CJ \ z /*- / \ :s4 ' ! C-NRLF | i ?B M7D MEb LIBRARY OF THE University of California. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class MUSEUM-OF FINE -ARTS BOSTON ** tUIDE TO THE CATHARINE 'AGE PERKINS COLLECTION )F GREEK AND ROMAN COINS MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS BOSTON** GUIDE TO THE CATHARINE PAGE PERKINS COLLECTION OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Ci)c tfilicrsiDc press, CambnDQC Ml II Copyright, 1902 By the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston All rights reserved * * ' The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Company PREFACE. The Catharine Page Perkins collection of Greek and Roman coins represents a portion of the purchases which have been made for the Classical Department of the Museum with the munificent bequest of the lady in whose memory it is named. It consists of 609 specimens, which were acquired in three lots, in 1895, x ^97 an< ^ I 9 respec- tively. The formation of each of these lots was the work of several years on the part of a devoted friend of the Museum, who has had unusual opportunities for securing choice examples, and who has constantly kept before him- self the highest standard of excellence as the test for the acceptance of each coin that was to come into our collec- tion. As a result the collection, though small, is of re- markably high quality, for both the beauty and the brilliant preservation of its individual specimens, some of which are exceedingly rare, and a few are probably unique. As evi- dence of the estimation in which certain of them are held by connoisseurs, it may be of interest to state that one coin now in this collection was sold at a London auction a few years ago for over $1500, and another, at a different sale, brought over $900. Figures like these show that the form- ation of a collection of first-rate Greek coins is no longer a simple or inexpensive matter ; yet it is to be hoped that in time our Museum may possess specimens of all the more beautiful Greek types, as they form one of the most 236831 IV PREFACE. exquisite and instructive branches of Greek art, an in- spiration alike to the artist, the designer, and the student. In view of the importance of the study of numismatics, and the limited opportunities for a knowledge of it which are offered to the majority of those whom the Museum is intended to benefit, the Trustees have desired to issue a popular handbook as a companion to the Perkins collec- tion ; and this Guide has therefore been prepared by an expert on the subject, whose name is withheld at his re- quest. The author wishes me to say that his statements " make no claim to originality ; where they are accurate, they are derived from many writers, whose opinions will be easily recognized by those who are acquainted with works on numismatics, though for the sake of simplicity specific references to authorities are omitted in the text." In spite of this disclaimer, however, I think that both those who are familiar with the study, and those who approach it with the desire for information, will agree as to the skilful manner in which a difficult task has been accomplished, and will appreciate this addition to the edu- cational work done by the Museum. For fuller information students may be referred to Barclay V. Head's Historia Numorum, Percy Gardner's Types of Greek Coins, and G. F. Hill's Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins, Appendix V of which contains an exhaustive bibliography. For the benefit of specialists, the summarized descrip- tion of the collection which appeared in the twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Trustees is reprinted in the latter part of the book. The plates at the end were made from photographs taken directly from the coins themselves, not through the medium of plaster casts. Edward Robinson, Director of the Museum. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION i Modern authorities I Importance of the study of coins i Origin of coinage 2 The earliest coins 4 Decoration of coins 5 Artistic problem of Greek coins 5 Names and values of Greek coins 7 ITALY AND SICILY 10 Italy 12 Tarentum 12 Herakleia 12 Sybaris 13 Thurii 13 Croton 13 Pandosia 14 Rhegium 15 Terina 15 Sicily rf Agrigentum 16 Himera 16 Leontini 16 Zankle 17 Messana 17 Naxos 17 Selinus 18 Syracuse 18 GREECE 23 Macedon and Thrace 23 Neapolis 23 Akanthos 24 Chalkidike" 24 Amphipolis 25 Philip of Macedon 25 Alexander the Great 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Demetrios Poliorketes 27 Antigonos Gonatas 28 Philip V 28 Perseus . . .28 Aenos 29 Thasos 29 Lysimachos . . . 30 Mainland of Greece ....... 31 Larissa and Melitaea 31 Kierion 31 Pharsalos 31 Pherae 32 Alexander of Epeiros 32 Epeirote Republic . . . , 33 Opus in Locris 33 Delphi 34 Boeotia 34 Histiaea 35 Athens 35 Aegina 39 Corinth 40 Arkadia 41 Greek Islands 44 Iulis -44 ASIA . . 45 Asia Minor 45 Mithradates the Great 46 Kyzikos . . . 47 Lampsakos 48 Lesbos 49 Klazomenae 50 Kolophon 51 Ephesos 51 Miletos 51 Dynasts of Caria 51 Kos 52 Rhodes . . 52 Lyclia 53 Lykia S3 Aspendos 54 Syria 55 Antiochos I 55 Antiochos III 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii Tigranes 56 Seleukia 56 Mithradates I of Parthia 56 AFRICA 58 Egypt 58 Ptolemy I 58 Berenike II 59 Cleopatra 59 Carthage 61 ROMAN COINS 62 APPENDICES. Bud Description of the Coins .... 65 Key to the Plates 103 Plates at end INTRODUCTION. The study of Greek numismatics is an important branch of Greek archaeology and aesthetics. Notwithstanding the fact that coin collections have been popular Modern since the sixteenth century, Petrarch, indeed, Author- was a collector in the fourteenth century, the lties ' systematic study of Greek coins is the growth of little more than a hundred years.* We owe our knowledge largely to the labors of Eckhel (1792), Mionnet, Leake, 1 Lenormant, Waddington, Mommsen, Imhoof-Blumer, Babelon, Gard- ner, and Head. Greek coins are important for the help they afford in tracing the political, municipal, and commercial history of the ancient world ; they also throw light on Greek Impor . society, religion, 2 mythology, philology, icono- tanceof graphy, chronology, and geography ; and they the study have been termed " the grammar of Greek Art." Greek coins are further original works of art and not copies, and many of them take rank among the finest ex- amples of ancient art. Their designs are characterized by 1 It is interesting that this great English scholar and traveler, con- vinced of " the great importance of a systematic collection of Greek coins to the study of every branch of literature connected with the Greek language," wished that his collections should be deposited in a place " habitually frequented by persons likely to consult them." His will directed that his collection should be offered at a low valuation to. the Universities of Cambridge or Oxford in England, and in the event of refusal to the " Harvard University at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts." He died in i860. The collection was accepted by Cam- bridge, England. 2 For instance, coin types often call attention to the existence of local cults, and help to define them. The same divinity was some- times differently regarded in various places : for instance, the Artemis worshipped at Syracuse and the Artemis of Ephesos embodied diverse ideas, and their dissimilar forms on the coins bear witness to the dis- tinction. INTRODUCTION. largeness of conception and treatment, and grandeur of effect in spite of the limited space at the artist's command. They exhibit the directness of subject, the simplicity and repose of larger monuments of Greek art ; and although rarely the work of important artists, generally in fact of mediocre ones, they reflect in a vivid way the Greek ap- preciation of life. The richness of imagination of the Greek artist is illustrated by them with particular effect. He was never at a loss for a subject, but when compelled by tradition to reproduce a well-known type, for instance, Persephone at Syracuse, or Apollo elsewhere, he is seen to repeat the same figure or head again and again, ever with some happy and telling variation. The number of types is legion : coins were regarded as the badge of free- dom, and so general was the sense of independence that no town was too small to issue them. The origin of coinage was a late event in the history of mankind. The Egyptian, Assyrian, and Mycenaean civili- Originof zations had conducted their commerce without Coinage, coins, and Greek life was already highly organized before the invention was made. Unnumbered years of experience lay behind the discovery. The earliest stage was simple barter : and this gave place to the employment of objects of food, use, or adornment for purposes of trad- ing, for instance, stone implements, fish, shells (cf. the American wampum), amber, 1 and the like ; and for larger transactions cattle and slaves. Gold and other metals, when discovered, were employed at first rather as objects of personal ornament, and from their use in this fashion came to supersede the earlier non-metallic currencies in the exchange for commodities. 2 For this purpose the metals 1 It has been suggested that the objects of amber in the Buffum Collection, exhibited in Case E in the Wood Carving Room of the Museum, especially the necklaces and the string of roughly cut beads, are early forms of money. 2 A gold ring of very early date in the Museum collection is the exact equivalent in weight of two gold staters. The probability is that long before coins had been struck, the precious metals were fashioned in this way into simple jewelry of definite weights, according to the current standards, to be employed for personal adornment or for money, as circumstances might require. The step from this to a per- fect coin was a short one. INTRODUCTION. had to be weighed ; and systems of weights and measures were developed long before coinage was known. Indeed, the relation in value of different metals to one another wis perfectly understood ; and definite ratios had been fixed long before any coin was struck ; in fact the system of bimetallism actually preceded coinage. At the time when coinage was introduced, the weight of the standard piece of metal, the stater (or shekel 1 ), in any given city or state, was as clearly determined as is the weight of the dollar to-day ; only instead of counting a number, there being no coins, it was necessary to weigh a mass of metal to arrive at the desired sum of minae and talents. 2 Coinage was 1 The weight of the gold stater was almost constant, while that of the silver varied much in different states. Since the mina and talent were multiples of the stater, it will be understood that the value of a talent of silver in one town might be very different from that of a talent of silver in another. 8 It may be explained that the talent was not a coin, but a weight. The scale was very simple, fifty shekels or staters equalled one mina, and sixty minae equalled one talent. Thus a talent of gold in Athens represented three thousand gold staters of the same kind as No. 317 ; or a mina of silver at Aegina was equivalent to fifty Aeginetan staters similar to 322 (PI. IV). An instance will make the explanation clearer. Pliny (N. H. xxxv, 92) relates that Apelles received twenty talents of gold for his portrait of Alexander the Great. 20 talents = 20 X 60 minae = 1 200 minae. 1200 minae = 1200 X 50 staters = 60,000 staters. The picture therefore cost 60,000 gold staters or Alexanders, No. 154. This amount, it may be added, making allowance for the purity of the Greek metal and the alloy of modern coins, is equivalent to $348,000 of gold. Pliny adds that this vast sum was paid to Apelles by weight, and not by number, in the same way that bankers nowadays use the balance for large payments. Pliny again (N. H. xxxiv, 55) states that the original bronze statue of the Diadumenos by Polykleitos, of the type of cast No. 102 cost a hundred talents, i. e. of silver. 100 talents = 100 X 60 minae = 6000 minae. 6000 minae = 6000 X 50 staters = 300,000 staters. If Pliny spoke of Attic talents, the statue cost the equivalent of $134,000 of gold. If he spoke of Aeginetan talents, and Polykleitos being a Peloponnesian was accustomed to the Aeginetan scale, the sum paid was considerably more, nearly $200,000, for the Aeginetan scale was nearly half as high again as the Attic (vide p. 9). The mina is familiar from the story of the writing on the wall in Daniel, v, 25, where Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin, means simply, a INTROD UCTION. but the end of the process that began with barter, and it is easy to appreciate the immediate cause of its employment. The process of weighing must have been slow and incon- venient. " Only those who have gone through the weary process of cutting up and weighing out lumps of silver, disputing over the scale, and asserting the quality of the metal, can appreciate our feelings of satisfaction at again being able to make purchases in coin." * The invention of coinage, consisting simply in the stamping by some authority of a mark on small pieces of metal to show that they were of a certain quality and weight, was therefore a simple device to overcome an obstacle to trade. The earliest coins of which we know were neither of gold, nor of silver, but of electrum, an alloy of the two metals. The Earn- Electrum, or white gold as it was also called, est Coins. was f oun d in a natural state, and was regarded, in the earliest days at least, as a distinct metal. The most primitive of these electrum coins were struck possibly by Gyges, king of Lydia, 716-652 b. c., 2 and bore no decora- tion more elaborate than a simple striated surface, No. 454 (PI. V). Gold coins were not struck until the following century, and were certainly not common until the time of Kroesos, king of Lydia, 561-546 b. c. Transactions in gold were no doubt general before this date, and must have been effected by means of rings or bars of metal weighed in the manner employed before the introduction of coinage. Silver was coined soon after electrum j the earliest silver coins were issued in the early part of the seventh century, in towns and islands of Asia Minor, Chios, No. 492 ; in the islands of the Aegean, Delos, No. 396, mina, a mina, a shekel, and the parts of a shekel. The literal meaning would have been clear to those present; Daniel interpreted it in a mystic manner. 1 Quoted by Professor Ridgeway in Origin of Currency, p. 296, from River of Golden Sand, by Captain Gill, ii, p. 78. 2 An interesting coincidence is presented by the fact that coinage was introduced into China at the same time, namely, between the years 675 and 670 B. c. The weights adopted for Chinese coins also coin- cide with those employed by the Greeks. The civilization of China and that of Greece appear, therefore, in some measure to share a com- mon history. There is no evidence yet available to explain this fact. IXTRODUCTION. and Naxos, No. 397 ; and in the island of Aegina lying off the coast of Attica to the south of Salamis. No. 322 (PI. IV). 1 These coins are uninscribed : their origin is attributed or determined by their types alone. The earliest coins bore a design on the obverse (" head ") side alone; the reverse ("tail") side showed simply the impression of the punch by means of which the Decora- coin was hammered into the obverse die Or- tion of reskii, No. 92 (PI. II), Aegina, No. 325 (PI. IV). Coins - Next, the reverse " type " is enclosed in a hollow (" in- cuse ") square, Lydia, No. 537 (PI. V), until finally the incuse square disappears altogether, leaving its memory in the slight sinking that always distinguishes the reverse of a Greek coin from the obverse. See Nos. 12, 157. The development may be well traced in the coins of Thebes, Nos. 261, 265 (PI. IV), 268. Artistically, coins are most nearly related to bas-relief work in marble, 2 and the problem the Greek coin engraver had to solve was much the same as that pre- Artistic sented to the sculptor of relief work, to keep his Problem surface fiat while producing the efTect of work " in coins** the round." The octadrachm of the Orreskii, No. and their 92 (PI. 1 1), and the tetradrachms of Akanthos, e. g. Minting. No. 126 (PI. II), are fine instances of earlier attempts in this direction. When the technical mastery was attained, artists became bolder, and a number of bodies in different planes, for instance the quadriga of the dekadrachm of Evaenetos, No. 85 (PI. II), were represented without diffi- 1 Copper coins are not known earlier than the end of the fifth cen- tury b. c. Thenceforward they are numerous. Copper coins struck in towns of Greece and Asia Minor during the Roman Empire, of the Greek Imperial Series, are many and interesting, but are rarely attrac- tive. Copper coins are not illustrated in the Museum collection. 2 It is certain that gem-cutters were often employed to prepare coin dies. None the less, coin-engraving was not intimately related to the engraving of seals. The matrix of a seal was a hard stone that could be cut more minutely than the metal die for a coin. Beyond this, the seal was produced in a non-reflective material, wax or lead, instead of the brilliant metal of a coin, and the considerations of light were therefore distinct. The gem-engraver, finally, was not condi- tioned by the necessity of keeping his work in low relief; it will be found that gem relief is usually much higher than that of coins. 6 INTRODUCTION. culty. Even a more difficult task was attempted, to present faces in three-quarter view while preserving the flatness of the relief; see the tetradrachm of Amphipolis, No. 139, and the tetradrachm of Klazomenae, No. 460 (PI. V), the artist relying on a subtle arrangement of light and line to pro- duce the effect. Similar faces are found on the Frieze of the Parthenon, and the idea probably arose from that work. Representations of this nature were works of the better artists, and for the most part are of great rarity. The method was abandoned after use for about three quar- ters of a century (425-350 b. a), either by reason of the difficulty of achievement, or the liability of the face to suf- fer from use. The coin artist had further to consider how to adjust his subject to the shape of the field, and in mas- tering this difficulty Greek artists excelled. They were equally successful in filling a circle, a square, or an oblong ; cf. Naxos, No. 51 (PI. I), Thebes, No. 265 (PI. IV), Kyzi- kos, No. 415 (PI. V). Complete mastery of coin engraving was general about the end of the fourth century, and is illustrated in the coinage of Alexander, No. 159 (PI. II), and the magnificent tetradrachms of Lysimachos, Nos. 206-210 (PI. III). The work of the Greek artist stopped with the engraving of the die. The minting processes, consisting of the pre- paration of the "blanks," and the actual stamping seem to have been effected generally by inferior workmen. Some coins, the dekadrachms of Syracuse for example, are well struck, but most coins are irregular, and many of them exhibit unpardonable imperfections in the eyes of those accustomed to the products of modern mints. For in- stance, the obverse of No. 537, figured in PI. V, was struck from a die worn almost beyond recognition. That the Greek artist possessed consummate technical skill is proved by all that remains of his work. The processes employed by him in marble work, and in the treatment of metals, glass, terra-cotta, hard stones, and other materials have never been surpassed. It causes surprise therefore that Greek coins should have suffered from a purely mechani- cal defect. The explanation is that skilled workmen and skilled handicraft were despised by the aristocratic citizens INTRODUCTION. 7 of Greece as beneath their regard. The artist would not perform the work of an artisan. The artisans, in con- sequence, were usually slaves or foreigners, devoid of tech- nical ability, and they executed the minting work as is seen carelessly and ignorantly. There can be no doubt that a Greek artist could have performed the labor irre- proachably, had not his genius revolted from a task that he thought unworthy of him as a gentleman. Roman coins were struck far better. The following is a list of the principal names of Greek coins : Names and Relative Values of Greek Coins. Dekadrachm 10 drachms (No. 85, PI. II) Tetradrachm 4 drachms (No. 299, PI. IV) Didrachm 2 drachms (No. S3 PI- I) Drachm 6 obols (No. 304) Pentobol 5 obols Tetrobol 4 obols (No. 359) Triobol, or hemidrachm ... 3 obols (No. 318) Diobol 2 obols (No. 333) Trihemiobol \\ obols Obol (No. 309) Tritemorion J obol (No. 314} Hemiobol \ obol (No. 311; Trihemitetartemorion .... | obol Tetartemorion J obol Hemitetartemorion \ obol All these coins, it will be seen, are based on the drachm and its sixth part, the obol, of which they are multiples or fractions. The term stater gives some trouble. It means literally a weight, and probably at first denoted a piece of gold weighing 130 or 135 grains ; for gold was the first metal weighed, and it is thought that the original standard gold weight was 130 or 135 grains. 1 Even when coins 1 The most probable theory is that the ox was the earliest universal 8 INTRODUCTION. were general, the term, originally adopted for gold, was probably confined at first to that metal, and exclusively to gold coins of 130-135 grains. For instance, the gold coin No. 532, weighing 130 grains, w r as called the stater of Kroesos. Only later was the term employed to include silver coins, and then only those of this particular weight. In this way the Athenian silver didrachm, No. 302, weigh- ing 135 grains, the unit of the Athenian coin system, came to be called the Athenian stater, and No. 329 of the same weight, the unit at Corinth, was called the Corinthian stater. Finally the term was extended to embrace the unit, of whatever weight, in other systems, e. g. Aeginetan stater, No. 325, or Kyzikene stater, No. 413, weighing 195 and 250 grains respectively. The word thus had a specific sense, indicating a coin, first of gold and then of gold or silver, weighing 130-135 grains, and a second, more com- prehensive signification, namely, coin unit. Using the word in its extended meaning, the dollar might be called the American stater, for it is the coin unit of America,- or, similarly, the franc might be called the French stater. The word stater is used in both senses by modern numis- matists. 1 Just as it was seen in note 1 on page 3 that the mina and talent varied in accordance with the stater, so the weight of each of the above mentioned coins from the dekadrachm to the hemitetartemorion, depended on that of its stater ; and, consequently, in two towns where the unit of value, and when gold was first employed, 130 grains of the metal were treated as equal in value to an ox. In this way the ox as the standard of valuation was superseded in time by a piece of gold weighing 130 grains. The gold unit of value has remained about T30 grains to this day. The aureus of Imperial Rome weighed 124 grains, while the solidus of Constantine, acknowledged as the standard for Europe under its name bezant until the fall of Byzantium in the fifteenth century, weighed 70 grains rather more than half the Greek stater. The English noble weighed 136 grains, and this was the parent of the British sover- eign (123 grains) and the American half-eagle. The five-dollar gold piece to-day weighs 129 grains, and is thus within a grain of the weight of the gold unit fixed more than three thousand years ago. 1 The confusion the word has caused to lexicographers may be ar> preciated by reading the note on the term in the Century Dictionary. INTRODUCTION. coin standards differed, coins bearing the same names were different in weight and consequently in value. This fact is apt to cause a little confusion. It is difficult at first to realize, for instance, that at Aegina and Athens, two states within sight of each other, the Aeginetan drachm weighed one and a half times as much as the Attic drachm. An analogy existed in the United States when the dollar and trade dollar, two distinct coins bearing the same name, wore coined at the same time, and a similar difference exists to-day between the American cent and the French cent or centime. The origin and development of coin standards are of first importance to the numismatist and metrologist, but have little interest for the student of art, and are not dealt with here. ITALY AND SICILY. The coins are arranged in geographical order, going from north to south, and from -west to east. The order is the following: Italy ; Sicily ; Mace- donia, Thrace, and the Mainland of Greece; the Greek Islands; Asia Minor ; Syria ; the North Coast of Africa. This arrangement is simple, and is sanctioned by tradition, but is open to the two objections that it treats the colonies of Greece before their parent cities, and it places the earliest coins of all, those of Asia Minor at the end of the system instead of at the beginning. Italy and Sicily have been called the America of Greece. Numerous Greek colonies were spread along the coasts, and these issued many of the most beautiful Greek coins. The earliest coins of these Greek cities were those issued by the Achaean colonies in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy) early in the sixth century. This series is ill represented in this collection, but Sybaris, No. 19, is an instance. The coin is a thin silver plate showing the same type on both sides, in relief on the obverse and sunk on the reverse, as if to imitate a repousse metal disk. This fabric lasted into the fifth century. Sicilian coinage was not general until the end of the sixth century. The types at first were simple, as is seen at Zankle, No. 45, Naxos, No. 50, Selinus, No. 55, but by degrees they were elaborated in accordance with a fine taste that is peculiarly Sicilian, Himera, No. 40, Syra- cuse, No. 62. The greatest impulse given to coin-engraving in the West came from Athens, where art had been developed to a high degree under Perikles ; and this was first felt at the Athenian colony of Thurii about 443 b. c. In that year the town was established under the protection of Athens, and it is thought that among the colonists may have been included artists who had worked for Pheidias. Their in- fluence is supposed to have spread rapidly, and by the close of the century many of the most magnificent Greek coins had appeared from these western mints. Direct Attic influence may be traced in two of the coins of this ITAL V AND S/C/L V. 1 1 collection ; No. 35, Terina (PI. I), recalling the style of the Nike* Balustrade (see casts, Nos. 491-497) ; and No. 28, Croton (PI. 1), which seems to reproduce the "Theseus" of the Parthenon (cast 410 C). The art also of represent- ing faces in three-quarter view is supposed to have been derived directly from the Frieze of the Parthenon. Intro- duced into Italy it was developed to perfection in the won- derful creations of an unknown artist at Pandosia, No. 32 (PI. I), and Kimon at Syracuse, No. 68 (PI. I). The art of these Greek towns in Italy and Sicily may be recognized by a particular elegance of conception and extraordinary minuteness of execution, resulting occasionally in hardness when, as it seems, gem-engravers were employed to cut coin- dies, and used special methods more applicable to hard stones than to malleable substances, such as silver, as, for example, Herakleia, No. 15, Croton, No. 30, Syracuse, No. 76. A certain elaborate picturesque quality, due partly to this peculiarity, is general in Italy and Sicily, but is never found in coins issued in Greece. (See Tarentum, No. 13, Velia, No. 23, etc.) The history of Sicily is more interesting and better known than that of Greek Italy ; and many of its incidents, from the early struggle with Carthage down to its submis- sion to Rome, may be traced in the coins and illustrated by them. ITALY. 8-14. Tarentum (the Greek Taras), the modern Ta- ranto, Colony of Sparta. Taras, the son of Poseidon, according to the ancient story, crossed the ocean on a dolphin and founded Taren- tum. Historically, the foundation dated from 708 b. c, and was due to the Spartan Phalanthos at the head of the Partheniae, or illegitimate sons who were born at Sparta during the Messenian War. In the course of time, the myth of Taras was transferred to Phalanthos, and it was related of him that he had been saved from shipwreck by a dolphin. This story is constantly represented on Taren- tine coins. See Nos. 8 and 12. As constant a type is a horseman, No. 13, probably Taras or Phalanthos, represented in connection with games held in honor of local divinities and heroes. These types, the boy on the dolphin and the horseman, were continued at Tarentum for a period of two and a half centuries, from 450 to 200 b. c. On Nos. 9 and 14, Taras holds a Nike, symbolical of victory, and a trident, the symbol of his father Poseidon, in reference, perhaps, to Tarentum's position of command of the Tarentine Sea. 15. Herakleia, on the Tarentine Gulf, half-way be- tween Tarentum and Thurii, was founded by these two towns conjointly, in 432 b. c. In the fourth century it became a meeting-place for all the Italiotes, and was consequently of importance : many beautiful coins were issued there. On this coin is represented a head of Athena in crested helmet. On the helmet is seen a repre- sentation of Scylla hurling a stone, a subject suited to an Italian town. This terrible monster that dwelt between Italy and Sicily is shown as half woman and half fish, with dogs springing from her waist. In the field of the coin ITALY. 13 maybe seen a strigil, the implement used by athletes for scraping their bodies after exercise in the palaestra {cf. the specimen in bronze in the Museum collection). It is placed here probably as a magistrate's symbol ; that is to say, the sign of the magistrate responsible for the striking of the coin, perhaps his signet. The elaboration of the work on this head of Athena suggests the hand of a gem- engraver. 19. Sybaris, Achaean Colony on the Gulf of Tarentum. This was the largest, richest, and most magnificent city of the Greek world in the sixth century. Its inhabitants, grown rich from the profits of the trade in Eastern goods carried hither from Miletos in Ionia, lived in magnifi- cence : their luxury is proverbial. The town was built on the Krathis, and the bull may typify this river. The bull's head is turned back, possibly to fit the figure better to the coin. Compare an early Greek gem (red jasper) in the Museum for the same peculiarity. 20-22. Thurii, Athenian Colony. Sybaris was destroyed in 510 b. c. Thurii was founded on the same site, 443 b. c, by the Athenians. The head of Athena, No. 20, with its crested, olive-crowned helmet, was chosen for the symbol, as on Athenian coins, Nos. 293, 295, but is here treated without archaism. The bull on the reverse, No. 2 1 (PI. I), is the old sign of Sybaris, No. 19, now shown rushing (dovptoi) in allusion perhaps to the new name of the town. It may also, with the fish in the exergue, symbolize the river Krathis. The fish is a mullet which lives in brackish water. No. 21 is among the finest examples of this beautiful coin. 28^-30. Crotori, Achaean Colony, situated at the south- ern point of the Gulf of Tarentum. This town was famous for its philosopher Pythagoras, and for its successes in the Olympic games. " To win numerous victories of this kind at the Hellenic games, in contests in which success depended upon skilful and judicious training of the athlete, which implies the exist- 14 ITALY. ence of intelligence and leisure, the whole bent of the community must have been aristocratic." Holm. This aristocratic feeling is certainly exhibited in the coins, Nos. 28-30. The ruling divinities at Croton were Apollo, Hera of the Lakinian promontory, and Herakles, who had once sojourned at Croton and was regarded as an Achaean hero and even as the founder of the town j and these are all represented. 28 (PI. I.) Youthful Herakles lying on a rock, holding a wine-cup. The pose resembles that of the " Theseus " of the Parthenon (see Parthenon Room, No. 410, Fig. E, East Pediment). Perhaps it is a " memory-sketch " of that work. 29. The head of Hera Lakinia wearing a diadem. "The Lacinian Hera, if a coin could be found unworn in surface, would be very noble ; her hair is thrown free because she is the goddess of the cape of storms, though in her temple, there, the wind never moved the ashes on the altar. (Livy XXIV, 3.) " Ruskin. It is possible that the head was copied from a statue of the goddess in the temple at Croton. This was the most famous sanctuary in Italy, and its festivals, together with the Lakinian games, formed the common point of assem- blage for all Italiote Greeks, in the fifth century. 30. Head of Apollo crowned with laurel. These three coins, Nos. 28-30, are almost unworn in surface. They date probably from before the end of the fifth century. 32 (PI. I.) Pandosia, probably colonized from Croton. Head of Hera Lakinia. Compare No. 29. Probably the work of the artist of No. 21. His full name has not been preserved, as he signed the initial letters Ph only. " The beautiful stater is one of the most exquisite pro- ductions of any Greek mint." Head. The issue of this famous coin may have been small ; only four other ex- amples are known ; three are in national collections, the fourth is in a private collection in England. ITALY. 15 33. Rhegrium (the Greek Rhegion). Head of Apollo, in the style of the artist Kratesippos. Rhegium was a colony of Chalkis in Euboea, founded in accordance with the directions of the Delphic oracle, and the original colonists were under the especial patronage of Apollo. Apollo was patron god of colonies and newly founded cities, and his oracle was often consulted before such undertakings were entered upon. Representations of him on coins are often due to this aspect of his divinity, as for instance at Croton, No. 30, and Syracuse, No. 71. 34-35. Terina, colonized from Croton. 35 (PI. I.) Nike* (Victory) seated, holding an olive spray. This graceful and beautiful figure is among the finest creations of Greek coin-engraving. It is probably the work of the artist of the Pandosia stater, No. 32 (PI. I). Compare the gem-like fineness of this coin with the similar but more sculpturesque and broadly treated coin of Elis, No. 355. SICILY. 37-38. Agrigentum (the Greek Akragas, the modern Girgenti). Colony of Gela. 37 (PI. I.) This coin is very famous. It represents two eagles on a hare : one is about to tear the prey, while the other raises its head to shriek. The subject is grandly conceived, and simply executed. A similar scene is de- scribed in the Agamemnon of Aeschylus (born 525 b. a), line 115, where he speaks of two eagles : " The black sort, and the sort that 's white behind, Appearing . . . In right sky-regions, visible far and wide, Devouring a hare-creature, great with young." Translated by Browning. The eagle is a constant sign of Akragas : another sym- bol is the crab, referring either to the position of Akragas near the coast, or typifying the river Akragas that flowed past the town. One may be seen, for instance, on the reverse of the next coin, No. 38, beneath the chariot. 40, 41. Himera, Colony from Chalkis in Euboea. A nymph sacrifices at an altar. The satyr enjoying a bath symbolizes the hot springs for which the town was famous. The satyr is rendered smaller than the nymph, as if to show that he is in the background of the com- position. Greek relief work at this date did not attempt to show figures in different and unconnected planes. The subject, therefore, is treated rather pictorially than plastically, in a way that is most exceptional with Greek coins. 42-44. Leontini, Chalkidian Colony from Naxos, lying between Catana and Syracuse. On one side of these coins is seen the head of Apollo crowned with laurel, and on the other the head of a lion SICILY. 17 surrounded by four grains of corn. These types are thought to refer to Apollo as sun-god, the lion being a symbol of the sun ; and the corn grains would indicate him especially as protector of the harvest. The explana- tion is probable, for Leontini owed its prosperity to the extreme fertility of the land, which was renowned in all ages for its extraordinary richness. At the same time, the lion's head may have been chosen in punning allusion to the name of the town (AeW and Atovrlvoi). The fatal Athenian expedition against Syracuse in 415 b. c. started at the instance of Leontini. 45. Zankle (modern Messina), Colony from Chalkis in Euboea. The name is of Sikel origin and means sickle. The dolphin symbolizes the sea, while the raised semicircle represents the line of land forming the harbor, from the sickle-like shape of which the town received its name. 46-49. Messana, the later name of Zankle, recolo- nized from Samos and Miletos. This type of coin was due to Anaxilas of Rhegium. The mule-car as a type, No. 47, originated with the victory won by his mule-car at Olympia. The dolphins in the exergue indicate the sea. Whether the hare, No. 46, was meant to commemorate his introduction of the animal into Sicily, as Aristotle relates, or as a symbol of the god Pan, as modern numismatists assert, is debated. Hare- coursing was the fox-hunting of the Greeks, and is often represented on their vases. On No. 48 is a small head of Pan. 50-53. Naxos, Colony from Chalkis in Etrboea ; prob- ably also from the island of Naxos : the earliest colony in Sicily (near the modern Taormina). As in the island of Naxos, No. 397, its coin types are related to Dionysos and wine-drinking. Nos. 50 and 52 show the head of Dionysos, the god of wine. The reverse, No. 51 (PI. I), is a famous representation of a 1 8 SICILY. satyr with horse's ears and tail, holding a wine-cup in his hand. The knowledge of anatomy displayed by the artist, together with the bold foreshortening of the right leg, and the adjustment of the figure to the space at his command are remarkable, more especially if, as is believed, the coin dates from before the time of Pheidias. The satyr was intimately connected with the worship of Dionysos, in- dulging in wine and every form of sensual pleasure. A later representation, No. 53 (PI. I), of the same subject, the work of an artist Prokles, dating from the closing years of the fifth century, is a masterpiece of coin-engrav- ing. The satyr is seen in much the same position as the previous one, but in addition is shown a terminal bust of Dionysos, and beside it the thyrsos or staff of the god with its pine cone at the top. On the opposite side of the representation grows an ivy plant, another attribute of this divinity. The whole composition here, as on the coins of Himera, is exceptional for work in relief. The head on No. 52 icf. PI. I, 51) bears a remarkable resem- blance to the head of Dionysos, cast No. 137. That type has been ascribed to the artist Pythagoras of Rhegium. 55. Selimis, Colony from Megara in Sicily and Megara in Greece. The wild parsley, selinon (ai\ivov\ grew and grows still in great luxuriance at Selinus, and gave its name to the town. The leaf is shown on this coin. From this plant were made the crowns for the victors at the Nemean games and the Isthmian games at Corinth. The Corin- thian Timoleon turned to advantage his knowledge of this fact before his glorious battle against the Carthaginians at the Krimisos near Selinus in 339 b. c. His Sicilian troops had met a number of mules laden with this plant, and regarded the fact as a bad augury, for they associated parsley with its use in Sicily for adorning tombs. Timo- leon told them it was the wreath of victory, and at his instance they crowned their heads with it. 56-85. Syracuse, Colony of Corinth. Syracuse was the richest and most populous city of SICILY. 19 ancient Greece. It began to coin money about 500 n. c, and during a period of three hundred years issued a con- tinuous series of coins unrivalled for variety and beauty by those of any other town. The gradual development of the art of coining in a single state is best illustrated by these coins. The Museum possesses a few of them, and the examples exhibited show, especially in the elabora- tion of the hair, the gradual evolution of the series from archaism, Nos. 56-61, through the period of full splendor, Nos. 62-69, an( * freedom, Nos. 72-79, to weakness and decline, Nos. 80-82. The head on the coins, Nos. 56-65, represents the nymph Arethusa, who fled beneath the water from Greece to Sicily, and sprang up at Syracuse as a fresh-water fountain beside the sea; and the dolphins symbolize the sea. 68 (PI. I.) Head of Arethusa, with the dolphins play- ing among her tresses. " The fountain Arethusa is repre- sented by a female head, full face, whose flowing locks suggest, though they do not directly imitate, the bubbling action of the fresh-water spring which rises in the sea, here typified by the dolphins which sport round the head of the Nymph." Sir C. T. Newton. This wonderful and famous head was the result of a gradual evolution ; an earlier suggestion of the same idea is seen in Phistelia, No. 7. In turn it was copied on other coins : for instance, in Greece, at Larissa, Nos. 218, 221 ; and even in Asia, Tarsos, No. 550. It was the greatest work of the artist Kimon. 83-85 (PI. II, 85.) Dekadrachms by Evaenetos. His signature may be seen on one coin, No. 83, beneath the head. Date about 406 b. c. " Le temps passe. Tout meurt Le marbre mSme s'use. Agrigente n'est plus qu'une ombre, et Syracuse Dort sous le bleu linceul de son ciel indulgent ; Et seul le dur metal que l'amour fit docile Garde encore en sa fleur, aux m^dailles d'argent, L'immortelle beaute des vierges de Sicile." * 1 Quoted by Mr. G. F. Hill in the Preface to his Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins, 1899. 20 SICILY. The head is that of Persephone, daughter of Demeter: in her hair is a sprig of wild barley. The curve of the upper lip is characteristic of Evaenetos. On the reverse, 2}To. 84 (cf. PI. II, 85), is a victorious quadriga with Nike crowning the charioteer. Beneath is some armor, prob- ably the prize for the race. It seems probable that these dekadrachms were issued yearly in connection with the Assinaria, or games held to celebrate the Syracusan vic- tory over the Athenians at the river Assinaros in 413 b. c. 1 " Weiter, als diese Miinzen, kann der menschliche Begriff nicht gehen." Winckelmann. " Evainetos est le plus grand de toils dans la branche qu'il a cul- tivee. II est comme le Phidias de la gravure en monnaies. Regardez pendant quelque temps une piece gravee par lui, et bientot vous oublierez les dimensions exigues de l'objet que vous tenez a la main ; vous croirez avoir sous les yeux quelque fragment detache des frises du Parthenon." Lenormant. " To the sublime perfection of these coins no work of man of a similar description has hitherto even approached." Payne Knight. 41 The dekadrachm that is signed by Evaenetos is the chef d'ceuvre of the art of coin engraving." Head. 1 An interesting proof of the fame enjoyed by these coins in an- tiquity is afforded by the vase exhibited in a neighboring case. This is a plain, black-glazed earthenware kylix decorated only by a medal- lion in the centre. Careful attention shows this to be a reproduction of one of the dekadrachms of Evaenetos. An impression of a deka- drachm was made in some material, and by pressing clay into this mould, a copy of the coin was obtained. The rim of this reproduc- tion was cut away to fit it for its place ; and in the process, the lower part of the signature of the artist was sacrificed : the upper half of the abbreviated name is still visible beneath the dolphin that is under the neck of Persephone {cf. the similar abbreviation on No. 83). The reduction of the size of the coin is emphasized by the natural shrink- ing of the clay in the process of manufacture. The kylix seems from its shape, and especially its twisted handles, to have been made in imi- tation of a bronze, vessel, and it may be noticed that the artist has endeavored, by the use of a silver colored glaze, to give the medallion the appearance of a silver coin. The vase was made probably at Capua, not far from Naples ; and is therefore of Italian fabric, and not Sicilian. Its date must be placed some time in the fourth century b. c. ; not many years later, it is probable, than the issue of the coin. sicil y. 2 1 69-73. 344-317 B. c. Timoleon had been sent from Corinth to free Syracuse and other towns in Sicily of their tyrants. He accomplished his task and resigned his leadership in 339 v.. c. The coins struck in this period referred to these events. Zeus iktvOtpios (the liberator) was a divinity first worshipped at Syracuse when the tyrant Thrasyboulos had been banished in the preceding century ; and the Zeus head, on coin No. 73, recalled this deliverance. The beautiful electrum coin, No. 69, with the head of Artemis %t*r*tpa (the saviour), was a tribute to Artemis, the earliest patron goddess of Syracuse ; while the Apollo, whose head is on No. 71, is Apollo apxqytTTjs (the chief leader), the protector of the original Greek set- tlers. The Corinthian type with the head of Athena (com- pare No. 70 with Corml/i, No. 338) is a mark of political attachment between Syracuse and the mother city. No. 76 is a coin struck 310-305 b. c. by Agathokles, tyrant and king of Syracuse, about the time of his African expedition. The graceful and charming head represents Persephone. It is a more beautiful type than the head on his earlier coin, No. 75, copied from the Evaenetos type, No. 83. His earlier coin was struck 317-310 b. c. No. 79 is a portrait of Philistis, wife of Hieron II, king at Syracuse 275-216 b. c. Hieron's modesty was famous : he put his own portrait on his coins but rarely, while coins bearing his wife's head are not very rare. Nothing is known of her history or character, but her por- trait is one of the finest on coins. She wears the royal diadem and a veil, much in the same way as is seen on the contemporary Ptolemaic portraits (cf. the Berenike head, No. 565). In fact, the similarity of treatment has suggested to historians the existence of political relations between Syracuse and Egypt at this date. 1 In the field of the coin is a lighted torch, either a magistrate's symbol or 1 It seems therefore certain that the merit of these coins as works of art was recognized by contemporary Greeks, and that their popularity justified their employment, in a distinctly exceptional manner, as decoration for household pottery. 22 SICILY. a mint mark. The skill shown by this portrait is in con- trast to the reverse, with Nike driving a chariot: the feebleness of the latter may be realized by comparing the biga on No. 80 the reverse of a smaller coin of Philis- tis with the quadriga on the dekadrachm, No. 84. GREECE. MACEDON AND THRACE. The coins of Macedon and Thrace are distinguished by great breadth and massiveness of treatment, distinct char- acterization, and sense of decorative fitness : they are sculpturesque when compared with the gem-like produc- tions of Italy and Sicily. There is a certain difference in the style between the Apollo of the Chalkidian League, No. 132 (PI. II), and the Apollo of Rhegium, No. 33, that may readily be distinguished ; and it is easy to appreciate the vigor and richness of the full-faced coins of Aenos, No. 185 (PI. Ill), and Amphipolis, No. 139, after the sweetness of the tetradrachm of Kimon, No. 68 (PI. I). For typical North Greek coins, notice particularly Orreskii, No. 92 (PI. II) ; Getas, King of Edoni, No. 121 (PI. II) ; Arche- laos I, No. 147 ; Aenos, No. 182 (PI. III). The octa- drachms of the Orreskii and Edoni (tribes whose existence is known from coins alone) are very rare. The artist represents simply a warrior with two oxen (cf. the Vaphio cup electrotype in the Museum), and is very successful in arranging his subject to fill the space at his disposal. These northern Greek coins were developed at an earlier date than those farther south, probably because the coun- try was rich in consequence of the valuable silver mines situated in these districts. 97-113. Neapolis. This town may have been founded by the Athenian tyrant Peisistratos during his banishment 550-540 B. c. Probably Peisistratos went there from Eretria in Euboea, and took with him Eretrian colonists. The type of the Gorgon's head would connect the city both with Eretria and Athens ; for the Gorgon head is found on Eretrian 24 GREECE. coins, Nos. 272, 273, and was a symbol of Athena. 1 Athena had changed the Gorgon's hair into snakes, and when Perseus slew the monster, she wore the Gorgon's head on her aegis. Doubtless the idea of the Gorgon was something terrible, associated with primitive notions of the moon and thunder clouds. " Sometimes they put themselves to their wits'-end to draw an ugly thing, the Medusa's head, for instance, but they can't do it, not they, because nothing frightens them. . . . Pensiveness ; amazement ; often deepest grief and desolation, all these, but terror never. Everlasting calm in the presence of all fate ; and joy such as they could win in beauty at perfect rest." (jfcuskin.) At first these coins bear no reverse type ; but later, the head of Aphrodite is introduced, No. 103. Many of these coins were found together, and are of similar de- nominations : nevertheless it may be seen that no two of them are identical. The dies are similar, but not exactly alike. The fact is interesting, as it shows that it is prob- able that in a Greek mint many dies were employed at the same time for the production of a single issue of coins and further, that the dies were not multiplied by mechani- cal means as nowadays is the case, but each was engraved by the artist. 122-130 (PI. II, 126, 130). Akanthos. Lion attacking a bull. Herodotos (VII, 125) tells us that lions, and wild bulls with large horns, existed near Akanthos at the time that Xerxes marched through the country in 480 B.C. The coins corroborate the statement. No. 126 is a rare and beautiful variety, with a lioness in- stead of the lion attacking the bull. 131, 132. Chalkidike. The Chalkidian league, was founded in 392 b. c. It consisted of Olynthos and neighboring towns that had banded themselves together with common rights and laws. After a time the league employed force to compel other 1 For similar heads in sculpture, see casts Nos. 19 and 27 (from Selinus), in the Archaic Greek room of the Museum. MACEDON AND THRACE. 2$ cities to join it ; and Akanthos and Apollonia thus co- erced applied to Sparta. Sparta suppressed the league in 379 b. c, but coins were still issued by it until Philip lacedon abolished it by destroying Olynthos utterly, 349 b. c. Demosthenes' Olynthiac orations were made in favor of the league, and against Philip j but the help sent by the Athenians in consequence of these appeals arrived too late. The coins of the league are famous for their beauty. No. 132 (PI. II) is a perfect specimen. The head is that of Apollo crowned with laurel, and is similar to that on Philip's own gold stater, No. 151 (PI. II). 139. Amphipolis. Amphipolis, colonized by Athens in 437 b. c, was a town of first-rate importance, both from its commanding strategic position, and because it was close to the gold and silver mines of Macedonia. It was taken by the Spartans in 424 b. c, and was never recovered by the Athenians. The coins of Amphipolis are worthy of its pre-eminence. The head of Apollo is famous as the most beautiful type on the coins of North Greece. The face, in three-quarter view, shows the influence of Attic art of the time of Pheidias. 148^152. Philip of Macedon was always anxious to emphasize his Greek origin and tendencies, and this sentiment is reflected in his coinage. On his tetra- drachm, No. 148, is the head of the Zeus of Olympia : Philip had won races with horses at the Olympic games. On his gold staters, Nos. 150, 151 (PI. II), is the head of Apollo of Delphi : Philip presided over the Pythian games at Delphi in 346 b. c. The victorious chariot on the re- verse of the gold stater, No. 152, also refers to some success at the games. The gold stater, No. 151 (PI. II), is exceptionally perfect : the beautiful head of Apollo resembles that on the silver tetradrachm of the Chalkid- ian league, No. 132 (PI. II). The standards according to which Greek silver coins 26 GREECE. were struck depended, in great measure at all events, on the relative value of silver and gold. In Philip's time gold was cheap : the gold mines near Amphipolis were in his possession, and Persian gold coins (darics) were plentiful in Greece, while gold was being produced from mines in Thrace. It is probable therefore that gold was only ten times more valuable than silver, and that Philip's coins were minted on this basis. Philip's gold staters, Nos. 150-152, were each equivalent to six of his silver tetradrachms, No. 148. The gold coinage of Philip proved popular. His staters were known as Philips, while later his son's staters were called Alexanders ; in the same way that in later days people have spoken of the jacobus ,< carolus, louis a" or, and napoleon. These " Philips " continued to be struck after his death, and the type was carried by the Gauls to the West, where a barbarous imitation of it was used for the earliest coins of Britain. In Greece, his gold must have proved a formidable rival to the electrum staters of Kyzikos and the Persian darics. 153-164. Alexander the Great, reigned 336-323 b. c. Alexander's coin system was introduced after he had started on his expedition to the East in 334 b. c, and the types refer to the Pan-hellenic nature of his undertaking. On leaving Europe and on landing in Asia, he sacrificed to Zeus, Athena, and Herakles, three supporters of the Greeks in the Trojan war ; and these three appear on his coins. Herakles was also the mythic ancestor of the Macedonian monarchs ; his head occurs on earlier coins of the dynasty, and an additional reason therefore existed for his choice. The silver coins bear a head of Herakles on the obverse, No. 156, and a seated Zeus with his eagle on the reverse, No. 157 (cf. PI. II, 159) : the gold staters, " Alexanders," have a head of Athena on the obverse, No. 154, and a Nike on the reverse, No. 155, in token of victory. Alexander's family claimed descent from Herakles, while Alexander was fond of appearing dressed as the demi-god himself : it is therefore possible MACEDON AND THRACE. 2f that the head of Herakles on the silver coins was intended to suggest the features of the monarch ; in which case it would be the earliest regal portrait on a true Greek coin. Compare for the likeness the copy of the so-called " Alex- ander " sarcophagus in the Museum, where Alexander is shown in the battle scene wearing a lion-skin. After his death, portrait coins are common. Alexander maintained the bimetallic ratio of ten to one between gold and silver adopted by his father Philip. Five of his tetradrachms were equivalent to a gold stater. 1 Alexander's coins are found in great numbers struck at various mints in his kingdom, from Greece in the West to India in the East. Their issue continued long after his death. The tetradrachm, No. 159 (PI. II), was certainly not struck in his lifetime. The title King appears on these coins for the first time ; it was not employed, it is thought, on the coins struck during Alexander's lifetime. The smaller varieties, Nos. 160-164, except the drachma, No. 161, are rare. The gold double-stater, No. 153, is a rare coin also, and the example shown is exceptionally well preserved. 167-171. Demetrios Poliorketes. We see the head of Demetrios " the besieger " on the obverse, and a statue of Poseidon on the reverse, No. 170 {cf. PI. Ill, 169). Demetrios was famous for his beauty, which was too subtle for reproduction by sculptor or painter. He was brave, prodigal, chivalrous, a knight errant and inventor, combining in his nature the man of action with the man of pleasure, resembling in this respect Dionysos chiefly of all the gods. He is here represented as Dionysos, the bull's horn in his hair being an attribute of that divinity. The reverse type, No. 170, reproduces a statue of Poseidon, god of the sea, resting his foot on a rock, possibly the Poseidon Isthmios, a work of Lysip- pos, erected at Corinth ; and the choice shows that Deme- trios was proud of his success as an admiral. He won for his father Antigonos a great sea-fight against Ptolemy the 1 The gold stater was equal to six of Philip's tetradrachms. Alex- ander's tetradrachms contained more silver than those of his father. 28 GREECE. Great, 306 b. c. The battle is commemorated also in the famous Nike of Samothrake in the Louvre (cast No. 759, in the Museum at head of staircase). 172-173. Antigonos Gonatas (Son of Demetrios). 172. Head of Poseidon bound with a wreath of sea- weed, the face is that of a benevolent old man j his hair seems matted with salt water. The type probably refers to a naval victory of Antigonos. 173. Head of Pan, with goat's horns, in the centre of a Macedonian shield (called Macedonian from its use in the famous Macedonian phalanx : it was light and small). Antigonos defeated the Gauls in 277 b. c. at Lysimachia. Probably this coin, referring to the victory, recalls the panic (to 7raviKoV) with which the enemy was seized. The God Pan had similarly assisted the Greeks at Marathon. 174-175. Philip V. 174. Head of Perseus wearing a winged helmet ending in an eagle's head, the helmet of Hades, given him by the nymphs to render him invisible. Behind him is the harpa or sword with which he beheaded the Medusa. Philip's son was named Perseus, and probably, it is his head that is here represented in the guise of his mythical namesake, and not his father's. 175. Philip V, portrait. Philip began life with every promise once he was " the darling of all Greece," possessed of a quick understanding, retentive memory, winning grace of manner, royal dignity, authority, besides exhibiting ability and courage as a gen- eral. He ended life, however, as a gloomy and suspicious tyrant. He abandoned his enmity towards Rome after his defeat by Flamininus at Kynoskephalae, and became her unwilling ally. 176. Perseus, son and successor of Philip V. Miserliness and passion for intrigue were the chief characteristics of this monarch. On occasions of difficulty, MACEDON AND THRACE. 29 he was despondent and pusillanimous. He was defeated at Pydna by Aemilius Paulus, taken prisoner to Rome, and led in his conqueror's triumph. With him the Macedonian kingdom came to an end. Perseus was defeated in 168 B. c, and the right of coin- age, which was at first conceded to the Macedonians, they issued, for instance, No. 177 (head of Artemis on the M acedonian shield), was finally exercised by the Romans, Nos. 180 and 181, where we see a Roman reminiscence of No. 206, and realize the complete decadence of the coin- engraving art. 182-185. Aenos, a town on the south coast of Thrace. On the obverse is a head of Hermes in a tightly fitting felt or leather cap. It will be noticed that on No. 182 (PI. Ill) the hair is worn long and plaited : this fashion was abandoned in the second half of the fifth century ; the hair is shorter on No. 185 (PI. III). Hermes may appear on the coins of Aenos in his aspect as patron of trade. 183. Reverse : Goat (cf. PI. Ill, 182), a symbol pro- bably of local importance. The broad and fine style of these coins is remarkable. The full face, No. 185, is among the most successful of Greek coins in high relief. The designs are wonderfully adapted to the space of the coins, while the simplicity that marks the subject of the earlier type is expressed also in the style. The coin possesses all the charm attaching to a work of art on the border line between immaturity and development. 194-199. Thasos. The progress of coin-engraving may be well observed in the coins of Thasos, the capital of the large island of the same name off the coast of Thrace. The wealth of the Greek settlers was due partly to the rich mines there and on the neighboring mainland, and to a trade in the famous Thasian wine. Both sources of wealth affected the coins, for they are numerous, in accordance with the wealth of the city, and in addition bear types relating to the worship 3u)K7]) the sign of the city, placed on the coins, in pun- ning allusion to its name. No. 491 bears a Herakles head in a lion-skin, with his club behind. 460-474. Klazomenae. The name of this town is said to be derived from the shrieking swans, Nos. 461, 463, that inhabited the neigh- boring marshes (kXoi&iv, to shriek). The swan is also an attribute of Apollo, and his head is represented on the obverse, No. 460 (PI. V). " This nobler Apollo of Ionian Greece in which the incisions are softened into a harmony like that of Cor- reggio's painting." Ruskiif. The coins, tetradrachms, Nos. 460, 461, drachms, Nos. 462-468 (PI. V, 465), and hemidrachms, Nos. 469- 474, are seldom found, and the magnificent gold stater, No. 464 (PI. V), is one of the rarest of all coins. A dis- tinguished numismatist says of the specimen in the Brit- ish Museum : " The Apollo of Clazomene is one of the highest efforts of Greek Art. The treatment is extremely simple ; the hair is very pictorial ; there is no ornament ; the expres- sion is melancholy in the eyes, haughty in the mouth. Here a very high degree of beauty is reached with an absence of softness or trick." Poole. The artists have succeeded in imparting a special sweetness to many of these faces, especially Nos. 462, 465, 469 ; and their suc- cess in representing the head in three-quarter view testi- fies to a skill that was the culminating point of a long tradition. These must be among the latest coins which present the face in this manner. ASIA MINOR. 51 475, 476. Kolophon. Apollo was worshipped at Kolophon, and it is his head that appears on these two coins. The change in style from the small head with the large features of the fifth century to the large head with the small features of the fourth century may be noticed. The style and execution of No. 476 (PI. V) are beautiful, if somewhat hard, while the excellence of the striking and state of preservation of the coin are remarkable. 477-482. Ephesos. This town was famous for its worship of Artemis (" Diana of the Ephesians "), and the symbols on the coins are connected with her. The high priest of her temple was called the King Bee ; and the bee, Nos. 477, 481, is the most characteristic mark of Ephesian coins. The goddess herself was born at Ephesos with her brother Apollo, according to the Ephesian story, and the sacred palm tree beneath which their mother rested is shown on the coin, No. 479. The remaining symbol, the stag, No. 482, distinguishes Artemis as patroness of hunting. 488-490. Miletos. The earliest coins of Miletos have symbols connected with the worship of the sun, the lion and a star or sun, just as may be seen nowadays on the arms of Persia. Apollo was the god of the sun, and appears on the later coins of the city : he was worshipped at the very famous shrine of Didyma, close to the city. His head occurs on No. 488, while on the reverse, No. 489 (PL V), is the lion looking back at the star. These two tetradrachms are very rare : only three other examples are known to exist. 506-513. Dynasts of Caria. Caria was ruled from the beginning of the fourth cen- tury until the coming of Alexander, in 334 b. c, by mem- bers of a Carian family, the Hecatomnids, holding power nominally as satraps of the Great King of Persia. Coins of three members of this family, the brothers Mausolos, Hidrieus, and Pixodaros, are exhibited here. The types 52 ASIA. are the head of Apollo on the obverse, No. 506, a some- what flat repetition of the Rhodian head, No. 524, and the statue-type of Zeus of Labranda with the double axe, the labrys, on the reverse, No. 507. The well-known portrait statue of Mausolos from his Mausoleum, cast No. 548, seems reminiscent of the figure on the reverse of his coins. No. 512 shows a more ornate head of Apollo. 515-519. Kos, an island off Caria. The commercial prosperity of Kos in the fourth cen- tury is shown by the magnificent tetradrachms issued there with the head of Herakles on the obverse, Nos. 515 (PL V), 516. The reverse, No. 517, is very typical of a Greek coin. At the top is seen the name of the people of Kos : beneath is its symbol, the crab ; beneath again is the club, a sign of the tutelary divinity Herakles, while at the bottom is the name of the magistrate responsible for the issue of the coin. 521-531. Rhodes, an island off Caria. Rhodos, the daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite, gave her name to the island. Helios (the sun) loved Rhodos, and the names of their grandchildren were given to three of the cities of the island. These were Kameiros, Ialysos, and Lindos. The story of this love arose to account for the sun-worship at Rhodes, where the land was sacred to Helios down to a late date. The coins were struck at the city of Rhodes, founded about 408 b. c. by the three towns mentioned above. The Doric character of the inhabitants, combined with the Asiatic luxury of the neighboring coast, produced an art that reflected the earnestness and splen- dor of the Rhodians. The coins also are a witness of these influences. The types on Rhodian coins were constant throughout : on the obverse was the head of Helios, Nos. 521, 524 (PI. V), and on the reverse the single rose of the country, Nos. 523 (cf. PI. V, 524), in allusion to the name of the town (poBov = rose). The brilliancy of the sun is happily sug- gested by No. 526. The rose flourishes in Rhodes to this AS/A MINOR. 53 day. At first, the head of Helios resembles Apollo, No. 524, the god of the sun, while later it is more like Alex- ander the Great, No. 526. After the famous siege by Dc metrios Poliorketes in 303 B. c, the Colossus of Rhodes wis erected from the proceeds of his engines of war, be- ing finished in 292 or 290 b. c. ; and it may be the head of this statue, the work of Chares of Lindos, that is repro- duced on the later coins, both full face, Nos. 525-528, and in profile, No. 531. 532. Lydia. The earliest money struck by Lydian kings was elec- trum, but the form of these early electrum coins is quite uncertain. It has been conjectured that the two coins, Nos. 454 (PI. V), 455, are in this class ; and more lately Dr. Head has ascribed the small coin with a lion's head surmounted by a pellet, No. 458, to these monarchs, and probably would regard Nos. 454, 455, as early Ionian coins. Too few coins remain, in any case, of these early issues to enable numismatists to decide the question. Kroesos, the famous Lydian king, 561-546 b. c, abandoned the coinage of electrum, owing, perhaps, to the constant vari- ations in the amount of gold in its composition, and the consequent discredit and depreciation of electrum coins in the markets, and substituted silver and gold in its place. No. 532 is one of his gold staters. The lion and bull may be symbolical of the sun and moon, or the lion may be simply the oriental sign of sovereignty. This Lydian gold was employed in the trade of Asia Minor in the second half of the sixth century B. c, until Lydia succumbed to Persia, and the coin was replaced by the Persian daric. 533-540. Lykia. Lykia became part of the Persian empire after the fall of Kroesos in the sixth century, and was governed by satraps, save for a few years of vassalage to Athens, until the time of Alexander the Great. No. 535 shows the head of one of these satraps, Kharai, in three-quarter view, wearing the Persian tiara, and No. 537 (PI. V) is 54 ASIA. an exceptional stater of another, Khariga, showing Athena seated, with her weapons and owl. These rare coins were struck in the second half of the fifth century, when Lykia's recent subjection to Athens had ended. The coin of Khariga shows Attic influence. On No. 538 is the fore part of the winged horse Peg- asos. It was in Lykia that Bellerophon, mounted on Pegasos, slew the Chimaera. 541, 542. Aspendos, a Greek town in Pamphylia. Most of the coins of Aspendos are of a barbarous style; No. 541 (PI. V), is an exception. On the obverse are two youths wrestling in a manner still obtaining in that part of Asia Minor. On the reverse, No. 542, is a slinger. It is known that mercenaries were hired from Aspendos ; possibly the slingers were famous, and appear on the coins for that reason. Another suggested explanation is that the type was a pun between *A 55 8 > 5 6o > 5 6l > is composed of a knotted woollen fillet similar to that which may be seen in the representation of Cupid and Psyche on the Marlborough cameo in the Museum collection. It is a dedicatory em- blem, and as such is found on the heads of animals des- tined for sacrifice, for example, at Eretria, No. 275. A network composed of these fillets is seen covering the omphalos of Apollo at Delphi, both on the Amphictyonic stater, No. 252, and on the cast, No. 92A, in the Museum. It has been suggested that the appearance of the fillet on these Eastern coins may have reference to the relation- ship between the Seleukid kings of Syria and Apollo, derived from the claim of Seleukos to be the son of that god. 553. Antiochos I. Son of Seleukos. Seleukos exhibited great affection for his son, for not only did he allow him to marry one of his own wives, Stratonike, daughter of Demetrios, No. 167, when Antio- chos was love-sick for her, but he gave him as marriage portion a part of his kingdom. The beautiful gold stater, No. 553, with Antiochos' portrait, was struck probably somewhere in this kingdom to the east of the Euphrates. Little is known of Antiochos or his character : most his- tories relating to him are lost. $6 SYRIA. 554. Antiochos III. The Great. He made war against the Romans in Greece ; and being driven out, was defeated finally at the battle of Magnesia in Ionia, in 190 b. c. This event, as seen above, 1 had a great effect on Greek coinage, for all the towns subject to him in Asia Minor recovered their autonomy. 557 (PI. V). Tigranes. This conceited and untrustworthy yet enterprising in- dividual was king of Armenia, and for a while of Syria. He was son-in-law of Mithradates the Great, No. 398, and was his ally against Rome. He had not that champion's courage, however, and exhibited abject humiliation in misfortune : he played Mithradates false, and finally was himself defeated and driven from Syria by Lucullus, 69 B. c. He was the typical shifty, overbearing, weak Armenian. With him, the Syrian monarchy, begun by Seleukos, came to an end. He died a firm friend of Rome. The relatively high merit of this coin of Tigranes is due, perhaps, to his wife, who inherited her father's admiration for Greek culture, and encouraged the arts. Tigranes wears the Armenian tiara, a variation of the Persian tiara seen on No. 549. His forehead is bound with the regal diadem. 558. Seleukia. The port of Antioch in Syria. This town gained its freedom from Syrian rule in 108 b. c, and issued silver coins. The turreted mural crown indicates that the head is the Tyche {rx>xn, fortuna) or protecting divinity of the town. This method of repre- senting a town has been made familiar to us in modern times by Pradier's statue of Strasbourg at Paris. 561. Mithradates I of Parthia, 174-136 b. c. The tribes of Parthia under Arsakes revolted from the Seleukids in the middle of the third century b. c, and the vast territories to the east of the Euphrates were lost to the Macedonian kingdom of Syria. The coinage of Par- thia is barbaric, but this coin of Mithradates is an excep- 1 Page 49. SYRIA. tion. Mithradates was a brave, just, and upright monarch, free from pride or luxury, a great conqueror and admin- istrator too : he introduced into Parthia the best laws and customs obtaining among the people he conquered. On his coins is engraved the title " Philhellene," and it is probable that he succeeded in winning the esteem of his Greek subjects. This coin, of Greek fabric, may have been struck in his honor at some town where much of the population was Greek. The band round the hair is the royal diadem. AFRICA. EGYPT. 562-564. Ptolemy I. Alexander the Great died in 323 b. c. Thereupon his empire passed nominally to his half-brother, Aridaeos, surnamed Philip, conjointly with Alexander's son by Roxana, Alexander IV, born shortly after his father's death. Philip was half-witted ; and Alexander being but an infant, the real power was vested in the viceroys appointed to govern the different provinces. Egypt was chosen by Ptolemy. Ptolemy was one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and his devoted adherent. His origin was said to be low, yet one account makes him half-brother to Alexander. Withdrawing into Egypt immediately on his sovereign's death, he there founded the Ptolemaic dynasty. He was brave, energetic, and reliable, well educated, he wrote the history of Alexander the Great, shrewd, and a ruler of judgment. His family held the throne for nearly three hundred years, thanks in great measure to his admirable foresight. The coins of Ptolemy illustrate the changes in his for- tune. The first coins bore the title of Philip Aridaeos. They were similar to No. 165, struck in Philip's name at Babylon. Philip was murdered in 317 b. c. Ptolemy thereupon struck coins in the name of Alexander IV, bearing the head of Alexander the Great in the elephant's skin, No. 562. Alexander IV was murdered in 311 B.C. After his death, it is conjectured that Ptolemy struck coins similar to the preceding type, but in a somewhat different style, No. 563, until the year 306, when he was declared king of Egypt. Ptolemy's own head, No. 564, appears after 306, and is continued on Ptolemaic coins EGYPT. 59 down to Roman times. This gold coin with his portrait was struck in his reign, or the succeeding one. The elephant's skin on Nos. 562, 563, refers to Alex- ander's expedition to India. Beneath the skin may be noticed the horn of Ammon as on No. 206. Round the forehead is the royal diadem, and round the neck the aegis, an attribute of Zeus. 565. Berenike II, daughter of Magas, king of Kyrene, was a woman of resolution. At the age of fifteen she was bride elect of Demetrios the Fair, son of Demetrios Poli- orketes, No. 169, and murdered him on discovering that he carried on an intrigue with her mother. Berenike then married Ptolemy III (Evergetes), and is chiefly famous in connection with the dedication of a lock of her hair in a temple, in commemoration of his safe return from an expedition. The lock of hair was lost; but was dis- covered by the court astronomer as a new constellation in the sky, called to this day coma Berenices. The story forms the subject of an ode of Catullus, translated by him from the Greek of Kallimachos. Berenike was eventually murdered by her son Ptolemy IV (Philopator). 1 566. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. This coin represents the famous mistress of Caesar and Antony. " Her portrait is that of a woman of intellect and charm, not of beauty. A broad head with wavy hair, an aquiline nose, large deep-set eyes, and a full, eloquent mouth, is supported by a long, slender throat." Poole. " The contact of her presence, if you lived with her, was irresistible, the attraction of her person, joined with the charm of her conversation, and the character that at- tended all she said and did, was something bewitching. It was a pleasure merely to hear the sound of her voice, with which, like an instrument of many strings, she could pass from one language to another." Plutarch (Clough). She spoke Aethiopian, Troglodyte, Hebrew, Arabic, 1 No coin of this monarch is in the Catherine Page Perkins Collec- tion, but the Museum possesses a portrait head of him among its ancient marbles. 60 AFRICA. Syriac, Medic, and Parthian, besides, of course, Greek. Her features, her tastes and accomplishments suggest a Semitic strain in her blood. She was twenty-seven years of age when this coin was struck. CARTHAGE. 567-670. The interest of Punic coins is increased by the fact that they are almost the only memorial of the Carthaginians. The second Carthaginian invasion of Sicily was made at the end of the fifth century, and from that time onward the Carthaginians struck coins both in Sicily, Nos. 86-91, and at home, Nos. 567-570. This Semitic coinage was the work of Greek artists, and the types were Greek types ; but the work, at first fine, be- came flat and uninteresting : the large gold six-drachm piece, No. 569, is a typical example of the later class. This head is a tasteless copy of the Arethusa type, No. 85, altogether lacking in life and freedom. It has served in turn as model for the obverse of the coins of three French republics. Better copies are seen on the earlier examples, Nos. 86 and 88. No. 91 is a copy of the Alexandrine type, No. 156. The horse on these coins, Nos. 87, 568, is probably a symbol of the sun (Baal) ; see 2 Kings, xxiii, n, "And he (Josiah) took away the horses that the kings of Judah had given to the sun." The palm tree (oivi = phoenix) refers to the Phoenician origin of the Carthaginians. There was a myth that the Tyrians, on digging the foun- dations of Carthage, found a horse's head beneath a palm tree. Doubtless the type on No. 89 recalled this story. ROMAN COINS. The earliest coins in this collection having to do with Rome are Nos. 2 and 3. These were issued in the fourth century b. c. at Capua, in Campania. Capua at that time fell under the Roman dominion, but was allowed home rule, and struck coins. The style is Greek ; the subjects Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf (cf. cast of the Wolf of the Capitol, No. 557) and the head of Roma are Roman. No. 31 also illustrates an incident in the history of Rome, during the Pyrrhic wars. Locri in Brut- tium constantly changed hands from Pyrrhus to Rome in the period between 280 and 275 b. c. This coin was struck at Locri at a time when Rome was in power, and shows 7rtoTts (Jides, good faith) crowning Rome in assurance of the promised faithfulness of the Locrians. This seated figure became the conventional representation of Rome of later art. The allegorical character of the subject is es- sentially Roman, but here again the work is Greek. Rome had no silver coinage of her own until a few years later, 268 b. c, just before the First Punic War; at a time, that is, when Greek coin-engraving had passed its highest point and was far on the downward path. The earliest issues showed Castor and Pollux " the great twin brethren " (probably copied from the Greek coin, No. 25), and the name of the city, No. 577. A later series, the so- called " family " coins,' starting some thirty-five years after- wards, was distinguished by representations of people or events relating to the family history of the magistrate re- sponsible for their issue. Such are Nos. 579-581. It will be seen at once that, as compared with Greek coins, the artistic style of these is feeble. They are found in over- whelming numbers. Contemporary portraits began with Julius Caesar, and were the rule henceforward : the Imperial series is, indeed, a vast portrait gallery of Emperors and heir families. The ROMAN COINS. 63 few specimens, Nos. 582-609, serve to give an idea of the style of these coins. Imperial coins occur 1 in the three metals : the aureus of gold, No. 585 ; the denarius of silver, No. 584 * J ; and the sestertius. No. 586, and smaller divisions of bronze. 8 The work of these coins was probably done by Greek artists, but the art is Roman art, and quite distinct from that of Greek coins. Mechanically, they are better than Greek coins : greater attention was paid to the processes of minting; but artistically they are inferior. They are marked by dulness and monotony of style, maintaining throughout a period of over two hundred years a certain uniform excellence of quality which avoids mediocrity, but never reaches real distinction. This weary sameness would be still more irksome were it not for the variety of beauti- ful and attractive, if fortuitous, colours that distinguish all ancient copper coins. The portraits are accurate, as may be proved by com- paring them with the casts in the Bust Room of the Mu- seum ; and they are well executed in a methodical spirit, but without the freedom, vitality, or variety of Greek por- traits. The head of Augustus, No. 585 (PI. V), is partic- ularly fine (compare the portrait bust from the Despuig collection in the Museum) ; and the heads of Galba, No. 593, Maximinus I, No. 607, and Gordianus III, No. 608, are remarkable and characteristic. It will be noticed that the head no longer occupies the whole of the obverse as on Greek regal money, but shares the space with an inscrip- tion, as is still the fashion with modern coins. The reverses also are Roman in spirit, and show either some allegorical personification or mythological device, No. 586, or record some actual historical scene treated pic- 1 Some of these coins have been placed sidewise in the case in order that the light may strike the heads from the top and not from the side. 2 The " penny " given to the laborers in the vineyard, Matt. xxii. 19, with the image and superscription of Caesar, was the denarius of Tiberius, the successor of Augustus. 8 The largest bronze coins are spoken of by numismatists as " first brass," the smaller ones as " second brass," and " third brass." 64 ROMAN COINS. torially, a method that is typically Roman : for instance, No. 588, where Caligula is seen sacrificing. Such are Roman coins. They are a product of the characteristic order and system of the Roman Empire ; and they reflect its essentially practical, truthful, and busi- ness-like qualities. They have a further interest for us in that they, and not Greek coins, inspired the medallists of the Renaissance ; and in this way they have influenced all modern coinage. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE COINS IN THE CATHARINE PAGE PERKINS COLLECTION Reprinted from the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum. ITALY. Campania. Cales. Bronze coin of the period after 268 b. c, with a head of Athena on the obverse ; and a cock, with a star behind it, on the reverse. Capua. Two Romano-Campanian didrachms. One of the period 338-318: obv., head of young Hera- kles ; rev., wolf and twins, Romano in exergue. The other after 318: obv., head of Roma in Phrygian helmet ; rev., Nike' binding wreath to palm branch. Cumae. Didrachm, of the period 480-423. Obv., female head to r. j rev., mussel-shell and barley- corn. Neapolis. Bronze coin of about 340. Obv., head of Apollo to 1. ; rev., Campanian bull to r., crowned by flying Nike\ Phistelia. Two didrachms of the period 420-400. Each with head of Hera on obv., and Campanian bull, with Fistlus, in Oscan letters, on rev. Calabria. Tarentum. Didrachm, 500-473. Obv., Taras on dolphin to r., a cuttle-fish in his r. hand ; rev., sea-horse to r., cockle-shell below. Gold drachma, 400-330. Obv., head of a god- dess to L, a dolphin under the chin ; rev., Taras 66 ITAL Y. on dolphin to I., wearing chlamys, and holding a Nike and a trident. Didrachm, about 300. Obv., head of a god- dess to 1. ; rev., nude rider crowning horse, dolphin below, thunderbolt in field. Didrachm, 302-281. Obv., nude horseman rid- ing to 1., holding shield, NIK0AAM03; rev., Taras riding dolphin to r., carrying a bunch of grapes and a distaff; in field a cock. Diobol, about 300. Obv., head of Athena to r. \ rev., Herakles grappling with lion to r. Didrachm, 235-228. Obv., armed horseman riding to 1., IENOKPATHS; rev., Taras riding dolphin to 1., carrying trident ; waves and cuttle- fish below. Didrachm, 235-228. Obv., armed horseman galloping to r., holding a Nike, who crowns him, KAAAIKPATH3 ; rev., Taras-riding dolphin to 1., carrying a trident and a Nike who crowns him. Lucania. Herakleia. Didrachm, 350-280. Obv., head of Athena, a Scylla on her helmet, and a strigil below her chin ; rev., Herakles leaning on his club, and crowned by a Nike ; symbol, a small jug. Metapontum. Two staters of the period 400-350. One has on obv. a female head to 1., with fillet and leaves ; the other a youthful head with ram's horns. Both have the ear of wheat on rev. Stater, 350-330. Obv., head of Leukippos hel- meted, with lion's head for symbol ; rev., the ear of wheat. Sybaris. Stater of the sixth century, with the bull on the obv. and the same type incuse on the rev. Thurium. Stater of the period 420-390, and an- other of the period 390-350, each with the head of Athena on the obv. and the bull on the rev. On the former the helmet of Athena is wreathed with olive, on the latter it is decorated with a figure of Scylla, PI. I, 21. Velia. Didrachm, 400-268. Obv., head of Athena ITALY. 6j to L, helmet decorated with Pegasos and olive wreath ; rev., lion seizing upon a stag. Didrachm, signed by Philistion. Obv., head of Athena to )., the helmet decorated with a Nike' driving a quadriga, a horseman on the neck-piece, and the signature on the band of the crest ; rev., lion crunching a sword-blade ; a Nikd flying to 1. above, carrying a taenia. Bruttium. Bruttii. Octobol ? (86.1 grs.), 282-203. Obv., busts of the Dioskouroi ; rev., Dioskouroi mounted, each carrying a palm branch ; symbol, a club. Tetrobol ? (36.33 grs.), same period. Obv., head of Athena; rev., eagle standing with wings raised ; symbol, a torch. Tetrobol? (34.38 grs.), same period. Obv., head of Apollo ; symbol, a lyre ; rev., Artemis standing, holding arrow and torch, a hound at her feet ; symbol, a star. Croton. Two staters, late fifth century. First: obv., head of Hera Lakinia, her Stephanos adorned with palmettes ; rev., young Herakles seated on a rock, his bow lying on the ground, PI. I, 28. Second : obv., Hera Lakinia as above, her Stepha- nos adorned with a palmette between the fore parts of two griffins ; rev., Herakles as above, his bow and quiver in the field above him. Stater, about 400. Obv., head of Apollo ; rev., infant Herakles strangling two serpents. Locri Epizephyrii. Stater, 280-268. Obv., head of Zeus ; rev., Pistis (Fides) crowning Roma, names inscribed. Pandosia. Stater, about 400. Obv., head of Hera Lakinia with Stephanos ; rev., Pan the hunter seated on a rock, his dog lying at his side. (This is the specimen from the Carfrae sale, No. 34.) PI. I, 32. Rhegium. Tetradrachm, 415-387. Obv., lion's head facing; rev., head of Apollo laureate. Terina. Stater, 440-400. Obv., head of Terina, with 68 SICILY. artist's initial _ yy _ on the kerchief; rev., Terina seated on a cippus, holding a phiale, and crowned by a small Nike. Stater, 400-388. Obv., head of Terina, sphendone decorated with a meander ; rev., Nike seated, holding an olive spray, PI. I, 35. SICILY. Agrigentum. Gold twenty-litra piece, 415-406. Obv., crab ; rev., eagle slaying a serpent ; mark of value, two dots. Tetradrachm, 415-406. Obv., two eagles devour- ing a hare ; rev., quadriga with Nikd crowning the charioteer ; in exergue a crab. Tetradrachm, same period. Obv., like preceding; rev., a crab above, and Scylla moving to 1., below. (This is the splendid specimen formerly in the Ash- burnham collection, sale No. 30.) PI. I, 37. Herakleia Minoa. Tetradrachm, after 409. Obv., head of Persephone with dolphins ; rev., quadriga to r., Nike above. Himera. Two tetradrachms of the period 472-415. Each with a victorious quadriga on the obv., and the nymph Himera standing on the rev.; with a small satyr bath- ing in a fountain in the background. On one the satyr stands to r., receiving the water on his breast, on the other he stands full-front, the water striking him on the left shoulder. The latter has a barley- corn as symbol. Leontini. Two tetradrachms of the period 466-422. Each with the semi-archaic head of Apollo laureate on the obv., and the lion's head surrounded by four barley- corns on rev. Another, of about the year 425, with the same types in more developed style. Messana (including Zankle) Zankle, before 493. Drachma with dolphin within a sickle on obv., and scallop-shell in incuse of nine sections on rev. Two tetradrachms of the period 480-420. First: SICILY. 69 obv., male charioteer driving pair of mules which are crowned by Nike, laurel twi^ in exergue ; rev., hare leaping to r., dolphin below. Second : similar, ex- cept that chariot is driven by Messana, and two dolphins in exergue. Another, of 420-396. Obv., like the second ; rev., like the others, with a head of Pan below the hare. Bronze coin, 345-282. Obv., head of Poseidon to 1. ; rev., ornamented trident, with a dolphin on either side. Naxos. Drachma, 6th century. Obv., head of Dionysos to 1. ; rev., bunch of grapes between two leaves. Tetradrachm, 461-415. Obv., head of Dionysos to r. ; rev., nude Silenos seated on the ground, hold- ing a wine-cup, PI. I, 51. Drachma of the same period, with same types. Didrachm, 415-403. Obv., head of Apollo, leaf and berry in field ; rev., nude Silenos seated on the ground, holding wine-cup and thyrsos ; in the field a herma. (Design of Prokles, but not signed. Bun- bury sale, No. 364.) PI. I, 53. Segesta. Didrachm, 480-415. Obv., head of Segesta, hair rolled up behind ; rev., hound walking to r., scenting ; behind, three barley-stalks. Selinus. Didrachm, before 466. Obv., wild celery leaf, dot on either side of stem ; rev., incuse square of ten divisions. Syracuse. Drachma, 485-478. Obv., female head to r. ; rev., young horseman riding to r. Didrachm, same period. Obv., female head, sur- rounded by three dolphins; rev., bearded horseman, leading a second horse. Eight tetradrachms, ranging in date from 485 to 415, illustrating the gradual progress in the rendering of the profile head of Persephone surrounded by dolphins; the victorious quadriga on the reverse. Tetradrachm, 412-406. Obv., head of Nike* (?) to r., surrounded by dolphins; rev., Persephone driv- ing quadriga, and crowned by Nike, who bears wreath and aplustre. Ear of barley in exergue. (By Evar- chidas ?) PI. I, 67. yo SICILY. Tetradrachm by Kimon. Obv., head of Arethusa, almost full-front to 1., surrounded by dolphins (signa- ture on diadem) ; rev., victorious quadriga, signature on exergue line, PI. I, 68. Three dekadrachms by Evaenetos, with the famous head of Persephone surrounded by dolphins. One is signed ; another, though without a signature, is an exceptionally brilliant example of this coin, PI. II, Litra, signed by Evaenetos. Obv., female head to 1., wearing sphendone and diadem, signature on latter. Symbol, a barleycorn. Rev., cuttle-fish with webbed feelers. Four electrum coins of 344-317. First, 100 litrae : obv., head of Apollo, with lyre behind it ; rev., head of Artemis, hair fastened in a roll behind, quiver at neck and lyre in field. Second and third, 50 litrae : with head of Apollo on obv. (symbols, bow and pileus respectively), and tripod on rev. Fourth, 30 litrae : obv., head of Zeus ; rev., Pegasos, with three dots below. Silver stater of same period. Obv., head of Athena to r. ; rev., Pegasos to 1. Two staters of Agathokles, 310-305. First : obv., head of Athena to r., helmet uncrested and under- rated ; rev., Pegasos leaping to 1., star above. Sec- ond : obv., the helmet crested and decorated with a griffin ; rev., Pegasos, triskelis between his legs. Two tetradrachms of Agathokles. First : obv., head of Persephone surrounded by three dolphins ; rev., quadriga with triskelis above. Second : obv., head of Persephone to r., with hair hanging loose ; rev., Nike, erecting a trophy, symbol, a triskelis. Hieron II, 275-216. Gold coin (67.6 grs.). Obv., head of Persephone, cornucopia as symbol ; rev., biga galloping to r. Philistis, 275-216. 16 litrae, silver. Obv., head of Philistis veiled, with torch as symbol ; rev., quadriga driven by Nike. The same, 5 litrae, with same types, except that the chariot is a biga. MACE DON. 71 Period 215-212. 16 litrae ; obv., head of Zeus ; rev., quadriga driven by Nike. 12 litrae; obv., head of Athena, Pegaaos on her helmet; rev., Artemis shooting to L, her dog running in same direction. (T.unbury sale, No. 501.) Siculo-Punic, 393-310. Small gold coin (14.22 grs.), with date palm on the obv. and horse's head on the rev. Five tetradrachms, four with obv. head of Perse- phone in style of Evaenetos, surrounded by dolphins, one with head of Herakles in lion-skin. Of the revs., two are unbridled horses prancing; three, horse's heads, with a date palm in the background. MACEDON. A. Towns and Districts. Aeneia. Tetrobol, 500-424. Obv., archaic head of Aeneas, bearded ; rev., quadripartite mill-sail square, incuse. Diobol, of same period and with same types. Akanthos. Five tetradrachms of the period 500-424, four of them with the familiar type of the lion devour- ing a bull, one with a lioness instead of a lion, the style of which shows that it belongs among the later coins of the period, PI. II, 126. Obol of same period. Obv., head and neck of a lion facing. Two tetrobols of period after 424. Obv., fore part of kneeling bull, one with a bay twig for symbol, the other with the letters TTE. Rev., quadripartite square. Tetradrachm of same period. Obv., lion leaping upon a bull and biting him on the back ; rev., quad- ripartite square within a raised square on which is the inscription, the whole in an incuse square, PI. II, 130. Amphipolis. Tetradrachm, 424-358. Obv., fine head of Apollo ; rev., race-torch within a square border bear- ing the inscription ; symbol, tripod. BlSALTAB? Drachma (63.7 grs.) of about 500. Obv., 72 MAC ED ON. nude warrior standing to r. at the side of a horse, and carrying two spears ; rev., quadripartite incuse square. Tetrobol of Mosses, king of the Bisaltae (500- 480 ?). Obv., similar to preceding, but the warrior wears a short chlamys ; rev., incuse square, within which a smaller, quadripartite square and the inscrip- tion MOEQ. Chalkidian League. See Olynthos. Edoni. Octadrachm of Getas, king about 500. Obv., a man carrying two spears to r., between two oxen; rev., king's inscription in a square surrounding a quadripartite square, PI. II, 121. Eion. Two obols ? (13.92 and, 13. 60 grs.)of the fifth cen- tury. Obv., goose standing with head turned back, symbol, a lizard. On one an H, on the other 0. Rev., quadripartite incuse square. Lete. Stater of about 500. Obv., nude satyr seizing a nymph by the waist; rev., incuse square divided diagonally. Macedon. The kings of Macedon and Macedon under the Romans follow the geographical list of the dis- trict. Mende. Three tetrobols of the period 424-358. First : obv., Silenos reclining upon the back of an ass, and holding a wine-cup ; rev., large amphora and inscrip- tion MINAAH. Second: obv., Silenos stands to r., at the further side of an ass ; rev., within an incuse square, MENAAION and a crow. Third: obv., head of young Dionysos crowned with ivy; rev., MEN- AAIQN and an amphora. Neapolis. Silver coin of the period before 500 b. c, 1 18.2 grs. (f Babylonic stater? apparently unpub- lished). Obv., very archaic Gorgon's head ; rev., roughly divided quadripartite square, incuse. Three staters of the period 500-411, with the Gor- gon's head on obv., and mill-sail square on rev. Drachma of same period, and with same devices. Three drachmas of the period 411-350, with the Gorgon's head on obv., and head of Aphrodite wear- MACEDON. 73 intX wreath and necklace, surrounded by the letters NEOTT, on rev. Nine hemidrachms of the same period, with the same types, except that the hair of Aphrodite is bound by a cord, not wreathed. On five of them she wears a necklace, and on four not. (One of the latter has the letters NEO running down at r., instead of the four letters in the corners.) Olynthos. Two tetradrachms of the Chalkidian League. First : obv., the fine head of Apollo, laureate, to 1. ; rev., the large lyre and inscription. Second : obv., the more effeminate head of Apollo, laureate, to r. ; rev., like the preceding, with ETTI API3TON03 below, PI. II, 132. Orreskii. Two octadrachms of the period before 480. Obv., a man carrying two spears between two oxen to r. ; rev., shallow incuse square, PI. II, 92. Two staters of same period. Obv., centaur kneel- ing, carrying a nymph in his arms ; rev., mill-sail square, incuse. Paeonia. Two tetradrachms of Patraos, king 340-315. Obv., head of Apollo ( ?), laureate, to r. ; rev., horse- man spearing a prostrate foe. Tetradrachm of Audoleon, king 315-286. Obv., head of Athena Parthenos, almost full-front ; rev., horse walking to r., with loose rein. Potidaea. Tetradrachm, 500-480. Obv., Poseidon Hip- pios riding to r., carrying a trident ; rev., incuse square, quartered diagonally. B. Kings of Macedon. Alexander I (?). Tetrobol. Horseman wearing petasos and chlamys, and carrying two spears ; rev., head and paw of a lion to r. No inscription on either side. Tetradrachm. Obv., like above ; rev., goat's head and small inverted caduceus in a square within an incuse square. No inscriptions. Perdikkas II (?). Tetrobol. Obv., like preceding, but 74 MACEDON. style later, and rider wears high boots ; rev., fore part of a lion to r. in incuse square. Above, a caduceus to r. No inscriptions. Another. Obv., unbridled horse prancing to r. ; rev., HE PA IK and crested helmet in a linear square, within an incuse square. Archelaos I. Silver stater. Obv., youth's head to r., bound with a fillet; rev., APXEAAO and bridled horse with rein trailing. Philip II. Tetradrachm. Obv., head of Zeus, laureate ; rev., IAITTTTOY, boy with palm branch riding a horse with a fillet around its head. Symbol, thunderbolt. Triobol. Obv., filleted head of Apollo to r. ; rev., name, and boy with palm branch riding a horse to 1. Monogram below. Three gold staters, from different dies. Obv., head of Apollo or Ares, laureate, to r. ; rev., name and biga. Symbols, on two the head of a trident ; on third a thunderbolt, PI. II, 151. Alexander III (the Great). Gold distater. Obv., head of Athena in three-crested Corinthian helmet, on which is a serpent; rev., AAEEANAPOY, Nike hold- ing a wreath and trophy-stand. Symbol, a thunder- bolt. Two gold staters. Types of both like the preceding, one with AAE-ANAPOY and a monogram; the other with AAEEANAPOY BASIAEQ3, a monogram in a wreath, and another in the field. Four tetradrachms. Obv. on all, head of Herakles in lion-skin; rev., I, AAEEANAPOY, Zeus with eagle and sceptre on a throne with a back ; symbol, a Boeotian shield; II, BA^IAEQ^ AAEEANAPOY, throne without back, monogram (Mallos ?) in field ; III, AAEEANAPOY, throne with back, two mono- grams in field; IV, AAE-ANAPOY, throne with back, bunch of grapes and monogram in field, PI. II, 159- Didrachm (128.63 g rs -)* Types as in tetradrachms ; on rev., AAEA- ANAPOY and a monogram. MACEDON. 75 Drachma. Types as above; on rev., AAE-AN- APOY BA3IAEQS (latter in exergue), $ and mono- gram. Hemidrachm (32.53 grs.). Types and details like the preceding. Obol (10.51 grs.). Like the preceding, inscription incomplete. Under the throne, 0. Hemiobol (4.98 grs.). Obv. like the preceding; rev., AAE-ANA, club, bow, and quiver. Above, 4> M. Philip Aridaeos, 323-316. Tetradrachm like those of Alexander, with the inscriptions BA3IAEQ3 4>IAITT- TTOY, M, and AY on the rev. Alexander IV or V. Tetradrachm with types and in- scription like those of Alexander the Great, but of coarser execution. Under the throne on rev., AP (monogram), and symbol a caduceus. (Montagu sale, No. 779.) Demetrios Poliorketes. Five tetradrachms with the head of Demetrios horned and filleted. On the rev. of two, Poseidon seated, holding trident and aplustre (one has a helmet as symbol) ; on the other three he is standing, with one foot on a rock. Various mono- grams, PI. Ill, 169. Antigonos Gonatas or Doson. Tetradrachm. Obv., head of Poseidon to r., wreathed with a sea plant ; rev., Apollo seated upon a prow, on which is the king's inscription. Monogram below. Another ; obv., head of Pan on a shield ; rev., archaistic Athena brandishing shield and thunder- bolt. In field, helmet, and monogram. Philip V. Tetradrachm. Obv., head of Perseus on a shield, wearing winged cap with griffin's head at top, his sword at his shoulder. Rev., king's inscription and club in an oak wreath. Three monograms. (Carfrae sale, No. 118.) Drachma. Obv., filleted head of Philip ; rev., in- scription, club and three monograms, in an oak wreath, below which a thunderbolt. ?6 MACEDON. Perseus. Drachma. Obv., filleted head of Perseus ; rev., inscription, club and three monograms, in an oak wreath, below which a star. C. Macedon under the Romans. Three tetradrachms. I, 158-146 : obv., head of Artemis in a shield; rev., MAKEAONQN TTPQTHS, club, and three monograms, in an oak wreath, below which a thunderbolt. II, after 146; obv., like preceding; rev., MAKEAONQN, LEG, club, and monogram, in an oak wreath. Ill, before 89 ; obv., M AKEAONQN and head of Alexander; rev., AESIAAA^ Q, club, money-chest and seat in laurel wreath. Two tetrobols of the period of semi-independence under Philip V., 185-168. I, obv., Macedonian shield with club in centre; rev., MAKEAONQN and helmet. Symbol, aplustre. II, obv., wheel on a Macedonian shield; rev., prow of ship, on which BOTTEATON. Thrace, Thasos and the North. Aenos. Three tetradrachms of the period 450-400, with the head of Hermes of severe style on the obv., and goat on the rev. One of them has as symbols on the rev., a herma of Hermes standing on a throne (on the back of which hangs a wreath), and a cadu- ceus, PI. Ill, 182. Tetradrachm, 400-350. Obv., head of Hermes of fine style ; rev., goat ; symbols, barleycorn and bunch of grapes, PI. Ill, 185. Byzantium. Drachma, 400-350. Obv., bull walking to 1. on a dolphin ; above, BY (with Byzantian B) ; rev., mill-sail square, incuse. Dikaea. Tetrobol, 480-450. Obv., head with hair rolled up behind ; rev., bull's head to r., PI. Ill, 193. Maroneia. Didrachm, 500-450. Obv., fore part of horse THRACE, THASOS AND THE NORTH J J springing to 1., POrO . . . ETTAPX ; rev., quad- ripartite square, incuse. Drachma, same period. Obv., type as above, in- scription effaced ; rev., four-pointed star over rosette, in incuse square. Hemidrachm, same period. Obv. as above, no in- scription ; rev., quadripartite square. Didrachm, 450-400. Obv. as above; rev., quad- ripartite square, surrounded by inscription, in incuse square. Stater, 400-350. Obv., horse prancing to 1., with loose rein ; rev., grape-vine in a square surrounded by the inscription ETTI XOPHTO ; symbol, a fly. Triobol of same period. Obv., fore part of horse, EYTT; rev., bunch of grapes, MA. Tetradrachm, after 146. Obv., ivy-wreathed head of Dionysos ; rev., Dionysos Soter, standing, holding two narthex stalks and a bunch of grapes. Inscrip- tions and monogram. Mesembria. Diobol, 450-350. Obv., crested helmet facing; rev., META between the four spokes of a radiate wheel. Pantikapaeon. Didrachm, third century. Obv., ivy- wreathed head of young Dionysos to r. ; rev., inscrip- tion and bunch of grapes in ivy wreath, monogram above. Perinthos. Hemidrachm (35.2 grs.), about 310? Obv., head of Demeter to 1., grain of wheat below ; rev., fore parts of two horses joined back to back, TTE below. Thasos. Stater, 550-465. Obv., Silenos carrying a nymph in his arms ; rev., quadripartite incuse square. Two drachmas, 465-411. Designs as above, but more advanced style : on one the Silenos kneels to front, his head turned to r. Two drachmas, 411-350. Obv., head of bearded Dionysos (one with, one without border) ; rev., Herakles shooting to r. on one knee. Symbol on one, fly or cicada ; on the other, head of a river god or Pan. yS GREECE PROPER. Tetradrachm, after 146. Obv., head of young Dionysos, with ivy wreath and fillet ; rev., Herakles Soter, standing, club in r. hand, lion-skin over 1. arm. Thrace, Lysimachos, King of. Two gold staters. Obv., head of deified Alexander ; rev., Athena seated, hold- ing a Nike. On one, BY, a monogram, trident and two dolphins ; on the other a monogram, bee (?) and cornucopia. Five tetradrachms, with types as above; symbols on rev., I, two monograms; II, trophy (?), crescent and monogram, PI. Ill, 207 ; III, crescent and mono- gram ; IV, caduceus and monogram ; V, eagle. One has a K under the head of Alexander. Didrachm. Types as above ; on rev., a bee and E<1>. Drachma. Obv., youthful head to r. ; horseman galloping to r., AY above, ear of wheat and fore part of lion below. GREECE PROPER. A. Northern Greece. Achaea Phthiotis. Drachma, fourth century. Obv., head of a nymph ; rev., Athena charging to r. (on the in- side of her shield are reliefs representing a battle). Symbol, bunch of grapes ; no traces of inscription. Corcyra. Didrachm, 229-48. Obv., head of young Dionysos ; rev., Pegasos galloping to r., and two monograms ; one that of Corcyra. Epeiros. Silver stater of Alexander, son of Neoptolemos (342-326). Obv., head of Zeus wreathed with oak ; rev., king's inscription, thunderbolt and eagle's head as symbol. Victoriatus of the Epirote Republic, 238-168. Obv., heads of Zeus and Dione ; rev., ATTEIPQTAN and thunderbolt in oak wreath. GREECE PROPER. 79 The following are in Thessaly : Kierion. Trihemiobol, 400-344. Obv., head of Zeus; rev., the nymph Arne playing knuckle-bones. Larissa. Three drachmas of the period 430-400. Obv., youth restraining a bull ; rev., bridled horse galloping tor., PL III, 215. Four drachmas of the period 400-344. Obv., head of Larissa in imitation of Kimon's head of Arethusa on Syracusan coins; rev., I and II, horse grazing; III, mare and foal ; IV, youth standing by a horse. Plated drachma (ancient counterfeit), of same period. Obv. as above ; rev., grazing horse. Melitaea. Drachma, about 410. Obv., head of Zeus wreathed with olive ; rev., bull grazing ; symbol, sprig of oak leaves with acorn, PI. Ill, 223. Oetaei. Hemidrachm, 400-344. Obv., head of a lion with a spear in its mouth ; rev., young Herakles standing, holding club across both arms. Silver coin of 196-146. Types similar to preced- ing, but Herakles rests on his club. (Reduced Attic didrachm ? 1 17.67 grs.) Perrhaebi. Trihemiobol, 480-400. Horseman in petasos and chlamys, carrying two spears ; rev., female seated, holding a helmet with both hands. Pharsalos. Drachma, 400-344. Obv., head of Athena in a winged Attic helmet ; rev., young horseman carry- ing a knotted stick over his shoulder, PI. Ill, 227. Hemidrachm, of same period. Obv., head of Athena in Attic helmet, with ear-pieces turned up ; rev., horse's head. Pherae. Drachma, 480-450. Obv., youth restraining a bull ; rev., horse galloping to r., rein dragging. Upper 1. corner, a fountain from which water is pouring. (Photiades Pasha sale, 1890, No. 161.) Silver stater of Alexander of Pherae (369-357). Obv., head of Hekate or Artemis ; rev., AAEEAN- APOY, mounted warrior galloping to r. Double axe under the horse and on its flank. (Montagu sale, No. 312.) PI. Ill, 230. 80 GREECE PROPER. B. Central Greece. Aegina. Stater of the oldest type (700-550), bearing the tortoise with plain shell and row of eight dots down the middle. Rev., incuse square divided into eight sections, PI. IV, 322. Two staters of the second period (550-480). Obv., tortoise with smooth shell, five dots down the middle, two more at the top ; rev., incuse square divided into five sections. Two staters of the period 480-431, the shell of the tortoise treated naturally ; in one the head full-front, in the other turned to r. Rev., like the preceding, PL IV, 325. Hemiobol of same period, with same designs (head full-front). Obol, after 404. Obv., tortoise as above, and A I ; rev., like above, with A in upper left section. Aetolian League, 279-168. Silver coin, 162.7 g rs - Obv., head of Aetolos to r., wearing an oak wreath inter- twined with his diadem; below, l. Rev., Aetolos, as a nude young warrior, standing to L, resting his r. foot upon a rock, and leaning upon his spear. In field, A. Ditto, 81.42 grs. Obv., head of Artemis to r., laureate, and with bow and quiver. $1 behind. Rev., Aetolia dressed like Artemis, seated on a pile of shields \ r., trophy of Gallic arms ; 1., two mono- grams. Ditto, 37.2 grs. Obv., head of Aetolia wearing ear- ring and petasos ; 4> I behind. Rev., Kalydonian boar ; between the legs N I ; in exergue a spear-head. Athens. Early archaic style (before 480). Ten tetra- drachms with the familiar types, no two from the same die, showing the gradual advance in the prim- itive representations of the head of Athena. (One of these, PL IV, 285, is from the Bunbury sale, No. 976 ; published Numismatic Chronicle, 1881, pi. iv, 2.) Two drachmas, two obols, and one hemiobol, with the same types. GREECE PROPER. 8 1 Later archaic style (fifth century). Nine tetra- drachms, two didrachms (128.97 grs. and 132.4 grs.), five drachmas, two obols and one hemiobol, all with the familiar types, PI. IV, 299. Style of the decline (fourth century ?). Gold stater (chrysos). See Head, B. M. Catalogue, Attica % p. xxvi ; two tetradrachms ; one three-quarters obol (tritemorion), with AGE within three crescents on the rev.; two quarter-obols (tetartemoria), with A0E above a crescent on the rev. Period 196-187. Tetrad rachm ; obv., head of Athena of late style ; rev., owl and inscriptions AGE Ml Kl 0EO4>PA, within a wreath of wheat. Period 186-147. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of Athena ; rev., owl standing on an amphora ; symbol, bow and quiver (?), and inscriptions AGE HPA API3T0 IAAN and TA, all within an olive wreath. About 146. Drachma ; types as above ; symbol, dol- phin and trident, inscriptions AGE ZENOKAH^ APMOIENOS. Chalkis (or Megara). Two obols, before 480. Obv., wheel of four spokes; rev., incuse square, roughly quartered.- Corinth. Six staters of various dates, from 500 to after 338, with the familiar types of Pegasos and Athena. The oldest of them has no symbol on the rev. ; the others have respectively a flying dove in a wreath, a serpent, an aplustre (?), the fore part of a bull, and a chimaera and A P. Two trihemidrachms of about 338. Obv., Bellero- phon on Pegasos, charging to r. ; rev., Chimaera and A I, an amphora across the exergue line. Five drachmas ; one of 500-430, with Pegasos and head of Athena ; the others of 350-338, with Pegasos on obv., and on rev. head of Aphrodite, two with her hair in a sakkos, the others with it loose. One hemidrachm, 350-338, with types like the pre- ceding (hair in sakkos). 82 GREECE PROPER. Four diobols, 430-338 or later. Obv., Pegasos fly- ing to 1. ; rev., I, Pegasos trotting to r. ; II, Pegasos trotting to 1. ; III, Pegasos full-front and AIO; IV, Pegasos three-quarters front, and AIO. One obol, 400-350. Obv., Pegasos ; rev., head of a trident decorated with scrolls. Delphi. Two staters of about 346. Obv., head of De- meter veiled and wreathed with wheat; rev., AM4>I- KTIONQN, Apollo in long garments seated upon the omphalos, holding a long laurel branch, his lyre at his side; symbol, a tripod, PI. Ill, 251. Eretria. Didrachm, 600-480. Obv., Gorgon's head, of very archaic style ; rev., quadripartite incuse square, lion's head in one section. , Tetradrachm, same period and types, but style slightly more advanced ; the fore paws as well as head of the lion on the rev., PI. IV, 273. Drachma, 480-445. Obv., cow licking her foot, E below ; rev., cuttle-fish. Drachma, 411-336. Obv., head of nymph Euboea; rev., EY, head and neck of a bull, filleted. (Coin of the Federation of Euboea.) Haliartos. Stater, 550-480. Obv., Boeotian shield ; rev., mill-sail square, with aspirate in centre. Histiaea. Drachma, 369-336. Obv., head of a Maenad ; rev., bull standing under a vine, monogram in field, and I^TI in exergue. Tetrobol, 313-265. Obv., head of a Maenad wear- ing a sphendone ; rev., Histiaea seated on the stern of a galley, holding a trophy-stand. Leukas. Drachma, 500-430, like the Corinthian coins of the period, with A under the Pegasos ; rev., head of Aphrodite. Stater of same period, with Pegasos and archaic head of Athena, A under the former. Stater, 430-400 ; designs as above with fine head of Athena. Hemidrachm, 430-330. Obv., fore half of Pegasos and A ; rev., head of Aphrodite, three-quarters front. GREECE PROPER. 83 Locri Opuntii. Three staters, 369-338, one of which is an ancient counterfeit, silver-plated. Obv., head of Persephone ; rev., Ajax charging to r., armed with a sword. Details: I, AIA^, griffin on shield, spear on ground, PI. IV, 243. II, no name, spear and helmet on ground, serpent on shield. Ill (counterfeit), no name, broken spear on ground, serpent on shield. Two hemidrachms of same period, with types as above. Details : I, griffin on shield, helmet on ground. II, serpent on shield, spear on ground. One hemidrachm, 338-300. Types as above, with AOKPQN instead of OTTONTIQN on rev., no sym- bols, monogram between his legs. Megara. Drachma, about 307. Obv., head of Apollo, laureate ; rev., seven-stringed lyre. (See, also, Chal- kis.) Mykalessos. Obol, 387-374. Obv., Boeotian shield ; rev., thunderbolt and MY. Orchomenos. Two obols, 600-480. Obv., sprouting grain of wheat (on one E) ; rev., incuse square, divided (E on one, ER on the other). Stater, 387-374. Obv., Boeotian shield, ear of wheat across one end ; rev., amphora, with EY above and EPXO below. Hemidrachm, same period. Obv., Boeotian shield ; rev., EPX in wreath of wheat. Phokis. Two obols, 480-421. Obv., bull's head facing ; rev., fore part of boar to 1., one with the inscription OKI. Hemidrachm of same period. Obv. as above ; rev., same inscription, and female head to r. Hemidrachm, 357-346. Obv. as above ; rev., head of Apollo, lyre and traces of inscription. See, also, Delphi. Tan agra. Drachma, 550-480. Obv., Boeotian shield, T in one of the side openings ; rev., incuse cross with pointed ends, T T in opposite arms. Thebes. Drachma, 600-550. Obv., Boeotian shield, as on all the following Theban coins ; rev., incuse square in eight sections. 84 GREECE PROPER. Drachma, 550-480. Rev. as above with archaic in centre. Quarter-obol (tetartemorion), same period. Rev., archaic G in incuse square. Three staters of the period about 450. Revs., I, II, Herakles kneeling, stringing his bow, symbol a club. (One from the Bunbury sale, No. 947, PI. IV, 265.) Ill, Herakles rushing to r., brandishing club and carrying tripod. Hemidrachm, 426-387. Rev., 0EB, Kantharos, club and axe. Two staters of the Boeotian League (379-338). Rev., amphora and magistrate's name, KAAAI and TJMO respectively. Thespiae. Obol, 387-374. Ob v., Boeotian shield ; rev., crescent and inscription. C. Peloponnesos. Argos. Obol, 322-229. Obv., head of wolf, d; rev., A, Nl in corners. Two tetrobols of same period. Obv., fore part of wolf, one to 1., the other to r. Rev., I, large A, club below, "FTP above; II, Nl above the A, nothing below. Three-quarters obol (tritemorion), same period. Obv., head of wolf, ^ I above ; rev., large A, with round shield below, and H P above. Arkadia. Thirteen triobols of the period 480-417. Obv., Zeus enthroned, his eagle flying ; rev., head of Artemis or Despoina ; both types with numerous small varia- tions of pose and details in the several examples. Didrachm, about 370. Obv., head of Zeus to 1. ; rev., AP (in monogram), Pan seated upon a rock, holding his stick, his syrinx at his feet. On the rock the artist's signature OAYM. For towns of Arkadia see their names in the alpha- betical list. Elis. Stater, before 471. Obv., archaic eagle flying to 1., carrying a hare ; rev., thunderbolt in a round incuse. GREECE PROPER. 85 Two staters, 471-370. I, obv., eagle standing to 1., over its prey; rev., Nike, full-front, head to 1., hold- ing a fillet and palm branch. AA in upper corners. II, obv., eagle flying to r., with a hare ; rev., Nike' seated on a square base, holding out a wreath (?). In field A. Stater, 421-365. Obv., head of Hera wearing a diadem ; rev., eagle standing within an olive wreath. (Bunbury sale, No. 1093.) Hemidrachm, 365-322. Obv., head of Zeus to r. ; rev., eagle standing upon a meta, FA. Hemidrachm, 312-2^1. Obv., like preceding, but later style ; rev., thunderbolt and FA within an olive wreath. Epidauros. Diobol ? (3*6.69 grs.), third century. Obv., head of Asklepips, laureate, in field E; rev., ETT (monogram) in a wreath. Heraea. Obol, 420-370. Obv., head of Artemis ; rev., H, with a bow across the middle bar. Hermione. Two triobols of the period 350-322. Obv., head of Demeter wreathed with wheat; rev., EP (monogram) in wreath of wheat. (One of these is from the Bunbury sale, No. nil.) Kleitor. Obol, 400-322. Obv., head of Athena; rev., bridled horse, prancing. Messene. Tetrobol? (35.23 grs.), 280-146. Obv., head of Zeus ; rev., olive wreath enclosing a tripod and in- scriptions MES ITTTTAPXOS. Pheneos. Two obols of the period 431-370. Obv., head of Hermes, his petasos hanging at his neck ; rev., ram standing to r. Symbol, on one only, a caduceus. Two staters, 360-300. Obv., head of Demeter ; rev., Hermes hastening to 1., carrying the infant Arkas on his 1. arm, caduceus in r. hand. One of the coins has a phiale (or ?) as symbol, between the legs of Hermes, PI. IV, 386. Phlios. Two obols of the period 431-370. Obv., fore part of bull, butting; rev., a large , and a dot in each of the four corners. 86 GREECE PROPER. Sikyon. Hemiobol, before 400. Obv., dove pecking its foot; rev., E^, dove flying to r. Obol, 400-332. Obv., ^1, dove alighting to r., below ; rev., dove flying to r. Drachma, same period. Obv., Chimaera, ^E below the body ; rev., dove flying to 1., in an olive wreath. Stymphalos. Obol, 431-370. Obv., head of young Her- akles in lion-skin ; rev., head and neck of a Stympha- lian bird. Tegea. Obol, before 431 ? Obv., head of Athena, wear- ing olive wreath but no helmet, hair in queue behind ; rev., T. Thelpusa. Two obols, 400-370. Obv., head of Deme- ter Erinys to r., wearing earing and necklace. Under her chin 0. Rev., EPIQN, the horse Arion, with loose rein, prancing to r. D. Islands of the Aegean. Not including those on the Asiatic Coast. Crete. Gortyna. Drachma, 300-200. Obv., head of Zeus ; rev., Europa on the Bull, her mantle blown by the wind. Lappa. Stater, 431-400. Obv., A] ATTTTI ON (retro- grade), large female head Artemis ? to r., wearing pendant earring and bead necklace ; rev., A7T0A- AO]N, Apollo, in himation, seated to r. (his shoulders full-front), his r. hand resting on a large sphere the sun ? and the 1. holding a five-stringed tortoise- shell lyre on his lap. Phalasarna. Stater, 400-300. Obv., head of Dik- tynna to r., her hair bound by a cord ; rev., ^A, head of a trident, with a scroll at the neck. Delos. Stater, before 500. Obv., two dolphins, one above the other, swimming in opposite directions ; rev., incuse square, divided unevenly into five sec- tions. ASIA MINOR. 87 Keos. Iulis. Stater, about 300. Obv., head of Aristaeos, laureate, to r., bearded and with thick hair brushed forward; rev., IOAOY, a bee; symbol, head of the dog Sirius, Kl below. 1 Naxos. Stater, sixth century. Obv., Kantharos, with ivy leaf above it and one hanging from each handle ; rev., quadripartite incuse square. ASIA MINOR. Pontos. Mithradates Eupator. Two tetradrachms, I, struck b. c. 97 ; obv., head of Mithradates, PI. IV, 398; rev., BASIAEQS EYTTATOPOS, Pegasos drinking, crescent, star, monogram, E^, and Z, all in ivy wreath. II, struck B. c, 74, obv., as above ; rev., BASIAEQ MI0PAAATOYS EYTTATOPOS, stag grazing, crescent, star, two monograms and Paphlagonia. Amastris. Two staters of the third cen- tury. I, obv., head of Mithras, wearing Phrygian cap, laureate, with a star above the wreath ; rev., Anaitis (?) enthroned, crowned, and holding a Nike'. Her sceptre leans against the throne. Symbol a rose, monogram under seat. II, obv. as above, except that the star is below the wreath ; rev., as above, except that the goddess holds the sceptre in her 1., no monogram under the throne, and symbol a bud (?). Bithynia. Herakleia. Diobol, 415-394. Obv., head of bearded Herakles ; rev., HPAKAEIA on a raised square, surrounding a quadripartite square, and within an incuse square. Two tetrobols, 364-353. Obv. as above but finer style; rev., a bull butting to 1. One has a club below the chin of Herakles, the other a bunch of grapes on the rev. 1 This is probably the specimen referred to by Head, Historia Numorum, p. 411, note, as suspicious in character. Other experts, however, have pronounced it genuine. 88 ASIA MINOR. Stater, 347-338. Obv., head of young Dionysos, thyrsos below; rev., TIMO0EOY AI0NY3I0Y, young Herakles attaching a spear to a trophy, a ram's head on the ground. Stater, 338-306. Obv., like preceding; rev., A 1 N I ^ I OY. Herakles as above, no ram's head. Drachma, same period. Types as in preceding. Kalchedon. Drachma, about 400. Obv., bearded head to 1. ; rev., KAAX, between the four spokes of a radiate wheel. (From the Montagu sale, No. 485.) Mysia. Adramytion. Drachma of the second century. Obv., head of Zeus to 1.; rev., AAPAMYTHNQN, eagle with spread wings standing on a thunderbolt, three-quarters front to 1. In field AY above a bee. Antandros. Drachma, before 420. Obv., female head to r., her hair bound by a crossed cord; rev., AN TAN (retrograde), goat standing to 1. Assos. Hemidrachm, after 400. Obv., head of Athena in laureate Attic helmet; A^I^ON around three sides of a bucranium. Kyzikos. Period 500-450. Two electrum staters, one with a sphinx standing to 1. on a tunny ; the other a lion standing to r. on a tunny, biting a sword which he holds between his fore paws, PI. IV, 415. Three hektae with, respectively, a sphinx seated on a tunny; a man kneeling to 1., holding a tunny ; and a Triton holding a wreath, with tunny below. Period 450-400. Five electrum staters : I, head of a youth to 1. ; II, hoplitodromos (?) bending to r., his r. arm extended in front, a tunny 1. PI. IV, 419 ; III, head of a bull to 1., tunny below ; IV, head of Atys to r., tunny below ; V, youth (Apollo ?) kneeling on a tunny, holding a bow in his 1. hand. One hekte, with head of Atys and a tunny, as in No. IV. Period 400-350. One electrum stater. Helios kneeling to r. between two horses, tunny below, PI. IV, 424. (Montagu sale, No. 498.) Silver ASIA MINOR. 89 tetradrachm ; obv., 3QTEIPA, head of Kora So- teira to 1., veiled and wreathed ; rev., lion's head to 1., tunny below, PI. IV, 425. Lampsakos. Five gold staters of the period 400-350. Obv., I, II, head to Zeus to 1., behind it a thunder- bolt, PI. V, 426; III, head of young Pan, horned, PI. V, 428 ; IV, head of a Maenad to 1., with loose hair, PI. V, 429 ; V, female head to 1., wearing sphendone' and wreathed with flowers, PI. V, 430. Rev., the same in all five, fore part of a winged horse to r. Silver hemidrachm, same period. Obv., head of Athena; rev., AAM, fore part of winged horse as above, an ear of wheat below. Troas. Abydos. Two hemidrachms of the period 320- 280. Obv., head of Apollo ; rev., eagle standing to 1. Symbols: on one a tripod and AY^A^; on the other a bee and YAAI7TTT03. Ilion. Tetradrachm, after 189. Obv., head of Athena to r., in three-crested helmet with an olive wreath on the front; rev., AOHNAS IAIAA03, Athena Ilias standing, holding spear and distaff, and wearing a kalathos. At herfeet a small Pegasos grazing. In field a monogram; in exergue MENE4>P0N0^ MENEPONO. Aeolis. Kyme. Hemidrachm, after 350. Obv., - ENQN, eagle standing to r., looking back ; rev., KY, fore part of a prancing horse, one-handled cup below. Tetradrachm, after 190. Obv., female head (Kyme ?); rev., KYMAIQN, bridled horse, one- handled cup on exergue-line, OAYMTNO^ below; all in wreath. Lesbos. Six electrum hektae of the period 480-440 : I, obv., Gorgon's head, full-front; rev., incuse head of Herakles to 1. (From the Carfrae sale, No. 222.) II, obv., fore part of a winged boar to r. ; incuse lion's head to r. (From the Carfrae sale, No. 218.) III, same types, in wonderful preservation. IV, obv., head of Apollo to 1. ; rev., incuse female head go ASIA MINOR. to r., hair in sphendone. V, obv., head of a ram to 1., cock below ; rev., incuse lion's head to r. VI, obv., like preceding ; rev., incuse head of Herakles to r., row of seven small squares below. Billon stater, before 440. Obv., two calves' heads, face to face, with an olive tree between them ; rev., incuse square. Seven electrum hektae, of the period 440-350. I, II, obv., fore part of a winged lion to 1. ; rev., sphinx seated to r. Ill, obv., head of Apollo to r. ; rev., female head wearing a sphendone, a coiled serpent behind. (From the Carfrae sale, No. 237.) IV, like the preceding, except that the serpent is on the obv. V, obv., youthful male head with horn of Ammon ; rev., eagle standing to r., looking back. VI, obv., head of a wreathed and bearded satyr to r. ; rev., two rams' heads, butting, a palmette be- tween them. VII, obv., head of Zeus or Asklepios, laureate ; rev., bust of Nike (head to r., bust full- front), with two stars above it. Methymna. Didrachm, 500-450. Obv., boar walk- ing to r. ; rev., head of Athena, in Attic helmet adorned with the fore part of Pegasos. Inscrip- tion on both sides of the coin. Tetrobol? (99.3 grs.) of the period 420-377. Obv., head of Athena ; rev., lyre on a square tablet in an incuse square. (From the Montagu sale, No. 537-) Mytilene. Triobol? (43.8 grs.) of the fourth cen- tury. Obv., head of Apollo ; rev., five-stringed lyre, a knotted fillet around its r. arm. Symbol, a flower (?). Ionia. One-sixth stater, electrum, of the 7th (?) century (36.1 grs.). Coin roughly oval, with striated sur- face on the obv., and oblong incuse, divided, on rev., PI. V, 454. One-sixth stater of same period (35 grs.). Oval, convex, obv. plain ; rev., rough oblong incuse, divided into halves. Electrum stater (fragment, 97.34 grs.), of same ASIA MINOR. 91 period. Obv., lion's head, facing; rev., incuse square, divided diagonally. One-third stater, electrum, of the sixth century (73.11 grs.). Obv., fore part of ram to 1. ; rev., incuse divided into six parts, each roughly sub- divided. One-twelfth stater, electrum, of same period (18.06 grs.). Obv., head of a lion to r., with open mouth. (Lydian ?) Electrum stater of about 500 (2 16.07 g rs -) Obv., fore part of winged boar to. r. ; rev., quadripartite incuse square. Chios. Silver stater of the sixth century. Obv., archaic sphinx seated to 1. ; at 1. amphora and vine ; countermarked with an uncertain design. Rev., incuse square, roughly quartered, counter- marked with another, smaller. Drachma, 412-350. Obv., on a round shield a seated sphinx, amphora and bunch of grapes at 1. ; rev., incuse square, divided by two bands, on one of which THPQS. Ephesos. Two didrachms of the period 415-394. I, obv., bee with curved wings ; rev., quadripartite in- cuse square with rough surface. II, obv., bee with straight wings ; rev., like preceding. Tetradrachm, 387-295. Obv., bee with straight wings ; rev., fore part of a stag, palm tree, and 4>ANArOPHS. Tetrobol (of Ephesos under the name of Arsinoe, 288-280). Obv., veiled head of Arsinoe; rev., APSI, bow and quiver, EENOKA. Two drachmas, 202-133. I> obv., bee with straight wings ; rev., standing stag and palm tree, AHMAPX. II, like the preceding, with the name ITTTTOMEAQN. Erythrae. Two didrachms, before 480. Obv., nude, long-haired youth riding a galloping horse to r. ; rev., quadripartite incuse square. Drachma, fifth century. Obv., nude man holding 92 ASIA MINOR. in a prancing horse ; rev., EPY, shallow square with a rosette of twelve petals. Diobol, same period. Obv., Pegasos flying to r. ; rev., EPY0 and rosette as above. Drachma, fourth century. Obv., head of Her- akles as on coins of Alexander; rev., EPY, club, bow in case, owl, monogram and TTJEAOTTIAH^. Klazomenae. Period 387-300. Gold octobol, 87.84 grs. Obv., head of Apollo, laureate, almost full- front to r., his chlamys fastened at his neck j rev., swan walking to 1. feeding, AEYKAIO^ and mono- gram, PI. V, 464. Two tetradrachms. I, obv., head of Apollo, al- most full-front to 1., wearing wreath and Stephanos ; rev., swan preening its wings ; symbol, fore part of a boar. II, obv., as in preceding without the Stephanos; rev., swan as in preceding, 1^1 KAH^, PI. V, 460. Six drachmas. Obv., head of Apollo, laureate, three-quarters front to 1. &ev., on five, swan stand- ing to 1., flapping its wings, three of them with the name ATT0AAA3, PI. V, 465, one with TTYGEOjS and a monogram, and one with MANAPQN[A- . On the sixth the swan is feeding, and the name is AI0NY3AS. Six hemidrachms. Obv., as in preceding; rev., swan flapping its wings ; on three of them the name ATTOAAA^ (one with a ram's head as symbol), on two TTYOEOS, and on one MANAPQNAE. Kolophon. Drachma of the fifth century. Obv., head of Apollo to r., of transitional style ; rev., K0A0IA0 . . . Drachma,, 166-88. Obv., head of Asklepios, laureate, to r. ; rev., in incuse square KQN, coiled serpent, NIKQN. Outside, TTI. Rhodes. Silver stater of Kameiros, sixth century. Obv., fig leaf ; rev., oblong incuse divided into two parts. Period 408-400. Hemidrachm j obv., head of Helios, looking towards the spectator over his r. shoulder; rev., head of Rhodos, wearing a sphen- done. ASIA MINOR. 95 Period 400-333. Two tetradrachms ; obv., head of Helios, almost full-front to r. ; rev., a rose ; symbols, aplastic ami 4>, PL V, 524. (One from the Bunbury sale, 2d part, No. 271.) Didrachm with same types ; symbols on rev., a bunch of grapes and E. Period 304-166. Two tetradrachms ; obv., head of Helios, radiate ; rev., a rose. Symbols : I, aplustre, P, APISTOKPITOS, II, skyphos and AETIQN. Didrachm, same types, magistrate's name, Aristo- kritos ; symbol, a palm. Two drachmas, same types; names, AM El N IAS (with head of trident), and EYK PATHS (with tripod). Period 189-166. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of young Herakles to r. ; rev., AAEZANAPOY Zeus enthroned, holding eagle and sceptre ; symbol, a rose, POand AINHTQP. Period 166-88. Drachma ; obv., head of Helios, radiate, to r. ; rev., a rose, an Egyptian disk flanked by two serpents, and APTEMQN. Lydia. Time of Kroesos (?), 568-554. Gold stater ; obv., fore parts of a lion and a bull, face to face ; rev., oblong incuse divided into two parts. Lycia. Period 520-480. Silver stater ; obv., fore part of a boar, no letters ; rev., rough incuse with rounded corners, crossed by transverse lines. Taththivaibi (of Telmessos ?), 480-460. Silver stater. Obv., semi-archaic female head to 1., hair fastened by band which crosses three times ; rev., name and triskelis in dotted square. Kharai of Xanthos, 450-410. Obv., head of Athena to r., wearing Attic helmet, three olive leaves on the front ; rev., inscription and head of a bearded Satrap in a Persian headdress. Khariga of Xanthos, about 410. Obv., head of Athena to r. within an olive wreath ; rev., inscription, and Athena seated on a rock, holding her spear ; an g6 ASIA MINOR. owl perched on her 1. wrist, and a caduceus (?) in front of her face, PI. V, 537. Uncertain, about 400, Silver stater (142.75 grs.). Obv., lion with bearded tail, seated to r., head full- front, left fore paw raised. Rev., fore part of bridled Pegasos flying to r., broad girth around his belly. Olympos. Federal drachma, 168-78. Obv., head of Apollo, laureate, to r. ; rev., OAYMTTH, and lyre; symbols, trophy and palm branch. Phaselis. Federal hemidrachm, 168-81. Obv., head of Apollo to r., with quiver; rev., ^A^HAI, and lyre ; symbols, flaming torch and crown of Isis. Pamphylia. Aspendos. Two silver staters of the fourth century. I, obv., two youths wrestling, one pull- ing two ends of a cord around the other's waist, PI. V, 541 ; rev., Estfediius, nude youth slinging, and triskelis. II, obv., wrestlers, one seizing the other's wrists, between them BA, rev. like preced- ing, but the youth wears a chiton, and there is a Q> in the field, in addition to the triskelis. Side. Silver stater of the fourth century. Obv., standing Athena, holding a Nike ; symbol, a pome- granate. In field three Aramaic (?) letters. Rev., Aramaic (?) inscription, Apollo, in a chlamys, hold- ing a phiale over a flaming altar, and carrying a laurel branch. Tetradrachm, 190-36. Obv., head of Athena to r., in three-crested Corinthian helmet ; rev., fly- ing Nike holding a wreath, AE, and pomegranate. Cilicia. Kelenderis (?). Drachma of the sixth century. Obv., a goat kneeling to r. ; rev., rough incuse square. Mallos (?). Two silver staters of the period 485- 425. Obv., draped, winged, female figure running or flying to 1., carrying a wreath and caduceus; rev., I, a pyramidal stone with a bunch of grapes on either side ; II, pyramidal stone bisected down the middle. Two letters on each rev. ASIA MINOR. 97 Nagidos. Silver stater, 400-380. Obv., head of bearded Dionysos to r., wreathed with ivy ; rev., head of Aphrodite in an oval incuse. Soli. Silver stater, after 380. Obv., head of bearded Herakles to r., the lion-skin tied around his neck ; rev., in an incuse circle traces of 30AE0N, and head of a bearded Satrap in a Persian hood. Tarsos. Silver stater of Pharnabazos, 379-374. Obv., head of Arethusa, copied from Kimon's Syracusan type ; rev., inscription, head of Ares (?) in crested Attic helmet, and OIK. Stater of Tarcamus or Datames, 378-372. Obv., in- scription, Baal enthroned within a circle of turrets, holding a sceptre, bunch of grapes, and ear of wheat ; at his side an incense-burner ; between the legs of the throne a bucranium. Cappadocia. Ariarathes IV, b. c. 187. Drachma ; obv., head of the king ; rev., Athena with Nike', shield, and spear. King's inscription, EY3EBI3, TA and two monograms. Syria. Antiochos I, 281-261. Gold stater; obv., head of Antiochos ; rev., Apollo seated on the omphalos, holding a bow and arrow. In field A. (From the Montagu sale, No. 692.) Antiochos III, the Great, 222-187. Drachma; obv., head of Antiochos ; rev., elephant. Monogram in field. Antiochos IX, 116-95. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of Antiochos ; rev., Athena Nikephoros and mono- gram. 4>IA0TTAT0P0S added to king's title. All in laurel wreath. Seleukos VI, 96-95. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of Seleukos ; rev., Zeus enthroned, holding Nike' and sceptre. ETTIANOYS NIKATOPOS added to king's title. Under the throne TTP (monogram). Tigranes I, 83-69. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of Tigranes in a decorated tiara ; rev., seated Tyche, holding out a palm branch, Orontes at her feet. Two monograms in field, PI. V, 557. 98 AFRICA. Seleukia. Tetradrachm, b. c. 91. Obv., turreted and veiled head of a goddess to r. ; rev., within a laurel wreath, 3EAEYKEQN THS IEPA3 KAI AYTONOMOY, a thunderbolt on a stool, and two monograms. Phoenicia. Arados. Drachma, 350-330. Ob., Dagon holding two dolphins, Phoenician inscription ; rev., a galley, with a winged sea-horse below. Tripolis. Tetradrachm, first or second century. Obv., heads of the Dioskouroi, with stars above them; rev., inscription of the city, Tyche standing to 1., holding a sickle and cornucopia, z.H, HI, all in laurel wreath. Parthia. Mithradates 1, 174-136. Tetradrachm ; obv., head of Mithradates; rev., BA3IAEQ3 MErAAOY AP3AK0Y IAEAAHN03, young Herakles hold- ing a phiale in his r. hand, club and lion-skin on 1. arm. Monogram below. AFRICA. Egypt- Ptolemy I. As governor for Alexander IV, tetradrachm of the period 3 16-3 n. Obv., head of Alexander the Great, to r., horned and wearing an elephant's skin; rev., AAE-ANAPOY, Zeus enthroned, holding eagle and sceptre; symbol, a thunderbolt ; under throne OP. Independent, 311-305. Tetradrachm^ obv., head of Alexander as in preceding; rev., AAEEANAPOY, Athena brandishing spear and shield to r., eagle on thunderbolt, and two monograms. King, 305-284. Gold triobol (26.6 grs.); obv., head of Ptolemy to r., wearing diadem and aegis ; rev., eagle on thunderbolt, AX (monogram). Berenike II, 258-247. Gold tetrobol (32.98 grs.). Obv., veiled head of Berenike to r., with diadem ; rev., cornucopia between two stars. Cleopatra VII (the famous), 52-30. Drachma ; obv., MISCELLANEOUS GREEK. 99 head of Cleopatra; rev., KAEOTTATPAC BACI- AICCHC, crown of Isis, date, L IA (/*. e. Anno XI = b. c. 42), and TTA. Zcugitania. Carthage. Electrum didrachm of the period 340-242. Obv., head of Persephone to 1. ; rev., horse standing to r. Gold 2\ drachms (144.56 grs.), of same period. Obv., head of Persephone to 1. ; rev., horse stand- ing to r., three dots in field. Gold hexadrachm (348.62 grs.), 241-218. Obv., head of Persephone to 1. ; rev., horse prancing to r., beside a date palm, Punic inscription below. Gold tridrachm of same period. Obv., head of Persephone as above ; rev., horse standing to r. Above, a flaming disk between two serpents. MISCELLANEOUS GREEK. Lead Tesserae, stamped on one side only. I, A0E, upper half of Aphrodite (?) with nude torso, drapery at waist, seated to 1., her r. hand extended. II, AHMO^, a draped and bearded man stands to r., offering a wreath to a woman who is seated opposite him. Ill, Gorgoneion. Unidentified. Silver coin, 87.68 grs. Obv., archaic female figure, with curled wings on shoulders and feet, running to 1., looking back, both hands out- spread. She wears a closely fitting chiton, girt at the waist. Rev., within a dotted square in an incuse square, a griffin standing to 1., with r. fore paw raised. No inscription. (Lycian octobol?) Silver coin, 35.97 grs. Obv., head of bearded Her- akles, almost full-front to 1., wearing the lion skin. Rev., in incuse square APA (sequence?), and bow and quiver combined. See the Zeitschrift fur Nu- mismatik, XIV, 1887, pi. I, 5. Silver coin, 10.86 grs. Obv., uncrested Corinthian helmet to 1. Rev., quadripartite incuse square, of mill-sail type. No inscription. IOO ROMAN. Silver coin, 40.71 grs. Obv., eagle to r., with raised wing and spread tail, devouring a hind into whose body it has fastened its talons. Rev., quadripartite incuse of the mill-sail type. No inscription. ROMAN. A. Consular. Denarius of the first period of the Republic, 268-254, with the head of Roma and the Dioscuri ; inscription, ROMA. Ditto, of the Italiote allies in the Social War. (About 91-88 b. c.) Obv., female head to 1., laureate and wearing earring and necklace, border of dots. Rev., kneeling youth, holding a pig, between two rows of soldiers, four in each. Standard in the background. Ditto, L. Roscius Fabatus, b. c. 64. Babelon, II, 402, 1. Ditto, Marcius Philippus, b. c. 60. Babelon, II, 197, 28. Ditto, T. Carisius, b. c. 48. Babelon, I, 316, 10. B. Imperial. Augustus. Aureus. Cohen, I, Octave Auguste, No. 26. (A very fine example.) PI. V, 585. Three Denarii. Cohen, I, Octave Auguste, Nos. 102, 194, 210. Large bronze. Cohen, I, Octave Auguste, No. 309. (From the Modena collection.) Antonia. Middle bronze. Cohen, I, Antonia, No. 6. Caligula. Large bronze. Cohen, I, Caligula, No. 9. (From the Modena collection.) Nero. Aureus. Cohen, I, Neron, No. 210. Two large bronze. Cohen, I, Neron, Nos. 38 and 8^. (The first from the Modena collection.) Galba. Two large bronze. Cohen, I, Galba, Nos. 135, 297. (The second from the Modena collection.) Domitian. Aureus. Cohen, I, Domitien, No. 48. Middle bronze. Cohen, I, Domitien, No. 650. ROM 101 Trajan. Aureus. Cohen, II, Trajan, No. 187. Denarius. Cohen, II, Trajan, No. 216. Large bronze. Cohen, II, Trajan, No. 368. Hadrian. Aureus. Cohen, II, Adrian, No. 1480. Two large bronze. Cohen, II, Adrien, Nos. 125, 1 154. Lucius Verus. Aureus. Cohen, III, Lucius Verus, No. 248. Commodus. Middle bronze. Cohen, III, Commode, No. 193- Caracalla. Two middle bronze. Cohen, IV, Caraca/fa, Nos. 268, 580. Macrinus. Small bronze. Cohen, IV, Macrin, No. 107. Maximinus I. Middle bronze. Cohen, IV, Maximin J, No. 93. Gordianus III. Middle bronze. Cohen, V, Gordiane III, No. 158. Probus. Aureus. Cohen, VI, Pro bus, No. 781. KEY TO THE PLATES. PLATE I. WEIGHT NO. MKTAL IN GRAINS 21 Ar. 244.5 28 Ar. I20.07 32 Ar. I20.5 35 Ar. 1 10.8 37 Ar. 267.36 5 1 Ar. 264.3 Thurii. Head of Athena r. On her helmet is Skylla and a griffin. Infront, 4>. Rev. OOYPIQN. Bull butting r. In exergue, a fish. P. 13. Croton. Head of Hera Lakinia facing. In field, r. B. Rev. KPO- TQN1ATAS. Herakles seated 1. on a rock with his club and wine cup. P. 14. Pandosia. Head of Hera Lakinia. Rev. TANAOSINQN. Pan the hunter with hound and spears in his hand seated on a rock : in front, a terminal figure to which is affixed a caduceus. In field, . P. 14. Terina. TEPUNAIO. Female head r. Rat. Nike*, seated on base 1., holding olive spray. P. 10, 15. Agrigentum. AKPATA. Two eagles standing on hare. Rev. AKPArALTIJNON. Crab; below, Scylla 1. P. 16. Naxos (Sicily). Head of Dionysos r. crowned with ivy. Rev. N AX ION. Silenos seated on ground about to drink from kantharos. P. 17. 104 KEY TO THE PLATES. PLATE I continued. 53 67 68 WEIGHT METAL IN GRAINS Ar. I3O.29 Ar. 266.23 Ar. 25I.99 Naxos (Sicily). NAZIQN. Head of Apollo laureate, r. Rev. Silenos seated on ground about to drink from kantharos. Beside him, ter- minal figure and thyrsos. P. 17. Syracuse. 3YPAK0. Head of Nike or Arethusa surrounded by dolphins r. Rev. Persephone driv- ing quadriga 1., Nike flying to crown her : in exergue, ear of corn. P. 19. Syracuse. APE003A (traces). Head of Arethusa facing, dol- phins amid her hair. On diadem, KIMQN (traces). Rev. 3YPA- K03IQN. Quadriga 1., Nike flying to crown charioteer : in exergue, ear of corn. P. 19. PLATE II. NO. METAL WEIGHT IN GRAINS 85 Ar. 1 665.II Syracuse. 3YPAK03IQN. Head of Persephone 1. crowned with wreath of barley ; around, four dol- phins ; in field, cockle-shell. Rev. Quadriga 1. Nike flying to crown charioteer. In exergue, helmet, cuirass, and pair of greaves. P. 19. KEY TO THE PLATES. 105 PLATE \\ continued. NO. METAL WEIGHT IN GRAINS 92 Ar. 437-13 121 Ar. 442.1 126 Ar. 26o.l6 130 Ar. 217.46 132 Ar. 222.79 5 Ar. I330 *59 Ar. 261.89 Orreskii. OPPHSKION. Spear- man wearing petasos r. between two oxen. Rev. Shallow incuse square divided into four parts. P. 23. Getas, King of Edoni. BI33A NQ3. Spearman r. between two oxen. TETABASIAEVHAQNEQN within incuse square surrounding quadripartite, dotted square. P. 23. Akanthos. Lioness to r. attack- ing fallen bull : above, a cockle- shell. Rev. Quadripartite incuse square. P. 24. Akanthos. Lion to r. attacking bull. Rev. AKAN0ION around quadripartite square : the whole within incuse square. P. 24. Chalkidike. Head of Apollo, r. Rev. XAAKIAEQN. Lyre: below, En APISTQNOS. P. 24. Philip II of Macedon. Head of Apollo r. Rev. 4>IAI1TTT0Y. Bigar. In field, thunderbolt. P. 25. Alexander III of Macedon. Head of Herakles r. in lion's skin. Rev. AAEIANAPOY. Zeus hold- ing eagle and sceptre seated 1. Under throne, monogram. P. 26. io6 KEY TO THE PLATES. PLATE III. NO. 169 l82 185 193 207 Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. 215 223 227 Ar. Ar. Ar. WEIGHT IN GRAINS 261.O5 255-4 247-37 36.26 263.2 93-9 92.62 95-96 Demetrios Poliorketes. Head of Demetrios r. diademed and with bull's horn in hair. Rev. BA^I- AEQS. AHMHTPIOY. Poseidon standing I. with r. foot on rock. In field, monograms. P. 27. Aenos. Head of Hermes r., wearing cap. Rev. In incuse square, AIN I. Goat walking r. In front, terminal figure of Hermes standing on throne ; in front, caduceus. P. 29. Aenos. Head of Hermes facing wearing cap. Rev. AIN ION. Goat to r. In field, barley corn and bunch of grapes. P. 29. Dikaea. Head to 1. with hair rolled behind. Rev.MKMA. Bull's head r. within incuse square. P. 46. Lysimachos of Thrace. Head of Alexander the Great r., with ram's horn; below, K. Rev. BA3IAEQS AYSIMAXOY. Athena seated 1. holding Nike. In field, trophy- stand (?), and crescent. In ex- ergue, monogram. P. 30. Larissa. Youth struggling with bull 1. Rev. AAPI^AIA. Horse running free r. within incuse square. P. 31. Melitaea. Head of Zeus, crowned with olive, r. Rev. In incuse square. MEAITEIQN3. Bull grazing. r. In exergue, oak-branch. P. 31. Pharsalos. Head of Athena in KEY TO THE TLATES. I07 PLATE III continued. WEIGHT NO. METAL IN GRAINS 230 Ar. 184.2 243 Ar. 186.72 ! 2 5 J Ar. 189.65 decorated helmet r. Rev. In in- cuse square, young horseman bear- ing Hail-like weapon r. P. 31. Alexander of Pherae. Head of Hekate facing ; in field, torch. Rev. AAEIANAPOY. Horseman with spear r. Double axe beneath the horse, and on his flank. P. 32. Locri Opuntii. Head of Perse- phone 1. with wreath of barley in her hair. *Rev. OTTONTIQN. Ajax AI A^ with helmet, shield, and sword charging r. On the ground, a spear. P. 33. Delphi. Head of Demeter 1., veiled and wreathed with wheat. Rev. AM4>IKTI0NQN. Apollo with lyre and laurel-branch seated 1. on om- phalos ; in front, tripod. P. 34. PLATE IV. NO. METAL WEIGHT IN GRAINS 265 Ar. I83-7 Thebes. Boeotian shield. Rev. In incuse square, GEBAIO^. Her- akles kneeling r., stringing bow; beside him, club. P. 34. io8 KEY TO THE PLATES. PLATE IV continued. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. El. El. WEIGHT IN GRAINS 263.61 pierced 265.10 190.38 189.51 188.3 251.8 244.37 248.8 Eretria. Head of Gorgon. Rev. In incuse square, lion's head and fore paws facing. P. 24. Athens. Head of Athena r. Rev. In incuse square, AGE. Owl; olive spray in field. P. 37. Athens. Head of Athena r. Rev. In incuse square AG E. Owl ; olive spray and crescent moon in field. P. 37. Aegina. Tortoise. Rev. Incuse square divided into eight triangles. P. 5, 39. Aegina. Tortoise. Rev. Incuse square divided into five compart- ments. P. 39. Pheneos. Head of Demeter r., wearing wreath of corn. Rev. E- NEQN. Hermes carrying Arkas 1. In field, patera. P. 42. Mithradates VI of Pontos. Head of Mithradates to r. wearing dia- dem. [Rev. Within ivy wreath BASIAEQS EYTTATOPOS. Pega- sos drinking 1. ; crescent and star, and monograms in field.] P. 46. Kyzikos. Lion standing r. on tunny, biting a sword. [Rev. Incuse square of " mill-sail " pattern.] P. 47. Kyzikos. Youthful nude warrior with helmet and shield standing on base and stretching out his right hand. [Rev. As preceding coin.] p. 47. KEY TO THE PLATES. IO9 PLATE IV continued. \viu;n 1 NO. METAL IN GRAINS 424 El. 247.7 425 Ar. 22973 Kyzikos. Helios radiate, kneeling r. between two horses. Rev. Incuse square of " mill-sail " pattern. P. 47. Kyzikos. SQJTEIPA. Head of Kore Soteira 1. with corn-wreath and veil. Rev. KY[II. Lion's head above tunny fish. P. 47. PLATE V. NO. METAL WEIGHT IN GRAINS 426 Av. I29.8 428 Av. I29.36 429 Av. I30-39 43 Av. I29.89 Lampsakos. Head of Zeus lau- reate 1. Behind the head, thunder- bolt. Rev. In incuse square, fore part of winged horse r. P. 48. Lampsakos. Head of youthful Pan with horn growing from fore- head 1. [Rev. In incuse square, fore part of winged horse r.] P. 48. Lampsakos. Head of a Maenad with flying hair, her head bound with ivy wreath 1. [Rev. In incuse square, fore part of winged horse r.] P. 48. Lampsakos. Girl's head 1. wear- ing wreath of flowers. [Rev. In incuse square, fore part of winged horse r.] p. 48. no KEY TO THE PLATES. PLATE V continued. El. Ar. Av. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. Ar. WEIGHT IN GRAINS 36.I 260.69 87.84 64.26 55-33 235-3 232.1 236.6 235- s 127.63 Ionia. Striations. Rev. Rough ob- long incuse, divided. P. 4. Klazomenae. Head of Apollo fac- ing. Rev. KAAIOMENION. Swan 1. preening its wings. 1^1 KAH^. P. 50. Klazomenae. Head of Apollo fac- ing. Rev. K A A. Swan 1. feeding. In field, AEYKAIO^ and monogram. P. 50. Klazomenae. Head of Apollo fac- ing. Rev. KAA. Swan 1. flapping his wings. ATT0AAA3. P. 50. Kolophon. Head of Apollo, r. Rev. K0A04>a. Lyre; in field, NIKIAS. P. 51. Miletos. Head of Apollo 1. lau- reate. Rev. Lion to 1. looking back at a star. Monogram in field. AHMAIN03. P. 51. Samos. Lion's scalp. Rev. %k. Forepart_of bull r. In field, HTH- ^lANALz. and monogram. P. 46. Kos. Head of Herakles 1. [Rev. Within a dotted square in an incuse square, K0.ION. Crab and club. Beneath, AOANIQtN]. ' P. 52. Rhodes. Head of Helios facing. Rev. In incuse square, POAION. Rose with bud. In field, 4> and aplustre(?) P. 52. Khariga of Xanthos. Head of Athena r. within olive wreath. Die KEY TO THE PLATES. Ill PLATE V continued. NO. METAL WEIGHT IN GRAINS 541 557 585 Ar. Ar. Av. 163.76 246.38 I23.4 much worn. Rev. In incuse square V^PFrh f>PS/^+=,KHARIGA ARNNAH (Xanthos). Athena in crested Athenian helmet, wearing necklace, sleeveless chiton and him- ation, seated on a rock r. : her left hand rests on round shield, and owl facing her stands on her wrist ; her r. hand rests on spear which passes behind her elbow. In front of her face, a caduceus (?). Behind helmet, r = A. P. 53. Aspendos. Within dotted circle, two youths wrestling. [Rev. Within dotted incuse square, EJ^TFE- AIIV3. Slinger r. In field, tri- skeles.] P. 54. Tigranes I of Syria. Within filleted border, bust of Tigranes r. wearing tiara and diadem. Rev. Within laurel wreath, BASIAEQS TITPA- NOY. Tyche of Antioch seated r. At her feet the personification of the river Orontes swimming r. In field, monograms. P. 56. Augustus CAESAR. Head of Au- gustus 1. Rev. AVGVSTVS. Cowr. P. 63. Plati l Plait II Plati III UN >VBRsiTY e, 0F I'lAll I\ 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 45S D8 REC'D LD APR 2 9 1953 !3Feb'59M R REC'D LD JAN 30 1359 LlMAftMflj mrr WS?D LD JAN 7 1960 LD 21A-50m-8,'57 (C8481sl0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley 236831