 SO 
 
 ^^^<^,. ~~~ internus ^ ^ ^ 131 
 
 Gemellus -. ^ ^ ~ ^130 
 
 Gemini -. 121 
 
 Genae quadratus ~ ~ ~ 26 
 
 Generation, organs of; muscles about them 53, 58 
 
 Genio hyo-glossus -. ~ ~ 29 
 
 Genio hyoideus ~ ^ ^ 28 
 
 Glosso-staphilinus ~ ~ ~ ~ 38 
 
 pharyngeus ~ 42 
 
 Glottis, muscles situated about it ~ ib. 
 
 Gluteus maximus ^ ~ ~ 118 
 
 ^^~^, medius _ ^ .. 119 
 
 ^. *~ minimus -. ~ ~ 120 
 
 Gracilis ^ 124 
 
 H 
 
 Hand, muscles of the ~ ~ *. 1 05 
 
 Helicis major - ~ ^ - 5 
 
 ~~~.~~~ minor *. . ~. ~. 5 
 
 Humeri os, muscles situated on ~ ~ 92 
 
 Hyoides os, muscles about it ~ - 27> 30, 33 
 
INDEX. 171 
 
 Hyo-glossus ~ ~ ~ *. 29 
 
 Hyo-pharyngeus ~ ~ ~ 41 
 
 Hyo-thyroideus ~ ~ ~ ~ 33 
 
 Hypothenar minor _ ~ 111 
 
 .. Riolani ~ ~ ~ ib 
 
 Jaw, lower, muscles of ~ ~ ~ 21 
 
 muscles about it and the os liyoides ~ 27 
 
 Iliacus internus -, 67 
 
 Incisivus inferior ~ -. *. ~ 18 
 
 lateralis - - ~ 16 
 
 ^ medius ~ ~ ~ ~ 17 
 
 Indicator *, -. *, ^ 109 
 
 Infra spinatus ~ - ~ -88 
 
 ^^^^^^ costales ~ M 71 
 
 Intercostales externi ~ - 70 
 
 ^ . interni ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Interosseus auricularis * 113 
 
 Interossei pedis externi ~ 1 44 
 
 pedis interni ~ 1 45 
 
 Interspinales colli - - _ 86 
 
 dorsi et lumborum ^ ^ 87 
 
 Intertransversales colli ~ ^ 86 
 
 dorsi ~ ^ ^87 
 
 lumborum ~ ^ ^. 
 
 Ischio-cavernosus ~ ^ ^ ^55 
 
 Isthmi faucium constrictor _ ^ 37 
 
 Labii inferioris depressor ~ ^ ] 7 
 
 inferioris levator ^ ^ 18 
 
 superioris alaeque nasi levator ~ ^ 15 
 
 -^ elevator _ 16 
 
172 INDEX. 
 
 Labii depressor ~ 18 
 
 Labiorum communis depressor ~ 17 
 
 ~~~~ sphincter ~ 21 
 
 Latissimus colli _ ^ M %Q 
 
 . dor si ~ 77 
 
 Laxator tympani _ _ 6 
 
 Leg, muscles situated on ^ 
 
 Levatores costarum ^ 71 
 
 Levator anguli oris ~ ^ ~ 1 5 
 
 ani ^ ^ ^ ^ 57, 60 
 
 ~ ani feminae ~ ^ ^ ^ 60 
 
 ^^, labii inferioris ~ ^ ^ 18 
 
 ^^, labii superioris alaeque nasi ~ ~ 15 
 
 ~~~ menti ^ 18 
 
 ^^M^M-M^^. oculi , . ^ . 1 1 
 
 ~~~~,.~~ palati ^ ^ ^ 36 
 
 ^~^. palpebrae superioris ~ 9 
 
 ^^~^,^^,^ parvus M M M M 56 
 
 ^^^^.^*. proprius ^ ^ ^ * 79 
 
 ^M.^M^M^.0 scapulae ~ ~ ~ ~ 16. 
 
 Lingualis *. ^ ~ -. SO 
 
 Lips, muscles of ~ ^ -. 14 
 
 Longissimus dorsi ~ . - ~ 83 
 
 Longus colli -, 72 
 
 Lumbaris externus ^ ~ -.66 
 
 ^^^, internus ~ ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Lumborum intertransversales ~ ~ 87 
 j^xjjjjjjj.jjrrjr^r^ quadratus ~ - 65 
 Lumbricales manus ~ - 101 
 . pedis ^ ^ ~ 139 
 
 M 
 
 Mallei anterior ^ - ^ ^ 7 
 
 ... externus -, 6 
 
ITSDEX. 173 
 
 Mallei interims ~ ~ 7 
 
 Massa carnea Jacobi Sylvii ~ .~ -.139 
 
 Masseter . 22 
 
 Menti levator ~ ~ ~ ~ 18 
 
 Marsupialis ~ ~ ~ ~ 62 
 
 Mastoideus ~ - - ~ 26 
 
 Metacarpeus ~ - - ~ HI 
 
 Metatarseus ~ - - -.143 
 
 Mouth, muscles of ~ - 14 
 
 Multifidius spinae ~ ~ ~ ~ 85 
 
 Musculus cutaneus ~ *- 25 
 
 Mylo hyoideus ~ . ~ ^28 
 
 N 
 
 Nasalis ~ 14 
 
 ^..< labii superioris ~ ^ ~ 21 
 
 Naris compressor - - ~ 13 
 
 Nasi alae levator ~ ^ ^ -> 15 
 
 ~~~~ depressor ^ - -. ~ 16 
 Neck, muscles about its anterior part ~ 24, 72 
 
 Nonus Vesalii ~ ~ ~ ^137 
 
 Nose, muscle of ~ ^ -. 13 
 
 O 
 
 Obliquus ascendens internus - ~ 49 
 
 capitis inferior ~ ~ ~ 82 
 
 ^ capitis superior ~ ib. 
 
 descendens ^ 46 
 
 descendens externus ^ /6. 
 
 externus abdominis 49 
 
 internus abdominis ~ 50 
 
 ,~^_~~~~ inferior oculi ~ *. ~ 13 
 
 superior seu trochlearis ~ ^ 12 
 
 Obturator internus ~ 6l 
 
174 INDEX. 
 
 Obturator extern us ~ ^ ^ ~ 118 
 
 Occipito-frontalis ^ . _ 1 
 
 Oculi abductor ^ .. _ ~ 12. 
 
 adductor ~ ,. _ 11 
 
 ~~~~~ attollens _ _ 16. 
 
 ~~~ depressor ~ i6. 
 
 ~ deprimens . j5. 
 
 -^, elevator _ ^ ^ 5. 
 
 levator ^ ^ ib. 
 
 obliquus inferior ~ ~ ~ 13 
 
 ^^ obliquus superior ^ ^.12 
 
 obliquus major ^ ^ ^ 6. 
 
 obliquus minor *. ^ 13 
 
 Omo-hyoideus ~ ~ 32 
 
 Opponens pollicis ~ ^ 106 
 
 Orbicularis oris ^ -. ^ ^ 20 
 
 ^~ palpebrarum ^, ~ S 
 
 Oris anguli depressor ~ ~ ~ 1? 
 
 -^ anguli retractor ~ ^ ~ 19 
 
 constrictor ^ <. ^ 21 
 
 levator anguli ~ - ^ 1 5 
 
 ^ ^ orbicularis - *. ~ * 20 
 
 Palati circumflexus ~ ^ ~ 35 
 
 ^ levator ~ ~ ^. ~ 36 
 
 tensor ~ ~ ^35 
 
 Palato-pharyngeus 
 
 ,.~~~~~ salpingeus -. ^ - - 35 
 
 ^ ^_ staphilinus ~ - * 39 
 
 Palmaris brevis ~ - - -.100 
 
 ^ cutaneus -. - - *^ 
 
 ^. longus ~ ~ - -.96 
 
 Palpebrse superioris levator 
 
INDEX. 1 75 
 
 Palpebram aperiens rectus ~ ~ ~ 10 
 
 Palpebrarura orbicularis ~ ~ 8 
 
 Patientise musculus ~ ~ ~ 79 
 
 Parathenar major ~ ~ 143 
 
 MSSJJftTTTrrtTITirf minor ~ ~ ~ ib* 
 
 Pectinalis ~ ~ - 116 
 
 Pectineus ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Pectoralis major ~ ~ 68 
 
 .. minor ~ ~ ~ 69 
 
 Pedis interossei externi ~ ~ -. 144 
 
 ^^ interossei interni ~ ~ 145 
 
 Pelvis, muscles within it ~ ~ 6l 
 
 Penis erector ~ - - ^54 
 
 Perforans ~ .. ^ ' , 101 
 
 Perforatus ^ ^ ^ - ~ 100 
 
 Perinei transversus w ~ ~ 55 
 
 Peroneus brevis ~ *. - ^.135 
 
 ^ longus ~ . - 134 
 
 , maximus ~ - - - 135 
 
 ^-^~^^ medius *^'. '""** z*6. 
 
 ^ primus ~ ~ ~ ~ z5. 
 
 ^~~~ secundus ^ v 136 
 
 *,* tertius . *. -. i^. 
 
 Pharynx, muscles on the posterior part of it 40 
 
 ~~ constrictors of ~ ~ 40, 41 
 
 Plantaris ~ ^ ~ ~ 132 
 
 Platysma myoides ~ ~ ~ ^25 
 
 Popliteus ~ ^ - ~ 129 
 
 Posterior annylaris ~ ^ -. -.114 
 
 ~~ ^ auris ^ 4 
 
 _,, indicis ^ ~ ~ . ! 1 2 
 
 JJJU . rjjJJ . JJr medii ~ M . 114 
 
 Prior nnnularis ^ ., _ , 112 
 
 *^^,^ indicis ^ ~ ib. 
 
176 INDEX. 
 
 Prior medii ~ ~ ~ -.113 
 
 Pronator radii quadratus ~ 104 
 
 **~~ ~~ ~ teres ~ ~ 16. 
 
 Prostate inferior _ ~ _ 6 
 
 Psoas magnus ~ ~ ~ ~ 66 
 
 ~~~~~ parvus ~ ~ ' ^ z'6. 
 
 Pterygoideus externus ~ . ^24 
 
 internus ~ ^ ^ 23 
 
 major ~ ~ ~ ~ ib. 
 
 ~~~~~~ minor ~ ^ 24 
 
 Pterygo-pharyngeus ^ ~ 42 
 
 Pyramidalis ^ ^ ^ 52 
 
 Pyriformis ^. ^ ^ ^121 
 
 Q 
 
 Quadratus ^ ~ 18 
 
 femoris ~ ^ ^ ^122 
 
 lumborum ~ 65 
 
 R 
 
 Radialis externus longior ~ , ^98 
 
 ^-^ externus brevior *- - 99 
 
 primus ~ ~ ~ ~ 98 
 
 ^^.^ internus ^ ib. 
 
 secundus ~ ~ 99 
 
 Rectus ~ ~ ^. 125 
 
 ^ abdominis ^ ^ ^ ~ 51 
 
 capitis internus major ~ JS 
 
 internus minor ~ ^ ib. 
 
 ~~~~~ ^~ lateralis 
 
 posticus major ^ 
 
 ^, _ posticus minor v. ^ 82 
 
 Retractor anguli oris ^ ^ ~ 19 
 
 Retrahentes auris ~ ~ 4 
 
INDEX. 1 77 
 
 Rinaeus 14 
 
 Rhomboideus ~ ~ ~ ~ 78 
 
 Sacer ~ -85 
 
 Sacro-lumbalis ~ ~ ~ ~ 83 
 
 Salpingo-staphilinus ~ *. 36 
 
 Sartorius . ~ ~ 124 
 
 Scalenus anticus ~ ~ ~ ~ 74 
 
 medius -. ib. 
 
 DOStiCUS ~ ~ ~ ~ lb. 
 
 JJJlfSJISIt ,- Trrr prior ^ < ^ M ib. 
 
 Scapulae levator ^ ^ - 79 
 
 Semi-interosseus ~ ^ ^ ^110 
 
 Semi-nervosus ~ - ^ 128 
 
 Semi-orbicularis ~ ^ ^ ^21 
 
 Semimembranosus ~ ^ 128 
 
 Seraispinalis colli ~ ~ _ 84 
 
 dorsi ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Semitendinosus ^ ^ _ ^.127 
 
 Seminis ejaculator ^ ^ 55 
 
 Serratus anticus _ ^ _ 69 
 
 JJ . J . JJJJJJJJJJJJJ magnus M ^ M 16. 
 
 posticus inferior ^ _ ^77 
 
 posticus superior ^ 78 
 
 Soleus ~ ^ _ ^ ^131 
 
 Spheno-salpingo-staphilinus externus -. 35 
 
 Sphincter ani 56, 60 
 
 ~~~~~~ cutaneus ^ !>'* 57 
 
 externus *. - ^ ^ j^. 
 
 labiorum ^ ^ ^ 21 
 
 vaginae 59 
 
 Spinalis dorsi ~ 84 
 
 Spinae multifidus ^ ^ ^ ~ 85 
 
178 INDEX. 
 
 Splenius ~ 79 
 
 tstISSJJtrrrrffr capitis M ~ ~ ~ 80 
 
 _, J-IJJ-JJJJJJjrrr colli ~ ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Stapcdius ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 
 
 Staphilinus ~ ~ ~ 35, 39 
 
 Sterno cleido-mastoideus ~ ~ 26 
 
 Sterno-costalis ~ ~ ~ - 71 
 
 Sterno-hyoideus ~ ~ - 30 
 
 Stern o-thyroideus ~ ^ .- 32 
 
 Stylo-glossus ^ ^ ^33 
 
 Stylo-hyoideus ~ - ^ ~ 34 
 
 Stylo pharyngeus - -. ~ - t'6. 
 
 Subclavius ^ ~ - 68 
 
 Sublimis ^ ~ - -.101 
 
 Subscapularis ~ ^ - ~ 9 1 
 
 Supercilii corrugator -, ~. 2 
 
 Supinator radii brevis ~ ~ -, 103 
 
 ^^^. longus ~ z"6. 
 
 Supra costales ~ ~ ~ ~ 71 
 
 spinatus ^ -, ~ -,88 
 
 Sylvii Jacobii massa carnea ~ 139 
 
 Syndesmo-pharyngeus ^ ^ ^41 
 
 Temporalis ^ - ~ - 21 
 
 Tensor tympani ~ ~ ~ -. 7 
 
 JJJ-JJITJ-JJJU-J. palati ,# 35 
 
 ~~~~~~ vaginae femoris *. 123 
 
 Teres major ^ ^ ^ 89 
 
 minor ~ ^ - ~ ib. 
 
 Thenar Riolani ~ ^ ~ ^ 142 
 
 ^.^.^ Win slow ~ 26. 
 
 Thorax, muscles situated about its anterior part 67 
 within it, and between the ribs ~ 70 
 
INDEX. 179 
 
 Thigh, muscles situated on _ 119 
 
 Thumb, muscles of ~ . - 105 
 
 Thyreo-arytenoideus ^ _ .. 43 
 
 Thyreo-epiglottideus , _ ~ 44 
 
 Thyro pharyngeus ~ _ 40 
 
 Thyreo hyoideus ~ .. 32 
 
 Thyro-pharyngo staphilinus ^ 39 
 
 Thyro-staphilinus *. _ . ^ 5. 
 
 Tibialis anticus ~ ~ 133 
 
 gracilis ^ - _ 132 
 
 posticus ^ ^ ^ 133 
 
 Trachelo mastoideus *. . ^80 
 
 Tragicus ^ 5 
 
 Transversalis - ,.50 
 
 anticus 74 
 
 colli ^ _ ^ ^81 
 
 lumborum - ^ ^ 85 
 
 pedis ~ ^ 143 
 
 urethras ^ 56 
 
 Transverso-spinalis ~ - ^ *. 85 
 
 Trans versus dorsi ^ ^ 16. 
 
 ~ . abdominis . ^ ^51 
 
 ,- auris ^ w 6 
 
 perinei _ 55 
 
 Trapezius, seu Cucullaris 75 
 
 Triangularis ,, _ ^17 
 
 or Sterno-costalis ~ 71 
 
 Triceps adductor femoris ~ -116 
 
 ~^ extensor cubiti ^ 94 
 
 minus ^ 117 
 
 secundus - j^. 
 
 tertius ~ . ^ fb. 
 
 Trochelaris *. . 12 
 Trunk, muscles situated on its posterior part ^ 75 
 
180 INDEX. 
 
 Tympani laxator _ 6 
 tensor 7 
 
 V,U 
 
 Vaginae sphincter ~ 59 
 
 Vastus externus ~ ~ ~ 126 
 
 internus ~ ~ ~ ~ ib. 
 
 Ulnaris externus ~ ~ ~ 99 
 
 ~ gracilis - 97 
 
 , internus ~ ib. 
 
 Urethrae transversalis ~ 56 
 
 Urinae accelerator ^ ~ ~ 55 
 
 Uvulae azygos ~ -, ~ 38 r 39 
 
 Zygomaticus major ,* ~ 19 
 
 minor ^ 20 
 
 THE END. 
 
 GLASGOW: PRINTED BY R. CHAPMAK. 
 

14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 L5 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 OCT 28 1963 
 
 
 MAR 1Q1964 
 
 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 General Librarv 
 
I