Fbiindatif is of Latii '■ Vr : c" ar.-^'SsrJBS Miyn T> lli ! lli ill niilllJijIjJKSi . iiilllH iJ!ij|i|jJiiiH!Hi!iH! !!ii!iil!iH!lii!il.iiij;MJi.i|iij,,, ipplip' ,, ,„„,,„,,,,,„,.,.„,,.Miii!!li!!ifiiiPpP-: 'f'i'i'P-illliililiiilil i iiilM^^^^^^ I i GIFT OF W1111fl m John nonpar Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/foundationsoflatOObennrich BENNETTS LATIN SERIES. LATIN GRAMMAR, 12mo, cloth, 282 pages. LATIN LESSONS. 1 6mo, cloth. 1 9 1 pages. FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN. 12mo, cloth, 250 pages. PREPARATORY LATIN WRITER (based on Caesar). 16mo, cloth, 202 pages. LATIN COMPOSITION (based on Cicero). 16mo, cloth, 172 pages. QUANTITATIVE READING OF LATIN POETRY. 12mo, paper, 49 pages. CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, Books I.-IV. 12mo, doth, 354 pages. CICERO'S SELECTED ORATIONS. 12mo, cloth, 374 pages. VIRGIL'S AENEID, Books I.-VI. 12mo, cloth, 491 pages. BENNETT'S LATIN SERIES THE FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN A BOOK FOB BEGINNEB8 BY CHARLES E. BENNETT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY REVISED EDITION ALLYN AND BACON Boston anti Cijicap COPYRIGHT. 1898 AND 1903, BY CHARLES E. BENNETT. GIFT OF J. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. f )^G3 PEEFACE. The great favor with which the first edition of this book was received has prompted me to endeavor to meet the only criticism upon it that has been brought to my attention. This criticism touched the amount of matter offered for trans- lation in the daily lessons. Some teachers found this amount too little, and it is to meet their wishes and needs that the present revised edition is now issued. The number of sen- tences in the exercises has been increased fully thirty-five per cent as compared with that in the first edition. Besides this, frequent review lessons have been added and some twenty simple passages of continuous discourse have been inserted at suitable points. Most of these have been taken, with the permission of Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co., from their First Latin Reading Book, It is hoped that they may add an element of interest to the book without detracting from its disciplinary value. CHARLES E. BENNETT. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., December, 1902. In reprinting this volume, I have changed the marking of most vowels before gn. Eecent investigation has shown that, except in regnum, regno, and a few other words, the vowel is regularly short before gn, I also now regard the a of maximus, maxime as short, and have so marked it. C. E. B. March, 1907. M131550 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. Twenty years ago the beginner's Latin books published in this country followed the plan of an orderly development, first of the forms, and then of the syntax, of the language. Since that time a different practice has been inaugurated, and most books for beginners now present no connected and syste- matic development either of forms or of syntax. The con- jugation of the verb, for example, is not given connectedly and continuously, but is variously dismembered and scattered throughout the book. So in the syntax the different construc- tions of a case or a mood are not presented in connection with each other, but are mutually detached and introduced one by one, here and there. This plan has long seemed to me pedagogically unsound, and in practice I fear that it has not enabled us to realize the best results in our elementary Latin instruction. To me no principle of teaching seems more vital and fundamental than that of presenting together to the pupil those things that naturally belong together. This conviction is not merely founded in theory, but has been steadily forced «pon me by actual experience. Hence it has appeared to me psychologi- cally more natural in elementary Latin teaching to present in conjunction with each other the different declensions of nouns, the several conjugations of the verb, the various constructions of the accusative, the genitive, the ablative, etc. That these different categories which I have just enumerated do naturally belong together and have an organic connection seems to be Preface to First Edition, ¥ recognized by tlie universal custom of so presenting them in our Latin grammars. Again, it is of great importance that the pupil should, in his first introduction to Latin, learn in conjunction with each other those facts that he is ultimately to associate together. This is impossible with the method of arrangement which I am criticising. Pupils spend a part of the first year, or pos- sibly the whole of it, on the beginner's book. They then, in connection with their reading of Latin authors, make a sys- tematic study of the grammar for the next three years. Is there not an unreasonable waste of energy, if the order of presentation in the one book is made to deviate widely from that followed in the other ? And is there not a corresponding economy of time and effort, if the pupil becomes familiar in the beginner's book with the arrangement which must ulti- mately be followed in the grammar ? As justification for the prevalent custom of dismembering the declensions and conjugations in our beginner's books, it is doubtless urged that the acquisition of the forms is difficult, and that the plan of gradual presentation is intended to facili- tate the process of learning them. But is it not a fallacy to imagine that any such hesitating, timid policy is likely to be successful in guiding the pupil to a mastery of his inflections ? Is not the plan of resolute, systematic, sustained attack upon the declensions and conjugations the more logical, and has any other ever yielded as good results in actual experience ? Certainly to me Latin pupils to-day seem to know their forms less accurately than did the pupils of twenty years ago, and this impression I find entertained by teachers of prominence in our best institutions. The foregoing considerations have impelled me in this book to present the forms before the syntax, and in both forms and syntax to follow the usual order of the Latin grammars. The only deviations from rigid conformity with this programme have been the following ; vi Preface to First Edition, The inflection of the present indicative of sum and of a paradigm of the present indicative active of a verb of the first conjugation are given at the outset. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are given immediately after the second declension of nouns. Such syntactical principles as are necessary for the compre- hension and construction of simple sentences are also given in the earliest lessons ; for example, the rules for subject, object, predicate nouns, appositives, agreement of adjectives with noun, and of verb with subject. But a very little here is amply sufi&cient for all rational needs until the forms have been acquired. ' One thing at a time ' is a good motto ; and until the inflections are learned, and well learned, the pecu- liarities of Latin syntax would better be kept in the back- ground. The English-Latin exercises for the first thirty-two chapters (III.-XXXIV.) are intentionally detached from the lessons and placed together after Chapter LX., where they are num- bered to correspond with the lessons with which they may be used. My purpose was to discourage the use of English-Latin exercises during the acquisition of the forms. Experience shows that the writing of even the simplest Latin exercises at the outset of one's study takes no small amount of time. These simple sentences involve a multitude of little details, — vocabulary, syntax, word-order, etc., — as well as a knowledge of the inflections themselves. Of the ultimate indispensable- ness of such exercises, there is no question, but, during the acquisition of the forms, a rather long personal experience as teacher of elementary Latin has taught me to believe that the teacher can by skilful oral exercises and blackboard work on the forms themselves accomplish vastly more toward their mastery by the pupil than by devoting any amount of time to the writing of Latin exercises. The writing of Latin is admirably adapted to giving drill in Latin syntax, but it is not the most effective way of teaching the forms. The Preface to First Edition, vii amount of drill in the forms gained by a written exercise requiring half an hour in its preparation would hardly be as much as can be given in five minutes by the brisk oral ques- tioning of an entire class or by simultaneous blackboard work ; nor would it be nearly so effective. I would therefore ear- nestly advise deferring the English-Latin exercises until the beginning of the syntax, where such exercises regularly ac- company each lesson. Pupils who have mastered their forms will find no diificulty with the English-Latin exercises in Chapters XXXV.-LX., even though they have not written the exercises of Chapters III.-XXXIV. Special pains have been taken to make the English-Latin exercises throughout the book as simple as is consistent with the end they are intended to serve. Many elementary books appear to me to make this part of the work too difficult, and give for beginners sentences and passages which no freshman class that I have ever seen could render in Latin with credit. The Vocabulary of the sixty chapters into which the body of the book is divided, consists of about 750 words, exclusive of proper names. These were selected on the following plan : I first made a list of the words common to Caesar and Nepos. There are some 1800 of these. This list was then reduced to its present size by eliminating all words used less than fifteen times in Caesar.^ The Vocabulary, therefore, consists of the 750 words in most frequent use by Caesar and Nepos, and should consequently serve equally well as an introduction to either author. My first disposition had been to make the Vocabulary considerably larger, but in working out the details of the book I became fully persuaded of the wisdom of keeping the Vocabulary within narrow limits. The pupil cannot surmount all difficulties at the outset. If he secures 1 As the sentences of the Latin exercises are based mainly on passages in Caesar, it was found convenient to add a small list of words of very frequent occurrence in that author, but not found in Nepos. These are mainly military terms, such as legio, cohorSf turris, agger, /05s«, etc. viii Preface to First Edition, a solid foundation in the way of forms and syntax, a vocabu- lary will be quickly gained with the beginning of continuous reading. The sentences, in the great majority of cases, are taken directly from Caesar's Commentaries, Often a word has been added or omitted, or a tense has been changed, but the Latin will be recognized as essentially Caesar's. The Selections for Beading which follow the lessons are the traditional fables along with the Roman history originally prepared by Professor Jacobs, from whose Latin Reader I have taken them. They are sufficiently easy, are interesting, and the Latin is in the main correct. In a few cases, where Jacobs's text shows inconsistency with classical usage, I have ventured to make the necessary changes. In arranging the work by Chapters rather than by Lessons, it has been my purpose to preserve unity of subject-matter as far as possible. A ^chapter' does not necessarily mean that its contents are to be taken at a single lesson. With many pupils it will probably be found possible to take most of the chapters in one exercise, but where that is not feasible, the matter can easily be divided according to the necessities of the case. I have received generous help from friends in the prepara- tion of this book, and desire here to recognize my obligations to Professor C. L. Durham, Professor H. C. Elmer, and Mr. P. 0. Bates of this University for their counsel and assistance. CHARLES E. BENNETT. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., April 17, 1898. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. SOUNDS, QUANTITY, ACCENT. ©HAPTEB PAGE I. Alphabet. — Sounds. — Pronunciation. — Quantity. — Accent 1 PART 11. INFLECTIONS. II. The Parts of Speech. — Inflection. — Nouns. — Gender. — Number. — Cases. — The Five Declensions ... 6 m. First Declension. — Paradigm of the Present Indicative Active of a Verb of the First Conjugation. — Subject. — Object. — Agreement of Verb 8 IV. Second Declension. — Inflection of the Present Indicative of sum. — Predicate Nouns. — Appositives ... 10 V. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. — Agree- ment of Adjectives 13 VI. Nouns of the Third Declension 16 VII. The Third Declension (continued) 19 VIII. The Fourth Declension. — The Fifth Declension . . 23 IX. Adjectives (continued). — Nine Irregular Adjectives. — Adjectives of the Third Declension .... 25 X. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued) . . 28 XI. Comparison of Adjectives 31 XII. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Numerals . 33 XIII. Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns. — Demon- strative Pronouns 36 XTV. Demonstrative Pronouns (continued). — The Intensive Pronoun 39 XV. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns. — Agree- ment of Relative Pronouns 42 ix Table of Oontents. CHAPTER XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. Conjugation. — The Four Conjugations. — Indicative of sum 45 Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive, and Participle of sum 48 Indicative Active of amo. — Verb Stems. — A Danger- ous Wedding 60 Active of amo (continued) . — Verb Stems ... 53 Indicative Passive of amo. — Verb Stems. — OldBoman Virtue 55 Passive of amo (continued). — Verb Stems. — Review 57 Active Voice of moneb 60 Passive Voice of moneo. — The Death of Epaminondas 63 Active Voice of regb QQ Passive Voice of regb. — How the Day was Saved . 69 Active Voice of audio 72 Passive Voice of audib. — Horatius at the Bridge . 75 Verbs in -ib of the Third Conjugation .... 79 Deponent Verbs 83 The Periphrastic Conjugations. — Review. — How Cor- vinus Won his Name ...... 86 Irregular Verbs : possum^ do. — The Lamb and the Wolf 89 Irregular Verbs (continued) : fero .... 92 Irregular Verbs (continued) : volb^ nblb, mdlo, fib. — The Philosopher and the King. — The Fox and the Grapes . - 95 Irregular Verbs (continued) : eo. — Defective Verbs . 98 Impersonal Verbs. — Questions and Answers. — Review 101 PART III. SYNTAX. XXXVI. The Accusative. — Incorruptible 104 XXXVII. The Accusative (continued) . ... . . .107 XXXVIII. The Dative 110 XXXIX. The Dative (continued) 112 XL. The Genitive. — Two Jests of Cicero. — The Frog and the Ox 114 XLI. The Genitive (continued). — Review .... 117 XLII. The Ablative 120 XLIII. The Ablative (continued). — The Sibylline Books . 122 Tahle of Contents^ XI CHAPTER XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LYI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. PAGE The Ablative (continued) 125 The Ablative (continued). — The Trojan Horse . . 127 Syntax of Adjectives 130 Syntax of Pronouns. — Review 132 The Subjunctive in Independendent Sentences : Horta- tory, Jussive, and Deliberative Subjunctive. — The Haunted House, Fart I. 135 The Optative Subjunctive. — The Potential Subjunctive. — Imperative 138 Moods in Dependent Clauses. — Clauses of Purpose. — Sequence of Tenses. — The Haunted House, Part 11. . 140 Clauses of Characteristic. — Result Clauses. — Causal Clauses. — The Sword of Damocles .... 143 Temporal Clauses: Clauses introduced by pos^5 warn, ut, uhi, simul ac, etc. — Cz^m-Clauses .... 146 Temporal Clauses (continued) : Clauses introduced by antequam and priusquam. — Clauses introduced by dum, donee, and quoad 148 Substantive Clauses: Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. — Substantive Clauses after Verbs of hindering 150 Substantive Clauses (continued) : Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative. — Substantive Clauses of Result. — Indirect Questions. — Review. — The Boy and the Dolphin, Part I. 152 Conditional Sentences. — Clauses introduced by quamvis and quamquam. — The Boy and the Dolphin, Part II. 155 Indirect Discourse 158 The Infinitive. — * If You Want a Thing Done, — ' .161 Participles 164 The Gerund and Gerundive. — The Gerundive Construc- tion. — The Supine. — Review . . . . . 166 English-Latin Exercises on Chapters III.-XXXIV. . . 169 Selections for Reading : Fables 178 Roman History 181 Notes on the Selections for Reading 196 General Latin-English Vocabulary ...... 203 English-Latin Vocabulary 231 ABBEEYIATIONS. abl. = ablative, ace. = accusative, adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb^ adverbial, c. = common {gender), coinp. = comparative, conj. = conjunction. dat. = dative, decl. = declension, dep. = deponent. e.g. = exempli gratia =for ex- ample. etc. = et cetera = and so forth. i. = feminine. gen. = genitive. i.e. = id est = that is. impers. = impersonal, imperson- ally. indecl. = indeclinable, indie. = indicative. inf. = infinitive. interrog. = interrog ativBo intr. = intransitive. lit. = literally. ' masc. = masculine. n., neut. = neuter. nom. = nominative. p., pp. = page, pages. pass. = passive. pi., plu. = plural. prep. = preposition. pres. = present. pron. — pronoun. rel. — relative. sc. = supply. sing. = singular. sup., super. = superlative. tr., trans. = transitive. w. = with. 1, with verbs = 1st conjugation xii PAET I. SOUNDS, QUANTITY, ACCENT. CHAPTER I.i 1. ALPHABET. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English except that the Latin has no w. 2. SOUNDS CLASSIFIED. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. The other letters are Consonants. The Diphthongs are ae, oe, au, eu, ui. 3. PK0NUNCIATI0N.2 a) Vo"wels. a 3 as in father; ^ as in the first syllable of aha; e as in they; S as in met; i as in machine; ' i as in pin; 6 as in note; 6 as in obey, melody; u as in rude; tl as in put; y like French w, German ii. 1 On the arrangement of this book by chapters, see Preface. 2 The system of pronunciation here given is that employed by the ancient Romans themselves. It is often called the * Roman method.' s Vowels which are long in quantity have a horizontal line above them, as a, i, o, etc. Short vowels either have the curved mark (&, 6), or are left unmarked. Sounds. ae like ai in aisle ; eu with its two elements, e and u, pro- oe like oi in oil ; nounced in rapid succession ; au like ow in how ; ui occurs mainly in cui and Awic. These are pronounced as though spelled kwee and wheek. c) Consonants. b, d, f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, qu are pronounced as in English except that bs, bt are pronounced ps, pt, c is always pronounced as k. t is always pronounced as plain t, never with the sound of sTi, as in Eng. oration, g always as in get ; when ngu precedes a vowel, gu has the sound of gic, as in anguis, languidus. j 1 has the sound of y as in yet. r was probably slightly trilled with the tip of the tongue. 8 always as in sm, gas ; in suadeo, suavis, suesco, and in com- pounds and derivatives of these words, su has the sound of sw, V like w. X always as ks; never like Eng. gz or z, z is best pronounced as Eng. z. ph, ch, th, are to be pronounced practically like our simple p, k, t. Doubled letters like 11, mm, tt, etc., should be pro- nounced with an endeavor to articulate both members of the combination distinctly. 4. QUANTITY. A. Quantity of Vowels. A vowel is long or short according to the length of time consumed in its pronunciation. As will be seen by com- paring the sounds given in § 3, the long sounds take con- siderably more time to pronounce than the short ones. For example, the i of machine takes more time than the i of pin. No absolute rule can be given for determining the quantity of Latin vowels. The pupil can become familiar with them only by observing the quantity as marked in 1 Some books print i instead of j. Quantity. 3 the paradigms, the vocabularies, and the exercises. Yet the following principles are of aid: — 1. A vowel is long, — a) before nf, ns, as infans, consensus. b) when the result of contraction ; as nHum for nihilum. c) before j ; as in hujus. 2. A vowel is short, — a) before nt, nd ; as amant, amandus. A few rare exceptions occur in cases of compounds whose first member has a long vowel ; as nondum (for non dum) . 6) before another vowel or h^; as mens, traho. Some excep- tions occur, chiefly in proper names derived from the Greek ; as Aeneas. N.B. — Long vowels should always be pronounced long (that is the only- thing that ' long ' means) ; short vowels should be pronounced short. B. Quantity of SyHables. A syllable is long or short according to the length of time it takes to pronounce such syllable. 1. A syllable is long (that is, it takes a long time to pronounce it), — a) if it contains a long vowel ; as mater, regnum, dius.^ b) if it contains a diphthong ; as causae, foedus.^ c) if it contains a short vowel followed by x, z, or any two con- sonants (except a mute followed by 1 or r) 3; as axis, restat, gaza, amantis.^ 2. A syllable is regularly short if it contains a short vowel followed by a vowel, by a single consonant, or by a mute with 1 or r ; as mea, amat, patris, volucris.^ 1 h was pronounced so lightly as to be enth'ely disregarded, whether singly or in combination. 2 Such syllables are sometimes said to be long by nature. 8 The mutes are p, c, t; b, d, g. 4 Such syllables are sometimes said to be long by position, fi Such syllables are sometimes said to be short by position. 4 Accent. 5. ACCENT. 1. There are as many syllables in a Latin word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. 2. Words of two syllables are accented upon the first; as t^git, morem. 3. Words of more than two syllables are accented upon the penult (next to the last) if that is a long syllable, otherwise upon the ante- penult (second from the last) ; as amSvi, minister, miserum. 6. EXERCISE. Pronounce the following words, observing carefully the proper sound of each letter, and placing the accent upon the proper syllable. Eemember to pronounce all long vowels long, all short vowels short. Take care of the vowels, and the syl- lables will take care of themselves. 1. Majorum, amicus, Athenae. 2. Queo, pasco, posco. 3. Juvenis, porrecttira, abiimus. 4. Amicitia, obtineo, anti- quus. 5. Europa, Charmides, exemplum. 6. Ingero, exi- guitas, sanguis. 7. Olympus, mitto, nationes. 8. Foe- dus, dignatio, consensus. 9. Pervolat, efferre, instituerat. 10. Arguo, cui, Philippi. 11. Percussus, rexi, pereo. 12. Jam, suavitas, suesco. 13. Concedo, signator, refero. 14. Insero, obsero, persuadet. PAET II. INFLECTIONS. CHAPTER II. 7. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. The Parts of Speech in Latin are the same as in Eng- lish; viz.^ Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections; but the Latin has no article. 8. INFLECTION. Of these eight parts of speech, the first four are capable of Inflection, that is, of undergoing change of form to express modifications of meaning. In the case of Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns, this process is called Declension ; in the case of Verbs, Conjugation. 9. NOUNS. 1. A Noun is the name of a person^ place^ thing ^ or quality ; as Caesar, Caesar ; Roma, Home; penna, feather ; virtus, courage, 2. Nouns have Gender, Number, and Case. 10. GENDER. 1. There are in Latin, as in English, three Genders : the Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. 5 6 Grender^ Number^ and Oases, 2. Gender in Latin may be either natural (that is, based on sex, as gender always is in English) or grammatical (not based on sex). 3. Natural Grender, As a rule only nouns denoting jt?er- sons have natural gender, and these are Masculine, if they denote males, as nauta, sailor ; Feminine, if they denote females, as mater, mother, 4. Grrammatieal Ge7ider. When nouns have grammati- cal gender, the gender is determined : — A. By signification. Thus : — a) [N'ames of Rivers, Winds, and Months are Masculine; as, Sequana, Seine ; Burns, East Wind ; Aprilis, April. b) Names of Trees, Countries, Towns, and Islands are Feminine ; as, quercus, oak; Pontus, Pontus ; Corinthus, Corinth; Rhodus, Rhodes. c) Indeclinable nouns are Neuter; as, nefas, wrong. B. By ending. The principles for gender by ending are given later, under the five declensions. 11. NUMBER. Latin has two Numbers, the Singular and the Plural. The Singular denotes one object ; the Plural more than one. 12. • CASES. 1. There are six Cases in Latin : — Nominative, Case of Subject ; Genitive, Objective with of ; Dative, Objective with to or for ; Accusative, Case of Direct Object ; Vocative, Case of Address ; Ablative, Objective with by ^ from, in, with. The Five Declensions, 7 2. Locative. Vestiges of another case, the Locative (denoting place where), occur in names of towns and in a few other words. 3. Oblique Cases. The Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative are called Oblique Cases. 4. Formation of the Cases. The different cases were originally formed by joining certain case-endings to a fundamental part called the stem. Thus portam (Accusa- tive Singular) was formed by joining the case-ending m to the stem porta-. But in most cases the final vowel of the stem has united so closely with the original case-ending, that the latter has become more or less obscured. The apparent case-ending thus resulting is called a termination. 13. THE five declensions. There are five Declensions in Latin, distinguished from each other by the final letter of the Stem, and also by the Termination of the Genitive Singular, as follows : — )eCLEN8I0N. First Second Final Letter of Stem. Gen. a 5 Termination. -ae -i Third Fourth Fifth L Some consonant j e -la •as Cases alike in Form. 1. The Vocative is regularly like the Nominative, except in the Singular of nouns in -us of the Second Declension. 2. The Dative and Ablative Plural are always alike. 3. In Neuters the Accusative and ^"ominative are always alike, and in the Plural end in -S. 4. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions, the Accusative Plural is regularly like the Nominative. CHAPTER III. FraST DECLENSION. — a-STEMS. 14. These end in -S, weakened from -a. They are Feminine, and are declined as follows : — Porta, gate ; stem, porta-. SINGULAR. Cases. Meanings. "^^^X^" Nom, porta a gate (subject) -S Gen. portae of a gate -ae Dat. portae to ov for a gate -ae Ace. portam a gate (object) -am Voc. porta O gate ! -a Ahl. porta with^ hy,from, -a in, a gate PLURAL. Termina- tions. Meanings. portae gates (subject) -ae portarum of gates -arum portis to OT for gates -is portas gates (object) -as portae gates ! -ae portis with, hy^from, -is in, gates. 1. The Latin has no article, and porta may mean either a gate or the gate; and in the Plural, gates or the gates. 15. Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension. 1. Exceptions in Gender. Xouns denoting males are Masculine; as, nauta, saiVor; ^^xicoIb., farmer. 2. Special Case-Endings, — a) The Locative Singular ends in -ae ; as, R5mae, at Rome. h) Dea, goddess, and filia, daughter, commonly form the Dative and Ablative Plural with the termination -abus ; as, deabus, filiabus. This is in order to distinguish these words from the corresponding cases of deus, god, and filius, son. 16. Paradigm of the Present Indicative Active of a Verb of the First Conjugation. singular. plural. 1. amo, I love. amamus, w;e love. amas, thou lovest, you love, amatis, you love. amat, he, she, it loves. amant, they love. 8 First Declension, 9 2. All verbs of the First Conjugation are inflected like amo. Such verbs are given in the General Vocabulary with the numeral 1. 3. In Latin the Subject of the verb, if a personal pronoun (/, thou^ key we, etc.), is not expressed unless emphatic, but is implied in the verb. 17. Principles of Syntax. 1. The Subject of the Verb stands in the Nominative. 2. The Object of the Verb stands in the Accusative. 3. The Verb agrees with its Subject in Number and Person. 18. VOCABULARY. accuso, I accuse, incito, 1 urge on^ encourage, agricola, ae, m., farmer, incola, ae, m., inhabitant. copia, ae, 1, plenty ; in plural, Insula, ae, f., island. copiae, arum, troops. Italia, ae, f., Italy. et, conj., and. laudo, I praise. filia, ae, 1, daughter. vasto, Hay waste. Galba, ae, m., Galba (a man's voco, I calif summon, name). EXERCISES.i 19. 1. Agricolae, agricola, agricolarum. 2. Insulae, insulls. 3. Italiae, Galbae. 4. Filia, filiarum, filiabus. 5. Incolae, incolis. 6. Copiarum, copiis, copias. 7. Italiam, insularum, filias. 8. Agricolis, filiam, filiae. 9. Incolarum, copiam. 20. 1. Filias agricolae laudamiis.^ 2. Galba copias incitat. 3. Copiae Galbae Italiam vastant. 4. Galbam laudamns. 5. Copias Galbae laudo. 6. Iiicolas insularum accusatis. 7. Galba agricolam vocat. 8. Insulas vastamus. 9. Galbam et agricolas vocamus. 10. Filias agricolae voco. 11. Agri- colas incitamus. 12. Filiam Galbae laudant. 13. Agricolas laudas. 14. Filias agricolarum vocatis. 1 For exercises on translating English into Latin, see p. 169 and Preface. 2 The verb in Latin ordinarily stands at the end of the sentence. CHAPTER IV. SECOND DECLENSION.— o-STEMS. 21. Pure Latin nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, -er, -ir, Masculine; -um, Neuter; and are declined as follows : — Hi < Hortus, garden ; Bellum, war; stem, hortd-. stem, bell6-. Termination. Termination. ■ Nom, hortus -US bellum -um Gen. horti -i belli -i DaL horto -6 bello -6 Ace. hortum -um bellum -um Voc. horte -e bellum -um lAbl. horto -5 bello 6 ■ Nom. horti -i bella -a Gen. hortorum -drum bellorum -orum Dat. hortis -is bellis -is Ace. hortos -OS bella -a Voc. horti .1 bella -a • AM. hortis -is bellis -is Tuer, boy: Ager,/eZ^; Vir, man ; stem, puer6-. stem, agrrS-. stem, vir6-. Termination. ' Nom. puer ager vir Wanting Gen. pueri agri viri -i DaL puero agro viro -6 Ace. puerum agrum virum -um Voc. puer ager vir W^anting . AM. puero agro viro -6 Nom. pueri agri viri -i Gen. puerorum agrorum virorum -orum Dat. pueris agris viris -is Ace. pueros agros viros -OS Voc. pueri agri viri -i • AM. pueris agris 10 viris -is Second Declension, 11 22. Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension. 1. Most nouns in -er in common use are declined like ager, not like puer. 2. Nouns in -ius and -ium throughout the best period of the lan- guage formed the Genitive Singular in -i (instead of-ii) ; as, — Nom, ingenium filius Gen, ing^nl fili These Genitives accent the penult, even when it is short. 3. The Locative Singular ends in -i ; as, Corinthi, at Corinth, 23. Inflection of the Present Indicative of the Verb sum* SINGULAR. sum, I am. 8s,^ thou art, you are, €st,i he, she, it is. PLURAL. sumus, we are, €stis,i you are. sunt, they are, 24. Principles of Syntax. 1. A Predicate Noun (that is, a noun limiting its subject through the medium of the verb to be^ or some similar word, as seem^ become^ agrees with its subject in case ; as, — Mercurius est deus. Mercury is a god, 2. An Appositive agrees in case with the word which it explains ; as, — Mercurius, deus, Mercury, the god. 1 Pronounce these words severally, Ss, Sst, 6stis, not es, est, estis. 12 Second Declension. 25. VOCABULARY. amicus, T, m., friend. oppugno, I attack, assault, auxilium, i (ii), n., aid, help. periculum, i, n., danger. Belgae, arum, m. pi., Belgians, a proelium, i (ii), n., battle. Gallic tribe. Sequani, orum, m. pi., Sequani, castra, orum, n. pi., a camp. a Gallic tribe. Galli, orum, m. pi., Gauls. vexo, I harass, annoy ; ravage. Germani, orum, m. pi., Germans, vicus, i, m., village. imploro, I entreat. vito, I avoid, oppidum, i, n., town, walled town. EXERCISES. 26. 1. Oppidi, oppidorum. 2. Estis, es. 3. Vico, vicis. 4. Pericula, periculorum. 5. Amici, amicorum, amicis. 6. Auxilium, auxilio. 7. Agri, agris. 8. Periculo, vi- cum, oppidls. 9. Proelia, amice. 10. Sunt, sumus, est. 11. Castrorum, castris. 27. 1. Sumus amlci^ Gallorum. 2. Belgae et Sequani auxilium implorant. 3. Sequani agricolas, incolas vico- rum, vexant. 4. Germani oppida Belgarum oppugnant. 5. Germani sunt agricolae. 6. Galba, amicus Gallorum, castra Germanorum oppugnat. 7. Amicos Gallorum lauda- mus. 8. Copiae Galbae Sequanos proelio vexant. 9. Peri- cula et bella vitamus. 10. Estis amici agricolarum. 11. Belgae vicos et agros Germanorum vexant. 12. Auxi- lium Gallorum imploramus. 13. Galba pericula proeli vitat 1 A predicate noun may (and often does) follow the verb. CHAPTER V. ADJECTIVES. 28. Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns, and fall into two classes, — 1. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 2. Adjectives of the Third Declension. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. In these the Masculine is declined like hortus, puer, or ager, the P'eminine like porta, and the Neuter like bellum. 29. Thus, Masculine like hortus : — - Bonus, good. SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. bonus bona bonum Gen. boni bonae boni Bat. bono bonae bono Acc bonum bonam bonum Voc. bone bona bonum Ahl. bono bona PLURAL. bono Nom. boni bonae bona Gen. bonomm bonarum bonorum Bat. bonis bonis bonis Ace. bonos bonas bona Voc. boni bonae bona Ahl. bonis bonis 13 bonis 14 Adjectives of First and Second Declensions. 30. Masculine like puer : — Tener, tender. SINGULAR. Mascitlinb. Feminine. Neuter. Nom. tener • tenera tenerum Gen, teneri tenerae teneri Dat. tenero tenerae tenero Ace, tenemm teneram tenerum Voc. tener tenera tenerum Ahl. tenero tenera PLURAL. tenero Nom, teneri , tenerae tenera Gen. tenerorum tenerarum tenerorum Dat. teneris teneris teneris Ace. teneros teneras tenera Voe, teneri tenerae tenera AM, teneris teneris teneris 31. Masculine like ager : — Sacer, sacred. SINGULAR. Masculine. Feminine. Nqm. sacer Gen, sacri Dat, Ace, Voc. Ahl, sacro sacrum sacer sacro sacra sacrae sacrae sacram sacra sacra Neuter. sacrum sacri sacro sacrum sacrum sacro Masculine. sacri sacrorum sacris sacros sacri sacris PLURAL. Feminine. sacrae sacrarum sacris sacras sacrae sacris Neuter. sacra sacrorum sacris sacra sacra sacris 1. Most adjectives in -er are declined like sacer. Of adjectives in common use only the following are declined like tener : asper, rough , liber, free ; miser, wretched, 32. Principles of Syntax. 1. An Adjective agrees with the noun which it limits in Gender, Number, and Case. 2. An Adjective limiting its noun directly is called an attributive adjective, as via longa, a long journey ; an Ad- jective limiting its noun through the medium of the verb Adjectives of First and Second Declensions. 15 esse, to he^ or some similar verb, is called a predicate ad- jective, as via est longa, the journey is long ; via videtur longa, the journey seems long, 33. VOCABULARY. Britannia, ae, f., Britain, paro, I prepare^ get ready, dimico, I contend. parvus, a, um, small. Helvetii, orum, m. pi., the Hel- populus, i, m., people. vetii^ a Gallic tribe. pulcher, chra, chnim, beautiful, jumentum^ 1, n., beast of burden, Rdmanus, a, um, Boman ; — as legatus, i, m., lieutenant. noun, m., a Boman. niagnus,'a, um, large^ great, superd, I overcome, multus, a, um, much; pi., many. victoria, ae, f., victory. Humerus, i, m., number, EXERCISES. 34. 1*. Populi Eomani, populo Komano. 2. Magnae^ victoriae, magnarum victoriarum. 3. Miilta jumenta, multis jtimentls. 4. Multae insulae, multas insulas. 5. Eiliae pulchrae, filiabus pulchris. 6. Parvi vici, parvorum vicorum. 7. Magnum proelium, magna proelia, multorum proeliorum. 8. Magnum numerum, magno numero. 9. Multi incolae, multos incolas. 10. Parvarum Insularum, parvae insulae. 35. 1. Piliae agricolae sunt pulchrae et bonae. 2. Populus Eomanus Gallos superat. 3. Galba, legatus Eomanus, mag- num oppidum Sequanorum oppugnat. 4. Sequani multis proelils dimicant. 5. Britannia est magna insula. 6. Vic- toria populi Eomani est magna. 7. Insula est parva. 8. Hel- vetii magnum numerum jtimentorum parant. 9. Magnae copiae dimicant. 10. Multa jumenta paratis. 11. Copiae Eomanae agros Gallorum vexant. 12. Magnum bellum para- mus. 13. Galba magnum numerum Gallorum superat. 1 The attributive adjective (see § 32, 2) in Latin, as in English, more com- monly precedes the word which it limits. This is especially true of adjectives of number y amount y etc. Yet other adjectives when used attributively often follow the noun ; see, for example, § 34, 5 ; 35, 2. CHAPTER VI. NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 36. Nouns of the Third Declension end in -a, -e, -i, -6, -y, -c, -1, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x. The Third Declension includes several distinct classes of Stems : — I. Pure Consonant-Stems. II. i-Stems. III. Mixed Stems. (Consonant-Stems which have par- tially adapted themselves to the inflection of i-Stems.) I. CONSONANT-STEMS. 37. 1. In these the stem appears in its unalter'ed form in all the oblique cases, so that the actual case-endings may be clearly recognized. 2. Consonant-Stems fall into several natural subdivisions, accord- ing as the stem ends in a Mute, Liquid, Nasal, or Spirant. Mute-Stems. 38. Mute -Stems may end, — 1. In a Labial (b or p); as, trab -s ; princep-s. 2. In a Guttural (g or c); as, remex (remeg-s); dux (duc-s). 3. In a Dental (d or t) ; as, lapis (lapid -s) ; miles (milet -s). 1. Stems in a Labial Mute (b, p) . 39. Trabs, f., beam. Princeps, m., chief. ' SINGULAR. Case- PLURAL. Case- Ending. Ending. Nom. trabs princeps -s trabess principes » -es Gen. trabisi principis 1 -is trabum principum -um Dal, trabi principi -1 trabibus principibus -ibus Ace. trabem principem -em trabes s principes ^ -es Voc. trabs princeps -s trabes » principes ^ -es Ahl trabe 2 principe 2 -e trabibus principibus -ibus 1 Pronounce is , not is. 2 Pronounce 6, not e. 8 Pronounce es, not ez. Third Declension. — Consonant-Stems. 17 2. Stems in a Guttural Mute (g, c). 40. In these the termination -s of the Nominative Singular unites with the guttural, thus producing -x. Remex, m., rower. Dux, c ., leader. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn remex remiges dux duces Gen. remigis remigum ducis ducum Dat. remigi remigibus duel ducibus Ace. remigem remiges ducem duces Voc. remex remiges dux duces AhL remige remigibus duce ducibus 3. Stems in a Dental Mute (d, t). 41. [n these the final d or t of the Stem disapp ears in the N'omi- native Singular before the ending - -s. Lapis, m., stone. Miles, m., soldier. SINGULAR. PLURAL, SINGULAR. PLURAI.. Nom lapis lapides miles milites Gen. lapidis lapidum mllitis militum Dat. lapidi lapidibus militi militibus Ace. lapidem lapides militem milites Voc. lapis lapides miles milites Abl. lapide lapidibus milite militibus Liquid Stems. 42. These usually end in -r ; a few end in -1. V] ictor, m., conqueror. Aequi 3r, n., sea. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. victor victores aequor aequora Gen. victoris victorum aequoris aequorum Dat. victor! victoribus aequori aequoribus Ace. victorem victores aequor aequora Voc. victor victores aequor aequora Abl. victore victoribus aequore aequoribus 1. Masculine and Feminine Stems ending in a liquid, form the Nominative and Vocative Singular without case-ending. 2. The case-ending is also lacking in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Singular of all neuters of the Third Declension. 18 Nouns of the Third Declension, 43. VOCABULARY. agger, eris, m., embankment, rampart, Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. altus, a, um, high^ deep. impero, I demand. Caesar, aris, m., Caesar, Marcellus, i, m., Marcellus. confirmo, I establish. obses, idis, c.,i hostage. consul, ulis, m., consul. pater, tris, m., father. cum, with, prep, with abl. pax, pacis, f ., peace. eques, itis, m., horseman; pi., cavalry, virtus, tutis, 1, valor, virtue. EXERCISES. 44. 1. Pater consulis, patri consulis. 2. Aggeres alti, aggeribus altis. 3. Pax bona. 4. Consulis boni, consults boni, consulum bonorum. 5. Multi obsides, multis obsidi- bus. 6. Magna virttite, magnae virttitis, magnam virtutem. 7. Mllites Eomani, mllites Eomanos, militi Eomano. 8. Mag- nae victoriae consulis Eomani. 9. Magna virtute Caesaris. 43. 1. Equites cum magno periculo proelio dimicant. 2. Multi milites castra Gallorum oppugnant. 3. Galba magnum numerum obsidum imperat. 4. Principes Galliae pacem confirmant. 5. Virttitem ducum et militum Eomano- rumlaudamus. 6. Agger castrorum est altus. 7. Galba et Marcellus sunt consules. 8. Dux remiges laudat. 9. Cae- sar magnas copias parat. 10. Mllites cum equitibus dimi- cant. 11. Duces Germanorum pacem implorant. 12. Cae- sar, dux Eomanus, virttitem militum laudat. 13. Milites Eomani multa oppida magna virtute oppugnant. 1 Common gender; i.e., either m. or f. But such nouns are ordinarily treated as masculine. CHAPTER VII. THIRD DECLENSION.— CONSONANT-STEMS (Continued). Nasal Stems. 46. These end in -n, which often disappears in the Nom. Sing. Leo, m. 5 lion. Nomen, n., name. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn, leo leones nomen nomina Gen. leonis leonum nominis nominum Dat. leoni leonibus nomini nominibus A cc. leonem leones nomen nomina Voc. leo leones nomen nomina AM. leone leonibus nomine nominibus Spirant or 8-Stems. 47. Mos, m., custom. Genus, n., race. SINGULAR. genus generis generi genus genus genere PLURAL. genera generum generibus genera genera generibus Nom. mos Gen. mo lis Dat. mori Ace. morem Voc. mos Ahl. more Nom. mores Gen. mo rum Dat. moribus Ace. mores Voc. mores Ahl. moribus Honor, m., honor. honor honoris honorl honorem honor honore honores honorum honoribus honores honores honoribus 1. Note that the final s of the stem becomes r (between vowels) in the oblique cases. In some words, as honor, the r of the oblique cases has, by analoccy, crept into the Nominative, displacing the earlier s. 19 20 Third Declension, — 1-Stems, II. J-STEMS. 1. Masculine and Feminine i-Stems. 48. These regularly end in -is in the Nominative Sin- gular, and always have -ium in the Genitive Plural. Originally the Accusative Singular ended in -im, the Ablative Singular in -i, and the Accusative Plural in -is ; but these endings have been largely displaced by -em, -e, and -es, the endings of Consonant-Stems. 49 , Turris f., tower ^ Hostis, c, enemy y stem , turri-. stem, hosti-. Norn. SINGULAR. turris hostis Termina- tion. -is PLURAL. turres hostes Termina- tion. -es Gen, turris hostis -is turrium h ostium -ium DaU turri host! -i turribus hostibus -ibus Ace. turrim hostem -im, -em turris (-es) hostis (es) -is, -es Voe. turris hostis -is turres hostes -es Ahl. turri hoste -1, -e turribus hostibus -ibus A 2. Neuter i-Stems. 50. These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and -ar. They always have -i in the Ablative Singular, -ia in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural, and -ium in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more stead- fastly to the i-character than do Masculine and Feminine i-Stems. Sedile, seat; Animal, animal; Calcar, spur ; stem, sedili-. stem, animali-. stem, calcari-. SINGULAR Termination. Nom, sedile animal calcar Wanting Gen. sedilis animalis calcaris -is Dat. sedili animali calcari -i Ace. sedile animal calcar Wanting Voc. sedile animal calcar Wanting Ahl. sedili animali calcari -i Third Declension. — Mixed Stems. 21 PLURAL. Tebmination. Norn. sedilia animalia calcaria -ia Gen, sedilium animalium calcarium -ium Dat, sedilibus animalibua calcaribus -ibus Ace. sedilia animalia calcaria -ia Voc, sedilia animalia calcaria -ia AM. sedilibus animalibus calcaribus -ibus 1. In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the Nominative Singular j in others it appears as -e. III. MIXED STEMS. (Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the inflection of i-stems.) 51. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted them- selves to the inflection of i-stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -Is in the Accusative Plural. Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singu- lar, or -1 in the Ablative Singular. The following words are examples of this class : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Caedes, f., slaughter, • Arx, f., citadel; Caedes, f., slaughter; Arx, f., citade stem, caed-. stem, arc-. stem, caed-. stem, arc-. Norn, caedes arx caedes arces Gen, caedis arcis caedium arcium Dat. caedi arci caedibus arcibus Ace. caedem arcem caedes, -is arces, -is Voc. caedes arx caedes arces AbL caede arce caedibus arcibus 1. The following classes of nouns belong to Mixed Stems : — a) ^ouns in -es, with Genitive in -is ; as, nubes, aedes, etc. b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more con- sonants; as, urbs, mons. c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs ; as, cliens, cohors. 22 Third Declension, — Gender. 52. General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension. 1. Noans in -6, -or, -6s, -er, -gs are Masculine. 2. Nouns in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant); -do, -go (Genitive -inis); -io (abstract and collective), -us (Genitive -utis or -udis) are Feminine. 3. Nouns in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -tis are Neuter. 4. There are many exceptions to the foregoing principles. These are noted in the Vocabularies. VOCABULARY. 53. arbor, oris, f., tree. civitas, tatis, f., state. f lumen, inis, n., river. hostis, is, c, enemy. in, in, on, prep, with the abl. de- noting rest in a place. mare, is, n., sea. mens, mentis, f., mind. mons, mentis, m., mountain. nomen, ims, n., name. occupo, / take possession of, seize. pauci, ae, a, few, a feio; used only in pi. Rhenus, i, m., the Bhine. silva, ae, f., forest. timer, oris, m., fear, turris, is, f., tower. EXERCISES. 54. 1. Arbores silvae. 2. Civitatuni, civitatibus. 3. Hostes, hostis. 4. Magna animalia, magnis animalibus. 5. Montes alti, montibus altis. 6. Timores militum. 7. Magna flu- mina, multorum fluminum, in multls fluminibus. 8. Paucae civitates, paucas civitates. 9. In turribus altis, turns altas, turrium altarum. 10. Hostes Eomanorum, nomen m on tis. 55. 1. Milites Eomani turris h ostium oppugnant. 2. In magno marl sunt multae insulae. 3. Nomen fluminis est Ehenus. 4. Multa animalia sunt in silva. 5. Arbores sunt altae. 6. Timor mentes militum occupat. 7. Caesar hostes proelio superat. 8. Equites Eomani cum hostibus diraicant. 9. Caesar montem occupat. 10. Paucae civitates pacem con- flrmant. 11. Hostes multas turris occupant. 12. In alto flumine est parva insula. 13. Civitates Gallorum pacem implorant. CHAPTER VIII. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. FOUETH DECLENSION.— «i-STEMS. 56. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Mascu line, and -u Neuter. They are declined as follows : — Fructus, fruit, SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. fructus fructus Gen, fructus fructuum Dat. fructui fructibus Ace, fructum fructus Voc. fructus fructus AN. fructu fructibus Cornu, horn. SINGULAR. PLURAL. cornu cornus cornu cornu cornu cornu cornua cornuum cornibus cornua cornua cornibus 1. A few nouns in -us of the Fourth Declension are Feminine, particularly manus, hand, and domus, house. FIFTH DECLENSION.— e-STEMS. 57. Nouns of the Fifth Declension end in -es, and are declined : — Res, f., thing. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Dies, m. day. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. dies dies Gen. diei dierum Dat. diei diebus Ace. diem dies Voc. dies dies AM. die diebus res rSi r§i rem res re res rerum rebus res res rebus 1 . The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is -€i, instead of -ei, when a consonant precedes ; as, spgi, rSi. 2. With the exception of dies and res, most nouns of the Fifth Declension are not declined in the Plural. 3. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are regularly Feminine, except dies, day, and meridies, mid-day, and even dies is sometimes Femi- nine in the Singular. 23 24 Fourth and Fifth Declensions, 58. - VOCABULARY. acies, ei, f., line of battle. legio, onis, f., legion. colloco, I place, arrange, station. manus, us, f., hand; in military comu, us, n., horn; in military sense, band, force. sense, wing of an army. nuntio, / announce, report. de, concerning, prep, with abl. portus, us, m., harbor. dexter, tra, tnim, right. reliquus, a, um, remaining. dubito, / doubt, am in doubt. senatus, lis, m., senate* fides, ei, i., fidelity, loyalty, spes, spei, f., hope. EXERCISES. 59. 1. Fidei, de fide. 2. Manus, manibus. 3. In acie. 4. Cornua, cornuum. 5. Portus, portibus. 6. Senattis, sena- tui. 7. Spes auxili, multi portus, magnos portus. 8. In senatti, de spe, spei. 9. Portui bono, magnus numerus por- tuum, in portibus bonis. 10. Eerum multarum, de rebus multis, rem magnam, de re magna. 60. 1. Galli cum magna manti legionem Eomanam oppugnant. 2. Eeliquae legiones sunt in dextro cornti. 3. In portu est parva insula. 4. Galba de fide Gallorum dubitat. 5. Cae- sar multas res senatui ntintiat. 6. Milites in acie collocat. 7. Sumus in magna spe victoriae. 8. Portus insulae sunt bonl. 9. Senatum Eomanum acctisamus. 10. De multis rebus dubitant. 11. Caesar legiones in acie collocat et oppidum oppugnat. 12. De fide multarum legionum dubi- tamus. 13. De reliquis rebus dubitatis. CHAPTER IX. ADJECTIVES (Continued). NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 61. Here belong : — alius, another ; iillus, any ; uter, which ? (of two) ; solus, alone; alter, the other; nuUus, none, no; neuter, neither; totus, whole; unus, one, alone. They are declined as follows ; SINGULAR. alius, another. alter, the other. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Nom. alius alia aliud alter altera alterum Gen. alterius alterius alterius i alterius alterius alterius Dat. alii alii alii alteri alteri" alteri Ace. alium aliam aliud alterum alteram alterum Voc. Ahl. alio alia alio alters altera altero uter, which f totus, whole. Nom. uter utra utrum Gen. utrius utrius utrius Dat. utri utri utri Ace. utrum utram utrum Voc. : Ahl. utro utra utro totus tota totum totius totius totius toti toti toti totum tot am totum toto tota toto 1. All these words lack the Vocative. 2. The Plural is regular, and is declined like tonus. 1 This is regularly used, instead of alius. 25 26 Adjectives of the Third Declension, ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 62. These fall into three classes : — 1. Adjectives of three terminations in the Nominative Singular, — one for each gender. 2. Adjectives of two terminations. 3. Adjectives of one termination. a. With the exception of Comparatives, and a few other words mentioned below (see § 68. 1), all Adjectives of the Third Declension follow the inflection of i-stems ; i.e. they have the Ablative Singular in -T, the Genitive Plural in -ium, the Accusa- tive Plural in -is (as well as -es) in the Masculine and Feminine, and the N'ominative and Accusative Plural in -ia in the Neuter. 63. Adjectives of Three Terminations. These are declined as follows : — Acer, sharp. SINGULAR. Masculine. Feminine. Neutbe. Nom. acer acris acre Gen. acris acris acris Dat. acri acri acri Ace. acrem acrem acre Voc. acer acris acre Ahl. acri acii PLURAL. acri Nom. acrgs acres acria Gen. acrium acrium acrium Dat. acribus acribus acribus Ace. acres, -is acres, -is acria Voc. acres acres acria AM. acribus acribus acribus 1. Celer, celeris, celere, swift, retains the e before r, but lacks the Grenitive Plural. Adjectives, 27 64. VOCABULARY. ager, agri, m. afield. dono, I present. celer, eris, ere, swift. equester, tris, tre, equestrian. cohors, rtis, 1, cohort. princeps, cipis, m., chief. collis, is, m., hill. sine, without^ prep, with abl. conjuro, I conspire. terra, ae, f., land. delecto, I delight, EXERCISES. 65. 1. Alia terra, alterius terrae. 2. Aliud periculum, ali- orum periculorum. 3. Toti cohort!, totius collis. 4. Ntilll agri, nullius agrl. 5. Alii legionl, aliae legiones. 6. Sine ulla spe, nullius cohortis, null! colli. 7. Proelia equestria, proeliis equestribus, proeliorum equestrium. 8. Unum proe- Hum, aliud proelium, alii proelio, alter! proelio. 9. Victoriae celeris, victorias celeres, victori!s celeribus, victoria celer!. 66. 1. Pr!ncipes tot!us Galliae conjurant. 2. De ali!s rebus dubitamus. 3. Sine ullo timore alterum oppidum oppugnant. 4. Alio proelio d!niicat. 5. Nullos m!lites alterius cohortis laudamus. 6. Unam legionem in dextro cornti collocat. 7. Collem ali!s cohortibus occupat. 8. Ger- man!s sol!s agros donat. 9. Equestr! proelio d!micat. 10. Spes celeris victoriae legiones delectat. 11. Alios milites in acie collocas. 12. Senatus de fide un!us ducis dubitat. 13. Equites Eomani agros Belgarum et multarum q^liarum civitatum vexant. CHAPTER X. 67. ADJECTIVES (Continued). Adjectives of Two Terminations. Fortis, strong. Fortior, stronger. SINGULAR. SINGULAR. M. AND F. Neut. M. AND F. Neut. Nom, fortis forte fortior fortius Gen fortis fortis fortioris fortioris DaL forti forti fortiori fortiori Ace. forte m forte fortiorem fortius Voc. fortis forte fortior fortius Ahl. forti forti fortiore, -i fortiore, -i PLURAL. PLURAL. Norn. fortes fortia fortiores fortiora Gen. fortium fortium fortiorum fortiorum Dat. fortibus fortibus fortioribus fortioribus Ace. fortes, -IS fortia fortiores, -is fortiora Voc. fortes fortia fortiores fortiora AM. fortibus fortibus fortioribus fortioribus 1. Fortior is the Comparative of fortis. regularly declined in the same way. All Comparatives are 68. Adjectives of One Termination. Felix, happy, Prudens, prudent. SINGULAR. SINGULAR. M. AND F. Neut. M. AND F. Neut. Nom. fellx felix priidens priidens Gen. felicis felicis priidentis priidentis Dat. felici felici prudenti prudenti Ace. felicem felix prudentem prudens Voc. felix felix prudens priidens Ahl. felici felici prudenti priidenti PLURAL. PLURAL. Nom. felices felicia priidentes prudentia Gen. felicium felicium priidentium priidentium Dat. felicibus felicibus priidentibus priidentibus Ace. felices, -is felicia priidentes, -is priidentia Voc. felices felicia priidentes priidentia Ahl felicibus felicibus priidentibus priidentibus 28 Adjectives of the Third Declension. 29 Vetus, old. SINGULAR. M. AND F. Norn, vetus Gen. veteris Dat. veteri A cc. veterem Voc. vetus Abl. vetere PLU] Nom. veteres Gen. veterum Dat. veteribus Ace. veteres Voc. veteres Ahl. veteribus Neut. vetus veteris veteri vetus vetus vetere Vetera veterum veteribus Vetera Vetera veteribus Plus, more. SINGULAR. M. AND F. Neut. plus pluris plus plure PLURAL. plures plura plurium plurium pluribus pluribus plures, -IS plura pluribus pluribus 1. It will be observed that vetus is declined as a pure Consonant- Stem ; i.e., Ablative Singular in -e, Genitive Plural in -um, Nomina- tive Plural Neuter in -a, and Accusative Plural Masculine and Feminine in -es only. In the same way are declined dives, rich^ pauper, poor. 2. Plus, in the Singular, is used only as a substantive. 69. VOCABULARY. aditus, us, m., approach. adulescens, entis, m., young man. commiinis, e, common. complures, ra, gen. -ium, very many. concilium, i (ii), n., council. delibero, I deliberate^ consult. difficilis, e, difficult. ferax, gen. feracis, fertile. fides, ei, f., protection. Haedui, orum, m. pi., Haedui^ a Gallic tribe. incolumis, e, unharmed^ unin- jured. legatus, 1, m., envoy. navalis, e, naval. nobilis, e, noble. omnis, e, all^ every. tribunus, i, m., tribune. Veneti, orum, m. pi., Veneti^ a Gallic tribe. EXERCISES. 70. 1. Agrorum feracium, in agrls feracibus. 2. Om- nibus aditibus, omnis aditus. 3. Nobilis adulescentis, 80 Adjectives. nobilium adulescentium. 4. Proelia navalia, proeliis nava- libus. 5. Concilia communia, conciliis commtinibus. 6. In omnibus proeliis, omnium proeliorum, omnis legates. 7. Ter- rae feraces, terrarum feracium, compltires legati Eomani. 8. Omnis agros Haeduorum, in omnibus adulescentibus, com- plurium victoriarum. 9. Legatorum nobilium, omnibus tribtinis legionis. 71. 1. Mllites Komani sunt incolumes. 2. Cum omnibus copiis oppidum oppugnat. 3. Helvetii agros feraces Haedu- orum vexant. 4. Tribtinos omnium legionum vocat. 5. Com- pltires legati fidem Caesaris implorant. 6. Belgae in concilio commtini de bello deliberant. 7. Nobiles adulescentes accti- sat. 8. Eomani Venetos proelio navali superant. 9. Omnes aditus sunt difficiles. 10. Adulescens nobilis est incolumis. 11. Nullus vir fortis pericula communia vitat. 12. Legati Haeduorum sunt nobiles adulescentes. 13. Omnia oppida Eomanorum sunt incolumia. CHAPTER XL COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 72. 1. There are three degrees of Comparison, — the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. 2. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (Neut. -ius), and the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel : — altus, high, altior, higher. altissimus, \ ^'9^'f: , ( very high. fortissimus. fortis, brave, fortior, f elix, fortunate, felicior, felicissimus. 3. Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by appending -rimus to the Nominative of the Positive. The Comparative is regular. Thus : — pulcher, beautiful, pulchrior, pulcherrimus. celer, swift, celerior, celerrimus. 4. Five adjectives in -ills form the Superlative by adding -limus to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. The Com- parative is regular. Thus : — facilis, easy, facilior, facillimus. difficilis, difficult, difficilior, difficillimus. similis, like, similior, simillimus. dissimilis, unlike, dissimilior, dissimillimus. humilis, loiu. humilior, humillimus. 73. Irregular Comparison. Several Adjectives vary the Stem in Comparison; viz., — bonus, good, melior, optimus. mains, bad, pejor, pessimus. parvus, small, minor, minimus. magnus, large, major, maximus^ multus, much, pliis, plurimus. 74. Defective Comparison. 1. Positive lacking entirely, — prior, former, citerior, on this side, ulterior, farther, propior, nearer, 31 primus, first. citimus, near. ultimus, farthest. proximus, nearest. 82 Comparison of Adjectives. 2. Positive occurring only in special cases, — . „ . X . 7 . ( postremus, last. posterns, following, posterior, later, < ^ ?y i/» X- (•postumua, posthumous. ^ . , . { extremus, ) exterus, /orei^n, exterior, ow^er, -j ^outermost. inferus, low, inferior, lower, \ _ ' >- lowest. ' ' (imus. > , . , . , . - ( supremus, last. superus, high, superior, higher, j h' J t 75. VOCABULARY. Allobroges, um, m. pi., Alldbro- Geneva, ae, f . , Geneva, a town of ges, a Gallic tribe. the Allobroges. altitude, inis, f ., depth, height. quattuor, indecl., four. Avarioum, i, n., Avaricum, a quinque, indecl. , Jive. Gallic town. urbs, urbis, f., city. fortis, e, brave. vallis, is, f., valley. EXERCISES. 76. 1. Majora periciila, maximis perlculis. 2. Minoribus castris, minorum castrorum. 3. Maximi oppidi, maxima oppida. 4. Urbes pulchriores, urbium pulcberrimarum. 5. Valles majores, in vallibus majoribus. 6. Oppida proxima, oppidorum ultimorum, urbes pulcherrimae. 7. Majorum castrorum, majora castra, in vallibus pulcherrimis. 8. Ur- bium proximarum, in urbibus proximis, legiones optimae. 9. Legionum meliorum, legionibus pejoribus. 77. 1. Belgae sunt fortissimi omnium Gallorum. 2. Eeli- quae cohortes minora castra oppugnant. * 3. Altitude fluminis est minima. 4. In castris majoribus sunt quinque legiones. 5. Maxim as copias paramus. 6. Quattuor cohortes in prima acie sunt. 7. Geneva est extremum oppidum Allobrogum. 8. Milites cum minore periculo dimicant. 9. Avaricum est pulcherrima urbs totius Galliae. 10. Adittis sunt difficillimi. 11. Legiones Eomanae agros optimos vastant. 12. Milites tinius cohortis in majoribus castris maxima virtute dimicant. CHAPTER XII. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. NUMERALS. 78. Adverbs are for the most part derived from adjec- tives, and depend upon them for their comparison. 1. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive by changing -i of the Genitive Singular to -e ; those derived from adjectives of the Third Declension, by changing -is of the Genitive Singular to -iter ; as, — carus, care, dearly ; pulcher, pulchre, beautifully ; acer, acriter, fiercely. a. But Adjectives in -ns apparently change -is of the Genitive to -er. (instead of -iter) to form the Adverb ; as, — sapiens, sapienter, tvisely. Audax forms audacter ; sollers, sollerter. 2. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accu- sative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective ; while the Superlative of the Adverb is found by changing the -i of the Genitive Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -e. Thus : — (carus) . care, dearly, carius, carissime. (pulcher) pulchre, beautifully, pulchrius, pulcherrime. (acer) acriter, fiercely, acrius, acerrime. (audax) audacter, boldly, audacius, audacissime. 79. Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation. bene, well, melius, optime. male, ill, pejus, pessime. magnopere, greatly, magis, maxime. multuni, much, plus, plurimum. mmus. non multum, ) ,. , Y little, parum, ) ' saepe, often, saepius, saepissime. prope, near, propius, proxime. 33 34 Adverbs. — Numerals. 80. Numerals. 1. For the declension of unus, one, see p. 25. 2. Duo, two, and tres, three, are declined as follows : — Nom. duo duae duo Gen. duorum duarum L duorum Dat. duobus duabus duobus Ace. duos, duo duas duo AM. duobus Nom. tres Gen. trium Dat, tribus Ace tres (tris) Abl. tribus duabus tria trium tribus tria tribus duobus 3. The units from four to ten, and all the tens from ten to one hundred are indeclinable. Hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus. 4. Mille, thousand, is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and indeclinable. In the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive of the objects enumerated), and is declined, — Nom. milia Gen, milium Dat, milibus Ace. milia Voe. milia Abl. milibus 81. VOCABULARY. acriter, sharply, fiercely acer). audacter, courageously audax). c5git6, I think. defensio, onis, f., defence, diu, adv., a long time. facile, easily (from facilis). fortiter, bravely (from fortis). fuga, ae, f., flight. impetus, us, m., onset, attack. (from insto, I press on. magis, more, rather; comp. of (from magnopere. maxime, especially ; sup. of mag- nopere. perturbs, I agitate. pugno, I fight. quam, than. tardo, I retard, check. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. Review Exercises. 35 EXERCISES. 82. 1. Trecentomm equitum. 2. Cum tribus filiabus. 3. Tria oppida, in tribus oppidis. 4. Duo milia equitum, mllle equites. 5. In duabus terrls. 6. In tribus legioni- bus, duo Mil, duos fllios, tres prmcipes. 7. Melius, magis, minus fortiter, optime.. 8. Fortius, maxime, propius, sae- pissime. 9. Nomina duorum principum, tribus filiabus. 83. 1. Hostes diu ^ et acriter pugnant. 2. Milites magis de fuga quam de def ensione castrorum cogitant. 3. Jumenta Gallos maxime delectant. 4. Timor mentes militum magno- pere perturbat. 5. Duae legiones audacius Instant. 6. Tre- centi German! sunt in castris. 7. Milites acerrime et for- tissime pugnant. 8. Caesar impetum hostium facile tardat. 9. Tria milia equitum in proelio pugnant. 10. Equites minus audacter instant. 11. Unus Eomanus tres adulescentes Ger- manos superat. 12. Mille equites Eomani cum tribus mili- bus Gallorum dimicant. REVIEW. 1. Sine ullo periculo alterum oppidum Belgarum oppugna- mus. 2. Duas legiones in dextro cornti coUocas. 3. Quat- tuor legati Germanorum auxilium Caesaris, ducis Eomani, implorant. 4. In oppido majore sunt tres legiones. 5. Duos colles altissimos occupamus. 6. Acerrime et for- tissime dimicatis. 7. Legiones castra minora oppugnant. 8. Collem quinque alils legionibus occupat. 9. Yirttitem dueum Eomanorum et militum laudamus. 10. Dux maxi- mas copias parat. 11. Virtutem totius aciei laudamus. 12. Adulescens nobilis victoriam copiarum Eomanarum senatui ntintiat. 13. Duas legiones in altero cornu collocat. 1 The adverb usually stands immediately before the word which it modifies. CHAPTER XIII. PRONOUNS. 84. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something without naming it. I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 85. These correspond to the English i", you^ he^ she^ it^ etc. , and are declined as follows : — First Person. Second Person. Third Person. SINGULAR. Nom, ' ego, / tu, thou is, he ; ea, she ; id, it Gen. mei tui (For Declension, see § 94.) Dat. mihi tibi Ace. me te Voc. tu AM. me te PLURAL. Nom, . i\os, we vos, you Gen. ( nostrum I nostri < vestrum ( vestri Bat. nobis vobis Ace. nos vos Voc. vos AM. nobis vobis II. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 86. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand ; like myself., yourself in ^ I see myself^ etc. They are declined as follows : — 36 Reflexive^ Possessive^ Demonstrative Pronouns. 37 First Person, Second Person. Third Person, Supplied by oblique Supplied by oblique cases of ego. cases of tu. Gen, mei, of myself tui, of thyself sul Dat. mihi, to myself tibi, to thyself sibi Ace. me, myself te, thyself se s)r sese Voc. Ahl. me, with myself etc. te, with thyself etc. se or sese 1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for all genders and for both numbers. Thus sui may mean, of himself herself itself or of themselves; and so with the other cases of sui. III. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 87. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are inflected as such. They are : — First Person. Second Person. meus, -a, -um, my ; tuus, -a, -um, thy ; noster, nostra, nostrum, our ; vester, vestra, vestrum, your; Third Person. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. 1. Suus is exclusively Reflexive ; as, — pater liberos suos amat, the father loves his children. Otherwise, his, her, its, are regularly expressed by the Genitive Singular of is, viz. §jus ; and their, by the Genitive Plural, eorum, earum. TV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 88. These point out an object as here or there, or as previously mentioned. They are : — hic, this ; iste, ille, is, that; idem, the same. Hie, this. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. . Feminine. Neuter. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Norn, hic haec hoc hi hae haec Gen. hiijus hujus hiijus ho rum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Ace. hunc banc hoc hos has haec Abl. hoc hac hoc his his his 38 Pronouns, 89. VOCABULARY. ad, «o,i towards^ prep. w. ace. memoria, ae, f., memory, recoUec- amice, in a friendly manner, tion. cams, a, mn, dear, officium, i (ii), n., duty. culpo, Ihlame. praesto, /j)er/orm. Dumnorix, igis, m. , Dumnorix, a probo, / approve. chief of the Haedui. quoque, also, always placed after gladius, 1 (ii), m., sword. the word it modifies. gratus, a, um, pleasing, welcome, salus, utis, f., safety. imperator, oris, m., commander, verbum, i, n., word. judico, I judge, adjudge, EXERCISES. 90. 1. Mihi, nobis, nos. 2. Sui, sibi. 3. Te, vobis, vestri. 4. Tti, mei, vos, tibi, vestruin, me, se. 5. Pater meus,^ pater noster, patrum nostrorum. 6. Patris tul, patres vestri. 7. Htijus patris, horum patrum. 8. Gladius meus, imperatorl nostro, ofiB.ciorum vestrorum. 9. Huic puero, bos viros, horum castrorum. 91. 1. Ego officium meum^ imperatorl praesto. 2. Caesar nos acriter acctisat. 3. Tua nostri memoria mihi est grata. 4. Ad se Dumnorlgem vocat. 5. Caesar de vobIs amicissime judicat. 6. Tu quoque verba mea probas. 7. Ego me acciiso. 8. Se culpant. 9. Hic ^ pater f ilias suas vocat. 10. Yestra saltis, milites, huic imperatorl cara est. 11. Equi- tes nostri gladiis suis pugnant. 12. Hos pueros ad nos vocamus. 13. In hoc proelio equestri audacissime pugnant. 1 English to is rendered by ad in Latin, if there is an idea of motion ; other- wise the Dative is used. 2 The Possessive Pronouns, unless emphatic, are ordinarily placed after the noun which they limit. 8 A Demonstrative Pronoun, like an adjective, agrees in Gender, Number, and Case with the noun it limits. CHAPTEE XIV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Continued). —THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN. 92. Iste, that, that of yours. SINGULAR. Masoulinb. Feminine. Nam. iste ista Gen, istius istius Dat, isti isti Ace, istum istam AhL isto ista PLURAL. Masculine. Feminine. Nom. isti istae Gen. istorura istarum Dat. istis istis Ace, istos istas All. istis istis Neuteb. istud istius isti istud isto Neftbb, ista istorum istis ista istis 93. lUe, that, that one, he, is declined like iste. 94. Is, he, that, this. SINGULAR. Masculine. Feminine. Neuteb. Nam, is ea id Gen. ejus ejus ejus Dat. ei ei ei Ace, eum earn id Ahl, eo ea PLURAL. eo Masculine. Feminine. Neutbb. Nom, ei or ii eae ea Gen. eorum earum eorum Dat, eis or iis eis or iis eis or iis Ace, eos eas ea Ahl, eis or iis eis or iis 39 eis or iis 40 Demonstrative and Intensive Pronouns. 95. Idem, the same. SINGULAR. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Norn. idem eadem idem Gen, ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem Dat. eidem eidem eidem Ace. eundem eandem idem AM. eodem eadem PLURAL. eodem Masculine. Feminine. Neuter, Norn. ( eidem ) ( iidem > eaedem eadem Gen. eorundem. earundem eorundem Dat. eisdem eisdem eisdem Ace. eosdem easdem eadem Abl. eisdem eisdem eisdem The Nom. PI. Masc. also has idem, and the Dat. Abl. PL isdem or lis d em. V. The Intensive Pronoun. 96. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corre- sponds to the English myself., etc., in '- 1 myself^ he himself J* Masculine. Nom. ipse Gen. ipsius Dat. ipsi Ace, ipsum Ahl. ipso Masculine. Nom. ipsi Gen. ipsorum Dat. ipsis Ace, ipsos Ahl. ipsis SINGULAR. Feminine. ipsa ipsius ipsi ipsam PLURAL. Feminine. ipsae ipsarum ipsis ipsas ipsis Neuter. ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum ipso Neutbr. ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsa ip^s Pronouns. 41 97. VOCABULARY. bene, well. opinio, onis, f., opinion^ expectation. causa, ae, f., cause^ condition, porta, ae, f., gate, exercitus, us, m., army. servus, i, m., slave. facultas, atis, f., supply, sex, indecl., six. ignavus, a, um, cowardly, summus, highest^ greatest; sup. of labor, oris, m., labor, superus (§ 74, 2). EXERCISES. 98. 1. Illlus* opmionis, illae opmiones. 2. Ejusdem exercitus, in eodem exercitti. 3. Eae causae, de eis causis. 4. Eorundem laborum, eisdein laboribus. 5. Servi ipsius,^ ipsos servos. 6. In isto exercitti, istlus exercitus, eidem exercitui. 7. Eodem labore, ejusdem opmionis, earundem portarum. 8. Illis causis, in eadem causa, eadem castra^ 99. 1. Isti mllites sunt ignavi. 2. Officia ill! praestamus. 3. In illo exercitti sunt multi servi. 4. Ejus nomen est Galba. 5. De ea causa bene jtidicat. 6. Sex cohortes ejus legionis portas ipsas oppidi oppugnant. 7. De eisdem rebus jtidicamus. 8. In eadem causa sunt alii Galli. 9. Eidem equites ilium laudant. 10. In eo oppido est summa facultas omnium rerum. 11. Eam ad nos voco. 12. Pa- trem eorum laudo. 13. Milites nostri ilium difficiliorem aditum fortiter oppugnant. 14. Dux illius exercittis est ignavissimus. 1 The Demonstrative Pronouns regularly precede the noun which they limit. 2 The Intensive Pronoun stands sometimes before, sometimes after, the noun which it limits. CHAPTER XV. RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. VI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 100. The Relative Pronoun is qui, who. It is de- clined : — SINGULAR. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cujus cujus cujus Dat. cui cui cui Ace. quern quam quod Ahl. quo qua quo VII. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 101. The Interrogative Pronoi^ns are qui^^who? (sub- stantive) and qui, what? what kind off (adjective). PLURAL. Masculine. Feminine. Neutek. qui quae quae quorum quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus qu6s quas quae quibus quibus quibus 1. Quis, who? SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. and Fem. Neuter. Nom, quis quid Plural forms are rare. Gen. ciijus ciijus When they occur they Dat. cui cui follow the declension Ace. quem quid of the Relative Pro- Ahl. quo quo noun. 2. qui, whaf^ what kind of? is declined precisely like the Relative Pronoun ; viz. qui, quae, quod, etc. 42 Indefinite Pronouns. 43 VIII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 102. These have the general force of some one, any one^ as shown in the following list : — SUBSTANTIVES. M. AND F. quis, aliquis, quisquara, quispiam, quisque, Neut. my one anything. ( some one, quld,]""^""*^ ' 1 something. ( any one, quidquam, •< " ' quidpiam, quidque, each. .,. ( any one, quivis, quaevis, quidvis, _,, . ,., , ,., , .,,., \ i anything quilibet, quaelibet. quidlibet, . ; ^ ' ^ ' >- you wish. a certain person or thing. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, ADJECTIVES. Masc. Fem. Neut. qui, quae or qua, quod, any, aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some. No corresponding adjective. quispiam, quaepiam, quisque, quaeque. qui VIS, quilibet, quaevis, quaelibet. quodpiam, any. quodque, each. quod vis, quodlibet, quidam, quaedam, quoddam, any you wish. I a cer- \ tain. 1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. Thus: Genitive Singular alicujus, cujuslibet, etc. 2. Note that aliqui has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Femi- nine, also in the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Qui has both qua and quae in these same cases. 3. Quidam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam ; Gen- itive Plural quorundam, quarundam ; the m being assimilated to n before d. 4. There are two Indefinite Relatives, — quicumque and quisquis, whoever. Quicumque declines only the first part ; quisquis declines both, but has only quisquis, quidquid, quoquo in common use. 103. Principle of Syntax. Agreement of Relative Pronouns. The Relative Pro- noun agrees with its Antecedent in Gender and Number, but its Case is determined by its construction in the clause in which it stands ; as, — mulier quam videbamus, the woman whom we saw ; bona quae dSsider^mus, the blessings which we miss. 44 Pronouns. 104. VOCABULARY. armo, I arm, homo, minis, c, man^ human dubito, I hesitate^ waver, being. dux, ducis, c, leader. praeda, ae, f., booty. err 6, / err^ am mistaken. si, if. fugo, I put to flight. spero, I hope, hope for; governs hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter- the ace. quarters. EXERCISES. 105. 1. Miles quidam, militibus quibusdam. 2. Quis^ homo ? Quod oppidum ? 3. Cuique civitati, cujusque servl. 4. Praeda aliqua, in proelio aliquo. 5. Homo quilibet, hominis ctijuslibet. 6. Quamque cohortem. Ctijus auctori- tas ? In qua civitate ? 7. Oppidorum quorundam, in oppidis quibusdam, viro cuidam. 8. Homini cuivis, hominibus qui- busvls. 9. Cuiquam, quidquam, ctijusquam. 106. 1. Cohortes quasdam in hibernis collocat. 2. Si quisquam saltitem sperat, errat. 3. Dux militibus, qui oppi- dum oppugnant, praedam donat. 4. Legiones laudat quae hostis fugant. 5. Servos armat qui in castris sunt. 6. Col- lem quendam occupat. 7. Quis hunc hominem acctisat ? 8. Caesar prmcipes cujusque civitatis ad se vocat. 9. Quod oppidum oppugnatis ? 10. Quae castra hi milites oppugnant ? 11. Quis vestrum saltitem urbis sperat? 12. Hic imperator legiones culpat quae pericula vitant. 1 Quis is sometimes used as an interrogative adjective. It has the force of what? whereas qui means rather what kind of? CHAPTEE XVI. CONJUGATION. 107. The inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation. 108. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, Person: 1. Two Voices, — Active and Passive. 2. Three Moods, — Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative. 3. Six Tenses, — Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect. But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect ; while the Imperative employs only the Present and Future. 4. Two Numbers, — Singular and Plural. 5. Three Persons, — First, Second, and Third. 109. These make up the so-called Finite Verb. Besides* this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms: — 1. Noun Forms, — Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine. 2. Adjective Forms, — Participles (including the Gerundive). THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 110. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, dis- tinguished from each other by the first vowel of the ter- mination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows : — Infinitive Distinguishing Conjugation. Termination. Vowel. I. -gbre & II. -Sre S III. -gre g lY. -ire i 111. Principal Parts. The Present Indicative, Pres- ent Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Parti- ciple ^ constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb, — so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived. 1 VHiere the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts. 45 46 Conjugation of sum. . INDICATIVE OF sum, 112. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset. * Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Fut. Partic* Slim esse fui futurus Present Tense. SINGULAR PLURAL. sum, / am, sumus, we are, es, thou art. estis, you are, est, he is ; sunt, they are. Imperfect. eram, I was, eramus, we were. eras, thou wast. eratis, you were, erat, he was; erant, they were. Future. ero, / shall be. erimus, we shall be, eris, thou wilt he, eritis, you will be, erit, he will be ; erunt, they will be. Perfect. fuimus, we have been, we ivere, fuisti, thou hast been, thou wast, fuistis, you have been, you were, fuerunt, , fui, I have been, I was,^ fuisti, thou hast been, tho fuit, he has been, he was; jj - ' r t^^y have been, they were. fueram, I had been, fueras, thou hadst been, f uerat, he had been ; Pluperfect. fueramus, we had been, fueratis, you had been, fuerant, they had been. Future Perfect. fuero, / shall have been, fuerimus, we shall have been, fueris, thou wilt have been, fueritis, you will have been, fuerit, he will have been; fuerint, they will have been. 1 The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum. 2 These two meanings are designated respectively as the Present Perfect {I have been) and the Historical Perfect {I was). Conjugation of sum. 47 113 VOCABULARY. ante, before^ in front o/, prep, with ibi, adv., there^ in that place* ace. inopia, ae, 1, lack^ need. Bibulus, i, m., Bihulus (a man's nondum, not yet. name). quondam, formerly, firmus, a, um, firm^ strong, septem, indecl., seven. fossa, ae, f., ditch^ trench. ubi, where, rel. and interr. adv. EXERCISES. 114. 1. Eratis, fuerat, fuistis. 2. Estis, fuerimus, fuerant. 3. Eritis, erant, fuere. 4. Fuisti, erimus, eras. 5. Eueras, fueris, f ueritis. 6. Ero, erunt, fuerint. 7. EriS; fueratis, erit. 8. Sunt meliores, es melior, fuistis optiiui. 9. Era- mus amici, sumus legatl. 10. Agricola fuerat, agricolae sumus. 115. 1. Eossa erat ante oppidum. 2. Hi legati in castris Caesaris fuerant. 3. Haec civitas quondam fuerat firmissima. 4. Hae septem legiones in Italia erant. 5. Quis fuit dux horum militum? 6. Caesar et Bibulus consules fuerunt. 7. Magna erit inopia omnium rerum. 8. Ubi fuistis ? 9. In oppido Haeduorum fuimus. 10. Nondum ibi fueramus. 11. Ubi pater noster fuit? 12. Vos, mllites, qui omnia pericula vltatis, ignavissimi estis. 13. In illo oppido Bel- garum nondum fueratis. CHAPTEE XYII. 116. CONJUGATION (Continued). SUBJUNCTIVE OF sum.^ Present. SINGULAR. sim, may I be, sis, be thou, mayest thou be^ sit, let him be, may he be ; essem, / should be, esses, thou wouldst be, asset, he would be ; f uerim, / may have been, fueris, thou mayst have been, f uerit, he may have been ; PLURAL. simus, let us be, may we be, sitis, be ye, may you be, sint, let them be, may they be. Imperfect. essemus, we should be, essetis, you would be, essent, they would be. Perfect. fuerimus, we may have been^ f ueritis, you may have been, fuerint, they may have been. Pluperfect. fuissem, I should have been, fuissemus, we should have been, fuisses, thou wouldst have been, fuissetis, you would have been, f uisset, he would have been ; f uissent, they would have been. Imperative. Pres. es, be thou, este, be ye, Fut. esto, thou shall be, estote, ye shall be, esto, he shall be ; sunto, they shall be. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. esse, to be, Perf. f uisse, to have been. Fut. futurus esse,2 to be about tobe. Fut. futurus,^ about to be. 1 The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give them here. For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax. 2 For futurus esse the form fore is often used. 8 Declined like bonus, -a, -um. 48 Conjugation of sum. 49 117. VOCABULARY. amicitia, ae, i.^ friendship, felix,gen.felicis,/or^w?ia^e,^app?/. beatus, a, um, happy. inter, among, between, prep, with brevis, e, short, brief. ace. civis, civis, c, citizen, fellow lex, legis, f., law. citizen. perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, Clemens, gen. entis, merciful. puer, pueri, m., boy. contentus, a, um, contented. sub, under, prep, with abl. EXERCISES. 118. 1. Fuisse, futtirus esse. 2. Sit, sitis. 3. Euisset, fuissemus. 4. Es, esto, sunto. 5. Esses, essetis, esseinus. 6. Simus, essent, esse, futurus. 7, Contentus fuisset, sit felix, sint felices. 8. Este, esset, estote. 9. Euissetis beati, fuisset beatus. 10. Essem, fuisses, sis. 119. 1. Sint mei cives incolumes, sint beati. 2. Felices simus. 3. Sub hoc imperatore content! fuissemus. 4. Leges breves sunto. 5. Es bonus imperator. 6. Esto clemens. 7. Este fortes milites. 8. Hi pueri futtiri sunt adulescentes. 9. Inter nos sit amicitia perpetua. 10. Sine his laboribus milites fortiores fuissent. 11. In alio oppido felicior fuisses. CHAPTER XVIII. FIRST (OR a-) CONJUGATION.— ACTIVE VOICE. Amo, I love. Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Pbbf. Pass. Partio. amo amare amavi amatus 120. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. PLURAL. amamus, we love, amStis, you love, amant, they love. Imperfect. amabam, I was loving, I loved, amabamus, we were loving, etc., amabas, you were loving, etc., amabatis, you were loving, etc., amabat, he was loving, etc, ; SINGULAR. amo, / love, amas, you love, amat, he loves; amabo, I shall love, amabis, you will love, amabit, he will love ; amavi, / have loved, I loved, amavisti, you have loved, loved, amavit, he has loved, he loved; amabant, they were loving, etc. Future. amSbimus, we shall love, amabitis, you will love, amabunt, they will love. Perfect. amavimus, we have loved, we loved, you amavistis, you have loved, you loved, amaverunt, -ere, they have loved, Pluperfect. ^^'V ''"'«'^- amaveram, / had loved, amaveramus, we had loved, amaveras, you had loved, amaveratis, you had loved, amaverat, he had loved ; amaverant, they had loved. Future Perfect. amavero, / shall have loved, amaverimus, we shall have loved, amaveris, you will have loved, amaveritis, you will have loved, amaverit, he will have loved; amaverint, they will have loved, 60 Active of amo, 51 1. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present, Imperfect, and Future are formed by adding the proper endings to one and the same stem, am-. This is called the Present Stem. Similarly the Perfect, Plu- perfect, and Future Perfect are formed from the stem amav-. This is called the Perfect Stem. 121. VOCABULARY. animus, i, m., mind. jam, adv., already. Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus^ king jugum, i, n., yoke ; ridge (of moun- of the Germans. tains). classis, is, i., fleet. litus, oris, n., shore. consilium, i (ii), n., pZan. locus, i, m., place \ pi. loca, e, ex, from^ out o/, prep, with abl. ; orum, n. ex must be used before vowels navis, is, f., sMpf boat. or h. pars, partis, f., part, side. gens, gentis, f., tribe. saepe, adv., often. EXERCISES. 122. 1. Laudabimus, laudavistis. 2. Laudaverant, lauda- bat, laudabit. 3. Judicavimus, judicaverimus, judicaveras. 4. Superabit, superabas. 5. Occupant, occupaverunt. 6. Laudavit, laudabamus, laudaverant. 7. Occupabitis, occupabatis, occupabis. 8. Collocavisti, collocaveras, col- locaveris. 9. Superabunt, snperaverimus, superavero. 123. 1. Ariovistus castra minora oppugnabat. 2. Hunc lo- cum ex duabus partibus oppugnaverunt. 3. Naves et remiges parabimus. 4. Omnia litora classibus occupavit. 5. Timor animos omnium occupaverat. 6. In summo jugo montis duas legiones collocavimus. 7. De bello vos ipsi judicabitis. 8. Has gentes, milites, jam saepe super avistis. 9. Legiones in proelio dimicabant. 10. Quis hoc consilium probabit? 11. Caesar pltirima jumenta jam paraverat. 12. Has quinque legiones in eo loco collocabimus. 13. Pacem et amicitiam cum his civitatibus nondum confirmavimus. S2 First Conjugation. — Active Voice. A Dangerous Wedding. SoP quondam uxorem dticere ^ Tolebat.^ Eanae ad sidera cla- iBorem tollunt.* Juppiter causam querelae quaerit.^ " Nunc/' inquiunt,^ "tinus sol omnes lactis extirit;^ quid futurum est, si liberos creabit ? '' 1 In the passages of continuous narrative, the pupil will consult the General Vocabulary at the end of the book for words that have not occurred in previ- ous lessons. 2 uxorem ducere : lit. to lead {i.e. take) a wife and so, to marry. 8 volebat : unshed. ^toUmrt: roise. 5 quaerit : asks. sinquiunt: they say. 7 ezurit : biurns up, dries up. CHAPTER XIX. 124. ACTIVE OP amo (Contmned). Subjunctive. amtrem, / should love, amares, you would love, amaret, he would love ; Present, singular. plural. amem, may I love, amemus, let us love, ames, may you love, ametis, love, may you love, amet, let him love, may he love; ament, let them love, may they love. Imperfect. amaremus, we should hve^ amaretis, you would love, amarent, they would love. Perfect. amaverim, I may have loved, amaverimus, we may have loved, amaveris, you may have loved, amaveritis, you may have loved, amaverit, he may have loved ; amaverint, they may have loved. Pluperfect. amavissem, I should have loved, amavissemus, we should have loved, amavisses, you would have loved, aTnavissetis, you would have loved, amavisset, he would have loved ; amavissent, they would have loved. Imperative. Pres. ama, love thou; Fut, amato, thou shall love ; auiatd, he shall love; Infinitive. Pres. amare, to love. Perf. amavisse, to have loved, Fut. amaturus esse, to he about to love, Genmd. Gen, amandi, of loving, Dat. amando, for loving, Ace, amandum, loving, AM. amando, by loving. am ate, love ye. amatote, ye shall love. amantd; they shall love. Participle. Pres, amans,^ loving. (Gen. amantis) Fut, amaturus, about to love. Supine. Ace. amatum, to love, Abl, amatu, to love, he loved. 1 For declension of amfins, see § 68, prudens. 63 54 First Conjugation. — Active Voice. 1. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present and Imperfect Sul> junctive, the entu*e Imperative, the Present Infinitive, Present Parti- ciple, and the Gerund are formed from the Present Stem. The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, along with the Perfect Infinitive, are formed from the Perfect Stem. The Future Participle, Future Infinitive, and the Supine are formed from a third stem amat-, known as the Participial Stem. 125. VOCABULARY. arma, 5rum, n. pi., arms. nunc, now, temporal adv. bell6,i I make war, carry on war. patria, ae, f ., country, fatherland. cupidus, a, um, fond, eager. pedes, itis, m., foot-soldier ; in hora, ae, f., hour. pi., infantry. intra, toithin, prep, with ace. planities, ei, f ., plain. medius, a, um, middle, middle of tempto, 1, 1 attempt, make trial of. multitude, dinis, f., multitude. vadum, i, n., ford. EXERCISES. 126. 1. Para, paranto. 2. Paravisse, parandi, parando. 3. Bellare, bellattirus esse. 4. Temptemus, temptavissemus. 5. Laudato, laudavisse, laudavisset. 6. Laudaturus, laudans, laudent. 7. Laudando, laudaret, lauda. 8. Dimicandl, dimicavissent, dimicent. 9. Dimicate, dimieans, dimicavisse. 127. 1. Patriam amemus! 2. Hoc oppidum sine ullo periculo oppugnavissemus. 3. Arma, milites, parate! 4. Caesar vadum htijus fiuminis temptare parat. 5. In media planitie nunc dimicattiri sumus. 6. Helvetii erant cupidi bellandi. 7. Intra tinam horam classes hostium superavissemus. 8. Cum magna multittidine peditum oppi- dum oppugnare parabat. 9. Temptate, milites, ilium collem occupare. 10. Hae duae cohortes, victoriam sperantes, acriter pugnabant. 1 Verbs of the First Conjugation are so regular that their Principal Parts are not given in full. They are indicated in the Vocabularies by the figure 1, and unless otherwise stated, their Principal Parts are regularly formed in -o, -fire, -fiyi, -fitus, precisely like amo. CHAPTER XX. FIRST (OR a) CONJUGATION.— PASSIVE VOICE. Amor, / am loved. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Principal Parts. — amor amari amatus sum 8. Indicative Mood. Present Tense SINGULAR. I am loved. PLURAL. amor amamur amari8 amamini amatur Imperfect. I was loved. amantur amSbar amabamur amabaris, or -re amabamini amabatur Future. / shall be loved. amabantur amabor amabimur amSberis, or -re amabimini amabitur Perfect. amabuntur / have been loved or / was loved. amatus (-a, -i iim) sum amati (-ae, -a) sumus amatus es amati estis amatus est Pluperfect. I had been loved. amati sunt amatus eram amati eramus amatus eras amati eratis amatus erat amati erant Future Perfect. / shall have been loved. amatus ero amati erimus amatus eris amati eritis amatus erit amati erunt 1. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present, Imperfect, and Future be- long to the Present Stem, the remaining tenses to the Participial Stem. 55 66 First Conjugation, — Passive Voice, 129. VOCABULARY. adventns, us, m. , arrival. frustra, adv. , in vain, centum, indecl., hundred. funditor, toris, m., slinger. exspecto, 1, I expect., await. postridie, adv., on the next day. finitiinuB, a, um, neighboring, poatulo, 1, I demand. frumentum, i, n., grain. vulnero, 1, I wound, EXERCISES. 130. 1. Laudabor, laudamini, laudabuntur. 2. Yocatus sum, vocati erant. 3. Vulnerantur, vulnerabamur. 4. Ex- spectamur, exspectabantur. 5. Culpati eramus, culpati erunt. 6. Exspectabitur, exspectata est, exspectatae erant. 7. Laudati estis, laudaberis, laudamini. 8. Superati sumus, superantur, superabor. 9. Vulaeratur, vulneratus sum, vulnerabimur. 131. 1. Eeliqua pars exercittis f rtistra exspectabatur. 2. Hi fortes mllites superati sunt. 3. Amicitia cum fmitimis civi- tatibus conflrmata^ erat. 4. Centum funditores vulnerati sunt. 5. Ertimentum postulatur. 6. Adventus ejus postridie nuntiatus est. 7. Naves et remiges parabuntur. 8. Hae copiae armatae^ sunt. 9. Haec oppida oppugnata^ erant. 10. Haec victoria equitum nostrorum jam nuntiata erat. 11. Copiae et f rumen turn f rtistra parabantur. 12. Omnes feraces agri Gallorum jam vastati erant. 13. Illae gentes finitimae superatae erunt. Old Roman Virtue. Curius, homo singularis virtutis, ad focum sedebat,^ cum legati Samnitium magnum pondus auri ei afferebant.^ Sed Curius eos repudiavit. " Aurum,'' inquit,^ nolo habere ; ^ malo ® eis imperare,^ qui habent.^ 1 Observe that in the compound tenses of the Passive the Participle agrees in Gender and Number with its subject, preciselv like an adjective. 2 sedebat : was sitting. 6 malo : I prefer. 8 aff erebant : brought, 7 eis imperare : to command those, 4 inquit : said he. 8 liabent : have {it), viz. gold. 6 nolo habere : / do not wish to have. CHAPTER XXI. PASSIVE OF amd (Continued). 132. Subjunctive. Present. May I he loved, let him be loved. SINGULAR. PLURAL. amer amemur ameris, or -re amemini ametur amentur Imperfect. / should be loved, he would be loved. amarer amaremur amargris, or -re amaremini amaretur amarentur Perfect. I may have been loved. amatus sim amatl simus amatus sis amafi sitis amatus sit amati sint Pluperfect. / should have been loved, he would have been loved. amatus essem amati essemua amatus esses amati essetis amatus esset amati assent Imperative. Pres. amare, be thou loved ; amamini, be ye loved. Fut. amator, thou shalt be loved, amator, he shall be loved ; amantor, they shall be loved. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. amari, to be loved. Per/, amatus esse, to have been Per/. amatus, loved, having loved. been loved. Fut. amatum iri, to be about to Gerundive amandus, to be loved, be loved. deserving to be loved. 67 58 First Conjugation, — Passive Voice. 1. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present and Imperfect Subjunc- tive, the entire Imperative, the Present Infinitive, and the Gerundive belong to the Present Stem, the remaining forms to the Participial Stem. The Perfect Stem is not represented in the Passive. 133. VOCABULARY. castellum, i, n.,/or«. existimo, 1, I thinks consider. convoco, 1, I call together. exitium, i (ii), n., destruction. dnigentia, ae, f., diligence. expugno, 1, I take by storm. equus, 1, m,, horse. non, not. excito, 1, I stir up., rouse. statim, at once, immediately. exercitus, us, m., army. templum, i, n., temple, vix, scarcely, with difficulty. EXERCISES. 134. 1. Laudetur, laudemur, culpentur. 2. Laudatus es- set, laudati essemus. 3. Excitari, excitatus esse, superandus. 4. Convocatus, culpatus. 5. Superati essemus, culpati essent. 6. Parari, parandus. 7. Collis occupetur, collis occupatus esset. 8. Vocatus essem, vocati essetis, vocata esset. 9. Vo- centur, vocatus, vocatus esse. 10. Existimari, existimandus, existimetur. 135. 1. Arma et equi statim parentur. 2. Magnae classes summa diligentia parandae sunt. 3. Hi hostes non una legione superati essent. 4. Sine nobis hoc castellum vix expugnatum esset. 5. Senatus in hoc templum convocetur. 6. Sine te hae magnae copiae non paratae essent. 7. Diligentia militum nostrorum laudetur. 8. Hi milites vix laudati essent. 9. Sine auxilio nostro facile superati essetis. 10. Omnes portae sunt oppugnandae. 11. Maximus numerus navium statim paretur. 12. Hae legiones in eo loco coUocandae sunt. 13. Exitium hujus exercitus vitandum est. Review, 59 REVIEW. 1. Maximi exercittis summa diligentia parati sunt. 2. Haec castella hostium jam expugnata erant. 3. Haec oppida statim oppugnabuntur. 4. Adventus legatorum nuntiabitur. 5. Timor animos peditum ignavorum occupaverat. 6. Hae gentes, milites, jam saepe superatae sunt. 7. Cohortes proelio dimicabunt. 8. Quis fuit dux harum copiarum ? 9. Caesar prmcipes etij usque civitatis ad se vocavit. 10. Hae pulchrae urbes nos delectant. 11. Adventum tuum exspectabo. 12. Arma et frtimentum parabantur. 13. Amid nostri sunt vocandi. CHAPTER XXII. SECOND (OR e) CON JUG ATION. — ACTIVE VOICE. Moneo, I advise. Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partic. moneo monere monul monitus 136. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. / advise. SINGULAR. PLURAL. moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent Imperfect. I was advising, or / advised. monebam monebamus monebas monebatis monebat monebant Future. I shall advise. monebo monebimus mouebis monebitis monebit monebunt Perfect. I have advised, or / advised. monui monuimus monuistj monuistis monuit monuerunt, or -ere Pluperfect. 7 had advised. monueram . monueramus monueras monueratis monuerat monuerant Future Perfect. / shall have advised. monuero monuerimus monueris monueritis monuerit mouuerint 60 Active of moneo. 61 137. Present. May I advise^ let him advise. SINGULAR. PLURAL. moueam moneamus moneas moneatis moneat moneant Imperfect. / should advise, he ivould advise, monerem moneremus monerea monergtis moneret monerent Perfect. / may have advised. monuerim monuerimus monueris mouueritis monuerit momierint Pluperfect. / should have advised, he would have advised, monuissem monnissemus monuisses monuissetis monuiaset monuissent Imperative. Pres. mong, advise thou ; Fut, monetOy thou shalt advise, mongto, he shall advise ; Iniiziitive. Pres. monere, to advise, Perf. monuisse, to have advised. Fut. moniturus ease, to he about to advise. Gerund. Gen. monendi, of advising, Dat. monendo, for advising. Ace. Tttonendum, advising, Ahl. monendo, hy advising. monete, advise ye. monetote, ye shall advise. monento, they shall advise. Participle. Pres. monSns, advising. (Gen. monentis.) Fut. moniturus, about to advise. Supine. Ace. monitum, to advise, Abl. monitu, to advise, be advised. 1. Verb Stems. The Present, Perfect, and Participial Stems in- clude the same moods and tenses in the Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations as in the First. 62 Second Conjugation, — Active Voice, 138. VOCABULARY. angustus, a, um, narrow. militaris, e, military. debeo, ere, ui, itus, / owe ; with moveo, ere, movi, motus, / an infinitive, / ought. move. deus, 1, m., god. prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, / keep off, equitatus, us, m., cavalry. keep away (tr.). finis, is, m., end, boundary; in «i^iivan,\,i\.y sign, standard. pi., territory. sustineo, ere, sustinui, / with- fortiter, bravely. stand. habeo, ere, ui, itus, 1 have, pos- timeo, ere, ui,' / /ear. sess. video, ere, vidi, visus, I see. maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus,^ / remain. EXERCISES. 139. 1. Habebimus, habuimus, habeamus. 2. Sustinu- istis, sustinuerat. 3. Timebat, timebit, timeant. 4. Yidit, viderat. 5. Mansisti, manseras, manseris. 6. Mansit, manemus, mansisse. 7. Prohibuit, prohibuistis, probibebit, prohibeamus. 8. Habe, habitiirus, habeat. 9. Vidisti, videramus, vidimus, viderunt. 140. 1. Hae civitates in amicitia Haeduorum manserant. 2. Helvetii fines angustos habebant. 3. Hostes signa mili- taria jam viderant. 4. Impetum equitatus nostri fortiter sustinuerunt. 5. Helvetii ex eo loco castra movent. 6. Quis eos timebit ? 7. Hostes prohibere debemus. 8. Dei hostes prohibeant ! 9. Hostes prohibete ! 10. Magnum numerum equitum et peditum habebimus. 11. In hoc oppido manebi- mus. 12. Quis locum videt quem hostes occupaverunt ? 13. Eosdem amicos habemus et habuimus. 1 See p. 45, footnote. CHAPTER XXIII. SECOND (OR e-) CONJUGATION. — PASSIVE VOICE. Moneor, / am advised. Pees. Ind. Principal Parts. — moneor Pres. Inf. moneri Pekf. Ind. monituB sum 141. SINGULAR. moneor moneris monetur monebar monebaris, or -re monebatur monebor moneberis, or -re monebitur I have monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitus eram monitus eras monitus erat Indicative Mood. Present Tense. / am advised. plural. monemur monemini monentur monSbamur monebamini monebantur monebimur monebimini monebuntur Perfect. heen advised, I was advised. moniti sumus Imperfect. / was advised. Future. / shall he advised. Pluperfect. / had heen advised. moniti estis moniti sunt moniti eramus moniti eratis moniti erant monitus ero monitus eris monitus erit Future Perfect. ' shall have heen advised. 63 moniti erimus moniti eritis moniti erunt 64 Second Conjugation. — Passive Voice, 142. Subjunctive. Present. May I be advised, let him be advised. SINGULAR. PLURAL. monear moneamur monearis, or -re moneaminx moneStur moneantur Imperfect. 7 should be advised, he would be advised. monerer moneremur monerSris, or -re moTiereminf moneretur monSrentur Perfect. / may have been advised, mouitus sim moniti simus monitufl sis moniti sitis monitus sit moniti sint Pluperfect. I should have been advised, he would have been advised. monitus essem moniti essgrntra monitus essSs moniti ess©tis monitus esset moniti essent Imperative. Pres. monere, be thou advised ; monemini, be ye advised. Fut, monStor, ihou shall be ad- vised, monetor, he shall be advised; monentor, they shall be advised. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. moneri, to be advised, Perf. monitus esse, to have been Perf. monitus, advised, advised. Gerundive monendus, to be ad- Fut. monitum vtt, to be about to vised, deserving to be be advised. advised. Second Conjugation, — Passive Voice. 65 143. VOCABULARY. admodum, quite^ very much. imber, imbris, m., rainstorm, aequus, a, um, level. moved, ere, movi, motus, / apertus, a, um, open. {crease. move ; touch, affect. augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, / in- perterreo, ere, ui, itus, / terrify. barbarus, a, um, barbarian; as suspicio, onis, f ., swsp^cion. noun, m., a barbarian. teneo, ere, ui, I hold. celeriter, quickly. vetus, gen. veteris, old. compled, ere, evi, etus, I fill up. videor, eri, visus smn (passive contineo, ere, ui, I confine. of video), be seen; seem. EXERCISES. 144. 1. Movetur, movebantur. 2. Perterrentur, perterre- bantur, perterriti erant. 3. Contineatur, continebuntur. 4. Yideri, vIsus esse, videndus. 5. Augeri, auctus esse. 6. Yisus est, visae erant, visi sunt. 7. Timere videntur, timere videbatur, timere visa est. 8. Prohibebamur, pro- hibit! sumus, probibita erat. 9. Probibeantur, prohiberi. 145. 1. Milites in castrls iinbribus continebantur. 2. Bar- bari admodum perterriti sunt. * 3. Equites hostium in aequo loco visi sunt. 4. Memoria nostrae veteris amicitiae movebar. 5. Suspiciones Gallorum augebantur. 6. Agri nostri vastari non debent. 7. Equites nostri illud oppidum expugnavisse videntur. 8. Fossae celeriter complebuntur. 9. Loca aperta tenebantur. 10. Tim ores nostri aucti sunt. The Death of Epaminondas. Epaminondas Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam vicit,^ sed ipse hasta vulneratus est. Primum rogavit num clipeus esset ^ salvus. Amici responderunt, "Salvus est." Deinde rogavit num hostes f usi essent.^ Ubi hoc audivit,* jussit bastam evelli ^ qua transfixus^ erat, atqiie laetus in victoria mortuus est.'^ 1 vicit : conqueredf was victorious over. ^ evelli : to he pulled out. ^ esset : was. 6 trSnsfixus erat : had been pierced. -8 fiisi essent : had been routed. 7 mortuus est : he expired. -* audivit : heard. CHAPTER XXIV. THIRD (OH CONSONANT) CONJUGATION. — ACTIVE VOICE. 146. Reg5, / rule. Pees. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partig PAL Parts. — rego regere Indicative Mood. Present Tense. rexi rectus SINGULAR. / rule. PLURAL. rego regimus regis regitis regit Imperfect. regunt I loas ruling, or / ruled. regSbam regebamus regebas regebatis regebat Future. / shall rule. regebant regam regemus reges regetis reget Perfect. regent / have ruled, or / ruled. rexi reximus rexisti rexistis rexit rexerunt, or -gre Pluperfect. •-,,. -.=.— I had ruled. rexeram rexeramus rexeras rexeratis rexerat Future Perfect. / shall have ruled. rexerant rexero rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit ^ rexerint 66 Active of rego. 67 147. Subjunctive. Present. May I ruley let him rule. SINGULAR. PLURAL. regam regamus regas regatis regat Imperfect. regant / should rule, he would rule. regerem regeremus regeres regeretis regeret Perfect. / may have ruled. regerent rexerim rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit rexerint Pluperfect. I should have rifled, he would have ruled. rexissem rexissemus rexisses rexissetis rexisset rexissent Imperative. Pres. rege, rule thou; Fut. regito, thou shalt rule, regito, he shall rule; regite, rule ye. regitote, ye shall rule. regunto, they shall rule. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. regere, to rule. ■ Pres. regens, ruling. Per/. rexisse, to have ruled. (Gen. regentis.) Fut. recturus esse, to he about to rule. Fut. recturus, about to rule. Gerund. Supine. Gen. regendi, of ruling, Dat. regendo, for ruling, Ace. regendum, ruling, Ace. rectum, to rule. All. regendo, by ruling. Abl. rectu, to rule, be ruled. 1. Verb Stems. See § 137, 1. 68 Third Conjugation, — Active Voice, 148. VOCABULARY. auzilia, orum, n., pi., auxiliary in, into ; prep, with ace. troops^ auxiliaries, in, on^ in, prep, with abl. of place citerior, ius, adj., nearer^ hither, where. committo, ere, misi, missus, I instruo, ere, tixi, uctus, / draw bring together ; with proelium, up, arrange. to join battle. iter, itineris, n., journey^ march. constitud, ere, ui, utus, I decide, litterae, arum, f., a letter. determine. mitto, ere, misi, missus, I send. contends, ere,^ tendi, tentima,i pono, ere, posui, positus, I put, I hurry, hasten. place, establish. defends, ere, fendi, fensus, / praesidium, i (ii), n., garrison. defend. prSvincia, ae, 1, province. gerS, ere, gessi, gestus, I carry on, reducS, ere, duxi, ductus, / lead ' perform ; with bellum, to wage. back. hic, here, at this place. relinquS, ere, liqui, lictus, / Hispania, ae, 1, Spain. leave, leave behind. EXERCISES. 149. 1. Mittebat, mittent. 2. Misit, miseratis, miserunt. S. Eeliquisset, reliquisse, relinqnens. 4. Instruxerat, mstruxe- rimus. 5. Posuimus, posuerat, ponant. 6. Kelinquemus, reliquimus, reliquisset. 7. Defendat, defendere, defendite. 8. Defendunt, defendeut, defenderunt. 9. Misisti, mittat. 150. 1. Litteras in Hispaniam citeriorem^ misit. 2. In hanc provinciam magnis itineribus contendebat. 3. Illas pro- vincias audacter defendite. 4. Galba legiones in castra redtix- erat. 5. Caesar aciem in medio colle instrtixit. 6. Bellum gerere constituimus. 7. Proelium committamus. 8. Partem auxiliorum ibi reliquerat. 9. Hic praesidium posuerunt. 10. Has provincias fortiter defendemus. 11. Quis hos lega- tes ad senatum misit ? 12. Copias in vicum proximum statim reducemus. 13. Amicos suos relinquere constituit. 14. Cum multis gentibus provinciae citerioris bellum geretis. 1 In the case of intransitive verbs, the Perfect Passive Participle is given in the neuter form. 2 That is, Spain north of the Ebro. CHAPTER XXV. THIRD CONJUGATION. — PASSIVE VOICE. Regor, / am ruled. Pres. Ind. Pees, Inf Pekf. Ind. Principal Parts. — regor regi rectus sum 51. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. SINGULAR. / am ruled. plural. regor regimur regeris regimini regitur Imperfect. / was ruled. reguntur regebar regebamur regebaris, or -re regebamini regebatur Future. / shall be ruled. regebantur regar regemur regeris, or -re regemini regetur Perfect. regentur I have been ruled, or / was ruled. rectus sum recti sumus rectus es recti estis rectus est Pluperfect. / had been ruled. recti sunt rectus eram recti eramus rectus eras recti eratis rectus erat Future Perfect. / shall have been ruled. recti erant rectus ero recti erimua rectus eris recti eritis rectus erit recti erunt 69 70 Third Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 152. Subjunctive. Present. May I he ruled, let Mm "be ruled. SINGULAR. PLURAL regar regamur regaris, or -re regamini regatur regantur Imperfect. / should he ruled, he would he ruled. regerer regeremur regereris, or -re regeremini regeretur regerentur Perfect. / may have heen ruled, rectus sim recti simus rectus SIS recti sitis rectus sit recti sint Pluperfect. / should have been ruled, he would have been ruled. rectus essem recti essemua rectus esses recti essetis rectus esset recti essent Imperative. Pres. regere, he thou ruled ; regimini, he ye ruled. Fut. regitor, thou shalt be ruled, regitor, he shall he ruled ; reguntor, they shall he ruled. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. regi, to he ruled. Perf. rectus esse, to have heen Perf. rectus, ruled. ruled. Gerundive regendus, to he ruled, Fut. rectum iri, to he about to deserving to he ruled. he ruled. Third Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 71 163. VOCABULARY. cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, //orce, instruo, ere, struxi, stnictus, 1 compel. fit out. contra, againsty prep, with ace. longus, a, um, long ; navis longa, deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, / lead war-ship. away. munitio, onis, f., fortification. ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. qua, where. duco, ere, duzi, ductus, / lead. superior, ius, higher. expeditus, a, um, uneiicumbered, trado, ere, didi, ditus, I hand over. light-armed. turn, then, at that time, interea, adv. , in the meanwhile. ulterior, ius, farther. EXERCISES. 154. 1. Deducitur, deduct! erant. 2. Cogimur, coacti sumus. 3. Ducantur, ducti essent, ductus esse. 4. Mitte- mur, mittentur, missi sumus. 5. Relinquebamur, relinque- batur, relinquetur. 6. Bellum geretur, bellum geratur, bellum gestum est, bellum gestum esset. 7. Bella gesta sunt, bella gerebantur, bella geruntur. 8. Ducendus, duel. 155. 1. Interea castella quoque posita sunt. 2. Duae cohortes ad aliam partem mtinitionum deducuntur. 3. Veneti has naves relinquere coguntur. 4. Tres legiones in Galliam ulteriorem^ missae sunt, qua bellum tum gerebatur. 5. Duae legiones expeditae contra hostes dticentur. 6. Naves longae omnibus rebus instrtictae erant. 7. In locis superioribus proelium commissum est". How THE Day was Saved. E6s^ in angusto^ fuit. Caesar, qui perlculum vidit, ipse ad legionem decurrit. In primam aciem procedit ; scutum tini ex militibus * detrahit. Centuriones nominatim appellans, proelium redintegrat. Tum milites audacius pugnant ; impetus hostium tardatur; magnus numerus eorum cadit atque reliqui^ pelluntur. 1 That is, Gaul beyond the Alps. * uni ex militibus : from one (lit. to 2 res : the situation. one) of the soldiers. * in angusto : lit. in a narrow ^ reliqui : the rest. (p^ace), i. e., critical. CHAPTER XXVI. FOURTH (OR »-) CONJUGATION.— ACTIVE VOICE. 156. Audio, / hear. Principal Parts. Pbe8. Ind. Pees. Inf. Perf. Ind Perf. Pass. Partic. audio audire audivi Indicative Mood. Present Tense. auditus SINGULAR. / hear. plural. audio audimus audis auditis audit Imperfect. audinnt / was hearing, or / heard. audiebam audiebamus audiebas audiebatis audiebat Future. / shall hear. audiebant audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet Perfect. audient I have heard, or / heard. audivi audivimus audivisti audivistis audivit Pluperfect. I had heard. audiverunt, or -ere audiveram audiveramus audiveras audiveratis audiverat Future Perfect. / shall have heard. audiverant audivero audiverimus audiveris audiveritis fiudiverit audiverint 72 Active of audio. 73 157. Subjunctive. Present. May I hear, let him hear. SINGULAR. PLURAL. audiam audiamus audias audiatis audiat audiant Imperfect. I should hear, he would hear. audirem audiremus audires audiretis audiret audirent Perfect. audiverim / may have heard. audiverimus audiveris audiveritis audiverit audiverint Pluperfect. / should have heard, he would have heard. audivissem audi viss emus audivisses audivissetis audivisset audivissent Imperative. Pres. audi, hear thou ; . audite, hear ye. FuL audito, thou shalt hear, auditote, ye shall hear, audits, he shall hear; audiunto, they shall hear. Infinitive. Pres. audire, to hear. Per/, audivisse, to have heard. Fut. auditurus esse, to he about to hear. Gerund. Participle. Pres. audiens, hearing. (Gen. audientis.) Fut. auditurus, about to hear. Supine. Gen, audiendi, of hearing. Dat. audiendo, for hearing. Ace. audiendum, hearing. Ace. auditum, to hear. AM. audiendo, by hearing. Abl. audita, to hear, be heard. 1. Verb Stems. See § 137, 1. 74 Fourth Conjugation,— Active Voice, 158. VOCABULARY. agmen, minis, n., army (on the munid, Tre, ivi, itus, I fortify, march); column. nuntius, i (ii), m., messenger. antea, previously^ before. occasio, onis, f., occasion^ oppor- convenio, ire, veni, ventum, tunity. come together. postea, afterwards. eodem, Sidy., to the same place. reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, fama, ae, f., report. I discover. fere, almost, about, practically. undique, adv., from all parts or impedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, / im- pede, hinder. veniS, ire, veni, ventum, I come, mora, ae, f., delay. EXERCISES. 169. 1. Venerat, veniet, veniat. 2. Eepperimus, repperera- mus. 3. Mtiniverunt, munient, munivimus. 4. Convenisse, impeditiirus esse. 5. Mtiniendo, muni vis sent. 6. Venire, veniendi, venissem. 7. Venietis, venerunt, veniebat. 8. Ye- niamus, venlte, veneras. 9. Mtiniebatis, munivit, miinivisse. 160. 1. Caesar reliquas copias quae nondum convenerant exspectabat. 2. Legati fere totius Galliae undique conyeni- unt. 3. Eodem convenimus. 4. Hos nuntios audiamus. 5. Haec castra, mllites, sine mora munite. 6. Hanc famam antea audiveramus. 7. Equitatus noster agmen hostium impediet. 8. Non facile occasionem postea reperiemus. 9. Compltires ntintii venerunt. 10. Ilium altum collem muniebatis. 11. Nos omnes eodem conveniamus. 12. Ta- lem occasionem non facile repperissemus. 13. Eeliquas legiones, quae hostes impedlverant, exspectabamus. CHAPTER XXVII. FOURTH CONJUGATION.— PASSIVE VOICE. Audior, I am heard. Pres. Ind. Pres. Ini \ Perf. Ind. Principal Parts.— audior audiri auditus sum 161. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. ' SINGULAR. I am heard. PLURAL. audior audimur audiris audimini auditur Imperfect. 1 was heard. audiuntur audiebar audiebamur audiebaris, or -re audiebamini audiebatur Future. / shall be heard. audiebantur audiar audiemur audiSris, or -re audiemini audietur Perfect. audientur / have been heard, or / was heard. auditus sum audit! sumus auditus es audit! estis auditus est Pluperfect. / had been heard. audit! sunt auditus eram audit! eramus auditus eras audit! eratis auditus erat Future Perfect. audit! erant / shall have been heard t auditus ero audit! erimuB auditus eris audit! eritis auditus erit audit! erunt 76 76 Fourth Conjugation, — Passive Voice, 162. Subjunctive. Present. May I he heard, let him be heard. SINGULAR. PLURAL. audiar audiamur audiaris, or -re audiaminl audiatur audiantur Imperfect. / should be heard, he would be heard. audirer audiremur audireris, or -re audireminx audiretur audirentur Perfect. / may have been heard. auditus sim audit! simus auditus sis audit! s!tis auditus sit audit! sint Pluperfect. I should have been heard, he would have been heard. auditus essem audit! essemus auditus esses audit! essetis auditus esset audit! essent Imperative. Pres. aud!re, be thou heard ; aud!min!, be ye heard. Fut. auditor, thou shall be heard, auditor, he shall be heard; audiuntor, they shall be heard. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. audiri, to be heard. Perf. auditus esse, to have been Perf. auditus, heard. heard. Gerundive audiendus, to be heard, Fut. auditum iri, to be about to deserving to be heard, be heard. Fourth Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 77 163. VOCABULARY. angustiae, arum, f . pL, a narrow nihil, indecl. n., nothing, pass. opus, operis, n., work, fortifica' aqua, ae, f., water. tion. captivus, i, m., captive. paene, almost, nearly. circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, poena, ae, f ., punishment, I surround. procurro, ere, cucurri, cursum, extra, outside, beyond, prep, with I run forward. ace. regio, onis, f., region. idoneus, a, um, suitable. simul, together, at the same time, invenio, ire, veni, ventus, I find, temere, rashly. come upon. vox, v5cis, 1, voice, word, natura, ae, f., nature, EXERCISES. 164. 1. Invenitur, inventus erat. 2. Impedimur, impedie- batur, impediri. 3. Impeditus, impediti eramus. 4. Inven- tus esse, inveniendus. 5. Invenietur, invent! erunt, inventus esset. 6. Urbs munietur, urbs munita erat, urbs mtinitur. 7. Urbes muniebantur, urbes mtinitae sunt, urbes mtiniantur. 8. Circumvenimur, circum ventus est, circum ventus esset, cir- cumveniendus. 9. Eeperietur, repertus esse, repertus, reperti sunt. 165. 1. Locus idoneus, natura munitus, repertus est. 2. Nihil de poena captivorum auditum erat. 3. Pedites nostri altittidine aquae impediebantur. 4. Angustiis impedie- mur. 5. Castra magnis operibus munita sunt. 6. Voces militum siraul a\idiebantur. 7. Magna copia f rumenti in his regionibus inventa est. 8. Una cohors, quae temere extra aciem procucurrerat, paene circum venta est. 9. Nihil reperie- tur. 10. Castra majora mtinienda sunt. 11. Altae arbores in hac silva inventae sunt. 12. Illud oppidum alta fossa circumventum est. 13. Multae voces in castris auditae sunt. 78 Fourth Conjugation. HORATIUS AT THE BbIDGE. Horatius Codes erat vir Eoinanus f ortissimus. Etrusci olim Eomam capere ^ temptabant ; sed ille extremam partem pontis occupavit, quern Etrusci oppugnabant, atque solus totum hos- tium agmen sustinuit. Audacter pugnavit donee ab aliis Romanis pons a tergo^ rescissus est.^ Turn armatus se in Tiberim misit, atque incolumis ad suos* transnavit. Civitas erga tantam virttitem grata fuit ; et ei tantum^ agri donatum est, quantum ^ tino die circumarare potuit/ Statua quoque ei ^ in Comitio posita est.® 1 capere : to capture. 2 S tergo : from behind. 8 rescissus est : from rescindo. 4 ad suos: lit. to hisown^ i.e., to his friends. 6 tantum : as much. 6 quantum: as. 7 potuit : he was able, 8 ei : to him, in his honor, * posita est : from pdno. CHAPTER XXVIII. VERBS IN -id OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 166. 1. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation, wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System (§ 120, 1 ; § 124, 1). 167. ACTIVE VOICE. — Capio, I take. Principal Parts. Pre8. Ind. Pke8. Inf. Pbrf. Ind. Peef. Pass. Pabtio. capio, cape^e, cepi, captus. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR. Present Tense. plural. capio, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt. Imperfect. capiebam, -iebas, -iebat ; capiebamus, -iebatis, -iebant. Future. capiam, -ies, -iet; • capiemus, -ietis, -lent. Perfect. cepi, -istl, -it ; cepimus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. Pluperfect. ceperam, -eras, -erat ; ceperamus, -eratis, -erant. Future Perfect. cepero, -eris, -erit ; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint. 79 80 Verbs in 'io of the Third Conjugation. Subjunctive. SINGULAR. Present. plural. capiam, -ias, -iat; capiamus, -iatis, -iant. Imperfect, caperem, -eres, -eret ; caperemus, -eretis, -erent. Perfect. ceperim, -erls, -erit ; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint. Pluperfect. cepissem, -isses, -isset ; cepissemus, -issetis, -issent. Imperative. Pres. cape; capite. Put. capito, capitote, capito ; capiunto. Infinitive. ♦ Participle. Pres, capere. Pres, . capiens. Perf, cepisse. Put. capturus esse. FuU capturus. Gerund. Supine. Gen. capiendi, Dat. capiendo, Ace. capiendum, Ace. captum. A hi. capiendo. Ahl. captu. 168. PASSIVE VOICE. — Capior, I am taken. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Pbrf. Ind. Principal Parts. — capior, capi, captus sum. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. capior, caperis, capitur ; capimur, capimini, capiuntur. Imperfect. . capiebar, -iebaris, -iebatur ; capiebamur, -iebamini, -iebantur. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation, 81 SINGULAR. Future. plural. capiar, -ieris, -ietur ; capiemur, -iemini, -ientur. Perfect. captus sum, es, est ; capti sumus, estis, sunt. Pluperfect. captus eram, eras, erat ; capti eramus, eratis, erant. Future Perfect. captus ero, eris, erit ; capti erimus, eritis, erunt. Subjunctive. Present. capiar, -iaris, -iatur ; capiamur, -iamini, -iantur. Imperfect. caperer, -ereris, -eretur ; caperemur, -eremini, -erentur. Perfect. captus sim, sis, sit ; capti simus, sitis, sint. Pluperfect. captus essem, esses, esset ; capti essemus, essetis, essent. Imperative. Pres, capere; capiminL Fut. capitor, capitor; capiuntor. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. capi. Per/, captus esse. Pej-f. captus. FuL captum iri. Gerundive capiendus. 82 Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation. 169. VOCABULARY. accipio, ere, cSpi, ceptus, / re- ceive, capi5, ere, cepi, captus, I take^ adopt; capture. diripio, ere, ripui, reptus, / plunder. facio, ere, feci, f actus, / make, do ; passive irregular ; see § 193. filius, i (ii), m., son, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitunis, I flee. interficio, ere, feci, fectus, I kill. libertas, tatis, f., liberty. majores, um, m. pi., ancestors. mandatum, i, n., command, order, nati5, onic, f., nation, tribe, palus, ludis, f., marsh. pons, pontis, m., bridge, rez, regis, m., king. rursus, again. subito, suddenly. supplicium, i (ii), n., torture^ punishment. EXERCISES. 170. 1. Accipiunt, accipiebamus, accipiamiis. 2. Fugit, fugerant, fugisse. 3. Faciebat, facient. 4. Accipitur, accipietur, acceptus erat. 5. Accipl, accipiendus, acceptus esset. 6. Interfectus est, interficientur, interfecta erat. 7. Interfecerunt, interficiendus, interfeeisse. 8. Accipiens, accipiendo, accipis, aceipietis. 171. 1. In eo fltimine pontem fecerat. 2. Prmcipes harum nationum bellum facient. 3. Hostes rursus subito impetum fecerunt. 4. Libertatem a majoribus accepimus. 5. Haec mandata accepta erant. 6. Duo Mil htijus regis capti sunt. 7. Aliud consilium capiamus. 8. Hostes in paludes fugerunt. 9. Obsides magnis suppliciis interfecti sunt. 10. Hoc oppi- dum diripiebatur. 11. Filia regis capta est. 12. Ex hoc oppido magnum numerum jumentorum diripuimus. 13. Hic homo interfici debet. CHAPTER XXIX. DEPONENT VERBS. 172. Deponent Verbs have, in the main, Passive forms with Active or Neuter meaning. But — d) They have the following Active forms : Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine. li) They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle ; as, — sequendus, to he followed; adeptus, having been attained. 173. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are — I. Conjugation. miror, xnirari, miratus sum, admire, II. Conjugation. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear, III. Conjugation. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow, IV. Conjugation. largior, largiri, largitus sum, give, III. Conjugation (in -ior). patior, pati, passus sum, suffer. 84 Deponent Verbs. Indicative Mood. I. II. III. IV. III. (in -ior) Pres, miror vereor sequor largior patior miraris vereris sequeris largiris pateris miratur veretur sequitur largitur patitur miramur veremur sequimur largimur patimur miramini veremini sequimini largimini patimini mirantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur Imp/. mirabar verebar sequebar largiebar patiebar Fut. mirabor verebor sequar largiar patiar Perf. miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum largitus sum passus sum Plup. miratus eram veritus eram secutus eram largitus eram passus eram F.P. miratus ero veritus ero secutus ero largitus ero passus ero Subjunctive. Pres. mirer verear sequar largiar patiar Imp. mirarer vererer sequerer largirer paterer Perf. miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim largitus sim passus sim Plup. miratus veritus secutus largitus passus Pres. mirare Fut. mirator verere veretor Imperative. sequere sequitor largire largitor patera patitor Pres. mirari Perf. miratus esse Fut. miraturus esse vereri veritus esse veriturus Infinitive. sequi secutus esse seciiturus esse largiri largitus esse largiturus pati passus esse passurus esse Pres. mirans Fut. miraturus Perf. miratus verens veriturus veritus Participles. sequens seciiturus seciitus largiens patiens largiturus passurus largitus passus Ger. mirandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus Gerund. mirandi verendi sequendi largiendi patiendi mirando, etc. verendo, etc. sequendo, etc. largiendd, etc. patiendo, etc. Supine, miratum, -tu veritum, -tu secutum, -tu largitum, -tu passum, -su Deponent Verbs. 85 174. VOCABULARY, adorior, orirl, ortus sum, 7 a^^acA;. nemo, c, no one^ dat., nemim, audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi- ace. neminem ; gen. and abl, dep.ji/dare. not used. coUoquor, i, locutus sum, / con- paulum, adv., a little. versG^ confer. Pompejus, ei, in., Pompey. Conor, ari, atus sum, I endeavor, proficiscor, i, fectus sum, I set attempt, out. egredior, i, gressus sum, / march progredior, i, gressus sum, I ad- out, vance, go forward. insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush, plot. propter, on account of prep, with Jura, ae, m., the Jura, chain of ace. mountains on west of Switzer- resisto, ere, restiti, I resist. land. revertor, ti, I return. moror, ari, atus sum, I tarry^ Rhodanus, i, m., the Bhone. delay. EXERCISES. 176. 1. Audebimus, ausi erant, ausus. 2. Adoriebatur, adortus, adortus est. 3. Progredimur^ progressus, progredi- entur. 4. Adoriendus, morans, coUocuti eramus. 5. Cona- bar, conatus sum. 6. Moremur, moramur, moraminl. 7. Morata est, morata esset, morans. 8. Moratus esse, moratus, morando. 9. CollocutI sumus, colloquimur, collo- quantur. 176. 1. Hostes agmen nostrum ex insidiis adorti sunt. 2. Nemo resistere ausus est. 3. Caesar de salute communi cum Pompejo colloquebatur. 4. Helve tii ex suis finibus egressi sunt. 5. Inter montem Jtiram et flumen Ehodanum iter facere conantur. 6. Propter has causas proficlscemur. 7. Hostes non diti morati sunt. 8. Equites paulum pro- gress! revertuntur. 9. Insidias verebamur. 10. In hanc urbem celeriter revertentur. 11. Hunc collem natura muni- tum defendere conabimur. 12. Natura loci exercitum morata est. 1 A few verbs have active forms in the Present system, but passive forms elsewhere. These are called semi-deponent. CHAPTER XXX. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 177. There are two Periphrastic Conjugatio7is, — the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by com- bining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary. Active Periphrastic Conjugation. — Indicative Mood. Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. Imp. amaturus eram, I was about to love. Fut. amaturus ero, I shall be about to love. Perf. amaturus fui, I have been (was) about to love. Plup. amaturus fueram, I had been about to love. Fut. P. amaturus fuero, / shall have been about to love. Subjunctive. Pres. amaturus sim, may I be about to love. Imp. amaturus essem, I should be about to love. Perf. amaturus fuerim, I may have been about to love. Plup. amaturus fuissem, / should have been about to love. Infinitive. Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to love. Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. — Indicative Mood. Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, I am to be loved, must be loved. Imp. amandus eram, / was to be loved. Fut. amandus ero, I shall deserve to be loved. Perf. amandus fui, I loas to be loved. Plup. amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved. Fut. P. amandus fuero, I shall have deserved to be loved. Subjunctive. Pres. amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved. Imp. amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved. Perf. amandus fuerim, I may have deserved to be loved. Plup. amandus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved. Infinitive. Pres. amandus esse, to deserve to be loved. Perf. amandus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved. 86 Periphrastic Conjugation, 87 178. VOCABULARY. caedes, is, f., slaughter. libero, 1, I set free. conserve, 1, I preserve. loquor, i, locutus sum,'7speaA;. dedo, ere, dedidi, itus, I give up, post, after, prep, with ace. surrender. recuso, 1, I refuse. fortuna, ae, f . , fortune, tot, so many, indecl. inoommodum, i, n., disaster. vita, ae, f., life. EXERCISES. 179. 1. Liberattirus eram, liberattiri eramus. 2. Conser- vandus est, conservandi fuerunt. 3. Liberandi sunt, libe- randi erunt. 4. Locuttirus fuit, locuttiri fuerant. 5. Pro- f ecttirus fui, profecttiri eramus, profecttira est. 6. Tradendus est, tradendi sunt, tradenda est. 7. Tradittirus es, tradittirus fuisti, traditurl fuerunt. 8. Sequendus est, sequendi erant. 180. 1. Equites ex castris egressilri sunt. 2. Post hoc proelium se dedituri erant. 3. ISTanc cum magna caede dimicattirl sunt. 4. De his tot incommodis locuttirus fuit. 5. Yitae nosfcrae et fortunae conservandae sunt. 6. Hae urbes sunt liberandae, 7. Auxilium non est recusandum.^ 8. Hostes hoc oppidum direpttiri erant. 9. Haec oppida non diripienda sunt. 10. Hae naves longae omnibus rebus instruendae sunt. 11. De magna caede hostium locuttirus fill. 12. Inter nos et vos amicitia confirmanda est. 1 est recusandum = recusandum est ; such inversions are common. 88 Review, REVIEW. 1. Mandata regis nondum accepimus. 2. Magnus pons in hoc fltimine faciendus est. 3. Debes haec castra expugnare. 4. Equitatus signa vidit quae in alto colle posita erant. 5. Mane in hoc loco ! 6. Proelium in loco aperto commise- runt. 7. Susplcionem timoris vltare debes. 8. Dlligentiam nostram augeamus ! 9. Praesidium parvum in provincia ulteriore positum est. 10. Hi veteres amlci non relinquendi sunt. 11. Multae naves longae instruentur. 12. Hac f ama perterrebatur. 13. Voces captivorum in castris auditae sunt. How CoRviNus Won His Name. Exercitus Eomanus adversus Gallos profectus erat, cum^ quldam ex^ Gallis tinum ex^ Komanis provocavit. Turn Marcus Valerius se obtulit^ et processit armatus in pugnam. Corvus super ejus dextrum bracchium sedit, et alls atque unguibus oculos Galli verberabat. Sic superavit Valerius et a corvo nomen Corvlnum accepit. 1 cum: lohen. 2 ex: of. 3 se obtulit : presented himself. CHAPTER XXXL IRREGULAR VERBS. 181. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, do, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, fio. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing, of fer-6) instead of fer-is. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs. 182. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. Examples are — absum abesse afui am absent Pres. Partic, absens (absentis), absent, adsum adesse adfui am present praesum praeesse praefui am in charge of Pres. Partic. praesens (praesentis), present. 183. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum ; potui is from an obsolete potere. Principal Parts. possum, posse, potui, to he able. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. possum, potes, potest ; possumus, potestis, possunt. Imp. poteram ; poteramus. Fut. potero ; poterimus. Perf. potui ; potuimus. Plup. potueram ; potueramus. Fut. P. potuero ; potuerimus. 89 90 Irregular Verbs, Subjunctive. SINGULAR. Pres, possim, possis, possit ; Imp. possem ; Perf. potuerim; Plup. potuissem; PLURAL. possimus, possitis, possint, possemus. potuerimus. potuissemus. Infinitive. Pres, posse. Perf. potuisse. 184. Do, I give. Principal Parts. — do, dSre, Participle. Pi^es. potens (as an adjective'). dedi, d^tus. Active Voice. — Indicative. Pres. do, das, dat ; damns, datis, dant. Imp. dabam, etc. ; dabamus. Fut. dabo, etc. ; dabimus. Perf. dedl; dedimus. Plup. dederam; dederamus. F.P. dedero; dederimus. Subjunctive. Pres. dem; demus. Imp. darem ; daremus. Perf dederim; dederimus. Plup. dedissem; dedissemus. Imperative. Pres. da; date. Fut. dato, datote, dato; danto. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. dare. dans. Perf. dedisse. Fut, daturus esse. daturus. Gerund. Supine. dandi, etc. datum, datu. 1. The Passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel, d^i, d&tur, d^batur, d^Stur, etc. Thus: Irregular Verbs, 91 185. VOCABULARY. desum, dSesse, defui, I am warit- omnino, adv., altogether, ing, fail pecunia, ae, f ., money, excedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, / potestas, tatis, f., power^ oppor- depart from, tunity. jus jurandum ; gen. juris ju- publicus, a, um, public, randi, n., oath (jus and juran- sententia, ae, f., sentiment^ opin- dura are declined separately). ion. longe, adv., far, talis, e, such. negotium, i (ii), n., business, vulnus, eris, n., wound, EXERCISES. 186. 1. Potuerant, potuisse, potuissem. 2. Dedisse, dede- rant, dent.- 3. Adfuerunt, adfuisse, adsit. 4. AfuivSse, afuissent, aberunt. 5. Dabatur, dari; dati eraiit. 6. Afui, afutiirus, absens. 7. Aderant, adero, adfuistl. 8. PotuT, posse, poterat. 9. Potero, potuero, poterunt, potuerint. 187. 1. Equites et naves et frumentum Eomanis dgerant. 2. Potestas piignandi non dfierit. 3. Pecunia ptiblica Pom- pejo datur. 4. Militibus signum dedit. 5. Duces nostri adfuerunt. 6. Omnes legati qui aderant jus jurandum dederunt. 7. Hostes non longe aberant. 8. Tales senten- tiae probari non possunt. 9. Hoc negotium nobis dat. 10. Milites qui vulnera acceperunt ex acie excedere non pote- rant. 11. Agros harum nationum nobis dedisti. The Lamb and the Wolf. Agnus et lupus ad eundem rivum veneranto Lupus stabat superior, et longe inferior agnus. Turn lupus, ^^Cur'^ inquit " turbulentam ^ milii fecisti aquam?'^ At agnus,^ "QuI^ pos- sum id facere? Aqua a te ad me decurrit." Sic repulsus lupus, "Ante sex menses," inquit " maledlxisti mihi.'' Eespon- dit agnus, "Ego nondum natus eram." Lupus, "Certe pater tuus'' inquit "mihi maledixit," itaque'agnum laceravit. 1 cur turbulentam fecisti aquam : why have you made the water muddy f 2 agnus : i.e., the lamb said. 8 Qui: how f 188. CHAPTER XXXII. IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued). Fero, / hear. ACTIVE VOICE. Principal Parts. — fero, ferre >, tuli, latus. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres, fero, f ers, f ert ; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.^ Imp. f erebain ; ferebamus. FuL f eram ; feremus. Per/. tuli; tulimus. Plup. tuleram ; tule ramus. Put. P. tulero; tulerimus. Pres. f eram ; Subjunctive feramus. Imp. f errem ; ferremus. Perf. tulerim ; tulerimus. Plup. tulissem ; tulisse mus. Pres. fer; Imperative. ferte. Fut. f erto 5 ferto; Infinitive. fertote, ferunto. Participle. Pres. ferre. Pres. ferens. Perf. tulisse. FuL laturus esse. Gerund. Fut. laturus. Supine. Gen. ferendi. Dat. ferendo. Ace. ferendum. Ace. latum. AN. ferendo. A hi. latu. 1 It will be observed that not all the forms of fero lack the connecting vowel. Some of them, as ferimus, fer unt, follow the regular inflection of verbs of the Third Conjugation. 92 Irregular Verbs. feror, PASSIVE VOICE. ferri, latus sum^ to he home. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR . PLURAL. Pres. feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, ferimini, feruntur Imp, ferebar; ferebamur. Fut. f erar ; feremur. Perf, latus sum ; lati sumus. Plup. latus eram ; ' lati eramus. Fut, P. latus ero ; Subjunctive lati erimus. Pres, f erar ; feramur. Imp. f errer ; ferremur. Perf, latus sim ; lati simus. Plup, latus essem ; lati essemus. Pres, ferre ; Fut. f ertor ; f ertor ; Imperative. ferimini. feruntor. Infinitive. Pres, ferri. Perf, latus esse. Fut, latum iri. Participle. Perf latus. Ger, ferendus. So also the Compounds — affero aiferre attuli allatus hring aufero auferre abstuli ablatus take away confero conferre contuli collatus collect infero inferre intuli Hiatus hring against refero referre rettuli relatus hring hack 94 Irregular Verbs, 189. VOCABULARY. affero, ferre, attuli, allatus, / ne . . . quidem, not even; em- bring. . phatic negative, emphasizing the calamitas, tatis, f., calamity. expression placed between ne condicio, onis, f., condition, and quidem. terms. perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, I carry c5nfer5, ferre, tuli, coUatus, through, convey; endure. I hrHng together; se conferre, protinus, forthicith, straight- betake one''s self. way. ignominia, ae, f., ignominy, dis- refero, ferre, rettulT, relatus, 1 grace. bring back. impedimentum, i, n., hindrance; subsidium, i (ii), n., assistance. in pi. , baggage. tumultus, us, m. , uprising. EXERCISES. 190. 1. Afferet, attulimusj attulisse. 2. Latus esse, lati essent, ferendus. 3. Perfertur, perferebantur, perlati sunt. 4. Refert, rettulerunt, rettulissent. 5. Eettulisse, relati sunt, referuntur. 6. Tulerunt, ferendo, lattirus. 7. Tulisse, ferens, ferebat. 8. Affertur, afferetur, allatus esse. 9. Ee- ferens, referendi, relaturus. 10. Contulisse, collatus. 191. 1. Hostes ne primum quidem impetum tulerunt. 2. Nobis subsidium ferebat. 3. Pompejus se protinus^ in castra contulit. 4. Helvetii impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt. 5. Hie nuntius condiciones pacis affert. 6. Fama de hoc tumultu allata est. 7. Multas calamitates pertulimus. 8. Ea fama ad Caesarem perlata est. 9. Signa militaria referuntur. 10. Ignominiam ferre non possumus. 11. Hic nuntius famam de tumultu attulit. 12. Sine hac spe hos labores numquam pertulissem. 13. Magna copia f rtimenti allata erat. CHAPTER XXXIII. IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued). 92. Volo, nolo, malo. Principal Parts. volo, velle. volui, to wish, he willing. nolo, nolle, nolui. to he unvnlling. malo, maiie, malui. to prefer. Indicative Mood. Pres, volo, nolo, malo. vis. non vis. mavis. vult; non vult ; mavult ; volumus, nolamus. malumus, vultis. non vultis, mavultis. volunt. nolunt. malunt. Imp. volebam. nolebam. malebam. Put. volam. nolam. malam. Perf, volui. nolui. malui. Plup, volueram. nolueram. malueram. Put. P, . voluero. noluero. maluero. Subjunctive. Pres. velim, -IS, -it, etc. nolim. malim. Imp. vellem, -es !,-et, etc. nollem. mallem. Perf. voluerim. noluerim. maluerim. Plup. voluissem noluissem. maluissem. Imperative. Pres. noli, nolite. Put. nolito, nolito; nolitote, nolunto. Pres. velle. Perf. voluisse. Pres. volens. Infinitive. nolle, noluisse. Participle. nolens. 95 malle. maluisse. 96 Irregular Verbs. 193. Fio (Passive of facio). Principal Parts. — fio, fieri,i f actus sum, to become, he made, occur. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres, fio, fis, fit; fimus, fitis, fiunt, Imp. f iebam ; fiebamus. Put. f iara ; fiemus. Perf. f actus sum ; facti sumus. Plup. f actus eram ; facti eramus. Put. P . f actus ero ; facti erimus. Pres. Subjunctive. f iani ; fiamus. Imp. fierem ; fieremus. Perf. f actus sim ; facti Sim us. Plup. f actus essem ; facti essemus. Pres. Imperative. fite. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. fieri. Perf. f actus esse. Perf. factus. Fut. factum iri. VOCABULARY. Ger. faciendus. 194. causa, ae, 1, cause, reason. certus, a, um, sure ; compar. cer- tior in phrase certior fieri, he informed {made more certain). concursus, us, m., a running to- gether. creber, bra, brum, frequent. dgsero, ere, serui, sertus, / ahan- don, desert. discedd, ere, cessT, cessurus, / depart. hue, adv., hither. maritimus, a, um, of the sea, maritime. ob, 071 account of prep, with ace. ora, ae, 1, coast. per, through, hy means of, prep* with ace. perfuga, ae, m., deserter. pro, in front of prep, with abl. quare, adv., wherefore^ why f repentinus, a, um, sudden. semper, always. socius, 1 (ii), m., ally, comrade. 1 Note that the i is regularly short before er in this verb. Irregular Verbs, 97 EXERCISES. 195. 1. Malumus, maluimus, malebat. 2. Mavultis, maluisset, noluisse. 3. Fiebat, factum est, fiat. 4. Yolue- ratis, voluisti, volueris. 5. Yoletis, volebas, voluisse. 6. Mavis, maluisse, mavult. 7. Malit, malet, maluit. 8. Volueram, voluissetis, voluit. 9. Fit, factum erat, factus. 10. Noil Yult, nolet, noluerant. 196. 1. Ob earn causam crebra proelia fiebant. 2. Ab ora maritima discedere nolebat. 3. Quare socios nostros semper vexare vultis ? 4. Ex castris Gallorum fit fuga repentlna. 5. De his rebus per perfugas certior factus est. 6. Pro castris magiius concursus fiebat. 7. Hue venire noluimus. 8. Officium suum deserere noluerat. 9. Malu- issemus in his locis manere. 10. A,b hoc oppido discedere noluissem. 11. Has victorias laudare volebamus. 12. Nos de hoc Gallorum tumultu certiores fact! sumus. 13. In hac urbe manure malumus. The Philosopher and the Kijs^g. Philosophus a rege talentum petiit. Eex respondit, " Talen- tum est plus quam^ quod^ philosophus petere debet." Tunc denarium petiit, cum rex respondit, ^^ Denarius est minus quam quod rex dare debet.'' The Fox and the Grapes. Yulpes fame coacta ^ tivam in alta vinea pendentem ^ appete- bat, summis viribus saliens. Ut^ tangere non potuit, discessit. "Nondum," inquit, "mattira est; nolo acerbam^ sumere." 1 quam : than. 2 quod: what. 3 fame coacta : forced by hunger. 4 pendentem : hanging. 5 ut : as, when. 6 acerbam: limiting earn understood referring to uvam; translate: when sour. CHAPTER XXXIV. IRHEGULAH VERBS (Continued). 197. E6. Principal Parts. — eo, Ire, ivi (ii), itum (est), to ^o. Indicative Mood. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres, eo, is, it ; imus, itis, eunt. Imp, ibam; ibamus. Fut. ibo ; ibimus. Perf. ivi (ii) ; ivimus (iimus). Plup. iveram (ieram) ; iveramus (ierami: Fut. P. ivero (iero) ; iverimus (ierimus). Subjunctive. Pres. earn; eamus. Imp. irem; iremus. Perf. iverim (ierim) ; iverimus (ierimus). Plup. ivissem (iissem, issem) ; ivissemus (iissemus, issemus) Imperative. Pres. i; ite. Fut. ito, itote, it«; eunto. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. ire. Pres. iens. Perf. ivisse (iisse, isse). {Gen. euritis.) Fut. itiirus esse. Fut. itiirus. Gerund. Supine. eundi, etc. itum, itu. 1. Transitive compounds of eo admit the full Passive inflection; as, adeor, adiris, aditur, etc. Irregular Verbs, 99 DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important : — 198. Used mainly in the Perfect System. Coepi, / have begun. Memini, I remember, Odi, / hate. Indicative Mood. Per/. coepi. memini. odi. Plup. coeperam. memineram. oderam. Put. P. coepero. meminero. Subjunctive. odero. Perf, coeperim. meminerim. oderim. Plup. coepissem. meminissem. odissem. Imperative. Sing, memento ; Plur. mementote. Perf. coepisse. Put. coeptiirus esse. Perf. coeptus, begun. Fut. coeptiirus. Infinitive. meminisse. Participle. odisse. osiirus esse. osus. osiinis. 1. N'ote that memini and odi, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force respectively of the Imperfect and Future ; as, memineram, / remem- bered ; oderd, / shall hate. 100 Irregular Verbs. 199. adeo, 118, ii, itus, / go to, circiter, adv., about. circumeo, ire, ii, itus, I go around, surround. clam, secretly. duodecim, indecl., twelve. eo, adv., thither^ to that place. incipio, ere, c6pi, ceptus, / begin. ine5, ire, ii, itus, I enter upon; consilium inire, form a plan. VOCABULARY. initium, i (ii), n., beginning. injuria, ae, f., wrong, injustice. intereo, ire, ii, iturus, I perish. Mosa, ae, 1, the river Meuse. redeo, ire, ii, itum, I return, sinister, tra, trum, left. trans, across, prep, with ace. transeo, ire, ii, itus, / cross, turpis, e, base, unde, whence. EXERCISES. 200. 1. Meminerat, meminero, meminisse. 2. Adiisse, adi- isset, adeamus. 3. Eundo, iturus esse, ierat. 4. Eedimus, rediimus, redeamus. 5. Interibit, interierant. 6. Interiisse, interittirus, interiit. 7. Transibamus, transiit, transibunt. 8. Adimus, adibant, adil. 9. Eedibitis, redierunt, redibas, rediens. 10. Odisse, odit, oderat. 201. 1. Hostes sinistruin cornu circumire conantur. 2. Magna pars exercitus interiit. 3. Caesar eo, unde redie- rat, proficiscitur. 4. Circiter duodecim milia Germanorum Ehenum transibant. 5. Hostes transeundi initium faciunt. 6. Equites, qui trans Mosam ierant, nondum redierant. 7. Has nationes adibimus. 8. Barbari consilia de bello clam inire incipiunt. 9. Hoc fiumen transire coeperunt. 10. Has injurias memineramus. 11. Turpes civis odimus. 12. Ex hac provincia in urbem redierat. 13. Onmes injurias , meministi quas pater tuus pertulit. 14. Quare initium transeundi fecisti ? CHAPTER XXXV. IMPERSONAL VERBS. — QUESTIONS AND ANSW13RS. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 202. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, it snows^ it seems^ etc. They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, me pudet hoc fecisse, lit. it shames me to have done this ; hoc decet, this is fitting. Examples are : — paenitet paenitere paenituit it repents pudet pudere puduit it causes shame miseret miserere miseruit it causes pity licet licere licuit it is permitted oportet oportere oportuit it is fitting constat constare constitit it is evident accidit accidere accidit it happens Specially to be noted is the impersonal use of such Passive forms as, — curritur ventum est veniendum est lit. it is run lit. it has been come lit. it must he come I.e. some one runs i.e. some one has come i.e. somebody must come QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 203. Questions may be either Word-Questions or Sen- tence-Questions. 1. Word-Questions. These are introduced by the various inter- rogative pronouns and adverbs ; such as — quis, qui, quo, quS, etc. ^^' quis venit, w;^o comes? quam diu manebit, how long will he stay f 101 102 ,,, , ,,. Impersonal Verbs, 2. SfiNTiflNCE-QcEsiiONS. These are introduced — a) By nonne implying the answer « yes ' ; as, — nonue vides, do you not see ? h) By num implying the answer * no ' ; as, — num exspectas, do you expect ? {i.e. you don't expect, do you f) c) By the enclitic -ne, appended to the emphatic word, and simply asking for information ; as, — videsne, do you see f 3. Answers. a) The answer Yes is expressed by ita, etiam, vgro, sang, or by repetition of the verb ; as, — w were speaking, and I heard you, audiam te loquentem = you will be speaking, and I shall hear you. 3. The Perfect Passive Participle denotes action prior to that of the verb. Thus : — locutus taceo = / have spoken and am silent ; locutus tacui = I had spoken and then was silent; locutus tacebo = / shall speak and then shall he silent, a. The Future Participle, as a rule, is not used except in the Active Periphrastic Conjugation. 4. The absolute time of the action of a participle, therefore, is determined entirely by the finite verb with which it is connected. 5. Participles are often equivalent to an English subordinate clause, relative, temporal, causal, conditional, etc. ; as, — omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, every evil is easily crushed at hirth ; mente uti non possumus cibo et potione completi, if gorged loith food and drink, we cannot use our intellects. 6. Often, too, the participle is equivalent to a coordinate clause ; as, — Ahala Maelium occupatum interemit, Ahala surprised and killed Maelius (lit. killed Maelius having been surprised). 164 Participles. 165 373. VOCABULARY. Ardea, ae, f., Ardea^ a Latin Lysander, dri, m., Lysander, a town. Spartan commander. casus, us, m., chance, hazard. murus, i, m., wall. cerno, ere, I perceive. oculus, i, m., eye. Conon, onis, m. , Conon, a Greek perdo, ere, didi, ditus, I lose. general. persequor, i, secutus sum, I conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, follow up. I see. reficio, ere, feci, fectus, I rebuild. diruo, ere, ui^ tus, I tear down. submitto, ere, misi, missus, / experior, iri, pertus sum, / try, send, despatch. test. Tarquinius, i (ii), m., Tarquin, a laboro, 1 , 1 toil ; in battle, he hard Eoman king. tueor, eri, I guard, watch. EXERCISES. 374. 1. Eis quos laborantes conspexit subsidium subraisit. 2. Conon mtiros a Lysandro dirutos refecit. 3. Tarquinius Ardeam oppugnans regnum perdidit. 4. Yirtutem vestram multis proeliis expertus vos nunc ad alios casus voco. 5. Oculus se non videns alia cernit. 6. Caesar hos pulsos persequitur. 7. Turrim militibus tuendam tradidit. 8. Mi- lites jam vulneribus confectos bono animo esse jubet. 9. Nostri hostls ex castris egredientes adorti sunt. 10. Tar- quinius a populo ex urbe ejectus cum exercitti rediit. 11. In- sidias veritus decessit. 12. Hostes castra minora adorientes vidi. 375. 1. This soldier was killed (while) fighting in the first line of battle. 2. (Though) exhausted with many wounds, we did not abandon our leader. 3. When he had been sum- moned he came at once. 4. We put to flight the cavalry (who had been) driven back. 5. Caesar left these captives to be guarded. CHAPTER LX. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. — SUPINE. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. 376. Of the four cases in which the Gerund occurs, only the Genitive, Accusative, and Ablative are in common use. 1. The Genitive admits the same constructions as nouns ; as, — cupidus audiendi, desirous of hearing. 2. The Accusative occurs only with prepositions ; as, — ad agendum natus, born for action. 3. The Ablative is used both alone and with prepositions; as, — mens discendo alitur, the mind is fed by learning. 4. As a rule, only the Genitive of the Gerund and the Ablative (without a preposition) admit a Direct Object. Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund. 377. 1. Instead of the Genitive or Ablative of the Gerund with a Direct Object, another construction may be, and very often is, used. This consists in putting the Direct Object in the case of the Gerund (Gen. or Abl.) and using the Gerundive in agreement with it. This is called the Gerundive Construction. Thus : — Gerund ConstrucJtion. Gerundive Construction. cupidus urbem videndi, desirous } ^^^i^^^ ^big videndae ; " of seeing the city ; ) delector oratores legendo, / am)^-^^^^^^ oratoribus legendis. charmed with reading the orators. > 2. The Gerundive Construction must also be used to avoid a Direct Object with the Dative of the Gerund, or with a case dependent upon a Preposition ; as, — locus castris muniendis aptus, a place adapted tq fortifying a camp ; ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to ask peace. 3. The commonest use of the Gerundive Construction is with ad to denote purpose, as in the second of the two preceding examples. 166 The Supine. 167 THE SUPINE. 378. 1. The Supine in -um is used after Verbs of motion to express purpose; as, — legatl ad Caesarem gratulatuxn vgnerunt, envoys came to Caesar to congratulate him, 2. The Supine in -u is used as an Ablative of Specification with facilis, difificilis, incredibilis, jucundus, optimus, etc.; as, — haec res est facilis cognitu, this thing is easy to learn, 379. VOCABULARY. ad, for (denoting purpose), prep. orator, oris, m., orator^ envoy, with ace. praedo, onis, m. , robber. administro, 1, I perform. reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus, / alienus, a, um, unfavorable. render. causa, abl., for the sake of; the spatium, i (ii), n., space^ time. dependent genitive precedes. Themistocles, is, m., Themis- consector, ari, atus sum, I fol- tocles, an Athenian statesman. low up. tiitus, a, um, safe. effugio, ere, fugijfugitiirus, escape. versor, ari, atus sum, be en- exploro, 1, / examine, gaged in, EXERCISES. 380. 1. Nulla fuit causa colloquendi. 2. Spatium suma- mus ad cogitandum. 3. Themistocles maritimos praedones consectando mare tutum reddidit. 4. Caesar in his locis navium parandarum causa moratur. 5. Multi reges bello- rum gerendorum cupidi fuerunt. 6. Tempus ad proelium committendum alienum fuit. 7. Ipse antecedit ad itinera exploranda. 8. In his rebus administrandis versabatur. 9. Pacem petitum oratores mittit. 10. Hoc est optimum factu. 11. Hic locus ad pugnandum idoneus est. 12. Cae- sar hortandi finem fecit. 13. Cum amicis de urbe liberanda colloquebamur. 168 The Supine. 381. 1. (There) was no opportunity of withdrawing. 2. The envoys came for (the purpose of) conferring with Caesar. 3. By saying these (things) he made the soldiers more eager for fighting. 4. For the sake of saving the city we have given much^ money. 5. He marches out from camp for (the purpose of) attacking this town. 6. No place is easier to approach.^ 7. We have come to announce this victory. REVIEW. 1. Oramus ut finem dicendi facias. 2. Veritus est ne omnia amitteret. 3. Timemus ut nobis sit satis praesidi. 4. Tibi praecepi ne haec officia neglegeres. 5. Nobis imperat ut tela paremus. 6. Accidit ut pauci incolumes redirent. 7. Optamus ne quis effugiat. 8. Te rogavi quem locum delegisses. 9. Caesar Ariovistum rogavit quam ob rem Ehenum transiisset. 10. Si haec dixisses, laetus fuissem. 11. Intellegimus omnes homines natura liberta- tem amare. 12. Caesar intellegebat quanto cum perlculo id fecisset. 13. Belli Inferendl causa a Gallia in Britanniam Insulam transiit. 1 Use magnus. 2 Use the proper form of adeo. ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES ON CHAPTEES III.-XXXIV. CHAPTER 111.1 382. 1. You^ summoii the farmers. 2. We praise Gal- ba's ^ daughter. 3. Galba's daughters encourage the farmers. 4. He praises the troops. 5. The inhabitants of the island accuse Galba. 6, Galba praises the farmers. CHAPTER IV. 383. 1. Dangers ; by danger ; of dangers. 2. To a friend ; of friends. 3. The towns ; of the town. 4. We are farm- ers. 5. We attack the towns of the Sequani. 6. He is a friend of the farmers. 7. The troops avoid battle. 8. I entreat the help of the Germans. 9. He harasses the Gauls in battle. CHAPTER V. 384. 1. Of great victories ; by a great victory. 2. Many dangers ; of many dangers. 3. To the Roman people ; of the Eoman people. 4. Many islands ; many villages ; many towns. 5. We get ready many beasts of burden. 6. We praise Galba, the Eoman lieutenant. 7. Many Gauls and Germans contend in battle. 8. The beasts of burden are small. 1 The chapter numbers correspond to those in the body of the book. 2 Unless it is clear that the Plural is meant, you is to be regarded as the sign of the Singular. 8 I.e. the daughter of Galba, 169 170 JEnglish' Latin Exercises CHAPTER VI. 385. 1. Of a higli rampart ; with a higli rampart. 2. The great valor of the Eoman soldiers. 3. To the father of the consul. 4. Of the cavalry ; to the cavalry. 5. We praise Galba the consul. 6. Caesar demands many hostages. 7. The Roman soldiers contend with^ the Helvetii. 8. The Gauls attack the rampart of the Eoman camp. CHAPTER VII. 386. 1. High trees ; of high towers ; in^ deep rivers. 2. In the River Rhine. 3. The fears of the soldiers. 4. To the enemy; the camp of the enemy. 5. The cavalry of the enemy contend with the Romans. 6. Caesar establishes peace with many states. 7. The rivers are deep. 8. The cavalry of Caesar harass the enemy. CHAPTER VIII. 387. 1. Of the senate ; to the senate ; concerning the senate. 2. In the harbors of the island ; of the harbors. 3. Many hopes. 4. The remaining legions. 5. With the remain- ing legions Caesar attacks the town. 6. In the harbors are many islands. 7. The senate is in doubt concerning the loyalty of the legions. 8. He announces many things to the senate. CHAPTER IX. 388. 1. Of the whole cohort ; whole cohorts. 2. Of an- other hill ; other hills ; on other hills. 3. Of one battle ; in one battle. 4. By a cavalry battle; of cavalry battles; in cavalry battles. 5. The soldiers contend without any hope of victory. 6. The legions attack another town. 7. We 1 Unless loith is equivalent to hy, it is regularly to be rendered by cum in Latin. 2 To denote location in a place, the Preposition is regularly necessary in Latin. The simple Ablative does not suffice. On Chapters VL-XIIL 171 avoid the dangers of another battle. 8. We are in doubt concerning many other things. CHAPTER X. 389. 1. In a fertile field; of fertile fields. 2. Of very many young men ; with very many young men. 3. Of the common council ; with noble envoys ; in naval battles. 4. The young man is unharmed. 5. All the fields of the Haedui are fertile. 6. All the envoys of the Gauls entreat Caesar's help. 7. He praises all the tribunes of the legion. CHAPTER XI. 390. 1. Braver soldiers ; of braver soldiers ; with the bravest soldiers. 2. The most difficult approaches ; by the most diffi- cult approaches ; by a more difficult approach. 3. Of the first legion; with the first legion. 4. The larger camp; in the smaller camp. 5. The soldiers of the first legion attack the smaller camp. 6. We avoid the greatest dangers. 7. Galba is the bravest leader. 8. The approaches are most difficult. CHAPTER XII. 391. 1. More fiercely; most fiercely; most courageously. 2. Most easily. 3. Of three cities, in three battles, two daughters. 4. With three hundred soldiers. 5. Two thou- sand cavalry. 6. The Belgians fight more bravely than the Sequani. 7. The Eomans overcome the Gauls most easily. 8. We contend with three thousand Gauls. 9. Three hun- dred Komans retard the onset of the Gauls. CHAPTER XIII. 392. 1. Of us; to you; to himself; to themselves. 2. My father ; our father ; our fathers. 3. Of your friend ; of your friends; to my friends. 4. To this commander; of these 172 English-Latin Exercises commanders; of these trees. 5. We call these soldiers to us. 6. With all these legions Caesar attacks the town. 7. No other commander blames his soldiers. 8. My daugh- ter calls me. CHAPTER XIV. 393. 1. The same causes ; of the same armies ; concerning the same duties. 2. That gate; of those gates; of those armies. 3. Of the slave himself ; concerning the slaves them- selves. 4. That slave (of yours) ; of those six slaves. 5. I call him; I call her; I call them; I call his^ father; I call their ^ father. 6. The leaders of these armies are cowardly. 7. These duties are most difficult. CHAPTER XV. 394. 1. A certain man ; of certain men ; concerning certain things. 2. Any cause you please ; some causes ; some men. 3. What man ? What battle ? 4. Of each army ; concern- ing each slave. 5. This commander arms certain legions. 6. Booty delights some soldiers. 7. What towns (do) ^ the soldiers attack ? 8. They attack a certain town of the Belgians. CHAPTER XVI. 395. 1. We were; we shall be; we had been. 2. I have been ; he will have been ; he will be. 3. You have been ; you were ; they will have been. 4. I have not yet been consul. 5. These consuls were cowardly. 6. Where had your father been ? 7. He had been in the camp of the enemy. 8. We have been in many towns of the Gauls. 9. Before this camp was a deep trench. 1 I.e. 'the father of him,' 'the father of them'; suus cannot be used; § 87, 1. 2 This word is not to be translated. On Chapters XIK-XX. 173 CHAPTER XVII. 396. 1. Let them be ; I should have been ; they would have been. 2. To have been ; be thou ; they shall be. 3. May he be; he would have been. 4. May there be friendship between you and me. 5. May we be happy. 6. Let this law be brief. 7. I should have been glad. 8. Under an- other leader the soldiers would have been braver. CHAPTER XVIII. 397. 1. I have summoned you; I was summoning you. 2. You summoned me ; we shall summon you ; they had sum- moned you. 3. We praised him ; they had praised him ; I was praising him. 4. The soldiers will fight; they have fought; we have fought. 5. Caesar had got ready many ships. 6. He will station two legions in that place. 7. I have not yet approved these plans. 8. Who had approved those words ? CHAPTER XIX. 398. 1. Let the soldiers contend ; the soldiers would have contended. 2. To have contended ; about to contend ; by contending. 3. May he approve our words ; he would have approved your words. 4. Who would have praised this man? 5. The soldiers try to seize that hill. 6. Praise all these soldiers. 7. We are about to attack another town. 8. All the Gauls are fond of fighting. CHAPTER XX. 399. 1. We shall be praised ; we have been praised ; we had been praised. 2. She was praised ; she will be praised; she had been praised. 3. You are expected ; you will be ex- pected ; they will be expected. 4. Who was being praised ? 5. All these towns will be attacked. 6. The Gauls had often been overcome. 7. These six ships have been got ready. 8. On the following day many soldiers were wounded. 174 English-Latin Exercises CHAPTER XXL 400. 1. Let them be called together ; they would have been called together. 2. The senate must be (= is to be) called together at once. 3. We should easily have been overcome. 4. You would scarcely have been praised. 5. These towns would have been taken by storm most easily. 6. Your words would not have been approved. 7. The onset of the enemy must be retarded. CHAPTER XXII. 401. 1. We have seen you ; we shall see you ; he had seen you. 2. We were fearing ; you had feared ; he will fear. 3. To have feared, to have seen; fearing, seeing. 4. May he have ; we should have had ; he shall have. 5. You ought to remain in this place. 6. We had seen the standards of the enemy. 7. AVe should easily have kept the enemy away. CHAPTER XXIII. 402. 1, We seem; beseemed; you had seemed. 2. They will be terrified ; we had been terrified. 3. Your suspicions were increased. 4. The camp had been moved. 5. Our soldiers seem to have filled up the trench of the enemy. 6. The onset of the barbarians will be bravely withstood. 7. The Gauls must be kept away. 8. These trenches would have been quickly filled up. CHAPTER XXIV. 403. 1. We defended the city ; they had defended the city ; they will defend the city. 2. I sent a letter ; we shall send a letter ; they had sent a letter. 3. Let us defend ; we should have defended ; let him defend. 4. To send ; to have sent. 5. I shall leave a garrison in this place. 6. Caesar sent two legions into Spain. 7. He had decided to defend the camp. 8. War will be waged in Gaul. On Chapters XXI.-XXVIIL 175 CHAPTER XXV. 404. 1. Hostages had been sent; hostages will be sent; hostages have been sent. 2. We shall be defended ; he had been defended; she had been defended. 3. These legions have been led to the other camp. 4. A garrison has been left here. 5. You would have been compelled to remain. 6. Many wars will be waged. 7. Two legions were sent against the enemy. 8. These ships will be fitted out with all things. CHAPTER XXVI. 405. 1. We were fortifying; we have fortified; they will fortify. 2. They were assembling; they have assembled; they would have assembled. 3. He came; he will have come ; let him come. 4. Fortify this camp, soldiers ! ^ 5. The enemy hindered the march of our army ! ^ 6. The Germans assembled on all sides from the forests. 7. We have heard the report of that battle. 8. I afterwards dis- covered these things. CHAPTER XXVII. 406. 1. We were surrounded ; they had been surrounded ; they will be surrounded. 2. He was heard; we had been heard ; she will be heard. 3. Let him be heard ; they would have been heard ; to be heard. 4. These captives were sur- rounded with two cohorts of soldiers. 5. Nothing has been discovered. 6. No other voice will be heard. 7. The larger camp ought to be fortified. CHAPTER XXVIII. 407. 1. We were taking; I had taken; they will take. 2. Let us take; let him take; taking. 3. They would have 1 The Vocative ordinarily stands second in the sentence. 2 Use agmen. 176 JEnglish'Latin Exercises fled ; lie would have been killed. 4. They will be killed ; they were killed. 5. Let us make a bridge! 6. This camp was plundered. 7. The envoys of the king were received. 8. We received your commands. 9. We shall flee from these dangers. CHAPTER XXIX. 408. 1. He was marching forth ; they marched forth ; let us march forth. 2. We ought to return. 3. We have tar- ried; you were tarrying; they had tarried. 4. I set out; he will set out ; they would have set out. 5. No one dared to march forth. 6. We have not yet endeavored to send this letter. 7. Who will dare to resist ? 8. The troops ad- vanced a little. 9. We shall return. CHAPTER XXX. 409. 1. We had been about to speak. 2. The soldiers were on the point of attacking (= were about to attack) this town. 3. She was about to set out. 4. That camp must be defended. 5. Peace must be established with other states. 6. Our liberty must be defended. 7. He was about to wage war. 8. We were on the point of surrendering ourselves.^ CHAPTER XXXI. 410. 1. He could ; ^ they could ; you can. 2. He will be able ; they had been able ; may he be able. 3. We should have been able ; to have been able. 4. He was in charge ; I had been in charge ; they will be in charge. 5. We were absent; they would have been absent; to have been present. 6. Much^ money had already been given. 7. We shall give much money to you. 8. He would have given much money to you. 1 See § 86. 2 j.g. he y^as able. 8 For much money ^ the Latin regularly has great money. On Chapters XXIX,-XXXIV. 177 CHAPTER XXXII. 411. 1. We bore; we have borne; lie had borne. 2. He would have borne; by bearing; to have borne. 3. Let us bear ; we were bearing ; they will bear. 4. Let us endure ; to have endured ; enduring. 5. The standards were brought back. 6. The Helvetii betook themselves to the mountain. 7. We shall bear assistance to you.^ 8. Who will be able to endure these tortures ? CHAPTER XXXIIL 412. 1. We wished ; we should have wished ; to have wished. 2. I had been unwilling ; you were unwilling ; you are unwill- ing. 3. To have preferred; he would have preferred; he had preferred. 4. We had become ; may he become ; they would have become. 5. He had been unwilling to with- draw. 6. Caesar had been informed of (= concerning) this thing. 7. No one preferred to remain here. CHAPTER XXXIV. 413. 1. We were returning; we should have returned; to have returned ; they will cross. 2. They had crossed ; they crossed; he will cross. 3. You will remember; they were remembering; we hate; let us hate; he hated. 4. I had begun to cross the river. 5. Two thousand cavalry^ per- ished. 6. The cavalry of the enemy went around the camp of the Eomans. 7. This river is crossed ^ by a ford. 8. The soldiers will return. 1 Use the Dative. 2 gee § 80, 4. 8 See § 197, 1. SELECTIONS FOR EEADINa I. FABLES. The Woman and the Hen. 414. Mulier quaedam liabebat galllnam, quae ei cottidie ovum pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari^ coepit,^ illam auxi massam intus celare,^ et gallmam occldit. Sed nihil in ea repperit, nisi quod in aliis gallims reperiri * solet. Itaque dum majoribus* divitiis^ inhiat/ etiam minores^ perdidit. The Oxen. 415. In eodem prato pascebantur tres^ boves in maxima Concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione^^ ttiti erant. Sed dissidio ^^ inter illos orto, singull a f eris ^ petiti et laniati sunt. Fabula docet, quantum boni ^^ sit ^* in concordia. The Dog in the Manger. 416. Canis jacebat in praesaepi bovesque latrando^^ a pabulo^^ arcebat. Cui unus boum,^^ " Quanta ista/^ inquit, " invidia est, quod non pateris ut eo cibo ^^ vescamur^^ quern tu ipse capere nee veils nee possls!'^ Haec fabula invidiae ^ indolem declarat. The footnotes refer to the sections of this book. 1364. 6 220, III. 11 273. 16 251. 2 198. 7 331, I. 12 253. 17 236. 8 356. 8 73. 13 236. 18 258, 1. 4 364. 9 80, 2. 14 343. 19 336, 2. 6 73. 10 251. 15 376, 3. . 20 233. 178 Selections for Reading. 179 The Travellers and the Ass. 417. Duo qui una iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in soli- tudine conspicati,^ accurrunt laeti/ et uterque eum sibi vin- dicare^ coepit, quod eum prior* conspexisset.^ Dum vero contendunt^ et rixantur, nee a verberibus^ abstinent, asinus auf ugit et neuter eo ^ potitur. The Kid and the Wolf. 418. Haedus, stans in tecto domus, lupo^ praetereuntl^^ maledlxit. Cui lupus, '' Non tu^^ inquit, "sec? tectum mihi maledicit.^' Saepe locus et tempus homines " timidos audaces ^^ reddit. The Peasant and the Mouse. 419. Mus a rustico^^ deprehensus tarn acri morsti^* ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dlmitteret/^ dicens: ''Nihil, mehercule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperdre deheat,^^ mode se defendere velitJ' The Wolf and the Crane. 420. In faucibus lupi bs inhaeserat. Mercede ^^ igitur con- dtieit gruem, qui illud extraliat.^^ Hoc grtis longitudine ^^ colli facile effecit. Cum autem mercedem postularet,^^ subridens lupus et dentibus^^ Tnfrendens, '' Num tihi,-^ inquit, '^ parva merces videtur, quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extrdxisti 9 '' The Trumpeter. 421. Tubicen ab hostibus captus,^^ '' Nolite'^^^ me, inquit, '' interficere ; nam inermis sum, neque quidquam Jiabeo praeter hanc tubamJ' At hostes, ''Propter hoc ipsum,'^ inquiunt, "te 1172. 7 251. 13 253. 19 258. 2282. 8 258, 1. 14 258. 20 324, B. 8 364. 9 220, II, a. 16 317. 21258. 4 284, 2. 10 197. 16 317. 22 372, 5. 5 319. 11 209. 17 268. • 28 300, 2. 6 331, I. 12 209, 2. 18 311, 2. 180 Selections for Reading. interimemus, quody cum ipse pugnandl'^ sis^ impentusy alios ad pugnam incitdre^ soles.^'' Tabula docet, non solum maleficos esse ptiniendos * sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum ^ irrltent/ The Farmer and his Sons. 422. Agrieola senex, cum mortem sibi^ appropinquare^ senti- ret/*^ f ilios convocavit, quos,^^ ut fieri ^^ solet, interdum discor- dare ^^ noverat, et f ascem virgularum afferri ^* jubet. Quibus ^^ allatis, f Ilios hortatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent.^^ Quod cum f acere non possent,^' distribuit singulas virgas, elsque ^^ celeriter f ractis, docuit ilios, quam f irma res ^^ esset ^ concordia, quam- que imbecillis discordia. The Mice. 423. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quo modo a fele caverent.^^ Multls aliis ^^ propositis, omnibus ^ placuit ^^ ut el ^ tintinnabulum annecteretur ^^ j sic enim ipsos sonitu^ admoni- tos eam f ugere ^ posse.^ Sed cum jam inter mures quaerere- tur,^ qui fell ^^ tintinnabulum annecteret/^ nemo repertus est. Pabula docet, in suadendo plurimos esse ^ audaces,^ sed in ipso periculo timidos. The Tortoise and the EaglEc 424. Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese vol^re doce- ret.^ Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, eam rem petere ^ naturae ^^ suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo ^ minus instabat, et obsecrabat 1376, 1; 241. 11356. 21343. 30 324. B. 2 351, 3. 12 193. 22 273; 81 220, III. 8 364. 18 356. 23 220, II, a. 32 343. 4 319. " 367, II. 24 202. 83 356. 6 356. 16 273. 26 220, III. 34 32,1; 2. 6 376, 2. 16 336, 1. 26 336, 3. 86 336,1. 7 356. 17 324, B. • 27 258. 86 356. 8 220, III. 18 273. 28 364. 87 228. 9 356. 19 24, 1. 29 356. 88 266. W 324, B. 20 343. Selections for Reading, 181 aquilam, ut se^ volucrem^ facere^ vellet.* Itaque ungulis* arreptam^ aquila sustulit in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem ferretur.^ Turn in saxa incidens comminuta^ interiit. Haec f abula docet, multos cupiditatibus ^ suis occaecatos con- silia prtidentiorum respuere,^^ et in exitium ruere stultitia^^ sua.^^ The Lion. 425. Societatem junxerant leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Praeda ^^ autem, quam ceperant, in quattuor partes aequales divisa, leo, ^^ Pnma,^^ ait, '' mea est ; debetur enim haec praestantiae meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meum, Tertiam vindU cat sibi egregius labor mens. Qudrtam qui sibi arrogdre voluerit, is sciat^'^ se habiturum me inimtcum sibiJ^^^ Quid facerent^^ im- beeilles bestiae, aut quae sibi leonem Inf estum habere ^^ vellet ? ^® II. EOMAN HISTORY. 1. The Regal Period, 753-510 B.C. Saturist. 426. Antiquissimis temporibus ^^ Saturnus in Italiam venisse dicitur. Ibi baud procul a Janiculo arcem condidit, earn que ^^ Saturniam^ appellavit. Hic Italos^^ primus^ agriculttiram ^ docuit. Latinus and Aeneas. 427. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus^* ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, 1209 7 311 18 273. 19 209. 2 209,2. 8 372, 6. 14 300. 20 209. 8 364. 9 258. 16 228. 21 213. 4 336,1. 10 356. 16 301. 22 284, 2. 6 258. 11259. 17 364. 28 213. e 372, 6. 12 90, footnote 2. 18 276. 24 220, II, a. 182 Selections for Reading, aufugit et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latimis rex ei benigne re- cepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas nrbem condidit, quam ^ in honorem conjugis Lavmium ^ appellavit. Founding of Alba Longa by Ascanius. 428. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae fllius, regnum accepit. Hic sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, nrbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam Longam nuncupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavinia^ genitus erat. Ejus poster! omnes usque ad Eomam conditam Albae* regnaverunt. Other Kings of Alba. 429. Unus horum regum/ Romulus Silvius, se Jove^ ma- jorem'' esse^ dicebat, et, cum tonaret,^ militibus^^ imperavit, ut clipeos bastis ^^ percuterent/^ dicebatque hunc sonum multo ^^ clariorem^* esse^^ quam tonitrum. Fulmine^^ ictus et in Alba- num lacum praecipitatus est. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos f ilios reliquit Numitorem et Amtilium. Horum minor natu,^'' Amulius, fratrl optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere ^^ vellet,^^ an bona, quae pater re- liquisset.^ Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius regnum obtinuit. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 430. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret,^ Numitoris f ilium per insidias interemit et filiam fratris Rheam Silviam^^ Vestalem virginem^ fecit. Nam his Vestae sarcerdotibus ^* 1209. 7 32, 1 ; 2. 13 266. 19 343. 2 209. 8 356. 14 32, 1; 2. 20 356. 8 252. 9 324, B. 15 356. 21 311. *277. 10 220, II, o. 16 258. 22 209. 6 236. 11 258. 17 269. 23 209. 6 254. 12 336, 1. 18 364. 24 220, II, a. Selections for Reading, 183 non licet viro ^ ntibere.^ Sed haec a Marte geminos f ilios, Eomu- lum et Remuni, peperit. Hoc cum Amulius comperisset/ mar trem in vincula conjecit, pueros* autem in Tiberim^ abici^ jussit. 431. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se efftiderat, et, cum pueri in vado essent positi/ aqua refluens eos in sicco reliquit. Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque tiberibus^ suis aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustulit, et uxorl Accae Larentiae nutriendos dedit. Foundation of Eome, 753 b.c. 432. Sic Komulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastor es transe- gerunt. Cum adolevissent,^ et forte comperissent, qnis ipsorum ayus, quae mater fuisset/^ Amtilium interfecerunt, et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte Aventino, quam^^ Komulus a suo nomine Eomam^^ vocavit. Haec cum moenibns ^^ circumdaretur,^* Eemus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia transilit.^^ Seizure of the Sabine Women. 433. Romulus, ut clvium numerum angeret,^^ asylum pate- fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Itaque festum Nepttini et ludos instituit. Ad hos cum multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et llberis venissent,^^ RomanI inter ipsos ludos spec- tantes virgines rapuerunt. War with the Sabines. 434. Populi illi quorum ^^ virgines raptae erant bellum ad- versus raptores susceperunt. Cum Romae appropinquarerit,^* 1 220, II. 6 367, 11. 11209. 16 311. 2 363. 7 319, 2. 12 209. IJ' 324, B. 8 324, B. 8 258. 18 258. 18 233. 4 367,IL 9 324, B, 14 324, B, 19 324, B, «48. W343. 15 331, 1. 184 Selections for Reading, forte in Tarpeiam virginem inciderunt quae in arce sacra ^ pro- ctirabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret,^ eique permlserunt, ut munus sibi posceret.^ Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent,^ quod in sinistris manibus gererent, anulos aureos et armillas significans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutls^ Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et ea in sinistris manibus gerebant. Treaty with the Sabines. 435. Tum Eomulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpeium tene- bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc Forum Eomanum est. In media ^ caede raptae processerunt, et bine patres bine conjuges et soceros complectebantur, et rogabant, ut caedis finem facerent.^ Utrique his precibus^ commoti sunt. Eomu- lus foedus icit et Sabinos in urbem recepit. Institutions of Eomulus. — His Death. 436. Postea civitatem discripsit. Centum senatores legit eosque^ cum ob aetatem tum ob reverentiam eis debitam patres ^* appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, casque rapta- rum nominibus^^ nuncupavit. Anno^ regni tricesimo septimo, cum exercitum Itistraret/^ inter tempestatem ortam repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii^^ cum a senatoribus interfectum,^'' alil^^ ad deos sublatum esse^^ existimaverunt. Eeign of Numa Pompilius. 437. Post Eomuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit, Quo^^ elapso, Numa Pompilius, Curibus/^ urbe in agro Sabl- norum, natus, rex^^ creatus est. Hic vir bellum quidem nullum gessit; nee minus tamen civitati^^ profuit. Nam et 1 281, 1. « 284, 1. 11 258. 16 273. 2 336,1. 7 336, 1. 12 276. 17 274, 1. 8 336,2. 8 258. 18 324, B. 18 209, 3. 4 336,1. »209. 14 293. 19 220, II, a. «258. 10 209. 16 356. Selections for Reading* l85 leges dedit, et sacra ^ pliirima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores molliret.^ Omnia ^ autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, conjugis suae, monitu* facere^ dicebat. Morbo^ decessit quadragesimo tertio imperii anno.^ TULLUS HOSTILIUS. 438. Numae^ successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se^ in bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum ^^ praestiterat. Rex^^ creatus bellum Albanis^ indixit, idque trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Ctiriatiorum, certamine ^^ f inivit. Albam prop- ter perfidiam Mettii Eufetii diruit. Cum triginta duo annos ^* regnasset,^^ f ulmine ^^ ictus ^^ cum domo sua arsit. Angus Marcius. 439. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex f ilia nepos, susce- pit iraperium. Hic vir aequitate^^ et religione avo^^ similis, Latinos bello ^ domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei ^^ moenia circumdedit. Carcerem primus ^ aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quarto anno^ imperii morbo ^^ obiit. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. 440. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, Demarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi fugiens in Etru- riam venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Eomam ^ prof ectus erat. 441 . Cum Romae ^ commoraretur,^ Anci regis f amiliaritatem consecutus est, qui eum^^ filiorum suorum ttitorem^ reliquit. 1 281, 1. 9 209. 16 258. 28 276. 2 311. 10 209. i'^ 372, 6. 24 259. 8 281, 1. 11 209, 3. 18 269. 25 216. 4 259. 12 220, III. 19 228. 26 277. 6 356. 18 258. 20 258. 27 324, B. 6 259. 14 215. 21 220, III. 28 209. 7 276. 15 324, B. 22 284,2. 29 209. 8 220, III. 186 Selections for Reading, Sed is ptipillis ^ regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Eomulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium sunt appellati. Pltira bella feliciter gessit, nee paucos agros, hosti- bus ademptos, urbis territorio^ adjtinxit. Primus^ triumphans urbeni intravit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium incohavit. Trice- simo octavo imperii anno^ per Anci filios, quibus regnum eripuerat, occlsus est. Sebvius Tullius. 442. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex iiobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. Cum adolevisset,^ rex ei f iliam in matrimonium dedit. 443. Cum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset,^ Tanaquil de su- periore parte domtis populum alloctita est, dicens : regem ^ grave quidem, sed non letale vulmis accepisse ; ^ eum petere, ut populus, dum convalmsset,^ Servio Tullio^ oboediret}^ Sic Servius reg- nare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Eoma habuit octoginta tria milia cTvium cum liis, qui in agris erant. 444. Hic rex interf ectus est scelere " f iliae Tulliae et Tar- quinii Superbl, filii ejus regis, cui^- Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio^^ interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima ^^ conjugem ^^ regem ^^ salutavit. Cum domum ^^ rediret,^^ aurlgam super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum agere ^^ jussit. Tarquinius Superbus. 445. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus^ meruit. Bello^ tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum^ vicit. 1224. 7 356. 13 253. 18 324, B. 2 220, III. 8 356; 331,111, 2. 14 284, 2. 19 367, II. 8 284, 2. 9 220, II, a. 15 209. 20 259. , 4 276. 10 336, 1. 16 209. 21 269. 6 324, B. 11 258. 17 216. 22 236. 6 324, B. 12 220, III. Selections for Reading, 187 Templum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam oppugnat/ urbem Latii, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius ejus Lucretiae,^ nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii Col- latini, vim fecisset,^ haec se ipsa occldit in conspectti mariti, patrisj amicorumque, postquam eos obtestata est^ ut banc injtiriam ulciscerentur.^ 446. Hanc ob cansam L. Brutus, Collatmus, aliique nonntilli in exitium regis conjtirarunt, populoque^ persuaserunt, ut ei portas urbis clauderet/ Exercitus quoque, qui civitatem Ar- deam cum rege oppugnabat, eum reliquit. Itaque ftigit cum uxore et liberis suls. Ita Eomae septem reges regnaverunt annos^ ducentos quadraginta tres. 2. Tlie Early Republic, 509-241 b.c. Institution of the Republic, 510 b.c 447. Hinc consules coepere ^ pro uno rege duo creari/^ ut, SI tinus malus esset, alter eum coerceret.^^ Annuum eis impe- rium tributum est, ne per dititurnitatem potestatis insolentiores redderentur.^^ Fuerunt igitur anno ^'^ primo expulsis regibus ^^ consules L. Junius Brutus, acerrimus llbertatis vindex, et Tarquinius Collatlnus maritus Lucretiae, sed CoUatmo ^^ paulo ^^ post dignitas adempta est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tar- quiniorum familia Romae maneret.^'' Ergo cum omni patri- monio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publicola consul ^^ f actus est. Death of Brutus. 448. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima pugna Brutus consul, et Arrtins, Tarquinii filius, inter sese^^ occiderunt. 1 331, I. 6 220, II, a. 11 311. 16 266. 2 220, I. 7 336, 1. 12 311. iJ' 336, 3. 8 324, B. 8 215. 13 276. 18 209, 3. 4 323. 9 198. 14 273. 19 290. 6 336, 1. 10 364. 15 224. 188 Selections for Reading. Eomani tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi commimem patrem, per annum luxe- runt. Valerius Publicola Spurium Lucretium ^ collegam ^ sibi fecit; cum morbo exstinctus esset,^ Publicola Horatium Pul- villum sibi collegam stimpsit. Itaque primus annus quinque consules babuit. War with Porsena, 508 b.c. 449. Secundo quoque anno * iterum Tarquinius bellum Ro- manis ^ intulit, Porsena/ rege Etrtiscorum, auxilium ei f erente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus pontem ligneum defendit et hostes cohibuit, dum pons a tergo ruptus esset.^ Turn se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit, et ad suos^ transnavit. 450. Dum Porsena urbem obsidet,^ Quintus Mucins Scaevola, juvenis f ortis animi ^^ in castra hostium se contulit eo consilio, ut regem occlderet.^^ At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter- fecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus ^^ comprehensus et ad regem deductus, cum Porsena eum ignibus ^^ allatis terreret,^* dextram arae ^^ accensae imposuit, dum flammis constimpta esset.^^ Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Tum hic, quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes ^^ in eum conjurdsse?^ Hac re^^ territiis Porsena pacem cum Romanis fecit, Tarquinius- autem Tusculum ^^ se contulit, ibique privatus cum uxore consenuit. Secession of the Plebs, 494 b.c. 451. Sexto decimo anno ^ post reges exactos, populus Eomae^ seditionem fecit, questus quod tribtitis ^ et militia a senatti ex- hauriretur.^ Magna pars plebis urbem rellquit, et in montem 1209. 7 331, III, 2. 13 273. 19 216. 2 209. 8 281, 1. 14 324, B. 20 276. 3 324, B. 9 331, I. 15 220, III. 21 277. 4 276. 10 237. 16 331, III, 2. 22 258. 6 220, III. 11 311. i''356. 28 319. 6 273. 12 253. 18 258. Selections for Reading, 189 trans Anienem amnem secessit. Turn patres turbatl Menenium Agrippam niiserunt ad plebeni qui earn senatui conciliaret.^ Hic els inter alia^ fabulam narravit de ventre et inembris human! corporis ; qua ^ populus commotus est, ut in urbem rediret.^ Turn primum tribuni plebis creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam defenderent.^ TREASOlSr OF COKIOLANUS, 492 B.C. 452. Octavo decimo anno^ post exactos reges Q. Marcius, Coriolanus^ dictus ab urbe Yolscorum Coriolls, quam bello ceperat, plebi ^ invlsus fieri coepit. Quare urbe ^ expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Eomanorum hostes, contendit, et ab eis^^ dux^^ exercitus f actus Eomanos saepe vicit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium urbis accesserat, nee ullis civium suorum legationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae parceret.^^ Denique Ve- turia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eum venerunt; quarum fletu^^ et precibus commotus est, ut exercitum re- moveret.^^ Quo^^ facto a^^ Yolscis ut proditor occlsus esse dicitur. Battle of the Cremera, 477 B.C. 453. Cum Eomani adversum Vejentes bellum gererent,^^ familia FabiOrum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Profecti sunt trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce ^^ Eabio consule. Cum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram fluvium castra posue- runt. Ibi, cum Vejentes dolo^^ usi eos in Insidias pellexissent, in proelio exorto omnes perierunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci non potuerat ad 1 311, 2. 6 276. 11 209, 3. 16 253. 2 281, 1. 7 209, 3. 12 336, 1. I'' 324, B, 8 258. 8 228. 18 258. 18 273. 4 336, 1. 9 251. 14 336, 1. 19 258, 1. 6 311, 2. 10 253. 16 273. 190 Selections for Reading. pugnam. Hic genus propagavit ad Quintum Eabium Maxi- mum ilium, qui Hannibalem prudent! cunctatione debilitavit. The Decemvirs. 454. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita decemviri creati sunt, qui civitati leges scrlberent.^ Hi primo anno bene egerunt; secundo autem dominationem exercere^ coeperunt. Sed cum tinus eorum, Appius Claudius, virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater eam occidit. Tum ad milites proftigit eosque ad seditionem commovit. Adempta est decemvirls^ potestas, ipslque omnes aut morte * aut exsilio puniti sunt. The Siege of Veil 455. In bello contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus urbem Ealerios obsidebat. In qua obsidione cum Itidi litterarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hostium dtixisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed scelestum hominem, manibus^ post tergum vinctis, pueris Palerios redticendum tradidit; virgasque els dedit, quibus proditorem in urbem agerent.^ Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Eoraanis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Eomanos crimini^ datum est, quod albis equis triumphasset ^ et praedam inaeque divlsisset ; damnatus ob eam causam et civitate ^ expulsus est. Rome captured by the Gauls, 390 b.c. 456. Paulo ^^ post Galli Senones ad urbem venerunt, Eo- manos ad flumen Alliam vicerunt, et urbem etiam occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defend! potuit. Et jam praesi- dium fame ^^ laborabat, et in eo erant, ut pacem a Gallls auro ^^ 1311,2. 4 258. J' 227. 10266. 2 364. 6 273. 8 319. 11259. «224. 6 311,2. 9 251. 12 268. Selections for Reading, 191 emerent,^ cum Camillus cum manti militum superveniens hostes magno proelio ^ superavit. Achievement of Titus Manlius Torquatus, 361 b.c. 457. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo tertio post urbem con- ditam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto mllliario trans Anienem fluvium consederaut. Contra eos missus est Titus Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam eximia corporis magni- ttidine ^ fortissimum Eomanorum ad certamen singulare provo- cavit. Titus Manlius, nobilissimus juvenis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque^ aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et posterl ejus Torquatl^ appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. Marcus Valerius Corvinus, 348 b.c 458. Novo bello ^ cum Gallis exorto, anno urbis quadringen- tesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit robore atque armis insig- nis, et provocavit tinum ex Romanis ut secum armIs decerneret.'' Tum se M. Valerius, tribtinus militum, obtulit ; et, cum proces- sisset armatus, corvus ei^ supra dextrum bracchium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna,^ hic corvus alis^^ et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum est ut Gallus ntillo negotio a Valerio interficeretur,^^ qui hinc Corvini nomeii accepit. War with the Samnites, 323 b.c. 459. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum Samnitibus, ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictatoris profectus est. Qui cum negotii cujusdam causa Eomam ^^ rediisset, praecepit Q. Fabio Rulliano,^^ magistro equitum, quem apud exercitum reli- quit, ne pugnam cum hoste committer et.^^ Sed ille, occasionem 1342. 5 209, 3. 9 273. 12 216. 2 258. 6 273. 10 258. 18 220, II, a. 8 267. 7 336, 1. 11 342, 2. 14 336, 1. 4 251. 8 224. 192 Selections for Reading, nactus, felicissime dimicavit, et Samnites delevit. Ob banc rem a dictatore capitis ^ damnatus est. At ille in urbem con- ftigit, et ingenti favore^ militum et populi liberatus est; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est seditio, nt paene ipse inter- ficeretur.^ Battle of the Caudine Forks, 321 b.c. 460. Duobus annis ^ post T. Yeturius et Spurius PostTimius consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio Telesmo/ duce hostium, in insidias induct! sunt. Nam ad Furculas Caudinas Eomanos pellexit in angiistias, unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum putaret.^ Ille respondit, aut omnes occidendos esse ^ ut Bomdnorum vires frangerentur,^ aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio ohligdrentur, Pontius utrumque con- silium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum misit. Samnites de- nique post bellum undequlnquaginta annorum superati sunt. War with Pyrrhus, 281 b.c. 461. Devictis Samnitibus,^ Tarentinis ^^ bellum indictum est, quia legatis Romanorum injtiriam fecissent." Hi Pyrrhum,^^ Epiri regem, contra Eomanos auxilium ^^ poposcerunt. Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Eomaiil cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul Ptiblius Valerius Laevinus. Hie, cum exploratores Pyrrhl cepisset, jussit eos per castra dud, tumque dimitti, ut rentintiarent ^^ Pyrrho, quaecumque a Eomanis '^ agerentur. 462. Pugna^^ commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio^^ elepbantormn vicit. Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tarn en per noctem 1244. 6 343. 10 220, III. 14 311. 2 259. 7 356. 11 319. 16 253. «317. 8 311. 12 213. 16 273. 4 266. 9 273. 18 213. 17 258. 6 253. Selections for Reading, 193 fugit. Pyrrhus Eomanos miUe octingentos cepit, eosque summo honore^ tractavit. Cum eos, qui in proelio interfecti erant, omnes adversis vulneribus ^ et truci vultti ^ etiam mortuos jacere ^ videret, tulisse ad caelum mantis dicitur cum hac voce : ^' Ego cum talihus viris brevi^ orbem terrdrum subigam.'^ 463. Postea Pyrrhus Eomam^ perrexit ; omnia ferro ignique vastavit; Campaniam depopulatus est, atque ad Praeneste venit, milliario ab urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore ^ exercitus, qui cum consule ^ sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis^ missi honorifice ab eo^ suscepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Pabricium sic admiratus est ut el quartam partem regni sui promitteret/^ si ad se transiret,^^ sed a Pabricio contemptus est. 464. Cum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Eomanorum admiratione ^^ teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui pacem peteret ^^ ea condicione, ut Pyrrhus eam partem Italiae quam armis^^ occupaverat obtineret. RomanI responderunt, eum cum Romdnis pdcem habere non posse ^^ nisi ex Italia reces- sisset}^ Cineas cum rediisset, Pyrrho eum interroganti, qualis ipsi Poma visa esset/^ respondit, se regum patriam vidisse. Integrity of Pabricius. 465. In altero proelio Pyrrhus vulneratus est, elephant! interfecti, viginti milia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Taren- tum ^ fugit. Inter jecto anno, Pabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte^^ venit promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum si mtinus sibi daretur.^ Hunc Pabricius 1260. 6 259. 11 356. 16 356. 2 267. 7 265. 12 258. 1^343. 8 356. 8 377, 1. 18 311, 2. 18 216. 4 276. 9 253. 1* 258. 19 276. 6 216. 10 317. 16 356. 20 356. . 194 Selections for Reading, vinctum redtici^ jussit ad dominum. Tunc rex admiratus ilium dixisse fertur: " Ille est Fabricius, qui difficilius ah honestate quam sol a cursu sud aveHl potest.''^ Paulo post Pyrrhus tertio etiara proelio ftisus a Tarento recessit, et, cum in Graeciam rediisset, ad Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. First Punic War, 264 b.c. 466. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post urbem con- ditam Koraanorum exercittis primum in Siciliam trajecerunt, regemque Syractisarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, superaverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Eomani, Gaio Duilio, Gnaeo Cornelio Asina consulibus,^ marl dlmicave- runt. Duilius Carthaginienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quattuordecim mersit, septem milia hostium ^ cepit, tria milia occldit. Nulla victoria Romanis ^ gratior f uit. The Romans invade Africa, 256 b.c. 467. Panels annis inter jectis, bellum in Africam est trans- latum. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna^ navall supe- ratus est; nam, perditis sexaginta quattuor navibus, se recepit; RomanI vigintl duas amiserunt. Cum in Africam venissent, Poenos in pltiribus proeliis vicerunt, magnam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quattuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Tum victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis ^ petierunt. Quam cum Marcus Atllius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nollet nisi dtirissimls condicionibus, Carthaginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemonils. Hi Xanthippum miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vIcit. Regulus ipse captus et in vin- cula conjectus est. 1 367, II. 8 236. 5 258. 2 273,1. 4 228. 6 213,2. Selections for Reading, 195 Patriotism of Eegulus, 250 B.C. 468. Non tamen ubique forttina Carthaginiensibus ^ favit. Cum aliquot proeliis^ victi essent, Eegulum rogaverunt, ut Eomam proficisceretur,^ et pacem captivorumque permuta- tionem a Romanis obtineret. Ille cum Eomam ^ venisset, inductus in senatum dixit, se desiisse ^ Romanum esse ex ilia . die, qua ^ in potestatem Poenorum venisset.^ Tum Eomanis '' suasit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facer ent : ^ illos enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam nisi in pace habere : tanti non esse,^ ut tot milia captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui ex Romanis capti essent,^ redderentur, Haec sententia obtinuit. Eegressus igitur in Africam crtidelissimis suppliciis exstinctus est. Close of the First Punic War, 241 b.c. 469. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio consulibus,^^ anno belli Ptinici vicesimo tertio magnum proelium iiavale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, promunturium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginiensium naves captae, centum vigintl quinque demersae, triginta duo milia hostium ^^ capta, tredecim milia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa est. Captivl Eomano- rum, qui tenebantur a Carthaginiensibus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia,^^ Sardinia, et ceteris insulis, quae inter Italiam Afri- cam que jacent, decesserunt, omnemque Hispaniam, quae citra Hiberum est, Eomanis permiserunt. 1 220, II, a. 4 216. 7 220, II, a. lo 273, 1. 2 258. 5 356. 8 336, 1. n 236. 8 336, 1. 6 276. 9 356. ^ 251. NOTES ON THE SELECTIONS FOR READING. 414. ei : for her. pariebat : notice the imperfect tense, which is regularly used to denote a customary or repeated action. illam : this is the subject of celdre ; mdssam is the object. repperit : from reperio. nisi quod : except what ; the antecedent of quod is id understood. minores : i.e. lesser riches; understand divitids. 415. pascebantur : used to graze. dissidio . . . orto : when discord arose or since discord arose, lit. discord having arisen. In rendering the ablative absolute, pains should be taken to translate it by an equivalent English idiom. quantum boni : how great advantage, lit. how much of good. 416. Cui : indirect object of inquit. bourn : gen. plu. of bos. ista : your, lit. that, that of yours. quod : in that ; the clause quod pateris is explanatory of invidia. pateris : from patior. nee . . . nee : neither . . . nor. velis, possis : these verbs are in the subjunc- tive by attraction. In Latin, a clause dependent upon a subjunctive is regularly attracted into the same mood. 417. Duo: two men. una: t\iQ di^^Y., together. iter faciebant : were travelling, lit. were making a journey. nee : and . . . not. 418. praetereunti : who was passing by; pres. participle of praetereo. 419. ille : i.e. the farmer. eum : the mouse. quod desperSre debeat: that it ought to despair; quod is the relative ; clauses of result are sometimes introduced by relatives. mode . . . velit : provided it wishes ; modo in this sense is regularly followed by the subjunctive. 420. qui . . . extrahat : to pull it out. Hoe : i.e. the removal of the bone. parva merees : this is the predicate nominative with vide- tur, the subject of videtur being the clause quod . . . extrdxisti, that you took your head out unharmed. 421. inquiunt : 3d plu. of inquam ; its subject is hostes. hoe ipsum : this very thing. eum : though. 422. Agrieola senex : an old farmer. mortem sibi appropin- quare : that death was approaching him, lit. death to approach himself 196 Notes on Selections for Reading, 197 ut fieri solet : as is wont to happen. noverat : knew ; the perfect of nosed has the force of the present in the sense, I know, and the pluperfect similarly has the force of the imperfect. ut frangerent : to break. Observe that frangerent is in the imperfect, although hortdtur is in the present. At first sight this seems to violate the principle for the sequence of tenses ; but hortdtur is w^hat is called an Historical Present, i.e. it really refers to the past, and hence is treated as an historical tense. Quod cum facere non possent : and when they could not do this, lit. when they could not do which ; it is very common in Latin to introduce a sentence by a relative, where in English we should employ a demonstra- tive or personal pronoun with a conj., — and he, hut he, and this, hut this^ etc, fractis: i.e. by the sons. quamque : and how; que is the enclitic. 423. quo modo . . . caverent : as to how they should guard against the cat. multis aliis propositis : when many other things had heen proposed, posse : this infinitive depends upon the idea of thinking involved in placuit, etc. cum jam quaereretur, etc. : when it came to asking who would fasten, lit. when it ivas already asked, etc. ; qui is the interrogative ; this form (instead of quis) often occurs in indirect ques- tions. 424. sesS : it, i.e. the tortoise. eam, rem : earn is subject of petere ; rem is the object. arreptam sustulit : snatched up and carried. 425. Prima : understand pars. Sit : third sing, of pres. ind. of ajo. et : also. qui : its antecedent is the following is. inimicum : as an enemy. Quid facerent, etc, : what were the beasts to dof • quae : which one ? 426. Saturnus : the god Saturn. Janiculo : the Janiculum was a hill on the right bank of the Tiber, directly opposite the seven hills on which Rome was built. 427. Troja : the famous city in northwestern Asia Minor. The mythical date of its overthrow is 1184 b.c. Hinc : i.e. from Troy. pepercerat : from pared. ei benigne recept5 dedit : received him kindly and gave him, lit. gave to him having been kindly received. in matrimonium, in hondrem : in marriage, in honor; the Latin says into. 428. monte Albano : in Latium about twenty miles S.E. of Rome. Alba Longa : lit. the long white {town); so called from the fact that its white buildings stretched for a long distance over the ridge of the hill. genitus erat : from gignd. usque ad Romam conditam : up to the very founding of Rome, lit. even up to Borne founded. 198 Notes on Selections for Reading, 429. tonaret: impersonal. praecipitatus est: fell headlong, minor natu : the younger^ lit. the lesser as to birth. reliquisset : inas- much as the preceding indirect question is indirect discourse, reliquisset is a subordinate clause in indirect discourse ; hence the subjunctive. 430. Vestalem virginem : there were six Vestal virgins ; their duty- was to watch the fire which was kept constantly burning on the hearth of Vesta's temple. a Marte: by (lit. from) Mars. peperit: from pario, 431. ultra ripam, etc.: i.e. had overflowed its banks., lit. had poured itself beyond the bank. effuderat is from effundo. essent positi = positi essent ; from pond. in sicco : on dry land; sicco is used sub- stantively. Quod : this, lit. which ; another illustration of the use of the relative pronoun, where in English we naturally employ the demon- strative, sustulit: from ^oZZo. nutriendos : to be cared for. 432. transegerunt : from trdnsigo. adolevissent : from adolesco. fratrem irridens : in ridicule of his brother, lit. ridiculing. 433. populis : the pupil should bear in mind that this means tribes, not people in the ordinary English sense. ipsos : very. spectantes : as they loere looking on. 434. raptores : those who had seized (the maidens). quod : what (that which) ; as antecedent, understand id, object of darent. et ea : those also, those too ; et is here an adverb. 435. Forum Romanum : the Forum was situated on level ground surrounded by six of the seven hills of Home. raptae : the (women who had been) seized. hinc . . . hinc : on the one side . . . on the other. 436. discripsit : i.e. organized different political and social classes. cimi . . . tum : not only . . . but also, lit. when . . . then (while . . . at the same time) . ortam : from orior. oculis : from the eyes ; oculis is really dative ; verbs of taking away at times take the dative in the sense of from. alii . . . alii: some . . . others. 437. interregnum : interregnum, i.e. a period between reigns. Curi- bus : this limits ndtus. quidem: to be sure; observe that quidem always lays stress upon the word immediately preceding it (here bellum); frequently it is best to attempt no special translation of quidem, but to bring out its force in English by the arrangement of words or by oral emphasis. gessit : from gero. nee minus tamen profuit : and yet he was none the less of advantage, et . . . et : both . . . and. Notes on Selections for Reading, 199 86 nymphae : etc. : he said he did at the advice of the nymph Egeria^ his icife. 438. praestiterat: from praes^o. xe^ndiSBet = r eg ndvisset. arsit: remember that drdeo is intransitive. 439. nova ei moenia circumdedit : surrounded it with new walls^ lit. surrounded new walls to it. ad Tiberis ostia : Kome was some twenty miles from the mouth of the Tiber by the course of the river. obiit: died^ lit. met (death). 441. pupillis ; from his wards. minorum gentium : understand sendtores, i.e. senators of the lesser gentes (tribes), nee paucos agros: and not afeiv lands. hostibus : from the enemy : dative. ademp- tos : from adimo. triumphans : iyi a triumphal procession, lit. tri- umphing. Cloacas: several of the ancient Roman sewers still exist and are in use to-day. Capitolium : the magnificent temple on the summit of the Capitol ine Hill. It was dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. per Anci filios : i.e. at their instigation; they hired assas- sins to perform the deed. quibus : from whom ; dative. 443. grave quidem : serious^ to he sure. eum petere : that he re- quested, dum convaluisset : until he should recover. in agris : in the country. 444. jacens : (which was) lying. 445. Templum Jovis : the one begun by Tarquinius Priscus. ipsa : with her own hand. 446. Hanc ob causam : when a noun is limited by an adjective or a pronoun, the preposition very often stands between the two. in exi- tium: for the destruction. ei: i.e. against him. 447. si . . ». esset : esset is in the subjunctive as the result of attrac- tion to the subjunctive coerceret. insolentiores : too arrogant. ex- pulsis regibus : after the expulsion of the kings. CoUatino : from Collatinus (dative). Placuerat : they had ordained, lit. it had pleased (them). in ejus locum : in his place. 448. urbi : against the city. inter sese occiderunt : killed each other. Romani . . . victores recesserunt : the Bomans retired as victors ; victores is the predicate nominative. luxerunt : from lugeo. 449. Horatius Codes : read Macaulay's Horatius at the Bridge (Lays of Ancient Borne) for a spirited account of Horatius's achievement. ad suos : to his friends. 450. eo c5nsilid, etc. : with this design, viz. to kill the king ; the clause ut . . . occMeret is in apposition with consilio. ignibus allatls : 200 Notes on Selections for Reading, by bringing in fires; alldtis is from affero. terreret : i.e. endeavored to frighten him. accensae : burning^ lit. kindled. consumpta esset : tliis loss of his right hand was the origin of the name Scaevola, *the left-handed.' conjurasse : a shortened form for conjurdvisse. privatus : as a private citizen. 451. post reges exactos : after the expulsion of the kings. trans Anienem : hardly more than three or four miles from the city. fabu- 1am de ventre, etc. : according to the fable, the limbs of the body once rebelled and refused longer to furnish food for the stomach. Menenius pointed out that the governing class at Rome was really just as essential to the welfare of the state, as was the stomach to the welfare of the body. tribuni : at first two in number, later five, and ultimately ten. By their power of intercession they could protect plebeians from the unjust treat- ment of which the patrician magistrates were often guilty. 452. quintum milliarium urbis : fifth milestone from the city. Quo facto : and when this had been done. ut proditor : as a traitor. 453. duce Fabio : under the leadership of Fabius. hostes : obj. of vicissent, dolo usi : having employed deceit. exorto : from exorior, Unus : 07ie only, 454. trecentesimo et altero : the three hundred and second, ab urbe condita : from the founding of the city. 455. ludi litterarli : the two words together mean school, lit. a school for letters (reading and writing), as opposed, for example, to a gladia- torial school, where gladiators were trained. principum filios : as hostages. in castra hostium : i.e. of the Romans. manibus . . . vinctis : with his hands tied behind his back. quibus . . . agerent : with which to drive. Camillo crimini . . . datum est : lit. it was set against Camillus for a charge, i.e. Camillus was accused. trium- phasset : = triumphdvisset. damnatus : understand est from expulsus est. 456. Paulo post : post is here an adverb. Galli Senones : a tribe from northern Italy. ad Alliam : the Allia was a small river flowing into the Tiber about eleven miles from Rome. occuparunt = occu- pdverunt. in eo, etc. : were on the point of purchasing, lit. were in this, {viz.) that they should purchase ; ut , , . emerent explains eo. 457. quarto mUliario : at the fourth milestone ; abl. of place, with- out the prep. 458. secum : = cum se ; the preposition cum is always thus appended to the personal and reflexive pronouns. obtulit : from offero. arma- Notes on Selections for Heading, 201 tus : in arms. ei supra dextrum, etc. : perched above his right arm, lit. above the right arm to him. Ita factum est : thus it happened. nuUo negotio ; with no difficultyf i.e. without difficulty. 459. dictatoris : on occasions of great public danger, the Romans often appointed a dictator, who had absolute power. His period of office was limited to six months. Qui cum : ichen he. magistro equi- tum : the master of the horse was appointed by the dictator and ranked next to him. nactus : from nanciscor. capitis damnatus est : tms condemned to death, lit. of his head (i.e. of his life). 460. post : adv. faciendum : i.e. faciendum esse. aut . . . aut : either . , . or. dimittendos : understand esse. sub jugum : in token of submission ; the yoke was made by setting two spears in the ground and laying a third across the top. 461. poposcerunt : from posco. agerentur : subjunctive by attrac- tion to renuntidrent. 462. per noctem : by night. adversis vulneribus : with wounds in front. etiam mortuos : eve7i in death. Ego cum talibus viris . . . subigam : this is equivalent to a conditional sentence of the second type, If I should have such soldiers, I should subdue. 463. perrexit : from per go. ad Praeneste : to the vicinity of Praeneste ; to say : to Praeneste, the accusative alone would have sufficed. milliario, etc. : at the eighteenth milestone ; abl. of place, without the prep. exercitus : objective gen. depending upon terrbre ; fear of the army. de captivis redimendis : xmth regard to ransoming the cap- tildes. si transiret : this is virtually a subordinate clause in indirect discourse, since promitteret is practically equivalent to said he would give him. 464. admiratione teneretur : in English, we say : to be filled with admiration. ea condicione : explained by the following i^^clause. nisi recessisset : unless he should withdraio. 465. interjects anno : after the lapse of a year, lit. a year having been put between. " lUe est Fabricius qui" : Fabricius is one who. a Tarento : from the vicinity of Tarentum ; to say : from Tarentum, the ablative alone would have sufficed. ad Argos : near Argi (Argos). 466. trajecerunt: here intransitive, — crossed over. 467. Faucis annis interjectis : after the lapse of a few years. in fidem : into allegiance. Quam cum, etc. : when Begulus was unioill- ing to grant this. nisi durissimis condicionibus i except on very hard terms, captus : for captus est. 202 Notes on Selections for Reading, 468. desiisse : from desino. ne . . . facerent : not to make. illos . . . habere : indirect discourse dependent on the idea of saying involved in sudsit. tanti non esse : that it was not loorth while, lit. of so great account ; tanti is a predicate genitive of quality, with some such v^^ord as pretl {of value) understood. ut . . . redderentur : this substantive clause of result is the logical subject of esse. 469. captae, demersae, capta : understand sunt w^ith these. GENERAL LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Note. — Of the fifteen hundred words in this Vocabulary, only about half are employed in the Lessons of the body of the book (see Preface, p. vii). The remainder occur in the Fables and Roman History. Eegular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the numeral 1 following the present indicative. A., abbreviation for Aulas, Aulus. a, ab, prep. w. abl., from ; by. abed, ire, ii, iturus, go away ; pass. abicio, ere, jeci, jectus, throw away, cast. absens (pres. participle of absum), entis, absent. abstined, ere, tinui, abstain from. absum, esse, afui, afaturus, be ab- sent., be distant (§ 182). ac (atque), and., and also; ac is not used before vowels. Acca Larentia, ae, f., Acca Laren- tia, a woman's name. accedd, ere, cessi, cessurus, draw near. accendo, ere, cendi, census, kindle. accidd, ere, idi, happen. accing5, ere, cinxi, cinctus, gird. accipid, ere, epi, eptus, receive. accurr5, ere, cucurri, cursum, run to^ run up ; hasten. accuse, 1, accuse. acer, acris, acre, sharp., vigorous., keen., severe. acies, ei, f., line of battle. acriter, sharply, fiercely. ad, prep. w. ace, to, towards; for (denoting purpose); near. addd, ere, idi, itiis, add. addiicd, ere, diixi, ductus, lead on, adeo, ire, ii, itiirus, go to, visit. aequus adimd, ere, emi, emptus, take away, aditus, us, m., approach. adjaced, ere, ui, iturus, lie near, lie next. adjungd, ere, jiinxi, junctus, join to; annex. adjuv5, are, jiivi, jiitus, help. administr5, 1, perforin. admiratio, 5nis, f., admiration. admirer, ari, atus sum, admire, admodum, quite, very much. admone5, ere, ui, itus, remind, warn. adolesc5, ere, levi, grow up. .adorior, iri, ortus sum, attack. adsum, adesse, adfui, be present, be at hand (§ 182). adulescens, centis, m., young man. adveni5, ire, veni, ventum, arrive. adventus, us, m., arrival. adversarius, ii, m., adversary. adversum, adversus, prep. w. ace, against. adversus, a, um, adverse; in front (of wounds), advesperasco, ere, to grow dark. aedificium, i (ii), n., building. aedificd, 1, build. Aeneas, ae, ni., Aeneas, a man's name, aequalis, e, equal; as noun, m., a mate. aequitas, tatis, f ., justice. aequus, qua, quum, level. 203 &Sr 204 appared aer, aeris, m., air. aestas, tatis, f., summer. aetas, tatis, f . , age, time of life. aflfero, ferre, attuli, allatus, bring _ (§ 188). Africa, ae, f., Africa. ager, agri, m., field, land. agger, eris, m., embankment, ram- part. agmen, minis, n., army (on the march), column. agnus, i, m., lamb. ag5, ere, egi, actus, do; drive. agricola, ae, m., farmer. agricultura, ae, f., agriculture. Agrippa, ae, m., Agrippa, a man's name. ajo, defective, say; pres. and perf. 3d sing. ait. ala, ae, f., wing. alacer, cris, ere, eager. Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f., Alba Longa, name of a town. Albanus, a, um, Alban. albus, a, um, white. alienus, a, um, unfavorable. aliquandd, once, upon a time ; for- merly. aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, adj., some (§ 102). aliquis, aliquid, some one, some- thing (§ 102). aliquot, indecl., several, some. alius, a, ud, other, another, else (§61). . Allia, ae, f., Allia, name of a river. alligo, 1, fasten to, tie to. AUobroges, um, the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe. alloquor, loquJ, lociitus sum, ad- dress, speak to. al5, ere, alui, altus, nourish. alter, era, erum, the other ; second (§ 61). altitudd, inis, f., height; depth. altus, a, um, high, deep; as noun, altum, i, n., the deep, the deep sea. amice, adv. , in a friendly manner. amicitia, ae, f., friendship, amicus, i, m., friend. amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose, amnis, is, m., river. am5, 1, love. amplid, 1, enlarge. amplius, adv., more. amplus, a, um, ample, glorious. Amulius, i (ii), m., Amulius, a man's name. an, interrog. particle, or, whether. Anchises, ae, m. , Anchises, a man's name. ancora, ae, f., anchor. Ancus Marcius, gen. Anci Marci (ii), m., Ancus Marcius, fourth king of Rome. angustiae, arum, f. pi., a narrow angustus, a, um, narrow. animadverto, ere, verti, versus, notice. animal, malis, n., animal. animus, i, m., mind, soul; courage, heart. Ani5, Anienis, m. , Aiiio, name of a river. annectd, ere, nexui, nexus, tie to. annus, i, m., year. annuus, a, um, for one year. ante, prep. w. ace, before, in front of; adv., before, ago. antea, previously, before. antecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, pre-- cede. antequam, conj., before. antiquus, a, um, ancient. anulus, i, m., ring. anus, us, f., old woman, old crone. apertus, a, um, open. apparatus, us, m., luxury. appared, ere, ui, appear. appello 205 bellicdsus appello, 1, name, call. appeta, ere, petivi, petitus, seek, try to get. Appius, i (ii), m., Appius, a man's name. appropinquo, 1, approach. Aprilis, e, adj., of April. apud, prep. w. ace, among, at, with, at the home of. aqua, ae, f., water. aquila, ae, 1, eagle. Aquitania, ae, f., Aquitania, a dis- trict of Gaul. ara, ae, f., altar. arbitror, trari, tratus sum, con- sider. arbor, oris, f., tree. arced, ere, ui, keep off, keep away. arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, summon. Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a Latin town. ardeo, ere, arsi, arsurus, burn. area, ae, f,, court-yard. argentum, i, n., silver. Argi, 5rum, m., Argos, name of a town. Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus, a king of the Germans. arma, orum, n. pi., arms. armatiira, ae, f., equipment. armilla, ae, f., bracelet. armd, 1, arm. arripid, ere, ui, eptus, seize. arrogo, 1, lay claim to. Arriins, runtis, m.^Arruns, a man's name. arx, arcis, f., citadel. Ascanius, i (ii), m., Ascanius, son of Aeneas. Asia, ae, 1, Asia. Asina, ae, m., Asina, a man's name. asinus, i, m., ass. assentator, oris, m. , flatterer. asylum, i, n., place of refuge. at, but. Athenae, arum, f . pi. , Athens. Athenodorus, i, m., Athenodorus^ a man's name. Atilius, i (ii), Atilius, a man's name, atque, and, and also ; see ac. Atticus, i, m. , Atticus, a friend of Cicero, attuli, perf. of aflfero. auctoritas, tatis, f., authority, influ- ence. audacter, courageously. audax, gen. audacis, courageous. auded, ere, ausus sum; semi-dep., dare. audio, ire, ivi, itus, hear. aufugi5, ere, fiigi, fugiturus, j^ee. auged, ere, auxi, auctus, increase (tr.). Aulus, i, m., Aulus, a man's name, aureus, a, um, golden. auriga, ae, m., charioteer. aurum, i, n., gold. aut, or ; aut . . . aut, either . , , or, autem, however; but. autumnus, i, m., autumn. auxilium, i (ii), n., aid, help; in pi. auxilia, 5rum, n., auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. Avaricum, i, n., Avaricum, a Gallic town. Aventinus, i, Aventine, a hill of Rome, avertd, ere, ti, versus, avert, turn aside. avicula, ae, f., bird, small bird. avus, i, m., grandfather. Bacenis, is, f., Bacenis, a forest. barba, ae, f., beard. barbarus, i, m., a barbarian; adj., us, a, um, barbarian. beatus, a, um, happy. Belgae, arum, m. pi., Belgians, a Gallic tribe, bellicosus, a, um, warlike. beUo 206 circumeo bello, 1, make war^ carry on war. bellum, i, n., ii^ar. bene, adv., well (§ 79). beneficium, i (ii), n., kindness. benigne, kindly^ graciously. bestia, ae, 1, beast. Bibulus, i, m., Bihulus^ a man's name. biduum, i, n., two days. B5ji, drum, m. pi., the Boji, an ancient tribe, bonus, a, um, good; in pi., bona, crum, n. , property. bos, bovis, m., ox; gen. pi. bourn, bracchium, i (ii), n., arm. brevis, e, shorty brief; brevi, within a short time. Britannia, ae, f., Britain. Brutus, i, m., Brutus, a man's name. C, abbreviation for Gains, Gains. cad5, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall. caedes, is, f., slaughter. caed5, ere, cecidi, caesus, cut, slay. caelum, i, n., heaven. Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. calamitas, tatis, f., calamity. Camillus, i, m., Camillus, a man's name. Campania, ae, f., Campania. canis, is, c, dog. capessd, ere, ivi, itus, take ; fugam capessere, flee. capio, capere, cepi, captus, take; adopt; capture. Capitaiium, i (ii), n., the Capitol. capra, ae, f., she-goat. captiva, ae, f., captive. captivus, i, m., captive, prisoner. caput, itis, n., head. career, is, m.^ prison. carpentum, i, n., chariot. carpd, ere, carpsi, carptus, pluck; enjoy. Carthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian; Carthaginienses, ium, m., Car- thaginians. earns, a, um, dear. cassita, ae, f., lark. castellum, i, n. , fort. castra, orum, n. pi., a camp. casus, Us, m., chance, misfortune. catena, ae, f., chain. Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. Catulus, i, m., Catulus, a man's name. causa, ae, f., cause, conditio7i ; causa, abl., for the sake of; the dependent genitive precedes causa. . caute, adv. (from cautus), cautiously. cave5, ere, cavi, cauturus, be on one^s guard. cedo, ere, cessi, cessiirus, yield, withdraw. celer, eris, e, swift. celeritas, tatis. f., speed. celeriter, quickly. cel5, 1, conceal. census, us, m., census. centum, hundred, indecl. centurid, onis, m., centurion. cernd, ere, perceive. certamen, inis, n., contest. certe, adv., at least, at any rate. certus, a, um, sure; comp. certior in phrase certior fieri, be informed; certiorem facere, inform. cessator, oris, m., loiterer. ceteri, ae, a, the rest ; the others. < cibus, i, m., food. Cicero, onis, m., Cicero. Cineas, ae, m,, Cineas, a man's name. circiter, adv., about. circumaro, 1, plough around. circumdo, dare, dedi, datus, sur- round, place around. circumed, ire, ii, itus, go around, surround. circumvenio 207 confidd circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, sur- round. citerior, ius, comp. adj., nearer^ hither. citra, prep. w. ace. , this side of. civis, is, c, citizen^ fellow-citizen. ci vitas, tatis, f., state. clam, secretly. clamor, 5ris, m., shout, shouting. clarus, a, um, clear, loud; distin- guished. classis, classis, f ., fleet. Claudius, i (ii), m., Claudius, a man's name. claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut, close. claustrum, i, n., fastening. Clemens, gen. entis, merciful. clipeus, i, m., shield. cloaca, ae; 1, sewer. Cn., abbreviation of Gnaeus, Gnaeus, a man's name. Codes, itis, m.. Codes, a man's name. coepi, coepisse, began, have begun (§ 198). coerceo, ere, ui, itus, hold in check, confine. cogito, 1, think. cogndmen, inis, n., name, surname. cogn5sc5, ere, novi, nitus, learn. cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force, compel; collect. cohibed, ere, ui, itus, check, restrain. cohors, cohortis, f., cohort (division of a legion). Collatinus, i, m., Collatinus, a man's name. collatus, perf. pass. ptc. of conferd. collega, ae, m., colleague. collis, is, m., hill. colloc5, 1, place, arrange, station. colloquium, i (ii), n., conference. colloquor, i, locutus sum, confer. collum, i, n., neck. colonia, ae, f., colony. combu.ro, ere, ussi, ustus, bur^i. Comitium, i (ii), n., Comitium, a place of public meeting at Rome, commeatus, us, m., supplies. commemord, 1, recount. comminao, ere, ui, utus, dash to pieces. committo, ere, misi, missus, bring together; with proelium or pug- nam, to join battle. commoror, ari, atus sum, delay, sojurn. commoved, ere, movi, mdtus, move, stir up, excite ; induce. commiinio, ire, ii, itus, strongly fortify. communis, e, common. commutatid, 5nis, f., change. compare, 1, get ready. comperio, ire, peri, pertus, find out. complector, i, plexus sum, embrace. compleo, ere, plevi, pletus, fill up. complures, plura, gen. ium, very many. comprehendo, ere, endi, ensus, arrest. concedd, ere, cessi, cessurus, grant. concilid, 1, reconcile, win over. concilium, i (ii), n., council. Concordia, ae, f., harmony. concurro, ere, i, cursum, run to- gether. concursus, us, m., a running to- gether. condicio, onis, f., condition, terms. condo, ere, didi, diivis, found, build; hide. conduc5, ere, duxi, ductus, hire. confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, bring together; se c5nferre, betake one^s self (§ 188). conficio, ere, feci, fectus, exhaust. cdnfido, ere, fisus sum, trust, semi- dep. (§ 220, II, a). c5nfirmo 208 cupiduB confirmo, 1, establish, confirm. c5nfugi6, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee for refuge. conicio, ere, jeci, jectus, hurl; cast; put. conjungo, ere, junxi, junctus, unite. conjunx, jugis, c. , husband ; wife. conjuratio, 5nis, f., conspiracy. conjaro, 1, conspire. Conon, 5nis, m., Conon, a Greek. cdnor, ari, atus sum, endeavor^ attempt. consector, ari, atus sum, follow up. consenescd, ere, senui, grow old. cdnsequor, i, secutus sum, acquire, c5nsero, ere, ui, tus, join. cdnservo, 1, preserve. c5nsid6, ere, edi, essus, settle. consilium, i (ii), n., plan; council; advice. consists, ere, stiti, consist. conspectus, us, m., view, sight. c5nspici5, ere, spexi, spectus, see. conspicor, ari, atus sum, catch sight of observe. constantia, ae, t, persistency. constat, impers., it is evident (§ 202). constituo, ere, ui, utus, decide, determine. consul, ulis, m., consul. consulatus, iis, m., consulship. consumo, ere, sumpsi, siimptus, use up, consume. contemno, ere, tempsi, temptus, despise. contendo, ere, tendi, tentum, hurry, hasten; contend. contentus, a, um, contented. contined, ere, ui, confine, hold in check. contra, prep. w. ace, against, op- posite. contrarius, a, um, contrary to, op- posite. contrdversia, ae, f., controversy. contumelia, ae, f., insult. convalesco, ere, valui, recover, re* gain strength. convenio, ire, veni, ventum, come together, assemble. convoc5, 1, call together. copia, ae, f., plenty; in pi. copiae, * arum, troops, forces. Corinthus, i, 1, Corinth, a city of Greece. Coriolanus, i, m., Coriolanus, a man's name. Corioli, orum, m., Corioli, a Latin town. Cornelius, i (ii), Cornelius, a man's name, cornii, us, n., horn; in military sense, wing of an army, corona, ae, f., crown, garland. corpus, oris, n., body. corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, ruiny bribe. Corvinus, i, m., Corvinus, a man's name, corvus, i, m., raven. cottidie, every day, daily. eras, adv., to-morrow. Crassus, i, m., Crassus, a man's name, creber, bra, brum, frequent. cred5, ere, didi, ditum, believe (§ 220, II, a). Cremera, ae, f., Cremera, a river in Etruria. creo, 1, make, beget; elect. crimen, inis, n., charge, accusation. criidelis, e, cruel. culp5, 1, blame. 1. cum, prep. w. abl., with. 2. cum, conj., when ; because, since / though; cum . . . tum, not only . . . but also. cunctatid, onis, f., delay. cupiditas, tatis, f., desire, eagerness, cupidus, a, um, fond, eager. 209 dimcUis cur, adv., why? Cures, ium, f . , Cures^ a Sabine town. curia, ae, f., ward. Curiatius, i (ii), m., pi. Curiatii, drum, m., Curiatii^ an Alban family. Curius, i (ii), m., Curius, a Roman, curd, 1, care for, take care of. Cursor, oris, m., Cursor, a man's name. cursus, lis, m., course, custodia, ae, f., custody. damnd, 1, condemn; capitis dam- nare, condemn to death. Damocles, is, m., Damocles, a man's name. de, prep. w. abl., concerning; of from. debe5, debere, debui, debitus, owe ; with a dependent infinitive, ought ; pass., to be due. debilito, 1, weaken. decedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, with- draw; die. decem, indecl., ten. decemviri, 5rum, m., decemvirs, a board of ten men. decerno, cernere, crevi, cretus, decree; decide (by comha,t) , fight. decimus, a, um, tenth. declard, 1, make clear, show. decurrd, ere, curri, cursurus, 7'un down; rush, hasten. deditid, 5nis, f., surrender, dedb, dere, didi, deditus, give up, surrender. deduco, ere, diixi, ductus, lead away. defectio, onis, f. revolt. defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, defend. defensi5, 5nis, f., defence. deflectd, ere, xi, xus, turn aside. deinde, then, afterwards. delabor, i, lapsus sum, sink down. delatus, perf. pass, participle of defer5. delectd, 1, delight. deled, ere, evi, etus, destroy. deliberd, 1, deliberate, consult. deligd, ere, legi, lectus, choose. delphinus, i, m., dolphin. Demaratus, i, m., Demaratus, a man's name. demerge, ere, mersi, mersus, sink. demetd, ere, messui, messus, reap. demitto, ere, misi, missus, let fall. denarius, i (ii), m., a denarius, a Roman coin worth about eighteen cents. denique, finally. dens, dentis, m., tooth. denuo, adv., again. depopulor, ari, atus sum, lay waste. deprehendo, dere, di, hensus, catch. derided, ere, risi, risurus, laugh to scorn. deserd, ere, serui, sertus, abandon, desert. desind, ere, sii, situm, cease. desistd, ere, stiti, cease. desperd, 1, despair. despicid, ere, spexi, spectus, despise. desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, be wanting, fail (§ 182). detrahd, ere, traxi, tractus, snatch. detrimentum, i, n., loss, damage, harm. deus, i, m. god. devincd, ere, vici, victus, conquer. dexter, tra, trum, right; as subst. (sc. manus), right hand. died, ere, dixi, dictus, say; utter; appoint; call. dictator, dris, m., dictator. dies, ei, m. or f., day. differd, ferre, distuli, dilatum, differ (§ 188). difficilis, e, difficult. difficulter 210 eques difficulter, adv. from adj. difficilis, with difficulty. digitus, i, m., finger. dignitas, tatis, f., dignity. dignus, a, um, worthy. diligentia, ae, f., diligence. dimic5, 1, contend. dimitto, ere, misi, missus, let go^ dismiss. Dionysius, i (ii), m., Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. diripi5, ere, ripui, reptus, plunder. diru5, ere, rui, rutus, tear down, destroy. discedd, ere, cessi, cessurus, depart^ withdraw. disciplina, ae, 1, discipline. discordia, ae, f., strife, discord. discords, 1, he at variance, quarrel. discribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, mark out ; divide into classes. dispond, ere, posui, positus, dis- tribute. dissensid, onis, 1, disagreement. dissidium, i (ii), n., dissension. distribuo, ere, ui, utus, distribute. diu, adv., a long time. diuturnitas, tatis, f., long duration. dividd, ere, isi, isus, divide. divinus, a, um, divine. divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. do, dare, dedi, datus, give, render ; put, set, doceo, ere, ui, doctus, teach. dolor, oris, m., grief. dolus, i, m., deceit, cunning. dominatid, onis, f., rule, tyranny. dominus, i, m., master. Domitius, i (ii), m., Domitius, a man's name, domo, are, ui, itus, subdue. domus, us, f., house, home. ddnec, until. d5*io, 1, present. doaum, i, ii., gift. dubito, 1, doubt, be in doubt; hesi- tate, waver. ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. duc5, ere, duxi, ductus, lead. Duilius, i (ii), m., Duilius, a man's name. dum, while ; as long as ; until. Dumnorix, rigis, m., Dunmorix, a chief of the Haedui. duo, duae, duo, two (§ 80, 1). duodecim, indecl., twelve. durus, a, um, hard, severe. dux, ducis, m., leader. e, ex, prep. V7. abl., from, out of, of; e is not used before vowels or h. educo, ere, diixi, ductus, lead forth. efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, ren- der ; do, bring about. effodio, ere, f5di, fossus, dig up. effundo, ere, fudi, fusus, pour out. Egeria, ae, f., Egeria, name of a nymph. ego, mei, I. egredior, gredi, gressus sum, march out. egregius, a, um, excellent, especial. eicid, ere, jeci, jectus, thrust out; se eicere, rush forth. ejus modi, of that kind (§ 237, 1). elabor, labi, lapsus sum, glide away., escape, elapse. elatus, perf. pass, participle of effero. elephantus, i, m., elephant. emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy. enim, for ; cannot begin a sentence. eo, adv., thither, to that place. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, go (§ 197). eodem, to the same place. Epaminondas, ae, m., Epaminondas, __ a Greek hero. Epirus, i, f., Epirus. epulae, arum, f . pi. , feast. eques, itis, m., horseman; in pi., cavalry, horsemen. equester 211 feliciter equester, tris, tre, equestrian. equinus, a, um, of horses; seta equina, a horse-hair. equitatus, us, m., cavalry. equus, i, m., horse. erga, prep. w. ace, toward. ergo, therefore. eripio, ere, ui, eptus, snatch aimy, take away. err5, 1, err, be mistaken. erupti5, onis, f., sally. et, and ; et . . . et, both . . . and ; as adv., also, even, etiam, also; even. Etruria, ae, f., Etruna. Etruscus, a, um, Etruscan. etsi, although. evertd, ere, ti, sus, overturn, destroy. ex, prep. w. abl. , out of; see e. excedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, leave, depart from. excitd, 1, stir up, rouse. exe5, ire, ii, itum, go forth, go out (§ 197). exerceo, ere, ui, itus, exercise; practise. exercitus, us, m., army. exhauri5, ire, hausi, haustus, drain ; impoverish. exigo, ere, egi, actus, drive out, banish. exiguus, a, um, scant, small. eximius, a, um, extraordinary. existimo, 1, think, consider. exitium, i (ii), n., destruction. exitus, us, m., exit, passage. exorior, oriri, ortus sum, arise. expedio, ire, ivi, itus, extricate. expeditus, a, um, unencumbered, light-armed; easy. expello, ere, puli, pulsus, drive out, banish. experior, iri, pertus sum, try, test. explorator, oris, m., scout. expldrd, 1, examine. expugno, 1, take by storm. exquisitus, a, um, choice. exsilium, i (ii), n., exile. exsistd, ere, stiti, arise. exspecto, 1, expect, await. exstinguo, ere, stinxi, stinctus, de- stroy ; in pass., be put to death, die. extra, prep. w. ace, 02itside, beyond. extraho, ere, traxi, tractus, extract, draw forth. extremus, a, um, extreme, outer- most ; end of Fabius, i (ii), m., Fabius, a man's name ; Fabii, orum, m. pi., Fabii, a Roman gens. Fabricius, i (ii), m., Fabricius. fabula, ae, f., fable. facile, easily. facilis, e, easy. facinus, inoris, n., crime, deed. facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do, pass, irreg. (§ 193). factid, onis, f., faction. facultas, tatis, f., supply. Falerii, orum, m., Falerii, a city. Falisci, 5rum, m., Faliscans, inhabi- tants of Falerii. falx, falcis, 1, scythe, sickle. fama, ae, f., reputation, report. fames, is, 1, hunger; abl. sing, irreg. fame. familia, ae, f . , family. familiaritas, tatis, f., intimacy. famula, ae, f., servant; slave. fascis, is, m., bundle. fatum, i, n., fate. fauces, ium, f. pi., throat, jaws. Faustulus, i, m., Faustulus, a man's name. faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, favor. favor, oris, m., favor, good will. feles, is, f., cat. feliciter, successfully. felix 212 gradus felix, gen. felicis, fortunate^ happy. femina, ae, f., woman, fera, ae, f., wild beast. ferax, gen. feracis, fertile. fere, almost^ ahout^ practically. fer5, ferre, tuli, latus, hear., carry., bring ; lift., raise ; lend (of help); say. ferrum, i, n., iron; sword. ferveo, ere, bui, grow hot. festum, i, n.^ festival. fides, ei, f., fidelity, loyalty, protec- tion; confidence, allegiance. field, ere, fisus sum, semi-dep., trust (§ 220, II, a). fiducia, ae, f., confidence. filia, ae, f., daughter. filius, i (ii), m., son. finid, ire, ivi, itus, finish, terminate. finis, is, m., end, boundary ; in pL, territory. finitimus, a, um, neighboring. fid, fieri, factus sum, become, be made; occur, happen; pass, of facio (§ 193). firmiter (f irmius, firmissime) , firmly. firmus, a, um, firm, strong. flagito, 1, demand. flamma, ae, f . , fiame, fire. flecto, ere, xi, xus, bend, induce. fletus, us, m., weeping. flumen, inis, n., river. fluvius, i (ii), m., river. focus, i, m., hearth. foedus, eris, n., treaty. fore, fut. infin. of sum (§ 116, foot- note 2). forte, by chance. fortis, e, brave. fortiter, bravely. fortuna, ae, f., fortune; pi. for- tunae, arum, f., fortune (posses- sions). fortunatus, a, um, fortunate forum, i, n., forum; market-place. fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. frangd, ere, fregi, fractus, break. frater, tris, ni., brother. frumentum, i, n., grain. frustra, adv., in vain. fuga, ae, f., flight. fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee, escape from. fugo, 1, put to flight. fulmen, inis, n., thunderbolt. funditor, oris, m., sling er. fundo, ere, fiidi, fusus, poiir, pour out; of troops, to rout. furcula, ae, f., fo7'k; Furculae Caudinae, Caudine Forks. Furius, i (ii), m., Furius, a man's name. furtum, i., n., theft. futurus, a, um, future participle of sum. Gains, i, m., Gains, a man's name. (Abbreviated C.) Galba, ae, m., Galba, a man's name. Gallus, i, m., a Gaul. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. gallina, ae, f., heii. gemini, orum, m. pi., twins. gener, i, m., son-in-law. Geneva, ae, f., Geneva, a town of the Allobroges. gens, gentis, f., tribe; gens (division of the Roman people). genus, eris, n., stock, family. Germani, orum, m. pi., Germans. gero, ere, gessi, gestus, carry, wear, carry on, perform; with bellum, to wage ; of office, to hold. gigno, ere, genui, genitus, beget, bring forth; pass., be born. gladius, i (ii), m., sword. Gnaeus, i, m., Gnaeus, a man's name. (Abbreviated Cn.) gradus, us, m., step, gait. Graecia 213 in Graecia, ae, 1, Greece. Graecus, i, m., a Greek. gratia, ae, f., influence. gratus, a, um, pleasing, welcome; grateful. gravis, e, heavy, laden; difficult; severe, serious. grus, gruis, f., crane. habeo, ere, habui, habitus, have, possess, hold. habito, 1, dioell. Haedui, 5rum, m., Haedui, a Gallic tribe. haedus, i, m., kid. Hamilcar, caris, m., Hamilcar, a Carthaginian general. Hannibal, balis, m., Hannibal, the famous Carthaginian general, hasta, ae, f., spear. haud, not. Helvetii, orum, m., Helvetii, a Gallic tribe. Herennius, i (ii), m., Herennius, a man's name. hiberna, orum, n.pl., winter quarters. Hiberus, i, m., the Hiherus (modern Ehro), a river in Spain. 1. hie, haec, hoc, pron., this. 2. hie, adv., here, at this place. Memo, 1, pass the winter. hiems, is, f., winter. Hiero, onis, ni., Hiero, ruler of Syracuse. hinc, hence ; hinc . . . hinc, on this side . . . on that side. Hispania, ae, f., Spain. hom5, minis, c, man. honestas, tatis, f., integrity. honor, 5ris, m., honor. honorifice, honorably, with respect. hora, ae, f., hour. Horatius, i (ii), m., Horatius, a man's name ; Horatii, orum, Ho- ratii, a Roman family. hortor, ari, atus sum, exhort, urge, Hostilius, i (ii), m., Hostilius, a man's name, hostis, is, m., enemy; especially frequent in pi. , the enemy. hue, hither. humanus, a, um, human. ibi, there, in that place. (ico, ere), ici, ictus, strike. idcirco, adv., therefore. idem, eadem, idem, the same. iddlon, i, n., ghost, phantom, spectre. idoneus, a, um, suitable. igitur, therefore, accordingly ; now. (Stands usually after first word in clause). ignavus, a, um, cowardly. ignis, is, m. , fire. ignominia, ae, f., ignominy, diS" grace. ille, ilia, illud, that; that one; he. she, it. imagd, inis, f., image, spectre. imbecillis, e, weak, poor. imber, imbris, m., rain-storm. immortalis, e, immortal. impedimentum, i, n. , hindrance ; in pi., baggage. impedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, impede^ hinder. imperator, toris, m., commander. imperitus, a, um, inexperienced. imperium, i (ii), rule, sway. impero, 1, command; demand; order; reign; levy. impetus, us, m., onset, attack. imploro, 1, entreat. impono, ere, posui, positus, place upon. improbo, 1, disapprove, reject. imus, a, um, lowest (§ 74, 2). in, prep. w. abl., in, on, denoting rest in a place; w. ace, into, iw, to, against. inaeque 214 intua inaeque, unfairly, incendd, ere, cendi, census, set on fire. incertus, a, um, uncertain, incidd, ere, idi, fall upon ; fall in with. - incipid, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. incite, 1, urge on, encourage. includd, ere, clusi, clusus, shut up, confine. incognitus, a, um, unknown. incoho, 1, begin. incola, ae, m., inhabitant. incolo, ere, colui, cultus, inhabit. incolumis, e, unharmed, uninjured, incommodum, i, n., disaster. incursi5, 5nis, f., incursion, attack. indicd, ere, dixi, dictus, proclaim, appoint; with bellum, to declare war. indoles, is, f., nature; character. indued, ere, duxi, ductus, lead in; draw in ; draw. ineo, ire, ii, itus, enter upon; con- silium inire, form a plan (§ 197). inermis, e, unarmed, infero, ferre, tuli, illatus, bring upon, bring against; produce (§ 188). inferior, us, loioer, inferior (% 74, 2). infestus, a, um, hostile, infimus, a, um, superl. of inferior (§ 74, 2). infirmus, a, um, weak, inflo, 1, blow out, inflate, infrendo, ere, gnash. ingens, gen. ingentis, huge. ingenuus, a, um, free-born. inhaereo, ere, haesi, haesurus, stick fast. inhio, 1, be eager for (lit. gape for). inimicus, i, m., a {personal) enemy. initium, i (ii), n., beginning, injuria, ae, f., wrong, injustice, innecto, ere, nexui, nexus, bind. innu5, ere, ui, utus, nod, beckon, inopia, ae, f., lack, need. inquam; 3d sing, inquit; 3d pi. inquiunt, say (inserted between words of a direct quotation). insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush; plots; treachery. insignis, e, distinguished. insilio, ire, ui, jump upon (§ 220, II, a). insolens, gen. insolentis, insolent. instans, pres. participle of insto. instituo, ere, ui, utus, institute, appoint. institiitum, i, n., institution. instd, are, iti, press on, be eager. instrud, ere, struxi, structus, draw up, ai^ange ; fit out. insula, ae, f., island. intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, know, understand. intends, ere, endi, entus, stretch, bend. inter, prep. w. ace, among, between, in the midst of. intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take away, interdum, at times, sometimes. interea, in the meanwhile. intereo, ire, ii, iturus, perish. interest, it concerns, impers. from inter sum. interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill. intericio, ere, jeci, jectus, throw be- tween, interim, in the meanwhile. interims, ere, emi, emptus, kill, interior, ins, inner. interregnum, i, n., interregnum, interrogo, 1, ask. intersum, esse, fui, futurus, be present at. intra, prep. w. ace, within, intro, 1, enter. intus, adv., within. invado 215 ISz invado, ere, vasi, vasum, enter, invade. inveni5, ire, veni, ventus, Jind. invicem, in turn. invideo, ere, vidi, visum, envy. invidia, ae, f, envy. invisus, a, um, hated, hateful. invitd, 1, invite. invitus, a, um, unwilling. ipse, a, um, self. irrideo, ere, risi, risus, deride, ridi- cule. irritd, 1, urge on, tempt. is, ea, id, that ; he, she, it; pi., they. iste, a, ud, that; that of yours. ita, so (of manner). Italia, ae, f., Italy. Italus, a, um, Italian ; as noun, m., an Italian. itaque, accordingly, and so. iter, itineris, n., journey; march; way ; iter facere, march; travel. iterum, again. jaceo, ere, ui, iturus, lie, recline. jam, already. Janiculum, i, n., the hill Janiculum. jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus, order. judic5, I, judge, adjudge. jugum, i, n., yoke; ridge (of moun- tains) . jiimentum, i, n. , heast of burden. jungo, ere, junxi, junctus, join; societatem jungere, form a part- nership. Junius, i (ii), m., Junius, a man's name. Juppiter, Jovis, m,, Jupiter. Jura, ae, m., the Jura, chain of mts. on west of Switzerland. juro, 1, swear, take oath. jus, juris, n., right, power. jiis jurandum, juris jurandi, n., oath. jiistus, a. Mm., just. juvenca, ae, f., heifer. juvenis, is, m., a young man. Kalendae, arum, f. pi.. Kalends (first of the month) . L. , abbreviation of Lucius, Lucius^ a man's name. Labienus, i, m., Lahienus, a famous lieutenant of Caesar, labor, oris, m., labor, exertion. laboro, 1, toil; suffer; in battle, be hard pressed. Lacedaemonius, a, um. Spartan. lacerd, 1, tear in pieces. lacesso, ere, cessivi (ii), itus, harass, lacus, lis, m., lake. laetus, a, um, glad, joyful. Laevinus, i, m., Laevinus, a man's name. lanio, 1 , tear in pieces. lapis, idis, m., stone. Latinus, i, m., Latinus, a man's name ; also a Latin. Latium, i (ii) , n. , Latium, a part of Italy. latro, 1, bark. laudd, 1, praise. laus, laudis, i., praise. Lavinia, ae, f., Lavinia, wife of Aeneas. Lavinium, i (ii) , Lavinium, a town, laxo, 1, loosen. lectus, i, m., couch. legatio, onis, f., embassy. legatus, i, m., lieutenant; envoy. legio, 5nis, f., legion. Ieg5, ere, legi, lectus, choose, read* Lentulus, i, m., Lentulus, a man's name, lentus, a, um, slow. Ie5, 5nis, m., lion. letalis, e, fatal. levis, e, light. lex, legis, f., law. liber 216 matrimdnium liber, libri, m., hook. liber, libera, liberum, free. liberi, drum, in. pi., children (free born) . liberd, I, free; acquit. libertas, tatis, f., liberty. licet, impers., it is permitted (§ 202). ligneus, a, um, wooden. Lilybaeum, i, n., Lilyhaeum, a promontory of Sicily. litterae, arum, f. pi., a letter. litterarius, a, um, of or belonging to reading and writing, litus, oris, n., shoi'e. locus, i, m. ; pi., loca, orum, n., place ; family. longe, adv., far. longitiido, inis, f., length. longus, a, um, long. loquor, loqui, locutus sum, speak, Lucius, i (ii), m., Lucius^ a man's name. Lucretia, ae, f., Lucretia, a woman's name. Lucretius, i (ii), Lucretius , a man's name. ludus, i, m., game^ school ; pi. ludi, orum, m., (^public) games. lugeo, ere, liixi, luctus, mourn. lumen, minis, n., light. luna, ae, f., moon. lupa, ae, f., she-wolf lupus, i, m., wolf liistro, 1, review (an army). Lutatius, i (ii), Lutatius, a man's name. lux, lucis, f., light; prima luce, at daybreak. Lysander, dri, m., Lysander, a Spartan commander. M., abbreviation for Marcus, i, m., Marcus^ a man's name. magis, more J rather^ comp. of mag- nopere. magister, tri, m., master ; magistei equitum, master of the horse. magistratus, us, m., magistrate. magnificentia, ae, f., splendor. magnitudd, inis, f., size. TdSignoipeYe, greatly, earnestly (^Id^iy magnus, a, um, large, great. major, larger, greater, comp. of magnus ; major natu, elder (lit greater as to birth). majores, um, m. (sc. natii), ances- tors. male, adv., badly, ill (§ 79, 1) maledico, ere, dixi, dictus, rail at. maleficus, i, m., evil doer. malo, malle, malui, prefer (§ 192). malus, a, um, bad. mandatum, i, n., command, order. mandd, 1, assign. mane5, ere, mansi, mansiirus, re- main. Manlius, i (ii), Manlius, a man's name. Mantinea, ae, f., Mantinea, a city in Arcadia in Greece. manus, us, f., hand; in military sense, band, force. Marcellus, i, m., Marcellus, a man's name. Marcius, i (ii), m., Marcius, a man's name. mare, is, n., sea. maritimus, a, um, of the sea, mari- time. maritus, i, m., husband. Mars, Martis, m., the god Mars. massa, ae., f., mass. Massilia, ae, f., Marseilles. mater, tris, f., mother. matrona, ae, f., matron. matrimonium, i (ii), n., marriage; in matrim5nium dare, to give in marriage (of the father) ; in ma- trimonium ducere, to take in mar- riage (of the husband). maturus 217 natio maturus, a, um, ripe. maxime, especially^ sup. of magno- pere. maximus, a, um, greatest^ superl. of magnus. medicus, i, m. , physician. medius, a, um, middle^ the middle of. mehercule, gracious I I tell you ! lit. {so help) me Hercules I melior, ius, better^ comp. of bonus, membrum, i, n., member (of the body). memini, isse, remember (§ 198). memoria, ae, f., memory^ recollec- tion. Menenius, i (ii), m., Menenius, a man's name, mens, mentis, f., mind, mensa, ae, f., table. mensis, is, m., month. merces, edis, f., price, reward. mercor, 1, dep., purchase. mered, ere, merui, meritus, deserve. mereor, eri, itus sum, deserve. mergd, ere, mersi, mersus, sink. Messalla, ae, m., Messalla, a man's name. metd, ere, messui, messus, reap. Mettius Fufetius, Metti (ii) Fufeti (ii), m., Mettius Fufetius, a man's name. mens, a, um, my. migro, 1, move, move away. miles, itis, m., soldier. militaris, e, military. militia, ae, f., military service. mille, indecl., thousand (§ 80, 4) ; pi., milia, ium. milliarium, i (ii), n., milestone. minime, least (§ 79, 1). minimus, a, um, superl. of parvus, minor, less, comp. of parvus ; minor natu, younger. minus, adv., less. miror, ari, atus sum, wonder, ad- mire. misericordia, ae, f., pity. mittd, ere, misi, missus, send, hurl. modo, only; just, just now; as conj., provided that. modus, i, m., manner, kind, moenia, ium, n. pi., walls (of a city). moUid, ire, ivi, itus, soften. mone5, ere, monui, monitus, advise, warn. monitus, us, m., advice. mons, montis, m., mountain, hill, monstro, 1, show. mora, ae, f., delay. morbus, i, m., disease. moror, ari, moratus sum, tarry, delay. mors, mortis, f., death. morsus, us, m., bite. mortuus, a, um, dead. m5s, moris, m., custom; pi., mores, character. Mosa, ae, m., the river Meuse, motus, us, m., revolt. moved, ere, movi, motus, move; touch. mox, presently ; soon ; afterwards. Mucins, 1 (ii), m., Mucins, a man's name. mulier, mulieris, f., woman. multitudd, inis, f., multitude. multo, by much, abl. of multum. multus, a, um, much; pi., many, muni5, ire, ivi (ii), Hms, fortify, miinitio, onis, f., fortification, munus, eris, n., reward. miirus, i, m., wall. mus, muris, c, mouse. nam, for. nanciscor, i, nactus sum, procure, narrd, 1, tell. nascor, i, natus sum, be born, natid, onis, f., nation, tribe. nata 218 obtestor nato, 1, swim, natiira, ae, f.. nature. (natus, us), m., only in the Abl. sing. , natu, as to birth (in phrases expressing age). navalis, e, naval, navis, is, f., ship, boat, ne, not; lest; that . . . not; from (after verbs of hindering)-, ne . . . quidem, not even, emphatic negative, emphasizing the expres- sion placed between ne and qui- dem. -ne, enclitic interrog. particle, ask- ing for information. nee (neque), nor. necesse est, impers., it is necessary, neglego, ere, lexi, lectus, neglect. nego, 1, deny, say '■'•no.'''' negdtium, i (ii), n., business; trouble. nemo, c, defective noun, no one; ace. neminem, dat. nemini ; other cases lacking. nepos, otis, m., grandson. Neptunus, i, m., the god Neptune. neque (nee), nor, and not. neuter, tra, trum, neither (§ 61). nihil, indecl., nothing. nihild, abl., by nothing ; nlMlo mi- nus, none the less. nisi, unless, except. • • nobilis, e, noble. nobilitas, tatis, f., nobility. noced, ere, nocui, nociturus, injure, harm. nocturnus, a, um, at night. nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling (§ 192). nomen, inis, n., 7iame. nominatim, adv., by name. non, not; n5n solum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also. n5nagesimus, a, um, ninetieth. nondum, not yet. nonne, interrog. particle expecting ansv\rer "yes." nonniillus, a, um, some. nosco, ere, novi, become acquainted with; the perfect has present meaning ; / know. noster, tra, trum, our. notabilis, e, memorable, notable. novem, indecl. adj., nine. novus, a, um, new. nox, noctis, f., night. niibo, ere, nupsi, nupta, veil one''s self (for the bridegroom) ; marry, used only of the woman. nuUus, a, um, wo (§ 61). num, interrog. particle expecting answer "no" ; in indirect ques- tions, whether. Numa Pompilius, Numae Pompili (ii), Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. numerus, i, m., number. Numitor, oris, m., Numitor. numquam, never. nunc, now. nuncupo, 1, name, call. nuntio, 1, announce, report. niintius, i (ii), m., messenger. niitrio, ire, ivi, itus, nurse, take care of. nympha, ae, f., nymph. ob, prep. w. ace, on account of. obeo, ire, ii, itus, meet ; also used for mortem obire (lit., meet death) , die. oberro, 1, wander about. obligo, 1, lay under obligation. obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, forget. oboedio, ire, ivi, itum, obey. obruo, ere, rui, rutus, overwhelm. obsecro, 1, entreat. obses, idis, c, hostage. obsideo, ere seii, sessus, blockade, obsidid, onis, f., siege. obtestor, ari, atus sum, adjure. obtineo 219 paaco obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, occupy^ hold, obtain, secure; prevail. occaeco, 1, blind. occasi5, onis, f., occasion, oppor- tunity. occido, ere, occidi, occisus, kill. occupo, 1, take possession of, seize ; occupy. occurrd, ere, curri, cursum, run to meet. octavus, a, um, eighth; octavus decimus, eighteenth. octingenti, ae, a, eight hundred. Octodurus, i, m., Octodurus, a city of the Veragri. octdginta, indecl., eighty. oculus, i, m., eye. odi, odisse, hate (§ 198). offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, offer ; se offerre, volunteer, officium, i (ii), n., duty. olim, SidY., formerly, once upon a time. omnino, adv., altogether; with nega- tives, at all. omnis, e, all, every. onerarius, a, um, burden-bearing; naves onerariae, transports. opera, ae, f., assistance. opinid, onis, f., opinion, expectation. oportet, ere, oportuit, it behooves (§ 202). oppidum, i, n., town, walled town. opportunus, a, um, Jit, opportune. opprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, over- whelm. oppugnd, 1, attack, assault. ops, opis, f. (nom. sing, is not used), power, help ; in pi. , resources. optime, sup. of bene (§ 79, 1). optimus, a, um, sup. of bonus (§ 73). optid, onis, f., choice. opt5, 1, desire. opus, indecl. , n. , need ; opus est, it is necessary ; there is need. opus, eris, n., work, fortification. ora, ae, f., coast. 5raculum, i, n., oracle. oratio, onis, f., speech. 5rator, 5ris, m., orator; envoy. orbis, or bis, m., circle ; orbis terra- rum, the world. 6rdin5, 1, institute. 5rd6, inis, m., rank. orior, oriri, ortus sum, arise. orn5, 1, adorn. 5r5, 1, beseech. ortus, perf. participle of orior. OS, ossis, n., bone. ostendo, ere, tendi, tentus, show, explain. ostentum, i, n., portent. Ostia, ae, f . , Ostia, a Latin town at mouth of the Tiber. dstium, i (ii), n., mouth. otidsus, a, um, free from. ovis, ovis, f., sheep. 5vum, i, n., egg. P., abbreviation of Publius. pabulum, i, n., forage, food (pi animals). paene, almost, nearly. paenitet, ere, paenituit, impers., it causes regret (§ 202). paliis, liidis, f., marsh. pando, ere, pandi, passus, unfold, open. Papirius, i (ii), m., Papirius, a man's name, par, gen. paris, equal. pared, ere, peperci, parsurus, spare (§ 220, II, a). pario, ere, peperi, partus, bring forth; lay (an egg). paro, 1, prepare, get ready. pars, partis, f . , part ; side. parvus, a, um, small. pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, feed; de- ponent, pascor, pasci, pastus sum, graze. passus 220 Porsena passus, us, m., pace (five feet), pastor, 5ris, m., herdsman^ shepherd. patefacid, ere, feci, factus, open. pated, ere, ui, lie open. pater, patris, m., father. paternus, a, um, paternal ; of one'' s father. patior, i, passus sum, suffer ; allow. patria, ae, f., country, fatherland. patrimonium, i (ii), n., inheritance, property. pauci, ae, a, feio, used only in pi. paucitas,. atis, f., fewness, small number. paulo, abl., by a little. paulum, a little. pax, acis, f., peace. pecunia, ae, f., money. pedes, itis, m., foot-soldier; in pi., infantry. peditatus, us, m., infantry. pellici5, ere, lexi, lectus, allure, entice. pellis, is, f., skin, hide. pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive; drive out, banish ; rout, defeat. Peloponnesus, i, f., Peloponnesus, the southern part of Greece. pendeo, ere, pependi, to hang. per, prep. w. ace, through, by means of through the instrumentality of; on account of; during. percontor, 1, dep., ask. percutio, ere, cussi, cussus, strike. perdo, ere, didi, ditus, lose. perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, conduct. pereo, ire, ii, iturus, perish (§ 197). perferd, ferre, tuli, latus, carry through, convey, endure (§ 188). perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accomplish. perfidia, ae, f., treachery. perfuga, ae, m., deserter. perfugio, ere, fugi, fugitiirus, flee. pergo, ere, rexi, rectus, proceed. periculum, i, n., danger. permitto, ere, misi, missus, permit., grant, cede (§ 220, II, a). permutatio, 5nis, f., exchange. perpetuus, a, um, perpetual. Persa, ae, m., a Persian. persequor, i, seciitus sum, follow up. persuaded, ere, suasi, suasum, per- suade. perterreo, ere, ui, itus, terrify. perturbd, 1, agitate. pervenid, ire, veni, ventum, come., arrive. pes, pedis, va..,foot. peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, seek, re- quest ; attack. philosophus, i, m., philosopher. Piso, 5nis, m., Piso, a man's name. placed, ere, ui, iturus, please. placidus, a, um, tranquil. planities, ei, i., plain. plebs, plebis, f., common people. plenus, a, um, full. plerique, aeque, aque, most. plures, a, more; several; plural of plus (§ 68). pliirimus, a, um, sup. of multus(§ 73). plus, comp. of multus (§§ 68, 73). poena, ae, 1, penalty, punishment. Poenus, a, um, Carthaginian. polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. Pompejus, Pompei, m., Pompey, a man's name. Pompilius, i (ii), m., Pompilius, a man's name. pondus, eris, n., weight. pono, ere, posui, positus, put, place, set up, establish; castra ponere, pitch a camp. pons, pontis, m., bridge. Pontius, i (ii), m., Pontius, a man's name. populus, i, m., people. porrigd, ere, exi, ectus, stretch out. Porsena, ae, m., Porsena, a king of Etruria. porta 221 profugio porta, ae, f., gate, ports, 1, carry. portus, us, m., harbor. posco, ere, poposci, demand, possessid, onis, f., possession. possideo, ere, sedi, sessus, possess. possum, posse, potui, be able^ can (§ 183). post, adv., afterwards. post, prep, with ace, after. postea, afterguards. posterus, a, um, following (§ 74, 2); poster!, orum, m., descendants. postquam, conj., after. postremd, adv. , finally. postridie, adv. , 07i the next day. postul5, 1, demand. Postumius, i (ii) , m. , Postumius, a man's name. potens, entis, pres. participle of possum, used as adj., powerful. potestas, atis, f . , power. potior, iri, itus sum, gain posses- sion of. praecedo, ere, cessi, cessiirus, pre- cede. praecipid, ere, cepi, ceptus, enjoin. praecipitd, 1, hurl down headlong. praeda, ae, f., booty. praedo, 5nis, m., robber. praefero, ferre, tuli, latus, choose, prefer (§ 188). praeficid, ere, feci, fectus, put in charge, place in command (§ 220, ni). praemium, i (ii), n., reward. Praeneste, is, n., Praeneste, a Latin tov^n. praesens, praesentis, present, pres. participle of praesum, used as adj. praesaepe, is, n., manger. praesidium, i (ii), garrison. praestantia, ae, f . , preeminence. praestans, gen. stantis, eminent, excellent. praesto, are, iti, itus, perform, show, praesum, esse, fui, be in charge of (§ 182). praeter, prep. w. ace, except, be- praeterea, besides. praetereo, ire, ii, itiirus, pass by (§ 197). praetor, 5ris, m., praetor. pratum, i, n., meadow. premo, ere, pressi, pressus, press, crowd. pretium, i (ii), n., price. (prex, precis), f., prayer (nom. and gen. sing, not used). primo, Jirst, firstly. primum, Jii'st, for the first time. primus, a, um, Jirst; superl. of comp. prior (§ 74). princeps, ipis, m., chief prior, us, former, before (another), Priscus, i, m., Priscus, a man's name. pristinus, a, um, pristine, former, priusquam, before. privatus, a, um, private ; as noun, privatus, i, m., a private citizen. pro, prep. v^. abl., before, in front of; for, instead of. probo, 1, approve. Procas, ae, m., Procas, a king of Alba. procedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, ad- vance. procul, far, far off. procure, 1, care for, have charge of, prdcurro, ere, cucurri, cursum, run forward. proditor, oris, m., traitor. proelium, i (ii), n., battle. profero, ferre, tuli, latus, carry be- fore one. proficiscor, i, profectus sum, set out, profugio, ere, fiigi, fugitiirus, /ee, escape ; flee for refuge. progredior 222 QmnctiuB progredior, i, gressus sum, advance, go forward. prohibed, ere, ui, itus, keep away^ keep off. proicio, ere, jeci, jectus, throw for- ward; cast. prdmissus, a, um, long., flowing. prdmitto, ere, misi, missus, j?romise. promunturium, i (ii), n., promon- tory. propagd, 1, propagate., continue. properd, 1, hasten. propono, ere, posui, positus, pro- pose. propter, prep. w. ace, on account of prospecto, 1, look out upon. prdsum, prodesse, prdfui, prdfu- turus, benefit (§ 182). protinus, forthwith., straightway. prdvided, ere, vidi, visus, provide., take care. provincia, ae, f., province. provocatio, onis, f., challenge. provoco, 1, challenge. proximus, a, um, nearest^ next (§ 74, 1). prudens, wise., sensible. Publicola, ae, m., Pi^&ZicoZa, a man's name. publicus, a, um, public. Publius, i(ii), m., Fublius, a man's name. puer, i, m., boy. puerilis, e, youthful. pueritia, ae, f., boyhood. pugna, ae, f., battle. pugno, \^ fight. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. pullus, i, m., nestling. pulsus, perf. pass, participle of pello. Pulvillus, 1, m., Pulvillus, a man's name. Punicus, a, um, Punic. punio, ire, ivi, itus, punish. pupillus, i, m., ward. pusillus, a, um, weak. put5, 1, think. Pyrrhus, i, m., Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. qua, adv., where. quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth, quadraginta, indecl., forty. quadringentesimus, a, um, four hundredth. quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, inquire. qualis, e, rel., as; such as; interrog., of what sort f 1. quam, how ? 2. quam, than. quamquam, although. quamvis, though^ although. quando, interrog., \tjhen. quantum, how much ; as much as. quantus, a, um, how great; as great as. quare, rel. and interrog., wherefore. quartus, a, um, fourth. quasi, as if quatio, ere, quassi, quassus, shake. quattuor, indecl. , four. quattuordecim, indecl., fourteen. -que, enclitic conj., and. querela, ae, f., complaint. queror, i, questus sum, complain, qui, quae, quod, who^ which. quia, conj., because. quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, whoever., whatever (§ 102, 4)- quidam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, a certain (§ 102). quidem, indeed^ even; of course; ne . . . quidem, not even. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet or quodlibet, any you please (§ 102, Quinctius, i (ii), m., Quinctius, a man's name. quingenti 223 res publica quingenti, ae, a, Jive hundred. quinquaginta, indecl., Jifty. quinque, indecl., Jive. quintus, a, um, Jifth. Quintus, i, m., Quintus^ a man's name. quis, quid, interr. pron. , whOf what f quis, qua (quae) , quid, indef . pron. , any (§ 102). quisquam, quaequam, quidquam (quicquam), any^ any one (§ 102). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quic- que), each (§ 102). 1. qu5, rel. and interr. d^^^., whither. 2. quo, conj., in order that. quod, because^ on the ground that. qudminus, from (after verbs of hin- dering). quondam, formerly^ once upon a time. quoniam, conj., inasmuch as. quoque, also^ always placed after the word it modifies. rana, ae, f., frog. rapid, ere, ui, tus, seize. raptor, 5ris, m., one who seizes. ratid, 5nis, f., reason. recedd, ere, cessi, cessurus, retire. recens, gen. recentis, recent. recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take hack., receive; with reflexive se, to re- treat. reciisd, 1, refuse. reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus, return^ give hack; render^ make. reded, ire, ii, iturus, return., go hack (§ 197). redigo, ere, egi, actus, reduce. redimo, ere, emi, emptus, ransom. redintegro, 1, renew. reducd, ere, duxi, ductus, lead hack. refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, hring hack, return (§ 188). reficio, ere, feci, fectus, rebuild. refluo, ere, flow back. regid, 5nis, f., region. regius, a, um, of the king ; regal. regno, 1, reign. regnum, i, n., regal power, kingdom, regredior, i, gressus sum, march hack, return. Regulus, i, m., Begulus, a man's name, reicid, ere, rejeci, jectus, hurl hack. relatus, perf. pass, participle of refero. relictus, perf. pass, participle of re- linqu5. religid, onis, f ., religion. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, leave behind. reliquus, qua, quum, remaining. remaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, remain. remex, igis, m., rower. removeo, ere, movi, motus, remove, Remus, i, m., Bemus, brother of Romulus, renovo, 1, renew. renuntid, 1, bring hack word. repelld, ere, reppuli, repulsus, drive back, repel, repulse. repente, suddenly. repentinus, a, um, sudden. reperia, ire, repperi, repertus, dis- cover, find. repudio, 1, reject. res, rei, f., thing, affair, circum- stance. rescinds, ere, rescidi, rescissus, tear down. resists, ere, restiti, resist (§ 220, II, a). respicio, ere, exi, ectus, look hack. respondeo, ere, respond!, respon- • sus, answer, reply. res publica, gen. rei publicae, f., state, republic. respuo 224 serpd respuo, ere, ui, reject. restituo, ere, ui, utus, restore. retineo, ere, ui, tentus, retain, reverentia, ae, f., reverence. reverter, i, return. re voce, 1, recall. rex, regis, m., king. Rhea Silvia, gen. Rheae Silviae, f., Bhea Silvia^ mother of Romulus and Remus. Rhenus, i, m., Bhine. Rhodanus, i, m., Bhone. rideo, ere, risi, risurus, laugh. ripa, ae, f., hank. rivus, i, m., stream. rixor, ari, atus sum, quarrel^ wrangle. robur, oris, n., strength. rogo, 1, ask. R5ma, ae, f.. Borne. Rdmanus, a, um, Boman ; as noun, a Boman. Romulus, i, m., Bomulus. Rullianus, i, m., Bullianus. rump5, ere, rupi, ruptus, break, break down. ruo, ere, rui, ruiturus, rush. rursus, again. rusticus, i, m., farmer. Sabinus, a, um, Sabine. Sabinus, i, m., Sabinus, a lieutenant of Caesar, sacer, era, crum, sacred; in pi., sacra, orum, n., sacred rites. sacerdos, otis, c. , priest, priestess. saepe, often. salio, ire, salui, leap^ jump, spring. salus, lutis, f., safety. saluto, 1, salute, hail. salvus, a, um, safe. • Samnis, itis, m., a Samnite. Sardinia, ae, f., Sardinia. satelles, itis, m., a body-guard. satis, adv. and noun, enough. Satumia, ae, f., Saturnia, name of a citadel. Saturnus, i, m., the god Saturn. saxum, i, n., rock. Scaevola, ae, m., Scaevola, a man's name. scelestus, a, um, wicked. scelus, eris, n. , crime. scio, ire, scivi, scitus, know. scriba, ae, m., secretary. scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, write; of laws, draw up. scutum, i, n., shield. se, reflexive, he'; himself herself (§86). secedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, secede, withdraw. secundus, a, um, second. sed, but. seded, ere, sedi, sessurus, sit, perch. sedes, is, f., seat. seditio, onis, f., uprising, mutiny. seges, itis, 1, corn-field. semper, always. senator, toris, m., senator. senatus, us, m., senate. senex, senis, m., old man; as adj., old. Senones, um, m., the Senones, a Gallic tribe. sententia, ae, f., opinion, senti- ment. sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, feel, per- ceive. sepelio, ere, ivi, sepultus, bury. septem, indecl., seven. Septimus, a, um, seventh. septingenti, ae, a, seven hundred. septuaginta, indecl., seventy. Sequani, orum, m. pi., Sequani, a Gallic tribe. sequor, i, secutus sum, follow; seek. sermo, onis, m., conversation. serpo, ere, serpsi, creep. Servius Tullius 225 Servius Tullius, Servi (ii) Tulli (ii), Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, servo, 1, save; preserve. servus, i, m., slave. sescenti, ae, a, six hundred, seta, ae, 1, hair. sex, indecl., six. sexaginta, indecl., sixty. sextus, a, um, sixth; sextus deci- mus, sixteenth. si, if. sic, .so (of manner), siccus, a, um, dry. Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily. sidus, eris, n., constellation; pi., the stars. signified, 1, show ; mean. signum, i, n., standard. silentium, i (ii), n., silence. silva, ae, f ., forest. Silvius, i (ii), m., Silvius, a man's name, similis, e, like. simul, together, at the same time. simul ac (atque), as soon as. sin, conj., but if. sine, prep. w. abl., without. singularis, e, single, singular, spe- cial. singuli, ae, Sb,'one at a time, each. sinister, tra, trum, left, left hand. socer, eri, m., father-in-law. societas, tatis, f., partnership. * socius, i (ii), m., ally, comrade, ^51, is, m., sun. soleo, ere, solitus sum, semi-dep., he accustomed. Bolitudo, dinis, f., solitude. s51um, only; non solum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . hut also. s5lus, a, um, alone, only (§ 61). solvo, ere, solvi, solutus, loose; of ships, unmoor ; naves solvere, set sail. somnus, i, m., sleep. sonitus, us, m., sound. sonus, i, m., sound. spatium, i (ii), n. , space; time. spatidsus, a, um, spacious, roomy, specto, 1, look on. spero, 1, hope, hope for ; governs the ace. spes, spei, f., hope. spolid, 1, despoil. Spurius, i (ii), m., Spurius, a man's name, stagnum, i, n., lake, lagoon. statim, at once, immediately, statua, ae, f., statue. statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide. statura, ae, f., stature. stilus, i, m., stylus, instrument used for writing. st5, are, steti, staturus, stand. strenuus, a, um, energetic. stultitia, ae, i., folly. suade5, ere, suasi, suasurus, urge, advise. sub, prep. w. ace. and abl., under. subdued, ere, duxi, ductus, with- draw, lead away ; snatch away. subeo, ire, ii, iturus, approach (§ 197). subigo, ere, egi, actus, subdue. subitd, suddenly. sublevo, 1, relieve. sublimis, e, high, lofty ; in sublime, on high. submitto, ere, misi, missus, send, despatch. subrideo, ere, risi, risum, smile. subsidium, i (ii), n., assistance. succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, follow, succeed. sui, self, oneself (§ 86, 1). sum, esse, fui, futurus, he. summus, highest, greatest, top of (§ 283); sup. of superus (§ 74, 2). sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take. super 226 tracts super, prep. w. ace, above. superbia, ae, f., pride^ haughtiness. superbus, a, um, proud, haughty. superior, us, higher, upper, above; comp. of superus (§ 74, 2). supero, 1, overcome, defeat, surpass ; be superior. supersum, esse, fui, remain, be over, survive. supervenio, ire, veni, ventum, come up, arrive. supplicium, i (ii), n., torture, pun- ishment. supra, prep. w. ace, above. supremus, a, um, superl. of superus (§ 74, 2). suscipid, ere, cepi, ceptus, under- take, receive. suspicid, onis, f . , suspicion. suspicor, ari, atus sum, suspect. sustined, ere, ui, withstand. sustuli, perf. ind. act. of toUo. suus, a, um, his; her; its; their. Syracusae, arum, f., Syracuse, a city of Sicily. Syracusanus, a, um, Syracusan. T. , abbreviation of Titus, talentum, i, n., a talent (about .<^1200). talis, e, such. tarn, so (of degree). tamen, nevertheless, yet. Tanaquil, ilis, f., Tanaquil, wife of Tarquinius Priscus. tandem, at length. tango, ere, tetigi, tactus, touch. tantum (n. of tantus), so much. tantus, a, um, so great. tardo, 1, retard, check. Tarentinus, a, um, Tarentine. Tarentum, i, n. , Tarentum, a city. Tarpeia, ae, f ., Tarpeia, a woman's name. Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian, Tarquinii, orum, m. pi., Tarquinii^ a city. Tarquinius, i (ii), m., Tarquin, a Roman king, tectum, i, n., roof. Telesinus, i, m., Telesinus, a man's name. telum, i, n. , javelin. temere, rashly. tempestas, tatis, f., tempest. ' templum, i, n., temple. temptd, 1, attempt, make trial of. tempus, oris, n., time. tend5, ere, tetendi, tentus, stretch; stretch one^s course ; go. teneo, ere, ui, hold. tergum, i, n., back; a tergo, from behind. terra, ae, f., land, a land. terred, ere, ui, itus, frighten. territ5rium, i (ii), n., territory. terror, 5ris, m., terror, fear. tertius, a, um, third. testudo, inis, f., tortoise. Thebae, arum, f., Thebes, a city of Boeotia in Greece. Themistocles, is, m., ThemistocleSy an Athenian statesman. Tiberis, is, m., Tiber. timeo, ere, ui, fear. timidus, a, um, timid. timer, 5ris, m..,fear. tintinnabulum, i, n., bell. titulus, i, m., placard. Titus, i, m., Titus, a man's name. toll5, ere, sustuli, sublatus, raise* pick up ; take, take away. tonitrus, us, m., thunder. tono, are, tonui, thunder. Torquatus, i, m., Torquatus, a man's name, torques, is, m., necklace. tot, indecl., so many. totus, a, um,^ whole, entire (§ 61). tracto, 1, treat. trado 227 ut trad5, ere, tradidi, traditus, hand over. traduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead across. traicio, ere, jeci, jectus (orig. tran- sitive, throw across, send across), cross over. trans, prep, with ace. , across. transed, ire, ii, itus, cross; cross over. transfero, ferre, tuli, latus, transfer. transigd, ere, egi, actus, transilio, ire, ui, leap over. transmarinus, a, um, across the sea, from across the sea. transnd, 1, swim across. transport 5, 1, transport. trecentesimus, a, um, three hun- dredth. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. tredecim, indecl., thirteen. tres, tria, three (§ 80, 2). Treveri, drum, m. pi., Treveri, a tribe of Belgians. tribunus, i, m., tribune, officer in a Koman legion ; also a tribune of the plebs. tribud, ere, ui, utus, assign, award ; grant. tribdtum, i, n., tax. tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth. triduum, i, n., three days. trigemini, drum, m. pL, triplets. triginta, indecl. , thirty. triumphd, 1, celebrate a triumph, Troja, ae, 1, Troy. Trojanus, a, um, Trojan. trux, gen. trucis, savage. tu, tui, thou, you (§ 85). tuba, ae, f., trumpet. tubicen, inis, m., trumpeter. tueor, eri, guard, watch. TuUia, ae, f., Tullia, a woman's name. Tullus Hostilius, Tulli Hostili (ii), m., Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome. tum, then, at that time. tumultus, us, m., uprising. tunc, then. turbd, 1, disturb. turbulentus, a, um, muddy. turpis, e, base. turris, is, f., tower. Tusculum, i, n., Tusculum, a town. tiitor, oris, m., guardian, tutus, a, um, safe. tuus, a, um, thy, your (§ 87). tyrannus, i, m., a tyrant. uber, eris, n., udder. ubi, rel. and interr. adv., where; when. Ubii, orum, m., Ubii, a German tribe. ubique, everywhere. ulciscor, i, ultus sum, avenge. uUus, a, um, any (§ 61). ulterior, us, farther^ more distant (§ 74, 1). ultra, prep. w. ace, beyotid. lina, together. unde, whence. undequinquaginta, indecl., forty- nine. undique, from all parts or sides. unguentum, i, n., perfume. unguis, is, m., talon. ungula, ae, f., talon. unus, a, um, one, alone (§ 61). urbanitas, tatis, f., wit. urbs, urbis, f., city. Usipetes, um, m., Usipetes, a Ger- man tribe. usque, even. usus, us, m., use, service. ut, that, in order that ; with verbs of fearing, that not. uter 228 uter, utra, utrum, int. adj., which (of two)? uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. utriusque (cf. § 61), each (of two); in pi., both (of two parties). utilis, e, useful. utinam, affirmative particle (§ 305). utor, i, usus sum, use (§ 258, 1). utrum, whether. uva, ae, f., grapes., a huyich of grapes. uxor, 5ris, f., wife. vadum, i, n.,ford, shallow water. vagitus, us, m., crying. valeo, ere, ui, valiturus, avail, pre- vail. Valerius, i (ii), m., Valerius, a man's name. validius, adv. (comp. of valde), more vigorously. vallis, vallis, f., valley. vallum, i, n., intrenvchment. vastd, 1, lay waste. Vatinius, i (ii), m., Vatinius, a man's name. Vejentanus, a, um, Veientine. Vejentes, ium, m., Veientines (in- habitants of Veii). vendo, ere, didi, ditus, sell. venenum, i, n., poison. Veneti, drum, m. pi. , Veneti, a Gal- lic tribe. venio, ire, veni, ventum, come. venter, tris, m., stomach. ventus, i, m., wind. ver, veris, n., spring. verber, eris, n., blow, verberd, 1, heat, strike. verbum, i, n., word. vereor, eri, itus sum, fear. vero, indeed, hut. versor, ari, atus sum, he engaged in. verto, ere, verti, versus, turn; terga vertere, flee. vescor, i, feed upon. Vesta, ae, f ., the goddess Vesta. Vestalis, is, adj., Vestal. vester, vestra, vestrum, your. Veturia, ae, f., Veturia, a woman's name. Veturius, i (ii), m., Veturius, a man's name, vetus, gen. veteris, old, long-stand- ing. vexo, 1, harass, annoy ; ravage. via, ae, f., way, road. vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. victor, oris, m., victor. victoria, ae, f., victory. vicus, i, m., village. video, ere, vidi, visus, see; in pass., be seen ; seem, appear. vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the night), viginti, indecl., twenty. vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind, tie. vinc5, ere, vici, victus, conquer. vinculum, i, n., chain. vindex, icis, m., champion. vindico, 1, claim, defend, protect. vinea, ae, f., vineyard, trellis. vir, i, m., man. vires, pi.' of vis. virga, ae, f., rod, switch. Virginia, ae, f., Virginia, a woman's name. Virginius, i (ii), m., Virginius, a man's name. virgo, inis, f., virgin, maiden. virgula, ae, f., rod. virtus, tiitis, f., valor, virtue. vis, vis, f. (ace. vim), violence; number ; vim facere, do violence, violate ; pi. vires, ium, strength. visus, perf. pass, participle of video, vita, ae, f., life. vito, 1, avoid. vix, scarcely, with difficulty. voco, 1, call, summon; name. volo 229 Xanthippus 1. volo, l.Jly. 2. vol5, velle, volui, wish, be will- ing (§ 192). Volsci, orum, m. pi., Volsci, a Latin tribe. volucer, cris, ere, flying, capable of flight. Volumnia, ae, f., Volumnia, a woman's name. vox, vocis, f., voice, word, exclama- tion. vulnero, 1, wound. vulnus, eris, n., wound. vulpes, is, f . , fox. vultus, us, m., countenance; look, Xanthippus, i, m., Xanthippus, a man's name. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. abandon, desero, ere, serui, sertus. (able), be able, possum, posse, potul. absent, be absent, absum, esse, aful, afuturus. (account), on account of, propter, prep. w. ace. accuse, accuso, 1. across, trans, prep. w. ace. adjudge, judico, 1. advance, progredior, i, gressus sum. advice, consilium, i (ii), n. after (adv.)^ post. after (conj.)., postquam. after, post, prep. w. ace. afterwards, postea. against, contra, prep. w. ace. all, omnis, e. almost, paene. already, jam. although, though, quamquam ; quamvis ; cum. always, semper, ancestors, majores, um, m. and, et ; -que {enclitic) ; atque. announce, ntintio, 1. another, alius, a, ud. answer, respondeo, ere, spondl, sponsum. any, uUus, a, um (§ 61). anybody, anyone, anything, quis- quam, quaequam, quidquam ; quis, quid. any you please, quilibet, quaelibet, qliidlibet or quodlibet (§ 102). appoint, dico, ere, dixl, dictus ; lit., say. approach, aditus, us, m. approach, v., appropinquo, 1 ; adeo, Ire, il, itus. approve, probo, 1. Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i, m. arm, armo, 1. army, exercitus, us, m. army on the march, agmen, minis, n, as long as, dum. as soon as, simul atque (ac). ask, rogo, 1. assemble (intrans.), convenio, ire, venl, ventum. assistance, subsidium, i (ii), n., auxilium, i (il), n. (at hand), be at hand, adsum, esse^ adful, adfuturus. at once, statim. Athens, Athenae, arum, /. attack, adorior, Iri, ortus sum. attack, assault (a town), oppugnoy 1. avoid, vito, 1. bad, malus, a, um. barbarian {adj.), barbarus, a, um ; {noun), barbarus, i, m. battle, proelium, i (ii), n. be, sum, esse, fui, futtirus. be able, possum, posse, potui (§ 183). bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. beast of burden, jumentum, i, n. because, quod ; quia ; cum (§ 319). become, fio, fieri, f actus sum. before {prep, and adv.), ante. before {conj.)y antequam, priusquam, begin, coepi, coepisse (§ 198). 231 behoove 232 day- behoove, it behooves, oportet, ere, oportuit (§ 202). Belgians, Belgae, arum, m. believe, credo, ere, credidi, creditus. betake oneself, confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, with the reflexive pron. better, melius. between, inter, prep. w. ace. blame, culpo, are, avi, atus. boat, navis, is,/. booty, praeda, ae, /. born, be born, nascor, i, natus sum. born, natus, a, um. both, each, uterque, utraque, utrum- que. boundary, finis, is, m. boy, puer, eri, m. brave, fortis, e. bravely, f ortiter ; from the adj. , for- tis, e. bridge, pons, pontis, m. brief, brevis, e. bring, affero, ferre, attull, allatus. bring about, efficio, ere, feci, fectus. bring against, infero, ferre, tull, illatus, with dat. of indirect obj. (§ 220, III), bring back, refero, ferre, tuli, latus. Britain, Britannia, ae,/. brother, frater, tris, m. by (^of personal agent)y a, ab, prep. w. abl. Caesar, Caesar, is, m. call (name), appello, 1. call (summon), voco, 1. call together, convoco, 1. camp, castra, orum, n. can (be able), possum, posse, potul. captive, captivus, i, m. capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. cause, causa, ae, /. cavalry, equites, um, m.pl. of eques, itis ; of cavalry, equestrian, equester, tris, tre. cease, desisto, ere, destiti. certain, certain one, qiiidam, quae- dam, quiddam or quoddam (§ 102). charge, be in charge, praesum, esse, ful, construed with dat. (§ 220, II, a). charge, put in charge, praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, construed with dat. (§ 220, III), children, liberi, orum, m. choose, deligo, ere, legl, lectus. circumstance, res, ei, /. citizen, fellow citizen, civis, is, m. city, urbs, urbis, /. coast, ora, ae, /. cohort, cohors, rtis, /. come, venio. Ire, venJ, ventum. command (noun), mandatum, i, n, command (verb), impero, 1. commander, imperator, oris, m. common, commiinis, e. compel, cogo, ere, coegl, coactus. concern, it concerns, interest, esse, fuit. concerning, de, prep. w. abl. confer, colloquor, i, lociitus sum. conference, colloquium, i (ii), n, consul, consul, is, m. consult (with), delibero, 1. contend, dimico, 1. contented, contentus, a, um, council, concilium, i (il), n. country, native country, patria, ae, /. courageously, audacter, from adj. audax, acis. cowardly, ignavus, a, um. Crassus, Crassus, i, m. cross, transeo, ire, ii, ittirus. danger, periculum, I, n. dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi- dep. daughter, filia, ae, /. day, dies, ei, m. decide 233 fortune decide, constituo, ere, ui, titus. decree, decerno, ere, crevi, cretus. deep, altus, a, uin. defend, defendo, ere, fendi, fensus. deliberate, delibero, are, avi, atus. delight, delecto, 1. demand, flagito, 1. depth, altitudo, inis, /. desire, wish, opto, 1. difficult, difficilis, e. dignity, dignitas, atis, /. discover, reperio, ire, repperi, reper- tus. dismiss, dimitto, ere, misi, missus. distant, be distant, absum, esse, aful, afuturus. do, facio, ere, feci, factus. doubt, be in doubt, dubito, 1. drive back, repello, ere, reppull, repulsus. drive out, expello, ere, pull, pulsus. duty, officium, i (i!), n, each, quisque, quaeque, quidque. each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque. each other, sui, sibi, se; also iios, vos used reflexively (§ 289). eager, alacer, alacris, alacre. easily, facile, from adj. facilis, e. easy, facilis, e. else, alius, a, ud. embankment, rampart, agger, eris, m. encourage, incito, 1. endeavor, conor, ari, atus sum, dep. endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, latus. enemy (in military sense), hostis, is, c. ; (collectively) hostes, ium, m. enemy (personal), inimicus, i, m. enough, satis (§ 236). entreat, imploro, 1. envoy, legatus, i, m. establish, confirmo, 1. even, etiam. not even, ne . . . quidem, with the emphatic word or phrase between, ever, always, semper, exhaust, wear out, conficio, ere, feci, fectus. expect, exspecto, 1. family (stock), genus, eris, n, farmer, agricola, ae, m. father, pater, patris, w. favor, beneficium, i (ii), n. fear (noun), timor, oris, m. fear (verb), timeo, ere, ul. fellow citizen, civis, is, m. fertile, ferax, acis. few, pauci, ae, a. field, ager, agri, m. fiercely, acriter ; from the adj., acer, acris, acre. fifteen, quindecim. fight, pugno, 1. fill up, compleo, ere, evi, etus. find (by searching) , reperio. Ire, rep- peri, repertus. find (come upon) , invenio, ire, veni, ventus. first, adj., primus, a, um. first, adv., primum. fit out, equip, instruo, ere, tixi, tictus. five, quinque. flee, flee from, fugio, ere, fiigl, fugittirus. fleet, classis, is, /. (following), on the following day, postrldie. fond, fond of, cupidus, a, um. foot, pes, pedis, m. forage, pabulum, i, n. ford, vadum, i, n. forest, silva, ae, /. forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, fortify, mtinio, ire, Ivi, itus. fortune, f orttina, ae, /. fortune 234 inform fortune (in sense of property), for- ttinae, arum, /. four, quattuor. free (adj.), liber, a, um. free, set free, libero, 1. friend, amicus, i, m. friendship, amicitia, ae, /. from, a, ab. from, out of, e, ex. from ( = of ) , with verbs of demand- ing, etc., a, ab. from, after verbs of hindering, etc., quomiims, ne. front (adj.), primus, a, um. Galba, Galba, ae, m. garrison, praesidium, i (ii), n. gate, porta, ae, /. Gaul (a Gaul), Gallus, i, m. Gaul (the country), Gallia, ae, /. Geneva, Geneva, ae, /. German (a German), Germanus, i, m. Germany, Germania, ae, /. get ready (trans.), paro, 1. give, do, dare, dedi, datus. glad, laetus, a, um. go, eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum (§ 197). go around, circumeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus (§ 197). go away, abeo, ire, ii, iturus. good, bonus, a, um. great, magnus, a, um (§ 73). greatest (of qualities), summus, a, um. greatly, magnopere. (ground) , on the ground that, quod. guard, watch, tueor, eri. Haedui, Haedui, orum, m. happen, be done, fio, fieri, factus sum. happen, it happens, it befalls, im- personal, accidit, ere, accidit. happy, beatus, a, um. harass, vexo, are, avi, atus. harbor, portus, us, m. harm, detrimentum, i, n. hate, odi, odisse (§ 198). have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. he, is (ea, id) (§ 94). hear, audio, ire, ivi, itus. heart, courage, animus, i, m. help, auxilium, i (ii), n. Helvetii, Helvetii, orum, m. her, suus, a, um (§ 87, 1), reflexive* here, hic. high, altus, a, um. highest (of qualities), summus, a, um. hill, collis, is, m. himself, herself, etc., sui, sibi, se, reflexive. hinder, impede, impedio, ire, ivi, itus. his, suus, a, um, reflexive. (home), at home, domi (§ 277, 2). home (to one's home), domum (§ 216, 1,6). honor, honor, oris, m. hope, spes, ei,/. horseman, eques, itis, m. hostage, obses, idis, c. house, domus, us, /. how much, followed by gen. of the whole (§ 236), quantum. how many, quot, indecl. hundred, centum, hurry, contendo, ere, tendi, ten- tum. I, ego, mei. if, si, conj. in, in, prep. w. abl. inasmuch as, quoniam (§ 319). increase (trans.), augeo, ere, auxi, auctus. infantry, pedites, um, m. inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, factus. be informed 236 be informed, certior fio, fieri, factus sum. inhabitant, incola, ae, m. injure, uoceo, ere, ui, iturus, with the dat. (§ 220, II, a). into, in, prep. w. ace, island, insula, ae, /. Italy, Italia, ae, /. javelin, telum, i, n. join (battle), committo, ere, misi, missus. keep away, ward off, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. kill, interficio, ere, feci, fectus. king, rex, regis, m. know, scio, ire, ivi, itus. lack, be lacing, desum, deesse, defui (§ 182). land, ager, agri, m. land {as opposed to the water), terra, ae,/. large, magnus, a, um (§ 73). last, last part of, limiting a noun, extremus, a, um (§ 283, 1). law, statute, lex, legis, /. lead, dtico, ere, duxi, ductus. lead, lead out, lead away, dediico, ere, duxi, ductus. lead across, tradHco, ere, duxi, duc- tus. leader, dux, ducis, c. leave, relinquo, ere, liquT, lictus. legion, legio, onis, /. lend (help), fero, ferre, tuli, latus. less, minus. lest, ne. letter (an epistle), litterae, arum, /. liberty, libertas, atis, /. lieutenant, legatus, i, m. life, vita, ae, /. like, similis, e. line of battle, acies, ei, /. little (a little), paulum. long (adj.), longus, a, um. long (adv.), diu. love, amo, are, avi, atus. loyalty, fides, ei, /. make, facio, ere, feci, factus. make (somebody or something safe, bold, clear, etc.), reddo, ere, red- didi, redditus. man, homo, inis, c, the general term; man as opposed to woman, or as a complimentary designa- tion, vir, viri, m. many, multi, ae, a ; very many, compltires, a ; gen. compltirium. march (noun), iter, itineris, n. march (verb), iter facere, lit., make a march. march forth, egredior, i, gressus sum. messenger, ntintius, i (ii), m. mile, mille passus, lit., thousand paces ; pi., milia passuum. money, pecunia, ae, /. more (adv.), magis. more (substantive), pliis, pluris, n, most, plerique, aeque, aque. mountain, mons, mentis, m. move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. much, multus, a, um. my, meus, a, um. name, nomen, inis, n. narrow, angustus, a, um. naval, navalis, e. necessary, it is necessary, necesse est. need, there is need, opus est (§ 258, neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, lectus. next, proximus, a, um (§ 73, 1 ; 228). no, ntillus, a, um ; in answers, see § 203, 3. no one, nemo, dat. nemini, ace. neminem ; gen. and abl., wanting. noble 236 retard noble, nobilis, e. not, non, ne. (not), is not? does not? e^c, nonne (§ 203, 2). not even, ne . . . quidem, with the emphatic word between, not yet, nondum. nothing, nihil, indecl. now {at the present time), nunc, number, numerus, I, m. of, concerning, de, prep. w. abl. often, saepe. on, in, prep. w. abl. on all sides, undique, adv. one, unus, a, um. one . . . another, alius . . . alius ; the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. onset, impetus, us, m. opinion, sententia, ae, /. opportunity, occasio, onis, /. order, levy, impero, 1. order, command, jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus. other, another, alius, a, ud. other, the other, alter, a, um. others, all the others, ceteri, ae, a. ought, debeo, ere, ui, itus ; it be- hooves, oportet, ere, oportuit. our, our own, noster, tra, trum. overcome, supero, are, avi, atus. pace (= 5 feet), passus, us, m. part, pars, partis, /. peace, pax, pacis, /. people, populus, T, m. perish, intereo. Ire, ii, ittirus (§ 197). permit, permitto, ere, misi, mis- sus. persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, sua- sum (§ 220, II, a). pity, misericordia, ae, /. pity, it excites pity, miseret, mise- rere, miseruit, impersonal. place, locus, i, m. place in charge, in command over, praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, with the dat. of indirect obj. plan, consilium, i, n. plunder, diripio, ere, ripul, reptus. Pompey, Pompejus, Pompel, m. power, potestas, atis, /. ; denotes the power that is vested in an official. praise, laudo, 1. prefer, malo, malle, malui (§ 192). present, give, dono, 1. present, be present, adsum, esse, ftii, futtirus. prevail, valeo, ere, valul, iturus. put in charge, praeficio, ere, feci, fectus (§ 220, III), put to flight, fugo, are, avI, atus. quickly, celeriter, adv.,. from the adj., celer, eris, ere. rampart, agger, eris, m. ravage, vexo, 1. receive, accipio, ere, cepT, ceptus. recollection, memoria, ae, /. regret, it causes regret, paenitet, ere, uit, impersonal (§ 245). remain, maneo, ere, mansi, man- surus. remaining, reliquus, a, um. remember, bear in mind, nasmini, isse (§ 242). remind, admoneo, 6re, ui, itus. reply, respondeo, ere, respond!, responsus. report (noun), fama, ae, /. report (verb), ntintio, 1. reputation, fama, ae, /. request, seek, peto, ere, petlvi (il), Itus. resist, resisto, ere, restiti, with dat. rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a. retard, tardo, 1. return 237 that not return (intrans.), reverter, i ; redeo, ire, ii, itum. reward, praemium, i (il), n. Rhine, Rhenus, I, m. river, flumen, Inis, n. Roman, Romanus, a, um ; a Roman, Romanus, i, 711. Rome, Roma, ae, /. safety, salus, utis, /. sake, for the sake, causa, loith gen. ; the gen. always precedes. same, idem, eadem, idem (§ 95); at same time, simul. save, servo, 1. say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. scarcely, vix. sea, mare, is, n. see, video, ere, vidi, visus. seem, videor, eri, visus sum. seize, occupo, 1. self, oneself, sui, sibi, se. self (i.e. I myself ^ you yourself etc.), ipse in apposition with the subject or object. sell, vendo, ere, v6ndidi, venditus. senate, senatus, us, m. send, mitto, ere, misi, missus. Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. set out, proficiscor, i, fectus sum. she, ea,/. of is (§94). ship, navis, is, /. (sides) on all, undique. since (causal) ^ cum. six, sex, indecl. slave, servus, i, m. small, parvus, a, um (§ 73). so (of degree), tarn. so, thus (of manner), ita, sic. so great, tantus, a, um. so many, tot, indecl. soldier, miles, itis, m. some, something, aliquis, aliqua, aliquid or aliquod. some . . . others, alii , . . alii. son, filius, i, m. Spain, Hispania, ae,/. spare, parco, ere, peperci, parstirus (§ 220, II, a). speak, loquor, i, locutus sum ; dico, ere, dixi, dictus. standard, signum, i, n. state, civitas, atis, /. station, colloco, 1. stone, lapis, idis, m. such, talis, e. suddenly, subito. suffer, patior, i, passus sum. suitable, idoneus, a, um. summer, aestas, atis,/. summon, voco, 1. (superior), be superior to, supero, 1. surpass, supero, 1. surrender (oneself), dedo, ere, de- didi, deditus. surround, circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus. suspicion, suspicio, onis, /. sword, gladius, i (ii), m. take, seize, capio, ere, cepi, captus. take by storm, expugno, 1. talent, talentum, i, n. tarry, moror, ari, atus sum. teach, doceo, ere, ui, doctus. tell, say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. ten, decem, indecl. terrify, perterreo, ere, ui, territus. than, quam, conj. ; see also § 254. that, is, ea, id ; ille, ilia, lllud. that of yours, iste, ista, istud. that, rel. pron., qui, quae, quod, that, in order that, ut; qui, quae, quod w. the subj. ; w. comp. , quo. that, on the ground that, quod. that, lest, with verbs of fearing, ne. that not, in order that not, ne. that not, with verbs of fearing^ ut. that (of result), ut. that not, ut non. their 238 your their, their own, suus, a, um. they, see he^ she, etc. thing, res, rei, /. this, hie, haec, hoc. those, as antecedent o/reZ., ei, eae,ea. thou, tu, tui. though, quamquam, quamvis, etsi, cum. thousand, mllle ; pi., milia, ium, n. three, tres, tria. three hundred, trecenti, ae, a. till, dum, donee, conj. time, tempus, oris, n. to, ad, prep. w. ace. (top) top of, with a noun, summus, a, um (§ 283). torture, supplieium, i (il), n. touch, moveo, ere, movi, motus. tower, turris, is, /. town, oppidum, i, n. tree, arbor, oris,/, trench, fossa, ae, /. tribe, gens, gentis, /. tribune, tribtinus, i. m, troops, copiae, arum, /. trust, confido, ere, fisus sum, semi- dep. (§ 220, II, a). try, make trial, tempto, are, avi, atus. twenty, vigintT. two, duo, duae, duo. under, sub, prep. w. ace. unharmed, incolumis, e. until, dum, donee, quoad, unwilling, invitus, a, um ; be un- willing, nolo, nolle, nolul. ' us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. of ego. Cf. § 287, 2. use, titor, i, usus sum. valor, virtus, utis, /. Veneti, Veneti, orum, m. very many, eomplures, a; gen., complurium. victory, victoria, ae, /. village, vicus, i, m. virtue, virtus, utis, /. voice, vox, vOcis, /. wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. wait, exspecto, 1. war, bellum, i, n. watch, vigilia, ae, /. welcome, gratus, a, um. what? quis (qui), quae, quid (quod). whatever, quisquis, quidquid. when? quando. when, rel., ubi, ut, cum. where? ubi. where, rel., ubi. whether, num, -ne. whither, quo. while, conj., dum (§ 331). who? quis. who, which, rel. pron., qui, quae, quod. whole, totus, a, um (§ 61). winter quarters, hiberna, orum, n. wish, volo, velle, volui. with, cum, p7'ep. w. abl. withdraw, discedo, ere, cessi, ces^ stirus. without, sine, prep. w. abl. withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, tentus. word, verbum, i, n. work (a work), opus, eris, n. worthy, dignus, a, um. wound (noun), vulnus, eris, n. wound (verb), vulnero, are, avI, atus. write, seribo, ere, seripsi, scriptus. year, annus, i, m. yes, see § 203, 3. yet, not yet, nondum. you, tti, tui. young man, adulescens, entis, m. your, your own, tuus, a, um ; vester, tra, trum. LATIN. Latin Lessons. By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. i6mo, cloth, 191 pages. Price, 70 cents. PROFESSOR BENNETT is a believer in the old-fashioned method of beginning Latin, that is, learning the forms first, learning them in order, and learning them once and for all. The Latin Lessons is a book that sends the beginner directly to the grammar for forms and rules, taking them up in their regular order. Complete sentences are found in the very first lesson^ and easy stories are introduced as soon as the pupil has learned enough grammar, in the regular order, to read them. Teachers who believe in the method of " resolute, systematic, and sustained attack on declensions and conjugations " will find Professor Ben- nett's new book admirably suited to help them in their work. A. L. K. Volkmann, Volkmann School, Boston, Mass,: I like Bennett's Latin Lessons very much. You are getting somewhere, and you know what you have got, and you get the whole thing, which is the main pomt. The Foundations of Latin. A book for Beginners. Revised Edition. By Professor C. E. BENNETT, of Cornell University, i2mo, cloth, 250 pages. Price, 90 cents. THIS book presents the matter for the beginner in Latin in sixty chapters, the first thirty-five devoted almost entirely to inflections, the remaining twenty-five to syntax, both subjects being treated in the order in which they are usually found in the grammar. Such rules of syntax as are needed for reading and writing simple sentences are given in the earliest lessons, so that the pupil has constant drill on the forms while acquiring them ; but the systematic study of general syntax is postponed till the pupil shall h?ve mastered the forms. The book serves equally well as an introduction to Caesar or Nepos. Dr. R. M. Jones, Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa, : We have adopted Bennett's Foundations of Latin. It is the best book of its class. George D. Bartlett, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. : I have used a great many introductory Latin books, and have found none so satisfactory as Bennett's Foundations of Latin. 15 LATIN, Ccesar's Gallic War. Books I.-IV. Indicated quantities, Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, and colored Maps and Plans. Edited by Professor Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 352 pages. Price, ^i.oo. IN his Caesar, Professor Bennett has had constantly in mind the point of view and the needs of the elementary pupil. No pains, therefore, have been spared to make the Notes simple in style, clear in statement, and pertinent and interesting in content. Every real difficulty receives consideration and explanation, par- ticular care being taken to indicate the course of the thought and the connection of ideas. Book II. has been annotated with especial fulness for the benefit of those teachers who prefer to begin with this book rather than with Book I. In matters of grammar and syntax, the editor, while following the treatment and nomenclature of his own Latin Grammar, has also inserted references to the other Latin grammars in common use. An Introduction of thirty-one pages treats of Caesar's life and of the Roman art of war as practised in his day. Cicero's Orations, Indicated quantities, full Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, IllustrationSj and two colored Maps. Edited by Professor Charles E. BENNETT. i2mo, cloth, 374 pages. Price, j^i.oo. THIS edition includes seven Orations, — the four Catilines, the Manilian Law, Archias, and Marcellus. The aim of the editor is not merely to help the pupil to a cor- rect rendering of the text, sentence by sentence, but also to bring out the larger relations of thought which make these speeches masterpieces of the art of oratory. With this in mind, the Notes are intended to give a full historical outline of the circumstances of each oration, to keep the pupil in touch with the logic of the argument, and to give an adequate explanation of all points of ^oman law or custom. 16 LATIN. Virgil's /Eneid : Books I.-VI. Edited by Professor Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University With Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, Illustrations, and Map. i2mo cloth, 491 pages. Price, ^1.20. THIS edition of Virgil has the characteristics which distinguish all Professor Bennett's books, — simplicity, clearness, and scholarly accuracy. A valuable feature of the book is the Introduction, containing a brief outline of VirgiPs life, an appreciation of his various works, and a full explanation of the quantitative reading of Latin poetry, together with classified verses for practice. Further assistance is given the student in reading aloud, by the indicated quantities in Book I. The notes aim to give all the information that may be needed by the average pupil in our secondary schools. In matters of syntax all poetic constructions or other peculiarities are fully explained, as they • occur; while on the literary side, all of the mythological and legendary allusions are made clear. These classical stories are further illustrated by a number of admirable pictures reproducing, in all cases, ancient statuary. Grammatical references are to the author's Latin Grammar and to the latest editions of Allen and Greenough, Harkness, and Gildersleeve. The Quantitative Reading of Latin Poetry. By Professor Charles E. Bennett. i2mo, paper, 49 pages. Price, 25 cents. BELIEVING that a more thorough study of the oral reading of Latin Poetry may prove a source of pleasure and profit, not only to the pupils but also to many teachers of the language, Professor Bennett has prepared this little monograph emphasiz- ing the importance of the knowledge of quantities as well as of rhythm. 17 LATIN, A Latin Grammar, By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 282 pages. Price, 80 cents. IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- sented within the smallest compass consistent with high scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages found only in ante-classical or post-classical Latin, and by disre- garding all questions that are purely theoretical or historical, it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire adequacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In the Ger- man schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting demands of the entire gymnasial course, and the host of teachers who have tried Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by the absence of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which forms the bulk of the older grammars. The Latin Language: A Historical Outline of its Sounds, Inflections, and Syntax. By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 250 pages. Price, ^i.oo. THIS volume is a revision of the work published by Professor Bennett in 1896, entitled, Appendix to Bennetfs Latin Grammar. Its purpose is to give such information regarding the history and development of the Latin language as experience has shown to be of service to advanced students. The subjects treated are the Latin Alphabet, Pronunciation, Hidden Quantity, Accent, Orthography, The Latin Sounds, Inflections, Adverbs and Prepositions, and Syntax. Of these subjects, those of Hidden Quantity, Inflections, and Syntax re- ceive special attention ; and the results of recent investigation are set forth fully and clearly, but in compact form. 14 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST r^ STAMPED BELOW '^^ AN INITIAL WILL BE ASSES: THIS BOOKT- WILL IN^_ .±4_1944 —MlAMli ^^'"^^nrniQA^ri -4«i4aJBariaL LD21-l0m-5/43 (6061s) j YB 00233 y. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDM7711bbfl M131550 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY Ki-'^' i ' ..* '* m>- m, iiiilllliiH iiiiJJiliiiiiiH i^^^^^^^^^